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AGRICULTURAL BOTANY: 
 
 AN 
 
 ENUMERATION AND DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF 
 
 USEFUL PLANTS AND WEEDS, 
 
 WHICH MERIT THE NOTICE, OR REQUIRE THE ATTENTION, 
 
 OF 
 
 AMERICAN AGRICULTURISTS. 
 
 BY WILLIAM DARLINGTON, M. D. 
 
 Hie Segetes, illic veniunt felicius Uvae : 
 Arborei fetus alibi, atque injussa virescunt 
 Gramina. Virgil, GeoTg. 1. %^„j[ 
 
 Here golden harvests wave, there Vineyards glow, 
 Fruit bends the bough, or Herbs unbidden grow. 
 
 Sothely. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 J. W. MOORE, 138 CHESNUT STREET 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 
 MARK H. NEWMAN & CO., 199 BROADWAY. 
 
 1847. 
 
^ 
 
 cPs? 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in ilie year one thousand eight hundred 
 and forty seven (Lfc4~)- in the Clerk's office 01" the District Court of the Eastern 
 District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 E. C. DARLINGTON. PRINT;:?., 
 LANCASTER. PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
TO THE YOUNG FARMERS 
 
 OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 THIS HUMBLE ATTEMPT 
 
 TO AID AND PERSUADE THEM 
 
 TO CULTIVATE A DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE, 
 
 ESSENTIAL TO AN ENLIGHTENED AGRICULTURE, 
 AND 
 
 INDISPENSABLE TO AN ACCOMPLISHED YEOMANRY, 
 
 IS RESrECTrULLT DEDICATED BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
PREFATORY. 
 
 Agriculture, in a broad and legitimate sense, being a compre- 
 hensive system of Natural Science — involving more especially a 
 practical acquaintance with the useful portion of the Vegetable 
 Creation, — I have long thought it due to the Profession, and desira- 
 ble in every point of view, that the young Farmers of the United 
 States should acquire an exact knowledge of the Plants which it 
 immediately concerns them to know ; and that they should be ena- 
 bled to designate, and treat of them, with the precision and methodi- 
 cal perspicuity which belong to scientific language and arrangement. 
 Under this impression, and in the hope of promoting an object 
 deemed so important, the present work has been compiled. In sub- 
 mitting it to those for whom it is more particularly intended, I am 
 not unaware that its technical features are ill-suited to the notions 
 of many plodding disciples of the old school of Agriculture, who 
 despise every form of knowledge derivable from Books, — and whose 
 ideas never stray beyond the manual operations of the field and the 
 barn-yard. It is scarcely probable, indeed, that any written trea- 
 tise—though couched in the most familiar dialect— would obviate 
 the objections, or conciliate the prejudices, of such antiquated tillers 
 of the soil. My views, therefore, have not been directed to that 
 unpromising quarter. I address myself to the youthful and aspiring 
 Agriculturists of our country, who seek to elevate their noble Pro- 
 fession to its just rank among human pursuits, — and who feel that 
 the exercise of intellect, as well as of muscle, is indispensable to 
 the accomplishment of their purpose. 
 
 I have preferred to treat of the Plants, which it more immediately 
 behoves the farmer to be acquainted with, according to the most 
 approved method of our day, and in the language of Systematic Bo- 
 tany. By exhibiting as much of the classification, or frame-work 
 of the Science, as is requisite to present the Genera and Species, 
 here described, in their natural and relative positions, the Student 
 will be enabled to comprehend their connection with the other por- 
 tions of the System, and to examine them, as the Geologists say, in 
 situ. In that process, he will necessarily have to learn something 
 of their structure, and essential character; and that I should con- 
 sider as an important advantage, — even if his researches should 
 there terminate. His knowledge, however limited, will be estab- 
 lished on a correct basis, — and will be always available in his inter- 
 course with men of science : But, to those who may subsequently 
 resolve upon a more extended acquaintance with the vegetable 
 kingdom, such knowledge will be a clear gain, and a valuable pre- 
 liminary step ; — that step which, according to the proverb, is the 
 only one which costs. 
 
 In adopting the machinery of Science — preferring the botanical to 
 the popular names of plant3, as well as arranging them in kindred 
 groups — I have supposed that such a plan would be most conducive 
 
 A* 
 
VI PREFATORY 
 
 to accuracy of conception, — and would, in fact, facilitate the inves- 
 tigation of their true character. By employing names, and phrases, 
 which have an exclusive application, and a definite meaning, the 
 study of plants is really simplified ; and the knowledge acquired — 
 being thereby communicable with more readiness and precision — is 
 greatly enhanced in practical value. By using, every where, the 
 same terms in the same sense, men of different regions, or districts, 
 can be sure that they comprehend each other's meaning,— and may 
 then discuss questions understandingly. When disputes arise, touch- 
 ing the merits or demerits of particular plants, both parties will have 
 clear conceptions of the objects referred to, — and will consequently 
 have the advantage of knowing exactly what they are talking 
 about : — which is far from being always the case when they make 
 use of a variable popular nomenclature. 
 
 It is a great mistake, in my opinion, to suppose that the significant 
 language of our Science must necessarily be merged in the vernacu- 
 lar idiom, or degraded into a local patois, in order to adapt it to the 
 capacities of intelligent practical men. An active intellect, I think, 
 more readily acquires new terms, appropriate to a Science, than new 
 meanings of old familiar words : and hence it is that most persons, 
 as they advance in any department of knowledge, are apt to discard 
 all equivocal terms, and to substitute those which are definite, tech- 
 nical and peculiar. Instead, therefore, of luriting down to the level 
 of boorish apprehension, I would rather see Agricultural works gra- 
 dually written iip to the scientific standard. I would have bur young 
 Farmers taught to appreciate the importance of scientific precision, 
 and incited to take their appropriate position in the intellectual com- 
 munity. 
 
 In the present work, it is hoped and believed that with the aid of 
 the copious Glossary, the Index of Common Names and Synonyms, 
 and the other facilities annexed, there can be no difficulty in becom- 
 ing familiar with the terms employed, nor in the investigation of the 
 plants enumerated :* And the farmer who shall have accomplished 
 that much, will find that he has obtained many new and interesting 
 views of objects intimately connected with his Profession, — that he 
 has acquired a capacity for observing and profiting by numerous pro- 
 cesses and phenomena, in the vegetable economy, which had thereto- 
 fore been unheeded, or imperfectly understood. A spirit of research 
 will often be awakened, which, in itself, is an unfailing source of 
 gratification to ingenuous minds,— and not unfrequently leads to 
 important practical results. 
 
 The study of Botany, in its widest sense — comprising, as it does, 
 the entire vegetable creation, — will ever have its select votaries in 
 those who can appreciate its manifold charms, and find their reward 
 in the pleasures incident to the pursuit : But when regarded in a 
 
 * As a convenient and satisfactory mode of acquiring the requisite Botanical 
 knowledge — and of keeping that knowledge always within reach, in case ol" 
 forget fulness. — I would recommend to the young Farmer, the formation of a se- 
 lect Herbarium, containing authentic specimens — neatly prepared, and appropri- 
 ately labelled — of those plants which it is his interest to be acquainted with. — 
 Such a Collection could readily be obtained by every one who has the taste, or 
 even the curiosity, to extend his information in that direction. It would afford 
 instructive subjects for investigation, and comparison, in seasons of leisure : and 
 the contents, being duly arranged, could be examined, or referred to. with the; 
 like facilities, and advantages, as attend the consultation of a Dictionary. 
 
PREFATORY Vll 
 
 more limited and practical point of view, it may fairly challenge the 
 attention even of the most inveterate Utilitarians. There are three 
 aspects, or relations of the Science, in which its importance will 
 scarcely be denied by the most penurious calculator of economical 
 values : namely, 1. Agricultural Botany, — 2. Medical Botany, — 
 and 3. Artistical Botany, or the history of those plants which are 
 employed, or afford materials, in the processes of the Arts and Man- 
 ufactures. The Medical branch of the science has been often treated 
 of, with something like system, by the Professional writers of Europe 
 and America. The other two divisions less frequently, and with 
 less method, in various Agricultural Journals, Cyclopaedias, and 
 Mercantile Dictionaries. The attempt here made, is an Essay on 
 the Agricultural branch, — or a systematic description of those Plants 
 (both useful and pernicious) which more immediately interest Amer- 
 ican Farmers — especially those in the middle States of this Confede- 
 racy. The Botany of the Arts, whenever undertaken, will afford a 
 highly interesting theme for some future laborer in this elegant de- 
 partment of Natural History. 
 
 In compiling this Farmer's Flora, I found it somewhat difficult to 
 determine, satisfactorily, the line of demarcation between the Plants 
 intitled to a place in it, and those which might properly be omitted. 
 It may, perhaps, be thought by some, that the list is unnecessarily 
 large, — while other* may be of opinion that there are species left 
 out, which ought to have been inserted. My aim has been — not, 
 certainly, to describe all the plants which an accomplished Agri- 
 culturist might very properly desire to know ; but — to include 
 those only (whether in the 'woodlands, the fields, or the kitchen- 
 garden,) of which no intelligent Farmer would willingly be ignorant. 
 When he shall have made himself familiar with these, he can extend 
 his acquaintance with the Vegetable Tribes, at pleasure, by having 
 recourse to more general and comprehensive works : such, for ex- 
 ample, as the Flora of North America by Torrey and Gray, — or 
 Prof. De Candolle's Prodromus of a Natural System, comprising 
 ail the known forms of vegetation upon this terraqueous globe. 
 
 In my humble opinion, no Education can be deemed sufficient, 
 without some acquaintance with the rudiments, or first principles, 
 of Botanical Science - some rational knowledge of the vast and 
 multiform creation around us, known as the Vegetable Kingdom. I 
 consider such knowledge just as indispensable to a rightly instructed 
 people, as any of the usual elementary branches of school learning. 
 By this, however, I do not mean the smattering of a few obsolete 
 terms, unconnected with any available ideas — which, in too many 
 instances, passes under the imposing name of "Botany": but I do 
 mean, that thorough conception of the general nature and relations 
 of Plants, which may be acquired by the aid of such works as the 
 Botanical Text-Boo^ of Prof. A. Gray. In all other employments, 
 it is very properly expected that a workman shall not only be expert 
 in the manipulations of his art, but shall also be well acquainted 
 with the nature of his materials : and I can perceive no good reason 
 why it is not equally incumbent on a practical farmer to understand 
 the true character of those plants, which it is his especial interest 
 either to cultivate or to extirpate. 
 
 If our American Youths, who are being educated with a vi6W to 
 
Vlll PREFATORY 
 
 Agricultural pursuits, were thoroughly instructed in the admirable 
 Text-Book, above referred to, — and were then required to make 
 themselves botanically acquainted with that portion of the vegeta- 
 ble kingdom which annually demands their attention, on the farm, — 
 the Profession would speedily assume a new and engaging aspect. 
 The labors of the field would be blended with the contemplation of 
 facts and phenomena of the deepest interest to inquiring minds, — 
 and Agriculture — instead of being shunned as an irksome drudgery 
 — would be justly esteemed as one of the noblest employments of a 
 free and intellectual people. 
 
 If the present Essay may in any degree tend to promote that ausr 
 picious result, the Author will derive a sincere gratification from the 
 belief, that the time and attention devoted to its preparation have 
 not been wholly misapplied. 
 
 West-Chester, Penna. 
 June, 1817. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL TERMS USED IN THIS WORK. 
 
 f^T* The reader will bear in mind, that where compound descriptive terms are 
 employed in this work, the last member of the compound word is intended to give 
 the ■predominant character, — and that the word or syllable prefixed, merely indi- 
 cates a modification of that character: — as, for example, — " ovate-lanceolate ; ' 
 signifies lanceolate, but inclining somewhat to ovate j while "lance-ovate" means 
 ovale with something of the lanceolate form. Sec. So of colors: " yellowish-green? 
 " bluish-green? &c. signify that green is the prevailing hue, — but that it is tinged 
 with a shade of ysllow, blue, &c. Terms indicative of the size of any organ, or 
 portion of a plant — as <; large," "small? or "middle-sized'''' — are, of course, rela- 
 tive, — and have reference to the usual or average size of such parts, or organs, 
 in other species of the same genus, or family. 
 
 Abietixeae. The Abies Sub-order, or 
 Pine and Fir section, of the Order 
 Coxiferae. 
 
 Abortion, an imperfect development of 
 any organ. 
 
 Abortive, not arriving at perfection ; 
 producing no fruit. 
 
 Abrupt, not gradual ; sudden. 
 
 Abruptly acuminate, suddenly narrowed 
 to an acumination. 
 
 Abruptly pinnate. See Even-pinnate. 
 
 Acaulescent, apparently stemless. 
 
 Accessory, additional, or supernumerary. 
 
 Accumbent cotyledons, having the radi- 
 cle applied to the cleft, or recurved 
 along the edges of the cotyledons 
 (represented by this sign, o=), — as in 
 some Tetradynamous or Cruciferous 
 plants. 
 
 Aceraceae. The Acer or Maple family. 
 
 Acerose, linear and needle-like, — as Juni- 
 per leaves, &c. 
 
 Achenium. See Akene. 
 
 Achyraxtheae. A Tribe of the Order 
 
 Amaraxthaceae, represented by the 
 genus Achyranthes. 
 
 Acicular, needle-shaped. 
 
 Acrogenous plants. Plants which grow 
 or develop from the apex or summit, 
 only, of the stem. 
 
 Acrogens. Apex-growers, or acrogenous 
 plants; — which see. 
 
 Aculeate, prickly; armed with prickles. 
 
 Aculeolate, armed with little prickles. 
 
 Acuminate, ending in a prodnced taper- 
 ing point. 
 
 Atumination. An extended tapering 
 point. 
 
 Acute, sharp; ending in an angle, or 
 point ; not rounded. 
 
 Adexostyleae. A division of the Sub- 
 tribe Eupatorieae, — characterized by 
 glandular styles. 
 
 Adherent, attached to, or united with, 
 another different organ,-as the calyx- 
 tube to the ovary, &c. See coherent. 
 
 Adnate, adhering laterally ; fixed or 
 growing to. 
 
 Adventitious, happening irregularly : not 
 produced naturally, or usually. 
 
 Aestivation. The mode in which sepals 
 anl petals are arranged in the flower- 
 bud, before they expand. 
 
 Aftermath. The second growth of the 
 grasses in the same season, after be- 
 ing cut off. 
 
 Agaricixae. A Sub-tribe of the FrxGi, — 
 of which Agaricus is the type. 
 
 Aggregated, crowded, or standing to- 
 gether on the same receptacle. 
 
 Agrostideae. The Agrostis or Herd- 
 grass tribe of the Order Gramixeae. 
 
 Ajugoideae. The Ajuga tribe of the 
 Order Labiatae. 
 
 Akene (or Achenium). A 1-seeded fruit 
 with a dry indehiscent pericarp, — 
 often bony or nuthke. 
 
 Alae. Wings, or membranous expan- 
 sions. 
 
 Alate, winged; having a membranous 
 border. 
 
 Albumen. A deposit of nutritive inor- 
 ganic matter, distinct from the Em- 
 bryo, found in many seeds, — and 
 sometimes (as in the grasses) consti- 
 tuting their chief bulk. 
 
 Albuminous seeds, furnished with, or 
 containing albumen. 
 
 Algae. The great aquatic Order, or 
 family, of Sea-weeds. 
 
 Alismaceae. The Alisma, or Water- 
 Plantain, family of plants. 
 
 Alismeae. A Sub-order of Alismaceae, 
 specially typified by the genus Alisma. 
 
 Alternate, not opposite ; placed alter- 
 nately on the axis, or receptacle. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 pits,, or cells like a 
 
 Alveolate, havin 
 
 honeycomb. 
 Alyssineae. The Alyssu?n tribe of the 
 
 Order Cruciferae. 
 Amaranthaceae. The Amaranthus, or 
 
 Princes'-Feather, family of plants. 
 Amarantheae. A Sub-tribe of Achy- 
 rantheae, — typified by the genus 
 Amaranthus. 
 Ambrosieae. A division of the Senecio 
 tribe of Compositae. — of which divi 
 sion A?7ibrosia is the type. 
 Anient. A slender spike of naked and 
 usually diclinous flowers, with imbri- 
 cated scales or bracts. 
 Ammineak. The Ammi tribe of the 
 
 Umbelliferae. 
 Amplexicaul, embracing or clasping the 
 
 stem. 
 Amygdaleae. The Amijgdalus or Al- 
 mond Sub-order of the family of Ro- 
 saceae. 
 Anacardiaceae. The Anacardiwn or 
 
 Cashew-nut family. 
 Analogue. A body or organ resembling, 
 substituted for. or equivalent to, ano- 
 ther body or organ. 
 Anastomosing, applied to branching 
 vessels which inosculate, or unite 
 again, like net-work. 
 A'iatropous ovule, or seed. Turned: 
 inverted on the funiculus, so that the 
 orifice, or apex, points towards the 
 placenta. 
 AncipiiCti, two-edged ; somewhat flatted 
 
 with opposite, edges. 
 An'hogyaous, having staminate and pis- 
 tillate flowers distinct, but on the 
 same spike, or plant. 
 .ANDRoroGONEAE. The Andropogon 01 
 Indian-grass tribe, of the Order Gra- 
 MIXEAE. 
 Ajcgiogasteees. A Sub-tribe of the 
 FONGlj — with the sporules in a ven- 
 tral sac. 
 Angiospermous. having the seeds con- 
 tained in a distinct pericarp or seed- 
 vessel. 
 Angulate, having angles, or corners. 
 
 mostly of a determinate number. 
 Anisate, resembling anise-seed, in taste 
 
 or odor. 
 Annolinous. applied to leaves. &c. which 
 
 are annual, or renewed every year. 
 Annual, living or enduring but one year. 
 Annular, in the form of a ring. 
 Annulate, having a ring, or belt. 
 Anomalous, not according to rule 01 
 system ; forming an exception to usu- 
 al appearances, or structure. 
 Anophytes. Superior plants.— i. e. cel- 
 lular plants (as Mosses) which emulate 
 or resemble the forms of vascular 
 plants ; a class of flowerless plants. 
 Anterior, in front,— as that part of a 
 flower next to the bract, or farthesl 
 from the axis of inflorescence. 
 Anthemideae. A Sub-tribe of Senecio- 
 like plants, represented by Anthemis. 
 
 Anther, The knob, or capsule, contain- 
 ing the pollen, — usually supported on 
 a filament. 
 Anlheridia. The analogues, equivalents, 
 
 or representatives of Anthers. 
 Antheriferous. bearing Anthers. 
 Apetalous, destitute ot petals ; not having 
 
 a corolla. 
 Apex. The summit, upper or outer end. 
 Aphyllous., destitute of leaves. 
 Antirrhi'neae. The Antirrhinum-tribe 
 
 of the Order Scrophulariaceae. 
 Apothecia. The cups, or shield-like re- 
 ceptacles of the fructification of the 
 Lichens. 
 Appendicular, having some appendage 
 
 annexed. 
 Oppressed, pressed to, or lying close 
 
 against. 
 Approximate, growing or situated near 
 
 each other. 
 Aquatic, growing naturally in water, or 
 
 in wet places. 
 Araeideae. The Arabis tribe of the Or- 
 der Cruciferae. 
 Araceae. The Arum ox Indian Turnep 
 
 family of plants. 
 Arachnoid, resembling a spider's web. 
 Araliaceae. The Aralia or Spikenard 
 
 family of plants. 
 Arborescent, approaching the size or 
 
 height of a iree. 
 Arcuate, curved, or bent like a bow. 
 Areola. A small cavity,— as in the base 
 
 of some akenes. 
 Arid, dry. as if destitute of sap. 
 Arillate, having an arillus. 
 Ari'lus. An expansion of ihe funiculus 
 or seed-stalk, forming a loose (and 
 often fleshy) coating of the seed. 
 Aristate, awned; having awns, or bristle- 
 
 like processes. _ 
 
 AristolocuiaceaE. The Anstolochia or 
 
 Snake- root family. 
 Armed, having thorns or prickles. 
 Aromatic, having a spicy flavor or fra- 
 grance. 
 Artemisieae. A division of the Snb- 
 tribe Anthemideae.— of which the 
 "■enus Artemisia is the type. 
 Articulated, jointed; connected by joints. 
 
 or places of separation. 
 Articulations. Joints; the places at 
 which articulated members are sepa- 
 rable. 
 Artjndinaceae. The Arundo or Recd- 
 
 tribe of the Order Geamineae. 
 Ascending, rising Irom the ground 
 
 obliquely. 
 Asclepiadaceae. The Asclepias family. 
 Asclepiadeae. The genuine or proper 
 
 tribe of the Asclepias family. 
 Asphodeleae. A Suborder of Liliaceae, 
 represented by the genus Asphodelus. 
 Assurgent,, rising in a curve from a de- 
 clined base. 
 Astereak. The division of the Sub- 
 tribe Asterineae most allied to Aster. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 XI 
 
 AsterixeaE. The Sub-tribe of Aster- 
 like plants, of which Aster is the spe- 
 cial type. 
 Asteroideae. The Aster-like tribe of the 
 
 Order Compositae. 
 A tripliceae. The Atriplex tribe of the 
 Chenopodium family. 
 
 Attenuated, tapering gradually until it 
 
 becomes slender. 
 Auraxtiaceae. The Aurantium or 
 Orange family. 
 
 Au.iculate, having rounded appendages 
 at base, like ears. 
 
 Avexaceae. The Arena or Oat Tribe 
 of the Order Gramineae. 
 
 Awn. A slender bristle-like process,— 
 common on the chaff of Grasses: 
 sometimes on anthers, &c. 
 
 Atoned, furnished with awns, or bristle- 
 like appendages. 
 
 Awnless, destitute of awns. 
 
 Axil. The angle between a leaf and 
 stem, or branch, on the upper side. 
 
 Axillary, growing in, or proceeding 
 from, the axil. 
 
 Axis. A central stem, or peduncle ; or. 
 a real or imaginary central line ex- 
 tending from Ihe base to the summit. 
 
 Baccate, berried. — becoming fleshy or 
 succulent, like a berry. 
 
 Bald akenes, naked at summit; desti- 
 tute of pappus or crown. 
 
 Balsamifluae. The Balsam flowing or 
 Sweet-Gum family. 
 
 Bambuseae. A Sub-tribe of Festtjca- 
 ceae, typified by the genus Eambusa. 
 
 Barb. A straight process, armed witli 
 one or more teeth pointing backwards. 
 
 Basilar, originating at, or affixed to, the 
 base of another organ. 
 
 Beak. A terminal process, like a bird's 
 bill. 
 
 Beakel, having, or terminating in, a 
 beak. 
 
 Biia.d.d. crested or furnished with pa- 
 rallel hairs : the term is applied, also, 
 to awned wheat, &c. 
 
 Birry. A pulpy valveless fruit, in which 
 the seeds are imbedded. 
 
 Betulaceae. The Eeiula or Birch 
 family of plants. 
 
 Bibracteate. having 2 bracts. 
 
 Bibru cttolate, having 2 small bracts, 
 bractlets, or bracteolcs. 
 
 Bicuspidate, ending in 2 sharp points 
 or cusps. 
 
 Bidentate, furnished with 2 teeth. 
 
 Bidentideae. A division of the Heli- 
 anthus Sub-tribe, represented by the 
 genus Bidens. 
 
 Bimnial, living 2 years — in the second 
 of which the flowers and fruit are 
 produced — and then dying. 
 
 B'farious, in two series, or opposite 
 rows ; pointing in two directions. 
 
 Bifid, two-cleft, or split into two seg- 
 ments. 
 
 B foliate, having or producing 2 leaves. 
 
 Bifurcate, forked ; ending in two equal 
 branches. 
 
 Bi-gibbous. having 2 hunches, or gibbous 
 productions. 
 
 Bi-glandular, having or producing two 
 lands. 
 
 Bigxoniaceae. The Bignonia or Trum- 
 pet-flower familv. 
 
 Bignoxieae. The Tribe of Bigxoxiaceae 
 specially represented by the genus 
 Bignonia. 
 
 Bi-labiale. having 2 lips. 
 
 Bilamellate, having 2 lamellae, or thin 
 plates. 
 
 Bi'ocular, having 2 cells. 
 
 Bipartible, separable into 2 parts. 
 
 Bipartite, two-parted. 
 
 Bipinnate leaf. Twice pinnate; the 
 common petiole having opposite 
 branches, and those branches bear- 
 ing opposite articulated leaflets. 
 
 Biptnnatifid leaf. The common petiole 
 bearing opposite pinnatifid segments. 
 
 Bi-rostrate, having 2 beaks. 
 
 Bi-setose, having 2 bristles. 
 
 Bisulcate, having 2 grooves or furrow?. 
 
 Biternate leaf, twice ternate ; the com- 
 mon petiole 3-parted, and each divi- 
 sion, or branch, bearing 3 leaflets. 
 
 Bicalved, having 2 valves. 
 
 Biventricose, having 2 bellied or distend- 
 ed portions. 
 
 Bloo??i. A fine powdery coating on 
 certain fruits, &c. as the plum. 
 
 BORAGEAE. The TVlfceofBoRAGlNACEAE 
 
 specially typified by the genus Boiago. 
 
 Boraginaceae. The Borago family. 
 
 Bowl-shaped, hemispherical and con- 
 cave, or hollow, like a bowl. 
 
 Brachiate, having the branches spread- 
 ing, opposite and decussate. 
 
 Bract. A floral leaf; a modified leaf, 
 from the axil of which arises the 
 flower-branch, or peduncle. 
 
 Bracteate, furnished with bracts, or mo- 
 dified leaves among or near the 
 flowers. 
 
 Bractcoles, or Bractlets. Small bracts. 
 
 Bractlcss, destitute of bracts. 
 
 Branchlets. Small branches, or subdi- 
 visions of branches. 
 
 Brass iceae. The Brassica or Cabbage 
 tiibe of the Order Crtjciferae. 
 
 Bristles. Stiffish elastic hairs, straight 
 or hooked. 
 
 Cromeae. A Sub-tribe of Festucaceae, 
 typified by the genus Bromus. 
 
 Bromeliaceae. The Bromelia or Pine- 
 apple family of plants. 
 
 Bud. A growing point, or undeveloped 
 axis, covered with the rudiments of 
 leaves. 
 
 Bulb. A kind of bud, formed of fleshy 
 scales, or coats, and usually seated 
 on the neck of the root, — sometimes 
 in the axils of the leaves. 
 
 Bulbiferous, bearing or producing bulbs. 
 
 Bulbous, formed of, or like, a bulb. 
 
 Bullaie leaf, haviag bubble-like convex- 
 ities on the upper surface, with cor- 
 responding cavities beneath. 
 
Xll 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 Caducous, falling off immediately, or 
 
 earlier than usual for such organs. 
 Calcarate, spurred ; having a process 
 
 like a horn, or spur. — usually hollow. 
 Callous, firm and gristle-like. 
 Callus. A compact gristle-like tubercle 
 
 or substance. 
 Calyciform, shaped like a calyx. 
 Calyculate, having an additional (usually 
 
 small) outer calyx, or calyculus. 
 Calyptra. The cap, or hood (resembling 
 
 the extinguisher of a candle,) on the 
 
 fructification of the mosses. 
 Calyx. The flower-cup, or outer (and 
 
 sometimes the only) covering of a 
 
 flower, usually green. 
 Camelineae. The Camelina tribe of the 
 
 Order Crttciferae. 
 Campanulate, in the form of a bell. 
 
 Campylospermae. A Sub-order of Uafr 
 eelliferae, with the face or commis- 
 sure of the carpels incurved on the 
 margins, or apparently grooved 
 lengthwise. 
 
 Campylotropous ovule, or seed. Where 
 the ovule curves upon itself, and thus 
 brings the orifice, or apex, near to 
 the funiculus. 
 
 Canaliculate, channelled or furrowed. 
 
 C'anescent, hoary; clothed with a whitish 
 or gray pubescence. 
 
 Cannabineae. The Cannabis Sub-order, 
 or Hemp section, of the Urlica family. 
 
 Capillaceous, or capillary, long and fine. 
 or slender, like a hair. 
 
 Capitate, head-form ; growing in a head. 
 or globular mass. 
 
 Capituliform, in the form of a little head. 
 
 Caprifoliaceae. The Caprifolivm or 
 Honeysuckle family. 
 
 Capstdar, resembling, or being, a cap- 
 sule. 
 
 Capsule. A dry hollow seed vessel,— 
 usually opening by regular valves. 
 and definite seams. 
 
 Carduixeae. A Sub-tribe of the Cijnara- 
 like Compcsitae, of which the genus 
 Carduus is the type. 
 
 Cariceae. The Carex or Sedge tribe of 
 the Order Cyperaceae. 
 
 Carinal. belonging to the keel, or midrib. 
 
 Carinate. keeled ; having a ridge on the 
 back, like the keel of a boat. 
 
 Carnose, fleshy ; more firm than pulp. 
 
 Carpel. A little fruit; usually a partial 
 pistil, or constituent portion of a com- 
 pound fruit. 
 
 Carpophore. A slender central axis. 
 bearing the carpels, — as in Umbellife- 
 rae. 
 
 Carpophylls. The modified leaves which 
 form the pericarp, — as in the capsule 
 of the Gentian family. 
 
 Cartilaginous, hard yet somewhat flex- 
 ible, like gristle. 
 
 Caruncle. A fleshy excrescence, some- 
 times found at the hilum of seeds. 
 
 Caryophyllaceae. The Caryophilluz 
 or Clove-Pink family. 
 
 Caryopsis. A fruit where the pericarp 
 is very thin, indehiscent, and closely 
 adherent to the surface of the seed. — as 
 in the Grasses, Cyperaceae, &c. See 
 Utricle. 
 
 Cassieae. The Cassia tribe of the Order 
 
 LEGUMIX03AE. 
 
 Catalpeae. A Sub-tribe of Bigxonteae, 
 typified by the genus Catalpa. 
 
 Cauda. A tail. Caudate, having a tail, 
 or tail-like appendage. 
 
 Caulescent, having an evident or true 
 stem. 
 
 Cauline, belonging to, or growing on, 
 the main stem. 
 
 Cellular, made up of little cells, or cavi- 
 ties, formed of membranaceous sacs. 
 
 Cellular plants. The lower orders of 
 plants (including the Mosses, and those 
 below them), composed exclusively 
 of cellular tissue. 
 
 Celtideae. The Celtis Sub-order of the 
 Ulmaceae or Elm family. 
 
 Cextatxrieae. A Sub-tribe of the Cyna- 
 ra tribe of Compositae, of which Cen- 
 taurea is the type. 
 
 Centrifugal inflorescence, — where the 
 central flower of a cyme precedes the 
 others ; -t.e. the flowering commences 
 at the centre and extends successively 
 to the circumference. 
 
 Centripetal inflorescence, where the 
 outer flowers of a corymb or umbel 
 precede the inner ones, — i. e. the flow- 
 ers expand, in succession, from the 
 circumference to the centre. 
 
 Cephaladia. The knobs, or head-shaped 
 fructifications, of some of the Liciie- 
 
 KES. 
 
 Cereal, pertaining to Ceres ; belonging 
 to those farinaceous grains, or seeds, 
 of which bread is made, — and over 
 which the Goddess Ceres was suppos- 
 ed, by the ancients, to preside. 
 
 Cernuous, nodding ; the apex or summit 
 drooping, or turned downwards. 
 
 Cespitose, having many stems growing 
 from the same root, forming a tuft, or 
 tussock. 
 
 Chaff. A dry membrane, — usually the 
 small husks, or seed-covers, of" the 
 grasses ; also the bracts on the recep- 
 tacle of many compound and other ag- 
 gregated flowers. 
 
 Chaff i), bearing chaff j also resembling 
 chaff. 
 
 Channels. Longitudinal grooves ; the 
 interstices between the ribs on the 
 fruit of umbelliferous plants. 
 
 Channelled, grooved or furrowed. 
 
 Character (in Natural History). The 
 features of objects, or classes of ob- 
 jects, by which they are known, and 
 distinguished from each other. 
 
 Chartaceous, of a texture resembling 
 that of paper. 
 
 Chexopodiaceae. The Chenopodium or 
 Goose-foot family. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 Sill 
 
 ChenopodeeaE. The Tribe of proper 
 Chenopodiutns, of the Order Ciiekopo- 
 
 DlACEAE. 
 
 Chlokeae. A Sub-tribe of Gextianeae, 
 represented by the genus Chlora. 
 
 Chlorideae. A Tribe of Grasses, typi- 
 fied by the genus Chloris. 
 
 Chrysanthemeae. A division of the 
 Anthemis Sub-tribe, of which Chyan- 
 tfwmum is the type. 
 
 Chrysocomeae. A division of Aster-like 
 plants, of which the genus Chrysocoma 
 is the type. 
 
 Cicatrice. A scar, — such as that left at 
 the place of articulation, after the fall 
 of a leaf, &c. 
 
 Cichoraceae. The Tribe of Compositae 
 of which Cichorium is the type. 
 
 Cilia. Hairs arranged like eye-lashes, 
 along the margin of a surface. 
 
 Ciliate, fringed, or edged with parallel 
 hairs, like eye-lashes. 
 
 Ciliate-serrate, having serratures resem- 
 bling cilia, or short eye-lashes. 
 
 Cimicifugeae. The Cimicifuga tribe 
 of the Urder Ranuncolaceae. 
 
 Cinereous, of the color of wood-ashes 
 
 Circinate, with the apex rolled back on 
 itself, like the young fronds of a fern 
 
 Circumscissed, cut round transversely, or 
 opening horizontally, like a snuff-box. 
 
 Cirrhose, bearing tendrils, or terminating 
 in a tendril. 
 
 Cirrhus. A tendril, — which see. 
 
 Class. One of the higher or primary di 
 visions of plants, or other natural ob 
 jects, in a systematic arrangement. 
 
 Clavate, club-shaped ; thicker towards 
 the summit, or outer end. 
 
 Clavellate, in the form of a little club, — 
 i. e. larger at summit. 
 
 Claw of a petal. The slender tapering 
 portion at base, or below the middle. 
 
 Cleft, split, or divided, less than half way 
 to the base : sometimes the division 
 itself is called a cleft. 
 
 Clypeate, in the form of an ancient 
 shield or buckler. 
 
 Coaetaneous flowers, appearing at the 
 same time with the leaves. 
 
 Coarctate, contracted, or crowded into a 
 narrow compass. 
 
 Coccus (plural cocci). A kind of semi- 
 baccate indehiscent carpel. 
 
 Cochleate, coiled like a snail-shell. 
 
 Ccelospermae. A Suborder of Umeelli- 
 ferae, with the face or commissure 
 of the carpels concave by the incurv- 
 ing of base and apex. 
 
 Coherent, united with an organ of the 
 same kind, — as stamens coherent with 
 each other, &e. See adherent. 
 
 Collateral, placed side by side ; or on the 
 same side of another organ. 
 
 Colored, of any other color than green 
 
 Columella. A little column. 
 
 Column. The axis or central pillar of a 
 capsule: or the combined filaments 
 
 and style of a Gynandrous or Orchi- 
 daceous plant. 
 
 Coma. A terminal tuft of hair, bracts, 
 &c. 
 
 Commissure. The line of junction of 
 two bodies, — as the face of the car- 
 pels (or mericarps), in Umbelliferae. 
 
 Common (petiole, peduncle, &c), be- 
 longing to, or sustaining, several simi- 
 lar subordinate parts. 
 
 Comose, having a tuft or topknot of 
 hairs, bracts, or leaves, at summit, or 
 at one end. 
 
 Compact, condensed,or pressed together. 
 
 Co?nplete flower, having both calyx and 
 corolla. 
 
 Compositae. The family of Compound^ 
 or Syngenesious aggregated flowers. 
 
 Compound, not simple, — but made up of 
 similar simple parts. 
 
 Compound flower. An aggregated clus- 
 ter, or head of syngenesious florets, 
 seated on a common receptacle, and 
 embraced by an involucre, or many- 
 leaved common calyx. 
 
 Compound leaf. Consisting of several 
 leaflets, or laminae, each articulated 
 with the common petiole, and ulti- 
 mately falling from it. 
 
 Compound Ovary. Consisting of 2 or 
 more carpels, or simple ovaries, co- 
 hering together. 
 
 Compound Umbel. An Umbel in which 
 each primary peduncle, or ray, bears 
 a small umbel at summit. 
 
 Compressed, flatted, as if squeezed or 
 pressed. 
 
 Compressed Akene (in compound flow- 
 ers), flatted, with one edge to the front, 
 or periphery. See obcompressed. 
 
 Concave, presenting a hollow or depres- 
 sed surface. 
 
 Concentric layers, or circles. Circles of 
 different sizes, or diameters, with a 
 common centre. 
 
 Concrete* grown together, or united. 
 
 Ccnduplicate, doubled lengthwise, or 
 folded together like a sheet of paper, 
 or the leaves of a book. 
 
 Cone. The woody ament of the Pines ; 
 also the fruit of the Hop, &c. 
 
 Conic, Conical, or CoHoid, having the 
 figure of a cone. 
 
 Confluent, blended, or running together ; 
 forming a junction. 
 
 Congener. A plant belonging to the same 
 genus: nearly related. 
 
 Conglomerate, clustered or heaped to- 
 gether. 
 
 Coniferae. The family of conebearing 
 plants, — as the Pines, &c. 
 
 Coxiomycetes. A Tribe of the Order 
 Fungi, or Mushroom family : minute 
 powder-like fungi. 
 
 Conjugate, in pairs ; coupled. 
 
 Connate, growing together, or cohering. 
 
 Connective, or Connectivum. The organ 
 which connects the two cells of an 
 
 B 
 
XIV 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 anther,— conspicuous in some of the 
 Laeiatae. 
 
 Connivent, the summits meeting, or bend- 
 ing towards each other. 
 
 Constant, invariable ; also never failing, 
 or wanting. 
 
 Contiguous, so near as to seem to touch. 
 
 Continuous, without interruption, or ar- 
 ticulation. 
 
 Contorted, twisted j or obliquely over- 
 lapping. 
 
 Contracted, narrowed, or reduced into a 
 smaller compass. 
 
 Contrary dissepiment. Not parallel, but 
 at right angles, or nearly so, with the 
 valves of the pericarp. 
 
 Convex, presenting an elevated rounded 
 surface. 
 
 Convolute, rolled into a cylindrical form. 
 
 Convolvulaceae. The Convolvulus or 
 Bind- weed family. 
 
 Con'volvuleab. The proper Convolvulus 
 Tribe of the Order Coxvolvttlaceae 
 
 Coraloid, resembling coral, in appear- 
 ance. 
 
 Cordate, heart-shaped, with the sinus or 
 notch at the base. 
 
 Cordate-oblong, oblong, with a cordate 
 base. 
 
 Coriaceous, tough and leather-like. 
 
 Coriandreae. The Coriandrum Tribe 
 of the Order Umbelliferae. 
 
 Cormophytes. Plants having a stem, or 
 axis of growth. 
 
 Conn us. A fleshy subterraneous stem, of 
 a round or oval figure, and an uniform 
 compact texture, as m the Arum, or 
 Indian Turnep. 
 
 Coenaceae. The Cornus or Dog-wood 
 family. 
 
 Corneous, having the consistence or ap- 
 pearance of horn. 
 
 Corniculate, having little horns or spurs. 
 
 Cornute, having appendages like horns. 
 
 Corolla! The delicate inner covering of 
 the flower, between the calyx and sta- 
 mens, mostly colored. 
 
 Coroniform, in the shape of a crown. 
 
 Corrugated, contracted into wrinkles. 
 
 Cortical, belonging to the bark. 
 
 Corymb. A mode of flowering : a kind 
 of raceme, with the lower peduncles 
 elongated so as to form a level top. 
 
 Corymbose, in the manner of a corymb. 
 
 Corymbulose, having the flowers in little 
 corymbs. 
 
 Coryphixae. A Tribe of the Order Pal- 
 mae, of which the genus Corypha is 
 the type. 
 
 Costate, ribbed. 
 
 Cotyledons. The seed-lobes, or first 
 crude leaves of a plant, — formed in 
 the seed ; and sometimes becoming 
 green leaves in vegetation. 
 
 Creeping, running along the ground, and 
 putting forth small roots. 
 
 Crenate, notched on the edge, with the 
 segments rounded, and not inclining 
 towards either extremity. 
 
 Crenulate, very finely crenate. 
 
 Crested, having an appendage resembling 
 
 a cock's comb. 
 Crisp, curled, or wavy at the edges. 
 Cristate, crested ; having a crest. 
 Cross, or cross-breed. A hybrid, or mule, — 
 
 produced by the mixing of two nearly 
 
 allied species. 
 Crotoneae. A Tribe of Euphoreiaceae, 
 
 represented by the genus Croton. 
 Crowded, thickly set ; standing in close 
 
 order. 
 Crown. A circular series of petaloid 
 
 appendages at the throat of a corolla : 
 
 also of chaffy scales at the summit of 
 
 an akene. 
 Crowned, having appendages resembling 
 
 a crown. 
 Crown-shaped, resembling the figure of 
 
 a crown. 
 Cruciate, or cruciform, having 4 petals 
 
 arranged in form of a cross, — as in 
 
 Tetradynamous flowers. 
 Crtjciferae. The cross-bearing family 
 
 of plants: Tetradynamous plants with 
 
 4 petals arranged in the form of a 
 
 cross. 
 Crustaceous, having a dry brittle shell. 
 Cryptogamous plants. Plants which are 
 
 destitute of visible genuine flowers. 
 Cucullate, in the form of a cowl ; the 
 
 edges rolled in so as to meet at base, 
 
 and spreading above, — like a hood 
 
 thrown back. 
 Ctjcurbitaceae. The Cucurbiia or Gourd 
 
 family. 
 Cucureiteae. The special Gourd tribe, 
 
 of the Order Cttcerbitaceae. 
 Culm. The stem of the Grasses, and 
 
 Cyperaceous plants. 
 Cuneate, or cuneiform, wedge-shaped 5 
 
 tapering with straight edges to the 
 
 base. 
 Cupressixeae. The Cupressus or Cy- 
 press Sub Order of the OonifeRae. 
 Cupule. The cuplike involucre of the 
 
 acorn, &t. 
 Cipuliferae. The family of cupule- 
 
 bearing trees and shrubs, — as the 
 
 Oaks, &c. 
 Cuscuteae. The Cuscuta or Dodder 
 
 tribe of the Coxvolvexaceae. 
 Cusp. A stifnsh tapering sharp point. 
 Cuspidate, tapering to a straight stifhsh 
 
 sharp point. 
 Cuticle. The outer skin, — usually thin 
 
 and membranaceous. 
 Cyclclobeae. A Sub Order of Chexo- 
 
 podiaceae, in which the embryo is 
 
 coiled in a circle round the albumen. 
 Cylindric, long, round, and of uniform 
 
 diameter. 
 Cyme. A kind of panicle, depressed 
 
 nearly to the form of an umbel,— with 
 
 the principal peduncles rising from the 
 
 same centre, but the subdivisions irre- 
 gular. 
 Cymose, with Ihe flowors in cymes, or 
 
 approaching that form. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 XV 
 
 Cymules. The reduced cymes, or cy- 
 mose clusters, of the Labiatae ; some- 
 times called Verticil'asters. 
 
 Cyxareae. A Tribe of Compositae, of 
 which the genus Cijnara is the type. 
 
 Cvnoglosseae. A Subtribe of Borageae 
 represented by Cynoglossum. 
 
 Cyperaceae. The Cyperus or Sedge 
 family of plants. 
 
 Cypeueae. A Tribe of the Sedge family, 
 specially typified by the genus Cyperus. 
 
 Dalieardeae. A Sub tribe of the Ordei 
 Rosaceae, typified by the genus Bali- 
 bar da. 
 
 Dattjreae. The Datura or Thorn-apple 
 tribe of the Order Solanaceae. 
 
 Dattcineae. The Daucus or Carrot tribe 
 of the Umbelliferae. 
 
 Decandrous, having ten distinct stamens. 
 
 Deciduous, falling off at the usual time, 
 or at the end of the season ; more du- 
 rable than Caducous, — which see. 
 
 Declinate, or declined, bent off horizon- 
 tally ; or curved downwards. 
 
 Decompound, twice compound ; compo- 
 sed of compound parts. 
 
 Decumbent, leaning: upon the ground, 
 with the base only erect. 
 
 Decurrence. A running or extending 
 down, or backwards. 
 
 Decurrent leaf. When the two edges are 
 continued down the stem, like wings. 
 
 Decussate, growing in opposite pairs and 
 alternately crossing each other 
 
 Definite, clearly defined, or limited ; also 
 of a constant or determinate (and not 
 large) number. 
 
 Deflected, bent off, or downwards. 
 
 Dehiscent, gaping, or opening naturally 
 by seams, at maturity. 
 
 Deltoid, triangular in the outline, — like 
 the Greek letter Delta. 
 
 Demersed, growing or being under water. 
 
 Dense, closely arranged ; compact. 
 
 Dentate, toothed ;. edged with tooth-like 
 projections. 
 
 Denticulate, having very small teeth. 
 
 Depauperated, with a starved or stunted 
 inflorescence ; few-flowered. 
 
 Depressed, flatted vertically, or pressed 
 down at summit. 
 
 Depressed-globose, globular, with the base 
 and apex flatted. 
 
 Diadelphous, having the filaments united 
 in 2 parcels, — usually 9 and 1, with a 
 papilionaceous corolla. 
 
 Diandrous, having 2 stamens. 
 
 Diaphanous, transparent; permittin 
 
 light to pass through. 
 JD ich oto mal flower. Situated in the fork 
 
 of a dichotomous stem or branch. 
 
 Dichotomous, forked ; regularly divided 
 
 and subdivided, in two equal branches 
 
 Diclinous, having the stamens and pistils 
 
 in distinct flowers, — whether on the 
 
 same or different plants. 
 
 Dicotyledonous plants. Where the era 
 
 bryo has 2 lobes, or cotyledons. 
 Didymous, twin ; growing in pairs, and 
 more or less united. 
 
 Didynamous, having 2 long and 2 shorter 
 stamens, mostly in a bilabiate, ringent, 
 or personate corolla. 
 
 Diffuse, spreading widely in a loose irre- 
 gular manner. 
 
 Digitate leaf. Where a simple petiole 
 connects several distinct leaflets, fin- 
 ger-like, at its summit, — as in the Horse 
 Chesnut. 
 
 Digynous, having 2 pistils, or 2 distinct 
 stigmas. 
 
 Dilated, made wider; stretched or ex- 
 panded. 
 
 Dimerous, composed of two parts, — as a 
 dimerous calyx or corolla, when there 
 are 2 sepals or petals. 
 
 Dimidiate, halved,— as if one side, or half 
 had been cut off. 
 
 Dingy, of a dull, soiled, smoky,or leaden- 
 brown color. 
 
 Dioicous, having staminate and pistillate 
 flowers on distinct plants. 
 
 Dioicously polygamous, having perfect 
 and imperfect flowers on different 
 plants. 
 
 Dipetalous, having 2 petals. 
 
 Dipsaceae. The Dipsacus or Teasel 
 family. 
 
 Discoid' flower, or head. A disk of com- 
 pound flowers, without ray-florets. 
 
 Disejjalous, having 2 sepals. 
 
 Disk. The surface of the leaf ; also the 
 face, or central part, of a head of com- 
 pound flowers. 
 
 Dissected, cut into segments, or lobes. 
 
 Dissepime?it. The partition betw een the 
 cells of seed-vessels. 
 
 Distant, having a larger intervening 
 space than usual. 
 
 Distichous, two-rowed ; bearing leaves, 
 flowers, &c. in 2 opposite rows. 
 
 Distinct, separate ; not connected with 
 each other, nor with any contiguous 
 organ. 
 
 Divaricate branches. Spreading so as to 
 form more than a right angle with the 
 stem above. 
 
 Divergent, spreading widely ; making a 
 right angle, or nearly so,with the stem. 
 
 Divided, separated or cleft to the base,— 
 or to the midrib, if a leaf. 
 
 Dorsal, belonging to, or growing on, the 
 back. 
 
 Dorsal suture. The line or seam on the 
 back of a carpel, or folded leaf,— being 
 at the place of the midrib: the oppo- 
 site of ventral suture,— which see. 
 
 Dorsally compressed, flatted on the back. 
 Dots. Minute tubercles, or specks. 
 
 Dotted, covered with dots, specks, or mi- 
 nute and slightly elevated points. 
 Downy, clothed with soft fine hairs. 
 Drooping, inclining downwards, more 
 
 than nodding. 
 Drupaceous, drupe-like,— of a structure 
 resembling a drupe, or what is usually 
 called stone-fruit. 
 Drupe. A fleshy, succulent, or spongy 
 pericarp, without valves, containing a 
 1 or 2-seeded nut, or stone. 
 
XVI 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 Drupel. A little drupe; a constituent por- 
 tion of a compound berry, — such as 
 that of Rubus. 
 
 Dryadeae. A tribe of Rosace ah, typified 
 by the genus Dryas. 
 
 Ebenaceae. The Ebenum or Ebony 
 family. 
 
 Ebracteate, destitute of bracts. 
 
 Ebracteolate, destitute of bractlets. 
 
 Ecaudate, destitute of a cauda, or tail. 
 
 Echieae. A Subtribe of Borageae, rep- 
 resented by the genus Echium. 
 
 Echhiate, hedge hog-like ; covered with 
 prickles. 
 
 Elaters. Minute clubshaped filaments, 
 which are coiled round the spores of 
 certain cryplogamous plants,— and by 
 unrolling, assist in dispersing those 
 spores. 
 
 Elliptic, or elliptical, oval ; longer than 
 wide, with the two ends narrowing 
 equally. 
 
 Elongated, exceeding the usual or aver- 
 age length. 
 
 Elongating, becoming gradually and 
 finally elongated. 
 
 Emarginate, having a notch or sinus at 
 the end. 
 
 Embryo. The young plant in the rudi- 
 mentary state, as it exists in the seed. 
 
 Emersed, raised out of water. 
 Endocarp. That membranous or bony 
 portion of the pericarp which lines the 
 cavity, or forms the cells for the seeds 
 
 iex. gr. the stone, or hard shell, in a 
 )rupe). 
 
 Endogenous plants. Those which have 
 a single cotyledon,— and grow by cen 
 tral deposites of new matter, distend 
 ingor pushing the older deposites out 
 wards. 
 
 Endogens. Inside-growers ; plants which 
 increase by central or internal depo- 
 sites of new matter. See Endogenous 
 plants. 
 
 Enneandrons, having 9 stamens. 
 
 Ensiform, sword-shaped ; two-edged 
 and tapering from base to apex. 
 
 Entire, having a continuous even margin; 
 without incision, notch, or tooth. 
 
 Entophyti. A Subtribe of parasitic 
 Fungi which develope themselves 
 within the tissue of other, and usually 
 living, plants,— as mildew', &c. 
 
 Envelope. An integument, or covering. 
 
 Ephemeral, diurnal; enduring one day 
 only. 
 
 Epicarp, The outer coating of the peri- 
 carp, or fruit. 
 
 Epigynous, adnate to the ovary so that 
 the upper portion is apparently inser- 
 ted on its summit, — as sepals, petals, 
 and more especially stamens : exem- 
 plified in UmbelUferae and Araliaceae. 
 
 Epipetalous, inserted on the petals. 
 
 Equal, similar parts equal among them- 
 selves, — as calyx-segments, sepals 
 petals, stamens, &c. 
 
 Equisetaceae, The Equiselum family 
 
 Equitant leaves. "When alternate dis- 
 tichous leaves are infolded lengthwise 
 and towards each other, the outer 
 ones inclosing or embracing the in- 
 ner. 
 
 Erechtiteae. A division of the Senecio 
 subtribe of Compositae, represented 
 by the genus Erechtites. 
 
 Erect ovules, or seeds. When they arise 
 from the bottom of the ovary, or base 
 of the cell, and point upwards. 
 
 Ericaceae. The Erica or Heath fami- 
 ly of plants. 
 
 Ericikeae. The Sab-order of Ericaceae, 
 of which the genus Erica is the spe- 
 cial type. 
 
 Eroded, or erose, irregularly notched, as 
 if gnawed by insects. 
 
 Esculent, eatable; fit or safe to be eaten. 
 
 Etiolation, the blanching of plants, — or 
 rendering them white by the exclu- 
 s ; on of light; as practised with Celery, 
 Endive, Sec. 
 
 Eu, a greek adverb, meaning clearly, or 
 certainly. — often prefixed to the names 
 of Sub-tribes, or Divisions, indicating 
 their genuineness, or close affinity to 
 the typical genus. 
 
 Eu-anthemideae. A division of the 
 Chamomile Sub-tribe of Compositeae, 
 embracing plants of the true Anthemis 
 structure or type. 
 
 Eu-astereae, The Sub-division of As- 
 ter-like plants, which includes Aster 
 itself, and the most nearly allied ge- 
 nera. 
 Eu-heltantheae. A division of the He- 
 lianihus Sub-tribe, specially repre- 
 sented by that genus. 
 Eupatoriaceae. The Eupatorium Tribe 
 
 of the Order Compositae. 
 Eupatorieae. The Sub-tribe of Eupato- 
 rtaceae. specially typified by the 
 genus Eupatorium. 
 Eu-phaseoleae. A Sub-tribe of Phaseo- 
 leae. eminently and clearly allied to 
 Phaseolus. 
 Euphorbiaceae. The Euphorbia family 
 
 of plants. 
 Euphoreieae. A tribe of Euphorbiaceae, 
 specially typified by the genus Eu- 
 phorbia. 
 
 Eu-senecioxeae. A division of the Se- 
 necio tribe, specially represented by 
 that genus. 
 
 Evanescent, disappearing ; speedily van- 
 ishing. 
 
 Even-pinnate leaf. With the leaflets all 
 in pairs, or without a terminal odd 
 one ; often termed abruptly pinnate. 
 
 Evergreen, continuing green, and per- 
 sisting all the year. 
 
 Exalbuminous, destitute of albumen. 
 
 Excentric, deviating from the axis, or 
 centre. 
 
 Exfoliate, to throw off layers or plates,- 
 as bark, &c. 
 
 Exogenous plants. Those which have 
 2 (or sometimes more) cotyledons, — 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 XV11 
 
 and grow by annual layers of wood 
 (or new matter) on the outside, be- 
 tween the old wood and bark. 
 Exogens. Qutside-growers; plants which 
 increase by annual additions to the 
 outside. See Exogenous plants. 
 Ersert, or exserted, projecting, or pro- 
 truding out, — as stamens from the 
 tube of the corolla. 
 Exstipulate, destitute of stipules. 
 Extrorse anthers. Having the cell 
 turned outwards, or from the pistils, — 
 and the filament, or connective, ex- 
 lending up the inner side. 
 Falcate, sickle-shaped ; curved like a 
 
 sickle, or scythe. 
 Family of plants. A definite group of 
 kindred plants, called also an Order.— 
 sometimes of numerous genera and 
 species — sometimes comprising but a 
 single genus. 
 Fan-shaped, cuneate below, and spread- 
 ing above,— like a lady's fan. 
 Farinaceous, mealy; reducible to a 
 
 meal-like powder. 
 Fascicle. A little bundle, or bunch, of 
 flowers, leaves, &c. originating from 
 nearly the same point. 
 Fasciculate, growing in bundles, or 
 
 bunches, from the same point. 
 Fastigiate. level-topped ; the summits 
 of the branches all rising to the same 
 height. 
 Favose. deeply pitted ; somewhat like a 
 
 honeycomb. 
 Feather-veined leaf. "Where the lateral 
 veins (or nerves) diverge regularly 
 f.om each side of the midrib, — like the 
 plumage of a quill. 
 Ferruginous, of the color of rust of iron ; 
 
 reddish-brown. 
 Fertile, having perfect pistils, and pro- 
 ducing fruit. 
 Festucaceae. The Festuca or Fesoue 
 
 tribe of the Order Gramixeae. 
 Fibrous, composed of fibres, or thread 
 
 like processes. 
 Fide, on the faith, or authority, of. 
 Filament. That part of the stamen 
 (usually thread-like) which supports 
 the anther. 
 Filices. The family of Ferns. 
 Filicoid. fern-like; belonging to or re- 
 sembling ferns. 
 Filiform, very slender and terete > like 
 
 a thread. 
 Fimbriae. Fringes, or fringe-like pro- 
 cesses. 
 Fimbriate, finely divided at the edge. 
 
 like a fringe. 
 Fimbriilate. clothed with ftmbrillae (i. e 
 membranaceous, linear or subulate, 
 filaments) — as the receptacle of this- 
 tles, &c. 
 Fissure. A slit, crack, or narrow open 
 
 ing. 
 Fxstular, hollow and terete, like a pipe 
 
 tubular. 
 Flabehliform, fan-shaped, — which see 
 
 Flaccid, so limber as to bend by its own 
 
 weight. 
 Flagelliform, long, slender, and pliable,- 
 
 like a whip lash. 
 Flaviflorae. The yellow-flowered tribe 
 
 of the Order Lauraceae. 
 Flexuose, serpentine, or with a succes- 
 sion of short alternating curves. 
 Floccose, or flocculent, covered with 
 flocks, or flakes, or little matted 
 bunches of partly detached tomentum. 
 Floral, belonging to, or situated near, a 
 
 flower. 
 Floral envelopes. The verticils, or cover- 
 ings of flowers, — usually known as 
 calyx and corolla; sometimes as chaff. 
 Floret. A little flower; usually one of 
 the number in compound or aggre- 
 gated flowers. 
 Floriferous, bearing flowers. 
 Foliaceous, of a leaf-like form and tex- 
 ture ; resembling a leaf. 
 Follicle. A capsular fruit opening longi- 
 tudinally by a suture on one side. 
 Follicular, resembling, constructed like, 
 
 or being, a follicle. 
 Foramen (plural, foramina), a roundish 
 
 hole, or opening. 
 Fragarieae. A Sub-tribe of the Order 
 Rosaceae, typified by the genus Fra- 
 garia, or Strawberry. 
 Fraxineae. The Fraxinus or Ash tribe 
 
 of the Order Oleaceae. 
 Free, not adhering to each other, nor to 
 
 any adjacent organ. 
 Frond. The leaf, or leaf-like expansion, 
 
 of Cryptogamous plants. 
 Frondoae, leafy or with leaf-like appen- 
 dages. 
 Fructification. The flower and fruit, 
 
 with their parts. 
 Fruit. The mature ovary or seedvessel, 
 
 and iis. contents. 
 Frutescent, becoming shrubby, or hard 
 
 and woody. 
 Fruticose, shrub-like, or shrubby. 
 Fugacious, fleeting; of short duration. 
 Fulvous, tawny, fox or tan-colored. 
 Fungi. The Order of Mushrooms. 
 Fungous, of rapid growth and soft tex- 
 ture, like the fungi. 
 Funiculus. The little cord by which 
 
 seeds are attached to the placenta. 
 Funnel-form, tubular below, and ex- 
 panding above, — like a funnel. 
 Fuscous, greyish-brown, or deep brown 
 
 with a tinge of green. 
 Fusiform, spindle-shaped; terete and 
 
 tapering to a point. 
 Galea. A helmet ; the arched upper lip 
 
 of a ringent corolla.. 
 Galeate, hetmeted; resembling a casque, 
 
 or helmet. 
 Galegeae. The Galega tribe of the 
 
 Order Legumevosae. 
 GamopetaloitSy having the petals all 
 more or less united. — forming what is 
 called (rather incorrectly) a monope- 
 talous corolla. 
 5* 
 
XV111 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 Gamosepalous, having the sepals all 
 
 more or less united, — forming a mon- 
 
 osepalous calyx. 
 Gasteromycetes. A tribe of Fungi 
 
 with the spores in a ventral sae. 
 Generic, pertaining or relating to a 
 
 genus. 
 Geniculate, forming an angle at the 
 
 joints, like a bent knee. 
 Gentianaceae. The Gentiana or Gen 
 
 tian family. 
 Gentianeae. The proper Gentian tribe 
 
 of the Order Gentianaceae. 
 Genus (plural, genera). A group of 
 
 species which agree with each other 
 
 in the structure or essential characters 
 
 of the flower and fruit : sometimes a 
 
 genus comprizes but a single species. 
 Germ. The growing part of a bud. 
 Germen. The old name for the ovary 
 Germination, the sprouting, or incipient 
 
 growth, of a seed. 
 Gibbous, hunched, or swelled out, on 
 
 one or both sides. 
 Gills. The fruit-bearing membranes of 
 
 the Agarics, or Mushrooms. 
 Glabrous, very smooth ; without any 
 
 roughness or pubescence. 
 Gland. A small roundish organ, or 
 
 appendage, which often secretes a 
 
 fluid. 
 Glandular, furnished with glands. 
 Glandular-hispid, or glandular-pubes- 
 
 ctnt, hairy or pubescent, and the hairs 
 
 tipped with glands. 
 Glaucous, silvery ; pale bluish- or 
 
 greenish-white; covered with a 
 
 greenish-white mealiness. 
 Globose, or globular, spherical ; round on 
 
 all sides. 
 Glomerate, densely clustered in small 
 
 heaps, or irregular heads. 
 Glomerules. Small dense roundish 
 
 clusters. 
 Glumaceous, chaff-like; resembling chaff 
 
 or glumes 
 Glumes. The bracts, or outer chaff, em 
 
 bracing the spikelets of the grasses(ca 
 ' lyx, of Linn.). See Palea. 
 Glumose, bavins? glumes (or, sometimes. 
 
 having conspicuous glumes). 
 Glutinous, viscid ; covered with an ad- 
 hesive fluid. 
 Gnaphalieae. A Sub^tribe of Senecio 
 
 like plants, represented by the genus 
 
 Gnaphalium. 
 
 Gramineae. The family of true Grasses. 
 Gramineous, grass-like ; resembling 
 
 grasses 
 Graniferous, bearing a grain, or grains. 
 Granular, formed of grains, or smali 
 
 particles. 
 
 Grossulaceae. The family of Goose- 
 berries and Currants. 
 
 Gymnospermousj having the seeds na- 
 ked — i. e. not inclosed in a pericarp. 
 
 Gynandrous. having the stamens grow- 
 ing on, or adhering to, the pistil. 
 
 Gynostegium. The pistil-covering, or 
 
 tube, formed by the connate filaments 
 of the Asclepias family. 
 
 Habit of plants. Their general external 
 appearance and mode of growth, by 
 which they are recognized at sight. 
 
 Habitat, or habitatio. The natural or 
 native place of growth. 
 
 Halved, one-sided, — as if one half had 
 been cut off. 
 
 Hastate, shaped like a halbert; lanceo- 
 late, with a divarieate lobe on each 
 side of the base. 
 
 Head. A dense roundish cluster of ses- 
 sile flowers. 
 
 Heliantheae. A Sub-tribe of Senecio- 
 like plants, typified by the genus He- 
 lianthus. 
 
 Helleeoreae. The Hellehoru* tribe of 
 ihe Order Ranuncclaceae. 
 
 Heptandrous, having 7 stamens. 
 
 Herbaceous, not woody ; of a tender 
 consistence, and usually destructible 
 by frost. 
 
 Herbarium. A collection of dried speci- 
 mens of plants. 
 
 Herbs. Plants which are not woody — of 
 a more tender structure than trees and 
 shrubs, and usually killed by frost. 
 
 Heterocephalous flowers. Heads of Syrt- 
 genesious florets of different sexual 
 character (i. e. staminate and pistillate 
 heads distinct) on the same plant,— as 
 in Ambrosia, Sec. 
 
 Heterogamous heads. Heads of Synge- 
 nesious flowers, containing florets of 
 different structure and sexual charac- 
 ter. 
 
 Heterophyllous, having leaves of differ- 
 ent forms. 
 
 Hexamerous, consisting of 6 parts. 
 
 Hexandrous, having 6 stamens of equal 
 length. 
 
 Hilum. The scar left on a seed, at the 
 point of attachment to the funiculus. 
 
 Hippocastanaceae. The Horse-chesnut 
 family. 
 
 Hirsute, rough-haired; clothed with 
 stiffish hairs. 
 
 Hispid, bristly ; beset with rigid, spread- 
 ing, bristle-like hairs. 
 
 Hoary, covered with a white or whitish 
 pubescence. 
 
 Homogamous heads. Heads of S}">ige- 
 nesious flowers,, in which all the flo- 
 rets are of similar structure and the 
 same sexual character. 
 
 Hooded. See cucullate. 
 
 Hordeaceae. The Hordeum or Barley 
 tribe of the Gramineae. 
 
 Horizontal ovules. When they project 
 from the side of the cell, pointing 
 neither to base nor apex. 
 
 Horn. A process or elongation resem- 
 bling a horn. See Spur. 
 
 Horny, of a texture or consistence like 
 horn, See corneous. 
 
 Humus. The mould, or soil, formed by 
 the decomposition of vegetable matter. 
 
 Hyacintheae. A tribe of the Sub-order 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 XIX 
 
 AspnoDELEAE, represented by the ge- 
 nus Hyacinthus. 
 
 Hyaline, transparent, like glass. 
 
 Hybrid. A mule; a cross-breed between 
 two varieties, or nearly allied species, 
 partaking of each but different from 
 both. 
 
 Hymenini. A section of the tribe Hyme- 
 Nomycetes, — i. e. Fungi with the spo- 
 rules contained in a superficial mem- 
 brane, or in gills. 
 
 Hymenium. The membrane containing 
 the sporules of certain Fungi; the 
 plates, or gills, on the under side of 
 the pileits of the Agarics. 
 
 Hymenoseycetes A tribe of the Order 
 Fungi, containing the sporules in a 
 membrane, or htpnenium. 
 
 Hyoserideae. A Sub-tribe of Cichora- 
 ceae, represented by the genus Hyo- 
 seris. 
 
 Hypericaceae; The Hypericum or St. 
 John's Wort family. 
 
 Hypericeae. The tribe of Hypericaceae-. 
 of which Hypericum is the special 
 type. 
 
 Hypodermia. A division of the Sub-tribe 
 of Entophytes : minute Fungi, seated 
 under the skin or epidermis of living 
 plants. 
 
 Hypogaean, situated, growing, or re- 
 maining, under ground. 
 
 Hypogynous.inseneA beneath the ovary. 
 — i. e. on the receptacle, and free from 
 the surrounding organs. 
 
 Icon. An image, figure, or representa- 
 tion. 
 
 Icosandrous, having about 20 stamens, 
 which are perigynous, — i. e. growing 
 to, or apparently inserted on the rim 
 of, the calyx. 
 
 Imbricate, or imbricated, the edges lying 
 closely and regularly over the next 
 series, — like shingles on a roof, or 
 scales on a fish. 
 
 Imperfect flower. When either stamens 
 or pistils are deficient. 
 
 Incised, cut, or gashed; separated by 
 incisions. 
 
 Inclinate, or inclined,bent over towards 
 the ground, or some other object. 
 
 Included, wholly contained within a 
 tube, or cavity j the opposite of ex- 
 serted. 
 
 Incomplete flower. When either Calyx 
 or Corolla is wanting. 
 
 Incrassate, thickened upwards, or to- 
 wards the summit. 
 
 Incumbentjlyi ng upon.against. or across. 
 
 Incumbent anther. Attached at or near 
 its middle, and lying horizontally 
 across the summit of the filament. 
 
 Incumbent cotyledons. Having the ra- 
 dicle bent over and applied to the 
 back of one of the cotyledons (repre- 
 sented by this sign, o||). 
 
 Incurved, bent or curved inwards. 
 
 Indefinite, not distinctly limited, or de- 
 fined ; numerous, and of no constant 
 or determinate number. 
 
 Indehiscent, not opening at maturity. 
 
 Indigenous, native ; growing naturally, 
 or originally, in a country. 
 
 Induplicate, folded inwards. 
 
 [ndurated, hardened ; become hard. 
 
 Indusium. The membrane, or veil, 
 which covers the young Sorus (or 
 cluster of fruit) on the Ferns. 
 
 Inferior calyx. Having the ovary above, 
 and free from the calyx. 
 
 Inferior ovary. Situated apparently be- 
 low the calyx, or rather its segments ; 
 — i. e. adnate to the tube of the calyx, 
 and consequently bearing the segments 
 (if any) at its summit. 
 
 Inflated, distended or swelled like a 
 blown bladder. 
 
 Inflected, or in flexed, bent suddenly in- 
 wards. 
 
 Inflorescence. The disposition or ar- 
 rangement of flowers and their foot- 
 stalks on a plant, — such as Umbel, 
 Panicle, Raceme, &c. 
 
 Inserted, fixed upon, or growing out of. 
 
 Internode.. That portion of a culm, or 
 stem, between the nodes or joints. 
 
 Interpetiolar stipules. Situated or origi- 
 nating between the petioles of oppo- 
 site leaves. 
 
 Interrupted, having intervals ; or the 
 continuity broken. 
 
 Interruptedly pinnate, having smaller 
 pinnae, or leaflets, between each pair 
 of larger ones. 
 
 Inlra-petiolar stipules. Situated within 
 
 and above the petioles, usually 
 
 sheathing the branch above the axil 
 of the leaf; as in Platanus. 
 
 Inirorse anthers. Having the cells turned 
 inwards,. or towards the pistils. — and 
 the filament,.or connective, extending 
 up the outer side. 
 
 Inversely, in a contrary position ; end for 
 end, or upside down. 
 
 Involucel. The verticil of leaflets at the 
 base of an umbellet 
 
 Involucellate, having involucels. 
 
 Tnvolucrate. having an involucre. 
 
 Involucre. An assemblage of modified 
 leaves accompanying certain forms 
 of inflorescence, — usually verticillate 
 at the base of an Umbel, — or in im- 
 bricated series beneath or around the 
 heads of aggregated flowers. 
 
 Involute, rolled inwards. 
 
 Irregular, the component parts differing 
 in size and shape. 
 
 Juglandaceae. The Juglans or Wal- 
 nut family. 
 
 Juncaceae. The Juncus or Rush family 
 of plants. 
 
 Keel. A longitudinal central ridge on 
 the back of a leaf, sepal, &c. resemb- 
 ling the keel of a boat: Also, the 
 lower pair of united petals in a papi- 
 lionaceous flower. 
 
 Keeled, having a keel. See Carinate. 
 
 Kernel. The nucleus, or seed contained 
 in a nut. 
 
XX 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 Knot. A node ; a solid, inseparable, and 
 often swelling joint,— as in the stem 
 of the grasses. &c. 
 
 Kochieae. A Sub-tribe of Chexopodi 
 eae tvpified by the genus Kockia. 
 
 Labiatae. The family of labiate or 
 two-lipped flowers. 
 
 iaeeraze.divided into irregular segments, 
 as if torn. 
 
 Laciniate, jagged; the margin irregularly 
 cut into unequal segments. 
 
 Lactescent, milky ; containing a milky 
 or whitish juice. 
 
 Lacttjceae. A Sub-tribe of Cichona- 
 ceae, typified by the genus Lactuca 
 or Lettuce. 
 
 Lamellae. The plates or gills (Hyme- 
 nium) of the Agaric, or common Mush- 
 room. 
 
 Lamellate, divided or dilated into thin 
 plates. 
 
 Lamina. A thin layer or plate ; the 
 expanded or flat portion of a leaf, or 
 petal, as distinguished from the peti 
 ole, or claw. 
 
 Lanate, woolly ; clothed with wool. 
 
 Lanceolate, tapering gradually from near 
 the base to the apex,— like the head 
 of an ancient Lance, or Spear. 
 
 Lance-tinear, Lance-ovate, &c, linear, 
 ovate, &c, with something of the 
 lanceolate form. 
 
 Lance-ovoid, egg-shaped, or terete, with 
 a swelling base and tapering apex. 
 
 Lanuginous, cloihed with a loose wool. 
 
 Lateral, at the side. 
 
 Laterally compressed,, flatted on the 
 sides ; the lateral edges pressed to- 
 wards each other. 
 
 Latticed, obliquely cross-barred, with 
 open spaces like net-work. 
 
 Laueaceae. The Laurus or Bay-tree 
 family of plants. 
 
 Lax. loose, or limber ; not compact. 
 
 Leafltts. Partial leaves; the constitu- 
 ent leaves of a compound leaf. 
 
 Leaf-like (foliaceus), having a texture 
 and expansion resembling a leaf. 
 
 Leafy (foliosus), furnished or abounding 
 with leaves. 
 
 Legume. A Bean.— or fruit formed of a 
 single carpel of 2 valves, with the 
 seeds affixed along the upper suture, 
 only. 
 
 Legumixosae. The family of Legume- 
 bearing plants. 
 
 Leguminous, having the structure of a 
 Legume : bearing or producing the 
 fruit called a Legume, or Bean.. 
 
 Lenticular, having the form of a lens ; 
 orbicular and compressed, but con- 
 vex on both faces. 
 
 Lepidixeae. The Lepidhim. tribe of the 
 Order Crt/cifebae. 
 
 Lichenes. The family of Lichens ; an 
 Order of flowerless Thallophytes, or 
 vegetable expansions. 
 
 Ligneous, woody ; of a. firm woody tex- 
 ture. 
 
 Lignescent, becoming somewhat woody. 
 
 Ligulaeflobae. The third Sub-order of 
 Compositae, in which all the florets 
 are ligulate. 
 
 Ligulnte, strap shaped, or ribband-sha- 
 ped ; flat and linear. 
 
 Ligule. The usually membranous ap- 
 pendage at the base of the leaf, or 
 summit of the sheath, in the grasses. 
 
 Liliaceae. The Lilium family, or Or- 
 der of Lily-like plants. 
 
 Limb. The summit of a monosepalous 
 calyx ; or the upper spreading part 
 of a monopetalous corolla. 
 
 Lixaceae. The Linum or Flax family. 
 
 Line. The twelfth part of an inch. 
 
 Linear, of an uniform width ; long and 
 narrow with parallel sides. 
 
 Linear-lanceolate, &c, partaking of both 
 forms, but more of the latter. 
 
 Lip. The upper or under division of a 
 labiate flower ; or the lower perianth- 
 segment of many Orchidaceous flow- 
 ers. 
 
 Litiiospeemeae. A subtribe of Boba- 
 geae. represented by the genus Lith- 
 
 OSPEEMUM. 
 
 Lobe. The division, or segment, of a 
 petal, or leaf: the free portion of a 
 gamopetalous corolla. 
 
 Lobate, or lobed, cut or divided into 
 lobes. 
 
 Lobeliaceae. The Lobelia family. 
 
 Lobelieae. The tribe of Lobeliaceae, 
 specially represented by the genus 
 Lobelia. 
 
 Loculicidal dehiscence. "When the peri- 
 carp opens naturally on the back of 
 a cell (i. e. at the dorsal suture) di- 
 rectly into the cavity. 
 
 Lament. An indehiscent 2 or several- 
 seeded legume, contracted between 
 each seed, and finally separating at 
 the joint-like contractions. 
 
 LoMENTAeEAE. A division of the Order 
 Cruciferae, containing plants with 
 lomentaceous pods. 
 
 Lomentaceous legume, or pod. A pod of 
 2 or more seeds, with a joint-like con- 
 traction, or transverse partition, be- 
 tween the seeds. 
 
 Longitudinal, length wise ; parallel with 
 the axis, — or in a direction from the 
 base towards the summit or apex. 
 
 Lunate, or lunulate, having the figure 
 of a new moon. 
 
 Lyccpodiaceae. The Lycopodium or 
 club-moss family. 
 
 Lyrate, lyre-shaped ; pinnatifid, with 
 the terminal segment largest and 
 mostly rounded. 
 
 Magxoliaceae. The Magnolia family 
 or Order. 
 
 Magxolieae. The tribe of Magnolia- 
 ceae, of which the genus Magnolia is 
 the special type. 
 
 Malvaceae. The Malva ox- Mallow 
 family. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 XXI 
 
 Marcescent, withering and shrivelling on 
 
 the stem, instead of falling off. 
 Margin. The edge or circumference of 
 a leaf, or other expansion ; also, the 
 thin wing-like border of certain seeds, 
 &c. 
 Marginal, belonging to, or situated at. 
 
 the margin. 
 Marginate, or margined, having a bor- 
 der or edging of a texture or color 
 different from that of the disk ; sur 
 rounded by a wing-like expansion, 
 or narrow membrane. 
 Medullary rays. Bands or thin plates of 
 cellular tissue, which pass from the 
 pith to the bark, in woody stems. 
 Melampodineae. A Sub-tribe of Senecio- 
 like plants, of which the genus Me- 
 lampodium is the type. 
 Meliaceae. The Melia or Pride of In- 
 dia family. 
 Melissineae. The Melissa or Balm tribe. 
 
 of the Order Labiatae. 
 Melliferous, producing or containing 
 
 honey. 
 Membranaceous, or membranous, thin, 
 flexible, and often slightly translu- 
 cent. 
 Menthoideae. The Mentha or Mint 
 
 tribe, of the Order Labiatae. 
 Mericarp. A name given to the inde- 
 hiscent carpel of the Umbelliferae. 
 Micropyle. The small foramen, or open- 
 ing in the proper coats of a seed, to 
 which the radicle always points. 
 Midrib. The main central nerve of a 
 leaf. — apparently a continuation of 
 the petiole. 
 Monadelphous, having the filaments all 
 united in one set, — usually forming a 
 tube. 
 Monandrous, having a single stamen. 
 Moxardeae. The Monarda or Horse 
 
 mint tribe of the Order Labiatae. 
 Moniliform, arranged like, or resem 
 
 bling the beads of a necklace. 
 Monoclinous, having the stamens and 
 
 pistils in the same flower. 
 Mono cot yledonous plants. AVhere the 
 embryo has but a single lobe, or co- 
 tyledon. 
 Monograph. A description (usually am- 
 ple and elaborate) of a single thing. 
 or class of things,-r-as of a Genus, 
 Tribe, or Family, &c. 
 Monogynous, having but one pistil. 
 Mono icons, having staminate and pistil- 
 late flowers distinct, but on the same 
 plant. 
 Monoiconsly polygamous y ha.vmg perfect 
 and imperfect flowers on the same 
 plant. 
 Monopetalous, having but one petal ; or. 
 more correctly, the petals united into 
 one. See gamopetalous. 
 Monophyllous, consisting of a single leaf. 
 Monosepalous, consisting of one sepal, 
 — or rather, several sepals united 
 more or less completely. See gamo 
 sejpalons. 
 
 Moeeae The Morus Sub-order, or Mul- 
 berry section of the Urticaceae, or 
 Nettle family. 
 Mucoroidei. A Sub-tribe of the Gas- 
 teromycetes. or closed Fuxgi. typi- 
 fied by the genus Mucor, or Mould. 
 Mucronate, terminated by a mucro, or 
 small projecting point, — usually the 
 prolongation of "the midrib, in leaves. 
 Mucronulate, having a small mucro, or 
 
 terminal projecting point. 
 Mult' fid, many-cleft ; cut into numer- 
 ous segments. 
 Multiple. A number containing another 
 number several times without a frac- 
 tion, or remainder ; — as 9 is a multi- 
 ple of 3. 
 Multiple fruits. "Where there is a com- 
 bination of several flowers into one 
 aggregate mass,-as in the Pine- apple, 
 Mulberry, &c. 
 Muricate, armed or covered with short 
 spreading points, or acute excrescen- 
 ces, — like a Murex. 
 Mrsci. The family of Mosses. 
 Mutic, or mut icons, awnless or" point- 
 less: the opposite of mucronate. 
 Naked, destitute of the usual covering, 
 or appendage, — as a stem, without 
 leaves, or scales — leaves without pu- 
 bescence—corona without a calyx, or 
 crown— seeds without a pericarp— a 
 receptacle without chaff, or hairs— an 
 Umbel without an involucre, &c. 
 Napiform, turnep-shaped. 
 Natural Order, family, or tribe. An as- 
 sociation or group of kindred genera, 
 —or of plants which are nearly rela- 
 ted in their structure, and most im- 
 portant characters. 
 Nectary. That organ, or portion of a 
 flower, which secretes honey ; a term 
 formerly applied to all disguised or 
 modified forms of petals and stamens. 
 Xepeteae. The Nepeta or Catnep tribe, 
 
 of the Order Labiatae. 
 Nerved?, having nerves, or coarse rib- 
 like fibres. 
 Nerves. Rib-like fibres (in leaves, &c.) 
 which usually extend from the base 
 to, or towards, the apex. 
 Neuter, or neutral flower. Having nei- 
 ther stamen nor pistil. 
 Nicotianeae. The Nicotiana or Tobac- 
 co tribe, of the Order Solanaceae. 
 Nodding, turning downwards ; some- 
 what drooping. 
 Node. The knot, or solid and often tu- 
 mid joinl, of a stem or branch. 
 Nodose, having numerous nodes, or tu- 
 mid joints. 
 Normal, according to rule; agreeing 
 
 with the pattern or type. 
 Nuciform, nut-like ; resembling a nut. 
 Nucleus. A central body ; the seed, or 
 
 kernel of a nut. 
 Nucules. Little nuts, or nut-like fruit. 
 Nut. A hard 1-celled indehiscent fruit, 
 usually containing a single seed. 
 
XXII 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 Ob, a preposition which inverts the 
 usual meaning of the word to which 
 it is prefixed. 
 
 Obcompressed akenes (in the CoMPOSI- 
 tae). Flattish, with the greatest di- 
 ameter from right to left,— or with the 
 flatted side to the front, or periphery 
 of the head. 
 
 Obconic, inversely Conical,— i. e. with 
 the point or apex downwards. 
 
 Obcordate, heart-form, with the sinus at 
 summit, and the narrowed point al 
 place of insertion. 
 
 Oblanceolate, inversely lanceolate, — or 
 with the widest part above the mid- 
 dle, and tapering gradually to the 
 base. 
 
 Oblique, a position between horizontal 
 and erect; also descriptive of the base 
 of a leaf, &c. when it is unequal, or 
 produced on one side. 
 
 Oblong, longer than wide, with the sides 
 parallel, or nearly so. 
 
 Obovate, inversely ovate, — or with the 
 broadest end above. 
 
 Obovoid, inversely ovoid. 
 
 Obsolete, indistinct, as if worn out. 
 
 Obtuse, blunt, or rounded. 
 
 Obversely, turned contrary to the usual 
 position. 
 
 Obvolute leaves. When one of the mar- 
 gins of each folded leaf is exterior, 
 the other interior ; also termed half- 
 equitant. See Equitant. 
 
 Ochrea. A membranous stipular sheath 
 embracing the stem like a boot-leg , 
 as in Polygonum, &c. 
 
 Ochrcleucous, yellowish-white, or cream 
 colored. 
 
 Ocimoideae. The Ocimum or Sweet 
 Basil tribe, of the Order Labiatae 
 
 Octandrous, having 8 stamens. 
 
 Odd-pinnate leaf. Having the leaflets 
 in opposite pairs, with a terminal odd 
 one ; often termed impari-pinnate. 
 
 Oenothereae. The Oenothera section 
 or Sub-tribe of the Oxagraceae. 
 
 Officinal, used in, or belonging to, a 
 shop, or medical office. 
 
 Oleaceae. The Olea or Olive family. 
 
 Oleixeae. The tribe of Oleaceae spe- 
 cially typified by the genus Olea. 
 
 Oleraceous, of the nature or quality of 
 pot-herbs. 
 
 Onagraceae. The Onagra or Evening 
 Primrose family. 
 
 Onagreae. The proper Onagra tribe 
 of the Order Onagraceae. 
 
 Opaque, not transparent. 
 
 Opercular, opening like a lid that is fix- 
 ed by a hinge at one side. 
 
 Opposite, situated directly against each 
 other, or at the same height, on con- 
 trary sides of the stem. 
 
 Orbicular, circular and flat, like a coin: 
 the length and breadth equal and the 
 circumference an even circular line : 
 a term applied to leaves, or flatted 
 bodies. See Terete. 
 
 Orchidaceous, or Orchideous, belonging 
 
 to, or resembling, plants of the Orchis 
 family. 
 
 Order. A family or group of allied na- 
 tural objects ; a subdivision of a Class, 
 embracing kindred Genera. 
 
 Ordinal, belonging to the Orders, or to 
 an Order. 
 
 Ordinal names. The names of the Na- 
 tural Orders, or families of plants. 
 
 Orthospermae. A Sub-order of Umbel- 
 liferae, in which the face, or com- 
 missure of the carpels, is straight and 
 flat. 
 
 Orthotropous ovule, or seed. Straight; 
 not curved, nor turned from its origi- 
 nal or natural direction. 
 
 Oryzeae. The Oryza or Rice tribe, of 
 the Order Gramixeae. 
 
 Oval, longer than broad, with the two 
 ends of equal breadth and curvature, 
 and the sides curving from end to end. 
 
 Ovary. The young seedvessel, or fruit; 
 the hollow portion at the base of the 
 pistil, containing the ovules, or bodies 
 destined to become seeds. 
 
 Ovate, flat, with the outline of a longi- 
 tudinal section of an Egg ; a some- 
 what oval figure, but broader near the 
 base. 
 
 Ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, inclining to 
 ovate at base. 
 
 Ovate-oblong, oblong, with an ovate di- 
 latation near the base. 
 
 Ovoid, egg-shaped ; terete, and swelling 
 near the base— i. e. having the outline 
 of an entire egg. 
 
 Ovoid-oblong, the ovoid form lengthened 
 out. 
 
 Ovules. The rudiments of future seeds, 
 contained in the Ovary, or young 
 fruit. 
 
 Palate. The prominence in'the lower lip 
 of a personate corolla. 
 
 Palea (plural, paleae). Chaff; a term ap- 
 plied to the inner, or immediate, flo- 
 ral covering of the Grasses. (Corolla, 
 of Linn). See Glumes. 
 
 Paleaceous, chaffy ; of a chaffy texture, 
 — or furnished with chaff-like scales. 
 
 Palmae.. The Pabn family. 
 
 Palmate, hand-shaped; deeply divided, 
 with the segments nearly equal and 
 spreading like fingers on the open 
 hand. 
 
 Palmately veined,, or cleft, — having the 
 veins or segments divergent, like the 
 spreading fingers of an open hand. 
 
 Panduraeform, fiddle-shaped ; oblong 
 with the sides contracted, like a vio- 
 lin. 
 
 Paxiceae. The Panicum tribeofthe Or- 
 der Gramixeae. 
 
 Panicle. A loose irregular compound 
 raceme, — in which the peduncles are 
 unequally elongated, and variously 
 and irregularly subdivided ; as in 
 Oats, &c. 
 
 Paniculate, disposed in the form of a 
 panicle. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 XX1U 
 
 PaPavepjiceae. The Papaver or Poppy 
 
 family. 
 Papilionaceae. A Sub-order of Legit- 
 mujosae, containing the papiliona- 
 ceous corollas. 
 Papilionaceous corolla. Butterfly-sha- 
 ped ; when complete, consisting of 5 
 pelals, — the upper one (mostly larg 
 est) called the vexilhim or banner, — 
 the 2 lateral ones termed the alae or 
 wings, — the 2 lower ones more or less 
 cohering by their lower margins, and. 
 from their form, denominated the keel. 
 Papillate, or papillose, having the sur 
 face covered with fleshy dots, or 
 points, like minute teats. 
 Pappus. The crown of the fruit, — be- 
 ing the segments, or free portion of 
 an adherent calyx, in the Comfositae. 
 and some other plants, — usually hair- 
 like, or plumose, — sometimes in the 
 form of minute chaff, or scales. 
 Parasite. A plant growing on, or deri- 
 ving sustenance from, another plant; 
 as Dodder, Missel to. &c. 
 Parasitic, being or relating to, a Para- 
 site. 
 Parenchyma. The soft spongy cellular 
 tissue (often green), which forms the 
 pith of stems, the pulp of leaves and 
 young fruit, and fills the interstices of 
 woody or vascular fibres. 
 Paries (plural, parietes). The outside 
 wall, or inclosing shell, which cir^ 
 cumscribes the cavity of a pericarp. 
 Parietal, affixed to, or belonging to. the 
 paries or outer wall of the seed-cell ot 
 a pericarp. 
 Parietal placentae. When the placen- 
 tae are borne upon the walls, instead 
 of the axis, of the ovary, or pericarp. 
 Parted, divided deeply, almost to the 
 
 base. 
 Partial, a term applied to constituent 
 
 portions of a compound whole. 
 Partition. See Dissepiment. 
 Patellulae. Small orbicular receptacles 
 of the Lichenes. resembling little dish- 
 es ; sometimes termed spangles. 
 Pectinate, finely, regularly and deeply 
 cleft, so as to resemble the teeth of a 
 comb. 
 Pedaliaceae. The Pedalium family of 
 
 plants. 
 Pedalineae. The tribe of Pedalia- 
 ceae, of which the genus Pedalium is 
 the special type. 
 Pedate leaf. Like a bird's foot; divided 
 nearly to the petiole in narrow seg- 
 ments, with the lateral ones diverging. 
 Pedicel. A partial peduncle; the ulti- 
 mate branch, or division (next to the 
 flower, or fruit), in a compound inflo- 
 rescence. 
 Pedicellate, having, or being supported 
 
 on, a pedicel. 
 Peduncle. A simple flower-stem ; also, 
 the common footstalk of a compound 
 inflorescence. 
 Pedunculate, having a peduncle j not 
 sessile. 
 
 Pellucid, transparent ; pervious to light. 
 
 Pellucid-punctate, having punctures 
 which permit light to pass through. 
 
 Peltae. Little flat receptacles on the Lich- 
 enes, resembling targets, or shields. 
 
 Peltate, 1 ike a shield ; having the foot- 
 stalk affixed to the under surface, and 
 not to the margin. 
 
 Pencil-fcrm, resembling a painter's pen- 
 cil, or little brush. 
 
 Pendulous, hanging down ; attached at 
 one end. and swinging loosely. 
 
 Pendulous ovules, or seeds. When their 
 direction is downwards. 
 
 Penicillate, tipped or tufted with hairs, 
 like a painter's pencil. 
 
 Penninerved leaf. Having the lateral 
 nerves pmnately arranged, or feather- 
 like. See Feather-veined. 
 
 Pentagonal, having 5 angles, or corners. 
 
 Pentagynous, having 5 pistils. 
 
 Peniamerous, composed of 5 parts. 
 
 Pentandrous, having 5 stamens. 
 
 Pentapetalous, having 5 petals. 
 
 Penultimate, next to the last; the one 
 next to the terminal one. 
 
 Pepo, An indehiscent, fleshy or inter- 
 nally pulpy fruit, usually composed 
 of 3 carpels invested by the calyx- 
 tube, and with a firm rind ; as the 
 Melon, &c. 
 
 Perennial, living more than two years, 
 and for an indefinite period. 
 
 Perfect flower. Having both stamen 
 and pistil (1 or more of each), and 
 producing fruit. 
 
 Perfoliate, having the stem apparently 
 pierced through the leaf. 
 
 Perianth. A term for the envelopes of 
 a flower, where the calyx and corol- 
 la are not clearly distinguishable. 
 
 Pericarp. The seed vessel, or fruit ; the 
 ovary in a mature stale. 
 
 Perichaeth. or perichaetium. The verti- 
 cil, or cluster of bract-like leaves, 
 round the base of the seta, or footstalk 
 of the urn. in Mosses, — often called 
 perichaetial leaves. 
 
 Peridknn. A term applied to the outer 
 sac. or envelope of the sporanges, in 
 some of ihe Fuxgi. 
 
 Perigonium. A name for the envelope 
 of the flower. — said to be double when 
 there is both calyx and corolla: but 
 ofien used synonymously with Peri- 
 anth — which see. 
 
 Perigynhcm. The sac (formed by the 
 union of 2 bractlets) which encloses 
 the ovary ofthe Carices. 
 
 Perigynous petals and stamens. Insert- 
 ed'on the calyx. — or rather adhering 
 1o ihe inner surface ofthe calyx-tube 
 — and thus surrounding the pistils. 
 
 Peripherical, fixed or coiled round the 
 circumference, or periphery. 
 
 Perisperm. A deposit in many seeds, 
 affixed to, or surrounding, the embryo 
 — synonymous with albumen — which 
 see. 
 
 Peristome. The circle of teeth, or bris- 
 
XXIV 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 tie-like processes, which surround the 
 orifice of the Theca or capsule of the 
 Mosses 
 Persistent, not falling off; remaining be- 
 yond the time when similar organs 
 usually fall off. 
 Personate corolla. Masked ; having the 
 throat closed by a prominent palate. 
 — as in Linaria. 
 Petal. The (usually) delicate colored 
 flower leaf. In a flower of one petal 
 (or united petals), the corolla and petal 
 are the same: in a flower of more 
 than one petal, the corolla is the whole, 
 and the petals are the parts. 
 Peialoid, petal-like ; delicate and color- 
 ed, or expanded, like a petal. 
 Petiolar, seated on, or belonging to, the 
 
 petiole. 
 Petiolate, having, or being supported on, 
 
 a petiole ; not sessile. 
 Petiole. The stem or footstalk of a leaf. 
 Pctiolulate, having a partial or subdivid- 
 ed peiiole. 
 Petiolule. A little or partial petiole ; the 
 
 footstalk of a leaflet. 
 Peucedaxeae. The Peucedanum tribe of 
 
 the Order Umbelliferae. 
 Fhaenogamous, or phanerogamous, hav- 
 ing visible genuine stamens or pistils ; 
 bearing true flowers. 
 Phalaridbae. The Phalaris or Canary- 
 Grass tribe of the Order Gramineae. 
 Phaseoleae. The Phaseolus or Garden 
 Bean tribe of the Order Legumixosae. 
 PhyUodium. The imitation, analogue, 
 or substitute of a leaf— usually the 
 dilated foliaceous petiole of an abor- 
 tive compound leaf. 
 Piiytolaccaceae. The Phytolacca c 
 
 Poke family of plants 
 P.leati. A division of the Hymenini 
 sub-tribe of Fungi, having the recepta- 
 cle dilated and orbicular, like a cap or 
 hat. 
 Pikus. The cap, or hat-like receptacle, 
 borne on the stipe of a mushroom ; as 
 in the Agarics. 
 Pilose, hairy 5 composed of, or clothed 
 
 with, distinct straighlish hairs. 
 Pinnae. The paired or opposite leaflets 
 
 of a pinnate leaf. 
 Pinnate leaf. Having distinct articulated 
 leaflets in pairs, on opposite sides of a 
 simple petiole. . 
 
 Pinnatifid leaf, or frond. Cleft in a pin- 
 nate manner, but the segments united 
 or confluent at base. 
 Pinnatifidly, in a pinnatifid manner. 
 Pinnatisert, pinnately dissected or divid- 
 ed,— but the segments not articulated 
 with the petiole. . 
 
 Pinnules. The leaflets or subdivisio as of 
 a bi- tri- or multi-pinnate leaf, or frond. 
 Pistil. The central organ of a fertile 
 flower,— consisting usually of ovary, 
 style, and stigma : sometimes the style 
 is wanting,— or, in other words, the 
 stigma is sessile. 
 
 Pistillate flowers. Those which have 
 
 pistils, but not stamens. 
 Pistillidia. Small bottle-shaped bodies, 
 — the analogues or substitutes of pis- 
 tils, in the Mosses. 
 P istilliferous , bearing pistils. 
 Placenta (plural, placentae). That part of 
 a pericarp to which the seeds are at- 
 tached ; the line, or iidge projecting in 
 the cavity of the ovary, which bears 
 the ovules. 
 Placental, pertaining to the placenta. 
 Placentiferous, bearing the placenta. 
 Plane, flat, and with an even surface. 
 Plano-convex, flat on one side and con- 
 vex on the other. 
 Plantaginaceae. The Plantago or Plan- 
 lain family. 
 Platanaceae. The Platanus or Button- 
 wood family. 
 Plicate, plaited j folded or crimped, like a 
 
 fan, or ruffle. 
 Plumose, feather-like. A pappus is plu- 
 mose, when each hair has other hairs 
 arranged on opposite sides of it,— as in 
 Cirsium. 
 Pod. A dry seed-vessel, narrow and more 
 or less elongated, and usually of 2 val- 
 ves. The term is often applied indis- 
 criminately to both Legumes and Sili- 
 ques. 
 Podetia. The pedicels or footstalks 
 which support the knobs {Cephalodia) 
 of the Lichenes. 
 Pollen. The fertilizing powder contain- 
 ed in the anthers. 
 Pollen-masses, or Pollinia. The waxy 
 masses of pollen, in the Asclepias and 
 Orchis families. 
 Polyadelphous, having the filaments uni- 
 ted in 3 or more parcels. 
 Polyandrous, having more than ten hy- 
 
 pogynous stamens. 
 Polygalaceae. The Polygala family. 
 Polygamo-dioicous, having perfect and 
 imperfect (or fertile and sterile) flow- 
 erson distinct plants 
 Polygamous, having some flowers per- 
 fect, and others either staminate, pis- 
 tillate, or neuter. 
 Polygonaceae. The Polygonum or 
 
 Knot- weed family. 
 Poly gone ae. Th e tribe of Polygonace a e 
 specially typified by the genus Poly- 
 gonum. 
 Polymorphous, variable ; assuming, or 
 
 apt to assume, many different forms. 
 Polypetalous, having many distinct pe- 
 tals,— or, at least, more than one. 
 Polysepalous, having many distinct se- 
 pals, — or more than one. 
 Pome. An apple ; a fleshy fruit formed 
 of several cartilaginous or bony car- 
 pels, imbedded in pulp and invested by 
 the lube of the adherent calyx. 
 Pomeae. A Sub-order of Rosaceae, cha- 
 racterized by bearing pomes. 
 Porous, full of holes, cells, or tubular 
 openings. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 XXV 
 
 Poet^Lacaceae. The Portulaca or 
 Purslane family. 
 
 Praemorse, end-bitten; ending blunt, as 
 if bitten off. 
 
 Prickle. A sharp process arising from 
 the bark, only,— and not originating 
 in the wood. 
 
 Primary, first in a series, in order of 
 time, or in importance, — opposed to 
 secondary. 
 
 Primordial, first in Order ; usually ap- 
 plied to the first genuine leaves, — or 
 those which are next above the coty- 
 ledons or seminal leaves. 
 
 Prismatic, like a prism ; having several 
 angles and intermediate flat faces. 
 
 Process. A protuberance, eminence, or 
 projecting part. 
 
 Procumbent, lying on the- ground, with- 
 out putting forth roots. 
 
 Prodromus. A herald, or harbinger, — 
 usually the fore-runner of another 
 more complete and extensive work 
 on the same subject. 
 
 P.oduced, extended, or lengthened out. 
 
 Proliferous, producing its like in an un- 
 usual way, — as lateral bulbs; or put- 
 ting forth a young and unusual acces- 
 sory growth, from the centre of an 
 umbel, flower, &c. 
 
 Prostrate, lying flat, or close on the 
 ground. 
 
 Protophytes. First plants ; a term ap- 
 plied to the Algae, which are sup- 
 posed to have been the earliest created 
 tenants of our earth. 
 
 Pru'.nose, covered with a glaucous 
 mealiness, like a plum. 
 
 Pstudo- pinnate, falsely or imperfectly 
 pinnate, — the leaflets (or rather seg- 
 ments) not articulated at base: See 
 Pinnatisect. 
 
 Puberulent, covered with a minute, short 
 and fine pubescence. 
 
 Pubescence. A general term for the 
 hairy covering of plants. 
 
 Pubescent, clothed with hairs.-especially 
 with short weak hairs. 
 
 Pulp. A soft, fleshy or juicy mass. 
 
 Pulverulent, dusty; composed of, or 
 covered with, a fine powder. 
 
 Punctate, appearing as if pricked full 
 of small holes, or covered with in- 
 dented points. 
 
 Puncticulate, having very minute punc 
 tures, or indented points. 
 
 Pungent, sharp-pointed, or prickly at 
 apex ; also acrid. 
 
 Pyramidal, tapering upwards ; usually 
 applied to 4- sided solids which dimin- 
 ish to the apex. 
 
 Pyriform, shaped like a pear; largest 
 at the upper end. 
 
 Fyroleaje. A Sub-order of Ericaceae 
 of which the genus Pyrolais the type. 
 
 Quadrangular, four-angled. 
 
 tjuadrifarious, in 4 rows, or directions ; 
 facing or pointing 4 ways. 
 
 Quairifid, 4-cleft. 
 
 Quaternale, 4 together; arranged in 
 fours. 
 
 Quinate, 5 together : arranged in fives. 
 
 Quinqueplicate, having 5 plaits or folds. 
 
 Race of plants. A fixed and peculiar 
 form or modification, — produced by 
 the crossing or blending of distinct 
 varieties : or sometimes, perhaps, ac- 
 cidental forms rendered permanent 
 by culture, or other influences. 
 
 Raceme. A mode of flowering, in which 
 the common peduncle is elongated, 
 with the flowers on short lateral 
 simple pedicels. 
 
 .Race?ttose,having the flowers in racemes. 
 
 Rachis. The common peduncle, or 
 elongated receptacle, on which florets 
 are collected in a spike ; also the mi- 
 drib of a pinnatisect frond. 
 
 Radiate, having rays (i. e spreading 
 ligulate florets) at the circumference ; 
 as the heads of many Compositae. 
 
 Radiate-veined,\vhere the veins of a leaf 
 diverge from a common centre, or 
 point, at the summit of the petiole. 
 
 Radiatiform, a term applied to heads of 
 compound flowers in which all the 
 florets are ligulate, and directed to- 
 wards the circumference. 
 
 Radical, belonging to, or growing im- 
 mediately from, the root. 
 
 Radicating, sending out roots, or strik- 
 ing root at the nodes. 
 
 Radicle. A little root; the slender fi- 
 brous branch of a root. 
 
 Rameai } pertaining or belonging to the 
 branches. 
 
 Ramentaceous. covered with ramenta — 
 t. e. the scales, or persistent remains 
 (vestiges, or debris.) of leaves, or other 
 previously .existing organs. 
 
 Ramification. The branching or division 
 
 , of an organ into several parts. 
 
 Ramose, branching. 
 
 Rank. A row, or arrangement in a line. 
 
 RanunculAceae. The Ranunculus or 
 Butter-cup family. 
 
 RanunculeAe. A tribe of Ranuncula- 
 ceae, specially represented by the 
 genus Ranuncidus. 
 
 Raphaneae. The Raphanus or Radish 
 tribe of the order Cruciferae. 
 
 Raphe. The line, or little ridge, on one 
 side of anatropous (i. e. inverted) 
 ovules and seeds, — formed by the ad- 
 hesion of a portion of the funiculus. 
 
 Ratoon .{Span. Retono). A sprout from 
 the root of a plant which has been cut 
 off (chiefly used in reference to the 
 Sugar-cane). 
 
 Rays. The spreading ligulate florets 
 round the disk of a compound flower : 
 also, the footstalks, and enlarged mar- 
 ginal flowers, of an umbel. 
 Receptacle. The apex of the peduncle 
 (much dilated in the Compositae), on 
 which the parts of a flower (or entire 
 florets) are inserted ; the seat of the 
 fruit, or of seeds and their equivalents. 
 
XXVI 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 Recurved, curved backwards. 
 
 Reduplicate, with the edges folded oi 
 turned outwards. 
 
 Reflexed, bent or doubled backwards. 
 
 Regular, having the parts uniform and 
 equal among themselves,-as the lobes 
 or petals of a corolla. 
 
 Remote, seated or growing at an unusual 
 distance. 
 
 Reniform, kidney-shaped. 
 
 Repand, having the margin slightly in- 
 dented with shallow sinuses. 
 
 Replicate, folded back on itself. 
 
 Replum. A name given 1o parietal pla- 
 centae when separated from the 
 valves ; also, the persistent border ol 
 a fallen legume. 
 
 Resupinate, turned upside down. 
 
 Reticulate, netted ; having veins or 
 nerves crossing each other, or branch- 
 ing and reuniting, like network. 
 
 Retrorse,or retrorsely, pointing backwards 
 or downwards. 
 
 Refuse, having a shallow sinus at the 
 end. 
 
 Revolnte, rolled backwards,or outwards. 
 
 Rhizoma. A root-stock, — or root-like 
 subterraneous stem. 
 
 Rhomboid, rhomb-shaped; having four 
 sides, with unequal angles. 
 
 Ribbed, "having ribs, or longitudinal 
 parallel ridges. 
 
 Ribs. Parallel ridges, or nerves, extend- 
 ing from the base to, or towards, the 
 apex. 
 
 Rigid, stiff, inflexible, or not pliable. 
 
 Ringent. gaping, with an open throat. 
 
 Root-stock. See Rhizoma. 
 
 Rosaceae. The Rose family. 
 
 Rosaceae proper. The Sub-order of 
 Rosaceae, of which the genus Rosa is 
 the special type. 
 
 Roseae. Thetribe of Rosacea ei Ro r ER 
 immediately represented by the Rose 
 
 Rostrate, beaked ; having a process re- 
 sembling the beak of a bird. 
 
 Rosulate, in a rosette; arranged m cir- 
 cular series, like the petals of a double 
 rose. 
 
 Rotate corolla. Wheel-shaped ; mono- 
 petalous(or gamopetalous)and spread 
 ing almost flat, with a very shori 
 tube. 
 
 Rottboelliaceae. A tribe of the ordei 
 GramiiNEae, represented by the genus 
 Rottbotllia. 
 
 Rough, covered with dots, points, oi 
 short hairs, which are harsh to tht 
 touch. 
 
 Round, circular, or globular; not angu- 
 lar. See globose, orbicular, and tente. 
 
 Rubiaceae. The Rubia or Maddei 
 family. 
 
 Rudiment. An imperfectly developec 
 organ. 
 
 Rufescent, becoming reddish-brown, 01 
 rust-colored. 
 
 Rufous, reddish-brown, or rust-colored 
 
 Rugose, wrinkled. Rugulose, fine)) 
 wrinkled. 
 
 Ruminated, a term applied to a varie- 
 gated albumen — i. e. when its sub- 
 stance is wrinkled or plicate, and the 
 investing membrane prolonged within 
 the folds. 
 
 Runcinate, resembling the teeth of a 
 mill-saw; somewhat pinnatifid, with 
 the segments acute and pointing back- 
 wards. 
 
 Runner. A slender shoot, producing 
 roots and leaves at the end, only. — 
 and at that point giving rise to another 
 plant : exemplified in the Strawberry- 
 plant. 
 
 Sabali\eae. A Sub-tribe of the Palmae, 
 represented by the genus Sabal. 
 
 Sac. A membranous bag, or boundary 
 of a cavity. 
 
 Saccate, having, or being in the form of, 
 a sac, or pouch. 
 
 Sagittate, arrow-shaped ; notched at 
 base, with the lobes (and frequently 
 the sinus) acute. 
 
 ISaltcaceae. The Salix or Willow 
 family. 
 
 Salver-form, or salver-shaped, tubular, 
 with the limb abruptly and flatly or 
 horizontally expanded. 
 
 Samara. A kind of Akene, or dry in- 
 dehiscent pericarp, having a winged 
 apex, or margin. — as the Maple. Ash, 
 Elm, &c. 
 
 Samaroidy winged or margined like a 
 Samara. 
 
 Sambfceae. The Sambvcus or Elder 
 tribe of the order Caprifoliaceae. 
 
 Santalaceae. The Santalum or San- 
 dal-wood family. 
 
 Sarcocarp. The fleshy portion of a pe- 
 ricarp (ex. gr. of a Drupe), between 
 the Epicarp and the EnJocarp. 
 
 Sarmentose, having, or sending forth, or 
 being in the form of, runners. 
 
 Sarmenlum. A runner — which see. 
 
 Satureineae. The Satureja or Marjo- 
 ram tribe of the Order Lafiatae. 
 
 Saxifragaceae. The Saxfraga family. 
 
 Saxifbageae. The Sub-order of Saxi- 
 fragaceae, specially typified by the 
 genus Saxif/aga. 
 
 Scabrous, rough with little points, or 
 hairs. 
 
 Scales. Small thin plates, or leaf-like 
 processes; also the leaflets of the in- 
 volucre, in the Co.\irosiTAE. 
 
 Scandent. climbing, — usually by means 
 of tendrils. 
 
 Scape. A peduncle proceeding directly 
 from the root, and mostly naked. 
 
 Scarious, dry and skinny. — generally 
 transparent. 
 
 Scattered, disposed or distributed thinly, 
 without any regular order. 
 
 Scirfeae. The Scirpus or Club-Rush 
 tribe of the Order Cypfkaceae. 
 
 ScorzoneKEae. A Sub-t, ibe of Cicuo- 
 raceae, typified by the genus Scor- 
 zenrra. 
 
 Scrobicidate, having the surface exca- 
 vated into little pits, or hollows. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 XXV11 
 
 Scrophulariaceae. The ScTophularia 
 
 family. 
 Scutellae. The little shield-like orbicular 
 
 sessile receptacles of some of the Li- 
 
 CHENES. 
 
 Scutellarixeae. The Scutellaria tribe 
 of the Order Labiatae. 
 
 Scutellate, shaped like, or resembling, a 
 target or shield. 
 
 Seam. See Suture. 
 
 Secund, one-ranked ; all seated on, or 
 turned to, the same side. 
 
 Segment. The division, or separated 
 portion, of a cleft calyx, leaf, &c. 
 
 Semi, half; as semi-b halved, half-2- 
 valved, — semi-terete, half-round, &c. 
 
 Sempervircnt. always green ; living 
 through the winter, and retaining its 
 verdure. 
 
 SL'enecioneae. A Sub-tribe of the Sene- 
 cio-like plants, specially typified by 
 that genus. 
 
 Sexecionideae. The Senecio or Ground- 
 sel tribe of the Order Compositae. 
 
 Sepal. The leaflet, or distinct portion, of 
 a calyx. 
 
 Sepal aid, resembling sepals; green and 
 not petal-like. 
 
 Sepiicidal dehiscence. When a com- 
 pound pericarp opens by splitting the 
 dissepiments — i.e. the carpels separate 
 from each other, and open to the seeds 
 by the ventral suture. 
 
 Septiferous, bearing a septum. 
 
 Septif,agal dehiscence. When the dis- 
 sepiments remain attached to lhe axis, 
 while the valves break away from 
 them. 
 
 Septum. The partition which divides the 
 cells of fruit. 
 
 Sericeait&,sl\ky; coveredwith soft smooth 
 glossy appressed hairs. 
 
 Series. A division, or comprehensive 
 group, of objects in Natural History ; 
 also, a continued succession of things 
 of the same Order. 
 
 Serrate, sawed ; having sharp teeth on 
 the margin, pointing towards the 
 apex. 
 
 Serratures. The teeth, or sharp segments, 
 of a serrate margin. 
 
 Serrulate, finely serrate ; having small 
 teeth or serratures. 
 
 Seselixeae. The Seseli tribe of the Or- 
 der Umbelliferae. 
 
 Sessile, silting closely; without any 
 footstalk or pedicel. 
 
 Seta (plural, Setae). A bristle ; a stiffish 
 elastic hair. 
 
 Setaceous, bristle-like ; resembling a 
 bristle in size and figure. 
 
 Setose, bristly ; having the surface cov- 
 ered with bristles. 
 
 Sheath. A membranous expansion 
 which is tubular, or convolute, and 
 inclosing or embracing a stem. 
 
 Sheathed, inclosed or embraced by a 
 sheath. 
 
 Sheathing, embracing the stem with a 
 sheath. 
 
 Shining, glossy smooth and bright. 
 Shrub. A small woody plant, branching 
 
 near the ground, — often without any 
 
 principal stem. 
 Shrubby, hard and woody ; of the texture 
 
 and size of a shrub. 
 Sileneae. The Silene tribe of the Order 
 
 C ARYO Jt»H YLLAC EAE. 
 
 Silicle. A little or short silique, nearly 
 as wide as long. 
 
 SiLicrjLosAE. A division of the Order 
 Cruciferae, comprising the plants 
 bearing Silicles, or short pods. 
 
 Silique. A long slender pod, or mem- 
 branous seedvessel of 2 valves, hav- 
 ing the seeds fixed alternately along 
 both sutures. 
 
 Siliquosae. A division of the Order 
 Cruciferae, comprising the plants 
 with Siliques, or long pods. 
 
 Siliquose, having siliques, — or resem- 
 bling a silique. 
 
 Simple, undivided; not branched; not 
 compound. 
 
 Simple Umbel. When each ray termi- 
 nates in a single flower, — instead of 
 a secondary or partial umbel. 
 
 Sinuate, having sinuses, scallops, or 
 gashes which are open and rounded 
 at bottom. 
 
 Sinuate-dentate -Sinuate-serrate, having 
 teeth, or serratures, with the clefts or 
 openings rounded at bottom. 
 
 Sinus. An open notch ; a rounded in- 
 cision, or scallop. 
 
 SisyM3RIEae. The Sisymbrium tribe of 
 the Order Cruciferae. 
 
 Smilaceae. The Smilax family. 
 
 Smyrmeae. The Smyrnium tribe of the 
 Order Umbelliferae. 
 
 Soboli/trous, producing young plants 
 from the roots, 
 
 Solanaceae. The Solanum, Potato, or 
 Nightshade family. 
 
 Solaneae. The tribe of SclaNACEAe 
 specially typified by the genus Sola- 
 num. 
 
 Solidagineae. A Sub-division of Aster- 
 like Compositae, of which Solidago, 
 or Golden Rod, is the type. 
 
 Solitary, standing alone ; one only in a 
 place. 
 
 Sopiioreae. The Sophora tribe of the 
 Order Lesuminosae. 
 
 Sori (plural of Sorus). Small clusters 
 of granules, or sporanges, on the back 
 of the fronds of Ferns. 
 
 Spadix. A sort of dense-flowered, fleshy 
 or club-like Spike-usually enveloped 
 by, or proceeding from, a sheathing 
 involucre called a Spathe. 
 
 Spathaceaus, having a spathe, or resem- 
 bling a spathe. 
 
 Spathe. A sheathing kind of bract, 
 common calyx, or involucre, open on 
 one side,-often containing the spadix. 
 
 Spathulale, or spatulate, like a spatula ; 
 obovate-oblong, or larger and rounded 
 at the end, and tapering to the base. 
 
 Species. The lowest permanent division 
 
XXV111 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 of natural objects, in a systematic 
 arrangement; a group comprising all 
 similar individuals. 
 
 Specific, belonging to, or distinguishing, 
 the species. 
 
 Spermoderm. The proper coating of a 
 seed. 
 
 Sphacelate, dark-colored, as if gangre- 
 nous, or dead. 
 
 Sphagnous, full of bog-moss, or Sjrfiag- 
 num. 
 
 Spicate, in the form, or after the manner 
 of a spike. 
 
 Spike. A kind of inflorescence in which 
 the flowers are sessile on the sides of 
 a long common peduncle, or rachis 
 
 Spikelet. A little spike, — or sub-division 
 of a compound spiko. 
 
 Spine. A thorn; a sharp process origi- 
 nating in the wood — i. e. a pointed 
 abortive branch. 
 
 Spinellose, armed with minute spines. 
 
 Spinescent, becoming thorny ,— or inclin 
 i»g to be thorny. 
 
 Spinose, thorny ; armed with thorns. 
 
 Spinulose, covered with, small spines. 
 
 Spongioles. The delicate sponge-like 
 tissue, forming the growing-points of 
 roots. 
 
 Sporange. The pericarp of the crypto 
 gamous plants ; the membranaceous 
 envelope of the sporules. 
 
 Spores, or sporules. The seminal equi 
 valents, or analogues of seeds, in 
 cryptogamous plants. 
 
 Sporidia. Spore-like bodies ; or some 
 times the cells, or sacs, which contain 
 the sporules of the Fumgi. 
 
 Sporocarp, a synonym of Sporange. 
 
 Sporules. Dimin. of Spores;-, which see 
 
 Spur. A tapering hollow production of 
 the base of a petal, or sepal, — usually 
 called a nectary. 
 
 Spurred, having a spur, or spur-like 
 elongations. 
 
 Squamose, scaly ; covered more or less 
 with soales. 
 
 tSquarrose.jagged; having spreading tips, 
 or divaricate points, all round, — as 
 the scales of some involucres. 
 
 Stachydeae. The St&chys or Hedge- 
 nettle tribe of the Order Labiatae. 
 
 Stamen. The organ of a flower which 
 prepares the pollen, — usually consist- 
 ing of a filament and anther., and situ- 
 ated between the corolla and the 
 pistil. 
 
 Staminate flower. Having stamens,. bui 
 not pistils. 
 
 Staminiferous, bearing or supporting the 
 stamens. 
 
 Staminodia. Imperfect organs occupy- 
 ing the position of, and resembling 
 Stamens, — being in the transition stage 
 between petals and stamens. 
 
 Stellatae. A Sub-order of Rubiaceae 
 distinguished by whorled or stellatt 
 
 . leaves. 
 
 Stellate, like a star; arranged like the 
 rays of a star. 
 
 Stellular, radiating after the manner 6f" 
 little stars. 
 
 Stellidar pubescence. Compound or 
 fasciculate hairs, with the branches 
 spreading like rays. 
 
 Stem. The main axis or body of a plant ; 
 the common supporter of branches, 
 leaves, flowers and fruit. 
 
 Stemless, having no visible or aerial 
 stem : applied to plants where the 
 stem is suppressed, or so short as to 
 be apparently wanting. 
 
 Sterile, barren, or unproductive ; applied 
 to flowers which produce no fruit. 
 
 Stigma. The summit of the style, — or 
 that portion of the pistil through which 
 the pollen acts. 
 
 Stigmatic, belonging or relating to the 
 stigma. 
 
 Stigmatiferous, or stigmatose, bearing, or 
 belonging to, the stigma. 
 
 Stipe. A little pedicel, or footstalk, of 
 seeds, &c. also, the petiole of the frond, 
 in ferns. 
 
 Stipellaie, furnished with stipelles, — i. e. 
 the stipules of leaflets, in compound 
 leaves. 
 
 Stipelles. The stipular appendages, or 
 little stipides, of leaflets, in compound 
 leaves. 
 
 Stipitate, having a stipe ; supported on 
 a little pedicel. 
 
 Stipitiform, resembling a stipe. 
 
 Stipular, belonging or relating to sti- 
 pules. 
 
 Stipulate, furnished with stipules. 
 
 Stipules. Leaflets, or leaf-like append- 
 ages, at the base of a petiole, or leaf. 
 
 Stole (corruptly, stool), to put forth stoles 
 (or stolones) — i. e. suckers, or branches, 
 from the root: usually applied to 
 young wheat, in autumn and spring. 
 
 Stole-bearing, producing stoles. See stu- 
 lonifcrous. 
 
 Stoles (i. e. stolones — corruptly, stools). 
 The shoots, suckers, or otf-sets, from 
 the base of the stem, or roots, of 
 plants : usually applied to young win- 
 ter grain, — as wheat, &c. See Tiller. 
 
 Stoloniferous, having suckers, off-setts, 
 or running shoots (stolones), from the 
 base of the stem, or crown of the root. 
 
 Striae. Fine parallel ridges, or lines. 
 
 Striate, marked with longitudinal lines, 
 or stripes. 
 
 StriaterSidcaie, scored with minute lon- 
 gitudinal grooves and ridges. 
 
 Strict^ straight and rigidly upright. 
 
 Strigose, armed with spreading bristly 
 
 . hairs, which taper from base to apex. 
 
 Strobile. The cone, or collective fruit, of 
 the Pines, Firs, &c. 
 
 Strophiole. A little crown, or fungous 
 appendage to the hilum of a seed. 
 
 Style. The columnar (usually slender) 
 portion of the pistil, between the ovary 
 and the stigma. — sometimes wanting. 
 
 Styliferous, bearing or producing a style, 
 or styles. 
 
 Sttfl 'op odium. The foot or thickened base 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 XXIX 
 
 Of the style (or united styles), at thef little squares, or checquers, like a 
 
 junction with the epigynous disk, — as chess-board. 
 
 in UmbelliferaE. Testa. The outer integument, or proper 
 
 Stylostegium. The hood or covering of 
 the style, — as in the Asclepias family. 
 See Gynostegium. 
 Sub — a preposition signifying under, or 
 a division. — as a Si/i-class. Sub-order, 
 &c. : also employed as a diminutive^ 
 or qualifying term, equivalent to al- 
 most, somewhat, or about, — as sub-ses- 
 sile, nealy sessile, &c. 
 
 Suberose, of a texture resembling cork. 
 
 Subulate, shaped like an awl-blade ; 
 linear or cylindric below, angular and 
 tapering to a sharp point at summit. 
 
 Succulent, juicy ; full of juice. 
 
 Sucker. A shoot, or offsett, from the 
 root, or base of the stem. 
 
 Suffrutescent, almost shrubby. 
 
 Suffruticose, somewhat shrubby ; shrub- 
 by at base. 
 
 Sulcate, furrowed, or grooved. 
 
 Super, or supra.a. preposition signifying 
 above or upon, biyond or more than. — 
 as super-axillary, situated above the 
 axil. 
 
 Super — or Supra-decompound , more than 
 decompound ; many times subdivided, 
 or compounded. 
 
 Superior, above ; a term applied to the 
 ovary when it is above the calyx, or 
 fiee in the flower; also to the calyt. 
 when the tube is adherent to the ovary, 
 and the segments borne on its sum 
 mit. 
 
 Suppression, the non-production, or fail- 
 ure in the developement, of an organ. 
 
 Surculose, bearing suckers, or offsets. 
 
 Suspended ovules, or seeds. When they 
 are attached to the summit of the ova- 
 ry, or pericarp, and hang perpendicu- 
 larly in the cavity. 
 
 Suture. The line, or sean, formed by the 
 junction of two margins. 
 
 Sy)nmetrical flower. When there is an 
 equal number of parts in each series, 
 or venicil. 
 
 Syngenesotis, having- the anthers united, 
 — as in the ConrosiTAE. 
 
 Synonym. Another name for the same 
 thing. 
 
 Ttna.ions, sticky or adhesive ; also, 
 holding on by means of little hooked 
 points. 
 
 Ttnd.il. A filiform twining branch, or 
 appendage, by which some plants 
 climb, or sustain themselves: in the 
 grape vine, it is an abortive raceme. 
 
 Teiete, round, like a column, — and either 
 cylindric or tapering; appl.ed to stems, 
 or stem-like bodies. See orbicular- 
 Terminal, situated at, or proceeding 
 from, the end or summit: 
 
 Ttrnary, arranged in threes ; consisting 
 of three parts, or elements. 
 
 Tematt, three-fold ; three together, — as 
 the leaflets of clover, &c. 
 
 Tessellated, resembling mosaic work ; i^ 
 
 coat, of a seed. 
 
 Tetrad ynamo us, having 4 long and 2 
 short stamens, in a cruciate flower. 
 
 Tetragonous, 4-comered, or having 4 
 angles-. 
 
 Tetramerousy consisting of 4 parts, or 
 constituent portions. 
 
 Telrandrous, having 4 stamens of equal 
 length: 
 
 Thallogenoxis plants. Plants destitute of 
 stem, or ax.s ; consisting of Thalli, or 
 mere expansions of cellular vegetable 
 growth. 
 
 Thallophytes. A Class of flowerless 
 plants,— consisting wholly of Thallus, 
 or vegetable leaflike expansion. 
 
 Thallus. A name for lhestemless,fronc- 
 like expansion, of which many Cryp- 
 togamous plants are entirely compo- 
 sed. 
 
 Theca (plural, Thecae). A name for the 
 little case, sac, or capsule, (sporocarj n 
 containing the spores of certain Cryp- 
 tog-amous plants (ex. gr. the Mosses). 
 
 Tho.n. A sharp process from the woodv 
 part of a plan:, — being a stunted, or 
 abortive branch. 
 
 Throat. The orifice or passage into the 
 tube of a corolla. 
 
 Thyrsoid, resembling, or being in the 
 form of, a Thyrsus. 
 
 Thyrsus. A kind of contracted, or dense, 
 ovoid panicle, — as in the Lilac, Horse- 
 Chesnut,- &c. 
 
 Tiliaceae. The Tilia or Linden family 
 
 Tiller. A sucker, or young shoot, of 
 Wheat, Rye, &c. 
 
 Tilhr. or tillow, to put forth suckers, or 
 new shoots, from the root, or base of 
 the stem — as Wheat, <&c. See Stole, or 
 stool. 
 
 Tissue. Web, or fabric ; the intimate oi 
 ganic structure, or composition, of bo- 
 dies,— especially those which are, or 
 have been, alive. 
 
 Tomentose, covered with a curled, or mat- 
 ted, cottony pubescence. 
 
 Tomentum. A matted downy or cottony 
 pubescence. 
 
 Toothtd. See dentate. 
 
 Torose, or torulose, swelled out In obtuse 
 ridges. 
 
 Tortuous, bentm different directions. 
 
 Torus. The bed, or receptacle, at the 
 apex of a flowerstalk, on which are 
 inserted all the parts of the flower. 
 
 Translucent, clear, or transmitting light 
 faintly. 
 
 Transvtrse,- transversely, across; cross- 
 wise ; at right angles with lengthwise. 
 
 Triadelphous. having the filaments unit- 
 ed in 3 parcels. 
 
 Triandrous, having 3 stamens. 
 
 Triangular, having 3 angles, corners, oi 
 points. 
 
XXX 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 Tribes. Groups of kindred plants, inter 
 
 mediate between Orders and Genera. 
 Tribracteate, having 3 bracts. 
 Trichotomous, three-forked ; dividing by 
 
 3 equal branches. 
 Tricoccous, composed of three separable 
 
 mdehiscent carpels (or cocci). 
 Tricuspidate, having, or terminating in 
 
 3 sharp points. 
 Trifarious, facing, or pointing, in 3 di- 
 rections. 
 Tr'fid. three-cleft ; partially cut or di 
 
 vided into 3 segments. 
 Trifoliate, having 3 leaves ; or the leaves 
 
 arranged in threes. 
 Trifolieae. The TrifoAum or Clover 
 
 tribe, of the Order Legltkunqsae. 
 Trigonous, three-cornered. 
 Trigynous, having 3 pistils. 
 Trilobate, three-lobed. 
 Trimerous, consisting of 3 parts, 
 Tripartite, three- par texL. 
 Tripetalous, having 3 petals* 
 Tripinnate. thrice- pinnate ; the common 
 
 petiole 3 limes divided, or with bipin 
 
 nate divisions on each side. 
 Tripinna.ifid, pinnately dissected, with 
 
 the primary divisions twice pinnatifid 
 Triplinerved, having 3 principal nerves 
 
 from the base. 
 Triquetrous, having 3 angles and 3 flat 
 
 sides, — as the culms of many Cypera- 
 
 ceae. 
 Trisipalous, having 3 sepals. 
 Triternate leaf. When the petiole is twice 
 
 divided lernately,and each final branch 
 
 bears 3 leaves, 
 Tropaeolaceae. The T.opaeolum or 
 
 Nasim ts'.um family. 
 Truncate, having ihe end blunt, as if 
 
 transversely cut off. 
 Tube, a pipe, or hollow cylinder. 
 Tuber. A solid fleshy knob, attached to 
 
 roots. 
 Tureraceae. A division of the Subtribe 
 
 Angiogasteres, typified by the genus 
 
 Tubtr, or Truffle. 
 Tubercle. A small excrescence, knob, or 
 
 point, on a surface — making it rough, 
 
 or uneven. 
 Tubercula. The partial receptacles of some 
 
 of the Lichens. 
 Tuberrulate, covered with tubercles. 
 Tuberiferous, bearing or producing tubers. 
 Tubeious, consisting of, or fleshy and 
 
 solid like tubers. 
 Tubular, having a tube, or constructed 
 
 like a tube. 
 Tubuliflorae. The first Sub-order of 
 
 CojirosiTAE, with the perfect or disk 
 
 florets all tubular. 
 Tuft. A bunch, or fascicle, growing from 
 
 the same root, or originating nearly ai 
 
 the same point. 
 Tumid, swelled, or enlarged like a swel- 
 ling. 
 Tunicate, coated ; having concentric 
 
 coats, or thin layers. 
 Turbinate, top-shaped ; resembling ar 
 
 inverted cone. 
 
 Turf The green sward, or grassy sod. 
 Turgid, swelled, but not inflated. 
 Tuiion. A thick, tender, young shoot of 
 
 a plant, — as of Asparagus, Hop, &c. 
 Tussock. A dense tuft or bunch formed 
 
 at the root, — as in some species of 
 
 Carex, Grasses, &c. 
 Twin, two of the same kind connected, 
 
 or grow ing together. 
 Twining, winding round and ascending 
 
 spirally. 
 Tuo-ranked (or lowed), See distichous. 
 Typhaceae. The Typha or Cat-tail fam- 
 ily of plants. 
 Ulmaceae. The Ulmus or Elm family. 
 Ulmeae. The Sub-order of Ulmaceae, of 
 
 which the genus Ulmus is the special 
 
 type. 
 Umbel. A kind of inflorescence, in which 
 
 the flower-stalks proceed from a com- 
 mon centre, like rays or the braces of 
 
 an umbrella. Umbels are simple, or 
 
 compound : which see. 
 Umbellate, in the form or manner of an 
 
 umbel. 
 Umbellit. A partial umbel ; one of the 
 
 subdivisions of a compound umbtl : 
 
 which see. 
 UMEtLLiFtRAE. The Order or family of 
 
 Umbel bearing plants. 
 Umbellfnous, bearing the flowers in 
 
 umbels. 
 Umbilirate, navel-like ; having a central 
 
 pit, or depression. 
 Una.nnd, without lhorns or prickles. 
 Uncinate, hook-shaped ; hooked at the 
 
 end. 
 Undulate, wavy ; curved, or rising and 
 
 depressed, like waves. 
 Unequal, the paits not corresponding in 
 
 length, size, form or duration. 
 Unguicu'ate, having a slender or narrow 
 
 base, like an unguis, or claw. 
 Uniform, or unifo.mly, in one form, or 
 
 manner; equally and alike. 
 Unilateral, on one side; growing, or in- 
 serted, all on one side of a stem, or 
 
 common peduncle. 
 Unisexual, of one sex — i. e. staminate, 
 
 or pistillate, only. 
 Urce.clate, pitcher-shaped, or urn shaped ; 
 
 swelling below, and contracted to a 
 
 neck, above. 
 
 Urticaceae. The Urtica or Nettle fami- 
 ly of plains. 
 
 Urticeae. The Sul-order of Urtica- 
 ceae, specially typified by the genus 
 Unica. 
 
 Utricle. A little sac, or thm membrana- 
 ceous perica'p, which incloses, but 
 does not adhere to, thes^ed. See Cary- 
 opsis. 
 
 Vaccinieae. A Sul-order of Ericaceae, 
 repiesented by the genus Vaccinittm. 
 
 Vallate aestivation. When the sepals or 
 1 elals are folded together, and fit by 
 their edges, without overlapping. 
 
 Valves. The several parts of a regularly 
 dehiscent pericarp, — especially of a 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 XXXI 
 
 capsule : also, the scales which close 
 Ihe tube, in some corollas; and the 
 chaffy pieces which cover the flowers 
 of the Grasses. 
 
 Var (Varietas), a variety, or modifica- 
 tion of a species. 
 
 Variety. A new or unusual form, or mo- 
 dification of a plant, produced by acci 
 dental causes, — such as crossing, soil, 
 climate, culture, &c. but not perma- 
 nently, or at least, not specifically, dis 
 tinct. 
 
 Vascular plants. The higher Orders of 
 plants (including all above the Mosses), 
 — composed more or less of woody 
 fibres, and elongated cells, or vessels, 
 ID the form of slender tubes. 
 
 Vau ted, arched over, like the roof of the 
 mouth. 
 
 Veil (of the Fung ). A delicate mem- 
 brane or fringe, in certain jSgarics, 
 which in an early stage connects the 
 margin of the pi!eus with the stipe. 
 
 Ve 'ned, having Ihe vessels variously 
 branching, over the surface. 
 
 Venation of a leaf. The distribution of 
 the veins, or frame work, in the lami 
 na or blade. 
 
 Ventral, contained in, or belonging to, the 
 belly. 
 
 Ventral suture. The line or seam of a 
 carpel, or folded leaf, formed by the 
 union of its margins: the opposite of 
 do sal. 
 
 Ventricle, bellied ; swelling out in the 
 middle, or below it. 
 
 Vekbasceak. The Veibascnm or Mullein 
 tr.be, of the Order Sceophulakiaceae 
 
 Verrenaceae. The Verlena or Vervain 
 
 family. 
 Vernation. The m<de in which young 
 
 leaves are folded and lacked :n a bud. 
 
 V;:k.\ox aceae. The Vernonia or Iron 
 weed tribe of the Older Compos.tae. 
 
 Verxonceab. The Sirt-t.ibe of Vernon- 
 
 iaceae, of which the genus Vernon: ( 
 
 U the specnl type. 
 Vertucose, warty; covered with wart 
 
 like exeresence.s. 
 Versatile anther. When it is fixed by the 
 
 middle on the point of the filament, 
 
 and moves round lightly and readily, — 
 
 as in the Grasses, &c. 
 Vertical, or vertically; in a perpendicular 
 
 direction ; from the zenith, or highest 
 
 point directly downwards. 
 Veitical leaves. When they stand edge 
 
 up, or present their margins — and not 
 
 their faces^-lo the earth and skj : in- 
 
 dicative rather of Fhyllodia, than of 
 true leaves. 
 
 Verticil. A whorl ; flowers, leaves, or 
 other organs, arranged in a horizontal 
 ring, round a stem, or at its summit. 
 
 Verticillastcr. A spurious verticil ; a 
 condensed cyme, or cluster resembling 
 a verticil,— as in many Labtatae. 
 
 Yerticil'ate, growing or arranged in a 
 verticil, whorl or horizontal ring. 
 
 Ves'cles, Little bladder-like vessels. 
 
 Vesicular, or vesiculose, made of, or re- 
 sembling, little bladders. 
 
 Vespertine flowers. Those which expand 
 in the evening. 
 
 Vexillum. The banner, or broad uppei^. 
 petal of a papilionaceous corolla. 
 
 Vicieae. The Vicia or Vetch tribe, of 
 the Order Legtjminosae. 
 
 Vil'ose, or villous, velvety ; clothed with 
 numerous, and rather long, soft hairs. 
 
 Villus (plural, r/rt"). The velvet-like pu- 
 bescence on a villous plant. 
 
 Virescent, inclining to, or becoming, 
 green. 
 
 Yi -gate, wand-like ; long, slender, and 
 straight. 
 
 Viridescent, greenish. 
 
 Viscid, clammy ; covered with a sticky 
 or adhesive moisture. 
 
 Vitaceae. The Villa or Grape family. 
 
 Vittae. Fillets; linear receptacles of 
 oily matter on the carpels of Umbelli- 
 ferous plants. 
 
 Viviparous, producing a collatcal off- 
 spring by means of bulbs ;. or having 
 the seeds to germinate before they are 
 detached from the parent plant. 
 
 Vo'mbi'e, ascending spi ally, or climb- 
 ing by embracing another object. See 
 Twining. 
 
 Volva. The wrapper, or outer covering 
 of a young Mushroom (Agaric). — 
 which bursts by the rapid development 
 of the plant, leaving its remains adhe- 
 rent to the base of the stipe. 
 
 Vu'gn, commonly called (in the vernacu- 
 lar) ; in common parlance. 
 
 Wary, — See undulate, 
 
 V.'hc.r', — See verticil. 
 
 Winged, having a thin extended margin. 
 
 Wing*. The side-petals of a papilionace- 
 ous corolla : also, ihe membranous ex- 
 pansion at the summit or margin of 
 certain pericarps, and on the sides of 
 some petioles. 
 
 Woolly, clothed with a long, curled or 
 matted pubescence, resembling wool. 
 
 Xanthoxylaceae. The Xanthoiylonot 
 Prickly Ash family of plants. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES. 
 
 o= The sign of Cotyledons decumbent 
 
 o|| " " Cotyledons incumbent 
 
 Ach. Eric Acharius, Swedish Botanist 
 
 jUdans. Michel Adanson, French. 
 
 Agardh. Car. Ad. Agardh, Swedish. 
 
 A. Gr. Asa Grav. American. 
 
 Ait. Wm. & Win. T. Aiton, English. 
 
 All. Car. Allioni, Italian. 
 
 A'ph. Dc. AlphonseDe Candolle,French 
 
 Bartl. Friedr. G til. Bartling, German. 
 
 Bartr. John & Wm.Bartram, American 
 
 Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois, French. 
 
 Benth.. George Bentham, English. 
 
 Benth. Lab. Labiatarum Genera et Spe- 
 cies. By Geo. Bentham. 1 vol. 8 vo. — 
 London, 1S32-G. 
 
 Bess. Wilib. Besser, German. 
 
 B'.ume. Carl Ludw. Blume, German. 
 
 B-onn. Heinr. Geo. Bronn, German. 
 
 Brot. Feiix Avellar Brotero, Portuguese 
 
 C. A. Meij. Carl Ami. Meyer, German. 
 
 Cass. Alex. Hen. Garb, de Cassini, Ital- 
 ian. 
 
 Chav. M. Chavannes, French. 
 
 Cliois. Jaq. Denis Choisy. French. 
 
 Correct. Abbe Correa de Serra, Portu 
 guese. 
 
 Crantz, Heinr. Joh. Nepom. Crantz. 
 Geiman. 
 
 DC. Aug. PyramusDe Candolle, French 
 
 DC. (Alph.) Alehouse De Candolle. 
 French. 
 
 Dene. J. Decaisne, French. 
 
 DC. Prolr. Prodromus Systematis Na 
 turalis Regni Vegelabilis : Auctore 
 Aug. Pyr. De Candolle. 10 vols. 8 to. 
 1821-46 
 
 Desf. Rene Louis Desfontaines, French 
 
 De Iheis. Alexandre de Theis, French 
 
 Dilhn. Joh. Jac. Dillenius, German. 
 
 Don. David & Geo. Don, English. 
 
 Duby. Jean Etienne Duby, French. 
 
 Duham Hen. Louis Duhaniel, French 
 
 Dunal. Michel Felix Dunal, French. 
 
 Ehrh. Fnedrich Ehrhart, German. 
 
 Ell- Stephen Elliott, American. 
 
 Endl. Stephen Endlieher, Hungarian. 
 
 End I. Gin. Genera Plantarum secundum 
 Ordines Naturales d sposita: Auctore 
 Stephano Endlieher. 1 vol. 8 vo. 1836- 
 40. 
 
 excl. syn. excluding the synonyms. 
 
 ex. gr. {exempli gratia) for the sake of 
 example. 
 
 fig. a figure or representation. 
 
 Fl. Flowers expanded. 
 
 Fl. Cestr. Flora Cestrica : By Wm. 
 Darlington, 1. vol. 12 mo. 1837. 
 
 Fl. Lend. Flora Londinensis : By Wm 
 Curtis & Wm. J. Hooker. 4 vols, in 
 Folio. 1815. 
 
 Foist. George (John, &c ) Forsler, Eng- 
 lish. 
 Fr. in the French language; also, Fruit 
 
 mature. 
 Fries. Elias Fiies, German. 
 Gaertn. Jos. & Carl Friedr. Gaertner, 
 
 German 
 Gaudich. M. Ch. Gaudichaud, French. 
 Germ, in the German language. 
 Gloc. Ben). Petr. Gloxin, "German. 
 Gooden. Saml. Goodenough. English. 
 Gray. Gram. North American Grami- 
 
 neae and Cyperaceae : By Asa Gray. 
 
 2 vols. Folio. 1834-5. 
 H. B. K. Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth. 
 Hall, or Haller. Albeit von Haller, Dutch. 
 Hoffm. Geo. Fr. (el al.) Hoffmann, Ger- 
 man. 
 Hoffmsg. J. C. Count Hoffmannsegg, 
 
 Cieiman. 
 Hook. Sir Wm. J. Hooker, English. 
 Huds. Wm Hudson, English. 
 Juss. Ant. Laur. de Jussieu, French. 
 Koch. Wilh. Dan Jos. Koch, German. 
 Kunth. Car. Sigism. Kunth, German. 
 Kunth, Enum. Enumeratio Plantarum 
 
 omnium hucusque cognitarum. &c. 
 
 auctore C. S. Kunth. 4 ioIs. S vo. 1S3;> 
 
 43. 
 L. Car. Linnaeus, Swedish. 
 Lam. J. Bapt. Monet de la Marck, 
 
 French. 
 Lan.b. A. B. Lambert. English. 
 1. c. {loco citato) in the place already cited 
 
 or referred to. 
 Less. Chr. Fr. Lessing, German. 
 Lesiib. Fr. Jos. Lesliboudois, Belgian. 
 L'vdl. JohnLindley, English. 
 Link. Heinr. Friedr. Link, German. 
 Loddig. Conrad Lod 'iges, English. 
 Marsh. Humphry Marshall, American. 
 Mart. Carl Friedr. Phil, von Martius, 
 
 German. 
 Mdik. Fried. Casim. Medikus. German. 
 M.y. {C. A ) Carl. Ant. Meyer, German. 
 Mich. Pet. Ant. Micheli, Italian. 
 Mill. Philip Miller, English. 
 Mi.b. C. F. Bnsseau-Mirbel, French. 
 Moench. Conrad Moench, German. 
 Maid. Henry Muhlenberg, American. 
 Mx. Andr. Michaux, French. 
 Mx. Fl. Bor. Am. Flora Boreal i-Ameri- 
 
 cana : 2 vols. 8 vo. Paris, 1803. 
 Mx. Sijlva. The North American Sylva : 
 
 By F. Andiew Michaux. 3 vols. 8 vo. 
 
 1S17-19. 
 Neck. Natal. Jos. de Necker, French. 
 Nees. Chr. Gottfr. Nees von Esenbeck, 
 
 German. 
 Nutt. Thomas Nuttall, Anglo-American. 
 Obs. Observation, or remarks. 
 
XXXIV 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES 
 
 Ters. Chr. Henri Persoon, Dutch ? 
 
 Ph. or Pursh. Fredk. Pursh. 
 
 Presl. CarlBoriwogPiesl, Hungarian. 
 
 R if. or Rafm. C. Raunesque-Schinaltz ; 
 Sicilian. 
 
 Ft. Br. Robert Brown, Fnglish. 
 
 Rich. Louis Claude Richaid, French. 
 
 Risso. A. Risso, French ? 
 
 Roxb. Wm. Roxburgh, English. 
 
 Humph. Geo. Everh. Rumphius, Dutch 
 
 Satisb. fiichd. Anth. Salisbury, English. 
 
 Sa i. Gaetano Savi, Italian. 
 
 Schott. Heinrich Schott, German. 
 
 Sehrad. Heinr. Adolph. Schrader, Ger- 
 man. 
 
 Sclireb. Jon. Chr. Dan. von Schreber 
 German. 
 
 Sclium. Chi. Fr. Schumacher, German. 
 
 Scop. Joh. Ant. Scopoli. Italian. 
 
 FtT. Nich. Charles Seringe, Swiss ? 
 
 Siltk. Joh. Sibthorp, English. 
 
 Soland. Dan. Cmr. Solancier, Swedish. 
 
 Fj.an. in the Spanish language. 
 
 Fpreng. Kurt Sprengel, German. 
 
 Sic. Olaus Swatz, Swedish. 
 
 tab. (tabula) a plate, or sheet containing 
 one or more tiguies. 
 
 Theis. (De.). Alexandre de Theis 
 French. 
 
 Tode. Ileinr. Jul. Tode, German. 
 
 Torr. jr Gr. Jno. Torrey & Asa Gray, 
 American. 
 
 Torr. f Gr. Fl. N. Am. A Flora of North 
 America: By John Torrey and Asa 
 Gray. vols. 8 vo. 1838-4 . 
 
 Torr. N. Am. Cyp. Monograph of N. 
 American Cyperaceae : By John Tor- 
 rey. 1836. 
 
 Toumef. Jos. Pilton de Toumefort, 
 French. 
 
 ttin. Car. Bern. Trinius, German. 
 
 Vahl. Martin Vah I, Danish. 
 
 Vaill. Sebastian Vaillant, French. 
 
 Vtnt. Etienne Pierre Vemenal, French. 
 
 Vill. D. Villars, French. 
 
 Wa'.p. Repert. Repertorium Botanices 
 Systematicae : Auclore Gul. Geraido 
 Walters. 2 vols. 8 vo. 1842-3. 
 
 Walt. Thomas Walter, Anglo-American. 
 
 Wangtnh. Fr. Ad. Jul. Wangenhehn, 
 German. 
 
 Weih. Aug. Weihe, German. 
 
 XVilld. Carl Ludw. Willdenow, German. 
 
 Willd. Sp. PL Caroli a. Linne* Species 
 Plantaium : Curante Carolo Ludovico 
 "Willdenow. 5 vols. 8 vo. 1797-lSiO. 
 
 With. Win. Withering, English- 
 
LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 OF THE GENERA TREATED OF IN THIS WORK. 
 
 D^Tor the convenience of those who are accustomed to investigate 
 Genera by the Linnaean Method, the following Synopsis is here in- 
 serted. 
 
 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 
 
 A. Flowers complete, regular. Fruit a Berry. 
 
 Li gust RUM. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Corolla 4-lobed ; lobes 
 ovate, spreading. Berry 2-celled ; cells 2-seeded. Ord. C V. Olea- 
 ceae. page 136. 
 
 B. Flowers mostly incomplete. Fruit a Samara. 
 
 Fraxinus. Dioicously polygamous: Calyx 0, or 3-4-parted. 
 
 Corolla 0, or 4-petaled. Capsule (or Samara) 2-celled, compressed, 
 
 with a thin wing-like extension at apex. Ord. CV. Oleaceae.^. 131. 
 
 [Catalpa. Ord. LXXXVIII. Bignoxiaceae. p. 107.] 
 
 [Hedeoma, and Salvia. Ord. XCIII. Labiatae. p. 111.] 
 
 DIGYNIA. 
 
 [Anthoxanlhum. Ord. CLX. Gramixeae. p. 210.] 
 
 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA, 
 
 [For the Genera belonging here, See Ord. CLIX. CypERAcrAE. p. 199.] 
 
 [Juncus communis. Ord. CLV. Jvncaceae. p. 199.] 
 
 DIGYNIA. 
 
 [The Genera belonging here, are the true Grasses, — and will be found in Ord. 
 CLX. Gramixeae. p. 204.] 
 
 [Amaranthus albus. Ord. CIX. Amaraxtiiaceae. p. 141.] 
 
 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 
 A. Ovary inferior, a. Corolla monopetalous. 
 Dipsacus. Flowers in ovoid heads : Calyx minute, cup-shaped, 
 entire. Corolla tubular ; limb 4-cleft, erect. Fruit akene-like, 
 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. Receptacle conical, chaffy. 
 Ord. LXXXIV. Dipsaceae. p. 73. 
 
 Rubia. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla 4 or 5-parted, rotate. Style 
 bifid. Fruit didymous, subglobose, baccate or succulent. Ord. 
 LXXII. Rueiaceae. p. 72. 
 
 b. Corolla tetrapetalous . 
 
 Cornus. Calyx 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong. Drupe with a 2 or 
 3-celled nut. Ord. LXIX. Cor.naceae. p. 70. 
 
XXXVI LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 B. Ovary superior, a. Flowers complete. 
 
 Puntago. Calyx mostly 4-partecl. Corolla monopetalou s, marces- 
 cent ; limb 4-cleft, reflexed. Stamens much exserted. Capsule 
 2-celled, circumscissed (or opening horizontally). Ord. LXXXIV. 
 Plantaginaceae. p. 105. 
 
 b. Flowers incomplete. 
 Symplocarpus. Spathe conch-shaped, acuminate. Spadix roundish- 
 oval. Calyx deeply 4-parted, persistent; segments cnneate, trun- 
 cate and somewhat cucullate, becoming thick and spongy. Style 
 4-sided, tapering ; stigma minute. Seeds solitary, imbedded in the 
 spadix. Ord. CXXXV. Araceae. p. 189. 
 
 DIGYNIA. 
 
 [Cuscuta epilinum. Ord. XCIX. Convolvvlaceae. p. 127.] 
 
 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA, 
 
 A. Flowers complete. § 1. Ovary superior. 
 
 a. Corolla monopetalous. f Seeds or Nuts 4, apparently naked. 
 
 *Nuts fixed to the bottom of the calyx. 
 
 Lithospermum. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla small, funnel-form ; 
 limb 5-lobed ; throat open. Stamens included. Nuts imperforate 
 at base, bony, rugose or sometimes smooth. Ord. XCIV. Boragi- 
 naceae. p. 123. 
 
 Echium. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla irregular, subcampanulate ; 
 limb unequally and obliquely 5-lobed; tube short; throat open. 
 Nuts imperforate at base, tuberculate. Ord. XCIV. Boragina- 
 
 CEAE. p. 122. 
 
 * * Nuts affixed to the Style or central cohimn. 
 
 Cynoglossum. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form ; throat closed 
 by 5 obtuse connivent scales. Nuts (or Ahenes') echinate, somewhat 
 depressed, ovate, convex externally and angular on the inner side. 
 
 OKD. XCIV. BoRAGINACEAE. p. 124. 
 
 f f Seeds in an evident Pericarp. * Fruit a Capsule. 
 
 Sabbatia. Calyx 5 to 12-parted. Corolla sub-rotate, 5 to 12-parted. 
 Stame?is sometimes 6 ; anthers finally revolute. Stigmas 2, spirally 
 twisted. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved. Ord. CI. Gentianaceae.^?. 132. 
 Convolvulus. Calyx 5-sepaled, naked or with 2 bracts at or near 
 the base. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form ; limb obsoletely 5- 
 lobed, plicate. Filaments dilated at base. Stigmas 2, linear-terete, 
 often revolute. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. Ord. XCIX. Convol- 
 vulaceae. p. 125. 
 
 Batatas. Calyx 5-sepaled. Corolla campanulate ; limb quinque- 
 plicate. Filaments scarcely dilated at base. Stigma capitate, 2- 
 lobed. Capsule 3 — 4-celled, 3 — 4 valved. Ord. XCIX. Convol- 
 vulaceae, p. 124. 
 
 Datura. Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5-cleft at summit, deciduous. 
 Corolla funnel-form ; limb 5-angled, plicate. Capsule ovoid, mostly 
 muricate, 2 to 4-celled, 4-valved. Ord. C Solanackae.jp. 128. 
 
 Nicotiana. Calyx somewhat urceolate, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla 
 
OF THE GENERA TREATED OP XXXVU 
 
 funnel-form ; limb spreading, plicately 5-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 
 smooth, bisulcate, 2-celled, 2 to 4-valved. Ord. C. Solanaceae. 
 p. 127. 
 
 Verbascum. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate ; limb unequally 5- 
 lobed. Stamens declined ; filaments (or some of them) hairy. Cap- 
 stele ovoid or globose, 2-celled, 2-valved. Ord. XCI. Scrophula- 
 riaceae. p. 109. 
 
 * * Fruit a Berry. 
 Solanum. Calyx 5 to 10-cleft. Corolla rotate or sub-campanulate : 
 limb plicate, mostly 5-lobed. Anthers erect, connivent, opening by 
 2 pores at summit. Berry globose, 2 to 4-celled. Ord. C. Solana- 
 ceae. p. 129. 
 
 Lycopersicum. Calyx 5 to 10-parted. Corolla rotate; limb pli- 
 cate, 5 to 10-lobed. Anthers cohering by an elongated membrane 
 at summit, opening longitudinally. Berry mostly depressed-globose 
 and often torose, 2 to 3-celled. Ord. C. Solanaceae. p. 131. 
 Capsicum. Calyx mostly 5-cleft. Corolla, sub-rotate ; limb plicate, 
 mostly 5-lobed. Anthers connivent, opening longitudinally. Berry 
 without pulp, polymorphous, imperfectly 2 — 3-celled. Ord. C. So- 
 lanaceae, p. 129. 
 
 b. Corolla mostly pentapetalous : Fruit a Berry. 
 
 Vitis. Often Dioicously polygamous : Calyx minute, 5-toothed. 
 Petals cohering at apex, caducous. Stigma subsessile, obtuse. 
 Berry 2-celled, 4-seeded ; cells and seeds often abortive. Ord. 
 XL VI. Vitaceae. p. 28. 
 
 § 2. Ovary inferior, a. Corolla monopetalous. 
 Lobelia. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular, irregular, cleft on the 
 upper side nearly to the base. Stamens more or less united; anthers 
 coalesced into a tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule sometimes half 
 superior, 2 or 3-celled, opening at summit. Ord. LXXVI. Lobe- 
 liaceae. p. 101. 
 
 b. Corolla pentapetalous . 
 
 Ribes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-cleft ; segments more 
 or less colored. Petals small, inserted alternately with the stamens 
 in the throat of the calyx. Style 2 to 4-cleft. Berry crowned with 
 the shrivelled remains of the flower, 1 -celled, pulpy, many-seeded. 
 Ord. LIX. Grossulaceae. p. 56. 
 
 B. Flowers incomplete. 
 Nyssa. Dioicously polygamous : StaminaTe Fl. Calyx 5-parted. 
 Corolla 0. Stamens 5 to 10 or 12, inserted round a peltate disk. 
 Pistillate Fl. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 0. Stamens 5, or wanting. 
 Drupe oval; nut striate." Ord. CXIV. Santalaceae. p. 149. 
 
 [Acer rubrum. Ord. XLI. Aceraceae. p. 27.] 
 
