*^^''3*-^-^-«»' s «.«i??5^^^cf^ i:^^ ^s^ «« -^^ -- iiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiittiiiHiiitiHtrttimii Glass XIl7g ^ Book T'^S' Gopyiight W.. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. / Copyright by Underwood & riidorwiMid, N. Y. •'HE IS NOT ALWAYS SMILING" The President in his office at the White House. EOOSEYELT AMONG THE PEOPLE Being an Account of the Fourteen Thousand Mile Journey from Ocean to Ocean of THEODORE ROOSEVELT Twenty-Sixth President of the United States. Together with the Public Speeches Made by Him During the Journey By ADDISON C. THOMAS THE L. W. WALTER COMPANY CHICAGO Copyright 1910 BY ADDISON C. THOMAS ((\ n A •.• r,' S> I KQ w ; 'J DEDICATED TO THEODORE ROOSEVELT Nine copies of this book have been prepared for private circulation. The first copy will be presented to the President, as a memento of his remarkable journey. This copy is No. 9. WHITE HOUSE WAS M I NOTON Personal October 22». 1904* My dear Mr» Thonas: I thanJt you heartily for sending me the first copy of thp collection of ny speeches of the trip of 1903' With much appreciation of your courtesy, and with re- gard* 1 am. Sincerely yours* Mr* Addison C« Thomas* Chicago* CONTENTS PAGE Preface 1 1 Author's Preface 13 Publisher's Preface 15 Washington to Chicago 21 Chicago to Milwaukee 56 Minneapolis to Sioux Falls 107 Sioux Falls to Fargo 127 Fargo to St. Louis 145 St. Louis to San Francisco 191 San Francisco to Washington 2^,7 THE PREFACE In the fall of 1902, President Roosevelt de- cided to make a tour of the country, and, during the trip, to deliver a number of political speeches. He started from Washington July 3, stopping at Oyster Bay, his summer home, for a time. Resuming his journey, he met with an accident at Pittsfield, Mass., September 3, an electric car running into his carriage and throw- ing him to the ground. He sustained apparently simple bruises and the trip was continued, but at Indianapolis it was found that one of his legs was in such a condition, due to an injury inci- dent to the accident, that, by the advice of the attending physician, the President returned to Washington. Subsequently he announced that, at the earli- est opportunity, probably in the following 11 PREFACE spring, he would carry out his original plan. He did so, and left Washington April i, 1903. His traversing the Republic from the At- lantic to the Pacific and return, in indirect lines, visiting many states and addressing tens of thou- sands of people upon the important topics of the day, suggested this compilation of the more im- portant incidents of the journey, together v^rith the speeches of the President. 12 AUTHOR'S PREFACE Not since the time of Napoleon has there been a man of affairs on the world's stage who has at- tracted the attention of all nations and classes of people as does Col. Theodore Roosevelt. He is picturesque, aggressive, courageous and honest. The stirring events of the past few weeks, in his triumphal march through Europe on his mission of peace has called renewed attention to these same triumpha4 marches in the United States, when he went among the people to learn their views and expound his doctrine, while President of the United States. The most notable of these journeys was in the spring of 1903, when he went from the Atlantic to the Pacific and through the south and south- west, being received everywhere by the acclaim of the multitude, regardless of political affilia- 13 AUTHOR'S PREFACE tion. The journey, and the speeches which he delivered make a most interesting and thrilling chapter in the history of our country. No citizen of the Republic can be well in- formed on public affairs who is not intimately acquainted with the events of this historic trip. The pages of this book have been carefully compiled, so as to cover in a most striking, yet accurate manner, every event of Col. Roosevelt's journey, and so well has this been done that the result has received his personal indorsement. Addison C. Thomas. 14 PUBLISHER'S PREFACE The publishers, in placing before the people of this country and foreign lands, feel justified in saying that they take personal pride in this book. They feel, that in many respects it is a remark- able production, as it not only gives to the present generation the work of an illustrious citizen of the United States, but that they are preserving for the future generations the thoughts as expressed in words of a man whose deeds and vigorous work make an example worthy to be followed by the youth of this country and the world over. The preservation of the records of this man's travels and his public utterances on all the great ques- tions of the day, national and international, is an opportunity seldom had by a publisher, especially as the work has not only received the personal sanction of the President of the United States but bears his autograph and contains his letter of thanks and appreciation to the author. It may 15 PUBLISHER'S PREFACE be truthfully said that one of the striking features of the book was its conception and the purpose of the author in the compilation of the work. It was the author's admiration for the man's ster- ling Americanism and the great work that he felt was the President's policies, and the steadfast belief that he was carving out a destiny for him- self and the people, that prompted the author to preserve in book form the record of Roosevelt as he mingled with the people from ocean to ocean in the most remarkable journey ever made by man. The nine copies of the book were made for the author's son and some of his personal friends and for presentation to the President with his compliments. Personal gain or financial con- siderations had no place whatever in the concep- tion and completion of the little de luxe edition of nine copies, the sole inspiration being for the entertainment and education and broadening out of the youth and the making and preservation to history of a work to contain facts in an absolutely truthful narrative. And in the publisher's 16 PUBLISHER'S PREFACE twenty-five years experience he has never printed a book that in such a striking way illustrates the promulgation of facts and a correct version of events that go to make up our National history. The book is for the boy, the man, the historian, the statesman and the politician (in the true sense) the family, the private and public libraries and is to be preserved and perpetuated forever. As presented it is an exact reproduction of the text of the de luxe edition of nine copies, each one being signed by the President. The engravings are made from photographs taken during the journey by an artist assigned by his people to this special work and who accompanied the Presi- dential party on his transcontinental journey from its beginning to its end. It was the author's aim not only to present a correct account of the journey but to portray by pictures as well, all of the events of special interest. The publishers now presents with pride the book, "Roosevelt Among the People." The Publishers. 17 Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. PRESIDENT AND MRS. ROOSEVELT Kermit. Archie. Ethel, Quentin and Theodore, Jr. ('(ipvriglit l)y I^ndfrw 1 & fmlcrwood. N. Y. STARTING ON HIS FOURTEEN THOUSAND MILE TRIP Surrounded by Railroad Officials at Horse hoe Curve, Pa. ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE CHAPTER L WASHINGTON TO CHICAGO. President Roosevelt left Washington at 9 :o5 a. m., April i, for a trip across the continent and return, 14,000 miles. He traveled in a special train furnished by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company — one of the finest trains ever run out of Washington. It consisted of six cars — the private car Elysian for the use of the President — and was especially decorated and equipped for the trip, which occupied from April i to June 5 — nine weeks and three days. The first stop was made at Harrisburg, Pa., where the President was greeted by a large crowd including the members of the Pennsyl- vania legislature. In a short speech he referred to the prosperity of the State and the country, saying it was due more to the individual skill of labor and capital than to any of his efforts. He 21 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE left Washington, he said, with a light heart over the magnificent work performed by the Anthra- cite Coal Strike Commission, whose report would have great power for good. At Altoona the President left his car and got into the engine cab and remained there, to view the scenery around the famous Horseshoe Curve, until the train stopped on the crest of the moun- tains. Chicago was reached at 8:45 a. m., April 2. The President was received at the Union Depot by Mayor Harrison and a special committee. The train left almost immediately for Evanston, one of the suburbs, where the President was met by Mayor Patten and a committee and was es- corted by a detachment of cavalry from Fort Sheridan and a military band to the Northwest- ern University, the President passing through a lane of school children on the streets and of capped and gowned students on the campus. The welcoming address was made by Dr. Ed- mund J. James, of the University, who said ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE President Roosevelt was the first President to face resolutely and fully the problems of a new generation and a new age. He asked God to grant him wisdom and strength to inaugurate this new era^ and, as unparalleled opportun- ities had come to him, so might unparalleled success attend him. He thanked the President, not only in the name of Northwestern, but of all other colleges and all other universities for the grand illustration which the President had given of the fact that college life and college opportunity, properly lived and properly util- ized, are a most valuable element in the prep- aration for the manifold activities of the great world outside. The President, in addressing the students, re- ferred to the value of college education. ^'The better your training," he said, "the better work you can do. We have no room for the idler — the man who wishes to live a comfortable life, and if a man has not the right spirit in him, if he goes from this or any other university feeling 23 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE that that fact puts him in a special class, he will fail. But if he feels that he has received special advantage to succeed in this life, and proceed vigorously with that special advantage in re- serve, he will succeed." He spoke of athletic sports, stamped his approval upon them, and dwelt upon their value