 DIGYNIA. 
 A. Ovary superior, f. Flowers complete. 
 Cuscuta. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla globose-urceolate, 4 or 5- 
 lobed. Stamens adnate to the tube of the corolla, alternating with 
 the lobes, supported by fringed scales at base. Capsule 2-celled, 
 circumscissed. Ord. XCIX. Convolvulaceae. p. 126. 
 
XXXVih LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Asclepias. Calyx 5-parteJ. Corolla 5-parted; lobes reflexed. 
 Stamineal crown 5-lobed ; lobes erect, cucullate, each with a subu- 
 late process projecting from within. Antheridia 5-angled, trun- 
 cate, opening at the winged angles by 5 vertical fissures. Pollinia 
 5 distinct pairs, compressed, pyriform, pendulous. Ovaries 2, one 
 mostly abortive. Follicles ventricose. Okd. CIII. Asclefiada- 
 ceae. p. 133. 
 
 f f Floivers incomplete. 
 
 Chenopodium. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 0. Styles very 
 short. Utricle thin, membranaceous. Seed 1, vertically depressed, 
 lenticular. Odd. CVII. Chenopodiaceae. p. 139. 
 Beta. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, adhering to the base of the fruit. 
 Corolla 0. Seed 1, subreniform-cochleate, imbedded in the base of 
 the calyx. Ord. CVII. Chenopodiaceae. p. 138. 
 Ulmus. Calyx small, campanulate, 5 to 8-cleft. Corolla 0. Sta~ 
 mens 5 to 8. Samara 1-celled, 1-seeded, flat, with a broad mem- 
 branous margin. Ord. CXVII. Ulmaceae. p. 150. 
 Celtis. Monoicously roLYGAiious : Staminatg Fl. Calyx G- 
 parted. Corolla 0. Stamens § (fide Nutt.). PjrfectFl. Calyx 
 deeply 5-parted. Corolla 0. Stigmas subulate, elongated. Drupe 
 globose, 1-seeded. Ord. CXVII. Ulmacfae. p. 151. 
 
 B. Ovary inferior, f Flowers in simple Umbels. 
 Panax. Dioicously polygamous: Staminate Fl. Calyx small, 
 turbinate ; limb nearly entire. Perfect Fl. Calyx obsoletely 5- 
 toothed. Petals 5. Stamens inserted under the margin of the epi- 
 gynous disk. Styles 2 or 3 (rarely 1). Fruit a fleshy or subcoria- 
 ceous berry, 2 or 3-celled ; cells 1 seeded. Ord. LXVIII. Aralia- 
 .ceae. p. 69. 
 
 f f Floiccrs in compound Umbels. 
 [The Genera of this division all belong to Ord. LXVII. Umeelliferae. p. 08.] 
 
 TRH3YNIA. 
 
 a. Ovary inferior : corolla 'monopetalous. 
 
 Sambucus. Calyx mostly 5-cleft ; limb small. Corolla sub-rotate, 
 mostly 5-lobed. Stame?is sometimes 6 or 7. Berry subglobose, 1- 
 celled, 3 to 5-seeded. Ord. LXXI. Caprifoliaceae. p. 71. 
 
 b. Ovary superior : Corolla pentapetalous. 
 
 Rhus. Dioicously Polygamous : Sterile Fl. Stamens 5, mostly 
 shorter than the petals. Stigmas mostly 3. Ovary abortive. Fek- 
 tile Fl. Stamens 5, or often wanting. Stigmas mostly 3, sub- 
 sessile. Drupe small, nearly or sometimes quite dry ; nut bony. 
 Ord. XXXIX. Anacardiaceae. p. 23. 
 
 PENTAGYNIA. 
 
 a. Ovary inferior. 
 
 Aralia. Calyx 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5. Styles spreading, 
 persistent. Berry 5-celled, 5-seeded. Ord. LXVIII. Araliaceae. 
 p. 69. 
 
 b. Ovary superior. 
 
 Linum. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, unguiculate. 
 
OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XXXIX 
 
 Stamens united at base in a hypogynous ring, with intermediate 
 teeth. Capsule globose, 10-celled, 10-valved. Seeds solitary, com- 
 pressed, ovate. Ord. XXXI. Linaceae. p. 21. 
 
 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 
 
 a. Perianth mostly Corolla-like* f Flowers with a Spathe. 
 
 Alltm. Spathe membranaceous: Flowers in a dense terminal 
 umbel, or head. Perianth 6-parted. Filaments sometimes tricus- 
 pidate (i. e. in threes, the anthers on the lateral ones abortive). — 
 Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Ord. CLII. Liliaceae.jp. 195. 
 
 f f Flowers destitute of a Spathe. 
 
 Asparagus. Perianth 6-parted; segments linear-oblong, erect. 
 Stigmas 3, subsessile. Berry 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. Ord. CLII. 
 Liliaceae. p. 19S. 
 
 Ornithogall'M. Perianth deeply 6-parted; segments spreading 
 above the middle. Filaments dilated at base. Capsule roundish, 
 somewhat trigonous, 3-celled. Ord. CLII. Liliaceae, p. 195. 
 Tillandsia. Perianth deeply 6-parted, — the outer verticil nearly 
 distinct and calyx-like ; segments of both lanceolate and of equal 
 length. Capsule 1 to 3-celled. Seeds crowned with a tuft of hair. 
 Ord. CXLVI. Bromeliaceae. p. 192. 
 
 b. Perianth calyx-like, f Flowers on a Spadix. 
 
 Acorus. Spadix terete, sessile on the side of an ensiform leaf-like 
 scape. Perianth of 6 glumaceous oblong subcucullate sepals, 
 thickened at apex. Capsule angular, 3-celled, indehiscent. Ord. 
 CXXXVIII. AftACEAE.i?. 190. 
 
 f f Flowers more or less Paniculate. 
 Juncus. Perianth of 6 glumaceous persistent sepals, bibracteate at 
 base. Stamens sometimes 3. Stigmas 3, subsessile. Capsule 
 mostly 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Ord. CLY. Juncaceae. 
 p. 198. 
 
 [Sabbatia angularis. Ord. CI. Gentiaxaceae. j>. 132.1 
 DIGYNIA. 
 
 f Polygonum Persicaria, Pennsylvanicum, and arifolium. Ord. CXI. Poltgo 
 
 naceae. p. 144.] 
 
 [Oryza sativa, and Zizania aquatica. Ord. CLX. Gramineae. p. 206.] 
 
 TRIGYNIA, 
 
 Sabal. Flowers on a branched Spadix, with numerous incomplete 
 Spathes. Calyx 3-parted. Corolla of 3 petals. Ovaries 3, at first 
 distinct, finally united. Drupe simple and subglobose or 2 or 3-lobed. 
 Ord. CXXXIV. Palmae. p. 188. 
 
 Romrx. Floiocrs sometimes dioicous. Perianth calyx-like, per- 
 sistent, deeply 6-parted, the outer segments smaller. Stigmas 
 many-cleft. Seed (Akene, Nut, or Caryopsis) tricmetrous. Ord, 
 CXI. Poi.ygonaceae. p. 142. 
 
 [Sambucus Canadensis. Ord. LXXI. Caprifoliaceae. p. 71.] 
 
 HEPTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 
 
 Aesculus. Calyx tubular, somewhat ventricose. Corolla of 4 or 
 
XL LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 5 unequal petals. Stamens sometimes 6 or 8. Capsule 3-celled, 
 mostly 1-seeded by abortion. Seed large. Ord. XLII. Hippocas- 
 
 TANACEAE. p. 27. 
 
 OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 
 
 a. Ovary inferior. f Fruit a Capsule. 
 Oenothera. Calyx tubular, 4-eleft ; limb reflected, and with part 
 of the tube caducous. Petals 4, obcordate or obovate. Stigma 4- 
 lobed, or spherical. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds not comose. 
 Ord. LIV. Onagraceae. p. 55. 
 
 f f Fruit a Berry. 
 Oxycoccus. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla deeply 4-parted; lobes 
 linear-lanceolate, revolute. Stamens connirent ; anthers bifid, tu- 
 bular. Berry globose, 4-celled, many-seeded. Ord. LXXVIII. 
 Ericaceae.jp. 103. 
 
 b. Ovary superior, f Flowers perfect. 
 Tropaeolum. Calyx colored, 5-parted, — the upper segment spurred 
 at base. Petals 5, unequal, — the 2 upper ones sessile — the 3 lower 
 ones unguiculate. Fruit composed of 3 connate carpels, fleshy or 
 subcoriaceous ; carpels, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Ord. XXXV. Tro- 
 paeolaceae. p. 22. 
 
 f f Flowers mostly polygamous. 
 Diospyros. Dioicously polyoamous : Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 
 urceolate, 4-cleft. Staminate Fl. Stamens often 16. Ovary abor- 
 tive. Fertile Fl. Stamens 8 to 12, mostly abortive or imperfect. 
 Ovary 4-angled. Berry subglobose. Ord. LXXX. Ebenaceae. 
 p. 105. 
 
 Acer. Flowers polygamous, or sometimes dioicous : Calyx 5- 
 cleft or 5-parted — sometimes truncate with the limb entire. Petals 
 5, or none. Stame?is about 8, — but ranging from 3 to 12. Samarae 
 in pairs, winged at apex, diverging. Ord. XLI. Aceraceae. p. 26. 
 
 DIGYNIA. 
 
 [Ulmus Americana. Ord. CXVII. Ulmaceae. p. 150.] 
 TRIGYNIA. 
 
 Polygonum. Perianth mostly 5-parted, persistent, often colored. 
 Stamens 5 to 9, mostly 8. Styles 2, or 3. Akene solitary, compressed 
 or triquetrous according as the styles are 2, or 3. Ord. CXI. Poly- 
 
 GONACEAE. p. 144. 
 
 Fagopyrum. Flowers sometimes polygamous : Perianth deeply 
 5-parted, persistent, colored. Stamens alternating with 8 hypogyn- 
 ous glands. Akene triquetrous. Ord. CXI. Polygojjaceae. p. 146. 
 
 ENNEANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 
 
 Sassafras. Dioicously polygamous : Perianth 6-parted, colored. 
 Sterile Fl. Stamens 9, in three series, all perfect, — the 3 inner 
 ones with a gland on each side at base. Ovary wholly abortive. 
 Fertile Fl. Stamens 6, imperfect. Ovary ovoid, acuminate ; 
 stigma discoid. Drupe ovoid-oblong. Ord. CXIII. Lauraceae. 
 p. 147. 
 
OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XL1 
 
 Benzoin. Mostly dioicous : Perianth 6-parted, colored. Sterile 
 Fl. Stamens 9 perfect, and 6 to 9 imperfect in an inner series. 
 Ovary a mere rudiment. Fertile Fl. Stamens 1 5 to 18, imperfect, 
 filiform, acute. Ovary subglobose ; stigma 2-lobed. Drupe oval. 
 Ord. CXIII. Lauraceae. p. 148. 
 
 TRIGYNIA. 
 
 Rheum. Perianth colored, narrowed at base, 6-parted, persistent. 
 Ovary triquetrous; stigmas multifid, reflexed. Al-ene triquetrous,— 
 the angles membranaceously margined. Ord. CXI. Polygonaceae. 
 p. 142. 
 
 DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 
 
 a. Ovary inferior : Corolla monopetalous . 
 Vaccinium. Calyx mostly 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate or ur- 
 ceolate, mostly 5-cleft. Berry globose, 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded, 
 crowned with the persistent calyx-teeth. Ord. LXXVIII. Erica- 
 ceae, p. 102. 
 
 b. Ovary superior, f Corolla monopetalous . 
 Andpomeda. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla tubular, subeyl- 
 indric cr ovoid ; limb 5-cleft, reflexed. Anthers awnless or awned 
 at summit. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, loculicidal. Ohd. LXXVIII. 
 Ericaceae, p. 103. 
 
 f f Corolla pen t ape tal otis. 
 
 Ciiimaphila. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish-obovate. Ovary 
 depressed-globose, umbilicate ; style very short, immersed in the 
 umbilicus of the ovary; stigma peltate, orbicular. Capsule depress- 
 ed-globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, loculicidal at apex. Ord. LXXVIII. 
 Ericaceae, p. 104. 
 
 Melia. Calyx 5-parted. Petals linear-spatulate. St amine al tube. 
 subcylindric, 10-cleft at summit, bearing the anthers in the throat- 
 Stigma 5-rayed. Drupe globose ; nut 5-celled. Ord. XXIX. Me- 
 liaceae. p. 20. 
 
 [Ccrcis . Ord. XLVIII. I.egum kosae. p. 40.] 
 DIGYNIA. 
 Saxifraga. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, often adnate to the base of 
 the ovary. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. Capsule 2-celled, 2- 
 beaked (or rather 2 acuminate connate carpels), opening between 
 the beaks. Oi>d. LXV. S\xifkagaceae. p. 61. 
 
 PENTAGYNIA. 
 
 Lychnis. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, naked at base. Petals 5, with 
 slender claws, often crowned. Capsule 1-celled, or 5-celled at base, 
 opening with 5 teeth at summit. Of,D. XXI. Cakyophyllaceae p. 15. 
 
 DECAGYNIA. 
 Phytolacca. Perianth corolla-like, deeply 5-parted. Ovary su- 
 perior, vertically depressed, orbicular. Berry 10-celled, 10-seeded. 
 Ord. CXII. Phytolaccaceae. p. 146. 
 
 ICOSANDRIA (CLASS). 
 [For the Genera of this Class, See Ord. XLIX. Rosaceae. p. 41.] 
 
 D* 
 
XL11 LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 
 
 BG^ Ovary mostly superior. 
 
 Citrus. Calyx urceolate, 3 to 5-cleft. Petals 5 to 8. Filaments 
 dilated, united in parcels. Stigma hemispherical. Fruit a pulpy 
 berry, with a subcoriaceous coat. Ord. XXVIII. Auraktuce.e. 
 p. 19. 
 
 Tilia. Calyx 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, naked within, or 
 each with an internal scale or accessory petal {staminodium). Fila- 
 ments distinct, or somewhat united in parcels. Ovary globose, vil- 
 lous. Nut coriaceous or bony, by abortion 1-celled. Oi:d. XXVI. 
 Tiliaceae. p. 18. 
 
 Portulaca. Ca 7 yx adnate to the base of the ovary, 2-parted, final- 
 ly circumscissed near the base and deciduous. Petals mostly 5, in- 
 serted on the calyx. Stamens 8 to 15. Stigmas 3 to 8. Capsule 
 subglobose, circumscissed, 1-celled, many-seeded. Ord. XXIII. Por- 
 
 TULACACEAE. p. 15. 
 
 Papaver. Calyx of 2 concave caducous sepals. Petals 4. Stigmas 
 sessile, radiated. Capsule obovoid, opening by small valves under 
 the crown formed by the stigmas. Seeds numerous, affixed to pla- 
 centae which form incomplete dissepiments. Ord. XI. Papavera- 
 ceae. p. 5. 
 
 Cimicifuga. Calyx of 4 or 5 caducous sepals. Petals (or stami- 
 nodia) 3 to 5 or 8, caducous, — sometimes 0. Carpels 1 to 8, follicu- 
 lar, many-seeded. Ord. I. Raxuxculaceae. p. 3. 
 
 [Diospj'ros. Crd. LXXX. Eeexaceae. p. 1C5.] 
 DI-PENTAGYXIA. 
 Hypericum. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Petals 5. Filaments united 
 in parcels. Styles 3 to 5. Capsule membranaceous, 3 to 5-celled, 
 many-seeded. Ord. XIX. Hypericacfae. p. 14. 
 Delphixium. Calyx of 5 irregular petaloid deciduous sepals,— the 
 Upper one spurred at base. Petals 4, irregular,— the two upper 
 ones spurred and introduced into the spur of the calyx. Carpels 1 
 to 5, follicular, many-seeded- Ord. I. RixuxctiLAiE.iE. p. 2. 
 
 TOLYGYNIA. 
 f Carpels dehiscent. 
 Magnoma. Calyx of 3 deciduous sepals. Petals 6 to 9 or 12, in 
 concentric series. Carpels crowded in a strobile-iike spike, persist- 
 ent, opening on the back, 1-seeded. Seeds in a fleshy coat, sus- 
 pended by a long funiculus. Ord. II. Magxolmceae. p. 3. 
 
 t t Carpels indehiscent . 
 Liriodexdron. Calyx of 3 somewhat petaloid caducous sepals.— 
 Petals mostly 6. Carpels samaroid, densely imbricated in a cone, 
 deciduous, 1 or 2-seeded. Ord. II. Magnoliaceae. p. 4. 
 Ranunculus. Calyx of 5 deciduous sepals. Petals 5 (sometimes 
 10), each with a nectariferous scale, or pore, at base on the inside. 
 Carpels compressed, mucronate, striate, smooth or tuberculate, ar- 
 ranged in a head. Ord. I. Ranunculace.e. p. 1. 
 
 DID YN AMI A GYMNOSPERMIA, 
 
 [For the Genera belonging here, See Oiu>, XCIII. Labiatae.jj. 111.] 
 
OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XLlll 
 
 ANGIOSPERMIA. 
 
 Cataipa. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate, with a -ventri- 
 cose tube ; limb 5-lobed. Stamens 2 perfect, and 2 to 3 abortive 
 (sometimes perfectly Didyn amous). Capsule very long, terete, 2- 
 celled, 2-valved. Seeds flat, margined and fringed at each end. 
 Okd. LXXXVIII. Bigxoxiaceae. /;. 107. 
 
 Martyxia. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla subcampanulate, — the limb 5- 
 lobed. Capsule oblong, much acuminate, finally woody with a co- 
 riaceous coating, 4-celled, 2-valved, — the acumination splitting into 
 two long incurved claw-like beaks. Okd. LXXXIX. Pkdaliaceae. 
 p. 108. 
 
 Lixaria. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate ; upper lip bifid, re- 
 flexed ; lower lip trifid, — the throat closed by the prominent palate ; 
 tube inflated, spurred at base. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled, opening 
 with several valves at apex. Seeds numerous, margined. 0. d. 
 XCI. Scrophulariaceae. p. 110. 
 
 Veiibexa. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, somewhat 
 funnel-form, — the limb 5-lobed. Capsule thin and evanescent, 2 or 
 4 celled; cells 1-seeded. Ohd. XCII. Vehbexaceae. p. 111. 
 
 TETRADYNAMIA (CLASS). 
 [The Genera of this Class all belong to Ord. XIII. Criciferae. p. 5.] 
 
 MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA. 
 
 [Lobelia. Crd. LXXXVI. Lobeliaceae. p. 101.} 
 POLYANDRIA. 
 [For the Genera belonging- here, See Crd. XXV. aIalvaceae p. 1G.] 
 DIA DELPHI A OCTANDRIA. 
 Polygala. Sepals 5, irregular, — the 3 outer ones smaller, bract- 
 like—the 2 inner ones wing-like, petaloid. Petals 3 to 5, somewhat 
 cohering, united with the stamens, — the lower one keel-shaped. 
 Capsule compressed. Seeds pubescent. Ohd, XLVII. Polygala- 
 
 CEAE. p. 30. 
 
 DECAXDRIA. 
 [For the Genera belonging here. See Crd. XLVIII. LeciUMINosae. p. 31.] 
 
 SYNGENESIA (CLASS). 
 [The Genera of this Class belong to Ord. LXXV. Comtositae. p. 74.] 
 
 GYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA. 
 
 Atust lochia. Perianth tubular, ventricose near the ovary, — the 
 limb dilated, somewhat 3-lobed. Ovary inferior ; stigmas 6, sub- 
 sessile. Capsule G-angled, 6-celled, many-seeded. Os-.d. CVI. 
 
 AuiSTJLCCH ACEAE. V. 137. 
 
 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 
 Eutholbia. Flowers naked, in involucrate clusters. Involucre mo- 
 nophyllous, subcampanulate, with 5 petaloid segments, which have 
 externally 5 gland-like teeth, alternating with them. Stamixate 
 Fl. numerous-, — each consisting of an anther with its filament arti- 
 culated in the middle. Pistillate Fl. solitary, central; ovary 
 pedicellate ; styles 3, bifid. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled : cells 1-seed- 
 ed, bursting elastically on the back. Ord. CXXII. Euphorbia- 
 ceaf. p. 152. 
 
XL1V LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 DIANDRIA. 
 
 [Fraxmus. Ord. CV. Oleaceae. p. 134.] 
 TRIANDRIA. 
 
 Typha. Florets in a long dense cylindric Spike, — the stamiv ate ones 
 above. Stajiinate Ft. Perianth 0. Stamens united by threes on 
 1 filament, which is inserted on the hairy receptacle. Pistillate 
 Fl. Perianth 0. Ovary pedicellate, surrounded at base with a 
 tuft of pappus-like hairs. Ord. CXXXVIII. Typhaceae. p. 190. 
 [Carex. Ord. CL1X. Ctp£Race\e. p. 200.] 
 [Zea. Tripsacum. Ord. CLX. Gramlneae. p. 207.] 
 
 TETRANERIA. 
 Urt:ca. Flowers sometimes Dioicous : Staminate Fl. Perianth 
 of 4 roundish sepals, with the cup shaped rudiment of a pistil in 
 the centre. Pjstillate Fl. Perianth mostly of 2 persistent sepals. 
 Stigma villous. Nut (or Akene} compressed, orbicular-ovate, shin- 
 ing. O..D. CXXXI. Urticaceae.^. 179. 
 
 Morls. Flowers in ament-like spiles, — sometimes Dioicous. Sta- 
 minate Fl. in rather loose spikes. Perianth 4-parted. Pistillate 
 Fl. in dense spikes, which are sometimes androgynous. Perianth 
 4-parted, — the segments becoming baccate. Nut small, compress- 
 ed, ovate, covered by the succulent perianth. Okd. CXXXI. Ur- 
 ticaci af. p. 176. 
 
 Alnus. Staminate Fl. Anient long, cylindric, — the scales cune- 
 ate, truncate, 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Perianth 4-parted. Pistillate 
 Fl. Anient ovoid-oblong ; scales subtrifid, 2-flowered. Perianth 0. 
 Nut compressed, not margined. Ord. CAXVII. Betulaceae. p. 170. 
 
 PENTANDRIA. 
 
 Amaranthus. Stagnate Fl. Perianth deeply 3 or 5-parted, 
 mostly colored, persistent. Stamens sometimes 3. Pjstillate Fr . 
 Perianth as in the staminate flowers. Capsule 1-celled, circum- 
 scissed. Seed 1. 0=id. CIX. Amarantiiaceae. p. 140. 
 
 [Xanthium. Ambrosia. Okd. LXXV. Couro. itae. p. 74.] 
 
 [Celiis. Ord. CXVII. Ulm.-.ceae. p. 151.] 
 
 [Que re us. Or.D. CXXV. CuruLiFERAE. p. 1G0.] 
 
 1IEXAXDRIA. 
 
 [Zizania. Okd. CLX. Cramineae. p. 20G.] 
 
 POLYANDRIA. 
 
 Sagittaria. Perianth deeply G-parted, — the 3 outer segments se- 
 paloid, persistent — the 3 inner ones petaloid, deciduous. Pistillate 
 flowers below the staminate ones. Ovaries numerous, in a globose 
 head. Carpels compressed, margined, 1-seeded, not opening. Ohd. 
 CXXXIX. Aljsmaceae. p. 191. 
 
 Arum. Often dioicous : Spathe cucullate, convolute at base. — 
 Spadix naked at summit, staminate in the middle, and pistillate at 
 base. Perianth 0. Berry 1-celled, many-seeded. Ord. CXXX V. 
 Araceae. p. 188. 
 
 Qukkcus. Staminate Fl. in loose Aments. Perianth mostly 5-cleft. 
 Stame?is 4 or 5 to 10. Pistillate Fl. Involucre of numerous 
 
OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XLV 
 
 scales, united to form a cup. Perianth closely investing the ovary, 
 6-toothed. Ovary inferior, 3-celled ; styles united into 1 ; stigmas 
 3. Ntit (or Acorn) by abortion 1-celled, 1-seeded, coated by the 
 enlarged persistent, coriaceously woody perianth, and seated in the 
 cup-snaped involucre. Ord. CXXV. Cupuliferae. p. 160. 
 Castanea. Staminate Fl. numerous, interruptedly clustered in 
 long ament-like Spiles. Perianth 5 or 6-parted. Pistillate Fl. 
 usually 3, within an ovoid squarrose ormuricate involucre. Perianth 
 urceolate, 5 or 6 cleft, containing the rudiments of 10 or 12 abortive 
 stamens. Ovary inferior, connate with the perianth ; stigmas pen- 
 cil-form, exserted, cartilaginous. Nuts 1 to 3, included in the en- 
 larged echinate 4-valved involucre. Ord. CXXV. Cupuliferae. 
 p. 167. 
 
 Fagus. Staminate Fl. in pendulous globose Aments. Perianth 
 campanulate, 6-cleft. Pistillate Fl. mostly 2, in an ovoid squar- 
 rose involucre. Perianth urceolate, with 4 or 5 minute segments at 
 apex. Ovary inferior, connate with the perianth; stigmas 3. Nuts 
 usually 2, triquetrous, included in the coriaceous, muricate, 4-cleft 
 involucre. Ord. CXXV. Cupuliferae. p. 166. 
 
 Corylvs. Staminate Fl. imbricated in cylindric Aments ; scales 
 3-cleft, — the middle segment covering the 2 lateral ones. Perianth 
 0. Stamens about 8. Pistillate Fl. numerous, in a terminal 
 squamose cluster. Perianth obsolete. Stigmas 2. Nut bony, 
 roundish-ovoid, sub-compressed, embraced by the foliaceous lace- 
 rate-dentate involucre. Ord. CXXV. Cupuliferae. p. 159. 
 Ostrya. Stam nate Fl. Ament cylindric ; scales orbicular-ovate, 
 acuminate, ciliate. Anthers bearded at summit. P.stillate Fl. 
 Ament loosely imbricated, bracteate, with the flowers in pairs ; 
 scales in pairs, dilated and cohering by the margins, forming a 
 membranous sac, or involucre, inclosing each flower. Perianth 
 slightly urceolate, closely adherent to the ovary. Nut somewhat 
 compressed, lance-oblong, included in the bladder-like sac. ORr. 
 CXXV. Cupuliferae. p. 158. 
 
 JBetula. Staminate Fl. Aments cylindric; scales ternate — the 
 middle one bearing the stamens. Pistillate Fl. Aments ovoid- 
 oblong ; scales trifid, 3-flowered. Nut* compressed, margined or 
 samaroid, 1-seeded. Ord. CXXVII. Betulaceae. p. 169. 
 Platanus. Aments all globose, on long peduncles. Stam: nate Fl. 
 very minute. Perianth 0. Stamens numerous, mixed with sub- 
 clavate scales. P.stillate Fl. Perianth 0. Ovaries numerous, 
 inversely pyramidal, mixed with spatulate scales; style subulate ; 
 stigma recurved. Nuts coriaceous, clavate, mucronate with the 
 persistent style, invested at base with pappus-like hairs. Ord. 
 CXXX. Platanaceae. p. 175. 
 
 Liquidambar. Flowers in conical and globose Aments,— each ament 
 embraced by a 4-leaved caducous involucre. Staminate Fl. in 
 compound conical or ovofd-oblong aments. Perianth 0. Anthers 
 numerous, subsessile in capitate clusters. Pistillate Fl. in globose 
 aments. Ovaries surrounded by numerous scales, all cohering to- 
 gether and enlarging. Styles 2, subulate. Capsule 2-lobed, 2-celled, 
 opening between the diverging styles. Ord. CXXIX. Balsamifluae. 
 p. 174. 
 
XLV1 LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Jqglans. Staminat?. Ft. Aments simple, cylindric, loosely imbri- 
 cated ; Scales 5 or 6-parted, sometimes bracteate at base. Stamens 
 numerous, subsessile, on a glandular disk. Pistillate Fl. Perianth 
 double, — the outer one 4-toothed— the inner one longer, 4-parted. 
 Ovary inferior, ovoid ; style short ; stigmas 2, subclavate, spread- 
 ing, — the upper surface lacerate or fringed. Drupe globose or oval, 
 the epicarp spongy or coriaceous, and indehiscent; nut rugose and 
 irregularly sulcate, imperfectly 4-celled, 2-valved, 1-seeded. Ord. 
 
 CXXIV. JUGLANDACEAE. p. 154. 
 
 Carya. Staminate Fl. Aments mostly ternate, slender, imbrica- 
 ted ; scales 3-parted. Stametis 3 to 6 or S. Pistillate Fl. Peri- 
 anth, single, 4-cleft. Ovary inferior ; stigma 4-lobed, sessile. Drupe 
 with a coriaceous epicarp, which finally opens by 4 valves; nut 
 oval, somewhat quadrangular, — the surface even and smooth. Okd. 
 
 CXXIV. JlTGLANEACEAE. /?. 156. 
 
 MOXADELPxIIA. 
 
 PiNUS. Staminate Fl. Aments mostly in clustered terminal spikes ; 
 scales peltate. PioTIllate Fl. in terminal ovoid or oblong aments 
 {cones, or strobiles), clustered or solitary ; scales closely imbricated, 
 enlarging and becoming woody, often thickened at apex and mucro- 
 nate. Seeds naked, in pairs at the base of the scales, margined, — 
 the margin deciduous, or sometimes persistent. Ord. CXXXII. 
 Coniferae. p. 181. 
 
 Taxodium. Stagnate Fl. Aments numerous, crowded in pyra- 
 midal terminal spikes ; scales excentrically peltate. Pistillate Fl. 
 Aments ovoid, in pairs at the base of the staminate spikes : scales 
 imbricated, acute, recurved — spreading at apex, — finally somewhat 
 peltate, and woody, forming a subglobose strobile. Seeds naked, 
 irregularly angular, not margined. Ord. CXXXII. C on i ferae. p. 184. 
 
 Thuja. Staminate Fl. Aments ovoid, terminal, very small; scales 
 excentrically peltate, loosely imbricated. Pistillate Fl. Aments 
 terminal, small, somewhat depressed ; scales quadrifariously imbri- 
 cated, slightly recurved at apex, — forming an ovoid or subglobose 
 tuberculaie strobile, at first closed, finally opening. Seeds naked, 
 with a narrow margin. Ord. CXXXII. Coniferae. p. 185. 
 Ricinus. Staminate Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens numerous. 
 Pistillate Fl. Perianth 3-parted. Style short ; stigmas 3, bifid. 
 Capsule muricate, 3-celled; cells 1-seeded. Ord. CXXII. Euphor- 
 biaceae. p. 153. 
 
 Lagenaria. Calyx campanulate or turbinate. Petals 5, obovate, 
 adnate to the calyx below its border., Staminate Fl. Stamens 5, 
 triadelphous: anthers very long and tortuous. Pistillate Fl. 
 Ovary inferior ; stigmas 3, 2-lobed, subsessile. Fruit a ligneous 
 pepo, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Seeds arillate, with tumid 
 margin. Ord. LXIII. Cucureitaceae. p. 57. 
 
 Cucumis. Ca-yx tubular-campanulate. Petals 5, nearly distinct 
 and free from the calyx. Staminate Fl. Stamens 5, triadelphous ; 
 anthers very long and tortuous. Pistillate Fl. (sometimes perfect): 
 Ovary inferior, oblong ; stigmas 3, 2-lobed, subsessile. Fruit an 
 oblong fleshy 3 to 6-celled pepo. Seeds not arillate, acute at base 
 and on the margin. Ord. LXIII. Cucurbitaceae. p. 58. 
 
OF THE GENERA TREATED OF XLVU 
 
 Citrullus. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-parted. Petals 5, ad- 
 nate to the calyx. Staminate Fl. Stamens 5, triadelphous ; anthers 
 long and tortuous. Pistillate Fl. Ovary inferior, subglobose ; 
 stigmas 3, convex, reniform-cordate. Fruit a globose or elliptic 
 pepo, 3 to 6-celled, succulent or fleshy. Seeds obovate-oblong, 
 truncate at base, obtuse on the margin. Ord. LXIII. Cucurbita- 
 ceal. p. 59. 
 
 Cucukbita. Corolla campanulate, — the petals cohering with each 
 other and with the calyx. Staminate Fl. Calyx campanulate, with 
 a short tube. Stamens 5, triadelphous and syngenesious ; anthers 
 straight and parallel, with the base and apex abruptly curved. 
 Pistillate Fl. Ovary inferior; calyx with an obovoid tube, cir- 
 cumscissed below the limb after flowering ; stigmas 3, thick, 2-lcbed. 
 Fruit a fleshy or subligneous 3 to 5-celled pepo^ of various form — 
 either subglobose, oval, obovoid, clavate, or depressed and clypeate. 
 Seeds ovate, with the margin scarcely tumid. Ord. LXIII. Cucur- 
 bitaceae. p. 59. 
 
 DIOECIV BIANDRIA. 
 
 Saltx. Aments cylindric; sca'es imbricated, 1-flowcred. Perianth 
 0. Staminate Fl. Stamens 2 to 5, with a nectariferous gland at 
 base. Pistillate Fl. Ovary acuminate, with a nectariferous gland 
 at base ; stigmas 2, bifid. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved. Seeds mi- 
 nute, comose. Ord. CXXVlIl. Salicaceae. p. 171. 
 
 [Fraxinus. Ord. CV. Oleaceak. -p. 134.] 
 TRIANDRIA. 
 Ficus. Flowers numerous and very minute, on the inner surface of 
 the hollow turbinate carnose receptacle ; orifice of the receptacle 
 closed by small scales. Staminate Fl. Perianth 3 -par ted. Pistil- 
 late Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Ovary 1-celled ; style lateral ; stigma 
 bifid. Utricles minute, membranaceous, dry, I -seeded, lining and 
 filling the cavity of the succulent pyriform receptacle. Ord. CXXXI. 
 Urticaceae. p. 178. 
 
 TETR ANURIA . 
 Maclura. Staminate Fl. racemose. Perianth 4-parted ; segments 
 ovate. Ovary abortive. Pistillate Fl. coalesced in a dense glo- 
 bose head. Perianth 4-sepaled, — the sepals cucullate-concave. 
 Ovary sessile, compressed, 1-celled ; styles 2, — one usually abortive, 
 the other elongated and very villous. Al-enes 1 -seeded, included in 
 the baccate coalesced perianths. Ord. CXXXI. Urticaceae. p. 177. 
 
 Broussonetia. Staminate Fl. Spikes ament-like. Perianth 4- 
 parted. Pistillate Fl. crowded in a dense capitate compound 
 cluster, mixed with hairy scales. Perianth urceolate, 3 or 4-toothed. 
 Ovary ovate, 1-celled; style filiform, excentric. A&ene subcarnose, 
 elevated on the baccate receptacle, and partially embraced by the 
 perianth. Ord. CXXXf. Urticaceae. p. 178. 
 
 [Moms. Urtica. Crd. CXXXI. Urticaceae. p. 170-9.] 
 PENTANBRIA. 
 Htjmulus. Staminate Fl. Perianth of 5 equal sepals. Ovary 
 wholly abortive. Pistillale Fl. Aments ovoid-oblong; scales or 
 bracts membranaceous, entire, imbricated, enlarging, 2-flowered. 
 Perianth urceolate, thin and transparent, closely embracing the 
 
XLVill LINNEAN ARRANGEMENT, ETC. 
 
 ovary. Ovary ovate, 1-celled; stigmas 2, subulate. Ahenes resi- 
 nous-glandular. Ord. CXXX1. Urticaceae. p. 180. 
 
 Cannabis. Stajiinate Fl. racemose. Perianth deeply 5-parted. 
 Pistillate Fl. glomerate. Perianth ventricose at base, acuminate, 
 including tbe ovary, slit on one side. Ovary subglobose, 1-celled ; 
 stigmas 2, subsessile, elongated, pubescent. Nut ovoid, 1-seeded, 
 indehiscent. Ord. CXXXI. Urticaceae. p. 180. 
 Spinacia. Staminate Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Pistillate Fl. Pe- 
 rianth ventricose-tubular, 2 or 3-toothed. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled j 
 stigmas 4, subsessile, long and filiform. AJcene roundish-ovoid, in- 
 closed in the persistent indurated (and sometimes muricate) perianth. 
 Or.D. CV1I. Chenopodiaceae. p. 138. 
 
 [Rhus. Okd. XXXIX. Axacardiaceae. p. 23.] 
 
 [Acer. Ord. XLI. Aceraceae. p. 2G.] 
 
 [Vitis. Ord. XLVI. Vitaceae. p. 28.] 
 [Nysaa. Ord. CXIV. Santalaceae. p. 149.] 
 KEXANDRIA. 
 Smilax. Perianth colored, campanulate, deeply 6-parted. Pistil- 
 late Fl. Ovary superior ; stigmas 3, subsessile. Berry globose, 1 
 to 3-celled, 1 to 3-seeded. Ord. CL1. Suilaceae. p. 193. 
 
 [Glechtschia. Ord. XLVIII. Legumixosae. p. 41.] 
 
 [Rumex Acetosella. Ord. CXI. Polygoxaceae. p. 143.] 
 
 [Sabal. Ord. CXXXIV. Palmae. p. 188.] 
 
 OCTANDRIA. 
 
 Populus. Aments cylindric ; scales lacerately fringed. Perianth 
 
 sub-turbinate, oblique, entire. Ovary superior, 1-celled; stigmas 2, 
 
 elongated, bifid, subsessile-. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds minute, comose. 
 
 Ord. CXXVIII. Salicaceae. p. 172. 
 
 ENNEANDRIA. 
 [Sassafras. Benzoin. Ord. CXIII. Latjraceae. p. 147-S.] 
 DECANDRIA. 
 Ailanthus. Dioicously Polygamous : Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5- 
 petaled. Staminate Fl. Stamens as long as the corolla, — the alter- 
 nate ones opposite the petals, and a little shorter. Ovaries 5, or 
 fewer, abortive rudiments. Pistillate Fl. Ovaries 3 to 5, free, 
 compressed, 1-celled ; style lateral ; stigma subcapitate. Samarae 
 3 to 5, or fewer by abortion, oblong, tumid in the centre. Perfect 
 Fl. with 2 or 3 stamens. Ord. XL. Xanthoxylaceae. p. 25. 
 
 MONADELPHIA. 
 Juniperus. Staminate Fl. Aments ovoid-oblong ; scales excentri- 
 cally peltate, imbricated. Pistillate Fl. Aments ovoid, axillary, 
 bracteate at base. Involucre of 3 to 6 scales, which coalesce and 
 become a subglobose drupaceous tuberculate fruit, inclosing 2 or 3 
 naked angular nut-like seeds. Ord. CXXXII. Coniferae. p. 186. 
 
 CRYPTOGAMIA (CLASS). 
 
 The few Genera, in the present work, which belong to this Class, 
 will be found in the Series of Flowerless Plants, — where they can 
 be as readily determined by their natural characters, as by any arti- 
 ficial arrangement. In fact, the Cryptogamoits plants are necessa- 
 rily disposed in conformity with the Natural Method. 
 
Le Naturaliste place a c6te les uns des autres tous les etres qui ont le plus 
 grand nombre d' organes communs ou semblables, et separe ceux qui u'en pos- 
 sedent en communqu'un petit nombre ; d'oii resulte que, tandisquela perfection 
 d'un systeme artificiel est de ne compliquer le caractere des classes que du plus 
 petit nombre d'idees possible, une methode naturelle, au contraire, est d'autant 
 plus parfaite, que les caracteres des classes peuvent exprimer un plus grand 
 nombre d'idees. De Candolle. 
 
 The true Naturalist arranges or groups together all those beings which have 
 the greatest number of organs in common, or of similar structure, — and sepa- 
 rates those which possess but a small number of them in common: whence it 
 results that, while the perfection of an Artificial System consists in connecting 
 with the character of the Classes the smallest possible number of ideas. — a Na- 
 tural Method, on the contrary, is so much the more perfect, as the characters of 
 the Classes are expressive of a greater number of ideas. 
 
GROUPS AND ORDERS 
 
 NOTICED IN THIS WORK. 
 
 The Vegetable Kingdom is arranged, by Prof. A. Gray in his 
 Botanical Text-Bool: (which arrangement is here adopted,) in two 
 Series, or grand Divisions, — known as Bhaenogamotis or Flowering 
 Plants, and Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants. These, again, are 
 subdivided; and the plants belonging to them are disposed, accord- 
 ing to their structure and affinities, in Classes, Sub-Classes, Divi- 
 sions, Groups, Orders, Sub-Orders, Tribes, Stcb-Tribes, Genera^ 
 Sub-Genera, Species and Varieties. 
 
 The following is a Synoptical View of the general arrangement 
 and grouping of the Natural Orders, or Families, to which the 
 plants described in the present work are referable : for which, as 
 the intelligent reader will perceive, I am indebted to the valuable 
 Text-booh, above mentioned. 
 
 SFRTFS T 
 
 PHAENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 Plants furnished with Flotuers (essentially consisting of stamens 
 and pistils), and producing proper Seeds. 
 
 CLASS I. EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Stem consisting of a distinct bark and pith, which are separated 
 by an interposed layer of woody fibres and vessels, forming genuine 
 wood in all perennial stems : increase in diameter effected by the 
 annual deposition of new layers between the old wood and the 
 bark, — which layers are arranged in concentric zones or rings, and 
 traversed by medullary rays. Leaves commonly articulated with 
 the stem, — their veins branching and reticulated. Sepals and Petals, 
 when present, most commonly in Jives — sometimes in fours — and 
 very rarely in threes.* Embryo with two (in the Conifer ae with a 
 verticil of several) Cotyledons. 
 
 * A complete symmetrical Floiver consists of 4 distinct successive orders of 
 verticils or whorls of modified leaves, crowded together at the summit of a stem, 
 branch, or peduncle, — the members or constituent parts of the successive verti- 
 cils being known as Sepals, Petals, Stamens, and Pistils. The normal or regular 
 number of these modified leaves, in each floral verticil of Exogenous plants, is 
 five ; but ihey are subject to much variation, — and one or more of them is often 
 suppressed, or abortive — especially in the superior, central, or pistillate verticil. 
 Sometimes the members of these verticils are more than five ; in which cases 
 they are frequently ten, or some multiple of five — clearly indicating a doubling 
 or multiplication of one or more of the normal orders of verticils. This is re- 
 markably the case with the staminate verticil ; and such multiplied stamens are, 
 moreover, apt to be imperfectly metamorphosed, or left in the form and condi- 
 tion of Staminodia, — and even of complete Petals : in which latter state they 
 constitute what are called double flowers. In Endogenous plants, the floral ver- 
 ticils are usually less complete ; and each consists, normally, of three members, 
 — or, when increased in number, of six, or some multiple of three. The Sepals 
 (or lower verticil), in this class, often appear to be wanting; or are so blended 
 with the petals as scarcely to be distinguished, 
 
LU GROUPS AND ORDERS 
 
 SUB-CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. 
 
 Ovules produced within a closed ovary , and fertilized by the ac- 
 tion of pollen through the medium of a stigma. Embryo with 
 a pair of opposite Cotyledons. 
 
 DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS. * 
 
 Floral envelopes consisting generally of both Calyx and Corolla,— 
 the petals distinct, or but slightly connected {united in Ord. LXIII. 
 Cucurbitaceae. p. 57. wanting in some species of Fraxinus, Ord. 
 CV. Oleaceae. p. 134.). 
 
 Group 1. Ovaries several or numerous (solitary in Berberidaceae), 
 distinct ; when in several rows sometimes coherent with each other, 
 but not united into a compound pistil. Petals and Stamens inserted 
 on the receptacle (hypogynous). Seeds albuminous. 
 
 U3r* Stamens or Pistils (one or both) numerous or indefinite. 
 Ord. I. Ranu.xculaceae. p. 1. Ord. II. Magnoliaceae. p. 3. 
 
 Group 3.f Ovary compound (composed of 2 or more united car- 
 pels), with parietal placentae ! Calyx entirely free from the ovary ! 
 Stamens and Petals inserted on the receptacle, — the former mostly 
 distinct. Leaves not dotted. 
 
 a. Sepals 2, or rarely 3, caducous. 
 Ord . XI. Papaveraceae. p. 4. 
 
 b. Sepals and Petals 4, or rarely 6. 
 Ord. XIII. Cruciferae. p. 5. 
 
 Group 4. Ovary compound, with the placentae parietal, — or 2 to 
 5-celled by the meeting of the placentae in the axis; styles distinct, 
 or partly united. Calyx entirely free from the ovary. Stamens and 
 Petals inserted on the receptacle, — the former often united in 3 or 
 more parcels (polyadelphous). Seeds with a straight embryo, and 
 little or no albumen. Leaves punctate with transparent or black dots. 
 Ord. XIX. Hypericaceae. p. 13. 
 
 Group 5. Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a free central placen- 
 ta, — or 2 to several-celled, with the placentae in the axis, — free 
 from the calyx, or nearly so. Embryo coiled around the outside of 
 mealy albumen ! 
 
 Uj^ Petals 3 to 5 or 6, rarely wanting. 
 Ord. XXI. Caryophyllaceae. p. 14. Ord. XXIII. Portulacaceae. p. 15. 
 
 Group 6. Ovary compound and several-celled, with the placentae 
 in the axis, — sometimes several carpels more or less coherent with 
 each other, or with a central axis. Calyx free, valvate in aestiva- 
 tion. Stame?is indefinite, monadelphous, or sometimes polyadel- 
 phous, inserted with the petals (with which they frequently cohere) 
 
 * A few instances of polypetalous flowers occur in Order LXX VIII] Eri- 
 caceae,(viz. in Sub-Order III. Pyroleae) — which is, nevertheless, placed in the 
 tnonopetalous division of the Series. 
 
 t For the sake of conformity and convenient reference, I have not numbered 
 the Groups and Orders, here given, consecutively ; but have retained the num- 
 bers as they are applied in the second edition of Dr. Gray's Text-book. 
 
NOTICED IN THIS WORK LIU 
 
 into the receptacle, or on the base of the calyx. Embryo usually 
 curved, — the foliaceous cotyledons twisted and plicately folded. 
 Ord. XXV. Malvaceae, p. 16. Ord. XXVI. Tiliaceae. p. 18. 
 
 Group 7. Ovary compound, with 2 or more cells, and the placen- 
 tae in the axis, free from the calyx, which is imbricated in aestiva- 
 tion. Stamens indefinite, or twice as many as the petals, often mo- 
 nadelphous or polyadelphous, inserted with the petals into the re- 
 ceptacle. Seeds nearly or quite destitute of albumen. Embryo 
 mostly straight, with large or thickened cotyledons. 
 
 Ord. XXVIII. Atjrantiaceae. p. 19. Ord. XXIX. Meliaceae. p. 20. 
 
 Group 8. Ovary compound, or of several carpels adhering to a 
 central axis, with 1 or more ovules in each cell or carpel, free from 
 the calyx, which is mostly imbricated in aestivation. Petals as ma- 
 ny as the sepals, or sometimes fewer. Stameiis usually as many, 
 or twice as many, as the petals, inserted on the receptacle, com- 
 monly monadelphous. Seeds usually with little or no albumen. 
 Flowers perfect. 
 
 a. Flowers regular, or nearly so : Calyx imbricate. 
 
 Ord. XXXI. Linaceae. p. 21. 
 
 b. Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical. 
 
 Ord. XXXV. Tropaeolaceae. ^ . 22. 
 
 Group 9. Ovary compound, with 2 or several cells, — or, Carpels 
 several, and more or less united by their styles. Calyx free. Petals 
 as many as the sepals, or rarely wanting. Stamens once or twice 
 as many as the petals, distinct, inserted on the receptacle, or base of 
 the calyx. Flowers often dioicous or polygamous, regular. 
 Ord. XXXIX. Axacardjaceae. p. 23. Ord. XL. Xaxtiioxylaceae. p. 24. 
 
 Group 10. Ovary compound, mostly 2 or 3-lobed, 2 or 3-celled, 
 with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell, free from the calyx, which is imbri- 
 cated in aestivation. Petals mostly irregular, or one fewer than 
 the sepals, sometimes wanting. Stamens distinct, definite, inserted 
 on or around a hypogynous disk. Seeds destitute of albumen. Em- 
 bryo curved, with large cotyledons. Floivers often polygamous. 
 Ord. XLI. Aceraceae. p, 25. Ord. XLII. Hippocastaxaceae. p. 27. 
 
 Group 11. Ovary compound, 2 to 5-celled, free or sometimes adhe- 
 rent to the calyx. Petals and Stamens as many as the lobes of the 
 calyx and inserted into its base or throat, or into the disk which 
 covers its base. Seeds albuminous, with a large and straight em- 
 bryo. Floicers perfect, or sometimes polygamous or dioicous. 
 U^r* Stamens opposite the petals ! 
 Ord. XL VI. Vitaceae. p. 28. 
 
 Group 12. Ovary compound, 2-celled, free from the calyx. Sepals 
 and Petals very irregular. Stamens monadelphous, — tube of fila- 
 ments split on one side, and more or less united with the claws of 
 the hypogynous petals ; anthers 1-celled, opening by a pore at the 
 apex ! Seeds albuminous. 
 
 Ord. XL VII. Polygalaceae. p. 30. 
 
 Group 13. Ovary simple and solitary, free from the calyx, — the 
 
 E* 
 
IJV GROUPS AND ORDERS 
 
 fruit a Legume. Corolla papilionaceous, or sometimes regular. 
 Stamens monadelphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Seeds destitute 
 
 of albumen. 
 
 Ord. XL VIII. Leguminosae. p. 31. 
 
 Group 14. Ovaries simple and distinct, or compound and 2 to sev- 
 eral-celled, with the placentae in the axis. Calyx free, or often ad- 
 herent to the ovary. Petals regular, inserted on the throat of the 
 calyx. Stamens distinct, inserted with the petals. Seeds destitute 
 of albumen. Embryo straight. 
 
 a. Stamens mostly indefinite. 
 Ord. XLIX. Rosaceae. p. 41. 
 
 b. Stamens definite. 
 Ord. LIV. Onagraceae. p. 54. 
 
 Group 15. Ovary compound, 1-celled, with parietal placentae. 
 
 Calyx adherent to the ovary, or sometimes free, — when adherent, 
 
 bearing the petals and stamens on its throat, and the flowers perfect. 
 
 f£7=* Calyx adherent to the ovary. 
 
 Ord. LIX. Grossulaceae. p. 55. 
 
 Group 16. Ovary compound, 2 to several-celled (or 1-celled by 
 obliteration), — the placentae arising from the axis, but carried out- 
 ward to the walls of the pericarp. Calyx adherent to the ovary. 
 Corolla frequently monopetalous ! Stamens united either by the fil- 
 aments or anthers. Flowers monoicous or dioicous. 
 Ord. LXIII. Cucfrbitaceae. p. 57. 
 
 Group 17. Ovaries two or more, distinct or partly united, — or com- 
 bined into a compound pistil, which has 2 or more cells with the 
 placentae in the axis, — or sometimes 1-celled with parietal placen- 
 tae. Calyx free from the ovary, or sometimes more or less adherent. 
 Stamens mostly definite, and, with the petals, inserted on the calyx. 
 Seeds numerous, with a straight embryo in the midst of albumen. 
 Ord. LXV. Saxifragaceae. p. 61. 
 
 Group 18. Ovary compound, 2- (rarely 1- 3- or 5-) celled, with a 
 single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell. Calyx usual- 
 ly closely adherent to the ovary. Stamens as many as the petals, 
 and inserted with them upon the throat of the calyx, or on an epi- 
 gynous disk. Seeds with a small embryo in the midst of hard albu- 
 men. Petals mostly valvate in aestivation. 
 
 U3P" Calyx-tube entirely adherent to the ovary : Stamens and petals epigynous. 
 
 Ord. LXVII. Umlelliferae. p. 62. Ord. LXVIII. Araliaceae. p. 69. 
 
 Ord. LXIX. Corxaceae. p. 70. 
 
 DIVISION II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS. * 
 
 Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, — the petals 
 more or less united (forming what is more correctly termed a gamo- 
 petalous corolla.) 
 
 *The plants belonging to Ord. LXlII. Cucurbit a ceae, although commonly 
 wnopetalous (i.e. gamopetalous), wil 1 Ko &»««»i3 ;« »v>~ m .«7..««*#«in«»« ^"'"'ox • imf 
 -orae species of Fraxinus, belonginj 
 this Division, are destitute of petals. 
 
 J-Jit, plains UCKJIJglllg IU KJK.U. ij^Vlll. ^UCUKBllAtlSAE, ailllULlUll cuiiiiiiuui y 
 
 monopetalous (i. e. gamopetalous), will be found in the polypetalous division : And 
 some species of Fraxinus, belonging to Ord. CV. Oleaceae.j?. 134, at the end of 
 
NOTICED IN THIS WORK LV 
 
 Group 1. Ovary adherent to the calyx (inferior), 2 to several-celled, 
 with 1 or many ovules in each cell. Seeds albuminous. Stamens 
 inserted on the corolla. 
 
 Ord. LXXI. Caprifoliaceae. p. 71. Ord. LXXII. Rubiaceae. p. 72. 
 
 Group 2. Ovary adherent to the calyx (the limb or free portion of 
 which assumes the form of a crown, or pappus, — or else is obsolete), 
 1-celled and 1-ovuled, — rarely 3-celled, with 2 of the cells empty. 
 Seeds with little or no albumen. Stamens inserted on the corolla. 
 Fruit a kind of Akene (or Aclienium). Flowers usually crowded 
 into heads. 
 
 a. Stamens distinct. Seed suspended. 
 Ord. LXXIV. Dipsaceae. p. 73. 
 
 b. Stamens syngenesious. Seed erect. 
 Ord. LXX V. CoMrosiTAE. p. 74. 
 
 Group 3. Ovary adherent to the calyx, 2 to 7- (rarely 1-) celled, 
 
 with numerous ovules.. Seeds albuminous. Stamens inserted with 
 
 the corolla upon an epigynous disk ; anthers not opening by pores. 
 
 Ord. LXXVI. Lobeliaceae.,z>. 100. 
 
 Group 4. Ovary sometimes adherent to the calyx, but generally 
 free (superior), with 2 or more cells, and usually with numerous 
 ovules. Seeds albuminous. Stamens inserted with the corolla 
 (either hypogynous or epigynous), or rarely adherent to its base, — 
 as many, or twice as many as its lobes ; anthers commonly opening 
 by pores or chinks. Petals sometimes distinct ! 
 Ord. LXXVIII. Ericaceae, p. 101. 
 
 Group 5. Ovary free, or rarely adherent to the calyx, several- 
 celled, with a single ovule (or at least a single seed) in each cell. — 
 Stamens definite ; anthers not opening by pores. 
 Ord. LXXX. Ebenaceae. p. 104. 
 
 Group 7. Ovary free (superior), 1-celled with a single ovule, — or 
 2-celled with several ovules attached to, a thick central placenta. — 
 Stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla, or the nearly 
 distinct petals, — either alternate with or opposite to them. Seeds 
 albuminous. 
 
 Ord. LXXXIV. Plantaginaceae. p. 105. 
 
 Group 8. Ovary free, 1 or 2-(or spuriously 4-) celled, with numer- 
 ous ovules. Corolla bilabiate, or more or less irregular ; the Sta- 
 mens inserted upon its tube, and mostly fewer than its lobes. 
 Ord. LXXXVIII. Bignoniaceae. p. 107.. Ord. LXXXIX. Tedaliaceae. p. 108. 
 Ord. XCI. Scrophulariaceae. p. 109. 
 
 Group 9. Ovary free, 2 to 4-lobed, in fruit separating into as many 
 Nuts or Akenes. Corolla regular, or irregular (bilabiate), — the Sta- 
 me?is inserted on its tube, equal in number or fewer than its lobes. 
 Seeds with little or no albumen. 
 
 a. Corolla irregular or bilabiate. 
 
 Ord. XCII. Verbenaceae. p. 110. Ord. XCIII. Labiatae. p. 111. 
 
 b. Corolla regular. 
 
 Ord. XCIV. Boragixaceae. p. 122. 
 
 Group 10. Ovary free, compound, — or the carpels 2 or more and 
 
LV1 GROUPS AND ORDERS 
 
 distinct ; ovules usually numerous in each cell. Corolla regular, — 
 the Stamens inserted on its tube, as many as the lobes and alternate 
 with them. Fruit capsular, follicular, or baccate. 
 
 a. Ovary compound (of 2 or more united Carpels.) 
 
 Ord. XCIX. Convolvulaceae p. 124. Oed. C. Solanaceae. p. 127. 
 
 Ord. CI. Gentiaxaceae. p. 132. 
 
 b. Ovaries mostly 2 and distinct — at least in fsuit. 
 
 Ord. CIIJ. Asclepiadaceae. p. 133. 
 
 Group 11. Ovary free, 2-celled; cells 1 to 3-ovuled, in fruit 1 or 2- 
 seeded. Corolla regular (the Petals sometimes nearly distinct, and 
 occasionally wanting). Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla 
 (usually 2), inserted on its tube, or upon the receptacle. 
 Ord. CV. Oleaceae. p. 134. 
 
 DIVISION III. APETALOUS EXOGENS. 
 
 Corolla mostly none ;* the floral envelopes consisting of a single 
 series or verticil {Calyx), — or sometimes entirely wanting. 
 
 Group 1. Flowers perfect, with a colored or petaloid calyx. Ovary 
 of several cells, with numerous ovules in each. 
 
 Ord. CVI. Aristolociiiaceae. p. 137. 
 Gkoup 2. Flowers perfect, or rarely polygamous, with a regular 
 and sometimes a petaloid calyx. Ovules solitary in each ovary, or 
 cell. Embryo curved or coiled around the outside of mealy albu- 
 men, or spiral,— rarely in the axis. 
 
 a. Ovary 1-celled or simple. 
 
 Ord. CVII. Ciienopodiaceae. p. 137. Ord. C1X. Amaraxthaceae. p. 140. 
 
 Oed. CXI. Toia-con-aceae. jj. 142. 
 
 b. Ovary compound — a verticil of united carpels. 
 
 Ord. CXII. Phytolacoaceae. p. 146. 
 
 Group 3. Flowers perfect, or sometimes polygamo-dioicous, not 
 disposed in aments, having a regular and often petaloid calyx. 
 Ovary l-(rarely 2-) celled, with a solitary ovule — or at least a single 
 seed, in each cell. Embryo not coiled around albumen. 
 
 a. Style or Stigma 1. 
 
 Okd. CXIII. Lairaceae. p. 147. Okd. CXIY. Saxtalaceae. p. 149. 
 
 b. Styles or stigmas 2. divergent. 
 
 Ord. CXVII. Ulmaceae. p. 150. 
 
 Gaour 6. Flowers monoicous or dioicous, not in aments. Fruit 
 capsular, tricoccous, or drupaceous with 2 or more cells. — each cell 
 l-(rarely2-) seeded. 
 
 Ord. CXXII. Euphorbiaceae. p. 152. 
 
 Group 7. Flowers monoicous or dioicous,— the sterile ones (and 
 sometime the fertile ones also) in aments, or in heads, or spikes. 
 Calyx sometimes wanting. Ovary 1- to several-celled, — but the 
 fruit always 1-celled, except in Liquidambar. Trees, or shrubs, 
 with the exception of some of the Urticaceae, which are herbaceous. 
 
 *The flowers of some of the plants belongingto Euphorbiaceae (Ord. CXXII.) 
 —and also to Juglandaceae (Ord. CXXIV.).— are furnished with a Corolla. 
 
NOTICED IN THIS WORK LVll 
 
 a. Fruit drupaceous, — the Fpicarp fibrous or coriaceous : Calyx adherent. 
 Ord. CXXIV. Juglandaceae. p. 154. 
 
 b. Fruit a nut, involucrate : Calyx adherent. 
 Ord. CXXV. Cupdliferae. p. 158. 
 
 C. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded: Flowers all in aments, and destitute of a calyx. 
 Ord. CXXVII Betuxaceae. p. 169. 
 
 d. Fruit dehiscent, many-seeded, — the seeds comose: Flowers all in araents, 
 
 and destitute of a calyx. 
 
 Ord. CXXVIII. Salicaceae. p. 171. 
 
 e. Fruit a nut, or a 2-celled few-seeded capsule : Flowers in globose amenta- 
 
 ceous heads, destitute of a calyx. 
 
 Ord. CXXIX. Balsamifluae. p. 174. Ord. CXXX. Plataxaceae. p. 174. 
 
 f. Fruit an Akene, often included in a baccate calyx : Flowers variously dis- 
 
 posed. Juice milky, when in trees or shrubs. 
 Ord. CXXXI. Urticaceae. p. 175. 
 
 SUB-CLASS II. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. 
 
 Ovules, and consequently the seeds naked — i. e. not inclosed in an 
 ovary, — the carpel being represented either by an open scale, as in 
 the Pines ; or by a more evident leaf, as in Cycas ; or else altogeth- 
 er wanting) as in the Yew. Of course, there is neither Style nor 
 Stigma. 
 
 Ord. CXXXII. Coxiferae. p. 181. 
 
 CLASS II. 
 ENDOGENOUS OR MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Stem not distinguishable into bark, pith and wood ; no concentric 
 zones or layers, and no medullary rays ; increase in diameter effect- 
 ed by a central deposit of new fibres. Leaves not articulated with 
 the stem, but often sheathing at base, — the veins simple and nearly 
 parallel. Floral envelopes, when present, mostly in threes (or some 
 multiple of three,) — the calyx and corolla often undistinguishable. 
 Embryo with a single cotyledon. 
 
 Group 1. Flowers on a spadix, furnished with a double perianth 
 (calyx and corolla). Ovary 1 to 3-celled, with a single ovule in 
 each cell. Trees with unbranched columnar trunks. 
 Ord. CXXXIV. Palmae.^. 187. 
 
 Group 2. Floioers mostly on a spadix, with the perianth wanting, 
 or scale-like, — rarely regular and single (calyx). Chiefly aquatic 
 herbs. 
 
 Ord. CXXXV. Araceae. p. 183. Ord. CXXXVII. Typhaceae. p. 190. 
 
 Group. 3. Flowers not on a spadix, furnished with a double peri- 
 anth (calyx and corolla). Ovaries 3 to 6, or numerous, free, dis- 
 tinct, or more or less united. Aquatic or swamp herbs. 
 Ord. CXXXIX. Alismaceae . p. 191. 
 
 Group 4. Flowers with a single or double perianth, which adheres 
 
 either to the lower part, or to the whole surface, of the ovary. Herbs. 
 
 Ord. CXLVI. Bromeliaceae. p. 192. 
 
LViil GROUPS AND ORDERS NOTICED. 
 
 Group 5. Flowers with a regular perianth, often in 2 series which 
 are similar and more or less petaloid, or rarely (viz. in Ord. CLV. 
 Juncaceae. p. 198.) glumaceous, free from the ovary. Embryo in- 
 closed in albumen. Herbs ; rarely shrubby and climbing plants. 
 
 Ord. GLI. Smilaceae. p. 193. Ord. CLII. Liliaceae. p. 194. 
 
 Ord. CLV. Juncaceae. p. 19S. 
 
 Grodp 7. Flowers imbricated with chaffy bracts (glumes and pa- 
 leae), and disposed in spikelets, — but with no proper floral envel- 
 opes or perianth, except in the form of bristles, or small rudimentary 
 scales. Ovary 1-celled, with a solitary ovule ; fruit an Akene, or 
 Caryopsis. Embryo at the extremity of the albumen next the hilum. 
 Sedges and Grasses . 
 
 Ord. CL1X. Cyperaceae. p. 199. Ord. CLX. Gramineae. p. 201. 
 SERIES II 
 
 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 
 
 Plants destitute of flowers (or with mere analogues, or resemblances 
 of stamens and pistils), and producing no -proper seeds, — but 
 propagated by minute cellular particles, or seminal equivalents, - 
 called Spores or sporules, — which are often contained in vessels, 
 coverings, or cavities, called Thecae, Sporanges, Sj>orocarps, or 
 Sporidia — and aggregated on certain parts of the plants : sometimes 
 the spores are naked — scattered over the surface, or immersed in 
 the substance, of the parent plants. 
 
 CLASS III. ACROGENOUS OR APEX-GROWING PLANTS. 
 
 Stem extending or growing only at the summit, — having no pro- 
 vision for continued increase in diameter, either by external layers 
 or internal deposit of new fibres. 
 
 Ord. CLXI. Eqtjisetaceae. p. 237. Ord. CLXII. Ltcopodiaceae. p. 237. 
 
 Ord. CLXIII. Filices. p. 238. 
 
 CLASS IV. 
 ANOPHYTES, OR SUPERIOR CELLULAR PLANTS. 
 
 Plants wholly cellular — i. e. destitute of vascular and woody fibres^ 
 — but still resembling the superior Orders of vegetation, in having 
 distinct stems and foliage, and the analogues or equivalents oi flowers. 
 
 Ord. CLXV. Mrsci. p. 239. 
 
 CLASS V. 
 THALLOPHYTES, OR VEGETABLE EXPANSIONS. 
 
 Plants wholly cellular in their structure, — developing themselves 
 (often indefinitely) in flat leaf-like expansions (Thalli), or in round- 
 ish masses — but with no clear indication of a distinct root, stem, or 
 foliage. 
 
 Ord. CLXVII. Lichexes. p. 240. Ord. CLXVIII. Fttngi. p. 242. 
 
 Ord. CLXX. Algae, p. 246. 
 
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 
 
 SERIES I. 
 
 PHAENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS. 
 
 ORDER I. RANUNCULACEAE. Juss. 
 
 Herbaceous (rarely frutescent, and occasionally climbing) plants, with an acrid 
 watery juice. Leaves mostly alternate, variously lobed or divided— the petioles 
 more or less dilated and stem-clasping at base. Calyx of 3 to 6 — usually 5 — distinct 
 sepals, mostly deciduous. Petals 5 to 15, sometimes deformed or irregular — occa- 
 sionally absent. Stamens indefinite, distinct. Ovaries numerous (rarely few, or 
 solitary), distinct. Embryo minute, at the base of firm albumen. 
 
 This Family comprises a number of plants of considerable beauty; but few of 
 Agricultural importance. Some species of Ranunculus are highly acrid ; the 
 Aconites are even poisonous; and the warmly aromatic seeds of Nigella sativa, L. 
 have been used as a substitute for the Nutmeg. These, however, scarcely come 
 withiu the scope of the present work. 
 
 TRIBE II. RANUNCULEAE. DC. 
 
 Petals with a small nectariferous scale, gland or pore, at base inside. Anthers 
 extrorse. Carpels dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed ereut, or sometimes suspended. 
 
 1. RANUNCULUS. L. Endl. Gen. 47S3. 
 
 [Latin, Rana, a frog ; the plant often growing where that animal is found.] 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5 (sometimes 10 or more), with a nectariferous scale, 
 pore or glandular spot, on the inside of the claw. Stamens mostly 
 numerous. Carpels numerous, compressed, ovate, pointed, disposed 
 in roundish or cylindrical heads. Seed erect, (rarely suspended).— 
 Annual or perennial Herbs. Leaves mostly radical, the cauline ones 
 at the base of the branches and peduncles. 
 
 K^* Carpels smooth and even. Leaves dissected. 
 1. R. bulbosus, L. Hairy; radical leaves petiolate, trifoliolate and 
 somewhat pinnately divided ; leaflets usually 3-cleft, incisely toothed, 
 the middle or terminal one petiolulate ; stem erect, bulbous at base ; 
 peduncles furrowed ; calyx reflexed, shorter than the petals ; carpels 
 subovate, with a short acute recurved beak. Torr. §• Gr. Fl. iV. A. 
 1. p. 24. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 41. Fl. Cestr. p. 331. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2. 
 Bulbous Ranunculus. Vulgb — Butter-cups. Crow-foot. 
 Fr. Bassinet. Germ. Knolliger Ranunkel. Span. Boton de Oro. 
 
 Root perennial. Stery about a foot high, often several from the same root, more 
 or less branched, clothed with appressed hairs. Leaves variously cut, the segments 
 cuneate. Peduncles 2 to 6 inches long, sulcate-angular. Petals sometimes more 
 than 5 (flowers double), deep yellow and shining. Carpels in a globose head.— ■ 
 Pastures and Meadows : introduced. Native of Europe. Ft. May. Fr. July. 
 
 1 
 
2 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Obs. This foreigner is becoming extensively naturalized, and is 
 considered quite a nuisance, by many farmers in Chester County, 
 Penn. — particularly in the meadows along the Brandywine. The 
 fleshy bulb is highly acrid, — affording a powerful rubefacient, and 
 even causing ulcers, when externally applied. Beggars in Europe, 
 it is said, use it for this purpose, in order to excite sympathy. I do 
 not know that cattle have been injured by it ; but as it is a trouble- 
 some weed, when fully introduced, it may be well for farmers to 
 know the plant, and eradicate it upon its first appearance in their 
 grounds. There are several native species, frequent in our wood- 
 lands, and moist low grounds ; but they have not been found trou- 
 blesome.* 
 
 TRIBE III. HELLEBOREAE. DC. 
 
 Calyx mostly petaloiti. Petals irregular, often bilabiate or tubular, nectariferous 
 — sometimes wanting. Carpels few (rarely solitary), follicular, dehiscent, sever- 
 al-seeded. 
 
 2. DELPHINIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 4796. 
 [Greek, Delphin, a dolphin; from a fancied resemblance in the nectaries.J 
 
 "Calyx petaloid, irregular, the upper sepal produced into a spur at 
 base. Petals 4, irregular, the two upper ones with a spur-shaped 
 appendage at base inclosed in the spur of the calyx. Ovaries 1 to 
 5, mostly 3. Follicles many-seeded. Annual or perennial Herbs. — 
 Leaves petiolate, palmately divided. Flowers in terminal racemes. 
 1. D. Consolida, L. Stem erect, with spreading branches ; leaves 
 many-parted, the segments linear ; flowers few, in loose racemes ; 
 pedicels longer than the bracts ; carpels solitary, smooth. Torr. 6r 
 Gr.Fl.N. A. 1. > 30. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 51. 
 
 Solder Delphinium. Vnlgd — Lark-spur. [Caballero. 
 
 Fr. Pied d' Alouette. Germ. Der Rittersporn. Span. Espuela de 
 
 Root annual. Stem about two feet high, and with the foliage and flowers some- 
 what pubescent. Floivers blue or violet-purple, sometimes the petals are multiplied 
 into double flowers. Grain fields, and waste places: introduced. Native of 
 Europe. Fl. July. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This plant (which gets its specific name from a supposed 
 virtue in soldering or uniting wounded flesh,) has strayed from the 
 gardens, in some places, and is an unwelcome intruder in grain fields 
 and other cultivated grounds. This, and a kindred species (D. Ajacis, 
 L. with few erect branches, longer and more crowded racemes,) are 
 so common in gardens, that it requires some attention to prevent 
 them from trespassing on the farm. Plants which have matured 
 their seed in the garden, should never be carried to the Barn-yard, 
 nor permitted to mingle with farm manure, — otherwise the fields 
 will soon be infested with pernicious and worthless weeds. 
 
 TRIBE IV. CIMICIFUGEAE. Torr. fy Gr. 
 Sepals petaloid, caducous. Petals (or rather Staminodia — dilated sterile fila- 
 ments,) 3 to 6 or 8. Anthers introrse. Carpels few — sometimes solitary, rarely 
 numerous — follicular or baccate, with several seeds, — sometimes indehiscent 
 and 1-seeded. Flowers occasionally unisexual, by abortion. 
 
 * My friend, Prof. A. Gray, of Cambridge, informs me that R. aeris, L. al9r> 
 called Butter-cups, and Upright Meadow Crow-foot — a kindred species, (with 
 palmately divided leaves, — the stem not bulbous at base, — and the peduncles not 
 furrowed), is quite common around Boston, — in Western New York, &c., and 
 deserves to be enumerated among the pernicious Weeds of the country. 
 
BAtfUNCULACEAE & 
 
 3. CIMICIFUGA. L. [Botrop.his. Raf. Endl. Gen,. 48.00.] 
 [Latin, Cimex, a bug. and fngare, to drive away ; in allusion to supposed virtues.] 
 
 Se])aZs 4 or 5. Petals (or Staminodia') 3 to 5 or 3, concave or un- 
 guiculate, — sometimes, by abortion, fewer or none. Stamens nu- 
 merous ; style short ; stigma simple. Carpels 1 to 8, follicular, 
 many-seeded. Perennial Herbs. Leaves bi- or tri-ternately divided. 
 Flowers in virgate racemes. 
 
 1. C. racemosa, Ell. Leaves triternate ; leaflets ovate-oblong; pe- 
 tals slender, forked at apex ; carpels solitary. Torr. &f Gr. Fl. iV. 
 A. I. p. 36. 
 
 Actsea racemosa. L. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 64. Fl. Cestr. p. 319. 
 Racemose Cimicifuga. Vulgb — Tall Snake-root. Black Snake-root. 
 
 Root perennial, large, branching. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, slender, smooth, leafy 
 near the middle, naked above and below, with one or two radical leaves on 
 long erect petioles. Leaves ternately decompound, petiolate ; leaflets 2 to 4 in- 
 dies long, acute or acuminate, unequally incised-dentate. the terminal one larger 
 and often 3-lobed. Racemes terminal, branching. 6 to 12 inches long. Sepals 4, 
 orbicular, concave, greenish white. Petals (or staminodia) 4 to S, slender, sub- 
 linear, bifurcate or emarginate at apex. Carpel ovoid, subcompressed, smooth, 
 obliquely beaked with the persistent style. Seeds compressed and angular. — 
 Rich woodlands. Fl. June. Fr. Sept. 
 
 Obs. The white terminal racemes of this plant, when in flower, 
 are quite conspicuous in the woodlands of Pennsylvania. The stern 
 and leaves, when bruised, emit a disagreeable odor. The root is 
 somewhat mucilaginous and astringent. Although a plant of no 
 Agricultural value — and probably over-rated as a medicine, — the 
 infusion of the bruised root is so generally regarded as a sort of 
 Panacea for stock (especially for sick cows), that every farmer 
 ought to know it, and be able with certainty to designate it. 
 
 ORDER II. MAGNOLIACEAE. Juss. DC. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, subcoriaceous. entire or lobed (never ser- 
 rate), often large, stipulate ; stipules convolute or nearly flat, membranaceous, 
 caducous. Flowers solitary, usually large and often fragrant. Calyx of 3 to 6 
 eolored deciduous sepals. Corolla of 3. 6. or many petals in concentric series. 
 Stamens numerous, mostly with short filaments, and long adnate anthers. — the 
 cells either introrse, lateral, or sometimes extrorse. Carpels several in a single 
 stellate verticil, — or more commonly numerous and spicate, or imbricated, 
 forming a kind of strobile on the prolonged receptacle. Seeds one or two in 
 each carpel ; sometimes with a pulpy covering, and suspended (when the car- 
 pels open) by a slender elastic cord. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy 
 albumen. 
 
 A small but splendid Family ; more ornamental, however, titan important in 
 Agriculture. 
 
 TRIBE II. MAGNOLIEAE. DC. 
 
 Carpels spicate on the elongated torus or receptacle. Anthers long. 
 
 4. MAGNOLIA. L. Endl. Gen. 4737. 
 [Named in honor of Prof. Pierre Magnol, a French Botanist.] 
 
 Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6 to 12. Anthers introrse or lateral. 
 Carpels forming a strobile-like fruit, persistent, dehiscent by the 
 dorsal suture. Seeds baccate, — -when mature, pendulous from the 
 open carpel by a long slender funiculus . Fine trees , in the U. 
 States (except the fragrant-flowered M. glauca, L. which is usually 
 a shrub, — though I have seen it 30 feet high). Stipules convolute, 
 Leaves sometimes perennial. 
 
4 POLTPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 1. M. acuminata, L. Leaves oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath, 
 deciduous ; petals 6 to 9, oblong-obovate. Torr. &(■ Gr. Fl. N. A* 
 1. p. 43. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 80. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 53. 
 Acuminate Magnolia. Vulgb — Cucumber tree. 
 Fr. Le Magnolier. Germ. Der Gurkenbaum. Span. Arbol de Castor. 
 
 Tree 50 to 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter at base. Leaves 6 to 10 
 or 12 inches long (on vigorous young saplings much larger — as is usually the 
 case with all trees). Flowers large, bluish white, often with a tinge of yellow ; 
 petals scarcely expanding. Fruit sub-cylindrie, 3 to 5 or 6 inches long. Moun- 
 tain forests, New York to Georgia. Fl. June— July. Fr. Sept.— October. 
 
 Obs. Several species of Magnolia are worthy of culture, as orna- 
 mental Shade-trees ; but as they are not otherwise important in 
 Agriculture, I have mentioned this one merely as a sample (and 
 perhaps one of the finest) of that noble genus. The green fruit 
 has some resemblance to a Cucumber (whence the common name 
 of the tree) ; and being intensely bitter and somewhat aromatic, a 
 tincture of it, prepared with whiskey, is a popular preventive of 
 autumnal fevers, with those who are fond of an excuse for taking 
 alcoholic medicine. 
 
 5. LIRIODENDRON. L. Endl. Gen. 4740. 
 [Greek, Leirion, a lily, and Dendron, a tree ; from its lily-like flowers.] 
 
 Sepals 3, caducous. Corolla campanulate j petals mostly 6. An- 
 thers extrorse. Carpels samaroid, indehiscent, densely imbricated 
 in a cone, 1 or 2-seeded. A large tree. Stipules nearly flat, and 
 applied face to face. 
 
 1. L. tulipifera, L. Leaves dilated, subcordate at base, 3-lobed, 
 the middle lobe broad and emarginately truncate. Torr. &c Gr. Fl. 
 N. A. 1. p. 44. D,C. Prodr. 1. p. 82. Fl. Cestr. p. 326. Icon, Mx. 
 Sylva, 2. tab. 61. [Tulip tree. 
 
 Tulip-bearing Liriodendron. Vulgb — Poplar. Tulip Poplar. — 
 Fr. Le Tulipier. Germ. Der Tulpenbaum. 
 
 Tree 80 to 120 feet high, and 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 feet in diameter. Leaves 4 to (5 
 inches long on old trees, and about as wide as long> — the side-lobes often with 
 a sinus making two points. Petals greenish-yellow, with tinges of reddish-or- 
 ange. Carpels 2-celled (one cell mostly obliterated, and both seeds often abor- 
 tive), produced at apex into a lanceolate-oblong wing, and closely imbricated 
 in a cone on the fusiform, receptacle. Rich woodlands : Canada to Lotiisiana. 
 Fl. May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. The timber of this magnificent tree is highly valued in ma- 
 ny branches of the mechanic arts, — especially the variety called 
 •yellow Poplar, which is generally to be known by its thicker and 
 more deeply-furrowed bark. The hygrometric properties of the 
 wood — particularly of the t&hite variety— ^render it rather objection- 
 able in cabinet furniture (causing it to swell in damp weather) : 
 but the yellow Poplar is much esteemed for its mellowness, light- 
 ness and durability. The bark of the root, and young tree, is a 
 valuable aromatic bitter. The prevalence of the Tulip-tree, in 
 woodlands, is a pretty sure indication of a good soil. 
 
 ORDER XI. PAPAVERACEAE. Juss. 
 
 Herbs, with a milky or colored juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Calyx 
 Of 2 (rarely 3) caducous sepals. Corolla of 4 to 6 regular petals. Stamtns 6 to 
 24— or numerous, but some multiple of the petals. Fruit l -celled ; either pod- 
 
PAPAVERACEAE 5 
 
 shaped with 2 to 5. or capsular with many, parietal placentae, from which the 
 valves often separate. Seeds numerous. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy 
 and oily albumen. 
 
 The Poppy, which is the type of this Family, is the only plant belonging to it, 
 of much importance. The Red-root, or Indian Paint {Sanguinaria Ca7iadensis, 
 L.). a common plant in the rich woodlands of the U. States, has been com- 
 mended for the medicinal properties of its rhizoma, or subterraneous stem. 
 
 6. PAP AVER. L. Endl. Gen. 4823. 
 [Celtic, Papa, pap ; from its being added to children's food, to induce sleep.] 
 
 Sepals 2. Petals 4 (sometimes multiplied). Stamens numerous. 
 Stigjnas 4 to 20, sessile, radiating on the summit of the ovary. — 
 Capsule obovoid, opening by chinks or pores under the edge of the 
 crown formed by the stigmas : placentae opposite the stigmas ! and 
 extending into the cavity so as to form incomplete partitions. An- 
 nual or perennial Herbs. Flowers nodding before opening. 
 
 1. P. dubitjm, L. Stem clothed with slender spreading hairs, — the 
 peduncles with bristly appressed hairs ; leaves pinnately dissected, 
 the segments often incised, decurrent ; sepals hairy ; capsules obo- 
 void-oblong, smooth. Torr. # Gr. Fl . N.A. 1. p. 60. DC. Prodr. 
 1. p. 118. Fl. Cestr. p. 317. Icon, Fl. Load. 2. 
 
 Dubious Papaver. Vulgo — Poppy. Field Poppy. 
 
 Fr. Pavot batard. Germ. Der Saat-JMohn. Span. Amapola. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat branched below. Leaves 2 to 5 
 inches long, hairy. Peduncles terminal. 6 to 12 inches long, flexuose, leadess. 
 Petals pale red or brick-dust colored. Stigmas about 7-rayed. on a convex disk: 
 Cultivated grounds: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July, August. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner has found its way into some districts ; and, 
 if unattended to, may become a troublesome weed, — as it and the 
 " Corn Poppy " (P. Rhoeas, L.) are said to be, in Europe. The 
 common or Opium Poppy, (P. somniferum, L. — a smooth species 
 with stem-clasping leaves), — which yields the most efficacious and 
 soothing of all anodynes, — is often seen in the flowerbeds of our 
 gardens. I believe there was an attempt made, near New York, 
 some 30 or 40 years ago, to cultivate that species for the purpose of 
 obtaining Opium : But it did not succeed, — and perhaps its culture, 
 even if practicable here, is better suited to the Orientals, than to 
 the people of our country. The common Celandine (Cliel idonium, 
 majus, L.), an introduced weed, of this natural Order, occurs fre- 
 quently in waste places on our farms ; but it is scarcely of sufficient 
 importance, in any respect, to require a more particular notice in 
 this work. A similar remark may be made of the Prickly Poppy 
 (Argcmone Mexicana, L.), another kindred weed which is occa- 
 sionally met with. 
 
 ORDER XIII. CRUCIFERAE. Juss. 
 
 Herbs with a pungent or acrid watery juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules. 
 Flowers in racemes or corymbs ; the pedicels without bracts. Calyx of 4 sepals, 
 deciduous. Corolla of 4 regular unguiculate petals, — their spreading limbs 
 forming a cross. Stamens 6, 2 of them shorter (tetradynamous). Fruit a pod 
 (called a Silique when much longer than broad, and a Silicle when short), which 
 is 2-celled by a membranaceous septum or partition that connects the two .mar- 
 ginal placentae. — from which the two valves usually fall away. Seeds without 
 albumen. Embryo curved: cotyledons flat or plicate. — either with their edges to 
 the radicle (when they are said to be accumbent. — represented by this sign. o=). 
 or with the back of one of them to the radicle (and then termed incumbent. — of 
 which this is the sign. o[|). 
 
 1* 
 
6 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 This Order, which comprises upwards of one hundred Genera, is a remarkably 
 natural or homogeneous one, — as well in the sensible properties, as in the bo- 
 tanical characters, of the plants belonging to it. There are but few important 
 ones, however, beside those here noticed. The Wood, or Dyer's weed (Isatis 
 tinctoria, L.), is cultivated, in Europe, for its blue coloring matter ; but I believe 
 it is little known or attended to, in the U. States. 
 
 DIVISION 1. SILIQUOSAE (the pod a Siliqut). 
 
 TRIBE I. ARABIDEAE. DC. 
 
 Sitique dehiscent, usually elongated ; valves flattish ; 6eptum linear. Seeds com- 
 pressed, oval, sometimes margined. Cotyledons flat, accumbent (on), parallel 
 with the septum (i. e. with their edges towards the placentae). 
 
 7. NASTURTIUM. R. Br. EndL Gen. 4850. 
 [Latin, Nasus tortus, a tortured nose ; from the pungent effect of the plant.] 
 
 Sepals spreading, equal at base. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Sit' 
 ique nearly terete, sometimes almost as short as a silicle, usually 
 curved upwards. Seeds small, irregularly disposed in a double 
 series, not margined. Aquatic or subaquatic Herbs. Leaves often 
 pinnately dissected. 
 
 1. N. officinale, R. Br. Leaves pinnately divided; segments 
 ovate, subcordate, sinuate-dentate ; seeds reticulately rugose. Torr. 
 t\ Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 72. DC. Prodr. \.p. 137. Icon, FL Lond. 3. 
 
 Officinal Nasturtium. Vulgb — Water Cress. 
 
 Fr. Cresson de Fontaine. Germ, Die Brunnenkresse. Span. Berro. 
 
 Perennial. Stem 6 to 12 and 18 inches long, branching. Leaves odd-pinnaiely 
 dissected ; segments in 3 or 4 pairs, the terminal one largest. Petals white. — 
 Brooks and rivulets : probably introduced from Europe. Fl. June. Ft. July. 
 
 Obs. This plant (well known as the " Water Cress," in England,) 
 was detected in Chester County, Penn. by my friend Mr. Joshua 
 Hoopes, since the publication of the Flora Cestrica. Although 
 abundant in some rivulets, there is reason to believe it is not a na- 
 tive. It affords an excellent wholesome Salad — antiscorbutic in its 
 properties, as all the Cruciferae are ; and being easily propagated, 
 is worthy of being introduced into all suitable localities. 
 
 8. BARBAREA..K. Br. EndL Gen. 4851. 
 [So named, from having been formerly dedicated to St. Barbara.] 
 
 Silique ancipital or somewhat 4-sided, the valves concave-carinate. 
 Seeds in a single series. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid. 
 1. B. praecox, R. Br. Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe obo- 
 vate or rounded, coarsely sinuate-dentate, — upper leaves pinnatifid, 
 with entire linear -oblong segments ; siliques linear, elongated, com- 
 pressed-ancipital ; style thick and very short. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N* 
 A. I. p. 75, DC. Prodr. I. p. 140. 
 
 Early Barbarea. Vulgo — Scurvy-grass. Early Winter Cress. 
 
 Fr. Roquette des Jardins. Germ. Die Winter-kresse. Span. Yerba 
 de Santa Barbara. 
 
 Roqt biennial 1 Stem 9 to 15 inches high, somewhat branching. Leaves smooth ; 
 lower ones 3 or 4 inches long. Petals yellow. Siliques 2 or 3 inches long, slen- 
 der. Gardens : cultivated. Fl. May — June. Fr. July — Aug. 
 
 Obs^ This plant, — which is said to be a native of Canada, and 
 the country further north, — is cultivated in the gardens, near Phila- 
 
CRUCIFERAE 7 
 
 delphia, under the name of u Scurvy-Grass." The leaves afford a 
 tolerable Salad; but not equal to the common Cress (Lepidium 
 sativum, L.), nor to the Water Cress (Nasturtium officinale,!?.. Br.}. 
 There is another and stouter species (B. vulgaris, R. Br. probably 
 naturalized,) growing along our streams, which is sometimes used 
 as a Salad ; but it is bitterish, and inferior in quality to this. 
 
 TRIBE II. SISYMBRIEAE. DC. 
 
 Silique longitudinally dehiscent: valves nearly flat, or somewhat concave and 
 carinate ; septum linear. Seeds compressed, ovate or oblong, not margined. — 
 Cotyledons flat, incumbent (oil), contrary to (»'. e. with their edges towards) the 
 septum. 
 
 9. SISYMBRIUM. All. Endl. Gen. 4906. 
 
 [An ancient Greek name ; applied to this genus.] 
 
 Silique somewhat terete, sessile. Stigmas 2, somewhat distinct, or 
 connate and capitate. Cotyledons sometimes obliquely incumbent. 
 Annual or perennial Herbs. Leaves various. 
 
 1. S. officinale, Scop. Lower leaves runcinate, upper ones sub- 
 hastate ; racemes spike-form, slender and virgate ; siliques erect, 
 subulate, appressed to the rachis. Torr. <$- Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 91. 
 DC. Prodr. 1. p. 191. Fl. Cestr. p. 386, Icon, Fl. Loud. 3. 
 Officinal Sisymbrium. Vulgb — Hedge Mustard. 
 Fr. Herbe au Chantre. Germ. Der Hederich. Span. Jaramago. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 1 to 3 or 4 feet high, with spreading branches, pilose. — 
 Leaves pilose ; lower ones 3 to 6 or 8 inches long. Petals small, greenish yellow. 
 Siliques terete-subulate or somewhat nerved and angular, tapering at apex. — 
 Cultivated grounds, lanes and road sides : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. 
 May — Aug. Fr. Aug. — Octo. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner is completely naturalized, and somewhat 
 troublesome as a weed. It was formerly held in some repute, in 
 Europe, as a remedy for coughs, the hoarseness of Singers, &c. 
 (whence its French name) : but its virtues were doubtless over-ra- 
 ted, — and it is now regarded, by tidy farmers in this country, merely 
 as a plant to be expelled from their premises. 
 
 TRIBE III. BRASSICEAE. DC. 
 
 Silique longitudinally dehiscent. Style often enlarged, and with a seed-bearing 
 cell at its base. Seeds mostly globose. Cotyledons incumbent, longitudinally 
 plicate or doubled, embracing the radicle in the fold or sinus. 
 
 10. BRASSICA. L. Endl.. Gen. 4949. 
 [Supposed to be from Bresic; the Celtic name for the Cabbage.] 
 
 Calyx closed or erect.. Silique sub-terete ; valves concave, or 
 slightly keeled by a central nerve ; style short, obtuse. Seeds in a 
 single series, globose. Foreign plants: mostly biennial Herbs, with 
 a short stem and long flowering-branches. 
 
 1. B. oleracea, L. Leaves somewhat fleshy, repand or lobed, gla- 
 brous and glaucous.. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 213. Fl. Cestr. p. 388. 
 
 Oleraceous or Pot-herb Brassica^ Vulgd — Cabbage. 
 
 Fr. Chou potager. Germ. Der Kohl. Span. Berza. 
 
 The following Sub-species, or Varieties, are more or less cultiva- 
 ted, in the Kitchen Garden, or " Truck-patch." 
 
8 POLTPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 - f Racemes paniculate. 
 
 Sub-species B. acephala, DC. Stem elongated ; leaves expanded. 
 
 DC. I. c. 
 
 Vulgo — Tree Cabbage. Bore-Cole. Headless Cabbage. 
 
 Fr. Chou sans tete. Germ. Blatt-Kohl, 
 
 Sub-species C. Bullata, DC. Stem somewhat elongated; young 
 leaves subcapitate, finally expanding, bullate or crisped. DC. I. c. 
 Vulgo — Savoy Cabbage. Curled Cabbage. 
 Fr, Chou de Savoie. Germ. Savoyer Kohl. Span. Berza crespa. 
 
 Sub-species D. capitata, DC. Stem short; leaves concave, not 
 bullate, densely imbricated in a head before flowering. DC. I. c. 
 
 Vulgo — Head Cabbage. York Cabbage. . 
 
 Fr. Chou en tete. Germ. Kopf-Kohl. Span. Berza repolluda. 
 
 Sub-species E. Caulo Rap a, DC. Stem with an oval or subglobose 
 fleshy enlargement at the origin of the leaves. DC. I. c. 
 Vulgo — Bulb-stalked Cabbage. 
 Fr. Chou Rave. Germ. Kohl Rabi. 
 
 ff Racemes corymbose. 
 
 Sub-species F. Botrytis, DC. Leaves oblong, connivent, bluish 
 glaucous; peduncles of. the racemes corymbose, short fleshy and 
 coalesced in a head before flowering ; flowers often abortive. DC. I. c, 
 
 Var. a. Cauliflora, DC. Stem short; heads thick, compact. DC. I.e. 
 
 Vulgo — C aulifl ower . 
 
 Fr. Chou fleur. Germ. Blumenkohl. Span. Berza florida. 
 
 Var. b. Asparagoides, DC. Stem taller ; leaves elongated; heads 
 sub-ramose ; branches fleshy at apex, bearing clusters of abortive 
 flower-buds. DC. I. c. Vulgo — Broccoli. 
 
 Biennial. Stem 6 inches to 1 ot 2 feet high, branching the second year from 
 the summit, or head of imbricated leaves. Leaves large (6 to 12 or 18 inches in 
 length), suborbicular,or oblong. Racemes long, loose. Petals greenish or citron 
 yellow. Gardens, and Lots : cultivated. FL May — June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. Few plants have undergone greater .modifications, by cul- 
 ture, than this esculent herb ; and those varieties furthest removed 
 from the original form, are the most esteemed. All the foregoing 
 are occasionally to be met with, under culture ; but the sub-species 
 B and E are rare. The latter (Caulo Rapa, DC.) is a curious 
 monstrosity — with a turnep-like enlargement or tumor in the stem, 
 near the base,^and was never cultivated in West-Chester, Penna. 
 until introduced by my friend Dr. E. F. Rivintjs — who is a skilful 
 Horticulturist, and a worthy descendant of one of the fathers of 
 Botany. Sub-species F is more common ; and D is found in abun- 
 dance in every well-managed Kitchen Garden. 
 
 2. B. campestris, L. Leaves slightly fleshy, glaucous, — the young 
 lower leaves lyrate, dentate, somewhat hispid or ciliate, — those 
 above amplexicaul and acuminate. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 214. 2*7. 
 Cestr. p. 3S9. 
 
CRUCIFERAE 9 
 
 Field Brassica. 
 
 Sub-species C. Napo-brassica, DC. Root tumid, turnep-shaped.— 
 
 DC. I. c. 
 
 Var. a. communis, DC. Root white or purplish, with the summit 
 
 and petioles greenish or purplish. DC. I. c. 
 
 Vulgo — Turnep-rooted Cabbage. 
 
 jFV. Chou Navet. Germ. Die Kohl-ruebe. Spam. Nabiza. 
 
 Var. b. Ruta baga, DC. Root yellowish, subglobose. DC. I. c. 
 
 Vulgo — Rutabaga. Swedish Turnep. 
 
 Fr. Chou de Suede. Navet jaune. 
 
 Biennial or annual. Root thick, turnep-shaped, fleshy. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
 smooth, glaucous, branched above. Racemes loose. Petals citron-yellow. Gar- 
 dens, and Lots : cultivated. Fl. June. Ft. July — August. 
 
 Obs. These varieties were cultivated, some years since, to a con- 
 siderable extent, — chiefly as food for Stock ; but I have not seen 
 much of them latterly, in Chester County. The farmers of the U. 
 States, having the advantage of the Indian Com crop, do not much 
 incline to the Root culture : perhaps not so much as might be bene- 
 ficial to Stock, during our long winters. 
 
 3. B. Rapa, L. Radical leaves lyrate, hirsutely scabrous, not glau- 
 cous, — middle cauline ones incised, — the upper ones entire, smooth. 
 DC. Prodr. I. p. 214. Fl. Cestr.p. 390. 
 
 Sub-species A. depressa, DC. Root tumid below the neck, depres- 
 sed-globose, abruptly contracted to a slender tapering radicle be- 
 neath. DC. I. c. 
 
 Vulgo — Turnep. Common Turnep. 
 
 Fr. Navet. Grosse Rave. Germ. Die Ruebe. Span. Naba. 
 
 Biennial. Root fleshy, depressed, orbicular, 3 to 6 or 8 inches in diameter — 
 Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched. Radical leaves 6 to 12 inches long. Racemes 
 loose, corymbose-paniculate. Petals pale greenish yellow. Seeds small, reddish 
 brown. Fields, and Gardens : cultivated. Fl. May. Fr. June — July. 
 
 Obs. The root is a favorite table vegetable, and is generally cul- 
 tivated for that purpose. In Pennsylvania, the seeds are usually 
 sown about the last of July, and the roots collected in November. 
 
 11. SINAPIS. Toximef. Endl. Gen. 4950. 
 [A name of uncertain meaning; derived from the Greek.] 
 
 Calyx spreading. Silique sub-terete ; valves nerved, smooth or 
 hispid ; style short and subulate, or ensiform. Seeds in a single 
 series, subglobose. Foreign plants : mostly annual or biennial 
 Herbs-— nearly allied to Brassica. Lower leaves usually lyrate, in- 
 oised or pinnatifid. Flowers in elongated racemes. 
 
 1. S. nigra, L» Lower leaves lyrate and scabrous, — upper ones 
 lanceolate and smooth, pendulous ; siliques somewhat 4-angled, 
 smooth, appressed to the rachis ; style short, subulate. Torr. fy Gr* 
 Fl. N. A. 1. p. 99. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 218. Fl. Cestr. p. 390. 
 Black Sinapis. Vulgo— Mustard. Black Mustard. 
 Fr. Moutarde noire. Germ* Schwarzer Senf. Span* Mostazo* 
 
10 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, much branched, smooth. Leaves petiolate, 
 variously lobed and toothed. Racemes slender. Petals greenish yellow. Steds 
 numerous, small, dark brown. Gardens, and waste places : introduced from 
 Europe. Cultivated in some districts. Fl. June — July. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This plant is nearly naturalized in many places ; and in 
 some parts of our country (especially in Ohio), is extensively culti- 
 vated. The value of its highly acrid seeds, in the hands of the 
 Cook, and Physician — as a condiment and rubefacient— is well 
 known. 
 
 2. S. AL,BA 3 L. Leaves lyrate, smoothish; siliques hispid, spreading, 
 
 scarcely as long as the ensiform beak. DC. Frodr. I. p. 220. Fl. 
 
 Cestr. p. 390. Icon, Fl. Loud: 3. 
 
 White Sin apis. Vulgb — White Mustard. 
 
 Fr. Moutarde blanche. Germ. Weisser Senf. Spa?i. Mostazo bianco. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout, branched. Leaves petiolate, 
 lyrately pseudo-pinnate, the terminal segment large and 3-lobed. Petals rather 
 large, yellow Seeds few, larger than in the preceding species, pale brown.— 
 Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This species is often cultivated, on a small scale, for its 
 seeds, — which are employed in preparing condiments. They have 
 also been somewhat celebrated as a remedy for nervous complaints, 
 dyspepsia, &c. in which cases they are administered whole — a tea- 
 spoonful or more at a dose. The seeds of both species are used in 
 preparing Flour of Mustard. 
 
 DIVISION 2. SILICULOSAE (the pod a Silicle). 
 
 TRIBE V. ALYSSINEAE. DC. 
 
 Silicle dehiscent; valves flat or convex; septum broadly oval and membran- 
 aceous. Seeds compressed, often margined. Cotyledons flat, accmnbent (o=), 
 parallel with the septum. 
 
 12. COCHLEARIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen.ASB2. 
 [Latin, Cochleare, a spoon ; from the form of the leaves of some species.] 
 
 Silicle ovoid-globose or oblong, sessile ; valves ventricose ; style 
 very short. Seeds numerous, not margined. Leaves often some- 
 what fleshy. 
 
 1. C. Armoracia, L. Radical leaves oblong, crenate, petiolate, — 
 stem leaves lanceolate, dentate or incised, sessile ; silicle elliptic. 
 DC; Frodr. 1. p. 173. Fl. Cestr. p. 379. 
 
 Armorican Cochlearia. Vulgd — Horse-Radish. [picante. 
 
 Fr. Moutarde des Capucins. Germ. Der Meer-Rettig. Span. Rabano 
 
 Root perennial, long, terete, fleshy, white, very acrid. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, 
 angular-striate. smooth, with erect axillary branches. Radical leaves large (3 
 to 15 inches long — somewhat resembling those of a Dock, or Rumex) ; petioles 4 
 to 12 inches long. Racemes corymbose, elongating. Petals -white. Silicles ovoL, 
 usually abortive. Gardens : margins of ditches, &c. introduced. Native of 
 Europe. Fl. May — June. Fr. June— July. 
 
 Obs. The pungent root of this plant is a favorite condiment,— 
 and one of the most valuable antiscorbutics. It requires little or 
 no culture ; but thrives best in a moist rich deep soil. The true or 
 common Scurvy-Grass, of Europe, is a species of this genus (C. 
 officinalis, L. — with leaves whose form suggested the generic name); 
 but I think it is rarely cultivated, in this country. 
 
CRXJCIFERAE 11 
 
 TRIBE VI. CAMELINEAE. DC. 
 
 Silicle dehiscent, obovoid oval or oblong; valves convex or flat, parallel with 
 the septum ; septum elliptic or ovate, sometimes incomplete. Cotyledons flat, 
 incumbent (o||) ; contrary to (i. e. their margins towards) the septum. 
 
 13. CAMELINA. Crantz. Endl. Gen. 4919. 
 [Greek, Chamai, dwarf, and Linon. flax; from a fancied resemblance.] 
 
 Silicle obovoid or subglobose ; valves ventricose, dehiscing with a 
 part of the style ; cells many-seeded. Style filiform. Seeds oblong, 
 not margined. 
 
 1. C. sativa, Crantz. Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, nearly 
 entire, sagittate at base; silicles inflated, obovoid-pyriform, mar- 
 gined, mucronate with the longish subcorneal style. Torr. <$• Gr. 
 Fl. N. A. 1. p. 110. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 201. Fl. Cestr. p. 379. 
 Cultivated Camelina. Vulgd — Wild Flax. Gold of Pleasure. 
 Fr. Cameline cultivee. Germ. Der Leindotter. Span. Miagro. 
 
 Root annual, fusiform, rather slender. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, sim- 
 ple, paniculately branching at summit, roughish-pubescent below, smoothish 
 above. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long. — the lower ones longest and often some- 
 what spatulate or oblanceolate, — those above gradually smaller and smoother, 
 sagittate with acute subamplexicaul lobes at base; pubescence of the lower 
 leaves and stem often branched or bifurcate. Racemes corymbose-paniculate, 
 elongating; pedicels half an inch to an inch long, without bracts. Petals pale 
 yellow, rather small, cuneate or obovate-oblong, obtuse. Silicles about one-fouTth 
 of an inch long, with a keel-like margin on each side; style about half as long 
 as the silicle, persistent, finally splitting with the dehiscent valves. Seeds red- 
 dish yellow. Cultivated fields ; among Wheat, Flax, &c. : introduced. Native 
 of Europe. Fl. May — June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner was formerly frequent among Flax, when 
 that plant was generally cultivated ; and it was one of the vulgar 
 errors of the day, that it was a kind of transmuted or degenerate 
 flax, — caused by burning the soil, in clearings. Since the culture 
 of flax declined, the Camelina has become rare, within my obser- 
 vation : but I am informed by H. Jones Brooke, Esq. an intelligent 
 farmer of Delaware county, Penn. that the plant has become a seri- 
 ous nuisance, in his Wheat fields, within a few years. Being an 
 annual ', the obvious remedy is to prevent it from maturing its seeds ; 
 but it must be confessed, that where it appears in great numbers 
 among grain crops, the remedy is more easily prescribed than ad- 
 ministered, — and therefore it may be well for farmers to watch the 
 progress of the plant, and arrest it on its first appearance. 
 
 TRIBE VIII. LEPIDINEAE. DC. 
 
 Silicle usually dehiscent, compressed contrary to the narrow septum (sometime* 
 1 -celled) ; valves boat-shaped or rarely ventricose. Seeds few, not margined* — 
 Cotyledons, flat, mostly incumbent (oU), parallel to the septum. 
 
 14. LEPIDIUM. R. Br. Endl. Gen. 4932. 
 [Greek, Lepis, a scale ; from the form and size of the silicles.] 
 
 Silicle subcor date-ovate or oval ; valves keeled or rarely ventricose, 
 
 often winged at apex and emarginate ; cells 1 -seeded. Seeds 
 
 compressed or somewhat 3-sided. Cotyledons sometimes accuro- 
 
 bent(o=). 
 
 1. L. sativum, L. Leaves oblong, variously incised and pinnatifid; 
 
 silicles elliptic-ovate, winged and notched at apex. DC. Prodr. 1. 
 
 p. 204. Fl. Cestr. p. 330. 
 
 Cultivated Lepidium. Vulgd — Pepper-Grass. Tongue-Grass. 
 
12 POLTPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Fr. Cresson Alenois. Germ. Die Garten-Kresse. Span. Lepidio. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, smooth, glaucous, corymbosely branched 
 above. Leaves! to 3 inches long, deeply divided into linear or cuneate segments. 
 Petals white. Seeds compressed; cotyledons incumbent (oil). Gardens: culti- 
 vated. Native of Persia. Fl. June— July. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. A pleasant antiscorbutic Cress, frequent in Gardens. There 
 is a native species (Xr. Virginicum, L. — with cotyledons accumbent — 
 separated from this genus by some authors, and called Cynocarda- 
 mum : See Endl. Gen. 4888.) frequent in lanes and fields, in Penn- 
 sylvania. The reddish-brown seeds of this are sometimes found 
 among clover seed, and excite apprehensions of some pernicious in- 
 truder ; but, although a worthless little weed, if there be nothing 
 worse, among the clover seed, the farmer need not be alarmed. 
 
 15. CAPSELLA. Vent. Endl. Gen. 4927. 
 [Diminutive of the Latin, Capsa, a coffer, or case ; in allusion to the fruit.] 
 
 Silique somewhat triangular or obcordate-cuneate ; valves boat- 
 shaped, coriaceous, not winged ; cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong ; 
 cotyledons incumbent (o||>. Radical leaves rosulate. Flowers 
 small, in elongating racemes. 
 
 1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Radical leaves mostly pinnatifid j 
 stem-leaves lanceolate, sagittate. Torr. &r Gr. Fl. iV. A. 1. p. 117. 
 DC. Prodr. 1. p. 177. Fl. Cestr. p. 380. 
 Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris. L. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. 
 
 Shepherd's Purse Capsella. Vtdgd — Shepherd's Purse. [Pastor. 
 Fr. Bourse de Pasteur. Germ. Die Hirten-tasche. Span. Bolsa de 
 
 Root annual. Stem 3 or 4 to 18 inches high, more or less hirsute, and often 
 branched. Radical leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long. Racemes at first corym- 
 bose, finally elongated. Petals white. Fields, and road-sides : introduced. Na- 
 tive of Europe. Fl. April to September. Fr. June to October. 
 
 Obs. This worthless little intruder is found in almost every field; 
 and is sometimes so abundant as to be rather a nuisance. Such 
 email weeds, however, can generally be suppressed by careful cul- 
 ture, and inducing a vigorous growth of more useful plants. That 
 learned and sagacious observer of Nature — the late Professor De 
 Candolle — remarks, that " all the plants of a country — all those of 
 any given place — are in a state of war, in relation to each other. — 
 All are endowed with means, more or less efficacious, of reproduc- 
 tion and nutrition. Those which first establish themselves acci- 
 dentally, in a given locality, have a tendency, from the mere fact 
 that they already occupy the space, to exclude other species from 
 it : the largest ones smother the smallest ones ; the longest-lived 
 ones supersede those of shorter duration ; the most fruitful gradu- 
 ally take possession of the space which would otherwise have been 
 occupied by those which multiply more slowly." * The farmer, 
 
 •Toutes lesplantes d'un pays, toutes celles d'un lieu donne, sont dans un 
 etat de CT uerre les unes relativement aux autreS. Toutes sont douees de moyens 
 de reproduction et de nutrition plus ou moins efficaces. Les premieres qui s' etab- 
 lissent par hasard dans une localite donnee, tendent, par cela meme qu' elles 
 occupent 1' espace, a en exclure les autres especes: les plus grandes etouffent 
 les plus petites ; les plus vivaces remplacent celles dont la duree est plus courte ; 
 les plus fecondes s'emparent graduellement de 1? espace que pourroient occuper 
 celles qui se multiplient plus difficilement Essai Elementaire de Geographic Bo- 
 taniqy*. Par A. P. De Cakdolle. 
 
CRUCIFERAE 13 
 
 therefore, should avail himself of this principle,— and aid the more 
 valuable plants in their struggle to choke down or expel the worth- 
 less ones. 
 
 DIVISION 4. LOMENTACEAE (the pod transversely partitioned). 
 
 TRIBE XI. RAPHANEAE. DC. 
 Silique or silicle indehiscent. transversely separating in 1- (or few-) seeded cells 
 or joints. Seeds globose. Cotyledons incumbent and conduplicate. 
 
 16. RAPHANUS. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 4972. 
 [Greek, Ra, easily, and phainomai, to appear; from its prompt germination.] 
 
 Silique many-celled, by transverse partitions. Seeds in a single 
 series. Leaves lyrate. Flowers in elongating racemes. 
 1. R. sativus, L. Lower leaves lyrate, petiolate ; upper ones ovate- 
 oblong, serrate, subhastate-lobed at base, subsessile ; siliques terete, 
 torulose, acuminate, scarcely longer than the pedicels. DC. Prodr. 
 I. p. 228. Fl. Cestr.p. 391. 
 
 Cultivated Raphantjs. Vulgd — Radish. Garden Radish. 
 Fr. Radis. Raifort. Germ. Der Rettig. Spa,7i. Rabano. 
 
 Sub-species A. Radicula. DC. Root more or less fleshy, tender, 
 white or red. DC. I. c. 
 
 Var. a. rotunda. Root subglobose. Vulgd — Turnep-Radish. 
 
 Var. b. oblonga. Root oblong or fusiform. Vulgd — Common Radish. 
 
 Sub-species B. Niger. DC. Root fleshy, solid and firm, more or 
 less acrid. DC. I. c. 
 
 Var. a. vulgaris (also b. rotimdus). Root black externally, white 
 
 within, oblong or subglobose. 
 
 Vulgd — Black Turnep-Radish. Spanish Radish. 
 
 Annual. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, sparsely hispid, branched. Leaves 8 to 12 or 
 15 inches long, hispid. Petals purple and greenish white. Siliques with fungous 
 or suberose partitions. Seeds few, large. Gardens, &c. : cultivated. Native of 
 China. .FY. June — Sept. Fr. July— October. 
 
 Obs. The tender fleshy root of this plant is an universal favorite 
 at table, in early spring, — and is found in every garden; where, by 
 successive planting, it maybe produced all summer. To produce the 
 root in perfection, a rich mellow soil and a wet season are requisite.* 
 
 ORDER XIX. HYPERICACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with a resinous or limpid juice. Leaves opposite, entire, with- 
 out stipules, punctate with black or pellucid dots. Flowers regular. Calyx of 4 
 or 5 persistent sepals, the 2 outer ones often smaller. Petals 4 or 5, twisted in 
 aestivation, often sprinkled with black dots. Stamens usually numerous and 
 polyadelphous. Capsule (the fruit rarely baccate) with septicidal dehiscence, 
 many-seeded. Seeds destitute of albumen. 
 
 An Order containing but few genera; and those of little interest to the Agri- 
 culturist, — with the exception of the obnoxious species here noticed. 
 
 TRIBE I. HYPERICEAE. Chois. 
 
 Fruit capsular. Seeds terete. Leaves mostly sessile. 
 
 * I learn from my friend. Prof. A. Gkay, that the R. Raphanistrum, L. or Wild 
 Radish (a species with simply lyrate leaves, and yellowish flowers), is so far 
 naturalized, in Eastern New England, as to be quite a troublesome Weed. It 
 has not yet found its way, I think, into Pennsylvania. 
 
 2 
 
14 POLYPE TALOtTS EXOGENS 
 
 17. HYPERICUM. L. Endl. Gen. 5464. 
 
 [A name used by the ancient Greek writers on plants.] 
 
 Sepals 5, more or less connected at base, foliaceous. Petals 5* 
 Stamens mostly numerous, — the filaments united at base in 3 or 5 
 parcels. Styles 3 to 5, persistent, sometimes united. Capsule mem- 
 branaceous, 1-celled with 3 to 5 parietal placentae, or 3 to 5-celled 
 by the placentae meeting at the axis. Herbaceous or shrubby. 
 Flowers solitary or cymose at the summit of the stem and branches. 
 1. H. perforatum, L. Herbaceous ; stem somewhat ancipital ; leaves 
 linear-elliptic, rather obtuse, sessile, pellucid-punctate ; flowers in 
 leafy paniculate corymbs ; petals and anthers with dark purple dots ; 
 styles 3, long, diverging. Torr. &f Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 160. DC. 
 Prodr. 1. p. 549. Fl. Cestr. p. 323. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. 
 Perforated Hypericum. Vulgd — St. John's Wort. 
 Fr. Millepertuis. Germ. Das Johannes kraut. Spa?i. Corazoncillo. 
 
 Root perennial. Stem herbaceous but finally hard, 1 to 2 feet high, often sev- 
 eral from the same root, brachiately and corymbosely branched. Leaves half 
 an inch to an inch and half long. Petals yellow or orange-colored. Fields, and 
 pastures : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June — Sept. Fr. July — October. 
 
 "Obs. This foreigner is a worthless and rather troublesome weed, 
 on our farms ; and ought to be diligently excluded. Some 40 or 50 
 years ago, it was very common for cattle — especially white cows, 
 and horses with white feet and noses — to be affected with cutaneous 
 ulcers, during the pasture season; and those sores were universally 
 and confidently attributed to the St. John's Wort. In those days, 
 I never doubted the fact, myself : but I must in candor add, that, 
 although the plant continues to be abundant in our pastvires, I have 
 not noticed any such sores for a number of years past. Was the 
 affection ascribed to a wrong source 4 and has the real cause ceased 
 to exist ? — The flowers and leaves are evidently somewhat resinous; 
 and a tincture of them has held a place among popular remedies for 
 disorders of the stomach and bowels. It is worthy of remark, that in 
 the year 1842, the St. John's Wort totally failed to make its appear- 
 ance (in Chester County — and I believe throughout Pennsylvania,) 
 even in fields where it had previously abounded. The succeeding 
 year, it was quite rare; but is now (1846) becoming as common as 
 ever, in neglected fields. The cause of that total, though temporary, 
 disappearance of a perennial-rooted plant, is as obscure as the fact is 
 curious. 
 
 ORDER XXI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Juss. Torr. § Gr. 
 
 Herbs. Stems tumid at the nodes or joints. Leaves constantly opposite, often 
 connate, entire, without stipules. Flowers regular, terminal. Calyx of 4 or 5 
 sepals, distinct or more or less cohering — often united into a tube. Corolla of 4 
 or 5 unguiculate petals — or sometimes wanting. Sta?nens as many — or com- 
 monly twice as many — as the petals. Styles, or stigmas, 2 to 5, distinct. Cap- 
 sule 2 to 5-valved — or opening only at apex by twice as many teeth or valve- 
 points as stigmas. Seeds curved {campylotropous), mostly numerous : embryo 
 coiled around the outside of mealy albumen. 
 
 An Order comprising about 30 genera, and a great number of species, — some 
 of them (such as the Finks) are very pretty and fragrant : but none of Agricul- 
 tural value. 
 
 TRIBE I. SILENEAE. DC. 
 
 Sepals united into a tube, which is 4 or 5-toothed at summit. Petalt with a long 
 slender claw, inserted with the stamens on the stipe of the ovary. 
 
CARYOPHYLLACEAE 15 
 
 18. LYCHNIS. DC. Endl. Gen. 5250. 
 [Greek. Lyehnos, a lamp ; the cottony leaves of some species being used for wicks.] 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed or with 5 long segments, without scales at base. 
 
 Petals 5, mostly crowned at throat. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsuli 
 
 1 -celled, or 5-celled at base, the stipe sometimes wanting. 
 
 1. L. Githago, Lam. Hairy; stem dichotomously paniculate above; 
 
 leaves lance-linear ; calyx coriaceous, tube subcampanulate, teeth 
 
 very long and foliaceous ; petals not- crowned ; stipe of the ovary 
 
 none. Torr. <$■ Gr. Fl. N. A. 1: ^194. DC. Prodr* 1. p. 387. 
 
 Agrostemma Githago. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 281. I'oox, Fl. Loud. 2. 
 
 Vulgo — Cockle. Corn Cockle. 
 
 Fr. La Nielle des Bleis. Germ. Gemeine Rade. Span. Neguillon. 
 
 Plant clothed with long appressed hairs. Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet higb\ 
 branched above. Leaves- 3 to 5 inches long. Peduncles terminal. 4 to 8 or 10 
 inches long. Petals reddish or pale violet-purple. Capsule ovoid. Seeds numer- 
 ous, muricately ribbed, purplish black. Cultivated grounds. — chiefly among 
 Wheat and Rye: introduced. Native of Europe-. Ft. June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This well-known foreign weed,— although diligently expelled 
 by all neat farmers, — may be seen in almost every wheat field, at 
 the season of flowering; which is, consequently, the best time for 
 detecting and eradicating it. The seeds are of a size to render it 
 difficult to separate them from wheat, — and when abundant, are 
 injurious to the quality and appearance of the flour. Every farmer, 
 therefore, is interested in causing the plant to be carefully extirpated. 
 
 ORDER XXIII. PORTULACACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 
 
 Succulent or fleshy Herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, without stipules. 
 Flowers axillary or terminal, usually ephemeral. Calyx mostly of 2 (rarely 3) 
 sepals, often united below and adhering to the base of the ovary. Petals 5. or 
 rarely more numerous. Stamens variable in number, opposite the petals when of 
 the same number. Styles 2 to 8, united below. Capsule 1-celled ; placenta cen- 
 tral. Seeds mostly numerous, curved {campylotropous) : embryo coiled around 
 mealy albumen. 
 
 There are some 30 genera in this Order. — of which the plant here noticed is 
 the type. They are, however, of little or no interest to the farmer. 
 
 19. PORTULACA. Tour?ief. Endl. Gen. 5174. 
 [A name of obscure and uncertain derivation.] 
 
 Sepals 2, partly united, and adherent to the base of the ovary, — the 
 upper portion finally circumscissed and deciduous. Petals mostly 5, 
 inserted on the calyx. Stamens 8 to 15 or 20. Stigmas 3 to 8. 
 Capsule subglobose, circumscissed. Seeds on filiform footstalks (or 
 funiculi). Leaves scattered, often whorled near the flowers, — 
 frequently with a tuft of hair in the axils. 
 
 1. P. oleracea, L. Leaves oblong-cuneate, obtuse, fleshy, smooth; 
 axils and nodes naked ; flowers sessile, Torr. 4" Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. 
 p. 196. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 353. Fl. Cestr. p. 314. 
 Pot-herb Portulaca. Vulgo-— Purslane. 
 Fr. Pourpier potager. Germ. Gemeiner Portulak. Span. Verdolaga* 
 
 Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, fleshy, smooth, prostrate, branch- 
 ing and radicating. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, alternate and opposite. 
 Petals pale yellow. Gardens, and cultivated grounds. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. Sept. 
 
 Obs. This plant — though said to be indigenous in the far west— 
 
16 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 has every appearance of being a naturalized stranger, in Pennsylva- 
 nia. It was often used, formerly, as a pot-herb ; but is now generally 
 superseded by better ones, — and is, indeed, only entitled to notice, 
 here, as a troublesome weed in gardens. 
 
 ORDER XXV. MALVACEAE. Juss. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves alternate, palmately veined, furnished with 
 stipules. Flowers regular, mostly large, often with an involucel forming a dou- 
 ble calyx. Calyx mostly of 5 sepals, more or less united at base. Petals as 
 many as the sepals, spirally twisted in aestivation. Stamens monadelphous, of- 
 ten indefinite ; anthers reniform. 1-celled. Styles as many as the carpels, distinct 
 or united below. Frtiit capsular, or the carpels separate or separable. Seids 
 with little or no albumen; cotyledons foliaceous, plicate and twisted. 
 
 An Order comprising about 30 genera, and numerous species, — some of them 
 showy and handsome. They are generally remarkable for their mucilaginous 
 and demulcent properties: But the Cotton -plant is pre-eminently interesting to 
 the American people. — both as yielding the great staple of the ex-ports from the 
 Southern States, and of the manufactures of the Northern States. There are, 
 however, but few other plants of Agricultural importance belonging to the Order. 
 
 20. MALVA. L. Endl. Gen. 5271. 
 [Latinized from the Greek, Malache, soft; in allusion to its emollient nature.] 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, mostly with an involucel of 3 oblong or setaceous 
 bracts. Carpels several, dry, indehiscent, arranged in a circle round 
 the axis. 
 
 1. M. rotundifolia, L. Stem herbaceous, prostrate ; leaves cordate- 
 orbicular, doubly crenate ; pedicels axillary, 1 -flowered, declined in 
 fruit; carpels wrinkled, 1-seeded. Torr. if Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 225. 
 DC. Prodr. 1. p. 432. Fl. Cestr. p. 395. Icon, FL Lond. 3. 
 
 Round-leaved Malva. Vulgd — Running Mallows. Low Mallows. 
 
 Fr. Petite Mauve. Germ. Rundblaettrige Malve. Span. Malva dc 
 hoja redonda. 
 
 Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, branching only at base or from the 
 root. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches in diameter, obscurely 5 or 7-lobed ; petioles 2 to 
 6 or 8 inches long. Flowers small; bracts linear. Petals twice as long as the 
 calyx, reddish-white with purple veins. Yards. Gardens, and Lots : introduced. 
 Native of Europe. Fl. May— Sept. Fr. July— Octo. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner is extensively naturalized; and although 
 somewhat popular as an ingredient in cataplasms and demulcent 
 drinks, is generally regarded as an unwelcome intruder in yards and 
 gardens. The Marsh Mallow {Althaea officinalis, Z».), a nearly 
 allied plant, has been introduced in many places, on account of its 
 mucilaginous character ; but is scarcely to be considered among our 
 cultivated plants. 
 
 21. HIBISCUS. L. (Abelmoschus. Medih. Endl. Gen. 5281.) 
 [An ancient Greek name for a plant of the Mallow tribe.] 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, surrounded by a many- (or sometimes a 
 few-) leaved involucel, the leaflets of which are usually linear and 
 distinct — sometimes more or less united. Stigmas 5 to 10. Carpels 
 united in a 5 or 10-celled loculicidal capsule ; cells mostly many- 
 (rarely 1-) seeded. 
 
 1. H. esculenttjs, L. Herbaceous ; leaves somewhat obtusely and 
 palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, the lobes dentate; involucels 
 
MALVACEAE 17 
 
 10-leaved, deciduous; calyx bursting lengthwise on one side ; fruit 
 10-angled, pyramidal. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 450. Fl. Cestr.p. 396. 
 Esculent Hibiscus. Vulgo — Okra. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 18 inches to 3 feet high, somewhat branched, pilose but 
 not aculeate. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and wider than long, lobed about half 
 way to the base ; petioles about as long as the leaves. Petals pale greenish yel- 
 low, with a dark purple spot at base. Capsule 2 or 3 inches long, erect. Gar- 
 dens : cultivated. Native of India. Fl. August. Fr. Sept.— October. 
 
 Obs. This plant is cultivated for its green pods or capsules, — 
 which are remarkably mucilaginous, and much esteemed, by many 
 persons, as an ingredient in soups. 
 
 22. GOSSYPIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 5286. 
 [A name supposed to be of Egyptian origin ; etymology obscure.] 
 
 Calyx cup-shaped, obtusely 5-toothed, surrounded by a 3-leaved 
 involucel, — the leaflets united and cordate at base, deeply incised- 
 dentate. Styles united; stigmas 3 or sometimes 5. Capsule 3 to 
 5-celled, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, enveloped in a long fine 
 wool. Yoiaig branches and leaves more or less covered with black 
 dots; the nerves beneath usually with one or more glands. 
 1. G. heebaceum, L. Stem smooth; leaves 3 to 5-lobed, with a 
 single gland beneath ; lobes rounded, mucronate ; involucel serrate ; 
 wool white. Torr. <y Gr. Fl. N..A. 1. p. 230. DC. Prodr. Up. 
 456. Icon, Farmer's Lib r. vol. 1. 
 
 Herbaceous Gossypium. Vulgo — Cotton. Cotton-plant. 
 JFV. Le Cottonnier. Germ. Die Baumwolle. Spa?i. Algodon. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long : 
 petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Petals greenish yellow, tinged with purple at base. 
 Seeds large, thickly beset with long wool-like cellular or tubular fibres, which, 
 at maturity, are shrunk and contorted so as to render them in some degree ad- 
 hesive, when pressed together, — and thereby susceptible of being spun or drawn 
 and twisted into delicate threads. Cultivated very largely in the Southern and 
 South-western States, Native of Asia. Fl. Fr. 
 
 Obs. This plant, — as yielding the material for light clothing — and 
 especially in reference to its commercial value, — may be regarded as 
 one of the most important objects of American Agriculture. Although 
 not so essential as the cereal tribe, the fibrous envelope of the seeds 
 is scarcely less interesting, as an article of trade, — and as the subject 
 of useful and ingenious industry. * A full and satisfactory history 
 of the Cotton-plant may be found in the first volume of that admi- 
 rable work, the Farmer's Library, edited by John S. Skinner, Esq. 
 
 23. ABUTILON. Gaertn. Endl. Gen. 5292. 
 [An ancient name of a plant, allied to Althaea.J 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel. Ovary 5 or many-celled, with 
 
 ♦Since the above was written, a wonderful discovery has been announced, in 
 reference to Cotton wool. It appears that by subjecting Cotton to some Chemical 
 processes, the fibres (without apparent alteration.) may be rendered as explosive 
 as Gun powder! To what extent it may be made available, as a substitute for 
 gun-powder, of course, remains to be ascertained. It is also alleged, that Tou\ 
 or the cortical fibres of flax, and some other minutely divided vegetable sub- 
 stances, can be rendered in like manner explosive, by the same or similar pro- 
 cesses. 
 
 2* 
 
18 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 3 (or rarely more) ovules in each cell. Capsule composed of 5, to 
 15 or more, 2-valved 3 to 6-seeded carpels. 
 
 1. A. Avicennae, Gaertn. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, 
 crenate-dentate, velvety-tomentose ; peduncles axillary, shorter than 
 the petiole; carpels about 15, truncate, obliquely birostrate, hairv, 
 3-seeded. Torr. <V Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 230. 
 
 Sida Abutilon, L. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 470. Fl. Cestr. p. 397. 
 
 Avicenna's Abutilon. Vulgo — Indian Mallow. Velvet-leaf. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, branched. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches 
 long; petioles 3 to 5 inches long. Petals yellow. Carpels 12 to 15, verticillately 
 arranged in a truncate subcampanulate head. Cultivated Lots, and waste places : 
 introduced. Native of Europe and Asia. Fl. July — Sept. Fr. Aug. — October. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner is a "worthless and troublesome intruder, — 
 frequent in Indian-corn fields, Potato patches, and other cultivated 
 lots, — and is of a size sufficient to be a nuisance. It should be 
 always carefully eradicated before it matures its seeds. 
 
 ORDER XXVI. TILIACEAE. Juss. 
 
 Trees or shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, furnished with deciduous stipules. 
 Flowers axillary, small. Calyx of 3 to 5 deciduous sepals. Petals 3 to 5. Disk 
 glandular. Stamens often in 3 to 5 clusters, distinct or somewhat united — 
 one of each parcel sometimes transformed into a petaloid scale ; anthers 
 2-celled. Styles united into one. Fruit, either a 2 to 5-celled capsule with sev- 
 eral seeds in each cell — or coriaceous, and sometimes drupaceous, 1-celled by 
 abortion, and 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds albuminous, with a large embryo ; the folia- 
 ceous cotyledons usually plicate. 
 
 This, like the preceding, is a mucilaginous Family of plants, and comprises 
 about 30 genera. In the IT. States, the Lindens (which are the representatives 
 of the Order) are the only interesting species: But in the tropical regions, the 
 (iunny-bags. of commerce, are manufactured from the fibrous bark of two spe- 
 cies of Corchorus. The acid drupes of Greuia sapida, Roxb. are employed in the 
 preparation of the oriental beverage called Sherbet: and some other plants of 
 the Order contribute to economical purposes. 
 
 24. TILIA. L. Bndl. Gen. 5373. 
 [A name of obscure and uncertain derivation.] 
 
 Sepals 5, connected at base. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, more 
 or less cohering in 5 parcels, — the central one of each parcel (in the 
 N. American species) a petaloid scale (nectary, or st ami nodi um). 
 Ovary globose, villous, 5-celled; cells with 2 ovules. Fruit cori- 
 aceous or woody, globose, by abortion 1-celled, 1 or 2-seeded. Trees, 
 with subcordate serrate leaves, and a tough fibrous bark. Floiaers 
 in pendulous cymes, with the lower half of the common peduncle 
 adnate to a long membrano-foliaceous bract. 
 
 1. T. platyphylla, Scop. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, 
 puberulent beneath ; flowers without staminodia or petaloid scales. 
 DC. Prodr. I. p. 513. 
 
 T. Europaca, L. Fl. Lond. Icon, vol. 2. [Linden. 
 
 Bkoad-leaved Tilia. Vulgo — Linden, or Lime tree. European 
 Fr. Le Tilleul. Germ. Die Linde. Span, Tilo. 
 
 Sum 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter,— the numerous branches 
 forming a handsome symmetrical top. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long; petioles 1 to 2 
 inches long. Floivers yellowish-white, destitute of the accessory petals (or sta- 
 minodia) which are found in the American species. Cultivated. Native of 
 Europe. Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. September — October. 
 
TILIACEAE 19 
 
 Obs. This foreign species has been extensively introduced, as an 
 ornamental shade tree, in our cities and villages. In the beginning 
 of summer it is handsome ; but the leaves begin to die, or become 
 diseased (assuming a scorched appearance), soon after midsummer, — 
 and the tree is, moreover, infested by so many loathsome and de- 
 structive insects, that it is now being superseded by others less subject 
 to such accidents. The flowers are said to afford to bees a superior 
 quality of honey. 
 
 2. T. Americana, L. Leaves obliquely cordate or truncate at base, 
 abruptly acuminate, subcoriaceous, glabrous ; flowers with stamino- 
 dia, or petaloid scales, connected with the filaments. Torr. fy Gr. 
 Fl. N. A. 1. p. 239. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 3. tab. 131. 
 
 T. glabra. Vent. DC. Prodr. \. p. 513. Fl. Cestr.p. 312. [wood. 
 
 American Tilia. Vulgd — Linden, or Linn. Basswood. White 
 
 Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with spreading 
 branches. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, unequal at base ; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. 
 Fiowers yellowish-white or cream-colored, — furnished with an accessory petal 
 (or staminodium — scarcely changed from the petal form — ) attached to each 
 parcel of stamens. Rich woodlands, and banks of streams ; along the moun- 
 tains, from Canada to Georgia. Fl. Latter end of June. Fr. Sept. — October. 
 
 Obs. The wood of this fine tree is light, soft and white, — and is 
 much used in the manufacture of domestic utensils. The inner bark, 
 by maceration, separates into broad thin fibres, — from which a rude 
 cordage, and matting, are sometimes made. It also affords a muci- 
 laginous liniment, which has been highly commended in burns and 
 scalds ; — though I suppose it is about as efficacious as most other 
 mild mucilages. This species is sometimes planted as a shade tree ; 
 but its branches are more straggling, and less symmetrical, than 
 those of the European Linden. Neither of them, however, is as 
 valuable, for that purpose, as the Sugar Maple or the Horse Ches- 
 nut. There are two or three other species of Tilia in the TJ. States : 
 but they are more local in their habitat, and of less general interest, 
 than this one. 
 
 ORDER XXVIII. AURANTIACEAE. Correa. 
 
 Shrubs, or small trees. Leaves alternate, with articulated petioles, destitute of 
 stipules, dotted with pellucid glands which are replete with a volatile oiL — 
 Flowers fragrant. Calyx short, urceolate or campanulate. Petals 3 to 5 or S. — 
 Stamens inserted in a single series upon a hypogynous disk, as many as the pe- 
 tals or some multiple of their number, often somewhat monadelphous or polya- 
 delphous. Style cylindrical; stigma thickish. Fruit a many-celled berry, with 
 a leathery rind filled with pulp. Seeds without albumen. 
 
 This small but truly Hesperidian Order (which is chiefly tropical.) affords a 
 few fruits beside those here noticed ; but they are little known in the U. States. 
 
 25. CITRUS. L. Endl. Gen. 5514. 
 [The etymology of this name lias not been ascertained.] 
 
 Calyx urceolate, 3 to 5-toothcd. Petals 5 to 8. Stamens numerous, 
 polyadelphous. Stigma hemispherical. Fruit baccate, 7 to 12- 
 celled ; cells pulpy, many-seeded. Seed-cover (testa or spermodemi) 
 membranaceous. — Small trees or shrubs, often with axillary spines. 
 Leaves perennial, compound (i. e. odd-pinnate, with all the leaflets 
 but the terminal one suppressed !) ; iietiole sometimes winged. 
 
20 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 1. C. Medica, Risso. Petioles not winged; leaves oblong-oval, 
 
 acute ; fruit elliptic-oblong, with a thick rugose coat, and acid pulp. 
 
 DC. Prodr. 1. p. 539. 
 
 MediaiN Citrus. Vulgd — Lemon. Lemon tree. 
 
 Fr. Cedrat. Germ. Der Citronenbaum. Span. Limonero. 
 
 A branching Shrub, 6 to 12 feet or more in height. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, 
 obsoletely serrate, coriaceous; petioles half an inch to three quarters in length. 
 Petals white, often tinged with purple externally. Stigma peltate, broad and 
 thick — when not fully developed, the fruit invariably abortive. Fruit elliptic, 2 
 to 3 inches long, — the rind greenish-yellow, adhering to the pulp. Cultivated.— 
 Native of Media. Fl. March, and after. Fr. Successively. 
 
 Obs. This tender evergreen shrub is often to be seen (under 
 shelter in winter,) even in the middle and northern States ; and 
 doubtless succeeds well in those at the southern extreme of the 
 Union. It is usually inserted, by inoculation, upon an Orange stock. 
 It appears to flower at different seasons, — and the fruit is a year or 
 more in arriving at maturity,; so that, the shrub is often charged with 
 both flowers and fruit (the latter in all stages of growth) at the same 
 time. The uses of the fine acid fruit are universally known, and its 
 value appreciated.. 
 
 2. C. Aurantium, Risso. Petioles more or less winged; leaves 
 ovate-oblong, acute ; fruit globose, with a thinnish rugose coat, and 
 sweet pulp. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 539: [Sweet Orange. 
 
 Orange or Golden Citrus. Ftt/o-o— Orange. China Orange. — 
 Fr. L'Oranger. Germ. Der Oranienbaum. Span. Naranjo. 
 
 A branching shrifb, 5 to 10 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, coriaceous ; 
 petioles half an inch to an inch long. Petals white. Fruit spherical or an oblate 
 spheroid, about 2 inches in diameter, the rind reddish-yellow, and separable 
 from the pulp. Cultivated. Native of Eastern Asia. Fl. and Fr. as in the pre- 
 ceding. 
 
 Obs. The Orange tree was introduced into Florida -many years 
 ao-o, — and seems, from accounts, to be pretty well naturalized, there. 
 It may probably be cultivated to advantage, in the more southern 
 districts of our country : but it can only be known as a Green-house 
 plant, in the middle and northern States, — and it is to Green-house 
 specimens that the size here mentioned, of this and the preceding 
 species, has reference. In a congenial climate, they no doubt become 
 much larger. The delicious fruit of this species is too well known 
 to require comment*. 
 
 ORDER XXIX. MELIACEAE. Juss. DC. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually compound, destitute of stipules. Calyx. 
 of 3 to 5 sepals, more or less connected. Petals 3 to 5. Stamens twice as many 
 as the petals, monadelphous. inserted outside of a hypogynous disk ; anthers ses- 
 sile in the orifice of the tube of filaments. Ovary several-celled, with 1 or 2 
 ovules in each cell; styles and stigmas mostly united into one. Fruit a drupe, 
 berry, or capsule, — often 1-celled by abortion, and the cell 1-seeded. Seeds with 
 little or no albumen, and wingless. 
 
 The genus which represents this Order, is the only one belonging to it which 
 is much known in our country, — axtd that is pretty much eonfined to the States 
 south of the Potomac. 
 
 26. MELIA. L. Endl. Gen. 5520. 
 [The Greek name of a species of Ash, — which this tree resembles.] 
 
 Calyx small, 5-cleft. Petals 5, linear -oblong, spreading. Stamen' 
 
MELIACEAE 21 
 
 tube 10-cleft at summit, with 10 anthers in the orifice ; segments of 
 the tube 2 or 3-parted. Ovary seated on a slightly elevated disk; 
 style filiform; stigma capitate, 5-angled, Drupe ovoid, with a 5- 
 celled bony nut ; cells 1-seeded. Embryo inclosed in thin fleshy 
 albumen ; cotyledons flat, foliaceous. Trees, with odd-pinnate or 
 bipinnate leaves. Flowers in axillary panicles. 
 
 1. M. Azedarach, L. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets somewhat in 
 
 fives, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, incised-dentate, smooth. 
 
 Torr. 6f Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 241. DC. Prodr. l.p. 621. Icon, Mx. 
 
 Sylva, 3. tab. 102. 
 
 Vulgo — Pride of India. Bead-tree. 
 
 Fr. Arbre aux Patenotres. Germ. Der Zederach. 
 
 Stem 20 to 40 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter, with branches clustered 
 at irregular intervals. Leaves deciduous ; leaflets 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, forming 
 secondary pinnae of 2 or 3 pairs, with a terminal odd one. Flowers pale violet- 
 purple or lilac-colored. Drupe with a soft yellowish pulp, and an obtusely an- 
 gular nut. Cultivated. Native of Syria, Persia, and the far East. Fl. April. — 
 Fr. September — October. 
 
 Obs. This tree has been introduced into the Southern States, as an 
 ornamental shade tree, — and is now, Mr. Elliott says, perfectly 
 naturalized. It will not endure the winters of Pennsylvania. The 
 most northern point at which I have seen trees of any considerable 
 size, was Norfolk, Virginia ; and even there, they are sometimes 
 killed by frost. The bark of the root is reputed to be a good vermi- 
 fuge. In the south of Europe, the nuts are often used for beads ; 
 whence one of its English and French names. 
 
 ORDER XXXI. LINACEAE. DC. Lindl. 
 
 Herbs. Leaves alternate opposite or verticillate, entire, sessile, without stipules. 
 Flowers regular and symmetrical. Calyx of 3 to 5 imbricated persistent sepal;?. 
 Petals as many as the sepals, unguiculate. twisted in aestivation, ephemeral, — 
 Stamens as many as the petals (often with intermediate teeth, representing an 
 abortive series), all united at base into a ring. Ovary mostly with as many 
 styles and cells as there are sepals, — each cell with 2 suspended ovules. Capsvlc 
 globose, acuminate with the peristent base of the united styles, mostly 5-celled ; 
 each cell or carpel more or less perfectly divided by a false dissepiment pro- 
 ceeding from the dorsal suture. — the spurioug cells 1-seeded. Embryo flat, fleshy 
 and oily, with little or no albumen. 
 
 This Order is pretty much limited to the genus which is its type ; and conse- 
 quently, the character of the genus is nearly the same as that of the Order. 
 
 27. LINUM. L. Endl. Gen. 6056. 
 
 [Greek, Linon, or Celtic, Llln ; the name for flax, or thread ; in those languages.] 
 
 Sepals, Petals and Stamens 5. Styles 5 or rarely 3. Capsule with 
 a septicidal dehiscence, — the carpels 2-valved at apex* 
 
 1. L. usitatissimum, L. Leaves alternate, lanoe-Jinear, very aoute j 
 panicle corymbose ; sepals ovate* aoute, with a membranaceous 
 margin; petals somewhat orenate. Tbrr. <$• Gr. Fl. iV. A. 1. p % 
 204. DC. Prodr. I. p. 426. FL Cestr. p. 210. Icon, Fl. Land, 
 vol. 1. 
 
 Most useful (or com.mojx) Lj:vum. Yulgd — Flax, 
 
 Fr. Lin. Germ. Gemeiner Flachs, Span. Una, 
 
 Root annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, terete, smooth, eorymbosery* 
 branched at summit. Leeuxs an inch to an iuch and half long. FtiaU rather 
 
22 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 large, blue, often with a tinge of purple, very caducous. Seeds lance-ovate, 
 smooth and shining. Cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This valuable plant — once considered so indispensable among 
 the crops of our farmers — is now but little cultivated. I have 
 not seen a flax -patch for a number of years : whereas, in the " good 
 old times" — before Spinning-wheels were superseded by Pianos — 
 every rural family cultivated and manufactured as much flax as was 
 required for domestic purposes. But now, the Cotton-plant of the 
 South has nearly banished the Flax-plant from the Middle and 
 Northern States. Nor is the revolution thus effected a subject of 
 regret, with the farmer. The flax crop is one which involves a good 
 deal of troublesome, disagreeable labor, — and, without being profit- 
 able, is generally believed to be injurious to the soil : an opinion as 
 old as the time of Virgil — who says 
 
 ''Urit enim Lini campum seges, urit avenae."^-GEOBG. 1. 71. 
 or, as rendered by Sotheby, 
 
 " Oats and the Flaxen harvest burn the ground." 
 
 The seeds of this plant, beside yielding a most valuable oil, afford one 
 of the best mucilaginous drinks, for coughs, and dysenteric affections. 
 
 ORDER XXXV. TROPAEOLACEAE. Juss. A. Gray. 
 
 Herbs, with a pungent watery Juice, a straggling or twining stem, alternate petio- 
 late peltate or palmate leaves with radiating nerves, and without stipules. — 
 Floicers irregular, large, on long axillary peduncles. Calyx of 5 colored united 
 sepals, somewhat bilabiate, — the upper lip produced at base into a hollow spur. 
 Petals 5. unequal, inserted on the calyx, — the 2 upper ones sessile, arising from 
 the throat of the spur, — the 3 lower ones unguiculate, smaller and sometimes 
 abortive. Stamens 8. unequal, distinct. Ovary 3-lobed, — composed of 3 united 
 carpels, which are 1-seeded. indehiscent, and separate from the common axis 
 when mature. Seeds without albumen, large ; cotyledons thick, distinct when 
 young, finally consolidated or soldered together. 
 A very small Order, and of little interest beyond the genus which represents it. 
 
 28. TROPAEOLUM. L. Endl. Gen. 6063. 
 [Latin, a little banner, or Trophy : from a fancied similitude in the plant.] 
 
 D^For the character of the Gefius, see that of the Order* 
 
 1. T. MAJus, L. Leaves peltate, sub-orbicular, obscurely repand- 
 lobed, the nerves not exserted; petals obtuse. DC. Prodr. 1. _p. 
 683. Fl. Cestr. p. 243. 
 
 Greater Tropaeolum. Vulgd Nasturtium. Indian Crcs3. [china. 
 
 Fr. Grande Capucine. Germ. Die Kapuziner kresse. Span. Capu- 
 
 Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet long, fleshy, smooth. Leaves 2 to 3 inches 
 in diameter, the nerves which radiate from the centre not projecting beyond the 
 margin (as they do in another species): petioles 3 to 6 inches long" Peduncles 
 1-flowered, mostly longer than the petioles. Pe/aZs yellowish, or reddish orange, 
 with dark purple stripes and spots, — the 3 lower ones fringed at base. Carpels 
 suleate. fleshy, finally suberose or coriaceous. Gardens. Cultivated, Native 
 of South America. Fl. June — September. Fr. August — October. 
 
 Obs, This ornamental stranger is sometimes cultivated for show; 
 but ohiefly for the young fruit — which is prepared as a condiment, 
 and affords a tolerable substitute for capers. The plant is said to be 
 perennial in its native country (Peru), — whence it was brought to 
 Europe in the year 16Si» 
 
ANACARDIACEAE 23 
 
 ORDER XXXIX. ANACARDIACEAE. R. Br. Lindl. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky, often acrid, juice, which turns black in 
 drying. Leaves alternate (often compound), without stipules, and not dotted. — 
 Flowers small, mostly paniculate, often polygamous or dioicous. Calyx of 3 to 5 
 sepals, more or less connected at base. Petals, and usually the stamens, as ma- 
 ny as the sepals, inserted into the base of the calyx. Ovary 1-celled (by abor- 
 tion), but with 3 styles or stigmas, and a single ovule. Fruit indehiscent, usually 
 drupaceous. Seed without albumen ; embryo curved. 
 
 In the tropical regions, this Family presents plants of much interest: such as 
 that which yields the celebrated Mango fruit (Mangifera Indica,L.)— the Cashew 
 nut (Anacardium occidentale, L.) — and the Pistacia nut {Pistacia vera, L.) ; with 
 others which afford various kinds of Lacquer and Varnish. A species of Rhus 
 (R. Cotinus, L.) affords the " young Fustic," of commerce, — the l J old Fustic " 
 being the wood of Morus tinctoria. L The Chian or Cyprus Turpentine is ob- 
 tained from the Pistacia Terebinthus. L. 
 
 29. RHUS. L. Bndl. Gen. 5905. 
 [Greek, Rhous, — or Celtic, Rhudd, — red ; the prevailing color of the fruit.] 
 
 Sepals 5, connected at base, small, persistent. Petals 5, ovate, 
 spreading, inserted under the margin of an orbicular disk. Stamens 
 5 (rarely 10 — and sometimes wanting), inserted into the disk. Styles 
 mostly 3, distinct or united; stigmas subcapitate. Drupe small, 
 nearly or quite dry ; nut bony, 1-celled. Cotyledons foliaceous, 
 with their commissure to the radicle (accumbent). 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, sometimes very lactescent. Leaves some- 
 times simple, often compound (odd-pinnate or trifoliolate). Flowers 
 (of all the species here given) dioicous by abortion. 
 
 f Leaves odd-pinnate. * Branches villous. 
 
 1. R. typhina, L. Young brandies and petioles densely villous; 
 leaflets in many pairs, acutely serrate, glaucous and somewhat pilose 
 beneath ; drupes densely pubescent. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. iV\ A. 1 p. 217. 
 DC. Prodr. 2. p. 67. Fl. Cestr. p. 205. 
 
 Typha-like Rhus. Vulgd — Staghorn Sumach. 
 
 Lactescent. Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet high, and sometimes 4 to 6 inches in 
 diameter, branched. Leaves composed of 8 to 15 or 20 pairs of lance-oblong 
 leaflets (2 to 4 inches in length) ; convnon petioles 1 to 2 feet long. Flowers yel- 
 lowish-green, in thyrsoid panicles, — the fertile panicles smaller and more com- 
 pact. Ovaries clothed with a long greyish velvety pubescence — which on the 
 fruit becomes a bright purple, and sharply acid. Woodlands, and banks of 
 streams : Canada to Louisiana. Fl. June. Fr. September — October. 
 
 Obs. This is the largest and handsomest species of the genus, — 
 as seen in the Middle States. The fine purple clusters of fruit, 
 on the fertile plant, render it quite ornamental ; and, if introduced 
 into the yards and public squares of our cities, would present an al- 
 most literal exemplification of the much-admired R (h) us in urbe ! 
 
 * * Branches smooth. 
 
 2. R. glabra, L. Branches and petioles glabrous ; leaflets in many 
 pairs, serrate, smooth on both sides, glaucous beneath. Torr. 4* Gr. 
 Fl. N. A. 1. p. 217. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 67. Fl. Cestr. p. 206. 
 Glabrous Rhus. Vulgd— Common, or Smooth Sumach. 
 
 Very lactescent. Stem 3 to 8 or 10 feet high, irregularly branching ; young 
 branches stout and thick, with a large pith, somewhat angular or compressed! 
 Leaves composed of 8 to 12 or 15 pairs of leaflets (2 to 3 or 4 inches in length) ; 
 common petiole 9 to 18 inches long, often dark purple. Flowers yellowish-green ; 
 
24 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 the fertile panicles smaller and more compact than the sterile ones. Ovaries 
 clothed with a short greyish silky pubescence, which on the /rt«'< becomes bright 
 purple, and contains a sprightly acid. Old fields, fence-rows and thickets: 
 Canada to Louisiana. Fl. June. Fr. September — October. 
 
 Obs. This shrub is apt to be abundant in neglected sterile old 
 fields ; and its prevalence, in arable lands, is strong evidence of the 
 occupant being a poor thriftless farmer. The branches and leaves 
 ardjtaid to be useful in the process of tanning morocco leather. 
 
 3. R. venenata, DC. Branches and petioles smooth; leaflets in 
 few pairs, very entire ; common petioles not winged ; fruit glabrous. 
 Torr. &f Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 218. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 68. Fl. Cestr. 
 p. 207. 
 
 R. vernix. L. and the older authors. 
 
 Poisonous Rhus. Vulgd — Poison Sumach. Poison Elder. 
 
 Not lactescent. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, branching above, young branches 
 rather slender, terete, smoothish, slightly verrucose or dotted. Leaves composed 
 of 3 to 5 or 6 pairs of leaflets (2 to 3 or 4 inches long) ; common x>etioles 4 to 10 or 
 12 inches long. Flowers greenish. Panicles slender, racemose, on long axillary 
 peduncles. Drupes dry, smooth and shining, nearly twice as large as in either 
 of the preceding. Low grounds, along swampy rivulets : Canada to Georgia. 
 Fl. June. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This was formerly supposed to be identical with the oriental 
 species which yields the Japan Varnish, — and hence the old specific 
 name. It is a shrub to be carefully extirpated from the farm ; as it 
 is not only worthless, but exceedingly poisonous to many persons, if 
 they come in contact with it — or even get unawares in its immediate 
 vicinity. 
 
 f f Leaves trifoliolate. 
 
 4. R. Toxicodendron, L. (vars. a, and b, Torr. 4* Gr.) Stem erect, 
 decumbent, or climbing by radicles ; leaflets in threes, obliquely 
 ovate or rhomboid, acuminate; fruit glabrous. Torr. §• Gr. Fl. N. 
 A. 1. p. 218. 
 
 R. radicans, and Toxicodendron. DC. Prodr . 2. p. 69. 
 
 R. radicans, L. Fl. Cestr. p. 207. 
 
 Poison-tree Rhus. Vulgd — Poison-vine. Poison-oak. Poison-ivy. 
 
 Not lactescent. In the erect variety, stem 2 to 5 or 6 feet high ; leaflets larger 
 (4 to 6 or, 8 inches long), variously and coarsely toothed or lobed : in the more 
 common climbing variety, stem 8 or 10 to 30 or 40 feet long, branching, climbing 
 and closely adhering to trees and other objects by means of numerous radicating 
 processes ; leaflets smaller, and more commonly entire, than in the other variety : 
 thin or somewhat membranaceous in both. Flowers yellowish-green. Panicles 
 slender, racemose, on short axillary peduncles. Druj>es about the size of those 
 in the preceding species, dry, smooth and shining, pale brown. Woodlands, 
 and old fence-rows : Canada to Georgia, and the Rocky Mountains. Fl. May — 
 June. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This species (and especially the climbing variety — which is 
 by far the most common, in Pennsylvania) is also poisonous, — and 
 should not only be known to the farmer, but diligently expelled from 
 his premises. There are several other species of Rhiis in the U. 
 States, — interesting to the Botanist — as all plants are, — but not im- 
 mediately so to the practical Agriculturist. 
 
 ORDER XL. XANTHOXYLACEAE. Nees fy Mart. Lindl 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate (often compound), without stipules; 
 leaflets mostly pellucid-punctate. Flowers polygamous or dioicous. Calyx of 3 
 
XANTHOXYLACEAE . 25 
 
 to 9 sepals, more or less connected at base. Petals as many as the sepals (or 
 rarely wanting), convolute in aestivation. Stamens as many, or twice as ma- 
 ny, as the petals. Ovaries 2 or more, borne on the convex or elevated receptacle, 
 united or separate. Fruit various, — baccate, drupaceous, or capsular, and 
 sometimes samaroid. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell or carpel, mostly albuminous. 
 
 This Order contains several plants possessed of medicinal properties; but 
 few, if any, of Agricultural interest. * 
 
 30. AILANTHUS. Desf. Endl. Gen. 5980. 
 
 [Formed from Ailanto, — the name it bears in its native country.] 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, convolute at base, inserted under a 
 hypogynous disk. Stamens 10, inserted under the disk. Ovaries 
 2 to 5, distinct, compressed. Carpels 3 to 5, or fewer by abortion, 
 membranaceous and samaroid, tumid and reticulately veined in the 
 centre, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Seed compressed, obliquely 
 ovate, without albumen. Tall trees. Leaves pinnate, but not 
 punctate. Flowers dioicously polygamous. Fruit samara-like^ 
 somewhat resembling that of the Ask. 
 
 1. A. glandtjlosa, Desf. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets oblong* 
 lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely dentate at base, with a gland on the 
 under side of each tooth. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 89. 
 Glandular Ailanthus. Vulgd — Chinese Sumach. Tree of Heaven. 
 
 Stem 30 to 60 feet, or more, in height, much branched ; young branches never 
 multiplying during growth, but developed only from the buds of the preceding 
 year. Leaves (on young trees, especially) much elongated, and consisting of 
 many pairs (15 to 20) of smooth leaflets, which are 3 to 5 inches in length, and 
 entire, except a pair or two of coarse teeth at base. Flowers pale greenish 
 yellow, in terminal open thyrsoid panicles. Cultivated as a shade tree. Native 
 of China. Fl. June. Fr. Sept. — October. 
 