in success. Intellectual supremacy, he said, was good; physical prowess desirable, but better than all, and without which none could succeed, was an upright character. Returning to Chicago, on arriving at the Union station, carriages were taken to the Audi- torium Hotel, the drive being through streets crowded with cheering people. After luncheon the President went to the Uni- versity of Chicago, being met by Dr. William R. Harper and the faculty and trustees, attired in cap and gown, and, at Kent theater, in the pres- ence of the faculty and students, the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him. Dr. Harper said: 24 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE "Universities in all lands have judged it to be reasonable and right that those men who, sur- passing others in native genius and devoted toil, have carried great undertakings in letters and science to a successful issue, or in administration of affairs have rendered memorable service to the commonwealth, should receive the meed of hon- ors and distinction that they themselves may have the praise which is their due, and the minds of others may be roused to emulate their virtues and to win like fame. Once before in this same room, we sat in similar assembly — a meeting long to be remembered. At that time there sat with us as the guest of honor, one who at a time of gravest crisis, when the weal, not only of the Republic, but of foreign states, was put in direst peril, and the path of wisdom lay dark before the people, served each highest interest, and by his wisdom and foresight, out of confusion brought a happy ending. Let us at this time, in affection and gratitude, call again to mind that simple, kindly and sagacious man who, in God's 25 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE providence, was cut off in the midst of his days and in the fullness of his power, William Mc- Kinley." Dean Harry Prat Judson delivered the address on behalf of the University, his subject being "Leadership in a Democracy." At the close of his address, Dean Judson formally presented the President for the degree of LL. D. Dr. Harper, addressing the President, said: "Theodore Roosevelt, scholar, soldier, states- man, chief magistrate of the Republic : For ef- fective service in the advancement of the higher life of the Nation; for intelligence, integrity and courage in the administration of public affairs; for tireless devotion to the public honor in the settlement of grave questions of social order and the conservation of the vital interests of sister republics ; and especially for the dignity, fidelity and unselfish devotion to the public good with which exalted duties, assumed at the summons of an appalling calamity, have been successfully discharged, the Trustees of the University of 26 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE Chicago, on the recommendation of the Uni- versity Senate, admit you to the degree of Doctor of Laws in this University." The doctorial hood was hung about the Presi- dent's shoulders by Recorder Parker and Dr. Harper handed him the diploma, engrossed on parchment and bound in gold-tooled red mo- rocco. At the close of this ceremony the President assisted in laying the cornerstone of the Uni- versity Law Building in the presence of 10,000 persons. In a short address, he said: "It is of vast importance to us as a nation, that there should be a foundation deep and broad of material well-being. No nation can amount to anything great unless the individuals composing it have so worked with the head or with the hands for their own benefit, as well as for the benefit of their fellows, in material ways, that the sum of the national prosperity is' great. But that alone does not make true greatness or any- 27 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE thing approaching true greatness. It is only the foundation for it, and it is the existence of insti- tutions such as this that stand as one of the really great assets of which a nation can speak when it claims true greatness. "You need honesty, you need courage, you need common sense. You, the graduates of this university, you, the undergraduates, upon you rests a heavy burden of responsibility. Much has been given to you; much will be expected from you. If you fail in it you discredit your- selves ; you discredit the whole cause of education. And you can succeed and will succeed if you work in the spirit of the words and the deeds of Dr. Harper and of those men, whom I have known so well, who are in your f aculity today." At 7 o'clock in the evening the President was entertained at dinner at the Auditorium Hotel by one hundred and ten representative Chi- cagoans. There was but one toast drunk and but one speech made. Mr. Frank O. Lowden, the presiding officer, said: 28 ^^^ » \ 1 ^^g ^^hB '1 *:^. \3r cS«^* gl ('n|>,\ riiil.t liy rndcrw 1 i^- ri\ilci-\vriii(l, N. HE MEANS WHAT HE SAYS! Intellectual supremacy is good, physical prowess desirable, but, better than: and without which none can succeed, is an upright character. "—Epanston, Iliinnis. o « O £. < M O cuJ 5c " o "■ 2 .^ - O £r, 2 ^ < o m c U g I H -5 From Stereogri'til'li- ii>in ri^ili t li.\' rmliiw ihuI cV L'nderw noil. X. Y. IN WISCONSIN "Don't boast. Don't insult anyone. Let us make up our minds cooly what is necessary for us to say, say it. and then siandto it, whatever the consequences may be." ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPIvE ''Chicago always is proud of our President. Especially is Chicago proud of President Roose- velt. Gentlemen, I ask you to stand and drink to the health of Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States." After the banquet, the President v^^as escorted to the Auditorium, which was packed with peo- ple, an immense number of persons being un- able to get inside for want of tickets. Introduced by the Chairman, Mr. Franklin MacVeagh, Mayor Carter H. Harrison wel- comed the President to the city "with a v/elcome which comes from every citizen, regardless of party, race or class — a hearty Western welcome of the sort you love." The President was greeted with cheer after cheer. He bowed again and again, and, when order finally was restored, spoke as follows, his subject being The Monroe Doctrine: 33 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AT CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, APRIL 2, 1903 — THE MONROE DOCTRINE. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: To-day I wish to speak to you, not merely about the Monroe Doctrine, but about our en- tire position in the Western Hemisphere — a po- sition so peculiar and predominant that out of it has grown the acceptance of the Monroe Doc- trine as a cardinal feature of our foreign policy; and in particular I wish to point out what has been done during the lifetime of the last Con- gress to make good our position in accordance with this historic policy. Ever since the time when we definitely ex- tended our boundaries westward to the Pacific and southward to the Gulf, since the time when the old Spanish and Portuguese colonies to the south of us asserted their independence, our Na- tion has insisted that because of its primacy in strength among the nations of the Western Hem- isphere it has certain duties and responsibilities 34 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE which oblige it to take a leading part thereon. We hold that our interests in this hemisphere are greater than those of any European power pos- sibly can be, and that our duty to ourselves and to the weaker republics who are our neighbors requires us to see that none of the great military powers far across the seas shall encroach upon the territory of the American republics or acquire control thereover. This policy, therefore, not only forbids us to acquiesce in such territorial acquisition, but also causes us to object to the acquirement of a control which would in its effect be equal to territorial aggrandizement. This is why the United States has steadily believed that the construction of the great Isthmian canal, the building of which is to stand as the greatest material feat of the twentieth century — greater than any similar feat in any preceding century — should be done by no for- eign nation but by ourselves. The canal must of necessity go through the territory of one of our smaller sister republics. We have been scrupu- 35 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE lously careful to abstain from perpetrating any- wrong upon any of these republics in this matter. We do not wish to interfere with their rights in the least; but, while carefully safeguarding them, to build the canal ourselves under provisions which will enable us, if necessary, to police and protect it and to guarantee its neutrality, we being the sole guarantor. Our intention was steadfast; we desired action taken so that the canal could always be used by us in time of peace and war alike, and in time of war could never be used to our detriment by any nation which was hostile to us. Such action, by the circumstances surrounding it, was necessarily for the benefit and not the detriment of the adjacent American re- publics. After considerably more than half of a century these objects have been exactly fulfilled by the legislation and treaties of the last two years. Two years ago we were no further advanced toward the construction of the Isthmian canal on our terms than we had been during the preceding 86 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE eighty years. By the Hay-Pauncefote treaty, rat- ified in December, 1901, an old treaty with Great Britain, which has been held to stand in the way, was abrogated and it was agreed that the canal should be constructed under the auspices of the Government of the United States, and that this Government should have the exclusive right to regulate and tnanage it, becoming the sole guar- antor of its neutrality. It was expressly stipulated, furthermore, that this guaranty of neutrality should not prevent the United States from taking any measures which it found necessary in order to secure by its own forces the defense of the United States and the maintenance of public order. Immediately fol- lowing this treaty Congress passed a law under which the President was authorized to endeavor to secure a treaty for acquiring the right to finish the construction of, and to operate, the Panama Canal, which had already been begun in the ter- ritory of Colombia by a French company. The rights of this company were accordingly obtained 37 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE and a treaty negotiated with the Republic