 Obs. This oriental stranger has not been long enough in the 
 country to demonstrate the size to which it may grow, — but quite 
 long enough (25 to 30 years) to convince some who have tried it, 
 that it is one of the most objectionable trees, in and about yards and 
 gardens, which has yet been introduced. It is a real nuisance, — 
 and was appropriately named Cacodendron (evil or pernicious tree,) 
 by an eminent Botanist. The roots extend far and wide, and send 
 up myriads of stickers which it is almost impossible to keep in sub- 
 jection, — or to get rid of, even after the tree has been Cut down. 
 The sterile flowers are very numerous, and emit a disagreeable 
 odter, — as does also the young plant, when bruised or handled. The 
 tree is of very rapid growth, and might perhaps be worth cultivating, 
 in suitable situations, for the sake of the timber : but I would advise 
 that it be kept away from the vicinity of houses and gardens. — 
 Another recently introduced tree {Paulownia imperialism Sieb.) is 
 said to be objectionable For the same troublesome tendency to mul* 
 tiply suckers from the roots. 
 
 ORDER. XLI. ACERACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite and mostly palmate-lobed, without stipules.— 
 Flowers small, regular, disposed in racemes, corymbs or fascicles, often polyga- 
 
 *Prof. A. Gray suggests, that the Prickly Ash {Xanthoxylum Americanum^ 
 Mill.— a. small tree, or shrub, to be found in many places in the Northern and 
 Western States—) may be worthy the attention of Farmers, for the purpose of 
 hedging. I doubt, however, whether it can ever be as eligible, and effective, as 
 the Cock-spur Thorn. 
 
 3 
 
26 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 mous or dioicous by abortion,— sometimes preceding the leaves. Calyx mostly 
 of 5 sepals, more or less united and colored. Petals as many as the sepals, or 
 often wanting. Stamens varying from 3 to 5, 8, or 12. Ovary 2-lobed. Fruit 
 composed of 2 indehiscen't samaroid carpers, finally separable, — the wing of 
 each thickened on the outer or lower margin. Seeds erect, with little or no al- 
 bumen ; embryo curved or sometimes nearly straight ; cotyledons foliaceous, irre- 
 gularly plicate and convolute. 
 
 The importance of this small Order is limited to the genus which is its type. 
 The Sycamore, of Europe, is a species of Acer (A. Pseudo-Platanus, L.). 
 
 31. ACER. Moench. Endl. Gen. 5558. 
 [Latin, Acer, sharp ; the wood having been used for pikes or lances.] 
 
 tXJ 1 * The character of the Order will serve for that of the Genus. 
 
 1. A. saccharinum, L. Leaves broad, subcordate at base, 3 to 5- 
 lobed with the sinuses obtuse, — the lobes acuminate, coarsely and 
 sparingly sinuate-dentate ; flowers apetalous, pendulous on long 
 filiform corymbose pedicels-; fruit turgid, smooth. Torr. 6r Gr. Fl. 
 JV. A. 1. p. 248. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 595. Fl. Cestr. p. 245. Icon, 
 Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 42. 
 
 Saccharine Acer. Vulgb — Sugar Maple. 
 
 Stem 50 to 80 feet or more in height, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Leaves 3 to 5 
 inches long, and generally rather wider than long, dark green above, paler be- 
 neath; petioles 2 to 4 inches long. Calyx pale greenish yellow, truncate and 
 cup-like, the limb fringed with long hairs. Petals none. Fruit ovoid at base, 
 about an inch long (including the wing), slightly diverging. Rich woodlands : 
 Canada to Georgia. Fl. April — May. Fr. Sept. 
 
 Obs. This is one of the most valuable and interesting of our native 
 trees, — particularly in the forests of the North and West — where its 
 sap, in early spring, yields an immense quantity of Sugar and 
 Syrup. The beautiful woo</, known as Bird's-eye Maple — so much 
 admired in cabinet work — is obtained, I believe, from this species ; 
 and it is, moreover, rarely surpassed, in any respect, as an orna- 
 mental shade tree. 
 
 2. A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. Leaves palmately and deeply 5-lobed 
 with the sinuses rather obtuse, — the lobes acute, unequally incised- 
 dentate ; flowers apetalous, aggregated on short pedicels ; ovary 
 densely tomentose. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 248. 
 
 A. eriocarpum. Mx. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 595. Fl. Cestr. p. 245. Icon, 
 Mx, Sylva, 1. tab. 40 (the flowers inaccurately represented). 
 Hairy-fruited Acer. Virfgd — Silver-leaved Maple. White Maple. 
 
 Stem 30 to 60 feet high, and 2 feet or more ( " in the western states sometimes 
 8 or 9 " — Torr. 8f Gr.) in diameter, much branched, — the young branches virgate 
 and straggling or drooping. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, bluish white or glaucous 
 beneath ; petioles 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers in fascicles mostly of fives and 
 sevens. Calyx pale green, truncate and cup-like. Petals none. Fruit (includ- 
 ing the wing) 2 to 3 inches long, one of the carpels usually abortive ; pedicels 
 of the fruit an inch long. Seed large ; embryo nearly straight. Banks of Rivers : 
 Maine to Georgia. Fl. April. Fr. May — June. 
 
 Obs. This has been extensively introduced into our cities and 
 villages, as an ornamental tree, — and is often mistaken for the true 
 Sugar Maple. It appears, indeed, from the researches of Prof. A. 
 Gray, that Linnaeus established the A. saccharinum upon a speci- 
 men of this plant : but, as it was done under a misapprehension of 
 its character, the name has been very properly transferred, by all 
 
ACERACEAE 27 
 
 Succeeding Botanists, to the real sugar-producing species. The 
 Silver Maple, however — though fashionable at present — is by no 
 means to be compared with the Sugar Maple, even as a shade tree,— 
 and much less for its economical value. 
 
 3. A. rub.rum, L. Leaves generally 3-lobed with the sinuses acute, 
 subcordate at base, — the lobes acute, spreading, unequally incised- 
 dentate ; flowers pentapetalous, aggregated on rather long pedicels ; 
 ovary glabrous. Torr. if Gr. Fl."N* A. 1. p. 249. DC Pmdr. 1. 
 p. 595. Fl. Cestr. p. 244. Icojm, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 41. 
 Red Acer. Vulgo — Red Maple. Swamp Maple. 
 
 Stem. 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet or more in diameter, branched, — 
 the young branches purplish. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long ; •petioles 1 or 2 to 5 inches 
 long. Flowers appearing before the leaves, in fascicles of fives. Calyx petaloid, 
 and with the petals, bright purple (or often yellowish tawny). Fruit (including 
 ihe wing) near an inch long. Moist low grounds ; swampy woodlands : Canada 
 to Florida. Fl. March— April. Fr. Sept. 
 
 Obs. The variety with yellowish or tawny flowers, is quite com- 
 mon in Pennsylvania, — and* in a pretty extensive examination, I 
 find those flowers generally staminate and sterile (rarely perfect) ; 
 while the bright purple flowers are constantly perfect. The wood 
 of the Red Maple — especially that variety or form of it, known as 
 Curled Maple — is much used in the manufacture of various articles 
 of furniture, &c. and the refuse timber makes excellent fuel. The 
 bark affords a dark purplish-blue dye, and makes a pretty good bluish- 
 black ink. The sap of all the species is more or less saccharine. ' 
 
 ORDER XLII. HIPPOCASTANACEAE. DC. Torr. $ Gr. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, — the annual growth of the branches rapid and definite. Leaves 
 mostly opposite, compound (digitate by sevens and fives), without stipules ; 
 leaflets penrtinerved. Flowers perfect, unsymmetrical, in large showy terminal 
 thyreoid panicles or racemes. Calyx of 5 connected sepals. Petals 5 (or some- 
 times 4, by the suppression of the lower one), unequal. Stamens 6 to 8— usually 
 7 — distinct, inserted upon a hypogynous disk. Ovary 3-celled (or 3 united car- 
 pels, with each 2 ovules) ; styles united into one. Fruit a subglobose coriaceous 
 capsule, echinate or unarmed, mostly 1-celled by abortion, 2 or 3-valved with a 
 loculicidal dehiscence. Seed mostly solitary by abortion, large, subglobose, with 
 a smooth shining reddish-brown testa and broad paler hilu?n, destitute of albu- 
 men: cotyledons ver.y thick and fleshy, gibbous, cohering or soldered together, 
 remaining under ground in germination. 
 A very small Order, and little known in Agriculture. 
 
 32. AESCULUS. L. Endl. Gen. 5641. 
 [An ancient Latin name of a tree which bore esculent fruit.] 
 
 tt^" The generic character is nearly that of the Order. 
 1. JE. Hippocastanum, L. Leaflets in sevens, obovate-cuneate, 
 acute, dentate ; flowers 5-petaled and heptandrous ; fruit echinate. 
 JDC. Prodr. I; jr. 597. 
 
 Horse-chesnut Aesculus. Vtclgd — Horse Chesnut. [de Indias. 
 Fr. Marronnier d' Inde. Germ. Die Rosskastanie. Span. Castano 
 
 Stem 30 to 50 or 60 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with numerous sym- 
 metrical rather erect branches. Leaflets 4 to 6 or 8 inches long; common petioles 
 4 to 6 inches long. Flowers white or ochroleucous, with red spots and tinges of 
 yellow. Cultivated. Native of Asia. Fl. May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This ornamental tree (which is often called English Horse 
 Chesnut, because it came to us by way of England — but which ori- 
 
2$ POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 ginally came from Northern India — ) has not been as generally 
 introduced as it deserves to be. It is not only symmetrical and 
 handsome, but also remarkably exempt from the depredations of 
 noisome insects : and although of slower growth than some others, 
 it is, in my opinion, well worth waiting for — on account of its rare 
 beauty, and the perfect shade it affords. The young shoots, or 
 branches of each year, complete their development, and come to a 
 full stop, early in the summer,— the residue of the season being 
 requisite to harden and prepare them to endure the succeeding 
 winter ; and no secondary branches are ever put forth during growth. 
 There are several native species of Aes cuius in our mountain forests, 
 from Virginia to Georgia — and along the river banks of the West, — 
 where they bear the name of Buck-eye, from a fancied resemblance 
 of the seeds to the eye of that animal. The trees, from their abun- 
 dance, have become the popular emblem of Ohio — which is known 
 throughout the Union as the Bxtch-eye State. 
 
 ORDER XLVL VITACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 
 
 Shrubby plants, with nodose stems, and generally -with a loose stringy bark. 
 Stems climbing- by tendrils (which are abortive racemes or peduncles). Leaves 
 simple or compound, — the lower ones opposite, — upper ones alternate T opposite 
 the racemes which are sometimes partly ox wholly changed into tendrils. — 
 Flowers mostly in compound racemes, often polygamous or dioicous, small, 
 greenish. Calyx very small, entire or 4 or 5-toothed. lined with a perigynous 
 disk. Petals 4 or 5, inserted on the outside of the disk, valvate in aestivation, 
 sometimes cohering by the tips, caducous. Stamens as many as the petals, ana 
 opposite them! Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect collateral ovules in each cell. Fruit 
 a berry. Seeds with a bony testa; embryo much shorter than the horny or fleshy 
 albumen. 
 The interesting genus here given is the only important one of the Older. 
 
 S3. VITIS. L. Endl. Gen. 4567. 
 [An ancient Latin name ; of obscure derivation.] 
 
 Calyx obsoletely 5-toothed. Petals 5, cohering at apex and speedily 
 falling off (pushed off by the stamens). Stigma subsessile, obtuse. 
 Berry 2 or 3-celled, 4-seeded, — some of the cells and seeds often 
 abortive. Perennial clirwbing shrubs. 
 
 f Flowers perfect {Foreign species'). 
 
 1. V. vinifera, L. Leaves lobed, sinuate-dentate, glabrous or to* 
 mentose. DC. Frodr. 1. p. 633. Fl. Cestr. p. 152. 
 
 Wine-producing Vitis. Vulgo — Wine Grape. English Grape, &c. 
 
 Fr. La Vigne. Germ.. Dei; Weinstock. Span. La Vid. 
 
 Stem 10 to 20 feet or more in length (but usually kept shorter by lopping). 
 Leaves more or less lobed and dentate, generally smaller than in our native 
 species, sometimes, very glabrous and shining. Berries often large, of various 
 forms and colors. Cultivated. Native of southern Asia. Fi. June. Fr. Aug. 
 September. 
 
 Obs. Mapy varieties (with names as numerous) of this plant have 
 been produced by long culture in different soils, — and a number of 
 them are cultivated in the U. States, for their delightful fruit ; but 
 the product is rather uncertain, in this climate, without great care 
 and attention. The manufacture of wine, also, seems not yet to 
 have succeeded well, in our country. The excellence of the fruit 
 of the Yine — whether fresh, or dried and preserved in the state of 
 
VITACEAE 29 
 
 Raisins- — is universally known and appreciated ; while the fermented 
 juice of the Grape has been, the theme of eulogy and song (and the 
 excessive use of it, the cause of infinite mischief), from the earliest 
 ages down to the establishment of Temperance Societies, in the 
 present day. The Ctirrants, of commerce (Corintks, or Grapes of 
 Corinth) — often called Zante Currants — are believed to be a small- 
 fruited variety of this, — or perhaps a distinct yet nearly allied species, 
 f f Flowers often dioicotts (Native species). 
 
 2- V. Laerusca, L. Leaves roundish-cordate, somewhat 3-lobed, 
 acutely dentate, densely whitish-tomentose beneath ; fertile racemes 
 mostly simple, short, and few-flowered; berries large. Torr. fy Gr. 
 Fl. N. A. 1. p. 244. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 634. Fl. Cestr. p. 150. 
 Vulgo — Fox-Grape, of the Northern States. 
 
 Stem.15 to 20 or 30 feet long, straggling over bushes and small trees. Leaves 
 4 to 6 inches in length, — the tomentum beneath hoary, or sometimes a little 
 tawny ; petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Berries globose, large (about half an inch in 
 diameter),^-when mature varying in color from nearly black to dark amber and 
 greenish-white,— with a thickish coat, a tough central pulp, and a musky or 
 rancid flavor. Moist thickets, along streams: Canada to Georgia. Fl. June. 
 Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. According to Mr. Elliott, this is one of the largest species 
 of Vine, in the South — " climbing over the loftiest trees " of the 
 forest : But in Pennsylvania, it is usually rather slender, and of 
 moderate extent, The wild fruit is not very palatable, — having a 
 disagreeable musky flavor. There are, however, some varieties (or 
 perhaps hybrids) — improved by long culture — which are much 
 esteemed: such as the " Isabella" — the ci Schuylkill " (called also 
 "Alexander's," and "Tasfcer's^") — the (( Catawba" — and especially 
 the " Bland's" Grape. These varieties succeed best, in the Middle 
 States ; and, indeed, have nearly superseded all the foreign ones — 
 except among- the more curious pains-taking amateurs. 
 3*. V. aestivalis, Mx. Leaves broadly cordate, often 3 to 5-lobed 
 or sinuately palmate, coarsely and unequally dentate, loosely ferru- 
 ginous-tomentose beneath ; fertile racemes mostly compound, long, 
 many-flowered; berries small. Torr. <$• Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 244. 
 DC. Prodr. 1. p. 634. Fl. Cestr. p. 151. 
 
 Summer Vitis. Vulgo — Little Grape. Common Wild Grape. 
 
 Stem 20 to 40 and sometimes GO feet or more in length. Leaves 4 to 8 inches 
 long, often palmately lobed with rounded sinuses, — the younger ones with a 
 loose cobweb-like russet pubescence beneath, which becomes coarser and more 
 hirsute with age, and sometimes nearly disappears. Berries globose, small (gen- 
 erally about one fourth of an inch in diameter), deep blue or bluish black when 
 mature, and covered with a fine glaucous powder, — the skin thinnish, and the 
 flavor (especially after a little frost) a sprightly agreeable acid. Rich wood- 
 lands, and thickets : Connecticut to Florida. Fl. June. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This is the tallest climber of all our Grape-vines, in Penn- 
 sylvania ; and I have seen an old vine, of this species, 8 to 10 inches 
 in diameter, at base. The fruit varies in size and quality, — the 
 best specimens being well worthy of culture. I have cultivated a 
 native of this vicinity, in which the fruit often equals that of the 
 " English Grape" (or Miller's Burgundy) in size ; and although 
 somewhat harshly acid, it abounds in a rich purple juice, at matu- 
 rity, — and makes a fine preserve, for pastry. 
 
 3* 
 
30 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 4. V. vulpina, L. Stem and branches with a close greyish-brown 
 bark ; leaves orbicular, coarsely and unequally dentate, cordate at 
 base, glabrous and shining on both sides ; fertile racemes compound, 
 umbellulate ; berries large. Torr. <$• Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 245. 
 V. rotundifolia. Mx. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 635. 
 
 Vulpine or Foxy Vitis. Vulgd — Fox-Grape, of the Southern States; 
 also called " Muscadine," and " Bullet- or Bull-Grape." 
 
 Stem 20 to 50 feet or more in length, with an adhesive greyish minutely ver- 
 rucose bark. Leaves 2 to 3 inches in diameter. Berries globose, large (half an 
 inch to three quarters in diameter), bluish black when mature, with a coriace- 
 ous coat and not unpleasant flavor (fide Elliott). Woodlands, and banks of 
 streams : Virginia to Florida. Ft. May — June. Fr. July — August. 
 
 Obs. The most striking feature of this vine, is the close even 
 texture of its grey bark, — somewhat resembling that of the Beech- 
 tree, or Hornbeam ; while all the other species, so far as I know, 
 have a loose, lamellated, stringy, dark-brown bark, after the first 
 year's growth.* It is quite probable, as suggested by Mr. Elliott, 
 that this is the original " Fox-Grape," or V. vulpina, of Linnaeus. 
 I have observed it growing in abundance in the vicinity of the vil- 
 lage of Suffolk, Virginia; but have not seen the fruit. The inhabi- 
 tants assured me, however, that the large black berries were quite 
 palatable, — and were uniformly, in that region, known by the name 
 of Fox-Grapes. Mr. Elliott thought the species might be, some 
 day, advantageously cultivated. 
 
 ORDER XLV1I. POLYGALACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 
 
 Herbaceous (all the N. American species.) or shrubby plants. Leaves generally 
 alternate, simple, entire, destitute of stipules. Roots bitter, and sometimes with 
 a milky juice. Pedicels with 3 bracts. Flowers perfect, unsymmctrical, usually 
 racemose or spicate. Calyx of 5 irregular sepals, — the 2 lateral or inner ones 
 (icings) larger, and usually petaloid. Petals usually 3, more or less united, — the 
 anterior or lower one (keel) larger than the others. Stamens 6 to 8, combined in 
 a tube, which is split on the upper side, and united below with the claws of the 
 petals ; anthers mostly 1-celled. opening by a pore at apex. Ovary compound, 
 2-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell ; style curved and often cu- 
 cullate. Capsule flattened. Seeds often pubescent, with an arillus-like carunde 
 at base ; embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. 
 
 A small Order, — and. notwithstanding the pr.omise implied by the name of its 
 type (Poly gala— much milk), of Little or no value in Agriculture. 
 
 34. POLYGALA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 5647. 
 [Greek, Poly, much, & Gala, milk: from its supposed influence on lacteal secretion.] 
 
 D^" The character of the Genus is essentially that of the Order. 
 
 1. P. Senega, L. Stems simple, terete; leaves alternate, elliptic- 
 lanceolate, the upper ones acuminate ; raceme terminal, spike-form ; 
 wings of the calyx orbicular -obovate, concave, rather longer than 
 the petals. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p: 131. DC. Prodr. I. p. 330. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 403. 
 
 Vulgd — Seneka Snake-root. Milk-wort. Mountain Flax. 
 
 * Adrien de Jussieu accounts for the usual phenomenon, by the circumstance 
 that, in the Vine, the Liber (or inner fibrous bark) is annually detached or thrown 
 off along with the outer cortical layer. "On n'y trouve pas de liber, qui, dans 
 la Vigne, est chaque annee d^tache avec la couche corticale tout entiere."— 
 Court Elementaire. p. 531, But this species would seem to be an exception. 
 
POLYGALACEAE 31 
 
 Root perennial, thick and somewhat woody, with coarse branches. Stems 
 usually several from the same root, 9 to 15 inches high, herbaceous and rather 
 flaccid. Leaves 1 or 2 to 4 inches long. — those near the root small, ovate and 
 scale-like. Flowers greenish white. Capsu'e orbicular. ' Seeds large, pyriform, 
 hairy, the arillus-like caruncles nearly as long as the seeds. Hilly woodlands: 
 Canada to N. Carolina. Fl. May. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. The root of this species is so valuable for its medicinal pro- 
 perties — as a stimulating expectorant, in croup, &c. — that although 
 not strictly a plant of Agricultural interest, every farmer ought to 
 know its character, and be able to recognize it when he sees it. 
 
 ORDER XLVIII. LEGUMINOSAE. Juss. 
 
 Herbs, shrvbs, or trees. Leaves alternate, stipulate, usually compound (sometimes 
 reduced to a solitary leaflet — and even to a phyllodium, or dilated common pe- 
 tiole) ; leaflets mostly entire. Calyx usually of 5 sepals, more or less united. 
 Corolla of 5 petals, — either papilionaceous or regular. Ovary single and simple ; 
 style proceeding from the upper or ventral suture. Fruit a legume. Seeds at- 
 tached to the upper suture, mostly destitute of albumen; embryo straight or often 
 with the radicle bent back along the edge of the cotyledons ; cotyledons either 
 thin and foliaceous or thick and fleshy. 
 
 This vast Family — comprising upwards of 400 genera — is as important as it is 
 comprehensive. Among the remarkable plants (or products) belonging to the 
 Order, and not here described, may be mentioned — on account of their value, 
 beauty, or other characteristic — the LoguooJ (Haematoxylon Campechianum.L.) 
 — the Braziletto or Brazil Wood (Caesalpinia Erasiiiensis. Z..)— the Rose Wood (a 
 species of Mim >sa) — the Sissoo Wood of India (Daibeigia Sissco, Roxb.) — the Red 
 Sandal Wood (Pterocarpus sanialinus, L.) — the Liquorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabi «, 
 L.) — the 'Icmarind tree (Tamarindus Indica. L.) — the 'lonka Etan (Dipterix odo- 
 rata, Willd.) — the Senna cf the Shops (Cassia Senna. L.) — the plants yielding 
 Gum Arabic (species of Acacia) and various other gums and balsams, — the pretty 
 Laburnum (Citysus Laburnum, L.) — and the wonderful Sensitive plant (Mimosa 
 pudica, L.). &c. &c. The famous Chinese condiment, called Soy. is also obtained 
 from the seeds of a plant (Dolichos Soja. L. or Soja hispiJa. LC.) belonging to 
 this Order; and the bean called " Gram'' in Bengal. — so extensively used, there, 
 as food for horses, &c. — is, I believe, the seed of the Cytisus Cajan, L. or Cajanus 
 flaws, LC. 
 
 SUB-ORDER I. PAPILIONACEAE. L. 
 
 Leaves simple or compound (mostly pinnate or pinnately trifoliolate). Flowers 
 usually perfect. Corolla butterfly-shaped (papilionaceous) or rarely almost regu- 
 lar, with an imbricated aestivation. Starmns mostly 10, uiadelphous — sometimes 
 monadelphous, or distinct — inserted with the petals upon the base of the calyx. 
 
 TRIBE I. VICIEAE. Bronn. 
 
 Herbs. Leaves mostly even-pinnate (odd in Cicer) — the common petiole not arti- 
 culated with the stem, generally produced at apex into a bristle or tendril. 
 Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume continuous (not jointed), usually dehis- 
 cent. Radicle mostly inflexed. Co.yledons thick, farinaceous, remaining under- 
 ground unchanged in germination. 
 
 35. CICER. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6578. 
 [The Latin name for a species of Vetch ; applied to this genus.] 
 
 Calyx somewhat gibbous at base, 5-parted ; segments acuminate, — 
 
 the upper ones incumbent on the vexillum. Legume turgid, 2-seeded. 
 
 Seeds gibbous. 
 
 1. C. arietinum, L. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets cuneate-obovate, 
 
 serrate ; stipules lanceolate, subdenticulate ; calyx slightly gibbous, — 
 
 the segments as long as the wings of the corolla. DC. Frodr. 2. p. 
 
 354. FL Cestr. p. 423. 
 
 Ram Cicer. Vulgo — Coffee Pea. Chick Pea. Garavances. 
 
 Fr. Le Pois Chiche. Germ. Gemeine Richer. Span. Garbanzo. 
 
32 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 "Whole plant canescent and glandular-pilose, the hairs secreting oxalic acid. 
 Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, branching. Leaflets about half an inch 
 long, in 4 to 6 pairs (often alternate), with a terminal odd one instead of a ten- 
 dril. Flou-ers axillary, 'solitary, white. Seed gibbous, pointed,— in form resemb- 
 ling the head of a sheep — and hence the specific name. Gardens : cultivated. 
 Native of Europe, and the East. Fl. July — September. Fr. August — October. 
 
 Obs. This Vetch is occasionally cultivated for the seeds, — which 
 are said to afford a tolerable substitute for coffee. Coffee-drinkers, 
 however, are not apt to admire substitutes for their favorite berry ; 
 and it is hardly likely that this plant will eves-be of much account, 
 in our country. 
 
 36. ARACHIS. L. Endt. Gen. 6604. 
 [An ancient name, of obscure meaning.] 
 
 Monoicously polygamous : Sterile Fl. Calyx with a slender 
 pedicel-like tube; limb bilabiate, — the upper lip 4-toothed, lower 
 one entire. Corolla resupinate. Stame?is monadelphous (9. united* 
 and 1 abortive). Ovary minute, abortive. Fertile Fl, Calyx, 
 Corolla, and Stamens none. Ovary on a stipitate elongating recep- 
 tacle, or peduncle, by which it is thrust under ground.. Legume 
 subterraneous, oblong, terete, obtuse at each end, somewhat torulose, 
 coriaceous, reticulately veined, 2 or 3-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds 
 irregularly ovoid ; cotyledons thick ; radicle straight ! — Herbaceous . 
 Leaves even-pinnate ; stipules elongated, adnate to' the petiole ; 
 leaflets in 2 pairs, not stipulate. Flowers axillary, pedunculate, — 
 the lower ones subterraneous, solitary and fertile — the upper ones 
 aerial, often several in an axil and all sterile. [This somewhat 
 anomalous plant does not exactly accord with any of the established 
 Tribes ; but I have acted on a suggestion of Prof. De Candolle, and 
 placed it among the Vetches J 
 
 1.* A. hypogaea, L. Stem procumbent ; leaflets obovate, — the 
 common petiole not produced into a tendril. DC. Prodr. 2. p, 474. 
 Subterranean Arachis. Vulgo — Ground-nut. Pea-nut. 
 Fr. L' Arachide. Germ. Die Erd-nuss. Span... Mani. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches long, prostrate, branching, pilose Leaflets 
 an inch to an inch and half long, subsessile. minutely mucronate at apex, entire 
 and bordered by a pilose nerve ; common petioles 1 to 2 inches long, channelled 
 above, pilose. Sterile flowers 1 or 2 to 5 or 7, in the upper axils, on long slender 
 pedicels, — the corolla orange-yellow. Cultivated. Native of South America. 
 Fl. July— September. Fr. September-^-October. 
 
 Obs. The summers are rather short for this plant, in Pennsylva- 
 nia, — where it is sometimes seen in gardens, as a curiosity : But, in 
 the Southern States, it is cultivated to a great extent, — and from 
 thence our Nut-Merchants derive their supply. The seeds — either 
 raw, or roasted in the legumes — are quite a favorite with children, 
 and others ; and large quantities of them are consumed at all public 
 gatherings. The seeds are said, also, to yield a valuable oil. 
 
 37. FAB A. Toumef. [Vicia. L. Endl. Gen. 6581.] 
 [The Latin name for a Bean; appropriated to this genus.] 
 Calyx tubular, 5-cleft,— the 2 upper segments shorter. Style bent 
 nearly at a right angle with the ovary ; stigma villous. Legume 
 large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid. Seeds oblong, subcompressed, 
 with the hilum at one end. Stem erect. Tendrils simple and nearly 
 obsolete. 
 
LEGUMINOSAE 33 
 
 1. F. vulgaris, Moench. Leaflets 2 to 4, oval, mucronate ; stipules 
 
 semi-sagittate, obliquely ovate. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 354. Fl. Cestr. 
 
 p. 424. 
 
 Common Faba. Vulgo — Horse Bean. Windsor Bean. 
 
 Fr. Feve de Marais. Germ. Die Sau-Bohne. Span. Haba. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple, smooth. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches 
 long, entire, smooth ; tenirils obsolete ; stipules large. Flowers in simple erect 
 axillary racemes. Corolla white, with a large black spot on each wing. Legume 
 2 to 3 inches long, torulose. Gardens: cultivated. Fl. June— July. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This Bean — originally from the shores of the Caspian Sea — 
 is sometimes cultivated for the table, — but is not generally admired. 
 The seeds have a strong and rather unpleasant flavor. 
 
 38. ERVUM. Tour?ief. Endl. Gen. 6580. 
 [The Latin name for a species of Vetch or Tare.] 
 
 Caylx 5-parted ; segments lance-linear, acute, about as long as the 
 corolla. Style ascending ; stigma glabrous. Legume 2 to 4-seeded. 
 
 1. E. Lens, L. Stem erect, branching; leaflets elliptic-oblong, 
 somewhat pilose ; stipules obliquely ovate-lanceolate, ciliate ; pedun- 
 cles axillary, 2 or 3-flowered ; legumes broad, short, finely reticulated, 
 smooth, 2-seeded; seeds lenticular. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 366. Fl. 
 Cestr. p. 426. >■ 
 Vulgo — Lentil. 
 Fr. La Lentille. Germ. Gemeine Linse. S])an. Lenteja. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Leaflets 3, to 6 or 8 pairs, half an inch 
 long; tendrils nearly simple. Corolla white or pale purple. Legume about half 
 an inch long. Seeds 2. orbicular, compressed, white or tawny yellow. Gardens: 
 cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June — July. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This Vetch is cultivated in the old world, chiefly, I believe, 
 as food for Stock, — both herbage and seeds serving that purpose. 
 The plant is sometimes seen in Gardens, here ; but it will scarcely 
 command the attention of American Agriculturists. 
 
 39. PISUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6579. 
 [The Latin name for the common Pea.] 
 
 Calyx- segments foliaceous, the 2 upper ones shorter. Vexillum 
 large, reflexed. Style compressed, keeled, villous on the upper 
 margin. Legume oblong. Seeds numerous, globose, with an orbi- 
 cular hilum. 
 
 1. P. sativum, L. Leaflets rhomboid-ovate, rather obtuse, mucro- 
 nate, entire ; stipules very large, ovate, semi-sagittate, crenate- 
 dentate at base ; peduncles 2 or many-flowered ; legumes subcarnose. 
 DC. Prodr. 2. p. 368. Fl. Cestr. p. 426. 
 Cultivated Pisum. Vulgo — Pea. Garden Pea. 
 Fr. Pois cultive. Germ. Gemeine Erbse. Span. Guisante. 
 
 Plant smooth and glaucous. Root annual. Stem 1 to 3 or 4 feet long ; flaccid, 
 climbing by tendrils. Leaflets usually 2 pairs, 1 to 2 or 3 inches long ; tendrils long 
 and branching; stipules larger than the leaflets. Pedunc'es axillary, 1 or 2 to 6 
 inches long, often with two flowers at summit. Corolla white. Style reflexed. 
 Legume about 2 inches long, subterete. Gardens and Lois : cultivated. Native 
 country unknown. Fl. June— July. Fr. July— August. 
 
34 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Obs. Several varieties of this are cultivated (one or more of them 
 in almost every garden), chiefly for the young seeds,— which afford 
 a favorite dish at table. In the Northern States, the field culture 
 of Peas (for the mature seeds,) is much attended to; but is rarely 
 seen in Pennsylvania— or, I believe, south>of-that. 
 
 TRIBE II. PHASEOLEAE. Bronn. 
 
 Herbaceous or shrubby plants. ■ Stem often twining. Leaves compound (usually 
 pinnately trifoliolate— rarely reduced lo a single leaflet), stipellate. Stamens dia- 
 delphous (9 and ])— or rarely somewhat monadelphous. Disk a membranous 
 sheath surrounding the base of the ovary. Legume continuous, but often torose 
 and with cellular partitions between the seeds, dehiscent. Seeds usually reniform, 
 convex or compressed. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. EU-PHASEOLEAE. Benth. 
 
 Inflorescence racemose, the pedicels aggregated on alternate knobs. Vexillum 
 "with 2 appendages at base. Ovary with several ovules; style often indurated 
 above the middle. Cotyledons thick, nearly unchanged iagsri»mation, and oftea 
 rising out of the ground. 
 
 40. PHASEOLUS. L. Endl. Gen. 6674. 
 [Latin, Phaselus, a boat ; from the keel-like form of the legumes.] 
 
 Calyx bibracteate at base,, campanulate, somewhat bilabiate, — the 
 upper lip bifid or emarginate, the lower one trifid. Keel (of the 
 corolla), together with the stamens and style, spirally twisted or 
 circinate. Ovary stipitate, the stipe sheathed. Legume linear or 
 falcate, compressed or sub terete, many-seeded. Seeds reniform, 
 with an oval-oblong hilum. Leaves trifoliolate. 
 
 DGF^ Herbaceous : Pedtmcles shorter than the leaves. 
 
 1. P. vulgaris, Savi. Stem mostly volubile ; leaflets ovate, acu- 
 minate ; racemes solitary, pedunculate ; bracts as long as the 
 calyx ; legumes nearly linear and straight, long-mucronate ; seeds 
 reniform. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 392. Fl. Cestr. p. 429. 
 
 Common Phaseolus. Vulg: — Kidney Bean. String Bean. Pole Bean. 
 
 Fr. Haricot. Germ. Gemeine Bohne. Spa?i. Fasoles. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet long, slender, volubile and climbing (always 
 twining against the Sun— or W. S. E )— or short and erect (in the " bunch " va- 
 riety). Leaflets 2 to 4 or 5 inches long ; common jietio'es 1 to 5 or 6 inches long. 
 Racemes on stout peduncles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long. Corolla mostly Vfhite. Legume 
 3 to 6 inches long. Seeds more or less reniform, whitish, or of various colors. 
 Gardens, and Lots: cultivated. Native of India. Fl. June — August. Fr. Sept. 
 
 Obs. Very generally cultivated for the table,— both seeds and 
 legumes being eaten while young ; when mature, the seeds only. 
 The baled Beans, of New England, constitute a sort of national 
 dish, among the descendants of the Pilgrims.. 
 
 •The P. nanus, L. Dwarf or Bunch Bean (with short erect stem, 
 more acuminate leaflets, and larger bracts), is supposed to be only 
 one of the many varieties produced by long culture. 
 
 2. P. lunatts, L. Stem volubile, smoothish ; leaflets obliquely- or 
 deltoid-ovate, acute ; racemes subpedunoulate ; bracts shorter than 
 the calyx ; legumes broad, compressed, scymitar-form or somewhat 
 lunate ; seeds much compressed, broad. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 393. Fl* 
 Cestr. p. 430. 
 
 Lunate Phaseolus. Vulgc — Lima Bean. Carolina Bean. 
 
LEGUMINOSAE 35 
 
 Root annual- Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet long, branching, slender, volubile and climb- 
 ing. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches long ; common petioles 2 to 6 inches long. Ractmes 
 loose flowered, on peduncles about two thirds of an inch long. Coiolla greenish 
 white, rather small. Legumes 2 to y inches long, and about an inch wide. Seeds 
 few, large, flattish and mostly while. Gardens and Lots : cultivated. Fl. July, 
 August. Ft. September — October. 
 
 Obs. This species (supposed to be a native of Bengal — though 
 generally named as if of South America,) affords a favorite dish, in 
 the latter part of summer,^the large seeds, only, being used. Both 
 species are tender plants, — impatient of cold, and killed by the 
 slightest frost. 
 
 TRIBE III. GALEGEAE. Brdnn. Torr. fy Gr. 
 
 Erect herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves usually odd-pinnate, seldom stipellate. Inflo- 
 rescence racemose or spicate. Corolla papilionaceous, or otherwise irregular. 
 Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), or sometimes monadelphous. Legume continuous, 
 dehiscent, 1-celled, several-seeded (rarely with transverse cellular partitions) ; or 
 1 or 2-seeded and indehiscent. 
 
 JCr" Leaves mostly odd-pinnate : Flowers in racemes : Corolla truly papilionaceous. 
 
 41. ROBINIA. L. Endl. Gen. 6546. 
 [Name in honor of John and Vespasian Robin; French Botanists.] 
 
 Calyx subcampanulate, 5-cleft, — the 2 upper segments approxi- 
 mate or cohering. Vexillum large ; keel obtuse. Stamens diadel- 
 phous. Style bearded on the side next the free stamen. Legume 
 compressed, many-seeded, the upper or seed-bearing suture mar- 
 gined. Trees, or shrubs. Leaflets petiolulate, stipellate. 
 
 1. R. Pseud-acacia, L. Branches virgate, armed with stipular 
 prickles ; leaflets oblong-ovate ; racemes loose, drooping ; legumes 
 smooth. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. JV. A. 1. p. 294. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 261. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 410. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 76. 
 
 False-acacia Robinia. Vulgc — Locust tree. 
 
 Stem 30 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter. Leaflets 3 or 4 to 8 or 
 9 pairs, 1 to 2 inches long, each with a small subulate stipelle at base ; common 
 petiole pinnate nearly to the base, with 2 stout prickles ill place of stipules. 
 Racemes 3 to 6 inches long. Corolla white. Legume 2 to 3 inches long. Moun- 
 tain forests: Pennsylvania to Arkansas. Fl. May — June. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. The timber of this tree is celebrated for its durability, — and 
 is consequently much prized for posts, rail-road ties or sleepers, &c. 
 It is a rather handsome tree, — and is often planted about houses, as 
 a shade tree ; but the branches are somewhat liable to be broken by 
 gusts of wind, and the roots are troublesome in sending up suckers. 
 This latter characteristic, however, renders it easy to propagate 
 Locust groves (and the tree is worth cultivating, for the timber,) in 
 a suitable soil. The flowers are fragrant, but of a rather oppressive 
 odor. — There is another species (R. viseosa, Vent.) — inferior to this, 
 both in size and value, — and also a small species (R. hispida, L.) t 
 which bears a profusion of rich roseate clusters of flowers, — and is 
 one of our most ornamental shrubs, when in bloom* 
 
 42. INDIGOFERA. L. Endl. Gen. 6530* 
 [A Latinized name; meaning a plant that produces or brings Indigo.'] 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; segments acute. Vexillum orbicular, emarginate ; 
 keel with a subulate spur on each side — at length often bent back 
 
36 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 elastically. Stameyis diadelphous. Style filiform, glabrous. Le- 
 gume continuous, 1- few- or many-seeded. Seeds truncate at both 
 ends, often separated by cellular partitions. Herbaceous or snffru- 
 ticose plants. Leaves various, usually odd-pinnate ; stipules small, 
 distinct from the petiole. Flowers in axillary racemes. 
 
 1. I. tinctoria, L. Stem suffruticose, erect; young branches and 
 common petioles clothed with a cinereous pubescence ; leaflets in 
 4 or 5 pairs, with a terminal odd one, oval or obovate-oblong, mu- 
 cronate, petiolulate, somewhat pubescent beneath with whitish 
 appressed hairs ; racemes shorter than the leaves ; legumes sub- 
 terete, torulose, arcuate and deflected. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 224. 
 Dyer's Indigofera. Vulgo — Indigo. Indigo-plant. 
 Fr. L' Indigotier. Germ. Die Indigopflanze. Span. Indigo. 
 
 Annual or biennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching. Leaflets half an inch to 
 an inch in length ; common petiole 2 to 3 inches long. Racemes 1 to 2 inches long. 
 Corolla purplish blue? Legumes numerous, half an inch to three quarters m 
 length, deflected on the pedicel, curved upwards. Southern States: cultivated. 
 Native of Asia and Africa. Fl. Fr. 
 
 Obs. This plant — so important in yielding a blue coloring matter — 
 was formerly cultivated to a considerable extent, in Georgia, and some 
 other portions of the South : But the supply from India, and other 
 places abroad, seems to have curtailed that branch of Southern 
 Agriculture, — and has probably turned the attention of the Planters 
 to a more healthful and agreeable, if not a more profitable, employ- 
 ment. The Indigo-plant is said to be annual, when subject to in- 
 undations, — as on the delta of the Ganges; but is sometimes fruti- 
 cose — yielding one or two ratoon crops (i. e. successive growths of 
 suckers, or sprouts), after having been cut off. There is another 
 species (T. Anil, L.~ nearly allied to this), which is extensively 
 cultivated, in India, for the same object. 
 
 TRIBE IV. TRIFOLIEAE. Bronn. 
 
 Herbaceous or rarely suffruticose plants. Leaves mostly palmately or pinnately 
 trifoliolate, not stipellale : leaflets often dentate or serrulate ! Inflorescence axil- 
 lary or terminal, racemose, spicate, capitate or umbellate. Corolla papilionaceous. 
 Stamens diadelphou? (9 and 1). L gume continuous, 1-celled, several-seeded and 
 dehiscent, — or 1- or few-seeded and nearly indehiscent. 
 
 43. TRIFOLIUM. TourneJ. Endl. Gen. 6511. 
 [Latinized from the Greek, Triphyllbn ; a three-leaved plant.] 
 
 Calyx tubular, persistent, 5-cleft; segments subulate. Corolla 
 usually marcescent ; petals more or less united, and mostly free 
 from the stamen-tube ; keel shorter than the wings and vexillum. 
 Legume small, membranaceous, scarcely dehiscent, 1 or 2- (rarely 
 3 or 4-) seeded, mostly included in the calyx-tube. Flowers mostly 
 capitate. Stipules adnate to the base of the petiole. 
 
 1. T. arvense, L. Stem erect, pilose ; leaflets linear-obovate or 
 spatulate, minutely 3-toothed at apex ; stipules narrow, subulate- 
 acuminate ; heads oblong-cylindric, softly villous ; calyx-segments 
 longer than the corolla ; petals scarcely united. Torr. 4- Gr. Fl, 
 N. A. 1. p. 313. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 190. Fl. Cestr. p. 406. Icon, 
 Fl. Lond. 3. 
 
LEGUMINOSAE 37 
 
 Field Trifolium. Vulgo— Stone Clover. Welsh Clover. Rabbit-foot. 
 
 JFV. Pied de Lievre. Germ. Der Hasen Klee. Span. Pie de Liebre. 
 
 Whole plant softly pilose. Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, slender, 
 generally much branched. Leaflets half an inch to an inch long ; common petiole 
 one fourth of an inch to an inch long. Corolla inconspicuous, whitish or pale 
 pink, with a purple spot on the wings. Legume 1-seeded. Sterile old fields : Canada 
 to Florida : introduced ? Native of Europe. Fl. June — Aug. Fr. Aug. — Octo. 
 
 Obs. This species — which I believe to be a naturalized foreigner 
 —is only intitled to the notice of the farmer on account of its preva- 
 lence and its worthlessness. Its presence is a pretty sure indication 
 of a thin soil, and neglected Agriculture : and the appropriate 
 remedy is to improve both. It is then easily superseded by more 
 valuable plants. 
 
 2. T. pratense, L. Stems ascending ; leaflets oval or ovate-oblong, 
 often retuse or emarginate ; stipules broadly lanceolate, membrana- 
 ceous, nerved, terminating in a subulate point ; heads ovoid, obtuse, 
 dense-flowered, subsessile, bracteate at base ; calyx-segments 
 scarcely half as long as the corolla, the lower one longer than the 
 others. Torr. <$• Gr. Fl. N. A. l.-p. 313. DC. Frodr. 2. p. 195. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 406. 
 
 Meadow Trifolium. Vulgo — Red Clover. Common Clover. 
 
 Fr. Trefle des Pies. Germ. Der Wiesen-Klee. Span. Trebol. 
 
 Root biennial, or perennial? large, fusiform. Stems several from the same 
 root, 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, rather weak at base and often decumbent, somewhat 
 branched, striate and pilose. Leaflets half an inch to an inch and half long, ses- 
 sile, hairy beneath ; common petiole half an inch to 4 or 5 inches long. Heads 
 of flowers ovoid or subglobose, an inch or more in diameter. Corolla purplish- 
 red (rarely white). — the petals all united into a slender tube about half an inch 
 in length. Legume 1-seeded, included in the calyx. Seed reniform, greenish- 
 yellow with a shade of reddish-brown. Cultivated fields, meadows, &c. Can- 
 ada to Florida : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May — September. Fr. July, 
 — October. 
 
 Obs. This valuable plant is extensively naturalized; but it is 
 also diligently cultivated by all good farmers. In conjunction with 
 the Grasses — especially with Timothy (JPhleum pratense, L.) — it 
 makes the best of hay, — though, by itself, it is rather indifferent 
 pasture. In the latter part of the season, "feeding-cattle" wiir 
 actually fall away, upon clover, alone. Its culture, however, exerts 
 a most kindly influence on the soil. The seed is usually sown (in 
 Pennsylvania) in the month of March, among Wheat and Rye, — and 
 the crop is ready for the scythe the second year. The flowers con- 
 tain much nectar,— but the tube of the corolla is so long that the 
 Honey Bee cannot reach the treasure with its proboscis ; and conse- 
 quently that insect rarely alights on the heads, but leaves them to 
 the more amply provided Humble Bee. It seems to be an undeter- 
 mined question, whether this plant is biennial or perennial. Certain 
 it is, that a very large portion of that under culture dies at the end 
 of the second year : But my friend, Mr. Joshua Hoopes — who is a 
 very acute observer — assures me, he has satisfactorily ascertained 
 that the plant will live more than two years. The perennial Grasses 
 undoubtedly have a strong tendency to expel or choke out other 
 plants ; and it is possible that the disappearance of the Red Clover 
 
 4 
 
38 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 from our meadows may be partly owing to that exclusive or mono- 
 polizing tendency, in the Grasses. The Red Clover was introduced 
 into general cultivation, in Chester County, Penna., between the 
 years 1790 and 1800. I recollect well, the first large field of it that 
 I eVer saw. It Was on the farm of the late Mr. John Sharpless, 
 of Delaware County — who was one of the pioneers of improved 
 Agriculture, in this State ; and the time was about the year 1792. 
 The price of the seed, at that day, was 16 dollars per bushel; 
 Whereas now it is usually less than half that sum. Watson's An- 
 nals of Philadelphia mention, that John Bartram had fields of 
 this Clover, prior to the American Revolution.* 
 
 3. T. repens, L. Stems creeping, diffuse ; leaflets roundish-obovate 
 and emarginate, or almost obcordate, denticulate ; stipules lanceo- 
 late, mucronate, scarious ; heads depressed-globose, on very long 
 axillary peduncles ; flowers pedicellate, finally reflexed ; legumes 
 about 4-seeded. Torr. 4- Gr. FL N. A. 1. p. 316. DC. Prodr. 2. 
 p. 198. FL Cestr. p. 407. Icon, £7. Lond. 3. 
 
 Greeping Trifolium. Vulgo — White Clover. Dutch Clover. 
 
 JPV*. Triolet. Trefle blanche. Germ. Weisser Klee. Span. Trebol 
 bianco. 
 
 Root perennial. Stem 4 to 12 or 15 inches long, smooth, procumbent, radicat- 
 ing, diffusely branching from the base. Lea/lets half an inch to an inch long ; 
 tommon petiole 1 or 2 to 6 or 8 inches long. Heads of flowers on erect sulcate 
 naked peduncles which are from 2 to 8 and 12 inches in length. Corolla white, 
 Withering and becoming a pale dirty brown. Legume £ to j of an inch long, 
 torulose, 2 or 3 to 5-seeded. Seeds irregularly ovoid, reddish brown. Pastures, 
 woodlands, &c. throughout the U. States: introduced? Native of Europe. Fl. 
 May — Sept. Ft. July — Octo. 
 
 Obs. The pedicellate florets are somewhat corymbose — forming 
 depressed-globose or vertically flatted heads. The outer or lower 
 florets open first, and are successively reflexed, — so that, during the 
 process of flowering, the heads appear horizontally divided between 
 the withered and the young or opening florets. This species is every 
 where common — and in some years very abundant, — though rarely 
 cultivated. Its flowers are a favorite resort of the Honey Bee ; and 
 the plant is esteemed, as affording an excellent pasture, in Pennsyl- 
 vania, — though Mr. Elliott speaks unfavorably of it, in the South. 
 
 * On the 19th September. 1843, 1 found in my pasture field, two specimens of 
 Trifolium pratense, L. which finely illustrate Goethe's theory of the retrograde 
 tnetamorphosis of vegetable organs. The florets, in the heads, were on elongated 
 pedicels, varying from one third to three fourths of an inch in length ; the usually 
 gamopetalous corolla was, in each floret, substituted by 5 distinct, green, obovate 
 leaflets, on scariously margined petioles ; the stamens, within this verticil, were 
 all apparently/ree, or distinct,— some of them abortive and dilated into scarious 
 narrow petals, or staminodia ; the ovary elongated, forming a thin membranace- 
 ous tube, dilated above, — the stigma incurved, with a mucronate point on each 
 side terminating the dilated margins of the tube, at summit. [In some instances, 
 since observed— viz : in Sept. 1846— there were 1, 2, or 3 obovate-oblong, green 
 leaflets, proceeding from within the corolla, — giving the florets the appearance 
 of being proliferous. These leaflets, from their position, seemed to be metamor- 
 phosed stamens — completely and at once retrograded into foliage .'] In consequence 
 pf the elongated pedicels of the florets, the head, in each case, was quite open, 
 or loose, — presenting a cluster of small, green, hairy leaves. The whole head 
 was necessarily sterile ; but there were other heads on the same stem (on infe- 
 rior branches.) which were in the usual form and condition. These metamor- 
 phosed heads were the terminal ones, in every instance ; and I have observed 
 the Feloria (in Linaria,) to be constantly at the summit of the stem, or raceme. 
 
LEGUMINOSAE 39 
 
 Notwithstanding its present general distribution over our country, it 
 is possible that this species, also, may have been introduced. Jona- 
 than Dickinson, in 1719 {fide Watson's Annals), writing from 
 Pennsylvania, says, " the white clover already tinges the roads as a 
 natural production." Kalm, in 1748, spoke of it as being abundant, 
 here. — There are more than 100 other species of this genus, known 
 to the Botanists, — some of which are cultivated, and appear to be 
 esteemed, by the Agriculturists of Europe ; but they have not yet 
 commanded the attention of our farmers, and probably are inferior 
 in value to the common Red Clover. 
 
 44. MELILOTUS. Toumef. EndL Gen^ 6510. 
 [Greek, Mel, honey, and Lotus z a Lotus-like plant, attractive of Bees.] 
 
 Calyx tubular or campanulate, persistent, 5-toothed. Corolla deci- 
 duous ; vexilhtm free, longer than the wings ; £ee/-petals completely 
 united, cohering with the wings, free from the stamen-tube. Legume 
 longer than the calyx, coriaceous, globose or ovoid, 1- or few-seeded, 
 scarcely dehiscent. Herbs. Flowers mostly in long spicate racemes. 
 
 1. M. leucantha, Koch. Stem rather erect, striate \ leaflets ovate- 
 oblong, somewhat emarginately truncate at apex, mucronate, remotely 
 dentate-serrate ; stipules setaceous ; racemes loose, elongated ; calyx- 
 teeth about as long as the tube ; corolla more than twice as long as 
 the calyx ; legume ovoid-oblonff, wrinkled, 1 or 2-seeded. Torr. 6r 
 Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 321. DC.~ Frodr. 2. p. 187. [Clover. 
 
 White-flowered Melilotus. Vulgo — Tree Clover. Bokhara 
 
 JKr* Le Melilot blanc-. Germ. Weisser Steinklee. Span. Meliloto, 
 
 Root biennial? Sum at first ascending or oblique, finally erect, 3 to 5 or 6 feet 
 high, stout, striate-ribbed. smooth, paniculately branched. Leaflets an inch to 
 an inch and a half long; common petiole 1 to 2 inches long. Ractmes 2 to 4 
 inches long, on axillary peduncles 1 to 2 inches in length. Flowers retrorsely 
 imbricated before opening. Corolla white. Introduced, and partially cultivated. 
 Native of Europe. Fl. June — Aug. Fr. Aug. — September. 
 
 Obs. This plant has been introduced by some amateur farmers, 
 and much commended as being specially suited for soiling (or cut- 
 ting, as wanted, for Stock that are kept up) : But, without any prac- 
 tical knowledge on my part, I cannot help doubting whether so coarse 
 a plant can be as valuable as the common Red Clover. A former 
 species of this genus (M. c&erulea, Lam.) y -^but which has been 
 separated, and is now the Trigonella coeridea, DC a plant of strong 
 and enduring odor, — is employed, in Switzerland, to give thepeculiar 
 flavor to the famous Schabzieger, or (as it is usually called in the 
 vernacular) "Sap-sago," Cheese. 
 
 4.5. MEDICAGO. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 6507. 
 [So named by the Greeks, from having been introduced by the Medes.] 
 
 Calyx somewhat cylindric, 5-cleft. Keel of the corolla remote from 
 the vexillum. Legume usually many-seeded, of various forms— 
 always more or less falcate, or spirally coiled. Mostly herbaceous 
 plants. Feduncles axillary, 1, 2, or many-flowered. 
 
 1. M. sativa, L. Stem erect; leaflets obovate-oblong or sub-cune- 
 ate, dentate, mucronate ; stipules lanceolate, subdentate ; peduncles 
 racemose ; legumes spirally twisted, finely reticulated, several-seeded. 
 
40 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Torr. b Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 321. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 173. Fl. Cestr. 
 p. 405. [Clover. 
 
 Cultivated Medicago. Vulgd — Lucerne. Spanish Trefoil. French 
 Fr, La Luzerne. Germ. Der Schneckenklee. Spa7i. Alfalfa. Mielga. 
 
 Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched, smoothish. Leaflets half an 
 inch to an inch long, — the lateral ones subsessile, the terminal one petiolulate ; 
 common petiole one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch long. Racemes erect, on 
 peduncles half an inch to an inch long. Corolla violet-purple, nearly twice as 
 long as the calyx. Introduced : cultivated. Native of Spain. Fl. June — July. 
 Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This was formerly cultivated on a small scale, as a fodder, — 
 but it did not find favor with our farmers, and is now rarely seen, in 
 Pennsylvania. It might answer, for soiling, in suitable situations, — 
 though I think the stem is too ligneous and wiry to become a favorite 
 fodder, where the red clover can be had. The Saint -foin (Hedy- 
 sarwm Onobrychis, L. or Onobryehis sativa, Lam. a plant of the 
 Hedysarum tribe, DC. the sixth of Torr. §■ Gr.), is much cultivated 
 for fodder, on the calcareous soils of Europe, — and the late Mr. 
 Crawford, of Georgia, interested himself in endeavoring to introduce 
 it into the Southern States : but I do not learn that its culture was 
 adopted to any extent. I have never met with it on any farm ; and 
 presume it scarcely belongs to the Agriculture of this country. 
 
 TRIBE VIII. SOPHOREAE. Spreng. DC. 
 
 Leaves either simple, palmately foliolate. or odd-pinnate, — the leaflets not stipu- 
 late. Corolla mostly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, distinct; anthers uniform. 
 Legume continuous, or sometimes moniliform, but not jointed. Cotyledons flat, 
 foliaceous : radicle inflexed, or often straight. 
 
 46. CERCIS. L. Endl. Gen. 6750. 
 [Greek, Kerkis, a weaver's shuttle; from the form of the legume.] 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Corolla scarcely 
 papilionaceous ; petals all distinct, unguiculate, — the vex ilium smaller 
 than the wings, and the keel-petals larger. Stamens unequal. Le- 
 gume oblong, acute at each end, much compressed, l-celled, many- 
 seeded, — the upper suture margined. Seeds obovate ; radicle straight. 
 Small trees, with simple entire leaves, and membranaceous caducous 
 stipules. Flowers fasciculate along the branches, appearing before 
 the leaves. 
 
 1. C. Canadensis, L. Leaves orbicular -cordate, acuminate, villous 
 in the axils of the nerves beneath. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 392. 
 DC. Prodr. 2. p. 518. FL Cestr. .p., 433. 
 
 Canadian Cercis. Vulgb — Red-bud. Judas-tree. 
 
 Stem 15 to 20 or 30 feet hight and 6 to 12 inches in diameter, with somewhat 
 geniculate branches. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. 
 Flowers bright purple, acid, on filiform pedicels which are clustered (4 to 6 or 8 
 from a bud) on the naked branches. Legumes about 3 inches long, subcoriace- 
 ous, smooth. Banks of streams : Canada to Louisiana. Fl. April. Fr. June. 
 
 Obs. This little tree is admired, in early spring, for its clusters of 
 small flowers, which clothe the branches in purple before the leaves 
 appear. Although not of agricultural importance, it deserves to be 
 known, and to have a place among ornamental shrubbery and trees, 
 around the mansion of the tasteful farmer. 
 
LEGUMINOSAE 41 
 
 TRIBE IX. CASSIEAE. Bronn. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves usually even-pinnate, or bipinnate; leaflets not 
 8lipellate. Corolla regular ; — or more commonly irregular, but not papilionace- 
 ous. Stamens 10, or sometimes fewer, distinct ; anthers sometimes of two forms. 
 Legume continuous, 1-celled, often intercepted between the seeds, dehiscent. 
 Seeds sometimes with a small quantity of albumen ; cotyledons foliaceous or 
 rarely fleshy ; radicle straight.- 
 
 47. GLEDITSCHIA. L. Endl. Gen. 6756. 
 [Named in honor of John Gottlieb Gleditsch ; a German Botanist.] 
 
 Flowers polygamous : Sepals 3 to 5, equal, united at base. Petals 
 as many as the sepals, — or fewer by abortion — or by the union of the 
 two lower ones. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, 
 or by abortion fewer. Legume stipitate, often intercepted internally 
 between the seeds, dry or with sweet pulp around the seeds. Seeds 
 oval : embryo with a small quantity of albumen. Trees : the super- 
 axillary branchlets often converted into simple or branched spines. 
 Leaves even-pinnate or bipinnate (often both forms on the same 
 tree) ; leaflets somewhat serrate. Flowers small, somewhat spicate. 
 
 1. G. triacajjthos, L. Spines stout, mostly triple ; leaflets linear 
 or lance-oblong ; legumes oblong, much compressed, somewhat fal- 
 cate and undulate, many -seeded, — the intervals filled with sweet 
 pulp. Torr. (\- Gr. Fl. N. A. lp. 398. DC. Prodr.2. p. 479. Icon, 
 Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 79. [ed Acacia. 
 
 Three-thorned Glebitschia. Vulgd — Honey-Locust. Three-thom- 
 Fr. Le Fevier a trois Epines. Germ. Der Honigdorn. 
 
 Stem 30 to 50 or GO feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter. Leaflets about an 
 inch or inch and half long. Flo-wers yellowish green. Legumes 6 to 12 or 15 
 inches long, and an inch or more in width, thin and wavy, or somewhat twisted. 
 Pennsylvania to Louisiana : often cultivated. Fl, July. Fr. September — Octo. 
 
 Obs. Tins is occasionally seen about houses, in Pennsylvania, as a 
 shade or ornamental tree, — and further South it has been used, while 
 young, for hedging : But, although the thorns are very formidable, I 
 believe it does not make a close, effective hedge. Dr. Gray informs 
 me, however, since the foregoing was written, that it is used consi- 
 derably, and successfully, near Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 ORDER XLIX. ROSACEAE. tegs. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves alternate, usually furnished with conspicuous 
 stipules. Flowers regular, sometimes polygamous or dioicous. Sepals 5 (rarely 
 3 or 4), more or less united, and often with as many bracts. Petals as many as 
 the sepals (rarely none), inserted on the edge of a thin disk which lines the 
 tube of the calyx (perigynous). Stamens indefinite or sometimes few, distinct, 
 inserted on the disk just -within the petals. Ovaries with solitary or few ovules ; 
 styles often lateral. Seeds mostly destitute of albumen; cotyledons flat or plano- 
 convex ; radicle straight. 
 
 This Order — comprising about sixty Genera — is remarkable for the amount 
 and variety of its esculent products. Many of ihe fruits are valuable, and some 
 of them eminently delicious r — while the type of the Order (Rosa) is by univer- 
 sal consent regarded as the queen of beauty, among flowers. A few of the 
 drupaceous species of the Order contain a dangerous quantity of Prussic acid, 
 in the nuts and leaves ; but the fleshy or succulent fruits are, almost without 
 exception, innocent and wholesome. 
 
 SUB-ORDER II. AMYGDALEAE. Juss. 
 
 Ovary solitary, free from the deciduous calyx, with 2 suspended collateral ovules, 
 
 4* ' 
 
42 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 and a terminal style. Fruit a drupe, mostly 1-seeded by abortion. Tree* or 
 shrubs, with simple leaves : stipules free. 
 
 48. PERSICA. Tournef. [Amygdalus. L. Endl. Gen. 6405.] 
 
 [A name derived from Persia, — its native country.] 
 
 Calyx tubular, with 5 spreading segments. Drupe oval, tomentose 
 or smooth, very fleshy and succulent ; nut with the surface rugosely 
 furrowed, and perforated. Small trees. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, 
 conduplicate in vernation. Flowers subsessile, solitary or in pairs, 
 preceding the leaves. 
 
 1. P. vulgaris, Mill. Fruit densely tomentose. DC. Prodr. 2. p, 
 531. Fl. Cestr.p. 284. 
 
 Common Persica. Vulgd — Peach. Peach tree. 
 
 Fr. Le Pecher. Germ. Der Pfirschenbaum. Span. El Melocoton. 
 
 Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, branching. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long; p etioles half 
 an inch long, channeled above and glandular near the leaf. Petals pale red or 
 purplish. Drupe with the flesh white, yellow, or reddish, — either adhering to 
 the nut (and then Galled Clingstone) — or separable from it (when it is termed 
 Freestone). Cultivated. Native of Persia. Fl. April. Fr. August— September. 
 
 Obs. The varieties of delicious fnrit, afforded by this tree, are 
 very numerous ; and although the tree is short-lived, the culture is 
 managed with great spirit and success, in the Middle States, — parti- 
 cularly in Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey. A succession of 
 trees is kept up, by raising young stocks from the seeds, and inserting 
 On them buds, or scio?is, from the most approved varieties.* 
 
 2. P. laevis, DC. Fruit smooth. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 531. Fl. Cestr, 
 p. 285. 
 
 Smooth Persica. Vulgd— ^Nectarine. 
 
 Fr. Le Brugnon. Germ. Der Nektar -pfirschenbaum. Span. Abridor* 
 
 Obs. This small tree is scarcely to be distinguished from the pre- 
 ceding, except by its smooth-fruit, — which presents the same varie- 
 ties, of Clingstone and Freestone. It is more rare than the Peach, 
 and generally smaller. 
 
 The Almond {Amygdalus communis, L. — which is nearly related 
 to the Peach, — except that the Drupe is dry and fibrous, instead of 
 succulent — and the seed is the eatable portion,) has not yet, I believe, 
 been much cultivated within the U. States : but it may probably be 
 successfully introduced into Florida, — and perhaps some other 
 Southern States. The hard-shelled or bitter Almond has succeeded, 
 even in Pennsylvania. 
 
 49. ARMENIACA. Tournef. [Pruntts. L. Endl. Gen. 6406.] 
 
 [A name derived from Armenia, — its native country.] 
 
 Calyx campanulate, with 5 reflexed segments. Drupe roundish-oval, 
 
 ♦This process, for changing the character of the tree, is alluded to by the 
 great English Bard with his usual felicity : 
 
 " You see, We marry 
 
 " A gentler scion to the wildest stock ; 
 
 " And make conceive a bark of baser kind 
 
 '• By bud of nobler race : This is an art 
 
 " Which does mend nature, — change it rather : but 
 
 " The art itself is nature." [Winter's Tale. Act 4. 
 
ROSACEAE 43 
 
 fleshy, clothed with a soft velvety pubescence ; nut compressed, the 
 surface even and not rugosely sulcate, — one margin obtuse, the other 
 acute, both grooved. Small trees. Leaves subcordate or ovate, con- 
 volute in vernation. Flowers subsessile, solitary or few, preceding 
 the leaves. 
 
 1. A. vulgaris, -Law. Leaves orbicular-ovate, acuminate, dentate, 
 subcordate at base; flowers sessile. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 532. Fl, 
 Cestr. p. 285. 
 
 Common Armeniaca. Vulgd — Common Apricot. Moor-park Apricot. 
 
 Fr. L'Abricotier. Germ. Der Aprikosenbaum. Span. Albaricoque. 
 
 Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet high, with rather stout spreading branches. Leaves 2 to 
 3 inches long ; petioles an inch to an inch and half long, mostly with cup-fike 
 glands near the base of the leaf. Petals white. Drupe oval, yellowish when 
 mature. Cultivated : Native of Armenia. Fl. April. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This tree yields a luscious and favorite fruit; and, in propi- 
 tious seasons, the branches are so loaded as to remind one of the 
 admonitory passage in Shakspeare : 
 
 ' ; Go bind thou up yon' dangling Apricocks, 
 '• Which, like unruly children, make their sire 
 '• Stoop with oppression of their prodigal weight : 
 "Give some supportance to the bending twigs." 
 
 King Richard II. 
 
 It is melancholy to reflect how thoughtless and negligent mankind 
 generally are, with respect to providing fruit for themselves. There 
 are few persons who do not own or occupy sufficient ground to ad- 
 mit of 3 or 4 choice fruit-trees and a grape-vine ; — such, for example, 
 as an Apricot, a Peach, a May -duke Cherry, a Catharine Pear, and 
 a Catawba grape : yet the great majority seem never to think of 
 planting such trees, — while they are ready enough to run after the 
 rare fruit which some provident neighbor may have taken the pains 
 to cultivate. It is high time that such disreputable negligence should 
 cease ; and that people should be more attentive to duties which are 
 enjoined by every consideration of comfort and good taste, — nay, 
 even of sheer justice to those around them, who are now annually 
 plundered of the fruits of their own care and labors. 
 
 2. A. dasycarpa, Pers. Leaves ovate or oval, somewhat acumi- 
 nate, doubly serrate; flowers pedicellate. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 532. Fl, 
 Cestr. p. 286. 
 Hairy-fruited Armeniaca. Vtdgo — Black Apricot. 
 
 Stew 10 to 15 feet high ; branches rather slender and virgate. Leaves If to near 
 3 inches long ; petioles about an inch long. Petals white. Drupe subglobose, 
 hairy, dark purplish color when mature. Cultivated : Native country unknown. 
 Fl. April. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This species has more of the habit of a Prunus or Plum tree, 
 than the preceding, — and is reputed to be a more certain fruit-bearer ; 
 but I have not found it so. It flowers freely ; but the young fruit is 
 soon stung by an insect, and nearly all falls off before it is half grown. 
 
 50. PRUNUS. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 6406. 
 [The Latin name for the Plum.] 
 
 Drupe ovoid or oblong, fleshy, very smooth and mostly covered with 
 a fine glaucous powder or bloom ; nut compressed, the surface even, 
 
44 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 with both margins acute and slightly grooved. Small trees. Leaves 
 convolute in vernation. J^dicels 1-flowered, ofte'n in umbellate 
 fascicles ; flowers preceding — or sometimes succeeding — the leaves. 
 
 1. P. domestical, L. Branches unarmed ; leaves lance-ovate or oval, 
 mostly acute, serrate; pedicels sub-solitary. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 532. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 286. 
 
 Domestic Prtjnus. Vulgo— Common Plum. Damascene, Gage, &c. 
 
 Fr. Prunier. Germ. Der Pflaumenbaum. Span. Ciruelo. 
 
 Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, branching. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long; petioles 
 half an inch to an inch or more in length. Flowers rather preceding the leaves, 
 solitary or in pairs ; pedicels about half an inch long. Petals white. Drupe oval, 
 ovoid or obovoid, of various colors from black to pale greenish-yellow, covered 
 with bloom, the flesh rather firm. Cultivated : Native of Southern Europe. Fl. 
 April. Ft. August. 
 
 Obs. Several varieties of this are cultivated, — some of them of a 
 large size ; but the depredations of insects render the fruit an uncer- 
 tain crop — at least in the country. In cities, the insects seem to be 
 less destructive. 
 
 2. P. Americana, Marsh. Branches subspinose ; leaves oval and 
 obovate, conspicuously acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate ; 
 umbels subsessile, 2 to 5-ftowered. Torr. 4* Gr. Fl. N. A. 1.^.407. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 287. Icon, Annals N. Y. Lycezim, vol. 3. 
 
 Cerasus nigra, 5f hyemalis. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 538. 
 
 American Pruntjs. Vulgo— rRed Plum. Yellow Plum. 
 
 Sum 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, much branched. — the young branches virgate, the 
 old ones rugged and somewhat thorny. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long; petioles one 
 fourth to half an inch long. Flowers preceding the leaves, in numerous fascicles 
 of threes or fours ; pedicels one third to half an inch long. Petals white. Drupe 
 oval or subglobose, mostly reddish-orange-colored, nearly destitute of bloom, 
 with a rich succulent yellow pulp, and a thick tough skin. Thickets, fence-rows, 
 and banks of streams: Canada to Texas. Fl. April. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This Plum — about which foreign Botanists have been so 
 bewildered — is extensively diffused through our country. In its 
 wild state, the flowers are apt to be abortive, — and the fruit is small 
 and rather acerb; but by long culture, the drupe sometimes becomes 
 as large as a common Apricot. Although of a pleasant flavor, when 
 fully mature, it is not adapted to culinary purposes; and is scarcely 
 to be enumerated among our cultivated plants. 
 
 3. P. Chicasa, Mx. Branches subspinose ; leaves narrow, oblong- 
 lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, finely serrulate with glandular- 
 pointed teeth ; umbels sessile, 2 to 3-flowered. Torr. &f Gr. Fl. N. 
 A. 1. p. 407. Fl. Cestr. p. 287^ 
 
 Cerasus Chicasa. DC. Prodr. .2. p. 538. 
 
 Chicasa PrtjnuS. Vulgo — Chickasaw Plum. Mountain Cherry. 
 
 Stem 6 to 10 or 12 feet high, much branched, — the young branches virgate, 
 dark purple, smooth and shining, — the old ones crooked or geniculate, and 
 Somewhat thorny. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, smooth ; petioles slender, one 
 fourth to three fourths of an inch long. Flowers appearing with the leaves 
 (eocetaneous), in sessile fascicles of threes ; pedicels about half an inch long, slen- 
 der and smooth. Drupe globose, red or yellowish-red, nearly or quite destitute 
 of bloom, with a tender pulp, and a thin skin. Cultivated. FL April. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This little tree (which is believed to be a native of our South- 
 
ROSACEAE 45 
 
 western territory, — where it is a small shrub, in its wild state, — ) by 
 long culture produces a very pleasant fruit, — worthy of more atten- 
 tion than it has yet received. It approaches the Cherry, in character 
 and appearance, and may be considered as a connecting link be- 
 tween the Plum & Cherry; but is unquestionably, I think, a true Plum, 
 
 51. CERASUS. Juss. [Prunus. L. Endl. Gen. 6406.] 
 [The name of an Asiatic town, — whence the tree was obtained.] 
 
 Drupe globose or roundish-ovoid, often umbilicate at base, fleshy 
 and succulent, very smooth, destitute of bloom ; nut subglobose, the 
 surface even. Trees or shrubs. Leaves from terminal buds, con- 
 duplicate in vernation. Pedicels either in umbellate fascicles from 
 lateral leafless buds, and then rather preceding the leaves, — or in 
 racemes terminating leafy branches, and coming after the leaves. 
 
 f Flowers in umbellate fascicles. 
 
 1. C. avium, Moench. Branches erect or ascending, rather stout ; 
 leaves oval or obovate-oblong, acuminate, coarsely serrate, pilose 
 and somewhat glaucous beneath ; umbels sessile ; flowers scarcely 
 preceding the leaves ; pedicels rather long ; drupe roundish-ovoid cr 
 subcordate at base. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 535. Fl. Cestr. p. 2S9. 
 Birds' Cerasus. Vulgo — English Cherry. Bleeding-heart, &c. 
 Fr. Le Cerisier. Germ. Der Kirschbaum. Span. Cerezo. 
 
 Stem 30 to 60 feet or more in height, and often 2 to 3 feet in diameter, at base. — 
 branching regularly, and somewhat vcrticillately. so as to form an oblong coni- 
 cal top. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long ; petioles an inch to an inch and half long. 
 Pedicels slender, an inch to an inch and half long, usually 3 (often 5.) in a fasci- 
 cle. Petals white. Drupes of various size and color, tender and often very 
 succulent, sweet or bitterish-sweet. Cultivated. Fl. April. Fr. June — July. 
 
 Obs. Cherries are said to have been originally brought to Rome 
 from Cerasus, a city of Pontus, by the Roman Consul and General, 
 Lucullus, some 60 or 70 years before the Christian era; and from 
 Rome they have been distributed over the rest of the civilized world. 
 Our cultivated Cherry trees seem obviously to consist of at least two 
 original species, — viz. the sweet " English Cherry " so called, — and 
 the common Sour Cherry. The numerous varieties — produced by 
 culture (and possibly some hybrids) — may perhaps be all referred to 
 one or the other of those two ; though Prof. De Candolle admits of 
 no less than five species. I am not sure that I perfectly comprehend 
 the Professor's views — nor that I am acquainted with the trees on 
 which he has founded those species. There are, undoubtedly, seve- 
 ral very distinct sorts of fruit ; but I incline to think the general 
 habit and aspect of the trees commonly seen in this country, warrant 
 the reduction of them all to the two above referred to : and I shall 
 so consider them in this work. 
 
 2. C. vulgaris, Mill. Branches spreading, slender and flexible ; 
 leaves obovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at base, acu- 
 minate or acute, serrate, smoothish ; umbels subsessile ; flowers 
 rather preceding the leaves ; pedicels rather short ; drupe globose. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 288. 
 
 C. Caproniana ? DC. Prodr. 2. p. 536. 
 
 Common Cerasus. Vulgo — Red or Sour Cherry. Morello Cherry, &c. 
 
46 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Stem 10 to 20 feet high, irregularly branched; branches rather slender and 
 flaccid, spreading nearly horizontally and forming a roundish bushy top. Leaves 
 1| to 3 inches long; petioles half an inch to an inch long. Pedicels half an inch 
 to an inch in length, 2, or more frequently 3, in a fascicle. Petals white. Drupes 
 fleshy, more or less acid, red or dark purple when mature. Cultivated. Fl. April. 
 Fr. July. V 
 
 Obs. The "Sour Cherry" is the most common and, for culinary 
 purposes, the most valuable of the genus. The Mdrello Cherry 
 (rar. Griotta? DC.) is a remarkably fine fruit, with a rich purple 
 juice, — and in the days of " Cherry Bounce," was a great favorite : 
 But, for the last 30 years it has almost entirely disappeared from 
 Pennsylvania, in consequence of the ravages of an insect, causing 
 large warty excrescences on the branches of the tree. The fruit 
 first failed, — and now (1846) the tree itself 'has become very scarce. 
 
 f f Floivers in racemes. 
 3. C. serotina, DC. Leaves oval, oblong, or lance-oblong, acumi-- 
 nate, smooth, shining above, finely serrate ■with appressed or incurved 
 callous teeth ; racemes elongated ; drupes globose, small. Tbrr. 4* 
 Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 410. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 540. 
 C. Virginiana. Fl. Cestr. p. 289. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2; tab. 88.. 
 Late Cerasus. Vulgo — Wild Cherry. 
 
 Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter at base, with large 
 irregular spreading branches. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, subcoriaceous ; 
 petioles half an inch to three quarters in length. Race?nes simple, rather erect, 2 
 to 4 or 5 inches long. Petals white. Drupes dark purple or purplish black when 
 mature, succulent, bitter and mawkish to the taste. Banks of streams; fence- 
 rows, &c. : Canada to Florida. Fl. May. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. It seems that this is not the trite C: Virginiana (Primus 
 Virginiana, _L.), — although it has passed for it, among the Botanists, 
 for many years. The specific name, Virginiana (as we learn from 
 Torrey & Gray), was given, by Linnaeus, to the small species 
 called P run us obovata, by Bigelow, — the Cerasus obovata of Beck, 
 and the Flora Cestrica; and must therefore be continued to that 
 species. The wood of the Wild Cherry is a pale reddish brown, 
 close-grained and hard, — taking a good polish (a sort of indigenous 
 Mahogany), — and was formerly much used by cabinet makers. 
 The bark — though a rather unpalatable bitter — -is a valuable tonic. 
 The leaves are a favorite food of caterpillars, — the young trees being 
 often completely stript by those voracious animals ; and the ripe 
 fruit is greedily sought by birds. 
 
 SUB-ORDER III. ROSACEAE PROPER. Torr. tf Gr. 
 
 Ovaries numerous or several, rarely solitary, free from the calyx (which is often 
 bracteolate. as if double), but sometimes inclosed in its persistent tube, — in fruit 
 becoming either follicles, akenes, or little drupes. Styles terminal or lateral. 
 Herbs, shrubs, or very rarely trees. Leaves simple or compound. 
 
 TRIBE II. DRYADEAE. Vent. Torr. 4- Gr. 
 Ovaries in fruit becoming akenes, or sometimes little drupes. — and when numer- 
 ous, collected on a conical or hemispherical torus or receptacle. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 5. FRAGARIEAE. Torr. §■ Gr. 
 
 Ovaries numerous, becoming akenes in fruit: style mostly lateral. 
 
 52. POTENTILLA. L. Endl. Gen. 6363. 
 [Latin, potens, powerful ; in reference to supposed medical properties.] 
 
 Calyx concave at bottom ; limb mostly 5-cleft, with an external 
 
ROSACEAE 47 
 
 bract at each cleft. Petals mostly 5. Stamens numerous. Style 
 sometimes nearly terminal. Akenes numerous, often rugose, capi- 
 tate on a dry persistent villous receptacle. Seed suspended : radicle 
 always superior. Herbaceoiis or suffruticose. Leaves pinnately or 
 palmately compound. 
 
 1. P. Norvegica, L. Hirsute; stem erect, dichotomous above; 
 leaves palmately 3-foliolate, the cauline ones on short petioles ; leaf- 
 lets obovate-oblong, the uppermost lanceolate, coarsely and incisely 
 serrate ; peduncles axillary, cymose at summit and leafy ; petals 
 shorter than the calyx; akenes rugosely ribbed or striate. Torr. <$• 
 Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 436. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 573. Fl. Cestr. p. 303. 
 Norwegian Potentilla. 
 
 Root annual. Sum 1 to 2 feet high, rather stout. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long ; 
 common petioles 1 to 4 inches long ; stipules large (often an inch or more in length). 
 Flowers often numerous, in leafy cymes at summit, and on long solitary pedun- 
 cles below, — the lower peduncles often opposite the leaves. Petals yellow. 
 Pastures, and road sides : Northern States. Native of Lapland, Norway, and 
 Northern America. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This is said to be native in the Northern States, and British 
 America, — but it has very much the appearance of an introduced 
 plant, in Pennsylvania, — and has not yet, so far as I know, acquired 
 a common name. 
 
 It is only intitled to the notice of the farmer, as being a coarse, 
 homely, worthless intruder in his pasture fields. 
 
 2. P. Canadensis, L. Villous ; stems sarmentose, procumbent and 
 ascending ; leaves palmately 5-foliolate ; leaflets cuneate-obovate, 
 incisely serrate-dentate near the apex-; peduncles axillary, solitary, 
 elongated; petals longer than the calyx ; akenes somewhat rugose. 
 Torr. 6f Gr. Fl. N.A.I, p. 443. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 575. Fl. Cestr. 
 p. 303. 
 
 Also, P. simplex. Mx. DC. I. c. Fl. Cestr. p. 304. 
 
 Canadian Potentilla. Vulgo — Cinquefoil. Five-finger. 
 
 Root perennial. Stem 2 or 3 to 12 and 18 inches long, slender, somewhat 
 branched, often several from the same root. Radical leaves on petioles 2 to 6 or 
 8 inches long ; stem leaves nearly sessile : leaflets half an inch to 1 or 2 inches 
 long. Peduncles about as long as the leaves. Petals yellow. Old neglected 
 fields; borders of woodlands, &c. Canada to Georgia. Fl. April — June. Fr. 
 June — August. 
 
 Obs. The P. simplex, of authors, is no doubt properly regarded as 
 only a variety of this. Both varieties are rather harmless, though 
 worthless ; and are merely indicative of a poor soil, or a thriftless 
 farmer. Some lands, when kept as pasture fields, seem to have an 
 almost incurable tendency to lose the valuable Grasses, and to be- 
 come speedily overrun with Cinquefoil. Lime and mamire, however, 
 will work wonders in the worst of soils. 
 
 53. FRAGARIA. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 6361. 
 [Latin, fragrans, odorous ; in reference to its fragrant fruit.] 
 
 Calyx, Corolla, and Stamens, the same as in Potentilla. Style 
 deeply lateral. Akenes numerous, smooth, scattered on the enlarged 
 succulent or pulpy receptacle — which often finally separates from the 
 conical central portion of the tones. Perennial stoloniferous Herbs. 
 
48 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets coarsely dentate. Flowers several, cy- 
 mose on a scape-like peduncle ; sometimes dioicous by abortion. 
 1. F. vesca, L. Peduncles usually longer than the leaves; caly x 
 of the fruit reflexed; fruit conical or hemispherical, — the akene 8 
 superficial. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 44S. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 569. 
 
 Eatable Fragaria. Vulgo — English Strawberry. Garden Straw- 
 berry. 
 
 Fr. Le Fraisier. Germ. Die Erdbeerpflanze. Span. Fresera. 
 
 Whole plant hairy. Root perennial, and the leaves often green through the 
 winter. Stem very short, — but several slender prostrate radicating runners, 1 
 to 2 feet long, are thrown out from the crown of the root. Leaves mostly radical ; 
 common petioles 3 to 8 or 9 inches long ; leaflets ovate or cuneate-obovate, plicate, 
 1 to 3 or 4 inches long. Cymes 5 to 12 or 15-flowered, with 2 or 3 foliaceous 
 bracts at base, on peduncles 4 or 5 to 10 or 12 inches in length. Flowers some- 
 times abortive.* Petals white. Receptacle (commonly regarded as the fruit) red 
 or yellowish white, bearing the akenes superficially and rather prominently on 
 the even surface. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. 
 Id ay — June. 
 
 Obs. Several varieties are cultivated in the Gardens, — and pro- 
 bably some which are specifically distinct; — as the Hautboy (F. 
 elatior, Ehrh.), and the Chili Strawberry (F. Chilensis, Ehrh.). 
 A variety of extraordinary size, called " Hovey's Seedling," has 
 been recently obtained, — which, although not equal in flavor to some 
 of the smaller ones, is a magnificent product, and well worthy of 
 universal culture. — The Gardeners announce, also, some other fine 
 seedling varieties. — Although the true fruit of this plant consists of 
 mere dry specks, or bony particles (i. e. the minute akenes), scat- 
 tered over the surface of the enlarged receptacle, — yet the recepta- 
 cle itself furnishes a pulpy substitute of the most delicious character. 
 Shakspeare has the following allusion to the habitat, or associates 
 of the plant, to illustrate a moral sentiment : 
 
 "The Strawberry grows underneath the Nettle; 
 u And wholesome berries thrive and ripen best, 
 " Neighbor ' d by fruit of baser quality/' 
 
 King Henry V. 
 
 2. F. Virginiana, Ehrh. Peduncles commonly shorter than the 
 leaves ; calyx of the fruit spreading ; fruit ovoid, nodding, — the 
 akenes imbedded in the pitted surface of the receptacle. Torr. 4* 
 Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 447. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 570. Fl. Cestr. p. 304. 
 Virginian Fragaria. Vulgo — Wild Strawberry. 
 
 Obs. This native species is usually a smaller plant (perhaps for 
 want of culture), but has a close general resemblance to the preced- 
 
 * Individual plants are frequently to be found, in Strawberry beds,, in which 
 the flowers are all abortive,— the stamens having the appearance of coarse 
 blighted monstrosities — the pistils abortive — and the receptacle failing to enlarge. 
 The Gardeners call these male plants, — and insist that their presence is abso- 
 lutely indispensable, to insure a crop of fruit : But the flowers in question, so far 
 as I have observed, are palpably tieutral, and nothing more than blights. The 
 Gardeners, indeed, are very positive in their opinions (as merely practical 
 operatives — and all others, who take things for granted — are somewhat apt to 
 be) ; but I confess I cannot comprehend how the vicinity of such abortions can 
 be essential to the perfection of the fruit in other plants. The organs of plants 
 are undoubtedly subject to great modifications, by long culture ; but the precise 
 mode in which their productiveness is affected, is probably not yet thoroughly 
 understood. 
 
ROSACEAE 49 
 
 ing, — and is frequent in old fields, and meadows, throughout the tf. 
 States. Drs. Torrey & Gray remark, that " the deeply pitted fmit 
 affords the only character for this species that can be wholly relied 
 upon;" and even that, I fear, is not unexceptionable. It is a deep 
 purple, when mature, — and in its wild state, of a more sprightly 
 (sub-acid) flavor than the cultivated sorts. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE VI. DALIBARDEAE. Torr. if &- 
 
 Ovaries numerous or rarely few, becoming succulent little drupes in fruit: style 
 terminal or nearly so. 
 
 54. RUBUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6360. 
 [Latin, Ruber, — or Celtic, Rub, — red ; from the color of the fruit, or branches.] 
 
 Calyx flattish at base, 5-parted, without bracts at the clefts. Petals 
 5. Stamens numerous, inserted on the border of the disk which 
 lines the calyx. Carpels mostly numerous, capitate on a protuber- 
 ant spongy receptacle, becoming succulent and drupaceous, cohering 
 and forming a compound berry, either deciduous or persistent. 
 Perennial and mostly suffruticose plants. Stems erect or procum- 
 bent, usually biennial and armed with prickles. Leaves pinnately 
 or pedately compound, sometimes simple. 
 
 § 1. Carpels forming a hemispherical fruit, concave beneath, and 
 deciduous or falling away from the dry receptacle when ripe 
 (Raspberry). 
 
 f Leaves simple. 
 
 1. R. odoratus, L. Stem fruticose, erect, unarmed, hispid with 
 glandular hairs ; leaves palmately 3 or 5-lobed, unequally serrate ; 
 stipules nearly free, deciduous ; corymbs terminal, spreading, glan- 
 dular-pilose and viscid ; flowers large ; sepals with a long acumi- 
 natum. Torr. &f Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 449. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 566. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 309. 
 
 Odorous Rubus. Vulgd — Rose-flowering Raspberry. 
 
 Root creeping. Stem perennial, 3 to 5 feet high, branching. Leaves 4 to 8 
 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, cordate at base ; petioles 2 to 4 or 6 
 inches long. Flowers corymbose ; peduncles and sepals clothed with a purplish, 
 clammy glandular pubescence. Petals mostly purplish rose-color. Fruit broad, 
 on a large receptacle, of a palish bright red or scarlet when mature, — often 
 abortive. Rocky woodlands, and mountains : Canada to Georgia. Fl. June- 
 July. Fr. July — August. 
 
 Obs. The fttiit of this is pleasantly flavored, — but is rarely per- 
 fected under cultivation; and indeed is often abortive in its native 
 localities. I have seen it, on the mountains, in August, bearing 
 flowers and ripe fruit at the same time. It is rather a troublesome 
 plant, when introduced into yards and gardens, — ^sending up numer- 
 ous suckers. 
 
 f f Leaves {pinnately or pedately) 3- 5-foliolate. 
 
 2. R. Ldaeus, L. Stem suffruticose, erect, terete, not glaucous, 
 hispid at base and somewhat prickly above ; leaves pinnately 3- or 
 5-foliolate ; leaflets rhomboid-ovate ; flowers in paniculate corymbs ; 
 petals entire ; carpels slightly rugose, finely pubescent, not pitted in 
 drying. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 558. Fl. Cestr. p. 305. 
 
 Ida Rubus. Vulgd — Antwerp Raspberry. Garden Raspberry. 
 
 5 
 
50 POLYPEtALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Fr. Framboisier. Germ-. Die Himbeei'staude. Spa?i. Frambuesa* 
 
 Boot creeping. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, branching, mostly hispid when young, 
 especially towards the base — smoothish (or sometimes pubescent) and armed 
 with slender recurved prickles above,— the hispid bark, below, exfoliating the 
 second year. Lower leaves odd-pinnate by fives, the upper ones by threes ; com- 
 mon petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long; leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, acuminate, une- 
 qually incised-serrate, smoothish and green above, clothed with a dense white 
 cottony tomentum beneath. Petals white. Carpels incurved at apex, clothed 
 with a very fine short dense pubescence, whitish, amber-colored; or purple, 
 when mature. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This species is much cultivated for its favorite frtdt. The 
 plant presents some varieties — particularly in the size and com- 
 plexion of the fruit ; and I am not sure that a nearly allied native 
 species with red fruit (R. strigosus, Mx. Torr. &f Gr.), which is 
 found on our mountains, is not sometimes seen, and mistaken for it, 
 in the gardens. It requires some attention to keep the plant from 
 spreading unduly, in a mellow soil, by means of its rambling roots. 
 
 3. R. occidentals, L. Stem suffruticose, rather flaccid and lean- 
 ing or arched, terete, smooth, and glaucous, armed with recurved 
 prickles ; leaves pinnately 3- (rarely 5-) foliolate ; leaflets lance- 
 ovate ; flowers in subumbellate corymbs ; petals often emarginate ; 
 carpels smoothish, pitted in drying. Torr. <y Gr. Fl. 2V. A. 1. p. 
 453. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 558. Fl. Cestr. p. 306. 
 
 Western Rubtjs. Vulgo — Wild or Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry. 
 
 Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet long, sparingly branched, limber and often arching over 
 so that the summit comes to the ground and takes root, mostly purplish and 
 pruinose or covered with a fine bluish-white powder. Leaflets mostly in threes, 
 *2 to 4 or 5 inches long, often with a long acumination and subcordate at base, 
 smoothish above, clothed with a dense glaucous tomentum beneath. Petals 
 white. Fruit dark purple, or nearly black (rarely whitish — alboque simillima 
 Gracalo!) when mature. Canada to Georgia and Missouri: Borders of wood- 
 lands, fence-rows, &c. Fl. May. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. The fruit of tins is smaller and less esteemed than that of 
 the preceding, — but is nevertheless sweet and agreeable. The 
 plant, however, is generally treated as a weed, on all neat farms. 
 
 § 2. Carpels forming an ovoid or oblong fruit 3 persistent on the 
 somewhat juicy receptacle (Blackberry). 
 
 4. R. Canadensis, L. Stem fruticose, procumbent, armed with 
 numerous short recurved prickles ; branches assurgent, sparingly 
 aculeate ; leaves mostly 3-foliolate ; stipules linear-lanceolate ; leaf- 
 lets rhomboid-oval ; pedicels subsolitary, axillary or in terminal 
 corymbs on the short leafy flowering-branches. Torr. (y Gr. Fl. 
 N. A. 1. p. 455. 
 
 R. trivialis. Ptirsh. Fl. Cestr. p. 308; not of Mx. {fide Torr. (y Gr.) 
 Canadian Rubtjs. Vulgo — Dewberry. Running Brier. 
 
 Stem 4 to S or 10 feet long, slender, trailing, smoothish, — often several from 
 the same root running in different directions, and giving out numerous leafy 
 pubescent flowering-branches, which are nearly erect, and 2 to 4 or 6 inches 
 long. Leaflets mostly in threes (sometimes pedately in fives), three fourths of an 
 inch to an inch and half long. Floioers terminal and subterminal on the short 
 branches, few and rather large, somewhat corymbose by the elongation of the 
 lower axillary pedicels. Corolla white. Fruit oblong, obtuse or often roundish, 
 large (half an inch to near an inch in diameter), black when mature, very suc- 
 culent and sweet. Rocky sterile soils, old fields, &c. Canada to Virginia. Fl. 
 Mav. Fr. Julv. 
 
ROSACE AE 51 
 
 Obs. Our Dewberry is a fine fruit, and is generally preferred be- 
 fore all the other Blackberries proper ; but it is not the " Dewberry" 
 of England, — which is the R. caesius, L. There has been some 
 confusion respecting our plant, among the Botanists, — and Prof. De 
 Candolle seems not to have had a clear conception of the species : 
 But there is scarcely a farmer's boy, in Pennsylvania, who is not 
 well acquainted with it, — from having often encountered its prickly 
 trailing stems with his naked ankles, while heedlessly traversing the 
 old fields where it abounds. On well-managed farms, however, the 
 plant is becoming somewhat rare. 
 
 5. R. villosus, Ait. Stem fruticose, erect, angular, branching, 
 armed with stout curved prickles ; young branches and peduncles 
 glandular-villous ; leaves 3-foliolate or pedately 5-foliolate ; stipules 
 subulate ; leaflets ovate or lance-oblong, villous beneath, the petioles 
 and midribs aculeate ; racemes elongated, many-flowered. Torr. df 
 Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 454. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 563. Fl. Cestr. p. 307. 
 Villous Rubus. F«/°-;— Blackberry. Common Brier. Bramble. 
 Fr. La Ronce. Germ. Der Brombeerstrauch. Span. Zarza. 
 
 Root creeping. Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, stout, ridged or angular and some- 
 what furrowed. Leaflets 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, mostly acute. Racemes rather 
 large, sometimes leafy. Petals white. Fruit ovoid-oblong or cylindnc — some- 
 times near an inch long, — changing from green to red or purplish, and finally 
 black when mature. Old fields, thickets, and borders of woods: throughout the 
 U. States. Fl. May. Fr. July— August. 
 
 Obs. Every one knows the common Brier. The root, both of this 
 and the preceding, being moderately astringent, is a popular remedy 
 for diarrhoea and mild dysentery. The ripe fruit affords a pleasant 
 jam, which is also considered salutary in such cases. Even the 
 knots which are formed on the branches, from the puncture of in- 
 sects, were formerly carried by credulous simpletons, as a sort of 
 amulet, or charm against the tooth-ache ! The plant, nevertheless, 
 is often something of a nuisance on our farms, from its tendency to 
 spread, and take possession of neglected fields. There are several 
 other species of Rubus in the U. States; but the foregoing are the 
 chief of those which in any degree interest, or interfere much with 
 the operations of the farmer, 
 
 TRIBE III. ROSEAE. Jttss. 
 Calyx urceolate, — the tube contracted at the orifice, including the numerous dis- 
 tinct ovaries, at length becoming fleshy or baccate ; the segments somewhat 
 spirally imbricated in aestivation, often foliaceous at apex. Akenes numerous, 
 crustaceous, hispid, included in and attached to the inner surface of the calyx- 
 tube. Styles terminal or subterminal, somewhat exserted. Shrubby and prickly 
 plants. Leaves alternate, mostly odd-pinnate (rarely reduced to a single leaflet) ; 
 stipules usually adnate to the petiole. 
 
 55, ROSA. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 6357. 
 [Supposed from the Celtic, Rhos, red ; the prevailing color of the flowers] 
 
 D^* The Ge?ieri& character is the same as that of the Tribe. 
 1. R. Carolina, L. Stem smooth, armed with stout recurved 
 stipular prickles; leaflets mostly 5 or 7, oblong-oval or elliptic- 
 lanceolate, finely serrate, somewhat glaucous beneath; flowers 
 corymbose. Torr. £ Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 458. DC. Prodr. 2. p< 
 605. Fl. Cestr. p. 311. 
 Carolina Rosa. Vulgo — Swamp Rose. 
 
52 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Stem 4 to 6 feet high, with numerous purple branches. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches 
 long. Floivers mostly in terminal corymbs of 3 to 6 or 7 in a cluster. Petals 
 red or purplish. Fruit (i. e. the fleshy calyx-tube) depressed-globose, a little 
 glandular-hispid, dark red and shining when mature. Low swampy grounds, 
 and thickets : Northern and Middle States. Fl. June— July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This is often a troublesome plant, in wet meadows and low 
 grounds, — forming unsightly thickets with other weeds, if neglected. 
 
 The native Roses of Pennsylvania are few in number, and not 
 particularly handsome : but many beautiful species and varieties are 
 every where cultivated, by persons of taste, for ornament. The R. 
 setigera, Mx. sometimes called " Prairie Rose" — introduced from 
 the West— is a fine showy species, and well adapted to train along 
 walls, palisades, &c. — In the Southern States — especially in South 
 Carolina — an introduced species — probably a native of China , 
 though known by the name of the " Cherokee Rose" (R. laevigata, 
 Mx. Torr. &f Gr. with long flexible branches, and bearing large 
 white flowers), is highly commended by Mr. Elliott. " In our 
 rural economy," he says, " this plant will one day become very im- 
 portant. For the purpose of forming hedges, there is perhaps no 
 plant which unites so many advantages." This Rose, however, 
 will not stand our northern winters. 
 
 SUB-ORDER IV. POMEAE. Juss. 
 
 Ovaries 2 to 5 (rarely solitary), cohering with each other and with the thickened 
 fleshy or pulpy calyx-tube, — each with one or few ascending seeds. Trees or 
 shrubs. Leaves mostly simple, rarely pinnate. 
 
 56. CRATAEGUS. L. Endl. Gen. 6353. 
 [Greek, Kratos, strength ; in allusion to the strength or firmness of the wood] 
 
 Calyx-tube urceolate ; limb 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. 
 Styles 1 or 2 to 5. Pome fleshy or somewhat farinaceous, contain- 
 ing 1 to 5 bony 1-seeded carpels. Thorny shrubs or small trees. 
 Leaves alternate, simple, often incised or lobed. Flowers mostly in 
 terminal corymbs. 
 
 1. C. Crus-galli, L. Leaves obovate-cuneate or lance-oblong, 
 serrate, coriaceous, smooth and shining, subsessile ; styles 2 or often 
 solitary; fruit somewhat pyriform. Torr. 6f Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 
 463. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 626. Fl. Cestr. p. 290. [Thorn. 
 Cock-spur Crataegus. Vulgo — Cockspur Thorn. New Castle 
 
 Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet high, much branched, and armed with sharp tapering 
 thorns 2 to near 3 inches in length. Leaves 1 to 2£ inches long, on short petioles. 
 Corymbs terminal on short rigid spurs. Petals white. Fruit middling sized, 
 reddish brown when mature. Thickets, fence-rows, hedges, &c. Canada to 
 Florida. Fl. June. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This shrub — of which there are two or three pretty distinct 
 varieties — is, in my opinion, the best adapted for hedging, of any of 
 the genus. It has been long used for that purpose, in the vicinity 
 of New Castle, Del. — but I do not think they have heretofore man- 
 aged it in the best mode. It should be well laid, or plashed, at the 
 proper age, and kept neatly trimmed to a convenient size, — instead 
 of permitting it to grow at random, and occupy so much space, as 
 the old ones around New Castle have done. 
 
 2. C. cordata, Ait. Leaves deltoid-ovate and sub-cordate, acu- 
 
ROSACEAE 53 
 
 minate, incised-serrate and somewhat 3-lobed, smooth, on slender 
 and rather long petioles ; styles 5 ; fruit depressed-globose. Torr. 
 4- Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 467. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 628. Fl. Cestr. p. 293. 
 Cordate Crataegus. Vulgd — Washington Thorn. Virginia Thorn. 
 
 StemlS to 20 feet high, much branched, and armed with slender tapering sharp 
 thorns 1 to near 3 inches in length. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, often 3-lobed like 
 a leaf of the Red Maple. Cory»ibs terminating the young slender short branches , 
 Petals white. Styles more or less united. Fruit small, bright reddish purple 
 when mature. Banks of streams : Virginia to Georgia. Fl. June. Ft. October. 
 
 Obs. This species is the one which has been chiefly cultivated for 
 hedging, in Pennsylvania, — where it was introduced, from the 
 vicinity of Washington City, about the commencement of the pre- 
 sent century. It makes a handsome hedge, but not a very substan- 
 tial one ; and, in my opinion, is decidedly inferior to the Cockspur 
 Thorn, for that purpose. I have used it extensively ; but have 
 found it so subject to be broken into gaps, by thoughtless or reckless 
 trespassers, that my hedges have been rather a source of vexation, 
 than of satisfaction. 
 
 57. PYRTJS. L. Bndl. Gen. 6342. 
 [The Latin name for the Pear.] 
 
 Galyx-tube ureeolate ; limb 5-lobed. Styles mostly 5, often united 
 at base. Pome fleshy, — containing 2 to 5 cartilaginous or nearly 
 membranaceous carpels. Seeds 2 in each carpel or cell; testa char- 
 taceous or cartilaginous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple 
 or pinnate. Flowers in terminal spreading cymes or corymbs. 
 
 1. P. communis, L. Leaves simple, lance-ovate, slightly serrate, 
 the upper surface smooth ; peduncles corymbose ; styles distinct ; 
 fruit turbinate, not umbilicate at base. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 633. Fl. 
 Cestr. p. 297. 
 
 Common Pyrus. Vulgd — Pear. Pear-tree. 
 
 Fr. Le Poirier. Germ. Der Birnbaum. Span. El Peral. 
 
 Stem 15 to 30 feet high, branching; branches virgate, rather erect, forming an 
 oblong or conical top. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long ; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length. 
 Petals white. Fruit of various size (I to 2 or 3 inches in diameter), fleshy or 
 succulent, umbilicate at apex, obovoid, tapering to the peduncle, often some- 
 what curved or oblique : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. August — 
 November. 
 
 Obs. Many varieties of this luscious fruit have been obtained, by 
 long culture, — in which the French seem particularly to excel. 
 
 2. P. Malus, L. Leaves simple, ovate-oblong, serrate, the upper 
 surface pubescent; peduncles subumbeilate ; styles subconnate ; 
 fruit depressed-globose or oblong, umbilicate at base. DC. Prodr. 
 2. p. 635. Fl. Cestr. p. 297. 
 
 Apple Pyrus. Vulgd — Common Apple. Apple-tree. 
 
 Fr. Le Pommier. Germ. Der Apfelbaum. Span. Manzano. 
 
 Stem 15 to 25 or 30 feet high, branching ; branches mostly spreading and often 
 geniculate, forming a broad bushy top. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long ; petioles an 
 inch or more in length. Petals mostly pale red. Ftuit of various size (1 to 3 or 
 4 inches in diameter), fleshy, umbilicate at both ends. Cultivated. Native of 
 Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July — November. 
 
 Obs. The varieties of this valuable fruit are almost innumerable,— 
 and every farmer provides more or less of an Orchard : but there is 
 
 5* 
 
54 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 far too little attention paid to the selection of the best. It is really 
 wonderful to observe, how many worthless trees are permitted to 
 cumber the ground, which might just as readily, and far better, be 
 occupied by those which bear the choicest fruit. 
 3. P. coronaria, L. Leaves simple, broad-ovate, rounded or sub- 
 COrdate at base, incised-serrate and somewhat angulate-lobed, 
 smoothish ; peduncles corymbose ; styles subconnate ; fruit de- 
 pressed-globose, umbilicate at base. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p» 
 470. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 635. Fl. Cestr. p. 296. 
 Malus coronaria. Mill. Mx. Sylva, 2. p. 67. Icon, tab. 65. 
 Crown Pyrus. Vulgo — Crab Apple. Sweet-scented Crab-tree. 
 
 Stem 10 to 15 feet high, branching; branches spreading, rugged with short 
 spurs, forming a rather bushy top. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long ; petioles half an 
 inch to an inch and half in length. Flowers large and fragrant; petals pale rose 
 red. Fruit rather small (about an inch in diameter), umbilicate at both ends, 
 fleshy but firm and hard, smooth, pale greenish yellow and very fragrant when 
 mature — yet extremely acid. Borders of woodlands, road-sides, &c. New York 
 to Louisiana. Fl. May. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This native Apple is now becoming scarce, in the older set- 
 tlements of Pennsylvania. In former times, the ripe fruit was 
 sought after, by notable Housewives, for the purpose of making 
 Preserves. 
 
 58. CYDONIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 6341. 
 [The name of a city of Crete, — whence it was obtained.] 
 
 Calyx-tube subturbinate ; limb 5-lobed, — the lobes sometimes foli- 
 
 aceous. Styles 5. Pome fleshy, containing 5 cartilaginous carpels. 
 
 Seeds several in each carpel or cell, covered with mucilaginous pulp. 
 
 Small trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or serrate. 
 
 Flowers large, solitary or subumbellate. 
 
 1. C. vulgaris, Pers. Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, very 
 
 entire, tomentose beneath; fruit sub-turbinate, tomentose. DC. 
 
 Prodr. 2. p. 638. Fl. Cestr. p. 298. 
 
 Common Cydonia. Vulgo — Quince. Quince-tree. 
 
 Fr. Le Cognassier. Germ. Der Quittenbaum. Span. Membrillero. 
 
 Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, with spreading branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches 
 long; petioles about half an inch long. Flowers terminal, solitary. Petals red- 
 dish white. Stamens in a single series. Fruit 2 inches or more in diameter, 
 somewhat obovoid, umbilicate at apex, abruptly tapering or produced at base, 
 yellow when mature. Cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. Fl. May. Fr. 
 September — October. 
 
 Obs. The fruit of this is chiefly used for making preserves, — for 
 which it is excellent. It is supposed to be the golden apple of the 
 Hesperides, so celebrated in ancient fable ; but if the Orange had 
 then been known, it would doubtless have been esteemed a more 
 precious fruit, by " the Western Maidens. 5 ' The C. Japonica, Pers. 
 (Pyrus Japonica, Willd.) is well known for its beauty as a flower- 
 ing shrub, in the gardens ; but the fruit — though remarkably fra- 
 grant — is very hard and acerb, and of little value. 
 
 ORDER LIV. ONAGRACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 
 
 Herbs, or rarely shrubby plants. Leaves alternate or opposite, not dotted nor sti- 
 pulate. Flowers usually tetramerous (i. e. composed of 4 pieces or parts), showy. 
 
ONAGRACEAE 55 
 
 Calyx tubular,— the tube adherent to the ovary, and usually produced beyond 
 it. Petals 4 (rarely 3 or 6 — occasionally wanting), and the Stametis as many or 
 twice as many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Ovary commonly 4-celled ; 
 styles united ; stigmas 4, or united in one. Fruit mostly capsular, with a locu- 
 licidal dehiscence, — sometimes baccate. Seeds destitute of albumen. 
 
 An Order containing some plants (such as the Fuchsias) which are interest- 
 ing for their beauty, — but none of Agricultural value. 
 
 TRIBE I. ONAGREAE. DC. 
 
 Petals as many (sometimes wanting), and Stamens mostly twice as many, as 
 the lobes of the calyx (which are usually 4), regular. Pollen connected by cob- 
 web-like threads. Ovules mostly indefinite. Fruit capsular, or rarely dry and 
 indehiscent. Herbs or suffruticose plants. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 2. OENOTHEREAE. Torr. <$• Gr. 
 Calyx deciduous from the summit of the ovary after flowering. The Stamens 
 opposite the petals, sometimes imperfect. Seeds naked (i. e. not comose). 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 59. OENOTHERA. L. Bndl. Gen. 6115. 
 [Greek, Oinos, wine, and thereuo, to hunt ; the roots being incentives to wine- 
 drinking.] 
 
 Calyx of 4 membranaceous sepals, partially cohering above, and 
 united below into a long 4-sided or 8-ribbed tube ; limb reflexed, 
 and, with a portion of the tube, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8, 
 erect or declined. Ovary 4-celled; stigma 4-lobed (rarely sphaeri- 
 cal). Capsule more or less oblong and quadrangular, 4-valved, 
 many-seeded, — the placenta either persistent in the axis or cohering 
 with the dissepiments. Flowers axillary, solitary or in terminal 
 spikes — often vespertine. 
 
 1. Oe. biennis, L. Stem erect, somewhat branched, pilose and 
 roughish; leaves ovate-lanceolate, repand-dentate ; capsule obtusely 
 4-angled, subsessile. Torr. if Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 492. DC. Prodr. 
 3. p. 46. Fl. Cestr. p. 240. [herb. 
 
 Biennial Oenothera. Vulgo — Evening Primrose. Night Willow - 
 
 Root biennial. Stem 2 to 5 or 6 feet high, rather stout, hairy and usually 
 greenish. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, sessile or subsessile. Flowers large, in a 
 terminal leafy spike. Calyx colored.-^-the tube much longer than the ovary. 
 Petals yellow. Ovary oblong ; style rather longer than the corolla; stigmas 4, 
 cruciate, elongated, linear. Capsule obscurely 4-sided, an inch to an inch and 
 half long, smoothish, splitting into 4 sub-linear valves, with the dissepiments in 
 the middle (loculicidal), and the placenla persistent in the axis. Fields, fence- 
 rows, &c. throughout the U. States. Fl. June — Sept. Fr. Aug. — Octo. 
 
 Obs. This coarse plant is intitled to the notice of the farmer, 
 merely in consequence of being a common, rather conspicuous, and 
 worthless weed, in pastures, and on the borders of cultivated fields. 
 A variety, of yet stouter growth, and very large flowers {Oe. gran- 
 diflora, of some authors), is often tolerated in Gardens. There is 
 another species (Oe. fmticosa, L. of smaller size, with more slender 
 yet more rigid stems), which is quite common in old fields ; but is 
 scarcely of sufficient importance — even as a weed — to claim a place 
 in this work. 
 
 ORDER LIX. GROSSULACEAE. DC. Mirb. 
 
 Small shrubs, often spinose or prickly. Leaves alternate, somewhat in fascicles, 
 palmately lobed and veined, often sprinkled with resinous dots. Flowers iri 
 racemes or small clusters. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, and more or less 
 produced beyond it, — the limb 5-lobed, sometimes colored. Petals 5, small. 
 Stamens 5. Ovary with 2 parietal placentae j styks more or less united. Fruit 
 
56 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 a berry, crowned with the shrivelled remains of the flower. Seed* mostly nu- 
 merous; embryo minute, in hard albumen. 
 
 A small Order, — and of little or no interest beyond the genus here noticed. 
 
 60. RIBES. &. Endl. Gen. 4682. 
 [An ancient Arabic name, — of obscure meaning.] 
 
 05^ The Generic character the same as that of the Order. 
 
 f Stems more or less aculeate. 
 
 1. R. Uva-ckispa, L. Leaves obtusely 3 to 5-lobed, somewhat 
 villous beneath and on the petiole ; peduncles mostly 1 -flowered, 
 bracteate ; sepals reflexed ; ovary and style villous ; berry hairy or 
 smooth. DC. Trodr. 3. p. 478. Fl. Cestr. p. 161. 
 
 Var. sativum. DC. I. c. Vulgl — Goose-berry. 
 
 Fr. Vrai Groseillier. Germ. Die Stachelbeere. Span. Uva espina. 
 
 Stem 2 to 3 feet high, diffusely branching. Leaves $ of an inch to an inch and 
 half in length, and as wide as long, incise.ly lobed and dentate ; petioles gener- 
 ally much shorter than the leaves, often margined. Peduncles solitary or in 
 pairs, often bracteate near the middle. Petals pale greenish-yellow. Berries 
 solitary, pendulous, large, oval, of a greenish amber color when mature. Gar- 
 dens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This species is much cultivated, for its fine fruit: but (in 
 Pennsylvania, at least) it often fails to perfect the fruit, from some 
 cause not well understood. Judging from specimens which I have 
 seen, it appears to succeed much better, in England, — and the fruit 
 attains to a much larger size, in that country. 
 
 f f Stems not aculeate. 
 
 2. R. RUBB.UM, L. Leaves obtusely 3. to 5-lobed, smooth above, pu- 
 bescent beneath ; racemes pendulous, nearly smooth ; calyx rotate, 
 the segments rounded. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. J\ T . A. 1. p. 550. DC. 
 Prodr. 3. p. 4S1. Fl. Cestr. p. 161. 
 
 Red Ribes. Vulgd — Red Currant. [i'OJa. 
 
 Fr. Groseillier rouge. Germ. Gemeine Johannisbeere. Spa?i. Ribes 
 
 Steyn* numerous, slender, sparingly branched, 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 
 or 3 inches long, and rather wider than long, unequally incised-dentate : petiolis 
 about as long as the leaves. Racemes produced from lateral buds distinct from 
 the leaves; bracts ovate. Petals greenish yellow, minute. Berries globose, red 
 (rarely whitish or pearl-color) when mature. Gardens : cultivated. Native of 
 Europe and the northern regions of America. Fl. April. Fr. June — July. 
 
 Obs. This is so easily cultivated, and is so constantly productive, 
 that it is to be found in almost every garden. The fine acid fruit 
 yields a favorite jelly, for the table ; and even the green berries are 
 much used by the pastry cook. 
 
 3. R. nigrum, L. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed, sprinkled with yellow resi- 
 nous dots beneath ; racemes, loose, pilose ; calyx tubular-campanu- 
 late. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 481. Fl. Cestr. p. 161. 
 
 Black Ribes. Vulgd — Black Currant. 
 
 Fr. Cassis. Germ. Schwarze Johannisbeere. Spa?i. Ribes negra. 
 
 Stems numerous, slender, 3 to 5. feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and nearly 
 as wide as long, dentate-serrate, pubescent beneath ; petioles shorter than the 
 leaves. Racemes somewhat pendulous, generally with a distinct single-flow- 
 ered peduncle at base ; bracts subulate. Petals pale yellowish green (sometimes 
 
GROSSULACEAE 57 
 
 changed into stamens or staminodia). Berries roundtsh-ovoid, purplish black 
 when mature. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Northern Europe. Fl. April. 
 Fr. June — July. 
 
 Obs. This is sometimes found in gardens; but the fruit being of 
 a rather insipid or flat sweetish taste, it is not much esteemed. It 
 however affords a jelly, which is a popular and useful remedy for 
 sore throat, colds, &c. There are numerous other species of this 
 genus ; but, so far as I know, the foregoing are all that are cultiva- 
 ted (and perhaps all that are worth cultivating) for the sake of the 
 fruit. The R. aureum, Pursh, or "Missouri Currant" — a species 
 of modern discovery, with a long tubular calyx — is much admired 
 for the clove-like fragrance of its early flowers, — and is now very 
 common among the ornamental shrubbery of yards and gardens. 
 
 ORDER LXIII. CUCURBITACEAE. Juss. 
 
 Herbs, with succulent stems, and climbing by means of tendrils. Leaves alter- 
 nate, palmately veined or lobed. Flowers monoicous or dioicous (rarely perfect). 
 Calyx of 4 or 5 (rarely 6) sepals, uniled into a tube, and in the fertile flowers 
 adherent to the ovary. Petals as many as the sepals, more or less united, and 
 cohering with the calyx. Stamens 5 or 3, inserted into the base of the corolla 
 or calyx, distinct or variously united by their filaments and long, mostly tortuous, 
 anthers. Ovary usually 2 to 5-celled, — the thick fleshy placentae often filling the 
 cells, or carried back so as to reach the walls of the pericarp ; the dissepiments 
 often disappearing during its growth : stigmas thick, dilated or fringed. Fruit 
 usually fleshy, with a firm (sometimes a ligneous and occasionally a membran- 
 ous) rind. Seeds flat, often arillate, destitute of albumen ; cotyledons foliaceous. 
 This Order — so well known for its culinary products — contains some which 
 are possessed of active medicinal properties (such as the Colocynth, of the shops 
 — Cucumis Colocynthis, L.) ; but few, if any, of Agricultural interest, beyond 
 those here mentioned. 
 
 TRIBE II. CUCURBITEAE. DC. 
 
 Tendrils lateral, stipular (supposed to be transformed stipules.) 
 
 DGF" Flowers monoicous (rarely dioicous or perfect). 
 
 61. LAGENARIA. Ser. End I. Gen. 5136. 
 [Greek, Lagenos, a flagon or bottle ; from the shape of the fruit.] 
 
 Calyx campanulate or subturbinate, 5-toothed, — the segments subu- 
 late-lanceolate, shorter than the tube. Petals 5, obovate, inserted 
 within and beneath the margin of the calyx. Stamens 5, triadel- 
 phous, the fifth one free. Stigmas 3, subsessile, thick, 2-lobed, 
 granular. Fruit at first fleshy and pubescent, finally with a smooth 
 ligneous rind. Seeds compressed, obovate, somewhat 2-lobed at 
 apex, the margin tumid. 
 
 1. L. vulgaris, Ser. Softly pubescent; stem climbing; leaves 
 roundish-cordate, acuminate, denticulate, with 2 glands at base ; 
 fruit clavate-ventricose. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 543. DC. 
 Prodr. 3. p. 299. Fl. Cestr. p. 551. 
 
 Common Lagenaria. Vidgo — Calabash. Bottle Gourd. 
 Fr. Calebasse. Germ. Der Kuerbiss. Span. Calabaza. 
 
 Whole plant somewhat viscid, and emitting a fetid musky odor. Stem 10 to 
 15 or 20 feet long, slender, branching, climbing by tendrils which are 2 to 4-cleft. 
 Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long ; petioles 2 to 6 inches long. Flowers axillary, on 
 long peduncles; corolla white, with green nerves and veins. Fruit 12 to 18 
 inches long, and 4 to 6 or 8 inches in diameter, unequally bi-ventricose, finally 
 nearly hollow or partially filled with the loose dry suberose placentae, — the rind 
 yellowish or pale brown, thin and hard. Seeds in a dry membranous arillus. 
 Gardens, and Lots : cultivated. Native of the tropical regions. Fl. July — 
 August. Fr. September— October. 
 
58 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Obs. The thin firmnvoody shell, of the fruit, affords a very con- 
 venient kitchen utensil, — and the plant is sometimes cultivated for 
 the sake of that fruit, by cottagers and farmers who cannot afford, 
 or do not choose, to purchase more costly utensils.* 
 
 62. CUCUMIS. L. Endl. Gen. 5137. 
 [Derived from the Celtic, Cucc, a hollow vessel, — according to De TJieis.] 
 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed, — the teeth subulate, scarcely 
 as long as the tube. Petals 5, nearly distinct and but slightly adnate 
 to the calyx. Stamens 5, triadelphous. Stigmas 3, subsessile, 
 thick, 2-lobed. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds white, lance- 
 oblong, compressed, acute at base and on the margin. 
 
 1. C. Melo, L. Stem prostrate ; leaves subcordate, obtuse, some- 
 what angled, the angles rounded ; fertile flowers perfect ; fruit oval 
 or subglobose, torulose. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 300. Fl. Cestr. p. 552. 
 Melon Cucumis. Vulgo — Musk Melon. Cantaleupe. 
 
 Fr. Melon. Germ. Die Melone. Span. Melon almizcleno. 
 
 Hirsute and rough ish. Root annual. Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet long, sparingly 
 branched : tendrils simple. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and rather wider than 
 long; petioles 2 to 3 inches in length. Floicers axillary, on short peduncles. 
 Corolla yellow. Fruit 4 to 6 or 8 inches in diameter, often longitudinally ridged 
 (torulose), — the flesh, when mature, yellowish, succulent, and of a saccharine 
 spicy flavor. Gardens, and Lots : cultivated. Native of Asia. Fl. June — 
 July. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. The fruit of this— of which there are several varieties — is a 
 great favorite with many persons, — and it is often cultivated, in 
 Pennsylvania ; but the best specimens are grown in the warm 
 sandy soil of New Jersey, and the Southern States. 
 
 2. C. sativus, L. Stem procumbent ; leaves subcordate and angu- 
 late-lobed, the terminal lobe prominent ; fruit oblong, obscurely and 
 obtusely trigonous, scabrous when young, finally smoothish. DC. 
 Prodr. 3. p. 300. Fl. Cestr. p. 552. 
 
 Cultivated Cucumis. Vulgo — Cucumber. 
 
 Fr. Le Concombre. Germ. Die Gurke. Span. Pepino. 
 
 Rough and hispid. Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 feet long, somewhat 
 branching: ttmlrils simple. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and nearly as wide 
 as long, somewhat 5-angled and lobed ; petioles 2 to 4 inches in length. Flowers 
 axillary, on short peduncles: corolla yellow. Fruit 6 to 12 inches long and2to 
 3 inches in diameter, rough with bristle-pointed tubercles when young, smoothish 
 and tawny yellow when mature. Gardens, and Lois : cultivated. Native of 
 Tartary and the East. Fl. June— September. Fr. August— October. 
 
 Obs. Known to every one, — and universally cultivated for the 
 young or green fruit . The young fruit (sometimes called Gherkins) 
 is much used for Pickles. In the Middle States, the popular time 
 for planting the seeds, is " the first day of May, before sunrise. " 
 
 3. C. Anguria, L. Stem prostrate, slender ; leaves palmate-lobed 
 and sinuate, cordate at base ; fruit sub-globose or oval, echinate. 
 DC. Prodr. 3. p. 301. Fl. Cestr. p. 553. 
 
 Vulgo — Prickly Cucumber. Jerusalem Cucumber. 
 
 * Willdexow seems to have had a high opinion of its value, in domestic 
 economy. Under the head of " Usus." he mentions " Lagenae. cochlearia, infun- 
 dibula : yilei. innumeraque alia utensilia.'' It might serve all these purposes, in a 
 primitive state of society ; but our people have generally got rather past that. 
 
CUCURBITACEAE 59 
 
 Hirsute. Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, branching; tendrils simple. 
 Leavts 3 or 4 inches in length, deeply sinuate-lobed ; petioles 1 or 2 inches long. 
 Flowers greenish yellow, on short axillary peduncles. Fruit usually about an 
 inch and half long, oval, muricate, green. Gardens : cultivated. Native of 
 Jamaica. Fl. July — August. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. Occasionally cultivated for the young fruity — which is used 
 for Pickles. 
 
 63. CITRULLUS. Neck. Endl. Gen. 5131. 
 [From Citrus, an Orange ; the pulp being of an Orange red.] 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft, — the segments linear-lanceolate. Petals 5, 
 connected at base, adnate to the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 5, 
 inserted on the base of the corolla, triadelphous. Style cylindric, 
 trifid; stigmas convex, reniform-cordate. Frziit sub-globose, fleshy, 
 the placentae mostly very succulent. Seeds numerous, colored, 
 obovate-oblong, compressed, truncate at base and obtuse on the 
 margin. 
 
 1. C. vulgaris, Schrad. Stem prostrate, rather slender; leaves 
 somewhat 5-lobed, the lobes obtusely sinuate-pinnatifid, bluish glau- 
 cous beneath ; flowers solitary, pedunculate, with a single bract ; 
 fruit globose or oval, very smooth, stellate-maculate. Walp. Repert. 
 
 2. p. 199. 
 
 Cucumis Citrullus, Ser. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 301. Fl. Cestr. p. 553. 
 
 Common Citrullus. Vulgd — Water Melon. 
 
 Fr. Melon d'eau. Germ. Die Wasser Melone. Span. Sandia. 
 
 Plant hairy. Root annual. Stein 8 to 12 or 15 feet long, angular, somewhat 
 branching; tendrils branched. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, ovate in their 
 outline : petioles 2 to 3 inches long, generally erect. Flou-ers axillary, on hairy 
 peduncles an inch or more in length. Corolla pale greenish yellow. Fruit 10 
 to 20 inches long, globose er oval, with a firm fleshy rind, and, when mature, 
 with a tender sweet watery pulp within which is usually purple or reddish 
 orange-colored (sometimes nearly white). Seeds black or purplish brown. 
 Gardens, and fields: cultivated. Native of India, and Africa. FL June — Aug. 
 Fr. August — September. 
 
 Obs. This plant— so well known for its delicious fruit — is exten- 
 sively cultivated, — but succeeds best in the sandy soils along the At- 
 lantic coast, or on the alluvial banks of our Western waters. — There 
 is a nearly allied plant, often seen in gardens, which bears a consi- 
 derably different fruit — known by the name of " Citron," the firm 
 rind of which is used in making " Sweet meats" or Preserves. The 
 flesh is very firm, and the centre does not become red, tender nor 
 watery, like the common Water Melon : yet the whole aspect of the 
 plant, and external appearance of the fruit, so closely resemble this 
 species, that I suppose it may be nothing more than a variety : 
 perhaps the var. Pasteca, Ser. DC. 
 
 64. CUCURBITA. L. Endl. Gen. 5138. 
 [The Latinized Celtic name for a Gourd or hollow vessel ; applied to this genus.] 
 
 Corolla campanulate,— the petals coalesced with each other and 
 with the calyx. Staminate Fl. C#/y:r hemispherical-campanulate. 
 Stamens 5, triadelphous and syngenesious ; anthers straight and 
 parallel, with the base and apex abruptly curved. Pistillate Fl. 
 Calyx obovoid-clavate, contracted to a neck above the ovary, always 
 circumscissed below the limb after flowering. Stigmas 3, thick, 
 
60 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 2-lobed. Fruit fleshy, or sometimes becoming subligneous. Seeds 
 white, convexly compressed, obovate, the margin scarcely tumid. 
 Stems procumbent. Leaves cordate. 
 
 1. C. Pepo, L. Leaves obtusely cordate, somewhat 5-lobed ; fruit 
 subglobose oblong or clavate, smooth, always fleshy. DC. Frodr, 
 3. p. 317. Fl. Cestr. p. 555. 
 Vtclgd — Pumpkin. Fr. La grosse Citrouille. Potiron. 
 
 Rough and hispid. Root annual. Stem 10 to 20 or 30 feet long, sparingly 
 branched ; tendrils branched. Leaves 9 to 15 or 18 inches in length ; petioles 3 to 6 
 or 8 inches long. Flowers yellow, large, axillary, — the staminate ones often soli- 
 tary on a long peduncle. Fruit of various forms, sizes and colors, — the flesh of 
 the rind usually yellowj the cavity loosely filled with a yellow stringy pulp. — 
 Fields, and Lots : cultivated (usually with Indian Corn, in Pennsylvania). Native 
 of the East. Fl. July. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. Extensively cultivated for its fruit, — of which there are 
 many varieties ; some of them attaining to an enormous size (2 feet 
 or more in diameter), — but these are not so valuable. The better 
 sorts are often used at table, — affording the celebrated Pumpkin Fie 
 of New England ; and the coarser varieties are esteemed for feeding 
 Stock. When growing in the immediate vicinity of Squashes, the 
 fruit of this species is liable to be converted into a Hybrid, of little 
 or no value. I have had a crop of Pumpkins totally spoiled, by in- 
 advertently planting Squashes among them, — the fruit becoming 
 very hard and warty — unfit for the table, and unsafe to give to 
 cattle. 
 
 2. C. Melopepo, L. Leaves subcordate, somewhat 5-angled; fruit 
 mostly orbicular and much depressed, or clypeate, with the margin 
 often tumid and torulose, at first fleshy, finally subligneous. DC. 
 Frodr. 3. p. 317. Fl. Cestr. p. 555. 
 
 Vulgo — Round Squash. Cymling. Fr. Bonnet de Pretre. Pastisson. 
 
 Hirsute. Root annual. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet long, somewhat branching; 
 tendrils branched, — sometimes transformed or developed into imperfect leaves. 
 Leaves 6 or S inches long ; petioles as long as the leaves. Flowers yellow, rather 
 large, pedunculate. Fruit of various colors (mostly yellow, pale green, or mot- 
 tled), smooth or sometimes Warty, — the rind finally hard and woody, containing a 
 loose stringy pulp. Fields, and Gardens: cultivated. Native country uncertain. 
 Fl. July. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. Cultivated for the young fruit, — which is generally esteemed, 
 as a vegetable sauce. There are numerous varieties of the fruit— 
 and of various qualities. There is also a kind of stunted variety of 
 the plant, with a short bushy stem, which is often a prolific bearer. 
 
 3. C. verrucosa, L. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the 'middle lobe nar- 
 rowed at base ; fruit elliptic-oblong, or clavate and often arcuate, 
 verrucose. DC. Frodr. 3. p. 317. Fl. Cestr. p. 556. Also ? C. sub- 
 verrucosa. Willd. DC. I. c. 
 
 Warty CtjctjrBita» Vulgo — Warted Squash. Long-necked Squash. 
 
 Hirsute. Root annual. Stem 10 to 15 feet long, somewhat branching; tendrils 
 branched. Leaves 8 to 10 inches long ; petioles nearly as long as the leaves. 
 Flowers yellow, rather large. Fruit varying from oblong to obovoid and clavate, 
 often much elongated and curved, rough with warts or obtuse tubercles, and of 
 various colors, or shades, from yellow to green and white, finally hard and sub- 
 ligneous or bony. Lots, and Gardens : cultivated. Native country unknown. 
 Fl. July. Fr. October. 
 
CUCURBITACEAE 61 
 
 Obs. Cultivated as the preceding (to which it is nearly allied), — 
 and for the same purposes. Both species are apt to produce worth- 
 less Hybrids among Pumpkins, when growing near them ; and 
 therefore should never be planted in their immediate vicinity. 
 
 ORDER LXV. SAXIFRAGACEAE. Juss. DC. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate. Inflorescence 
 various, often cymose. Sepals 4 or 5, persistent, more or less connected ■with 
 each other, and often more or less adherent to the ovary. Petals as many as the 
 sepals — rarely wanting. Stamens as many — or more commonly twice as many 
 (rarely fewer, or 3 or 4 times as many) — as the petals, and inserted with them 
 into the throat of the calyx. Ovaries mostly 2 (sometimes 3 or 4), usually coher- 
 ing at base and distinct at summit. Fruit capsular, mostly with septicidal de- 
 hiscence. Seeds numerous ; embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 
 
 An unimportant Order, to the Agriculturist, — though some species of Hydran- 
 gea and Philadelphus are admired, and cultivated, as Ornamental Shrubs. 
 
 SUB-ORDER I. SAXIFRAGEAE. DC. Torr. £ Gr. 
 
 Herbs. Petals imbricated in aestivation. Capsule (when the carpels are united) 
 either 2-celled with the placentae in the axis, or 1-celled with parietal placentae. 
 
 65. SAXIFRAGA. L. Endl. Gen. 4634. 
 [Latin, Saxum, a rock, and /ranger e, to break ; the plant often growing in clefts 
 
 of rocks.] 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, often adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals 5, 
 entire. Stamens mostly 10 (rarely 5). Capsule usually 2-beaked, — 
 or rather consisting of 2 acuminate connate carpels, opening between 
 the diverging beaks. Radical leaves usually rosulate ; cauline ones 
 mostly alternate. 
 
 1. S. Pennsylvania, L. Leaves all radical, oblanceolate or oval, 
 rather acute, obsoletely denticulate, tapering at base to a broad 
 margined petiole ; scape leafless, striate, pubescent ; cymes in an 
 oblong panicle ; flowers pedicellate ; petals linear-lanceolate, scarcely 
 twice as long as the calyx ; ovary nearly free. Torr. &r Gr. Fl. JV. 
 A. 1. p. 571. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 39. Fl. Cestr. p. 270. 
 
 Pennsylvanian Saxifrage. Vulgd— Tall Saxifrage. 
 
 Root perennial, with coarse fibres. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, thin and 
 smoothish, somewhat cili'ate. Scape 2 to 3 (occasionally 4 or 5) feet high, rather 
 stout, sulcate-striate. Cymes at first in conglomerate heads — finally rather 
 loose, in an oblong open panicle 12 to 18 inches in length, — the branches glan- 
 dular-pubescent and somewhat viscid. Petals greenish yellow, small. Stamens 
 persistent ; anthers orange-colored with a tinge of purple. Seeds angular, dark 
 brown. Swampy meadows, and low grounds : Canada to Virginia and Ohio. 
 Fl. May. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. There are numerous species of Saxifrage on this continent 
 (a white-flowered one, — viz. S. Virginiensis, Mx. is very common 
 on rocky banks, in the wood-lands of the middle States) : But this is 
 the only one which, by its size, and frequent occurrence in wet 
 meadows, is likely to attract the notice of the farmer. It is a mere 
 weed ; but not difficult to get rid of, by draining and proper attention. 
 
 The Heuchera Americana, L. or Ahim-root — a plant belonging to 
 this order — is frequent along fence-rows and borders of rich wood- 
 lands, — and its astringent root has been of some notoriety as an In- 
 dian remedy for cancerous sores : But it is scarcely of sufficient pro- 
 minence, on the farm, to command the attention of the Agriculturist. 
 
 6 
 
62 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 ORDER LXVII. UMBELLIFERAE. Juss. 
 
 Herbs. Stems often fistular and furrowed. Leaves alternate, simple but gener~ 
 ally much dissected, — the petioles more or less sheathing or dilated at base. 
 Fioivers in umbels ; umbels mostly compound and involucrate. Calyx intirely 
 adherent to the surface of the 2-carpelled ovary ; the limb reduced to a mere 
 border or to 5 small teeth. Petals 5, distinct, with inflected points, inserted to- 
 gether with the 5 stamens on a disk which crowns the ovary. Ovary 2-celled, 
 with a solitary suspended ovule in each cell or carpel : Styles 2, — their bases 
 often united and thickened (forming a Stylopodium). Fruit dry, consisting of 2 
 single-seeded indehiscent akene-like carpels (called Mericarps, by DC), which 
 adhere by their faces (or commissure) to a slender common axis (Carpophore), — 
 at length separating from each other, and suspended from the summit of the 
 axis or Carpophore: the Carpels are usually marked with a definite number of 
 longitudinal ribs (juga), which are sometimes dilated into wings ; the intervals 
 or channels between the ribs — as also the commissure — often contain, within 
 the pericarp and parallel with the ribs, one or more linear receptacles of aro- 
 matic oil, — which receptacles are called Vittae or fillets. Seed usually coherent 
 with the carpel ; embryo minute, at the base of horny albumen. * 
 
 This large and important Order comprises about 200 genera, — and is remarka- 
 ble for the aromatic and generally harmless character of the fruit — while the 
 herbage (including root, stem and leaves,) is often highly deleterious. The spe- 
 cies best known on the farm, and in the kitchen-garden, are here noticed. 
 Some medicinal gums are furnished by this Order, — such as Asafoetida, Galba- 
 num., and perhaps Ammoniac. 
 
 SUB-ORDER I. ORTHOSPERMAE. DC. 
 
 Inner face of the seed and albumen straight and flat or plane (i. e. neither invo- 
 lute at the sides, nor incurved from base to apex). 
 
 A. Carpels few-ribbed > *. e. with -primary ribs only. 
 
 TRIBE IV. AMMINEAE. Koch. 
 Fruit laterally compressed or didymous. Carpels with 5 equal filiform or some- 
 times slightly winged ribs, — the lateral ones marginal. Vittae various. 
 
 f Calyx with the limb dentate. 
 
 66. CICUTA. L. Endl. Gen. 4391. 
 f A Latin name for the hollow stem, or internodes, of plants ; applied to this genus.] 
 
 Calyx with 5 acuminate segments. Petals roundish-obcordate by 
 the inflection of the apex. Fruit roundish. Stylopodium depressed. 
 Carpels with 5 flatfish equal ribs. Channels filled with single vittae. 
 Commissure with 2 vittae. Carpophore 2-parted. Involucre or 
 few-leaved. Involucels many-leaved. Sub-aquatic herbs. Stem 
 terete, smooth, fistular. Leaves tripinnately or triternately dissected. 
 
 1. C. maculata, L. Stem spotted or streaked; leaves bi- or tri- 
 ternately divided, — the segments lanceolate, mucronately serrate ; 
 umbels terminal and axillary. Torr. 6f Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 610. 
 DC. Prodr. 4. p. 99. Fl. Cestr. p. 185. 
 Spotted Cicuta. Vulgo — Spotted Cow-bane. Water Hemlock. 
 
 * The longitudinal ribs, on the carpels, are distinguished into primary and se- 
 condary. The primary ones (10 in number on the 2 carpels — or 5 on each.) are 
 pretty constant and more or less conspicuous. — representing the midribs and 
 sutures (or lines of junction) of the 5 sepals, which, by their union, form the 
 tube of the calyx and coat of the fruit. The 5 ribs which correspond with the 
 midribs of the 5 sepals, are termed carina! ribs, and their extension at apex 
 forms the 5 calyx-teeth : the 5 which represent the sutures of the sepals, are 
 called sutural ribs, — and they, of course, terminate at the sinuses between the 
 calyx-teeth. Alternating with these primary ribs, there is sometimes a develop- 
 ment of secondary ones,— which Prof. De Candolle regards as representing 
 lateral nerves (i. e. one on each side of the midrib) of the united sepals. These 
 ribs and vittae, together with the form or manner of compression of the fruit, 
 afford important aid in determining the generic character of the plants of this re- 
 markably natural family. 
 
UMBELLIFERAE 63 
 
 Root perennial with thick oblong fleshy fibres. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, branch- 
 ing, dark purple, or striate with green and purple or brown. Leaves smooth, — 
 the lower ones on rather long petioles, triternately dissected with the terminal 
 division mostly in fives ; segments or leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, petiolulate, 
 penninerved, — the nerves (as remarked by Dr. Bigelow,) running to the notches 
 of the serratures instead of the points. Umbels spreading ; rays slender. Invo- 
 lucre or 1 or 2 linear leaflets. Involucels of 5 or 6 small lance-linear leaflets. 
 Petals white. Fruit nearly round ; ribs rather broad ; channels reddish brown 
 or dark purple, filled with aromatic oily matter. Swampy grounds, and mar- 
 gins of rivulets : throughout the U. States. Fl. July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. The mature fruit of this plant has a strong anisate odor. 
 The root is an active poison ; and the lives of children, and others, 
 are often endangered and sometimes destroyed by eating it, in mis- 
 take for that of the Sweet Cicely (Osmorhiza longistylis, DC.) — 
 an aromatic plant of the same natural family. The herbage is also 
 said to be destructive to Cattle, when eaten by them : all which 
 goes to show the propriety of possessing sufficient Botanical know- 
 ledge to be able to identify the plant — and likewise the necessity of 
 extirpating it from all meadows and pastures. 
 
 f f Calyx with the limb obsolete, 
 
 67. APIUM. Hoffm. Endl. Gen. .4.393. 
 [From the Celtic, Apon, water ; near which it naturally grows.] 
 
 Petals roundish, with a small inflexed apex. Fruit roundish. Sty- 
 lopodium depressed. Carpels with 5 filiform equal ribs. Channels 
 with single vittae, the outer ones often with 2 or 3 vittae. Carpo- 
 phore undivided. Involucre ; 0. Involucels 0. Stems sulcate. Leaves 
 pinnately dissected. 
 
 1. A. graveolens, L. var. dulce, DC. Lower leaves on very long 
 petioles ; segments cuneate, lobed and incised-dentate at apex. DC. 
 Prodr. 4. p. 101. Fl. Cestr. p. 187. 
 
 Strong-scented Apitjm. Vulgd — Celery. 
 
 Fr. Celeri. Germ. Der Celeri. Span. Apio hortense. 
 
 Whole plant glabrous. Root biennial, fusiform. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branch- 
 ing. Radical leaves on stout succulent channelled petioles 6 to 12 inches or more 
 in length, and which are green, or often purplish, when not artificially blanched ; 
 stem leaves on short petioles. Umbels terminal and axillary, — the axillary ones 
 often subsessile ; rays unequal, spreading. Petals greenish white. Fruit nearly 
 orbicular. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This is much cultivated for the sake of the succulent spicy 
 petioles of the radical leaves, —which are used as a salad : But in 
 order to be rendered palatable — or even eatable — they require to be 
 blanched or etiolated by the exclusion of light, — which is usually ef- 
 fected by planting in trenches and covering them with earth. The 
 var. rapaceum, DC. or Turnep-rooted Celery, is also cultivated,— 
 though not so commonly. 
 
 68. PETROSELINUM. Hoffm-. Endl. Gen. 4394. 
 [Greek, Petrd. rock, and Selinum ; Rock Selinum, — from its native habitat.] 
 
 Petals roundish, incurved, scarcely emarginate by the inflection of 
 the narrow apex. Fruit ovate. Stylopodium conical, short. Car- 
 pels with 5 equal ribs. Channels with single vittae. Commissure 
 with 2 vittae. Carpophore 2-parted. Involucre few-leaved. In- 
 volucels many-leaved. Stems somewhat angular. Leaves decom- 
 pound. 
 
64 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 1. P. sativum, Hoffm. Segments of the lower leaves cuneate-ovate, 
 
 trifid and incised-dentate, — of the upper ones linear -lanceolate and 
 
 nearly entire ; involucels subulate. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 102. Fl. 
 
 Cestr. p. 188. 
 
 Cultivated Petroselinum. Vulgo — Parsley. 
 
 Fr. Persil. Germ. Die Petersilie. Span. Perexil. 
 
 Plant smooth. Root biennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, striate with green and 
 yellowish stripes, branched. Leaves shining green, the lower ones much dis- 
 sected. Umbels terminal and axillary, pedunculate. Involucre of a single leaflet 
 (or sometimes 2 or 3), linear. Involucels of 5 or 6 short subulate leaflets. Petals 
 greenish white. Fruit ovate. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Eastern Europe. 
 Fl. June. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. Cultivated for the pleasant-flavored leaves which are used 
 in culinary processes. The root has long been a popular diuretic. 
 The var. crispum, or Curled Parsley — with the segments of the 
 lower leaves broader, and curled on the margin — is also frequent in 
 kitchen gardens. 
 
 69. CARUM. Koch. Endl. Gen. 4406. 
 [Said to be derived from Caria, — the native country of the plant.] 
 
 Petals regular, obovate, emarginate by the inflection of the apex. 
 Stylopodium depressed; styles deflected. Fruit ovate or oblong. 
 Carpels with 5 filiform equal ribs. Channels with single vittae. 
 Commissure with 2 vittae. Carpophore free, bifid at apex. Invo- 
 lucre and Involucels various — sometimes 0. Stems striate, smooth. 
 Leaves pinnately dissected ; segments multifid. 
 
 1. C. Carui, L. Leaves somewhat bipinnatifid, the segments 
 linear; involucre 1-leaved or 0; involucels 0. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 
 115. Fl. Cestr. p. 188. 
 
 Carian Carum. Vtdgd — Common Caraway. 
 
 .Fr. Carvi. Germ. Gemeiner Kuemmel. Span. Alcaravea. 
 
 Root biennial ? (perennial, DC), fusiform. Stem about 2 feet high, branched. 
 Radical leaves rather large ; stem leaves multifid, the segments filiform. Petals 
 white. Fruit oblong or elliptic, often oblique at apex. Gardens : cultivated. 
 Native of Europe. JF7. June. JFV. August. 
 
 Obs. This is sometimes cultivated for its highly aromatic fruit, — 
 which is used to impart a flavor to calces, and other articles of cookery. 
 
 TRIBE V. SESELINEAE. Koch. 
 Fruit terete — l. e. a transverse section of it nearly orbicular. Carpels with 5 
 filiform or winged ribs, — of which the lateral ones are marginal, and equal 
 with, or a little broader than, the others. 
 
 70. FOENICULUM. Adans. Endl. Gen. 4425. 
 [Latin, diminutive of Foenurh, hay ; from a resemblance in its odor.] 
 
 Calyx with the limb a little tumid, the teeth obsolete. Petals oval, 
 entire, involute, with a broadish retuse apex. Fruit elliptic-oblong, 
 subterete. Stylopodium conical. Carpels with 5 obtuse keeled 
 ribs, — of which the lateral ones are marginal, and often a little 
 broader. Channels with single vittae. Commissure with 2 vittae. 
 Divolucre and Invohicels 0. Biennial or perennial. Stems terete, 
 striate. Leaves decompound, pinnately dissected, the segments 
 linear. 
 
UMBELLIFERAE 65 
 
 1. F. vulgare, Gaertn. Segments of the leaves subulate-linear, 
 
 elongated; umbels many-rayed. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 142. Fl. Cestr. 
 
 p. 191. 
 
 Common Foeniculum. Vulgo — Fennel. Garden Fennel. 
 
 Fr. Fenouil. Germ. Der Fenchel. Span. Hinojo. 
 
 Plant smooth. Root perennial ? (biennial, DC). Stem 4 to 5 or 6 feet high, 
 branching, striate-grooved, purplish-green and somewhat glaucous. Leaves 
 large, finely and somewhat biternately dissected ; segments an inch to an inch 
 and half long, almost filiform, — the subdivisions often dichotomous: common 
 petioles much dilated, sheathing, produced into 2 marginal lobes at summit. 
 Umbels of'15 to 20 or 30 unequal rays. Petals yellow. Carpels semi-terete, 
 striately ribbed and grooved. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. 
 July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. The whole plant is highly aromatic. Those who kept Bees, 
 in former years, were much in the practice, when those insects 
 swarmed, of rubbing the inside of the Bee-hive with this fragrant 
 herb, — under the impression that the odor would attach them to their 
 new domicil. It is chiefly cultivated for its aromatic frnit,— which 
 is occasionally used in domestic economy ; and is sometimes smoked 3 
 like tobacco, as a popular remedy for cholic. 
 
 TRIBE VII. PETJCEDANEAE. DC. 
 
 Fruit dorsally and more or less flatly compressed, surrounded with a single di- 
 lated entire smooth margin, — which is flattened or slightly convex, but not 
 thickened at the edge. Carpels with 5 filiform (or rarely winged) ribs, — of which 
 the lateral ones are contiguous to the dilated margin or united with it. 
 
 71. ARCHEMORA. DC. EndL Gen. 4472. 
 [Named from Archemorus, — who died from eating Parsley. DC] 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Petals obcordate by the inflection of the acumi- 
 nate apex. Fruit elliptic-ovate, convex or lenticularly compressed. 
 Stylopodium conical, broad at base. Carpels with 5 equidistant 
 obtuse ribs, — the lateral ones dilated into a flattish thin-edged marr 
 gin. Channels filled by single vittae. Commissure with 2 or more 
 vittae. Carpophore 2-parted. Involucre or few-leaved. Invo- 
 hccels many-leaved. Stem terete, striate. Leaves pinnately or 
 ternately dissected, — the segments or leaflets entire or sparingly 
 toothed near the apex. 
 
 1. A. rigida, DC. Leaves pinnately dissected, — the segments in 3 
 to 5 pairs with a terminal odd one, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, very 
 entire or remotely incised-dentate near the apex ; umbels terminal 
 and subterminal, on long peduncles. Torr. &r Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 
 631. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 188. Fl. Cestr. p. 195. 
 Rigid or stiff Archemora. Vidgd — Cow-bane. Wild Parsnep. 
 
 Whole plant smooth. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, rather slen- 
 der, sparingly branched above. Leaves all simply pseudo-pinnate ; common 
 petioles 1 to 5 or 6 inches long, channelled and somewhat margined : leaflets or 
 segments 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, — varying from linear to ovate-lanceolate and 
 cuneate-oblong, often a little falcate. .Umbels about 3, on rather long sulcate- 
 striate peduncles. Involucre 0, or sometimes of 2 or 3 lance-linear leaflets. In- 
 volucels of 6 or 8 subulate-hnear leaflets. Petals white. Channels filled to con- 
 vexity by the dark purple vittae. Commissure a little concave, lined with a 
 white suberose coat. Swampy meadows, and low grounds : New York to 
 Louisiana. Fl. August. Fr. October. 
 
 6* 
 
66 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Obs. This is reputed to be an active poison, — particularly to horned 
 Cattle, when eaten by them ; and therefore every farmer is interested 
 in knowing the plant, and causing it to be eradicated from his mea- 
 dows and pastures. It varies somewhat in its features ; but the 
 above is a description of its usual form, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 72. PASTINACA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 4473. 
 [Latm, Pastus, a repast or nourishment ; from the use made of the root.] 
 
 Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Petals orbicular, involute, retuse 
 by the inflection of the broadish apex. Fruit oval, flatly compressed, 
 with a dilated flat margin. Stylopodium depressed, peltate. Car- 
 pels with 5 very slender ribs, — 3 of them dorsal and equidistant — 
 the other 2 remote, contiguous to the margins. Channels with 
 single conspicuous vittae. Commissicre with 2 or more vittae. 
 Carpophore 2-parted. Involucre mostly 0. hivolucels 0, or few- 
 leaved. Stem sulcate, smooth. Leaves pinnately dissected, — the 
 leaflets incised-dentate or lobed. 
 
 1. P. sativa, L. Leaves minutely pubescent; leaflets in 3 or 4 
 pairs with a terminal odd one, ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, incised- 
 dentate, sessile, — the terminal one 3-lobed and petiolulate ; umbels 
 large, spreading, fastigiate ; fruit emarginate. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. 
 
 A. l.p. 632. DC.Prodr. 4. p. 188. Fl. Cestr.p. 196. 
 
 Cultivated Pastinaca. Vulgd — Parsnep. Garden parsnep. 
 
 Fr. Panais potager. Germ. Die Pastinake. Span. Chirivia. 
 
 Plant yellowish green. Root biennial, fusiform, large and fleshy. Stem 3 to 5 
 feet high, rather stout, furrowed and fistular, somewhat branching. Leaflets 2 
 to 4 inches long (the primary leaves, of the young plant, orbicular-cordate and 
 incisely crenate). Umbels nearly level on the top. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals 
 yellow, small, with the apex incurved or rolled in. Fruit thin or very flatly 
 compressed on the back. Ribs filiform ; channels greenish yellow; vittae dark 
 purple, generally linear, sometimes a little clavate. Gardens: cultivated. Na- 
 tive of Europe. Fl. June — August. Fr. August — October. 
 
 Obs. Generally cultivated for its fine esculent root, — which, in the 
 best varieties (such as that called the " Guernsey Parsnep"), is re- 
 markably rich and marrow-like. The plant produces many seeds, 
 and is apt to stray from the garden into the fields, — where it speedily 
 degenerates, and, if neglected, becomes a troublesome unsightly weed. 
 
 B. Carpels many -ribbed : i. e. with the secondary ribs prominently 
 
 developed. 
 
 TRIBE XII. DATJCINEAE. Koch. 
 
 Fruit lenticularly compressed on the back, or sometimes nearly orbicular on a 
 transverse section. Carpels with the 5 primary ribs filiform and bristly — the 
 lateral ones on the commissure, — the 4 intervening secondary ribs more prominent, 
 extended into prickles, which are either distinct or united at base into a wing. 
 
 73. DAUCUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 4497. 
 [Daukos, the ancient Greek name of the Carrot."] 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Petals obovate, emarginate by the inflection of 
 the acuminate apex, — those on the margin of the umbel often larger 
 than the others, and obcordate or bifid. Fruit ovoid-oblong, some- 
 what dorsally compressed. Stylopodium depressed, thickish. Car- 
 pels with the 5 primary ribs filiform and minutely bristly, — of which 
 
UMBELLIFERAE 67 
 
 ribs 3 are on the back of the carpel, and 2 on the commissure : the 
 4 secondary ribs equal, prominently winged, and each pectinately 
 cleft into a single row of prickles. Cha?uiels with single vittae 
 under the secondary ribs. Carpophore free, entire. Involucre 
 many-leaved ; leaflets pinnatifid. Involucels many -leaved ; leaflets 
 trifid or entire. Leaves bi- or tri-pinnately dissected. 
 1. D. Carota, L. Stem hispid; leaves 2- 3-pinnatifid ; segments 
 pinnatifid, the lobes lanceolate and cuspidate ; leaflets of the invo- 
 lucre nearly as long as the umbel ; prickles about equal to the 
 diameter of the oblong-oval fruit. Torr. 4* Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 635. 
 DC. Prodr. 4. p. 211. Fl. Cestr. p. 197. 
 Carot Daucus. Vulgd— Carrot. Wild Carrot. 
 Fr. Carotte. Germ. Die Moehre. Span. Zanahoria. 
 
 Plant greyish green, hispidly pilose. Boot biennial, fusiform, yellowish or 
 orange-colored. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, rather slender, terete, sulcate-striate, 
 branching. Leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid ; segments half an inch to an inch 
 long, much incised. Umbels on long peduncles or naked branches, nearly level 
 on the top when in flower — concave when in fruit. Petals white or ochroleu- 
 cous — occasionally with a purplish tinge, — the central floret of the umbel often 
 abortive, with fleshy dark purple petals. Fruit very hispid, — the prickles on 
 the secondary ribs somewhat barbed. Gardens, fields and road sides : intro- 
 duced. Native of Europe, and the East. Fl. July— September. Fr. September — 
 October. 
 
 Obs. The var. sativa, DC. or common Garden Carrot, — with a 
 large fleshy yellow or reddish orange-colored root, — is much culti- 
 vated as a culinary vegetable, for soups, &c. In Europe, it is highly 
 esteemed as a food for Milk Cows, and other stock, during winter ; 
 but in this country, the root culture, for such objects, is but little 
 attended to, — probably less than it ought to be. The wild variety 
 is extensively naturalized, — and threatens to become a troublesome 
 pest, on our farms. When it gets on the premises of a careless 
 slovenly farmer, it soon multiplies so as to become a source of an- 
 noyance to the whole neighborhood. It should be diligently eradi- 
 cated before it matures its seeds. 
 
 SUB-ORDER II. CAMPYLOSPERMAE. DC. 
 
 Inner fact of the seed and albumen involute at the sides — forming a longitudinal 
 groove. 
 
 tti^ Fruit with primary ribs only. 
 
 TRIBE XVI. SMYRNIEAE. Koch. 
 Fruit turgid, often laterally compressed or contracted. Carpels with 5 ribs, — 
 the lateral ones marginal, or placed in front of or opposite the margin — some- 
 times nearly obliterated. 
 