of Co- lombia. This treaty has just been ratified by the Senate. It reserves all of Colombia's rights, while guaranteeing all of our own and those of neutral nations, and specifically permits us to take any and all measures for the defense of the canal, and for the preservation of our interests, whenever in our judgment an exigency may arise which calls for action on our part. In other words, these two treaties, and the legislation to carry them out, have resulted in our obtaining on exactly the terms we desired the rights and priv- ileges which we had so long sought in vain. These treaties are among the most important that we have ever negotiated in their effects upon the future welfare of this country, and mark a mem- orable triumph of American diplomacy — one of those fortunate triumphs, moreover, which re- dounds to the benefit of the entire world. About the same time trouble arose in connec- tion with the Republic of Venezuela because of certain wrongs alleged to have been committed, 38 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE and debts overdue, by this Republic to citizens of foreign powers, notably England, Germany, and Italy. After failure to reach an agreement these powers began a blockade of the Venezuelan coast and a condition of quasi-war ensued. The concern of our Government was of course not to interfere needlessly in any quarrel so far as it did not touch our interests or our honor, and not to take the attitude of protecting from coercion any power unless we were willing to espouse the quarrel of that power, but to keep an attitude of watchful vigilance and see that there was no in- fringement of the Monroe Doctrine — no ac- quirement of territorial rights by a European power at the expense of a weak sister republic — whether this acquisition might take the shape of an outright and avowed seizure of territory or of the exercise of control which would in efifect be equivalent to such seizure. This attitude was ex- pressed in the two following published memo- randa, the first being the letter addressed by the Secretary of State to the German Ambassador, 89 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE the second the conversation with the Secretary of State reported by the British Ambassador: ''Department of State, "Washington, December l6, IQOI. "His Excellency Dr. von Hollenben, etc. : ^^Dear Excellency : I inclose a memorandum by way of reply to that which you did me the honor to leave with me on Saturday, and am, as ever, "Faithfully yours, "John Hay. '^Memorandum : "The President in his message of the 3d of De- cember, 1901, used the following language: " 'The Monroe Doctrine is a declaration that there must be no territorial aggrandizement by any non-American power at the expense of any American power on American soil. It is in no wise intended as hostile to any nation in the Old World.' "The President further said : 40 hrum .Stereograph, copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. THE NATION'S CHIEF AT ST. PAUL "•Let children learn from experience to be strong and manly," said President Roosevelt in his St. Paul speech. ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE " 'This doctrine has nothing to do with the commercial relations of any American power, save that it in truth allows each of them to form such as it desires. * * * vVe do not guar- antee any state against punishment if it miscon- ducts itself, provided that punishment does not take the form of the acquisition of territory by any non-American power.' ''His Excellency the German Ambassador, on his recent return from Berlin, conveyed person- ally to the President the assurance of the Ger- man Emperor that His Majesty's Government had no purpose or intention to make even the smallest acquisition of territory on the South American continent or the islands adjacent. This voluntary and friendly declaration was afterwards repeated to the Secretary of State, and was received by the President and the people of the United States in the frank and cordial spirit in which is was offered. In the memorandum of the nth of December, His Excellency the Ger- man Ambassador repeats these assurances as fol- 43 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE lows : 'We declare especially that under no cir- cumstances do we consider in our proceedings the acquisition or die permanent occupation of Venezuelan territory.' "In the said memorandum of the nth of De- cember, the German Government informs that of the United States that it has certain just claims for money and for damages wrongfully withheld from German subjects by the Government of Venezeula, and that it proposes to take certain coercive measures described in the memorandum to enforce the payment of these just claims. "The President of the United States, appre- ciating the courtesy of the German Government in making him acquainted with the state of af- fairs referred to, and not regarding himself as called upon to enter into the consideration of the claims in question, believes that no measures will be taken in this matter by the agents of the German Government which are not in accord- ance with the well-known purpose, above set forth, of His Majesty the German Emperor." 