 74. CONIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 4532. 
 [An ancient name, of obscure etymology.] 
 
 Calyx with the limb obsolete. Petals obcordate by the inflection of 
 the short acuminate apex. Fruit ovate, compressed or contracted 
 at the sides. Stylopodium dilated at base. Carpels with 5 promi- 
 nent equal ribs which are undulate-crenulate when immature, — the 
 lateral ones marginal. Channels striate, without vittae. Carpo- 
 phore bifid at apex. Seed with a deep narrow longitudinal groove 
 on its face. Involucre few-leaved. Involucels dimidiate or one- 
 sided, about 3-leaved. 
 
68 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 1. C. maculatum, L. Stem terete, spotted; leaves tripinnately 
 
 dissected, — segments lanceolate, pinnatifid, the lobes acute and often 
 
 incised ; leaflets of the involucels lanceolate, shorter than the um- 
 
 bellets. Torr. 4- Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 640. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 242. 
 
 Fl. Cestr.p. 201. Icon. Fl. Lond. 1. 
 
 Spotted Conium. Vulgo — Common Hemlock. 
 
 Fr. Cigue ordinaire. Germ. Der Schierling-. Span. Ceguda. 
 
 Plant smooth, deep bluish green, and sometimes glaucous. Root biennial', 
 fusiform, whitish and fleshy. Stem 2 to 4 (sometimes 6 or 8) feet high, fistular, 
 branched, somewhat sulcate, streaked with green and yellow and often spotted 
 with dark purple. Common petioles dilated, nerved, with scar ious margins. Petals 
 white. Fruit somewhat gibbous. Carpels with the ribs wavy, especially while 
 young, — the faces inclining to separate between the base and apex (i. e. some- 
 what eoelospermous), when mature. Waste places: introduced. Native of 
 Europe. Fl. June — July. Ft. September. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner is partially naturalized in many places,— and 
 being a powerful narcotic poison, it ought to be known by every 
 person on whose premises it may occur. The plant when bruised 
 emits a disagreeable odor. The extract was formerly celebrated as 
 a remedy in scrophulous disease ; and, like the generality of poisons, 
 it may no doubt prove medicinal, when judiciously and skilfully 
 employed. 
 
 SUB-ORDER III. COELOSPERMAE. DC. 
 
 Inner face of the seed and albumen transversely concave — or with the base 
 and apex curved towards each other. 
 
 TRIBE XVII. CORIANDREAE. Koch. 
 Fruit globose, — or the carpels subglobose and didymous: primary tihs depressed 
 and flexuous or nearly obsolete ; the second m y ones more prominent ; all wingless. 
 
 75. CORIANDRUM. Hoffm. Endl. Gen. 4549. 
 [Greek, Koris, a bug ; the bruised leaves having the odor of a bed-bug.] 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed, — the teeth conspicuous, unequal, persistent. Petals 
 obcordate by the inflection of the acuminate apex, — those on the 
 margin of the umbel larger and bifid. Stylopodium conical. Car- 
 pels cohering, scarcely separating, — each with 5 undulate depressed 
 primary ribs, of which the lateral ones are placed in front of an ac- 
 cessory margin ; the 4 secondary ribs more prominent and keeled. 
 Channels without vittae. Commissure with 2 vittae. Carpophore 
 free in the middle, semibifid, adnate at base and apex. Involucre 
 1-leaved or 0. Involucels dimidiate, about 3-leaved. 
 
 1. C. sativum, L. Leaves bipinnately dissected, — segments of the 
 lower ones broad-cuneate, incised-dentate, — of the upper ones nar- 
 row and linear; carpels hemispherical. DC. Prodr. A. p. 250. Fl. 
 Cestr.p. 202. 
 
 Cultivated Coriandrum. Vulgo — Coriander. 
 Fr. Coriandre. Germ. Der Koriander. Span. Cilantro. 
 
 Plant smooth. Root annual (sometimes biennial, DC). Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
 slender, striate, somewhat branched at summit. Umbels 3 to 5-rayed. Umbellets 
 of numerous short unequal rays. Petals white — tinged with red before expand- 
 ing. Carpels very concave on the face, cohering by their margins so as to form 
 apparently a simple globose fruit. Commissure with 2 linear-lanceolate vittae 
 in a loose membrane which covers the face of the seed. Gardens : cultivated. 
 Native of Tartary and the East. Fl. June— July. Fr. August— September. 
 
UMBELLIFERAE 69 
 
 Obs. Occasionally cultivated for its aromatic fruity — which is 
 used by the pastry Cook and the Confectioner ; and also to impart 
 a flavor to Tinctures, &c. It is said that the Tartars prepare a fa- 
 vorite potage, from the fresh herb* 
 
 ORDER LXVIII. ARALIACEAE. Juss. Richard. 
 
 Perennial herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, mostly compound, destitute 
 of stipules ; petioles long, thickened and dilated at base. Flowers mostly umbel- 
 late, — the umbels often paniculate. Calyx adherent to the ovary, — the limb 
 usually very small, toothed or entire Petals 5 to 10, valvate in aestivation. 
 Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted under the mar- 
 gin of an epigynous disk. Ovary 2 to 15-celled (i. e. composed of so many united 
 carpels), with a solitary suspended ovule in each cell; styles as many as the 
 cells — sometimes united; stigmas simple. Fruit baccate or drupaceous, — some- 
 times nearly dry, but the carpels not separating. Embryo short, at the base of 
 the copious fleshy albumen. 
 
 A small Order, and of little interest to the farmer. The. Ivy (Hedera Helix. L.) 
 is perhaps the only plant belonging to it, worth mentioning — in addition to those 
 here noticed. 
 
 76. ARALIA. L. Endl. Gen. 4558. 
 
 [A name of unknown derivation: supposed to be of Canadian origin.] 
 
 Flowers mostly perfect. Calyx 5-toothed, or with the limb entire. 
 Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5, on short filaments. Styles 5, 
 divaricately spreading, persistent. Berry 5-celled, often torose or 
 somewhat 5-lobed. Herbs or shrubs, — sometimes prickly. Leaves 
 mostly decompound. 
 
 1. A. racemosa, L. Stem herbaceous, smooth, divaricately branched; 
 leaves ternately and quinately decompound ; leaflets eordate-ovate, 
 acuminate, doubly serrate ; racemes axillary, compound, paniculately 
 umbellulate; involucels small. Torr. 4* Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 646. 
 DC. Prodr. 4. p. 258. Fl. Cestr. p. 209. 
 Racemose Aralia. Vulgo — Spikenard. 
 
 Root perennial, thick, aromatic. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, with spreading and 
 somewhat dichotomous branches. Leaflets 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, slightly hairy, 
 mostly petiolulate. Flowers in large umbellulate panicles ; peduncles pubescent. 
 Involucels of several short subulate leaflets. Calyx with 5 small acute teeth. 
 Petals greenish white. Styles united below; stigmas diverging or recurved. — 
 Berries small, not torose, dark purple when mature. Rich woodlands : Canada 
 to Georgia ; and in Gardens, cultivated. JFY. July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This plant is native in our rich woodlands ; but has been 
 long introduced into Gardens, as a popular medicine. The root, and 
 berries, infused in alcohol, made a favorite Tincture, in times past, 
 for those who indulged in the perilous habit of taking such stoma- 
 chics. There is another species in our woodlands — known by the 
 name of Sarsaparilla {A. nudicaulis, L.) — which is also a popular 
 medicine, — and often substituted for the Sarsaparilla of the shops. 
 Neither of them has much connection with Agriculture : but the 
 intelligent farmer would doubtless like to know them,— or at least 
 the usually cultivated species. 
 
 77. PANAX. L. Endl. Gen. 4551. 
 
 [Greek, Pan, all, and akos, a remedy : an imaginary Panacea, or universal 
 
 medicine.] 
 Flowers polygamous: Calyx turbinate, 5-toothed or the limb 
 
 * " Herba recens in deliciis habetur et ex ea. jusculum conficitur, unde ubique 
 in hortis Tataricis culta." DC. I. e. It would probably require a Tartar palate 
 to relish soup, prepared with herbage which has the " odor of a bed-bug" ! 
 
70 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 nearly entire. Petals 5. Stamens alternate with and as many as 
 the petals, inserted with them under the margin of the disk. Styles 
 2 or 3 (rarely 1). Fruit fleshy, drupaceous or subcoriaceous, didy- 
 mous and reniform or trigonous-ovoid, 2 or 3-celled. Flowers mostly 
 in a simple pedunculate terminal umbel. 
 
 1. P. quinqtjefolium, L. Root fusiform, often branched; leaves 
 in threes, compound ; leaflets mostly in fives, obovate, acuminate, 
 unequally serrate, petiolulate ; peduncle of the umbel rather shorter 
 than the common petioles ; styles 2 ; fruit succulent, 2-celled, 2- 
 seeded. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 647. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 252. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 181. 
 
 Five -leaved Panax. Vulgo — Ginseng. 
 
 Root perennial, 3 to 6 inches long, and about half an inch in diameter, often 
 forked downwards, whitish, transversely rugose. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, 
 herbaceous, angular, smooth, with a verticil of 3 (rarely 4) petiolate compound 
 leaves at summit, and a simple erect pedunculate umbel in the centre. Common 
 petioles 3 or 4 inches long. Leaflets unequal, — the 3 principal ones 3 to 5 inches 
 long, the lateral ones much smaller. Umbel many-flowered, — the central flowers 
 often abortive. Petals yellowish green. Ovary compressed, cordate-ovate or 
 gibbous at base on each side Fruit a fleshy drupaceous reniform berry, crowned 
 with the persistent calyx-teeth and styles, smooth, bright crimson when mature. 
 Rich woodlands : Northern and Western States. Fl. July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. The root of this plant is slightly stimulant, and rather plea- 
 santly aromatic. It has long been, and continues to be, an article 
 of some importance in our commerce with China : and although it 
 has but little to do with Agriculture, it is presumed that a brief de- 
 scription of a native plant, so abundantly produced in our Western 
 forests — and so highly prized in the " Celestial Empire" — will not 
 be unacceptable. 
 
 ORDER. LXIX. CORNACEAE. DC. Lindl. 
 
 Chiefly small trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly opposite, entire, and destitute of sti- 
 pules. Ftowers in cymes, sometimes clustered into heads and surrounded by 
 a large petaloid involucre. Calyx adherent to the 2-celled ovary, — the limb 4- 
 toothed. Petals 4, valvate in aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals, and 
 alternate with them. Styles united into 1. Fruit a 2-celled drupe, crowned with 
 the persistent calyx-teeth. Seeds solitary, pendulous : embryo nearly the length 
 of the fleshy albumen. 
 
 The genus which gives the name to this small Order, is the only one intitled to 
 notice, here. 
 
 78. CORNUS. Tournef. Bndl. Gen. 4574. 
 [Latin, Cornu, a horn; from the horny toughness of the wood.] 
 
 Calyx 4-toothed, — the teeth minute. Petals oblong, spreading. 
 Stamens longer than the corolla. Style sub-clavate ; stigma obtuse 
 or capitate. Drupe oval or subg!obose, with a 2 or 3-celled nut. 
 
 Ddf Flowers capitate, with a 4-leaved Involucre. 
 
 1. C. Florida,!/. Arborescent; leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate; 
 involucre large, — the petaloid leaves obcordate or with a callous 
 notch at apex; drupes oval. Torr. <$• Gr. Fl. N. A. 1. p. 652. DC. 
 Prodr. A. p. 273. Fl. Cestr. p. 106. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 48. 
 Flowering Corntjs. Vtdgd — Dogwood. Common Dogwood. 
 
 Stem 15 to 20 (sometimes 30 or 40) feet high, and 3 or 4 to 6 or S inches in diam- 
 eter, much branched, — the young branches opposite or often verticillate in fours. 
 
CORNACEAE 71 
 
 Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, pilose with short appressed hairs, glaucous beneath. 
 Flowers in terminal capitate clusters ; involucre about 3 inches in diameter, — the 
 leaves in opposite pairs, white or sometimes tinged with purple. Corolla green- 
 ish yellow. Drupe bright red when mature. Woodlands: Canada to Louisiana. 
 Fl. May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. The wood of this small tree Is very close-grained and firm, 
 and valuable for many purposes in Mechanics. The woodman se- 
 lects it as the best material for wooden wedges. The young straight 
 stems make good hoops, for the cooper ; and the slender verticillate 
 branches once furnished distaffs for Spinsters, — when that descrip- 
 tion of females had a practical existence in the community. The 
 bark is an excellent tonic — almost equaling the Peruvian, in efficacy. 
 Altogether, it is a valuable, as well as ornamental, little tree. Ob- 
 serving farmers have remarked, that the proper time to plant Indian 
 Corn (Zea Mays, L.) is when the Involucres of the Dogwood are 
 first developed. 
 
 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS. 
 
 ORDER LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Juss. Richard. 
 
 Mostly shrubs, often twining. Leaves opposite, mostly without stipules. Calyx 
 adherent to the ovary, — the limb 5- (rarely 4-) toothed. Corolla tubular or rotate, 
 regular or irregular. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate 
 with them — or rarely 1 fewer — inserted into the tube. Ovary mostly 3-celled ; 
 style long and filiform with a capitate stigma — or 3 to 5 sessile stigmas. Fruit 
 baccate, or sometimes dry, often 1-celled by abortion. Embryo in the axis of 
 fleshy albumen. 
 
 An Order of small importance in Agriculture ; but it contains the favorite tribe 
 of Honeysuckles (Lonicera.) so much admired by the cultivators of flowers. 
 
 TRIBE II. SAMBUCEAE. Kunth. 
 Corolla regular, sub-rotate or rarely somewhat tubular. Stigmas 3 to 5, sessile. 
 Testa of the seed membranaceous. 
 
 79. SAMBUCUS. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 3341. 
 [Greek, Sambuke,a. musical instrument; said to have been made of this shrub.] 
 
 Calyx with the limb small, mostly 5-cleft. Corolla sub-rotate, 
 mostly 5-lobed; lobes obtuse. Stamens 5, shorter than the corolla. 
 Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit subglobose, baccate, scarcely crowned ; 
 nucules 3 (rarely 5), crustaceous, rugulose, each containing a sus- 
 pended seed. Shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves odd-pinnately 
 dissected. Inflorescence cymose or thyrsoid. 
 
 1. S. Canadensis, L. Stern suffruticose ; leaflets oblong-oval, acu- 
 minate, serrate ; flowers in 5-parted spreading cymes. Torr. <$- Gr, 
 Fl. N. A. 2. p. 13. DG. Prodr. 4. p. 322. FL Cestr. p. 205. 
 Canadian Sambtjctjs. Vtdgd — Elder bush. Common Elder. 
 
 Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, finally shrubby, filled with a large pith, branching, 
 nodose — the young branches tumid at the nodes. Leaflets usually in 3 pairs with 
 a terminal odd one, 2 to 4 inches long, petiolulate. Cymes broad, terminating 
 young branches, on peduncles 4 to 6 inches long. Corolla white. Berries nu- 
 merous, small, juicy, dark purple or nearly black when mature. Thickets, and 
 Fence-rows : throughout the U. States. Fl. June. Fr. August. 
 
72 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Obs. This is a rather troublesome plant, on our farms, — the long 
 roots being very tenaceous of life, and inclined to spread extensively 
 along fence-rows and hedges. If neglected, it soon gives the farm a 
 very slovenly appearance. The Viburnums (Black Haw, Snow-Hall, 
 Tall Cranberry ', &c.) belong here ; but they are scarcely of sufficient 
 importance, in any respect, to intitle them to a place in this work. 
 
 ORDER LXXII. RUBIACEAE. Juss. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or verticillate, entire, and furnished with 
 stipules — which sometimes resemble true leaves. Flowers regular. Calyx-tube 
 adherent to the ovary, or sometimes almost free, — the limb 4 or 5-cleft or toothed — 
 occasionally obsolete. Corolla inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube, — the 
 lobes as many as those of the calyx. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, 
 and alternate with them. Ovary mostly 2-celled : styles mostly 2. more or less 
 united ; stigmas mostly 2, distinct or concrete. Fruit various, — baccate, drupa- 
 ceous, capsular, or separable into indehiscent carpels. Seeds solitary, few, or 
 numerous, in each cell : embryo in the axis, or at the extremity, of eopious 
 fleshy or horny albumen. 
 
 This Order — comprising various Tribes, and nearly 250 Genera — contains 
 many plants of great value, — though but few of them immediately concern 
 the North American farmer. Among the most important, may be mentioned 
 the Coffee plant (Coffea Arabica, L. which may yet, possibly, be advantageously 
 cultivated in Florida, and some other places on our Southern borders) — the Pe- 
 ruvian Bark (Cinchona officinalis, L.) — and the Ipecacuanha (Cephaelis Ipecacu- 
 anha. Rich.). The popular vermifuge called Carolina Pink (Spigelia Marilandica, 
 L.). and the well-known beautiful and fragrant Cape Jessamine (Gardenia florida, 
 L.), are also referred to this large Natural Family. 
 
 SUB-ORDER I. STELLATAE. R. Br. 
 
 Herbs. Leaves apparently verticillate — but probably really opposite, — all except 
 a single pair being regarded as stipules, because they never have axillary buds. 
 Fruit of 2 united indehiscent 1-seeded carpels, baccate or dry. 
 
 80. RUBIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3101. 
 [Latin, Ruber, red, — the color produced by its roots.] 
 
 Calyx-tube ovoid-globose, — the limb 4-toothed or obsolete. Corolla 
 
 subrotate, 4 or 5-parted. Stamens short. Styles 3, united at base. 
 
 Fruit didymous, subglobose, baccate, smooth. Herbaceous or sitf- 
 
 friiticose. Stems 4-angled, diffusely branching. Leaves opposite — 
 
 with 2 or 3 intermediate stiptdes resembling leaves , — constituting a 
 
 4 to 6 or 8-leaved verticil. 
 
 1. R. Tinctorum, L. Stem herbaceous, flaccid, aculeate on the 
 
 angles ; leaves mostly in apparent verticils of six, lanceolate, sub- 
 
 petiolate ; peduncles axillary, trichotomous ; lobes of the corolla 
 
 with a callous acumination, but not cuspidate. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 
 
 589. Fl. Cestr. p. 103. 
 
 Dyers' Rubia. Vulgd — Madder. Dyers' Madder. 
 
 Fr. La Garance. Germ. Die Faerber-Roethe. Span. Rubia. 
 
 Root perennial, large, reddish brown. Stems procumbent, 3 or 4 feet long, 
 much branched, pubescent at the joints ; angles prominent, sometimes more 
 than 4, aculeate with short retrorsely curved prickles. Leaves and stipules simi- 
 lar, 1 to 2 inches long, — the midrib and margins retrorsely aculeate — Flower- 
 bearing branches axillary, opposite. Corolla brownish yellow, often 5-lobed. 
 Gardens, and Lots : cultivated. Native of the East. Fl. July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This is sometimes cultivated, on a small scale, in Pennsyl- 
 vania^ for the sake of the roots, — which are well known to yield a 
 valuable red coloring matter : and I understand that a more extended 
 culture has been tried, and found profitable, in Ohio — and perhaps 
 in some other States. 
 
RUBIACEAE 73 
 
 There is a Genus (Galium) very nearly allied to this, — of which 
 one of the numerous species (G.Apari?ie, L. perhaps a foreigner,) — 
 known by the name of Cleavers or Goose-grass — occurs frequently 
 about gardens, and along fences, &c. on the farm : But it is scarcely 
 of sufficient importance — even as a weed — to require notice, here. 
 
 ORDER LXXIV. DIPSACEAE. Vaill Juss. 
 
 Herbs. Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate, sessile, destitute of stipules. Flow 
 ers aggregated — mostly in dense involucrate heads. Calyx-tube wholly (or some- 
 times at summit only) adherent to the ovary, — the limb cup-shaped and entire, 
 or toothed — or forming a bristly or plumose pappus. Corolla tubular, — the limb 
 4 or 5-lobed— sometimes ringeat or irregular. Stamens mostly 4, distinct or 
 rarely united in pairs— often unequal. Ovary 1-celled. with a single suspended 
 ovule; style filiform. Fruit membranaceous or akene-like, indehiscent, crowned 
 with the limb of the calyx, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Embryo nearly the length of the 
 fleshy albumen. 
 
 The Genus which is the type of this small Order, is the only one entitled to 
 notice, in this work. 
 
 TRIBE II. SCABIOSEAE. DC. 
 
 Corolla 4 or 5-lobed, not ringent. Stamens 4 or 5, free and nearly equal. Flowers 
 aggregated on a conic receptacle, with a general Involucre at base, — each floret 
 embraced by a calyx-like Inuolucel, and with a chaffy bract on the lower side. 
 
 81. DIPSACUS. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 2191. 
 [Greek, Dipsao, to thirst; the stem-leaves holding water at their junction.] 
 
 Involucre many-leaved, longer than the acuminate subfoliaceous 
 chaff of the receptacle. Involucel 4-sided, 8-furrowed, closely in- 
 vesting the ovary and fruit. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, — 
 the limb minute, cup-shaped or discoid, entire. Corolla with 4 erect 
 lobes. Stamens 4. Stigma longitudinal. Stout biennials. Stems 
 angular and prickly. Leaves opposite and often connate at base. 
 Heads large, oblong, — the florets commencing to expand in a ring 
 about the middle of the head, and gradually extending the process 
 towards base and apex ! 
 
 1. D. sylvestris, Mill. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, crenate-dentate 
 and serrate, prickly on the midrib ; involucre curved upwards, 
 longer than the head; chaff of the receptacle straight and flexible. 
 Torr. (V Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 54. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 645. Fl. Cestr. 
 p. 98. Icon, Fl. Lond. vol. 1. 
 
 Wild Difsacus. Vulgo — Teasel. Wild Teasel. 
 
 Root biennial. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, branched. Radical leaves 8 to 12 
 inches long ; stem-leaves sessile, subconnate, — those of the branches lanceolate 
 and often nearly entire. Leaflets Of the Involucre lance-linear, pungent at apex, 
 unequal in length. Heads of flowers ovoid-oblong ; corolla pale purple. Bracts 
 or Chaff of the receptacle oblong-cuneate, keeled, abruptly tapering into a 
 straight flexible awn-like acumination, longer than the flowers.— those at the 
 top of the head longest. Borders of fields, roadsides, &c. Northern and Mid- 
 dle States : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This coarse plant is completely naturalized, in some locali- 
 ties, — and is not only worthless, but threatens to become something 
 of a nuisance to the farms, if not attended to. A little timely care, 
 however, would soon subdue it. 
 
 2. D. Fullonum, Mill. Leaves obovate and oblong-lanceolate, 
 smoothish, serrate, — the upper ones entire ; involucre spreading or 
 
 7 
 
74 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 reflexed, shorter than the head ; chaff of the receptacle recurved, 
 rigid. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 645. Fl. Cestr. p. 99. 
 Fullers' Dipsacus. Vulgo — Fuller's Teasel. [dencha. 
 
 Fr. Chardon a Foulon. Germ. Aechte Kartendistel. Spa?i. Car- 
 
 Root biennial. Stem 4 or 5 feet high, branched. Radical leaves obovate, narrowed 
 to a petiole at base; stem-leaves connate-perfoliate. Leaflets of the Involucre 
 lanceolate, mucronate, rigid. Heads of flowers cylindric or elliptical ; corolla 
 pale purple. Bracts or Chaff of the receptacle cuneate-oblong, keeled, bnstly- 
 ciliate on the margin, terminating in a rigid subulate recurved acuminalion. 
 Lots : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This species is cultivated by some Cloth Manufacturers, for 
 the sake of the Heads, — the rigid recurved points of the chaffy- 
 bracts, on the mature heads, serving as a kind of card, to raise the* 
 nap on woollen cloth. 
 
 ORDER LXXV. COMPOSITAE. Vaill. 
 
 Herbs, ot sometimes Shrubs. Leaves alternate and opposite, often lobed or dis- 
 sected, but never compound, and not stipulate. Flowers in heads, crowded on 
 a common receptacle, and surrounded by one or more series of small leaves 
 {bracts or scales) which form an Involucre, — the several florets often furnished 
 with each an accompanying bract {chaff or palea). Calyx-tube closely adherent 
 to the ovary, — the limb (called pappus) consisting of scales, bristles, hairs, &c. 
 or sometimes obsolete. Corolla of 5 united petals, tubular or ligulate. Stamens 
 as many as the petals or lobes of the corolla. — the anthers united into a tube 
 around the style {syngenesious). Ovary l-celled, with a single erect ovule ; style 
 2-cleft, — the branches mostly flattish on the inner or upper side and furnished 
 with pollen-collecting hairs, — the proper stigmas (stigtnatic glands) occupying the 
 inner surface, near the margins, in the form of glandular slightly prominent lines. 
 Fruit an akene, either crowned with the pappus, or naked at summit. Seed des- 
 titute of albumen ; Cotyledons flat or plano-convex. 
 
 This immense Order — containing between 800 and 900 Genera, or about one 
 tenth of all the flowering plants — presents but few of much interest to the Ame- 
 rican farmer, beside what are here noticed. Some possess medicinal properties 
 — and others are remarkable for their beauty : but the general character of the 
 Order is that of mere Weeds. — of which many species are found in all our fields, 
 meadows, and woodlands ; though the greater portion may be readily kept in 
 tolerable subjection by care and attention. 
 
 SUB-ORDER I. TUBULIFLORAE. DC. 
 
 Corolla of the perfect or disk florets tubular, and mostly 5-lobed. 
 
 TRIBE I. VERNONIACEAE. Leasing. 
 
 Heads discoid, with the florets all tubular and perfect (homogamous), or rarely- 
 radiate. Style cylindric above ; the branches mostly subulate and elongated, 
 equally hispid, — the stigmatic lines terminating below or near their middle, 
 not confluent. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. VERNONIEAE. Cassini. 
 Heads discoid, homogamous. Branches of the style elongated, acuminate. 
 
 82. VERNONIA. Sehreb. Endl. Gen. 2204. 
 [Named in honor of William Vernon; an English Botanist.] 
 
 Heads many-flowered; florets all equal and tubular. Involucre 
 imbricate, shorter than the flowers, — the inner scales longest. Re- 
 ceptacle mostly naked. Corolla regular — the lobes about the length 
 of the tube. Filaments smooth. Akenes mostly striate or ribbed, 
 with a cartilaginous callus at base, and the epigynous disk large. 
 Pappus usually double, — the inner series of numerous bristles — the 
 
COMPOSITAE 75 
 
 outer mostly short, minute, often dilated and scale-like. Mostly 
 perennial Herbs, with alternate leaves. 
 
 1. V. Noveboracensis, Willd. Stem striate-sulcate, roughish pu- 
 bescent, leafy ; leaves lanceolate, serrulate, roughish ; heads numer- 
 ous, in a terminal corymb ; scales of the involucre ovate, acute or 
 often with a long filiform flexuous point. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. 
 p. 57. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 63. 
 
 V. praealta. Willd. Fl. Cestr. p. 448. not of DC. 
 New- York Verxonia. Vulgo — Iron-weed. 
 
 Stem 2 or 3 to 6 or 7 feet high, somewhat branching at summit, finally firm 
 and subligneous. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, subsessile, thickish or subcori- 
 aceous. Florets bright deep purple. Akenes turbinate-oblong, sulcate, scabrous 
 with short hairs ; pappus a dirty white, or often purplish, scabrous, — the outer 
 series consisting ot short chaffy or scale-like bristles. Moist meadows, and 
 low grounds: throughout the U. States. Fl. August. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This plant is quite common in moist low grounds, and along 
 fence-rows. Its worthless character and coarse hard stem cause it 
 to be regarded as a rather obnoxious weed, in our meadows ; and ot' 
 course it is carefully eradicated, by all neat farmers. 
 
 TRIBE II. EUPATORIACEAE. Less. 
 
 Heads mostly discoid, with the flowers all tubular and perfect (hemogamous). 
 Style cylindric above; the branches usually much elongated, subterete and obtuse 
 or ela\ at •, puberulent or papillose externally towards the summit, — the stigmati-:. 
 lines inconspicuous, terminating near the middle of the branches (rarely reach- 
 ing the apex), not confluent at their termination. Anthers never caudate. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. ETJPATORIEAE. DC. 
 
 Heads discoid. — the flowers all perfect and similar (hemogamous), usually white, 
 rose-color or purple — never yellow. 
 
 DIVISION 2. ADENOSTYLEAE. DC. 
 
 Pappus composed of slender hair-like bristles in one or more series, scabrous 
 or plumose. Branches of the style more or less papillose or glandular above. 
 
 QG^ A/cenes 5-angled, not striate. Pappus scabrozes. 
 
 83. EUPATORIUM. Tour?ief. Endl. Gen. 2280. 
 [Named from Eupator, King of Pontus ; who, it is said, first used the plant.] 
 
 Heads 3 to many-flowered. Involucre oblong, cylindric or campan- 
 ulate, — the scales imbricated in 2, 3, or more series — or sometimes 
 nearly equal in a single series. Keceptacle flat, naked. Corolla 
 funnel-form, or often with a campanulate limb. Anthers included. 
 Branches of the style much exserted, terete or slightly flattened, 
 obtuse. Pappus a single series of very slender bristles, rough or 
 minutely serrulate. Perennial Herbs, with leaves mostly opposite 
 or verticillate. 
 
 1. E. perfoliattjm, L. Stem rigid, hirsutely villous, corymbosely 
 branched above ; leaves opposite and decussate, connate-perfoliate, 
 oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, reticulately veined and rugose, 
 very pubescent beneath ; heads about 10-flowered. Torr. Sr Gr. Fl. 
 N. A. 2. p. 88. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 151. Fl. Cestr. p. 451. 
 
 Perfoliate Eupatorium. Vulgo — Thorough-stem. Bone-set.'— 
 Indian Sage. 
 
76 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Stem 2 to 4 feet high, the branches whitish and very pubescent. Leaves 4 to 6 
 or 8 inches long, opposite and completely united at base — or sometimes con- 
 tracted at base and scarcely connate (rarely verticillale in threes, and connate), 
 tapering gradually to a slender point, sprinkled with resinous particles beneath. 
 Heads of flowers crowded, in large corymbs. Scales of the involucre lance- 
 linear, rather acute. Florets white. Akenes smoothish. Low swampy grounds : 
 throughout the U. States. Fl. July — August. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This species is so common in wet meadows, and low grounds, 
 as to be regarded rather as an objectionable weed : But it is chiefly 
 intitled to notice for its medicinal properties, — being either emetic, 
 cathartic, or tonic — according to the dose, or mode of exhibition. 
 
 There are several other species of this genus, which meet the eye 
 of the farmer, in his meadows and along the borders of woods and 
 thickets — particularly a tall stout one, with verticillate leaves and, 
 purple flowers (E. pu?-puretim, L.) ; but they are scarcely of suffi- 
 cient importance to claim a place in this work. 
 
 TRIBE III. ASTEROIDEAE. Less. 
 
 Heads mostly heterogamous, and often radiate. Style (in the perfect florets) 
 cylindric above; the branches flattish, linear or lanceolate, externally pubescent 
 above — the conspicuous stig??iatic lines terminating opposite to where the external 
 pubescence commences, not confluent. Perennial Herbs. Leaves mostly alternate. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. ASTERINEAE. DC. 
 
 Heads mostly heterogamous and radiate — never dioicous. Receptacle seldom 
 chaffy. Anthers not caudate. 
 
 DIV. 1. ASTEREAE. DC. 
 
 Heads heterogamous and radiate, — the rays varying in color from blue to purple 
 and white, but never yellow, — the disk-florets yellowish, but finally becoming 
 purplish. 
 
 SUB-DIV. 1. EU-ASTEREAE. DC. 
 
 Pappus composed of capillary — or rarely subulate — bristles. Akenes more or 
 less compressed. 
 
 D3P* Rays fertile. Pappus of the Kay and Dish mostly similar > — 
 the inner series capillary. 
 
 84. ASTER. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2301. 
 [Greek, Aster, a star; the radiated heads of flowers resembling stars ] 
 
 Heads many-flowered— the ray-florets in a single series, pistillate, — 
 those of the disk tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre more 
 or less imbricated, usually whitish below and green or foliaceous at 
 apex. Receptacle flat, mostly alveolate (or pitted). Akenes usually 
 compressed. Leaves alternate, entire or serrate. Heads corymbose, 
 jraniculate, or racemose. 
 
 1. A. ericoides, L. Smoothish, much branched, — the simple leafy 
 branchlets or peduncles racemose and mostly unilateral on the vir- 
 gate spreading branches ; leaves rather rigid, — the radical and lower 
 cauline ones oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, tapering to a margined 
 petiole, often serrate,— the others linear -lanceolate and linear-subu- 
 late, entire, acute at each end ; heads small, numerous, solitary on 
 the branchlets ; involucre hemispherical or subturbinate, — the scales 
 loosely imbricated, linear-oblong, acute, spreading at apex. Torr. 
 6f Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 123. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 241. 
 A. tenuifolius. Fl. Cestr. p. 467. not of L. 
 Erica — or Heath-like Aster. 
 
COMPOSITAE 77 
 
 Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, often branched from the base. Radical leaves 1 to 3 
 or 4 inches long, sparingly serrate, ciliate, tapering to a petiole nearly as long as 
 the leaf; stem-leaves 1 to 3 inches long,— those on the branchlets smaller, subu- 
 late-linear. Hays white, or often tinged with pale purple,— the disk often becom- 
 ing reddish-purple. Sterile soils ; old fields, pastures, &c. throughout the U. 
 States. Fl. August — September. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. Many species of this genus meet the eye of the farmer, in 
 the latter part of summer, in his woodlands, low grounds, borders 
 of thickets, &c. some of which species are quite ornamental : but 
 the little bushy one here described (which, I believe, has not acquired 
 a common name,) is almost the only one which invades our pastures 
 to any material extent. In thinnish old fields, it sometimes becomes 
 an abundant — as it is always a very worthless — weed. Good culture 3 
 and enriching the soil, soon cause it to disappear. 
 
 85. ERIGERON. L. Endl. Gen. 2333. 
 [Greek, Fr spring, and Geron, an old man ; the plant being hoary in spring.] 
 
 Heads many-flowered, somewhat hemispherical ; ray florets very 
 numerous and usually in more than one series, pistillate, — those of 
 the disk tubular, perfect — or some of the outer ones (perhaps trans- 
 formed ray-florets) filiform-tubular, truncate, and pistillate only. 
 Scales of the involucre mostly equal, narrow, in a nearly single 
 series. Receptacle flat, naked, punctate. Branches of the style 
 very short, obtuse. Al-enes compressed, usually pubescent. Pap- 
 pus a single series of capillary scabrous bristles, often with minute 
 ones intermixed, — or sometimes with an exterior coroniform pappus 
 of subulate scales. Heads solitary, corymbose or paniculate. 
 
 1. E. Canadense, L. Stem hirsute, paniculately branched; leaves 
 lance-linear, mostly entire, hispidly ciliate ; heads of flowers small, 
 numerous, racemose on the branches ; rays minute. Torr. fy Gr. 
 Fl. N. A. 2. p. 1C7. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 239. Fl. Cestr. p. All. ■ 
 Canadian Erigerox. Vulgo — Horse-weed. Butter-weed. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 6 inches to .3 or G feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, 
 sessile, — the lower ones sparingly dentate. Kays white, very narrow, scarcely 
 longer than the ?traw-colored pappus. Akcnes oblong, sparsely hispid. Fields. 
 road sides, and waste places: throughout the U. Stales. Fl. August — Septem- 
 ber. Fr. September — October. 
 
 Obs. This plant varies very much in size, according to the soil in 
 which it grows. On dry sterile banks, it is a very dwarf. It has 
 disseminated itself, more or less abundantly, all over our country, — 
 and, it is said, all over Europe ; and is a worthless weed, wherever 
 found. Good farming is the mode for smothering out such intruders. 
 
 2. E. annul m, Pers. Stem sparsely hirsute, corymbosely branched, 
 above ; leaves coarsely and sharply dentate-serrate, — the radical 
 and lower ones ovate, obtuse, tapering into a margined petiole, — 
 the others sessile, lanceolate, acute, entire near each end ; rays very 
 narrow, about as long as the sparsely setose involucre. Torr. §■ Gr.- 
 Fl. N. A. 2. p. 175. 
 
 E. heterophyllus. JSluhl. Fl. Cestr. p. 472. 
 
 Stenactis annua, and S. stiigosa. {excl. syn.). DC. Prodr. 5. p. 
 298. {fide Torr. e r Gr.). 
 
 Annual Erigeron. Vulgo — Flea-bane. Daisy. 
 
 7* 
 
78 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Root biennial? (annual, DC). Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, rather stout, striate 
 and often angular. Radical leaves 2 to 4 inches long, roughish and hairy, with 
 narrow-margined petioles nearly twice as long as the leaves ; stem-leaves gradu- 
 ally smaller as they ascend. Heads of florets rather small ; rays white, or some- 
 times tinged with purple. Akenes oblong, somewhat compressed, hirsute ; pappus 
 whitish. — the ray-florets destitute of pappus, except a few short coromfonn 
 teeth at or near the summit of the akene. Pastures, and waste places : Northern, 
 Middle and Western States. Fl. June — July. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. A frequent worthless weed, in our pastures : not particularly 
 injurious, — but conspicuous enough to attract the notice of the ob- 
 serving farmer ; and therefore worthy to be known by him. 
 
 3. E. strigostjm, Muhl. Stem more or less strigosely hairy, co- 
 rymbosely paniculate above ; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at base, 
 dentate or entire, — the radical ones spatulate-lanceolate, tapering 
 into a margined petiole ; rays narrow, nearly twice as long as the 
 minutely hispid involucre. Torr. if Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 176. Fl. 
 Cestr. p. All. 
 
 Phalacrolomaobtusifolium. Cass. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 298. {excl. syn.) 
 jide Torr. if Gr. Also, Stenactis ambigua, DC. Prodr. 5. p. 299. 
 
 Stkigose Erigehon. Vtdgo — Flea-bane. Daisy. 
 
 Root biennial? Stem 2 to 4 feet high, sulcate-striate and angular, rather slen- 
 der, and often sparingly branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long. Heads of florets 
 rather larger than in the preceding ; rays white. Akenes oblong, angular or rib- 
 bedj sparsely pilose ; u inner pappus in the disk, of about 15 slender fragile and 
 deciduous bristles; in the ray none, or sometimes of one or two caducous bris- 
 tles: the exterior a small setaceous-squamellate crown, similar in the ray and 
 disk." Torr. If Gr Pastures, and upland meadows : Canada to Florida. Fl. 
 June — Aug. Fr. July — September. 
 
 Obs. This plant has a strong general resemblance to the preced- 
 ing, but is more common, — though they are usually both confounded 
 under the same popular names. This one is apt to be very abundant 
 in the first crop of our upland meadows, in Pennsylvania, after a 
 course of Grain crops. After that — especially in good land — it be- 
 comes more rare, — being probably choked down by the Grasses. 
 All three of the species are equally worthless unwelcome weeds. 
 
 DIV. 2. CHRYSOCOMEAE. DC. 
 Heads either heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous and discoid (both forms 
 sometimes occurring in the same genus): the rays and disk-florets yellow (the 
 latter unchanging). Receptacle never chaffy. 
 
 SUB-DIV. 3. SOLIDAGINEAE. DC. 
 Rays in a single series — sometimes wanting. Pappus of the disk and ray-flo- 
 rets similar, simple, capillary or bristle-like, — rarely chaffy or scale-like. — 
 Akenes sub-terete, ribbed. 
 
 86. SOLIDAGO. L. Endl. Gen. 2376. 
 [Latin, Solidare, to unite, or make firm ; from its supposed healing virtues.] 
 Heads few- or sometimes many-flowered ; ray-florets few, pistillate 
 — sometimes wanting ; disk-florets tubular, perfect. Scales of the 
 oblong involucre imbricated, appressed, not green or foliaceous at 
 apex. Receptacle narrow, mostly alveolate. Branches of the style 
 lanceolate. Akenes many-ribbed, somewhat terete. Pappus simple, 
 consisting of numerous scabrous capillary bristles, mostly equal. 
 Heads in terminal or axillary racemes, with the pedicels often uni- 
 lateral, — sometimes corymbose. 
 
COMPOSITAE 79 
 
 1 . S. nemoralis, Ait. Stem simple or corymbosely branched above, 
 clothed with a very short velvety cinereous pubescence ; radical 
 leaves obovate-cuneate or spatulate, tapering into a petiole, spar- 
 ingly crenate-serrate, — cauline ones oblanceolate, nearly entire, 
 roughish-pubescent ; racemes numerous, short, dense, unilateral, at 
 length recurved-spreading, often corymbose-paniculate ; scales of 
 the involucre lance-oblong, obtuse, appressed ; akenes pubescent 
 with white appressed hairs. Torr. (y Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 220. DC. 
 Prodr. 5. p. 333. Fl. Cestr. p. 456. 
 
 Wood or Grove Solidago. Vulgo — Golden Rod. 
 
 Whole plant of an ash-colored or gTeyish aspect, by reason of its short ciner- 
 eous pubescence. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, sometimes branched from near the 
 root. Radical leaves 1 to 4 or 5 inches long, with petioles 1 to 3 inches long. 
 Heals with 3 to 6 disk-florets, and 6 to 9 ray-florets, in secund racemes — or (in 
 stunted branched specimens) often in small axillary clusters; rays rather short, 
 spatulate-oblong. Sterile, neglected old fields: borders of woods, &c. : through- 
 out the U. States. FL August — September. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. Several species of Solidago (or Golden Rod, as they are all 
 named, in the vernacular tongue) — some of them much larger than 
 this — occur along fence-rows, borders of woods and thickets, &c. 
 They are all no better than weeds, on a farm : But this is the one 
 which mostly intrudes upon neglected pasture grounds, — and has 
 therefore been selected for description, as a sample of the genus. 
 It is speedily banished by good farming, — as most of our native 
 weeds are, or may be. 
 
 TRIBE IV. SENECIONIDEAE. Less. 
 
 Heads homogamous, heterogamous, or heterocephalous {monoicous or dioicous). 
 Style (in the perfect florets) cylindric above, — the branches linear, somewhat 
 convex externally, penicillate or hairy at the apex, either truncate or produced 
 into a cone, or a more or less elongated and hispid appendage; the stigmatic lines 
 terminating at the base of the cone or appendage, not confluent. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 1. MELAMPODINEAE. DC. 
 
 Flowers all unisexual, — the pistillate and staminate florets either on different 
 plants (dioicous), or in different heads on the same plants (heterocephalous), or 
 distinct in the same heads (monoicous). Anthers not caudate at base. Pappus 
 none, or coroniform, or consisting of awns — never of hairs or bristles. Recep- 
 tacle almost always chaffy. 
 
 DIV. 6. AMBROSIEAE. DC. 
 
 Heads heterocephalous — i. e. staminate and pistillate florets in distinct heads on 
 the same plant, — the pistillate ones often apetalous — the staminate ones tubular. 
 Scales of the involucre, in the fertile heads, united into an ovoid or oblong per- 
 sistent covering, including or closely investing the florets and fruit, often prickly 
 or spinose. Pappus none. Anthers distinct or cohering but slightly. 
 
 87. AMBROSIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2482. 
 [Poetically, Food of the Gods: in this case something like Lucus, a non lucendo.] 
 
 Staminate heads in terminal racemes or spikes, — the pistillate ones 
 at their base or in the axils of the upper leaves. Staminate Fl. 
 Involucre fiattish, hemispherical, or subturbinate, composed of 
 several united scales, 5 to 20-fiowered. Corolla funnel-form, 5- 
 toothed. Anthers tipped with a bristle-like indexed appendage. 
 Ovary none, — the abortive style included, minutely fringed at sum- 
 mit. Receptacle fiattish, usually with filiform ohaff among the 
 
80 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 florets. Pistillate Fl. Involucre globose-ovoid or turbinate, 
 closed, acuminate, usually with 4 to 8 pointed tubercles near the 
 summit, 1-flowered. Corolla none. Stamens none. Branches of 
 the style filiform, elongated. Ahene subglobose or obovoid. Annual 
 Herbs. Leaves lobed, or pinnatifidly dissected. 
 
 1. A. trifida, L. Stem tall and stout, hairy and rough; leaves 
 mostly opposite, palmately 3 or 5-lobed, hairy, scabrous, — the lobes 
 oval lanceolate, acuminate ; petioles narrowly winged, ciliate ; 
 racemes elongated, paniculate. Torr. (y Gr. Fl. iV. A. 2. p. 290. 
 DC. Frodr. 5. p. 527. Fl. Cestr. p. 478. 
 
 Tkifid Ambrosia. 
 
 Sum 3 to 6 or S feet high, branched. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long; petioles 1 
 to 2 inches long. Stam'nute heads small, numerous^ in long terminal paniculate 
 racemes ; florets whitish. Pistillate heals at the base of the racemes ; the invo- 
 lucre turbinate-obovoid, with a conical apex, 6-ribbed, the ribs terminating in so 
 many pointed tubercles, round, the base of the conical acumination. Low 
 grounds, and waste places : Canada to Georgia. Fl. August. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This coarse ugly weed has not acquired any popular name, 
 that I know of; and yet it is sufficiently common, and worthless, to 
 intitle it to the notice of every farmer who desires to keep his pre- 
 mises clear of such nuisances. 
 
 2. A. artemisiaefolia, L. Stem paniculately branched, villous ; 
 leaves bipinnatifid, smoothish above, somewhat canescent beneath,— 
 the uppermost simply pinnatifiJ ; petioles ciliate with long hairs; 
 racemes somewhat spicate, paniculate. Torr. &r Gr. Fl. 2V". A. 2. 
 p. 291. DC. Frodr. 5. p. 526. 
 
 A. elatior. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 479. Also, DC. I. e. 
 
 Artemisia-leaved Ambrosia. Vulgo — Bitter-weed. Rag -weed. 
 
 Stem 1 to 3 or 4 feet high, usually much branched or bushy. Leaves 2 to 4 or 
 5 inches long ; petioles half an inch to an inch and half long. Slam'nate heads 
 small, numerous, in terminal slender spicate racemes. Pistillate heals solitary 
 or clustered along the lower part of the staminate racemes and bracteate, or in 
 the axils of the upper leaves: sometimes the heads arc dioicous — specimens 
 occurring in which the terminal racemes (or rather spikes), as we'll as the clus- 
 ters beneath, are all pistillate, and the flowers in small sessile bracteate clusters. 
 Cultivated fields, and pastures : Canada to Florida. Fl. Aug. — Sept. Fr. Octo. 
 
 Obs. This worthless weed occurs in most cultivated grounds, — 
 and is usually very abundant among the stubble, after a crop of 
 wheat : but, if the land be good, the plant seems to be smothered or 
 choked out, the next season, by the crop of clover and timothy. It 
 is always ready, however — like several other coarse weeds — to make 
 its appearance whenever the grassy turf is broken up. The curious 
 anomaly above mentioned, — of the flowers on the terminal spikes 
 being all pistillate, — has been also observed by my friend, Mr. 
 Daniel B. Smith, of Haverford School, near Philadelphia. 
 
 88. XANTHIJJM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2480. 
 [Greek, Xanthos. yellow ; a color said to be produced by the plant.] 
 
 Heads glomerate-spicate, — the sterile spikes at the summit. Sta- 
 minate Fl. numerous, in subglobose heads; scales of the involucre 
 distinct, in a single series. Corolla tubular, clavate, somewhat 
 hairy. Anthers connivent but distinct. Style abortive, undivided. 
 Receptacle oblong, terete, chaffy. Pistillate Fl. 2, inclosed in a 
 
COMPOSITAE 81 
 
 2-celled oblong coriaceous closed involucre, which is armed with 
 hooked prickles and terminated by 1 or 2 stout beaks. Corolla fili- 
 form. Stamens 0. Branches of the style linear-filiform. AJcenes 
 solitary in each cell of the involucre, oblong, flat. Annual Herbs. 
 Leaves alternate, lobed or dentate. 
 
 1. X. strum arium, L. Leaves broad-ovate, mostly somewhat 3- 
 lobed, dentate, unarmed at base ; involucre of the fruit oval, with 2 
 straight beaks. Torr. §■ Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 294. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 
 523. Fl. Cestr. p. 478. 
 
 Scrophulous Xanthium. Vulgd — Clot Bur. Cockle Bur. 
 
 Fr. Lampourde. Germ. Die Spitzklette. Span. Lampazo pequeno. 
 
 Stem 1 to 3 feet high, roughish-pubescent. branching. Leaves 3 to 6 inches m 
 length, and nearly as wide as long, subcordate at base, but cuneately produced 
 at the union of the 3 principal nerves. Htarfs of flowers in axillary clusters. 
 Involucre of the fruit persistent, becoming an oblong bur. with rigid uncinate 
 prickles. Road-sides, and waste places : Northern and Middle States : Intro- 
 duced? Fl. August — September. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This has the appearance of a naturalized stranger, in Penn- 
 sylvania, and is an obnoxious weed, — though not much inclined to 
 spread; and with a little attention, is easily kept in subjection. 
 The burs are a great annoyance in the fleeces of sheep. There is 
 another species (X. echinatum, 3Iurr.), — described by Torrey & 
 Gray as being naturalized along the atlantic coast, — which has con- 
 siderable general resemblance to this. 
 
 2. X. spinosum, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or somewhat 
 3-lobed, armed at base with slender 3-parted spines ; involucre of 
 the fruit cylindric-oblong, with an inconspicuous beak. Torr. dy Gr. 
 Fl. N. A. 2. p. 295. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 523. Fl. Cestr. p. 478. 
 
 SriNOSE Xanthium. Vulgd — Thorny Clot-Bur. 
 
 Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and one fourth 
 to three fourths of an inch wide, entire or with a lobe-like tooth on each side, — 
 the upper surface pale green, pubescent on the midrib — the under surface clothed 
 with a short cinereous tomentum. — the base narrowed to a short petiole — on each 
 side of which is a triple or 3-forked spine, the branches about an inch long, very 
 sharp, yellowish or pale straw color. Heads of flowers axillary, solitary. — 
 Farmyards; road sides, &c. : Massachusetts to Georgia: introduced. Native 
 of Europe. Fl. September. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This execrable foreign weed is becoming naturalized in 
 many portions of our country, — particularly in the Southern States. 
 It may be frequently seen along the side-walks, and waste places, in 
 the suburbs of our northern sea-port towns, — and is a vile nuisance 
 wherever found. I have understood that the authorities of one of 
 our cities, a few years since, enacted an Ordinance against the 
 plant, — in which enactment it was denounced by the name of the 
 Canada Thistle ! The misnomer probably did not impair the effi- 
 cacy of the Ordinance : Yet I cannot help thinking it would be de- 
 cidedly preferable that both Lawgivers and Farmers should avoid 
 confounding objects which are essentially distinct, — and learn to 
 designate even weeds by their proper names. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 2. HELIANTHEAE. Less. 
 Heads heterogamous and radiate — rarely homogamous and discoid ; disk-florets 
 perfect. Receptacle chaffy. Corolla of the perfect florets ■with the lobes often 
 thickened and papillose. Anthers blackish, not caudate at base. Pappus either 
 
82 MONOFETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 wanting or coroniform, or consisting of awns which are sometimes chaffy or 
 with chaffy scales intermixed, — never of capillary bristles nor of uniform and 
 distinct chaffy scales. 
 
 DIV. 2. EU-HELTANTHEAE. Torr. <$• Gr. 
 Rays sterile (neutral or imperfectly styliferous). ligulate. Akenes often com- 
 pressed, but never obcompressed. Pappus coroniform, toothed, or of 1 to 4 
 awns or chaffy scales, or wanting. 
 
 89. HELIANTHUS. L. Endl. Gen. 2538. 
 [Greek, Hdios, the sun, and Anthos. a flower ; from the resemblance of the flowers.] 
 
 Heads many-flowered; ray-florets numerous, neutral. Involucre 
 imbricated in 3 or more series, — the scales often foliaceous and 
 spreading at apex. Receptacle usually flat and large, — the persistent 
 chaff embracing the akenes. Corolla of the disk commonly 10-nerved, 
 with a short proper tube- Branches of the style hispid, subulate- 
 conical at apex. Akenes laterally compressed or sometimes rather 
 4-sided, not winged or margined. Pappus of 2 chaffy or awn-like 
 scales arising from the principal angles of the akenes, and often 
 with 2 or more intermediate smaller scales, very deciduous. Herbs, 
 annual or perennial, mostly stout and rough. Leaves sometimes 
 scattered, but usually opposite or with only the upper ones alternate. 
 Heads somewhat corymbose, sometimes few or solitary and very 
 broad : rays bright yellow ; disk-florets yellowish or sometimes 
 purplish at summit. 
 
 1. H. tuberosus, L. Root bearing oblong tubers; stem erect,, 
 branching, scabrous ; leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, 
 scabrous, petiolate, — the lower ones subcordate at base ; petioles 
 ciliate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, hispid and ciliate. Torr. 
 <$- Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 332. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 590. Fl. Cestr. p. 484. 
 
 Tuberous Heliaxthus. Vulgo — Jerusalem Artichoke. 
 
 Fr. Topinambour. Germ. Die Erdartischoke. Spa?i. Cotiifa. 
 
 Root perennial? (or rather appearing perennial, by the annual production of 
 tubirous rhizomas?) Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, stout, branching, terete, hirsute. 
 Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, very scabrous on the upper surface, abruptly con- 
 tracted at base to a narrow cuneately-tapering margined petiole, which is ] to 2 or 
 3 inches long, — the lower leaves opposite (or rarely temate), the upper ones alter- 
 nate. Heads rather large. Akenes somewhat compressed and 4 sided, cuneate- 
 oblong. smooth ; pappus 1 to 4 (usually 2) subulate chaffy scales. Gardens, and 
 Lots: cultivated. Native of Brazil. Fl. August— September. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This Sunflower is often cultivated for the firm fleshy tubers, 
 or rluzomas, found at its roots. These tubers are pickled, and used 
 as a condiment. They have been commended, also, for feeding 
 Stock. It may be remarked, here, that hi a rich mellow soil, they 
 multiply so rapidly as to make the plant rather troublesome, and 
 difficult to keep within bounds. The large Garden Sunflower (H. 
 annuus, L. with a fibrous root, and alternate broad-cordate or ovate 
 leaves) is said to be w r orth cultivating, for the oil afforded by the 
 seeds. There are several native species of Helia?ithusy — but none 
 of Agricultural interest. 
 
 DIV. 4. BIDENTIDEAE. Less. 
 
 Rays neutral, ligulate — sometimes wanting. Akenes obcompressed, or often 4-sided> 
 and sometimes terete, beaked at apex. Pappus consisting of 2 to 4 (rarely 5 or 6) 
 barbed or retrorsely hispid awns. 
 
COMPOSITAE 83 
 
 90. BEDENS. L. Endl. Gen. 2541. 
 [Latin, Bi-dens, having 2 teeth ; in allusion to the awns of the akenes.] 
 
 Heads many-flowered; ray-florets neutral, often inconspicuous and 
 sometimes wanting, — those of the dish tubular and perfect. Invo- 
 lucre double, — the outer scales larger and often foliaceous. Recep- 
 tacle flattish, — the chaff deciduous with the fruit. Corolla of the 
 disk-florets funnel-form, with a slender tube. Branches of the style 
 hairy at summit, terminated by a subulate cone. Akenes obcom- 
 pressed, or sometimes slender and more or less 4-sided, often attenu- 
 ate or beaked at summit, crowned with 2 or 4 (rarely 5 or 6) retrorsely 
 hispid awns. Annual or sometimes perennial Herbs. Leaves oppo- 
 site, incised-serrate or pinnatifidly dissected. Floiuers mostly yellow. 
 
 f Akenes flat and broadish, not beaked at summit, ciliate on the 
 margins. 
 
 1. B. frondosa,£. Leaves odd-pinnately divided, — the lower ones 
 with 5 divisions, the upper with 3 ; divisions distinct and mostly 
 petiolulate, lanceolate, serrate ; heads discoid, on slender axillary 
 peduncles ; outer scales of the involucre foliaceous, narrowed and 
 ciliate at base, much longer than the head ; akenes obovate-cuneate, 
 2-awned, pubescent and ciliate with erect hairs . Torr. 4* Gr. FL 
 N. A. 2. p. 351. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 594. Fl. Cestr. p. 486. 
 
 Froxdose Bidens. Vulgo — Bur-Marigold. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet hight, somewhat hairy, often dark purple, 
 branched. Leaflets or segments 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, pilose beneath, abruptly 
 narrowed at base to a short margined ciliate petiolule, — the common petiole 1 to 3 
 inches long. Heads rather small, on long slender naked peduncles. Involucre 
 double, — the S or 10 outer scales lanceolate, leaf-like, unequal, 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 
 limes as long as the head, ovate-lanceolate, with a scarious margin. Florets yel- 
 lowish. Chaff of the receptacle linear-lanceolate, about as long as the akenes. 
 Gardens, fence-rows, Indian-Cornfields, &c. : throughout the U. States. Fl. Aug. 
 — September. Fr. Obtober. 
 
 Obs. All the species, here enumerated, are very worthless, and 
 particularly disagreeable weeds, — on account of the barbed awns of 
 the fruit, which cause it to adhere in great numbers to clothing. 
 This one is apt to be quite abundant in gardens, Indian-corn fields, 
 he. and if permitted to mature its fruit, becomes very annoying, in 
 the -latter part of summer. 
 
 2. B. chrysanthemoides, Mx. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering 
 at each end, serrate, sessile, and connate at base ; heads conspicu- 
 ously radiate, often somewhat nodding; outer scales of the involucre 
 foliaceous, mostly shorter than the rays ; akenes oblong-cuneate, 2 
 to 4-awned, retrorsely aculeate-ciliate on the margins. Torr. 4" Gr* 
 Fl. N.A.2. p. 352. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 595. FL Cestr. p. 485. 
 
 Also? B. quadriaristata. DC. I. c. 
 
 Chrysanthemum-like Bidens. Vulgo — Beggar -ticks. 
 
 Plant glabrous. Boot annual. Stem 6 inches to 2 feet high, erect or often de- 
 clined at base, branching, the branches opposite and axillary. Leaves 3 to 6 inches 
 long. Heads rather large, solitary, terminating the branches. Outer scales of 
 the involucre about 8, linear-lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, spreading, the largest 
 sometimes nearly as long as the rays; the inner scales membranaceous, elliptic 
 or ovate-oblong, nearly equal, about as long as the disk-florets. Rays bright yel- 
 low, numerous, near an inch long. Akenes striate-ribbed and somewhat keeled 
 on the flatted sides ; awns usually 4. Chaff of the receptacle spatulate4inear, 
 
S4 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 scarious, 3-nerved, yellow, or sometimes purplish at summit. Low grounds ; along 
 swampy rivulets : generally throughout the U. States. Fl. Aug. — Sept. Fr. Octo. 
 
 Obs. This species is rather showy, when in flower, — and is less 
 inclined than either the preceding or the following to invade culti- 
 vated grounds. It is, however, quite an objectionable weed, on ac- 
 count of the vast quantity of its adhesive fruit, in autumn. There 
 appear to be several varieties of the plant, — noticed in Torrey & 
 Gray's N. A. Flora. 
 
 f f Akenes slender, linear, 4-sided, beaked at summit, mostly smooth. 
 
 3. B. bipinxata, L. Leaves bipinnately dissected, petiolate, — the 
 segments lanceolate or oblong-ovate, mucronate, usually narrowed 
 at base ; heads few-rayed, small, on slender angular-sulcate terminal 
 and axillary peduncles ; outer scales of the involucre scarcely as long 
 as the inner ones ; akenes long and slender, 4-angled and grooved, 
 3 or 4-awned. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 354. DC. Prodr. 5. p. 
 603. Fl. Cestr. p. 487. 
 Bipinnate Bidens. Vulgc — Spanish Needles. 
 
 Plant glabrous Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, quadrangular/branched. 
 Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, delioid-ovate in the outline ; petioles 1 to 3 or 4 
 inches long. Heads oblong, slender; rays 3 or 4, obovate, small, yellow with dark 
 veins; disk-florets about 20, yellow. Akenes about three fourths of an inch long, 
 somewhat scabrous with short erect hairs. Chaff o{ the receptacle lance-linear, 
 shorter than the akenes. Garden?, and cultivated Lois : New England to Florida. 
 Fl. August — September. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This, like the B. frondosa — if not carefully watched and 
 eradicated — is a great pest in cultivated Lots, — especially in Kitchen 
 Gardens and Indian-corn fields. One or two other species, equally 
 worthless as the preceding, are frequently to be met with, in low 
 grounds : but those here given are the most common, and the most 
 annoying, — and therefore most intitled to the notice of the farmer. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 6. ANtHEMLDEAE. Cass. 
 Heals mostly heterogamous, never dioicous ; raw-florets in one or more series, 
 pistillate or rarely neutral, ligulate or tubular ; disk-florets perfect or sometimes 
 staminate. Receptacle naked «r chaffy. Anthers not caudate. Branches of the style 
 truncate and mostly bearded at apex — rarely produced into a short cone. Pappus 
 none, or small and coroniform. Leaves mostly alternate, often much dissected. 
 
 DIV. 1. EU-ANTHEMIDEAE. DC. 
 
 Receptacle chaffy. Heads mostly radiate,— the rays ligulate, in a single series; 
 disk-florets perfect. 
 
 91. MARUTA. Cass. Bndl. Gen. 2640. 
 
 [ 1 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; rays mostly neutral, continuous or obscurely 
 
 articulated with the abortive ovary. Involucre hemispherical,— the, 
 
 scales imbricated in few series, shorter than the disk. Receptacle 
 
 prominently convex or oblong-conical, chaffy all over or only at 
 
 summit. Akenes obovoid or obconic, ribbed, destitute of pappus. 
 
 Annual Herbs. Leaves bi- or tri-pinnately dissected. 
 
 1. M. Cotula, DC. Scales of the involucre with whitish scarious 
 margins ; receptacle conical, chaffy at summit only ; chaff subulate. 
 Torr. 4- Gr. FL N. A. 2. p. 408. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 13. 
 Anthemis Cotula. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 489. Icon, Fl. Lond. vol. 3. 
 
COMPOSITAE S5 
 
 Vulgd — Stinking Chamomile. Dog's Fennel. May-Weed, [fetida. 
 Fr. Maroute. Germ. Stinkende Kamille. Span. Manzanilla 
 
 Plant strongly fetid. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, mostly erect, somewhat pilose, 
 leafy and much branched. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, bi- and tn-pinnately 
 dissected, — the segments short, flat, linear, acute. Heads terminal on elongated 
 pubescent peduncles ; rays white, sometimes imperfectly pistillate ; disk yellow, 
 prominently convex or subcylindric. Akenes oblong or obconic, striate-ribbed, 
 mostly tuberculate in lines, with a minute disk at summit, but no sort of pappus. 
 Farm yards, and waste places; throughout the U. States : introduced. Native 
 of Europe. Fl. June— Sept. Fr. August— October. 
 
 Obs. This disagreeable little weed has become extensively natu- 
 ralized ; and although not apt to spread to an injurious extent over 
 cultivated grounds, it is often quite abundant in lanes and farm- 
 yards, and not easily expelled. 
 
 92. ANTHEMIS. L. Endl. Gen. 2639. 
 
 [Greek, Anthemon, a flower ; in allusion to the great number it bears.] 
 
 Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre im- 
 bricated in few series. Receptacle conical, with membranaceous 
 chaff among the florets. Akenes terete or obtusely quadrangular ; 
 pappus minute, eoroniform, or sometimes wanting. Annual or pe- 
 rennial Herbs. Leaves bipinnately dissected. 
 
 1. A. nobilis, L. Stems simple, numerous, spreading and decum- 
 bent, villous ; leaves pinnately dissected, subvillous, — the segments 
 multifid with the sub-divisions linear -subulate ; chaff of the receptacle 
 scarious, lanceolate, not awned at apex, a little shorter than the flo- 
 rets. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 6. FL Cestr. p. 488. 
 
 Noble Anthemis. Vulgd — Chamomile. Garden Chamomile. 
 
 Fr. Camomille Romaine. Germ. Die Kamille. Span. Manzanilla. 
 
 Root perennial, woody. Siems simple, but numerous from the root, 4 to 8 or 
 10 inches long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, sessile. Heads terminal on elongated 
 leafless pubescent peduncles ; raps white, finally reflexed ; disk yellow, convex 
 and at length conical. Akenes with a nearly obsolete crown-form pappus. 
 Gardens : •cultivated. Native of Europe. FL July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. The whole plant (and particularly the heads of flowers) is a 
 fine aromatic bitter, and deservedly popular as a tonic medicine,— 
 for which purpose it is generally cultivated. It is an old and still 
 prevalent opinion, that this plant thrives better for being trampled 
 upon or kept prostrate, — which is thus incidentally noticed by 
 Shakspeare, in the first part of his King Henry TV. — " For though 
 the Camomile, the more it is trodden on the faster it grows — yet 
 youth, the more it is wasted the sooner it wears. 7 ' There is another 
 species (A. arve?isis, L.) which is partially naturalized, — and ap- 
 pears as a weed in the cultivated grounds of some of the middle and 
 northern States : but it is not of sufficient importance to call for a 
 more extended notice, here. There are no native species. 
 
 93. ACHILLEA. L. Endl. Gen. 2649. 
 [Named after Achilles, a disciple of Chiron, — who first used the plant.] 
 
 Heads many- or several-flowered ; rays few and short, pistillate ; 
 tube of the disk-florets obcompressed. Involucre ovoid- oblong, — 
 the scales imbricated, unequal. Receptacle flat or sometimes elon- 
 
 8 
 
86 MONOPETALOUS E&OGENS 
 
 gated, chaffy. AJcenes oblong, obcompressed, somewhat margined", 
 destitute of pappus. Perennial Herbs, heaves alternate, mostly 
 pinnatifid. Heads small, corymbose. 
 
 1. A. Millefolium, L. Stem sulcate--striate, somewhat villous; 
 leaves bipinnately dissected,— the segments linear, incised-serrate, 
 acute ; corymb compound, fastigiate ; rays about 5, roundish-obovate. 
 Torr. Sf Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 409. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 24. Fl. Cestr.p. 
 489. Icon, Fl. Lond. vol. 3. 
 
 Thousand-leaf Achillea. Vulgo — Yarrow. Milfoil. 
 
 Fr. La Millefeuille. Germ. Die Schafgarbe. Spa?i. Milenrama, 
 
 Stem 2 to 3 feet high, hairy and somewhat lanuginous, mostly simple, corym- 
 bose at summit. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 inches long (the radical ones still longer), 
 nearly sessile, much and finely dissected. Heads small, numerous, in a dense 
 terminal fastigiate corymb ; rays white or often tinged with purple, crenate-den- 
 xate at apex ; disk-florets whitish, — the tube sprinkled with resinous particles. 
 Akenes obcompressed, slightly margined near the summit, smooth. Receptacle 
 small, flat ; chaff lance-oblong, acute. Pastures ; fence-rows, &c. : throughout 
 the U. States : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June — Sept. Fr. Aug. — Octo. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner has become completely naturalized. It is an 
 aromatic bitter, and somewhat astringent, — quite popular as a tonic. 
 The English agricultural writers speak of it as a plant of some value, 
 in their pastures ; but I believe it is universally regarded, here, as a 
 mere weed. Certainly it is far inferior to our usual pasture plants, — 
 and I think our cattle rarely eat it. 
 
 DIV. 2. CHRYSANTHEMEAE. DC. 
 
 Receptacle not chaffy. Heads mostly radiate. — the rays ligulate, pistillate or 
 rarely neutral, in a single series ; disk-florets perfect. 
 
 94. LEUCANTHEMUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2667. 
 [Greek. Leukos, white, and Anthemon, a flower; in reference to its white rays.] 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; rays pistillate, numerous. Involucre spread- 
 ing or broad-campanulate, — the scales imbricated, with scarious 
 margins. Receptacle flat or somewhat convex, naked. Tube of the 
 disk-florets fleshy, obcompressed and slightly 2-winged. AJcenes of 
 the disk and ray similar, subterete, striate, mostly destitute of pap- 
 pus. Perennial Herbs. Leaves alternate, mostly pinnatifid or in- 
 cised-dentate. Heads rather large, solitary and terminal. 
 
 1. L. vulgare, Dam. Stem erect, somewhat branched ; leaves lacini- 
 ately incised or pinnatifid-dentate, — the cauline ones sessile and 
 somewhat clasping — the radical ones obovate-spatulate, petiolate ; 
 scales of the involucre with narrow russet-brown margins. Torr. iV 
 Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 412. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 46. 
 
 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. L. Fl. Gestr. p. 490. Icon, Fl. 
 Lond. vol. 3. [weed. 
 
 Common Leucanthemum. Vulgo — Daisy. Ox-eye Daisy. White 
 
 Fr. L'oeil de Beuf. Germ. Die Wucherblume. Span. Margarita 
 mayor. 
 
 Stem 1 to near 2 feet high, erect or subdecumbent, angular and striate, some- 
 what hairy, simple or sparingly branched, but often several from the same root. 
 heaves 1 or 2 inches long, — the upper stem-leaves oblong — the lower ones cune- 
 ate-spatulate — and the radical ones obovate or orbicular-spatulate. Heads 
 broad ; rays very white — in length about equal to the diameter of the disk ; disk- 
 
COMPOSITAE 87 
 
 florets yellow. Akenes subterete, ribbed, smooth, dark purple between the ribs, 
 destitute of pappus. Receptacle slightly convex, dotted. Fields and meadows, 
 more or less throughout the U. States : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. 
 June — Aug. Fr. July — Sept. 
 
 Obs. This vile intruder is becoming a great nuisance in our 
 country. In some districts, the careless slovenly farmers have per- 
 mitted it to get almost exclusive possession of their pasture fields, — 
 rendering them quite white, when the plant is in bloom. Cows will 
 occasionally crop a portion of the weed, in our pastures, — and I have 
 heard it alleged, that it contributes to the making of good Butter : 
 but my own observations induce me to regard it as utterly worthless. 
 It is propagated rapidly, — --and is, moreover, exceedingly difficult to 
 get rid of, when once fully established : so that one negligent sloven 
 may be the source of a grievous annoyance to a whole community. 
 I have understood that annual ploughing and cropping, for a few 
 years, is the most effectual remedy for the evil : but then the fence- 
 rows and neighboring fields must be well watched, to prevent the 
 formation and introduction of fresh seed. The Com Marygold 
 (Chrysanthemum, segetum, L. a kindred plant) — which is said, to be 
 such a pest to the agriculture of Europe — does not appear to have 
 found its way, as yet, to the TJ. States. 
 
 DIV. 3. ARTEMISIEAE. DC. 
 
 Receptacle naked (i. e. not chaffy). Heads discoid, homogamous or heteroga- 
 mous : forets all tubular, — the central ones perfect — one or more series of the 
 marginal ones sometimes pistillate. 
 
 95. TANACETUM. L. Endl. Gen. 2696. 
 [Corrupted from Athanasia, Gr. a, not, and Thanatos, death: from its durable 
 
 flowers.] 
 
 Heads homogamous with the florets all perfect, or heterogamous 
 with the marginal ones pistillate in a single series. Scales of the 
 involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle more or less convex. Akenes 
 angled or ribbed, with a large epigynous disk. Pappus none or 
 minute, coroniform, entire or toothed, often unequal. Perennial 
 Herbs, or suffruticose plants. Leaves alternate, variously dissected. 
 Heads solitary or corymbose. 
 
 1. T. vulgare-, i. Stem herbaceous, smoothish ; leaves bipinnately 
 
 parted, — the rachis and lobes incised-serrate ; heads heterogamous, 
 
 numerous, in a dense fastigiate corymb ; pappus coroniform, of 5 
 
 equal lobes. Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 414. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 
 
 12S. Fl. Cestr. p. 492. 
 
 Common Tanacetum. Vulgo — Tansey. 
 
 Fr. Tanaisie. Germ. Der Rainfarn. Spa?i. Tanaceto. 
 
 Stems 2 to 4 feet high, somewhat branched above, often growing in clusters 
 Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, interruptedly pseudo-pinnate, — the segments 
 pinnatifid, unequally incised-serrate. Heads depressed-hemispherical ; involucre 
 sinoothish, — the outer scales lanceolate, acuminate — the inner ones oblong, ob- 
 tuse ; florets deep yellow, numerous and densely crowded, — the marginal ones 
 trifid, obsoletely radiate. Receptacle nearly flat. Gardens, fence-rows, way- 
 sides, &c. : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. July— Aug. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This was originally introduced as a garden plant, and gene- 
 rally cultivated for its aromatic bitter properties, — which have ren- 
 dered it a prominent article in the popular Materia Medica. It has 
 
SS MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 now escaped from the gardens, and is becoming naturalized— and 
 something of a weed — in many places. 
 
 96. ARTEMISIA. L. Endl. Gen. 2694. 
 [Said to be so called from Artemis, — one of the names of Diana.] 
 Heads discoid, few- or many-flowered, heterogamous, — the central 
 florets perfect (yet sometimes abortive), 5-lobed — the marginal ones 
 pistillate in a single series, and 3-lobed, — or sometimes the heads are 
 homogamous, with the florets all perfect. Scales of the involucre 
 imbricated, mostly dry and with scarious margins. Receptacle flat- 
 tish or convex, naked or villous. Al-anes obovoid, with a small 
 epigynous disk, destitute of pappus. Herbaceous or fruticose — 
 mostly perennial plants. Leaves alternate, usually pinnatifid. — 
 Heads small, racemose or paniculately spicate. 
 
 §. 1. Receptacle naked : Heads heterogamous, — the central or disk- 
 fiorets apparently perfect, but sterile by the abortion of the ovary. 
 
 1. A. Dracunculus, L. var. sativa, Bess. Herbaceous, green and 
 glabrous; stem erect, branching; radical leaves trifid at apex, — 
 stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sub-dentate or entire ; heads subglo- 
 bose, racemose-paniculate ; scales of the involucre with scarious 
 margins, — the outer ones oblong — the inner ones broadly elliptic. 
 DC. Prodr. 6. p. 97. 
 
 Little-Dragon Artemisia. Vulgd — Tarragon. 
 
 Fr. Estragon. Germ. Esdragon. Span. Estragon. 
 
 Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 1 to, 2 or 3 inches long, mostly 
 entire sessile, narrowed at each end, those on the branches smaller. Heads 
 small. Florets yellowish. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Russia and Siberia. 
 Fl. August. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This species is sometimes cultivated, in the kitchen gardens 
 of the curious, for the sake of its aromati© herbage. It is said to im- 
 part a fine flavor to vinegar, by steeping a bunch of the green Herb 
 in that liquid. 
 
 §. 6. Receptacle villous or hairy : Heads heterogamous, — the 
 florets all fertile. 
 
 2. A. Absinthium, L. Silky -canescent ; stem suflruticose, angular- 
 sulcate, paniculately branched above ; leaves bipinnatifid, — the seg- 
 ments lanceolate, often incised ; heads hemispherical, racemose- 
 paniculate, nodding; outer scales of the involucre linear — the inner 
 ones rounded, scarious. Torr. 6r Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 424. DC. 
 Prodr. 6. p. 125. Fl Cestr. .p. 491. 
 
 Vttlgb — Worm-wood . 
 
 Fr. L'Absinthe. Germ. Der Wermuth. Span. Axenjo. 
 
 Plant hoary with a short and rather dense silky pubescence. Root perennial. 
 Stems 2 to 4 feet high, clustered or numerous from the root. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 
 inches long, petiolate, multilid or irregularly bipinnatifid, — the principal seg- 
 ments often trifid, and cuneate at base — the subdivisions elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 
 entire. Heads numerous, in leafy paniculate racemes ; florets yellowish. Akenes 
 obconic-oblong, smooth. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. August. 
 Fr. September — October. 
 
 Obs. This plant — proverbial for its bitterness — is generally kept 
 in gardens ; and is valuable for its medicinal properties, as a tonic, 
 vermifuge, &c. 
 
COMPOSITAE 89 
 
 There is another species (A. Abrotanum, _£.), commonly known 
 by the name of " Southern-wood," or " Old Man," frequent in gar- 
 dens ; and a fourth (A. vulgaris, L.), called "Mug-wort," is occa- 
 sionally met with : But these are of less importance, — and scarcely 
 intitled to a place, here. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 7. GNAPHALIEAE. Less. 
 Heads discoid, homogamous or heterogamous. sometimes dioicous ; florets all 
 tubular, — the pistillate ones filiform, or very rarely ligulate. Anthers caudate at 
 base ! Style, in the perfect florets, with the branches not appendiculate, — in the 
 staminate ones mostly undivided. Pappus capillary or setaceous — rarely want- 
 ing. Leaves mostly alternate. 
 
 KF" Receptacle not chaffy. 
 
 97. GNAPHALIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 2746. 
 [Greek, Gnaphalo?i, soft down or wool, — with which the plants are clothed.] 
 
 Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; florets all tubular, — the outer 
 ones pistillate, very slender, mostly in several series — the central 
 ones perfect. Involucre ovoid ; scales imbricated, appressed, scari- 
 ous or hyaline. Receptacle flat. Akenes subterete, or sometimes 
 obcompressed. Pappus in a single series, capillary and scabrous. 
 Herbaceous or rarely suffruticose plants, mostly woolly or tomentose. 
 Leaves sessile or decurrent. Heads corymbose, glomerate, or spi- 
 cate ; scales of the involucre variously colored. 
 
 1. G. polycephaluit, Mx. Stent herbaceous, erect, paniculately 
 branched ; leaves linear -oblanceolate, acute, sessile and not decur- 
 rent, smoothish above, tomentose beneath ; heads numerous, in 
 terminal corymbose clusters. Torr. <y Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 427. 
 DC. Prodr. 6. p. 227. Fl. Cestr. p. 494. 
 Ma^y-headed Gnaphalium. Vulgo — Life-everlasting. 
 
 Root annual. Ste?n 1 to 2 feet high, hoary-tomentose and generally much 
 branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, somewhat undulate on the margins, green 
 and nearly smooth on the upper surface — whitish and densely tomentose be- 
 neath. Heads rather small, oblong-ovoid, ochroleucdus, aggregated in dense 
 terminal clusters, very fragrant. Florets slender, yellowish. Akenes oblong, 
 subterete, smooth. Pappus somewhat tawny. Old fields, and Pastures : Canada 
 to Texas. Fl. Aug.— Sept. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This is often quite abundant in old pasture fields ; and al- 
 though not a pernicious plant, it is altogether valueless to the farmer, 
 and must be regarded as a mere weed. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 8. SENECIONEAE. Cass. 
 Heads homogamous or heterogamous (never dioicous), discoid or radiate : tcjs 
 (when present) ligulate, in a single series. Receptacle very rarely chaffy. An- 
 thers not caudate. Pappus capillary — sometimes wanting on the outer akenes. 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 DIV. 1. ERECHTITEAE. DC. 
 
 Hads discoid, heterogamous ; florets all tubular. — the marginal ones pistillate. 
 
 98. ERECHTITES. Rafin. Endl. Gen. 2790. 
 [One of the names given, by DioScorides, to the Senecio.] 
 
 Heads many-flowered, discoid ; marginal florets pistillate, very 
 slender, 2 or 3-toothed, — the others perfect, 4 or 5-toothed. hivo- 
 lucre cylindrical, — the scales in a single series, linear, acute, bracte- 
 
 8* 
 
90 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 olate. Receptacle naked, somewhat papillose. Branches of the style 
 tipped with a pubescent cone. Akenes oblong, striate, somewhat 
 attenuated at apex. Pappus copious and smoothish, of very fine 
 capillary bristles in several series. Annual Herbs. Heads corymbose. 
 
 1. E. hieracifolia. Raf. St6m simple, or paniculate at summit ; 
 leaves lance-oblong, narrowed at base, acute, unequally incised- 
 dentate, sessile, — the upper ones often sagittate-auriculate and 
 somewhat amplexicaul ; involucre sub-cylindric, smooth, with subu- 
 late-linear bracteoles at base. Torr. §■ Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 434. 
 DC. Prodr. 6. p. 294. 
 
 Senecio hieracifolius. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 498. 
 Hieracium-leaved Erechtites. Vulgd — Fire-weed. 
 
 Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, rather large, succulent and tender when young', 
 striate-sulcate, more or less hairy, sometimes nearly smooth. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 
 inches long. Heads middle-sized, often numerous, in small cymose corymbs 
 terminating the paniculate branches; involucre terete-oblong, slightly ventrieose ; 
 florets whitish or ochroleucous, very slender and numerous. Pappus very white, 
 of numerous fine and almost silky hairs. Receptacle flat, roughish-dotted. Moist 
 grounds; recent clearings, &c. : throughout the U. States. Fl. July — August. 
 Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This plant (which has much the aspect of a Sonchus, or 
 Sow-thistle) is remarkable for its prevalence in newly-cleared 
 grounds, — especially in and around the spots where brush-wood has 
 been burnt ; whence its common name, "Fire-weed." It is a coarse 
 worthless weed, and often very abundant in new grounds ; but it is 
 not apt to be troublesome in cultivated fields. 
 
 DIV. 2. EU-SENECIONEAE. DC. 
 Heads either homogamous. anil discoid, or heterogamous and radiate, — the 
 ray-florets pistillate. 
 
 99. SENECIO. L. Endl. Gen. 2811. 
 [Latin, Senex, an old man ; the pappus resembling a white beard.] 
 
 Heads many-flowered, — either discoid with the florets all tubular 
 and perfect — or radiate with the ray-florets pistillate. Scales of the 
 involucre in a single series, or calyeulate with a few accessory scales. 
 Receptacle naked or alveolate, not chaffy. Branches of the style, in 
 the perfect florets, truncate, — the apex only minutely penicillate. 
 Ahenes not beaked nor winged — often grooved or ribbed. Pappus 
 of numerous very slender caducous hairs. Herbs, or sometimes 
 shrubby plants. Leaves alternate. Heads solitary, paniculate or 
 corymbose. 
 
 Oj^" Perennial : Heads mostly radiate, corymbose. Radical leaves 
 undivided. 
 
 1. S. aureus, L. Smooth, or often somewhat arachnoid-woolly 
 when young ; radical leaves roundish-ovate and subcordate, or vary- 
 ing to obovate and oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, petiolate ; 
 lower stem-leaves lyrate, — the upper ones lanceolate, pinnatifid, 
 sessile or partly clasping; corymb subumbellate. Tbrr. 4* Gr. Fl. 
 N. A. 2. p. 442. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 432. Fl. Cestr. p. 496. 
 Also, S. obovatus, and Balsamitae. Muhl. DC. I. c. Fl. Cestr. p. 
 Golden Senecio. Vulgd — Groundsel. Squaw-weed. [497. 
 
COMPOSITAE 91 
 
 t Stem 1 to 2 feet high, corymbosely branched, — the lower branches elongated, 
 axillary and distant — the upper ones crowded or subumbellate at the summit of 
 the stem. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, varying in form on the different varieties ; 
 petioles of the radical leaves 1 or 2 to 6 or 3 inches long. Heads terminal on the 
 fastigiate branches ; rays and disk yellow. Akenes linear-oblong, striate-ribbed; 
 -pappus white. Banks of streams ; moist sterile fields, and meadows : through- 
 out the U. States. Fl. April — June. Fr June — July. 
 
 Obs. Torreyand Gray have reduced Muhlenberg's two species 
 (viz. obovatus, and Balsamitae,) to varieties of the <S. aureus, L. 
 The var. Balsamitae — with a nearly simple stem, and elliptic or 
 lance-oblong radical leaves— is a frequent weed in poor moist mea- 
 dows and pastures, — where the farmer may often see patches, in the 
 spring, made conspicuous by its yellow rays. The var. obovatus 
 (called " Squaw-weed ") has been denounced, by an Agricultural 
 writer in New York, as being poisonous to sheep ; but I know not 
 how correctly, — and am rather inclined to doubt the accuracy of the 
 statement. The Senecios are a multitudinous family. Prof. De 
 Candolle describes nearly 600 species, — of which about 40 are 
 enumerated by Torrey & Gray as inhabitants of North America. 
 Although the species are so numerous — and, I believe, altogether 
 worthless, — I do not know that they have been found very trouble- 
 some, on the farm. Our native ones, certainly, have not. The 
 common Groundsel, of Europe (S. vulgaris, L. — a homely little 
 weed, with discoid heads and pinnatifid leaves) — which De Candolle 
 says migrates almost every where with European men — has been 
 introduced about the sea-ports of the northern States ; but it does 
 not appear to extend itself very rapidly.* 
 
 TRIBE V. CYNAREAE. Less. 
 
 Heads homogamous or heterogamous, sometimes dioicous. Style, in the perfect 
 florets, often nodose-thickened near the summit (sometimes penicillate at the 
 node) ; the branches either distinct or concrete, puberulent externally, — the stig- 
 matic lines extending to their apex, and there confluent. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 2. CENTATJRIEAE. DC. 
 
 Heads discoid, many-flowered, — the marginal florets usually neutral, irregular 
 and much larger than the central ones. Scales of the involucre imbricated, vari- 
 ously appendiculate. Akenes with an areola (or small cavity) at base which is 
 more or less lateral. Pappus capillary, bristly, or chaffy — never plumose, — 
 sometimes wanting. 
 
 100. CENTAUREA. L. Endl. Gen. 2871. 
 [From the Centaur, Chiron, — who, it is said, cured his wound with the plant.] 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; florets unequal, — the marginal ones larger 
 and neutral, or sometimes wanting, — the central ones perfect. Iu- 
 vohecre imbricated, the scales various. Receptacle bristly-paleace- 
 ous. Akenes compressed. Pappiis usually composed of scabrous 
 filiform bristles in one or more series, — the inner series often smaller 
 and somewhat connivent. Polymorphous Herbs. Leaves alternate. 
 Heads solitary, large. 
 
 ♦Since the above was written, the S. vulgaris has been detected in the streets 
 of West Chester, Pa. by Mr. Pennock Passmore — a gentleman who is at once a 
 practical farmer and an acute observer, with the eye of a Botanist. It is possible 
 the plant may yet become generally disseminated, — though I had only noticed it 
 in the vicinity of Philadelphia, before Mr. Passmore pointed it out to me in my 
 own village. 
 
92 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 1. C. Cyakus, Lk Floccose-tcmentose ; stem erect, much branched; 
 leaves lance-linear, sessile, entire, — the lower ones broader, tapering 
 into a kind of petiole, toothed or pinnatifid at base ; pappus shorter 
 than the akene. Torr. <$• Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 454. DC. Prodr. 6. 
 2>. 578. Fl. Cestr. p. 435. Icon, Fl. Loud. vol. 3. 
 
 Blue Centaurea. Vulgo — Blue-bottle. Ragged Robin. Blue Bon- 
 nets, of the Scotch. 
 Fr. Bluet. Germ. Die Korn-blume. Span. Ciano. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, hoary-vil- 
 lous or lanuginous — especially on the under side. Heads roundish-ovoid, pedun- 
 culate, not bracteate : outer scales of the involucre ovate, serrate. — the inner ones 
 longer, lanceolate, scarious and entire below, serrate near the apex. Florets of 
 the centre regular, with a slender tube, mostly violet-purple. — the marginal ones 
 obsoletely pistillate, larger, spreading or recurved, funnel-form with a long tube, 
 blue, or sometimes pm-plish or white. Aketies oblong, compressed, striate, pilose, 
 with a cavity {areola) on one side of the base : pappus composed of numerous 
 russet scabrous hairs of unequal length. Gardens and cultivated fields : Northern 
 and Middle States : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This plant is often seen in Gardens, — and in some places is 
 gradually straggling into the cultivated fields. As it is considered a 
 troublesome weed, among the grain crops of Europe, it may be well 
 to watch and arrest its progress, here. Every worthless intruder 
 should be regarded with a jealous eye, by the farmer. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 3. CARDUINEAE. Less. 
 
 Heads discoid, homogamous, many-flowered ; florets all similar, perfect or dioi- 
 cous. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several series, often spinose at apex. 
 Corolla usually curved outwards, — the exterior lobe often more deeply separated 
 than the others. Anthers slightly or not at all caudate. AJsenes not beaked, gla- 
 brous, with a terminal areola. Pappus composed of slender scabrous or plumose 
 bristles, which are often muted into a ring at the base. 
 
 101. CYNARA. Vaill. Endl. Gen. 2882. 
 [Greek. KtjOn, kyno<. a dog; the spines of the involucre resembling dog's teeth.] 
 
 Heads homogamous, many-flowered ; florets all equal. Involucre 
 ovoid, — the scales imbricated, coriaceous, produced into a lanceolate 
 appendage which is spinescent at apex. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate 
 or bristly-paleaceous. Corolla 5-cleft, — the limb thick at base, 
 half as long as the tube, the lobes very unequal. Anthers with a 
 very obtuse appendage ; filaments papillose, somewhat barbed. — 
 Branches of the style concrete. Akenes obovate compressed or 4- 
 sided, smooth; areola broad, somewhat oblique. Pappus in several 
 series, long, plumose, — the bristles free at base, but attached to-a 
 deciduous ring. Perennial spinose Herbs. Leaves alternate, pinna- 
 tifidly lobed, not decurrent. Heads large, with a thick fleshy 
 leceptaele. 
 
 1. C. Scolymvs, L. Stem branching; leaves subspinose, bipin- 
 natifid and sometimes undivided, tomentose beneath ; scales of the 
 involucre ovate, thick and fleshy at base, obtuse at apex and some- 
 what emarginate, — rarely subspinescent, straight or slightly diver- 
 gent. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 620. 
 Vulgd — Artichoke. 
 Fr. Artichaud. Germ. Die Artischoke. Spa?i. Alcachofa. 
 
 Hoot perennial. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, stout, striate and tomentose. Leaves large, 
 entire or lobed and spinose. Heads ovoid. 2 to 3 inches in diameter: florets blue 
 or violet-purple. Gardens: cultivated. Native country uncertain. Fl. Aug. 
 Fr. September. 
 
COMPOSITAE 93 
 
 Obs. The thick receptacle — together with the fleshy bases of the 
 scales of the involucre — affords a favorite vegetable dish, — for which 
 this plant is cultivated, by those who -are curious in such matters. 
 I have seen magnificent specimens from the Garden of Mrs. Lati- 
 mer (near Wilmington, Del.), — a Lady who excels in the culture of 
 rare plants, choice fruits, and beautiful flowers. 
 
 Another species, called Cardoon (C. Cardu?iculus, L.), — with the 
 leaves all bipinnately lobed, and more spinose, — to which the fore- 
 going is nearly allied (if, indeed, it be not, as Prof. De Candolle 
 suggests, a mere variety produced by long culture) — is also cultiva- 
 ted for the thick fleshy petioles and ribs of the leaves, — which are 
 rendered delicate and white by etiolation, or blanching, after the 
 manner practiced with Celery. 
 
 102. CIRSIUM. Tournef. Bndl. Gen. 2887. 
 [Greek, Kirsos, a varix, or enlarged vein ; for which the plant was a supposed 
 
 remedy.] 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; florets all similar and perfect, or rarely 
 dioicous. Involucre subglobose ; scales imbricated in numerous 
 series, mostly cuspidate or tipped with a spine. Receptacle fimbril- 
 late. Corolla with the limb regularly, or sometimes unequally, 5- 
 cleft, — the tube rather short. Anthers more or less produced and 
 lacerate at base ; filaments often hairy. Branches of the style con- 
 crete nearly or quite to the apex. Akenes oblong, compressed, not 
 ribbed, glabrous ; areola terminal. Pappus of many series, — the 
 hairs united into a deciduous ring at base, plumose, merely denticu- 
 late (the stouter ones slightly clavellate) at apex. Biennial or per- 
 ennial Herbs. Leaves alternate, sessile or decurrent, often pinna- 
 tifid with the margins and segments spinose, — the radical ones much 
 larger than the cauline — as is usual with biennials. 
 
 1. C. lanceolatum, Scop. Leaves decurrent on the stem and form- 
 ing a spinose lobed wing, pinnatifid, prickly hispid on the upper 
 surface, arachnoid-lanuginous beneath, — the segments lanceolate, 
 bifid, divaricate, spinose ; involucre ovoid, nearly bractless ; scales 
 linear-lanceolate, tipped with a spine, the outer ones spreading. 
 Torr. 4- Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 456. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 636. 
 
 Carduus lanceolatus, L. Fl. Cestr. p. 436. 
 
 Lanceolate Cirsium. Vulgd — Common Thistle. 
 
 Fr. Chardon lanceole. Germ. Die Kratzdistel. Span. Cardo. 
 
 Root biennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched, striate-sulcate, hairy, winged 
 by the decurrent leaves. Leaves 4 to 8 or 12 inches long. Heads terminal, erect, 
 about an inch in diameter ; scales of the involucre connected by a cobweb-like 
 villus. Florets purple, with yellowish anthers. Akenes small, obovate-oblong ; 
 •pappus about an inch long, silky. Pastures, fence-rows, way-sides. &c. Northern 
 and Middle States : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June— July. Fr. July — 
 August. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner — which delights in a rich soil — is abundantly 
 naturalized in Pennsylvania, and the Northern States, generally. — 
 Though not so repulsive and ugly as some of the spinose Compositae 
 of Europe (such as Onopordon, Carlina, Kentrophyllum, &c), it is 
 nevertheless a very objectionable weed, on our farm, — and requires 
 constant vigilance and attention to exclude it, or keep it in subjec- 
 tion. If permitted to mature its fruit, the spreading pappus may be 
 
94 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 seen, by hundreds, floating the akenes through the air, and dissemi- 
 nating the noxious intruder far and wide. 
 
 2. C. discolor, Spreng. Leaves sessile, more or less deeply riinna- 
 tifid, sparsely hairy and green above, densely hoary-tomentose be- 
 neath, — the segments linear -lanceolate, cuspidate and spinulose-cili- 
 ate ; involucre ovoid-oblong ; scales appressed, tipped with a slender 
 prickle, — the outer or lower scales lance-ovate, the inner or upper 
 ones linear-lanceolate. Torr. <y Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 457. DC. 
 Prodr. 6. p. 640. 
 
 Carduus discolor. Nutt. Fl. Cestr. p. 437. 
 
 Two-colored Cirsium. 
 
 Root biennial. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, with rather slender spreading leafy 
 branches, striate, pubescent with crisped membranous hairs. Leaves 3 or 4 to 12 
 or 15 inches long (those on the branches small), the under surface bluish-white 
 with a soft dense tomentum. Heads 1 to 2 inches long, and an inch or more in 
 diameter ; sca'es somewhat arachnoid-villous, all appressed, terminating in a 
 slender spreading spine. Florets reddish-purple, with whitish anthers. Fields, 
 and borders of thickets : Northern and Western States. Fl. Aug.— Sept. Ft. 
 Sept. — October. 
 
 Obs. Like all others of the genus, this is a worthless, obnoxious 
 weedy — but is much easier kept in subjection, than the preceding. 
 
 3. C. ptjmilum, Spreyig. Leaves semi-amplexicaul, pinnatifid, green 
 on both sides, — the segments short, irregularly lobed, spinulose-cili- 
 ate and pointed with strong sharp spines ; heads few and large, 
 roundish -ovoid, bracteate ; scales of the involucre appressed, — the 
 outer ones ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tipped with a short spine, 
 the inner ones lance-linear with acuminate scarious serrulate tips. 
 Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 459. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 651. 
 Carduus pumilus. Nutt. Fl. Cestr. p. 437. 
 
 LOW OR DWARF ClRSIUM. 
 
 Plant pale greyish green. Root biennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, stout, spar- 
 ingly branched, striate, retrorsely pilose. Leaves 4 to 12 inches long .very prickly, 
 more or less hairy, densely pilose on the midrib beneath. Heads few (I to 3). often 
 near 2 inches in diameter, mostly with large pinnatifid spinose bracts at base. 
 Florets often 2 inches in length, usually of a pale reddish-purple, with whitish 
 anthers Neglected old fields, and low grounds : Middle and Northern States. 
 Fl. July. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. The flowers of this species are quite fragrant, and the heads 
 somewhat showy or conspicuous, — being larger than those of any 
 other native thistle. It does not disseminate rapidly ; and is there- 
 fore easily kept in subjection, by proper attention. 
 
 4. C. horridulum, Mx. Leaves semi-amplexicaul, pinnatifid, lanu- 
 ginous beneath, — the short segments toothed or incised, strongly 
 spinose ; involucre ovoid, large, with a verticil of pectinately spi- 
 nose bracts at base ; scales loosely imbricated, linear-lanceolate, 
 tapering to a subulate point, but scarcely spinose. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. 
 N. A. 2. p. 460. DC. Prodr. 6. p. 651. 
 
 Carduus spinosissimus. Walt. Fl. Cestr. p. 438. 
 Somewhat rugged Cirsium. Vulgd — Yellow Thistle. 
 
 Root biennial? (perennial, DC). Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, rather 
 Btout, simple or sparingly branched, arachnoid-lanuginous when young, finally 
 
COMPOSITAE 95 
 
 smoothish. Leaves 4 to 12 inches long:, hairy on the upper surface, lanuginous 
 beneath, — the segments pointed with short rigid spines. Heads terminal, lew. 
 (often but one), nearly as large as in the preceding species, surrounded at base 
 by a whorl of numerous (10 to 20 or 30) linear-lanceolate bracts, about as long 
 as the involucre, — the bracts subpinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, pectinately spi- 
 uose, with the spines somewhat in pairs, or fascicled. Florets an inch to an 
 inch and half long, pale yellow (sometimes purple ? or becoming purple in dry- 
 ing?). Pastures, and waste places: Sea coast, from Massachusetts to Louisiana: 
 inlroduced ? Ft. July. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This rugged repulsive plant has, to me, the appearance of a 
 foreigner, in our soil. I have only met with it on the sandy coast of 
 New Jersey, — and in a single locality in Chester County, Penna., 
 where it was evidently a stranger. It is very desirable that it should 
 continue to be a stranger, to our farms. 
 
 5. C. arvexse, Scop. Rhizoma creeping; stem rather slender, 
 striate-angled, paniculately branched at summit ; leaves sessile, 
 lance-oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid and dentate, undulate, ciliate-spi- 
 nose ; heads numerous, small, sometimes dioicous ; involucre oblong- 
 ovoid ; scales appressed, lance-ovate, mucronate, — a few of the 
 outer ones cuspidate-spinose. Torr. iy Gr. Fl. N. A. 2. p. 460. 
 DC. Prodr. 6. p. 643. 
 
 Carduus arvensis. Sm. Fl. Cestr. p. 439. 
 
 Cnicus arvensis, lloffm. Fl. Lo?id. Icon, vol. 3. 
 
 Field Cirsium. Vulgd — Canada Thistle. Cursed Thistle. 
 
 Fr. Chardon aux Anes. Germ. Die Acker Kratzdistel. 
 
 Rhizoma perennial. — creeping horizontally 6 or 8 inches below the surface of 
 the ground, and giving off numerous erect biennial branches. Stem IS inches to 
 3 feet high, slender and smoothish. — the branches slender and lanuginous. 
 Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, sessile and slightly decurrent, smoothish on the 
 upper surface, sometimes arachnoid-lanuginous beneath. — the radical ones 
 curled or wavy. Heads half an inch to two thirds of an inch in diameter, ter- 
 minal, sub-pedunculate ; stales smoothish, minutely ciliate. Florets palish lilac- 
 purple, with whitish anthers, perfect or the heads dioicous by abortion. Aktnes 
 linear-oblong, slightly 4-cornered : pappus finally longer than the florets. Fields, 
 and way-sides : Northern and Middle States: introduced. Native of Europe. 
 Fl. July. Fr. August. . 
 
 Obs. This foreigner is, perhaps, the most execrable weed that has 
 yet invaded the farms of our Country. The rhizoma, or subterra- 
 nean stem (which is perennial and very tenacious of life,) lies rather 
 below the usual depth of furrows,— and hence the plant is not des- 
 troyed by common ploughing. This rhizoma ramifies and extends 
 itself horizontally in all directions, — sending up branches to the sur- 
 face, where radical leaves are developed the first year — and aerial 
 stems the second year. The plant appears to die, at the end of the 
 second summer ; but it only dies down to the horizontal subterra- 
 nean stem. The numerous branches, sent up from the rhizoma, 
 
 soon cover the ground with the prickly radical leaves of the plant, 
 
 and thus prevent cattle from feeding where they are. Nomina- short 
 of destroying the perennial portion of the plant will rid the ground 
 of this pest ; and this, I believe, has been accomplished by a few 
 years of continued culture (or annual cropping of other plants, that 
 require frequent ploughing, or dressing with the hoe,) — so as to pre- 
 vent the development of radical leaves, and deprive the rhizoma, 
 of all connection or communication with the atmosphere. 
 
96 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 The following notice of this annoying weed, from Curtis' Flora 
 Londineiisis, may not be uninteresting to the American farmer : 
 
 " Vitium agrorum apud nos primarium est [it is the greatest pest 
 of our fields], Linnaeus observes in his Flora Lapponica. The 
 same may be said with us : and we have bestowed on this plant the 
 harsh name of cursed, with a view to awaken the attention of the 
 Agriculturists of our country to its nature and pernicious effects. 
 
 " Repeated observation has convinced us that many husbandmen 
 are ignorant of its economy, — and while they remain so, they will 
 not be likely to get rid of one of the greatest pests which can affect 
 their corn fields and pastures. Of the Thistle tribe the greatest 
 part are annual or biennial, and hence easily destroyed. • Some few 
 are not only perennial, but have powerfully creeping roots, — and 
 none so much as the present. In pulling this plant out of the ground, 
 we draw up a long slender root which many are apt to consider as 
 the whole of it ; but if those employed in such business examine 
 the roots so drawn up, they will find every one of them broken off 
 at the end : for the root passes perpendicularly to a great depth, and 
 then branches out horizontally under ground. 
 
 " To give an idea of its astonishing increase, we shall subjoin 
 from the memoirs of the Bath Agricultural Society an experiment 
 made for the very purpose of ascertaining it. * When this paper 
 was delivered to the Society, from experiments then made, I was of 
 opinion that repeated mowing or spudding would not destroy this 
 Thistle. I have since had cause, from further observation and ex- 
 periments, to think differently : so deep, however, does it penetrate, 
 that these operations are the only ones which can well be applied to 
 its destruction, — and if they do not effectually overcome, they will 
 greatly enfeeble it." 
 
 Two or three other species of Cirsium are frequently to be met 
 with (viz : C. mnticum, Mx. with the heads not spinose, — and C. 
 altissimum, Spreng. with the stem-leaves not pinnatifid) : But, as 
 they do not incline much to infest the open grounds or farm land, I 
 have not judged it necessary to notice them more particularly, here. 
 
 103. LAPPA. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 2892. 
 [Celtic, Hap, a hand-^or Greek. Idbein, to seize ; from its adhesive involucres.] 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; florets all perfect and similar. Involucre 
 subglobose ; scales imbricated, coriaceous, appressed at base, 
 spreading and subulate above, with the rigid apex uncinately in- 
 curved. Receptacle somewhat fleshy, bristly-paleaceous. Corolla 
 regularly 5-cleft, 10-nerved. Anthers tipped with filiform appen- 
 dages, and caudate at base ; filaments papillose. Branches of the 
 
 * " April 1st, 1778, I planted in a garden a piece of the root of this Thistle, 
 about the size of a goose quill, and 2 inches long, with a small head of leaves, 
 cut off from the main root just as it was springing out of the ground. By the 
 2nd of the November following, this small root'had thrown out shoots, several 
 of which had extended themselves to the distance of 8 feet, — some had even 
 thrown up leaves 5 feet from the original root : most of the shoots, which had 
 thus far extended themselves, were about 6 inches under ground, — others had 
 penetrated to the depth of 2 feet and a half: the whole together, when dug up 
 and washed from the earth, weighed 4 pounds. In the spring of 1779, contrary 
 to my expectation, this Thistle again made its appearance on and about the 
 spot where the small piece was originally planted. There were between 50 
 and 60 young heads, which must have sprung from the roots which had eluded 
 the gardener's search, — though he was particularly careful in extracting them." 
 
COMPOSITAE 97 
 
 style free and divergent at apex. AJcenes oblong, compressed, 
 transversely rugose. Pappus in several series, short, filiform, sca- 
 brous, not united into a ring at base, caducous. Biennial Herbs 9 
 coarse and branching. Leaves alternate, subcordate, petiolate, large. 
 Heads rather small, solitary or somewhat corymbose. 
 
 1. L. major, Gaertn. Lower leaves cordate-oblong, upper ones 
 ovate ; scales of the involucre all subulate with uncinate tips, smooth 
 or loosely arachnoid. Torr. fy Gr. Fl. N. A. 2 p. 463. DC. Prodr. 
 G.p. 661. 
 
 Arctium Lappa. L. FL Cestr. p. 436. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. 
 
 Greater Lappa. Vulgo — Bur-dock. 
 
 Fr. Glouteron. Germ. Die Klette. Span. Bardana Lampazo. 
 
 Root biennial. Stem 2 to 4 or 6 feet high, paniculately branching, striate-sul- 
 cate, roughish-pubescent. Leaves green and roughish-pubescent above, paler 
 and arachnoid-tomentose beneath, — the radical ones 1 to 2 feet long, erosely 
 dentate and undulate on the margin (sometimes pinnatifid, or coarsely and 
 deeply dentate) ; petioles 9 to 18 inches long ; stem-leaves smaller, and more or 
 less ovate. Heads roundish-ovoid, on short peduncles, terminal and axillary ; 
 scales of the involucre subulate-lanceolate, keeled, minutely serrulate, smoothish, 
 spreading, with the point incurved and hooked. Florets purple, with bluish an- 
 thers. AJcenes compressed, angular, rugose. Receptacle fimbrillate, — the bristly 
 chaff smooth, longer than the akenes. Fence-rows, and waste places : intro- 
 duced. Native of Europe- Fl. July — Sept. Fr. Sept. — October. 
 
 Obs. Every body knows this coarse homely weed, wherever it has 
 gained admittance, — but every body does not take care to keep it in 
 due subjection. One of the earliest and surest evidences of slovenly 
 negligence, about a farm-yard, is the prevalence of huge Bur-docks. 
 The plant is considerably bitter ; and the leaves are a favorite ex- 
 ternal application in fevers, head-ache, &c. 
 
 SUB-ORDER III.* LIGULAEFLORAE. DC. 
 
 Florets all ligulate and perfect, disposed in a homogamous radiatiform head. 
 
 TRIBE VIII. CICHORACEAE. Vaill. 
 
 Style cylindric above,— the summit, as well as the rather obtuse braruhes, 
 equally or uniformly pubescent ; stigmatic lines terminating below or near th« 
 middle of the branches. Plants with a milky juice ! Leaves alternate. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 2. HYOSERIDEAE. Less. 
 
 Pappus coroniform or of numerous small chaffy scales, in one or two sanei. 
 Receptacle not chaffy. 
 
 104. CICHORIUM. Toumef. Bndl. Gen. 2978. 
 (Etymology obscure : perhaps from Chicouryeh, the Arabic name of the plant.] 
 Heads usually many-flowered. Involucre double, — the outer one of 
 about 5 short spreading scales-^the inner one of 8 or 10 scales. 
 AJcenes turbinate, somewhat compressed and angular, striate, gla- 
 brous. Pappus of numerous very small chaffy scales. Branching 
 Herbs. 
 
 1. C. Intybus, L. Radical leaves runcinate, hispidly scabrous on 
 the midrib, — the cauline ones small, oblong or Lanceolate, partly 
 
 ♦Sub-Order IL Labiatiflorae, contains no plant of Agricultural interest. 
 
 9 
 
98 MONOPETALOUS EXOGE1SS 
 
 clasping, sinuate-dentate or entire — those of the branches inconspi- 
 cuous ; heads axillary, subsessile, mostly in pairs. Torr. 4* Gr. Fl. 
 N. A. 2. p. 472. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 84. Fl. Cestr. p. 440. Icon, Fl. 
 Lo?id. 3. 
 
 Vulgo — "Wild Succory. Chiccory. 
 Fr. La Chicoree sauvage. Germ. Der "Wegewart. Span. Achicoria. 
 
 Root perennial, somewhat fusiform. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, angular-striate, 
 roughish-pubescent, with numerous and somewhat virgate scabrous branches. 
 Radical leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, numerous. Heads axillary on the side of 
 the stem and branches, in pairs or often solitary. Florets blue, or sometimes 
 purplish — and not unfrequently white,— all ligulate and radiating towards the 
 circumference. Pappus of minute chaffy scales, oblong, obtuse or emarginate, 
 in a double series. Fields, and meadows : Northern and Middle States : intro- 
 duced. Native of Europe. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. — October. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner is becoming extensively naturalized. Some 
 European Agriculturists recommend it as a valuable forage plant, — 
 though they admit that it gives a bad taste to the milk of Cows 
 which feed upon it. In this country, it is generally — and I believe 
 justly — regarded as an objectionable weedy which ought to be ex- 
 pelled from our pastures. The roasted root has been used, on the 
 continent of Europe, as a substitute for the Coffee-berry ; but those 
 who delight in the aromatic beverage, are not likely to take much 
 interest in this or any other substitute for the genuine article. 
 
 2. C. Endivia, Willd. var. sativa, DC. Radical leaves somewhat 
 erect, obovate-oblong, sinuate-dentate, and often pinnatifid, smooth- 
 ish,— the cauline ones auriculately dilated at base ; heads sessile and 
 aggregated in twos and fours in the axils of the upper leaves, or 
 solitary on elongated branches. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 84. 
 
 Vulgo — Endive. Garden Succory. 
 
 Fr. La Scaroie. Germ. Die Endivie. Spa?i. Endibia. 
 
 Root biennial — or sometimes annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, terete, fistular, 
 somewhat branched, smoothish, or often sparsely hirsute. Radical leaves 6 to 
 12 inches long, sinuate-dentate with the teeth varying from large to very small 
 and numerous, sometimes pinnatifid with the margin curled and lacerate, slen- 
 der and tapering to the base. Outer scales of the involucre hispid-ciliate. Florets 
 violet-purple, or sometimes white, — the ligules at first involute. Akenes turbinate 
 or obconic, somewhat compressed, angular and ribbed ; pappus of minute chaffy 
 scales in a double series. Gardens : cultivated. Native, of India. Fl. July — 
 August. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. Cultivated for the young radical leaves, — which are etiolated 
 or blanched by the exclusion of light, and used as a salad. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 3. SCORZONEREAE. Less. 
 
 Pappus of narrow semi-lanceolate chaffy scales or bristles, — the inner ones, and 
 those on the interior akenes, mostly plumose. Receptacle not chaffy. 
 
 105. TRAGOPOGON. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2995. 
 [Greek, Tragos, a goat, and Pogon, a beard ; in allusion to the pappus.] 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre in a nearly single series ; scales 
 8 to 16 A somewhat united at base, finally reflexed. A&enes sessile, 
 with a lateral areola at base, scabrous, terminating in a long con- 
 tinuous beak. Pappus in several series,— all plumose except the 5 
 outer ones, which are longer than the rest. Biennial or perennial 
 Herbs. Leaves sublinear, with parallel nerves. 
 
COMPOSITAE 99 
 
 1. T. porrifolitjm, L. Glabrous; leaves lance-linear, acuminate, 
 very entire ; peduncles somewhat obconical, fistular ; scales of the 
 involucre about 8, lanceolate, acute, longer than the florets. DC. 
 JProdr. 7. p. 113. Fl. Cestr. p. 442. 
 
 Leek-leaved Tragopogon. Vulgc — Oyster-Plant. Salsify. 
 
 Fr. SalsiAs. Germ. Der Bock-bart. Span. Barba cabruna. 
 
 Plant glabrous and somewhat glaucous. Root biennial ? (annual, DC), fleshy 
 and fusiform. Stem 3 to 4 or 5 feet high, sparingly and somewhat dichotomously 
 branched. Leaves 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, ovately dilated at base, and taper- 
 ing to a long narrow acumination, keeled, sessile and semi-amplexicaul, some- 
 what distichous. Heads terminal, on enlarged clavate hollow peduncles. — 
 Florets violet-purple with a fuscous tinge. Akenes lance-oblong, striate-sulcate, 
 scabrous, tapering to a smooth slender beak, about an inch in length, and sup- 
 porting the pappus at summit Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe, Fl. 
 June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This is frequently cultivated for its fleshy root, — which, 
 when properly cooked, has something of the flavor of fried Oysters ; 
 whence one of its common names, 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 4. LATUCEAE. Cass. 
 Pappus capillary, — the bristles mostly soft or fragile — not dilated nor thickened 
 at base, nor plumose. Receptacle not chaffy. 
 
 Rj?" Pappus bright white. 
 
 t AJben.es terete, ribbed or angled. 
 
 106. TARAXACUM. Haller. Endl. Gen. 3010. 
 [Greek, Tarasso, to stir or disturb ; in allusion to its supposed active properties.] 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, — the outer scales small, 
 appressed, spreading, or reflexed — the inner ones erect, in a single 
 series, — all of them sometimes callous-corniculate at apex. Akenes 
 oblong, striate-ribbed or angled, minutely muricate on the ribs, often 
 spinellose at summit, — the apex abruptly produced into a long slen- 
 der beak. Pappus in many series, capillary, very white. Peren- 
 nial stemless Herbs : Leaves, consequently, all radical. Heads of 
 flowers mostly solitary, on simple fistular naked scapes. 
 1. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Leaves lance-oblong, unequally and 
 acutely runcinate, — the lobes triangular, dentate anteriorly ; scales 
 of the involucre not corniculate at apex, the outer ones reflexed ; 
 akenes spinellose at summit. Torr. 4* Gr. Fl. iV. A. 2. p. 494. DC. 
 Prodr. 7. p. 145. 
 
 Leontodon Taraxacum. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 443. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. 
 Lion-tooth Taraxacum. Vulgo — Dandelion. 
 Fr. Dent de Lion. Germ. Der Loewenzahn. Span. Amargon. 
 
 Plant at first somewhat pubescent, at length smooth. Root perennial. Leaves 
 4 to 10 or 12 inches long. Scapes several from the same root, 4 to 12 or 15 inches 
 long (elongating), terete, each bearing a single head. Involucre oblong, — the 
 inner scales lance-linear, appressed, with scarious margins — the outer ones re- 
 flexed, slightly ciliate, — finally the entire involucre reflexed. Florets yellow. 
 Akenes terminating in a beak, which is short at first, then suddenly elongating to 
 about three fourths of an inch in length, filiform, bearing the pappus at summit, 
 diverging so as to form a globose head. Pastures, &c. : nearly throughout the 
 U. States : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. April — Aug. Fr. May — Sept. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner — although not a very obnoxious plant — has 
 become so thoroughly naturalized as to be more abundant fhan vvel- 
 
100 MONOPETALOUS EXOGEN* 
 
 come, in our pasture-grounds and meadows : and yet, if it cannot 
 be repressed or smothered out by better plants, it will be a difficult 
 task to extirpate it, — as myriads of seeds are annually wafted over 
 the country by means of the pappus* The plant is reputed to be 
 medicinal ; and the young radical leaves , when blanched, are saidl 
 to make a good substitute for Endive. 
 
 f f Aleves flattened) compressed or obcompressed. 
 
 107. LACTUCA. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 30QS. 
 [Latin, Lac, milk ; in reference to its milky juice.] 
 
 Heads few- or several -flowered. Involucre cylindrical, calyculaJe- 
 imbricate ; scales in 2 to 4 series, — the outer ones shorter and broader. 
 AJcenes flatly obcompressed, wingless, abruptly produced into a fili- 
 form beak. Pappus in several series of soft white hairs. Caules- 
 cent Herbs. Heads of flowers paniculate or corymbose. 
 
 1. L. sativa, L. Stem corymbosely branching, leafy ; radical leaves 
 erect, oval, narrowed at base, wavy, — the cauline ones cordate, 
 amplexicaul. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 138. Fl. Cestr. p. 442. 
 Cultivated Lactuca. Vulgo — Garden Lettuce. Salad. 
 JFV. La Laitue. Germ. Der Salat. Span. LechugsD* 
 
 Plant smooth, mostly yellowish green and glaucous, — sometimes fuscous andS 
 tinged with dark purple. Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high ; branches clothed 
 with numerous small leaves. Heads numerous, terminal, smai!. Inner sccdes-oi 
 the involucre lanceolate, — the outer or lower ones- ovate. Florets yellow. Akenes- 
 lance-obovate, striate-ribbed, about half as long as the filiform beak. Gardens : 
 cultivated. Native country uncertain, — probably India. Fl. July. Fr. August. 
 
 Ob s. This plant — called Salad, par excellence —is almost univer- 
 sally known, and cultivated. Those forms known as Curled^ and 
 Head Salad (Z». crispa, and L. e-apitata), are considered as distinct 
 species, by Prof. De Candoele, /. c. There is a native species (£. 
 elongata, Muhl.) frequently to be met with, on the farm ; but it is 
 scarcely of sufficient importance to be intitled to notice, here. 
 
 Some species of S&nehus, and Mulgedium y — plants belonging to 
 Lactuceae, but with aJtenes not beaked, — are often to be found on 
 farms (the Sonehus or Sow-thistle-, in Gardens, — and 2 or 3 species 
 of Mulgedium — coarse, brittle plants — alsong fence-rows, and borders 
 of thickets) : But, although they are worthless weeds, they are 
 neither very troublesome, nor difficult to manage, — and are there- 
 fore omitted. 
 
 ORDER LXXVL LOBELIACEAE. Juss. 
 
 Herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, often lactescent. Leaves alternate, without 
 stipules. Flcnvers mostly solitary, axillary, and racemose. Calyx E-parted, 
 more or less adherent to the ovary. Cotolla irregularly 5-lobed, usually some- 
 what bilabiate, cleft on one side nearly or quite to the base. Stamens 5, cohe- 
 rent into a tube. Style 1 ; stigmas mostly 2-lobed, fringed with a pilose ring. 
 Fruit capsular, 2 or 3- (sarely 1-) celled, many-seeded. Seeds with a fleshy 
 albumen. 
 
 The genus which represents this Order, is the most important one, on account 
 of its acrid and narcotic properties. Some of the species are remarkable for 
 the showy brilliance of the flowers. 
 
 TRIBE IV. LOBELIEAE. Presl. 
 
 Capsule 2-ceIled, opening at apex by 2 valves which are septiferous in the mid- 
 dle (loculicidal), or rarely by 2 pores. 
 
LOBELIACEAE 101 
 
 108. LOBELIA. L. EndL Gen. 3058. 
 [Named in honor of Matthias de Lobel, — a Flemish Botanist.] 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed; tube obconic, ovoid, or hemispherical. Corolla 
 tubular, — the tube cylindric or funnel-form, cleft on the upper side 
 nearly to the base; limb somewhat bilabiate, — the upper lip mostly 
 smaller and erect — the lower one broader, spreading, 3-cleft or 3- 
 toothed. Anthers coherent in a tube, — the 2 lower ones (rarely all) 
 bearded at apex. Ovary more or less adherent to the calyx, some- 
 times nearly free. Mostly Herbs. Flowers racemose-spicate, of 
 various colors — usually blue or red. 
 
 1. L. inflata, L. Stem erect, hirsute, paniculately branched; 
 leaves subsessile, lance-ovate, crenate-dentate, pilose; racemes 
 leafy ; flowers small, axillary ; calyx-tube ovoid, smoothish, the 
 segments as long as the corolla ; capsule ovoid or oval, inflated. 
 DC. Prodr. 7. p. 380. Fl. Cestr. p. 155. 
 
 Inflated Lobelia. Vulgc — Eye-bright. Indian Tobacco. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, sometimes angled or slightly winged 
 by the decurrence of the leaves, often very hairy ; branches axillary. Leaves 
 1 to 3 inches long, more or less ovate, unequally sinuate-dentate or crenate. 
 Peduncles one fourth to half an inch long. Corolla pale blue, rather inconspicu- 
 ous. Capsule thin and membranaceous, smoothish. Seeds minute, elliptic-ob- 
 long, rough with ferruginous reticulated ridges. Pastures, roadsides, &c. : Cana- 
 da to S. Carolina. Fl. July — Sept. Fr. Aug. — October. 
 
 Obs. This is an acrid plant, — possessing emetic, cathartic and 
 narcotic properties ; and is somewhat notorious for the use made of 
 it by a tribe of reckless modern Empirics. It is frequent, in our 
 pastures, in the latter part of summer, — and has been suspected of 
 causing the ptyalism or slabbering of Horses, so often observable at 
 that season. I cannot, however, help doubting the correctness of 
 the opinion ; for the Horse is a dainty animal in the selection' of his 
 food. I have often remarked the care and dexterity with which he 
 separates the palatable herbage from that which is not so ; and have 
 never seen him eat, nor even crop, so acrid and offensive a weed as 
 this Lobelia. We have two species, in Pennsylvania, which are 
 admired for the beauty of their blue and red flowers, — particularly 
 the crimson C ardinal-floiver (-L. cardinalis, L.) : but they are not 
 intrusive on the farm. 
 
 ORDER LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. Juss. EndL 
 
 Shrubs, or sometimes Heibs. Leaves mostly alternate and entire, without stipules. 
 Flowers regular, or nearly so. Calyx either adherent to the ovary, with a 4 to 
 6 (usually 5-) parted epigynous limb,— or entirely free, 4 or 5-parted and persistent. 
 Corolla 4 to 6 (usually 5-) lobed, epigynous or hypogynous,- — rarely with the petals 
 almost or quite distinct. Stamens definite, as many, or twice as many, as the petals 
 or lobes of the corolla, mostly distinct; anthers 2-celled, often with awn-like ap- 
 pendages. Styles and stigmas united into 1 - Fruit baccate or capsular. Seeds 
 with fleshy albumen. 
 
 An interesting Order, mostly of shrubs. — some of them medicinal, and others 
 very beautiful — especially the Azaleas, Rhododendrons. Kalmias, and many spe- 
 cies of the genus (EriGa) which is the type of the Order. The medicinal plant 
 called Uva Ursi (Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi, Spring, indigenous in the Pine forests 
 of New Jersey), also belongs here. 
 
 SUB-ORDER I. VACCINIEAE. EndL A. Gray. : 
 
 Ovary adnate to the tube of the calyx, becoming a berry or a drupe<-lilce fruit. 
 Stamens epigynous, — twice as many as the lobes of the corolla ; anthers 2-parted, 
 mostly awned on the back. 
 
 9* 
 
102 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 109. VACCINIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 4332. 
 [An ancient classical name ; etymology obscure.] 
 
 Calyx adherent to the ovary, but mostly with a free 5-toothed limb. 
 Corolla either campanulate, urceolate, or cylindrical, — the limb 4 
 or 5-cleft, and often reflexed. Stamens twice as many as the lobes 
 of the corolla, inserted on the limb of the calyx, often included ; 
 anthers with 2 tubular horns at summit, and sometimes with 2 
 bristle-like awns on the back, near the base. Berry globose, umbil- 
 icate at apex by reason of the persistent calyx-teeth, 4 or 5-celled,— 
 the cells several -seeded. Seeds angular, — the testa membranaceous 
 and reticulately rugose. Shrubs and under shrubs. Leaves scat- 
 tered, mostly entire, often sempervirent, and never sprinkled with 
 resinous atoms. 
 
 D^* Anthers not awned on the back. 
 
 It V. corymbosum, L. Flower-bearing branches nearly leafless; 
 leaves oblong-oval, acute at each end, pubescent when young, deci- 
 duous ; racemes short, subcorymbose, bracteate, — the bracts scale- 
 like ; corolla tubular, ovoid-cylindric. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 571. Fl. 
 Cestr. p. 256. [Blue-berry. 
 
 Corymbose Vaccinium. Vulgo — Swamp, or Tall Huckleberry. 
 
 Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, often stout, with irregular straggling branches, — 
 t'.ie young leafing branches pubescent — the flower-bearing ones somewhat an- 
 gular, naked, and inclining to a greenish bronze color. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 
 generally elliptic, entire, and always with a short obtuse callous mucro, or point, 
 at apex, pubescent when young — especially on the nerves and under surface. — 
 finally smoothish ; petioles very short. Racemes half an inch to an inch long. 6 
 to 10 or 12-flowered, proceeding from lateral buds, and unaccompanied with 
 leaves ; pedicels 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch long, with purplish bracts, at base, 
 which resemble bud-scales. Corolla white, mostly tinged with purple, nearly 
 cylindrical, somewhat contracted at the orifice, — the lobes short and tooth-like. 
 Stamens included ; filaments pubescent; anthers not awned on the back, — the 
 terminal parallel tubes opening laterally, and becoming flat, linear, acute mem- 
 branes. Style longer than the stamens, but scarcely as long as the corolla 
 (rarely exserted). Berries rather large, black with a bluish bloom when mature, 
 very agreeable to the taste. Swamps, and moist woods : Canada to Georgia. 
 Fl. May. Fr. July— August. 
 
 Obs. Not being personally familiar with the localities, in New 
 Jersey, which supply the Philadelphia market so abundantly with 
 the favorite blue Huckleberries, I have heretofore been under the 
 impression (received from others), that those delightful Berries were 
 the product of the V. fro?idosum, L. : But, my friend Prof. A. Gray 
 — who has recently examined the whole matter — assures me that 
 we are indebted, for them, to the plant above described. It seems, 
 moreover, that several Shrubs, hitherto considered as species of Vac- 
 cinium, do not, in fact, accord with the essential character of that 
 genus, — but must be separated from it, " on account of their re- 
 markable ten-celled ovaries, and drupaceous ten-seeded fruit. >} Of 
 these, may be mentioned, the aforesaid V. frondosum, L. the V. re- 
 sinosum, Ait. and the V. dumosum, Andr. (all with " resinous- 
 dotted leaves"), — which are now to be transferred to the genus 
 Gay-Lussacia, of H. B. K. [so named in honor of the distinguished 
 French Chemist and Philosopher, Gay-Lussac] — as will more fully 
 appear in the forthcoming North American Flora, by Torrey and 
 
ERICACEAE 103 
 
 Gray.* Several species, however, of this new Genus — as well as a 
 number of the true Va cclni urns — afford esculent fruit ; but none so 
 much admired as the Blue-berry , of the Jersey swamps. 
 
 110. OXYCOCCUS. Tournef. Bndl. Gen. 4331. 
 [Greek, Oxys, sharp or acid, and kokkos, a berry ; in allusion to the acid fruit.] 
 Calyx adherent to the ovary, with the limb 4-toothed. Corolla 
 deeply 4-parted, — the lobes lance-linear, revolute. Filaments 8, 
 connivent ; anthers 2-parted, tubular, opening by oblique pores. 
 Berry 4-celled; cells many-seeded. Suffruticose, slender and 
 mostly trailing plants. Peduncles solitary, axillary, bibracteate near 
 the flower. Fruit rather large. 
 
 1. 0. macrocarpus, Pers. Creeping; branches ascending, filiform ; 
 leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, nearly fiat, glaucous beneath ; pe- 
 duncles lateral, elongated. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 511. Fl. Cestr. p. 
 241. 
 
 Large-fruited Oxycoccus. Vulgd — Cranberry, or Crane-berry. 
 
 Sum 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, very slender, prostrate, creeping, throwing up short 
 branches. Leaves about half an inch long, entire or with distant obsolete serra- 
 tures, slightly revolute on the margin, glabrous, — the young ones pubescent-cili- 
 ate at apex ; petioles very short. Flowers nodding: corolla pale purple. Berry 
 subglobose. about half an inch in diameter, bright red or crimson when mature. 
 
 Sandy swamps, and wet grounds : Northern and Middle States. Fl. May 
 
 June. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. The acid fruit of this slender vine-like shrub is highly 
 prized, when prepared for the table. It is said to be successfully 
 and advantageously cultivated, in the Northern States ; and it cer- 
 tainly merits that attention, wherever a suitable situation for it can 
 be obtained. 
 
 SUB-ORDER II. ERICINEAE. Desv. A. Gray. 
 
 Ovary free from the calyx. Fruit capsular, or sometimes baccate or drupace- 
 ous. Stamens as many, or twice as many, as the lobes of the corolla; anthers 
 2-celled. opening by terminal pores. Testa, conformed to the nucleus of the seed. 
 Shrubs, or small trees. Leaves often acerose and evergreen. Petals sometimes 
 distinct. 
 
 TRIBE II. ANDROMEDEAE. DC. 
 
 Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Corol'.a deciduous. 
 
 111. ANDROMEDA. L. Bndl. Gen. 4318. 
 [Named in allusion to the exposure of Andromeda; from its place of growth.] 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, tubular, campan- 
 ulate, or globose, — the limb 5-cleft, reflexed. Stamens 10; anthers 
 often 2-horned at summit, and sometimes awned on the back. 
 Capsule ovoid or subglobose, 5-celled, 5-valved, — the valves septi- 
 ferous in the middle {loculicidal), entire or finally bifid. 
 1. A. Mariana, L. Glabrous; leaves oval, mostly acute at each 
 end, very entire, sub-coriaceous, paler and puncticulate beneath, 
 
 * Dr. Gray designates the fruit of the Gaylussacias by the popular name of 
 Huckleberries, — and distinguishes that of the true Vacciniums by the name of 
 Blue-berries. The " Huckleberry " of the Boston market, he informs me, is the 
 product of Gaylussacia resinosa, — while the fruit of G. frondosa is little known, 
 there. He further states, that the " Blue-berries," of the same market, are chiefly 
 afforded by the Vaccinium corymboswn, V. virgatum, and V. Pennsylvanicum. 
 
104 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 deciduous ; flowering branches nearly leafless ; pedicels fasiculate, 
 bracteate ; calyx naked at base ; corolla ovoid-cylindric ; anthers 
 awnless at summit. Fl. Cestr. p. 260. 
 
 Leucothoe Mariana. DC. Prodr. 7. p. 602. 
 
 Maryland Andromeda. Vulgo — Stagger-bush. 
 
 Stem 1 or 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, with erect branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long: 
 petioles about one fourth of an inch long. Flowers in racemose fascicles on the 
 old branches. Corolla white, or reddish-white. Capsule pentangular-ovoid, 
 truncate at apex. Seeds numerous, small, clavate. Woodlands, and sandy 
 plains : New England to Florida. Fl. June. Ft. Aug. — Sept. 
 
 Obs. This shrub is very abundant in the sandy districts of New 
 Jersey ; and the farmers, there, allege that it is injurious to sheep, 
 when the leaves are eaten by them, — producing a disease called the 
 staggers. I believe the evidence is not conclusive, on this point : 
 but it may be well to know the plant, against which such a charge 
 is made. 
 
 SUB-ORDER III. PYROLEAE. DC. A. Gray. 
 
 Ovary free from the calyx. Petals distinct! or nearly so. Fruit a capsule. 
 Testa of the seed loose and cellular, not conformed to the nucleus. 
 
 112. CHIMAPHILA. Purs.h. End!. Gen. 4348. 
 [Greek, Cheima. winter, and Philos. a lover ; from its green appearance in winter.] 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, orbicular, spreadingj deciduous. Stamens 
 10, — 2 in front of each petal ; filaments dilated in the middle ; an- 
 thers 2-celled, opening by 2 pores. Ovary obtusely conic, or de- 
 pressed-globose, umbilicate at apex ; style very short, immersed in 
 the ovary ; stigma orbicular, peltate. Capsule depressed, obtusely 
 pentagonal, 5-celled, 5-valved, loculicidal at base and apex. Seeds 
 very minute, reticulate-striate. Humble suffruticose evergreens. 
 Pedtc?icles terminal, somewhat corymbose. 
 
 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Leaves cuneate-oblong, acute at base? 
 serrate, uniform-green ; flowers in a terminal subumbellate corymb ; 
 filaments glabrous. DC. Prodr. 1 . p. 775. 
 
 Pyrola umbellata. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 266. 
 
 Umbellate Chimaphila. Vulgo — Pipsissawa. Winter-green. 
 
 Root creeping. Stem ascending, 3 to 6 inches long ; leafy at summit. Leaves 
 1 to 2 inches long, subverticillate (often in 2 or 3 distinct verticils), coriaceous, 
 glabrous. Corymb 4 to 6-flowered. Petals reddish-white. Hilly woodlands — 
 particularly of Northern exposure : Northern and Middle States. Fl. June. 
 Ft. September. 
 
 Obs. This half-shrubby little Evergreen possesses some astringency 
 and bitterness, so as to be moderately tonic, — though doubtless 
 much over-rated in popular estimation. It has been so long and so 
 generally noted, as an Indian medicine, under the name of Pipsis- 
 sawa, that every one who resides in the country ought to be able to 
 identify it. 
 
 ORDER LXXX. EBENACEAE. Vent. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, destitute of milky juice, — the wood often black. Leaves mostly 
 alternate and entire, without stipules. Flowers often polygamous. Calyx 3- to 
 deleft, free from the ovary. Corolla 3 to 6-cleft, subcoriaceous, often pubescent 
 
EBENACEAE 105 
 
 externally. Stamens twice to four times as many as the lobes of the corolla. 
 Ovary 3- to several-celled. — the style with as many divisions. Fruit baccate. 
 Seeds pendulous, bony, with cartilaginous albumen. 
 
 A small Order ; and the genus here given is the only one of any considera- 
 ble importance, — some of the species of which furnish the well-known hard 
 black wood, called Ebony. 
 
 113. DIOSPYROS. L. Endl. Gen. 4249. 
 
 [Greek, Ms, Dios, Jupiter, and Pyros, fruit ; a rather fanciful name for such fruit.] 
 
 Dioicously Polygamous : Calyx 4 to 6-parted. Corolla tubular, 
 somewhat urceolate, 4 to 6-cleft. Sterile Fl. Stamens twice or 
 many times (usually 4 times) as numerous as the lobes of the co- 
 rolla; anthers linear-lanceolate. Ovary abortive. Fertile Fl. 
 Stamens 8 to 12, mostly abortive. Ovary 4 to 8- (rarely 10 or 12-) 
 celled ; styles 2, 4, or several, more or less connate at base. Berry 
 ovoid or subglobose, with the persistent calyx often adhering to the 
 base, 8 to 12-seeded. Seeds oblong, compressed. Trees, or rarely 
 shrtibs. Leaves alternate — rarely sub-opposite — entire, on short 
 petioles. Flowers axillary, subsessile, — the fertile ones solitary — 
 the sterile ones mostly in threes. 
 
 1. D. Virginiana, L. Leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtusely 
 acuminate, reticulately veined, pubescent on the petiole, nerves and 
 margin ; calyx 4-parted, silky-pubescent within at base ; corolla 4- 
 lobed, obtusely 4-angled, contracted above, glabrous. DC. Prodr. 
 8. p. 228. Fl. Cestr. p. 244. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 93. 
 
 Virginian Diospyros. Vulgd — Persimmon. Date Plum. 
 Fr. Le Plaqueminier. Germ. Der Pseudo-Lotus. 
 
 Stem 20 to 50 or 60 feet high, and 10 to 15 or 20 inches in diameter, irregularly 
 branched. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, subcoriaceous, green above, paler or 
 somewhat glaucous beneath ; petioles half an inch to near an inch long. Calyx 
 of the fertile flower spreading and persistent at the base of the fruit. Corolla 
 ochroleucous or pale greenish yellow, of a thick leathery texture. Berry about 
 an inch in diameter, reddish-orange color when mature, — soft and pulpy after 
 frost. Seeds large, flattish. Rich bottom-lands, along streams: Middle and 
 Southern States. Fl. June. Fr. Octo. — November. 
 
 Obs. The ripe fruit of this tree is sweet and luscious, after being 
 subjected to the action of frost, —but is remarkably harsh and as- 
 tringent, in a green state. The baric is astringent and tonic. 
 
 ORDER LXXXIV. PLANTAGINACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 
 
 Chiefly low, apparently stemless, perennial Herbs. Leaves radical, rosulate, 
 strongly ribbed. Flowers small, spicate, on axillary or interfoliaceous scapes. 
 Calyx mostly 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular or urceolate, membranaceous 
 and persistent, — the limb 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla 
 alternately with the lobes; filaments very long, flaccid, persistent. Ovary 2-cell- 
 ed ; style single. Capsule membranaceous, circumscissed ; cells 1 to several- 
 seeded. Seeds sessile, peltate or erect; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. 
 
 An Order consisting chiefly of the genus whose name it bears ; and the spe- 
 cies here described are those of chief interest, to the Agriculturist. 
 
 114. PL ANT AGO. L. Endl. Gen. 2170. 
 [A name of obscure and uncertain derivation.] 
 
 Calyx 4- (rarely 3-) parted, — the segments nearly equal. Corolla 
 tubular, searious, marcescent; limb 4-cleft, reflexed. Stamens 4, 
 much exserted. Ovary free, 2-celled ; ovules peltately affixed to 
 the dissepiment. Style simple, — the summit or stigma pubescent, 
 
106 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 exserted before the florets open. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled, trans- 
 versely dehiscent ; dissepiment finally free, bearing the seeds on its 
 faces. Flowers spicate or capitate, bracteolate. 
 
 1. P. major, L. Leaves ovate or oval, smoothish, obscurely dentate, 
 on long petioles ; scape terete, smooth ; spike nearly cylindrical, 
 rather slender and very long ; flowers somewhat imbricated ; cap- 
 sule about 6-seeded. Willd. Sp. PL 1. p. 641. Fl. Cestr. p. 110. 
 Icon, Fl. Loud. 1. 
 
 Greater Plantago. Vulgd — Common Plantain. Way -bread. 
 Fr. Plantain ordinaire. Germ. Der grosse Wegetritt. Span. Llanten. 
 
 Root perennial. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, strongly 5 to 7-nerved with an 
 elastic filament in each nerve, generally smoothish (sometimes quite pilose), 
 abruptly contracted at base to a channelled petiole about as long as the leaf. 
 Scapes several, 6 to 18 inches high (including the spike of flowers, which varies 
 from 2 to 12 or 15 inches in length). Bracteoles lanceolate, keeled, appressed, 
 shorter than the calyx. Corolla whitish, inconspicuous, ventricose below, con- 
 tracted into a neck above, shrivelling and persistent. Stamens about twice as 
 long as the corolla. Moist rich grounds ; a'ong foot paths, &c. : throughout the 
 U. States : introduced. Native of Europe and Japan. Fl. June — September. 
 Fr. August — October. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner is very generally naturalized; and is remark- 
 able for accompanying civilized man, — growing along his footpaths, 
 and flourishing around his settlements. It is said our Aborigines 
 call it " the tvhite man's foot," from this circumstance. t Perhaps 
 the generic name {Plantago) may be expressive of a similar idea, — 
 viz. Planta, the sole of the foot, and ago, to act, or exercise. It is 
 rather a worthless weed, — but is not much inclined to spread, or be 
 troublesome, on farm lands. The leaves are a convenient and 
 popular dressing for blisters, and other sores ; a fact which seems 
 to have been known in the time of Shakspeare, — aa we may learn 
 from his Romeo 4" Juliet, Act 1. Sc. 2. 
 
 "Rom. Your Plantain leaf is excellent for that. 
 " Ben. For what. I pray thee? 
 u Rom. For your Ircken shin** 
 
 The Plantain leaf continued in vogue, for that purpose, until a 
 substitute was furnished by modern Experimenters, in their empiri- 
 cal attempts to regulate the national C7irre?icy / 
 
 2. P. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end ; 
 scape sulcate-angled, long and slender ; spike ovoid-cylindric, 
 short ; calyx deeply 3-parted ; capsule 2-seeded. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. 
 p. 643. Fl. Cestr. p. 110. Icon, FL Loud. 1. [Plantain. 
 Lanceolate Plantago. Vulgd — English Plantain. Buckhorn 
 
 Root perennial. Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, hairy, narrowed gradually at 
 base to a petiole 2 to 5 or 6 inches in length. Scapes several. 1 to 2 feet high, 
 somewhat pilose with appressed hairs. Spike 1 to 2 inches long,— at first ovoid- 
 oblong, finally nearly cylindric, dense-flowered. Bracteoles ovate, acuminate, 
 scarious on the margins and at apex, — the slender point at length reflexed. 
 Ca'yr deeply 3-parted (or rather of 3 sepals) —the outer or lower segment or 
 sepal oval, truncate, emarginate, with 2 green keel-like lines— the lateral seg- 
 ments or sepals rather longer, boat-shaped, acute, keel green, fringed with hairs 
 near the apex. Corolla dirty white. Stamens several times longer than the 
 corolla ; anthers greenish-white. Seeds oblong, convex on one side, concave on 
 the other, shining, brown or amber-colored. Pastures, and upland meadows: 
 introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May— August. Fr. July-— September. 
 
PLANTAGINACEAE 107 
 
 Obs. This species, also, is extensively naturalized, and is becom- 
 ing particularly abundant in the upland meadows, or clover grounds, 
 of Pennsylvania. The seeds being nearly the same size and weight 
 as those of the red clover, they cannot readily be separated, — and 
 thus the two plants are disseminated together, in the culture of 
 clover. Nearly all kinds of Stock eat this Plantain freely, — and it 
 has even been cultivated expressly for a Sheep-pasture : but it is 
 generally much disliked, in Pennsylvania. I do not, however, per- 
 ceive any mode of getting rid of it — or even of arresting its progress, 
 — unless it can be choked down by heavy crops of Clover and the 
 valuable Grasses. 
 
 ORDER LXXXVIII. BIGNONIACEAE. Juss. R. Br. 
 
 Mostly trees, or climbing shrubby plants. Leaves usually opposite, sometimes 
 simple but generally pinnately compound. Flowers large and showy. Calyx 
 5-parted, 2-parted or bilabiate, often spalhaceous. Corolla with a large open 
 throat, — the limb irregular, 5-lobed or somewhat bilabiate. Stamens 5, — of which 
 1, and often 3, are reduced to sterile filaments or rudiments ; when 4 are fertile 
 they are didynamous. Ovary 2-celled, with the placentae in the axis, — the base 
 surrounded by a fleshy ring or disk. Capsule woody or coriaceous, pod-shaped, 
 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds commonly winged, destitute of albumen. 
 
 An Order of which there are but few species known in the U. States. They 
 are chiefly remarkable for their large showy flowers ; though some of the 
 South American Bignonias are said to furnish valuable ship-timber. 
 
 TRIBE I. BIGNONIEAE. Bojer. 
 Fruit capsular, dehiscent. Seeds with a membranaceous margin. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 2. CATALPEAE. DC. 
 
 Septum of the mature capsule opposite to the flat or convex valves; i. e. the 
 valves septiferous, and therefore the dehiscence loculicidal. 
 
 115. CATALPA. Scop. Bndl. Gen. 4113. 
 [A name said to be derived from our Southern Indians.] 
 
 Calyx bilabiately 2-lobed. Corolla campanulate, — the tube ventri- 
 cose — the limb unequally 5-lobed, sub-bilabiate. Stamens 2 fertile 
 and 3 sterile or abortive (rarely didynamous). Style filiform ; 
 stigma bilamellate. Capsule silique-form, cylindric, long, 2-valved j 
 septum thickish, opposite the valves. Seeds numerous, transverse, 
 compressed, produced at each end into a membranous wing, which 
 is fringed or comose at apex. Trees. Leaves simple, opposite or 
 ternately verticillate, petiolate, without stipules. Blowers in termi- 
 nal panicles. 
 
 1. C. bignonioides, Walt. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire, 
 pubescent beneath ; panicles pyramidal, trichotomously branched ; 
 calyx-segments with a single mucronation. DC. Prodr. 9. p. 226. 
 C. cordifolia. Duham. Bl. Cestr.p. 363. 
 Bignonia Catalpa. L. Mx. Sylva, 2. p. 63. Icon, tab. 64. 
 Bignonia-like Catalpa. Vulgo — Catawba. Bean-tree. 
 
 Stem 15 to 25 feet high, with irregular spreading branches. Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 
 inches in length ; petioles 2 to 6 inches long, terete, smoothish. Corolla whitish, 
 tinged with violet-purple, the throat spotted with purple and yellow, — the lobes 
 unequal, crenate and wavy. Capsule 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, and about half 
 an inch in diameter, pendulous, persistent. Seeds lance-oblong, about half an 
 inch in length, — apparently of 2 flat oval divaricate lobes, connate at base, with 
 
108 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 a membranous covering which is extended at the margin, and especially at the. 
 apex, — each apex terminating in a slender filamentous tuft or coma. About 
 farm-houses, and along streams : Southern, Western and Middle States. Fl. 
 June — July. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This small tree is said to be indigenous in the South and 
 West, — though it has the appearance of an introduced plant, in 
 Eastern Pennsylvania. It is not of much value, — and has been cul- 
 tivated chiefly as an ornamental shade tree : but it is rather objec- 
 tionable, on account of the numerous suckers from its roots. 
 
 ORDER LXXXIX. PEDALIACEAE. R. Br. Lindl. 
 
 Herbs, oAen viscid. Leaves opposite, or nearly so. Flowers axillary, bibrac- 
 teate. Calyx with 5 nearly equal segments. Corolla irregular, — the throat ven- 
 tricose — the limb somewhat bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous, with the rudi- 
 ment of a fifth. Ovary seated in a glandular disk ; style 1 ; stigma divided. 
 Fruit capsular or drupaceous, valvular or indehiscent, with 2 to 8 cells. Seeds 
 rarely winged, destitute of albumen. 
 
 A small Order, and of little interest to the Agriculturist. 
 
 TRIBE II. PEDALINEAE. R. Br. 
 
 Fruit indehiscent or imperfectly dehiscent at apex, drupaceous or a hard woody 
 capsule. Seeds few, never winged. 
 
 116. MARTYNIA. L. Endl. Gen. 4175. 
 [Named in honor of John Martyn, Prof, of Botany at Cambridge, England.] 
 Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft, with 2 or 3 small bracts at base. Co- 
 rolla irregular, campanulate, gibbous at base, — the limb unequally 
 5-lobed. Stame?is mostly 4, didynamous, with a fifth rudimentary 
 one,— sometimes all, sometimes 2 only, bearing anthers. Capsule 
 somewhat 4-celled, 2-valved, woody with a coriaceous and finally 
 deciduous coat, ovoid-oblong, terminating in a curved beak at apex, 
 — the beak parting into 2 horns, but the capsule scarcely dehiscent. 
 Seeds few in each cell, arranged in a single series along the septum, 
 somewhat baccate, finally tuberculate-rugose. 
 
 1. M. proboscidea, Glox. Stem branching; leaves orbicular-cor- 
 date, entire, petiolate, — the upper ones alternate ; beaks longer than 
 the pericarp. DC. Prodr. 9. p. 253. 
 Long-beaked Martynia. Vtilgd — Unicorn Plant. 
 
 Plant pale green, viscid-pubescent and fetid. Root annual. Stem leaning or 
 procumbent, 1 to 2 feet long, branching, fistular. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long; 
 petioles 2 to 6 inches long* Flowers axillary ; peduncles 1 to 3 inches long. Ca- 
 lyx slit on one side to its base. Corolla large, pale greenish-yellow or ochroleu- 
 cous, with orange-colored or brownish spots within. Capsule 2 to 3 inches long, 
 Eomewhatsulcate in front, with a bipartible crest-like fringe along the suture in 
 the broad shallow groove, tapering to a beak which is 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 
 finally split into two rigid horns, which are incurved like claws. South West- 
 ern States : Gardens : cultivated. Fl. July— August. Fr. Sept.— Octo. 
 
 Obs. This plant— a native of the valley of the Mississipi, and the 
 plains of Mexico — is much cultivated, of late, for its singular fruit, — 
 which, in its young state — before it becomes hard and woody — is 
 used for making that kind of condiment called picl-les. 
 
 The Benni plant (Sesamum Indicam, L.) — which belongs to this 
 natural Order — is cultivated, in the Southern States, for the sake of 
 its oily seeds, — and also for the bland mucilage afforded by the fresh 
 leaves, when macerated in water. 
 
SCROPHULARIACEAE 109 
 
 ORDER XCI. SCROPHULARIACEAE. Jus*. Lindl. 
 
 Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, opposite or verticillate, 
 without stipules. Calyx of 4 or 5 more or less united sepals, persistent. Corolla 
 more or less irregular, bilabiate or personate, — the lobes imbricated in aestiva- 
 tion. Stamens either 4 and didynamous — the fifth stamen sometimes appearing 
 in the form of a sterile filament, or very rarely antheriferous, — or often only 2 — 
 one pair being either suppressed or reduced to sterile filaments. Ovary 2-celled, 
 with the placentae united in the axis. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds indefinite, albu- 
 minous. 
 
 An Order of nearly 150 genera, — affording many curious and rather hand- 
 some flowers, — some troublesome weeds, — and a few plants of considerable 
 medicinal powers — especially the purple Fox-glove {Digitalis purpurea, L.). 
 
 TRIBE I. VERBASCEAE. Benth. 
 
 Corolla with the tube short or subglobose, — the limb flat or spreading, 4 or S-cleft, 
 or bilabiate, not ringent. Stamens 2 to 5 fertile, often declinate. Capsule 2-valredj 
 cepticidal, — the valves often bifid. 
 
 117. VERBASCUM. L. Endl. Gen. 3878. 
 [Quasi Barbascum : Latin, Barba, beard ; from its bearded or woolly habit.] 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, the segments nearly equal. Corolla with a very 
 short tube ; limb sub-rotate, 5-lobed, — the lobes nearly equal or the 
 front one larger. Stamens 5, unequal, inserted on the tube of the 
 corolla, declinate, exserted, — the filaments (or some of them) 
 bearded. Capsule ovoid or globose, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, — 
 the valves inflected, bifid at apex. Placentae adnate to the septum. 
 Seeds numerous, rugose-pitted. Herbaceous or suffruticose plants. 
 Flowers in dense spikes, or paniculate racemes. 
 
 1. V. Thapstjs, L. Stem simple, erect, tomentose; leaves oval- 
 lanceolate or oblong, very woolly on both sides, — the cauline ones 
 decurrent; flowers in a dense terminal spike. DC. Prodr. 10. p. 
 225. Fl. Cestr. p. 134. 
 
 Thapsus Verbascum. Vulgb — Mullein. Common Mullein. 
 
 Fr. Bouillon blanc. Germ. Das WollkrauU Span. Gordolobo. 
 
 Whole plant pale greyish-green or hbary-tomentose, — the pubescence much 
 branched. Root biennial. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, rather stout, leafy, rarely branch- 
 ing unless injured. Radical leaves 6 to 12 inches long, — the cauline ones smaller. 
 Spike cylindric, 6 to 12 or 15 inches long; flowers bracteate. Corolla bright 
 yellow. Stamens unequal, — the two lower ones longer, with smooth filaments. 
 Neglected fields ; road-sides, &c. : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June — 
 July. Fr. Aug. — September. 
 
 Obs. This plant, although abundant in all the older settlements, 
 is undoubtedly, in my opinion, a naturalized foreigner. It is a 
 worthless unseemly intruder, in our pastures and cultivated grounds. 
 There is no surer evidence of a slovenly, negligent farmer, than to 
 see his fields over-run with Mulleins . As the plant produces a vast 
 number of seeds, it can only be kept in subjection by a careful eradi- 
 cation while young — or at least before the fruit is mature. When 
 neglected, the soil soon becomes so full of seeds, that the young 
 plants will be found springing up, in great numbers, for a long suc- 
 cession of years. There is a slender smoothish species, called Moth 
 Mullein (V. Blattaria, L.), which is frequent in pasture fields, and 
 altogether worthless ; but it is not so much of a nuisance as the one 
 here described. 
 
 10 
 
110 MONOPETALOTJS EXOGENS 
 
 TRIBE III. ANTIRRHINEAE. Chav. 
 
 Corolla tubular, — the limb personate or ringent, bilabiate or rarely equally lobecf. 
 Stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers approximated in pairs. Capsule 2-eelled, open- 
 ing with teeth or lids, rarely of several valves — sometimes irregularly ruptured. 
 
 118. LINARIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3891. 
 [Latin, Linum, flax; from the resemblance of the leaves.] 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with the limb personate, — the upper lip 
 bifid with the lobes folded back — the lower lip trifid, closing the 
 throat by its prominent palate ; tube inflated, spurred at base. Sta- 
 mens 4, didynamous, — usually with a minute abortive rudiment of a 
 fifth. Capsule ovoid or globose, chartaceous or membranaceous, 2- 
 celled, opening with several valves at apex, or sometimes with a lid. 
 Seeds numerous, margined. Mostly Herbs, annual or perennial. 
 Leaves alternate,, rarely opposite or verticillate. Flowers usually 
 racemose. 
 
 1. L. vulgaris, Mill. Stem erect, simple; leaves lance-linear, 
 acute, alternate, numerous ; flowers imbricated, in a terminal 
 raceme; spur of the corolla acute, about as long as the tube. DC. 
 Prodr. 10. p. 273. Fl. Cestr. p. 368. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. [Eggs. 
 
 Common Linaria. Vulgo — Toad-flax. Ranstead-weed. Butter and 
 Fr. Muflier linaire. Germ. Das Flachskraut. Span. Linaria. 
 