44 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE Sir Michael Herbert to the Marquis of Lansdowne. "Washington, November 13, igo2. "I communicated to Mr. Hay this morning the substance of Your Lordship's telegram of the nth instant. "His Excellency stated in reply, that the United States Government, although they re- gretted that European powers should use force against Central and South American countries, could not object to their taking steps to obtain redress for injuries suffered by their subjects, provided that no acquisition of territory was contemplated." Both powers assured us in explicit terms that there was not the slightest intention on their part to violate the principles of the Monroe Doctrine, and this assurance was kept with an honorable good faith which merits full acknowledgment on our part. At the same time, the existence of hos- tilities in a region so near our own borders was fraught with such possibilities of danger in the 45 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE future that it was obviously no less our duty to ourselves than our duty to humanity to endeavor to put an end to that. Accordingly, by an offer of our good services in a spirit of frank friendli- ness to all the parties concerned, a spirit in w^hich they quickly and cordially responded, we secured a resumption of peace — the contending parties agreeing that the matters which they could not settle among themselves should be referred to The Hague Tribunal for settlement. The United States had most fortunately already been able to set an example to other nations by util- izing the great possibilities for good contained in The Hague Tribunal, a question at issue between ourselves and the Republic of Mexico being the first submitted to this international court of ar- bitration. The terms which we have secured as those un- der which the Isthmian canal is to be built, and the course of events in the Venezuelan matter, have shown not merely the ever growing influ- ence of the United States In the Western Hemis- 46 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE phere, but also, I think I may safely say, have exemplified the firm purpose of the United States that its growth and influence and power shall redound not to the harm but to the benefit of our sister republics whose strength is less. Our growth, therefore, is beneficial to human kind in general. We do not intend to assume any posi- tion which can give just ofifense to our neighbors. Our adherence to the rule of human right is not merely profession. The history of our dealings with Cuba shows that we reduce it to perform- ance. The Monroe Doctrine is not international law, and though I think one day it may become such, this is not necessary as long as it remains a car- dinal feature of our foreign policy and as long as we possess both the will and the strength to make it effective. This last point, my fellow-citizens, is all important, and is one which as a people we can never afford to forget. I believe in the Mon- roe Doctrine v^Ith all my heart and soul ; I am convinced that the immense majority of our fel- 47 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE low-countrymen so believe in it; but I would in- finitely prefer to see us abandon it than to see us put forward and bluster about it, and yet fail to build up the efficient fighting strength which in the last resort can alone make it respected by any strong foreign power whose interest it may ever happen to be to violate it. Boasting and blustering are as objectionable among nations as among individuals, and the public men of a great nation owe it to their sense of national self-respect to speak courteously of foreign powers, just as a brave and self-respect- ing man treats all around him courteously. But though to boast is bad, and causelessly to insult another, worse; yet worse than all is it to be guilty of boasting, even without insult, and when called to the proof to be unable to make such boasting good. There is a homely old adage which runs : ''Speak softly and carry a big stick ; you will go far." If the American Nation will speak softly, and yet build, and keep at a pitch of the highest training, a thoroughly efficient Navy, 48 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE the Monroe Doctrine will go far. I ask you to think over this. If you do, you will come to the conclusion that it is mere plain common sense, so obviously sound that only the blind can fail to see its truth and only the weakest and most irres- olute can fail to desire to put it into force. Well, in the last two years I am happy to say we have taken long strides in advance as regards our Navy. The last Congress, in addition to smaller vessels, provided nine of those formid- able fighting ships upon which the real efficiency of any Navy in war ultimately depends. It pro- vided, moreover, for the necessary addition of officers and enlisted men to make the ships worth having. Meanwhile the Navy Department has seen to it that our ships have been constantly ex- ercised at sea, with the great guns, and in maneu- vers, so that their efficiency as fighting units, both individually and when acting together, has been steadily improved. Remember that all of this is necessary. A war ship is a huge bit of mechanism, well-nigh as delicate and compli- 49 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE cated as it is formidable. It takes years to build