 Plant smooth and somewhat glaucous. Root perennial, creeping, subligneous. 
 Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, slender, terete, leafy, sometimes branched at summit 
 and bearing several racemes, generally growing in bunches or small patches. 
 Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, narrow, irregularly scattered on the stem, but very 
 numerous. Floivers pedunculate, in a dense bracteate raceme — the peduncles 
 shorter than the bracts. Corolla pale greenish-yellow, smooth, — the palate of 
 the lower lip bright orange-color, villous in the throat ; spur subulate, about half 
 an inch long. Style shorter than the longest stamens ; stigma obliquely truncate. 
 Capsule ovoid-oblong, thin, smooth, longer than the calyx. Seeds with a dilated 
 orbicular margin, roughish-dotted in the centre. Pastures; fence-rows, &c: 
 introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June— Sept. Fr. Aug. — October. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner is extensively naturalized,— and has become 
 a vile nuisance in oui pastures and upland meadows. Mr. Watson, 
 in his annals of Philadelphia, says it was introduced from Wales, as 
 a garden flower, by a Mr. Ranstead, a Welsh resident of that city ; 
 and hence one of its common names. It inclines to form large 
 patches, by means of its creeping roots, — and as far as it extends, 
 takes almost exclusive possession of the soil. Although the flowers 
 are somewhat showy, it is a fetid, worthless and very objectionable 
 weed, — the roots very tenacious of life — and requiring much perse- 
 vering effort to extirpate them. The remarkable variety called Pe~ 
 loria — with a regular 5-lobed ventricose corolla, 5 spurs, and 5 
 perfect stamens — is occasionally to be observed. Sometimes these 
 Pelorias are tetramerous ; i. e. the corolla 4-lobed, with 4 spurs, &c. 
 They are frequently, if not always, late flowers, — situated at the 
 summit of the raceme of full grown capsules, and apparently the 
 latest floral developments of the plant. 
 
 ORDER XCII. VERBENACEAE. Juss. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, and even trees within the tropics. Leaves mostly opposite, with- 
 out stipules. Floivers variously arranged. Calyx tubular, 4 or 5-toothed, persis- 
 tent. Corolla tubular,— the limb 4 or 5-lobed, mostly irregular, sometimes bilnbiate. 
 •Stamens mostly 4 and didynamous, occasionally only 2. Ovary free, entire, 2 to 
 
VERBENACEAE 111 
 
 4-celled. Fruit drupaceous, baccate, or dry and splitting into 2 or 4 indehiscent 
 1-seeded nucules (or little nuts). Seeds with little or no albumen. 
 
 An Order of but little importance to the farmer, — though containing a number 
 of plants interesting to the florist. The tree which furnishes the "ever-during 
 Teak," of India {Tectona grandis, L.) — so celebrated in ship-building — belongs 
 to- this Order. 
 
 119. VERBENA. L. Endl. Gen. 3685. 
 [Celtic, Fa-faen, to remove stone ; from its supposed medical virtues.] 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, — one of the teeth often shorter. Corolla 
 tubular, somewhat funnel-form, with the limb rather unequally 5- 
 lobed. Stamens mostly 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the 
 corolla and included. Ovary 2 to 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each 
 cell. Fruit dry, with a thin evanescent pericarp, separable into 2 
 or 4 nucules. Herbaceous or suffruticose plants. Leaves opposite. 
 Flowers mostly in terminal spikes, bracteate. 
 
 1. V. urticaefolia, L. Leaves ovate and lance-ovate, acute, ser- 
 rate, petiolate ; spikes filiform, terminal and axillary, somewhat 
 paniculate; flowers distinct. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. p. 119. Fl. Cestr. 
 p. 373. 
 
 Nettle-leaved Verbena. Vulgz — Common Vervain. 
 
 Root perennial. Stem erect, 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, obtusely quadrangular, hir- 
 sutely pubescent, with slender axillary spreading branches above. Leaves 2 to 
 4 inches long, abruptly narrowed at base to a short petiole. Spikesl or 2 to 5 or 
 C inches long, green, very slender. Flowers distinct and finally a little distant, 
 small, sessile, with a minute bract at base. Corolla white, — the throat closed by 
 a delicate white villus. Fruit separating into 4 nucules, which are oblong and 
 triquetrous, with the outer side convex. Pastures ; road-sides, &e. : throughout 
 the U. States. FL July — Aug. Fr September. 
 
 Obs. This is not a very pernicious nor troublesome weed : but as 
 it is altogether worthless, and often so abundant in pasture fields as 
 necessarily to attract the notice of the observing farmer, I thought it 
 might be admitted into the present work. 
 
 ORDER XCIII. LABIATAE. Juss. 
 
 Herbs, or suffruticose plants, with quadrangular stems and opposite branches. 
 Leaves opposite or sometimes verticillate, simple, without stipules, replete with 
 receptacles of volatile oil. Flowers in axillary opposite Cymules (each pair 
 forming what Bentham calls a verticillaster or imperfect verticil), rarely solitary. 
 Calyx tubular. 5-toothed or 5-cleft, or often bilabiate, persistent. Corolla bilabiate. 
 Stamens 4, didynamous (the lower pair usually longer), inserted on the corolla, — 
 or sometimes diandrous — the 2 upper ones being wanting: anthers 2-celled ; the 
 cells either parallel, or diverging, or completely divaricate, — sometimes distinct 
 anil remote from each other by means of the thickened or elongated filiform 
 connective. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, — the style proceeding from the base of the 
 lobes. Fruit consisting of 4 (or by abortion fewer) little nuts {nucules or akenes)^ 
 at the bottom of the persistent calyx. Seeds with little or no albumen. 
 
 A highly interesting and valuable Order, containing upwards of 100 genera. — 
 and particularly remarkable for the aromatic fragrance, and stomachic proper- 
 ties, of many of the species. The most important, however, — being generally 
 cultivated, — are here inserted. 
 
 TRIBE I. OCIMOIDEAE. Benth. 
 
 Stamens declinate. Corolla sub-bilabiate, — the 4 upper lobes flat and nearly 
 equal, — the lower one declinate and mostly of a different form — flat or often 
 concave, boat-shaped or saccate. 
 
 120. OCIMUM. L. Endl. Gen. 3569. 
 [Supposed from the Greek, Ozo, to smell; in reference to its fragrance.] 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, — the upper segment dilated, orbicular -ovate. Corolla 
 
112 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 with the upper lip 4-cIeft, — the lower lip scarcely longer, declinate, 
 entire, flattish. Stamens 4, declinate, the lower pair longer, — the 
 upper filaments often toothed at base. Akenes compressed, elliptic- 
 ovate, smoothish. 
 
 1. O. basilicum, L. Stem herbaceous; leaves ovate-oblong, sub- 
 dentate, smooth, petiolate ;, racemes simple. Benth. Lab. p. 4. Fl, 
 Cestr. p. 338. 
 
 Royal Octmum. Vzclgo — Sweet Basil, 
 
 Fr. Basilic. Germ* Gemeines Basilienkraut. Span. Albahaca. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, often much branched, smoothish a? 
 base, pubescent above with short reflexed hairs. Leaves half an inch to an inch 
 long; petioles one third to two thirds of an inch long, somewhat ciliate. Flowers 
 in simple terminal interrupted racemes. Bracts ovate, acuminate, petiolate, 
 ciliate. Calyx inflated-campanulate, reflexed after flowering. Corolla whitish 
 or bluish-white. Akenes minutely punctate. Gardens: cultivated. Native of 
 India. Fl. July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This fragrant little plant is one of the numerous kitchen- 
 garden Herbs, usually cultivated for culinary purposes. 
 
 121. LAVANDULA. L. Endl. Gen. 3585. 
 [Latin, lavare, to wash, — the distilled water being used for that purpose.] 
 
 Calyx tubular, ovoid- cylindric, ribbed, with 5 short teeth, the upper 
 one sometimes dilated and produced at apex. Corolla with the 
 upper lip 2-lobed, the lower one 3-lobed ; lobes all nearly equal, 
 spreading ; tube exserted. Stamens 4, included, declinate ; filaments 
 smooth, not toothed ; anthers ovoid-reniform, confluent, 1-celled. 
 Style bifid at summit, — the branches flatted, subconnate, stigma- 
 tiferous on the margin. Disk concave, with 4 fleshy scales on the 
 margin opposite the akenes. Akenes smooth and even, adnate to 
 the scales of the disk. Perennial Herbs, or suffruticose plants, — the 
 stems leafy near the base, but often naked below the spike. Flowers 
 in terminal spikes. 
 
 1. L. vera, DC. Leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire, revo- 
 lute on the margin, the younger ones hoary ; spikes interrupted ; 
 cymules 3 to 5-flowered ; floral leaves (or bracts) rhomboid-ovate, 
 acuminate, membranaceous, the tipper ones shorter than the calyx ; 
 bracteoles obsolete. Benth. Dab. p. 148. 
 
 L. Spica. DC. Fl. Cestr. p, 338. 
 
 True Lavandula. Vulgo—- Lavender. Garden Lavender. 
 
 Fr, La Lavande. Germ. Der Lavandel. Span. Espliego. 
 
 Plant clothed with a short hoary tomentum. Root perennial Stem, suflruti- 
 cose, branching from the base ; branches erect, 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves 1 
 to 2 inches long, crowded near the base of the branches, — often with fascicles 
 of young leaves in the axils. Flowers in a terminal imbricated spike about an 
 inch in length, with 1 or 2 distant cymules below. Corolla blue, pubescent, 
 nearly twice as long as the calyx. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Southern 
 Europe and shores of the Mediterranean. Fl. July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. The compound tincUire of this herb (or, as the good ladies 
 term it, " Davander Compo?c?id" — ) is deservedly popular, for its 
 cordial and stomachic properties. The distilled water is also highly 
 esteemed for its pungent and grateful fragrance. 
 
LABIATAE 113 
 
 TRIBE II. MENTHOIDEAE. Benth. 
 
 Corolla campanulate or funnel-form ; tube scarcely longer than the calyx ; limb 
 4 or 5-cleft, — the lobes nearly equal. Stamens mostly 4, not approximated in 
 pairs, but distant, upright or diverging. 
 
 122. MENTHA. L. Endl. Gen. 3594. 
 [From Minthe, a daughter of Cocytus, — fabled to have been changed into this 
 
 plant.] 
 
 Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or subbilabiate,-— 
 the orifice naked or rarely villous. Corolla 4-cleft, nearly regular, — 
 the upper lobe broader and usually emarginate. Sta?)ie?is 4, nearly 
 equal, erect, distant ; filaments glabrous, naked ; anthers with 2 
 parallel cells. Style bifid, — the branches stigmatiferous at apex. 
 Herbs. Cy mules often many-flowered, axillary or terminal. 
 
 \X^" Cy mules interruptedly spicate, — the spikes terminal. 
 
 1. M. viridis, L. Stem erect; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutely 
 incised-serrate, subsessile ; spikes terete, slender, elongated, taper- 
 ing at summit, — the cymules mostly distant. Benth. Lab. p. 173. 
 Fl. Cestr.p. 339. 
 
 Green Mentha. Vulgd — Spear-mint. Common Mint. 
 
 Fr. Baume verte. Germ. Die Spitzmuenze. Span . Menta puntiaguda. 
 
 Plant smoolhish and rather pale green. Root perennial, creeping. Stem 1 to 2 
 feet high, branching, mostly green. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, very acute, 
 palish green. Spikes of cymules terminal, often numerous and somewhat pani- 
 culate, 2 to 4 inches long. Corolla pale purple. Moist grounds ; waste places, 
 &c: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. July — August. F?. September. 
 
 Obs. This pleasantly aromatic herb has been so generally intro- 
 duced into ail the older settlements of this country, that it is now 
 very extensively naturalized. It is deservedly popular as a domestic 
 medicine, in relieving nausea, &c. and it is the species employed in 
 preparing that most seductive beverage, known as the "Mint Jtdep" 
 of old Virginia. 
 
 2. M. piperita, L. Stem procumbent at base, ascending; leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, serrate, petiolate ; spikes cylindric, rather short, 
 obtuse, — the cymules loosely approximated. Benth. Lab. p. 175. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 339. 
 
 Pepper Mentha. Vzdgo — Pepper-mint. 
 
 Fr. La Menthe. Germ. Pfeffer-muenze. Span. Menta piperita. 
 
 Plant smoothish and purplish. Root perennia creeping. Stem 1 to 2 feet 
 long, branching, mostly dark purple, sometimes pubescent. Leaves 1 to 2 inches 
 long, more or less ovate and rounded a base, dark green, on petioles one fourth 
 to half an inch in length. Spikes of cymules half an inch to an inch or more in 
 length, terminal, solitary, — the cymules crowded — except the lower pair which 
 are often a little distant. Corolla purple, larger than in the preceding species. 
 Moist low grounds; Gardens, &c. : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. Aug. 
 Fr. Sept.— October. 
 
 Obs. This most grateful aromatic is generally allowed a place in 
 gardens, or about houses, — and is apparently naturalized, in many 
 localities. The essential oil, and distilled water, are well known for 
 their stomachic properties, and deservedly held in high esteem. 
 
 10* 
 
114 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 TRIBE III. MONARDEAE. Benth. 
 
 Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2 fertile, ascending, — the upper pair abortive ; an- 
 thers 2-celled, the cells either contiguous or separated by a long linear connective, — 
 one of the cells often empty. 
 
 123. SALVIA. L. Endl. Gen. 3597/ 
 [Latin, salvare, to save ; on account of supposed medicinal virtues.] 
 
 Calyx subcampanulate, bilabiate, — the upper lip mostly 3-toothed — 
 the lower one bifid ; throat naked. Corolla ringent, — the upper lip 
 erect, straight or falcate. Stamens 2 ; anthers halved, — the cells 
 separated by the long linear connective, which is transversely 
 articulated with the filament. 
 
 1. S. officinalis L. Stem shrubby at base, leafy, hoary-tomentose; 
 
 leaves lance-oblong, crenulate, rugose ; upper lip of the corolla as 
 
 long as the lower one, somewhat vaulted. Benth. Lab. p. 208. Fl. 
 
 Cestr. p. 342. 
 
 Officinal Salvia. Vulgb — Sage. Garden Sage. 
 
 Fr. La Sauge. Germ. Die Salbei. Span. Salvia. 
 
 Root perennial. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, growing in bunches, branching from 
 the base. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, rather obtuse, sometimes lobed near 
 the base, clothed with a short pubescence, greyish-green, — the upper or floral 
 leaves sessile — the others on petioles about an inch long. Cymules 5 to 10-flow- 
 ered, in interrupted terminal racemes. Corolla mostly violet-purple. Stamens 
 ascending. — the 2 lower ones fertile — the 2 upper ones minute abortive rudi- 
 ments. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. Fl. May — June. 
 Fr. July — August. 
 
 Obs. Generally cultivated in kitchen gardens, for culinary pur- 
 poses. The infusion makes a good gargle, — and is otherwise mod- 
 erately medicinal. 
 
 The plant would seem to have been once considered as a kind of 
 panacea, — if we may judge from the following monkish lines : 
 
 '• Cur moriatur homo cui Salvia crescit in horto? 
 "Contra vim mortis non est medicamen in hortis. 
 "Salvia salvatrix, Naturae conciliatrix. 
 "Salvia turn Ruta faciunt tibi pocula tuta." 
 
 There is now, however, but little confidence placed in the virtues 
 thus imputed or implied : and in these temperance times, the doctrine of 
 the concluding line would be denounced as rank heresy, — even though 
 the charm be fortified " with Rue " — that " herb of grace o'Sundays," 
 as Shakspeare terms it — which is here appropriately enough associ- 
 ated with an indulgence in ciips ! We often find, on dry sterile mea- 
 dow banks, a native species of this genus (S. lyrata, L.), which is 
 a mere weed ; but scarcely of sufficient importance to require a des- 
 cription, here. 
 
 TRIBE IV. SATUREINEAE. Benth. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed and equal, or bilabiate with the upper lip 3-toothed and the 
 lower one bifid. Corolla sub-bilabiate, — the upper lip erect, flat, entire or bifidly 
 emarginate — the lower lip spreading, trifid, with the lobes nearly equal ; tube 
 about as long as the calyx. Stamens 4, (or the 2 upper ones sometimes abor- 
 tive), distant, straight, diverging. 
 
 124. MAJORANA. Moench. Endl. Gen. 3609. 
 [A name derived from the Arabic] 
 
 Calyx sub-bilabiate, deeply divided — the upper lip flat, dilated and 
 
LABIATAE 115 
 
 rounded at apex, entire or 3-toothed, contracted and involute at base 
 — the lower lip very small. Corolla sub-bilabiate, — the upper lip 
 rather erect, emarginate — the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, lobes 
 nearly equal; tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens 4, exserted, 
 distant; anthers 2-celled; cells parallel, diverging, or finally divari- 
 cate. Flowers in short dense 4-sided spikelets, imbricated with 
 orbicular bracts. 
 
 1. M. hortensis, Moench. Branches smoothish, racemose-panicu- 
 late ; leaves elliptic-ohovate or spatulate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, 
 downy and canescent on both sides ; spikelets oblong, compact, 
 clustered at the ends of the branches. Benth. Lab. p. 338. Fl. Cestr. 
 p. 347. 
 
 Garden Majorana. Vulgo — Sweet Marjoram. 
 
 Fr. La Marjolaine. Germ.Dex Majoran. Span. Majorana. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 9 to 12 or 18 inches high, subterete, somewhat branched. 
 Leaves one third of an inch to an inch long, varying from ovate to obovate and 
 spatulate. Spikelets one fourth to half an inch long, obtusely 4-cornered, hoary- 
 pubescent, in sessile terminal clusters of threes, or on short axillary branches; 
 bracts very obtuse or rounded, ciliate-pubescent, quadrifariously and densely 
 imbricated. — the margins at base involute. Calyx with the upper lip free, like 
 a distinct sepal, dilated, obtuse, ciliate-pilose and mostly 3-toothed at apex, nar- 
 rowed below with the margins folded in, — the lower lip or division ovate, 
 smooth, very small. Corolla white, or tinged with purple. Gardens: cultivated. 
 Native of Africa and Asia. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. One of the fragrant culinary Herbs, generally cultivated. 
 
 125. THYMUS. L. Endl. Gen. 3610. 
 [Greek. Thymos, courage ; in allusion to its cordial qualities.] 
 
 Calyx tubular -campanulate, 10-ribbed, bilabiate, — the upper lip tri- 
 fid— the lower one bifid; throat villous. Corolla with the upper lip 
 erect, nearly flat, emarginate,— the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, mid- 
 dle lobe longer. Anthers 2-celled; cells parallel or finally diverging. 
 Humble shrubby or suffruticose plants. Leaves small, entire. 
 Cymules few-flowered, — sometimes all remote, — sometimes in loose 
 terminal heads, or interrupted spikes. 
 
 1. T. vulgaris, L. Stems erect or procumbent at base; leaves 
 oblong-ovate or lance-ovate, revolute on the margin, fasciculate in 
 the'axils ; cymules in terminal interrupted leafy spikes. Benth. Lab. 
 p. 342. Fl. Cestr. p. 347. 
 
 Common Thymus. Vulgo — Garden Thyme. Standing Thyme. 
 Fr. Serpolet. Germ. Der Thymian. Span. Tomillo. 
 
 Root perennial, woody. Stems 4 to 6 inches high, numerous, slender, rather 
 erect, much branched and matted together at base, suffruticose, clothed with a 
 short cinereous pubescence. Leaves one fourth to half an inch long, abruptly 
 narrowed to a petiole, punctate, slightly pubescent beneath, fasciculate in the 
 axils by reason of abortive branches. Calyx hirsute, strongly ribbed, punctate ; 
 segments of the lower lip subulate, pectinately ciliate. Corolla pale purple. 
 Gardens : cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. Fl. June— Aug. Fr. Aug. — 
 September. 
 
 Obs. A favorite condiment in culinary processes, — and generally 
 cultivated, in kitchen gardens. The creeping Thyme (T. Serpyl- 
 lum, L.) — a species nearly allied in properties and appearance — is 
 naturalized in many places. 
 
116 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 126. SATUREJA. L. Endl. Gen. 3611. 
 [A name supposed to be derived from the Arabic] 
 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, 10-nerved, deeply and nearly equally 
 5-toothed, or obscurely bilabiate ; throat naked, or nearly so. Corolla 
 bilabiate, — the upper lip erect, flat — the lower one spreading, 3-lobed, 
 lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, diverging; anthers 2-celled, — the 
 cells parallel or diverging. Herbs or suffruticose plants. Leaves 
 small, entire, often fasciculate in the axils. Cymules sometimes 
 few-flowered and scarcely brae teate— sometimes many-flowered or 
 aggregated in heads, and supported by bracts. 
 
 1. S. hortensis, L. Stem erect, much branched, pubescent ; leaves 
 oblong-linear, acute ; cymules axillary, pedunculate, few-flowered, 
 somewhat secund, remote or the upper ones somewhat spiked. 
 Benth. Lab. p. 352. Fl. Cestr. p. 348. 
 Garden Satureja. Vtdgo. — Summer Savory. 
 Fr. La Sarriette. Germ. Die Saturey. Span. Ajedrea. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, obscurely 4-angled, branched so as to 
 appear bushy, suffruticose at base, roughish-pubescent, mostly dark purple. 
 Leaves half an inch to an inch long, narrowed at base to a very short petiole. 
 Cymules about 3-flowered, — the upper ones crowded into a leafy spike. Corolla 
 pale violet-purple, somewhat pubescent, scarcely longer than the hispid-ciliate 
 calyx-teeth. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. Fl. July — 
 Aug. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. Cultivated as a culinary Herb. 
 
 127. HYSSOPUS. L. Endl. Gen. 3612. 
 [Latinized from Ezob, — an ancient Hebrew name.] 
 
 Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed ; throat naked. Corolla 
 bilabiate, — the upper lip erect, flat, emarginate — the lower lip spread- 
 ing, 3-lobed, middle lobe larger. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging ; 
 anthers 2-celled, — the cells linear, divaricate. Style bifid, — the 
 branches equal, subulate, stigmatiferous at apex. 
 1. H. officinalis, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rather acute, very 
 entire, sessile ; cymules secund, racemose, — the upper ones approx- 
 imate. Benth. Lab. p. 356. Fl. Cestr. p. 348. 
 
 Officinal Hyssopus. Vulgo. — Hyssop. Garden Hyssop. 
 Fr. Hysope. Germ. Der Isop. Span. Hisopo. 
 
 Root perennial. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, subterete, shrubby at base 
 and much branched. Leaves three fourths of an inch to an inch and half long. 
 Cymules rather crowded in a one-sided terminal raceme or spike, with a few- 
 distant ones below. Corolla bright blue, or sometimes purplish. Gardens : cul- 
 tivated. Native of Southern Europe, and Asia. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. Sept. 
 
 Obs. Cultivated as a medicinal Herb. The infusion has long 
 been a popular febrifuge. The Dittany (Cunil 'a Mariana, L.) — 
 which belongs to this Tribe — is also a well known article in the popu- 
 lar Materia Medica : but as it grows wild— and is usually confined to 
 dry hilly woodlands— it is scarcely intitled to a place among Agricul- 
 tural plants. 
 
 TRIBE V. MELISSINEAE. Benth. 
 Calyx 13- or rarely 10-nerved, bilabiate, — the upper lip 3-toothed — the lower one 
 bifid. Corolla bilabiate, — the upper lip straight, entire or emarginately bifid, 
 mostly flattish — lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; lobes flat, the middle one often 
 broader. Stamens ascending, 4 and didynamous, or sometimes the 2 upper ones 
 abortive. 
 
LABIATAE 117 
 
 12S. HEDEOMA. Pers. Endl. Gen. 3615. 
 [Greek, Hedeia Osme, a pleasant odor; from its fragrance.] 
 
 Calyx ovoid-tubular, gibbous on the under side near the base, 13- 
 nerved, bilabiate, — the upper lip 3-toothed — lower one bifid ; throat 
 villous. Corolla bilabiate, — the upper lip erect, flat — lower lip 
 spreading, 3-lobed, lobes nearly equal. Stame?is 2 fertile, ascending, 
 about as long as the corolla ; anthers 2-celled ; cells divering or divar- 
 icate : the two upper stamens entirely wanting, — or rudimentary and 
 sterile, short, subulate and capitate. Herbs, or suffncticose plants. 
 Cymules few-flowered, loose, axillary. 
 
 1. H. ptjlegioides, Pers. Stem herbaceous, erect, branching, 
 pubescent ; leaves lance-ovate, rather obtuse, subserrate, narrowed 
 at base, petiolate ; cymules about 3-flowered ; corolla about as long 
 as the calyx. Benth. Lab. p. 366. Fl. Cestr. p. 350. 
 
 Pulegium-like Hedeoma. Vulgd. — Pennyroyal. 
 
 Root annual. Stem G to 12 inches high, hoary-pubescent, branched above. 
 Leaves half an inch to an inch long, sparingly serrate or sometimes entire, 
 slightly pubescent, narrowed at base to a pubescent petiole one eighth to half an 
 inch in length, — ihe floral leaves resembling the cauline ones. Cymules usually 
 3-flowered ; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, scarcely as long as the pedicels. Corolla 
 pale blue, with purple spots. Stamens scarcely exserted, ascending, the anthers 
 approximated under the upper lip, — the upper pair of stamens reduced to mere 
 abortive rudiments. Slaty soils j old fields, &c. : throughout the U. States. Fl. 
 July — Aug. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. A warmly aromatic little herb, — in general use as a popular 
 diaphoretic, carminative, &c. and therefore entitled to a description 
 by which it may be certainly recognized, This is not the "Penny- 
 royal" of Europe ; but has been so called because of its resemblance 
 to that plant, — which is a species of Mint — viz. the Mentha Pttle- 
 giiim, L. 
 
 129. MELISSA. Benth. Endl. Gen. 3617. 
 [Greek, Melissa, the honey-bee; the flowers being a favorite of that insect.] 
 
 Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, bilabiate, — the upper lip mostly spread- 
 ing, 3-toothed — the lower one bifid. Corolla bilabiate, — the upper 
 lip erect, flattish, emarginately bifid ; — the lower lip spreading, 3- 
 lobed, middle lobe mostly broader. Stamens 4, ascending, mostly 
 approximated in pairs at summit ; anthers 2-celled ; cells distinct, 
 parallel, finally diverging, — the connective often thickened. Herba- 
 ceous or snffrutieose. 
 
 1. M. officinalis, L. Stem herbaceous, erect, branching ; leaves 
 ovate, coarsely crenate-serrate, obtuse or truncate and sometimes 
 cordate at base, rugose ; cymules loose, few-flowered, turned to one 
 side ; bracteoles few, ovate, petiolate ; corolla twice as long as the 
 calyx. Benth. Lab. p. 393. Fl. Cestr. p. 351. 
 
 Officinal Melissa. Vulgd — Balm. Common Balm. 
 
 Fr. La Melisse. Germ. Die Melisse. Spayi. Melisa. 
 
 Boot perennial. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, more or less pubescent. Leaves 2 
 to 3 or 4 inches long; petioles half an inch to an inch an i half in length, — the 
 floral leaves resembling the cauline, but usually somewhat cuneate at base. Cy- 
 mules 3 to 6-flowered, on a short common peduncle. Calyx arid, pilose, — the 
 upper lip truncate, with 3 short acute teeth— the teeth of the lower lip longer, 
 subulate and ciliate ; throat gaping, pilose. Corolla white or ochroleucous — some- 
 times slightly tinged with purple. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Southern 
 Europe, and Asia. Fl. July— Aug. Fr. September. 
 
US MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Obs. This is generally cultivated or kept in gardens, as a popular 
 medicinal Herb, — the infusion being a pleasant diaphoretic drink. 
 It is partially naturalized, in many places. 
 
 TRIBE VI. SCUTELLARINEAE. Benth. 
 Ca J yr bilabiate, — the upper lip truncate, entire or somewhat 3 toothed. Corolla 
 bilabiate,— the upper lip vaulted ; lube exserled, ascending, annulate within or 
 naked. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. 
 
 130. PRUNELLA. L. Endl. Gen. 3624. 
 [German, Brunette,— from Die Braeune, the Quinsy; said to be cured by it.] 
 
 Calyx tubular -campanulate, about 10-nerved, reticulately veined, 
 bilabiate, — the upper lip flat, dilated, truncate, with 3 short teeth — 
 the lower lip bifid, segments lanceolate. Corolla ringent, — the upper 
 lip erect, vaulted, entire — the lower lip depending, 3-lobed, middle 
 lobe rounded, concave, crenulate ; tube a little contracted at throat, 
 inflated below it on the und6r side, with an annulus, or little ring of 
 short hairs or scales, near the base within. 
 
 1. P. vulgaris, L. Leaves ov ate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, cre- 
 nate dentate or obsoletely serrate, sometimes pinnatifidly incised, 
 petiolate. Benth. Lab. p. 417 . Fl. Cestr. p. 352. Icon, Fl. Lond.3*. 
 Common Prunella. Vulgd — Heal-all. Self-heal. 
 Fr. Brunelle ordinaire. Germ. Gemeine Brunelle. Span. Brunela. 
 
 Root perennial. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 inches high, erect or ascending, somewhat 
 branched, especially at base. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long; petioles half an inch to 2 
 inches long (those of the radical or lower leaves often 3 or 4 inches long) ; the 
 floral leaves bract-like, orbicular-cordate, sessile, with a short abrupt acuminaiion,— • 
 the lower ones conspicuously acuminate. Cymules 3-flowered, crowded into 
 compact imbricated oblong terminal spikes. Bracteoles none. Corolla violet-pur- 
 ple (rarely pale purple or nearly white), smoothish. Fields; roadsides; open 
 woodlands, &c. : introduced. Native of the old world. FL July — September. 
 Fr. August — November. 
 
 Obs. This plant appears to be distributed over the four quarters 
 of the globe ; but I should judgde it not to be a native, here. 
 Although not a pernicious weed, it is so common, on our farms, 
 that it seemed proper to notice it in this work. Its ancient reputa- 
 tion for healing wounds — like that of many other such medicaments 
 of the olden times — is now quite obsolete. The famous mad-dog 
 scull-cap (Scutellaria lateriflora, L.) — which once figured in the 
 Gazettes as a specific for Hydrophobia — belongs to this Tribe, — and 
 is frequent in wet meadows. 
 
 TRIBE VIII. NEPETEAE. Benth. 
 Cd'yx with the limb oblique, or sub-bilabiate, — the upper segments larger. Corolla 
 bilibiate, — the upper lip somewhat vaulted — lower one spreading; throat mostly 
 inflated. Stamens 4, ascending or diverging, — the upper pair longer ! 
 
 131. NEPETA. Benth. Endl. Gen. 3636. 
 [Supposed to be named from Nepete, — a town in Italy.] 
 
 Calyx tubular, sometimes ovoid, about 15-nerved, arid ; limb 
 obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate, —the upper lip erect, some- 
 what concave, emarginate or bifid —the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, 
 middle lobe largest ; throat dilated, with the margin often reflexed ; 
 tube slender below, naked within. Stamens ascending, — the lower 
 pair shorter ; anthers mostly approximated in pairs, 2-celled j cells 
 diverging, finally divaricate. 
 
LABIATAE 119 
 
 1. N. Catakia, L. Hoary-pubescent; stem erect, tall; leaves 
 oblong-cordate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, rugose ; cymules 
 densely many-flowered, the upper ones crowded in a spike — the lower 
 ones distant; calyx ovoid-tubular; corolla one half longer than the 
 calyx. Benth. Lab. p. 477. Fl. Cestr. p. 356. 
 
 Cat Nepeta. Vulgo. — Cat-mint. Cat-nep. 
 
 Fr. Herbe aux Chats. Germ. Die Katzen muenze. Span. Gatera. 
 
 Plant softly pubescent. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, mostly several 
 from the same root, somewhat branched. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, green 
 above; canescent beneath; petioles half an inch to an inch and half in length, 
 grooved on the upper side. Cymules on short common peduncles, in interrupted 
 terminal spikes; bracteoles lance-linear, a little longer than the pedicels. Corolla 
 ochroleucous, with a reddish tinge and purple dots, pubescent, — the upper lip 
 emarginately bifid, the lower one cienate dentate, villous at base. Fence-rows; 
 fields, and waste places : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June — August. 
 Fr. July — September. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner is so extensively naturalized as to be a 
 rather troublesome weed. The dried herb, in infusion, is a highly 
 popular medicine among the good ladies who deal in simples, — and 
 is probably often useful : But, as a weed on the farm, it is objection- 
 able, — and, when permitted to multiply, gives to the premises a very 
 slovenly appearance. 
 
 2. N. Glechoma, Benth. Stem procumbent, radicating at base; 
 leaves cordate-reniform, rounded, crenate ; cymules few-flowered, 
 — all distant, axillary; calyx tubular ; corolla nearly three times as 
 long as the calyx. Benth. Lab. p. 485. Fl. Cestr. p. 356. 
 
 Glechoma hederacea. L. Icon, Fl. Loncl. 3. 
 
 Vulgd. — Ground Ivy. Ale-hoof. Gill. 
 
 Fr. Lierre tei-restre. Gerwi. Die Gundelrebe. Spa?i. Yedra terrestre. 
 
 Root perennial. Stem 6 to 18 inches long, slender and prostrate,— the flowering 
 branches erect or ascending, 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, retrorsely pubescent. Leaves 
 three fourths of an inch to an inch and half long, and rather wider than long; 
 petioles 1 to 3 inches long : floral leaves conformable, or similar to the cauline ones. 
 Cymules all distant; bracteoles minute, subulate and ciliate. Corolla blue or pur- 
 plish-blue (rarely white), pilose,— the upper lip bifid. Anthers approximated in 
 pairs, — the cells diverging and presenting the figure of a cross. Fence-rows, 
 und moist shaded places: introduced. Native of Europe, and Northern Asia. 
 Fl. May — June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. Naturalized about many settlements, — and being a mere 
 weed, is often inconveniently abundant. The herb was employed, 
 in England, to clarify and give a flavor to Ale (whence one of its 
 common names), until the reign of Henry Sth, — at which period 
 Hops were substituted. The infusion of the herb is a popular medi- 
 cine, — like that of the preceding species. 
 
 TRIBE IX. STACHYDEAE. Benth. 
 Calyx irregularly veined, or 5 to 10-nerved, — the limb equal, oblique, or some- 
 what bilabiate, 3 to 10-toolhed. Corolla bilabiate, — the upper lip galeate or flat, 
 entire or emarginate — the lower lip variously 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending, — 
 ihe upper pair shorter. 
 
 132. LAMIUM. L, Endl. Gen. 3645. 
 [Greek, Laimos, the throat, from its gaping flowers.] 
 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-nerved; limb mostly oblique; 
 teeth 5, nearly equal, subulate at apex. Corolla ringent, — the 
 
120 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 upper lip ovate or oblong, galeate, mostly narrowed at base ; throat 
 dilated ; lateral lobes at the margin of the throat truncate or oblong 
 — sometimes with a tooth-like process ; middle or lower lobe (lower 
 lip) broad, emarginate, contracted at base and substipitate. Anthers 
 approximated in pairs, 2-celled ; cells finally divaricate, oblong, often 
 hirsute externally. Akenes triquetrous with the angles acute, trun- 
 cate at summit, smooth or minutely rugose-tuberculate. 
 1. L. amplexicaule, L. Leaves orbicular, crenately incised, — the 
 lower ones petiolate — the floral ones sessile, amplexicaul ; tube of 
 the corolla naked within, the lateral lobes not toothed ; anthers 
 hirsute. Benth. Lab. p. 511. Fl. Cestr. p. 357. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. 
 Stem-clasping Lamium. Vulgo — Dead-Nattle. Hen-bit. 
 Fr. Le Lamier. Germ. Die Taube-nessel. Span. Ortiga muerta. 
 
 Root annual. Stems several, or much branched from the base, decumbent or 
 ascending, 6 to 12 inches high, mostly purplish. Leaves half an inch to three 
 quarters in length, and mostly wider than long, — the lower or can line ones on 
 ■petioles half an inch to an inch long. Cymules densely many-flowered, axillary, — 
 the lower ones distant — the upper ones rather approximated. Calyx sessile, 
 hirsute. Corolla bright purple, pubesceut, — the galeate upper lip nearly entire, 
 clothed with a purple villus, — lower lip obcordate; throat dilated, laterally com- 
 pressed; tube slender, much exserted. The Corolla, in the lower cymules, is 
 often minute, or wanting. Gardens, and cultivated Lots: introduced. Native of 
 Europe and Northern Africa. Fl. April — May. Fr. June. 
 
 Obs. This worthless little taeed is abundantly naturalized in and 
 about our gardens, in Pennsylvania, — and requires some attention to 
 keep it in due subjection. Another species (L. purptcreum, L.) has 
 also been introduced, in some localities ; but it does not appear to 
 multiply so rapidly. 
 
 133. LEONURUS. L. Endl. Gen. 3647. 
 [Greek, Leon, a lion, and Oura, a tail ; from some fancied resemblance.] 
 
 Calyx turbinate, 5 or 10-nerved, — the limb truncate. 5-toothed ; 
 teeth subulate, subspinescent, finally spreading. Corolla bilabiate, 
 • — the upper lip oblong, entire, flattish or somewhat vaulted — lower 
 lip spreading, 3-lobed, — the lateral lobes oblong— the middle one 
 entire or sometimes obcordate. Anthers approximated in pairs, 
 incumbent, 2-celled ; cells mostly parallel, the valves naked. AJcenes 
 triquetrous, truncate at summit, smooth. 
 
 1. L. Cardiaca, L. Pubescent; lower stem-leaves palmate -lobed, 
 the upper ones ovate and lobed ; floral leaves cuneate-oblong, mostly 
 trifid, with a lengthened narrow base, — the lobes of all the leaves 
 ovate or lanceolate; corolla longer than the calyx-teeth, — the tube 
 with a villous ring within at base ; upper lip flattish, hirsutely vil- 
 lous ; lower lip spreading, the middle lobe entire. Benth. Lab. p. 
 518. Ft. Cestr. p. 358. 
 Cardiac Leonurus. Vtdgo — Motherwort. 
 Fr. L'Agripaume. Germ. Das Herzgespann. Span. Agripalma. 
 
 Root perennial. Stetn.2 to 4 feet high, branched at base and above, retrorsely 
 pubescent, with a hairy ring at the joints or nodes. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 
 rugose, — the lower ones nearly orbicular in the outline ; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. 
 Cymules 3 to 6 or 8-flowered, sessile, distant, forming an interrupted leafy spike 
 6 to 12 or 15 inches in length; bracteoles subulate, smooth. Calyx strongly 5- 
 ribbed, smoothish ; teeth acuminate, pungent, — the lower ones rattier longer. 
 Corolla pale purple, externally very villous, especially on the upper lip. AJcenes 
 
LABI AT AE 121 
 
 hirsute at summit. Fence-rows; and waste places : introduced. Native of Europe 
 and Asia. Fl. June— July. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner is completely naturalized, and is apt to occupy 
 all neglected nooks, and waste places, about farm yards, and along 
 field sides. It is an utterly worthless iveed — unsightly and disagree- 
 able, — and speedily gives a forlorn appearance to the premises of 
 the slothful and slovenly farmer. There is another species (L. mar- 
 r?ibiastrtim, L.) which has become partially naturalized in some 
 districts ; but it does not threaten to become so prevalent and trou- 
 blesome. 
 
 134. MARRUBIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 3657. 
 [Etymology obscure ; supposed to be from a town in Italy.] 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5 to 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 or 10-toothed, — th« 
 teeth erect or finally spreading. Corolla bilabiate, — the upper lip 
 erect, fiattish or concave, entire or bifid — lower lip spreading, 3- 
 lobed, middle lobe broader, mostly emarginate ; tube included in the 
 calyx. Stamens included; anthers 2-celled, — the cells divaricate, 
 subconfluent. Akenes obtuse at summit, but not truncate. 
 
 1. M. vulgare, L. Stems ascending, hoary-tomentose ; leaves 
 
 roundish-ovate or oval, erenate-dentate, softly villous and canescent 
 
 beneath ; cymules many-flowered, woolly and canescent ; calyx 
 
 with 10 subulate recurved teeth ; upper lip of the corolla oblong, 
 
 bifid at apex. Be?ith. Lab. p. 591. Fl. Cestr. p. 360. 
 
 Common MARRUBirM. Vulgd — Hoar-hound. 
 
 Fr. Marrub blanc. Germ. Der weisse Andorn. Span. Marrubio. 
 
 Root perennial. Stems 9 to 18 inches high, cCspitose or branching fiom the base. 
 Leaves about 2 inches long, abruptly narrowed at base to a flat nerved woolly 
 petiole half an inch to an inch long. Cymules dense, sessile in the rather distant 
 axils; bracteoles subulate. Corolla white, small. Stony banks, and waste places : 
 introduced. Native of Europe and middle Asia. Fl. July— August. Fr. Sept. 
 
 Obs. This has been introduced as a medicinal Herb. — and is par- 
 tially naturalized in many places. It has a weed-lilce appearance, 
 but does not incline to spread much, — and may well be tolerated to 
 some extent, for its valuable tonic properties. The Syrups and Can- 
 dies, prepared from or with it, are excellent pectoral medicines. 
 
 TRIBE XI. AJUGOIDEAE. Benth. 
 Corollawhb. the upper lip sometimes very short — sometimes split, with the seg- 
 ments depending, — rarely erect and vaulted ; lower lip elongated. Stamens 2 or 
 4, ascending, generally much exserted. Akenes more or less reticulately rugose. 
 
 135. TEUCRIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 3679. 
 [Named from Teucer, a Trojan Prince,— who, it is said, first used the plant.] 
 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla 
 with the tube short, — the 4 upper lobes of the limb nearly equal, 
 oblong and declined, or very short and rather erect, — the lowest lobe 
 largest, oblong or rounded, mostly concave. Stamens 4, exserted 
 from the cleft between the upper lobes of the corolla; anthers with 
 the cells confluent. Akenes rugose. 
 
 1. T. Canadense, L. Herbaceous, erect, hoary -pubescent ; leave* 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded at base, on short petioles j 
 
 11 
 
122 MONOP-ETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 cymules few-flowered, crowded in a simple terminal spike ; calyx 
 decimate, campanulate, finally somewhat gibbous,' — the upper teeth 
 broader. Benth. Lab. p. 672. FL Cestr. p. 362. 
 Canadian Teucrium. Vulgo — Wood Sage. Germander. 
 
 Boot perennial. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, simple or sparingly branched, square 
 with the sides concave and the angles obtuse, clothed with a retrorse cinereous 
 pubescence. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, on petioles one fourth to three fourths of 
 an inch in length. Cymules 2 or 3-flowered, mostly crowded, sometimes a little 
 distant, in a greenish-grey spike 2 to 5 or 6 inches in length (often an opposite 
 pair from the axils of the first leaves beneath). Corolla pale purple, minutely 
 pubescent ; limb decimate, with a central fissure on the upper side, — the upper or 
 lateral lobes erect, acute, — the middle or lowest lobe oblong or obovate, concave. 
 Style longer than the stamens, curved, equally bifid at summit. Fence-rows, and 
 low shaded grounds : throughout the U. States. Fl. July. Fr. Aug. — Sept. 
 
 Ota. This plant is frequently to be seen in low grounds, along 
 streams, — and sometimes along fence-rows, and borders of fields ; 
 but it has not become generally known as an intrusive weed. An 
 observing farmer, however, has recently brought to me some speci- 
 mens of it, collected in his fields, — where, he assured me, he found it 
 a very troublesome weed — and, moreover, exceedingly difficult to 
 extirpate. I have, therefore, deemed it proper to describe the plant, 
 and commend it to further notice, — so that its true character maybe 
 certainly determined, before its inroads become extensive. 
 
 ORDER XCIV. BORAGINACEAE. Juss. Lindl 
 
 Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants, with round stems. Leaves alternate, simple, 
 mostly rough and hispid, without stipules. Floicers often in one-sided clusters 
 or racemes, which are spiral before expansion (rircinnate, or scorjjioid). Calyx 
 of 5 foliaceous persistent sepals, more or less united at base, regular. Corolla 
 mostly regular, — the limb 5-lobed, often with a row of scales in the throat, 
 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. Ovary 
 deeply 4-!obed. — the style proceeding from the base of the lubes, which in fruit 
 become little nuts or hard akenes. Suds with little or no albumen. 
 
 An Order, for the most part, of rough homely plants, — some of them very ob- 
 noxious weeds. A few are slightly medicinal. The Alkanet of Commerce (a 
 red coloring matter.) is afforded by a plant of this Order, viz: Anchusa tinctoria, 
 L.) Several species have showy flowers, — and some of the Helioiropiums are 
 admired for their fragrance. 
 
 TRIBE IV. BORAGEAE. DC. 
 
 Ovary consisting of 2 carpels, each 2-celled or 2-parted. Style central, proceed- 
 ing from the base of the lobes. Fruit 2 or 4-parted, — the carpels each 2-celled. 
 or separable into 2 akenes. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 2. ECHIEAE. DC. 
 Corolla more or less irregular, naked at throat. Akenes affixed to the receptacle. 
 
 136. ECHIUM. Tournef. End/. Gen. 3757. 
 [Greek, Echis, a viper; from the resemblance of the seeds to a viper's head. "J 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla hypogynous, subcampanulate, limb obliquely 
 5-lobed, unequal. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. 
 Ovary 4-lobed ; style simple ; stigma bifid. Akenes 4, distinct, tur- 
 binate, with a triangular areola at base. 
 
 1. E. vulgare, L. Stem tuberculate-hispid ; leaves linear-lanceo- 
 late, hispid ; flowers in lateral secund spikes ; stamens longer than 
 the corolla. DC. Frodr. 10. p. 18. FL Cestr. p. 119. 
 
BORAGINACEAE 123 
 
 Common Echium. Vulgd — Blue-weed. Viper's Bugloss. Blue Devils. 
 
 Fr. Herbe aux Viperes. Germ,. Der Natterkopf. Span. Yerba de la 
 
 Vibora. 
 
 Root biennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched above. Radical leaves 5 to 8 
 inches long, lanceolate, petiolate ; stem haves smaller, linear-lanceolate, acute, 
 sessile. Spikes numerous, axillary, secund and at first recurved, finally erect. 
 Calyx-segments linear, pectinate-ciliate. Corolla at first purplish, finally bright 
 blue, pubescent externally. Akenes subovoid, angular on the inner side, keeled 
 on the back, a little incurved and acuminate, rough with tubercles of a greyish- 
 brown color. Fields, and road sides: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. 
 June. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This showy but vile weed has beeome extensively naturali- 
 zed, in some portions of our country , — and is a sad pest, wherever 
 it establishes itself. I have seen it in considerable quantities in the 
 State of Maryland, — though I think it is yet rare in Pennsylvania. 
 Prof. A. Gray informs us (Sillima?i > s Journal, Vol. 42. p. 13,), that 
 in the valley of the Shenandoah, Virginia, "for the distance of more 
 than a hundred miles, it has taken complete possession, even of many 
 cultivated fields." A veteran Editor of a Newspaper, in the " old 
 Dominion," has long been noted for harping on the Ovidian phrase 
 —"JPri/icipiis obsta," — i. e. meet and resist beginnings — or nip the 
 first buddings of evil. If he had taught his Agricultural fellow- 
 citizens to apply his favorite maxim, practically, to this plant, he 
 would "have done the State some service" : and every farmer would 
 cto well to bear that maxim in mind, not only in reference to this, 
 but to all pernicious weeds. It would save a vast deal of vexatious 
 labor, at a future day. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 4. LITHOSPERMEAE. DC. 
 
 Corolla regular, naked at throat. Akenes 4, affixed to the receptacle, imper- 
 forate at base. 
 
 137. LITHOSPERMUM. Tournef. Bndl. Gen. 3761. 
 [Greek, Lithos, a stone, and Sperma, seed ; from the stony hardness of its seeds.] 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla hypogynous, funnel-form ; limb 5-lobed ; 
 throat naked. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla, 
 included. Ovary 4-lobed; style simple ; stigma 2 or 4-cleft. Akenes 
 4, distinct, bony, smooth or rugose. 
 
 1. L. arvense, L. Hispidly pilose; leaves lance-linear, rather 
 acute, entire, nerveless, sessile; akenes rugose-pitted. DC. JProdr. 
 10. p. 74. Fl. Cestr.p. 118. 
 
 Field Lithospermum. Vulgd — Stone-weed. Gromwell. 
 Fr. Gremil des champs. Germ. Acker Steinsame. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, generally much branched from the 
 root, and often branched near the summit. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, — the lower 
 ones often oblanceolate and obtuse. Floioers axillary, solitary, subsessile. 
 Corolla ochroleucous, small. Akenes ovoid, acuminate, rugose, brown when 
 mature. Grain fields, and pastures : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May, 
 Fr. June. 
 
 Obs. A worthless little foreigner, — more noticeable for its fre- 
 quency in our fields, than for any intrinsic importance — even as a 
 weed. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 5. CYNOGLOSSEAE. DC. 
 
 Throat of the corolla mostly furnished with arching scales. Akenes 4, mostly 
 echinate, or winged, adnate to the base of the style, imperforate at base. 
 
124 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 13S. CYNOGLOSSUM. Tournef. Endll Gen. 3784. 
 [Greek, Kyon, kynos, a dog, and Glossa, a tongue ; from the form of the leaves.} 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, — the tube nearly as long as 
 the calyx ; throat closed by 5-obtuse connivent scales ; limb 5-lobed ; 
 the lobes very obtuse. Stamens 5, included. Ovary 4-lobed ; style 
 simple ; stigma subcapitate, entire or eraarginate. Ahenes- 4, round- 
 ish, convex, or depressed, echinate all over, or sometimes only at 
 the edges, imperforate at base, affixed to the base of the style, at 
 maturity separating from base to apex and cohering by the summit 
 of the style. 
 
 1. C. Morisoni, DC. Stern erect, somewhat hispid, divaricately 
 branched at summit ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed 
 at base ; racemes somewhat in pairs, bracteate, with the rachis vil- 
 lous ; pedicels extra-axillary, finally reflexed ; calyx-segments nearly 
 as long as the corolla ; fruit densely covered with uncinate prickles. 
 DC. Prodr. 10. p. 155. 
 
 Echinospermum Virginicum. Lehm. Fl. Ceslr. p. 121. 
 
 Morison's Cynoglossum. Vtdgd — Beggar's Lice. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, acute at each 
 end, scabrous, — the lower ones petiolate — the. upper ones subsessile. Racemes 
 terminating the slender divaricate branches, mostly dichotomous; pedicels about 
 as long as the fruit. Corolla bluish-white, small. Fence-rows, and borders of 
 thickets : Northern and Middle States. Fl. July. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. The slovenly farmer is apt to get a practical acquaintance 
 with this obnoxious weed, — in consequence of its racemes of bur-like 
 fruit entangling the manes of his horses, and the fleeces of his sheep. 
 The Hound' s-tongue, of Europe — another species (C. officinale, L.) 
 — has been introduced, and is partially naturalized, in many 
 places; and there is also a native species (C. Virginicum, L.), 
 known by the name of " Wild Comfrey," frequent in our woodlands : 
 but they scarcely come within the purview of this work. The same 
 remark applies to the common Garden Conifrey (Symphytum offici- 
 nale, L.), — which belongs to this Tribe — and is occasionally seen in 
 Gardens. 
 
 ORDER XCIX. CONVOLVULACEAE. Juss. R. Br. 
 
 Twining or trailing herbs or shrubs, — often with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, 
 simple, without stipules. Flowers axillary, often large and showy. Calyx of 5 
 sepals, imbricated, or usually more or less united, persistent Corolla plicate, 
 and twisted in aestivation, — the limb 5-lobed — or often nearly entire. Stamens 
 mostly 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla near the base. Ovary 2 to 4-celled, 
 with 1 or 2 erect ovules in each cell ; styles more or less united ; stigma often 
 2-lobed, capitate or linear. Capsule 2 to 4- (or by obliteration 1-) celled. — the 
 valves falling away from the persistent dissepiments (septift agal). Seeds large, 
 with a little mucilaginous albumen: cotyledons foliaceous, corrugated — wanting 
 in Cuscuta. 
 
 An interesting Order — containing many beautiful species. The Jalap, and 
 Scammony, of the shops, are furnished by plants of this Order. 
 
 TRIBE II. CONVOLVULEAE. Chois. 
 Carpels coalesced into a single ovary. Fruit capsular, dehiscent. 
 
 139. BATATAS. Humph. Endl. Gen. 3807. 
 [Apparently an aboriginal or barbarous name, — adopted for the genus.] 
 
 Sepals 5. Corolla campanulate, — the limb spreading. Stamens 5, 
 
CONVOLVULACEAE 125 
 
 included. Style simple ; stigma capitate ; 2-lobed. Capsule 3 or 
 4-celled, 3 or 4-valved. Seeds 3 or 4, erect. 
 
 1. B. edulis, Chois. Stem creeping, rarely volubile ; leaves sub- 
 hastate — cordate with the sinus broad and shallow, often angular 
 and partially lobed, petiolate ; peduncles as long or longer than the 
 petioles, 3 or 4-flowered. DC. Prodr. 9. p. 338. 
 
 Convolvulus Batatas. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 132. 
 
 Eatable Batatas. Vulgo — Sweet Potato. Carolina Potato. 
 
 Fr. Patate jaune. Germ. Bataten Winde. Span. Batata de Malaga. 
 
 Root perennial, tuberous ; tubers oblong, terete, acute at each end, purple or 
 yellowish-white externally, yellowish within. Stem 4 to S feet long, slender, 
 prostrate, radieating. pilose. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long; petioles about 2 
 inches in length. Corolla purple (Jide DC). Gardens, and Lots: cultivated. 
 
 Obs. This plant is much cultivated for its fine esculent tubers, — 
 particularly in the sandy soil of New Jersey and the Carolinas, — 
 where it succeeds best. It is propagated by cuttings of the tubers ; 
 and, so far as I know, it has never produced flowers, in the middle 
 States. This is said to be the Potato, spoken of by Shakspeare, 
 and contemporary writers ; the Solatium tuberosum., or "Irish 
 Potato" (now so common), being then scarcely known in the old 
 world. According to De Candolle, the Sweet Potato is a native of 
 the East Indies ; but M'Culloch, in his Commercial Dictionary, says 
 it is supposed to have been carried to Europe from New Gre?iada f 
 by Sir John Hawkins, in 1545. 
 
 140. CONVOLVULUS. L. Endl. Gen. 3803, 
 [Latin, Convolvo, to entwine, or wind about; descriptive of the plant.] 
 
 Sepals 5. Corolla campanulate. Style simple ; stigmas 2, terete- 
 linear, often revolute. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule 2-celIed. 
 Seeds 4, erect. 
 
 1. C. aPvVensis, L. Stem volubile or often prostrate, angled and stri- 
 ate ; leaves ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, sagittate at base and some- 
 what atiriculate; peduncles mostly 1 -flowered, bibracteate — the bracts 
 small, remote from the flower ; sepals very obtuse, roundish-ovate. 
 DC. Prodr. 9. p. 406. Fl. Cestr. p. 131. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1. 
 
 Field Convolvulus. Vulgo — Bind-weed. 
 
 Fr. Liseron des champs. Germ. Die Ackerwinde. Span. Corregiiela. 
 
 .Root perennial, creeping, long. Stern about 2 feet long, slender, branching, 
 procumbent or twining round other plants, twisted, a little hairy. Leaves an 
 inch to all inch and half long. — the smaller ones rather acute — the larger ones 
 obtuse and somewhat emarginate — all of them with a minute cusp at the end of the 
 midrib : petioles half an inch to an inch long. Peduncles axillary, 1 to 2£ inches 
 long, with 2 minute bracts half an inch to an inch below the flower. Corolla 
 pale red or reddish-white. Cultivated Lots: introduced. Native of Europe and 
 Asia. Fl. June — July. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner has been introduced into some portions of our 
 country, — and may give the farmers some trouble, if they do not 
 guard against it. We are told that incessant vigilance is the con- 
 dition on which alone the rights of freemen can be maintained ; and 
 I believe the farmer will find a similar condition annexed to the 
 preservation of his premises from the inroads of pernicious weeds. 
 
 11* 
 
126 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 The following remarks, from the Flora Londinensis, will afford 
 some idea of the character of this Convolvulus, as observed in. 
 England, — and may serve as a salutary caution, here. 
 
 " Beautiful as this plant appears to the eye, experience proves it 
 to have a most pernicious tendency in Agriculture. The field of 
 the slovenly farmer bears evident testimony of this ; nor is the gar- 
 den wholly exempt from its inroads. The following experiment 
 may serve to show what precaution is necessary in the introduction 
 of plants into a garden, especially when we want them to grow in 
 some particular situation. 
 
 " Tempted by the lively appearance which I had often observed 
 some banks to assume, from being covered with the blossoms of this 
 Convolvtclus, I planted twelve feet of a bank in my garden, which 
 was about four feet in height, with some roots of it : it was early in 
 the spring, and the season was remarkably dry, so that I scarcely 
 expected to see them grow ; but a wet season coining on, soon con- 
 vinced me that my apprehensions were unnecessary, for they quickly 
 covered the whole surface of the bank, to the almost total extirpa- 
 tion of every other plant. It being a generally received opinion, 
 that if a plant was cut down close to the ground, it would thereby 
 be destroyed, or at least very much weakened, I was determined to 
 try the validity of this opinion by an experiment, and accordingly, 
 the whole of the Convolvulus was cut down somewhat below the 
 surface of the earth. In about a month the bank was covered with 
 it thicker than before. I then had recourse to a second cutting, and 
 afterwards to a third : but all these were insufficient ; for now at 
 this present writing (August) the bank is wholly covered with it; 
 nor do I expect to destroy it, but by levelling the bank and destroy- 
 ing the roots. 
 
 " This experiment seems to determine a matter of no small con- 
 sequence in Agriculture, viz : that the cutting down those plants, 
 which have creeping roots, rather tends to make them spread further 
 than destroy them ; and that nothing short of actual eradication will 
 effect the latter. 
 
 "It is seldom that this plant is highly prejudicial to meadows, or 
 pastures ; but many fields of corn are every year destroyed by it, or 
 rendered of little value." 
 
 TRIBE IV. CUSCUTEAE. Chois. 
 Embryo filiform, destitute of cotyledons ! Parasitic Htrbs. 
 
 141. CUSCUTA. Tonrnef. Endl. Gen. 3816. 
 [A name of uncertain derivation, and obscure meaning.] 
 
 Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla globose-urceolate or tubular, — the limb 
 5 or rarely 4-cleft. Stamens 5, or rarely 4, adnate to the tube of the 
 corolla, alternate with the lobes, and mostly supported at base by 
 epipetalous scales. Ovary free, 2-celled and 4-ovuled ; styles 2, 
 rarely united into 1 ; stigmas acute, clavate, or capitate. Fruit 
 mostly capsular, — the pericarp membranaceous, circumscissed at 
 base or bursting irregularly. Embryo spiral, filiform, more or less 
 convolute in and around fleshy albumen. Parasitic Herbs, with 
 slender twining leafless orange-colored stems ; germinating in the 
 earth, but speedily attaching themselves to other plants by radicating 
 
CONVOLVULACEAE 127 
 
 processes, through which they derive nourishment, — and, dying at 
 the root, soon loose all direct connection with the soil. Flowers 
 clustered. 
 
 1. C. epilinum, Weih. Stem filiform; flowers in dense capitate 
 sessile rather distant clusters ; calyx 4 or 5-cleft ; corolla scarcely 
 exceeding the calyx, withering on the capsule ; scales minute ; styles 
 finally divaricate; stigmas acute. DC. Prodr. 9. p. 452. 
 
 C. Europaea? L. Fl. Cestr. p. 167. 
 
 Flax Cuscuta. Vulgd — Flax-vine. Dodder. 
 
 Fr. Fil de terre. :Germ. Die Flachs-seide. Span. Cuscuta. 
 
 Annual. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet long, very slender, smooth, pale orange-color. 
 Floioers in small dense heads or clusters. Ca-y c-segmtnts 4 or 5. ovate, rather 
 acute. Corolla yellowish-white or pale orange-color, subglobose-urceolate. 4 
 or 5-lobed ; lobes ovate, acute, somewhat spreading. Stamens inserted at the 
 clefts of the corolla. Seales adnate to the corolla below the stamens, short, trun- 
 cate, crenate-laciniate. Capsule depressed-globose. Seeds reddish-brown, sca- 
 brous or almost muricate under a lens. Parasitic on Flax : introduced. Native 
 of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This singular plant — formerly a great pest among the flax- 
 crops — has become quite rare, since the culture of flax has declined. 
 Dr. Engelmann, of St. Louis, has given an interestiEg Monography 
 of our American Cuscutas, in the 43rd volume of Silliman's Jour- 
 nal, — in which a number of native species are described ; one of 
 which, at least, (C Gronovii, Willd. in DC. — C. Americana, of Fl. 
 Cestr.) is quite frequent in Pennsylvania : But as they do not inter- 
 fere with the crops of the farmer, they need not be more particularly 
 noticed, in this work. 
 
 ORDER C. SOLANACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubby plants, -with watery juice. Leaves mostly alternate, without 
 stipules. 1 n florescence often supra-axillary; pedicels without bracts. Calyc 
 usually of 4 or 5 sepals, more or less united, and mostly persistent. Corolla 
 hypogynous. regular or sometimes a little irregular plicate, in aestivation. 
 Stamens 5 (rarely 4 or C), inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary free, 
 2-celled, with the placentae in the axis; style simple ; stigma undivided or obso- 
 letely 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded Capsule or Berry. Embryo mostly curved, 
 in fleshy albumen; cotyledons semi-cylindric. 
 
 An Order affording many powerful narcotics, and stimulants, as well as some, 
 valuable escnlents. In addition to those here given, may be mentioned the 
 poisonous Henbane (Hyosciamus niger, L.). and the deadly Nightshade {Atropa 
 Belladonna, L.). 
 
 TRIBE I. NICOTIANEAE. Endl. 
 
 Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved — the valves septicidal at apex— often finally loculicidal. 
 
 142. NICOTIANA. L. Endl. Gen. 3841. 
 [Named in compliment to John Nicot, — who introduced it into France.] 
 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla funnel- 
 form, — the limb spreading, plicately 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted 
 on the tube of the corolla, included, equal in length. Style simple ; 
 stigma capitate. Capsule covered by the calyx, septicidally 2-valved 
 at apex, — the valves finally bifid, retaining separate placentae. 
 Seeds very numerous, minute. 
 
 1. N. Tabacum, L. Leaves large, lance-ovate, sessile, decunentj 
 
128 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 lobes of the corolla acuminate, — the throat inflated. Willd. Sp. PI. 
 
 I. p. 1014. Fl. Cestr.p. 133. 
 
 Tobago Nicotiana. Vulgo — Tobacco. 
 
 Fr. Le Tabac. Germ. Der Taback. Span. Tabaco. 
 
 Whole plant viscid-pubescent. Root annual. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, stout, 
 finally almost woody at base, paniculatcly branched above. Leaves 1 to 2 feet 
 long, smaller as they ascend. Ca'yt about one third the length of the corolla, 
 ventricose, — the segments lanceolate, erect. Corolla about 2 inches long; limb 
 ros3-colored,-spreading; tube pale yellowish-green. Capsule ovoid, sulcate on 
 each side. Seeds reniform, rugose. Fields: cultivated extensively in the 
 Southern and Western States. "Native of the warmer regions of America. 
 Known to Europeans about the year 1500. Fl. July — August. Fr>. September. 
 
 Obs. The extent to which this nauseous and powerfully narcotic 
 plant is cultivated — its commercial importance — and the modes in 
 which it is employed to gratify the senses — constitute, altogether, 
 one of the most remarkable traits in the history of civilized man. 
 Were we not so practically familiar with the business, we should, 
 doubtless, be disposed to regard the whole story of the Tobacco trade 
 — and the uses made of the herb — as an absurd and extravagant 
 fable. In view of the facts and circumstances, it does seem like 
 sheer affectation, on our part, to pretend to be astonished at the in- 
 dulgence of the Chinese, and other Asiatics, in the use of Opium. 
 The habitual use of Tobacco is always more or less injurious to the 
 system — especially the nervous system; and in many instances it is 
 highly deleterious. I speak from long observation, and a personal 
 experience of many years, — having smoked and chewed the herb, 
 until its pernicious effects compelled me to es-chew it altogether. 
 
 TRIBE II. DATUREAE. Endl. 
 
 Capsule or Berry incompletely 4-eelled. — the primary dissepiment bearing the 
 placentae on both sides, in the middle or near the parietal angle. 
 
 1 43. DATURA. L. Endl. Gen. 3Sio. 
 [Supposed to be from Tatorah. — the Arabic name of the plant.] 
 
 Calyx tubular, often angular, 5-cleft at summit or ?lit on one side, 
 circumscissed above the peltate persistent base, deciduous. Corolla 
 funnel-form, — the limb spreading, plicate, 5 to 10-toothed. Stamens 
 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla, mostly included. Ovary in- 
 completely 4-celled, — one of the partitions imperfect above the 
 middle — the other complete, placentiferous in the middle on both 
 sides; placentae projecting, many-ovuled ; style simple; sfigma 
 bilamellate. Capsule ovoid or subglobose, muricate or aculeate 
 (rarely smooth), half 4-celled at summit, 4-valved. Seeds numer- 
 ous, laterally compressed, sub-reniform, roughish-dotted. Mostly 
 herbaceous, fetid and narcotic plants. Leaves somewhat in opposite 
 pairs. Flowers large, solitary, axillary or dichotomal, on short 
 peduncles. 
 
 1. D. Stramonium, L. Stem dichotomously branching; leaves 
 ovate, sinuate-dentate, petiolate, smooth ; capsule aculeate, erect. 
 Willd. Sp. Fl. 1. p. 1008. Fl. Cestr. p. 133. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1. 
 Vulgo — Jamestown (corruptly Jimsoii) weed. Thorn-apple. 
 Fr. Porame epineuse. Germ. Der Stech-apfel. Spa?i. Estramonio. 
 
 Root annual. Ste?n 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout, terete, pale yellowish-green 
 (dark purple in var. Tatula), smooth. Leaves 4 to 6 or S inches long, sinuate or 
 
SOLANACEAE 129 
 
 somewhat angular-dentate ; petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches in length. Calyx promi- 
 nently 5-angled, nearly half as long as the corolla Corolla ochroleucous (pale 
 violet purple in var. Tatula), about 3 inches long. Capsule about an inch in 
 diameter. Waste places ; farm-yards ; road-sides, &c. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. Sept. 
 
 Obs. This plant is supposed to be a native ; but to my view, its 
 habits and aspect are very much those of a naturalized exotic. In 
 Pennsylvania, the variety with, dark purple stems and bluish flowers 
 (D. Tatula, Willd.) is much the most common, — and is usually of 
 larger growth than the other. Both varieties are powerfully nar- 
 cotic and poisonous,— and equally obnoxious as coarse unsightly 
 fetid weeds — which every neat farmer will be careful to extirpate 
 from his premises. 
 
 TRIBE IV. SOLANEAE. Endl. 
 
 Fruit a 2 or several-celled Berry, with central placentae. — rarely a valveless 
 capsule. 
 
 144. CAPSICUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3854. 
 [Greek, kapto, to bite ; from its hot or biting quality.] 
 
 Capsule 5 or 6-cleft, persistent. Corolla sub-rotate with a very 
 short tube, — the limb plicate, 5 or 6-lobed. Stamens 5 or 6, inserted 
 on the throat of the corolla, exserted; anthers connivent, longitudi- 
 nally dehiscent. Ovary 2,3 or4-celled; placentae adnate to the 
 base of the dissepiment or central angular receptacle, many-ovuled ; 
 style simple, sub-clavate ; stigma obtuse, obsoletely 2 or 3-lobed. 
 Berry nearly dry, inflated, polymorphous, incompletely 2 or 3-celled, 
 — the upper portion of the placentae and partitions dissolving or 
 disappearing. Seeds numerous, compressed, reniform, hot or acrid : 
 embryo semicircular, sub-peripherical, within fleshy albumen. 
 
 C. annuujm, L. Stem herbaceous; leaves ovate, acuminate, entire, 
 glabrous; peduncles solitary, axillary. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. p. 1050. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 139. 
 
 Annual Capsicum. Vulgo — Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper. 
 
 Fr. Poivre d'Inde. Germ. Spanischer Pfeffer. Span. El Pimentero. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, angular, branching above, somewhat 
 pilose. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, deep green; petioles 1 to 3 inches long, semi- 
 terete, slightly channelled above. Calyx angular, with short segments. Corolla 
 white, with ovate-oblong spreading lobes. Anthers white, with a tinge of blue. 
 Berry hollow, terete and slender, ovoid-oblong, or depressed-globose, angular or 
 torose, red when mature. Gardens, and Lots : cultivated. Native of S. Ame- 
 rica. Fl. July — August. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. Cultivated for its fruit, — which is powerfully stimulant, and 
 much used as a condiment. Several varieties (perhaps distinct 
 species) — with the fruit of various forms — are to be met with in the 
 gardens. That one with slender terete elongated fruit, is sometimes 
 cultivated on a large scale, — for the manufacture of Cayenne Pepper, 
 from the mature fruit : the other forms with thicker rinds, are used 
 in the green state, lor pickles. 
 
 145. SOLANUM. L. Endl. Gen. 3855. 
 [A name of obscure and uncertain meaning.] 
 
 Calyx 5 to 10-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate or subcampanulate ; 
 tube short; limb plicate, mostly 5-lobed. Stamens mostly 5, in- 
 serted on the throat of the corolla, exserted ; anthers connivent, 
 
130 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 opening at apex by 2 pores. Ovary 2- (rarely 3 or 4-) celled; 
 placentae adnate to the dissepiments, many-ovnled ; style simple ; 
 stigma obtuse. Berry 2- (rarely 3 or 4-) celled. Seeds numerous, sub- 
 reniform ; embryo peripherical, spiral, including the fleshy albumen. 
 
 f Stem and leaves unarmed. 
 
 1. S. nigrum, L. Stem herbaceous, angular, branched, scabrous on 
 the aftgles ; leaves ovate, obscurely repand-dentate ; flowers subum- 
 bellate. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. p. 1035. Fl. Cestr. p. 136. 
 
 Black Solanxm. Vulgo — Night-shade. [Yerba mora. 
 
 Fr. Morelle noire. Germ. Der schwarze Nachtschatten. Span. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, much branched, angular or slightly winged. 
 Leaves 2 to 3 inches long; petioles about an inch long. Umbels lateral, above the 
 axils, few-flowered, nodding. Corolla white. Berries globose, rather small, 
 black when mature. Waste places; about gardens, and dwellings. Fl. July. 
 Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. Several varieties of this are noticed in the books ; and the 
 common one, in this country, is the var. Virginicum,o{ Willdenow : 
 whether really a native, seems undetermined. It is a homely, 
 worthless, and even deleterious weed, — which ought to be carefully 
 expelled from the vicinity of all dwellings. 
 
 2. S. tuberosum, L. Root producing tubers ; stem herbaceous, 
 simple, angular ; leaves interruptedly pseudo-pinnate, — the lobes- 
 ovate, entire ; peduncles corymbosely subdivided. Willd. S]). PI. 
 I, p. 1033. Fl. Cestr. p. 136. 
 
 Tuberous Solanum. Vulgo — Common Potato. Irish Potato. 
 
 Fr. Pomme de terre. Germ. Die Kartoffel. Span. Batatin. 
 
 Annual ; the base of the stem producing tuberous oblong or roundish pedicel- 
 late rhizomas. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, thickish and succulent or fleshy, often 
 decumbent, somewhat pubescent. Leaves odd-pinnately dissected, — the seg- 
 ments somewhat petiolate, sometimes opposite, the alternate pairs very small. 
 Flowers in terminal nodding corymbs, on a common peduncle 3 to 5 inches long; 
 pedicels articulated. Corolla bluish-white. Anthers orange yellow, often slightly 
 cohering. Berries globose, about half an inch in diameter, greenish-yellow when 
 mature. Kitchen gardens, and fields : cultivated. Native of S. America. Fl. 
 June — July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This most important plant is more or less cultivated, for its 
 esculent tubers, by every owner or occupant of land. It is one of 
 the indispensable crops, for a family.* Numerous varieties of tu- 
 bers — purple, white and yellow — have been obtained, by long cul- 
 ture, or from seedling plants. According to M'Culloch, Potatoes 
 were introduced to England, from Virginia, by Sir Walter Raleigh, 
 in 1586: into Ireland, in 1610,— where they have "long furnished 
 from three-fifths to four-fifths of the entire food of the people" : and 
 into Scotland^ in 1728. 
 
 f f Stem a?id leaves aculeate. 
 
 * Within a few years past, a most alarming disease, or rot (sometimes called 
 " Potato Murrain " ), has attacked the tubers, about the time they were full grown — 
 and in many instances entire crops have been destroyed. This disease has 
 appeared in various and distant parts of our own country, — and in some seasons, 
 has spread dismay throughout Great Britain and Ireland. Although the cause 
 of this affection has been anxiously investigated, it does not seem, as yet, to be 
 well understood. 
 
SOLANACEAE 131 
 
 3. S. esculentum, Dunal. Stem herbaceous, nearly simple; leaves 
 ovate, somewhat sinuate-lobed, tomentose ; peduncles solitary, thick- 
 ened, nodding ; calyx aculeate ; fruit very large. 
 
 S. insanum, L. Willd. Sp. PL 1. p. 1037. FL Cestr. p. 137. 
 
 Esculent Solanum. Vulgo —Purple Egg-plant. 
 
 Fr. Aubergine rouge. Germ. Eifriichtiger Nachtschatten. 
 
 Whole plant clothed with a stellated tomentum. Root annual. Stem about 2 
 feet high, hollow, aculeate, finally subligneous. Leaves G to 9 inches long, — the 
 nerves and petioles aculeate ; petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Peduncles lateral, 
 supra-axillary, thick (sometimes slender and dichotomous, or bearing 2 flowers), 
 aculeate. Calyx 5 to 7 or 10-parted. aculeate. Corolla purplish, pubescent ; 
 lobes 5 to 7 or 10, ovate, spreading. Berries ovoid or obovoid-oblong, 3 to 5 or 6 
 inches in diameter, smooth, mostly dark purple when mature — sometimes pale 
 green. Gardens; cultivated. Native of India. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. Sept. — Octo 
 
 Obs. This is cultivated for its fruit, — which is quite a favorite 
 culinary vegetable. The S. Melongena, L. — a nearly allied species 
 or perhaps variety — which is not prickly, and produces a whitish 
 fruit, — is also cultivated, though not so commonly as this. 
 
 4. S. Carolinense, L. Stem suffruticose, branching, annual; leaves 
 ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-angled and often subhastate, prickly on 
 both sides; racemes simple, loose ; fruit small. Willd. Sp. PL 1. 
 p. 1043. FL Cestr. p. 138. 
 
 Carolinian Solanum. Yulgb — Horse Nettle. 
 
 Root perennial. Steml to near 2 feet high, annual but firm and almost shrubby, 
 hollow, branching, armed with sharp spreading prickles. Leaves 4 to (5 inches 
 long, aculeate on the midrib and larger nerves on both sides, clothed with a hir- 
 sute stellate pubescence ; petioles half an inch to an inch and half long. Racemes 
 lateral, opposite to and often longer than the leaves. Calyx 5-parted, aculeate. 
 Coro a bluish-white. Berries globose, one fourth to one third of an inch in di- 
 ameter, orange-yellow when mature. Pastures, and cultivated grounds, — espe- 
 cially in the Southern States. Fl. July. Fr. October. « 
 
 Obs. This is an exceedingly pernicious weed, — and so tenacious of 
 life that it is almost impossible to get rid of it, when once fully in- 
 troduced. It grows in patches, so thickly as to deter Stock from 
 feeding among it, and even to monopolize the soil, — while its roots 
 gradually extend around, and to a great depth. It is a native of 
 the Southern States, — but has found its way to several localities in 
 Pennsylvania. The farmers will do well, therefore, to enable them- 
 selves to know it, when they meet it, — and moreover to eradicate it, 
 promptly and effectually, wherever they find it on their premises. 
 
 146. LYCOPERSICUM. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 3856. 
 [Literally, Wo'f-Peach; a metaphorical name, having reference to the fruit.] 
 
 Calyx 5 to 10-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate ; tube very short ; 
 limb plicate, 5 to 10-Iobed. Stamens 5 or 6, inserted on the throat 
 of the corolla, exserted ; filaments very short ; anthers oblong-coni- 
 cal, cohering by an elongated membrane at summit, longitudinally 
 dehiscent on the inner side. Ovary 2 or 3-celled, with the placentae 
 adnate to the dissepiment, many-ovuled. Berry 2 or 3-celled. — 
 Seeds numerous, reniform, pulpy -villous ; embryo sub-peripherical, 
 within the fleshy albumen. 
 
 1. L. esculentum, Mill. Stem herbaceous; leaves interruptedly 
 pseudo-pinnate, — the segments petiolate, lance^ovate, acuminate, 
 
132 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 deeply incised-serrate ; racemes 2 -parted, leafless ; fruit depressed- 
 globose, mostly torose. 
 
 Solarium Lycopersicum, L. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. p. 1033. Fl. Cestr. 
 p. 137. [apple. 
 
 Esculent Lycopersicum. Vulgd. Tomato, or Tomatoes. Love- 
 
 Fr. Pomme d' amour. Germ. Der Liebes-Apfel. Span. Tomate. 
 
 Plant of a greyish aspect, viscid-pubescent and somewhat fetid. Boot annual. 
 Stem2 to 4 feet long, branching, often straggling or procumbent unless supported. 
 Leaves odd-pinnately dissected, — ^the alternate pairs of segments smaller. Flowers 
 in naked lateral racemose clusters; common peduncle 1 to 2 inches long, dichoto- 
 mously divided. — the subdivisions articulated to the pedicels of the flowers. 
 CalyX'Segmtnts 5 to 10, linear-lanceolale.long. Corolla yellow, pubescent. — the 
 lobes 5 to 10, lanceolate, spreading. Anthers cohering, acuminate, with the 
 points recurved. Berries large (1 to 3 or 4 inches or more in diameter), globose, 
 or flatly depressed and orbicular, often remarkably torose or distorted by large 
 swelling ridges, red or reddish-oraiige color when mature. Gardens, and Lots : 
 cultivated. Native of Spanish America. Fl. June — August. Fr. Aug. — Sept. 
 
 Obs. This is cultivated for its succulent acid fruit — which, as a 
 sauce, is considered very healthful ,— and has, of late years, become 
 a favorite and almost universal dish, in its season. Even the vend- 
 ers of medical nostrums have seized upon it, as a means of levying 
 an additional tax upon the credulous. 
 
 ORDER CI. GENTIANACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 
 
 Herbs, with a watery juice. Leaves mostly opposite, simple and entire, without 
 stipules. Inflorescence usually centrifugal, — -the flowers showy. Calyx mostly 
 of 4 or 5 (rarely 6 to 12) persistent, more or less united, sepals. Corolla regular, 
 mostly twisted in aestivation. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and 
 alternate with them, inserted on its tube. Ovary single, formed of 2 united car- 
 pophylls, 1-celled, or sometimes half 2-celled by the introflexion of the valves or 
 parietal placentae, many-ovuled ; stigmas 2 or single, sometimes sessile. Cap- 
 sule 1- (or half 2- or 4-) celled, septicidal, many-seeded. Seeds with fleshy albu- 
 men and a minute embryo. 
 
 An Order containing many beautiful species, — a number of them valuable for 
 their bitter, tonic properties : among which may be mentioned the Gentian of 
 the shops (Gentiana lutea, L.). Few or none, however, are of any Agricultural 
 importance. 
 
 TRIBE I. GENTIANEAE. DC. 
 
 Corolla twisted to the right (or left, if you look into the centre of the flower,) in 
 aestivation. Tes'ta membranaceous. Leaves mostly opposite, very entire. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 2. CHLOREAE. DC. 
 
 Anthers furnished with a connective. Style distinct, deciduous. 
 
 147. SABBATIA. Adans. Endl. Gen. 3546. 
 [Named after Liberatus Sabbati ; an Italian Botanist.] 
 
 Calyx 5 to 12-parted. Corolla sub-rotate, — the limb 5 to 12-lobed] 
 Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes ; anthers erect, opening by a 
 longitudinal fissure, finally recurved. Ovary with the valves 
 slightly introflexed, 1-celled, — the ovules inserted along the sutures ; 
 style 2 -parted, — the branches stigmatiferous, at length spirally 
 twisted. Capsule 2-valved, septicidal, 1-celled, with spongy pla- 
 centae along the sutures. Seeds numerous, minute, destitute of a 
 distinct funiculus: 
 
 1. S. angularis, Pursh. Stem acutely 4-angled, somewhat winged, 
 — the internodes the length of the leaves ; branches opposite, erect, 
 
GENTIANACEAE 133 
 
 corymbose ; leaves ovate, sessile and amplexicaul ; calyx-segments 
 mostly 5, linear-lanceolate, acute, much shorter than the corolla ; 
 corolla mostly 5-parted, — the lobes obovate, rather obtuse. DC. 
 Prodr. 9. p. 50. Fl. Cestr.p. 125. 
 
 Angular Sabbatia. Vulgo — Centaury. 
 
 Root annual ? (biennial, DC). Stem 12 to 18 inches high, often bushy with 
 numerous branches. Leaves about an inch long. Flowers sometimes composed 
 of 6 parts. Corolla rose red, with a pale green star in the centre. Capsule ob- 
 long-ovoid, mucronate, with a keeled suture on each side. Seeds rugosely pitted, 
 under a lens. Sterile old fields: Canada to Carolina. Fl. July — August. Fr. 
 September. 
 
 Obs. This plant has but little connection with Agriculture : yet 
 it is so generally and deservedly popular, as a Bitter, and tonic 
 medicine, that it would seem desirable for every farmer to be able 
 to identify it, — and therefore I have inserted it. There is another 
 plant in the South and West, belonging to this Tribe, which is highly 
 commended for similar properties, — namely, the Wild Colombo 
 (Frasera Caroli?ie?isis, Walt.). I do not deem it necessary, how- 
 ever, to do more than mention it, here. 
 
 ORDER CHI. ASCLEPIADACEAE. R. Br. Lindl. 
 
 Herbs, or shriibs, mostly with a milky juice. Leaves generally opposite, simple, 
 entire ; stipules none or reduced to mere bristles. Inflorescence interpetiolar, 
 somewhat umbellate, fasciculate, or racemose, rarely solitary. Calyx 5-parted, 
 persistent. Corolla hypogynous, 5-lobed, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted into 
 the base of the corolla, alternately with the lobes ; filaments sometimes free, but 
 usually dilated and connate in a tube including the pistil (hence called the 
 Gynostegium, or pistil- covering), — the tube often augmented by5cucullate appen- 
 dages (stamineal crown) ; anthers erect, united, truncate at summit — or the con- 
 nective sometimes thickened and acuminate, or produced into a thin whitish 
 membrane — mostly 2-celled, the cells with projecting cartilaginous appendages: 
 pollen cohering in waxy masses (Pollinia), which are attached in pairs (from 
 the contiguous cells of different anthers) to 5 small gland-like processes at the 
 angles of the stigma. Ovaries 2 ; styles 2 ; stigma common to both styles, fleshy, 
 dilated, 5-cornered, bearing a little shining blackish corpuscle, or gland, at each 
 corner. Follicles 2 (one often abortive) ; placenta attached to the suture, finally 
 separating. Seeds numerous, compressed, imbricated, pendulous; testa mem- 
 branaceous, usually margined, — the margin, near the hilum, splitting into a 
 silky co-ma; albumen thin. 
 
 An Order remarkable for the peculiar structure of the flowers (well illustra- 
 ted in Gray's Botanical Text Book), — and containing many plants interesting; 
 to the curious ; but few that concern the mere practical farmer. 
 
 TRIBE III. ASCLEPIADEAE. R. Br. 
 
 Filaments connate. Anthers 2-celled. Pollinia 10, affixed in pairs to the pro- 
 cesses of the stigma, pendulous. 
 
 DIV. 7. ASCLEPIADAE. Dene. DC. 
 
 Throat of the corolla naked. Stamineal croivn 5-leaved, — the leaflets concave 
 ot cucullate, inserted at the base (rarely on the summit) of the tube of connate 
 filaments (gynostegium), and mostly with a subulate or horn-like averted pro- 
 cess arising from the cavity of each leaflet. • 
 
 148. ASCLEPIAS. L. Endl. Gen. 3490. 
 [The Greek name of Aesculapius, — to whom this genus is dedicated.] 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted, — the segments (or sepals) ovate-lanceolate, 
 small, spreading. Corolla deeply 5-parted, — the lobes valvate in 
 aestivation, lance-oblong, at first spreading, finally reflexed. Sta- 
 
 12 
 
134 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 mineal crown seated on the summit of the gynostegium, 5-leavedj 
 leaflets cucullate, — the hoods ovate or dilated above, always emit- 
 ting from the bottom of the cavity an averted horn-like process 
 which is curved towards the stigma. Anthers terminated by a 
 membrane. Pollinia compressed, pyriform, affixed by the attenua- 
 ted apex, pendulous. Stigma depressed. Follicles smooth or 
 sometimes softly muricate. Seeds compressed, margined, comose. 
 Perennial Herbs ; mostly lactescent. Leaves opposite, sometimes 
 verticillate — rarely alternate. Umbels interpetiolar, or sometimes 
 terminal. 
 
 1. A. tuberosa, L. Hirsute; not lactescent; stem ascending, di- 
 varicately branched at summit, leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or 
 linear-oblong, mostly alternate, subsessile ; umbels numerous, lateral 
 and terminal, often forming a spreading corymb. DC. Prodr. 8. p. 
 567. Fl. Cestr. p. 173. 
 
 Tueerous Asclepias. Vulgo — Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root. 
 
 Whole plant mostly very hairy. Boot perennial ; large, tuberous. Stem 
 about 2 feet high, generally more or less oblique or leaning; branches spread- 
 ing and often recurved. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and half an inch to an inch 
 "wide, scattered or rarely opposite, varying from lance-linear to oblong and ob- 
 lanceolate, acute or obtuse, mostly obtuse at base, on very short petioles. 
 Slamineal crown bright orange color. — the leaflets erect, lance-oblong, distinct, 
 abruptly narrowed below, the infolded margins with each an obtuse tooth near 
 the base; horns subterete, tapering to a point, incurved, nearly as long as the 
 leaflets. Follicles about 4 inches long, somewhat ventricose, acuminate, tomen- 
 tose-pubescent. Old fields ; Pastures, and fence-rows : throughout the U. States. 
 Fl. July— Aug. Fr. Sept.— October. 
 
 Obs. This is the only species of the genus, which is inclined to 
 make its appearance in our cultivated grounds, or pasture fields, — 
 and even this, though a rough, coarse weed, is not a troublesome 
 one. I have inserted it, merely as a specimen of a remarkable and 
 somewhat numerous family, which may be readily recognized by 
 the peculiar structure of the flowers. When in bloom, the bright 
 orange-colored umbels of this species are quite showy. The root 
 once had a reputation for being medicinal ; but it is now generally 
 neglected. 
 
 ORDER CV. OLEACEAE. Hffmsg. $ Link. Lindl. 
 
 Tries ox shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple or odd-pinnate. Flowers racemose or 
 paniculate, terminal and axillary, perfect and complete, or sometimes dioicous 
 and apetalous. Calyx 4-lobed or 4-toothed, mostly persistent, rarely obsolete. 
 Corolla 4-cleft, or of 4 distinct petals — sometimes wanting; aestivation mostly 
 valvate. Stamens usually 2. Fruit various — baccate, drupaceous, capsular or 
 samaroid, — 2-celled, or by abortion often 1-celled and 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds pen- 
 dulous, mostly albuminous. 
 
 A small but interesting Order. Olives, and Olive oil. are afforded by the genus 
 (Olea) which is the type of the family, — the pericarp, instead of the seed, yield- 
 ing the oil. The Manna of the shops is derived from a species of Ash (Fraxi- 
 nus rotundifulia, L.). 
 
 TRIBE I. FRAXINEAK, Bartl. 
 Fruit dry, samaroid, 2-celled, indehiscent. Flowers sometimes polygamous or 
 dioicous and apetalous — sometimes 4-petalled, rarely 2-petalled — and sometimes 
 destitute of calyx. Seeds albuminous. 
 
 149. FRAXINUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3353. 
 
 [The Latin name of the Ash tree ; etymology obscure.] 
 
 Dioicously polygamous : Calyx 4-cleft or none. Petals sometimes 
 
OLE ACE AE 135 
 
 *\one, sometimes 4, often cohering in pairs at base, oblong or linear. 
 Stamens 2. Stigma bifid. Samara 2-celled, compressed, winged 
 at apex; cells 2-ovuled, by abortion 1-seeded. Seeds pendulous, 
 compressed ; albumen fleshy, thin ; embryo as long as the albumen. 
 Trees. Leaves opposite, mostly odd-pinnate. Flowers racemose or 
 paniculate. 
 
 B3? 5 * Flowers dioicous and apetaloiis. 
 
 1. F. Americana, L. Leaflets in 3 or 4 pairs, petiolulate, elliptic- 
 ovate, acuminate, entire or obsoletely dentate, glaucous beneath ; 
 petioles and young branches terete, smooth; buds with a rufou3 
 velvety pubescence ; panicles compound, loose, axillary ; flowers 
 calyculate ; samaras linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at base. DC. 
 Prodr. 8. p. 277. Icon, Mx. Sylva. 3. tab. 118. 
 
 F. acuminata. Lam. Fl. Cestr. p. 8. 
 
 American Fraxinus. Vulgo— White Ash. 
 
 Stem 40 to GO and 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, — the young branches 
 smooth and dotted with white specks. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, — at first downy, 
 finally smooth and green above, pubescent and glaucous beneath. Flowers with 
 a minute 3 or 4-toothed calyx. Samara terete at base, with a narrowish lance- 
 oblong wing. Woodlands : throughout the U. States, — but particularly in the 
 Northern States. Fl. May. Fr. 
 
 Obs. The timber of this tree is highly valuable, and much used by 
 wheelwrights, coachmakers, &c. It also makes excellent fuel. 
 
 2. F. pubescens, Walt. Leaflets in 3 or 4 pairs, petiolulate, elliptic- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, subserrate ; petioles and young branches 
 velvety-pubescent ; flowers calyculate ; samaras linear-lanceolate. 
 DC. Prodr. 8. p. 278. Fl. Cestr. p. 8. 
 
 F. tomentosa. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 63. Icon, tab. 119. 
 
 Pubescent Fraxinus. Vulgo — Red Ash. 
 
 Stem 30 to 50 or 60 feet high, and 12 to 18 inches in diameter. Leaflets 2 to 3 
 inches Jong. — more lanceolate and narrower than in the preceding — more pubes- 
 cent beneath — and the petiolules shorter. Samaras terete and tapering below, 
 almost acute at base, with a long narrow linear-lanceolate wing. Low grounds ; 
 along streams: throughout the U. States. Fl. May. Fr. 
 
 Obs. This has considerable resemblance to the preceding species ; 
 but, beside the pubescence of the young branches, it is a smaller and 
 less valuable tree. 
 
 3. F. sambucifolia, Lam. Leaflets in 4 or 5 pairs, sessile or sub- 
 sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, somewhat rounded and 
 unequal at base, hirsutely bearded beneath on the midrib and in the 
 angles of the nerves ; flowers naked ; samaras oblong, obtuse at 
 each end. DC. Prodr. 8. p. 278. Fl. Cestr. p. 8. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 
 3. tab. 122. 
 
 Sambucus-leaved Fraxinus. Vulgo — Black Ash. Water Ash. 
 
 Stem 30 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 12 to 18 inches in diameter; young branches 
 glabrous, green, sprinkled with black elliptic dots or warts. Leaflets 3 to 4 inches 
 long, rugose and shining above, with tufts of tawny pubescence in the angles of 
 the nerves beneath. Samaras broadish, of nearly uniform width. Low grounds; 
 along rivulets, &c. Northern and Middle States. Fl. April. Fr. 
 
 Obs. This species is less common, and of less value, than either 
 of the preceding. There are several other species in the Southern 
 
136 MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 and Western States ; but I have not judged it expedient to swell 
 this work by a more particular notice of them. 
 
 TRIBE III. OLEINEAE. DC. 
 
 Fruit fleshy, drupaceous or baccate. Flowers perfect, and complete. Seeds 
 albuminous. 
 
 150. LIGUSTRUM. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 3352. 
 [Latin, ligare, to tie ; from the use made of its pliable branches.] 
 
 Calyx with a short tube, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form, 
 the tube longer than the calyx ; limb 4-parted. Stamens 2, inserted 
 on the tube of the corolla, included. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2 in 
 each cell, pendulous from the apex of the septum ; style very short ; 
 stigma bifid, obtuse. Berry globose, 2-celled ; cells 2- (or by abor- 
 tion 1-) seeded. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers 
 in terminal thyrsoid panicles. 
 
 1. L. vulgare, L. Branches slightly pubescent at apex; leaves 
 elliptic-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, jnucronulate, glabrous ; panicle 
 compound, contracted. DC. Prodr. 8. p. 293. Fl. Cestr. p. 2. 
 Icon, Fl. Loud. 1. 
 
 Common Ligustrtjm. Vulgo — Privet. Prim. 
 
 -FY. Le Troene. Germ. Die Gemeine Rheinweide. Span. Alhena. 
 
 Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet high, much branched ; branches opposite. Leaves 1 to 3 
 inches long, varying from lanceolate and acute, to elliptic or oblanceolate and 
 obtuse, on short petioles. Coiolla white. Berries black (rarely greenish-white) 
 when mature. Way-sides ; fence-rows, &c. : introduced. Native of Europe. 
 Fl. June. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This shrub is perhaps intitled to notice, in the present work, 
 from the circumstance of its having been introduced, by the early 
 settlers of Pennsylvania, for the purpose of hedging. It did not 
 answer the purpose, however, — and was soon neglected. Yet it has 
 become partially naturalized. 
 
 The Olive (Olea Europaea, L.) — which is so noted and important 
 a plant, in the South of Europe — belongs to this tribe. It has not 
 yet, I believe, been successfully cultivated in our country ; but, with 
 a fair trial, it may possibly succeed, in our Southern States. 
 
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 137 
 
 APETALOUS EXOGENS. 
 
 ORDER CVI. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 
 
 Herbaceous, or shrubby and climbing, — the wood without concentric zones. Leaves 
 alternate, simple, petiolate — often with foliaceous stipules. Flowers mostly per- 
 fect, axillary, solitary. Calyx-tube more or less adherent to the ovary ; limb 
 3-lobed. — the lobes valvate in aestivation. Stamens 6 to 12, epigynous or adhe- 
 rent to the base of the short thick style. Stigmas radiating, as many as the 
 cells of the ovary Fruit dry or somewhat fleshy and succulent, 3 to 6-celled, 
 many-seeded. Embryo minute, in the base of fleshy albumen. 
 A small Order, of little or no interest in Agriculture. 
 
 151. ARISTOLOCHIA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 2162. 
 [A Greek name, — having reference to the medical virtues of the plant.] 
 
 Calyx colored, tubular, — the lower portion adherent to the oVary, 
 ventricose above the ovary, straight or curved ; limb oblique, 2 or 
 3-lobed, — the lower lobe sometimes ligulate or extended to a lip. — 
 Stamens 6, inserted on an epigynous disk ; anthers extrorse, 2-celled, 
 subsessile, adnate to the style. Stigmas 6, radiated. Capsule 
 coriaceous, 6-celled, septicidally 6-valved. Seeds numerous. 
 
 1. A. Serpentaria, L. Stem erect or ascending, flexvxose ; leaves 
 lance-oblong, acuminate, entire, cordate (and sometimes auriculate) 
 at base ; peduncle sub-radical; lip of the calyx lanceolate. Willd. 
 Sp. PL 4. p. 159. Fl. Cestr. p. 515. 
 
 Snake-root Aristolochia. Vidgo — Virginia Snake-Root. 
 
 Root perennial, of numerous rather coarse fibres. Stem herbaceous, 9 to 15 
 inches high, simple or branched from the base, slender, angular, pubescent, leafy- 
 above, nearly naked or with small abortive leaves below. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 
 inches long; petioles one fourth of an inch to near an inch long. Flowers rather 
 large, few or solitary, near the base of the stem and often concealed beneath 
 dead leaves, on a flexuose bracteale -peduncle 1 to 2 inches in length. Calyx a 
 dull purplish brown, subcoriaceous, angularly bent, gibbous at the angle, — the 
 limb dilated and somewhat 3-lobed. Capsule turbinate or roundish-obovoid, 
 somewhat fleshy, pubescent. Rich woodlands ; throughout the U. States. Fl. 
 June. Fr. July— August. 
 
 Obs. This little plant is to be found in almost every woodland, 
 where the soil is good ; and its medicinal value, as an aromatic 
 stimulant, renders it desirable that every person should know or be 
 enabled to recognize it. For this reason I have been induced to 
 give it a place, here. 
 
 ORDER CVIL CHENOPODIACEAE. Vent. Lindl. 
 
 Chiefly weed-like Herbs. Leaves mostly alternate, more or less fleshy, without 
 stipules. Flowers inconspicuous, sometimes dioicous or polygamous Calyx 
 deeply divided, or sometimes tubular at base, persistent. Stamens inserted into 
 the base of the calyx opposite its segments, and equal to them in number, or 
 fewer. Ovary single, free or occasionally adherent to the tube of the calyx, 
 with a single ovule arising from its base. Fruit an utricle or akene — some- 
 times baccate. Seed single, with copious farinaceous albumen, — the embryo peri- 
 pherical, more or less completely surrounding the albumen. 
 A homely, but rather important, Family of plants. Beside those here given, 
 
 12* 
 
138 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 may be mentioned the Quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa, Willd.) — an article of food, 
 in South America; and the maritime genera, Salsola and Salicornia, which 
 yield vast quantities of Soda. 
 
 SUB-ORDER I. CYCLOLOBEAE. C. A. Meyer. 
 
 Embryo either completely annular or curved into the form of a horse-shoe, — 
 the albumen being central and more or less copious. 
 
 TRIBE II. ATRIPLICEAE. C. A. Meyer. 
 
 Flowers polygamous or dioicous, not bracteate. Calyx of the staminate flower 
 different from that of the pistillate one. Stem continuous (i. e. not articulated). 
 
 152. SPINACIA. Toumef. Bndl. Gen. 1915. 
 [Latin, Spina, a thorn ; the covering of the fruit being often prickly.] 
 
 Flowers dioicous : Stam. Fl. Calyx 4 or 5-parted, — the segments 
 equal. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the receptacle opposite the seg- 
 ments of the calyx. Pistillate Fl. Calyx ventricose-tubular, 2 or 
 3-toothed. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; stigmas 4, elongated, 
 filiform, subsessile. Akene included in the turgid indurated calyx, 
 which is often 2 or 3-horned on the back. Seed vertical, compress- 
 ed ; embryo annular, peripherical, surrounding the farinaceous albu- 
 men. Herbaceous : flowers axillary, glomerate, — the staminate 
 ones in racemose-paniculate clusters. 
 
 1. S. oleracea, L. Leaves hastate-lanceolate, often incised at base, 
 
 petiolate ; fruit sessile, prickly or unarmed. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 
 
 766. FL Cestr. p. 565. 
 
 Pot -herb Spinacia, Vulgd — Spinach, or Spinage. 
 
 Fr. Epinard des potagers. Germ. Der Spinat. Span. Espinaca. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 19 inches to 2 feet high, somewhat branched, or often sim- 
 ple. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, cuneately tapering to a petiole 1 to 3 or 4 inches 
 in length. Flowers greenish. Fruit inclosed in the subglobose persistent calyx, 
 which is scarcely cleft at maturity, and often not prickly in the variety usually 
 cultivated. Gardens: cultivated. Native of the East. Fl. June — July. Fr. 
 Aug. — September. 
 
 Obs. This well-known pot-herb— said to have been first brought 
 into Spain, by the Arabs — is frequently found in gardens, — especially 
 in the vicinity of our cities and market towns. The Atriplex hor- 
 tensis, L. or Garden Orach, is another pot-herb, belonging to thit 
 Tribe ; but I believe it is not much cultivated in the TJ. States. 
 
 TRIBE III. CHENOPQDIEAE. C. A. Meyer. 
 
 Flowers perfect or polygamous, ebracteolate or rarely bibracteolate, all similar. 
 Seed vertical or horizontal ; testa crustaceous or membranaceous. Stem continuous. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 3. KOCHIEAE. Endl. 
 Flowers ebracteolate. Seed horizontal ; testa crustaceous or membranaceous. 
 
 153. BETA. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 1924. 
 [Celtic, Belt, red : or from its fruit resembling the Greek letter B (Beta).] 
 
 Flowers perfect : Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft, finally indurated at 
 base, — the segments remaining unchanged. Stamens 5, inserted on 
 a fleshy ring at the throat of the short calyx-tube, opposite the seg- 
 ments of the limb. Ovary depressed, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; stigmas 
 2, short, connate at base. Utricle subglobose, inclosed in the dru- 
 
CHENOPODIACEAE 139 
 
 paceous tube of the calyx, and covered by the fleshy limb. Seed 
 
 horizontal, depressed ; testa membranaceous ; embryo annular, 
 
 peripherical, surrounding the farinaceous albumen. Herbaceous, 
 
 with a large fleshy root formed of concentric zones. Flowers 
 
 glomerate in spikes or paniculate racemes, — the fruit often concrete 
 
 or cohering. 
 
 1. B. vulgaris, L. Lower leaves ovate ; flowers in dense sessile 
 
 axillary clusters, interruptedly spicate. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. p. 1308. 
 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 178. 
 
 Common Beta. Vtilgo — Beet. Garden Beet. Sugar Beet. 
 
 Fr. Bette-rave. Germ,. Gemeiner Mangold. Span. Acelga. 
 
 Root biennial, fleshy, Large (often 3 or 4 inches in diameter and more than a 
 foot long,) terete, tapering downwards, deep purple or yellowish, — exhibiting, 
 on a transverse section, concentric layers which seem to have some relation to 
 the number and size or vigor of the radical leaves — perhaps severally formed 
 and nourished by them. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, sulcate-angled, smooth, some- 
 what paniculately branching. Radical leaves 6 to 12 inches long, undulate, 
 greenish-purple ; petioles 4 to 8 inches long, succulent, purple, channelled above ; 
 stem-leaves lance-ovate, acute, petiolate, smaller as they ascend. Calyx purplish- 
 brown, fleshy at base, finally indurated or externally suberose, — tne segments 
 keeled, incurved and subsaccate at apex. Seed depressed, cochleate-orbicular, 
 loosely farinaceous, enveloped in a purple membrane and lodged in a bony cell 
 at the base of the calyx. Gardens, and Lots : cultivated. Native of Southern 
 Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. Very generally cultivated for its fine esculent root — of which 
 there are several varieties. That one, called " Sugar Beet" — with 
 a pale yellowish root — is extensively cultivated, on the continent of 
 Europe, for the purpose of making Sugar, — and has been partially 
 tried, in this country : But, while we have the Sugar Maple and 
 the Sugar Cane to supply us, it is not probable the Beet will be 
 much relied upon, for that object. A large-rooted variety of B. 
 Cicla, L. (a nearly allied species), called Mangel Wurtzel, or 
 Scarcity Root, is sometimes cultivated for Stock, — and is probably 
 iatitled to more attention than it has yet received from our farmers 
 — who are not generally partial to the culture of root crops. 
 
 154. CHENOPODIUM. L. Fndl. Gen. 1930. 
 [Greek, Chen, a goose, and Pous, podos, a foot; from the form of the leaves.] 
 
 Flowers perfect : Calyx 5-parted, — the segments finally keeled. 
 Stamens 5, inserted at the bottom of the calyx, opposite the seg- 
 ments. Ovary depressed, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; stigmas 2 or 3, fili- 
 form, very short. Utricle membranaceous, depressed, included in 
 the connivent 5-angled calyx. Seed horizontal, lenticular ; testa 
 crustaceous ; embryo annular, peripherical, surrounding the copious 
 farinaceous albumen. 
 
 l.C. album, L. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, erose-dentate, entire and 
 tapering towards the base, — the upper ones oblong-lanceolate, entire ; 
 racemes erect, branched, somewhat leafy. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. p. 
 1302. Fl. Cestr. p. 176. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1. 
 White Chenopodium. Vulgd — Lamb's Quarters. Goose-foot. 
 Fr. Anserine blanche. Germ. Der Gaensefuss. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, rather stout, angular, often striped 
 with yellow and green, sometimes purplish, branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, 
 covered with very minute flat or cup-like scales (especially on the under sur- 
 
140 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 face), which give them a glaucous or mealy appearance : petioles 1 to 2 or 3 
 inches long. Flowers in pulverulent clusters. Calyx depressed, 5-angled by 
 the prominent keels of the incurved segments, greenish and glaucous. Seed 
 dark purple or nearly black, lenticular and slightly cochleale, smooth and shin- 
 ing. Gardens. Yards, and waste places : introduced. Native of Europe. FL 
 July — Aug. Fr. October. 
 
 Ols. This coarse and rather homely weed has become very exten- 
 sively naturalized throughout, the U. States, — and is quite trouble- 
 some in gardens. The young plant is sometimes used as a pot-herb; 
 but would be gladly dispensed with by all neat gardeners and farmers. 
 
 2. C. anthelminticum, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, dentate ; 
 racemes axillary and terminal, long, slender, leafless. Willd. Sp*. 
 PI. I. p. 1304. Fl. Cestr. p. 111. 
 
 Worm-destroying Chenopodium. Vulgo — "Worm-seed. 
 
 Plant pale yellowish-green Root perennial Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, sulcate- 
 angled, branched. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, repand-dentate or sometimes- 
 rather incised-dentate, cuneate at base, sprinkled with resinous atoms beneath ; 
 petioles one fourth to three fourths of an inch long. Flowers in long slender in- 
 terrupted naked racemes or spikes, — the clusters small. Calyx smoothish, green. 
 Stigmas 3. Gardens, road-sides, and waste places. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. — Octo. 
 
 Obs. This species is noticed here, chiefly because of its repute as 
 a remedy for worms, in children. The plant has a strong disagree- 
 able odor, — and the essential oil — though a very nauseous dose- 
 often proves an effective vermifuge. Mr. Elliott considered it a 
 native of the Southern States ; but it has not that appearance, in 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 There are several other weed-like species of Chenopodium, to be 
 met with, occasionally ; but they have- not become as troublesome 
 as the C. albicm. 
 
 ORDER CIX. AMARANTHACEAE. Juss. R. Br. 
 
 Herbs, or suffruticose plants. Leaves simple, opposite or alternate, mostly with- 
 out stipules. Flowers perfect or monoicous, rarely dioicous. aggregated in heads, 
 or spikes, or dense clusters, imbricated with dry scarious bracts which are usu- 
 ally colored. Calyx of 3 to 5 sepals, persistent, dry and scarious. Stamens 
 hypogynous, as many as the sepals and opposite to them, — sometimes multiplied, 
 distinct or monadelphous, with the alternate ones abortive (slaniihodia) ; anthers 
 often 1-celled. Ovary single, 1 or several-ovuled ; stigma simple or compound. 
 Utricle membranaceous, 1 or several-seeded, valveless, bursting irregularly. 
 Seeds lenticular- renilbrm ; testa crustaceous : embryo curved or forming a ring 
 round the circumference of the farinaceous albumen. 
 
 An Order of plants mainly of a weed like character, — though some of the 
 Prince 's feather tribe are admired for their showy unfading clustered inflorescence. 
 
 TRIBE II. ACHYRANTHEAE. Endl. 
 
 Ovary 1-ovuled. Antlurs 2-celled. 
 
 SUEf-TRIBE 4. AMARANTHEAE. Endl. 
 Flowers monoicously polygamous or perfect,.tribracteate. Utricle circumscissed 
 or indehiscent. 
 
 155. AMARANTHUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1972. 
 [Greek, a, not, maraino, to fade, and a ithos, a flower ; the flowers not changing 
 
 or fading.] 
 
 Flowers monoicously polygamous : Calyx of 3 or 5 sepals, mostly 
 colored, slightly connected at base. Stame?is 3 or 5 (rarely 2 or 4), 
 free ; staminodia none. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; stigmas 2 or 3, 
 
AMARANTHACEAE 141 
 
 filiform, subsessile. Utricle circumscissed. Seed lenticular-reni- 
 form ; embryo curved into a half circle, peripherical, surrounding 
 the albumen. 
 
 1. A. albus, L. Stem obtusely angular, smooth, much branched ; 
 leaves obovate and spatulate-oblong, emarginate, setaceously mu- 
 'cronate ; flowers triandrous, in small axillary clusters. Willd. Sp. 
 PL 4. p. 382. Fl. Cestr. p. 526. 
 
 Also ? A. graecizans. Willd. I. c. 
 
 White Amaranthus. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, rather stout, pale green or whitish, 
 generally much branched, — the principal branches near the base, spreading. 
 Leaves half an inch to an inch and half long, entire, narrowed at base to a 
 slender petiole one fourth of an inch to an inch and half long. Flowers pale 
 green, inconspicuous, in small axillary bracteate clusters; bracts subulate- 
 lanceolate, spinescently acuminate, longer than the flowers. Barnyards: In- 
 dian-corn fields, &c. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 
 
 Obs. This coarse weed is quite common, in Chester County, Fa. 
 in Gardens, and cultivated Lots ; and yet I do not learn that it (nor, 
 indeed, either of the following species) has been sufficiently noticed 
 to acquire a common name. It is certainly a plant so entirely worth- 
 less that it ought to be extirpated. Although stated, in the books, 
 to be a native of Pennsylvania, it has, to me, much the habit and 
 appearance of a naturalized weed. 
 
 2. A. hybridus, L. Stem sulcate-angled, roughish-pubescent, 
 sparingly branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; flowers pen- 
 tandrous, in dense compound axillary and terminal spikes. Willd. 
 Sp. PI. 4. p. 389. Fl. Cestr. p. 526. 
 
 Hybrid Amaranthus. 
 
 Root annual, fusiform, purple. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, often nearly simple. 
 Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, wholly green, roughish, entire, tapering to the 
 apex but the point mostly obtuse, emarginate and setaceously mucronate, ab- 
 ruptly narrowed at base to a petiole 1 to 3 inches in length. Flowers small, dull 
 green or sometimes becoming purplish, the staminate aud pistillate ones inter- 
 mingled, and densely clustered in ovoid-oblong compound spikes, — the terminal 
 spike elongated and sub-cylindric ; bracts subulate, with a slender sharp acumi- 
 nation, longer than the flowers. Gardens, and cultivated Lots: New York to 
 Carolina. Fl. August. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This is another coarse homely weed, — and quite troublesome 
 in gardens, in the latter part of summer. If permitted to mature its 
 seeds, it soon becomes very abundant. 
 
 3. A. spinosus, L. Stem striate, smoothish, much branched; 
 leaves ovate-lanceolate ; axils spinose ; flowers pentandrous, in 
 compound terminal and axillary spikes. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 393. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 527. 
 
 Thorny Amaranthus. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, often purple. Leaves 1 to 2 
 inches long, rather obtuse, mucronate, entire, roughish-dotted, with glaucous 
 blotches beneath ; petioles about as long as the leaves, with 2 subulate spines 
 {stipules ?) at base, one fourth to half an inch in length. Flowers small, clustered 
 in oblong terete erect terminal and subterminal spikes. Cultivated Lots — way- 
 sides, and waste places : introduced. Native of India. Fl. August. Fr. Octo. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner is naturalized in many places — especially in 
 the unfrequented streets and outskirts of our sea-port towns, — and 
 
142 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 is a vile nuisance wherever it prevails. It cannot be too sedulously 
 guarded against. 
 
 ORDER CXI. POLYGONACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 
 
 Herbs, or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate. — the stipules mostly sheath- 
 ing or cohering round the stem, above the leaves, in the form of an ochrea of 
 boot. Flowers sometimes unisexual — often racemose, or spicate — occasionally 
 cymose, or capitate. — and in some instances, with a tubular or cup-shaped in- 
 volucre. Calyx of 3 to 6 sepals, more or less united at base, imbricated in aesti- 
 vation, sometimes colored. Stamens definite, inserted on the bottom of the calyx. 
 Ovary single, mostly free, with a single erect orthotropous (i. e. straight) ovule; 
 styles as many as the angles of the ovary, distinct or connate at base ; stigmas 
 simple. Fruit akene-like, usually compressed or triquetrous; embryo inverted, 
 curved or nearly straight, applied to the outside (sometimes in the centre) of 
 farinaceous albumen. 
 
 An Order of little interest beyond what belongs to the plants here given, — with 
 the exception of that species of Rheum which furnishes the Rhubarb of the shops. 
 
 TRIBE II. POLYGONEAE. Endl. 
 Involucre none. Ovule basilar, sessile ; radicle superior. 
 
 156. RHEUM. L. Endl.. Gen. 1984. 
 
 [From Rha. the ancient name of the river Volga. — its native region.] 
 
 Flowers perfect : Calyx of 6 sepals, in a double series, persistent 
 and shrivelling. Stamens 9, arranged in pairs opposite the outer 
 sepals, and singly opposite the inner ones ; anthers ovoid, versatile.. 
 Ovary trigonous, 1-celled ; stigmas 3, subsessile, spreading. Ale?ie 
 triquetrous, winged at the angles, surrounded at base by the wither-^ 
 ed calyx. Herbaceous : Leaves chiefly radical, large; flo we rs fasci- 
 culate, racemose -paniculate. 
 
 1. R. Rhaponticum, Ait. Leaves cordate-ovate, rather obtuse,— 
 the sinus at base dilated ; petioles with a shallow channel above,, 
 rounded at the edges. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 4S8. Fl. Cestr. p. 254. 
 
 Rhapontic Rheum. Vulgo — Rhubarb. Pie Rhubarb. 
 
 Root perennial, tuberous, large, reddish-brown, yellow within. Stem 3 to 5 
 feet high, stout, nodose, striate-snlcate. smoothish. fistnlar. paniculately branched 
 at summit. Radical leaves becoming very large (18 inches to 2 feet long), 
 smoothish above, pubescent on the veins beneath; petioles thick and succulent, 
 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, — the stem-leaves smaller, and petioles shorter, as they 
 ascend : stipules large, membranaceous, sheathing. Flowers in large terminal 
 racemose panicles, — the pedicels fasciculate, slender, one third to half an inch 
 long, articulated near the middle. Sepals greenish, with white margins, — the 
 outer ones rather narrower. Stigmas large, multifid. reflexed. Gardens: culti- 
 vated. Native of Scythia. Ft. May. Fr. July — August. 
 
 Obs. Frequently cultivated for the sake of its fleshy acid petioles 
 — which are used by the pastry cook, in early spring, as a substitute 
 for fruit, in making pies. 
 
 157. RUMEX. L. Endl. Gen. 1993. 
 
 [Latin, Rumez, a pike, or spear ; from the shape of the leaves of some species.] 
 Flowers sometimes dioicous : Calyx of 6 persistent sepals, in a 
 double series, — the 3 outer ones green, connected at base — the 3 
 inner ones larger, sometimes a little colored, connivent, naked or 
 graniferous on the back. Stamens 6, in pairs opposite the outer 
 sepals ; anthers oblong, attached by the base. Ovary triquetrous ; 
 styles 3, filiform, free or adnate to the angles of the ovary ; stigmas 
 penicillate-multifid. Akene triquetrous, free within the valvately 
 connivent inner sepals. 
 
POLYGONACEAE 143 
 
 f Flowers "perfect. * Inner sepals entire, and all graniferons. 
 
 1. R. cmspus, L. Radical leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute, 
 curled or wavy on the margin ; inner sepals large, cordate, nearly 
 entire, reticulately and prominently veined, all dorsally graniferous. 
 Willd. Sp. PL 2. p. 251. Ft. Cestr. p. 236. Icon, Fl. Lo?id. 2. 
 
 Curled Rumex. Vulgo — Sour Dock. Curled Dock. 
 
 Fr. Patience frisee. Germ. Krauser Ampler. 
 
 Root perennial, rather large, fusiform, yellow. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, 
 angular-sulcate, smoothish, paniculately branched above. Radical leaves 8 to 
 12 or 15 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide ; petioles 2 to 4 inches long ; the 
 stem-leaves smaller, linear-lanceolate. Flowers in crowded verticillate fascicles, 
 with scarious involucres at base. Calyx green; inner sepals much larger than 
 the outer ones, entire or obsoletely denticulate near the base, — each with an 
 ovoid acuminate excrescence, or grain, on the back. Moist grounds ; meadows, 
 &c. : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May — July. Fr. July— September. 
 
 Obs. The radical leaves of this are often used as a pot-herb, or 
 early " Greejis" ; but the plant is an unsightly and troublesome 
 weed, — and has become so extensively naturalized as to require a 
 vigilant attention to keep it in due subjection. 
 
 * * Inner sepals dentate, — one or more mostly graniferons. 
 
 2. R. obtusifolius, L. Radical leaves subcordate-oblong, obtuse, 
 crenulate ; inner sepals lance-ovate, acutely dentate near the base, 
 — one of them conspicuously graniferous. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 254. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 236. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2. 
 
 Obtuse-leaved Rumex. Vulgo — Bitter Dock. Broad-leaved Dock. 
 
 Root perennial, thickish, branching, brown externally, yellow within. Stem 
 2 to 4 feet high, angular-sulcate. roughish, paniculately branched. Radical leaves 
 S to 12 inches long, and 4 to 6 inches wide, roughish-pubescent on the nerves; 
 petioles 3 to 6 inches long. Flowers in interrupted verticillate fascicles. Calyx 
 green, — the inner sepals with long acute teeth near the base, and one of them 
 bearing a large grain on the back. Grass-lots; gardens, meadows, &c: intro- 
 duced. Native of Europe. Fl. June— July. Fr. August— September. 
 
 Obs. This species is even more worthless than the preceding ; but 
 — although completely naturalized— it is not quite so prevalent. 
 The presence of either imparts a very slovenly appearance to a 
 meadow or pasture lot. 
 
 f f Flowers dioicous : Sepals not graniferotts. 
 
 3. R. Acetosella, L. Leaves lanceolate-hastate, — the lobes acute, 
 spreading; flowers dioicous ; inner sepals entire. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. 
 p. 260. FL Cestr. p. 236. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2. 
 
 Vulgo — Sheep Sorrel. Field S«rrel. 
 
 Fr. Petite Oseille. Germ. Der Sauer Ampfer. Span. Acederilla. 
 
 Root perennial, somewhat fusiform. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, slender, 
 branching, somewhat angular and furrowed, Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, — the 
 lower ones mostly all hastate and on petioles as long or longer than the leaves — 
 the upper ones on short petioles, and sometimes not hastate. Flowers in pani- 
 culate racemes, finally becoming purple, — the verticils dimidiate, C to S-flowered. 
 Pistillate plants mostly taller than the staminate. Sandy fields and pastures; 
 about old stumps, &c. : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This little species (well known for its acidity,) is often so 
 abundant as to be a nuisance on the farm. Improving the land — 
 especially by adequate dressings of Lime — is believed to be the best 
 mode of expelling this, as well as many other obnoxious plants. 
 
144 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 158. POLYGONUM. L. Endl. Gen. 1986. 
 [Greek, Polys, many, and Gonu, a knee, or joint, — the stem being much jointed.] 
 
 Flowers perfect or polygamous : Calyx often colored, mostly of 5 
 sepals, in a double series, — the sepals more or less united, some- 
 times unequal, often finally enlarged. Stame?is 5 to 9, mostly 8, — 
 arranged singly opposite the sepals, or sometimes in pairs opposite 
 the inner sepals — often alternating with perigynous or hypogynous 
 glands ; anthers ovoid, didymous, versatile. Ovary 1 -celled, com- 
 pressed or triquetrous ; styles 2 or 3, more or less united below ; 
 stigmas capitate. Ahenes lenticular or triquetrous according as the 
 styles are 2 or 3, inclosed by the persistent calyx. Herbaceous. 
 Flowers often with sheathing ochrea-like bracts. 
 
 f Flowers mostly fasciculate, in terminal or axillary Spi&es. 
 1. P. Hydropiper, L. Leaves lanceolate, not spotted; spikes fili- 
 form, flaccid, nodding ; fascicles few-flowered, rather remote ; 
 flowers mostly octandrous ; calyx glandular -dotted ; styles 2 or 3 ; 
 seeds lenticular or triquetrous. Mx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1. p. 238. 
 P. punctatum. Fl. Cestr. p. 248. not ? of Ell. 
 Water-pepper Polygonum. Vulgo — Water-Pepper. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, slender, more or less branched, some- 
 times decumbent, smooth, often purple. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, tapering to a 
 slender apex, acute at each end, subsessile, often hairy on the midrib and upper 
 surface, scabrous-ciliate on the margin, marked with numerous pellucid punc- 
 tures. Stipules sheathing, truncate and fringed at summit with bristles one third 
 to two thirds their length. Spikes 2 to 4 inches long, very slender and flaccid ; 
 fasicles rather distant, 2 to 4-flowered, embraced by tubular truncate bristly- 
 ciliate bracts. Sepals green, with the margins white, or often tinged with purple. 
 Stamens 8, or frequently 7. Ovary either lenticular with 2 styles, or triquetrous 
 with 3 styles. Akene purplish brown or nearly black, ovate or triquetrous, and 
 in either case acuminate. Moist waste grounds; road-sides, &c. throughout the 
 U. States. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. 
 
 Obs. Whether the P. punctatum, of Elliott, is really distinct 
 from our plant, I have not the means of determining ; but Dr. En- 
 gelmann, of St. Louis, pronounces the P. punctaUim, of the Flora 
 Cestrica, to be nothing else than the true P. Hydropiper of Lin- 
 naeus. The elder Michaux so considered it ; and Dr. Torrey long 
 since suggested that it might be only a variety. I now concur in 
 these views; and have, therefore, restored the Linnaean name to the 
 species. It is a worthless weed — as most of the numerous species are ; 
 and it is, moreover, a highly acrid plant, — sometimes causing obsti- 
 nate ulcerative inflammation, when incautiously applied to the skin. 
 
 2. P. Persicaria, L. Leaves lanceolate, spotted; stipules some- 
 what pilose, ciliate at summit ; spikes terminal and axillary, ovoid- 
 oblong, dense-flowered, erect, on smooth peduncles ; flowers hexan- 
 drous, and mostly digynous. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 446. Fl. Cestr. 
 p. 249. Icon, Fl. Lond 2. [weed. 
 
 Peach-leaved Polygonum. Vulgo — Lady's thumb. Spotted Knot- 
 Fr. Persicaire. Germ. Flohkraut. Span. Persicaria. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching, smooth, often purplish. Leaves 
 2 to 4 inches long, tapering at base to a short petiole, — the upper surface usually 
 marked with a dark-colored lunate or sub-cordate spot near the middle. Stipules 
 truncate, fringed with bristles one fourth to one third their length. Spikes about 
 an inch long, on glabrous peduncles, — the fascicles crowded. Sepals purple or 
 bright crimson. Akenes mostly compressed. Waste places ; road-sides, &c. 
 introduced. Native of Europe. JR. Aug. Fr. September— October. 
 
POLYGONACEAE 145 
 
 Obs. This has become a common weed, — about farm-houses ; and 
 a good taste requires it to be kept down. 
 
 3. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Leaves lanceolate and often spotted ; 
 stipules smooth, not ciliate ; spikes oblong, somewhat nodding, on 
 glandular-hispid peduncles ; flowers mostly octandrous and digynous. 
 Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 448. Fl. Gestr. p. 250. 
 
 Pennsylvanian Polygonum. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, smooth below, geniculate, with tumid 
 nodes, paniculately branched above, — the branches glandular-hispid. Leaves 
 3 to 6 inches long, often with a dark spot in the middle ; petioles about half an 
 inch ]ong, and usually purple. Stipules scarious, not fringed at summit. Spikes 
 numerous, rather large (I to 2 inches long). Sepals bright palish-purple or 
 rose-colored, larger than in the preceding. Akenes compressed. Moist grounds ; 
 waste places, &c. : throughout the U. States. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. September — 
 October. 
 
 Obs. This has much general resemblance to the preceding — 
 usually growing in company with it — and equally worthless. It is, 
 however, a stouter plant, and readily distinguished by the characters 
 above noted. 
 
 f f Flowers in paniculate clusters. Stem actdeate. 
 
 4. P. sagittatum, L. Stem flaccid, procumbent, 4-angled, retrorsely 
 aculeate ; leaves sagittate, acute, on short petioles ; flowers octan- 
 drous and trigynous, crowded, subcapitate, — the heads on smoothish 
 peduncles. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 453. Fl. Cestr. p. 251. 
 
 Sagittate Polygonum. Vidgd — Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet long, slender, branching, acutely quadrangu- 
 lar, — the angles armed with sharp recurved prickles. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, 
 and half an inch to an inch wide, sagittate at base, — the midrib and petiole re- 
 trorsely aculeate. Stipules lanceolate, amplexicaul or sheathing, smooth. 
 Flmvers in pedunculate heads or clusters. Sepals pale red, with the margins 
 nearly white Akenes ovoid-triquetrous. Swampy meadows, and thickets : 
 New York to Florida. Fl. August. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. The mowers and haymakers are familiar with this weed, in 
 the second crop of wet meadows. Ditching and draining are the 
 remedies for the evil. 
 
 5. P. arifolium, L. Stem flaccid, sulcate-angled, retrorsely acu- 
 leate ; leaves hastate, acuminate, on long petioles ; flowers hexan- 
 drotts and digynou:?, distinct, sub-racemose ; racemes few-flowered, 
 on glandular-hispid peduncles. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 453. Fl. Cestr. 
 p. 251. 
 
 Arum-leaved Polygonum. Vulgo — Halbert-leaved Tear -thumb. 
 
 Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, slender but coarser than the preceding, 
 branching, often purple. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, and 1 to 3 inches wide, 
 hastate-lobed at base, — the lobes acuminate — the midrib and nerves hirsute; 
 petioles half an inch to 3 inches long, sulcate-angled, retrorsely aculeate. Sti- 
 pule.'! ovate, amplexicaul, ciliate. Flowers in slender loose racemose clusters. 
 Calyx often of 4 connected sepate, purple, with the margins pale red. Akenes 
 compressed, ovate. Swampy low grounds ; along rivulets, &c. : throughout the 
 U. States. Fl. August. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This is generally found in company with the preceding, — 
 and is of much the same obnoxious character, as a weed. There are 
 
 13 
 
146 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 several other species of Polygonum to be met with about our farms 
 (descriptions of which may be found in the Floras), — but, as they 
 are not particularly troublesome, they are omitted, here. 
 
 159. FAGOPYRUM. Toitmef. Endl. Gen. 1987. 
 [So named, from its fruit resembling that of the Fagus, or Beech.] 
 
 Flowers perfect, or sometimes diclinous by abortion. Calyx of 5 
 persistent colored nearly equal sepals, in a double series. Stamens 
 8, arranged in pairs opposite the 3 external sepals, singly opposite 
 the 2 inner ones, and alternating Math S hypogynous glands ; anthers 
 ovoid, versatile. Ovary trigonous, 1-celled ; styles 3, longish ; stig- 
 mas capitate. Akene triquetrous, embraced at base by the marces- 
 cent calyx. 
 
 1. F. esculentum, Moenck. Stem erect, paniculately branched, 
 sulcate-angled, smoothish ; leaves cordate-sagittate or subhastate, 
 acute; racemes terminal and axillary. [252. 
 
 Polygonum Fagopyrum. L. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 455. Fl. Cestr. p. 
 
 Esculent Fagopyrl t m. Vulgo — Buck-wheat. 
 
 Fr. Bled Sarrasin. Germ. Der Buchweitzen. Span. Trigo Sarraceno. 
 
 Root annual Stem 2 to 4 feet high, much branched, pubescent near the nodes, 
 becoming dark purple. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 niches wide, 
 often a little hastate at base, on petioles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long (sessile, Endl.) ; 
 stipules short, smooth. Flowers in somewhat paniculate racemes, — the fascicles 
 rather crowded; pedicels slender, longish, obscurely articulated above the mid- 
 dle. Sepals mostly white, with tinges of green and pale purple. Akenes equally 
 and acutely triquetrous, somewhat acuminate, much longer than the withered 
 sepals, smooth, dark brown when mature, often striately clouded. Fields: cul- 
 tivated. Native of Middle Asia. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. — October. 
 
 Obs. This is extensively cultivated for its seeds, — the farinaceous 
 albumen of which affords a delicious article of food, when properly 
 managed — and a very sorry one, if unskilfully treated. The culture 
 of the plant is pretty much confined (in this region, at least,) to 
 rough hilly districts ; as it is considered a severe and unprofitable 
 crop, on highly improved lands. It is, however, admirably adapted 
 to subdue wild lands — or those newly cleared of timber. The glan- 
 dular flowers are a favorite resort — and afford a rich reward to the 
 labors — of the Honey-Bee. 
 
 ORDER CXII. PHYTOLACCACEAE. R. Br. Lmdl. 
 
 Herbs, or suffruticose plants. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers 
 racemose. Calyx of 4 or 5 petaloid slightly connected sepals. Stamens as 
 many, or twice as many, as the sepals — or sometimes indefinite. Ovary com- 
 pound (rarely simple), consisting of 10 confluent 1-ovuled carpels; styles ox 
 itigmas distinct — one for each cell or carpel. Fruit baccate or dry, entire or 
 lobed. 1 or many-celled. Seeds ascending, solitary ; embryo mostly peripherical, 
 and curved round mealy albumen. 
 A small Order, and of little interest in Agriculture. 
 
 160. PHYTOLACCA. Toitmef. Endl. Gen. 5262. 
 
 [Gr. Phyton, a plant, and Lachanon. a pot-herb ; the young shoots being so used.] 
 
 Flowers perfect, or rarely dioicous. Calyx of 5 roundish-ovate 
 colored persistent sepals. Stamens as many as, or usually some 
 multiple of, the sepals, — often 10, inserted on a sub-hypogynous 
 disk; anthers incumbent. Ovary free, composed of 5 to 10 conflu- 
 
PHYTOLACCACEAE 147 
 
 ent carpels ; styles as many as the carpels, recurved at apex. Fruit 
 a depressed-globose 5 to 10-celled berry ; cells 1-seeded. 
 
 1. P. decandra, L. Leaves j?vate-oblong, acute at each end; 
 flowers decandrous and decagynous. Willd. Sp. PL 2. p. 822. Fl. 
 Cestr. p. 283. [berry. 
 
 Decandrous Phytolacca. Vulgo — Poke. Poke-weed. Pigeon- 
 
 Fr. Morelle a Grappes. Germ. Kermesbeere. Span. Yerba carmin. 
 
 Whole plant glabrous. Root perennial, large, fusiform and branching. Stem 
 herbaceous, 4 to 6 feet high, stout, branching, terete or obtusely ribbed below 
 the petioles and branches, finally purple. Leaves 5 to 10 inches long, acute or 
 acuminate, thin; petioles half an inch to 2 inches or more in length. Racemes 
 
 3 to 6 inches long, simple, mostly opposite the leaves, on angular peduncles 2 to 
 
 4 inches long. Sepals white, membranaceous at the margin. Berries vertically 
 depressed, umbilicale, orbicular, obscurely ribbed, 10-eelled, 10-seeded, dark 
 purple and juicy when mature. Seeds compressed, roundish-reniform. Rich 
 soils ; on banks, borders of fields, in clearings, &c. : throughout the U. States. 
 Fl. June — September. Fr. August — October. 
 
 Obs. The young shoots of this plant afford a good substitute for 
 Asparagtis : the root is said to be actively emetic ; and the tincture 
 of the ripe berries is, or was, a popular remedy for chronic rheuma- 
 tism. The mature berries, moreover, have been used by the pastry 
 cook, in making pies of equivocal merit. Notwithstanding all this, 
 the plant is regarded and treated as a weed, by all neat farmers. 
 
 ORDER CXIII. LAURACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate, simple, sometimes lobed but with en- 
 tire margins, destitute of stipules. Flowers often polygamo-dioicous. Calyx of 
 4 to 6 somewhat united sepals which are imbricated in two series, free from the 
 ovary. Stamens definite, but usually more numerous than the sepals, inserted 
 on the base of the calyx ; anthers 2 to 4-celled, opening by reflected peristent 
 valves! Fruit a berry or drupe, — the pedicel often thickened. Seed solitary, 
 destitute of albumen : cotyledons large, plano-convex or almond-like. 
 
 The tropical plants of this Order are highly interesting,— affording Cinnamon, 
 Cassia, and Camphor; and also that species of Laurus (L. nobilis, L.) of which 
 the Ancients formed their Laurel wreaths, or crowns. The species in the U. 
 States are of less importance. 
 
 TRIBE X. FLAVIFLORAE. Nees. 
 
 Floioers dioicous or polygamous. Calyx rotate, thin, yellow. Stamens 9 fertile — 
 sterile none ; anthers 2 or 4-celled, all introrse. Berry on a nearly naked pedi- 
 cel, which is sometimes thickened. 
 
 161. SASSAFRAS. Nees. Endl. Gen. 2056. 
 [Altered from Salsqfras, the Spanish name of Saxifrage,— given to this plant.] 
 
 Flowers dioicous, naked. Sepals 6, membranaceous, united at base, 
 persistent. Stam. Fl. Stamens 9, in three series, all fertile, — the 
 3 innermost supported by a pair of stipitate glands ; anthers introrse, 
 linear, 4-celled, — the lower cells lateral — the upper ones covered by 
 the ascending or reflected valves of the lower ones. Ovary entirely 
 abortive. Pistillate Fl. Stamens 9 or fewer, all sterile, — the 
 inner ones often coalesced with glands. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; 
 style subulate; stigma discoid. Berry 1-seeded, on a thickened 
 clavate fleshy pedicel, and supported by the unchanged spreading 
 sepals. 
 
 1. S. officinale, Nees. Leaves 3-lobed, or ovate and entire ; 
 
148 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 flowers in terminal clustered corymbose racemes, with lance-linear 
 
 villous bracts ; buds and pedicels silky -pubescent. 
 
 Laurus Sassafras. L. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 485. Fl. Cestr. p. 254. 
 
 Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 81. 
 
 Officinal Sassafras. Vulgo — Sassafras. 
 
 Stem 15 to 40 or 50 feet high, and G to 12 inches (in some rare instances, near 
 2 feet) in diameter, branching, — the young branches yellowish and pubescent. 
 Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide, — often ovate and undivided, 
 but more commonly dilated and 3-lobed at apex and cuneate at base (sometimes 
 oval, with a lateral lobe),— silky-pubescent when young, finally smooth ; petioles 
 half an inch to an inch long. Flowers from the same buds, and contemporane- 
 ous, with the leaves. Sepals oblong, rather obtuse, pale greenish-yellow. Be>- 
 ries ovoid-oblong, dark blue when mature ; pedicels purple. Woodlands ; fence- 
 rows, and old fields : Canada to Florida. Fl. April. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. The bark of this well-known small tree is a powerful, yet 
 pleasant, aromatic stimulant, and possesses valuable medicinal pro- 
 perties ; which acquired for it, at an early day, in Europe, an ex- 
 aggerated reputation. An infusion of the roots, or bark of the roots, 
 makes an excellent diet drink. The pith of the young branches 
 contains much mucilage, — and is said to be used, in the South, 
 along with the young leaves, to thicken potage, and make the cele- 
 brated " Gumbo Soup." We learn, also, from Michatjx's Sylva, 
 that bed-steads made of the wood, " are never infested with insects"; 
 which circumstance — to adopt the language of the Gazettes — is cer- 
 tainly "important, if true," — and well worthy of notice. 
 
 162. BENZOIN. Nees. Endl. Gen. 2057. 
 [A name said to be derived from the Arabic, — expressive of perfume.] 
 
 Flowers dioicous, in small lateral fascicles or clusters, surrounded by 
 a deciduous 4-leaved involucre. Sepals 6, membranaceous, con- 
 nected at base, persistent. Stam. Fl. Stamens 9 fertile, in three 
 series ; anthers introrse, ovoid, 2-celled, opening by as many ascend- 
 ing valves : also 6 to 9 sterile stamens, in 2 or 3 series, with com- 
 pressed reniform-emarginate heads, alternating with the fertile ones 
 of series 2 and 3 — or sometimes with all the fertile ones. Ovary an 
 abortive rudiment. Pistillate Fl. Sterile stamens 15 to 18, fili- 
 form, acute, alternating with smaller spatulate ones. Ovary 1-celled, 
 1-ovuled; style short; stigma 2-lobed. Berry 1 -seeded, sitting on 
 the persistent calyx. 
 
 1. B. odoriferum, Nees. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, entire ; flowers 
 in lateral umbellate clusters, preceding the leaves ; buds and pedicels 
 smooth. 
 
 Laurus Benzoin. L. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 485. Fl. Cestr. p. 253. 
 
 Odoriferous Benzoin. Vulgo — Spice-wood. Wild Allspice. Fever- 
 bush. 
 
 Stem 6 to S or 10 feet high, much branched ; branches virgate, brittle. Leaves 
 2 to 4 inches long, mostly acute or with a short acumination (sometimes obtuse 
 and rounded at apex), often cuneate at base ; petioles about half an inch long. 
 Flowers in involucrate clusters of 3 to 5 from a bud, on pedicels 1 or 2 lines 
 long ; flower-buds distinct from the leaf-buds,— usually a flower-bud on each 
 side of a leaf-bud. Sepals greenish-yellow, obovate-oblong, obtuse. Stamens 
 rather shorter than the sepals,— the filaments of the sterile ones (staminodia) 
 bearing 2-lobed (or sometimes peltate) glands instead of anthers ; perfect anthers 
 --celled,— each cell opening by a longitudinal elastic valve, which is detached 
 
LAURACEAE 149 
 
 at the lower end and reflected upwards. Berries oval, red or finally dark pur- 
 ple when mature. Moist rich low grounds: borders of thickets, &c. Canada 
 to Florida. Fl. April. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This is a strongly aromatic shrub. In early times —before 
 Physicians were so numerous — an infusion of the brittle spicy twigs 
 was much used as a popular remedy, and even as a preventive, of 
 the fevers winch attacked the first settlers : but it is now chiefly 
 prescribed as a diet-drink for sickly cows, in the spring of the year. 
 
 ORDER CXIV. SANTALACEAE. R. Br. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or sometimes herbs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, without stipules. 
 Floicers perfect, or sometimes dioicously polygamous, small. Calyx-tube adhe- 
 rent to the ovary ; limb 4 or 5-cleft. valvate in aestivation, its base lined with a 
 fleshy disk, the edge of which is often lobed. Stamens usually as many as the 
 lobes of the calyx and opposite them, inserted on the edge of the disk. Ovary 
 1-celled ; ovules 2 to 4, pendulous; style short; stigma capitate, 2 or 3-lobed, or 
 rarely radiate — sometimes simple. Fruit drupaceous or dry. indehiscent, mostly 
 crowned with the limb of the calyx. Seed with a densely fleshy albumen. 
 
 The fragrant Sandal wood — afforded by species of Santalum (the type of the 
 Order) — is the only product of much interest, beside the genus here given. 
 
 163. NYSSA. L. Endl. Gen. 2086. 
 [A name of obscure derivation.] 
 
 Flowers polygamo-dioicous. Calyx with the tube short ; limb 5- 
 parted, deciduous. Stamens 5 to 10, inserted round a flattish disk 
 which fills the bottom of the calyx, in the sterile flowers ; anthers 
 2-celled, didymous. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; ovule single, pendu- 
 lous ; style subulate, incurved ; stigma simple. Drtipe baccate, 1- 
 seeded; nut oval, striate-angular. Seed inverted ; embryo straight, 
 in the axis of scanty albumen. 
 
 1. N. multiflora, Walt. Leaves oval and obovate, acute at each 
 end, often acuminate, very entire, — the petiole midrib and margin 
 villous; fertile peduncles mostly 3-fiowered. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 684. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 164. 
 
 N. villosa. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 1112. 
 
 N. sylvatica. Mar. Sylva, 3. p. 33. Icon, tab. 110. [ridge. 
 
 Many-flowered Nyssa. Vidgo — Sour Gum. Black Gum. Pepe- 
 
 Stem 30 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter; branches numerous, 
 horizontally spreading and often a little drooping. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 
 dark green and shining above, paler and pubescent beneath, the margin villous- 
 ciliate : petioles half an inch to an inch long, often margined, conspicuously vil- 
 lous-ciliate. Stamin ate flowers pedicellate, 2 to 5 or 6 in a loose cluster, on a 
 slender common peduncle about an inch long. Fertile flow-.rs sessile, mostly 3 
 in a dense involucrate cluster (sometimes 2, or only 1), on a clavate common 
 peduncle, which at first is about half an inch — finally an inch to an inch and 
 half — in length. Drupe elliptic, near half an inch long, bluish-black when ma- 
 ture. Moist woodlands, and low grounds : throughout the U. Slates. Fl. May — 
 June. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. The woody fibres of this tree are remarkably interlocked, so 
 as to render it very difficult to split ; on which account it is much 
 used for making naves, or hubs, for carriage wheels, — and also hat- 
 ter's blocks. The younger trees, when growing solitary, have much 
 symmetry — affording a fine shade ; and in autumn the leaves add 
 greatly to the picturesque appearance of the country, by changing 
 to a bright crimson color. There are three other species of Nyssa, 
 in the Southern States, — with which I have but little acquaintance : 
 
 13* 
 
150 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 viz. TV. biflora, Walt. N. unifiora, Walt, and N. capitata, Walt. 
 The first two are described as trees of large size, — often reaching 
 the height of 60 or 80 feet, in the Southern swamps and ponds. The 
 IV. capitata is a shrub, rarely reaching the height of 20 feet,— and 
 bearing a large red sub-acid drupe, called "Ogeechee Lime", — which 
 is said to make a good preserve. See Elliott's Sketch, Vol. 2. pp. 
 684-6. and Dr. Baldwin's Correspondence, p. 328. 
 
 ORDER CXVII. ULMACEAE. Mirbeh 
 
 Trees, or shrubs, with a watery juice. Leaves alternate, simple, roughish, with 
 deciduous stipules. Flowers in lateral fascicles, or axillary and solitary, per- 
 fect or sometimes polygamous. Calyx campanulate, 4 or 5- (sometimes G or is) 
 cleft, free from the ovary; lobes imbricated in aestivation. Stai?iens inserted on 
 the base of the calyx, as many as its lobes and opposite to them — sometimes 
 more numerous. Ovarii 1 or 2-celled. with a single suspended ovule in each 
 cell ; styles or stigmas 2, divergent. Frvit 1 -celled and 1-seeded, indehiscent, — 
 either samaroid or drupaceous. Seed pendulous; albumen none, or very little. 
 A small Order,— and of little interest, beyond what is here given. 
 
 SUB-ORDER I. ULMEAE. A. Gray. 
 
 Flowers perfect, fasciculate. Fruit samaroid : albumen none. 
 
 164. ULMUS. L. Bndl. Gen. 1850. 
 [An ancient Latin name. — of obscure etymology.] 
 
 Calyx membranaceous, turbinate-campanulate, 4, 5, or 8-cleft. 
 Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx. Ovary compressed, 
 ovate, 2-celled ; ovules solitary, appended to the apex of the dissepi- 
 ment ; styles 2, diverging, stigmatose on the inner side. Samara 
 membranaceous, compressed, winged all round, by abortion 1-celled 
 and 1-seeded. Seed inverted. 
 
 1. U. Americana, L. Leaves ovate, smooth above, very unequal 
 at base, rather simply serrate,— the serratures uncinately acuminate ; 
 flowers conspicuously pedicellate, in loose fascicles ; samara oval, 
 densely villous-ciliate on the margin. Willd. Sp. PI. 1. p. 1325. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 178. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 3. tab. 126. 
 
 American Ulmis. Vulgo — White Elm. Weeping Elm. 
 
 Stem 60 to SO feet, or more, in height, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter ; branches 
 long and spreading, or often rather drooping. Leaves 3 to 5 inches in length, 
 acuminate : petioles one fourth to half an inch long, smoothish Stipules smooth. 
 Calyx somewhat obliquely truncate, about 8-cleft, smoothish ; tube green; lobes 
 purplish-brown, short, rounded. Stamens mostly S. exserted. Styles pubescent, 
 nearly white. Sameira reticulately veined, tapering to a pedicel at base, emar- 
 ginate or bifid at apex between the 2 styles, — the, segments incurved so as to 
 leave an apparent t'oramen through the wing; margin densely fringed with soft 
 white hairs. Banks of streams ; borders of swamps, &c. : throughout the U. 
 States. Fl. April Fr. June. 
 
 Obs. This is a fine large tree ; and, if I mistake not, is the species 
 so much cultivated as a Shade tree, in New England. ' The noble 
 avenues of Elms, at New Haven, Conn, are the admiration of all 
 visitors ; and nothing is required but a little attention, at the proper 
 season, to have every village in the land similarly adorned. Why 
 will not the people of all our American towns and villages learn to 
 do that much; for the sake of taste, and their own future comfort 1* 
 
 *It may be hoped that the persuasive arguments, and elegant illustrations, of 
 A. J. Downing, Esqr. in reference to Shade trees, Landscape Gardening, &c. 
 will induce our countrymen, generally, to pay more attention to such improve- 
 ments, than they have hitherto done. 
 
ULMACEAE 151 
 
 2. U. fulva, Mx. Leaves oval or obovate-oblong, conspicuously 
 acuminate, very scabrous above, rather unequal and somewhat 
 cordate at base, doubly serrate ; buds clothed with a fulvous tomen- 
 tum ; flowers in dense subsessile fascicles ; samara orbicular, naked 
 on the margin. Fl. Cestr. p. 179. 
 
 U. rubra. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 89. Icon, tab. 128. 
 
 Tawxy Ul:»ius. Vulgo — Slippery Elm. Red Elm. 
 
 Stem 30 to 50 feet high, and 12 to IS inches in diameter; branches virgate. 
 Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long. — the upper surface remarkably rough — the under 
 surface tomentose-pubescent, especially along the midrib and nerves ; petioles 
 about one third of an inch long, pubescent. Stipules pilose. Calyx about 7-cleft; 
 lobes obtuse, clothed and cillate with a reddish-tawny pubescence. Stamens 
 often 7, much exserted. Styles glandular-pubescent, purple. Samara radiately 
 veined, on a slender pedicel the length of the calyx, cleft at apex between the 
 styles, — the segments acuminate and so incurved and overlapped as to give the 
 margin the appearance of being entire at apex. Rich low grounds; fence-rows, 
 &c. : throughout the U. States. Fl. April. Ft. June. 
 
 Obs. The inner bark of this species contains a large quantity of 
 mucilage, — which has caused it to be added to the materia medica, 
 in our Shops. The military, on the Canada frontier, during the last 
 war, fed their horses with it, when destitute of the usual forage, — 
 and found it a tolerable substitute for hay. The tree being smaller, 
 and the branches straggling, it does not answer for a shade tree, so 
 well as the preceding. There is another species. (Z7. alata, Mx.) 
 occasionally to be met with, — having the branches remarkably 
 ridged, or winged, with a cork-like bark ; but it is a small tree, and 
 not of much interest to the farmer. 
 
 SUB-ORDER II. CELTIDEAE. Rich. A. Gray. 
 
 Flowers polygamous, subsolitary. Fruit drupaceous. Albumen scanty. 
 
 165. CELTIS. Tournef. Endl . Gen. 1851. 
 [An ancient name of the Lotus, — applied to this genus.] 
 
 Calyx of 5 or 6 sepals, slightly connected at base, persistent, con- 
 cave, imbricated in aestivation. Stame?is as many as the sepals and 
 opposite to them ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, cordate, acuminate. — 
 Ovary ovoid, l-celled ; ovule single, appended to the parietes near 
 the apex ; stigmas 2, terminal, elongated and acuminate, spreading 
 or recurved, glandular -pubescent. Drupe globose, fleshy, smooth, 
 1-seeded. Seed pendulous, curved ; cotyledons conduplicate, emar- 
 ginate at apex, inclosing the somewhat gelatinous central albumen. 
 1. C. occidentalis, L. Leaves obliquely ovate, acuminate, serrate, 
 entire at base ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; fruit brownish-orange 
 color. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 994. Fl. Cestr. p. 180. Icon, Mx. 
 Sylva, 3. tab. 114. 
 Western Celtis. Vulgo — Nettle-tree. Sugar-berry. 
 
 Stem 20 to GO or 80 feet high, and 6 inches to 2 or 3 feet in diameter. Leaves2 
 to 4 or 5 inches long, more or less scabrous on the upper surface, and somewhat 
 hairy beneath, finally coriaceous ; petioles one third or half an inch in length. 
 Flowtrs axillary, solitary or sometimes in pairs; pedicels slender, half an inch 
 or three quarters in length. Sepals dull greenish-yellow, oblong-lanceolate. 
 Stigmas densely pubescent, long, divaricate, with the points often incurved. 
 Drupe yellowish-brown when mature (purple, Ell.), — the pulpy coat thin, sweet- 
 ish. Rich light soils ; throughout the U. S. but I think not abundant any where. 
 Fl. May. Ft. September. 
 
152 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Obs. This is by no means a common tree, in Eastern Pennsylva- 
 nia, — and is but little known to the farmers. There appears to be 
 another species ( probably C. crassifolia, Lam. ), — with larger 
 coarser leaves, and, if Michaux is correct, with dark blue fruit ; 
 but I have not seen the fruit, and cannot speak confidently of the 
 character of the tree. It is, however, rather a matter of Botanical 
 curiosity, than of Agricultural importance. 
 
 ORDER CXXII. EUPHORBIACEAE. Juss. R. Br. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, and even trees, — often ■with an acrid milky juice. Leaves oppositet 
 or alternate, mostly simple ; stipules small and deciduous, or often wanting. 
 Floivers monoicous or dioicous, usually bracteate or involucrate. Calyx free, 
 lobed, — with various glandular or scaly internal appendages (in a few cases 
 with genuine petals .'). — sometimes obsolete or wanting. Stamens definite or in- 
 definite, distinct or monadelphous ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary sessile or stipitate, 
 2- 3- or several-celled (or rather of so many united carpels); ovules solitary or 
 twin and collateral, suspended from the inner angle of the cell near the apex ; 
 styles and stigmas as many as the cells, distinct or united. Fruit capsular, — often 
 separating into its elementary carpels, which usually open elastically by one or 
 both sutures. Seeds with a large embryo inclosed in fleshy albumen. 
 
 This large and varied — yet essentially natural Family — comprises upwards of 
 100 genera, — many of them possessing very active propeities, or otherwise curi- 
 ous and interesting. Of these may be mentioned, the Croton Tiglium, L. which 
 yields the powerful Cro'on Oil ox OilofTiglium y — the Jatropha Manihot. L. which 
 affords the Cassava and Tapioca. — the Crozophora tinctoria. Juss. yielding Turn- 
 sol. — the Sipkonia elastica, Pers. affording the true Caoutchouc or Gum elastic,— 
 the Buxus sempervirens, L. afford ng the beautiful Box-wood, — the Hura crept' 
 tans, L. or curious Sand-box tree, &e. &c. 
 
 TRIBE I. EUPHORBIEAE. Bartl. 
 
 Flowers monoicous, apetalous, — the siaminate with the pistillate, within a com- 
 mon involucre. Cells of the ovary (carpels) 1-ovuled. 
 
 166. EUPHORBIA. L. Endl. Gen. 5766. 
 [Named after Euphorbus, — an ancient Greek Physician.] 
 
 Floivers monoicous, — several naked monandrous staminate ones 
 surrounding a single pistillate one, within a common involucre. 
 Common involucre campanulate-turbinate ; limb A or 5-cleft, — the 
 lobes membranaceous and often petaloid, with 5 external gland-like 
 teeth alternating with them. Staminate Fl. each consisting of a 
 single stamen with a lacerate-ciliate bract. Calyx and Corolla 
 none. Pistillate Fl. on a long pedicel. Calyx minute, dentate 
 or lobed, often obsolete. Ovary composed of 3 united 1-ovuled car- 
 pels ; styles 3, bifid or rarely united in one ; stigmas 6. Capsule 
 3-lobed {tricoceous ), smooth or verrucose, sometimes pilose, — the 
 cells or carpels elastically 2-valved, opening on the back, deciduous. 
 Herbaceous, or fruticose ; very lactescent : Leaves opposite and 
 stipulate, or alternate and naked ; flowers axillary or sub-umbellate. 
 
 1. E. hypericifolia, L. Stem nearly erect, with spreading branches, 
 smoothish ; leaves opposite, unequal at base, oval-oblong, sub-falcate, 
 serrate ; corymbs terminal ; capsules smooth ; seeds blackish. Willd. 
 Sp. PL 2. p. 895. Fl. Cestr. p. 516. 
 
 Hypericum-leaved Euphorbia. Vulgo — Eye-bright. Spurge. 
 
 Plant replete with an acrid milky juice. Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches 
 high, rather slender and leaning as if topheavy, with somewhat dichotoraous 
 spreading branches above, smoothish, often purple. Leaves half an inch to near 
 an inch and half long, obliquely ovate- oblong or sub-falcate, rather obtuse, sharply 
 
EUPHORBIACEAE 153 
 
 serrate, nearly entire towards the base on the rounded or convex side, more or less 
 pilose with longish fine hairs, 3-nerved, linear-dotted, often stained with purple 
 blotches along the midrib; petioles scarcely a line in length. Clusters of flowers 
 axillary and dichotonial, pedicellate, forming small corymbs at the ends of the 
 branches; petaloid segments of the involucre minute, white, or purple edged with 
 white, minute. Capsules small, smooth, often tinged with dark purple. Seeds 
 dark brown or nearly black, rugose-pitted, mostly 4-sided, with prominent rib-like 
 or keeled angles, !~andy fields; pastures, road-sides, &c. : throughout the U, 
 States. Fl. July— September. Fr. Sept. — October. 
 
 Obs. This species is very common in dry pasture fields — espe- 
 cially in thinnish sandy soils, — and has been suspected of being the 
 cause of the salivation, or slabbering, with which Horses are often 
 affected, in the latter part of summer. I cannot say how much 
 foundation there may be for the suspicion ; but I have often observed 
 that horses are not apt to eat much of any acrid or unpalatable 
 plant, — and are, moreover, very expert in selecting esculent herbs 
 from among those which are not so. This plant is a worthless ob- 
 noxious little weed, — and I believe is best kept down by improving 
 the soil, and choking it out by more valuable substitutes. There is 
 another species ( E. depressa, Torr. Ell. — E. metadata L ? Fl. 
 Cestr. ) frequent in cultivated grounds — especially in Indian-Corn 
 fields, — which lies prostrate and very close to the ground — branch- 
 ing off from the root in every direction : but it is scarcely of suffi- 
 cient importance, even as a weed, to claim a further notice, here. I 
 avail myself of this occasion, however, to say, that I am now 
 strongly inclined to believe the E. macnlata, of most authors, is 
 only a variety of E. hypericifolia, L, — and that the E. depressa, of 
 Torrey & Elliott (" E. macnlata, L?" of Fl. Cestr.), is most 
 probably the E. thymifolia, of Michaux and Pursh. I have been 
 fortified in this opinion, by the remarks of that able and sagacious 
 Botanist, Dr. Engelmann, of St. Louis, — to whom I sent specimens 
 of both the species here referred to. 
 
 TRIBE IV. CROTONEAE. Blume. 
 Floivers often furnished with petals, fasciculate, spicate, racemose, or paniculate. 
 Ovary with the cells 1-ovuled. 
 
 167. RICINUS. Toitrnef. Endl. Gen. 5809. 
 [Latin, Ricimis, a tick, or bug ; from the resemblance of the seeds ] 
 
 Flowers monoicous. Calyx 3 to 5-parted, — the lobes valvate in 
 aestivation. Corolla none. Stam. Fl. Staviens numerous ; fila- 
 ments variously united, and much branched ; anthers with the cells 
 distinct and pendulous from the apex of the filament* Ovary glo- 
 bose, 3-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; style short ; stigmas 3, deeply 2- 
 parted, oblong, colored, plumose. Capsule mostly echinate, 3 lobed 
 (tricoccozts) ; cells or carpels 1-seeded. 
 
 1. R. communis, L. Stem herbaceous, pruinose ; leaves alternate, 
 petiolate, peltate, palmately 5 to 7-lobed. — the lobes lanceolate, 
 glandular -serrate ; capsule echinate. Willd. Sp. Fl. 4. p. 564. 
 
 Common Ricinus. Vulgo — Castor-oil Bean. Palma Christi. 
 
 Fr. Le Riein ordinaire. Germ. Der Wunderbaum. Span. Ricino. 
 
 R%ot annual. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, stout, branched, terete, nodose, smooth, 
 mostly purplish and covered with a glaucous powder. Leaves 6 to 12 inches across, 
 palmate-lobed, — the undivided portion nearly orbicular; petioles 3 to 6 niches long, 
 
154 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 with a gland at apex, and sometimes 1, 2, or 3, near the base; stipule opposite to 
 each leaf, embracing the stem, caducous. Flowers terminal, paniculate, — the 
 staminate below, the pistillate above — all on articulated pedicels. Calyx yellow- 
 ish-green. Pistils purple and glaucous. Capsule covered with subulate points. 
 Seeds subovoid, smooth, mottled. Gardens and fields; cultivated. Native of In- 
 dia. Fl. July — September. Ft. Sept. — October. 
 
 Obs. This plant is extensively cultivated, in the South western 
 States, for the valuable medicinal oil afforded by its seeds ; and I 
 have seen considerable fields of it, in the warm sandy districts of 
 New Jersey. It is rarely seen in Pennsylvania, — except as a curi- 
 osity, in gardens. In tropical regions, it is said to be perennial, 
 and shrubby. 
 
 ORDER CXXIV. JUGLANDACEAE. DC. Lindl. 
 
 Trees. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, without stipules. Flowers monoicous. 
 Stam. Fl. in aments, with a membranous irregular calyx. Stamens indefinite. 
 Pistillate Fl. mostly in small terminal clusters: Calyx-tube adherent to the 
 ovary ; limb small, 3 t<> 5-parted,— sometimes with the addition of as many small 
 petals .' Ovary incompletely 'J to4-celled, with a single ovule. Fruit drupaceous, — 
 the epicarp (coating r>f the nut) fibrous-fleshy and indehiscent, or coriaceous and 
 opening by valves, — the endocarp (shell or nut) woody and rugosely sulcate, or 
 bony, ribbed and smooth, 2 to 4-celled at base. Seed erect, 2 to 4-lobed at base, — 
 the lobes occupying the cells of the nut : embryo shaped like the seed : albumen 
 none. Cotyledons thick, fleshy and oily, 2-lobed, sinuate-torulose. 
 
 A small but interesting Order, — of which the more important genera and 
 species are here noticed. 
 
 168. JUGLANS. L. Endl. Gen. 5890. 
 [Latin, Jovis Glans, the nut of Jupiter - r by way of eminence.] 
 
 Monoicous : Staminate Fl. lateral, amentaceous. Aments simple,, 
 cylindric, proceeding from buds distinct from the leaves, on branches 
 of the preceding year. Calyx adnate to an entire 1-fiowered bract, 
 5 or 6-parted, — the segments membranaceous, unequal, concave, 
 imbricated in aestivation. Stamens numerous, sub-sessile. Pistil- 
 late Fl. terminal, solitary, or few and clustered. Calyx-tube ovoid, 
 adherent to the ovary, — the limb 4 or 5-cleft, Petals 4, minute, in- 
 serted at the summit of the calyx alternately with the segments,, 
 slightly connected by their dilated bases, spreading at apex. Ovary 
 1-celled above, 4-celled at base, — the dissepiments doubled, united 
 at the centre and forming a thick receptacle of the ovule ; ovule 
 single, erect, sessile at the apex of the receptacle ; styles 2, very 
 short; stigmas 2, elongated, recurved, papillose-fimbriate. Fruit 
 drupaceous, containing a single nut, — the epicarp somewhat fleshy, 
 fibrous within, indehiscent or opening irregularly, — the nut woody, 
 rugose and irregularly sulcate, 4-celled below, 1-celled above, 2- 
 valved, 1-seeded. Seed affixed to the thick receptacle, erect, 4- 
 lobed below, — the lobes thrust into the cells of the nut ; testa mem- 
 branaceous, thin ; cotyledons fleshy, sinuate-lobed ; plumule 2-leaved, 
 pinnate. T?ees, with simple aments. Fruit indehiscent . 
 
 1. J. nigra, L. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, subcordate at base, the 
 under surface and petioles slightly pubescent ; drupe globose, 
 roughish-dotted, spongy; nut subglobose, rugose-sulcate. Willd. 
 Sp. PI. 4. p. 456. Fl. Cestr. p. 543. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 30. 
 
 Black Juglans. Vidgo — Black Walnut. • 
 
 Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with spreading crooked 
 branches, — often forming a broad roundish and rather open top. Leaflets 2 to 4 
 
JUGLANDACEAE 155 
 
 inches long, serrate, subsessile, in 7 to 10 pairs, with a terminal odd one which is 
 often starved, or abortive. Aments about 2 inches long. Pistillate flowers in small 
 terminal clusters of 2 to 4, on a short common peduncle. Drupe an inch and half 
 lo 2£ inches in diameter, mostly globose, sometimes oval or oblong-ovoid, green- 
 ish-yellow when mature, — the epicarp (or "hull") more or less succulent and 
 spongy. Rich woodlands ; fence-rows, &c. : throughout the U. States. Fl. May. 
 Ft. October. 
 
 Obs. The dense dark-brown wood of this species is valuable, — 
 and is much used by Cabinet-makers, as a substitute for Mahogany. 
 The spongy epicarp is often employed as a domestic dye-stuff, — and 
 the nucleus, or kernel, although somewhat oily, is generally esteemed. 
 The youvg fruit and leaves, when rubbed or bruised, emit a strong 
 and not unpleasant resinous odor. This tree, when prevalent, is a 
 pretty sure indication of a fertile soil ; but it exerts an unfriendly 
 influence on many cultivated plants (especially, it is said, upon the 
 young hedges of Virginia Thorn), if placed in its immediate vicinity. 
 
 2. J. cinerea, L. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, rounded at base, 
 softly pubescent beneath, with the petioles villous ; drupe ovoid- 
 oblong, coriaceous, viscid-pubescent ; nut elliptic-oblong, acuminate, 
 conspicuously sculptured. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 456. Fl. Cestr.p. 543. 
 J. cathartica. Mx. Sylva, 1. p. 160. Icon, tab. 31. 
 Cinereous Juglans. Vulgo — White Walnut. Butter-nut. 
 
 Stem 15 to 20 or 30 feet high, and 6 to 12 or 18 inches in diameter, with numer- 
 ous branches and a smoothish cinereous bark. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, 
 serrate, sessile, softly pubescent and paler beneath, in 7 or 8 pairs with a termi- 
 nal odd one. Aments 3 lo 5 inches long. Pistillate flowers 3 to 5 or 7, in a termi- 
 nal spike, rather distant, sessile on a long common peduncle. Drupe2 to 3 inches 
 long, and 1 to near 2 inches in diameter, elliptic-ovoid with a short tapering pro- 
 tuberance at apex, often slightly compressed and obscurely angular, softly hairy 
 and clammy, — the epicarp somewhat coriaceous: nut oval, acuminate, somewhat 
 compressed, deeply sulcate, with the ridges sharp and irregular. Rich bott m 
 landsj along streams. &c. : throughout the U. States. Fl. May. Fr. Sept. — Octo. 
 
 Obs. This is a smaller tree than the preceding — often rather a 
 large branching shrtib, — and the wood is much less valuable. The 
 hark affords an extract, which is a convenient and popular cathartic. 
 The young drupes, collected about the last of June, make excellent 
 pickles. The kernel of the mature fruit is oily, and soon becomes 
 rancid, — so that it cannot be eaten. 
 
 3. J. regia, L. Leaflets oval, rather acute, smooth, nearly entire; 
 fruit roundish-oval. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 455. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. 
 tab. 29. 
 
 Royal Juglans. Vulgo — English Walnut. Madeira Nut. 
 
 Fr. Noyer commun. Germ. Die Wallnuss. Spa?i. Noguera. 
 
 Stem 20 to 30 or 40 feet high, and 9 to 15 inches or more in diameter, branched. 
 Leaflets 2 to 5 inches long, acute, or sometimes rounded and emarginale at apex, 
 subserrate or entire, villous in the angles of the nerves beneath, in 3 to 5 pairs 
 with a terminal odd one, — the lower pairs smaller. Aments ovoid-oblong, 2 to 3 
 inches in length. Pistillate floivers in small terminal clusters of 2 or 3, on a rather 
 short common peduncle. Drupe oval or subglobose-, mucronate, about 2 inches long 
 and 1 or 2 inches in diameter, with a smoothish subcoriaceous epicarp ; nut oval, 
 subcompressed, smoothish or somewh it corrugated. About houses: cultivated. 
 Native of Persia. Fl. May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This oriental species is called English Walnut, in conse- 
 quence, as I suppose, of its having come to us by way of the mother 
 country. Such misnomers are not unfrequent, among cultivated 
 
156 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 plants. This one is occasionally cultivated for the young fniit,— 
 which makes a favorite picMe. The tree is rather impatient of the 
 climate, in the rural districts of Pennsylvania ; but does very well 
 in the shelter afforded by our cities and large towns. The nuts are 
 rarely perfected, here ; but those imported, are more highly esteemed 
 than our native walnut. 
 
 169. CARYA. Nutt. Endl. Gen. 5889. 
 [Greek, Karya, — the ancient name of the Walnut tree.] 
 
 Flowers monoicous, proceeding from the same buds with the leaves. 
 St.oi. Fl. lateral, amentaceous. Aments ternately branched, slen- 
 der, situated below the leaves. Ca/ya; adnate to an entire 1-flowered 
 bract, 2 or 3-parted,-^-the segments membranaceous, ovate. Stamens 
 
 3 to 6 ; anthers hairy. Pistillate Fl. terminal, in small clusters. 
 Calyx-tube ovoid, adherent to the ovary, — the limb 4-cleft. Corolla 
 none. Ovary as in Juglaus ; stigma sessile, large, discoid, 4-lobed, 
 papillose. Fruit drupaceous, — the epicarp coriaceous, opening 
 more or less completely by 4-valves ; nut bony, smooth, often some- 
 what 4-angled. Trees, with compound aments. Fruit opening by 
 
 4 valves. Pubescence stellate. 
 
 1. C. Alea, Nutt. Leaflets mostly 5, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 sharply serrate, villous beneath, — the terminal one petiolulate ; 
 aments smoothish; fruit depressed-globose; epicarp thick; nut 4- 
 angled, compressed, with the shell thin. Fl. Cestr. p. 544. 
 
 Juglans compressa. Mx. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 458. 
 
 J. squamosa. Mx. Sylva, l.p. 181. Icon, tab. 36. 
 
 White Carya. Vulgd — Shell-bark, or Shag-bark Hickory. 
 
 Stem 60 to SO feel high, and 1 to 2 feet or more in diameter, with the outer baric ex- 
 foliating in long scales or plates, which generally adhere in the middle, while one 
 or both ends are detached and elevated, making the surface very rough and shaggy. 
 Leaflets rtM*\\y in 2 pairs with a terminal odd one, 3 or 4 to 6, 8 or 10 inches long, 
 the terminal one usually largest, and the lower pair much smaller. Aments at the 
 base of the young growth, 2 or 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, triple or 3-parted on a common 
 peduncle, smoothish, pendulous, with a linear-lanceolate bract at the base of each 
 branch or lateral ament. Stamens mostly 4, — the anthers somewhat hairy. Pistil- 
 late fotvers terminal, mostly 2 or 3 together, sessile on a common peduncle. Fruit 
 somewhat umbilicate at the ends, and depressed or sulcate along the sutures of the 
 valves; epicarp (or hull) thick and snbearnosely coriaceous, opening at maturity 
 into 4 distinct valves or pieces ; nut about an inch long, suborbicular or oval, com- 
 pressed and somewhat 4-angled, white, — the shell thin and frangible, — the seed or 
 kernel rather large, oily sweet and esculent. Low lands; along streams, &e. 
 New England to Carolina. FL May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. The nuts of this tree are well known, and highly esteemed. 
 I think there are some varieties, — with the bark less shaggy, the 
 fruit with a thinner epicarp, a thicker shell, and the kernel of infe- 
 rior quality. The whole genus is believed to be peculiar to this 
 continent, — and is celebrated for affording a superior quality of fire- 
 wood.* 
 
 2. C. tomentosa, Ntttt. Leaflets mostly 7, oblong-lanceolate, acu- 
 
 * Mr. Emerson, in speaking of the Hickories of Massachusetts, seems to give this 
 species the precedence, for the fuel it yields, — as well as for its excellent nuts. I 
 think I am not mistaken, however, in saying that, in Pennsylvania, the following 
 species (viz. C. tomentosa, Nutt. or White-heart Hickory,) is considered superior to 
 all others, as fire-wood. In selecting Hickory wood, for fuel, experienced house- 
 keepers, in this region, always give the preference to that which has the least red 
 in it. 
 
JUGLANDACEAE 157 
 
 initiate, slightly serrate, roughish-pubescent and resinous-dotted 
 beneath, — the terminal one subsessile ; aments tomentose ; fruit 
 ovoid or elliptic-oblong ; epiearp very thick ; nut somewhat 6-angled, 
 with the shell thick and strong. Fl. Gestr. p. 546. [Pursh. 
 
 Juglans alba. L. W'dld. Sp. PL 4. p. 457. Not of Michaux & 
 
 J. tomentosa. Mx. Si/lva, 1. p. 176. Icon, tab. 35. 
 
 Tomentose Carya. Vu J go — White-heart Hickory. 
 
 Stem 60 to SO feet or more in height, and 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter, — the barh 
 With the fibres interlocked and not exfoliating. Leaflets generally in 3 pairs with a 
 terminal odd one, 3 or 4 to S inches long (the two lower pairs considerably smaller 
 than the others), smoothish al>ove, clothed with a roughish stellate pubescence be- 
 neath, and sprinkled with minute dark-purple particles among the pubescence. 
 Aments 4 to 6 or 7 inches \>ng, filiform, pubescent. Pistillate flowers mostly 
 in pairs, sessile on a short thick bracleate common peduncle. Fruit ovoid or ob- 
 long-oval, large (often 2 inches or more in length, and 1J in diameter): epiearp \h\ck 
 and coriaceous, opening by 4 valves more than half way to the base ; nut somewhat 
 6-angled near the apex, — lUe shell very thick and bony, — the kernel rather small, 
 and, though esculent, much inferior to the preceding. Upland forests : New Eng- 
 land to Virginia. Fl. May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This species, also, appears to present several varieties,— 
 some of them producing remarkably large fruit. All the Hickories 
 are noted for affording good fuel ; but tire wood of this one (which 
 is white to the heart — while the others are more or less red, within,) 
 is considered the best of all, for that purpose. It is replete, in early 
 summer, with a sweet syrup-like sap, — and when cut, at that sea- 
 son, is much preyed upon by worms. The proper time for cutting 
 it, is the month of August. 
 
 3. C. porcina, Nutt. Leaflets 5 to 9 — usually 7 — lanceolate and 
 obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth, resinous-dotted be- 
 neath, — the terminal one subsessile ; fruit pyriform or subglobose; 
 epiearp thin, partially opening ; nut with an even surface. Fl. 
 Cestr. p. 546. 
 
 Juglans porcina. Mx. Sylva, 1. p. 194. Icon, tab. 38. 
 
 J. glabra, Willd. and obcordata. Lam. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 458. 
 
 Hog Carya. — Vulgd — Pig-nut Hickory. Broom Hickory. 
 
 Stem 40 to 60 or TO feet high, and 1 to 2 feel in diameter, with a close bark, and 
 numerous tough branches. Leaflets usually in 3 pairs (not unfrequently in 2 or 
 4 pairs.) with a terminal odd one, 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, generally smooth 
 on both sides — sometimes a little pubescent beneath — sprinkled with minute pur- 
 ple particles. Aments ternately branched or in pairs, 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, 
 filiform, smoothish. Pistillate floicers terminal, solitary, or 2 or 3 sessile and ra- 
 ther distant on a common peduncle. Fruit rather small, subglobose, oblong, or 
 obovoid. — the obovoid variety often a little compressed and retuse, or obcordate : 
 epiearp thin and coriaceous, opening partially (at summit) by 4 valves; nit 
 smooth and even, — the shell often hard, but sometimes thin and frangible ; kerne 
 often astringent and bitter, — sometimes esculent, but of inferior quality. Moist 
 woodlands,"and low grounds : New England to Carolina Fl. May. Fr. Octo. 
 
 Obs. The young saplings of this species were much used, formerly, 
 for making splint brooms ; and the tough sprouts, or seedling plants, 
 are often employed as ligatures, in rural economy, under the name 
 of hickory withes* The wood, of the Older trees, is used by wheel- 
 wrights for making axles of carts and wagons : and, like that of all 
 the species, is much esteemed for fuel. The sj^ecies most likely to 
 be confounded with this one, is the Bitter-nut Hickory (C. amara, 
 
 14 
 
158 APETALOTTS EXOGENS 
 
 Nutt.), but the latter is much less common, — at least in this regions 
 4. C. olivaeformis, Nutt. Leaflets 11 to 15, lanceolate and some- 
 what falcate, serrate, subsessile, — the terminal one petiolulate ; fruit 
 obovoid-oblong ; epicarp rather thin ; nut olive-shaped, obscurely 
 4-angled, with an even surface. [Sylva, 1. tab. 32. 
 
 Juglans olivaeformis. Mx. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 457. Icon, Mx, 
 Olive-shaped Carta. Vulgo — Pecan Hickory. Pecan nut. 
 
 Stem 50 to 70 feet high. Leaflets in 5 to 7 or S pairs, with a terminal odd one, 
 3 to 6 inches in length, smooth, with a short roughish pubescence on the midrib 
 and nerves beneath. Fruit 1 to near 2 inches long ; nut with a thin frangible 
 shell, — the kernel large. Wet, low grounds : Western and South-western States. 
 Fl. April— May. Fr. Sept.— October. 
 
 Obs. This tree is little known, in the North, except by its very 
 fine nuts, — which are even superior to those of the admired Shell- 
 lark. There are a few other species of Hickory, in the U. States j 
 but the foregoing are those of chief interest to the farmer. 
 
 ORDER CXXV. CUPULIFERAE. Richard. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate, simple, penninerved, with deciduous 
 stipules. Flowers usually monoicous. Staminate Fl. in Aments, with either a 
 scale-like or a regular calyx, and the stamens 1 to 3 times the number of its 
 lobes. Pistillate Fl. either solitary, 2 or 3 together, or in clusters, — furnished 
 with an Involucre which incloses the fruit, or forms a Cupule at its base. Calyx 
 adherent to the ovary, — the limb minute, denticulate, often finally disappearing. 
 Ovary 2 to 6-celled, withl or 2 pendulous ovules in each cell, — the dissepiments 
 projecting from the parietes to the centre, finally for the most part vanishing; 
 style columnar ; stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary, rigid, cartilaginous. 
 Fruit (by abortion) a 1-celled 1-seeded indehiscent nut, coriaceous or bony, 
 more or less embraced or inclosed by the involucre. Seed without albumen ; 
 embryo with thick fleshy cotyledons. 
 
 A highly important and valuable Order, — of which the principal Genera, and 
 most interesting species (with the exception of Quercus Suber, L. from which 
 Cork is obtained), are here noticed, 
 
 170. OSTRYA. Michel. Endl. Gen. 1842. 
 [Greek, Ostreon, a shell, or scale, — in allusion to the structure of the fruit.] 
 
 Flowers monoicous. Staminate Fl. Aments cylindric, elongated, 
 lateral and terminal. Calyx a simple scale without bract ; scales 
 imbricated. Stamens numerous, inserted at the base of the scale ; 
 anthers 1-celled, pilose at apex. Pistillate Fl. Aments terminal, 
 loosely imbricated ; bracts small, deciduous. Scales of the involucre 
 in pairs, hairy at base, membranaceous, uniting by their margins and 
 inclosing 1 or 2 flowers. Calyx adherent to the ovary, somewhat 
 urceolate, — the limb undivided, forming a very short tube, ciliate. 
 Ovary 2-celled ; ovules solitary, suspended from the apex of the dis- 
 sepiment ; stigmas 2, subsessile, elongated, filiform. Fruit in a 
 strobile (or cone), formed of the scales of the involucre, which are 
 membranaceous, nerved, and coalesced into utricles or little sacs. 
 Nuts solitary within the utricles, compressed, ovate-lanceolate, 
 smooth, 1-seeded. 
 
 1. O. Virginica, Willd. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply 
 serrate ; cones ovoid-oblong; buds acute. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 469. 
 Fl. Cestr.p. 541. 
 
 Carpinus Ostrya. L. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 30. Icon, tab. 109. [wood. 
 Virginian Ostrya. Vulgd — Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever- 
 
CUPULIFERAE 159 
 
 Stem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 5 to 8 or 10 inches in diameter. Leaves 2 to 
 4 inches long, on short petioles. Slaminate aments an inch to an inch and half 
 long. Pistillate aments mostly terminal and solitary, 1 to near 2 inches long, 
 slender and, while young, linear; flowers in pairs, — each pair subtended by an 
 ovate-lanceolate tawny caducous bract; each flower contained in a membra- 
 naceous sew formed by the united scales of the involucre. — the sac enlarging and 
 becoming a bladder-like envelope of the nut, slightly inflated, ovate, imbricated, 
 and forming altogether, at maturity, a pedunculate pendulous cone — about the 
 size of, and much" resembling, the Common Hop. Woodlands: New England to 
 Carolina.. Fl. April — May. Fr. September. 
 
 05^. The wood of this small tree is remarkably firm and tough: 
 and although neither very common, nor very important, — it may be 
 well, perhaps, for the intelligent farmer to know what it is when he 
 meets with it. According to Mr. Emerson, it is known by the 
 name of Lever wood, in New England. The Common Horn-beam, 
 or Water Beech (Carpinus Americana, -Mis.) — a large shrub, allied 
 to this — is quite frequent along the banks of swampy rivulets. 
 
 171. CORYLUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen, 1844. 
 [Greek, Korys, a helmet, or cap ; in allusion to the involucrate fruit.] 
 
 Flowers monoicous. Staminate Fl. Aments cylindric, with imbri- 
 cated bracteal scales. Calyx of 2 collateral scales beneath the bract, 
 and all three united at base. Stamens about 8; anthers 1 -celled, 
 subsessile, ovoid, bristly at apex. Pistillate Fl. from subterminal 
 buds, in small clusters at the ends of the branches, with entire 
 bracts ; involucre of 2 or 3 (at first minute, but subsequently en- 
 larging) villous leaflets, which are lacerate on the margin and 
 coherent at base, embracing 1 or 2 flowers. Calyx adherent to the 
 ovary, — the limb very minute, denticulate, villous. Ovary 2-celled ; 
 ovules solitary, suspended from the apex of the dissepiment ; stigmas 
 2, elongated, filiform. Nut (by abortion) 1-seeded, roundish-ovoid, 
 obtuse, subcompressed, bony, smooth, solitary in the enlarged folia- 
 ceous laeerate-dentate involucre. Seed pendulous ; testa very thin 
 and membranaceous ; cotyledons elliptic, plano-convex. 
 
 1. C. Americana, Marshall. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate ; 
 stipules ovate-lanceolate ; involucre ventricose-campanulate, much 
 larger than the nut, with the limb compressed, dilated, lacerately 
 many-cleft. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 471. Fl. Cestr. p. 539. 
 
 American Corylus. Vulgo — Hazel-nut. Wild Filbert. 
 
 Shrub. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, slender, branching, — the young branches virgate, 
 pubescent and glandular-hispid. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, varying from round- 
 ish-cordate to ovate, and obovate, dentate-serrate, pubescent ; petioles one fourth 
 of an inch to an inch long. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, caducous. Aments pre- 
 ceding the leaves, 1 to 2 inches long. Pistillate floivers in pedunculate squa- 
 tnose clusters. — the scales finally enlarging, uniting and forming the involucres 
 of the nuts. Nut subglobose, somewhat compressed at apex, rather wider than 
 long, finely pubescent, embraced by the subcoriaoeous involucre, which is twice 
 as long as the nut, glandular-hirsute externally, ventricose at base, with the limb 
 bilabiate and irregularly laeerate-dentate. Borders of thickets ; fence-rows, &c. : 
 throughout the U. States. Fl. March — April. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This shrub is generally well known, for its esculent seeds, — 
 though I believe it has never been thought worth while to cultivate 
 it. The Filbert, of Europe (Corylus Avellana, L.), — an allied 
 species, bearing larger nuts, — is occasionally to be seen in gardens, 
 and is probably worthy of culture ; but it is scarcely, as yet, intitled 
 
160 APETALOTJS EXOGENS 
 
 to be reckoned among our cultivated plants.* Judging from the 
 habit of Hazel bushes, and their tendency to form thickets, they aro 
 probably the identical genus referred to, by Virgil, in the passage— 
 "Hie inter densas Corylos &c." 
 
 172. QUERCFS. L. Bndl. Gen. 1845. 
 [Celtic, Qwer, handsome, or excellent, and Cuez, a tree ; on account of its value.} 
 
 Flowers monoicous. Staminate Fl. Aments slender, pendulous, 
 without bracts. Calyx 6 to 8- (mostly 5-) parted, — the segments 
 unequal, ciliate, some of them occasionally bifid. Stamens 4 or 5 
 to 10, inserted round a glandular disk at the base of the calyx; 
 anthers 2-celled. Pistillate Fl. from buds which are axillary, or 
 sessile on a common peduncle. Involucre 1 -flowered,— formed of 
 minute bracts, and scales, imbricated in many series, and coalesced 
 into a cwpule embracing the base of the flower. Calyx adherent to 
 the ovary, — the limb C-cleft or obsoletely denticulate. Ovary 3 or 
 4-celled; ovules in pairs in the cells, collateral, suspended from the 
 apex of the inner angle ; stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary, 
 subsessile, erect or spreading. Nut (or Acorn) by abortion 1 -seeded, 
 ovoid or oblong, mucronate, coriaceonsly woody, embraced and more 
 cr less included by the indurated cup-like involucre. Seed pendu- 
 lous ; testa membranaceous, thin ; cotyledons plano-convex, thick 
 and fleshy. 
 
 m7 => The numerous species of Oak may. for convenience, be arranged in two 
 principal Sections, — namely, those with biennial, and those with annual, fruit : 
 and these, again, may be thrown into subordinate groups — distinguishable by the 
 •outline or margin of the leaves, The most important, only, of each group, will 
 be here described. 
 
 §. 1. Fructification biennial : fruit subsessile. 
 
 f Willow-leaved and Live-oak Group. 
 
 heaves mostly entire, narrow and small, often ■perennial . 
 
 1, Q. Phellos, L. Leaves deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering 
 at each end, mucronate at apex, glabrous ; cupule saucer-shaped; 
 acorn roundish. Willd. Sp. Fl. 4. p, 423. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. 
 tab. 14. 
 Vulgo — Willow-leaved Oak. Willow-Oak. 
 
 Stem 40 to GO or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet or more in diameter, with a smooth- 
 ish bark. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, subsessile, entire or tlie young ones some- 
 times dentate. Acorn small, subglobose, seated in a shallow saucer-like subses- 
 sile cup. Moist low grounds: New Jersey, and South. Fl. May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. There are apparently some varieties of this, — or, if they are 
 specifically distinct, nearly allied species. The tree sometimes 
 acquires considerable size,— but the timber is not particularly valu- 
 able ; and as it is rather local in its habitat, is not much known 
 beyond those limits. The Oaks of this Section are remarkable for 
 their biennial fructification, — the axillary pistillate flowers, which 
 
 *The young forked twigs of the European Filbert, constitute the celebrated 
 divining rod (virgula divinitoria) with which certain impostors, in the old world, 
 practice upon the credulity of the ignorant. In our own Country, a kindred set 
 of knaves, called " Water smellers." employ the twigs of Hamamelis Virg'nica, 
 L. or Witch Hazel, for similar purposes. — and it is found to answer equally well- 
 when they have fit subjects to practice upon ! 
 
CUPULIFERAE 161 
 
 appear in the spring, remaining almost stationary the first season — 
 the ovaries not enlarging, nor becoming mature fruit, until the suc- 
 ceeding year ! In consequence of this peculiarity, the fruit, in the 
 second year, ceases to be axillary (except in the evergreen species) — 
 the leaves of the first summer having fallen, and left the fruit naked 
 on the sides of the branches. 
 
 2. Q. imbricaria, Mx. Leaves deciduous, lance-oblong or elliptic- 
 lanceolate, acute at each end, mucronate, smooth and shining above, 
 pubescent beneath ; cupule saucer-shaped ; acorn somewhat hemis- 
 pherical. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 42S. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 15. 
 Shingle Quercus. Vulgo — Laurel-leaved Oak. 
 
 Stem 40 to 60 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with a smoothish bark ; 
 branches numerous and irregular. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, entire, somewhat 
 crowded, on short petioles. Acorn rather small, roundish above, with a broad 
 flattish base, so as to be nearly hemispherical, seated in a shallow subse§sile 
 cup. Banks of streams : Western Slates. Ft. May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This species — being chieflly confined to the country west of 
 the Alleghany Mountains — is but little known in the east : and al- 
 though deriving its specific name from the roofing material which 
 it affords, its timber is said to be of an inferior quality — even for 
 that purpose, 
 
 3. Q. virens, Ait. Leaves perennial, coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, 
 somewhat toothed or angled on young trees, entire on old ones, with 
 a revolute margin, rather acute at apex but not mucronate, stellately 
 pubescent beneath; cupule turbinate, pedunculate; acorn oblong. 
 Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 425. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 12. 
 
 Green Quercus. Vulgo — Live Oak. 
 
 Stem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 1 or 2 to 5 or G feet in diameter, with numer- 
 ous large wide-spreading crooked branches, — the wood remarkably dense and 
 heav r y, with twisted gnarled fibres. Leaves an inch and half to 3 inches long, 
 perennial, but a portion of them falling from the old trees every spring, dark 
 green above, whitish beneath, on short petioles. Acorn ovoid-oblong or oval, of 
 a dark brown color, seated in a bowl-shaped pedunculate cup, — the peduncle 
 about an inch long, axillary. Sea-coast: Virginia to Florida. Fl. April. Ft. 
 
 Obs. This noted tree — so valuable in ship-building — is pretty 
 much confined to the sandy sea-coast of the Southern States. Its 
 most northern locality appears to be at Old Point Comfort, near 
 Norfolk, Virginia, — where it is reduced to quite a small tree. Four 
 or five other species, belonging to this group, are found in the U. 
 States — chiefly in the South ; but they are mostly small, and of little 
 value. 
 
 f f Black and Red-Oak Group. 
 
 Leaves rtpand or sinuate-lobe d, rather large : lobes acute, — the points 
 or nerves setaceously mucronate. 
 
 4. Q. nigra, Willd. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, cuneate, dilated 
 at apex, retuse or obscurely 3-lobed, smooth above, covered with a 
 russet pulverulent pubescence beneath, when young the nerves seta- 
 ceously mucronate j cupule subturbinate ; acorn ovoid. Willd. Sp, 
 PL 4. p. 442. 
 
 Q. ferruginea. Mx. Sylva, 1. p. 95. Icon, tab. 20. 
 
 Black Quercus. Vulgo — Black Jack. Barren Oak. 
 
 14* 
 
162 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Stem 15 to 30 or 40 feet high, and 6 to 12 or 15 inches in diameter, with a 
 thickish furrowed dark-colored bark ; branches numerous. Leaves 5 to 8 inches 
 Ion"', much dilated at apex (4 to 6 inches wide), narrowed towards the base, on 
 short petioles. Acorn ovoid, seated in a rather deep or bowl-shaped subsessile 
 cup. Sterile soils : New Jersey to Florida. Fl. May. Fr. October. » 
 
 Obs. This small tree — abundant in Maryland, and well known by 
 the name of " Black Jack" — is chiefly valuable for fuel. 
 
 5. Q. tinctoria, Bartr. Leaves obovate-oblong, sinuate-lobed, pul- 
 verulent beneath ; cupule subturbinate ; acorn ovoid. Willd. Sp. 
 PI. 4. p. 444. Fl. Cestr. p. 531. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 24. 
 {fruit, tab. 25.) 
 
 Dyer's Quercus. Vulgd — Black Oak. Quercitron. 
 
 Stem GO to 80 or 90 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter, with a thickish 
 deeply-furrowed dark-colored epidermis, and a spongy yellow inner bark. 
 Leaves 6 or 8 inches long, obovate in their outline, more or less deeply sinuate- 
 lobed (usually 3 principal lobes on each side), — the base obtuse or sometimes 
 cuneately tapering, smoothish above, the under surface clothed with short stel- 
 late or fasciculate hairs which present a pulvemlent appearance; petioles 1 to 2 
 inches long. Acorn rather small, ovoid, seated in a subsessile cup, which is 
 tapering at base. Rich upland forests : New England to Georgia. Fl. May. 
 Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. The wood of this species is not very durable, — neither is it 
 much esteemed for fuel : Yet, in consequence of its abundance, it is, 
 or has been, very extensively used for fencing, firewood and shin- 
 gles. The straight fibres, and facility of splitting the wood, no doubt 
 recommended it for shingles. The inner bark is an article of com- 
 merce, under the name of Quercitron ; and is exported in large 
 quantities to Europe, where it is employed in dying yellow. It has 
 nearly superseded the use of Weld (Reseda luteola, L.) in Calico 
 printing. The prevalence of this fine tree, in Woodlands, is an in- 
 dication of a good soil for Agriculture. 
 
 6. Q. coccinea, Waugenk. Leaves oblong, deeply sinuate-lobed, 
 smooth, the lobes divaricate, acutely dentate, petioles rather long ; 
 cupule subturbinate, conspicuously scaly ; acorn roundish-ovoid, a 
 little depressed at apex. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 445. Fl. Cestr. p. 
 532. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 25. (fruit, tab. 24.). 
 
 Crimson Quercus. Vulgd — Red Oak. Scarlet Oak. 
 
 Stem 60 to 90 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter. Leaves 5 to 8 inches 
 long, deeply lobed (usually 4 principal lobes on each side), the sinuses rounded 
 and wider at bottom, the base obtuse or sometimes rather cuneate, both surfaces 
 smooth and shining green, with a dense pubescence in the axils of the nerves 
 beneath, — finally becoming red, and spotted with deeper crimson; petioles 2 to 4 
 inches long. Acorn roundish, depressed or slightly umbilicate at apex, — the 
 lower half immersed in a rough scaly cup. Rich moist woodlands: New 
 England to Georgia. Fl. May. Ft. October. 
 
 Obs. This is a fine large tree, — and is remarkable for its crimson 
 leaves, in autumn. The wood is much used for Coopers' stuff, &c. 
 and the bark of this, and the two next following species, is esteemed 
 the best, of all the Oaks, for the process of tanning. 
 
 7. Q. rubra, L. Leaves oblong, smooth, sinuate-lobed, sinuses 
 rather acute ; lobes incised-dentate with the teeth very acute ; cupule 
 shallow, saucer-shaped, flat at base, nearly even on the outer surface ; 
 acorn rather large and turgidly oblong-ovoid. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. 
 p. 445. Fl. Cestr. p. 532. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 28. 
 
CUPt/lIFERAE 163 
 
 Red Quercus. Vulgo — Red Oak. Spanish Oak (erroneously). 
 
 Stem 60 to 90 feet high, and 2 to 4 feet in diameter. Leaves 5 to 8 or 9 inches 
 long, often somewhat obovate, rather obtuse at base, sinuate-lobed (usually 3 
 principal lobes on each side), the sinuses shallower and more acute than in the 
 preceding species ; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Acorn oblong-ovoid, plump and 
 rather large, seated in a broad flat-bottomed saucer-like sessile cup, of which 
 the scales are so compact as to present a smooth or nearly even surface. Hilly 
 woodlands : Northern and Middle States. Fl. May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. The wood of this species is also used for Coopers' stuff, &c. 
 and the bark is in high repute with the Tanners.* This (and I 
 think the preceding, also,) is often called " Spanish Oak," in dis- 
 tricts where the true Spanish Oak is not found : but that name 
 properly belongs to the following. 
 
 8* Q. falcata, Mx. Leaves elongated and rather narrow, sinuate- 
 lobed, or sometimes almost palmately 3-lobed, obtuse at base, densely 
 tomentose beneath ; lateral lobes falcate, the terminal one longer and 
 trifid ; cupule shallow, subturbinate ; acorn roundish-ovoid. Mx. 
 Sylva, 1. p. 106. Icon, tab. 23. 
 Q. elongata. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 444. 
 Falcate Quercus. Vulgo — Spanish Oak. Red Oak. 
 
 Stem 40 or 50 to 80 feet high, and 1 or 2 to 4 feet in diameter. Leaves 3 to G 
 and 9 inches long, with 2 to 4 or 5 (usually 3) distant more or less falcate entire 
 lobes on each side, — those on small trees, or young branches, often dilated and 
 3-lobed at apex, with the side-lobes diverging; petioles about an inch Ion?. 
 Acorn small, seated in a shallow saucer-like cup. which is tapering at base and 
 supported on a short peduncle. Sandy, or sterile clay soils : New Jersey to 
 Georgia. Fl. May. Fr. Octo. 
 
 Obs. This tree (which is the genuine "Spanish Oak,") — so far as 
 I have observed — seems to be pretty much confined to that dis'.rict, 
 along the Atlantic coast, which is marked as alluvial, on Geological 
 maps. It is said to grow very large, in the South ; but is rather below 
 an average size, near its northern limits. The timber is reddish, 
 coarse-grained and not very durable, — but is much used for the in- 
 ferior kinds of Coopers' stuff. The bark, however, is reputed as 
 preferable to that of every other species of Oak, for tanning. 
 9. Q. palustris, Mx. Leaves oblong, deeply sinuate-lobed, smooth — 
 lobes divaricate, acutely dentate, the sinuses broad ; cupule saucer- 
 shaped ; acorn subglobose, small. Willd. Sp. PI. A. p. 446. Fl. 
 Cestr.p. 532. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 27. 
 
 Marsh Quercus. Vulgo — Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. 
 
 Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, andl to 2 feet in diameter, with numerous rather 
 slender horizontal or drooping branches, which are frequently very knotty. 
 Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, deeply lobed (usually 3 lobes on each side) — the lobes 
 rather narrow, diverging, the base of the leaves obtuse or often somewhat 
 cuneate. both surfaces smooth, except a tuft of pubescence in the axils of the 
 nerves beneath ; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Acorn small (mostly numerous), 
 
 * I observe that Mr. Emerson, in his truly valuable and interesting "Report 
 on the Trees and Shrubs growing naturally in the Forests of Massachusetts," 
 speaks of the bark of Quercus rubra as being 'almost worthless for the use of 
 the tanner." I am, of course, unable to speak from personal or experimental 
 knowledge ; but I have uniformly understood, from the Tanners of Pennsylvania, 
 that the Red Oak bark ranked' next in value to that of the true Spanish Oak : 
 and that impression is even now sustained by the testimony of my friend, Mr. 
 Joshua Hoopes, of this Borough, — who is well acquainted, botanically, with 
 our Forest trees; and, moreover; served a regular apprenticeship to the tanning 
 business. 
 
164 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 seated in a smoothish shallow nearly flat-bottomed subsessile cup, which is of- 
 ten abruptly tapering from the centre of the base. Wet low grounds : along 
 rivulets, &c: New England to Pennsylvania, and West to Illinois. Fl. May. 
 i> October. • 
 
 Obs. The wood of this Oak is very firm, — and is much employed 
 by wheelwrights, &c. It is quite common in Pennsylvania, — but 
 does not appear to extend to the South. It would seem as if the 
 Q.falcata, and this species, were distinctly located in the two great 
 divisions of the U. States. Four or five additional species, belong- 
 ing to this group, are found in the U. States; but they are not very 
 important,— and some of them are quite small and scrubby. 
 
 §. 2. Fructification annual: fruit mostly pedunculate. 
 
 f White-Oak group. 
 
 Leaves sinuate-lobed ; lobes obtuse and not mucronate. 
 
 10. Q. obtusiloba, Mx. Leaves obovate-oblong, cuneate at base, 
 pubescent beneath, irregularly sinuate-lobed,— the upper lobes dila- 
 ted, retuse ; cupule hemispherical or bowl-shaped ; acorn elliptic- 
 ovoid. Fl. Cestr.p. 533. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 5. 
 
 Q. stellata. Wangenh. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 452. 
 
 Obtuse-lobed Quercus. V-ulgo — Barrens White-Oak. Post Oak. 
 
 Stem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter ; branches irregular, 
 spreading, densely pubescent when young. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, thick and 
 coriaceous, mostly with 3 unequal lobes on each side and unequal angular 
 sinuses, — the upper surface smoothish and shining (often roughish with short fas^ 
 ciculate hairs, when young), the under surface pale ferruginous, or tawny, and 
 clothed with a stellate pubescence; ptt'oles about half an inch long. Acorn 
 rather small, oval or roundish-ovoid, with the apex often depressed or umbili- 
 cate, — the lower half embraced by the scaly hemispherical cup. which is sessile, 
 or the fruit often in small clusters on a common peduncle. Dry sterile hills; 
 among serpentine rocks. &c. : New York to Florida. Fl. May. Ft. October. 
 
 Obs. This tree, in Chester coiaity, Petm'a., seems to be confined 
 to slaty barren hills, and exposed ridges of serpentine rock. The 
 wood is very durable, and much valued for posts, &c. It also makes 
 excellent fuel. 
 
 11. Q. alba, L. Leaves oblong, pinnatifidly sinuate, — lobes nearly 
 equal, oblong, obtuse, mostly entire, the sinuses narrow ; cupule 
 somewhat bowl-shaped, tuberculate ; acorn ovoid-oblong. Willd. 
 Sp. PI. 4. p. 44S. Fl. Cestr. p. 534. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 1. tab. 1. 
 White Quercus. Vulgo — Common White Oak. 
 
 Stem GO to SO and 100 feet high, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet in diameter, with a whitish 
 or light grey bark. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, subcoriaceous, smooth, nearly 
 equally pinnatifid. usually with 3 or 4 lobes on each side (sometimes cuneate 
 and 3-lobed) ; petioles half an inch to an inch long. Acorn rather large, seated in 
 a shallowish bowl-shaped cup, which is pubescent and rough externally with 
 roundish tubercles, — the fruit generally in pairs, sessile on a common peduncle 
 about half an inch long. Woodlands; throughout the U. States: often abun- 
 dant in moist low clayey grounds. Fl. May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This is one of our finest and most valuable forest trees, — 
 and frequently attains to an enormous size. Its prevalence, how- 
 ever, is not so indicative of a good soil, as that of the Q. ti?ictoria, 
 or Black Oak. The timber is firm and durable, though somewhat 
 liable, when in the form of boards and scantling, to warp or spring. 
 
CUPULIFERAE 165 
 
 It is extensively used in the mechanic arts, — especially by the 
 Wheel-wright, the Mill-wright, and the Ship-wright. The keels of 
 some of our finest National vessels have been obtained from this 
 Oak. It also affords the best quality of Coopers' stuff, for making 
 Liquor-casks. The bark is astringent and tonic, and is frequently 
 employed in medical practice. The acorns are sweet, affording a 
 nutritious and favorite food of swine. On young trees, the leaves 
 are remarkably persistent, after they are killed by the frost, in au- 
 tumn. Three other species, in the U. States, belong to this group, — 
 remarkable for their large acorns, or large cupules ; but they are 
 rather too rare, and too local in their habitat, to require a place in a 
 practical farmer's Flora. 
 
 f f Chesnut-Oak group. 
 
 Leaves coarsely sinuate-dentate, — not lobed. 
 
 12. Q. eicolor, Willd. Leaves oblong-obovate, rather acute, softly 
 tomentose beneath, coarsely and unequally sinuate-dentate, entire at 
 base; fruit mostly in pairs, sessile on long common peduncles; 
 cupule hemispherical ; acorn ovoid-oblong. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 
 440. Fl. Ccstr. p. 534. 
 
 Q. Prinus discolor. Mx. Sylva, 1. p. 47. Icon, tab. 7. 
 Two-colored Quercus. Vulgb— ISwamp White-Oak. 
 
 Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 
 inches long, varying from broad-ovate to oblong and obovate, with coarse une- 
 qual teeth which are dilated at base, rather acute and callous at apex, smooth 
 above, clothed beneath with a soft velvety pubescence, which is either whitish, 
 pale olive-colored, or greenish-ferruginous ; petioles about half an inch long. 
 Fruit in pairs (or often single), on an axillary common peduncle 1 or 2 to 4 
 inches long. Acorn rather large, seated in a roughish-pubescent bowl-shaped 
 cup, — the margin of which is dentate with the points of the scales. Low 
 grounds: along streams, &c. : Pennsylvania to Carolina. Fl. May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. The timber of this is every way inferior in value to that of 
 Q. alba. This, and all the following species of this subdivision, have 
 considerable general resemblance ; so much, indeed, that the elder 
 Michaux regarded them all as varieties of Q. Prinus. 
 
 13. Q. Prinus, L. Leaves obovate and elliptic-oblong, acute or 
 acuminate, finely pubescent beneath, coarsely and nearly equally 
 sinuate-dentate, — the teeth obtuse ; fruit on short common pedun- 
 cles ; cupule nearly hemispherical ; acorn oval. Willd. Sp. PI. A. 
 p. 439. Fl. Cestr. p. 534. 
 
 Q. Prinus palustris. Mx. Sylva. 1. p. 52. Icon, tab. 8. 
 Vzclg: — Swamp Chesnut-Oak. Chesnut White-Oak. 
 
 Stem GO to SO or 90 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter. Leaves 5 to 8 
 inches long, penninerved with a coarse obtuse tooth for each nerve, and a small 
 callus at the apex of each ; petio'es 1 to near 2 inches long. Fruit in pairs (1 
 often abortive), on a common peduncle about half an inch long. Acorn large, 
 oval, or ovoid-oblong, seated in a scaly bowl-shaped cup which embraces 
 nearly one third of the nut. Moist low woodlands: Penna. to Florida. Fl. 
 May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This is often a fine tree, and the timber valuable. 
 
 14. Q. Montana, Willd. Leaves broad-obovate, acute, pubescent 
 and subglaucous beneath, coarsely and nearly equally sinuate-den- 
 
166 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 tate, — the teeth short, broad and obtuse, submucronate ; fruit on 
 short common peduncles ; cupule turbinate ; acorn elliptic-oblong. 
 Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 440. Fl. Cestr. p. 535. 
 
 Q. Prinus monticola. Mx. Sylva, 1. p. 56. Icon, tab. 9. 
 
 Mountain Quercus. Vulgo — Rock Chesnut-Oak. 
 
 Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter, — when old, the 
 bark thick and deeply furrowed. Leaves 4 or 5 to 8 or 9 inches long, broadly 
 (and sometimes roundish-) obovate, rather unequal at base,— the teeth often 
 shortly mucronate with a small callous point; petioles half an inch to an inch 
 long. Acorn large, rather longer but not so thick as in the preceding (about 1£ 
 inch long, and f of an inch in diameter), seated in a rather deep bowl-shaped or 
 sub-turbmate cup. Hilly, rocky woodlands: New England to Carolina. Fl. 
 May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. The wood of this species is valuable, — and the bark is es- 
 teemed by the Tanners. The acorns , also, are sweet and nutri- 
 tious, — much sought after by swine. 
 
 15. Q. Castanea, Muhl. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 pubescent and cinereous beneath, nearly equally dentate or sinuate-- 
 serrate, — the teeth rather acute, and callous at apex ; fruit subses-* 
 sile; cupule nearly hemispherical ; acorn elliptic-ovoid. Willd. Sp. 
 PI. 4. p. 441. Fl. Cestr. p. 535. 
 
 Q. Prinus acuminata. Mx. Sylva, 1. p. 61. Icon, tab. 10. 
 
 Chesnut Quercus. Vulgo— Che%nut-Oak. Yellow Oak. 
 
 Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter. Leaves 3 to 6 inches 
 long, the points of the teeth (and along the whole margin) callous, the upper 
 surface smooth and yellowish-green, the under surface finely pubescent and 
 whitish or cinereous : petioles half an inch to an inch long. Acorn rather small, 
 seated in a pubescent bowl-shaped cvp. which embraces one third of the nut, 
 and is either sessile on the branch or on a short common peduncle. Mountains; 
 slaty hills, and banks of streams: Middle and Western States. Fl. May. Ft.- 
 October. 
 
 Obs. This is often a fine tree, — though not so common, in Eastern 
 Pennsylvania, as the others of this subdivision. It presents some 
 varieties — at least in the leaves ; but they generally have a striking 
 resemblance to those of the Chesnut tree.. The acorns are said to 
 be more sweet and nutritious than those of any other species. There 
 is a dwarf species (Q. Chifiquapin, Mx.), belonging to this subdi- 
 vision — common on our slaty hills ; but it is too small and unim- 
 portant to require a more particular notice, here.. 
 
 The fifteen Oaks, here described, are all noble trees, — and some 
 of them of great value. They are emphatically (as Endlicher says 
 of the Order,) " sylvamm decora" — the pride and ornament of our 
 American forests ; and every young American Farmer should be 
 able to distinguish them all, and to understand their intrinsic and 
 relative importance. 
 
 173. FAGUS. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 1847. 
 [Latin — from the Greek, pkago, to eat ; the fruit being esculent.] 
 
 Flowers monoicous. Staminate Fl. Ame?its globose, pendulous 
 on long peduncles, with minute deciduous bracteal scales. Calyx 
 campanulate, 5 or 6-cleft. Stamens 8 to 12. Pistillate Fl. from 
 terminal buds, with numerous linear unequal bracts surrounding, 
 and connate with, the 2-fiowered urceolate somewhat 4-lobed invo- 
 lucre. Calyx adherent to the ovary, — the limb elongated, laciniate. 
 
CUPULIFERAE 167 
 
 Ovary triquetrous, 3-celled ; ovules solitary, pendulous ; styles 3, 
 filiform; stigmas lateral, fissure-like. Fruit capsule -form, — a cori- 
 aceous or subligneous muricate involucre, finally 4-valved, usually 
 containing 2 nuts. Nuts acutely triquetrous, crowned with the 
 pilose limb of the calyx, by abortion 1-celled and 1 -seeded ; epicarp 
 coriaceous; endocarp villous. Seed pendulous; testa membrana- 
 ceous, thin ; cotyledo?is thick, fleshy, irregularly plicate. 
 
 1. F. sylvatica, L. Leaves elliptic-ovate, acuminate, slightly 
 dentate, ciliate on the margin ; nut ovoid-triquetrous, obtuse, mu- 
 cronate. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 459. Fl. Cestr. p. 538. 
 
 F. sylvestris. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 18. Icon, tab. 107. 
 
 Wood Fagus. Vulgd — Beech-tree. White Seech. 
 
 Fr. Le Hetre. Germ. Die Buche. Span. Haya. 
 
 Stem 40 to 80 feet or more in height, and 1 to 2 feet or more in diameter, with 
 a thin even-surf»ced whitish bark, and giving out numerous slender horizontal 
 or depending branches, which subdivide and terminate in slender terete acumi- 
 nate buds, near an inch in length. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, more or less 
 dentate, penninerved, and plicate along the nerves while young, silky-pilose, 
 finally smoothish on the upper surface ; petioles one eighth to half an inch long ; 
 stipules long, linear, membranaceous, tawny, caducous. Aments of staminate 
 flowers very numerous, loosely subglobose, silky-pubescent, pale greenish- 
 yellow, on slender silky-pilose peduncles an inch or inch and half long. InvO' 
 lucres of the pistillate flowers fewer, roundish-ovoid, enlarging, coriaceous, 
 muricate with flexible subulate squarrose or recurved points, ferruginous- 
 pubescent, on rigid axillary peduncles about half an inch long. Nuts 1 or 2 in 
 each involucre, pubescent, pale reddish brown. Low moist woodlands; through- 
 out the U. States. Fl. May. Fr. September — October. 
 
 Obs. The density and uniform texture of the wood, renders it 
 valuable for many purposes, — such as plane-stocks, and other imple- 
 ments of the mechanic arts. The leaves, especially of young trees, 
 are remarkably persistent, after they are killed by frost, — often re- 
 maining on the branches until late in the ensuing spring. The oily 
 seeds afford a nutritious food for swine. 
 
 The Beech — although a symmetrical and pretty tree — is seldom 
 •cultivated, in this country, either for shade or ornament : And yet 
 it would seem, from Virgil's Pastorals, that in the land of sweet do 
 nothing (" dolce far niente "), the Italian Peasant, of ancient times, 
 found an enviable enjoyment under its spreading branches — 
 — " pat id ae recubans siib tegmine Fagi." 
 
 174. CASTANEA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1848. 
 [Named from a City of Thessaly (Castanea), — famed for Chesnuts.] 
 
 Flowers monoicous, or very rarely perfect. Staminate Fl. indefi- 
 nitely glomerate around axillary amentaceous spikes, rarely solitary, 
 bracteolate. Calyx deeply 5 or 6-parted. Stamens 8 to 15 ; anthers 
 incumbent. Pistillate and Perfect Fl. from axillary subsolitary 
 buds, with numerous linear unequal bracts which are connate with 
 the campanulate 1- to 3-flowered involucre. Calyx adherent to the 
 ovary, — the limb 5 to 8-cleft. Stamens 5 to 12, mostly abortive, 
 minute. Ovary 3 to 6-celled ; ovules solitary, pendulous; style 
 V6ry short, "thick ; stigmas as many as the cells, setiform, spreading. 
 Fruit capsule-form, — a coriaceous echinate involucre, containing 1 
 to 3 nuts, and opening by 4 valves. Nuts ovoid when single, plano- 
 convex or compressed when two or three, — 1-seeded by abortion. 
 
168 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Seed pendulous ; epicarp coriaceous ; endocarp fibrous ; testa mem- 
 branaceous, sinuately folded, — the' folds lining the chinks or fissures 
 of the kernel ; cotyledons thick, farinaceous, often unequal, plicate, 
 closely cohering. 
 
 1. C. vesca, Gaertn. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mu- 
 cronately sinuate-serrate, smooth on both sides. Willd. Sp. FL 4. 
 p. 460. FL Cestr. p. 536. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 3. tab. 104. 
 
 Eatable Castanea. Vulgo — Chesnut. Chesnut tree. 
 
 Fr. Le Chataignier. Germ. Der Kastanienbaum. Span. Castaiio. 
 
 Stem 60 to SO or 90 feet high, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet in diameter. Leaves 6 to 
 inches long; petioles about half an inch long; stipules linear-lanceolate, entire, 
 smoothish, caducous. Staminate flowers small, whitish or ochroleucous, in 
 Blender pubescent interrupted spikes or aments, 4 to 8 inches in length. — the 
 florets crowded in dense bracteate clusters: stamens long. Pistillate flowers 
 mostly 3 together, in a scaly squarrose ovoid involucre. Involucre usually soli- 
 tary — sometimes 3 or 4 in a cluster — subsessile, enlarging, finely globose, about 
 2 inches in diameter, thickly covered with acute compound or coalesced prickles, 
 opening at maturity by 4 valves or lobes, densely villous within. Nuts 3 (by 
 abortion often 2, or 1), roundish-ovate, acuminate, reddish-brown, smooth below, 
 the upper half covered with a grayish-tawny pubescence ; the middle nut flatted 
 on both sides, the lateral ones convex or gibbous externally, — and when the 
 lateral ones are both abortive, the central one becomes roundish-ovoid. Upland 
 forests, — abundant on sterile slaty hills : throughout the U. States. FL June. 
 Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. The American Chesnut-tree is scarcely more than a variety 
 of the European, — the chief difference being in the size of the fruit. 
 The nuts of our native Chesnut-tree are smaller, and the kernels 
 much sweeter, than those of the European variety — or " Spanish 
 Chesnut," as it is commonly called. The wood of the Chesnut-tree 
 is light, easily split, and rather brittle, — yet very durable : not es- 
 teemed for fuel, but highly valued for making fences. The tree 
 seems naturally to abound on our sterile slaty hills, and is of rapid 
 growth, — being speedily reproduced, by suckers from the stump, 
 when cut off — and therefore well calculated to keep up a supply of 
 fencing timber. 
 
 2. C. piniiLA, Mill. Leaves obovate-oblong, acute, serrate or den- 
 ticulate, whitish-tomentose beneath. Willd. Sp. FL 4. p. 461. FL 
 Cestr. p. 537. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 3 tab. 105. 
 
 Dwarf Castanea. Virfgd — Chinquapin. 
 
 Stem 6 to 10 or 12 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches in diameter. Leaves 2 to r) 
 inches long, mucronately serrate or sometimes denticulate, green and smoothish 
 above, clothed with a soft dense cinereous tomentum beneath; petioles about half 
 an inch in length Staminate flowers in aments, 1 or 2 to 4 inches long, slender 
 and numerous. Involucies of the pistillate flowers in spikes, or clustered on 
 short tomentose axillary branches or common peduncles, enlarging, finally glo- 
 bose, an inch or inch and half in diameter, pubescent and prickly, opening at 
 summit with 4 lobes or valves. Nut (by abortion?) constantly solitary, small, 
 ovoid, acute, dark brown, pubescent at summit. Sterile soils : Maryland to 
 Florida. Fl. June. Fr. October. 
 
 Ohs. This shruh is rarely seen, north of Maryland. The kernels 
 are remarkably sweet and pleasant to the taste, — but are scarcely 
 half the size even of our native Chesnut. The seeds of both Chesnut 
 and Chinquapin — and especially of the latter — axe very subject to 
 be preyed upon, by worms. 
 
BETULACEAE 169 
 
 ORDER CXXVII. BETULACEAE. Richard. Bartl. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, straight-veined; stipules free, decidu- 
 ous. Floivers monoicous ; both kinds in axillary aments, and usually naked, — 
 placed 2 or 3 together in the axil of each 3-lobed bract. Stamens definite. Ovary 
 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; stigmas 2, sessile, filiform. Fruit membranaceous or 
 samaroid, by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded, forming with the 3-lobed bracts a 
 kind of strobile. Seed destitute of albumen. 
 
 'An Order consisting of the two genera here noticed. The peculiar odor of 
 Russia leather, is said to be owing to a pyroligneous oil obtained from the 
 Betula alba, L. a European species ; and, according to Sir W. J. Hooker, a 
 wine is made of the sap of the same tree, in Scotland. 
 
 175. BETULA. Toumef. JBndl. Gen. 1840. 
 [Supposed from Betu, — the Celtic name for the Birch.] 
 
 Staminate Aments with the scales peltate, bibracteolate, 3-flower- 
 ed. Calyx a scale. Stamens 4 ; anthers subsessile, oblong, 1-celled. 
 Pistillate Aments with the scales 3-lobed, imbricated. Calyx none. 
 Ovaries 3 under each scale, sessile, 2-celled ; ovules solitary, pendu- 
 lous from the apex of the dissepiments ; stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit 
 an ament-like strobile, with membranaceously margined scales. 
 Nuts lenticular, samaroid or winged. 
 
 1. B. nigra, L. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, acute, doubly serrate, entire 
 at base, pubescent beneath ; pistillate aments subsessile, somewhat 
 erect, elliptic-oblong ; scales villous,— the lobes sub-linear, obtuse. 
 Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 464. Fl. Cestr. p. 539. 
 
 B. rubra. Mx. Sylva,2. p. 99. Icon, tad. 72. 
 Black Betula. Vulgb — Black Birch. Red Birch. 
 
 Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, — the young trees and 
 branches with a smoothish cinnamon-colored bark, — the outer layers of old bark 
 exfoliating in broad thin revolute laminae or sheets. Leaves 1 to 4 inches long; 
 petioles 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch in length ; stipules small, oblong-lanceo- 
 late. Staminate aments 2 to 3 inches long, flexible and pendulous. Pistillate 
 aments about an inch long, oblong, obtuse, on short peduncles; scales 3-cleft 
 two thirds of their length, — the segments equal, linear or spatulate-linear, ob- 
 tuse. Nut compressed, ovate, with a membranaceous margin whieh is widest 
 towards the base. Lew grounds; banks of streams : New Jersey to Carolina. 
 Fl. April. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. The timber of the Birches is not particularly valuable,—* 
 though some of them afford tolerable specimens of lumber, as well 
 as good fuel. The virgate branches were famous instruments in the 
 hands of Pedagogues, of the olden time, in promoting good order, 
 and a close attention to study, among the rising generation :* But 
 <( the march of mind," in the present day, has rendered such auxili- 
 aries nearly obsolete 1 The flexible twigs of this species, — instead 
 of being used to stimulate idle boys to learn their lessons — are chiefly 
 employed for making coarse brooms, to sweep streets and court- 
 yards, in our Cities. 
 
 2. B. lenta, L. Leaves cordate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate ; 
 pistillate aments subsessile, somewhat erect, elliptic-ovoid ; scales 
 roughish-pubescent, — the lobes ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, pro- 
 minently veined. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 464. Fl. Cestr. p. 540. Icon, 
 Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 74. 
 
 Soft or Pliant Betula. Vulgo — Sweet Birch. Cherry Birch. 
 
 -" afflictive Birch, 
 
 " Curs'd by unletter'd, idle youth." 
 
 J. Philips. 
 15 
 
170 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Stem 30 to 60 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter; branches numerous, slen- 
 der, pliable, smooth and dotted with small white scars. Leaves 3 or 4 inches 
 long, thinnish, varying from ovate-oblong to obovate, mostly somewhat cordate 
 and often a little unequal at base, — the upper surface sprinkled with long hairs — 
 the margin and nerves beneath hairy; petioles about half an inch long, pilose. 
 Staminate amtnts 2 to 3 inches long, larger than in the preceding species. Pis- 
 tillate aments about an inch long, and two thirds of an inch in diameter; scales 
 3-cleft nearly half their length, — the lobes prominently keeled and nerved, hir- 
 sutely ciliate. Nut compressed, elliptic-obovate, acute at each end, with a 
 membranaceous margin which is broader towards the summit, and somewhat 
 ciliate, — but every where narrower than in the preceding. Mountain forests : 
 throughout the U. States. Fl. April. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. The wood of this species is colored reddish, — something like 
 that of the Wild Cherry (Cerasus serotina, DC.) ; and it is used, 
 like that, in making Cabinet-ware, bedsteads, &c. The bark and 
 young twigs are pleasantly aromatic, — and were formerly employed 
 in domestic brewings, diet-drinks, &c. 
 
 3. B. papyracea, Ait. Leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, — 
 the veins beneath hirsute, petioles glabrous ; pistillate aments pe- 
 dunculate, nodding, nearly cylindric ; scales with the lateral lobes 
 short, sub-orbicular. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 464. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 
 2. tab. 69. 
 
 Paper Betula. Vidgo — Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. 
 
 Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter ; branches slen- 
 der and flexible, — the shining brown bark dotted with white. Leaves 2 to 3 
 inches long ; 2 ) ?lioles about half an inch long. Pistillate aments about an inch 
 long, pendulous on a peduncle three-fourths of an inch in length. New England, 
 and Canada. Fl. April — May. Fr. July — August. 
 
 Obs. The wood of this, is considered less valuable than that of the 
 preceding species ; but the tree is remarkable, as furnishing, in its 
 thin firm and durable bark, the material of which the Aborigines of 
 our country made their portable Canoes. Various other articles — 
 as boxes, baskets, &c. are manufactured from the bark. There are 
 several other species of Betula, in the U. States, — as the B. excelsa, 
 Ait. a tree of considerable size, in British America and the northern 
 parts of New England, — and the B. populifolia, Ait. a small tree, 
 very abundant in some portions of New Jersey — beside some shrubby 
 ones : But I have supposed the preceding to be those of chief interest 
 to the farmer, and have therefore omitted the others. 
 
 176. ALNUS. Toiirnef. Endl. Gen. 1841. 
 [The Latin name for the Alder.] 
 
 Staminate Aments with the scales peltate, 5-bracteolate beneath, 
 3-flowered. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, inserted at the base of the 
 calyx-lobes, and opposite them; anthers ovoid, 2-celled. Pistillate 
 Aments with the scales imbricated, fleshy. Calyx of 4 scale-like 
 sepals. Ovaries 2 under each scale, sessile, 2-celled ; ovules soli- 
 tary, pendulous ; stigmas 2, filiform. Strobile formed of coalescing 
 scales and bracteoles, which become woody. Nuts woody, com- 
 pressed, angular, not winged, by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded. 
 
 1. A. serrulata, Willd. Leaves obovate, sub-acuminate, doubly 
 serrulate ; stipules oval, obtuse. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 336. Fl. Cestr. 
 p. 525. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 15. Jig. 1. 
 Serrulate Alnus. Vulgd — Common Alder. Candle Alder. 
 
BETULACEAE 171 
 
 Stem 3 to 10 or 12 feet high, and half an inch to 1 or 2 inches in diameter, 
 with crooked and rather rigid branches. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, strongly 
 nerved, sub-plicate, thick and subconaceous. smoothish ; petioles about half an 
 inch long. Staminate aments one and a half to near 3 inches long, cylindrical, 
 slender, flaccid, pendulous and sub-fasciculate near the ends of the branches; 
 scales reddish-brown ; anthers yellow. Pistillate aments half an inch to near an 
 inch long, oblong, rigid, dark purplish-brown, persistent, on short lateral bran- 
 ches below the staminate ones. — when in flower, bristled with the dark- purple 
 exserted stigmas. Swamps, and margins of rivulets ; throughout the U. States. 
 Fl. March— April. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This shrub is of little or no value; — and is only noticeable 
 as a frequent intruder in swampy meadows, and along rivulets,— 
 where, if neglected, the bushy growth soon gives the premises a 
 slovenly appearance. It is true, the Alders often make a comfort- 
 able shade for the Trout, in the little pools of our meadow rivulets : 
 but the tidy farmer likes to keep even the margins of those streams 
 clear of weeds and bushes. 
 
 ORDER CXXVIII. SALICACEAE. Richard. Lindl. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple : stipules scale-like and deciduous, or 
 foliaceous and persistent. Flowers dioicous ; both kinds in- Aments, destitute of 
 floral envelopes, one under each bract. Stamens 2 to several, sometimes mona- 
 delphous; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled, many-ovul- 
 ed ! styles 9, very short ; stigmas 2 to 3-lobed. Fruit a follicular kind of capsule, 
 opening at apex by 2 valves. Seeds numerous, ascending; funiculus short, 
 thick, snlitting into a silky-lanuginous coma! Albumen none. 
 An Order comprising the Willoios and true Poplars. 
 
 177. SALIX. Toicrnef. E?idl. Gen. 1903. 
 [Celtic, Sal. near, and Lis. water ; alluding to its place of growth.] 
 
 Staminate Aments with entire bracts. Calyx none. Receptacle 
 gland-like. Stamens 2 to 5 ; filaments free, or more or Jess connate. 
 Pistillate Aments with entire bracts. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules 
 numerous, on parietal placentae near the base ; stigmas 2, subses- 
 sile, 2-lobed. Capsule follicular, 1-celled, 2-valved, — the valves 
 bearing the erect comose seeds in the middle, near the base. 
 
 1. S. vitellina, L. Branches rather erect, yellow ; leaves lance- 
 olate, glandular-serrulate or nearly entire, smoothish and yellowish- 
 green above, silky-pilose and glaucous beneath ; aments coetaneous. 
 Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 66S. Fl. Cestr. p. 562. 
 Egg-yolk Salix. Vufgo — Yellow Willow. Golden Osier. 
 Fr. Osier jaune. Germ. Die Dotter-weide. Span. Sauce. 
 
 Stem 30 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter at base ; branches nu- 
 merous, with a smooth shining orange-yellow bark. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches 
 long, generally lanceolate and acute, with indistinct cartilaginous glandular ser- 
 ratures, — not unfrequently obovate-oblong. obtuse and entire (especially when 
 young, or the early ones at the base of young branches): petioles 1 or 2 lines 
 long; stipules minute, ovate-lanceolate, caducous. Pistillate aments about 2 
 inches long; scales ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, externally pubescent. About 
 houses; meadows, &c. : introduced. Fl. April. Fr. 
 
 Obs. This was introduced from Europe, at an early period, as a 
 shade-tree about houses, and spring-heads or fountains, — and has 
 become almost naturalized in some spots : but is gradually giving 
 place to the more graceful Babylonia?} Willotv. It is propagated 
 by cuttings, — and spreads also by the roots. I have never observed 
 any but pistillate trees. A variety with paler branches (perhaps 
 S. alba, of authors), is also frequently to be seen, in old settlements ; 
 and, I think, has been cultivated, by the manufacturers of Gun- 
 
172 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 powder, in order to obtain charcoal from the wood. Sir W. J. 
 Hooker says, the twigs of the S. vitellina are used, in Europe, " as 
 an Osier," for making baskets. 
 
 2. S. Babylonica, L. Young branches very slender, flaccid and 
 pendulous ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrulate or 
 nearly entire ; stipules minute, ovate, glandular-dentate ; aments 
 coetaneous. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 671. 
 
 Babylonian Salix. Tulgo — Weeping Willow. Drooping Willow. 
 Fr. Saule pleureur. Germ. Babylonische Weide. Span. Sauce de 
 Babilonia. 
 
 Stem 30 to 50 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter at base, widely branch- 
 ing above, — the young branches greenish, very numerous, slender, long and 
 perpendicularly pendent. Leaven 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, narrow-lanceolate, the 
 larger ones with a long acumination, smooth ; petioles 1 or 2 lines long. Pistil- 
 late aments about an inch long, mostly ascending, or turned up, on the pendulous 
 branches; scales lanceolate, smooth. About houses : introduced. Fl. April. Fr. 
 
 Obs. This elegant and interesting species — a native of the East — 
 is deservedly admired, and much cultivated, as a shade-tree. The 
 pistillate plant, only, has been introduced to this country. Its spe- 
 cific name was given, by Linnaeus, under the idea that it might be 
 the tree so touchingly referred to, in the 137th Psalm : — " By the 
 rivers of Babylon , there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we re- 
 membered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the Willows in the 
 midst thereof." 
 
 In addition to these, there has been introduced to some extent, the 
 •S. vimi?iali3, L. or common Osier, of Europe, — the pliable branches 
 of which are wrought into baskets ; and also a species which I have 
 supposed to be the S. R?tsselliana, of Smith : But, as they scarcely 
 come within the scope of the present work, I do not insert them. 
 Most of our native Willows are mere shrubs, — of little or no Agri- 
 cultural interest. 
 
 178. POPULUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1904. 
 [Latin, Populus, the people : the tree of the people; being used to shade public 
 
 walks.] 
 
 Staminate Aments with Iaciniate or fringed bracts. Calyx subtur- 
 binate, — the limb oblique, entire. Stamens 8 to 12, or more ; — the 
 filaments free. Pistillate aments with bracts and calyx as in the 
 staminate : Ovary 1-celled ; stigmas 2, subsessile, elongated, 2- 
 parted. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, comose. 
 1. P. tremuloides, Mx. Leaves small, cordate-orbicular, abruptly 
 acuminate, unequally dentate-serrulate, pubescent on the margin. 
 Mx. Sylva, 2. p. 241. Icon, tab. 99. fig. 1. Fl. Cestr. p. 568. 
 
 P. laevigata? or P. trepida? Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 803. 
 
 Tremula-like Populus. Vulgo — Quaking Asp. American Aspen. 
 
 Stem30 to 50 or 60 feet high, and 12 to 18 inches in diameter, with a smoothish 
 cinereous bark. Leaves about 2 inches in length, and rather wider than long; 
 peti es 2 to 3 inches long, slender, smooth, subterete towards the base, laterally 
 compressed or vertically dilated near the leaf, which disposes the leaf to be 
 agitated by the slightest motion of the air. Pistillate aments 3 to 4 or 5 inches 
 long. Low swampy grounds : Northern and Middle States. Fl. April. Fr. May. 
 
 Obs. This is a rather pretty tree, — and is occasionally planted 
 about houses and lawns, for shade and ornament. It is admired for 
 
SALICACEAE 173 
 
 the extreme mobility of its leaves ; and is, moreover, in considerable 
 repute for the tonic properties of its bark. 
 
 2. P. angulata,-4&Y. Branches alate-angular ; leaves deltoid-ovate, 
 acuminate, obtusely uncinate-dentate, glabrous, — the younger ones 
 broadly cordate. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 805. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab, 
 
 Angulate Populus. Vulgo — Cotton-wood. Carolina Poplar. [94. 
 
 Stem 60 to SO feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter, — the bark on the 
 branches elevated into acute longitudinal ridges, as if by the decurrence of the 
 petioles. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long ; petioles 2 to 4 inches long, laterally 
 compressed near the leaf. Staminate aments large. Along rivers; South Western 
 States. Fl. March. Fr. 
 
 Obs. This tree is well known along the rivers in the valley of the 
 Mississippi. The wood, however, of all the poplars, is light, brittle, 
 and of little value. There are several other native species, — but, 
 being of small importance to the farmer, they are omitted here. 
 The two following were introduced, as shade trees. 
 
 3. P. Graeca, Ait. Branches terete ; leaves cordate-ovate, acumi- 
 nate, obsoletely serrate, somewhat ciliate. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 804. 
 Grecian Populus. Vulgo — Athenian Poplar. 
 
 Stem 30 to 50 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with irregular and rather 
 spreading branches. Leaves 4 to G or 8 inches in length, and as wide as long; 
 petioles l| to 3 inches long, laterally compressed near the leaf. Pistillate aments 
 3 to 6 inches long. About houses: cultivated. Native of Greece. Fl. April. Fr. 
 
 Obs. This species was introduced, as a shade tree, about 40 years 
 ago ; but it was not generally adopted, — and is now nearly super- 
 seded by more eligible ones. We have only-the pistillate plant in 
 this country ; and the cotton which is shed from the capsules is so 
 abundant as to render the tree objectionable, in the immediate 
 vicinity of dwellings. 
 
 4. P. dilatata, Ait. Leaves much dilated, nearly deltoid, acumi- 
 nate, serrate, glabrous on both sides. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 804. 
 
 Dilated Populus. Vulgo — Lombardy Poplar. Italian Poplar. 
 
 Fr. Peuplier Italien. Germ. Lombardische Pappel. Span. Alamo 
 de Lombardia. 
 
 Stem 60 to SO feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter; branches numerous, 
 nearly erect, forming a close conical symmetrical top. Leaves 2 to 3 inches 
 long, and wider than long ; petioles about 2 inches long, laterally compressed 
 near the leaf. Staminate aments 2 to 3 inches long. About houses, and along 
 avenues: cultivated. Native of Italy. Fl. April. Fr. 
 
 Obs. This was a favorite ornamental tree, for a number of years ; 
 but is now (1846) going out of fashion. Mr. Watson, in his Annals 
 of Philadelphia, says it was introduced to that city, from England, 
 in the year 1784, by William Hamilton Esq. of the "Woodlands," 
 west side of the river Schuylkill. The Botanical Editor of Rees's 
 Cyclopaedia, however, thinks they have only the pistillate plant in 
 England, — whereas it was the stami??ate plant that was introduced 
 by Mr. Hamilton; and he may have procured it from Italy. All 
 the Lombardy Poplars that are, or have been, in the TJ. States, may 
 be considered as elongations, branches, or offsets, of the tree from 
 which Mr. Hamilton obtained his specimen. 
 
 15* 
 
174 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 The pretty Silver Poplar, or Abele tree (P. alba, L.) — so remark- 
 able for the snow-white tomentum on the under surface of the leaves 
 — is occasionally to be seen about houses, — and is annually becoming 
 more frequent ; but is scarcely, as yet, intitled to a place in our list 
 of cultivated shade trees. 
 
 ORDER CXXIX. BALSAMIFLUAE. Blume. 
 
 Trees. Leaves alternate, petiolate, palmately lobed ; stipules caducous. Flotcers 
 monoicous, in conical or globose Aments, with a caducous 4-leaved involucre. 
 Staminate aments conical or elongated, loosely racemose at base ; stamens nu- 
 merous, in capitate clusters, — the loweT clusters pedicellate ; anthers rather large, 
 oblong-didymous. 2-celled, subsessile. Pistillate aments pedunculate, globose, — 
 the ovaries surrounded or mixed with numerous small fleshy scales — all finally 
 coalescing and enlarging together. Ovary 2-celled — or rather formed of 2 carpels — 
 connate at base : ovules numerous on the dissepiment; styles 2, thickish, continu- 
 ous with the carpels,' stigmatase on the inner face, somewhat recurved. Capsules 
 obcordately 2-lobed or 2-beaked, 2-celled, coalescing with the indurated scales 
 in a kind of globose strobile, dehiscent between the styles or beaks. Seeds few, 
 compressed, margined, peltately affixed to the dissepiment, with but little 
 albumen. 
 
 An Order limited to the single genus here given ; and consequently, the Ordi- 
 nal and Generic characters are the same. 
 
 179. LIQUIDAMBAR. L. Endl. Gen. 1902. 
 [A name given on account of the aromatic gum yielded by the tree.] 
 
 1. L. styracifltja, L< Leaves palmately 5-lobed; lobes ovate- 
 lanceolate, glandular-serrate ; axils of the nerves villous. Willd. 
 Sp. PI. 4. p. 475. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 62. 
 
 Storax-flowing Liquidambar. Vulgo — Sweet Gum. Bilsted. 
 
 Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with a deeply fur- 
 rowed bark when old, — the branches somewhat winged with high ridges of 
 suberose bark. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, deeply 5-lobed, — the lobes spreading; 
 petioles about 3 inches in length. Staminate aments an inch or inch and half 
 long, conical, branched near the base, — the lowest branches half an inch to 
 nearly an inch long, all bearing small sub-globose heads or clusters of stamens — 
 the upper clusters sessile ; racltis hirsute with tawny hairs. Pistillate aments 
 globose, about an inch in diameter when full grown, muricate with the beaks of 
 the capsules ; peduncles 2 to 3 inches long. Moist low grounds : New England 
 to Florida. Fl. May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. The products of this tree do not meet the expectation natu- 
 rally raised by its high-sounding name. The leaves, however, when 
 slightly bruised, are remarkably fragrant. The timber is not parti- 
 cularly valuable, — but makes tolerably good fuel. As far as I have 
 observed, the tree seems to be confined to the alluvial district, along 
 the Atlantic coast. It is quite abundant in the lower part of New 
 Jersey, — yet rare in Pennsylvania. 
 
 ORDER CXXX. PLATANACEAE. Lestib. Lindl. 
 
 Trees, with a watery juice. Leaves alternate, petiolate. palmately nerved and 
 lobed ; stipules mtra-petiolar or super axillary, sheathing, deciduous (none, 
 Endl.*) ; petioles tumid and hollow at base, concealing the young buds. Flowers 
 monoicous, minute and inconspicuous, densely crowded on globose receptacles, — 
 
 *Endlicher, in saying " Stipulae nullae? seems to have followed Jussiett, 
 without giving the whole of that Author's remark. Jussieu says, '■'•Stipulae 
 nullae. sed vagina intra petiolum ramttlo circumposita, limbo inaequalis et patens, 
 in ramis decidua" ; and this sheath, which embraces the branch within the 
 petiole, or above the axil of the leaf, seems to be as much intitled to the name 
 or character of stipule, as is the somewhat analogous Ochrea of the Polygonaceae. 
 
PLATANACEAE 171 
 
 both kinds destitute of floral envelopes; heads pendulous on long slender pedun- 
 cles. Staminate Fl. Stamens numerous, irregularly mixed with subclavate 
 scales (staminodia), densely crowded. Pistillate Fl. Ovaries numerous, ob- 
 conic or filiform-clavate, densely crowded, mixed with spatulate scales (abortive 
 ovaries) ; style elongated, subulate, stigmatose on one side, near the apex. Fruit 
 a 1-celled 1-seeded clavate coriaceous little rait, — the base surrounded with 
 pappus-like articulated hairs. Seed, cylindric-oblong, pendulous; embryo in the 
 axis of fleshy albumen. 
 
 An Order consisting of the single genus here given, — and the generic character, 
 of course, the same as that of the Order. 
 
 180. PLATANUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1901. 
 [Greek, Platys, broad ; in allusion to its wide-spreading branches and foliage.] 
 
 1. P. occidentalis, L. Branches cinereous; leaves roundish- 
 pentagonal, acuminate, obscurely palmate-lobed, sinuate-dentate, 
 pubescent beneath. Willd. Sp. PL 4 p. 474. FL Cestr. p. 542. 
 Icon, Mx. Sylva, 2. tab. 63. 
 
 Western Platanus. Vulgo — Button-wood.. Sycamore. Plane-tree. 
 
 Stem 60 to 100 feet high, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet or more, in diameter, with large 
 spreading branches, and a smoothish cinereous bark, which exfoliates in 
 
 broad thinnish plates. Leaves 3 to 6 or S inches long, and wider than long, 
 
 the base at first truncate, finally subcordate, obscurely palmate or angulate- 
 lobed, unequally sinuate-dentate with the teeth acuminate, loosely clothed with 
 a hoary branching deciduous pubescence ; petioles 1 to 3 inches in length, tumid 
 and hollow at base, covering the young bud which is formed within and occu- 
 pies the cavity ; stipules somewhat salverform, sheathing the young branches 
 immediately above the petioles. — the limb spreading, foliaceous, coarsely and 
 unequally toothed. Staminate heads or globes small, on peduncles 1 to 2 inches 
 long, deciduous. Pistillate heads about an inch in diameter, pendulous on slen- 
 der terete peduncles 3 to 5 inches long, persistent. Nuts about one third of an 
 inch long, slender, subterete, clavate, mucronate, — the base acute and invested 
 with tawny pappus-like hairs. Banks of streams; roadsides, &c. : throu°hout 
 the U. States. Fl. April— May. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This stately tree— originating from a very small seed — often 
 attains to a larger size than any other in our country. It is some- 
 times planted for shade,— but becomes rather large for streets, or to 
 stand near houses. The timber is not much esteemed, — though oc- 
 casionally sawed into joists, and other lumber. For several years 
 past, the trees (or, at least, the branches), in the spring, appeared 
 every where" to be diseased and dying; but they have still recovered 
 again, more or less completely, in the course of the summer. The 
 caztse of this phenomenon, — (whether insects, as some suppose — or 
 late unseasonable frosts, as I incline to think,) has not been satis- 
 factorily determined* 
 
 ORDER CXXXL URTICACEAE. Juss. Endl 
 
 Trees or shrubs with a milky juice, or herbs with a watery juice. Leaves alternate 
 or opposite, often stipulate. Flowers monoicous, dioicous, or polygamous, fur- 
 nished with a regular calyx, — sometimes collected in aments, or fleshy heads. 
 Stamens definite, distinct, inserted into the base of the calyx, opposite its lobes. 
 Ovary free from the calyx, simple, with a solitary ovule. Fruit an Akene, or 
 Utricle, — often inclosed in a fleshy or baccate calyx or involucre. Embryo 
 straight, curved, or spiral, — with or without albumen. 
 
 A comprehensive and very important Order,— containing plants of various and 
 in some instances, of remarkably dissimilar aspect and properties ;— such as the 
 Nettle and the Mulberry — the bitter Hop and the luscious Fig — the nutritious Bread- 
 fruit (Artocarpvs incisa, L.f.) and the deadly Upas (Antiaris toxicaria, Leschen.). 
 The celebrated Cow-tree or Palo de Vaca (Brosimum Galactodendron, Don.), of 
 
 Fouth America, — "which yields a copious supply of rich and wholesome milk " 
 
 belongs to this Order ; as also does the yellow-dye wood, called Fustic (Madura 
 tinctoria, Bon), and the wide-spreading Banyan-tree (Ficusreligiosa.L.), of India. 
 A species of Ficus (F. elastica, Roxb.) also yields Caoutchouc or Gum elastic. 
 
176 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 SUB-ORDER II. MOREAE. Gaudich. A. Gray. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs — very rarely herbs— with a milky juice. Sta?mnate and pistillate 
 flowers either in separate aments or spikes, or often intermixed — and sometimes 
 included in the same hollow receptacle (as in the Fig), — the calyx becoming suc- 
 culent and forming a compound fruit. Seeds albuminous. 
 
 181. MORUS. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1856. 
 [Greek, Morea, the Mulberry : or Celtic, Mor, black,— in allusion to the fruit.] 
 
 Flowers mostly monoicous, in cylindric spikes. Staminate Fl. 
 in loose ament-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted, — the segments ovate. 
 Stamens 4, opposite the calyx-segments ; anthers introrse. Ovary 
 an abortive rudiment. Pistillate Fl. in dense spikes. Calyx 4- 
 parted, —the segments ovate, concave, opposite — the outer pair 
 larger. Ovary sessile, ovoid, 2-celled ; ovules solitary ; stigmas 2, 
 terminal, filiform, villous on the inner side. AJcene membranaceous 
 or somewhat fleshy, by abortion 1-celled, 1-seeded, inclosed in the 
 persistent calyx, which finally becomes succulent and berry-like 
 Seed pendulous. 
 
 1. M. rubra, L. Leaves cordate-ovate and acuminate, or some- 
 times 2 or 3-lobed, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath j 
 spikes often androgynous ; fruit dark purple. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p* 
 369. Fl. Cestr.p. 524. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 3. tab. 116. 
 
 Red Mortjs. Vulgo — Red Mulberry. 
 
 Stem usually 15 to 25 feet high, and 9 to 18 inches in diameter (in some instances 
 considerably laller and larger), with numerous spreading branches at summit. 
 Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, more or less cordate (on young plants often 2 or 
 3-lobed, and very scabrous above), dentate-seriate, with an entire acumination,. 
 deep green and roughish on the upper surface — softly and, while young, some- 
 what hoary-pubescent beneath, especially along the nerves; petioles 1 to 2 or 3 
 inches long, with linear membranaceous caducous stipules at base. Flowers 
 greenish, small, numerous, in axillary pedunculate ament-like spikes, — sometimes 
 dioicous — and not unfrequently the spikes are androgynous. Staminate spikes 1 to 
 near 2 inches long. Pistillate spikes more densely flowered, cylindric, about an 
 inch long, — the calyx of the florets becoming thick and fleshy, forming an oblong 
 terete compound berry, which is juicy, dark purple, and pleasantly esculent when 
 mature. Peduncle of the berry about half an inch long. Rich woodlands; fence- 
 rows, &c : throughout the U. Stales. Fl. May. Fr. June— July„ 
 
 Obs. The wood of this small tree is exceedingly durable, and 
 highly valued for making posts, &c. The leaves have been success- 
 fully used for feeding silk-worms ; but the product is said to be not 
 so fine as that afforded by the White Mulberry. The fruit is more 
 admired than that of any other species. 
 
 2. M. alba, L. Leaves obliquely cordate-ovate, and somewhat 
 lobed, acute or sub-acuminate, serrate, smoothish and shining; fruit 
 mostly yellowish-white. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 368. Fl. Gestr. p. 524. 
 
 White Morus. Vulgo — White Mulberry. 
 
 Fr. Murier blanc. Ge-rm. Weisse Maulbeere- Span. Morera. 
 
 Stem 10 to 20 or 25 feet high, and 8 to 12 or 15 inches in diameter, much branched 
 at summit. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long (sometimes— especially in young plants — 2 
 or 3 times that size), unequally crenate-serrate, often partially lobed, smoothish, 
 shining and yellowish-green ; petioles half an inch to an inch long, with lance- 
 linear stipules at base. Pistillate spikes shorter and smaller than in the preceding. 
 Fruit pale yellow or straw-color, when mature — rarely dark purple, or nearly 
 black. About houses; fence-rows, &c. : introduced. Native of China, Persia, 
 &c. 2*7. May. Fr. June — July. 
 
URTICACEAE 177 
 
 OSs. This species was introduced into Penn$ylva?iia, nearly a 
 century since, with a view to the feeding of Silk-worms, and the 
 production of Silk. The silk-culture, however, was soon abandoned, 
 — for, in that early stage of the Colony, the sparsely settled Agricul- 
 turists found it more important to multiply mammiferous animals, 
 rather than Insects : But the tree became partially naturalized, — 
 and is still frequently to be met with, in Chester County. About 
 ten years ago, a variety of the White Mulberry — of smaller stature, 
 and much larger leaves, (well known by the name of Moras multi- 
 caulis) — was introduced, as being still better adapted to the feeding 
 of Silk-worms; and soon afterwards, a scene of speculation and in- 
 fatuation was exhibited, throughout the U. States, which bade defi- 
 ance to all the suggestions of reason and common sense. There 
 was a sort Multicaulis monomania (or Moro-mania .') — so universal, 
 and engrossing, that it became absolutely ludicrous; and was scarcely 
 exceeded in absurdity, by the nearly contemporaneous epidemic, 
 which afflicted the nation, in reference to its financial concerns. 
 Almost every body was eagerly engaged in cultivating myriads of 
 trees, to sell,- — without stopping to enquire where they could be sold, 
 or who would be likely to buy ! At some future day — and under 
 different circumstances, — it is quite probable that a portion of our 
 population will find the Silk-culture an eligible business, and the 
 Morus multicaulis a valuable little tree. 
 
 182. MACLURA. Nult. Endl. Gen. 1857. 
 [Named in honor of William Maclure, — a munificent Patron of Natural Science.] 
 
 Flowers dioicous. Staminate Fl. racemose. Calyx 4-parted, the 
 segments ovate. Stamens 4, opposite the calyx-segments. Pistil- 
 late Fl. capitate, densely crowded, and coalesced, on a globose 
 fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, in opposite pairs, oblong, cucullate- 
 concave, fleshy, — the exterior ones larger. Ovary sessile, lenticu- 
 lar-compressed, 1-celled ; ovale single, affixed to the middle of the 
 parietes ; style terminal, bifid, — one branch elongated and much 
 exserted, stigmata se on the inner side — the other branch small or 
 abortive. Akenes severally embraced by the fleshy sepals, which 
 are all coalesced into a large compound globose lactescent Berry, 
 with a glabrous, but uneven, verrucose or irregularly tessellated 
 surface. 
 
 1. M. auraxtiaca, Natt. Branches spinose ; leaves alternate, 
 lance-ovate, acuminate, entire, sub-cordate at base, glabrous and 
 shining above, roughish-puberulent beneath ; berry subsessile, axil- 
 lary, solitary. Nutt. Am. Genera, 2. p. 234. 
 Orange-like Maclura. Vulgo — Osage Orange. 
 
 Stem 15 to 25 or 30 feet high, and 10 to 15 inches, or more, in diameter, with a 
 much-branched bushy top, — the branches virgate, but ofien inclined to droop or 
 curve d wnwards, armed with small and very sharp spines. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 
 inches long, subcoriaceous, mucronate by the extended midrib; petioles 1 to 2 
 inches long; stipules oblong, somewhat cucullaie, caducous. Pistillate flowers 
 coalesced in a solid globose head, which is 2 to near 3 inches in diameter, when 
 fully grown; styles near an inch long, villous and finally purplish, — the abortive 
 branch, so called, probably an abortive style, and indicative of an abortive second 
 cell in the ovary. South Western Stales. Fl May— June. Fr. Sept. — October. 
 
 Obs. The roots of this are of a bright orange color. The wood 
 has some resemblance to that of the Mulberry tree, and is probably 
 durable. It is said to be used for Bows, by the aboriginal hunters 
 
178 APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 and warriors. The young plants, properly managed, promise to 
 make a very effective hedge, — of which I have seen a good sample, 
 at the seat of the late Reuben Haines, Esq. at Germantowm, near 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 183. BROUSSONETIA. Vent. Endl. Gen. 1858. 
 [Dedicated to P N. V. Broussonet, a French Naturalist] 
 
 Flowers dioicous. Staminate Fl. in an ament-like spike, bracteate- 
 Calyx 4-parted, — the segments ovate, acuminate. Stamens A y 
 opposite the calyx-segments. Pistillate, Fl. capitate, densely 
 crowded on a globose receptacle, and mixed with hairy scales 
 (abortive florets). Calyx urceolate, 3 or 4-toothed. Ovary ovoid, 
 1-celled, obliquely seated on a clavate finally elongated pedicel or 
 stipe (gynophore) ; ovule single, parietal ; style filiform, excentric, 
 stigmatose on one side. Akene softly fleshy, elevated on the bac- 
 cate pedicel {gynophore), which is surrounded at base by the calyx.. 
 Seed pendulous. 
 
 1. B. papyrifera, Vent. Leaves scabrous above, pubescent 
 beneath, — those on the young branches lobed, on the older ones 
 mostly undivided, roundish-ovate or subcordate, acuminate, serrate .. 
 IVilld. Sp. PI. 4. p. 713. 
 Paper-producing Broussonetia. Vulgo — Paper Mulberry. 
 
 Stem 15 to 20 or 25 feet high, and 8 to 12 or 15 inches in diameter, with spread- 
 ing branches, — the branches coated with a remarkably tough bark. Leares 3 to 6' 
 or 8 inches long ; jietioles 1 to 3 inches long. Staminate spikes about 2 inches long, 
 resembling loose aments. Pistillate flowers in a dense cai iiate cluster. About 
 houses : introduced. Native of Japan, and the South Sea Islands. Fl. May. Fr. 
 
 Obs. This tree was introduced into Pennsylvania, some 50 or 60 
 years since, as a shade tree ; but it is inferior to many others in, 
 beauty, — and is now rarely planted for that purpose. The roots are so 
 prolific in suckers, as to be quite a nuisance, about yards and gar- 
 dens, — almost as bad as Ailanthus. I have seen only the staminate 
 plant, growing in this country. 
 
 184. FICUS. Tounuf. EndL Gen. 1859. 
 [An ancient name, — of obscure derivation.] 
 
 Receptacle pyriform or subglobose, fleshy, concealing the florets in 
 a central cavity, — the orifice, at apex, closed by small scales. Flo- 
 rets numerous, very minute, pedicellate, crowded on the internal 
 surface of the receptacle, dioicous, or the upper ones staminate and 
 the others pistillate. Staminate Fl. Calyx 3-parted. Stamens 3, 
 opposite the calyx-segments; anthers incumbent, 2-celled. Pistil- 
 late Fl. Calyx 5-cleft, — the tube decurrent on the pedicel. Ovary 
 seated somewhat laterally on a short stipe (gynophore), 1-celled ; 
 style lateral, continuous with the gynophore, filiform; stigma bifid. 
 Fruit-bearing receptade succulent, — the cavity lined with minute dry 
 membranaceous utricles, which are severally surrounded by the 
 vestiges of the calyx. Seed parietal, uncinate ; testa hard, fragile. 
 1. F. Carica, L. Leaves cordate at base, 3 to 5-lobed, repand- 
 dentate, lobes obtuse, scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; recepta- 
 cles pyriform, glabrous. Willd. Sp. Fl. 4. p. 1131. 
 Carian Ficus. Vulgb — Fig-tree. 
 Fr. Le Figuier. Germ. Der Feigenbaum. Span. Higuera. 
 
 Stetn fi to 10 or 12 feet high,— a stcut branching shrub, with an acrid milky juice. 
 Leaves 6 to 9 inches long, deeply 3-lobed with 2 shorter side-lobes ; petioles 3 to 5 
 
URTICACEAE 179 
 
 or 6 inches long, with large convolute stipules at base. Receptacles axillary, tur- 
 binate or pear-shaped, about an inch in diameter. Cultivated. Native of Caria, 
 in Asia. Fl. July. Fr. 
 
 Obs. This shrub requires the shelter of a green-house, in the mid- 
 dle and northern States, — where it produces freely : And although 
 I do not learn that it has yet been much attended to, in our south- 
 ern States, I think it would probably succeed well, in the open air, 
 in that region. The inflorescence , or position of the flowers, of the 
 Fig — (concealed within the body of what is commonly regarded as 
 the fruit,) is very remarkable ; — being just the reverse of that of the 
 Strawberry, — in which the minute pistils are scattered over the ex- 
 terior of the enlarging succulent receptacle. 
 
 SUB-ORDER III. URTICEAE. Juss. A. Gray. 
 
 Herbs (shrubs, or trees, within the tropics,) with a waterv juice, often armed with 
 stinging hairs. Flowers mostly loose, spicate or paniculate. Akene usually sur- 
 rounded by the dry membranaceous calyx. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. 
 
 185. URTICA. Tournef. Endl. Gen, 1879. 
 £Latin, uro, to burn, and tactus, touch ; from the sensation produced by touching it."] 
 
 Flowers monoicous or dioicous, Staminate Fl. Calyx regular, 4 
 or 5-parted, — the segments valvate in aestivation. Stamens as 
 many as the calyx-segments, and opposite them ; anthers elliptical, 
 incumbent. Pistillate Fl. Sepals 4, in opposite pairs, — the 
 outer pair smaller, sometimes abortive — the inner pair persistent, 
 sometimes baccate. Ovary free, 1 -celled ; ovule single, erect from 
 the base of the cell; stigma sessile, subcapitate, villous, penicillate, 
 or filiform and elongated. Alene oblong, somewhat compressed, 
 smooth or tuberculate, naked or inclosed by the baccate sepals. Seed 
 erect ; testa connate with the epicarp. 
 
 1. U. dioica, L. Hispid and stinging; leaves opposite, ovate- 
 lanceolate, conspicuously acuminate, cordate at base, coarsely and 
 acutely serrate ; flowers mostly dioicous, in clustered paniculate 
 spikes longer than the petioles. Willd. Sp. Fl. 4. p. 352. Fl. Cestr. 
 p. 523. Icon, Fl. Lond. 4. 
 
 Dioicous Urtica. Vulgo — Nettle. Stinging Nettle. 
 Fr. Grande Ortie. Germ. Die Brennessel. Span. Ortiga. 
 
 Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely 4-angled, branching, very hispid. 
 Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches in length ; petioles half an inch to 2 inches long, hirsute ; 
 stipules linear-lanceolate. Flowers small, in interrupted clusters, on slender axil- 
 lary branching hispid spikes. About houses ; waste places, &c. : introduced. 
 Native of Europe and Asia. Fl. June — Aug Fr. Aug. — September. 
 
 Obs. A naturalized weed, — well known to all who have ever come 
 in contact with it. When permitted to flourish about dwellings 
 (which, of course, can only happen where slovens or sluggards 
 reside), it becomes a vile nuisance. There is a native species (XT. 
 Canadensis, L.), which is a homely and somewhat stinging weed; 
 but it does not incline to intrude much upon farm lands. There is 
 also a smooth little annual species (U. pumila, L.) — with a succu- 
 lent and almost translucent stem — which is very common in rich 
 shaded spots, about houses ; yet, though entirely worthless, it 
 scarcely rises to the importance of a pernicious weed. 
 
 SUB-ORDER IV. CANNABINEAE. Blume. A. Gray. 
 
 Herbs, erect and annual — or twining and perennial — with a watery juice. Floivers 
 thoicous, — the staminate ones racemose or paniculate — the pistillate ones glomer- 
 ate, or imbricated with bracts and forming a strobile-like ament. Embryo curved j 
 •albumen none. 
 
ISO APETALOUS EXOGENS 
 
 1S6. CANNABIS. Toumef. Endl. Gen. 1890. 
 [An ancient Greek name, — of obscure etymology.] 
 
 Staminate Fl. racemose. Sepals 5, nearly equal, imbricated in 
 aestivation. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals; anthers terminal, 
 large, oblong, pendulous. Pistillate Fl. spicate-glomerate, with 
 single bracts. Calyx urceolate, membranaceous. Ovary subglo- 
 bose, 1-celled ; ovule single, pendulous ; style terminal, short ; stig- 
 mas 2, elongated, filiform, pubescent. Nut (or caryopsis) 1-celled, 
 2-valved, indehiscent. Seed pendulous; cotyledons incumbent, con- 
 vex on the back. 
 
 1. C. Sativa, L. Leaves digitate, petiolate; leaflets 5 to 7, lanceo- 
 late, serrate. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 768. Fl. Cestr.p. 564. 
 Cultivated Cannabis. Vtdgd — Hemp. 
 Fr. Le Chanvre. Germ. Der Hanf. Span. Canamo. 
 
 Root annual. Stent 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, obtusely angular and sulcate, scabrous- 
 pubescent, often branched. Leaves mostly opposite (the upper ones often alter- 
 nate) ; leaflets usually 5 — sometimes 7 — 3 to 5 inches long (the outside or lateral 
 ones much smaller than the others, and often entire — especially on the staminate 
 plant) ; common petioles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long : stipules lanceolate. Staminate 
 flowers greenish, in loose pedunculate axillary clusters, rather crowded in a 
 kind of dense panicle at summit. Pistillate flowers axillary, sessile, mostly in 
 pairs. Calyx subglobose, acuminate, pubescent, green, slit on one side. Stigmas 
 long, slender, densely pubescent, somewhat tawny. Nut ovoid, slightly com- 
 pressed, smooth, greenish, reticulated with whitish veins, inclosed in the persis- 
 tent calyx. Cultivated IV ative of Persia. Fl. June. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This plant — so important in Commerce and the Arts — is 
 cultivated on a large scale, in Kentucky, and some others of the 
 fertile western States ; but only to a limited extent, in the middle 
 and northern States. 
 
 187. HUMULUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1891. 
 [Latin, Humus, moist earth, or mould ; in allusion to its place of growth."] 
 
 Staminate Fl. racemose or paniculate. Sepals 5, equal, imbri- 
 cated in aestivation. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals; anthers ter- 
 minal, large, oblong, erect. Pistillate Fl. amentaceous or stro- 
 bile-like, bracteate ; bracts foliaceous, imbricated in several rows, 
 2-flowered, — each floret sessile at the base of a scale-like membra- 
 naceous enlarging involucre, and embraced by its involute or folded 
 margin. Calyx urceolate, obliquely truncate, obsoletely denticu- 
 late. Ovary ovoid, slightly compressed, 1-celled; ovule single, pen- 
 dulous ; stigmas 2, terminal, elongated, subulate, pubescent. Stro- 
 bile membranaceous, formed of the enlarged imbricated bracts and 
 scales. Nuts roundish-ovoid, inclosed in the persistent truncate 
 calyx. Seed pendulous; cotyledons linear, spirally involute. 
 1. H. Lupulus, L. Leaves mostly 3-lobed, cordate at base, petio- 
 late, scabrous. Willd. Sp. Fl. 4. p. 769. Fl. Cestr. p. 563. 
 Vulgo — Hop. Hop- vine. 
 Fr. Houblon. Germ. Der Hopfen. Span. Hoblon. 
 
 Root perennial, branching. Stem 10 lo 15 or 20 feet long, several from the same 
 root (or rhizojna), slender, volubile (twining constantly with the sun, or East- 
 South-West), somewhat angular and mostly twisted, retrorsely aculeate, with 
 slender branches above. Leaves 3 lo 5 inches long, generally opposite— the upper 
 ones often alternate and not lobed, — all very scabrous on the upper surf ice ; peti- 
 oles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, connate below, free at sum- 
 mit. Staminate flowers in oblong panicles. Pistillate flowers in pendulous ovoid- 
 oblong bracteate strobiles, or aments, which are proverbially numerous and 
 crowded (" as thick as hops "), 1 to 2 inches long at maturity ; bracts orbicular or 
 broadly-ovate, with a short abrupt acuminatum, — the intervening scales (or invo- 
 lucres of ths florets) membranaceous, ovate- oblong, rather obtuse, nearly as long 
 
URTICACEAE 181 
 
 as the bracts, and thickly sprinkled, at base, with orange-colored resinotis atoms, 
 which are highly bitter and aromatic — containing, in fact, the Lupulin or essence 
 of the hop. Cultivated, — but indigenous in most parts of the U. States. Fl. July. 
 Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. The value of the Cones, or Aments, of the pistillate plant, 
 is well known to every house-keeper ; and it is cultivated for culinary 
 purposes, in almost every garden. The medicinal virtues of the 
 cones are also very considerable. The hops, for the Breweries, are 
 cultivated on a large scale, in some districts of the northern and 
 middle States — particularly in Western New York, — where, it i3 
 said, they are a profitable crop. The staminate plant is of so little 
 account, that it is scarcely known-— except to the Botanists. 
 
 GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. 
 
 ORDER CXXXII. CONIFERAE. Juss. 
 
 Trees, or shrubs, abounding in resinous juice. Leaves mostly evergreen, scat- 
 tered or fascicled, usually rigid and needle-shaped or linear, entire. Flowers 
 monoicous or dioicous, commonly amentaceous. Staminate flowers consisting 
 of one or more (often monadelphous) stamens, destitute of calyx and corolla, 
 and arranged on a common rachis so as to form a kind of loose Ament. Pis- 
 tillate flowers in Cones of various structure and character. Seeds albuminous. 
 
 A valuable and very interesting Order, of peculiar Botanical character, — 
 comprising some of the most magnificent trees known, * and yielding various 
 balsams, resins, and resinous fluids, of great importance. The celebrated 
 <; Cedar of Lebanon" is Pinus Cedrus, L. belonging to the Sub-genus Larix, or 
 Lank section of the Pines. 
 
 SUB-ORDER I. ABIETINEAE. Richard. A. Gray. 
 
 Fertile aments formed of imhricated scales, — which are the flat and open carpels, 
 and bear a pair of ovules adherent to their base, with the foramen (or micropyle) 
 turned downwards. Scales subtended by bracts. Fruit a strobile or cone. In- 
 tegument of the seed (testa) coriaceous or woody, more or less firmly adherent to 
 the scale. Embryo in the axis of fleshy and oily albumen, with 2 to 15 cotyledons ! 
 
 188. PINUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1795. 
 [Supposed from the Celtic, Pin, or Pen, a rocky mountain, — often its place of 
 
 growth.] 
 
 Flowers monoicous. Staminate Aments solitary or spicate. Sta- 
 mens numerous, inserted on the axis ; anthers subsessile, 2-celled, 
 covered at apex by the dilated scale-like connective. Fertile 
 Aments solitary or clustered. Scales (or open flat carpels) imbri- 
 cated, each mostly subtended by an adnate bract. Ovules in pairs, 
 at the base of the scales, collateral, inverted. Strobile formed of 
 woody scales, with a cavity at the base of each scale, containing the 
 seeds. Seeds nut-like ; testa woody or coriaceous, with the base, 
 on one side, produced into a membranaceous wing. 
 
 *Some of the Pines, on or near the "West Coast of America, are represented 
 as being from 200 to 300 feet in height, — and upwards of 50 feet in circumference, 
 near the base. 
 
 16 
 
182 GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS 
 
 SUB-GENUS OR $. 1. PINUS. Link. THE PINES PROPER. 
 
 Leaves sempervirent. fasciculate [from the suppression or non- development of the 
 branches), — the fascicles bound with a scariom sheath, at base. Bracts of the fertile 
 dments evanescent. Strobile conical, with the scales thickened and angular at sum- 
 mit, often mucronate near tlie apex, excavated at base. Wing of the seed deciduous. 
 
 1. P. variabilis, Lambert. Leaves fasciculate in twos or threes, 
 elongated, slender, channelled ; strobiles ovoid-conic, rather small, 
 6ubsolitary, — the scales armed with small incurved spines. Willd. 
 Sp. PL 4. p. 498. 
 
 P. mitis. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 120. Icon, tab. 3. 
 
 Variable Pinus. Vulgo — Yellow Pine (of the North). 
 
 Stem 40 to 60 or SO feet high, and 1 to 2 feet, or more, in diameter, with the 
 bark in rather broad flat scales. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, slender, linear, dark 
 green, mostly in pairs (sometimes in threes, on young branches). Strobiles (or 
 cones) 2 to 3 inches long. New England to Georgia ; abundant in New Jersey. 
 Fl. May. Fi. 
 
 Obs. This tree affords valuable litmber, — and is much employed 
 in the construction of houses, and merchant vessels : but it is much 
 inferior in quality to the P. palustris, L. or Yellow Pine of the South. 
 
 2. P. palustris, L. Leaves fasciculate in threes, very long ; stipules 
 pinnatifid, portions of them persistent ; strobiles elongated, conoid, — 
 the scales armed with small recurved spines. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 
 P. australis. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 133. Icon, tab. 6. [499. 
 
 Marsh Pinus. Vulgo — Yellow Pine (of the South). Long-leaved 
 Pine. 
 
 Stem 80 to 100 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter, with a smoothish 
 bark, — the branches rough with the persistent remains of the stipules (stipules 
 ramentaceous). Leaves 9 to 15 inches long. Strobiles 6 to 9 inches long. Sandy 
 eoils : Virginia to Florida. Fl. April. Ft. Aug.— Sept. 
 
 Obs. This is a most important and valuable species. It yields 
 the firmest and most durable lumber, for house and ship building, of 
 any of the genus. The superior "heart pine " boards, for flooring, 
 &c. and the string pieces for rail-roads (where a wooden superstruc- 
 ture is used), are furnished by this tree. "From the sap of the 
 living tree," says Mr. Elliott, "most of the Turpentine of com- 
 merce is obtained." Tar is procured by charring the wood and roots 
 of this, and other species, by a smothered fire, which melts the tur- 
 pentine and mixes it with the sap and juices of the wood. Pitch is 
 the inspissated residuum, left by boiling Tar until the watery portion 
 is driven off. The ground, where this tree prevails, becomes thickly 
 covered by the long leaves — which the Southern people call straw. 
 
 3. P. StrobUs, L. Leaves fasciculate in fives, scarcely sheathed at 
 base, long and slender; strobiles oblong, subcylindric, pendulous, — 
 the scales unarmed, and loosely imbricated. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 
 501. FL Cestr.p. 549. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 3. tab. 10. 
 
 Vulgo — White Pine. Weymouth Pine. New England Pine. 
 
 Stem 60 or 80 to 120 feet or more in height, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet in diameter 
 straight and with a smooth bark — especially while young; branches verticillate. 
 slender, rather few and those near the summit when the trees are crowded. 
 Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, linear, bluish or glaucous-green. Strobile 3 to 5 
 inches long, somewhat curved; scales cuneate-obovate, slightly thickened at 
 apex. Rich soils: bottom lands, along streams, &c. : Canada to Virginia. Fl. 
 May. Fr. Aug.— Sept. 
 
CONIFERAE 183 
 
 Obs. This is also a most valuable tree, — furnishing an immense 
 amount of lumber, in the form of boards and scantling, — and, of late 
 years— since the Cypress has become somewhat scarce and dear — it 
 is extensively wrought into shingles. Being fine-grained, and com- 
 paratively free from turpentine, the White Pine is much used for 
 the interior wood-work of houses — except floors, — for which purpose 
 it is rather soft. There are several other species, belonging to this 
 section, — such as P. inops, Ait. or Jersey Pine — with the leaves 
 short and in pairs, and the scales armed with straight subulate 
 spines : P. rigida, Marsh, or Pitch Pine— with the leaves in threes, 
 and the scales with stout reflexed spines : &c. But, as the three here 
 described are decidedly the most important, the others are omitted. 
 
 SUB-GENUS OR f 3. ABIES. Tournef. THE FIRS. 
 Leaves sempervirent. solitary ', scattered or distichous.* Bracts of the fertile aments 
 persistent. Strobile oblong, with the scales somewhat woody, thin and rounded at 
 apex, not excavated at base. AVing of the seed persistent. 
 
 4. P. Canadensis, L. Leaves somewhat distichous, flat, minutely 
 denticulate ; strobiles elliptic-ovoid, terminal, small. Willd. Sp. PI. 
 4. p. 505. Fl. Cestr. p. 548. 
 
 Abies Canadensis. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 185. Icon, tab. 13. 
 
 Canadian Pinus. Vulgd — Hemlock. Hemlock-Spruce. 
 
 Stem 40 to GO or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter, but tapering rap- 
 idly near the top, — with long horizontal, or often rather depending branches, 
 which are slender and flaccid, while young. Leaves half an inch to three quar- 
 ters in length, shining green above, bluish-glaucous beneath. Staminate flowers 
 in small roundish-ovoid pedunculate aments. which are racemosely arranged 
 around, and near the ends, of the slender branches. Strobiles terminal, some- 
 what pendulous, about an inch long, bluish-glaucous when young, finally pale 
 brown or ferruginous; scales obovate, concave, with the apex rounded, thin and 
 entire. Mountains ; and rocky banks, along streams : throughout the U. States. 
 Fl. May. Fr. Aug —Sept. 
 
 Obs. This tree is so generally diffused throughout Northern Ame- 
 rica, that it has been adopted, as emblematic, in Vignettes on Maps, 
 and other devices, having reference to the country. It does not, 
 however, afford a very valuable timber, — though frequently sawed 
 into scantling, and other lumber. The bark is much used, in the 
 
 *The Buds of the Firs contain the undeveloped branches of the succeeding 
 year, with all their tiny leaves completely formed, and closely packed together. 
 The process of growth elongates the branches, and consequently increases the 
 distance between the leaves. Something like this, seems to be the fact in all 
 trees, in which the branches have a defm'te annual growth ; such as the Horse- 
 Chesnut, &c. where the buds contain the future leaves and flowers — perfect, 
 though in miniature. The phenomenon is happily noticed by the Poet, Cowpeb : 
 
 "The beauties of the wilderness are His, 
 
 "That makes so gay the solitary place. 
 
 " Where no eye sees them. And the fairer forms, 
 
 "That cultivation glories in, are His. 
 
 " He sets the bright procession on its way, 
 
 " And marshals all the order of the year ; 
 
 "He marks the bounds which Winter may not pass, 
 
 " And blunts his pointed fury : in its case, 
 
 11 Russet and rude, folds up the tender germ, 
 
 " Uninjured, with inimitable art ; 
 
 11 And ere one flowery season fades and dies, 
 
 11 Designs the blooming wonders of the next." 
 
 Task, Book VI. 
 
184 GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Northern States, in the process of tanning ; and Marshall informs 
 us, that the Aborigines used it to dye their splints, for baskets, of a 
 led color. 
 
 In this section of Firs, there are some very ornamental evergreen 
 trees, — with the branches beautifully symmetrical, and forming a 
 conical top ; — such as P. bafsamea, L. the Balsam or Silver Fir, 
 which yields the " Canadian Balsam ;** P. nigra, Ait. the black or 
 dozible Spruce, which gives the flavor to Spruce beer ; and several 
 others, — well worthy of culture, to adorn country residences ; but 
 scarcely of sufficient Agricultural importance to require a descrip- 
 tion, in this work. 
 
 SUB-GENUS OR §.4. LARIX. Tournef. THE LARCHES. 
 
 Leaves numerously fasciculate, needle-shaped, mostly annual, proceeding from 
 subglobose buds which open only at apex. — the buds finally extending into branches 
 laden with other buds. Bracts of the fertile aments colored, persistent. Strobile 
 tvith tke scales woody, thin at apex, excavated at base. Wing of the seed persistent. 
 
 5. P. microcarpa, Lambert. Leaves fasciculate, rather short, de- 
 ciduous ; strobiles roundish-ovoid, small, few-flowered; bracts ellip- 
 tic, obtusely acuminate. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 502. 
 
 Larix Americana. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 213. Icon, tab. 153. 
 
 Small-fruited Pintjs. V til go — Red Larch. Tamarack. 
 
 Stem SO to 100 feet high, aad 2. or 3 feet in diameter (fide Michaux./), with a 
 Smooth bark. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, crowded into pencil-like fas- 
 cicles by the abreviation of the axis or branchlet. Strobiles about three quar- 
 ters of an inch long, — the scales orbicular, loosely imbricated. Mountains: 
 Canada to Pennsylvania. Fl. May. Fr. 
 
 Obs. According to Michaux, this is of '.en a large tree, — and the 
 timber superior to that of " any species of Pine or Spruce. ** I have 
 only met with the smaller specimens, to be seen on the mountains 
 of Pennsylvania,— and cannot speak of it from my own observation. 
 I have introduced it, here, chiefly as a sample of the Pines of this 
 section. The " Cedar of Libanus " (P. Cedrus, L.) belongs here ; 
 but has perennial leaves. 
 
 SUB-ORDER II. CUPRESSINEAE. Richard. A. Gray. 
 
 Fertile aments of few scales crowded on a short axis, or sometimes more numer- 
 ous and peltate, not bracteate ; enndes 1. 2, or numerous, borne on the base of 
 the scale, erect (the foratnen towards its apex). Fruit either an indurated stro- 
 bile, — or fleshy and with the scales coalesced, forming a kind of drupe. Integu- 
 ment of the seed (testa) membranaceous, woody, or bony. Cotyledons 2, or more. 
 Anthers of several parallel cells, under the dilated peltate connective. 
 
 189. TAXODIUM. Richard. Bndl. Gen. 1794. 
 [Taxits, the yew, and eidos, form, — the foliage having the habit of that plant.] 
 
 Flowers monoicous, on the same branches. Staminate aments 
 numerous, arranged in a terminal pyramidal spike or raceme. 
 Stamens few, inserted towards the apex of the axis, which is naked 
 at base ; filaments short, thick, produced into a scale-like excentri- 
 cally peltate connective ; anthers with 2 to 5 cells, which are longi- 
 tudinally 2-valved and seated beneath the lower margin of the 
 connective. Fertile aments roundish-obovoid, sessile in pairs at 
 the base of the staminate spike; scales numerous, inserted on the 
 axis, imbricated, acute, recurved-spreading at apex. Ovules 2 at 
 
CONIFERAE 185 
 
 the base of each scale, sessile, erect, perforate at summit. Strobile 
 subglobose, — formed of angular subpeltate lignescent scales. Seeds 
 erect from the base ; testa woody, irregularly angular ; embryo in the 
 axis of scanty albumen ; cotyledons 6 to 9, linear. 
 
 1. T. distichum, Rich. Leaves flat, pinnately distichous on short 
 slender deciduous branches ; staminate aments in terminal leafless 
 paniculate racemes; strobiles globose, — the surface uneven. 
 Cupressus disticha. L. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 512. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 
 197. Icon, tab. 151. 
 
 Distichous Taxoditjm. Vulgo — Cypress. Bald Cypress. 
 
 Stem SO to 100 feet high, fasligialely branched at summit, — the trunk 2 to 4 
 feet, or more, in diameter — often abruptly and much enlarged at base ; the 
 creeping or spreading roots protruding a number of large conical hollow knobs 
 above the surface of the ground. Leaves one third to half an inch long, sub- 
 linear, acute, pinnately or distichously arranged on alternate slender herbace- 
 ous branches (which rather resemble common petioles), 1 to 2 or 3 inches in 
 length ; a number of leaves are also solitary, and scattered on the woody 
 branches. Swamps, along large streams : Delaware to Louisiana. Fl. Feb- 
 ruary — April. Fr. Sept. — October. 
 
 Obs. The wood of this noble and remarkable tree is soft, fine- 
 grained, and exceedingly durable. For many years, it supplied the 
 market with those valuable roofing materials, called " Cedar shin- 
 gles ;" but since these have become rather scarce and dear, they 
 have been extensively superseded by shingles made of the White 
 Pine (Pi/nts Strobus, L.) } — which make a reasonably good substi- 
 tute, at a much less price. 
 
 190. THUJA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1790. 
 [Greek, Thuo. to sacrifice ; the wood having been used in that ceremony.] 
 
 Flowers monoicous, on different branches. Staminate aments termi- 
 nal, ovoid, minute. Stamens numerous, naked, inserted on the axis ; 
 filaments excentrically peltate, loosely imbricated ; anthers with 4 
 cells, longitudinally dehiscent and seated beneath the lower margin 
 of the peltate connective. Fertile aments terminal, small, angular- 
 globose, somewhat depressed ; scales qnadrifariously imbricated, 
 spreading. Ovules in pairs, at the base of the scales, sessile, erect, 
 bottle-shaped, perforate at summit. Strobile formed of imbricated 
 lignescent scales, which are recurved-mucronate near the apex, — at 
 first closed, afterwards spreading. Seeds 2 under each scale, erect 
 from the base ; testa bony or membranaceous, produced on each side 
 into a narrow wing ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen ; cotyle- 
 dons 2, oblong. 
 
 1. T. sPHAERoiDALis}fi2icA. Young branches compressed ; leaves 
 minute, scale-like, ovate, qnadrifariously imbricated, tuberculate at 
 base ; strobile depressed-globose, angular. * 
 
 •My friend, Prof. A. Gray — who did me the favor to glance at some portions 
 of the MS. of this work — suggests a doubt whether this is really a Thuja. Not 
 having the means at hand to determine the question, I must content myself with 
 noting the doubt, — and leave its solution for future inquirers. The tree seems, in 
 fact (as remarked by Mr. Emerson) to be intermediate — a sort of connecting link — 
 between Thuja and Cupressus; — having -'the scale-like imbricated leaves and 
 fan-shaped branches of the former, and the lofty port and globular or many- 
 sided fruit of the latter." 
 
 16* 
 
186 GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS 
 
 Cupressus thyoides. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 512. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 
 
 207. Icon, tab. 152. 
 
 Sphaeroid Thuja. Vulgo — White Cedar. 
 
 Stem 60 to SO feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, sparingly branched. Leaves 
 evergreen, very small and crowded, appressed to the branches. Strobiles one 
 third to half an inch in diameter. Swamps, in Pine forests : New England to 
 Georgia. Fl. April — May. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This valuable tree is very abundant in certain spots in the 
 Pine forests of New Jersey ; and is apparently restricted to swamps 
 or broad shallow pools, near the sources of streams, in that sandy 
 region, — where the straight stems are exceedingly numerous and 
 crowded— forming almost impenetrable dark groves, or clumps, of 
 several acres. The wood is light, soft, and very durable. Shingles 
 were formerly made, to a considerable extent, from the larger trees : 
 but these are now chiefly wrought into domestic wares, by the Cedar 
 Cooper. The smaller trees are used for fence rails , — for which pur- 
 pose they are highly valued. There is, perhaps, no other woodland 
 that will yield so much valuable timber per acre, — and no descrip- 
 tion of territory, in New Jersey, that will command half the price 
 that can be obtained for good Cedar Swamp. 
 
 The other species of the genus, as now constituted, are the small 
 trees, or shrubs, known by the name of Arbor Vitae, — which, though 
 sometimes cultivated for ornament, scarcely come within the pur- 
 view of the present work. * 
 
 191. JUNIPERTJS. L. Endt. Gen. 1789. 
 [Supposed from the Celtic, Jtnep,us, rough, or harsh; descriptive of the plant.] 
 
 Flowers dioicous, — or rarely monoicous on distinct branches. Stam- 
 inate ajients axillary or subterminal, ovoid, very small. Stamens 
 numerous, naked, inserted on all sides of the axis; filaments excen- 
 trically peltate, imbricated; anthers with cells in threes or sixes, 
 longitudinally dehiscent, attached beneath the lower margin of the 
 peltate connective.. Fertile amekts axillary, ovoid, imbricately 
 bracteate at base. Involucre of 3 to 6 scales, coalesced at base, 1 to 
 3-ovuled. Ovules erect from the base of the involucre, bottle- 
 shaped, perforate at summit. Fruit drupaceous, umbilicate at apex, 
 squamose at base, — the involucre baccate. Seeds 1 to 3, erect, sub- 
 triquetrous ; testa bony ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen ; 
 cotyledons 2, oblong. 
 
 1. J. Virginiana, L. Leaves on the young branches ovate, imbri- 
 cated in 4 rows, shorter than the fruit, — on the older branches subu- 
 late, cuspidate and somewhat spreading. Willd. Sp. Fl. 4. p. 853. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 572. Icon, Mx. Sylva, 3. tab. 155. 
 
 Virginian Juniperus. Vulgc — Cedar. Red Cedar. 
 
 Stem 30 to 50 feet high, and 9 to 18 inches in diameter at base, tapering, often 
 with longitudinal obtuse ridges and intervening channels, sending off numerous 
 horizontal or spreading branches. Leaves minute, — those on the young branches 
 scarcely a line in length, ovate, acute, opposite and decussate, crowded, ap- 
 pressed and imbricated, covering the branches and making them 4-angled, — 
 
 * Since the above was written. I learn from Prof. A. Gray, that the Thuja oc- 
 cidentaUs. L. or Amerir an Arbor vitae (which is the *' White Cedar " of the North- 
 ern States), is regarded as a valuable tree — the most important of the genus — 
 north of New Jersey. 
 
CONIFERAE 187 
 
 those on the older branches 3 to 5 or 6 lines long, and cuspidate. Staminate 
 aments ovoid-oblong, tawny-ferruginous, 2 or 3 lines in length. Fruit roundish- 
 ovoid, about 2 lines in diameter, tuberculate whh the points of the fleshy con- 
 nate scales of the involucre, dark blue when mature, and covered with a bright 
 bluish-glaucous bloom. Fence-rows; old fields, &c. : throughout the U. States. 
 Fl. April. Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. The wood of this tree is fine-grained, very durable, and val- 
 uable for many purposes. The heart-wood (which is reddish,) of 
 this, and a Bermudian species, or variety, is much used in the man- 
 ufacture of black-lead pencils. The tree is said to be injurious to 
 Thorn hedges, when permitted to grow in the immediate vicinity. 
 The J. communis, L. or Juniper bush, was formerly kept in many 
 gardens, for the sake of the drupaceous "berries," — which are some- 
 what medicinal, and were also employed in the preparation of the 
 liquor called Gin, or Geneva. The J. Sabina, L, or Savin, is 
 another cultivated species— reputed medicinal, and sometimes to be 
 met with ; — but neither of them possesses much interest for the 
 Farmer. 
 
 There is a third Sue-ordejr. of this family (Taxineae, Rich;), 
 which contains (among others) the Taxus, or Yew tree — so intimately 
 associated in our minds with Churches, and Church-yards : but it 
 •carcely belongs to Agricultural Botany. 
 
 ENDOGENOUS OR 
 
 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 
 
 ORDER CXXXIV. PALMAE. L. Juss. 
 
 Chiefly trees, with unbranched cylindrical trunks, growing by a terminal bud. 
 Leaves (or fronds) alternate, large, clustered, fan-shaped or pinnated, plicate in 
 vernation. Flowers small, perfect or polygamous, — the stamens usually as many 
 as the petals and sepals together. Fruit a drupe or berry- Seeds with cartila- 
 ginous albumen, often hollow, — the embryo placed in a small separate cavity. 
 
 The plants of this noble Order (chiefly tropical) have been compared to Princes, 
 by European Botanists; and it is certain they could not flourish among the 
 sturdy Plebeians of our republican forests ! Though but little known in the U. 
 States, they are of incalculable value to the inhabitants of their native regions, — 
 affording food, drink, condiments, medicine, clothing, and shelter — with the uten- 
 sils, and materials, for almost every economical purpose. Of the more impor- 
 tant of these remarkable vegetables, may be mentioned, the Cocoa-nut tree(Cocos 
 nucifera, L.) — which, of itself, supplies nearly all the wants of the people who 
 repose under its shade;* the Date tree (Photnix dactylifera. L.) ; and the Sago 
 Palms (species of Sagus or Metroxylcn). The plant which furnishes Rattans 
 (the ratoons. retcnos, or slender flexible branches of the Calamus Rotang, L.), 
 also belongs to this Order. 
 
 TRIBE IV. CORYPHINAE. Martivs. 
 Spathes numerous, incomplete. Ovary of 3 carpels, cohering inwardly; ovules 
 solitary. Fruit baccate, 3- or 2-lobed, or (by abortion) simple. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 1. SABALINAE. Martins. 
 Flabellifrond ; i. e. the leaves (or fronds) plicate and expanding in the form and 
 manner of a lady's fan. 
 
 •"Utilissima generi humano, omniaque fere quae ad vitam sunt necessaria 
 praebens." Kunth. 
 
1SS ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 192. SABAL. Adans. Endl. Gen. 1758. 
 [A name employed by Adanson; of unknown, if of any, meaning.] 
 
 Flowers perfect, sessile on a branching spadix which is sheathed by 
 numerous incomplete spathes, bracteate and bracteolate. Calyx 
 cup-shaped, 3-parted. Corolla . 3-petaled. Stamens 6, hypogynous ; 
 filaments nearly distinct, subulate ; anthers cordate-ovoid. Ovaries 
 3, — at first distinct, soon coalescing ; style trigonous ; stigma. capitate. 
 Berry drupaceous, simple and globose, or deeply 2 or 3-lobed. Albu- 
 men uniform (not ruminated), horny. 
 
 1. S. Palmetto, Loddig. Stem arborescent; leaves plicate-pal- 
 mate, the petiole unarmed ; spathes doubled. Kwith, Enum. 3. p. 
 
 Chamaerops Palmetto. Mx. Sylva, 3. p. 1. Icon, tab. 101. [247. 
 
 Vulgd — Cabbage-tree. Tall Palmetto. 
 
 Stem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 10 to 15 inches in diameter, cylindrical, un- 
 branched, naked, with a tuft of large leaves at summit. Leaves (ox fronds) 3 or 
 4 feet in length, broad, palmate and plicate like a fan; petioles (or stipes) 1 to 2 
 feet long, not aculeate. Flowers small, greenish, on branching spadices, or pani- 
 cles, at the base of the leaves. Drupes, or berries, about the size of a pea, 
 bluish-black when mature. Seacoast: Carolinas to Florida. Fl. Jane — July. Fr. 
 
 Obs. The wood of this elegant tree — though extremely porous — 
 is highly valued in the South, for sub-marine structures, such as 
 wharves, &c. on account of its durability in salt water, and its ex- 
 emption from the attacks of the ship-worm. The leaves are used, 
 also, in the manufacture of hats, baskets, &c. The terminal bud, 
 or cluster of undeveloped leaves — called "the cabbage" — affords. a 
 favorite vegetable dish, in the South : But Mr. Elliott remarks, 
 "it is a wasteful luxury, — as the tree always perishes when deprived 
 of this part of its foliage." — South Carolina has chosen this grace- 
 ful plant as the emblem of the Commonwealth, — and hence she is 
 often called " the Palmetto State." 
 
 ORDER CXXXV. APcACEAE. Juss. Schott. 
 
 Herbs, with a fleshy Ccrmus or rhizoma — occasionally shrubby or climbing 
 plants within the tropics. Leaves sometimes divided or apparently compound, 
 frequently with the veins more or less reticulated. Spadix (often naked at the 
 extremity) usually surrounded by a sjathe. Flowers commonly monoicous (oc- 
 casionally perfect.) and sometimes destitute of envelopes. Ovary 1 to several- 
 celled, with 1 or more ovules. Fruit a berry. Seeds mostly with fleshy albumen. 
 An Order containing a number of acrid plants ; but those here given are the 
 principal ones intitledto the notice of the American Agriculturist. 
 
 193. ARUM. L. [AfclSAEMA. Mart. Endl. Gen. 1674.] 
 [An ancient name, — of obscure etymology.] 
 
 Spathe convolute at base, — the limb cucullate or fiattish. Spadix 
 unisexual at base, with stamens or rudiments of stamens or pistils 
 above (sometimes these entirely wanting), — the summit of the spa- 
 dix exserted or included in the spathe, naked. Floral envelopes 
 none. Anthers on distinct filaments, verticil late, — the cells opening 
 by a pore or transverse fissure. Ovaries numerous, free ; ovules 2 
 to 6, or rarely more numerous. Berry 1 or few-seeded. Seeds sub- 
 globose, albuminous. 
 
 1. A. triphylltim, L. Leaves mostly in pairs, ternately divided, — 
 the segments elliptic-ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, entire, sessile ; 
 
ARACEAE 189 
 
 spadix clavate, obtuse, shorter than the spathe. Willd. Sp. PL 4. 
 p. 480. (in part.) Fl. Cestr. p. 530. 
 
 Arisaema atrorubens. Bhtme. Kunth. E?ittm. 3. p. 17. 
 
 Three-leaved Arum. Vulgb — Indian Turnep. 
 
 Root perennial, consisting of numerous fibres proceeding from the base of an 
 orbicular depressed rugose cormus, or subterranean stem. Aerial stem none. 
 Leaves mostly 2 (sometimes solitary), ternate. — the leaflets or segments 2 or 3 to 
 6 or 8 inches long, smooth, green or often purplish, thin and membranaceous, or 
 almost scarious, "when dried ; ccmmon petioles 9 to 18 inches long, inserted on the 
 cormus, and embracing the central scape, at base. Scape G to 15 inches high, 
 situate between the leaves — the base inclosed by the sheathing petioles. Spathe 
 3 to 5 inches long. — the lower half convolute — the upper half (or limb) a little 
 dilated, flat, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and cucullately incurved, often varie- 
 gated with dark-purple and yellowish stripes and spots. Spadix mostly unisexual, 
 with the summit clavate, naked and smooth, much shorter than the spathe, but a 
 little exserted from the convolute portion. Berries numerous, in a dense oblong 
 cluster around the base of the spadix. orange-red or scarlet when mature. Rich 
 6haded grounds ; throughout the U. States. Fl. May. Fr. Aug. — Sept. 
 
 Obs. I have retained the lAnnaean name, of this plant, in accord- 
 ance with the suggestion of my friend, Prof. A. Gray. The tumep- 
 like subterranean stem (designated by the name of Cormus), is 
 highly acrid in its fresh or green state ; but that, quality is dissipated, 
 in great measure, by boiling or drying. A kind of Sago has been 
 obtained from it ; and the recent tuber, grated and boiled in milk, is 
 a popular medicine in coughs and pulmonary consumption. 
 
 A plant nearly allied to this, called "Tanyer" — (the Tallo or Tarro, 
 of the New Zealanders, fide Kunth — Arum esculentum, L. or Coloca- 
 sia estulenta, Schott.) is said to be cultivated, occasionally, in the 
 gardens of the Southern States, for the sake of the cormus, or tuber- 
 ous rhizoma, — which is used at the table as a substitute for the 
 potato, or yam. 
 
 194. SYMPLOCARPUS. Salisb. Endl. Gen. 1705. 
 [Greek, Symploke. connexion, and Karpos. fruit, — descriptive of the plant.] 
 
 Spathe cucullately conch-shaped, acuminate. Spadix pedunculate, 
 oval or subglobose, densely covered with perfect flowers. Sepals 4, 
 persistent, becoming fleshy or baccate. Stamens 4, opposite the 
 sepals ; filaments linear, flattened, included ; anthers 2-celled ; cells 
 parallel. Ovary 1-celled ; ovule single; style 4-sided, tapering to 
 a minute terminal stigma. Berries coalescing, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 
 Seed destitute of albumen. 
 
 1. S. foetid us, Salisb. Stemless ; leaves cordate-oval, enlarging; 
 spadix oval. Kunth, Enum. 3. p. 84. Fl. Cestr. p. 112. 
 
 Fetid Symplocarpus. Vulgd — Swamp Cabbage. Skunk-weed. 
 
 Root perennial, in verticils of fleshy fibres from a thick truncate rhizoma. 
 Aerial stem none. Leaves appearing after the spadix has flowered, at first orbi- 
 cular-cordate, at length cordate-oval, becoming very large (often near 2 feet 
 long, and a foot or more in width), entire, smooth ; stipules expanding, ovate- 
 oblong, acuminate, or often spatulate. Spathe subsessile, spotted with purplish- 
 brown, green, and yellow. Spadix about an inch in diameter, on a short thick 
 peduncle. Flowers compact, appearing tessellated. Sepals dark-brown, fleshy, 
 cuneate, truncate, the apex and margins inflected. Anthers slightly exserted. 
 Style projecting a little above the sepals. Fruit fleshy, coalesced with the base 
 of the persistent sepals, and imbedded in the surface of the receptacle. Seeds 
 globose, about the size of a common garden pea. Wet, low grounds : Canada 
 to Virginia. Fl. Feb.— March. Fr. Sept. 
 
190 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 Obs. This plant — so readily known by its skunk-like odor, when 
 wounded — is quite common in wet meadows, and other swampy 
 low grounds, in the middle and northern States. It is a worthless 
 weed, — and its bunches of large leaves are sufficiently unsightly to 
 command the attention of the neat farmer. 
 
 195. ACORUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1708. 
 [Gr. a, privative, and kore. the pupil of the eye ; a supposed remedy for sore eyes.] 
 
 Spathe a kind of phyllodium, elongated, compressed, — being a con- 
 tinuation of the scape, and resembling the leaves. Spadix lateral, 
 sessile, subcylindric, covered with sessile perfect flowers. Sepals 6, 
 obovate-oblong, subcucullate, thickened at apex, persistent. Sta- 
 mens 6, inserted on the base of the sepals ; filaments linear, flat- 
 tened ; anthers reniform (1-celled, Kunth, 2-celled, Endl.') trans- 
 versely dehiscent. Ovary trigonous, 3-celled ; ovules numerous, 
 pendulous ; stigma sessile, minute. Fr ?iit somewhat baccate, inde- 
 hiscent. Seeds few, inverted, albuminous, nestling in a gelatinous 
 matter; testa thin, closely adherent to the somewhat horny albumen. 
 1. A. Calamus, L. Scape ancipital, terminated by a long ensiform 
 leaf-like spathe extending much above the lateral spadix. Kunth, 
 Enum. 3. p. 87. Fl. Cestr. p. 226. 
 
 Reed Acorus. Vulgo — Calamus. Sweet Flag. 
 
 Fr. Acore odorant. Germ. Der Kalamus. Span. Acoro Calamo. 
 
 Root perennial, in coarse verticillate fibres from a horizontal creeping pun- 
 gently aromatic rhizoma. Aerial stem none. Leaves radical, ensi form-linear, 2 
 to 3 feet long, and half an inch to near an inch wide, smooth. Scape as long as 
 the leaves and much resembling them, somewhat triangular below the spadix. 
 Spadix 2 to 3 inches long, terete, tapering to an obtuse point. Sepals greenish, 
 cuneate-oblong, keeled, with scarious margins. Swampy meadows ; about 
 springs, &c. introduced: Native of India. Fl. May — June. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This stranger has become naturalized in many places. The 
 whole plant is warmly aromatic — especially the creeping rhizoma ; 
 and that subterraneous portion is deservedly popular for its medici- 
 nal virtues. I have seen some wet meadows, however, in which the 
 plant had got possession to such an extent as to become something 
 of a nuisance,— and a difficult one to get rid of. It would be well, 
 therefore, in introducing it, to plant it only in circumscribed swamps. 
 
 ORDER CXXXVII. TYPHACEAE. Juss. DC. 
 
 Perennial marshy or aquatic Herbs. Stems without nodes. Leaves alternate, 
 linear, entire. Sjiadir w\\h a caducous spathe, or naked. Flowers monoicous, — 
 sometimes arranged in contiguous cylindric spikes at the summit of a simple 
 culm — sometimes in globose spadices at the ends of branches, — the staminate 
 flowers above. Staminate Fl. Calyr none. — but. in its stead, simple hairs, or 
 small membranaceous scales. Sta?ntns numerous, proceeding immediately from 
 the rachis.— often connate below in twos, threes, or fours, and mixed with sterile 
 branching filaments. Pistillate Fl. Calyx none,— but, in its place, subclavate 
 bristles (abortive ovaries), or scales. Ovaries sessile or stipitate ; ovule single, 
 pendulous; style simple, continuous with the ovary: stigma unilateral, oblong. 
 Fruit a sort of dry drupe, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed inverted; embryo m the 
 axis of fleshy albumen. 
 
 An order comprising but two genera (Typha and Sparganium),— and those of 
 little interest to the farmer. 
 
 196. TYPHA. Tournef. Endl. Gen. 1709. 
 
 [Greek, Tiphos, a bog. or marsh; from its place of growth.] 
 
 Flowers monoicous, in two long dense cylindric spadices, or spikes, 
 
TYPHACEAE 191 
 
 cne above the other on the same culm. Staminate spike termi- 
 nating the culm, contiguous to the pistillate one, and merely sepa- 
 rated by a membranceous caducous spathe — or else somewhat 
 remote, with a naked space between them. Stamens numerous, — 
 the filaments mostly united in threes, and beset with hairs. Pistil- 
 late spike below the staminate one. Ovaries numerous, 1-celled, 
 1-ovuled, — at first sessile, finally stipitate, surrounded at base with 
 numerous subclavate bristles (abortive ovaries) ; style simple ; 
 stigma unilateral, tongue-shaped. Fruit sub-drupaceous, very small. 
 
 1. T. latifolia, L. Leaves somewhat ensiform-linear, flat ; sta- 
 minate and pistillate spikes mostly contiguous. Kunth, Enum. 3. 
 p. 90. Fl. Cestr. p. 519. Icon, Fl. Loud. 4. [Mace. 
 
 Broad-leaved Typha. Vulgd — Cat-tail. Coopers' Reed. Reed- 
 
 Fr. Masse d'eau. Germ. Die Rohrkolbe. Span. Espadana. 
 
 Root (or rather rhizcma) perennial, thick and creeping". Culm 4 or 5 feet high, 
 simple, terete, smooth, solid with pith, leafy at base. Leaves about as long as 
 the culm, and 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch wide, tapering at apex but obtuse, 
 sheathing the culm at base. Staminate spike, or spadix, 6 or 8 inches long, and 
 near an inch in diameter, yellowish-brown, with a sheathing membranaceous 
 caducous spathe as long as the spike. Pistillate spike immediately below (and 
 about as thick as) the staminate one. 4 to 6 inches long, greenish-brown, — some- 
 times in contact or continuous with the staminate spike — sometimes with a 
 naked space of near half ah inch between them. Pools, and swampy springs: 
 throughout the U. States. Fl. June — July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. The leaves of this plant are (or formerly were) much used, 
 by the Coopers, to secure the joints of casks, &c. from leaking. 
 Poor people sometimes collect the fruit with its hairy involucels, from 
 the mature spikes, for the purpose of filling beds ; but it becomes 
 exceedingly dusty and unpleasant, and is even unhealthy, — in every 
 respect a miserable substitute for clean Oats chaff, or. cut straw. 
 
 ORDER CXXXIX. ALISMACEAE. DC. R. Br. 
 
 Swampy herbs; mostly perennial, — the leaves and scapes usually arising from a 
 creeping rhizoma. Leaves either linear, or with a dilated lamina which is ribbed 
 or nerved, but the veinlets commonly reticulate I. Flowers regular and often 
 complete, perfect or monnicous. mostly in racemes or panicles. Sepals and Petals 
 mostly 3. Stamens as many as both the sepals and petals, — Ovaries 3, C, or many 
 (rarely solitary), verticillate or crowded in a head, distinct or in some degree 
 coalescing. Seeds solitary in each carpel or cell, straight or curved, destitute of 
 albumen ; testa coriaceous or membranaceous. 
 A small and unimportant order. 
 
 SUB-ORDER II. ALLSMEAE. Richard. 
 
 Leaves with a dilated nerved lamina. Flowers complete — i. e. with genuine pe- 
 tals. Embrio curved. 
 
 197. SAGITTARIA. L. Bndl. Gen. 1042. 
 [Latin, Sagitta, an arrow ; from the prevailing form of the leaves.] 
 
 Flowers monoicous. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, deciduous. 
 Staminate Fl. above ; stamens numerous. Pistillate Fl. Ovaries 
 numerous, capitately crowded on a hemispherical receptacle, distinct, 
 1-celled, 1-ovuled; ovules erect. Carpels numerous, crowded in a 
 head, distinct, laterally compressed, margined, indehiscent, 1-seeded. 
 Seed curved ; testa membranaceous. 
 
 1. S. sagittaefolia, L. Leaves broad-ovate, mostly acute, deeply 
 
192 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 sagittate at base ; scape simple ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 
 Kuntk, Enam. 3. p. 156. Fl. Cestr. p. 528. 
 
 Arrow-leaved Sagittaria. Vulgd — Arrow-head. 
 
 Fr. Flechiere commune. Germ. Das Pfeilkraut. Spa?i. Saeta. 
 
 Hoot perennial producing oval fleshy tubers (or rhizomas) 1 to 2 or 3 inches in 
 diameter. Leaves all radical, 3 or 4 to S or 10 inches long (including the lobes), 
 and 1 or 2 to 6 inches wide, sagittate-lobed at base, — the lobes ovate-lanceolate, 
 about as long as the lamina of the leaf; petioles 4 to 12 or 15 inches long. Scape 
 9 to 18 inches high, smooth. Flowers pedicellate, in numerous verticils of threes, 
 the slaminate ones above ; pedicels one quarter to half an inch long, with 
 membranaceous bracts at base. Petals white, orbicular. Pistillate flowers with 
 ovaries forming depressed globose heads, which, in fruit, are one half to two 
 thirds of an inch in diameter. Ditches, and swampy springs ; throughout the U. 
 States. Fl. July — August. Fr. Sept. October. 
 
 Obs. This plant frequently occurs in ditches and swampy places, 
 and is of a size to attract the notice of the observing farmer. Hogs 
 are fond of the tubers, — and when these animals have access to their 
 place of growth, are apt to disfigure the ground very much, by root- 
 ing. Draining is the remedy for this, and for most other aqtiatic 
 tveeds. 
 
 The AlismaPlantago, L. or Water Plantain (belonging to a genus 
 which represents the Order— and is the special type of this Sub-or- 
 der), is frequent in wet places, — and at one time, made some noise 
 among gossiping dealers in marvellous specifics, as a certain remedy 
 for Hydrophobia: But it was soon forgotten, — and is now scarcely 
 noticeable, even as a weed. 
 
 ORDER CXLVI. BROMELIACEAE. Juss. Lindl. 
 
 Herbs, or suffruticose plants (chiefly tropical), often stemless, with perennial 
 roots, or rhizomas. Leaves mostly rigid, dry, and channelled, with a squamose 
 or scurfy surface, sheathing at base. Flowers- perfect, spicate, racemose, or pan- 
 iculate, bracteate. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6, or more. Ovary free, or 
 adnate to the calyx, 3-celled ; style trigonous, simple or sometimes separable into 
 3; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-celled, baccate and indehiscent, or more frequently cap- 
 sular and seplicidally (or sometimes loculicidally) 3-valved. Seeds mostly numer- 
 ous; testa coriaceous ; embryo small, straight or curved, in the base of mealy 
 albumen. 
 
 The plant of chief interest, in this Order, is that which affords the delicious 
 Pine-apple (Bromelia Ananas, L. or Ananassa sativa, Lindl.), — the fruit of 
 which is formed by the consolidation or blending of the imperfect flowers, bracts, 
 and receptacle, into one fleshy succulent mass, which is usually crowned with a 
 terminal tuft of leaves. 
 
 198. TILLANDSIA. L. Endl. Gen. 1306. 
 [Named in honor of Elias Tillands, — a Swedish Botanist.] 
 
 Calyx free from the ovary, unequally 3-parted, persistent, — the seg- 
 ments somewhat convolute. Corolla 3-cleft, tubular below, spread- 
 ing above. Stamens 6, hypogynous, — the alternate ones mostly 
 adhering to the petals ; anthers incumbent. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules 
 several, at the central angle of the cells near the base, in a double 
 series, ascending ; style filiform or dilated at apex, straight or twisted. 
 Capsule cartilaginous, cylindrical or ovoid, 3-celled, septicidally (?) 
 3-valved (loculicido-triva.lvis, Endl.). Seeds several, erect from the 
 base of the dissepiments, linear -clavate, stipitate, — the stipe invested 
 with pappus-like hairs ; embryo straight. 
 1. T. usneoides, L. Stem filiform, fiexuose, branching, pendulous ; 
 
BROMELIACEAE 193 
 
 leaves subulate-filiform ; peduncles 1 -flowered, short. Willd. Sp, 
 Pl.2.p. 14. 
 
 UsNEA-LIKE TlLLANDSIA. VulgO — Long MoSS. 
 
 Perennial, parasitic, taking root in the fissures of the bark of trees. StemStO 
 6 feet or more, in length, branched, pendulous in long tangled bunches 
 from the limbs of old trees, very slender, terete, covered and somewhat rough- 
 ened (as well as the leaves) with minute whitish membranaceous scales which, 
 are dotted in the centre, — the centre of the stem and leaves consisting of a black 
 horny elastic thread. Leaves subterete, slender, acute. Flowers yellowish-green, 
 Fursh (purple, Loudon. Ency). solitary, axillary, sessile, with 3 or 4 small leaves 
 (or bracts) at base. Calyx and Corolla deeply parted, — the segments equal in 
 length, lanceolate, membranaceous. Ovary oblong. Capsute nearly cylindrical, 
 2 or 3-celled. Seeds several in each cell, oblong, acute at each end, comose. 
 Grows on the forest trees, in the low-land districts of the South. Fl. June — 
 September. Fr. 
 
 Obs. This singular parasite extends as far north as the Dismal 
 Swamp, in Virginia ; but I have not had the pleasure of seeing it in 
 its native forests. Mr. Elliott (from whose Sketch I have chiefly 
 derived the above details,) says, " black cattle eat this plant in 
 winter with avidity, and sometimes trees are felled, during a series 
 of severe frosts, to place the moss within their reach. The moss, 
 when dried, is beaten until the bark falls off, and the cartilaginous 
 hair-like flexible stem, used for stuffing mattresses, chairs, &c. 5 ' 
 The uses, here mentioned, seem to intitle the plant to a place in the 
 present work. 
 
 ORDER €LL SMILACEAE. R. Br. 
 
 Herbs or shrubby plants, often climbing, mostly perennial by a creeping rhizomcf. 
 Leaves alternate or verticillate, simple, entire, with the veins or veinlets reticu- 
 lated. Flowers perfect or dioicous. Calyx free, mostly 6-parted, often corolla- 
 like. Stamens as many as the calyx-segments and opposite them, mostly ad- 
 hering to them at base. Ovary mostly 3-celled, — the styles, or stigmas, as many 
 as the cells. Fruit baccate, few- or many-seeded. Seeds subglobose, affixed to 
 the central angle of the cells; testa membranaceous, thin ; embryo small, in dense 
 or hard albumen. 
 
 A small Order, and of little importance — except as affording the Sarsaparilla 
 of the shops. — a medicine of some repute, but of rather uncertain efficacy. 
 
 TRIBE II. CONVALLARIEAE. Endl. Styles connate. 
 
 199. SMILAX. Tournef* EndL Gen. 11S4. 
 [Greek, Smile, a grater, — in reference to its harsh prickles.] 
 
 Flowers dioicous, in axillary pedunculate simple zimbels. Calyx 
 somewhat corolla-like, campanulate, deeply 6-parted, — or rather of 6 
 petaloid sepals in two series, the outer ones broader. Staminate 
 Fl. Stamens 6 ; anthers linear, adnate to the filaments. Pistil- 
 late Fl. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules solitary ; stigmas 3, subsessile. 
 Berry 1 to 3-celled, 1 to 3-seeded. 
 
 DC^ Stem suffniticose, perennial, prickly. 
 