it. It takes years to teach the officers and men how to handle it to good advantage. It is an ab- solute impossibility to improvise a navy at the outset of v^ar. No recent war between any two nations has lasted as long as it takes to build a battleship; and it is just as impossible to impro- vise the officers or the crews as to improvise the navy. To lay up a battleship and only send it afloat at the outset of a war, with a raw crew and un- tried officers, would be not merely a folly but a crime, for it would invite both disaster and dis- grace. The Navy which so quickly decided in our favor the war of 1898 had been built and made efficient during the preceding fifteen years. The ships that triumphed off Manila and San- tiago had been built under previous Administra- tions with money appropriated by previous Con- gresses. The officers and the men did their duty so well because they had already been trained to do it by long sea service. All honor to the gal- 50 d. N. Y. THE SMILE THAT MADE HIM FAMOUS President Roosevelt entering Yellowstone Park. From Storeugruph, lupyright by Underwood 4 Underwood, N. Y. AT YELLOWSTONE PARK The above snapshot of President Roosevelt and Major Pitcher shows the two entering America's Wonder Land at Mammoth Hot Springs. From Stereognipli, ciii.yright by UmliTWOdd & Underwood, X. Y. AT FORT YELLOWSTONE The above picture shows President Roosevelt accompanied by John Burroughs, the noted naturalist, and a party of friends, setting out for a trip through Yellowstone Park. ipyritsiif l>,v rndiTwcMicl & rnilcrwodil, X. Y. AT LINCOLN, NEBRASKA 'Capitalist and^age-worker alike, should honestly endeavor each to look at any matter from the other's standpoint. ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE lant officers and gallant men who actually did the fighting; but remember, too, to honor the public men, the shipwrights, and steel workers, the own- ers of the shipyards and armor plants, to whose united foresight and exertion we owe it that in 1898 we had craft so good, guns so excellent, and American seamen of so high a type in the con- ning towers, in the gun turrets, and in the en- gine rooms. It is too late to prepare for war when war has come ; and if we only prepare suf- ficiently no war will ever come. We wish a pow- erful and efficient Navy, not for purposes of war, but as the surest guaranty of peace. If we have such a Navy — if we keep on building it up — we may rest assured that there is but the smallest chance that trouble will ever come to this Na- tion; and we may likewise rest assured that no foreign power will ever quarrel with us about the Monroe Doctrine. 55 CHAPTER 11. CHICAGO TO MILWAUKEE. The President's train left Chicago at mid- night, April 3, via the Chicago & Northwestern Railway for Madison, Wis., where he w^as met by a party of state, legislative and city officials, headed by Governor La FoUette and Mayor Groves, and escorted to the capitol by the Uni- versity Regiment, Company G of the First Reg- iment, W. N, G., and a mounted guard. In a brief speech the President said, referring to the fact that the State University is located at Madison, he liked athletic working colleges, but that athletics must not Interfere with the devel- opment of the mental faculties. It is a good thing, he said, to be a good half-back, but it is a mighty bad thing, if, at forty, all you can say of a man is that he was a good half-back. He spoke of the qualities necessary to good citizenship, saying that we need now the same qualities to 56 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE work out our salvation in peace as were needed to work out our salvation through war. In order that the immense crowd of people in the capitol grounds might see the President, he was introduced from a stand erected at the en- trance. He said: "There will be ups and downs in prosperity, but in the long run the tide will go on if we but prove true to ourselves and to the belief of our forefathers. To win we must be able to combine in a proper degree the spirit of individualism and the spirit of cooperation. Each man must work for himself. If he cannot support himself he will be a drag on all mankind; but each man must work for the common good. There is not a man here who does not at times need to have a helping hand extended to him, and shame on the brother who will not extend the helping hand." A short reception was then held by the Presi- dent for members of the legislature and state of- ficers, many of whom were accompanied by their wives. 