 1. S. rotundifolia, L. Stem sub-terete; leaves orbicular -ovate, 
 acuminate, subcordate at base ; common peduncles scarcely longer 
 than the petioles. Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 779. FL Cestr. p. 566. 
 Round-leaved Smilax. Vulgd — Green-brier. Rough Bind-weed. 
 
 Plant glabrous, yellowish-green. Stem 10 to 20 or 30 (sometimes 50) feet long, 
 slender, flexuose, somewhat branched, armed with straight rigid prickles, ana 
 climbing by tendrils. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and often as wide as long ; 
 
 17 
 
194 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 petioles one third to three fourths of an inch long, striate, margined at base, gir- 
 in°- out a simple, filiform, but strong tendril, on each side, at the summit of the 
 margin. Flowers greenish-yellow, in small globose axillary umbels. Berries 
 dark'blue. or bluish-black with a glaucous* bloom, when mature. Moist thickets, 
 and woodlands, — climbing bushes and trees: Canada to Carolina. Fl. June. 
 Fr. October. 
 
 Obs. This rugged shrubby vine is often abundant in moist low 
 grounds, — forming almost impenetrable thickets ; and is a great 
 annoyance to the woodman, when employed in clearing out such 
 places. It is not so difficult, however, to extirpate, as the following 
 species. 
 
 2. S. caduca, L. Stem somewhat angular ; leaves ovate, mucro- 
 nate or subacuminate ; common peduncles longer than the petioles. 
 Willd. Sp. PL 4. p. 780. Fl. Cestr. p. 566. 
 Caducous Smilax. Vulgd — Green-brier. 
 
 Plant glabrous, yellowish-green, or often tinged with purple. Stem 3 or 4 to 
 8 or 10 feet long, slender, flexuose, simple or somewhat branched, prickly, sub- 
 
 {irocumbent or" leaning, supporting itself by tendrils. Leaves about 2 inches in 
 ength. and nearly as" wide as long, subglancous beneath and often purplish ; 
 petioles about half an inch long, and furnished as in the preceding species. 
 Flowers greenish-yellow, in small axillary umbels. — the common peduncle gen- 
 erally about twice as long as the petioles. Berries bluish- black when mature. 
 Thickets, and neglected old fields: Canada to Virginia. Fl. May— June. Fr. 
 October. 
 
 Obs. This is nearly allied to the preceding ; but it is a smaller 
 and less rugged plant, in this region,— -yet more difficult to subdue. 
 It is quite frequent in sterile old fields, on our slaty hills, — and 
 always indicates a low state of agriculture. There are several other 
 prickly species in the U. States — especially in the South; and some 
 of them may be as annoying to the planter or farmer as these, — but 
 I cannot speak of them from my own knowledge. We have an un- 
 armed herbaceous species (S. kerbacea, L.) — frequent along fence- 
 rows, and borders of thickets — which is chiefly remarkable for the 
 carrion-like foetor of its flowers. 
 
 ORDER CLII. LILIACEAE. Juss. DC. Lindl. 
 
 Herbs, with the flower-stems springing from bulbs or tubers, or with fibrous or 
 fascicled roots. Leaves simple, entire, sub-linear, sheathing or clasping at base, — 
 the radical ones crowded. Flowers regular, perfect. Calyx colored, mostly co- 
 rolla-like, 6-parted, or of 6 distinct or slightly connected sepals, — often mellifer- 
 ous at base. Stamens usually 6 ; anthers introrse. Ovary free, 3-celled ; styles 
 united ; stigma oiten 3-lobed. Fruit capsular, 3-celled, mostly loculicid&lly 
 3-valved, — sometimes baccate and indehiscent. Seeds several or numerous irt 
 each cell ; testa either membranaceous, pale, and sometimes margined — or often 
 crustaceous, brittle and black ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. 
 
 A large and very interesting Order — comprising nearly one hundred genera, — 
 and many of them rivalling the Rosaceae. in beauty. The most important plants 
 of this Order, not here described, are those which produce the Squill and Aloes, 
 so well known for their medicinal properties. — and the New Zealand Flax 
 (Phormium toiax, Forst.), so valuable for the strength of its fibres. 
 
 SUB-ORDER IV. ASPHODELEAE. Endl. 
 
 Herbs. Root bulbous, fasciculate-fibrous, or tuberous. Calyx tubular, or of slightly 
 connected sepals, regular and mostly corolla-like. Stamens 6, hypogynous or in- 
 serted on the calyx. Fruit capsular or baccate. Seeds globose or angular, — the 
 testa crustaceous and black. 
 
 TRIBE I. HYACINTHEAE. Link. Endl. 
 Root bulbous. Calyx tubular, or 6-sepaled. Stamens inserted on the base of tht 
 sepals, rarely hypogynous. Fruit capsular. 
 
LILIACEAE 195 
 
 200. ORNITHOGALUM. Link. Endl. Gen. 1132. 
 [Greek, Omis. ornithos, a bird, and gala, milk ; an ancient whimsical name.] 
 Calyx corolla-like, of 6 sepals slightly connected at base, spreading 
 above the middle. Stamens 6, the filaments dilated at base, nar- 
 rowed and subulate at apex. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules several, in 
 a double series. Capsule roundish, obtusely trigonous, 3-celled, 
 loculicidally dehiscent at apex. Seeds often few in a cell, subglo- 
 bose or angular ; testa black, rugose. 
 
 1. O. UMEELLATDM, L. Bulb proliferous ; leaves linear, channelled ; 
 peduncles corymbose, longer than the lanceolate bracts; sepals ellip- 
 tic-lanceolate ; filaments lance-subulate. Kiuith, Enum. 4. p. 362. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 219. Icon, Fl. Lond. 2. 
 Umbellate Ornithogalum. Vulgo — Ten o'clock. 
 Fr. Dame d ' onze heures. Germ. Die Vogelmilch. Span. Ornitogalo. 
 
 Bulbs biennial ? small, white. Leaves radical, numerous, G to 12 inches long, 
 very smooth, green with a whitish longitudinal line. Scape 6 to 9 inches high, 
 terete, smooth, corymbosely branched at summit, — the branches or peduncles al- 
 ternate, 1 to 2 inches long, each with a membranaceous linear-lanceolate acu- 
 minate bract at base. Sepals white within, externally green with a white mar- 
 gin. Ovary somewhat trigonous-turbinate, often abortive. Pastures, and culti- 
 vated fields : introduced. Native of the old world. Fl. May— June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner has escaped from the gardens, in many 
 places, — and multiplies its bulbs so rapidly as to become a great nui- 
 sance, if neglected. The bulbs are exceedingly tenacious of life; 
 and when once completely in possession of the soil, it is an almost 
 hopeless task to attempt to extirpate them. The leaves generally 
 die, however, in the early part of summer, — and, in good land, are 
 replaced by the valuable grasses : so that this obnoxious little intru- 
 der is not quite so serious a pest as some others ; — suchjfor example, 
 as the Canada Thistle, or Ox-eye Daisy. 
 
 201. ALLIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 1137. 
 [Supposed to be from the Celtic, All; — signifying hot or acrid.] 
 
 Calyx of 6 petaloid sepals, slightly connected at base, spreading or 
 campanulate-connivent. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the 
 sepals, exserted or included ; filaments subulate-filiform, more or 
 less dilated below, — the inner or alternate ones often membrana- 
 ceously dilated, trifid, or with a slender cusp or tooth at summit, on 
 each side of the antheriferous one; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled 
 or sometimes 1 -celled by reason of imperfect dissepiments ; style fili- 
 form ; stigma simple or sometimes trifid. Caps?/le membranaceous, 
 trigonous, or somewhat 3-lobed. Seeds few, roundish and angular ; 
 testa black, rugose or minutely granular-dotted. Herbs of a strong 
 odor, with tunicated (biennial ? ) bulbs. Scapes naked, or with sheath- 
 ing leaves below, solid or fistular. Leaves mostly narrow, channelled, 
 semi-cylindric, or terete, often hollow, sometimes flat. Umbel terminal, 
 embraced by a membranaceous 1 or 2-valved marcescent spathe- 
 hke involucre, — sometimes bearing little btdbs. Flowers not articu- 
 lated with the pedicels. 
 
 §. 1. PORRUM. Don. Leek Section. 
 Scape leafy below. Sepals campanulate-connivent, — the outer ones boat-shaped 
 and keeled. The 3 inner stamens tricuspidate,— the lateral cusps longer than the 
 middle antheriferous one. 
 
 f Umbel bulb-bearing. * Leaves fiat. 
 
196 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 1. A. sativum, L. Scape terete, leafy to the middle ; leaves lance- 
 linear, somewhat channelled ; spathe 1-valved, with a long acumi- 
 nation, caducous. Kunth, Emtm. 4. p. 380. Fl. Cestr. p. 216. 
 
 Cultivated Allium. Vulgo — English Garlic. 
 
 Fr. L'Ail. Germ. Der Lauch. Knoblauch. Span. Ajo. 
 
 Growing in bunches. Radical bulbs compound, consisting of small bulbous 
 offsets, called cloves. Scape 1 to 2 feet high, smooth. — the lower half apparently 
 leafy, by the extension of the sheaths. Leaves 9 to 15 inches long, distichously 
 arranged. Heads, or umbels, bearing numerous small ovoid-oblong bulbs,— 
 each bulb with a membranous covering. Calyx pale purple. Gardens: culti- 
 vated. Native of Europe. FL July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This species is so generally cultivated, as a domestic medi- 
 cine, that it seemed to claim a place, here. I suppose it to be the 
 plant so much esteemed by the "Garlic-eating Peasantry," of Spain. 
 
 * * Leaves terete, flstular. 
 
 2. A. vineale, L. Scape terete, slender, sparingly leafy to the 
 middle ; leaves terete, with a narrow channel on the upper side ; 
 spathe abruptly acuminate, caducous ; stamens exserted. Kttntk, 
 Enum. 4. p. 382. Fl. Cestr. p. 215. [Garlic. 
 
 Vine (or Vineyard) Allium. Vulgo — Garlic. Field Garlic. Crow 
 
 Fr. Ail des Vignes. Germ. Acker-Lauch. Wein-bergs-Lauch. 
 
 Bulbs small. Scape 2 to 3 feet high, very slender, with a few leaves below the 
 middle. Leaves 8 to 12 or 15 inches long. Umbel globose, about an inch in di- 
 ameter (smaller and densely capitate, when bearing bulbs, — the bulbs often vege- 
 tating while in the heads) ; pedicels of the flowers filiform, clavate. Calyx deep 
 purple tinged with green. Pastures, and cultivated grounds : introduced. Native 
 of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. Tradition says, this species was introduced by the first 
 Welsh immigrants to Pennsylvania, for the purpose of supplying an 
 early pasture. It is now completely naturalized, — and was formerly 
 so abundant, in some districts, as to be quite a nuisance. It not 
 Only imparted a disgusting flavor to mill-, butter, &c. but, by its 
 abundance among the wheat, seriously injured the flour, — and 
 rendered the manufacture of it difficult. Our best farmers, however, 
 have now nearly subdued it, by the improvement of their land, and 
 a judicious rotation of crops. 
 
 f \TJmbel mostly capsule-bearing. Leaves flat — rarely keeled or folded. 
 
 3. A. Porrum, L. Scape rising from the centre of a simple bulb, 
 terete, leafy to the middle ; leaves broad, somewhat channelled or 
 folded, and keeled, acute ; umbel globose ; sepals with a rough keel ; 
 stamens a little exserted. Kunth, Enum. 4. p. 384. 
 
 Leek Allium. Vulgo — Leek. Garden Leek. 
 
 Fr. Porreau. Germ. Gemeiner Lauch. Span. Puerro. 
 
 Bulb middle-sized. Scape 2 to 3 feet high, stout and solid. Leaves distichously 
 arranged on the lower half of the scape, 6 to 12 inches long, and about an inch 
 wide at base, with the margin sometimes ciliate. Spathe with a long acumina- 
 tum. Umbel globose, dense, rather large (2 inches or more in diameter) ; pedicels 
 of the flowers clavate. Calyx pale violet-purple. Filaments white. Gardens: 
 cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This species — which is regarded as a sort of national Em- 
 
LILIACEAE 197 
 
 blem, by the Welsh* — is occasionally cultivated as an ingredient in 
 soups, &c. but I have rarely observed it in Pennsylvania. 
 
 §. 2. SCHOENOPRASUM. Don. Chives or Onion Section. 
 Sepals stellately spreading, — the outer ones keeled. Filaments mostly simple, — 
 the inner ones sometimes dilated at base, or furnished with a tooth on each side. 
 Spathe 2-valved, not acuminate. Bulbs cespitose. 
 
 \X^ Leaves terete, fistular. 
 
 4. A. Schoenoprasubi, L. Scape naked or few-leaved at base, 
 about as long as the subulate-filiform leaves ; spathe 2-valved, about 
 equal to the umbel ; umbel subglobose, capsule-bearing ; stamens 
 shorter than the calyx, — the filaments not toothed. Kunth, Enum, 
 
 4. p. 391. Fl. Cestr. p. 216. 
 
 Rush-leek Allium. Vulgd — Chives, or Cives. 
 
 Fr. Ciboulette. Germ. Der Schnittlauch. Span. Cebollino, 
 
 Growing in bunches. Bulbs small. Scape 6 to 9 inches high, smooth. Leaves 
 erect, about as long as the scape. Umbel about an inch in diameter. Spathe of 
 2 ovate membranaceous nerved purplish valves. Calyx purple with a tinge of 
 violet. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. Cultivated as a culinary herb; and often used as a kind of 
 medicinal food for young poultry. 
 
 5. A. Cepa, L. Scape naked, or leafy at base only, fistular, and 
 ventricose below the middle, much longer than the leaves ; leaves 
 subterete, fistular, somewhat ventricose ; umbel globose, usually cap- 
 sule-bearing ; stamens longer than the calyx, — the alternate fila- 
 ments obtusely toothed on each side, at base. Kunth, Enum. 4. p. 
 394. Fl. Cestr. p. 216. 
 
 Vulgi— Onion. Garden Onion. 
 
 Fr. Oignon. Germ. Die Zwiebel. Span. Cebolla. 
 
 Bulb biennial? depressed or turnep-shaped, large (2 to 3 inches in horizontal 
 diameter). Scape 2 to 3 feet high, terete, often an inch or more in diameter in 
 in the most ventricose portion, smooth, glaucous. Leaves 6 inches to a foot or 
 more in length. Umbel 2 to 3 inches in diameter, — the pedicels filiform. SpaU, 
 greenish- white. Sepals lance-oblong, , white with a green keel. Outer stameft , 
 about as long as the calyx, spreading, — the inner ones nearly twice as long^ 
 erect ; filaments white, — th« 3 inner ones much dilated at base, obscurely tooth- 
 ed. Gardens, and fields : cultivated. Native country unknown. FL July. Fr^ 
 September. 
 
 Obs. This species — universally known and cultivated, as a culi- 
 nary vegetable — is by far the most valuable of the genus. The cul- 
 ture is carried to a great extent in some favorable localities, — as at 
 Wether s field, Connecticut. There is a variety with bulb-bearing 
 umbels, or heads, sometimes to be seen in gardens. The expressed 
 juice of the Onion is a popular remedy for the croup, in children. 
 Its stimulating quality is thus playfully alluded to, by Shakspeare, 
 in the Taming of the Shrew : 
 
 '' And if the boy have not a woman's gift, 
 "To rain a shower of commanded tears, 
 " An Onion will do well for such a shift; 
 " W hich in a napkin being close conveyed, 
 " Shall in despite enforce a watery eye." 
 
 * 
 
 a Leek to the Welsh, to Dutchmen butter's dear, 
 " Of Irish swains potato is the cheer; 
 " Oats for their feasts the Scottish shepherds grind." Gat. 
 17* 
 
19S ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 Two or three other species of this genus are cultivated, in Europe ; 
 namely, A. Scorodoprasum, L. or Rocambole — A. Ascalonicum, L. 
 or Schallott, fyc. But I believe they are not much attended to, in 
 this country. We have, also, a few native species ; but they are 
 scarcely of sufficient importance to require the notice of the Agri- 
 culturist. 
 
 TRIBE III. ASPARAGEAE. Juts. DC. fy Dub. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Boot tuberous, fleshy and fascicled, or fibrous. Cmlyz 
 spreading, or rarely tubular. Fruit baccate. 
 
 202. ASPARAGUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1164. 
 [Greek, Asparagos. a young shoot, or turion; notable in this plant.] 
 
 Calyx of 6 nearly equal linear-oblong petaloid sepals, slightly con- 
 nected at base, spreading at apex. Stamens 6, — the lower half of the 
 filaments adnate to the base of the sepals ; anthers peltate. Ovary 
 trigonous-turbinate, 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell ; style short ; 
 stigmas 3. Berry globose, 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. Seeds angular- 
 subglobose ; testa coriaceous, black ; embryo excentric, somewhat 
 curved. 
 
 1. A. officinalis, L. Unarmed ; stem herbaceous, erect, panicu- 
 lately branched ; leaves fasciculate, setaceous and flexible ; pedun- 
 cles articulated in the middle. Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 150. Fl. Cestr. 
 p. 218. [row Grass." 
 
 Officinal Asparagus. Vulgo — Asparagus, or (corruptly) " Spar- 
 Fr. Asperge. Germ. Der Spargel. Span. Esparrago. 
 
 Root perennial, consisting of numerous coarse fleshy fasciculate fibres. Plant 
 smooth, 3 to 6 feet high, — the turiona, or young stems, at first simple, stout and 
 fleshy, vvilii leaves in the form of appressed scales — finally ihe stem is ramified 
 into a large panicle. Leaves unequal. 1 third of an inch to an inch or more in length, 
 very narrow, linear, flat, abruptly acute, in fascicles of 3 to 10 or 12 (often 6), 
 with a minute ovate acuminate scarious stipule at ihe base of each fascicle. 
 Peduncles in pairs (sometimes solitary), lateral (not axillary) at the base of the 
 alternate branches, about half an inch long, slender, the upper half (above the 
 thickened ring, or articulation) slightly clavate. Calyx pale greenish-yellow. 
 Berries globose, slightly umbilscatc, red when mature. Gardens: cultivated. 
 Native of Europe. Fl. May — July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. Almost every garden has a bed of Asparagus roots, for the 
 sake of the young Turions, — which afford a favorite vegetable dish, 
 in early spring, 
 
 ORDER CLV. JUNCACEAE. Juss. Agardh. 
 
 Herbaceous, mostly perennial grass-like or sedge-like plants. Stem (or culm) no- 
 dose, often simple and leafless, or leafy at base with nearly naked scapes. Leaves 
 alternate, sheathing at base, narrow, and either flat, channelled or terete. Floictrs 
 small, glumaceous, in paniculate clusters, cymes, or heads. Calyx of (i dry 
 greenish or brownish sepals, in two scries. Stamens 6, or rarely 3. Ovary free, 
 3-celled, — or 1 -celled by reason of the placentae not reaching the axis; ovules 
 either 3 at the base of the ovary, or numerous and affixed to the placentae; 
 styles united ; stigmas 3. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved, few or many-seeded. 
 Seeds erect; testa membranaceous ; embryo included in the base of dense fleshy 
 albumen. 
 A small Order of homely and worthless plants. 
 
 203. JUNCUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1049. 
 [Latin, Jungere. to join. — being used to tie or bind objects together.] 
 
 Calyx bibracteate at base. Sepals 6, glumaceous, in a double 
 series, — the 3 outer ones keeled. Stamens mostly 6, inserted on the 
 base of the sepals, — sometimes those on the 3 inner sepals abortive. 
 
JUNCACEAE 199 
 
 Ovary free, 3-celled ; ovules numerous, at the inner angle of the 
 cells, erect ; stigmas 3, subsessile, filiform, villous. Capsule 3- 
 celled, or somewhat 1-celled by the incompleteness of the dissepi- 
 ments, 3-valved, — the valves bearing the dissepiments in the middle 
 (loculicidal). Seeds numerous. 
 
 1. J. communis, var. a? E. Meyer. Culms cespitose, naked, erect, 
 smooth, filled with a continuous pith ; sheaths radical, without leaves ; 
 inflorescence lateral, much branched, cymose, conglomerate or dif- 
 fused ; flowers triandrous ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, as long as 
 the obtuse capsule. Kunth, Enum. 3. p. 320. 
 J. effusus. L. Willd. Sp. PL 2. p. 205. Fl. Cestr. p. 227. 
 Common Juncus. Vulg-3 — Rush. Soft Rush. 
 Fr. Jonc a Meche. Germ. Gemeine Simse. Span. Junco. 
 
 Boot perennial, forming tussocks. Cairns 2 to 3 feet high, simple, soft and plia- 
 ble, sheathed at base, and terminating at summit in a long tapering point. In- 
 florescence cymose-paniculate, bursting from a fissure in the side of the culm 
 near tlie summit, often proliferous, bracteate ; bracts oblong-lanceolate, scarious. 
 Stamens 3, shorter than the sepals, opposite the 3 outer ones; anthers white. Cap- 
 sule trigonous-obovoid, obtuse. Seeds minute, oblong, acute at each end, yel- 
 lowish. Moist meadows, and low grounds: throughout the U. States. Fl. June. 
 Ft. July — August. 
 
 Obs. There appear to be varieties, or nearly allied species, which 
 have created some confusion respecting J. effusus. Kunth (after E. 
 Meyer) has reduced the J. coug'omeratus and J. effusus, of Lin- 
 naeus, and others, into varieties of J. communis . 
 
 The genus is a numerous one, — comprising about 100 known spe- 
 cies — of which some 18 or 20 are natives of the U. States. They 
 are all homely plants, and entirely worthless to the farmer ; but the 
 one here given is the most troublesome, — continually forming 
 numerous unsightly bunches or tussocks, in wet low grounds — and 
 requiring some attention to keep it in proper subjection. Mr. Elliott 
 says that in S. Carolina, this Rush " occupies and almost covers 
 rice-fields as soon as they are thrown out of cultivation. " 
 
 ORDER CLIX. CYPERACEAE. Juss. DC. 
 
 Herbs, perennial or annual. — the stems (or culms) often angular, or compressed, 
 somewhat nodose, usually solid and cespitose. never shrubby. Leaves distichously 
 alternate, originating at the nodes, — the petioles dilated, embracing the culm, 
 with the margins mostly united so as to form entire sheaths — the lamina (of the 
 lower ones especially) often wanting. Fiou-ers perfect or unisexual, monoicou3 
 or polygamous, rarely dioicous, spicate ; spikes either solitary and terminal or 
 axillary, or variously clustered, and involucrate, at the summit of the culm : 
 florets 1 in the axil of each chaffy scale or bract. Calyx none, — or the sepals 
 reduced to a few mere bristles. Stamens usually 3, hypogynous. Ovary free, by 
 abortion single. 1-celled, 1-ovuled; styles 2 or 3. more or less united,— the 
 branches stigmalose on the inner side. Fru ; t an Akene (or caryopsis), either com- 
 pressed, or more or less trigonous, according to the number and perfection of 
 the styles, — the pericarp not adnate to the seed, chartaceous, crustaceous or bony. 
 Seed conforming to the shape of the pericarp, erect ; testa delicate : embryo minute, 
 included in farinaceous or somewhat fleshy albumen. 
 
 An Order of some 50 genera. — remarkable for their worthlessness ; and also 
 for their presence, or prevalence, at least, being an indication of swampy, 
 neglected, or valueless land. The herbage of this Order — unlike that of a large 
 number of the Gramineae. or true Grasses — contains but little saccharine matter; " 
 and therefore is neither nutritious, nor palatable to stock. 
 
 TRIBE I. CARICEAE. Nees. 
 Flowers dielinous. Scales or glumes of the spikes imbricated on all sides. Akent 
 
200 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 (caryopsis, or nut) inclosed in a (usually acuminate) sac or ■uiriclt, formed 
 of 2 membranaceous bracts or glumes with their margins united, but often 
 leaving the apex bidentate. 
 
 204. CAREX. L. Endl. Gen. 957. 
 [Latin, carere, to lack, or want; the staminate spikes bearing no fruit.] 
 
 Spikes one or several, unisexual or androgynous, rarely dioicous. 
 Staminate Fl. Stame?is 3. Pistillate Fl. Ovary included in a 
 utricle formed of 2 glumes united by their margins ; utricle beaked, 
 and either bidentate, emarginate, or truncate at apex. Styles 2 or 
 3, united at base, — the stigmatose branches elongated, exserted. 
 Akene with a chartaceous pericarp (usually lenticular, or plano-con- 
 vex, when there are but 2 stigmas, — triquetrous when the stigmas 
 are 3), inclosed in the persistent utricle. Perennial herbs. Culms 
 triangular, leafy throughout or only at base. Leaves grass-like,, 
 mostly scabrous on the margins and keel. Spikes terminal or axil- 
 lary, distant or approximated, or variously clustered. 
 
 §. 1. Spikes all androgynous. 
 
 O^ 3 * Spikes clustered, staminate at their summit. Stigmas 2. 
 
 1. C. multiflora, Muhl. Spike oblong, decompound, interrupted, 
 bracteate, — the spikelets numerous, ovoid-oblong, obtuse; fruit 
 crowded, compressed, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, scabrous on the 
 margin, finally diverging, rather shorter than the ovate cuspidate 
 glume. Kunth, Enum. 2. p. 387. Fl. Cestr. p. 29. 
 Many-flowered Carex. Vulgo — Sedge. Sedge-grass. 
 
 Culm about 2 feet high, obtusely triangular and leafy at base, acutely triquetrous 
 above. Leaves lance-linear, channelled above, scabrous on the margin, — the 
 upper ones over-topping the culm ; sheathes transversely rugose on the side op- 
 posite the leaves. Spike 2 to 3 inches long, formed of numerous spikelets which 
 are crowded into clusters a little separated from each other, and either appress- 
 ed to the rachis or diverging. Bracts at the base of the compound spike, and 
 also of the principal clusters, often long and foliaceous, — those at the base of the 
 •pikelets, short, setaceous and scabrous. Staminate glumes lanceolate, with a 
 short point. Pistillate glumes ovate, with a long serrulate point. Fpuit 3-nerved, 
 bifid at apex, rather small, densely crowded, finally much diverging, and yel- 
 lowish. Swamps, and low grounds: northern and middle States. Fl. May. 
 Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This — like all the other species of this very numerous genus 
 (amounting to some 300, or more) is a very worthless plant; and is 
 often quite abundant, in wet meadows. The form of the akenes, 
 in Carex — like those of Polygonum, already noticed — has a constant 
 relation to the number of styles, or stigmas. When the stigmas (or 
 stigmatose branches) are 2, the akene is compressed, and ancipital 
 or 2-edged ; but when there are 3 stigmas, the akene is uniformly 
 triquetrous. A similar relation, between the form of the akene or 
 nut, and the number of the styles or stigmas, appears to exist in 
 numerous other instances, — as in Rumex, Rheum, Scirpus, Cypervs, 
 Eagus, Moms, Alnus, Betula, &c. &c. and the law may, perhaps, 
 be general. 
 
 §. 2. Spikes, staminate and pistillate distinct. Stigmas 3. 
 
 f Staminate spike solitary :■ pistillate subsessile. 
 
 2. C. tentaculata, Muhl. Staminate spike bracteate, on a short 
 peduncle ; pistillate spikes about 3, cylindric-oblong, approximate, 
 
CYPERACEAE 201 
 
 horizontal ; bracts long, foliaceous ; fruit densely crowded, ovoid, 
 ventricose, nerved, long-beaked, about twice as long as the lance- 
 linear awned glume. Willd. Sp. Fl. 4. p. 266. Fl. Cestr. p. 35. 
 
 C. rostrata, Muhl. in Sehkukr. fide Kzt?ith, Enum. 2. p. 496. 
 
 TeNTACUI^ATE OB MANY-BEAKED CaBEX. [(doubtful). 
 
 Whole plant yellowish-green. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, triquetrous, scabrous 
 on the angles above, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nerved, scabrous on the 
 margin, longer than the culm. Staminate spike about an inch long, with a narrow 
 lance-linear bract at base longer than the spike ; glumes lance-linear, terminated 
 by a long scabrous awn. Pistillate spikes commonly 2 or 3 (often butl — rarely 
 4), about an inch or inch and half long, — the upper ones approximate, sessile— 
 the lowest one a little distant on a short scarcely exserled peduncle ; glumes ter- 
 minated by a long setaceous scabrous awn. Bracts Tesembling the leaves, very 
 long. Fruit ovoid, inflated, spreading, smooth and shining, attenuated into along 
 straight, slender beak. Akene triquetrous, roughish-puncticulate. Swampy low 
 grounds. Fl. May — June. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This is a very common species, in the swampy meadows of 
 Pennsylvania, — and probably throughout the greater portion of the 
 United States. 
 
 ff Staminate spikes mostly 2 or more. Stigmas 2. 
 
 3. C. acuta, Gooden. Staminate spikes 1 to 3, erect; pistillate 
 spikes usually 2 or 3, rather distant, cylindric, subsessile, often stam- 
 inate at summit ; fruit compressed, ovate, with a very short beak 
 and the orifice entire, about as long as the oblong-lanceolate awnless 
 glume. Kunthy Enum. 2. p. 412. Fl. Cestr. p. 41. Icon, Fl. 
 Lotid. 4. 
 
 Acute (ob shabp-angled) Cabex. Vulgo — Tussock-sedge. 
 
 Culms 1 to 2 feet high, very slender and acutely triquetrous, striate, minutely 
 serrulate on the angles, leafy at base, — usually growing in large dense tufts, or 
 tussocks. Leaves narrow, linear, keeled, scabrous on the margin, often longer than 
 the culm, — the radical ones very numerous and loosely spreading, forming a large 
 tuft of a lively bluish-green. Staminate spikes 2 or 3 (often solitary), erect, ses- 
 sile except the uppermost one ; glumes oblong, mostly obtuse. Pistillate spikes 3 
 (or often but 2), 1 to 2 inches long, rather slender, — the lowest one on a very short 
 peduncle — the upper ones sessile, and often staminate at summit (androgynous) ; 
 glumes brown, with a green keel. Fruit ovate, elliptic, or obovate, smooth. 
 Akene obovate, inucronate, puncticulate. Swamps : throughout the U. Stales. 
 Fl. April. Ft. June. 
 
 Obs. The description of C. caespiiosa, L. as given in the books, 
 so nearly fits this plant, that a young Botanist might be puzzled to 
 make anything else of it ; and Kunth pronounces it to be only a 
 marsh form of that species ([Nil nisi forma paludosa Caricis caes- 
 pitosae.^). It is the most common, and most troublesome, of all 
 the species. It is true, that a pedestrian, in crossing neglected boggy 
 meadows, finds its dense tufts quite a convenience, to step on, — yet it 
 is decidedly more farmer-like to provide good walking, in such places, 
 by ditching and draining. The tussocks, formed by the matted 
 fibrous roots, of this species of Carex, are often very large, and very 
 durable. I once hauled a quantity of them into the barn-yard, with 
 a hope that they might decompose, and make manure : but they 
 effectually resisted decomposition, and were tossed about the yard, 
 for years, — as large, and almost as indestructible, as so many hat- 
 ter's blocks. The best way to dispose of them, is to collect them— 
 when cut out and dried — into a heap, and burn them, — taking care 
 
202 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 afterwards, by appropriate draining, to prevent the growth of others. 
 The three species here described, are inserted merely as samples 
 of a very extensive genus of unprofitable plants,— of which every 
 intelligent farmer would like to know something. Those who may 
 desire to become better acquainted with the family, will find the 
 species well described, in various Monographs and Floras. 
 
 TRIBE IX. SCIRPEAE. Nees. 
 Flowers perfect. Scales of ihe spikelets imbricated on all sides (rarely bi-tri- 
 farious), uniform, — the lowest ones usually empty or sterile. Calyx noup, or sub- 
 stituted by several bristles, hairs, or linear scales. Style often bulbous at base. 
 
 205. SCIRPUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1000. 
 [An ancient Latin name for the Bull-rush, — which belongs to the genus."] 
 
 Spikelets many-flowered. Scales imbricated on all sides (or rarely 
 sub-distichously), — the lower ones empty. Calyx none, — substi- 
 tuted by capillary bristles, which are hispid or puberulent. Styles 
 2 or 3, distinct at summit, united at base, often bulbous and articu- 
 lated with the ovary. Akene crustaceous, either somewhat com- 
 pressed, or trigonous — according to the condition or number of the 
 styles or stigmas. Perennial sub-aquatic herbs. Culms mostly sim- 
 ple, triangular or terete, often with leafless sheaths. Spikelets 
 either solitary, conglomerate or corymbose, terminal or lateral. 
 1. S. triqueter, L. Culm triquetrous, nearly leafless ; spikelets 
 ovoid-oblong (1 to 5), in a dense lateral cluster near the summit of 
 the culm ; scales orbicular-ovate, emarginate, mucronate ; bristles 3 
 to 5 or 6, slender, shorter than the akene ; styles 2, united below, 
 free at summit ; akene subcompressed, obscurely trigonous, abruptly 
 acuminate. Kunth, Enum. 2. p. 163. Fl. Cestr. p. 593. Icon, 
 Fl. Lond. 1. 
 
 Also, S. pungens, Vahl. Kunth, I. c. S. Americanus Pers. fy others. 
 
 Three-cornered Scirpus. Vulgo — Chair-maker's Rush. 
 
 Root (or rhizoma) creeping. Culm 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, cuspidate at summit, 
 acutely triquetrous (2 of the sides concave, the other Hat), nakfd and smooth, 
 sheathed at base, — the sheaths often bearing a few short triangular-cariiiate leaves. 
 Spikelets nearly sessile, in u dense lateral cluster, — i. e. at the base of an erect 
 tapering 1-leaved involucre, which is appaiently a continuation of the culm. 
 Scales often emarginate, and mucronate with the projecting midrib, ferruginous 
 on the sides, — the margins scarious and pubescent-ciliate. Bristles retrorsely 
 scabrous, brittle. Akene smooth, dark-brown. Swampy meadows, and muddy 
 margins of rivers — salt and fresh : throughout the U. SlaU's. Fl. July. Ft. Sept. 
 
 Obs. This is the plant used in making the seats of " Rush-bottomed 
 Chairs," in the U. States. Some of the English Botanists say, the 
 terete culms of the S. lacustris, L. or common Bull-rush, are used 
 for that purpose, — which I think must be a mistake ; as they are 
 certainly much inferior, in tenacity and pliability, to those of /S. tri- 
 queter, — and the chairmakers would be apt to discover the fact. 
 Numerous species of this genus occur in our wet low grounds : but, 
 although of no value in Agriculture, they scarcely require notice, 
 here, — inasmuch as they are neither very troublesome, nor difficult 
 to get rid of, by draining, and other appropriate management of the 
 grounds. 
 
 TRIBE X. CYPEREAE. Nees. 
 Flowers perfect. Spikelets usually many-flowered, with the scales distichously 
 
CYPERACEAE 203 
 
 imbricated, uniform, — the margins often decnrrent on the angles of the rachis. 
 Calyz none, or rarely cup-shaped, — sometimes substituted by relrorsely hispid 
 bristles. Style rarely bulbous at base. 
 
 206. CYPERUS. L. Endl. Gen. 1003. 
 [An ancient Greek name, — of uncertain etymology.] 
 
 Spikelets many-flowered, or rarely 1 to 3-flowered. Scales distich- 
 ously imbricated, — the lowest ones empty and sometimes smaller. 
 Calyx none of any kind. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles 3 (rarely 2,) 
 united below into one, deciduous. Ahene crustaceous, triquetrous 
 or rarely compressed, — sometimes mucronate with the persistent 
 base of the united styles. Perennial herbs. Ctdms simple, often 
 triquetrous, leafy and sheathed at base. Leaves grass-like. Spike- 
 lets in loose spikes, involucrate fascicles, or umbels. 
 
 l.C. strigosus, L. Umbel mostly simple, with several elongated 
 unequal rays bearing oblong loose spikes ; spikelets numerous, each 
 6 to 8 or 10-flowered, lance-linear, acute, much compressed, divari- 
 cate, spreading on all sides ; involucre of about 6 leaves, — the ex- 
 terior or lower ones very long. Torr. N. Am. Cyp. p. 261. Kunth ? 
 Emim. 2. p. 87. Fl. Cestr. p. 15. 
 
 Strigose Cypekus. Vulgd — Bristle-spiked Galingale. 
 
 Culm 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, triquetrous, smooth, leafy below and tuberous at 
 base. Leaves rather broad, acute, keeled, nearly as long as the culm, somewhat 
 Bcabrous on the margin. Um')el3 to 6 or 9-rayed, rather spreading ; rays unequal, 
 1 or 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, triquetrous, sheathed at base, — the central ones sup- 
 pressed — (i. e. the central spikes sessile). Spikes yellowish, 1 to near 2 inches 
 long (often compound— or with 1, 2 or 3 smaller spikes, branching from the base), 
 formed by numerous spikelets (20 to GO or SO) which spread on all sides, and are 
 finally a little reflexed. Spikelets about three fourths of an inch long, — the scales 
 somewhat loosely imbricated, striate, with a green keel and yellowish sides. 
 Styles long, 3 united in one, distinct at summit. Alcene triquetrous, oblong, acute, 
 roughish-dotted. Wet meadows, and low grounds: throughout the U. Slates. 
 Fl. Aug. Ft. Sept. 
 
 Obs. This species is inserted — not as being a particularly trouble- 
 some weed, but — as one of the most conspicuous of the genus, in the 
 swampy meadows of the middle and northern States. The two 
 which follow, belong rather to the Southern States, — and are there 
 regarded as real scourges, by the Planters. 
 
 2. C. kepens, Ell. Root creeping, tubeiiferous at the extremities ; 
 umbel mostly simple, 4 to 6-rayed ; involucre about 3-leaved, much 
 longer than the rays ; spikes distichous ; spikelets 10 to 14, linear, 
 obtuse, sub-compressed, approximated, somewhat spreading, each 
 12 to 20-flowered. Torr. N. Am. Cyp. p. 264. Fl. Cestr. p. 592. 
 C. phymatodes. Muhl. Kunth, Ennm. 2. p. 62. [in Torr. 
 
 Creeping Cyperus. Vulgd — " Nut Grass," of Florida ; Baldw. 
 
 Root (or rhizoma) creeping extensively, and sending up numerous suckers,— the 
 fibrous branches often terminating in tubers the size of a pea. Cuhn 1 to near 2 
 feet high, triquetrous, very smooth. Leaves 9 to 18 inches long, and 2 to 3 lines 
 wide, keeled, smooth or slightly scabrous on the margin, yellowish green. Umbel 
 rather erect, — the rays 1 to 2 or 3 inches long. Involucre usually 3 or 4-leaved. 
 Spikelets half an inch to three quarters in length, a little compressed, obtuse when 
 mature, somewhat distichousiy arranged on the common rachis, — the lowest ones 
 often in pairs or fasciculate; scales oblong, rather acute, nerved, pale tawny. 
 Styles 3, united in one, distinct at summit. Akene triquetrous, oblong, minutely 
 punctate. Banks of streams j pastures, and cultivated grounds : New York to 
 Florida, and Louisiana. 
 
204 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 Ohs. This species is, fortunately, rather rare, in the northern and 
 middle States ; but it is said to be a troublesome plant, in the South. 
 
 3. C. Hydra, Mx. Rhizoma creeping, tuberiferous ; umbel mostly 
 simple, 3 or 4-rayed ; involucre 2 or 3 leaved, about as long as the 
 rays ; spikes distichous ; spikelets 4 or 5 on each ray, or spike, 
 lance-linear, acute, much compressed, 14 to 20-flowered. Torr. iV. 
 Am. Cyp. p. 265. Icon, Ell. Sketch, 1. tab. 2. fig. 2. 
 
 C. rotundus, L? Maid. Kimth, Enum. 2. p. 58. [grass"? 
 
 Hydra Cypertjs. Vulgo — "Nut Grass," of S. Carolina. "Coco- 
 
 Rhizoma creeping, — its branches ending in tubers nearly half an inch in diame- 
 ter. Culm 3 to Sand 12 inches high, triangular, smooth, naked. Leaves all radical, 
 shorter than the culm, about 2 lines wide, acute, slightly channelled, often recur- 
 ved, somewhat glaucous. Involucre sometimes shorter than the umbel. Rays of 
 the umbel 2 to 3 inches long, erect or slightly spreading. Sjtikehts nearly an inch 
 long, alternate and distichous along the upper part of the rays, — the scales closely 
 imbricated, bright chesnut-color with a green keel, not nerved, slightly mucronate. 
 Styles 3, united below, distinct at summit. Akmt triquetrous. Sandy fields; sand 
 drifts, along the sea coast : Virginia to Florida, and Arkansas. Fl. All summer. 
 
 Obs. This is stated to be one of the greatest pests of the Southern 
 Planters. It seems to be an inhabitant of all the 4 quarters of the 
 globe. Mr. Elliott gives the following account of it : — " This 
 grass (?) is becoming a great scourge to our planters. It shoots 
 from the base of its stem a thread-like fibre, which descends perpen- 
 dicularly 6 to IS inches, and then produces a small tuber. From 
 this, horizontal fibres extend in every direction, producing new 
 tubers at intervals of 6 or 8 inches, and these immediately shoot up 
 stems to the surface of the earth, and throw out lateral fibres to form 
 a new progeny. This process is interminable, — and it is curious to 
 see what a chain or net-work of plants and tubers can, with some 
 care, be dug up in a loose soil. The only process, yet discovered, 
 by which this grass can be extirpated, is to plough or hoe the spots 
 in which it grows every day through the whole season. In their 
 perpetual efforts to throw their leaves to the light, the roots become 
 exhausted and perish, — or if a few appear the next spring, they can 
 easily be dug up." J. S. Skinner, Esq. in a letter written during 
 an excursion to the South, in the spring of 1S46, sent to me an im- 
 perfect specimen of a Cyperaceous plant, which I suspect to be this 
 species ; and says of it — " I send you inclosed a spear or shoot of the 
 vilest of all pests, the Coco-grass, — which has taken possession of, 
 and caused to be abandoned, some of the best Sugar estates in 
 Louisiana. Of all thbigs it is said to be the most tenacious of life ; 
 and nothing serves so well to propagate it, as to plough and re- 
 plough, with a view to destroy it." 
 
 There are numerous other species of Cyperus, in the U. States ; 
 but the foregoing are the most important for the Agriculturist to be 
 acquainted with. The Papyrus — which the ancients used, for writ- 
 ing upon, prior to the manufacture of paper from rags — was obtained 
 from a species of this genus, viz : C. Papyrtis, L. 
 
 ORDER CLX. GRAMINEAE. Juss. 
 
 Mostly Herbs of humble growth, perennial or annual, often cespitose— rarely 
 woody and fruticose or arborescent. Stems (or culms) terete, nodose, mostly hollow, 
 
GRAMINEAE 205 
 
 and closed at the nodes.* Leaves distichously alternate, originating at the 
 nodes, — the petioles dilated, sheathing the culm, but mostly slit on one side (i. e. 
 the margins not united, as in the Cyperaceae); stipules axillary, adnate to the pe- 
 tiole, with the summit often free and known as the ligule, — sometimes obsolete 
 or wanting ; lamina, or blade of the leaf, usually narrow, sub-linear, with par- 
 allel nerves, the margins entire and frequently scabrous. Flowers perfect or 
 unisexual — monoicous or polygamous, rarely dioicous, — in little spikelets at the 
 ends of branches ; and these spikelets disposed in loose panicles — or, by the con- 
 traction of the branches, condensed into racemes or spikes. Spikelets consisting 
 of distichously imbricated chaffy bracts (stunted or modified sheaths of abortive 
 leaves) ; — of which the outer or lower ones are called glumes — and the two that 
 immediately inclose each flower are termed paleae. Calyx or Corolla none, — or 
 in the form of minute membranous or fleshy hypogynous scales (1 to 3 in 
 number), distinct or united. Stamens 1 to 6, or more— commonly 3 — hypogynous ; 
 anthers versatile. Ovary free, by abortion single, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; styles or 
 stigmas mostly 2, the latter plumose. Fruit a caryopsis, free or sometimes ad- 
 herent to the paleae, — the pericarp closly adnate to the seed, thin and chartaceous, 
 or rarely crustaceous. Embryo situated on the front side, and near the base, of 
 copious farinaceous albumen. 
 
 This vast Order — comprising some 230 genera, and perhaps not less than 3000 
 ppecies — is probably the most generally diffused, and the most important toman, 
 of all the families of plants. The seeds, and herbage, furnish a principal portion 
 of the food of the human race, and of the more valuable domestic animals. A great 
 number of the Grasses, however, are little better than iveeds, on a farm,— -and 
 some of them exceedingly annoying. Those which the American Agriculturist 
 is more immediately interested to know, are here inserted. 
 
 TRIBE I. ORYZEAE. Kunth. 
 
 Spikelets sometimes 1-flowered, with the glumes often abortive ; sometimes 2 or 3- 
 flowered: the lower florets with a single palea, and neutral; the terminal one, on y, 
 fertile. Paleae chartaceous, rigid. Flowers often diclinous, and mostly hexandr jus. 
 
 207. LEERSIA. Soland. Endl. Gen. 728. 
 [Named in honor of John Daniel Leers, — a German Botanist.] 
 
 Flowers perfect. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 0. Paleae 2, com- 
 
 pressed-carinate, nearly equal in length, awnless, — the lower jne 
 
 broader. Stamens 3 to 6 — rarely 1. Ovary smooth; stigmas 
 
 plumose ; the hairs branched. Caryopsis free, compressed, covered 
 
 by the paleae. 
 
 1. L. oryzoides, Swartz. Panicle diffusely branched ; florets tri- 
 
 androus ; paleae conspicuously ciliate on the keel. Kunth, Enum. 
 
 1 p. 5. Specim. Gray, Gram. No. 104. Fl. Cestr.p. 92. 
 
 Oryza — or Rice-like Leersia. Vulgo — Cut-Grass. Wild Rice. 
 
 *The roots of the Grasses maybe regarded asrhizomas, or subterranean stems,— 
 producing buds, and throwing up branches, of rapid growth, which are the culms, 
 or aerial'stews. " The stem of a Grass," says Prof Lindley, " exists in two dif- 
 ferent states,— that of the rhizoma, and of the culm ; the rhizoma, which is the 
 true trunk ; and the culm, which may be considered a ramification of it. The 
 rhizoma grows slowly, and differs in no respect from the stem of other Monoco- 
 ty ledons, as is evident in that of the Bamboo. The culm, on the contrary, which 
 grows with great rapidity, is fistular, with a compact impervious diaphragm at 
 each articulation; a fact which must be familliar to every one who has exam- 
 ined a straw, or the joint of a Bamboo. In the beginning when this culm was 
 first developed, it was a solid body like the rhizoma, only infinitely smaller ; 
 but in consequence of the great rapidity of its development, the cellular tissue 
 forms more slowly than the woody vascular bundles which it connects, and in 
 consequence a separation takes place between the latter and the former, except 
 at the articulations, where, by the action of the leaves and their axillary buds, 
 is formed a plexus of vessels, which grows as rapidly as the culm distends, and 
 therefore never separates in the centre. Something analagous to this occurs in 
 the flowering stem of the common Onion among Monocotyledons, and in Urn- 
 belliferae among Dicotyledons." 
 
 18 
 
206 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 Root perennial, creeping. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, striate, scabrous with minute 
 retrorse prickles,-^the nodes pubescent. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long, lance-linear, 
 acuminate, keeled, retrorsely and sharply scabrous, ciliate on the margin; 
 sheaths sulcate-striate, very rough with retrorse prickles in the grooves ; ligule 
 short, retuse. Panicle usually sheathed at base, much branched; branches 
 flexuose, the lower ones in threes and fours. Spikelets elliptic-oblong, pedicel- 
 late, greenish-white. Paleae compressed, pectinate-ciliate on the keel, — the 
 lower one boat-shaped, 3-nerved— thejupper one a little longer, linear, 1-nerved. 
 Swamps, and along sluggish rivulets: throughout the U. States. Fl. Aug. Fr. 
 September. 
 
 Obs. This rough grass seems to be common to both hemispheres, — 
 and is often quite abundant in our swampy meadows, and along the 
 margins of muddy streams. It is not only worthless, but rather a 
 nuisance. The farmer should therefore know it, and take measures 
 (by drainage, &c.) to expel it, or keep it in subjection. 
 
 208. ORYZA. L. End!. Gen. 729. 
 [The Greek name of Rice, — coined from Eruz, its Arabic name.] 
 
 Flowers perfect. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, small, awnless 
 but cuspidate, slightly concave. Paleae 2, compressed-carinate, 
 nearly equal in length, — the lower one broader, and often with a 
 straight awn at apex. Stamens 6. Ovary smooth ; stigmas plu- 
 mose, — the hairs branched. Caryopsis oblong, free, closely em- 
 braced by the persistent paleae. 
 
 1. O. sativa, L. Leaves lance-linear, elongated, rough ; panicle 
 racemose, contracted ; branches slender, rough ; paleae oblong, 
 scabrous, awnless or often with a terminal awn. Kunth, Enum. 1. 
 
 Cultivated Oryza. Vulgo — Rice. Common Rice. [p. 7. 
 
 Fr. Le Riz. Germ. Der Reiss. Span. Arroz. 
 
 annual. Culm 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, smooth, striate. Leaves 9 to 18 inches 
 lo;.<;. broadish, rough on the upper surface, smooth beneath; sheaths striate- 
 nerved, smooth ; ligule elongated (half an inch to three quarters in length), erect, 
 tapering to a point. Panicle oblong. 4 to S or 9 inches in length, with the bran- 
 ch^ erect. Outer palea nerved or ribbed, hispidly scabrous, often avvned, — the 
 
 ne awnless. Cultivated in the Southern States. Native of Asia? Fl. Fr. 
 
 Obs. There are several varieties of cultivated Rice ; some, called 
 I nd or Mountain Rice, usually awnless, — others, with the paleae 
 commonly awned, or mucronate, cultivated in low grounds which 
 can be irrigated, or overflowed with water. The aquatic variety is 
 on )' the staple crops of South Carolina. The importance of this 
 to the inhabitants of the tropical regions, generally — but es- 
 pecially in Asia — can scarcely be estimated by the residents of 
 higher latitudes. It is believed that its seeds enter more largely 
 inti the nourishment of the human family, than those of any other- 
 plant — not excepting even Wheat. 
 
 209. ZIZANIA. L. (Hydkochloa. En dl. Gen. 731.) 
 [A Greek name,* — supposed to have been originally applied to Lolium.] 
 
 Floivers monoicous. Spikelets 1-flowered, — the staminate and pis- 
 tillate ones in the same panicle — the former below, the latter above. 
 Staminate spikelets : Glumes 0. Paleae 2, concave, nearly equal 
 
 * In the original language of the New Testament {St. Matthew, chap. 13). Ziza- 
 nia is the term which is rendered, or represented in English, by the word "Tares'- : 
 yet Tares have usually been considered to be species of Vetch (either Vicia sativa, 
 L. or Enum hirsutum, L.). 
 
GRAMINEAE 207 
 
 in length, the lower one mucronate, 5-nerved, embracing the 3-ner veil 
 upper one. Scales 2, glabrous. Stamens 6. Ovary an abortive 
 rudiment. Pistillate spikelets : Glume a minute orbicular cup- 
 shaped rudiment. Paleae 2, linear, — the lower one 3-nerved, ter- 
 minating in a long straight awn, and embracing the narrower 
 1-nerved upper one. Scales 2, glabrous. Stamens abortive rudi- 
 ments. Ovary sessile, oblong; stigmas pencil-form, — the hairs 
 simple, subulate. Caryopsis cylindric, sulcate on one side, beaked, 
 enveloped in the paleae. 
 
 1. Z. AQUATiCA,i. Panicle pyramidal, — the lower branches spread- 
 ing, bearing staminate flowers— the upper branches erect, bearing 
 pistillate flowers ; spikelets on clavate pedicels; awns long; cary- 
 opsis slender, elongated. Fl. Cestr. p. 93. 
 Z. clavulosa. Mx. Willd. Sp. PI. 4. p. 394. 
 Hydropyrum esculen'.um. Link. Kunth y Enum. 1. p. 9. 
 Aquatic Zizania. Vulgc — Water-Oats. Reed. Indian Rice. 
 
 Root perennial. Culm 4 to 8 or 10 feet high, stout, fistular, terete, glabrous. 
 Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, linear-lanceo- 
 late, keeled, smooth, serrulate on the margin; sheaths striate, smooth, — the base, 
 at the nodes, surrounded with a ring of short silky appressed pubescence ; ligule 
 rather large, elongated, erect, lanceolate, finally lacerate-dentate, often purplish. 
 Panicle 1 to 2 feet long, — the branches verticillate. Pistillate spikelets about an 
 inch long, needle-like, somewhat racemose on the branches. Paleae scabrous, 
 dark greenish-purple, — the lower one closely embracing the upper one, and ter- 
 minating in a slender straight hispid awn as long as the spikelet. Muddy margins 
 of tide waters; swampy rivulets, &c. : throughout the U. States. .Fl August. Fr. 
 Sept.— October. 
 
 Obs. At the suggestion of my friend, Prof. A. Gray, I have re- 
 tained the name of this plant, originally proposed by Clayton, or 
 Gronovius, — and adopted by Linnaeus. Kunth has excluded the 
 only original species from the genus, — in violation of the canons in 
 such case made and provided. This fine stout Grass is well known, 
 along the muddy shores of our tide waters, as the favorite resort of 
 the Reed-bird (Emberiza Oryzivora f L.), in autumn. Mr. Elliott 
 supposed it might be a valuable grass, in overflowed or marshy 
 meadows, — as its leaves, he says, are eaten with avidity by Stock of 
 all descriptions. I do not know that it has been found of much im- 
 portance, in that respect, in the northern or middle States. 
 
 TRIBE II. PHALARIDEAE. Kunth. 
 
 Spikelets with the flowers either perfect, polygamous, or rarely monoicous, — 
 sometimes 1-flowered with or without a stipitiform rudiment of another flower 
 above — sometimes 2-flowered, both being perfect or starnmate — and sometimes 
 2 or 3-flowered with the terminal one fertile, the others imperfect. Glumes 
 mostly equal. Paleae often shining and indurated in fruit. Styles or stigmas fre- 
 quently much elongated. 
 
 210. ZEA. L. Endl. Gen. 742. 
 [Greek, Zao, to live ; from the sustenance it affords to animal life.] 
 
 Flowers monoicous : Staminate ones terminal, racemose ; pistillate 
 ones axillary, densely spicate, — the spike enveloped in the sheaths 
 of abortive leaves. Staminate spikelets 2-flowered. Glumes 2, 
 concave, — the lower one 3-nerved — the upper one 2-nerved. Paleae 
 membranaceous, awnless. Scales 2, collateral, fleshy, glabrous. Sta- 
 mens 3 ; anthers linear, 4-sided, erect. Pistillate spikelets 2- 
 
208 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 flowered, the lower one neutral. Glumes 2, fleshy-membranaceous, 
 very broad, ciliate, — the lower one emarginately 2-lobed. Neutral 
 floret with 2 paleae, — the lower one rounded, concave, embracing the 
 fertile floret. Fertile floret with 2 ov 3 concave paleae. Scales and 
 stamens none. Ovary sessile, roundish-ovoid, oblique ; style termi- 
 nal, capillary, very long, pubescent at apex and mostly bifid, — the 
 lobes subulate. Caryopsis compressed, roundish-reniform or cuneate, 
 with a groove on the upper side, surrounded at base by the persis- 
 tent glumes and paleae; pericarp thin, chartaceous and diaphanous. 
 1. Z. Mays, I. Leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 
 with a broad thickish midrib channelled above. Kunth } Enum. 1. 
 p. 19. Fl. Cestr. p. 94. 
 Vulgo — Corn. Indian-Corn. Maize. 
 
 Root annual, coarsely fibrous. Culm 4 to S or 10 feet high, and an inch to an 
 inch and half in diameter, simple (often producing suckers or branches at base), 
 nodose, semi-terete or with a broad shallow channel on alternate sides between 
 the nodes, smooth, solid with pith. Leaves 2 to 3 feet long, and 2 to 4 or 5 inches 
 wide, obtusely keeled, smooth beneath, pubescent above, finely ciliate ; sheaths 
 striate, smooth, conspicuously pubescent along the margin; ligule short, obtuse. 
 Staminate flowers in terminalpedunculate fascicled racemes : spikelets somewhat 
 unilateral on the branches, mostly in pairs — one subsessile the other pedicel- 
 late, — each 2-flowered; anthers greenish yellow; scales collateral, cuneate, trun- 
 cate, fleshy and smooth. Pistillate flowers in stout dense solitary spikes on short 
 axillary branches (1 to 3 or 4 — usually 2 — of these spikes, or Ears, on each 
 plant). Spikes 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, enveloped in numerous involute spathe- 
 like •• h2isks'^ (i. e. the sheaths of abortive leaves. — of which one originates at 
 each node of the spike-bearing branches) ; spikelets crowded, sessile on the 
 thick fleshy subcylindric rachis (receptacle or '• Co&"), arranged in numerous 
 (8 to lis; longitudinal series,-^the series, or " rows," always in approximated 
 pairs. Ovary smooth, at first rounded, gradually becoming compressed, in full 
 ears ; style very long and slender, projecting (with others in a glossy bundle, 
 called u the silk") beyond the sheaths of the spike, — the exserted portion pen- 
 dulous, and often purple, Caryopsis (or grain) compressed by crowding, — 
 rounded when not crowded), with a slight gToove on the upper side, in which 
 the embiyo is lodged, varying from orbicular-reniform to elongated and cuneate 
 (often indented at apex in the cuneate forms), sitting transversely on the eylin- 
 dric or tapering receptacle, and partially imbedded in a socket formed by the 
 persistent glumes and paleae. Cultivated. Believed to be a native of the, 
 warmer regions of America. Fl. July — August. Fr. September — October. 
 
 Obs. Culture has produced several varieties of this plant, — with 
 the grains yellow, white, or sometimes dark purple. In the north, 
 it is much smaller than in the middle and South western States. 
 There is, also, a remarkable variety — frequent, I believe, in the South 
 west — in which a kind of husk, or involucre, is developed around 
 every grain, or spikelet, on the receptable. The Indian-Corn is 
 one of the most interesting of the Gramineae, or Grass family,^* 
 rivalling the Sugar Cane and the Rice, in intrinsic value, and, in the 
 more favorable districts, ranking next in importance to Wheat itself. 
 The fresh Bread, made of Indian-Corn meal (the "Pone," of Mary- 
 land and Viginia), when rightly prepared for the Breakfast table, 
 may challenge a comparison with that made from any other grain. 
 Sugar has also been obtained from this plant, of an excellent quality, 
 and in considerable quantity ; but whether the saccharine product 
 will warrant the culture of the plant for that object, remains to be 
 determined. In Chester County, Pa. the Indian-Corn is usually the 
 first in the routine of crops, on breaking up the Lay, or sod. Oats or 
 Barley next succeed, — and then Wheat', with Clover and Timothy 
 to constitute the meadow, or Hay-crop, for two or three years after 
 the wheat comes off. 
 
GRAMINEAE 209 
 
 211. PHLEUM. L. Bndl. Gen. 750. 
 
 [A name derived from the ancient Greeks ; meaning obscure.] 
 
 Flowers perfect : Spikelets 1 -flowered, Kunth, (2-flowered, Endl.), 
 crowded into a dense cylindrical terminal spike. Glumes 2, keeled, 
 awnless, acuminate or produced at apex into an awnlike bristle. 
 Paleae 2, thin and membranaceous, shorter than the glumes, — the 
 lower one truncate at apex, awnless mucronate or awned on the 
 back — the upper one 2-keeled, and often with the stipitiform rudi- 
 ment of another floret at base. Scales 2, unequally 2-lobed, gla- 
 brous. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile ; styles 2 ; stigmas plumose, 
 with simple hairs. Caryopsis free, obliquely ovoid or elliptical, sub- 
 terete, closely oovered with the palea. 
 
 1. P. pratjsnse, L. Culm erect; spike cylindric, elongated ; spike- 
 lets destitute of the stipitiform rudiment ; glumes truncate, mucro- 
 nately awned, — the awns shorter than the glumes; keel ciliate. 
 Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 29. Fl. Cestr. p. 59. 
 
 Meadow Phleuji. Vulgd —Timothy. Cats-tail Grass. 
 
 Fr. Fleole des Pres, Germ. Das Wiesen-Lieschgras. 
 
 Root perennial, fibrous. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, simple, terete, smooth, — when 
 old rather firm and wiry, and often somewhat bulbous at base. Leaves 6 to 12 
 or 15 inches long, lance-linear, acute, flat, glaucous, somewhat scabrous ; sheaths 
 striate, smooth ; ligule membranaceous, obtuse, finally lacerate. Spike 3 to 6 or 
 8 inches long, green. Glumes equal, compressed, abruptly mucronate, pubescent. 
 Paleae concealed in the glumes, — the lower one larger. Anthers purple. Stigmas 
 while. Fields and Meadows : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This foreign Grass is extensively naturalized in the U. States. 
 In New York, and throughout New England, it is known by the 
 name of Herd Grass, — a name which, in Pennsylvania — and I 
 believe in all the States South — is applied exclusively to Agrostis 
 vulgaris, L. The Meadow Phleum, or Timothy, is very generally 
 cultivated in Eastern Pennsylvania ; and is undoubtedly one of the 
 most valuable of the " artificial grasses," so called. Mixed in 
 about equal proportions with red clover (Trifolium pratense, L.), it 
 makes the best quality of Hay. It requires a good soil, — and is con- 
 sidered a rather severe and exhausting crop; — inasmuch as the 
 aftermath, or second growth of radical leaves, is somewhat scant 
 and tardy, during the dry weather which usually succeeds harvest ; 
 and thus the ground is left exposed to the injurious influence of the 
 scorching sun. The clover, however, when present in sufficient 
 quantity, soon springs up and affords a shelter to the soil ; and, when 
 the land is good, the green grass (Poa pratensis, L,) comes in, spon- 
 taneously, as the clover disappears. The seed, of Timothy, is 
 usually sown in autumn, — among, and immediately after, Wheat 
 and Eye ; though it answers very well, when sown early the ensu- 
 ing spring. 
 
 212. HOLCUS. L. Endl. Gen. 754. 
 [An ancient Greek name, — of obscure etymology.] 
 
 Spikelets 2-flowered, the florets a little distant, pedicellate, — the 
 lower one perfect, awnless — the upper one staminate, awned on 
 the back. Glumes 2, nearly equal, boat-shaped. Perfect Fl. 
 Paleae 2, — the lower one boat-shaped, awnless — the upper one 2- 
 
 18* 
 
210 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 keeled. Scales 2, 2-Iobed, glabrous. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, 
 pyriform ; styles 2, terminal ; stigmas plumose, — the hairs simple,, 
 or rarely bifid at apex. Caryopsis free, smooth. Staminate Fl. 
 Lower palea awned near the summit. Ovary mostly abortive. 
 
 1. H. lanatus, L. Panicle oblong, rather contracted; awn of the 
 staminate floret recurved, included in the glume. Ku?ith y E?ium. l.p. 
 34. Fl. Cestr.p. 91. Icon, Fl. Load. 1. 
 
 Woolly Holcus. Vulgd — Feather-grass. White Timothy. 
 
 Fr. Houque laineuse. Foin de mouton. Germ. Wolliges Honig-gras. 
 
 Root perennial, fibrous. Culm simple, 18 inches to 2 feet high, and, with the 
 leaves and sheaths, clothed with a soft hoary pubescence. Leaves lance-linear, 
 acute, 2 to 5 or 6 inches long; ligule white, truncate, dentate. Panicle oblong, 
 somewhat dense, — the branches hairy. Glumes roughish-pubescent, whitish, 
 often tinged with purple. Florets both pedicellate, smooth and shining. Palea* 
 of the -perfect floret nearly equal in length, the lower one broader, keeled, — of the 
 staminate floret unequal, the lower one larger, keeled, with a recurved or hooked 
 awn on the back near the apex. Moist meadows : introduced. Native of Europe. 
 Fl. June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This grass is naturalized in many places, in Pennsylvania. 
 Some of the farmers in Virginia speak favorably of it ; but I think 
 it must be from want of familiarity with more valuable kinds. It is 
 true, that Muhlenberg praises it — calling it " excellens •pabulum \ " 
 but it is certainly very little esteemed by the farmers of Chester 
 County : and in this they concur in the opinion expressed by Mr. G. 
 Sinclair, in his valuable Hortus Gramineas. 
 
 213. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. Bndl. Gen. 756. 
 [Greek, AntJios, flower, and Xanthos, yellow; from the color of its spikes.] 
 
 Spikelets 3-flowered, — the 2 lower ones neutral — the uppermost one 
 perfect. Glumes 2, keeled, — the lower one shorter, 1-nerved — the 
 upper one 3-nerved. Neutral Fl. Palea 1, channelled, emargi- 
 nate at apex, awned on the back. Perfect Fl. Paleae 2, boat- 
 shaped, awnless, — the lower one embracing the 1-nerved upper one. 
 Scales 0. Stamens 2. Ovary sessile ; styles 2; stigmas distichously 
 plumose, with simple hairs. Caryopsis subterete, free, closely em- 
 braced by the paleae. 
 
 1. A. odoratum, L. Panicle contracted into an oblong spike; 
 spikelets sub-pedunculate, spreading, pubescent; paleae of the neu- 
 tral florets ciliate. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 38. Fl. Cestr.p. 64. Icon, 
 Fl. Lond. 1. 
 
 Fragrant Anthoxanthum. Vulgd — Sweet-scented Vernal-Grass. 
 Fl. Flouve odorante. Germ. Das Ruch-gras. 
 
 Root perennial. Culm erect, 12 to 18 inches high, rather slender. Leaves 
 lance-linear, shortish (1 or 2 to 5 or 6 inches long), pubescent; sheaths nerved, 
 sulcate: ligule elongated, membranaceous. Panicle a sort of loose spike 1 to 2 
 or 3 inches long, becoming yellow when mature ; spikelets somewhat fascicled, 
 on short peduncles. Paleae of the perfect floret very short, obtuse, nearly equal, 
 smooth and shining, the lower one much broader. Paleae of ttye neutral florets 
 single, linear-oblong, ciliate on the margins, — one of them with a geniculate 
 awn from near the base, more than twice as long as the palea — the other with 
 a straight awn, about as long as the palea, inserted on the back near the sum- 
 mit. Anthers linear, large. Stigmas white. Caryopsis oblong, blackish, shining. 
 Meadows ; and moist open woodlands : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. 
 May— June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This ha.s been much noticed, in Europe, as a fragrant mea- 
 
GRAMINEAE 211 
 
 clow-grass ; but it seems rather to belong to a moist, cold, thin soil, — 
 and is by no means regarded, in the U. States, as a grass of superior 
 value. When cut, and partly dry, it emits a remarkably fragrant odor. 
 The culms have been used in the manufacture of imitation Leghorn 
 hats and bonnets. 
 
 This grass is the plant referred to by Dr. Darwin, in the follow- 
 ing lines of his imaginative poem, the " Botanic Garden :" — 
 
 " Tu-o gentle shepherds, and their sister-wives, 
 "With thee, Anthoxa ! lead ambrosial lives; 
 "AVhere the wide heath in purple pride extends, 
 "And scatter'd furze its golden lustre blends, 
 " Closed in a green recess, unenvi'd lot! 
 "The blue smoke rises from their turf-built cot; 
 "Bosom'd in fragrance blush their infant train, 
 "Eye the warm sun, or drink the silver rain." 
 
 Bot. Garden, Part II. Canto 1. 1. 8-5-92. 
 
 Belonging to this tribe (Phalarideae), is the Meadow Foxtail, of 
 Europe (Alopecuriis pratensis, L.) ; which the farmers, there, seem 
 to regard as a grass of merit : but, although it has been partially 
 introduced into some districts of the U. States, it can scarcely be 
 said to belong to the agriculture of the country, — and it may, per- 
 haps, be doubted whether it can ever advantageously take the place 
 of our best grasses. The Phalaris arundinacea, L. (a variety of 
 which, with striped leaves, is known by the name of Ribbon-grass), 
 also belongs to this tribe— as the generic name indicates. It is a 
 deep-green luxuriant-looking grass, frequent along swampy ditches ; 
 but it is not valuable, — neither is it very troublesome ; and therefore 
 I do not describe it at length. The P. Canariensis, L. furnishes 
 the well known Canary -seeds, used for feeding birds \ but does not 
 possess much interest for our farmers. 
 
 TRIBE III. PANICEAE, Kunth. 
 
 Spikelets 2-flowered. — the lower floret imperfect. Glumes more tender or her- 
 baceous than the paleae, — the lower one often (rarely both) abortive. Faleae 
 more or less coriaceous or chartaceous, mostly awnless, — the lower one concave. 
 Caryopsis compressed on the back. 
 
 214. PANICUM. L. Endl. Gen. 770. 
 [Latin, Panicula. a mode of flowering: or Panis, bread, — afforded by some 
 
 species.] 
 
 Spt/jelets 2-flowered, — the lower floret staminate or neutral — the 
 upper one perfect. Glumes 2, unequal, concave, awnless. Stag- 
 nate Fl. Paleae2. Stamens 3: sometimes the floret is neutral, — 
 the upper palea and the stamens being abortive. Perfect Fl. 
 Paleae 2, nearly equal, coriaceous, concave, — the lower one em- 
 bracing the 2-nerved upper one. Scales 2, collateral, hatchet-shaped, 
 or truncate and 2 Qr 3-lobed ; glabrous. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile; 
 styhs 2, terminal, elongated; stigmas penicillate, generally purple, 
 — the hairs simple, denticulate. Caryopsis free, glabrous, closely 
 embraced by the paleae. 
 
 f Inflorescence spicate. Spiles somewhat digitate-fasciculate : neu- 
 tral floret with a single palea. 
 
 1. P. sanguinale, L. Spikes several, digitate, somewhat spread- 
 ng ; leaves and sheaths hairy ; florets lance-oblong, slightly ciliate- 
 pubescent on the margin. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 82. 
 
212 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 Digitaria sanguinalis. Scop. Fl. Cestr. p. 44. Icon, Fl. Lond. 3. 
 
 Bloody (or Purple) Panicum. Vulgo — Crab-Grass. Finger-grass. 
 
 Root annual. Culm decumbent, 1 to 2 feet longr, somewhat branching from 
 the sheaths, geniculate, glabrous, radicating at the lower nodes. Leaves 1 or 2 
 to 6 or 8 inches long, softly pilose ; sheaths strigosely hairy ; ligule short, truncate, 
 or ovate and acute, white or often tinged with purple. Spikes usually 4 to 6 
 (sometimes S or 10) in number, and 2 or 3. to 6 inches in length, often in 2 fasci- 
 cles or verticils a little distant from each other, becoming purple ; rachis flat, 
 flexuose, scabrous on the margin. Spikelets in pairs, appressed, in two rows on 
 the outer or underside of the rachis, on short pedicels. — the lower one subsessile. 
 Inferior glume nearly obsolete. Gardens, and cultivated grounds ; throughout 
 the U. States. Fl. July— Sept. Ft. Aug.— October. 
 
 Obs. In the middle States, this is a troublesome Grass in Gardens, 
 in the latter part of summer ; and is frequent, also, in Indian-Corn 
 fields, — but not difficult to be kept in reasonable subjection, by the 
 early and free use of the "cultivator." Cattle will eat it, — but do 
 not appear to be particularly fond of it : and indeed it is generally 
 choked out of good pastures, by the prevalence of more acceptable 
 grasses. It is said to be a serious pest, in the cultivated grounds of 
 the Southern planters. Mr. Elliott — than whom there can be no 
 better authority — has the following remarks on this plant : — " Grows 
 every where on lands not inundated. Well known to planters under 
 the name of Crab or Crop grass. It is the most troublesome grass 
 our planters have to encounter in high ground culture, and though 
 an annual, it is the best grass for hay at present known in our low 
 country." 
 
 A very slender, smooth species (P. fiU forme,!.'), belonging to this 
 sub-division, is often abundant in sandy pastures, — but is not very 
 important in any respect. 
 
 ft Inflorescence paniculate : branches of the panicle more or less 
 divided ; spikelets solitary, scattered . 
 
 2. P. c.iriLLARE, L. Culm nearly simple ; sheaths very hirsute; 
 panicle large, capillary, loose, finally expanding ; spikelets lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, smooth, on long scabrous peduncles. Kunth, Enum. 
 1. p. 114. Fl. Cestr. p. 45. 
 
 Capillary or Hair-like Panicum. 
 
 Root annual. Culm assurgent or erect, usually 1 to 2 feet (occasionally only 
 a few inches) high, sometimes branching. Leaves 3 to 8 or 10 inches long, lance- 
 linear, rather broad, acuminate, nerved, hairy: sheaths sulcate-striate, very hir- 
 sute with spreading whitish bristly hairs : ligule short, fringed or beard-like. 
 Panicle large and pyramidal ; brandies numerous, subdivided, very slender, 
 straight, — at first erect, then spreading, finally divaricate. Spikelets small, often 
 purple. Abortive floret without a superior palea. Perfect floret much shorter than 
 the upper glume, lanceoblong. plano-convex, smooth and shining. Sandy pas- 
 tures; cultivated grounds : throughout the U. States. Fl. Aug. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This worthless species flourishes most in a light sandy soil ; 
 but it is usually more or less abundant in all Indian-Corn fields, in 
 the latter part of summer. In autumn, the dry culms break off, 
 and the light divaricate panicles are rolled over the fields, by the 
 winds, until they accumulate in great quantities, along the fences 
 and hedges. Common, and remarkable as this grass is, I do not 
 recollect to have ever heard a common name for it. This vast genus 
 (containing upwards of 400 species, — a considerable number of 
 which are indigenous, or found in our country) is remarkable for the 
 
GRAMINEAE 213 
 
 little value, or interest, which it possesses, in an agricultural point of 
 view. With the exception of P. miliaceum, L.— and perhaps one or 
 two other oriental species, which produce a kind of Millet — the whole 
 multitudinous group are regarded as little better than mere weeds : — 
 though none of them, so far as I know, are particularly obnoxious, 
 or difficult to expel by judicious culture. The two here described, 
 are inserted merely as samples of a numerous and somewhat variant 
 family. 
 
 215. SETARIA. Beauv. [Pennisetum. Rich. Endl. Gen. 781.] 
 
 [Latin. Seta, a bristle; from the bristly involucres of the spikelets.] 
 Spikelets 2-flowered, invested with an involucre of persistent bris- 
 tles, — the upper floret perfect — the lower one staminate or neutral, 
 with 1 or 2 awnless paleae. Glumes 2, unequal, concave, awnless. 
 Staminate Fl. Paleae 2, membranaceous, with 3 stamens : some- 
 times the floret is neutral,— the upper palea and stamens being 
 abortive. Perfect Fl. Pd'eae 2, coriaceous, concave, awnless, — 
 the lower one embracing the 2-nerved upper one. Stamens 3. 
 Scales 2, collateral, truncate, fleshy, smooth. Ovary smooth; styles 
 2, terminal, elongated ; stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. Cary- 
 opsis free, compressed, included in the paleae. Inflorescence with 
 the panicle often much condensed or spike-form. 
 
 1. S. glauca, Beauv. Spike cylindric, tawny yellow ; involucre of 
 numerous fasciculate bristles much longer than the spikelets ; paleae 
 of the perfect floret transversely rugose. Kuntk, Enum. 1. p. 149. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 51. 
 
 Glaucous Setaria. Vulgc — Fox-tail Grass. 
 
 Root annual. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, sometimes branching, often several from 
 the same root, smooth. Leaves 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, somewhat glaucous, 
 lance-linear, keeled, slightly scabrous, with a few long slender hairs at the base ; 
 sheaths striate, smooth ; ligule short, fringed or beard-like. Spike 2 to 4 inches 
 long, rather slender and quite cylindrical ; rachis pubescent. Bristles of the in- 
 volucre scabrous upwards, becoming tawny or orange-yellow. Staminate floret 
 sometimes wholly abortive or neutral. Perfect floret plano-convex, — the paleae 
 very firm and traversed by horizontal undulate wrinkles. Cultivated grounds; 
 stubble fields, &c. : introduced. Native of India, and Continental Europe. Fl. 
 Aug. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. All the species of this genus (formerly referred to Panicum) 
 are believed to be strangers, here. This one usually makes its ap- 
 pearance, in abundance, among the stubble after a wheat crop, — and 
 is often seen in pastures, orchards, &c. when not kept down by the 
 promotion of a more valuable growth. Cattle refuse the herbage, if 
 better can be had ; and the plant is altogether worthless, — except 
 that poultry (especially turkies) are fond of stripping the spikes of 
 their seeds, in the latter part of summer. 
 
 2. S. virldis, Beauv. Spike elliptic-oblong, green ; involucre of 4 
 to 10 fasciculate bristles much longer than the spikelets ; paleae of 
 the perfect floret longitudinally striate, punctate. Kunth, Enum. 1. 
 p. 151. Fl. Cestr. p. 50. 
 
 Panicum viride, L. Fl. Lond. Icon, Vol. 1. 
 
 Green Setaria. Vu/gd — Green Foxtail. Bottle grass. 
 
 Root annual. Culm 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, branching near the base, rather 
 slender. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, lauce-linear, flat, somewhat scabrous, 
 minutely serrulate on the margin ; sheaths striate, smooth, pilose on the margin ; 
 
214 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 ligtde fringed or beard-like. Spike 1 to 3 inches long, somewhat compound or a 
 little enlarged in the middle, often nearly cylindric ; rachis hirsute with short 
 hairs. Bristles of the involucre scabrous upwards, green. Sterile floret usually 
 wholly abortive or neutral, — the upper palea very small. Paleae of the perfect 
 floret smooth, puncticulate, striate longitudinally, with a slight transverse rugo- 
 sity perceptible under a lens. Cultivated grounds ; pastures. &c. : introduced. 
 Native of Southern Europe. Fl. July — Aug. Fr. Aug. — September. 
 
 Obs. This species is also naturalized to a considerable extent, and 
 is about as worthless as the preceding, — but is not regarded as a 
 serious nuisance. 
 
 3. S. Italica, Beanv. var. Germanica, Kuntli. Spike compound, 
 ovoid-oblong, yellowish-green ; involucre of 4 to 8 bristles, unilateral, 
 about as long as the spikelets ; paleae of the perfect floret striately 
 punctate, obscurely 3-nerved. Ku?ith } Enum. 1. p. 153. 
 
 S. Germanica. Beauv. Fl. Cestr. p. 51. 
 
 Italian Setaria. Vulgo — Millet. Bengal-Grass. 
 
 Root annual. Culm 2 to 4 or 5 feet high. Leaves 6 to IS and 18 inches long, 
 lance-linear, rather broad, flat, serrulate on the margin; sheaths striate, pubes- 
 cent on the margin; ligule beard-like. Spike compound (or rather a densely 
 contracted panicle), 3 to 6 inches long,* ovoid-oblong or subcylindric ; rachis 
 densely hirsute with long hairs. Bristles of the involucre sometimes longer than 
 the spikelets, yellowish. Sterile floret wholly abortive, or neutral, — the upper 
 palea very minute. Paleae of the perfect floret smooth, minutely striate-punctate. 
 Fields ; cultivated as a fallow crop. Native of Europe and India. FL July. 
 Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. Some years ago, the culture of this plant was introduced 
 into Pennsylvania, and excited considerable interest, for a time, 
 among the farmers, — as affording valuable fodder, when the usual 
 hay-crop was likely to be deficient. It was soon found, however, 
 not to be as valuable as the usual fallow crop (of Oats, or Barley), 
 of which it occupied the place ; and was, moreover, remarkably lia- 
 ble to damage from rain. The cultivation, therefore, soon declined, 
 — and is now generally abandoned. There is another species (S. 
 verticillata, Beaicv. — with the spike composed of interrupted verti- 
 cils of spikelets, and the involucre of retrorsely scabrous bristles, in 
 pairs), which is becoming something of a nuisance, about gardens, 
 in many places ; but it seems scarcely, as yet, intitled to a more par- 
 ticular notice, here. 
 
 216. OPLISMENUS. Beauv. Endl. Gen. 778, 
 [Greek, Oplismenos, armed ; in reference to its echinate spikelets.] 
 
 Spikelets 2-flowered, — the lower floret staminate or neutral — the 
 upper one perfect. Glumes 2, unequal, concave or somewhat keeled, 
 mostly awned. Staminate Fl. Paleae 2, the lower one awned; 
 sometimes the floret is neutral — the upper palea and stamens being 
 abortive. Perfect Fl. Paleae 2, nearly equal, — the lower one 
 acuminate, mucronate, embracing the 2-nerved upper one. Scales 
 2, collateral, truncate. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile ; styles 2, termi- 
 nal, elongated; stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. Caryopsis 
 free, glabrous, inclosed by the paleae. Spikelets arranged in spikes y 
 — the spikes racemose or paniculate . 
 1. O. Crtjs Galli, Kunth. Spikes alternate, secund, divided or 
 
 *The paniculate spike, or contracted panicle, of a gigantic variety which 
 grows wild along the marshy shores of the river Delaware, is often from 12 to 
 IS inches in length. 
 
GRAMINEAE 215 
 
 simple; florets imbricated ; glumes and outer palea of the neutral 
 floret hispid, awned or mucronate ; outer palea of the perfect floret 
 terminating in a scabrous awn ; rachis hirsute. Kunth, Enum. 1. 
 p. 143. 
 
 Panicum Crus Galli. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 49. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1. 
 
 Cockspur Oplismenus. 
 
 Root annual. Culm 2 to 5 feet high, rather coarse, smooth. Leaves 9 to 15 
 inches long, lance-linear, broadish, flat, nerved, serrulate on the margin; sheaths 
 
 rather loose, compressed, striate, smooth; ligule none. Spikes sub-paniculate, 
 
 the spikelets crowded in dense spike-form compound racemes on the branches. 
 Spikelets ovoid, plano-convex, echinate, awned or sometimes awnless ; lower 
 glume short, ovate, acute, 3-nerved, — the upper one as long as the perfect floret, 
 ovate, acuminate, 5-nerved, with bristles on the nerves. Neutral floret with 2 
 paleae, — the lower one ovate, flat, with a scabrous awn or long acumination, 
 5-nerved— one of the nerves central, scabrous, the others marginal, in approxi- 
 mated pairs, presenting a double row of cartilaginous bristles. — the upper palea 
 ovate, acute, thin and membranaceous, nearly as long as the perfect floret. 
 Perfect floret plano-convex, acuminate,— the paleae firm, smooth and shining 
 Caryopsis compressed, orbicular, white or ash-colored. Moist grounds ; mea- 
 dows, drains of Barnyards, &c. : introduced? Fl. August. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. Kunth gives this as an inhabitant of the four quarters of the 
 globe; but I suspect it is a naturalized foreigner, here. There is a 
 variety, in which the sheaths are hispid and another in which the 
 floral coverings are awnless. In every form, it is a coarse worthless 
 grass — in fact a mere weed,— apt to abound along the drains of crude 
 liquid, flowing from barn-yards,— and in spots which are usually de- 
 signated as " wet and sour." It is readily expelled, however, by a 
 proper management. Frequent and conspicuous as this grass is, I do 
 not know that it has acquired any common name, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 217. CENCHRTJS. L. Endl. Gen. 783. 
 [Greek, Kenchros, Millet ; probably applied, originally, to some other plant.) 
 SpiJcelets involucrate, 2-flowered, — the lower floret staminate or 
 neutral — upper one perfect : sometimes the spikelet is solitary — some- 
 times 2 or more are crowded within a multifid involucre, which is 
 externally muricate with spinose bristles — finally indurated, and fal- 
 ling off with the spikelets. Glumes 2, unequal, membranaceous. 
 Staminate Fl. somewhat resembling the perfect one, — sometimes 
 neutral, by the abortion of the stamens and upper palea. Perfect 
 Fl. Paleae 2, subcoriaceous, concave, — : the lower one embracing 
 the upper one. Stamens 3. Scales 0. Ovary sessile, glabrous : 
 styles 2, terminal, elongated, sub-connate at base ; stigmas plumose, 
 with simple denticulate hairs. Caryopsis free, somewhat com- 
 pressed, included in the paleae. 
 
 1. C. trieuloides, L. Involucre subglobose, pubescent, spinosely 
 muricate, split on one side. Kunth? Enum. l.p. 166. Fl. Cestr. p. 52. 
 Tribultjs-like Cenchrus. Vulgo — Bur-grass. Hedge-hog Grass. 
 
 Root annual. Culm 1 to 2 feet long, usually oblique or procumbent, geniculate 
 branching, smooth. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, lance-linear, acuminate' 
 slightly scabrous on the margin ; sheaths loose, smooth ; ligule beard-like. Raceme 
 terminal, of 6 to 12 or 14 alternate involucrate heads or clusters ; rachis angular 
 flexuose, slightly scabrous. Involucre urceolate or subglobose, laciniate, usually 
 split to the base on one side, hairy, armed externally with rigid subulate scabrous 
 spines, villous within, embracing ], 2, or 3 spikelets. Sterile floret mostly stami- 
 nate. Sandy fields. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 
 
216 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 Obs. Our plant appears to agree more nearly with the description 
 of C. echinatus, in Kunth's Enumeration : but Dr. Torrey ex- 
 pressed the opinion to me, that " it is doubtful whether the true C. 
 echi?iatns inhabits N. America; our two species (as some call them) 
 being merely forms of C. tribuloides." 
 
 The plant is very abundant, in the sandy districts of New Jersey, — 
 and has found its way to some of the slaty hills of Pennsylvania. 
 It is altogether a worthless grass ; and the prickly involucres are a 
 grievous nuisance, wherever it prevails in cultivated grounds, or 
 about houses. It ought to be most carefully and thoroughly extir- 
 pated, on its first appearance in any agricultural region. 
 
 TRIBE V.* AGROSTIDEAE. Ku?ith. 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered, — very rarely with the subulate rudiment of a second supe- 
 rior one. Glumes and Paleae 2, membranaceously herbaceous, — the lower palea 
 often awned. Stigmas mostly sessile. 
 
 218. MUHLENBERGIA. Schreb. Endl. Gen. 803. 
 [In honor of Rev. Henry Muhlenberg^ — an early and eminent American Botanist.] 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered, — the flower sessile, bearded at base. Glumes 
 2, unequal, usually much shorter than the paleae, awnless or with a 
 short awn. Paleae 2, herbaceous, finally slightly indurated, — the 
 lower one awned at apex — the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2, mem- 
 branaceous, entire. Stamens 3, — the filaments connate at base with 
 the stipe of the ovary. Ovary stipitate, glabrous ; styles 2, terminal ; 
 stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. Caryopsis free, subterete, 
 glabrous, covered by the paleae. 
 
 1. M. diffusa, Willd. Culms filiform, decumbent, branching, 
 diffuse ; leaves short, spreading ; panicles terminal and lateral, con- 
 tracted and slender ; glumes unequal, very minute ; awn about as 
 long as the palea. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 200. Fl. Cestr. p. 58. 
 Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. No. 106. 
 
 Spreading Mchlenbergia. Vulgo — Dropseed Grass. Nimble Will. 
 
 Root perennial. Culm 6 to 12 and 18 inches long, decumbent, geniculate, com- 
 pressed, very slender and rather wiry, glabrous, much branched,— the branches 
 assurgenl. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches in length, divaricate, lance-linear, acute, 
 roughish; sheaths rather open, striate, pubescent at throat; ligule very short, 
 finally lacerate or ciliate. Panicles 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, very slender, often 
 purplish,— the branches alternate, rather distant, appressed, scabrous ; spikelets all 
 pedicellate, racemose. Glumes persistent, very minute,— the lower one a mere 
 rudiment— the upper one truncate, laciniate-dentate. Paleae unequal, — the lower 
 one longer, almost triangular, with 3 prominent scabrous nerves, and terminating 
 in a slender scabrous awn, which is generally a little longer than the palea itself. 
 Caryopsis linear-oblong, acute, brown. Pastures; yards; and borders of dry open 
 woodlands. Fl. Aug.— Sept. Fr. Sept.— October. 
 
 Obs. This slender grass often appears in considerable quantity, in 
 the latter part of summer, in fields which have been kept up some 
 years for pasture. Cattle feed on it; but it is not so valuable as 
 
 *The 4th Tribe (Stipaceae, Kunth.) contains no plant of importance in Ame- 
 rican Agriculture. The genus Stipa — the representative of the Tribe — contains 
 a species (S. tenacissima, L. macrochloa. Kunth — the Esparto, of the Spaniards.) 
 which is much used in the Southern provinces of Spain, in the manufacture of 
 cordage, matting, sacks, &c. There is also, in Europe, another species of Stipa 
 (S. pennata,L.), which is a curiosity, on account of its very long and beautifully 
 feathered awns. 
 
GRAMINEAE 217 
 
 several of the other grasses, herein mentioned. It is said to be 
 known, in Kentucky , by the name of " Nimble Will." In Pennsyl- 
 vania, it has scarcely been noticed, by the farmers, sufficiently to 
 acquire a common name. 
 
 2. M. Mexicana, Trin. Culms slender, ascending, nodose, much 
 branched ; panicles terminal and lateral, contracted ; glumes acu- 
 minate, nearly as long as the paleae ; paleae nearly equal, pilose at 
 base. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 14. 
 
 Cinna Mexicana. Kunth, Emim. 1. p. 206. 
 
 Agrostis lateriflora. Mx. Fl. Cestr. p. 56» 
 
 Mexican Muhxenbergia. 
 
 Root perennial, creeping. Culms erect or ascending, 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, slen- 
 der and wiry, with numerous swelling nodes, much branched and leafy above, 
 often becoming nearly naked below. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, lance-linear, 
 acute, nerved, scabrous — especially on the upper surface ; sheaths smooth, com- 
 pressed and but partially embracing the culm ; ligule short, obtuse and lacerate. 
 Panicles numerous, 2 or 3 inches in length, contracted and rather dense-flowered, 
 — the lateral ones partly sheathed at base. Glumes narrow-lanceolate, withscari- 
 ous margins and a subulate point. Paleae usually longer than the glumes (some- 
 times twice as long), — the lower one occasionally terminating in an awn. 
 Moist grounds ; borders of fields, and woodlands. Fl. Aug. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This species affords an indifferent pasture, in the latter part 
 of summer; but it is not of much worth. It is better to supersede 
 these — and all grasses of inferior quality — by the introduction of 
 more valuable ones, — and it can be done, by the aid of lime and 
 manure. When the soil is enriched, and properly managed, the 
 better lands of natural Grasses (especially Poa 4" Festuca) soon 
 come in, spontaneously, and expel the others. 
 
 219. AGROSTIS. L. Endl. Gen. 810. 
 [Greek, Agros, a field ; being eminently an occupant of fields and meadows.] 
 
 Spil-elets 1-flowered, — sometimes with the pedicel, or rudiment, of 
 a second superior floret. Glumes 2, keeled, awnless, nearly equal, 
 usually much longer than the floret. Paleae 2, — the lower one 
 awned on the back, or rarely awnless — the upper one 2-keeled, 
 sometimes very small or obsolete. Scales 2, nearly entire. Stamens 
 usually 3. Ovary glabrous ; stigmas 2, terminal, subsessile, plumose. 
 Caryopsis free. 
 
 1. A. vulgaris, With. Culms slender, mostly erect; leaves lance- 
 linear ; panicle loose, ovoid-oblong in its outline, — the branches 
 spreading, finally divaricate ; paleae awnless, — the lower one twice 
 the size of the upper one. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 220. Fl. Cestr. p. 55. 
 
 A. polymorpha. Huds. Gray, Gram. 2. Specim. No. 108. 
 
 Common Agrostis. Vulgd — Herd-grass (of Penna.). Red-top. 
 
 Root perennial, creeping. Culms cespitose, very slender, erect or ascending, 1 
 to 2 feet high. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, nerved, scabrous ; sheaths striate, 
 smooth ; ligule short, truncate. Panicle mostly purple,— the branches capillary, 
 alternalingly semiverticillate, smoothish or often scabrous. Glumes smooth, ex- 
 cept on the keel, lanceolate, acute, finally expanding. Paleae membranaceous, 
 smooth at base, — the lower one nearly as long as the glumes — the upper one very 
 small, retuse. Pastures, and moist meadows: introduced. Native of Europe. 
 Fl. July. Fr. August. 
 
 19 
 
218 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 Obs. This grass is somewhat variable in its botanical characters — 
 as may be inferred from one of the specific names it has received : 
 viz. A. polymorpha. It is often cultivated in some districts of the 
 country, — and answers a tolerably good purpose in wet or swampy 
 meadows, which its roots tend to consolidate : but it is not among 
 the most esteemed grasses — either for pasture or hay. It should be 
 borne in mind, by dealers in Seeds, that this is not the "Herd-grass" 
 of New York, and New England,— which is Phleum pratense, or 
 Timothy. The whole Genus (Agrostis,) is known, in England, by 
 the name of " Bent Grass/' — and one of the species (A. stolonifera, 
 IVilld.), was quite celebrated, some years ago, under the name of 
 *'Fiori?i Grass" — as being superior to all others for yielding great 
 crops of hay ; but, like many other plants whose value has been 
 exaggerated, it has nearly ceased to attract notice. 
 
 TRIBE. VI. ARUNDINACEAE. Kuntk. 
 
 Spikelets sometimes 1-flowered. with or without the pedicel or rudiment of a sec- 
 ond superior floret— sometimes many-flowered. Flowers mostly clothed, or in- 
 vested at base, with long soft hairs. Glumes and Paleae 2, membranaceously 
 herbaceous, — the glumes equalling or exceeding the florets — the lower palea 
 awned or awnlcss. Mostly tall grasses. 
 
 220. PHRAGMITES. Trin. Endl. Gen. 824. 
 [Greek, Phragmos, a partition, or hedge; from the use said to be made of it "J 
 
 Spikelets 3 to 6-fiowered : florets distichous, rather distant, not hairy 
 at base, — the lowest one staminate, the others perfect ; rachis clothed 
 with long silky hairs. Glumes keeled, acute, — the upper one larger. 
 Paleae membranaceous, — the lower one elongated, narrow-subulate 
 — the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2, entire. Stamois 3. Ovary 
 sessile, glabrous ; styles 2, terminal, elongated ; stigmas plumose, — 
 the hairs thickish, simple or sometimes branched, papillose-dentate. 
 Caryopsis free. 
 
 1. P. communis, Trin. Panicle large, loosely expanded ; spikelets 
 3 to 5-flowered. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 251. Specim. Gray, Gram. 
 
 2. no. 127. 
 
 A r undo Phragmites. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 61. 
 
 Common Phragmites. Vvlgd — Reed-Grass. 
 
 Fr. Roseau a balais. Germ. Gemeines Rohr. Span. Cafia. 
 
 Root perennial. Culm 8 to 12 feet high, and often an inch or more in diame- 
 ter at base, nodose, terete, glabrous. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, and about 2 inches 
 •wide at base, linear-lanceolate, attenuated at apex, glaucous, scabrous on the 
 margin ; sheaths closely embracing the culm, smooth ; ligule very short, pilose 
 or fimbriate. Panicle terminal, large, — the branches smoothish, long, slender, 
 semi-verticillate, with a tuft of soft hairs at base. Spikelets lance-linear, erect, 
 pedunculate, 3 to 5- (mostly 3?) flowered. "Lowest floret staminate, sessile, naked 
 at base ; upper florets pedicellate, — the pedicels finally clothed with long white 
 silky hairs which are nearly as long as the florets (these hairs scarcely per- 
 ceptible on the young panicle). Paleae very unequal,— the lower one with a 
 long slender acumination, which is involute, resembling an awn. Margins ol 
 swamps, and swampy streams. Fl. August. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This grass appears to be indigenous in both hemispheres. 
 It possesses but little agricultural interest : yet, being so remarkably 
 large (rivalling Indian Corn, in size), I have concluded to give it a 
 place, here. 
 
GR AMINE AE 219 
 
 TRIBE VIII.* CHLORIDEAE. Kunth, 
 
 Splkehls arranged in unilateral spikes, 1 or many-flowered, with the upper flo- 
 rets abortive. Glumes and Paleae 2, membranaceously herbaceous. — the glume* 
 persistent on the rachis, the outer one superior — the paleae awnless or awned. 
 Spikes digitate or paniculate, rarely solitary ; rachis not articulated. 
 
 221. CYNODON. Rich. Endl. Gen. 836. 
 [Greek ; literally Dog's tooth ; but the reason is not obvious.] 
 
 Sp>ikes digitate, in pairs, or racemose. Spikelets with 1 perfect flo- 
 ret, — and sometimes with the subulate, pedicel or abortive rudiment 
 of a second superior floret. Glumes keeled, awnless, nearly equal, 
 the upper one exterior. Paleae membranaceous, — the lower one 
 keeled, acute, awnless, or sometimes mucronulate — the upper one 
 2-keeled. Scales 2, fleshy, mostly connate. Stamens 3. Ovary 
 sessile, glabrous ; styles 2, terminal ; stigmas plumose, with simple 
 hairs. Caryopsis free, inclosed in the paleae. 
 
 1. C. Dactylon, Pers. Spikes 3 to 5, digitate, spreading; paleae 
 longer than the glumes, glabrous, somewhat ciliate, with a beardless 
 bristle at the base of the inner one. Kunth, E?ium. 1. p. 259. 
 
 Finger Cynodon. Vulgo — Bermuda Grass. Dog's-tooth Grass. 
 
 Root perennial, fibrous, creeping (numerous slender rhizomas). Culm pro- 
 cumbent, radicating, 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, terete, smooth. Leaves 1 or 2 to 
 4 inches long, acute, somewhat distichous and rigid, slightly hairy and scabrous ; 
 sheaths longer than the internodes, hairy ; ligule beard-like. Spikes 3 to 5 (usu- 
 ally 4), 1 to 2 inches long; rachis flexuose and angular, not winged. Scales obo- 
 vate, half as long as the ovary. Stigmas dark purple. Loose sandy soils ; 
 Southern Stales : Introduced ? Fl. All summer (Ell.). Fr. 
 
 Obs. This grass (which, I am inolined to think, is a foreigner) has 
 never come under my notice, in Pennsylvania; but I have received 
 specimens from Virginia. I should judge it to be a grass of doubtful 
 value, and equivocal character, in agriculture — compared with our 
 better species. Mr. Elliott gives the following account of it [under 
 the name of Digitaria Dactylon], as observed in S. Carolina : — 
 w We have two varieties of this plant, one coarser (perhaps a species) 
 growing in damp soils, native ; the other described above, said to bo 
 imported, a tender, delicate grass, growing over and binding the 
 most arid and loose lands in our country, and apparently preferred 
 by stock of all descriptions to every other grass. The cultivation of 
 this grass on the poor and extensive sand hills of our middle country 
 would probably convert them into sheep walks of great value ; but 
 it grows in every soil, and no grass in close rich land is more formi- 
 dable to the cultivator ; it must therefore be introduced with cau- 
 tion." Sir James Edward Smith, the Botanical Editor of Rees' 
 Cyclopaedia, has the following remarks [Art. Panicubi dactylonjy 
 in reference to the plant : — " This grass was perceived by Mr. Lam- 
 bert, to be no other than the Agrostis linearis, of Koenig, Retzius, 
 and Willdenow, — the Durva of the Hindoos, — which the late Sir 
 William Jones, in the 4th volume of the Asiatic Researches, has 
 celebrated for the extraordinary beauty of its flowers, and its sweet- 
 ness and nutritious quality as pasture for cattle. We cannot but 
 remark what extraordinary celebrity is attached, every now and 
 
 *The 7th Tribe (Pappophoreae, Kunth,) contains no plant of Agricultural 
 importance. 
 
220 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 then, to one grass or other, and how their fame passes away * like 
 the morning cloud,' while the best graziers scarcely know, perhaps, 
 better than their fat cattle, any thing of the nature of the common 
 never-failing herbage, to which they are both so much indebted." 
 
 222. ELEUSINE. Gaertn. Endl. Gen. 841. 
 [Named from Eleusis ; where Ceres the Goddess of harvests, was worshipped.] 
 
 Spikes digitate-fasciculate, rarely 1 or 2. Spikelets unilateral, 
 sessile, 2 or many-flowered, — the florets distichous, all perfect. 
 Glumes shorter than the florets, keeled, awnless. Paleae membra- 
 naceous, awnless, — the lower one keeled — the upper one with 2 
 keels. Scales 2, emarginately 2-lobed. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, 
 glabrous; styles 2, terminal; stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. 
 Caryopsis free, — the epicarp membranaceous, opening spontane- 
 ously ; seed transversely rugose. 
 
 1. E. Indica, Gaertn. Culm compressed, decumbent ; spikes 2 to 4 
 or 6, linear, straight, digitate; spikelets lance-ovate, about 5-flowered. 
 Ktcnth, Enum. 1. p. 272. Fl. Cestr. p. 81. 
 
 Indian Eleusine. Vulgd — Dog'stail Grass. Crow-foot Grass. 
 
 Root annual. Culm 6 to 12 and 18 inches long, oblique or often nearly pro- 
 cumbent, smooth, branching at base. Leaves 2 to 12 inches long, rather crowded 
 and distichous at the base of the culm, linear, often inclined to be conduplicate, 
 smooth or sparingly pilose ; sheaths loose, striate, glabrous, pilose at throat ; 
 ligule very short, truncate, minutely dentate. Spikes 2 to 4, sometimes 6 (rarely 
 1), 1 or 2 to 4 inches long; rachis compressed. Spikelets imbricated, smooth. 
 Loiter paleae ovate-lanceolate, with a green keel, — the upper one a third shorter, 
 somewhat conduplicate, with 2 keels. Caryopsis triangular-ovoid, dark brown, 
 transversely rugose, — the epicarp a thin arillus-like membrane. Farm-yards, 
 lanes, and along foot-paths : introduced? Pi. Aug. — Sept. Fr. Sept. — October. 
 
 Obs. This grass has, to me, the appearance of being a naturalized 
 foreigner, — though no American Botanist speaks of it as such. It is 
 usually to be seen in abundance, in lanes and woodyards, about 
 farm-houses, in Pennsylvania, during the latter part of summer, — 
 where it grows very thick, and forms a fine carpeting in spots which 
 had been previously naked and muddy. Cattle and hogs are fond 
 of it, — and Mr. Elliott commends it for hay ; but in this region, 
 it rarely grows in mowing grounds, to any considerable extent. 
 
 There is another species (E. coracana, Gaert?i.), which is "culti- 
 vated, as corn, under the name of Natehenny, upon the Coromandel 
 coast. 55 I believe it is unknown in this country,— and probably 
 would not be worth introducing. 
 
 TRIBE IX. AVENACEAE. Kunth. 
 
 Spikelets 2- or many-flowered, — the terminal floret mostly blighted or abortive. 
 Glumes and Paleae 2, membranaceously herbaceous ; lower palea mostly awn- 
 ed, — the awn often dorsal, and twisted. 
 
 223. AVENA. L. Endl. Gen. 864. 
 [A classical Latin name ; applied to this genus.] 
 
 Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered; florets rather distant, — the uppermost one 
 blighted. Glumes nearly equal, awnless, loose and membranaceous. 
 Paleae herbaceous, — the lower one mostly bicuspidate at apex, with 
 a twisted awn on the back — the upper one two-keeled, awnless. 
 Scales 2, bifid, rather large. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, hirsute at 
 
GRAMINEAE 221 
 
 summit ; stigmas 2, sessile, distant, villously plumose, with simple 
 
 hairs. Caryopsis subterete, sulcate on the inner or upper side, hairy 
 
 at summit, usually closely embraced by the paleae, and adherent to 
 
 the upper one. 
 
 1. A. sativa, L. Panicle regular ; spikelets 2-flowered, pendulous ; 
 
 florets shorter than the glumes, naked at base, — the lower one mostly 
 
 awned. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 301. Fl. Cestr. p. 67. 
 
 Cultivated Avena. Vulgo — Oats. Common Oats. 
 
 Fr. Avoine cultivee. Germ. Gemeiner Hafer. Span. Avena. 
 
 Root annual. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, smooth. Leaves 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, 
 lance-hnear, nerved, scabrous; sheaths striate, smooth, rather loose; ligule 
 lacerate. Panicle loose, somewhat nodding, — the spikelets all pedunculate, pen- 
 dulous. Lower floret mostly awned on the back ; upper floret awnless, — with a 
 pedicel at the base of the upper palea, bearing, at its summit, membranaceous 
 rudiments of a third floret Caryopsis closely invested by the smoothish shin- 
 ing subcartilaginous paleae. Fields; cultivated as a fallow crop. Fl. July. 
 Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. The native country of this plant — as of most of our culti- 
 vated grains— seems to be somewhat uncertain, — though this one is 
 said to have been found native in the island of Juan Fernandez. 
 Oats are extensively cultivated, in this country, — chiefly as food for 
 horses. Dr. Johnson took occasion, in compiling his Dictionary, to 
 fling a sarcasm at the Scotch, by defining oats to be the food of Horses 
 in England, and of Me7i in Scotland, — as if the effects of climate 
 were a fit subject on which to taunt a people ! Yet this was but one 
 of many instances, of his national prejudice and illiberality. 
 
 This grain succeeds better than Barley, in a thin soil ; and is 
 therefore frequently employed, in the rotation of crops, when Bar- 
 ley would have been preferred, had the land been good. The A. 
 nuda, L. called " skinless oats," — a species nearly allied to this, but 
 with 3 to 5-flowered spikelets, and the caryopsis loosely covered by 
 the paleae, — has been partially cultivated, by the curious, on account 
 of its superior fitness for making Oat-meal, as an article of diet for 
 the sick. 
 
 224. ARRHENATHERUM. Beauv. Endl. Gen. 865". 
 [Greek. Arrhciu mate, and ather, an awn; the staminate floret being awned.] 
 
 Spiielets somewhat 3-fiowered, — the lowest floret being staminate, 
 the second one perfect, and the third an abortive filiform rudiment. 
 Glumes concave, awnless, — the upper one longer, equalling the flo- 
 rets. Staminate Fl. Paleae 2,-^the lower one concave, awned 
 on the back — the awn elongated, twisted at base; upper paleae 2- 
 keeled, awnless. Stamens 3. Ovary obsolete. Perfect Fl. Pa- 
 leae 2, — the lower one concave, slightly bifid at apex, awned on the 
 back — the awn short, straight ; upper palea 2-keeled. Scales 2, 
 elongated, lance-linear, entire. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, hairy at 
 summit; stigmas 2, terminal, villously plumose, — the hairs simple, 
 sharply serrulate. Caryopsis sub-terete, sulcate on the upper side, 
 adherent to the upper palea. 
 
 1. A. avexaceum, 5^««r. Leaves flat ; panicle oblong, contracted, 
 finally spreading. Kunt/i, Enum. 1. p. 307. 
 Avena elatior. L. Fl. Cestr. p. 66. 
 Holcus avenaceus. Scop. Fl, Land. Icon, Vol. 1. 
 
 19* 
 
222 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 Oat-like Arrhenatherum. Vulgo — Oat-grass. Grass of the Andes. 
 
 Fr. Avoine elevee. Germ. Wiesen Hafer. 
 
 Root perennial, creeping, nodose. Culm about 3 feet high, glabrous. Leaves 
 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, lance-linear, scabrous on the margin and upper surface ; 
 sheaths striate, smooth ; ligule short, retuse. Panicle linear-oblong, finally spread- 
 ing and somewhat nodding, — the branches short, semi-verticillate. Glumes 
 unequal, — the lower one shorter than the florets. Upper palea of the perfect flo- 
 ret with the filiform rudiment of a third floret at its base. Cultivated lots: intro- 
 duced. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This grass has been partially introduced, and cultivated, by 
 a few curious farmers ; but it does not appear to be much of a 
 favorite, either for pasture or hay, in Pennsylvania. It is some- 
 times called " Grass of the Andes," — but I know not for what rea- 
 son, as it seems to be of undoubted European origin. 
 
 TRIBE X. FESTUCACEAE. Kunth. 
 Spikelets usually many-flowered. Glumes and Paleae 2. membranaceously her- 
 baceous, rarely coriaceous,— the lower palea often awned — the awns not twisted. 
 Inflorescence generally paniculate. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 1. BROMEAE. Endl. 
 Herbeceous grasses. Stamens 3. 
 
 225. POA. L. Endl. Gen. 876. 
 [Greek, Poa, herbage, or pasture ; applied by way of eminence to this genus.] 
 
 Spikelets 2 to many flowered, — the florets distichous, perfect. 
 Glumes awnless, unequal or sometimes nearly equal. Paleae awn- 
 less, — the lower one keeled or concave — the upper one 2-keeled.* 
 Scales 2, entire or bifid. Stamens mostly 3. Ovary sessile, gla- 
 brous ; styles 2, terminal ; stigmas plumose, — the hairs simple, 
 sharply serrate-denticulate. Caryopsis free, or rarely adherent to 
 the upper palea. 
 
 OIF" Spikelets panic u'.ate, compressed; florets generally 3 to 5. rather distant, 
 often connected by a villous web at base ; lower palea herbaceous, with a diapha- 
 nous margin, commonly 5-nerved. Legitimate or genuine Poas, Kunth. 
 
 1. P. annua,!,. Culms oblique, subcompressed, sometimes radi- 
 cating at base ; leaves rather short ; ligules oblong ; panicle sub- 
 secund, divaricate, — the branches smooth, solitary or in pairs, finally 
 deflected ; spikelets oblong-ovate, about 5-flowered, — the florets not 
 villous at base. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 319. Fl. Cestr. p. 76. Icox, 
 Fl. Lond. 1. 
 
 Annual Poa. Vttlgv — Dwarf, or Early Meadow-Grass. 
 Fr. Paturin annuel. Germ. Jaehriges Rispengras. 
 
 Root annual. Culms cespitose, 3 to G or 8 inches long, smooth, geniculate, 
 oblique at base, or often nearly procumbent. Leaves 1 to 3 inches in length, 
 sublinear. acute, keeled, smooth, minutely serrulate on the margin ; sheaths loose! 
 smooth ; ligule oblong, dentate. Pan'de sometimes rather secund. — the branches 
 often solitary, subdivided. Spikelets rather crowded on the divisions of the 
 branches, 3 or 4 to 6- (very often 3-) flowered. Glumes unequal, acuminate, 
 with scarious margins. Paleae minutely pubescent, but destitute, of the villous 
 web, — the lower one ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved — the upper one a little shorter, 
 scarious, with 2 green keels. Cultivated grounds; pastures; along foot-paths, 
 <Scc. introduced? Native of Europe. Fl. April — Sept. Fr, June — Octo. 
 
 *It is probable that the (: 2-keeled" tipper palea — so frequent in the Grasses, 
 and so obvious in this, and the following tribe— in reality consists of two collateral 
 keeled paleae, united by their contiguous margins, while the outer margins are 
 inflexed, or folded in, — leaving the two keels apparently at the two edges of the 
 upper palea. 
 
GRAMINEAE 223 
 
 Obs. This little species —which was probably introduced from Eu- 
 rope — comes forward early in the spring, — and what little pasture it 
 affords is tolerably acceptable to Stock : but it is far inferior in value 
 and importance to either of the following. 
 
 2. P. trivialis, L. Culm and sheaths somewhat scabrous ; leaves 
 lance-linear, flat, acuminate ; ligule elongated, acute; panicle dif- 
 fuse, regular, — the branches scabrous; spikelets ovate, 2 to 3-flow- 
 ered, — the florets slightly villous at base. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 352. 
 Fl. Cestr. p. 75. Icon, Fl. Loud. 1. 
 
 Trivial Poa. Vulgo — Rough-stalked Meadow-Grass. 
 
 Root perennial. Culm 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, subterete or slightly ancipital, 
 often declined at base, geniculate, and stoloniferous, somewhat scabrous re- 
 trorsely. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, lance-linear (those of the root or 
 suckers long and narrow), acute or acuminate, slightly scabrous on the margin ; 
 sheaths striate-nerved, scabrous when rubbed upwards ; ligule much elongated, 
 scarious and whitish. Panicle loose, expanding, — the branches semi-verticillate 
 in about fives, sharply scabrous. Spiktlels usually 2- (sometimes 3-) flowered. 
 Glumes scabrous on the keel, — the lower one rather shorter, very acute — the 
 upper one 3-nerved, with a scarious margin. Pahae unequal, nearly smooth or 
 very slightly villous at base, — the lower one longer, 5-nerved, scarious at apex. 
 Moist low grounds ; meadows, and woodlands : introduced ? Fl June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This species (also, perhaps, a foreigner) is frequent in moist 
 pastures and meadows, — and affords a good forage, both pasture and 
 hay. It has much general resemblance to the following species (P. 
 pratensis), when growing in open grounds ; but is decidedly inferior 
 in value,— and may be readily distinguished from it, by the elongated 
 ligide and retrorsely scabrous sheaths and culms. In woodlands, it 
 is often a weak straggling plant. 
 
 3. P. pratensis, L. Culm and sheaths smooth ; leaves linear, 
 keeled, abruptly acute ; ligule short, truncate ; panicle somewhat 
 crowded, regular, finally spreading; spikelets ovate, acute, 3 to 5- 
 fiowered ; florets connected by a villous web. Kunth, Enzcm. 1. p. 
 352. Fl. Cestr. p. 74. Icon, Fl. Loud. 1. 
 
 Also, P. viridis. Muhl. Kunth. I. c. [Meadow Grass. 
 
 Meadow Poa. Vulgo — Spear Grass. Green Grass. Smooth-stalked 
 
 Fr. Paturin des Pres. Germ. Vieh-gras. Wiesen Rispen-grass. 
 
 Rcot perennial, creeping. Plant smooth. Culm erect, 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, 
 slender, terete. Radical leaves often very numerous, and long (L to 2 feet or 
 more in length, in good soils), scarcely a line wide and exactly linear, termi- 
 nating abruptly in a boatshaped or keeled point, deep green, slightly scabrous 
 on the margin, — the culm leaves shorter than the striate-nerved glabrous sheaths; 
 ligule scarious, short, obtuse, often crenate-dentate. Panicle at first rather 
 crowded, at length expanding and pyramidal. — the branches semi-verticillate, 
 3 to 5 from a node, flexuose and nearly smooth. Spikelets pedicellate, a little 
 crowded on the branches ; 2 or 3 to 5-flowered : florets acute, connected at base 
 by cobweb-like hairs. Glumes a litfle unequal, compressed, keeled, sharply 
 acuminate. Lower palea somewhat compressed, acute, 5-nerved, — the upper one 
 acuminate, slightly scabrous on the two keels. Fields, meadows, and wood- 
 lands : introduced ? Fl. May — June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This srjecies (supposed to be a naturalized foreigner,) varies 
 considerably, in size and appearance, when growing in different 
 soils and situations. In our best soils, the radical leaves are very 
 long and luxuriant, — when it is known by the name of " Green 
 Grass." In Koitueky, it is commonly called " Blue Grass," — a 
 name which properly belongs to the following species (P. compress a, 
 
224 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 L.). It is the profusion of the nutritious radical leaves, which con- 
 stitutes the chief excellence of this grass. It is, indeed, as Muhlen- 
 berg terms it, " optimum pabulum" — being decidedly the most val- 
 uable of all the grasses known in our pastures. It has not been 
 found necessary, in Pennsylvania (of latter years, at least), to cul- 
 tivate it, by sowing the seed ; for when the land is duly prepared by 
 lime and manure, it soon takes possession of the soil — or comes in, 
 as the farmers term it, — and supersedes the artificial grasses. The 
 prevalence, therefore, and luxuriant growth of this grass, is one of 
 the best evidences of the land being in good condition, and well 
 managed. In very poor land, it deteriorates so much that it would 
 scarcely be recognised as the same plant. The slender culms, of 
 this species, afford an excellent material for the manufacture of the 
 finer kinds of Leghorn hats. 
 
 4. P. compressa, L. Culm oblique or declined at base, much com- 
 pressed ; panicle contracted, somewhat secund; spikelets oblong- 
 ovate, 3 to 6-flowered ; florets connected by a villous web. Kunth, 
 Enum. 1. p. 355. FL Cestr. p. 76. [Meadow Grass. 
 
 Compressed Poa. Vulgo — Blue Grass. Wire Grass. Flat-stalked 
 
 Fr. Paturin applati. Germ. Rehwasen. 
 
 Root perennial, creeping (numerous branching rhizomas). Plant smooth with 
 rather few and short radical leaves. Cidm9 to 18 inches long, often procumbent 
 and radicating at base. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, linear, keeled, 
 roughish near the end, and, with the culm, of a bluish-green or glaucous hue ; 
 sheaths rather loose, striate ; ligule short, obtuse. Panicle contracted, — at first 
 almost spicate and rather secund — finally a little expanding; the branches by 
 twos and threes, short, somewhat flexuose and scabrous. Spikelets generally 5 
 or 6-flowered, subsessile. Glumes nearly equal, acute, serrulate on the keel. 
 Lower palea minutely pubescent, often dark purple near the apex, with a nar- 
 row white scarious margin : tipper palea scabrous on the two keels. Caryapsis 
 oblong, reddish-brown. Upland fields, and pastures: introduced? Fl. June. 
 Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This species — which, though rarely if ever cultivated, yet 
 finds its way into most pastures — is not held in so high estimation, 
 by our farmers, as the one -next preceding, — and certainly falls far 
 short of it, in the quantity of herbage afforded ; but that which is 
 afforded, is, in my opinion, even more nutritious. Cows which feed 
 on it, yield the richest milk, and finest butter. The creeping roots 
 (or rhizomas) arc remarkably tenacious of life,— and in consequence, 
 are sometimes rather troublesome, in cultivated grounds, among 
 other crops : but, on the whole, it is an excellent grass — especially 
 in Dairy and sheep pastures. It seems rather probable, that this — 
 as well as all the preceding species — has been introduced from 
 Europe. 
 
 226. GLYCERIA. R. Br. Endl. Gen. 878. 
 [Greek, Glykys, sweet; on account of the sweet taste of the seeds.] 
 
 Spikelets many-flowered, — the florets perfect, imbricately distichous. 
 Glumes concave, obtuse, — the lower one shorter. Paleae nearly 
 equal, — the lower one elliptic-ovate, rounded at apex or obsoletely 
 3-lobed, 7-nerved, — the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2, truncate, 
 more or less connate. Stameyis mostly 3. Ovary sessile, glabrous ; 
 styles 2, terminal, elongated, divaricate ; stigmas plumose, — the 
 hairs dichotomous, denticulate, hyaline. Caryopsis free, oblong. 
 
GRAMINEAE 225 
 
 1. G. fluitans, R.Br. Panicle long, slender, secund: spikelets 
 linear, about 10-flowered ; florets distinct, obtuse ; lower palea con- 
 spicuously 7-nerved, eroded or many-toothed at apex. Kunth, 
 Enum. 1. p. 367. Fl. Cestr. p. 72. Icon, Fl. Loud. 1. 
 Floating Glyceria. Vulgo — Manna Grass. 
 Fr. Manne de Prusse. Germ. Essbarer Schwingel. 
 
 Root perennial, creeping. Culm 4 to 6 feet high, erect or ascending, compressed, 
 glabrous. Leaves 5 to 8 or 10 inches long, lance-linear, striate, scabrous on the 
 margin and upper surface ; sheaths nerved, smooth ; ligule very large, oblong, 
 membranaceous, acute or sometimes obtuse. Panicle slender, 12 to 15 inches 
 long, usually partly concealed in the sheath of the upper leaf, — the brandies 
 mostly simple. Spikelets about an inch long, nearly sessile, racemose on the 
 branches and appressed. Glumes membranaceous, nerveless. Upper palea 
 emarginate or bidentate at apex, — the margins folded in, and a green keel at 
 each apparent border. Carijopsis oblong, sulcate on the upper side. Wet low 
 grounds; margins of shallow pools, &c. Fl. June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This stout semi-aquatic grass is common to both hemispheres. 
 The seeds have a sweetish taste, — and in some parts of the old 
 world — where they are known by the name of Wanna seeds — they 
 are used by the poorer peasantry in making soups and gruels. In 
 the U. States, the country people, as yet, are happily ignorant of all 
 such expedients, — and will long continue so, if they have industry 
 enough to cultivate more valuable grains. The herbage of this 
 plant is eaten by Stock ; but it is so much confined to wet localities, 
 that it is scarcely intitled to be enumerated among the grasses inter- 
 esting to American farmers. 
 
 227. DACTYLIS. L. Endl. Gen. 892. 
 [Greek, Daktylos, a finger ; in reference to the spiked inflorescence.] 
 
 Spikelets 2 to 7-flowered, compressed, densely clustered, — the florets 
 perfect. Glumes unequal in length, with somewhat unequal sides, 
 keeled, mucronately awned or acuminate, somewhat unilateral at 
 apex,— the upper one often smaller, thinner, nerveless and concave. 
 Paleae herbaceous, — the lower one 5-nerved, keeled, mucronately 
 awned, the keel ciliate — the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2, bifid. 
 StameJis 3. Ovary sessile, glabrous ; styles 2, terminal, short ; stig- 
 mas plumose, — the hairs simple or bifid, sharply denticulate. Cary- 
 opsis free. 
 
 1. D. glomerata, L. Panicle distantly branched, rather secund; 
 spikelets 3 or 4-flowered, in dense unilateral clusters at the ends of 
 the branches. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 386. Fl. Cestr. p. SO. 
 
 Clustered Dactylis. Vulgo — Orchard Grass. Cock's-foot Grass. 
 
 Fr. Dactyle pelotonne. Germ. Gemeines Knauel-gras. 
 
 Whole j^lant scabrous. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 3 or 4 feet high. Leaves 
 6 to 18 inches long, lance-linear, keeled, glaucous ; sheaths striate ; ligule elong- 
 ated, lacerate. Panicle glaucous, contracted, racemose at summit, rather one- 
 sided; branches 3 to 5, solitary, erect, distant, subdivided towards the extremity. 
 Spikelets about 4-flowered, compressed, crowded in dense unilateral ovate or 
 lance-oblong clusters at the ends of the branches. Glumes unequal, — the lower 
 one narrower, membranaceous — the upper one 3-nerved, scabrous on the keel. 
 Lower palea scabrous, 5-nerved, emarginate, ciliate on the keel, which is ex- 
 tended into a cusp or short scabrous awn ; upper palea acuminate, bifid at apex, 
 ciliate on the two green keels, — the margins folded in so as to meet, embracing 
 the stamens. Caryopsis lance-oblong, subtriquetrous, acute at each end. Fields, 
 and Orchards : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. June. 
 
226 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 Obs. This grass has been introduced, and cultivated to a consid- 
 erable extent. Our farmers, however, are not agreed upon its 
 merits. Some condemn it as unworthy of culture, either for pas- 
 ture or hay ; while others set a high value on it, for both. The fact 
 seems to be, that it is inferior to Timothy (Phleum prate?ise, L.) for 
 hay ; yet it has the advantage of the latter, in being mature at the 
 same time with clover, — with which both are usually cultivated. It 
 is also less exhausting to the soil. But its great value is as a pas- 
 ture, when sown sufficiently thick ; which, however, it rarely is, — 
 and hence is apt to form bunches or tussoc&s. It is of quick growth, 
 and is speedily reproduced after being cut, or eaten down ; so much 
 so, that we may almost literally apply to«it the lines of Vikgil :— 
 
 ' ; Et quantum longis carpent armenta diebus 
 
 " Exigua tantum gelidus ros node reponetP Georg. 2. 201. 
 
 " Cool dews restore beneath night's transient hours, 
 
 "All that the herd each live-long day devours." Sotheby. 
 
 This grass also possesses the additional advantage of thriving 
 well in the shade of trees, — and answers a very good purpose in 
 Orchards, &c. The seed is usually sown in autumn, immediately 
 after Wheat or Rye. 
 
 228. FESTUCA. L. Endl. Gen. 899. 
 [A Latin name for the shoot, or stalk, of a plant; applied to this genus.] 
 
 Spikelets 2 or many-flowered, — \h.e florets perfect, distichous. Glumes 
 unequal, awnless, mostly keeled. Paleae herbaceous, — the lower 
 one acute at apex, mucronate or often terminating in an awn, round- 
 ed (i. e. not keeled) on the back — the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 
 2, acute, bifid at apex. Stamens mostly 3. Ovary sessile, generally 
 smooth ; styles 2, terminal, a little distant, very short ; stigmas plu- 
 mose, — the hairs simple or rarely bifid, dentate. Caryopsis linear- 
 oblong, plano-convex, free or sometimes adherent to the upper palea. 
 
 1. F. pratensis, Huds. Panicle loose, rather erect and secund ; 
 branches single or in pairs, racemose; spikelets linear-lanceolate, 5 
 to 9-fiowered ; lower palea scarious at apex and rather acute, never 
 mucronate. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 404. Fl. Cestr. p. 71. Icon, Fl. 
 Lond. 1. 
 
 Meadow Festuca. Vulgc — Fescue-Grass. Meadow Fescue. 
 Fr. Festuque des Pies. Germ. Wiesen Schwingel. 
 
 Plant glabrous. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 
 inches long (the radical leaves numerous and longer), lance-linear, acuminate, 
 nerved, shining beneath, scabrous on the margin; sheaths nerved; ligule very 
 short or obsolete. Panicle 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, somewhat secund. mostly 
 erect, — the branches generally single, but often subdivided. Spikelets about 7- 
 flowered, racemose on the branches, often purplish. Glumes unequal, — the 
 lower one keeled — the upper one larger, 3-nerved. scarious on the margin. 
 Lower palea scarious on the margin, obscurely 5-nerved, somewhat acute but 
 not acuminate nor mucronate ; upper palea white, with 2 green keels, and the 
 margins doubled or folded in. Fertile pasture fields, and meadows; roadsides, 
 &c. introduced. Native of Europe. .M.June. Fr July. 
 
 Obs. This is a valuable grass —commonly mingled with Poa pra- 
 tensis, L. in good soils ; but easily distinguished from that plant, by 
 its tapering slender-pointed shining leaves. It is extensively natu- 
 ralized in the middle and northern States ; and although I have 
 never known it to be cultivated, it soon finds its way into all rich 
 
GRAMINEAE 227 
 
 pasture lands. We have a few native species of Festuca, — but 
 they are of little or no value in Agriculture — and some of them are 
 indicative of a poor soil. 
 
 229. BROMUS. L. Endl. Gen. 900. 
 [Greek, Broma, food; Bromos was an ancient name of a species of wild oats.] 
 
 Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, — the florets perfect, distichous. 
 Glumes unequal, mostly keeled, awnless. Paleae herbaceous, — the 
 lower one convex on the back, mostly awned below the apex, and 
 the apex often cleft to the origin of the awn ; upper palea 2-keeled, 
 — the keels pectinate-ciliate. Scales 2, entire. Stamens 3. Ovary 
 sessile, hirsute at summit ; stigmas inserted on the outer side near 
 the summit, subsessile, plumose, — the hairs simple, elongated, acute- 
 ly denticulate. Caryopsis linear-oblong, plano-convex, villous at 
 summit, adnate to the upper palea. 
 
 1. B. secalinus, L. Panicle spreading, nodding in fruit; spikelets 
 ovate-oblong, 8 or 10-flowered, — the florets elliptic with contracted 
 margins, distinct, longer than the flexuose awns. Kunth, En-urn. 
 1. p. 413. FL Cestr.p. 69. 
 
 Rye Bromus. Vulgb— Cheat. Chess. Brome-grass. 
 
 Fr. Brome Seigle. Germ. Roggen-Trespe. Span. Bromo. 
 
 Root annual. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, smooth. — the nodes pubescent. Leaves 6 
 to 12 inches long, lance-linear, nerved, scabrous and pilose on the upper sur- 
 face ; sheaths nerved, smooth ; ligule oblong, retuse, laciniate-dentate. Panicle 
 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, — the branches semi-verticillate, nearly simple, scabrous 
 and pubescent. Spikelets finally nodding, — the florets a little remote at base, so 
 as to appear disUnct on the flexuose rachis. Lower glume shorter, 5-nerved, 
 sometimes mucronate. — the upper one 7-nerved, obtuse or emarginate. Lower 
 palea obscurely 7-nerved, slightly pubescent near the apex, — the awn mostly 
 shorter than the floret, flexuose (sometimes wanting, or a mere rudiment) ; upper 
 palea linear, awnless, pectinate-ciliate on the keel at each border, the scarious 
 margins being folded in. Caryopsis closely embraced by the lower palea, grooved 
 on the side with the upper palea doubled in the groove, and adherent. Cultivated 
 grounds, — chiefly among Wheat and Rye: introduced. Native of Europe. 
 FL June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This foreigner is a well-known pest among our crops of 
 Wheat and Rye, — and occasionally appears in the same fields, for 
 a year or two, after the grain crop ; but being an annual, it is soon 
 choked out by the perennial grasses,-— and the fallen seeds remain, 
 like myriads of others, until the ground is again broken up, or put in 
 a favorable state for their development. The best preventive of this 
 and all similar evils, in the grain-field, is to sow none but good 
 clean seed. 
 
 Among the curious vulgar errors, which yet infest the minds of 
 credulous and careless observers of natural phenomena, may be 
 mentioned the firm belief of many of our farmers (some of them, too, 
 good practical farmers), that this troublesome grass is nothing more 
 than an accidental variety, or casual form, of degenerate Wheat, — 
 produced by some untoward condition of the soil, or unpropitious 
 season, or some organic injury : — though it must be admitted, I think, 
 by the most inveterate defender of that faith, that in txndergoing the 
 metamorphosis, the plant is surprisingly uniform in its vagaries, in 
 always assuming the exact structure and character of Browns ! 
 
 A similar hallucination has long prevailed among the peasantry 
 of Europe, in relation to this supposed change of character in the 
 
228 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 Grasses : But, in the old world, they were even more extravagant 
 than with us ; — for they believed that Wheat underwent sundry trans- 
 mutations, — first changing to Rye — then to Barley — then to Bro- 
 f/ius, — and finally from Bromus to Oats ! I believe the most cred- 
 ulous of our countrymen have not been able, as yet, to come up 
 with their transatlantic brethren, in this matter. There are one or 
 two other foreign species, partially naturalized in our pastures, — 
 and two or three native ones occur in and about our open woodlands ; 
 but none of them are of much importance, in any agricultural point 
 of view. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 2. BAMBUSEAE. JYees. 
 Shrubby or arborescent Grasses. Stamens 3 to 6. 
 
 230. ARUNDINARIA. Rick. Endl. Gen. 904. 
 [A name signifying analogous to, or like, Artindo, — a large kind of Reed.] 
 
 Spikelets many-flowered, somewhat compressed, — the florets imbri- 
 cately distichous, distant, perfect or staminate. Glumes concave, 
 awnless, small, — the lower one much less than the upper. Paleae 
 herbaceous, — the lower one ovate, concave, sharply mucronate, 
 many-nerved — the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 3, entire, acute, 
 membranaceous, subciliate, longer than the ovary. Stamefis 3. 
 Ovary sessile, glabrous ; styles 3, terminal, very short; stigmas 
 plumose, — the hairs long, simple or sparingly branched. Caryopsis 
 free, ovoid-oblong, somewhat curved, terete. 
 
 1 . A. macrosperma, Mx. Leaves linear-lanceolate, green on both 
 sides, smoothish ; panicle terminal, subracemose, simple ; spikelets 
 few, distichous, 7 to 10-flowered. Kiaith, Enum. 1. p. 426. 
 
 Long or large -seeded Aruxdixaria. Vulgd — Cane. 
 
 Root perennial, cespitose (creeping rkizomas). Culm 3 to 15 feet high (30 feet, 
 or more, in the gigantic variety), terete, glabrous, fistular, rigid, branching to- 
 wards the summit, — the branches distichous. Leaves distichous, lanceolate, large, 
 flat, slightly acuminate, pubescent on the under surface ; sheaths much longer than 
 the inlernodes. marcescent. — the throat contracted : ligule bristly. Panicle simple, 
 — the peduncles about an inch long, pubescent. Spikelets I to 2 inches in length. 
 Rich, occasionally inundated soils : South-western States. Fl. March — April. Ft. 
 
 Obs. Having only seen the small variety of this species, as it 
 grows in the vicinity of the Dismal Swamp, Virginia, — I cannot 
 speak, from personal observation, of the arborescent variety which 
 forms the celebrated Cane brakes of the Mississippi region. Al- 
 though this remarkable grass has but little connection with Agricul- 
 ture, I have supposed it might be intitled to a brief notice,* — for 
 which I am indebted to Mr. Elliott's valuable Sketch of the Bo- 
 tany of South Carolina and Georgia. 
 
 TRIBE XI. HORDEACEAE. Kunth. 
 
 Spikelets usually 3 or many-flowered (sometimes 1-flowered), often awned, — 
 the terminal floret blighted. Glumes and paleae 2, herbaceous. — the former 
 rarely wanting. Stigmas sessile. Ovary mostly pilose. Inflorescence spicatej 
 spike simple, solitary ; rachis rarely articulated, sometimes winged. 
 
 231. LOLIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 912. 
 [A classical Latin name, — applied to this genus.] 
 
 Spikelets many- flowered, distichous with the edge to the common 
 
 *The slender, straight, elastic culms, make very light convenient angling-rods, 
 for the disciples of the Izaak Walton school. 
 
GRAMINEAE 229 
 
 rachis, sessile, — the florets imbricated, naked at base. Glumes (in 
 the terminal spikelet) 2, nearly equal, awnless, channelled, — in the 
 lateral spikelets, the lower or inner one (next the rachis) wanting. 
 Paleae herbaceous, — the lower one concave, awnless or awned near 
 the apex — the upper one 2-keeled. Scales 2, acute, entire or 2-lobed. 
 Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, glabrous ; styles 2, very short ; stigmas 
 plumose, — the hairs elongated, simple, sharply denticulate, hyaline. 
 Caryopsis adherent to the upper palea. Spikelets in a simple ter- 
 minal spike. 
 
 1. L. perenne, L. Spikelets compressed, linear-lanceolate, longer 
 than the glumes, about 7-flowefed, — the florets mostly awnless. 
 Kunth, Bnum. 1. p. 436. Fl. Cestr. p. 87. Icon, Fl. Lond. 1. 
 Perennial Lolium. Vulgd — Ray-grass, or Rye-grass. Darnel. 
 Fr. Ivraie vivace. Germ. Ausdauernder Lolch. Span. Joyo. 
 
 Root perennial, creeping. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 
 inches long, lance-linear, shining green, smooth, somewhat scabrous near the 
 end; sheaths striate, glabrous ; ligiile truncate. Spike about 6 inches long, — the 
 rachis flexuose, channelled or concave opposite the spikelets. Spikelets 12 to 18 
 or 20, a little distant, alternately on opposite sides of, and with their edges to, 
 the rachis. Glwnes 1 to each spikelet (except the terminal one), lance-linear, 
 acute, nerved, resembling a short rigid leaf. Lower palea rather obtuse, obscure- 
 ly 5- nerved; upper palea a little longer, ciliate-serrulate on the two prominent 
 keels. Meadow banks, and Grass lots: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. 
 June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This grass — which seems to be much esteemed in Europe — 
 has been partially introduced into this country, and has become nat- 
 uralized in many places, — though I believe it has been but little cul- 
 tivated, by our farmers. It affords a tolerably good pasture, and 
 makes a handsome sward for yards and lawns ; but as a meadow- 
 grass, for hay, it is doubtless inferior in value to both Timothy and 
 Orchard-grass . 
 
 There is another species, in Europe (L. temtdentum, L. supposed 
 to be the i( infelix Lolium" of Virgil — the " Darnel " of the 
 English), — of which the seeds are said to be somewhat poisonous. 
 If so, it is the only instance known, in all the Grami?ieae i in which 
 the sound seeds are of that character. 
 
 232. TRITICUM. L. Ehdl. Gen. 913. 
 [Latin, tritum, rubbed, or ground; the seeds being so prepared, for food.] 
 
 Spikelets 3- or many-flowered, — the florets distichous ; rachis mostly 
 articulated. Ghimes sub-opposite, nearly equal, awnless or awned. 
 Paleae herbaceous, — the lower one concave, either awnless, mucro- 
 nate, or awned — the upper one with 2 more or less aculeate-ciliate 
 keels. Scales 2, mostly entire and ciliate. Stamens 3. Ov ary ses- 
 sile, pilose at summit ; stigmas 2, terminal, subsessile, plumose, — 
 the hairs elongated, simple, sharply denticulate. Caryopsis free, or 
 sometimes adherent to the paleae, convex externally, concave or 
 sulcate on the inner or upper side, pubescent at summit. 
 
 f Spike mostly A-sided. Glumes ventricose-concave ', ovate-oblongs 
 obtuse or truncate. (Genuine or legitimate Triticum). 
 
 1. T. vtjlgare, Vill. Spike somewhat 4-sided, imbricated, with a 
 tough rachis j spikelets 4 or 5-flowered, rather crowded, broad-ovate, 
 
 20 
 
230 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 obtuse ; glumes ventricose, mucronate, compressed at apex : lower 
 
 palea awned, mucronate, or awnless j caryopsis free. Kunth, Enum . 
 
 l.jt. 438, 
 
 T. sativum. Lam. Fl. Cestr. p. 86. 
 
 Common Triticum. Vulgo-^- Wheat. Winter "Wheat. Spring Wheat. 
 
 Fr. Le Froment. Bled. Germ. Gemeiner Waizen. Span. Trigo. 
 
 Root annual. Culm 2 or 3 to 5 feet high, terete, smooth, — the nodes striate, 
 pubescent. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long, lance-linear, nerved, smooth or slightly 
 scabrous on the upper surface ; sheaths nerved, smooth ; ligule truncate, dentate. 
 Spike 3 to 5 inches long, dense, 4-sided, mostly simple, finally nodding; rachis 
 compressed, broad, hirsute on the margin. Spikelets sessile, broad, compressed 
 at apex. Glumes ventricose, boat-shaped at apex. Florets usually 3 fertile and 
 2 abortive, — the penultimate one pistillate — the terminal one neutral and pedi- 
 cellate. Paleae nearly equal, — the lower one ventricose, awned or mucronate — 
 the upper one folded, ciliate on the two keels. Caryopsis ovoid-oblong, sulcate 
 on the upper side, yellowish, or brown. Fields : cultivated. Native country 
 uncertain, — perhaps Persia. Fl. June Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. Although it has been estimated that more human beings are 
 nourished by Rice, than by any other grain, — yet it is probable that 
 Wheat is the most intrinsically valuable of all the Cerealia, or grain- 
 bearing grasses. It is to this plant that civilized man — especially in 
 the temperate latitudes — is emphatically indebted for his bread ; and 
 it is consequently a prominent object of attention with the practical 
 agriculturist. The variety, called " Spring Wheat," is occasionally, 
 but rarely, cultivated in this country, — while the "Whiter Wheat" 
 is cultivated every where, throughout the northern, middle, and 
 western States. A. plant that has been so long under culture, in 
 almost every kind of soil and climate, of course presents specimens 
 of various character, and aspect ; — 'such as bearded, beardless, red- 
 chaff, white-chaff, &c. and the color of the grain also, varies from 
 whitish, or yellowish, to brown. These fixed characters, or perma- 
 nent varieties of the plant (called races by the Botanists), have all, 
 in their turn, been favorites with the farmers, — according as they 
 were best adapted to the market, or the place of growth — or best 
 resisted the ravages of the " Hessian fly ." A bearded variety, with 
 a brown grain, called " Mediterranean Wheat," is the present favor- 
 ite, in Chester County, Penn. In remarking on the character of the 
 grain, M'Culloch says, " the finest samples of Wheat are small in 
 the berry {caryopsis), thin skinned, fresh, plump, and bright, slip- 
 ping readily through the fingers." * 
 
 One species of Triticum ( T. turgidum, L.) is said to be cultivated, 
 in Italy, solely for the manufacture of Leghorn or straw hats. 
 
 ^ Sprike mostly distichous. Glumes lanceolate or linear-oblong, 
 often acuminate. [Agropyrums, or Couch grasses.] 
 
 2. T. repens, L. Spike distichous ; spikelets about 5-flowered, dis- 
 
 *In the north of Europe, they have one or two other species of Wheat, of in- 
 ferior quality; — namely, T. Polonicum, L. or Polish Wheat, — and T. Spelta, L. 
 commonly called " SpeltzP This latter species, the German immigrants brought 
 with them, when they first came to Pennsylvania, — and many of them continued 
 the cultivation of it for some time ; but they finally learnt — by observation, and 
 the experience of their Anglo-American neighbors — that, however the Sptltz 
 might be adapted to the bleak regions from whence they migrated, it was not 
 worthy of culture in a soil and climate where the best species of Wheat could 
 be raised with equal facility, and to much greater advantage. 
 
GR AMINE AE 231 
 
 tant, alternate, lance-oblong, acute ; glumes acuminate ; paleae 
 mostly awnless. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 440. Fl. Cestr. p. 86. 
 Creeping Tritictjm. Vulgd — Couch-grass, Quitch-grass. 
 Fr. Chien dent. Germ. Gemeine Quecke. 
 
 Root perennial — a white, jointed,, creeping rhizoma. Culm about 2 feet high, 
 smooth. Leaves 4 to 8 or 12 inches long, lance-linear, nerved, scabrous and 
 somewhat pilose on the upper surface; sheaths nerved, smooth ; ligule short, 
 truncate. Spike 3 to 5 inches long ; rachis flexuose, compressed, scabrous on 
 the margin. Glumes keeled, strongly nerved, roughish, — the outer margin 
 broader. Florets alternate, a little distant. Loiver palea 5-nerved, mucronate, 
 smooth ; upper palea obtuse, ciliate-serrate on the two keels. Meadows ; pas- 
 ture lots, &c. : introduced. • Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. August. 
 
 Obs. This species — which is quite distinct in habit from the genu- 
 ine Wheat — has found its way into some districts of our country ; and 
 is a troublesome pest in cultivated grounds, when fully introduced, — 
 by reason of the great tenacity of life in its rhizomas, or creeping 
 subterranean steins. It is therefore desirable to keep our farms as 
 clear of it as possible. The Triticums of this section — though 
 numerous — are of little agricultural value. 
 
 233. SECALE. L. Endl. Gen. 914. 
 [Latin, secare, to cut : or perhaps from the Celtic, Sega, a sickle.] 
 
 SpiZ-elets 2-fiowered, — the florets sessile, distichous, perfect, with 
 the linear rudiment of a third terminal floret. Glumes sub-opposite, 
 nearly equal, keeled, awnless or awned. Paleae herbaceous, — the 
 lower one awned at apex, keeled, with unequal sides — the outer side 
 broader and thicker ; upper palea shorter, 2-keeled. Scales 2, entire, 
 ciliate. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, hairy ; stigmas 2, subsessile, 
 terminal, plumose, — the hairs elongated, simple, sharply denticulate. 
 Caryopsis free, hairy at summit. Spike simple, compressed, linear. 
 1. S. cereale, L. Glumes subulate-linear and, with the awns, 
 scabrous ; paleae smooth, — the lower one bristly-ciliate on the keel 
 and exterior margin. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 449. Fl. Cestr. p. 82. 
 Harvest Secale. Vttlgd — Rye. Common Rye. 
 Fr. Le Seigle. Germ. Gemeiner Roggen. Span. Centeno. 
 
 Root annual. Cubn 4 to 6 feet high, glabrous, hairy near the spike. Leaves 
 6 to 18 inches long, lance-linear, smooth beneath, roughish above and on the 
 margin, glaucous ; sheaths membranaceous, nerved, smooth ; ligule short, den- 
 tate. Spike 4 to 6 inches long, 2-sided and flattish, linear. Spikelets mostly 2- 
 flowered, with an awn-like rudiment of a third. Glumes a little distant from the 
 florets, opposite, scabrous, bristly-pilose at base. Loiver palea ventricose, acu- 
 minate, compressed at apex, 5-nerved, terminating in a long scabrous awn; 
 keel and exterior margin bristly-ciliate, — the inner margin not ciliate, and the 
 nerves on that side less conspicuous : upper palea lanceolate, acuminate, often 
 bifid at apex, sparingly ciliate on the 2 keels. Caryopsis oblong, subcylindrical, 
 grooved on the upper side, hairy at summit, dusky brown. Fields : cultivated. 
 Native of the East. Fl. June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This cereal grass seems to do best in light sandy soils ; and 
 is consequently much cultivated in the lower districts of New Jersey , 
 and on the slaty hills of Pennsylvania. The grain, in such soils, 
 is of a better quality, and affords a whiter flour. Rye comes nearer 
 to Wheat, in bread-mahing qualities, than any other grain, — but is, 
 nevertheless, decidedly inferior to it. It is the principal bread-corn 
 of the northern parts of Europe — especially of Russia and Germany. 
 
 The seed is subject — particularly in wet seasons — to become 
 diseased, and enlarged, — producing what is called Ergot, pr spurred 
 
232 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 Rye. This diseased grain is injurious to health, when made into 
 bread ; but has been found to possess important medical properties, 
 in certain cases, when judiciously administered. 
 
 234. HORDEUM. L. Endl. Gen. 917. 
 [An ancient Latin name ; of obscure derivation.] 
 
 Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a subulate rudiment of a second floret — 
 arranged in threes at the joints of the rachis, the lateral ones mostly 
 blighted. Glumes lance-linear, flat, rigid, subulate-awned, collateral 
 in front of the spikelets. JPaleae herbaceous, — the lower one con- 
 cave, produced into a long awn at apex — the upper one 2-keeled. 
 Scales 2, entire or unequally 2-lobed, ciliate or pilose, rarely gla- 
 brous. Stamens 3. Ovary sessile, pilose at summit; stigmas 2, 
 subterminal, sessile, plumose. Caryopsis hairy at summit, oblong, 
 sulcate on the upper or inner side, adherent to the paleae, or rarely 
 free. 
 
 1. H. vulgare, L. Spikelets all fertile, awned, — the florets ar- 
 ranged so as to form a nearly four-sided spike. Kxmth, E?ium. 1. 
 p. 455. Fl. Cestr. p. 85. 
 
 Common Hordeum. Vzilgo — Barley. Four-rowed Barley. 
 Fr. Orge commune. Germ. Gemeine Gerste. Span. Cebada. 
 
 Moot annual. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long, lance- 
 linear, keeled, striate, smoothish ; sheaths nerved, smooth, auriculate at throat; 
 ligule very short. Spike about 3 inches long, rather thick and somewhat 4-sid- 
 ed ; rachis compressed, smooth, pubescent on the margin. Spikelets with each 
 one fertile floret, and a pubescent awn-like rudiment of a second at the base of 
 the upper palea. Glumes collateral, in front, shorter than the florets, terminating 
 in a slender awn. Lower palea 5-nerved, terminating in a very long aivn, which 
 is keeled, somewhat 3-nerved, and serrulate on the margin: tipper palea acumi- 
 nate, obtuse or emarginate. Caryopsis lance-oblong, somewhat angular, adher- 
 ing closely to the paleae. Fields: cultivated. Native of Sicily, and Tartary. 
 Fl. May. Fr. June. 
 
 Obs. The ternate spikelets of this species being all fertile, the 
 spike often assumes somewhat of a six-sided appearance ; and I un- 
 derstand that in Western New York — the great Barley region of this 
 country — it is usually called Six-rowed Barley, — though that name 
 would seem more properly to belong to another nearly allied species 
 (H. hexastichum, L.) — if, indeed, it be really distinct. This and 
 the following species are cultivated extensively in the middle and 
 northern States — and almost exclusively for the Breweries. The 
 grain is rarely given to cattle, — and Barley bread is unknown in the 
 U. States. The plant requires a good soil,— and hence serves as a 
 kind of index to the quality of the farms, in Pennsylvania : the fal- 
 low crop on good land being generally Barley, — while the occupants 
 of a poor soil have to be content with a crop of Oats. 
 
 2. H. distichum, L. Lateral spikelets sterile, awnless, — the fer- 
 tile ones awned, distichous or forming a two-sided spike. Kunth. 
 Emim. 1. p. 455. Fl, Cestr. p. 85. 
 
 Distichous Hordeum. Vulgd — Two-rowed Barley. 
 
 Root annual. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long, lance- 
 linear, nerved, scabrous on the upper surface ; sheaths nerved, smooth, with 2 
 lanceolate auriculate appendages at throat; ligule short, truncate. Spike 3 to 4 
 inches long, compressed or ancipital, linear ; rachis flatted, smooth, hirsute on 
 the margin. Perfect floret sessile ; loioer palea subcoriaceous, smooth, keeled or 
 angular, partially 5-nerved, embracing the upper palea, and terminating in a 
 very long, keeled, serrulate awn : upper palea with a pilose awn-like rudiment 
 
GRAMINEAE 233 
 
 at base. Slerile florets (or spikelets) pedicellate, staminate (sometimes neuter?), — 
 the lower palea awnless — the upper one with a naked awn-like rudiment at base. 
 Fields : cultivated. Native of Tartary. Fl. June. Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This species is something later than the preceding, in coming 
 to maturity ; and on that account is preferred by many farmers, in 
 Pennsylvania, — as it interferes less with their Hay crops. It also 
 stands better than the preceding, after it is ripe, — and yields a hea- 
 vier grain — though not a greater quantity. The seed, of both spe- 
 cies, is usually sown (in Pennsylvania,) about the last of March. 
 
 TRIBE XII. ROTTBOELLIACEAE. Kunth. 
 
 Inflorescence spicate, — the rachis often articulated. Spikelets 1 or 2- rarely 3- 
 flowered — seated in an excavation of the rachis. — sometimes solitary — some- 
 times in pairs, with one of them pedicellate and often blighted : one floret of each 
 2-flowered spikelet (sometimes the lower — sometimes the upper one) often im- 
 perfect. Glumes 1 or 2 — sometimes none — mostly coriaceous. Paleae membran- 
 aceous, rarely awned. Styles 1 or 2, sometimes very short or wholly suppressed. 
 
 235. TRIPSACUM. L~ E?tdl. Gen. 930. 
 [Greek, tribo, to grind ; the applicability of which is not obvious.] 
 
 Flowers Monoicous : Spi&es solitary, or often digitate in twos or 
 threes, articulated, — the staminate spikelets above. Spi&elets ses- 
 sile, imbedded in the rachis : Staminate spikelets in pairs on each 
 joint, and longer than the joint, collateral, 2-flowered, — the florets 
 each with 2 paleae, and triandrous. Pistillate spikelets solitary, 
 as long as the joint, acuminate 2-flowered, — the florets each with 2 
 paleae — the outer or lower floret neuter — the inner or upper one 
 pistillate. Glumes coriaceous, awnless, — the outer one concave, 
 thick — the inner one thinner and boat-shaped. Paleae very thin 
 and membranaceous, hyaline, awnless, — the lotver one of the pistil' 
 late floret boat-shaped, acute — the upper one shorter, narrowed at 
 apex, 2-nerved. Scales 2, somewhat fleshy, truncate and unequally 
 2-lobed. Ovary sessile, glabrous ; style terminal, elongated; stig- 
 mas 2, long, densely villous, — the hairs simple. Caryopsis ovoid, 
 acute, free. 
 
 1. T. d act ylo ides, It. Spikes usually 2 or 3, aggregated or digi- 
 tate, sometimes solitary, — the upper-half staminate, the lower pis-til- 
 late. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 469. Fl. Cestr. p. 95. 
 Finger-like Tripsacum... Vulgo — Gama Grass. Sesame Grass. 
 
 Root perennial. Culms somewhat cespitose, 3 or 4 to 6 feet high, hard and 
 glabrous, solid with pith, — the internodes broadly channelled on alternate sides ; 
 nodes smooth, with a dark-brown contracted ring at the base of the sheaths. 
 Leaves 1 or 2 to 4 feet long, and half an inch to an inch or more in width, lance- 
 linear, keeled, smooth beneath, roughish on the upper surface, serrulate on the 
 margin, contracted and sparingly pilose at base; sheaths nerved, glabrous; 
 ligule very short, ciliate. Spikes 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, terminal, usually digi- 
 tate in twos or threes — rarely in fours. — but not unfrequently single ; when soli- 
 tary, the pistillate portion of the spike is terete, — when in pairs, semi-terete as 
 if split down, — and when ternate, the spikes are somewhat triquetrous ; rachis 
 articulated, separating at the joints in drying. Staminate spikelets in pairs, 
 which alternate on two sides of the triquetrous rachis, each 2-flowered, — the 
 inner floret sometimes neuter,, usually both staminate. Glumes nearly equal, — 
 the outer ones of each pair of spikelets collateral, one inserted a little above the 
 other, oblong, coriaceous, nerved, the margins thin and inflexed, — the inner ones 
 subcoriaceous, boat-shaped. Faleae very thin and diaphanous, nearly as long 
 as the glumes. Stamens 3 ; anthers orange-colored, becoming reddish-brown, 
 opening by 2 pores at summit. Ovary abortive, — often with a long slender style 
 and rudiments of stigmas. Pistillate spikelets imbedded in recesses of the 
 rachis, obliquely ovoid, acuminate, gibbous on the inner side, each 2 ? flowered 
 (3-flowered, Nutt), — the inner? floret fertile. Glumes nearly equal, — the outer 
 one ovate, acute, indurated and polished, embracing, the florets, closing the ob- 
 
 2.0* 
 
234 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 lique boat-shaped cavity in the raehis, except a ciliate foramen, or sinus, on 
 each side of its base — the inner one thin and subcoriaceous, somewhat boat- 
 shaped, acuminate. Paleae very thin and membranaceous, 2 to each floret, — 
 but, by the abortion of one of the florets from pressure, they appear like several 
 paleae enveloping one ovary. Ovary roundish-ovoid, acute ; styles 2 united into 
 1, long and slender ; stigmas 2, large, plumose, dark -purple. Caryopsis ovoid, 
 smooth, — the pericarp thin and tender. Moist meadows ; banks of streams. &c. : 
 Middle and Western States. Fl. July. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This stout and remarkable Grass is not very common on the 
 Atlantic slope of our continent ; but it is said to be abundant in the 
 valley of the Mississippi. Some years ago, it was highly extolled, 
 by a few western correspondents of our Agricultural Journals, as an 
 article of fodder for Stock ; but I have not heard much of it, latterly. 
 The leaves and young culms may probably answer a good purpose 
 — where better materials are scarce : but any one who will examine 
 the coarse hard stems of the full-grown or mature plant, may soon 
 satisfy himself that it can never supersede the valuable grasses, or 
 the good hay, now in use, — nor compete, in any respect, with com- 
 mon Indian-corn fodder. 
 
 TRIBE XIII. ANDROPOGONEAE. Kunth. 
 
 Spikeltts 2-flowered. — the lower floret always imperfect. Paleae of more deli- 
 cate texture than the glumes, mostly hyaline. 
 
 236. SACCHARUM. L. Endl. Gen. 939. 
 [Latinized from the Greek, Sacchar : originally from the Arabic ; Soickar, sugar.] 
 
 Spikelets in pairs — one of them pedicellate, the other sessile — each 
 2-flowered, with a tuft of long silky hairs at base ; the lower floret 
 neuter, with a single palea, — the upper one perfect. Glumes 2, 
 nearly equal, awnless. Paleae 3 (counting that of the neutral flo- 
 ret), minute, unequal, awnless, hyaline. Scales 2, obsoletely 2 or 
 3-lobed at apex, sometimes connate in a tube. Stamens 1 to 3. 
 Ovary sessile, glabrous ; styles 2, terminal, elongated ; stigmas plu- 
 mose, — the hairs simple, denticulate. Caryopsis free ? — Gigantic 
 tropical grasses, with large silky panicles. 
 
 1. S. officinaruim, L. Leaves flat; panicle large and expanding; 
 spikelets racemose on the slender branches ; florets triandrous ; 
 glumes obsoletely 1-nerved, or keeled, invested with long silky hairs 
 at base. Kunth i Enum. 1 p. 474. 
 
 Officinal Saccharum. Vulgd — Sugar-cane. [Azucar. 
 
 Fr. Canne a Sucre. Germ. Aechtes Zucker-rohr. Span. Cana de 
 
 Root perennial (a nodose rhizoma). Cu 7 m 8 to 15 or 20 feet high, and 1 to 2 
 inches in diameter, with numerous nodes, and solid with pith. Leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, large (something resembling those of Indian Corn). Panicle a foot 
 or more in length, loosely branched, — the branches numerous, filiform, 4 to 6 
 inches long, remarkably plumose, or pubescent with verticils or tufts of long 
 white silky hairs at the base of the racemose spikelets. Cultivated, in Louisiana; 
 and other States in the extreme South of the Union. Native of Asia. FL Fr. 
 
 Obs. The Sugar Cane is rarely permitted to flower, under culti- 
 vation,— being propagated by sections of the culm. The value and 
 importance of this noble Grass, in the domestic economy and com- 
 merce of the civilized world, are too well known to require com- 
 ment. Not having the advantage of an acquaintance with the living 
 plant, and its culture, my descriptive details and remarks are neces- 
 sarily very imperfect. Some interesting notices may be found in 
 Rees' Cyclopaedia (Art. Sugar) ; and in the Farmer's Encyclopaedia. 
 
GRAMINEAE 235 
 
 237. ANDROPOGON. L. Endl. Gen. 950. 
 
 [Greek; literally Man's beard, — in allusion to the hairy spikelets.] 
 Spi&elets in pairs (or the terminal ones in threes, — the middle one 
 fertile and sessile, the others sterile and pedicellate), 2-flowered, — 
 the lower floret neuter with a single palea — the upper one perfect or 
 unisexual. Glumes 2, finally somewhat indurated or coriaceous, 
 awnless. Paleae mostly 2, shorter than the glumes, hyaline, — the 
 lower one of the perfect floret usually awned — the upper one smaller, 
 awnless, sometimes wanting. Scales 2, truncate,>nostly glabrous. 
 Stamens 1 to 3. Ovary sessile, glabrous; styles 2, terminal; 
 stigmas plumose, — the hairs simple, denticulate. Caryopsis free, 
 enveloped by the glumes and paleae. 
 
 §1. Rachis spicate. 
 
 f Spi/ces solitary at the apex of the culm, and branches. 
 
 1. A scoparitjs, Mx. Culm paniculately branched above, — the 
 branches somewhat fasciculate, erect, elongated, slender and pur- 
 plish; sheaths villous; spikes simple, on long peduncles; florets 
 distinctly alternate, triandrous, — the sterile ones neuter, awned. 
 Kunth, Emcm. 1. p. 490. Fl. Cestr. p. S9, Specim. Gray, Gram. 
 
 1. no. G4. 
 
 Broom Andropogon. Vulgd — Indian Grass. Purple Wood-grass. 
 
 Root perennial. Culm 3 or 4 feet high, rather slender, smooth, somewhat com- 
 pressed, sulcate on alternate sides of the internodes; nodes smooth; branches 
 long, slender, in lateral fascicles, or sometimes in pairs, often subdivided. 
 Leaves 4 to 8 or 12 inches long, lance-linear, acute, scabrous, a little hairy and 
 somewhat glaucous; sheaths striate, roughish ; ligule truncate. Spikes about 2 
 inches long ; rachis compressed or plano-convex, pilose at the edges. Spikelets 
 distichously arranged : abortive spikelet minute, subulate, on a linear plumose 
 pedicel which is nearly as long as the perfect spikelet, — the floret neuter; perfect 
 spikelet sessile; glumes lance-linear, much acuminated, — the lower one bifid at 
 apex ; paleae nearly equal, ciliate. — the lower? one deeply bifid, with a twisted 
 awn between the segments. Old fields; sterile banks, and road-sides: through- 
 out the U. States. Fl. August. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. This, and the other native species, are remarkably worthless 
 grasses, — and are apt to abound in poor old neglected fields. Where 
 they prevail, no further evidence is required to demonstrate the un- 
 profitable condition of the land, or the miserable management of the 
 occupant. 
 
 f f Spi7ces conjugate or digitate, at the apex of the culm or branches. 
 
 2. A. furcatus, M'.ihl. Spikes digitate, generally in threes or fours ; 
 rachis hairy ; florets in pairs, — the perfect one sessile, awned — the 
 staminate one awnless, pedicellate. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 492. Fl. 
 Cestr. p. 89. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 63. 
 
 Forked Andropogon. Vtilgo — Finger-spiked Wood-grass. 
 
 Root perennial. Culm about 4 feet high, smooth, terete below, semi-terete 
 above, often branching; nodes smooth. Leaves 4 to 8 or 12 inches long, lance- 
 linear, nerved, smoothish, scabrous on the margin, pilose at base ; sheaths striate, 
 smooth ; ligule obtuse, sometimes ovate, fringed. Spikes 2 to 3 inches long, 
 usually in threes or fours (sometimes 5 or 6), frequently purple; rachis semi- 
 terete, pilose on the angles : abortive spikelet on a clavate, plumose pedicel : 
 perfect spikelet sessile. Slaty hills, and sterile low grounds. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 
 
 Obs. This is one of the native species which is very worthless,— 
 and very frequent on poor, neglected, badly managed farms. 
 § 2. Rachis paniculate. 
 
236 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 3. A. saccharatus, Roxb. Culm stout, terete, solid with pith. ; 
 panicle large, loosely expanding, — the branches verticillate, elon- 
 gated, finally nodding ; glumes of the fertile spikelets subcoriaceous, 
 clothed with glossy appressed hairs. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 502. 
 Sorghum saccharatum. Pers. Fl. Cestr. p. 90. 
 Sugar Andropogon. Vulgo — Broom-Corn.. 
 
 Root annual. Culm 6 to S or 9 feet high, and half an inch to an. inch in diame- 
 ter, smooth ; voles tumid, with a ring of short appressed hairs at the base of the 
 sheaths. Leaves about 2 feet long, and 2 to 3 inches wide, linear-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, keeled, smooth, densely-pubescent at base adjoining the ligule; 
 sheaths smooth ; ligule short, ciliate. Panicle 1 to 2 feet long, — the branches 
 nearly simple, long, fiexuose, scabrous with short hairs.. Spikelets mostly in 
 pairs, one of which is abortive (the terminal ones in threes, two being abortive), 
 and these pavrs in racemose clusters of threes or fours, near the extremities of 
 the branches. Upper? or inner palea of the fertile spikelets with a purplish 
 fiexuose aicn, about twice as long as the spikelet. Gardens, and fields : culti- 
 vated. Native of India, and Arabia. Fl. August. Fr> October.. 
 
 Obs. This oriental grass is cultivated, on a small scale, by farmers- 
 generally, — for the domestic purpose of making brooms of its pani- 
 cles : and in some districts of. the country, the culture of the plant,, 
 and the manufacture of brooms and brushes, are v.ery extensively 
 carried on. It is said that Sugar has been obtained from it, in the 
 South of Europe ; but it must be much inferior to Indian Com {Zea 
 Mays, L.), in its saccharine products : and neither of them, proba- 
 bly, will ever corae in competition, to any material extent, with the 
 true St/gar Cane. There are 2 or 3 Asiatic species, allied to this 
 one, which are cultivated in the East ; namely, A. Sorghum, Brot. or 
 " Indian Millet 9ft —JL. termiusyRoxb. known here as " Guinea Corn," 
 or "Egyptian Millet" — and A. bicolor, Roxb. called "Chocolate 
 Corn." All these are occasionally seen, as curiosities, in our Gar- 
 dens ; but they do not — -and probably never will — belong to the Ag- 
 riculture of the country. 
 
 4. A nutans^ L. Panicle oblong, or loose and spreading, finally 
 somewhat nodding ; glumes of the perfect spikelets rufescent, shin- 
 ing, — the lower one hairy; awns contorted. Kunth, Enum. 1. p. 
 504. Fl. Cestr. p. 88. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. wo.. 67. 
 Also, A. avenaceus*. Ma>. Kunth, I. e. p. 503. 
 Nodding Andropogon. Viclgo — Wood-gxass. Oat-like Indian grass. 
 
 Root perennial. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, simple, terete, glabrous ; nodes bearded 
 with white appressed hairs. Leaves (i to lb inches long, lance-linear, rough, 
 serrulate on the margin; sheaths nerved, smooth; ligule elongated, truncate, 
 bordered by a lanceolate extension of the margins of the sheath. Panicle 6 to 
 <J inches in length, — the ultimate branches, or pedicels of the upper spikelets, 
 plumosely hairy. Abortive spikelet pedicellate, often a mere awn-like plumose 
 rudiment. Glumes of the per/tct spikelet lanceolate, indurated, of a light russet- 
 brown color, — the lower or outer one hairy, embracing the upper one, which is 
 smooth and rather longer. Paleae, thin and membranaceous, — the lower? one 
 bifid, awned below the division ; awn contorted, bent obliquely. Sterile old 
 fields : throughout the U. States. Fl. Aug. Fr. September. 
 
 Obs. The three native species of Andropogon, here given, are the 
 most common and obtrusive ones, in our poor lands, — at least in 
 Pennsylvania. There are a few others, — particularly one with the 
 spikes conjugate, in fastigiate bushy panicles {A. macroums, Mx.) — 
 which is not unfrequent in wet, swampy meadows ; but, though 
 they are all equally worthless, these are scarcely of sufficient impor- 
 tance to require further notice, in this work. 
 
EQTJISETACEAE 237 
 
 SERIES II. 
 
 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 
 
 ACROGENS, OR APEX-GROWING PLANTS. 
 ORDER CLXI. EQTJISETACEAE. DC. 
 
 Leafless plants. Rhizoma creeping. Stem simple or verticillately branched, terete, 
 sulcate, articulated — the articulations embraced by monophyllous sheaths. Fruc- 
 tification terminal. Receptacles of numerous angular peltate stipilate scales, col- 
 lected in the form of a strobile or cone. Sporanges in sixes and sevens, mem- 
 branaceous, adnate to the under surface of the receptacles. 1-celled, filled with 
 numerous spores, introrsely dehiscent. Spores embraced by 4 hygrometric cla- 
 vate filaments {elaters). 
 An unimportant Order, of a single genus. 
 
 238. EQUISETUM. L. Endl. Gen. 601. 
 [Latin, Equus, a horse, and Seta, a bristie ; resembling a horse's tail.] 
 
 Ct^" There being but a single genus, its character is consequently 
 the same as that of the Order. 
 
 1. E. hyemale, L. Stems all fertile, simple, naked, striate-sulcate, 
 very rough, bearing a terminal ovoid spike ; sheaths short, cylindric, 
 whitish, with a black ring at base and summit, dentate, — the teeth 
 lance-subulate, awned, deciduous. Willd. Sp. PI. 5. p. 8. Ft. Cestr. 
 p. 574. Icon, Fl. Lond. 4. 
 
 Winter Equisetum. Vulgd — Scouring Rush. 
 
 Fr. La Prele. Germ. Das Kannenkraut. Span. Equiseto. 
 
 Root perennial. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, fistular, pale cinereous-green, or glau- 
 cous (purplish black at base), terminating at summit in an ovoid blackish spike, 
 or cone, about half an inch in length ; sheaths 2 to 4 lines long, nearly cylindric, 
 striate, whitish-cinereous, with a purplish-black band at base, — and at summit 
 a ring of small biftckish teeth, which soon fall off, leaving the sheath truncate 
 and entire. Margins of swamps; knolls, &c. Fr. June. 
 
 Obs. This plant is common to Europe and America. The cuticle 
 abounds in silicious earth, — and its rough file-like surface is well 
 adapted to the scouring and polishing of hard wood, metals, &c. to 
 which uses it is often applied. There are several other species of 
 this genus, — but they are of no interest to the farmer. 
 
 ORDER CLXII. LYCOPODIACEAE. Swartz. DC. 
 
 Herbaceous or fraticose, mostly perennial, plants. Stem erect or prostrate, terete, 
 angular, or compressed, alternately or dichotomously branched, leafy. Leaves 
 spirally arranged, often crowded, imbricated, simple, sessile or decurrent, never 
 articulated. Sporanges (or sporocarps) sometimes in the axils of the leaves, along 
 the whole stem — sometimes in the axils of crowded bracts, forming ament-like 
 spikes at the ends of the branches. 
 A small Order, of little interest to the farmer. 
 
 239. LYCOPODIUM. L. Endl. Gen. 696. 
 Sporanges 1-celled, uniform, or of 2 forms, — those containing a fine 
 powder, subreniform and 2-valved — those containing globular grains, 
 subglobose, 3 or 4-lobed, and 3 or 4-valved. 
 
 1. L. DENDROiDEUM, Swartz. Stem erect, branched, — the branches 
 alternate, crowded near the summit, dichotomously subdivided ; 
 leaves scattered, somewhat 6-rowed, linear -lanceolate, equal, spread- 
 
238 CRYPTOGAMOUS ACROGENS 
 
 ing; spikes terminal, solitary, sessile. Willd. Sp. PL 5.^.21. Fl. 
 
 Cestr.p. 589. 
 
 Tree-like Lycopodium. Vulgo — Ground Pine. 
 
 Plant smooth, deep green. Root perennial. Stems (or rather branches of the 
 creeping rhizoma) 6 to 9 inches high, erect or ascending, terete, flexuose, clothed 
 with lance-linear acute leaves, branched and bushy near the summit, — the 
 branches dichotomously subdivided, slender. Leaves (on the branches) some- 
 what 4-rowed, about 2 lines long, obliquely subulate-linear, or slightly falcate, 
 acute, spreading, shining green, — those on the stem (or main branch) rather 
 appressed. Spikes, mostly several (1 or 2 to 5 or 6), about 2 inches long, terete, 
 a little tapering upwards, yellowish, — the scales or bracts ovate, acuminate, with 
 a scarious margin. Woodlands, and shady thickets: throughout the U. States. 
 Fr. July. 
 
 Obs. This pretty little plant — of unfading verdure (together with 
 L. complanatum^ L. — a trailing species, with pedately divided, 
 flatted branches) — is much employed in making garlands, and fes- 
 toons, to decorate country parlours ; and is moreover regularly sought 
 after, by those who venerate pleasing ancient usages, for the pur- 
 pose of trimming churches, at Christmas. Every intelligent person, 
 therefore, would like to know the plant ; and for that reason I have 
 inserted it. 
 
 ORDER CLXIIL FILICES. L. Juss. 
 
 Herbaceous plants, with a perennial rhizoma (rarely with an erect arborescent 
 trunk). Leaves (or frmds) scattered on the rhizoma, or rosulate-fasciculate at 
 its apex, circinnate in vernation, annual or perennial, simple or compound, 
 entire or pinnatifidly dissected. Sporanges placed along the veins on the back 
 or margin of the leaves, — collected in little clusters (termed Sori), which are 
 sometimes naked, but often covered by a membranaceous scale, or folded and 
 modified margin of the leaf (called an Indusiiim), — pedicellate or sessile, 1-celled, 
 indefinitely dehiscent. Spores numerous, free, globose or angular. 
 
 An Order of some 70 genera — very interesting to the curious student of Nature, 
 but unimportant to the practical American farmer. In tropical regions, however, 
 the Ferns occasionally assume the stature and appearance of trees, — and the 
 roots, or rhizomas, of some species, are esculent. 
 
 240. PTERIS. L. Endl. Gen. 622. 
 [The Greek name for a Fern ; from Pteryx, or Pteron, a plume or feather.] 
 
 Sporanges placed on the apices of the veins, which are united into 
 a nerve-like receptacle, bordering the frond, and forming a contin- 
 uous linear marginal sorus. Indusium formed of the inflexed modi- 
 fied margin of the frond, scarious, opening along the inner side. 
 
 1. Pt. aquiuna, L. Frond 3-parted ; divisions bipinnate ; pinnae 
 
 oblong-lanceolate, — the upper ones entire — the lower ones pinnatifid, 
 
 with oblong obtuse segments. Willd. Sp. PI. 5. p. 402. Fl. Cestr. 
 
 p. 5S3. 
 
 Aquiline, or Eagle Pteris. Vulgo — Brake. Bracken, of the Scotch* 
 
 Fr. Fougere femelle. Germ,. Adler-Saumfarrn. Span. Helecho fem- 
 
 inino. 
 
 Root perennial. Frond very large (1 to 2 or 3 feet long), supradecompound, 
 spreading, the branches bipinnate, the divisions or pinnae oblong-lanceolate, 
 subsessile, pubescent, pale dingy green, — the upper ones entire — the lower ones 
 pinnatifid : segments half an inch to an inch and half long, and 2 to 4 or 5 lines 
 wide, lance-oblong, obtuse, entire or somewhat repand, with the margin reflexed, 
 confluent at base, or sometimes the lower ones nearly distinct; stipe (or foot- 
 stalk of the frond) 1 to 2 feet long, angular, smooth, tawny, or brown. Sori linear 
 and marginal, resembling a narrow russet hem, or border-trimming, along the 
 edge of the segments, on the under side. Moist woodlands, and thickets; 
 throughout the U. States. Fr. July — Aug. 
 
FILICES 239 
 
 Obs. The Ferns have but little connection with our Agriculture : 
 but, as this is a common one nearly all the world over, — and, in our 
 country, one of the m^st conspicuous of that numerous and curious 
 family of plants, — I have given it a place in this work, merely as a 
 sample of the Order. It sometimes forms quite a thicket, of itself, 
 and affords a good shelter or hiding-place for Game, along the bord- 
 ers of woodlands. 
 
 ANOPHYTES OP 
 
 SUPERIOR CELLULAR PLANTS. 
 
 ORDER CLXV. MUSCI. Dillen. Juss. 
 
 Mostly perennial herbs, small in size and wholly cellular in structure. Stems 
 terete, slender, erect or procumbent. Leaves scattered or distichous, simple, ses- 
 sile and obsoletely decurrent. Reproductive organs of two kinds: 1. Axillary 
 bodies (antheiidia, or supposed analogues of stamens).— small cylindrical or fusi- 
 form pedicellate sacs, in the axils of the leaves, containing numerous spherical 
 or oval particles, mingled with minute jointed threads (called Paraphyses). 2. 
 Thecae {capsules, sporanges, or pistUlidia — analogues of pistils), — hollow urn-like 
 cases, each elevated on a seta, or bristle-like peduncle — covered, in an early 
 stage, by a membranaceous caducous Calyptra (resembling a candle extin- 
 guisher)) and closed by an Operculum (or lid), which opens at maturity. The 
 orifice at the summit of the theca, or capsule, is sometimes naked, but more 
 commonly protected by one or two rows of rigid little processes, calied teeth— 
 or collectively, the Peristome. These teeth are either distinct (free), or more or 
 less combined — ranging, numerically, from 4 to 64, — but alwavs, when more 
 than 4, some multiple of that number. The centre of the theca is occupied by an 
 axis, or little column, — and the space between it and the sides of the theca is 
 filled with minute spores. The leaves which are aggregated round the base of 
 the seta, or footstalk of the theca (forming what is called the Pirichaetiwri), may 
 be regarded as the analogues of bracts, — being generally different from the rest 
 of the foliage, and are known by the name of perichactial leaves. 
 
 A numerous Order of small and insignificant plants — in the eye of the mere 
 farmer; but by no means unimportant, in the economy of Nature. 
 
 241. SPHAGNUM. Dillen. Bndl. Gen. 476. 
 [A Latin name, — anciently applied to some kind of Moss.] 
 
 Fructification terminal. Antheridia clavate* Pistillidia disk>form . 
 Calyptra irregularly torn in the middle, — the ragged base persistent. 
 Theca with a flat deciduous lid, — the orifice destitute of teeth ; cen- 
 tral column obsolete at maturity. Soft,fllaccid, spongy, pale-green 
 or whitish Mosses, — in dry situations erect — in pools floating and 
 branched, the branches in lateral fascicles. Leaves imbricated, con- 
 cave, nerveless, diaphanous. Thecae, or sporanges, sessile on pedun- 
 culate receptacles. 
 
 1. S. palustre, L. Branches tumid, tapering, spreading or 
 recurved ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, reticulated. 
 S. obtusifolium. Hook. Brit. Fl. 2. p. 6. 
 Marsh Sphagnum. Vtclgo — Bog-Moss. 
 
 Stems 3 to 6 or 8 inches long (sometimes much longer, when floating), loosely 
 tufted by numerous branches near the summit. Leaves often closely imbricated, 
 glaucous, or whitish. Theca oval or subglobose, embraced at base by the per- 
 sistent remains of the calyptra or hood, sessile on a receptacle at the summit of 
 a transparent terminal peduncle. Swamps, and pools ; throughout the U. States. 
 Fr. in early Spring. 
 
 Obs. Several species of Sphagnum are enumerated in the books, 
 
240 CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS 
 
 — but they have been supposed, by good judges, to be little more 
 than varieties of the original S. pahistre, of Linnaeus. This soft 
 spongy Moss — which is common to both hemispheres — affords an 
 excellent material for enveloping and protecting the roots of plants 
 which are to be removed to a distance. It is believed to have con- 
 tributed largely of the material of which Turf or Peat is formed. 
 The Mosses are a very numerous family (comprising about 800 spe- 
 cies) ; and although scarcely claiming the attention of mere practi- 
 cal Agriculturists, they are highly interesting to intelligent observers 
 of Nature and natural phenomena. " In the economy of man," 
 says Prof. Lindley, " they perform but an insignificant part ; but 
 in the economy of Nature, how vast an end!" I have therefore 
 deemed it expedient to insert a sample of the Order. 
 
 THALLOPHYTES, OR 
 
 VEGETABLE EXPANSIONS. 
 
 ORDER CLXVII. LICHENES. Ach. 
 
 Perennial plants, varying exceedingly in form, appearance and texture — always 
 constituting athallus, crusl, or frond, (universal receptacle, Ach.) which frequently 
 spreads horizontally upon soil, rocks, bark of trees and dead wood, — and is pulve- 
 rulent, membranaceous, coriaceous, gelatinous, filamentous, and variously lobed 
 and divided : sometimes it is erect, shrub-like and much branched, — at others, pen- 
 dent ; variously colored, rarely green : often the substance is simply composed of 
 cellules — at other times the cellules are mixed with fibres. Imperfect roots are 
 sometimes found, — but more for the purpose of fixing the plant to its place of 
 growth, than of deriving nourishment— which appears to be afforded solely by the 
 air. Fructification is of two kinds , — 1. A powdery substance, forming indetermi- 
 nate masses, or collected into more or less evident receptacles ; and 2. (what is con- 
 sidered a higher state of fructification.) apothecia, or partial receptacles, — which 
 have received different names, according to their forms : — as scutellae (shields) — 
 patellulae (spangles) — peltae (targets) — tubercula (\uberc\es)—cephalodia (knobs, or 
 heads — when the stalk which bears them is called the podetium) — &c. These 
 receptacles, for the most part, are sessile, perennial, and contain a waxy plate or 
 layer, in which are imbedded sporules inclosed in little membranous lubes or thecae. 
 Hooker. 
 
 A numerous Order of apparently very insignificant plants: but some of them 
 are nulrilious, and slightly medicinaf — while others (as the Roccella,) afford 
 beautiful and valuable dyes. Lichens, says Sir W. J. Hooker, " are among the 
 first plants which clothe the bare rocks and form a humus (soil, or mould) for others 
 of a higher organization to live and flourish in." 
 
 f Thallus usually compressed and laciniated. Apothecia scutel- 
 lasform [Scutellae, or shields}. 
 
 242. CETRARIA. Ach. Endl. Gen. 175. 
 [Latin, Cetra, a buckler, — which the Apothecia are supposed to resemble.] 
 
 Thallus foliaceous, somewhat coriaceously membranaceous, ascend- 
 ing or spreading, lobed and laciniated, naked and smooth on both 
 sides. Apothecia orbicular, obliquely adnate to the margin of the 
 tkallus — the lower portion being free ; disk colored, plano-concave, 
 with a border formed of the thallus and inflexed. 
 1. C. Islandica, Ach. Thallus erect, tufted, olive-brown, paler on 
 one side, laciniated, channelled, and dentate-ciliate, — the fertile 
 Jaciniae very broad; apothecia brown, appressed, flat with an 
 elevated border. Hook. Brit. Fl. 2. p. 221. 
 Iceland Cetraria. Vulgo — Iceland Moss. 
 
LICHENES 241 
 
 Ohs. Dr. A. Gray informs me that he has collected this plant en 
 tl Grandfather Mountain," North Carolina. He says itg:ows, also, 
 on the White Mountains of New Hampshire. It is a mountain plant, 
 and usually grows in exposed situations, on the ground. That 
 which is found in our Shops, and employed as a remedy for coughs, 
 pulmonary consumption, &c. is procured from Norway, ox from Ice* 
 land. Sir W. J. Hooker informs us, that " immense quantities are 
 gathered in the latter country, not only for sale, but for their own 
 use as an article of common food. The bitter and purgative quality 
 being extracted by steeping in water, the Liche?i is dried, reduced 
 to powder, and made into a cake, or boiled and eaten with milk, — 
 and eaten with thankfulness, too, by the poor natives, who confess 
 'that a bountiful Providence sends them bread out of the very 
 stones '.'" 
 
 To this section of the Lichens, belongs the Roccella tinctoria, DC 
 the RocZ- Moss, or Archil/, — so valuable in the arts, for its purple 
 coloring matter. 
 
 ff Thallus shrub-like, rounded, usually much branched and erect^ 
 — the branches (or Podctia) fist alar. Apothecia. hemispherical ', 
 
 fleshy (Cephalodia, or knobs). 
 
 243. CLADONIA. Boffin. Endl. Gen. 168. 
 [Greek, IQados, a branch, — the ramifications being often numerous.] 
 
 Thallus somewhat shrubby, branched or rarely simple, leafy with 
 scales which are finally often evanescent ; branches (or podetia) car- 
 tilaginous, rigid, fistular, all attenuated and subulate, divided, fertile, 
 generally perforated in the axils. Apothecia (being Cephalodia) ses- 
 sile, orbicular, convex, capituliform, not bordered, fixed by the cir- 
 cumference, free beneath in the centre, the sides reflexed, uniform 
 within. 
 
 1. C. RANGfiFEEiNA, Iloffm. Podetia erect, elongated, roughish, cy- 
 lindrical, greenish-white, very much branched; axils perforated; 
 branches scattered, often intricate, divaricate, — the ultimate ones 
 drooping; apothecia subglobose, brown, on small erect branchlets. 
 Hook. Brit. Fl. 2. p. 235. 
 
 Rein-deer Cladonia. Vulgo — Rein-deer Moss. 
 
 Obs. This is very common in the colder woodlands, throughout 
 the middle and northern States. " A very variable Moss," says Sir 
 W. J. Hooker, " especially in the length of the ramifications, and also 
 in color, — and an inhabitant of almost every part of the world — 
 even of the tropics ; but in the colder and arctic regions it is most 
 abundant. The barren specimens are the most branched and tufted, 
 with the branches very intricate. It is this, which, for the greater 
 part of the year and especially in winter, is the support of the vast 
 herds of Rein-deer, wherein consists all the wealth of the Lapland- 
 ers. No vegetable, Linnaeus tells us, grows throughout Lapland in 
 such abundance as this, — especially in woods of scattered pines, 
 where, for very many miles together, the surface of the sterile soil 
 is covered with it as with snow. On the destruction of forests 
 by fire, when no other plant will find nutriment, this Lichen springs 
 up and nourishes, — and, after a few years, acquires its full size* 
 Here the Rein-deer are pastured ; and, whatever may be the depth 
 
 21 
 
242 CRYPTOGAMOUS THALLOPHYTES 
 
 of snow during the long winters of that climate, these creatures have 
 the powef of penetrating it and obtaining their necessary food." 
 This, and the preceding Lichen, are here noticed — not as belonging 
 to American Agriculture, but — as interesting specimens of a vast 
 Order of plants, which even a farmer may with propriety become 
 so far acquainted with, as to have at least a general idea of their 
 character. 
 
 ORDER CLXVIIL FUNGI. Juss. 
 
 riants consisting of a congeries of cellules, among which filaments are occa- 
 sionally intermixed, — increasing in size by addition to their inside — their outside 
 undergoing no change after its first formation ; chiefly growing upon dead or 
 decaying substances,— frequently ephemeral, and variously colored-. Sporules 
 arranged in tubular cells, — the cells situated in some part of the external sur- 
 face. The part in which the reproductive organs are placed, is called the Hy- 
 menium. 
 
 A very numerous Order — comprising nearly 300 genera, and uncounted spe- 
 cies ; some of them large, and often either esculent or poisonous, — others mi- 
 nute, and frequently destructive of the textures (whether living or dead) on 
 which they grow. 
 
 TRIBE I. HYMENOMYCETES. Fries. 
 Hijmenium naked. Sporidia in little sacs (asci). 
 
 SUB-TRIBE 1. HYMENINI, OR AGARICINAE. Fries. 
 Hymenium distinct. Receptacle long or expanded, superior. 
 
 DlV. 1. PILEATI. Fries. 
 Receptacle dilated, occasionally branched, tending to an orbicular form. Hy- 
 menium inferior. 
 
 244. AGARICUS. L. Endl. Gen. 453. 
 [From Agaric, a town of Sarmatia. — where the plant was much used for food.] 
 
 Fiutg7ts inclosed in a wrapper (volva) when young, — with o. pileus, 
 or cap, supported on a thick terete stipe. Pileus horizontal, dilated, 
 orbicular, gradually becoming flatted, — the lower surface occupied 
 by distinct radiating parallel lamellae, or gills (Jiymenuini), on which 
 the sporules are situated. 
 
 1. A. campestjeus, L. Pileus white, fleshy, dry, somewhat scaly 
 or sericeous ; lamellae free, pink changing to dark fuscous ; stipe 
 solid, white, with an annular veil. Idndl. Ency. p. 1002. 
 
 Field Agaricus. Vulgo — Common eatable Mushroom. 
 Fr. Champignon. Germ. Der Erd-schwamm. 
 
 Obs. This plant is a noted delicacy among Epicures, — and is 
 much cultivated for the table, in Europe. There seems, however, 
 to be some uncertainty in determining the characters, by which the 
 esculent specimens are distinguished from poisonous ones ; and 
 therefore caution is always to be observed. Prof. Lindley (in Lou- 
 don's Encyclopaedia of Plants) says, " the gills of this species are 
 loose, pinky red, changing to a liver-color, — in contact with the stem, 
 but not united to it ; very thick set, irregularly disposed — some 
 forked next the stem, some next the edge of the pileus— some at 
 both ends, and in that case generally excluding the intermediate 
 smaller gills. The pileus is white, changing to brown when old, 
 and becoming scurfy ; regularly convex, fleshy, flatter with age, 
 from 2 to 4 inches, and sometimes 9 inches in diameter, liquefying in 
 decay,— the flesh white. The stem (or stipe) is solid, white, cylin- 
 drical, from 2 to 3 inches high, half an inch in diameter, — the cur~ 
 
FUNGI 243 
 
 tain white and delicate. When this mushroom first makes its ap- 
 pearance, it is smooth and almost globular, — and in this state it is 
 called a button. This species is esteemed the best and most savory 
 of the genus, — and is much in request for the table, in England. It 
 is eaten fresh, either stewed or boiled, — and preserved either as a 
 pickle, or in powder ; and it furnishes the sauce called ketchup. 
 The field plants are better for eating than those raised on artificial 
 beds, — their flesh being more tender ; and those who are accustomed 
 to them can distinguish them by their smell. But the cultivated 
 ones are more sightly, may be more easily collected in the proper 
 state for eating, and are firmer and better for pickling. The wild 
 mushrooms are found in parks and other pastures, where the turf 
 has not been ploughed up for many years ; and the best time for 
 gathering them [in England] is August and September." 
 
 Cn? = ' Veil Zil-e a cob-web. Gills becoming discolored) cloudy , dis- 
 solving. Sporidia brownish-ptirple. 
 
 245. MERULIUS. Hall. Endl. Gen. 445. 
 [A name applied, by the ancients, to a species of Fungus] 
 Pileus fleshy or membranaceous, without a stipe. Hymeniwm, 
 veined, — the veins or folds a little tumid, anastomosing with each 
 other. Ftmgous parasites, sessile, effzised or spread about. 
 1. M. lachrymans, Schum. Effused, large, yellow-ferruginous or 
 deep orange-color ; margin white and cottony ; veins large, form- 
 ing irregular pores by their sinuosity. IAndl. E?icy. p. 1007. 
 Weeping Merulius. Vulgd — Dry Rot. 
 
 Obs. This Fungus (and some others — such as Polyporus, Sporo- 
 tricktcm, &c. which infest timber in places where a damp air is con- 
 fined) is known by the name of "Dry Rot." It is, says Prof. 
 Lindley, "a pest to the wood of dwelling houses [and ships], 
 which it speedily destroys. It is said to be destroyed by a wash of 
 diluted sulphuric acid. The whole plant is generally resupinate, 
 soft, tender, at first very light, cottony and white. When the veins 
 appear, they are of a fine yellow, orange, or reddish-brown, forming 
 irregular plicae, most frequently so arranged as to have the appear- 
 ance of pores, — but never any thing like tubes. Sometimes the 
 pileus or substance of the plant, from its situation, produces pen- 
 dent processes like inverted cones. The whole fructification often 
 forms a circle of 1 to 8 inches in diameter. Except in favorable 
 situations, it does not produce fructification, and resembles a dry 
 pithy cottony substance, — whence it has been called dry rot. When 
 in a perfect state, its sinuses contain drops of clear water, — -which 
 have given rise to the specific name." Various chemical processes 
 have been resorted to, to prevent the appearance, or growth, of this 
 destructive fungus — some of which, I believe, have been thought 
 worthy of Letters patent ; but of their value I am unable to speak. 
 There is a Fungus, which, from its resemblance to fibrous roots, is 
 called Rhizomorpha. It is often troublesome, by choking up trunks, 
 and bored logs, that are used for the conveyance of water. It has 
 so much the appearance of real roots, that it is generally mistaken 
 for them, — especially when the trunks are laid in woodlands : though 
 the question might very naturally occur, to observing minds, how 
 such coarse fibres could penetrate, or pass through the logs, or planks^, 
 without being visible in their substance. 
 
244 CRYPTOGAMOUS THALLOPHYTES 
 
 There is also a remarkable Fungus, called OaL -leather (Xylostroma 
 Corium, Pers. or Byssus gigantea, P>C), — often found in the fis- 
 rures or wind-shakes of old trees ; which bears a striking resemblance 
 to a dressed sheepskin, — and is sometimes almost as large. 
 
 * TRIBE II. GASTEROMYCETES. Fries. 
 Fungus entirely closed, bearing sporldia in on inferior or ventral sac. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. ANGIOGASTERES. Fries. 
 Ventral sac finally bursting forth, separate from the receptacle. Sporilia lodged 
 in the receptacle. 
 
 DIV. 2. TUBERACEAE. Fries. 
 
 Eporanges membranous, scatlered in an hymen! um which is ofien latticed with 
 small veins, and inclosed in a ventral sac. Sporidia at first pulpy. 
 
 216. TUBER. Michel. Endl. Gen. 350. 
 [An ancient Roman name.] 
 
 Ventral sac subglobose, externally smooth or papillose-vemtcose, 
 
 indehiscent, somewhat coriaceously fleshy within, reticulately veined. 
 
 Bporidia sub-pedicellate, scattered among the veins. Subterraneous 
 
 Fungi, ofien. destitute of roots, roundish, fleshy , — the flesh variegated 
 
 with sporvle-bcaring veins. 
 
 1. T. ciBAE-itni, Sibth. Very rough with sub-prismatic warts, 
 
 blackish ; roots entirely wanting ; flesh firm or toughish. LindL 
 
 Ency. p. 1022. 
 
 Eatable Tuber. Vulgb — Truffle. 
 
 Fr. Truffe. Germ. TruerTel. Span. Criadilla de tierra. 
 
 Obs. This is the Fungus so celebrated in the annals of cookery, 
 under the name of Truffle. It often attains to the size of a man's 
 fist (pugni saepe mole, Endl.), — and is found in light dry sandy soils, 
 in various parts of Europe and Asia. Dogs, it is said, are taught to 
 find it by the smell, — and to scratch it up out of the earth. The 
 Tntffle, I believe, is but seldom met with, in the U. States. The late 
 Hev. Mr. Schweinitz mentions, that it was not unfrequently found 
 near Nazareth, in Pennsylvania, some 60 years since, by an old 
 German hunter, and his dog, which had been trained to seek for it.* 
 A subterraneous esculent Fungus, called " Tuclahoe" (probably 
 nearly allied to the Truffle), has been found in the Southern States. 
 See Farmer's Ency clopaedia. 
 
 Some other Fungi are esculent, and much esteemed by Gastrono- 
 mers; — such as the Morchella esculenta, Pers. or Morel, — and the 
 Helvella esculenta, Pers. They are, however, less known, in our 
 country, than the common eatable Mushroom. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE IV. MUCOROIDEI. Fries. 
 Feridiv.m formed of fiocci loosely woven together, vanishing in the middle. 
 Sporidia in heaps. 
 
 247. ASCOPHORA. Tode. Endl. Gen. 255. 
 [Greek, Aslcos, a sac, and phero, to bear ; in allusion to the receptacle of sporules ] 
 
 Peridium membranaceous, stipitate, finally bursting, turned inside 
 out, convex and somewhat persistent ; stipe simple or branched, 
 tubular, pellucid, articulated. 
 
 * In reference to the Tuber cibarwm, Mr. Schweixitz says — "Nunquam ipse 
 inveni— sed certior factus sum ante sexaginta annos in vicinitate Nazarethorum 
 ab antiquo venatore germano, caneque suo ad hoc olim educato, non ranter ifl- 
 ventum esse."— Am. Philos. Transactions, 4. new Series, p. 252. 
 
FUNGI 245 
 
 1. A. Mucedo, Link. Stipe simple; heads inflated, spherical, at 
 
 first white, finally dark grey, bursting close to the long filiform stipe. 
 
 Lindl. Ency. p. 1036. 
 
 Mucor Mucedo. L. Vulgd — Mould. Bread-mould. 
 
 Fr. Moisissure. Germ. Der Schimmel. Span. Moho. 
 
 Obs. This minute Fungus usually abounds on moist decaying sub- 
 stances, — and is well known to most persons— especially to house- 
 wives — as growing plentifully on bread and pastry which has begun 
 to " spoil ;" — yet it is probable that many of them have never suspect- 
 ed it of being as genuine a plant, as any weed that grows on the farm. 
 
 TRIBE IV. CONIOMYCETES, Fries. 
 Sporidia naked, without any heterogeneous receptacle. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. ENTOPHYTI. Fries. 
 Sporidia naked, separate, without a receptacle* 
 
 DIV. 2, HYPODERMIA. Fries. 
 Parasites upon living plants, — originating in a diseased parenchyma, under the 
 epidermis, which being ruptured, the sporidia burst forth. 
 
 248. UREDO. Pers. Endl. Gen. 181. 
 [Latin, uro, to burn, or scorch,-~«om the apparent effect of the plant.] 
 Peridium none, — or the epidermis of the leaves and stems forming 
 a psrudo-peridium* Sporidia- 1 -celled, free, sessile, mostly globose. 
 1« U. segetum, Pers. Clusters large, irregular, brown or black, 
 usually occupying the organs of fructification; sporidia globose, 
 minute. Lindl. Ency. p. 1044. 
 Corn Ukedo. Vulgd— Smut* Blight. Smut-Brand. 
 
 Obs. This Fungus is usually found within the glumes and fruit of 
 Wheat, Barley, and other Grasses, — spreading, and in a short time 
 filling the whole with a profuse black dust, which, under the micro- 
 scope, is found to consist of minute spherical sporidia. Where the 
 grain is but partially, or slightly affected, it may be freed from the 
 offensive fungus, by the operations of mechanical contrivances, 
 called "Smut Machines, 13 which have been invented for that purpose. 
 
 The fructification (both ears and tassels) of Indian Corn, is often 
 invaded by this destructive parasite, — and sometimes the spikes, or 
 ears, are enlarged to an enormous size. Prof. De Candoixe, and 
 others, have considered this as a distinct species, under the name of 
 U. Maydis, or U. Zeae. It is curious to observe the manner in 
 which the ears of Indian Corn— grains and all— retain something of 
 their original form, while undergoing the destructive process. Various 
 species of this blighting Fungus grow on, and are perhaps peculiar 
 to, different genera and species of plants. 
 
 249. PUCCINIA. Pers. Endl. Gen. 185. 
 [Perhaps from the Greek, puka, densely crowded, — from its manner of growth.] 
 
 Peridium none,— or the epidermis of the leaves and stems forming a 
 pseudo-peridivm. Sporidia 1 or many-celled, dehiscent at apex, 
 often pedicellate, emerging from under the irregularly ruptured epi- 
 dermis. Minute fuscous or blackish Fungi, aggregated in little 
 clusters, 
 
 1. P. Graminis, Pers. Clusters dense, often confluent and forming 
 long parallel lines, changing from yellowish-brown to black ; sporidia 
 
 21* 
 
246 CRYPTOGAMOUS THALLOPHYTES 
 
 elongated, clavate, stipitate, 2-celled, — the upper cell larger. Lindl. 
 Grass Puccinia. Vulgd — Mildew. Rust? \Bncy. p. 1048. 
 
 Fr. La Nielle. Germ. Der Mehlthau. Span. El Tizon. 
 
 Obs. This is the Fungus which, under the name of Mildew (and 
 perhaps Rust — though this may be another species,) often appears 
 so abundantly and operates so injuriously, on our Wlteat crops, in 
 warm, close, foggy, and cloudy or wet weather, near harvest time, — 
 especially where the crop is a little backward, and mingled with an 
 undue proportion of other grasses, or herbage. The species of this 
 genus are numerous, — and appear to be confined to certain plants, 
 from which they derive their specific names ; — as P. Rosae — P. Ruli 
 -—P. Pruni—P. Trifolii, &c. 
 
 There may, perhaps, be different kinds of these minute Fungi 
 (species of Aecidium, and other genera), infesting the various 
 Grasses, and cultivated crops. A little orange-colored one is very 
 prevalent, some seasons, on the leaves of the Washington Thorn 
 {Crataegus cordata, Ait.). Until they shall be better understood, and 
 a preventive remedy discovered, they deserve to be carefully studied, 
 both by Naturalists and Farmers. 
 
 ORDER CLXX. ALGAE. Juss. 
 
 Leafless flowerless plants, with no distinct axis of vegetation, growing in wa- 
 ter, and consisting either of simple vesicles lying in mucus, or .of articulated 
 filaments, or of loiied fronds formed of uniform cellular tissue. — absorbing the 
 ambient liquid only by the immersed portion and not conveying it to the other 
 parts ; sometimes reddish, sometimes green, — emitting oxygen gas when ex- 
 posed under water to the sun. Reproductive matter either altogether wanting, or 
 contained in the joints of the filaments, or deposited in thecae (of various form, 
 size and position) caused by dilatations of the substance of the frond. Spondes 
 with no proper integument, — in germination elongating in two opposite directions. 
 An Order comprising more than 100 genera, some of which afford food — others 
 medicine, and materials used in the. arts ; — but few of them of any importance 
 in Agriculture. — and those chiefly as a manure, in the vicinity of the Sea shore. 
 The edible Swallow's nests, which are esteemed such a delicacy by the Chinese, 
 are believed to be mainly constructed of a species of Seaweed. 
 
 2-30. FUCTJS. Agardh. E»dl. Gen. 119. 
 [Latinized from the Greek, Phu\os, a Sea-weed.] 
 
 Frond flat or compressed (rarely filiform), dichotomous, coriaceous. 
 Air vessels, when present, innate in the frond, simple, large. Recep- 
 tacles mostly terminal, turgid, containing tubercles imbedded in 
 mucus and filled with sporules and filaments. 
 
 1. F. vesictjlosus, L. Frond flat, with a middle nerve or rib, linear, 
 dichotomous, entire ; vesicles spherical, innate upon the frond in 
 pairs; receptacles terminal, compressed, turgid, mostly elliptical. 
 JIoo/c. Brit. Fl. 2. p. 267. 
 
 Bladdery Fucus. Vulgi — Sea-weed. Sea-wrack. 
 Fr. Varec. Germ. Der Meer-tang. Span. Fuco. 
 
 Obs. Tins and some other Sea-weeds are attached to submarine rocks, 
 by leathery shield-like expansions; but are often torn loose, and thrown 
 on shore in great quantities, by the agitation of the Sea. Being col- 
 lected and burned, they leave an alkaline residuum, called Kelp, — 
 which is said to be valuable as a manure — as well as an article of con- 
 siderable commercial importance. The poor half-starved cattle, on the 
 coast of Scotland, feed upon this Sea-weed, in times of scarcity ; but 
 in our country, such fodder is but little known. For an interesting 
 notice of Kelp, see the Farmer's Encyclopaedia, — a highly valuable 
 Repository of information in every department of Agriculture. 
 
247 
 
 The Plants enumerated in this work may be classified according 
 to their character and properties, as follows : 
 [N. B. Those which are cultivated, in Italics.'] 
 
 I. Plants yielding esculent Roots, Herbage ; or Fruits, for Man. 
 
 Genus. 
 10. Brassica oleracea, L. 
 
 — B campestris, L. 
 
 — B Rapa, L. 
 
 16. Raphanus sativus, L. 
 21. Hibiscus esculentus, L. 
 25. Citrus Aurantium, Risso. 
 33. Vitis vinifera, L. 
 
 — V Labrusca, L. 
 
 — V aestivalis, Mx. 
 
 — V vulpina, L. 
 
 35. Cicer arietiuum, L. 
 
 36. Arachis hypogaea, L. 
 
 37. Faba vulgaris, Moeuch. 
 
 38. Ervum Lens, L. 
 
 39. Pi sum sativtim, L. 
 
 40. Phaseolus vulgaris, Savi. 
 
 — P lunatics, L. 
 
 48. Persica vulgaris, Mill. 
 
 — P laevis, DC. 
 
 49. Armeniaca vulgaris, Lam. 
 
 — A dasycarpa, Pers. 
 
 50. Primus domestica, L. 
 
 — P Americana, Marsh. 
 
 — P Chic as a, Mx. 
 
 51. Cerasus avium, Moench. 
 
 — C vulgaris, Mill. 
 
 53. Fragaria vesca, L. 
 
 — F Virginiana, Ehrh. 
 
 54. Rubus Idaeus, L. 
 
 — Rubus occidentalis, L. 
 
 — II Canadensis, L. 
 
 — R villosus, Ait. 
 
 57. Pyrus communis, L. 
 
 — P Mdlus, L. 
 
 60. Ribes Uva-crispa, L. 
 
 — R rubrum, L. 
 
 — R nigrum, L. 
 
 62. Cucumis Melo, L. 
 
 63. Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad. 
 
 64. Cucurbita Pepo, L. 
 
 — C Melopepo, L. 
 
 — C verrucosa, L. 
 
 72. Pastinaca sativa, L. 
 
 Genus. 
 73. Bauctis Carota, L. 
 101. Cynara S colonics, L. 
 104. Cicliorium Fndivia, Willd. 
 ] 05. Tragopogon porrifoliuvi, L. 
 107. Lactuca sativa, L. 
 
 109. Vaccinium corynibosum, L. 
 
 110. Oxycoccus macrocarpus, P. 
 113. Diospyros Virginiana, L. 
 139. Batatas edulis, Chois. 
 
 145. Solauum tuberosum, L. 
 
 — *S esculent am, Duval. 
 
 146. Lycopersicum esculentam, 
 Mill. 
 
 152. Spinacia oleracea, L. 
 3 53. Beta vulgaris, L. 
 
 156. Rheum, Rltaponticum, Ait. 
 
 157. Rumex crispus, L. 
 
 159. Fagopyrumesculentum, Mk 
 
 160. Phytolacca decandra, L. 
 
 168. Juglans nigra, L. 
 
 — J regia, L. 
 
 169. Carya alba, Nutt. 
 
 — C olivaeformis, Nutt. 
 
 171 . Corylus Americana, Marsh. 
 174. Castanea vesca, Gaertn. 
 
 — C pumila, Mill. 
 
 181. Morus rubra, L. 
 
 ] Si. Ficus Carica, L. 
 
 192. Sabal Palmetto, Loddig. 
 
 201. Allium Porrum, L. 
 
 — A Cepa, L. 
 
 202. Asparagus officinalis, L. 
 208. Oryza sativa, L. 
 
 210. Zea Mays, L. 
 
 232. Tritiam vulgar e, Vill. 
 
 233. Secale cereale, L. 
 
 244. Agavicus campestris, L. 
 246. Tuber cibarium, Sibth. 
 
 Eighty in number; of which 
 Fifty-seven are cultivated. 
 
 Note. — Many of the preceding, 
 afford food for Domestic animals, 
 also. 
 
248 
 
 II. Plants yielding Food exclusively, or chiefly, for Domestic 
 
 Animals. 
 
 43. 
 
 44. 
 
 45. 
 114. 
 172. 
 173. 
 209. 
 211. 
 212. 
 213. 
 214. 
 215. 
 218. 
 
 219. 
 221. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 11. 
 
 12. 
 14. 
 28. 
 31. 
 33. 
 57. 
 
 58. 
 60. 
 C2. 
 
 67. 
 68. 
 69. 
 70. 
 75. 
 
 3. 
 25. 
 34. 
 
 74. 
 76. 
 78. 
 83. 
 92. 
 95. 
 
 Trifolium prate?ise } L. 
 
 T repens, L. 
 
 Melilotus leucantha, Koch. 
 Medicago sativa, L. 
 Plantago lanceolata, L. 
 Quercus alba, L. 
 Fagus sylvatica, L. 
 Zizania aquatica, L. 
 Phlewm pratense, L. 
 Holcus lanatus, L. 
 Anthoxanthumodoratum L. 
 Panic am sanguinale, L. 
 Set aria Italica, Kunth. 
 Muhlenbergia diffusa, W'ld. 
 
 M Mexicana, Trin. 
 
 Agrostis vulgaris, With. 
 Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. 
 
 222. Eleusine Indica, Gaertn. 
 
 223. Avena sativa, L. 
 
 224. Arrhenatherum avenaccum i 
 Beauv. 
 
 225. Poa annua, L. 
 
 — P trivialis, L. 
 
 — P pratensis, L. 
 
 — P compressa, L. 
 
 226. Glyceria fluitans, R. Br. 
 
 227. Dactylis glomerata, L. 
 
 228. Festuca pratensis, Muds. 
 231. Boliam perenne, L. 
 
 235. Tripsacum dactyloides, L. 
 243. Cladonia rangiferina Hoffm. 
 Thirty in number ; of which 
 Ten are cultivated. 
 
 III. Plants yielding Condiments and Drinks. 
 
 Nasturtium, officinale, R. Br 
 Barbarea praecox, R. Br. 
 Si?iapis nigra, L. 
 S <-alba, L. 
 
 Cochlearia Ajrmoracia, L. 
 Lepidium sativum, L. 
 Tropaeolum majus, L. 
 Acer saccharinum, L. 
 Vitis vinifera, L. 
 Pyrus Mains, L. 
 
 P Coronaria, L. 
 
 Cydonia vulgaris, Pers. 
 Kibes rubrum, L. 
 Cucumis sativa, L. 
 
 C Anguria, L. 
 
 Apium graveolens, L. 
 Petroseliiium„sutivum, Huff. 
 Carum Carui, L. 
 Fueniculum vulgare, Gasrt. 
 Corimdrum sitivum, L. 
 
 89. Helia?ithus tuberosus, L. 
 96. Arteinisii Dracu?iculus, L. 
 116. Marty ?iia proboscidea ,Glox . 
 
 120. Ocimum basilicum, L. 
 
 121. Lavandula vera, DC. 
 
 122. Me?itha viridis, L. 
 
 123. Salvia officinalis, L. 
 
 124. Mijarana hortensis ,Moench 
 
 125. Thymus vulgaris, L. 
 426. Satureja hortensis, L. 
 141.. Capsicum annuum,, L.^ 
 168. Juglans cinerea, L. 
 
 — J regia, L. 
 
 201. Allium Schoenoprasum, L. 
 234. Hordeum vulgare, L. 
 
 — H distichum, L. 
 
 236. Saccharum officinarum, L. 
 
 Thirty-seven in number ; of 
 which thirty-three are cultivated. 
 
 IV. Medicinal Plants. 
 
 Cimicifuga racemosa, Ell. 
 Citrus Medica, Bis so. 
 Poly gala Senega, L. 
 Conium maculatum, L. 
 Aralia racemosa, L. 
 Cornus florida, L. 
 Eupatorium perfoliatum, L. 
 Anthemis nobilis, L., 
 Tanacetum vulgare, L. 
 
 96. Artemisia Absinthium, L... 
 
 108. Lobelia inflata, L. 
 
 112. Chimaphila umbellata, Nutt 
 
 122. Mentha viridis, L. 
 -^ M piperita, L. 
 
 123. Salvia officinalis, L. 
 
 127. Hyssopus officinalis, L. 
 
 128. Hedeoma pulegioides, Pers.. 
 
 129. Melissa officinalis, L._ 
 
249 
 
 131. Nepeta Cataria, L. 
 134. Marrubium vvlgare, L. 
 
 142. Nicotiana Tabacum, L. 
 
 143. Datura Stramonium. L. 
 147. Sabbatia angularis, Pnrsh. 
 151. Aristolocbia Serpentaria, L. 
 154. Chenopodium anthelminli- 
 
 cum, L. 
 
 161. Sassafras officinale, Nees. 
 
 162. Benzoin odoriferum, Nees. 
 
 164. Ulmus fulva, Mx. 
 
 167. Ricinus communis, L. 
 
 168. Juglans cinerea, L. 
 187. Humulus Lupulus, L. 
 193. Arum triphyllum, L. 
 195. Acorus Calamus, L. 
 201. Allium sativum, L. 
 242. Cetraria Islandica, Ach. 
 
 Thirty -five in number ; 
 which fifteen are cultivated. 
 
 of 
 
 V. Plants employed in the Arts, in Commerce, in Domestic or 
 
 Rural Economy. 
 
 4. Magnolia acuminata, L. 
 
 5. Liriodendron tulipifera, L. 
 22. Gossypium herbaceum, L. 
 24. Tilia platyphylla, Scop. 
 
 — T Americana, L. — 
 
 26. Melia Azedarach, L. — 
 
 27. Linum usitatissimum, L. — 
 29. Rhus glabra, L. — 
 
 — R typhina, L. — 
 
 31. Acer saccharinum, L. — 
 
 — A dasycarpum, Ehrh. — 
 
 — A rubrum, L. — 
 
 32. Aesculus Hippo castanum, L, — 
 
 41. Robinia Pseud-acacia, L. — 
 
 42. Indigofera tinctoria, L. 173. 
 4 6. Cercis Canadensis, L. 174. 
 47. Gleditschia triaeanthos, L. 175. 
 51. Cerasus serotina, DC. — 
 56. Crataegus Crus-galli, L. — 
 
 — C cord at a, Ait. 111. 
 
 61. Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. — 
 
 77. Panax quinquefolium, L. 178. 
 
 78. Cornus florida, L. — 
 
 80. Rubia Tinctorum, L. — 
 
 81. Dipsacus Fullonum, L. — 
 115. CatalpabignonioidesjWalt. 179. 
 
 149. Fraxinus Americana, L. 180. 
 
 — F pubescens, Walt. 181. 
 
 — F sambucifolia, Lam. — 
 
 150. Ligustrum vulgare, L. 182. 
 
 163. Nyssa multiflora, Walt. 183. 
 
 164. Ulmus Americana, L. 
 
 165. Celtis occidentalis, L. 186. 
 
 168. Juglans nigra, L. 187. 
 
 169. Carya alba, Nutt. 188. 
 
 — C tomentosa, Nutt. — 
 
 — C porcina, Nutt. — 
 
 170. Ostrya Virginica, Willd. — 
 172. Quercus Phellos, L. — 
 
 172. Quercus imbricaria, Mx. 
 
 — Q virens, Ait. 
 
 — Q nigra, Willd. 
 
 — Q tinctoria, Bartr. 
 
 — Q coccinea, Wangenh. 
 
 Q rubra, L. 
 
 Q falcata, Mx. 
 
 Q palustris, Mx. 
 
 Q obtusiloba, Mx. 
 
 Q alba, L. 
 
 Q bicolor, Willd. 
 
 Q Prinus, L. 
 
 Q montana, Willd. 
 
 Q Castanea, Muhl. 
 
 Fagus sylvatica, L. 
 Castanea vesca, Gaertn. 
 Betula nigra, L. 
 
 B lenta, L. 
 
 B papyracea, Ait. 
 
 Salix vitellina, L. 
 
 S Babylonica, Z. 
 
 Populus tremuloides, Mx. 
 
 P angulata, Ait. 
 
 P. Graeca, Ait. 
 P. dilatata, Ait. 
 Liquidambar styraciflua, L. 
 Platanus occidentalis, L. 
 Morus rubra, L. 
 
 M alba, L. 
 
 JMaclura aurantiaca, Nutt. 
 
 Broussonetia papyri/era, 
 
 Vent. 
 
 Cannabis sativa, L. 
 
 Hamulus lupulus, L. 
 
 Pinus variabilis, Lambert. 
 
 P palustris, L. 
 
 P Strobus, L. 
 
 P Canadensis, L. 
 
 P microcarpa, Lamb't. 
 
250 
 
 189. 
 190. 
 191. 
 192. 
 196. 
 198. 
 205. 
 230. 
 
 236. 
 VI. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 6. 
 
 13. 
 
 17. 
 18. 
 23. 
 29. 
 
 30. 
 54. 
 
 55. 
 66. 
 
 71. 
 73. 
 79. 
 81. 
 82. 
 
 87. 
 88. 
 
 90. 
 
 91. 
 94. 
 
 100. 
 102. 
 
 Taxodium distichum, Rich. 
 Thuja sphaeroidalis, Rich. 
 Juniperus Virginiana, L. 
 Sabal Palmetto, Loddig. 
 Typha latifolia, L. 
 Tiilandsia usneoides, L. 
 Scirpus triqueter, L. 
 Arundinaria macrosperma, 
 Mx. 
 Saccharum offici?iarum, L. 
 
 Pernicious and troublesome Plants — to be expelled 
 
 eminently pernicious ones in small capitals. 
 
 Ranunculus bulbosus, L. 
 Delphinium Consolida, L. 
 Papaver dubium, L. 
 
 103. 
 104. 
 114. 
 117. 
 118. 
 
 237. Andropogon saccharatus, 
 Roxb. 
 
 238. Equisetum hyemale, L. 
 
 239. Lycopodium dendroideum, 
 Sw. 
 
 241. Sphagnum palustre, L. 
 250. Fucus vesiculosus, L. 
 Ninety-one in number; of which 
 Twenty-four are cultivated. 
 
 The 
 
 Camelina saliva, Crantz. 
 Hypericum perforatum, L. 
 Lychnis Githago, Lam. 
 Abutilon Avicennae, Gaert. 
 Rhus venenata, DC. 
 
 R Toxicodendron, L. 
 
 Ailanthus glanduloso, Desf 
 Rubus Canadensis, L. 
 
 R villosus, Ait. 
 
 Rosa Carolina, L. 
 Cicuta maculata, L. 
 Archemora rigida,, DC. 
 Daucus Carota, L. 
 Sambucus Canadensis, L. 
 Dipsacus sylvestris, L. 
 Vernonia Noveboracensis, 
 Willd. 
 
 Ambrosia artemisiaefolia,L. 
 Xanthium strumarium, L. 
 
 X spinosum, L. 
 
 Bidens frondosa, L. 
 
 B chrysanthemoideSj 
 
 Mx. 
 
 B bipinnata, L. 
 
 Maruta Cotula, DC. 
 
 Leucanthemum vulgare, 
 
 Lam. 
 
 Centaurea Cyanus, L. 
 
 Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop. 
 
 C discolor, Spreng. 
 
 C pumilum, Spreng. 
 
 C horridulum, Mx. 
 
 C ARVENSE, Scop. 
 
 Lappa major, Gaertn. 
 Cichorium Intybus, L. 
 Plantago lanceolata, L. 
 Verbascum Thapsus, L. 
 
 LlNARIA VULGARIS, Mill. 
 
 j 131. Nepeta Cataria, L. 
 . 133. Leonurus Cardiaca, L. 
 
 ,136. ECHIUM VULGARE, L. 
 
 138. Cynoglossum Morisoni, DC. 
 ^140. Convolvulus arvensis, L. 
 
 141. Cuscuta epilinum, Wich. 
 . 143. Datura Stramonium, L. 
 
 145. Solanum nigrum, L. 
 
 — S Carolinense, L. 
 
 154. Chenopodium album, L. 
 
 155. Amaranthus albus, L. 
 ^— A hybrid us, L. 
 
 — A spinosus, L. 
 
 157. Rumex crispus, L. 
 
 — R obtusifolius, L. 
 
 — R Acetosella. 
 
 158. Polygonum sagittatum, L. 
 
 — P arifolium, L. 
 
 185. Urtica dioica, L. 
 
 vl99. Smilax rotui>difolia, L. 
 
 — S— «— caduca, L. 
 
 200. Ornithogalum umbella- 
 
 TUM, L. 
 
 201. Allium vineale, L. 
 
 203. Juncus communis, E. Mey 3 
 
 204. Carex acuta, Gooden. 
 206. Cyperus repens, Ell. 
 
 — C 
 
 Hydra, Mx. 
 
 214. Panicum sanguinale, L. 
 217. Cenchrus tribuloides, L. 
 229. Bromus secalinus, L. 
 232. Triticum repens, L. 
 245. Merulius lachrymans, 
 Schum. 
 
 247. Ascophora Mucedo, Link. 
 
 248. Uredo segetum, Pers. 
 
 249. Puccinia Graminis, Pers. 
 Seventy-three in number ; of 
 
 which some 16 or 18 are eminent- 
 ly pernicious. 
 
251 
 
 VII. Plants which are chiefly mere Weeds, upon Farms,— and 
 
 ought to be expelledj or superseded by more useful ones. 
 
 Sisymbrium officinale, Scop. 130. Prunella vulgaris, L. 
 
 9. 
 15. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 
 Moench. 
 x 19. Portulaca oleraoea, L. 
 20. Malva rotundifolia, L. 
 29. Rhus glabra, L. 
 % 43. Trifolium arvense, L. 
 52. Potentilla Norvegica, L. 
 
 — P Canadensis, L. 
 
 54. Rubus (all the wild species). 
 59. Oenothera biennis, L. (and 
 
 all others). 
 65. Saxifraga Pennsylvanica,L. 
 
 83. Eupatorium (all the species) 
 
 84. Aster ericoides, L. (and all 
 others). 
 
 / 85. Erigeron (all the species). 
 
 86. Solidago nemoralis, Ait. 
 (and all others). 
 
 87. Ambrosia triflda, L. 
 93. Achillea Millefolium, L. 
 
 97. Gnaphalium polvcephalum, 
 Mx. 
 
 98. Erechtites hieracifolia, Raf. 
 
 99. Senecio aureus, L. 
 103. Cirsium (all the species). 
 106. Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 
 
 Desf. 
 108. Lobelia (all the species). 
 111. Andromeda Mariana, L. 
 114. Plantago major, L. 
 119. Verbena urticaefolia, L. 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 131. Nepeta Glechoma, Benth. 
 
 132. Lamium amplexicaule, L. 
 135. Teucrium Canadense, L. 
 137. Lithospermum arvense, L. 
 148. Asclepias tuberosa, L. 
 158. Polygonum (all the species). 
 160. Phytolacca decandra, L. 
 166. Euphorbia (all the species). 
 176. Alnus serrulata, Willd. 
 194. Symplocarpus foetidus, 
 
 Salisb. 
 197. Sagittaria sagittae folia, L. 
 
 203. Juncus (all the species). 
 
 204. Carex (all the spec'.es). 
 
 205. Scirpus (all the species)i 
 
 206. Cyperus (all the species). 
 
 207. Leersia oryzoides, Swartz. 
 215. Panicum (all the species). 
 
 215. Setaria glauca, Beauv. 
 
 — S viridis, Beauv. 
 
 216. Oplismenus Crus-galli, K^th 
 220. Phragmites communis, Trin 
 
 237. Andropogon scoparius, Mx. 
 
 — A furcatus, Muhl. 
 
 — A nutans, L. 
 
 238. Equisetum (all the species)^ 
 
 240. Pteris (and all other Ferns). 
 
 241. Sphagnum (and all other 
 Mosses). 
 
 Abozct 120 species, which infest 
 the farm, as mere Weeds. 
 
INDEX 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ORDERS, TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES. 
 
 [Synonyms in Italics.] 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 ABELMOSCHUS, Medil 
 
 •. 16 
 
 ALNUS, Tournef. 
 
 170 
 
 ABIES, L. 
 
 183 
 
 serrulata, Willd. 
 
 170 
 
 Canadensis, Mx. 
 
 183 
 
 Alyssineae, DC. 
 
 10 
 
 Abietineae, Rick. 
 
 181 
 
 AMARANTHACEAE, JWs.140 
 
 ABUTILON, Gaertn. 
 
 17 
 
 AMARANTHUS, L. 
 
 140 
 
 Avicennae, Gaertn. 
 
 18 
 
 albus, L. 
 
 141 
 
 ACER, Moenck. 
 
 26 
 
 graecizans ? Willd. 
 
 141 
 
 dasycarpum, Ehrh. 
 
 26 
 
 hybrid us, L. 
 
 141 
 
 eriocarpum, Mx. 
 
 26 
 
 spinosus, L. 
 
 141 
 
 rubrum, L. 
 
 27 
 
 AMBROSIA, Tottrnef. 
 
 79 
 
 saccharinum, L. 
 
 26 
 
 artemisiaefolia, L. 
 
 80 
 
 ACERACEAE, Juss. 
 
 25 
 
 elatior, L. 
 
 80 
 
 ACHILLEA, L. 
 
 85 
 
 trifida, L. 
 
 80 
 
 Millefolium, L. 
 
 86 
 
 Ammineae, Koch. 
 
 62 
 
 AcHYRANTHEAE, Endl. 
 
 140 
 
 Aiiygdaleae, Jnss. 
 
 41 
 
 ACORUS, L. 
 
 190 
 
 AMYGDALUS, L. 
 
 42 
 
 Calamus, L. 
 
 190 
 
 ANACARDIACEAE, r. 
 
 Br. 23 
 
 ACTAEA, L. 
 
 3 
 
 ANDROMEDA, L. 
 
 103 
 
 racemosa, E. 
 
 3 
 
 Mariana, L. 
 
 103 
 
 AESCULUS, L. 
 
 27 
 
 Andromedeae, DC. 
 
 103 
 
 Hippocastanum, L. 
 
 27 
 
 ANDROPOGON, L. 
 
 235 
 
 AGARICUS, L. 
 
 242 
 
 avenaceus, Mx. 
 
 236 
 
 campestris, L. 
 
 242 
 
 furcatus, Muhl. 
 
 235 
 
 AGROSTEMMA, L. 
 
 15 
 
 nutans, L. 
 
 236 
 
 Githago, L. 
 
 15 
 
 saccharatus, Roxb. 
 
 236 
 
 Agrostideae, Kimth. 
 
 216 
 
 scoparius, Mx. 
 
 235 
 
 AGROSTIS, L. 
 
 217 
 
 Andropogoneae, Kicnth. 
 
 234 
 
 lateriflora, Mx. 
 
 217 
 
 ANTHEMIS, L. 
 
 85 
 
 polymorpha, Hicds. 
 
 217 
 
 Cotida, L. 
 
 84 
 
 vulgaris, With. 
 
 217 
 
 nobilis, L. 
 
 85 
 
 AILANTHUS, De*f. 
 
 25 
 
 ANTHOXANTHUM, L. 
 
 210 
 
 glandulosa, Desf. 
 
 25 
 
 odoratum, L. 
 
 210 
 
 Ajugoideae, Benth. 
 
 121 
 
 Antirrhineae, Chav. 
 
 110 
 
 ALGAE, Jnss. 
 
 246 
 
 APIUM, Hoffm. 
 
 63 
 
 ALISMACEAE, DC. 
 
 191 
 
 graveolens, L. 
 
 63 
 
 Alismeae, Rich. 
 
 191 
 
 Araeideae, DC. 
 
 6 
 
 ALLIUM, L. 
 
 195 
 
 ARACEAE, Jzcss. 
 
 188 
 
 Cepa, L. 
 
 197 
 
 ARACHIS, L. 
 
 32 
 
 Porrum, L. 
 
 196 
 
 hypogaea, L. 
 
 32 
 
 sativum, L. 
 
 196 
 
 ARALIA,i. 
 
 69 
 
 Schoenoprasum, L. 
 
 197 
 
 racemosa, L. 
 
 69 
 
 vineale, L. 
 
 196 
 
 ARALIACEAE, Jnss. 
 
 69 
 
 22 
 
254 
 
 index Op f fi'fi 
 
 ARCHEMORA, DC. 65 
 
 rigida, DC. 65 
 
 ARCTIUM, L. 97 
 
 Lappa, L. 97 
 
 ARISAEMA, Mart. 188 
 
 atrorubens, Bhime. 189 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIA, Tournef. 137 
 
 Serpentaria, L. 137 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, J"s. 137 
 
 ARMENIACA, Tournef. 42 
 
 dasycarpa, Pers. 43 
 
 vulgaris, Lam. 43 
 
 ARRHENATHERUM, J5v. 221 
 
 221 
 
 88 
 
 88 
 
 88 
 
 188 
 
 188 
 
 218 
 
 228 
 
 228 
 
 218 
 
 218 
 
 avenaceum, Beauv. 
 ARTEMISIA, L. 
 
 Absinthium, L. 
 
 Dracunculus, L. 
 ARUM, L. 
 
 triphyllum, L. 
 Arundinaceae, Kunth. 
 ARUNDINARIA, Rick. 
 
 macrosperma, Mx. 
 ARUNDO, L. 
 
 Phragmit.es, L. 
 ASCLEPIADACEAE,22. Br.133 
 
 Asclepiadeae, R. Br. 133 
 
 ASCLEPIAS, L. 133 
 
 tuberosa, L. 134 
 
 ASCOPHORA, Tode. 244 
 
 Mucedo, Link. 245 
 
 ASPARAGEAE, Eudl '. 198 
 
 ASPARAGUS, L. 198 
 
 officinalis, L. 198 
 
 ASPHODELEAE, Elldl. 194 
 
 ASTER, Tournef. 76 
 
 ericoides, L. 76 
 
 tenuifolius, Fl. Cestr. 76 
 
 Asteroideae, Less. 76 
 
 Atripliceae, C. A. Meyer. 138 
 
 AURANTIACEAE, Correa. 19 
 
 AVENA, L. 220 
 
 elatior, L. 221 
 
 sativa, D. 221 
 
 Avenaceae, Kunth. 220 
 
 BALSAMIFLUAE, Kw«. 174 
 
 BARBAREA, R. Br. 6 
 
 praecox, R. Br. 6 
 
 BATATAS, Rumph. 124 
 
 edulis, Chois. 125 
 
 BENZOIN, JV««*. 148 
 
 odoriferum, Nees. 148 
 
 BETA, Tournef. 138 
 
 vulgaris, D. 139 
 
 BETULA, Tournef. 169 
 
 lenta, D. 169 
 
 nigra, D. 169 
 
 papyraceae, Ait. 170 
 
 r«£m, iVTr. 169 
 
 BETULA CEAE, Richard. 169 
 
 BIDENS, L. 83 
 
 bipinnata, D. 84 
 
 chrysanthemoides, Mx. 83 
 
 frondosa, D. 83 
 
 quadriaristata? DC. 83 
 
 BIGNONIA, L. 107 
 
 Catalpa, L. 107 
 
 BIGNONIACEAE, JW*. 107 
 
 Bignonieae, Bojer. 107 
 
 Borageae, DC. 122 
 
 BORAGINACEAE, Jttss. 122 
 
 BOTROPHIS,Raf. 3 
 
 BRASSICA, D. 7 
 
 campestris, L. 8 
 
 oleracea, L. 7 
 
 Rapa, -L. 9 
 
 Brassiceae, DC. 7 
 
 BROMELIACEAE, Jnss. 192 
 
 BROMUS, D. 227 
 
 secalinus, L. 227 
 
 BROUSSONETIA, Ferc*. 178 
 
 papyrifera, Vent. 178 
 
 CAMELINA, Crantz. 11 
 
 sativa, Crantz. 11 
 
 Camelineae, DC. 11 
 
 Campylospermae, DC. 67 
 
 Cannabineae, Blume. 179 
 
 CANNABIS, Tour?ief. 180 
 
 sativa, D. 180 
 
 CAPRIFOLIACEAE, Juss. 71 
 
 CAPSELLA, F**f. 12 
 
 Bursa-pastoris, Moench. 12 
 
 CAPSICUM, Tournef. 129 
 
 annuum, D. 129 
 
 CARDUVS, L. 93 
 
 arvensis, Sm. 95 
 
 discolor, Nutt. 91 
 
 lanceolatus, L. 93 
 
 pumilus, Niitt. 94 
 
 spinosissimus , Walt. 94 
 
 CAREX, i. 200 
 
 acuta, Gooden. 201 
 
 multiflora, iVf?</^. 200 
 
 tentaculata, Muhl. 200 
 
 Cariceae, Nees. 199 
 
 CARPINUS, L. 158 
 
 Ostrya, L. 158 
 
ORDERS, TRIBES. GENERA AND SPECIES 
 
 255 
 
 CARUM, Koch. 
 
 64 
 
 Carui, Z. 
 
 64 
 
 CARYA, Nutt. 
 
 156 
 
 alba, Nutt. 
 
 156 
 
 clivaeformis, Nutt. 
 
 158 
 
 porcina, Nutt. 
 
 157 
 
 tomentosa, Nutt. 
 
 156 
 
 CARYOPHYLLACEAE,J"ww.l4 
 
 Cassieae, Broun. 41 
 
 CASTANEA, Tournef. 167 
 
 pumila, Mill. 168 
 
 vesca, Gaertn. 168 
 
 CATALPA, Scop. 107 
 
 bignonioides, Walt. 107 
 
 cordifolia, Duham. 107 
 
 Celtideae, Rich. 151 
 
 CELTIS, Tournef. 151 
 
 occidentalis, Z. 151 
 
 CENCHRUS, Z. 215 
 
 tribuloides, Z. 215 
 
 CENTAUREA, Z. 91 
 
 Cyanus, Z. 92 
 
 CERASUS, Juss. 45 
 
 avium, Moeneh. 45 
 
 Caproniana? DC. 45 
 
 Chicasa, DC. 44 
 
 hyemalis, DC. 44 
 
 nigra, DC. 44 
 
 serotina, Z>C 46 
 
 Virgiyiiana, Mx. 46 
 
 vulgaris, Mill. 45 
 
 CERCIS, Z. 40 
 
 Canadensis, L. 40 
 
 CETRARIA, ileA. 240 
 
 Islandica, A'ch. 240 
 
 CHAMAEROPS, L.. 188 
 
 Palmetto, Mx. 188 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE, Tfcw*: 137 
 
 Chexopodieae, C A. Meyer. .138 
 
 CHENOPODIUM, Z. 139 
 
 album, Z. 139 
 
 anthelminticum, L. 140 
 
 CHIMAPHILA, P?^/i. 104 
 
 umbellata, Nutt. 104 
 
 Chlorideae, Kuvth. 219 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM, L. 86 
 
 leucanthemum, L. 86 
 
 CICER, Tournef, 31 
 
 arietinum, I/. 31 
 
 Cichoraceae, Vaill. 9.7 
 
 CICHORIUM, Tournef. 97 
 
 Endivia, Wt7W. 98 
 
 Intybus, Z. 97 
 
 CICUTA, Z. 62 
 
 maculata, Z. 62 
 
 CIMICIFUGA, Z. 3 
 
 racemosa, Ell. 3 
 
 Cimicifugeae, Torr. <$• Gr. 2 
 
 CINNA, L. 217 
 
 Mexicana, Kunth. 217 
 
 CIRSIUM, Tournef. 93 
 
 arvense, Scop. 95 
 
 discolor, Spre?ig. 94 
 
 horridulum, .Mir. 94 
 
 lanceolatum, Scop. 93 
 
 pumilum, Spreng. 94 
 
 CITRULLUS, iVec£. 59 
 
 vulgaris, Schrad. 59 
 
 CITRUS, Z. 19 
 
 Aurantium, Risso. 20 
 
 Medica, Risso. 20 
 
 CLADONIA, ITo^m. 241 
 
 rangiferina, Hojjjfyi. 241 
 
 CNICUS, L. 95 
 
 arvensis, Hoffm. 95 
 
 COCHLEARIA, Tournef. 10 
 
 Armoracia, Zr. 10 
 
 CoELOSPERMAE, X>C 6S 
 
 COMPOSITAE, Faitf. 74 
 
 CONIFERAE, .7W*. 181 
 
 Coniomycetes, Fries. 245 
 
 CONIUM, Z. 67 
 
 maculatum, Z. 68 
 
 CONVALLARIEAE, E?ldl. 193 
 
 CONVOLVULACEAE,JWs.l24 
 
 Convolvuleae, Chois. 124 
 
 CONVOLVULUS, Z. 125 
 
 arvensis, Z. 125 
 
 Batatas, L. 125 
 
 CoRIANDREAE, Koch. 68 
 
 CORIANDRUM, iZ#?n. 68 
 
 sativum, Z. 68 
 
 CORNACEAE, DC. 70 
 
 CORNUS, Tournef. 70 
 
 florida, Z. 70 
 
 CORYLUS, Tournef. 159 
 
 Americana, Marsh. 159 
 
 Coryphinae; Martius. 187 
 
 CRATAEGUS, Z. 52 
 
 cordata, -<4i£. 52 
 
 Crus-galli, Z. 52 
 
 Crotoneae, Blume. 153 
 
 CRUCIFERAE, /w, 5 
 
 CUCUMIS, Z. 58 
 
 Anguria, Z. 58 
 
 Citrullus, Ser. 
 
 59 
 
256 
 
 INDEX OF THE 
 
 Melo, L. 58 
 
 sativus, L. 58 
 
 CUCURBITA, L. 59 
 
 Melopepo, L. 60 
 
 Pepo, L. 60 
 
 suhverrucosa ? Willd. 60 
 
 verrucosa, L. 60 
 
 CUCURBIT ACEAE, Juss. 57 
 
 CtJCURBITEAE, DC. 57 
 
 Cupressineae, Rich. 184 
 
 CUPRESSUS, L. 185 
 
 disticha, L. 185 
 
 thyoides, L. 186 
 CUPULIFERAE, Richard. 158 
 
 CUSCUTA, Tournef. 126 
 
 epilinum, TFei'/i. 127 
 
 Europaea ? L. 127 
 
 Cuscuteae, Chois. 126 
 Cyclolobeae, C ^4. Mey. 138 
 
 CYDONIA, Tournef. 54 
 
 vulgaris, Pers. 54 
 
 CYNARA, Fat7/. 92 
 
 Scolymus, £. 92 
 
 Cynareae, ie5*. 91 
 
 CYNODON, Bic/i. 219 
 
 Dactvlon. P«; s. 219 
 CYNOGLOSSUM, Tournef. 124 
 
 Morisoni, -DC. 124 
 
 CYPERACEAE,Jmm. 199 
 
 Cypereae, Nees. 202 
 
 CYPERUS, £. 203 
 
 Hydra, Mx. 204 
 
 phymatodes, Muhl. 203 
 
 repens, J?//. 203 
 
 rotundus ? L. 204 
 
 strigosus, L. 203 
 
 DACTYLIS, £. 225 
 
 glomerata, L. 225 
 
 DATURA, L. 128 
 
 Stramonium, L. 128 
 
 Datureae, Endl. 128 
 
 Daucineae, Koch. 66 
 
 DAUCUS, Tournef. 66 
 
 Carota, Z.. 67 
 
 DELPHINIUM, £. 2 
 
 Consolida, L. 2 
 
 DIGIT ARIA, Scop. 212 
 
 sanguinalis, Scop. 212 
 
 DIOSPYROS, £. 105 
 
 Virginiana, £». 105 
 
 DIPSACEAE, Juss. 73 
 
 DIPSACUS, Tournef. 73 
 
 Fullonum, ikKtf. ' 73 
 
 sylvestris, Mill. 73 
 
 Dryadeae, Few£. 46 
 
 EBENACEAE, Vent. 104 
 ECHINOS PERM JIM, Sw. 124 
 
 Virginicitm, Lehm. 124 
 
 ECHIUM, Tournef. 122 
 
 vulgare, L. 122 
 
 ELEUSINE, GW*w. 220 
 
 Indica, Gaertn. 220 
 
 EQUISETACEAE, DC. 237 
 
 EQUISETUM, L. 237 
 
 hyemale, L. 237 
 
 ERECHTITES, #«/. 89 
 
 hieracifolia, Raf. 90 
 
 ERICACEAE, J"^s. 101 
 
 Ericineae, Desv. 103 
 
 ERIGERON, L. 77 
 
 annuum, Pers. 77 
 
 Canadense, Z». 77 
 
 heterophyllus , Muhl. 77 
 
 strigosum, Muhl. 78 
 
 ERVUM, Toumef. 33 
 
 Lens, Zj. 33 
 
 Eupatoriaceae, Less. 7-5 
 EUPATORIUM, Tournef. 75 
 
 perfoliatum, X». 75 
 
 EUPHORBIA, L. 152 
 
 hypericifolia, L. 152 
 EUPHORBIACEAE, Juss. 152 
 
 Euphorbieae, Bartl. 152 
 
 FAB A, Tournef. 32 
 
 vulgaris, Moench. 33 
 
 FAGOPYRUM, Tournef. 146 
 
 esculentum, Moench. 146 
 
 FAGUS, Tournef. 166 
 
 sylvatica, Z*. 167 
 
 sylvestris, Mx. 167 
 
 FESTUCA, L. • 226 
 
 pratensis, Htids. 226 
 
 Festucaceae, Ktmth. 222 
 
 FICUS, Tournef. 178 
 
 Carica, Z>. 178 
 
 FILICES, L. Jzw*. 238 
 
 Flavifxorae, Nees. 147 
 
 FOENICULUM, iiifaw*. 64 
 
 vulgare, Gaertn. 65 
 
 FRAG ARIA, Tournef. 41 
 
 vesca, Z<. 48 
 
 Virginiana, Ehrh. 48 
 
 Fraxineae, Bartl. 134 
 
 FRAXINUS, Tournef. 134 
 
 acuminata, Lam. 135 
 
 Americana, £. 135 
 
ORDERS, TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES 
 
 257 
 
 pubescens, Walt. 
 
 135 
 
 JUGLANS, L. 
 
 154 
 
 sambucifolia, Lam. 
 
 135 
 
 alba, L. 
 
 157 
 
 tomentosa, Mx. 
 
 135 
 
 cathartiea, Mx. 
 
 155 
 
 FUCUS, Agardh. 
 
 246 
 
 cinerea, L. 
 
 155 
 
 vesiculosus, L. 
 
 246 
 
 compressa, Mx. 
 
 156 
 
 FUNGI, Jus*. 
 
 242 
 
 glabra, Willd. 
 
 157 
 
 Galegeae, Torr. <$* Gr. 
 
 35 
 
 nigra, L. 
 
 154 
 
 Gasteromycetes, Fries. 
 
 244 
 
 obcordata, Lam. 
 
 157 
 
 GENTIANACEAE, Juss. 
 
 132 
 
 olivaeformis, Mx. 
 
 158 
 
 Gentianeae, DC. 
 
 132 
 
 por ciiia, Mx. 
 
 157 
 
 GLECHOMA, L. 
 
 119 
 
 regia, L. 
 
 155 
 
 hederacea, L. 
 
 119 
 
 squamosa, Mx. 
 
 156 
 
 GLEDITSCHIA, L. 
 
 41 
 
 tomentosa, Mx. 
 
 157 
 
 triacanthos, L. 
 
 41 
 
 JUNCACEAE, Juss. 
 
 19S 
 
 GLYCERIA, R. Br. 
 
 224 
 
 JUNCUS, L. 
 
 198 
 
 fluitans, R. Br. 
 
 225 
 
 communis, E. Mey. 
 
 199 
 
 GNAPHALIUM, L. 
 
 89 
 
 effusits, L. 
 
 199 
 
 polycephalum, Mx. 
 
 89 
 
 JUNIPERUS, L. 
 
 186 
 
 GOSSYPIUM, L. 
 
 17 
 
 Virginiana, L. 
 
 186 
 
 berbaceum, L. 
 
 17 
 
 LABIATAE, Juss. 
 
 111 
 
 GRAMINEAE, Juss. 
 
 204 
 
 LACTUCA, Toumef. 
 
 100 
 
 GROSSULACEAE, DC. 
 
 55 
 
 sativa, L. 
 
 100 
 
 HEDEOMA, Pers. 
 
 117 
 
 LAGENARIA, Ser. 
 
 57 
 
 pulegioides, Pers. 
 
 117 
 
 vulgaris, Ser. 
 
 57 
 
 HELIANTHUS, L. 
 
 82 
 
 LAMIUM, L. 
 
 119 
 
 tuberosus, L. 
 
 82 
 
 amplexicaule, L. 
 
 120 
 
 Heli.eboreae, DC. 
 
 2 
 
 LAPPA, Toumef. 
 
 96 
 
 HIBISCUS, L. 
 
 16 
 
 major, Gaertn. 
 
 97 
 
 esculentus, L. 
 
 16 
 
 LARIX, Neck. 
 
 184 
 
 HIPPOCASTANACEAE,Z>C\27 
 
 Americana, Mx. 
 
 184 
 
 HOLCUS, L. 
 
 209 
 
 LAURACEAE, Juss. 
 
 147 
 
 aveiiaceus, Scop. 
 
 221 
 
 LAURUS, L. 
 
 148 
 
 lanatus, L. 
 
 210 
 
 Benzoin, L. 
 
 148 
 
 IIORDEACEAE, KlCllth. 
 
 228 
 
 Sassafras, L. 
 
 148 
 
 EORDEUM, L. 
 
 232 
 
 LAVANDULA, L. 
 
 112 
 
 distichum, L. 
 
 232 
 
 Spica, DC. 
 
 112 
 
 vulgare, L. 
 
 232 
 
 vera, DC. 
 
 112 
 
 HUMULUS, L. 
 
 180 
 
 LEERSIA, Soland. 
 
 205 
 
 Lupulus, L. 
 
 180 
 
 oryzoides, Stvartz. 
 
 205 
 
 Hyacintheae, LfnZ'. 
 
 194 
 
 LEGUMINOSAE, Juss. 
 
 31 
 
 HYDROCHLOA, Endl. 
 
 206 
 
 LEONTODON, L. 
 
 99 
 
 HYDR OPYR UM, Link . 
 
 207 
 
 Taraxacum, L. 
 
 99 
 
 escirfeiitum, Link. 
 
 207 
 
 LEONURUS, L. 
 
 120 
 
 Hymenomycetes, Fries. 
 
 242 
 
 Cardiaca, L. 
 
 120 
 
 HYPERICACEAE, Jtiss. 
 
 13 
 
 Lepidikeae, DC. 
 
 11 
 
 Kypericeae, Chois. 
 
 13 
 
 LEPIDIUM, R. Br. 
 
 11 
 
 HYPERICUM, L. 
 
 14 
 
 sativum, L. 
 
 11 
 
 perforatum, L. 
 
 14 
 
 LEUCANTHEMUM,ZWwe/.S6 
 
 HYSSOPUS, L. 
 
 116 
 
 vulgare, Lam. 
 
 86 
 
 officinalis, L. 
 
 116 
 
 LEUCOTHOE, G. Don. 
 
 104 
 
 INDIGOFERA, L. 
 
 35 
 
 Mariana, DC. 
 
 104 
 
 tinctoria, L. 
 
 36 
 
 LICHENES, Ach. 
 
 240 
 
 JUGLANDACEAE, DC. 
 
 154 
 
 LlGULAEFLORAE, DC. 
 
 97 
 
 
 2U 
 
 * 
 
 
258 
 
 INDEX OP THE 
 
 LIGUSTRUM, Tournef. 
 
 vulgare, L. 
 LILIACEAE, Juss. 
 LINACEAE, DC. 
 LINARIA, Tournef. 
 
 vulgaris, Mill. 
 LINUM, L. 
 
 usitatissimum, L. 
 LIQUID AMBAR, L. 
 
 styraciflua, L. 
 LIRIODENDRON, L. 
 
 tulipifera, L. 
 LITHOSPERMUM, Ton mef. 
 
 arvense, L. 
 LOBELIA, L. 
 
 infiata, L. 
 LOBELIACEAE, Jus*. 
 Loeelieae, Presl. 
 LOLIUM, L. 
 
 perenne, L. 
 LYCHNIS, DC. 
 
 Git ha go, Lain. 
 LYCOPERSICUM, Tournef. 
 
 esculentum, Mill. 
 LYCOPODIACEAE,' Sw. 
 LYCOPODIUM, L. 
 
 dendroideum, Sw. 
 MACLURA, Nutt. 
 
 aurantiaca, Nutt. 
 MAGNOLIA, L. 
 
 acuminata, L. 
 MAGNOLIACEAE, Juss. 
 Magnolieae, DC. 
 MAJOR AN A, Moench. 
 
 hortensis, Moench. 
 MALUS, Tournef. 
 
 coronaria. Mill. 
 MALVA, L. 
 
 rotnndifolia, L. 
 MALVACEAE, Juss. 
 MARRUBIUMjL. 
 
 vulgare, L. 
 MARTYNIA, L. 
 
 proboscidea, Glox. 
 MARUTA, Cass. 
 
 Cotula, DC. 
 MEDICAGO, Tournef. 
 
 sativa, L. 
 MELIA, L. 
 
 Azedarach, L. 
 MELIACEAR, Juss. 
 MfcXILOTUS, Tournef. 
 
 leucantha, Koch. 
 
 136 
 
 MELISSA, Benth. 
 
 117 
 
 136 
 
 officinalis, L. 
 
 117 
 
 194 
 
 Melissineae, Benth. 
 
 116 
 
 21 
 
 MENTHA, L. 
 
 113 
 
 110 
 
 piperita, L. 
 
 113 
 
 110 
 
 viridis, L. 
 
 113 
 
 21 
 
 Menthoideae, Benth. 
 
 113 
 
 21 
 
 MERULIUS, Hall. 
 
 243 
 
 174 
 
 lachrymans, Schum. 
 
 243 
 
 174 
 
 Monardeae, Benth. 
 
 114 
 
 4 
 
 Moreae, Gaiidich. 
 
 176 
 
 4 
 
 MORUS, Tournef. 
 
 176 
 
 123 
 
 alba, L. 
 
 176 
 
 123 
 
 rubra, L. 
 
 176 
 
 101 
 
 MUCOR 
 
 245 
 
 101 
 
 Mucedo 
 
 245 
 
 100 
 
 MUHLENBERGIA, Schreb. 
 
 216 
 
 100 
 
 diffusa, Willd. 
 
 216 
 
 228 
 
 Mexicana, Trin. 
 
 217 
 
 229 
 
 MUSCt, Dillen. 
 
 239 
 
 15 
 
 NASTURTIUM, R. Br. 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 officinale, R. Br. 
 
 6 
 
 13] 
 
 NEPETA, Benth. 
 
 118 
 
 131 
 
 Cataria, L. 
 
 119 
 
 237 
 
 Glechoma, Benth. 
 
 119 
 
 237 
 
 Nepeteae, Benth. 
 
 118 
 
 237 
 
 NICOTIANA, L. 
 
 127 
 
 177 
 
 Tabacum, L. 
 
 127 
 
 177 
 
 NlCOTIANEAE, E'/ldl. 
 
 127 
 
 3 
 
 NYSSA, L. 
 
 149 
 
 4 
 
 multiflora, Walt. 
 
 149 
 
 3 
 
 sylvatica, Mx. 
 
 149 
 
 3 
 
 villosa, Willd. 
 
 149 
 
 114 
 
 Ocimoideae, Benth. 
 
 111 
 
 115 
 
 OCIMUM, L. 
 
 111 
 
 54 
 
 basilicum, L. 
 
 112 
 
 54 
 
 OENOTHERA, L. 
 
 55 
 
 16 
 
 biennis, L. 
 
 55 
 
 16 
 
 OL-E.ACEAT,,Hoffmsg.\Linl 
 
 .131 
 
 16 
 
 Oleiiveae, DC. 
 
 136 
 
 121 
 
 ON A GRACE A E, Juss. 
 
 51 
 
 121 
 
 Onagreae, DC. 
 
 55 
 
 108 
 
 OPLISMENUS, Beauv. 
 
 214 
 
 108 
 
 Crus-galli, Kuvth. 
 
 214 
 
 81 
 
 ORNITHOGALUM, Link. 
 
 195 
 
 84 
 
 umbellatum, L. 
 
 195 
 
 39 
 
 Orthospermae, DC. 
 
 62 
 
 39 
 
 ORYZA, L. 
 
 206 
 
 20 
 
 sativa, L. 
 
 206 
 
 21 
 
 Orvzeae, Kunth. 
 
 205 
 
 20 
 
 OSTRY A, Michel. 
 
 158 
 
 39 
 
 Virginica, Willd. 
 
 158 
 
 39 
 
 OXYCOCCUS, Tournef. 
 
 103 
 
ORDERS, TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES 
 
 259 
 
 macrocarpus, Pers. 
 PALMAE, L. Juss. 
 PANAX, L. 
 
 quinquefolium, L. 
 Paniceae, Kunth. 
 PANICUM, Z. 
 
 capillare, L. 
 
 Crus-galli, L. 
 
 sanguinale, L. 
 
 viride, L. 
 PAPAVER, L. 
 
 dubium, L. 
 PAPAVERACEAE, Juss. 
 Papilionaceae, L. 
 PASTINACA, Tournef. 
 
 sativa, L. 
 PEDALIACEAE, R. Br. 
 Pedalineaf, R. Br. 
 PENNISETUM, Rich. 
 PERSIC A, Tournef. 
 
 Jaevis, DC. 
 
 vulgaris, Mill. 
 PETROSELINUM, lloffm. 
 
 sativum, Hoffm. 
 Peucedaneae, DC. 
 PHALACROLOMA] Cass. 
 
 obtusifolium, Cass. 
 Phal,arideae, Kunth. 
 Phaseoleae, Broun. 
 PHASEOLUS, L. 
 
 lunatus, L. 
 
 vulgaris, Savi. 
 PHLEUM, L. 
 
 pratense, L. 
 PHRaGMITES, Trin. 
 
 communis, Trin. 
 PHYTOLACCA, To urnef. 
 
 decandra, L. 
 PHYTOLACCACEAE,.R.2?r 
 PINUS, L. 
 
 australis, Mx. 
 
 Canadensis, L. 
 
 microcarpa, Lamb. 
 
 mitis, Mx. 
 
 palustris, L.. 
 
 Strobus, L. 
 
 variabilis, Lamb. 
 PISUM, Tourwf. 
 
 sativum, L. 
 PLANTAGINACEAE,^*. 
 PLANTAGO, L. 
 
 lanceolata, L. 
 
 major, L. 
 
 103 
 
 PLATANACEAE, Lestib. 
 
 174 
 
 187 
 
 PLATANUS, L. 
 
 175 
 
 69 
 
 occidentalis, L. 
 
 175 
 
 70 
 
 POA, L. 
 
 222 
 
 211 
 
 annua, L. 
 
 222 
 
 211 
 
 compressa, L. 
 
 224 
 
 212 
 
 pratensis, L. 
 
 223 
 
 215 
 
 trivialis, L. 
 
 223 
 
 211 
 
 viridisy JMuhl. 
 
 223 
 
 213 
 
 POL YG A LA, Tournef. 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 Senega, L. 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 POLYG\LACEAE,JWs. 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 POLYGONACEAE, Juss. 
 
 142 
 
 31 
 
 PoLYGONEAE, Endl % 
 
 142 
 
 66 
 
 POLYGONUM, L. 
 
 144 
 
 66 
 
 arifolium, L. 
 
 145 
 
 10S 
 
 Fagopyrum, L. 
 
 146 
 
 108 
 
 Hydropipe*, L. 
 
 144 
 
 213 
 
 Pennsylvanicum, L. 
 
 145 
 
 42 
 
 Persicaria, &. 
 
 144 
 
 42 
 
 pi.inctatii7n, Ell? 
 
 144 
 
 42 
 
 sagittatum, L. 
 
 145 
 
 63 
 
 Pomeae, Juss. 
 
 52 
 
 61 
 
 POPULUS, Tournef. 
 
 172 
 
 65 
 
 angulata, Ait. 
 
 173 
 
 78 
 
 dilatata, Ait- 
 
 173 
 
 78 
 
 Graeea, Ait. 
 
 173 
 
 207 
 
 laevigata ? Ait. 
 
 172 
 
 34 
 
 tremuloides, Mx. 
 
 172 
 
 31 
 
 trepida ? Willd. 
 
 172 
 
 34 
 
 PORTULACA, Tournef. 
 
 15 
 
 34 
 
 oleracea, L. 
 
 15 
 
 209 
 
 PORTULACACEAE, Juss. 
 
 15 
 
 209 
 
 POTENTILLA, L. 
 
 46 
 
 218 
 
 Canadensis, L. 
 
 47 
 
 218 
 
 Norvegica, L. 
 
 47 
 
 146 
 
 simplex, Mx. 
 
 47 
 
 147 
 
 PRUNELLA, L. 
 
 118 
 
 146 
 
 vulgaris, L. 
 
 118 
 
 181 
 
 PRUNUS, Tournef. 
 
 43 
 
 182 
 
 Americana, Marsh. 
 
 44 
 
 18" 
 
 Chicasa, Mx. 
 
 44 
 
 1S-I 
 
 dornestica, L. 
 
 44 
 
 182 
 
 PTERIS, L. 
 
 238 
 
 182 
 
 aquilina, L. 
 
 238 
 
 182 
 
 PUCCINIA, Pers. 
 
 245 
 
 182 
 
 Graminis, Pers. 
 
 245 
 
 33 
 
 PYROLA, L. 
 
 101 
 
 33 
 
 vmbellata, L. 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 
 Pyroleae, DC. 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 
 PYRUS, L. 
 
 53 
 
 106 
 
 communis, L. 
 
 53 
 
 101 
 
 i coronaria, L. 
 
 54 
 
260 
 
 INDEX OF THE 
 
 Malus, L. 
 QUERCUS, L. 
 
 alba, L. 
 
 bicolor, Willd. 
 
 Castanea, Muhl. 
 
 coccinea, Wangenh. 
 
 elongata, Willd. 
 
 falcata, Mx. 
 
 ferruginea, Mx. 
 
 imbricaria, Mx. 
 
 montana, Willd. 
 
 nigra, Willd. 
 
 obtusiloba, Mx. 
 
 palustris, Mx. 
 
 Phellos, L. 
 
 Prinus, L. 
 
 Primes acuminata, Mx. 
 " discolor, Mx. 
 " monticola; Mx. 
 11 palustris, Mx. 
 
 rubra, L. 
 
 stellata, Wangenh. 
 
 tinctoria, Bartr. 
 
 virens, Ait. 
 RANUNCULACEAE, Juss. 
 Ranunculeae, DC. 
 RANUNCULUS, L. 
 
 buibosus, L. 
 Raphaneae,Z)C 
 RAPHANUS, Toicmef. 
 
 sativns, L. 
 RHEUM, L. 
 
 Rhaponticum, Ait. 
 RHUS, L. 
 
 glabra, L. 
 
 radicans, L. 
 
 toxicodendron, L. 
 
 typliina, L. 
 
 venenata, DC. 
 
 vernix, L. 
 RIBES, L. 
 
 nigrum, L. 
 
 rubrum, L. 
 
 Uva-crispa, L. 
 RICINUS, Toumef. 
 
 comminiis, L. 
 ROBINIA, L. 
 
 Pseud-acacia, L. 
 ROSA, Toumef. 
 
 Carolina, L. 
 ROSACEAE,^«w. 
 Rosaceae proper, Torr. 4* &' 
 
 ROSEAE, JUSS. 
 
 53 
 
 ROTTBOELLIACEAE, 1C. 
 
 233 
 
 160 
 
 RUBIA, Toumef. 
 
 72 
 
 164 
 
 Tinctorum, L. 
 
 72 
 
 165 
 
 RUBIACEAE, Juss. 
 
 72 
 
 166 
 
 RUBUS, Tonmef. 
 
 49 
 
 162 
 
 Canadensis, L. 
 
 50 
 
 163 
 
 Idaeus, L. 
 
 49 
 
 163 
 
 occidentalis, L. 
 
 50 
 
 161 
 
 odoratus, L. 
 
 49 
 
 161 
 
 trivialis, Pursh. 
 
 50 
 
 165 
 
 villosus, Ait. 
 
 51 
 
 161 
 
 RUMEX, L. 
 
 142 
 
 164 
 
 Acetosella, L. 
 
 143 
 
 163 
 
 crispus, L. 
 
 143 
 
 160 
 
 obtusifolius, L. 
 
 143 
 
 165 
 
 SABAL, Adans. 
 
 188 
 
 166 
 
 Palmetto, Loddig. 
 
 188 
 
 165 
 
 SABBATH, Adans. 
 
 132 
 
 166 
 
 angularis, Pursh. 
 
 132 
 
 165 
 
 SACCHARUM, L. 
 
 234 
 
 162 
 
 officinarum, L. 
 
 234 
 
 164 
 
 SAGITTARIA, L. 
 
 191 
 
 162 
 
 sagittaefolia, L. 
 
 191 
 
 161 
 
 SALlCACEAE, Richard. 
 
 171 
 
 . 1 
 
 SALIX, Toumef. 
 
 171 
 
 1 
 
 Babylonica, L. 
 
 172 
 
 1 
 
 vitellina, L. 
 
 171 
 
 1 
 
 SALVIA, L. 
 
 114 
 
 13 
 
 officinalis, L. 
 
 114 
 
 13 
 
 Sambuceae, Kunth. 
 
 71 
 
 13 
 
 SaMBUCUS, Toumef. 
 
 71 
 
 142 
 
 Canadensis, L. 
 
 71 
 
 142 
 
 SXNTALACEAE, R. Br. 
 
 149 
 
 23 
 
 SASSAFRAS, Nees. 
 
 147 
 
 23 
 
 officinale, Nees. 
 
 147 
 
 24 
 
 Satureineae, Benth. 
 
 114 
 
 24 
 
 SATUREJA, l. 
 
 116 
 
 23 
 
 hortensis, L. 
 
 116 
 
 24 
 
 SAXIFR^GA, L. 
 
 61 
 
 24 
 
 Pennsylvanica, L. 
 
 61 
 
 56 
 
 SAXIFR\GACEAE, Juss. 
 
 61 
 
 56 
 
 Saxifrageae, DC 
 
 61 
 
 5G 
 
 SCABIOSEAE, DC. 
 
 73 
 
 56 
 
 Scirpeaw, Nees. 
 
 202 
 
 153 
 
 SCIRPUS, L. 
 
 202 
 
 153 
 
 Amerieanus, Pers. 
 
 202 
 
 35 
 
 pungens, Vahl. 
 
 202 
 
 35 
 
 triqueter, L. 
 
 202 
 
 51 
 
 SCROPHULARIACEAE,Xv 
 
 .109 
 
 51 
 
 SctTTiLLARixEAE, Benth. 
 
 118 
 
 41 
 
 SECALE, L. 
 
 231 
 
 r.46 
 
 cereale, L. 
 
 231 
 
 51 
 
 SENECIO, L. 
 
 90 
 
ORDERS, TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES 
 
 261 
 
 aureus, L. 
 
 Balsamitae, Muhl. 
 
 hieracifolius, L. 
 
 obovatus, Muhl. 
 Senecionideae, Less. 
 Seselineae, Koch. 
 SETARIA, Beauv. 
 
 Germanica, Beattv. 
 
 glauca, Beauv. 
 
 Italica, Beauv. 
 
 viridis, Beauv. 
 SID A, L. 
 
 Abutilon, L. 
 Sileneae, DC. 
 SINAPIS, Tournef. 
 
 alba, L. 
 
 nigra, L. 
 
 SlSYMBRIEAR, DC. 
 
 SISYMBRIUM, All. 
 
 officinale, Scop. 
 SMILACE AE, R. Br. 
 SMIL AX, Tournef. 
 
 caduca, L. 
 
 rotundifolia, L. 
 Smyrnieae, Koch. 
 SOLANACEAE, Juss. 
 
 SOLANEAE, Endl. 
 
 SOLANUM, L. 
 
 Carolinense, L. 
 
 escuientum, Dunal. 
 
 insanum, L 
 
 Ly coper sicum, L. 
 
 nigrum, L. 
 
 tuberosum, L. 
 SOLIDAGO, L. 
 
 nemoralis, Ait. 
 Sophoreae, DC. 
 SORGHUM, Pers. 
 
 saccharatum, Moejich. 
 SPHAGNUM, Dillen. 
 
 obtusifolivm, Hook. 
 
 palustre, L. 
 SPINACH, Tournef. 
 
 oieracea, L. 
 Stachydeae, Benth. 
 Stellatae, R. Br. 
 STENACTIS, Cass. 
 
 ambigua, DC. 
 
 annua, Cass. 
 
 strigosa, DC. 
 SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. 
 
 foetidus, Salisb. 
 TANACETUM, L. 
 
 90 
 
 vulgare, L. 
 
 87 
 
 90 
 
 TARAXACUM, Hall. 
 
 99 
 
 90 
 
 Dens-leonis, Desf. 
 
 99 
 
 90 
 
 TAXODIUM, Richard. 
 
 184 
 
 79 
 
 disticbum, Richard. 
 
 185 
 
 64 
 
 TEUCRIUM, L. 
 
 121 
 
 213 
 
 Canadense, L. 
 
 121 
 
 214 
 
 THLASPI, Dillen. 
 
 12 
 
 213 
 
 Bursa-pastoris, L. 
 
 12 
 
 214 
 
 THUJA, Tournef. 
 
 185 
 
 213 
 
 spbaeroidalis, Rich. 
 
 185 
 
 18 
 
 THYMUS, L. 
 
 115 
 
 18 
 
 vulgaris, L. 
 
 115 
 
 14 
 
 TILIA, L. 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 Americana, L. 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 Europaea, L. 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 glabra, Vent. 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 platypbylla, Scop. 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 TILIACEAE, Juss. 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 TILLANDSIA, L. 
 
 192 
 
 193 
 
 usneoicles, L. 
 
 192 
 
 193 
 
 TRAGOPOGON, Tournef. 
 
 98 
 
 194 
 
 porrifolium, L. 
 
 99 
 
 193 
 
 Trifolieae, Bronn. 
 
 36 
 
 67 
 
 TRIFOLIUM, Tournef. 
 
 36 
 
 127 
 
 arvense, L. 
 
 36 
 
 129 
 
 pratense, L. 
 
 37 
 
 129 
 
 repens, L. 
 
 38 
 
 131 
 
 TRIPSACUM, L. 
 
 233 
 
 131 
 
 dactyloides, L. 
 
 233 
 
 131 
 
 TRITICUM, L. 
 
 229 
 
 132 
 
 repens, L. 
 
 230 
 
 130 
 
 sativum, Lam. 
 
 230 
 
 130 
 
 vulgare, Vill. 
 
 229 
 
 78 
 
 TROPAEOLACEAE, Juss. 
 
 22 
 
 79 
 
 TROPAEOLUM, L. 
 
 22 
 
 40 
 
 majus, /> 
 
 22 
 
 236 
 
 TUBER, Michel. 
 
 244 
 
 236 
 
 Cibarium, Sibth. 
 
 244 
 
 239 
 
 TuBULIFLORAE, DC. 
 
 74 
 
 239 
 
 TYPHA, Tournef. 
 
 190 
 
 239 
 
 latifolia, L. 
 
 191 
 
 138 
 
 TYPHACEAR, Juss. 
 
 190 
 
 138 
 
 ULMACEAE, Mirb. 
 
 150 
 
 119 
 
 Ulmeae, A. Gray. 
 
 150 
 
 72 
 
 ULMUS, L. 
 
 150 
 
 77 
 
 Americana, L. 
 
 150 
 
 78 
 
 fulva, Mx. 
 
 151 
 
 77 
 
 rubra, Mx. f. 
 
 151 
 
 77 
 
 UMBELLIFERAE, Juss. 
 
 62 
 
 189 
 
 UREDO, Pers. 
 
 245 
 
 189 
 
 Segetum, Pers. 
 
 245 
 
 87 
 
 URTICA, Tournef. 
 
 179 
 
262 
 
 INDEX OF THE ORDERS, TRIBES, ETC. 
 
 dioica, Z. 
 URTICACEAE, Jtiss. 
 
 1 T RTICKAE, JuSS. 
 
 Vaccinieae, Endl. 
 VACCINIUM, Z. 
 
 corymbosum, Z. 
 Verbasceae, Benth. 
 VERBASCUM, Z. 
 
 Thapsus, Z. 
 VERBENA, Z. 
 
 urticaefolia, Z. 
 VBRBENACEAE, Juss. 
 VERNONIA, Sehreb. 
 
 Noveboracensis, Willd. 
 
 ■praealtd) Willd* 
 Vernoniaceae, Lfiss. 
 VICIA, Z. 
 Vicieaf, Bronn* 
 
 179 
 
 VITACEAE, Juss. 
 
 28 
 
 175 
 
 V1TIS, Z. 
 
 28 
 
 179 
 
 aestivalis, Mx. 
 
 29 
 
 101 
 
 Labrusca, Z. 
 
 29 
 
 102 
 
 rotundifotta, Mx. 
 
 30 
 
 102 
 
 vinifera, Z. 
 
 28 
 
 109 
 
 vulpina, Z» 
 
 30 
 
 109 
 
 XANTHIUM, Tournef. 
 
 80 
 
 109 
 
 spinosum, Z. 
 
 81 
 
 111 
 
 strumarium, Z. 
 
 8t 
 
 111 
 
 XANTHOXYLACEAE, 
 
 Nees 
 
 110 
 
 &r Mart, 
 
 21 
 
 74 
 
 ZEA, Z. 
 
 207 
 
 75 
 
 Mays, Z. 
 
 208 
 
 75 
 
 ZIZANIA, Z. 
 
 206 
 
 74 
 
 aquatica, Z. 
 
 207 
 
 32 
 31 
 
 clavulosa } Mx. 
 
 207 
 
INDEX 
 
 OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES 
 
 [French, German and Spanish names, in Italics.] 
 
 Page 
 L'Abricotier 43 
 
 Abridor 42 
 
 IJ Absinthe 88 
 
 Acacia. Three-thor- 
 
 ned 41 
 
 Acederilla 143 
 
 Acelga 139 
 
 Achicoria 98 
 
 Acker- Lauch. Der 196 
 Ackerwinde. Die 125 
 Acore odorant 190 
 
 Acoro Cdlamo 190 
 
 Agripalma 120 
 
 L'Agripaume 120 
 
 L\Ail 196 
 
 w4i'Z a*es Vignes 196 
 
 Ajedrea 116 
 
 ^> 1% 
 
 Alamo de Lombardia 173 
 Albahdca 112 
 
 Albaricoque 43 
 
 ,/4 Icachqfa 92 
 
 Alcaravea 64 
 
 Alder. Candle, Com- 
 mon 170 
 AJehoof 119 
 Alfalfa 40 
 Algodon 17 
 Athena 136 
 Allspice. WilJ 148 
 Alouette. Pied d' 2 
 Amapola 5 
 Amargon 99 
 Ampfer. Krauser 143 
 Sauer 143 
 ./Ina'om. DerWeisse 121 
 Anserine blanche 139 
 Apfelbaum. Der 53 
 ^4p/o hortense 63 
 Apple-tree. Common53 
 " Crab 54 
 Apricot. Black 43 
 •' Common 
 
 Moor- Park 43 
 Aprikosenbaum. Der 43 
 L'Arachide 32/ 
 
 Page. 
 ,<4ro£Z <fe Castor 4 
 
 Arrow-head 192 
 
 ^rroz 206 
 
 Artichaud 92 
 
 Artichoke 92 
 
 " Jerusalem 82 
 
 Artischoke. Die 92 
 
 Ash. Black, Water 135 
 " Red 135 
 
 " White 135 
 
 Asp. Quaking 172 
 
 Aspen. American 172 
 Asparagus 198 
 
 Asperge 198 
 
 Aubergine rouge 131 
 .4 vena 221 
 
 Avoine cultivee 221 
 
 " eZevee 222 
 
 ylxercio 83 
 
 BALM. COM- 
 MON 11? 
 Barba Cabruna 99 
 Barddna Lampazo 9 
 Barley. Four-rowed232 
 " ' Two-rowed232 
 Basil. Sweet 112 
 Basilic 112 
 Basilienkraut. &e- 
 
 meines 112 
 
 Bassinet 1 
 
 Bass-wood 19 
 
 Batata de Malaga 1 35 
 
 Bataten Winde 125 
 
 Batatin 130 
 
 Baume verte 113 
 
 Baumuiolle. Die 17 
 
 Bead-tree 21 
 
 Bean. Carolina, Lima 34 
 
 s « Castor-oil 153 
 
 " Horse, Windsor 33 
 
 " Kidney, Pole 
 
 String 34 
 
 Bean-tree 107 
 
 Beech-tree. White 16? 
 Beet. Garden, Sugar 139 
 Beggar's Lice 124 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 Beggar-ticks 
 Berro 
 
 83 
 6 
 
 Berza 
 
 7 
 
 ' * crespa 
 " Jlorida 
 ' ' repolluda 
 Bet te- rave 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 139 
 
 Bilsted 
 
 174 
 
 Bindweed 
 
 125 
 
 Rough 
 
 193 
 
 Birch. Black, Red 169 
 " Canoe, Paper 170 
 " Cherry, Sweet 169 
 
 Birnbaum. Der 53 
 
 Bitter-weed 80 
 
 Blackberry 51 
 
 Black-Jack 161 
 Bled. Le 
 
 Sara sin 146 
 
 Bleeding-Heart 45 
 
 Blight 245 
 
 Blue-berry 102 
 
 Blue-bonnets 92 
 
 Blue-bottle 92 
 
 Blue-devils 123 
 
 Bluet 92 
 
 Blue-weed 123 
 
 Blumenkohl. Der 8 
 
 Bockbart. Der 99 
 
 Bog-moss 239 
 Bohne. Diegemeine 34 
 
 Die Sau 33 
 
 Bolsa de Pastor 12 
 
 Bone-set 75 
 
 Bonnet de Pretre 60 
 
 Bore-cole 8 
 
 Boton de Oro 1 
 
 Bottle-gourd 57 
 
 Bottle-grass 213 
 
 Bouillon blanc 109 
 
 Bourse de Pasteur 12 
 
 Brake, or Bracken 238 
 
 Bramble 51 
 
 Brennessel. Die 179 
 
 Brier. Common 51 
 
 Green, 193 
 
264 
 
 INDEX OF 
 
 Brier. Running 
 
 50 
 
 Castor-oil Bean 
 
 153 
 
 Broccoli 
 
 8 
 
 Catawba 
 
 107 
 
 Brombeerstrauch. Der 51 
 
 Cat-mint. Cat-nep 
 
 119 
 
 Brome-grass 
 
 227 
 
 Cat-tail 
 
 191 
 
 Brome Seigle 
 
 227 
 
 Cauliflower 
 
 8 
 
 Bromo 
 
 227 
 
 Cebada 
 
 232 
 
 Broom-Corn 
 
 236 
 
 Cebotta 
 
 197 
 
 Brugnon. Le 
 
 42 
 
 Cebollino 
 
 19? 
 
 Brunela 
 
 118 
 
 Cedar. Red 
 
 186 
 
 Brunette. Gemeine 
 
 118 
 
 White 
 
 186 
 
 Brunette ordinaire 
 
 118 
 
 Cedrat 
 
 20 
 
 Bru7i?ie?ikresse. Die 6 
 
 Ceguda 
 
 68 
 
 Buche. Die 
 
 167 
 
 Celeri. Celeri. Der 
 
 63 
 
 Buchwaitzen. Der 
 
 146 
 
 Celery 
 
 63 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 146 
 
 Centaury 
 
 133 
 
 Bugloss. Viper's 
 
 123 
 
 Centeno 
 
 231 
 
 Bur-dock 
 
 97 
 
 Cerezo 
 
 45 
 
 Bur-grass 
 
 215 
 
 Cerisier. Le 
 
 45 
 
 Bur- marigold 
 
 83 
 
 Chamomile. Garden 85 
 
 Butler and Eggs 
 
 110 
 
 Stinking 85 
 
 Butter-cups 
 
 1 
 
 Champignon 
 
 242 
 
 Butterfly-weed 
 
 134 
 
 Chantre. Herb au 
 
 7 
 
 Butter-nut 
 
 155 
 
 Chanvre. Le 
 
 180 
 
 Butter-weed 
 
 77 
 
 Chardon aux Anes 
 
 95 
 
 Button-wood 
 
 175 
 
 " a Foulon 
 
 74 
 
 CABBAGE. BULB- 
 
 " lanceole 
 
 93 
 
 STALKED 
 
 8 
 
 Chataignier. Le 
 
 168 
 
 " Curled, Savoy 8 
 
 Chats. Her be aux 
 
 119 
 
 " Head, York 
 
 8 
 
 Cheat. Chess. 
 
 227 
 
 " Headless 
 
 8 
 
 Cherry. Bleeding 
 
 
 " Swamp 
 
 189 
 
 heart, English 
 
 45 
 
 " Tree 
 
 8 
 
 " Morello, Red 
 
 | 
 
 " Tumep-rooted 9 
 
 Sour 
 
 45 
 
 Cabbage-tree 
 
 188 
 
 " Mountain 
 
 44 
 
 Calabash 
 
 57 
 
 " Wild 
 
 46 
 
 Calabaza 
 
 57 
 
 Chesnut. Horse 
 
 27 
 
 Calamus 
 
 190 
 
 Chesnut-tree 
 
 168 
 
 Callebasse 
 
 57 
 
 Chicoree sauvage 
 
 98 
 
 Cameline cultivte 
 
 11 
 
 Chiccory 
 
 98 
 
 Camomille romaine 
 
 85 
 
 Chien dent 
 
 231 
 
 Caua 
 
 218 
 
 Chinquapin 
 
 168 
 
 " dc Azucar 
 
 234 
 
 Chirivia 
 
 56 
 
 Canamo 
 
 180 
 
 Chives, or Cives 
 
 19? 
 
 Cane 
 
 228 
 
 Choufleur 
 
 8 
 
 4i Sugar 
 
 234 
 
 " Navet 
 
 9 
 
 Canne a Sucre 
 
 234 
 
 1 ' potager 
 
 7 
 
 Cantaleupe 
 
 58 
 
 " Rave 
 
 8 
 
 Capuchiua 
 
 22 
 
 " de Savoy e 
 
 8 
 
 Ctipucine. Grande 
 
 22 
 
 1 ' de Suede 
 
 9 
 
 Caraway. Common 64 
 
 " en tete 
 
 8 
 
 Cardencha 
 
 74 
 
 li sails tele 
 
 8 
 
 Car do 
 
 93 
 
 Cidno 
 
 92 
 
 Carrot. Garden, wild 67 
 
 Ciboulette 
 
 197 
 
 Carotle 
 
 67 
 
 Cigue ordinaire 
 
 68 
 
 Carvi 
 
 64 
 
 Cilantro 
 
 68 
 
 Cassis 
 
 56 
 
 Cinquefoil 
 
 47 
 
 CastaTio 
 
 168 
 
 Ciruelo 
 
 44 
 
 " de Indias 
 
 27 
 
 Citronenbaum. Der 
 
 20 
 
 Castor. Arbol de 
 
 4 
 
 Citrouitte. La grosse 60 
 
 Clot-bur 81 
 
 " Thorny 81 
 
 Clover. Bokhara 39 
 
 " Common, Red 37 
 
 " Dutch, White 38 
 
 " French 40 
 
 " Stone, Welsh 37 
 
 " Tree 39 
 
 Cockle. Corn 15 
 
 Cockle-bur 81 
 
 "Coco-grass''? 204 
 
 Cognassier. Le 54 
 
 Concombre. Le 58 
 
 Corazoncillo 14 
 
 Coriander 68 
 
 Coriandre 68 
 
 Corn. Broom 236 
 
 " Indian 203 
 
 Correguela 125 
 
 Cotonnier. Le 17 
 
 Cotton-plant 17 
 
 Cotton-wood 173 
 
 Cotufa 82 
 
 Cowbane 65 
 
 " Spotted 62 
 
 Crab-apple 54 
 
 Crab-tree. Sweet 
 
 scented 54 
 
 Cranberry 103 
 
 Cress. Indian 22 
 
 Water 6 
 
 11 Winter 6 
 
 Cresson — Alenois 12 
 
 " defontaine 6 
 
 Criadilla de tierra 244 
 
 Crow-foot 1 
 
 Cucumber 58 
 
 " Jerusalem 
 
 Prickly 58 
 
 Cucumber-tree 4 
 
 Currant. Black 56 
 
 Red 56 
 
 Cuscuta 127 
 
 Cymling 60 
 
 Cvpress. Bald 185 
 DACTYLE PEL- 
 
 OTONNE 225 
 Daisy 77 78 
 v Ox-eye 86 
 Dame d , o?ize heures 195 
 Dandelion 99 
 Darnel 229 
 Date-plum 105 
 Dead-nettle 120 
 Bent de Lion 99 
 Dewberry 50 
 Dock. Bitter, Broad- 
 leaved 143 
 " Bur 97 
 
ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES 
 
 265 
 
 Dock. Curled, Sour 143 Flax 
 Dodder 127 " 
 
 Dog's-Fennel 85 " 
 
 Dog-wood. Common 70 " 
 Dotter-weide. Die 
 Dry-rot 
 EGG-PLANT. 
 
 PURPLE 
 Elder-bush. Com- 
 mon 
 Elder. Poison 
 
 21 
 Mountain 30 
 
 Toad 110 
 
 Wild 11 
 
 171 Flaxvine 127 
 
 243 Fleabane 77 76 
 
 \Flechitre commune 192 
 131 1 Fleole des Pres 209 
 
 \Floeh-kraut. Das 144 
 IvFlouve odorante 210 
 24 Foin de Mouton 210 
 Elm. Red, Slippery 151 Fougere femelle 235 
 " Weeping, white 150 Fox- tail 213 
 
 Endibia 9S| " Green 213 
 
 Endive 98 Fraisier. Le 48 
 
 Endivie. Die 98 Framboisier 50 
 
 Epinard des potagers\38 Frambueso 50 
 
 Equiseto 237'Fresera 48 
 
 Erbse. Gemeine 33 Froment. Le. 23C 
 
 Erd-Artischoke. Die 82 Fuco 246 
 
 Erdbeerpfanze. Die 48' GAENSEFUSS. 
 Erd-nuss. Die 32| Der 
 
 Erd-schwamm. Der 242 Galingale. Bristle 
 Esdragon 88J spiked 
 
 Espadana 191|Gama-grass 
 
 Espdrrago 198 t Ga?ance. La 
 
 Espinaca 138 Garavances 
 
 Espliego 112 
 
 Espuela de Cabellero 2 
 E st r agon 88 
 
 Estramonio 128 
 
 Eye-bright (Euphor- 
 bia) 152 
 " (Lobelia) 101 
 
 FAERBEE-ROE- 
 
 THE. Die 72 
 Fasoles 34 
 
 Feigenbaum. Der 178 
 65 
 85 
 65 
 65 
 226 
 226 
 33 
 148 
 
 Fenchel. Der 
 Fennel. Dog's 
 
 " Garden 
 Fenouil 
 
 Fescue. Meadow 
 Festuque des Pres 
 Feve de JMarais 
 Fever-bush 
 
 Fevier a trois Epines. 
 
 Le 41 
 
 Fig-tree 178 
 
 Figuier. Le 178 
 
 Fil de terre 127 
 
 Filbert. Wild 159 
 
 Fire-weed 90 
 
 Five-finger 47 
 
 Flachs. Gemeiner 21 
 
 Flachskraut. Das 11C 
 
 Flachs -seide. Die 127 
 
 Flag. Sweet 19C 
 
 139 
 
 203 
 
 233 
 
 72 
 
 31 
 
 Garbanzo 31 
 
 Garlic. Crow, Field 196 
 196 
 12 
 119 
 122 
 232 
 119 
 70 
 97 
 11 
 79 
 56 
 139 
 109 
 57 
 30 
 
 English 
 Garten-kresse. Die 
 Gatera 
 Germander 
 Gerste. Gemeine 
 Gill 
 
 Ginseng 
 Glouteron 
 Gold of Pleasure 
 Golden-rod 
 Goose-berry 
 Goose-foot 
 Gordolobo 
 Gourd. Bottle 
 Grape. Bullet, Bull 
 
 English, Wine 28 
 " Fox 29 30 
 
 " Little, Wild 29 
 
 " Muscadine 30 
 
 Grass of the Andes 222 
 
 " Bengal 214 
 
 " Bermuda 219 
 
 " Blue 224 
 
 " Bottle 213 
 
 " Bur 215 
 
 " Cats-tail 209 
 
 " Cocksfoot 225 
 
 " Coco? 204 
 
 " Couch 231 
 23 
 
 Grass Crab 212 
 
 " Crowfoot 220 
 " Cut 205 
 
 " Dog's-tail 220 
 " Dog's-tooth 219 
 " Drop-seed 216 
 «' Feather 210 
 
 " Fescue 226 
 
 " Finger 212 
 
 " Foxtail 213 
 
 " Gama 233 
 
 " Green 223 
 
 " Hedgehog 215 
 " Herd (of New 
 
 England) 209 
 11 Herd (of Penn- 
 sylvania) 217 
 " Indian 235 
 
 " " (Oat-like) 236 
 11 Manna 225 
 
 " (Early) Mea- 
 dow 222 
 " (Flat-stalked) 
 
 Meadow 224 
 " (Rough-stalk- 
 ed) Meadow 223 
 " (Smoot-stalk- 
 
 ed) Meadow 223 
 V " Nut" 203-4 
 11 Oat 222 
 
 " Orchard 225 
 
 11 Quitch 231 
 
 11 Ray, or Rye 229 
 " Reed 218 
 
 " Sesame 233 
 
 " Spear 223 
 
 11 Sweet-scented 
 
 Vernal 210 
 
 11 Wire 224 
 
 " Wood 235-6 
 
 " (Finger spi- 
 ked) 235 
 " (Purple) 235 
 
 Gremil des champs 123 
 Gromwell 123 
 
 Groseillier rouge 56 
 1 ' vrai 56 
 
 Ground-Ivy 119 
 
 Ground-nut 32 
 
 Groundsel 90 
 
 Guisante 33 
 
 Gum. Black, Sour 149 
 Sweet 174 
 
 Gundelrebe. Die 119 
 Gurke. Die 58 
 
 Gurhenbaum. Der 4 
 HABA 33 
 
 Hafer. Gemeiner 221 
 
266 
 
 INDEX Of 
 
 Hafer. Wiesen 222 
 Hanf. Der ISO 
 
 Haricot 34 
 
 Hasenklee. Der 37 
 
 Hay a 167 
 
 Hazel-nut 159 
 
 Heal-all 118 
 
 Heaven. Tree of 25 
 Hederich. Der 7 
 
 Hedge-mustard 7 
 
 Helecho feminino 238 
 Hemlock. Common 68 
 (Hemlock). Water 62 
 Hem lock- Spruce 183 
 Hemp 180 
 
 Henbit 120 
 
 Herbe au Chantre 7 
 
 11 aux Chats 119 
 aux Viperes 123 
 Herd-grass (of New 
 
 England) 209 
 
 " (of PeJin'a.) 21 
 Herzgespann. Das 120 
 Hetre. Le 167 
 
 Hickory. Broom, 
 
 Pignut 157 
 
 " Pecan 158 
 
 " Shell-bark 156 
 
 " White-heart 15 
 Higuera 178 
 
 Himbeerstaude. Die 50 
 Hinojo 65 
 
 Hirte?Uasche. Die 12 
 Hisopo 116 
 
 Hoar hound 121 
 
 Hoblon 180 
 
 Honey-Locust 41 
 
 Honig-dom. Der 41 
 Honig-grass. IVolli- 
 
 ges 210 
 
 Plop-Hornbeam 158 
 Hop-vine. Common 180 
 Hopfen. Der 180 
 
 Hornbeam. Hop 158 
 Horse- Chesnut 27 
 
 Horse-radish 10 
 
 Horse-weed 77 
 
 Houllon 180 
 
 Houque laineuse 210 
 Huckleberry. Swamp 
 
 or Tall 102 
 
 Hysope 116 
 
 Hyssop. Garden 116 
 INDIA. PRIDE of 21 
 Indigo-plant. Indigo 36 
 lndigopflanze. Die 36 
 Z.' Indigotier 36 
 
 Iron- weed 75 
 
 Iron-wood 158 
 
 hop. Der 11C 
 
 Ivraie vivace 22S 
 
 Ivy. Ground 119 
 
 " Poison 24 
 
 JAMESTOWN- 
 WEED 
 Jaramdgo 
 Johannisbeere. Ge- 
 meine 
 
 " Schwarze 
 
 Johanniskraut. Das 
 J one a mcche 
 Joyo 
 
 Judas-tree 
 Junco 
 
 KALAMUS. Der 
 Kamille. Die 
 
 ' ' Stinkende 
 Kannenkraut. Das 237 
 Kartendistel. Aechte 74 
 Kartoffel. Die 130 
 
 Kastanienbaum. Der 16? 
 Katzenmuenze. Die US 
 
 128 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 14 
 
 199 
 
 229 
 
 40 
 
 19 ( j 
 
 190 
 
 85 
 
 85 
 
 Kermesbeere. Die 147 
 Richer. Gemeine 31 
 Kirschbaum. Der 45 
 i£/ee. Per Hasen 37 
 " TFeisser 38 
 
 " Der Wiesen 87 
 /JTZe«e. Die 97 
 
 Knauel-gras. Gemei- 
 
 nes 225 
 
 Knoblauch. Der 196 
 
 Knot-weed. Spotted 144 
 
 fofti. Der 7 
 
 " jB/o^ 8 
 
 " Blumen. 8 
 
 " ii-V 8 
 
 Savoyer 8 
 
 Kohl-Rabi 8 
 
 Kohl-ruebe. Die 9 
 
 Koriander . Der 68 
 
 Korn-blume. Die 92 
 
 Kratsdistel. Die 93 
 
 Die ^Lc&er 95 
 
 Kresse. Die Brunnen 6 
 
 Kresse. Die Garten 12 
 
 " Kapuziner 22 
 
 Kuemmel. Gemeiner 64 
 
 Kuerbiss. Der 57 
 
 LADY'S THUMB 144 
 
 Laitue. La 100 
 
 Lamb's Quarters 139 
 
 Lamier. Le 120 
 
 Lampazo pequeuo 81 
 
 Lampourde 81 
 
 Larch. Red 184 
 
 Lark-spur 2 
 
 Lauch. Der 196 
 
 Lauch. Der Acker 1915 
 
 " Gemeiner 196 
 
 " Der ScZmiM 197 
 
 TFem&ergs 196 
 
 Lavande. La 
 
 Lavandel. Der 
 
 Lavender. Garden 
 
 Lechuga 
 
 Leek.^Garden 
 
 Leindotter. Der 
 
 Lemon-tree 
 
 Lenteja 
 
 Lentil 
 
 Lentille. La 
 
 Lepidio 
 
 Lettuce. Garden 
 
 Lever-wood 
 
 Lice. Beggar's 
 
 Liebes-Apfel. Der 
 
 Liebre. Pie de 
 
 Lierre terrestre 
 
 Lievre. Pied de 
 
 Life everlasting 
 
 Limonero 
 
 Lin. Lino 
 
 Linaria 
 
 Linde. Die 
 
 Linden, Linn. or Limel9 
 " Europaean 18 
 
 Linse. Gemeine 
 
 Liseron des champs 
 
 Llanten 
 
 Locust. Honey 
 
 Locust-tree 
 
 Loewenzahn. Der 
 
 Lolch.Ausdauer7ider229 
 
 Love-Apple 132 
 
 Lucerne. Luzerne.LaiO 
 
 MADDER DY- 
 
 112 
 
 112 
 
 112 
 
 100 
 
 196 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 12 
 
 100 
 
 158 
 
 124 
 
 132 
 
 37 
 
 119 
 
 37 
 
 89 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 110 
 
 18 
 
 33 
 125 
 106 
 41 
 35 
 99 
 
 ERS> 73 
 
 Madeira-nut 155 
 
 Magnolia 4 
 
 Magnolier. Le 4 
 
 Maize 203 
 
 Major an. Der 115 
 
 Major ana 115 
 
 Mallow. Indian 8 
 
 " Low, Running 16 
 Malva de hoja redonda\6 
 Malve. Rundblaet- 
 
 trige 16 
 
 Mangold. Gemeiner 139 
 Mani 32 
 
 Manne de Prusse 225 
 Ma?izanilla 85 
 
 " fetida 85 
 
 Manzdno 53 
 
 Maple. Red, Swamp 27 
 
 Silver-leaved 26 
 
ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES 
 
 267 
 
 Maple. Sugar 26 
 
 " White 26 
 
 Margarita mayor 86 
 
 Marigold. Bur 83 
 
 Marjolaine. La 115 
 
 Marjoram. Sweet 115 
 
 Maroute 85 
 
 Marro?inier delude 27 
 
 Marrub blanc 121 
 
 Marrubio 121 
 
 Marygold. Bur 83 
 
 Masse d'eau 191 
 
 Maulbeere. Weisse 176 
 
 Mauve. Petite 16 
 
 May-weed 85 
 
 Meer-rettig. Der 10 
 
 Meer-tang. Der 246 
 
 Mehlthau. Der 246 
 
 Melilot blanc. Le 39 
 
 Meliloto 39 
 
 Melisa 117 
 Melisse. Die Mellisse 
 
 La 117 
 
 Melocoton. El 42 
 itfeZorc. Melone. Die 58 
 
 Melon armizcleno 58 
 
 Melon d'eau 59 
 
 Melon. Musk 58 
 
 Water 59 
 Melone. Die Wasser 59 
 
 Membrillero 54 
 
 Menta piperita 113 
 
 11 puntiaguda 113 
 
 Menthe. La 113 
 
 Miagro 1 1 
 
 Mielga 40 
 
 Mildew 246 
 
 Milenrama 86 
 
 Milfril 86 
 
 Milk-wort 30 
 
 Millefeuille. La 86 
 
 Millepertuis 14 
 
 Millet 214 
 Mint. Common, 
 
 Spear 113 
 
 " Pepper 113 
 
 Moehre. Die 67 
 
 itfofo 245 
 
 Moisissure 245 
 
 Morelle a Grappes 147 
 
 woire 130 
 
 Morera 176 
 
 Moss. Bog 239 
 
 " Iceland 240 
 
 " Long 193 
 
 " Rein-deer 241 
 
 Moslazo 9 
 
 11 ftZarcco 10 
 
 Mother-wort 1201 
 
 Mould. Bread 245 
 
 Moutarde blanche 10i 
 
 " rfes Capucins 10 
 
 " fto/re 9 
 
 Mu flier linaire 110 
 
 Mulberry. Paper 178 
 
 Red 176 
 
 White 176 
 
 Mullein. Common 109 
 
 Murier blanc 176 
 
 Mushroom. Eatable 242 
 
 Mustard. Black 
 
 " Hedge 
 
 " White 10 
 
 NABA 9 
 
 Nabiza 9 
 
 Nachtschatten. Ei- 
 
 fruechtiger 131 
 " Der Schwarze 130 
 20 
 22 
 123 
 9 
 9 
 42 
 84 
 15 
 
 Nara?ijo 
 Nasturtium 
 NatterJiopf. Der 
 Navet 
 
 1 ' jaune 
 Nectarine 
 Needles. Spanish 
 Neguillon 
 Nektar-Pfirschen- 
 
 baum. Der 42 
 Nessel. Die taube 120 
 Nettle. Dead 120 
 
 Horse 131 
 
 " Stinging 179 
 Nettle-tree 151 
 
 Nielle. La 246 
 
 Nielle des Bles. La 15 
 Nightshade 130 
 
 Nimble Will 216 
 
 Noguera 155 
 
 Noyer commun 155 
 
 "Nut-grass" 203-4 
 Nut. Ground 32 
 
 " Hazel 159 
 
 " Madeira 155 
 
 " Pea 32 
 
 " Pecan 158 
 
 OAK. BLACK 162 
 • " Black-Jack, 161 
 Barren 161 
 " Chesnut 166 
 
 " (Rock) Ches- 
 nut 166 
 " (Swamp) Ches- 
 nut 165 
 " Laurel-leaved 161 
 " Live 161 
 " Pin 163 
 
 Oak Poison 24 
 " Post 164 
 " Red 162 
 " Scarlet 162 
 " Spanish 163 
 " White 164 
 " Willow, Wil- 
 low leaved 160 
 11 Yellow 166 
 
 Oats. Common 221 
 
 " Water 207 
 
 V Oeil de Beuf 86 
 
 V Oignon 197 
 Okra 17 
 Onion. Garden 197 
 Orange. China, 
 
 Sweet 20 
 
 " Osage 177 
 
 U O ranger 20 
 
 Oranienbaum. Der 20 
 
 Orge commune 232 
 
 Ornitogalo 195 
 
 Ortie. Grande 179 
 
 Ortiga 179 
 
 " muerta 120 
 
 Oseille. Petite 143 
 
 Osier. Golden 171 
 
 Osier jaune 171 
 
 Oyster-plant 99 
 PALMA CHRIS- 
 
 TI 153 
 
 Palmetto. Tall 188 
 
 Panais potager 66 
 Pappel. Lombardis- 
 
 che 173 
 
 Parsley 64 
 
 Parsnep. Garden 66 
 
 Wild 65 
 
 PastinaJce. Die 66 
 
 Pastisson 60 
 
 Patate jaune 125 
 Patenotres. Arbre 
 
 aux 21 
 
 Patience frisee 143 
 
 Paturin annuel 222 
 
 " applati 224 
 
 " ^des Pres 223 
 
 Pavot batard 5 
 Pea. Chick, Coffee 31 
 
 " Garden 33 
 
 Pea-nut 32 
 
 Peach-tree 42 
 
 Pear-tree 53 
 
 Pecan-nut 158 
 
 Pecher. Le 42 
 
 Pennyroyal 117 
 
 Peperidge 149 
 
 Pepino 58 
 
26S 
 
 INDEX OP 
 
 Pepper. Cayenne, 
 
 Red 129 
 
 " Water 144 
 
 Pepper-grass 11 
 
 Pepper-mint 113 
 
 Feral. El 53 
 
 Perexil 64 
 
 Persicaire 144 
 
 Persicaria 144 
 
 Persil 64 
 
 Persimmon 105 
 
 Petersilie. Die 64 
 
 Peuplier Italien 173 
 Pfeffer. Spanischer 129 
 Pfeffermuenze. Die 113 
 Pfeilkraut. Das 192 
 Pfirschenbaum. Der 42 
 Pfiaumenbaum. Der 44 
 i'mZ d'Alouette 2 
 
 JP/erf rfe Lievre 3? 
 
 Figeon-berry 147 
 
 P intent ero. El 129 
 
 Pine. Ground 238 
 
 " Long-leaved 182 
 
 " Weymouth, 
 
 White 182 
 
 11 Yellow 182 
 
 Pipsissawa 104 
 
 Planetree 175 
 
 Plantain. Common 106 
 Buckhorn, 
 English 106 
 Plantain ordinaire 106 
 Plaqueminier . Le 105 
 Pleurisy-root 134 
 
 Plum. Chicasaw 44 
 
 " Common, Da- 
 mascene 44 
 
 '• Date 105 
 
 " Red, Yellow 44 
 Poirier. Le 53 
 
 Pois Chiche. Le 31 
 
 Pois cultivi 33 
 
 Poison-vine 24 
 
 Poivred" Inde 139 
 
 Poke. Poke-weed 14? 
 Pomme d? Amour 132 
 Pomme epineuse 128 
 Pomme de terre 130 
 
 Pommier. Le 53 
 
 Poplar. Athenian 173 
 Carolina 173 
 
 '• Italian, Lom- 
 bardy 173 
 
 " Tulip 4 
 
 Poppy. Field 5 
 
 Porreau 196 
 
 Portulak. Gemeiner 15 
 
 Potato. Carolina 
 
 Sweet 125 
 
 " Common-, Irish 130 
 Potiron 60 
 
 Pourpier potager 15 
 
 Prele. La 237 
 
 Prim. Privet 136 
 
 Primrose. Evening 55 
 Prunier 44 
 
 Pseudo-lotus. Der 105 
 Puerro 196 
 
 Pumpkin 60 
 
 Purse. Shepherd's 12 
 Purslane 15 
 
 QUECKE GE- 
 
 MEINE 231 
 Quercitron 162 
 
 Quince-tree 54 
 
 Quittenbaum. Der 54 
 RABANO 13 
 
 Rdbano picante 10 
 
 Rabbit-toot 37 
 
 Rade. Gemeine 15 
 
 Radis. Raifort 13 
 
 Radish. Black, Tur- 
 nep 13 
 
 " Common, Gar- 
 den 13 
 
 " Horse 10 
 
 " Spanish 13 
 
 " Turnep 13 
 
 Rag-weed 80 
 
 Ragged Robbin 92 
 
 Rainfarrn. Dei 8? 
 
 Ranstead-Weed 110 
 Ranunhel. Knolliger 1 
 Raspberry. Antwerp, 
 
 Garden 49 
 
 " Black 50 
 
 " Rose-flowering 49 
 Rave. Grosse 9 
 
 Red-bud 40 
 
 Red- top 21? 
 
 Reed 20? 
 
 " Cooper's 191 
 Reed-grass 218 
 
 Reed-mace 191 
 
 Rehwasen 224 
 
 Reiss. Der 206 
 
 Rettig. Der J 3 
 
 Der Meer 10 
 Rheinweide. Geme- 
 ine 136 
 Rhubarb. Pie 142 
 
 Ribes negra 56 
 
 ' ' roja 56 
 
 Rice. Common 206 
 
 " Indian 20 
 
 Rice Wild 205 
 
 Ricin ordinaire. Le 153 
 
 Ricino 153 
 Rispengras. Jaehri- 
 
 ges 222 
 
 Wiesen 223 
 
 Rittersporn. Der 2 
 
 Riz. Le 206 
 
 Robin. Ragged 92 
 
 Rod. Golden 79 
 
 Roggen. Gemeiner 231 
 
 Roggen- Trespe 227 
 
 Rohr Gemeines 218 
 
 Rohrkolbe. Die 191 
 
 Ronce. La 51 
 Roquette des Jardins 6 
 
 Rose, Swamp 51 
 
 Roseau a balais 218 
 
 Rosskostanie. Die 27 
 
 Rot. Dry 243 
 
 Rubta 72 
 
 Ruch-gras. Das 210 
 
 Ruebe- Die 9 
 Rush. Chairmakers202 
 
 " Scouring 237 
 
 11 Soft 199 
 
 Ruta baga 9 
 
 Rye. Common 231 
 
 Rye-grass 229 
 SAAT-MOHN. Der 5 
 
 Saeta 192 
 
 Sage. Garden 114 
 
 " Indian 75 
 
 " Wood 122 
 
 Salad. Garden 100 
 
 Salat. Der 100 
 
 Salbie. Die 114 
 
 Salsijis. Salsify 99 
 
 Salvia 114 
 
 Sandia 59 
 
 Sarriette. La 116 
 
 Sassafras 148 
 
 Saturey. Die 116 
 
 SawBohne. Die 33 
 
 Sauce 171 
 
 " de Babilonia 172 
 
 Sauge. La 172 
 
 Saide pleureur 114 
 
 Saumfarrn. Adler 238 
 
 Savory. Summer 116 
 
 Saxifrage. Tall 61 
 
 S carole. La 98 
 
 Schofgarbe. Die 86 
 
 SchieHing. Der 68 
 
 Schimmel. De r 245 
 
 Schneckenklee. Der 40 
 Schwingel. Essbarer 225 
 
 Wiesen 226 
 
ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES 
 
 269 
 
 Scurvy-grass 6 
 
 Sea-weed. Seawrack246 
 Sedge. Sedge-grass 200 
 
 " Tussock 201 
 
 Seigle. Le 23i 
 
 Self-heal 148 
 
 Sevf. Schtvarzer 
 
 '• Weisser 10 
 
 Serpolet 1 1 5 
 
 Sesame- grass 233 
 
 Shell-bark 156 
 
 Shepherd's Purse 12 
 Si?nse. Gemeine 1 99 
 Skunk- weed 189 
 
 Smut. Smut-brand 245 
 Snake- root. Black, 
 
 Tall 3 
 
 " Seneka 30 
 
 " Virginia 137 
 Sorrel. Field,sheep 143 
 Spanish-Needles 84 
 Spar gel. Der 198 
 
 " Sparrow-grass" 198 
 Spice-wood 148 
 
 Spikenard 69 
 
 Spinach, or Spinage 138 
 Spinat. Der 138 
 
 Spilzklette. Die 81 
 
 Spilzmuenze. Die 113 
 Spruce. Hemlock 183 
 Spurge 152 
 
 Squash. Long, War- 
 ted 60 
 
 " Round 60 
 
 Squaw-weed 90 
 
 Stachelbeere. Die 56 
 Stagger-bush 104 
 
 Stechapfel. Der 128 
 
 Steinklee. Weisser 39 
 Steinsame. Acker 123 
 Stone-weed 123 
 
 Strawberry. English, 
 Garden 48 
 Wild 48 
 Succory. Garden 98 
 Wild 98 
 
 Sugar-berry 151 
 
 Sugar-cane 234 
 
 Sumach. Chinese 25 
 
 " Common, 
 
 Smooth 23 
 
 " Poison 24 
 
 Staghorn 23 
 Sycamore 175 
 
 TAB AC. LE 128 
 Taback. Der 128 
 
 Tabaco 128 
 
 Tamarack 184 
 
 Tanaceto 
 
 87 
 
 Tanaisie 
 
 87 
 
 Tansey 
 
 87 
 
 Tarragon 
 
 88 
 
 Taube-nessel. Die 
 
 120 
 
 Tear- thumb. Arrow- 
 
 leaved 145 
 
 " Halbert-leavedl45 
 
 Teasel. F'uilers' 
 
 74 
 
 Wild 
 
 73 
 
 Ten -O'clock 
 
 195 
 
 Thimble-berry 
 
 50 
 
 Thistle. Canada, 
 
 
 Cursed 
 
 95 
 
 " Common 
 
 93 
 
 Yellow 
 
 94 
 
 Thorn. Cockspur, 
 
 
 New Castle 52 
 
 11 Virginia, Wash- 
 
 ington 
 
 53 
 
 Thorn-apple 
 
 128 
 
 Thorough-stem 
 
 75 
 
 Thumb. Lady's 
 
 144 
 
 Thyme. Garden, 
 
 
 Standing 
 
 f 115 
 
 Thymian. Der 
 
 115 
 
 Tilleul. Le 
 
 18 
 
 Tilo 
 
 18 
 
 Timothy 
 
 209 
 
 White 
 
 210 
 
 Tizon. El 
 
 246 
 
 Toad-flax 
 
 110 
 
 Tobacco. Common 128 
 
 Indian 
 
 10] 
 
 Tomate 
 
 132 
 
 Tomato, or Toma- 
 
 
 toes 
 
 132 
 
 Tomillo 
 
 115 
 
 Tongue-grass 
 
 11 
 
 TopinambotiT 
 
 82 
 
 Trebol 
 
 37 
 
 ' ' bianco 
 
 38 
 
 Trefle blanche 
 
 38 
 
 " des Pres 
 
 37 
 
 Trefoil. Spanish 
 
 40 
 
 Trespe. Boggen 
 
 527 
 
 Trigo 
 
 230 
 
 ' ' Saraceno 
 
 146 
 
 Triolet 
 
 38 
 
 Troene. Le 
 
 136 
 
 Trueffel. Die 
 
 244 
 
 Truffe 
 
 244 
 
 Truffle 
 
 244 
 
 Tulipie r . Le 
 
 4 
 
 Tulip-tree 
 
 4 
 
 Tulpenbaum. Der 
 
 4 
 
 Turnep. Common 
 
 9 
 
 " Indian 
 
 189 
 
 Turnep Swedish 9 
 Tussock- Sedge 201 
 UNICORN- 
 PLANT 108 
 Uva espi?ia 56 
 
 VABEC 246 
 
 Velvet-leaf 18 
 
 Verdolaga 1 5 
 
 Vervain. Common 1 ) 1 
 Vibora. Yerba de la 123 
 Vid. La 28 
 
 Vieh-gras. Das 223 
 Vigne. La *-3 
 
 Vine. Flax 127 
 
 " Grape 23 
 
 11 Poison 24 
 
 Viptres. Herbeaux 123 
 Vogelmilch. Die 195 
 WALLNUSS. 
 
 DIE 155 
 
 Walnut. Black 154 
 
 " English 155 
 
 White 155 
 Water-Cress 6 
 
 Water- Pepper 144 
 
 Way-bread 106 
 
 Wegetritt. Der gros- 
 
 se 106 
 Wegewart. Der 98 
 
 Weide. Babylon- 
 
 ische 1 72 
 DieDotterl71 
 Weinstock. Der 28 
 Weitzen Gemeiner 230 
 Wermulh. Der 88 
 
 Wheat. Spring, Win- 
 ter 230 
 White-weed 86 
 White-wood 19 
 Wiesen-Hafer 222 
 Wiesvn-Lieschgras. 
 
 Das 209 
 Will. Nimble 216 
 
 Willow. Drooping, 
 
 Weeping 172 
 
 " Yellow 171 
 
 Willow-herb. Night 55 
 Wind e. Die Acker 1 25 
 
 11 Bataten 125 
 Winter-green 104 
 
 W inter -kr esse. Die 6 
 Wood. Iron, Lever 158 
 Wollkraut. Das 109 
 Worm-seed 140 
 
 Worm-wood S3 
 
 Wort. St. John's 14 
 TVucherblume. Die 86 
 Wu?iderbaum. Der 153 
 
270 INDEX OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES 
 
 YARROW 
 
 86 
 
 " de Santa. Barl 
 
 ara 6 
 
 Yedra terrestre 
 
 119 
 
 " de la Vibora 
 
 123 
 
 Yerba Caxmih 
 
 147 
 
 ZANAHORIA 
 
 67 
 
 ' ' Mora 
 
 130 
 
 Zvrza 
 
 51 
 
 Zederach. Der 21 
 
 Zucher-Tohr.Aech.lcs 234 
 Zwiebel. Die.. 197 
 
 * 
 
 60 1 
 
 
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