57 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE The train reached Waukesha, Wis., at 12:50 p. m., and stopped for half an hour. A great throng was assembled at the depot and cheered the President when he was introduced by Mayor Harding. The President said: "I believe we are face to face with great world problems, and that we cannot help playing the part of a great world power. All we can decide is whether we can play it well or ill. I do not want to see us shrinking in the least bit from our duty. We have got to hold our own. ^'I do not believe the United States should ever suffer wrong. I would be the first that would resent a wrong from the start, just as I should be the first to insist that we do not wrong the weak. I believe in the Monroe Doctrine, and, as long as I am President, it shall be lived up to. I do not intend to make that an excuse or fortification for being unpleasant to other pow- ers. We want the friendship of mankind. We want peace. We wish well to the nations of man- 58 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE kind. Don't boast. Don't insult anyone. Let us make up our minds coolly what is necessary for us to say, say it, and then stand to it, whatever the consequences may be." At Milwaukee the President was received by a committee headed by Mayor David S. Rose and driven to the National Soldiers' Home, hav- ing as an escort Troop A., of the Wisconsin Na- tional Guards. He reviewed the veterans and addressed them. Returning to the city, the pro- cession of carriages stopped at the Exposition Building, where the President was formally w^el- comed on behalf of the City by Mayor Rose. The President said: "Woe will beset this country if we draw lines of distinction between class and class or creed and creed, or along any lines save that which divides good citizenship from bad citizenship." Visits were made to the Deutscher Club and the Press Club. In the evening the President was the guest of the Milwaukee Merchants and Manufacturers' Association at a banquet at the 59 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE Plankinton House. Covers were laid for 530. Introduced by the toastmaster, Mr. E. A. Wadhams, the President spoke on The Trusts, as follows : ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AT MIL- WAUKEE, WIS., APRIL 3, 1903 — THE TRUSTS. Mr. Toastmaster, Gentlemen: To-day I wish to speak to you on the question of the control and regulation of those great cor- porations which are popularly, although rather vaguely, known as trusts; dealing mostly with what has actually been accomplished in the way of legislation and in the way of enforcement of legislation during the past eighteen months, the period covering the two sessions of the Fifty- seventh Congress. At the outset I shall ask you to remember that I do not approach the subject either from the standpoint of those who speak of themselves as anti-trust or anti-corporation people, nor yet from the standpoint of those who are fond of denying the existence of evils in the trusts, or who apparently proceed upon the as- 60 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE sumption that if a corporation is large enough it can do no wrong. I think I speak for the great majority of the American people when I say that we are not in the least against wealth as such, whether individ- ual or corporate ; that we merely desire to see any abuse of corporate or combined wealth corrected and remedied; that we do not desire the abolition or destruction of big corporations, but, on the contrary, recognize them as being in many cases efficient economic instruments, the results of an inevitable process of economic evolution, and only desire to see them regulated and controlled so far as may be necessary to subserve the public good. We should be false to the historic prin- ciples of our Government if we discriminated, either by legislation or administration, either for or against a man because of either his wealth or his poverty. There is no proper place in our so- ciety either for the rich man who uses the power conferred by his riches to enable him to oppress and wrong his neighbors, nor yet for 61 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE the demagogic agitator who, instead of attacking abuses as all abuses should be attacked where- ever found, attacks property, attacks prosperity, attacks men of wealth, as such, whether they be good or bad, attacks corporations whether they do well or ill, and seeks, in a spirit of ignorant rancor, to overthrow the very foundations upon which rests our national well-being. In consequence of the extraordinary industrial changes of the last half century, and notably of the last two or three decades, changes due main- ly to the rapidity and complexity of our indus- trial growth, we are confronted with problems which, in their present shape, were unknown to our forefathers. Our great prosperity, with its accompanying concentration of population and of wealth, its extreme specialization of faculties, and its development of giant industrial leaders, has brought much good and some evil, and it is as foolish to ignore the good as wilfully to blind ourselves to the evil. The evil has been partly the inevitable accbm- 62 From Steredgraph, onjoTight by Umierwdiid & rriiierwoud, N. Y. "SHOULD AULD ACQUAINTANCE BE FORGOT" When President Roosevelt arrived at the little town of Medora, North Dakota, where he owned a ranch in 1 886, he was given a truly Western reception. Copyrislit by rndcrw 1 & I'ikUtwo.kI, X. Y. AT FORT YELLOWSTONE Ready to start on a two weeks' trip through Yellowstone Park. ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE paniment of the social changes, and where this is the case, it can be cured neither by law nor by the administration of the law, the only remedy lying in the slow change of character and of economic environment. But for a portion of the evil, at least, we think that remedies can be found. We know well the danger of false remedies, and we are against all violent, radical, and unwise change. But we believe that by proceeding slowly, yet resolutely, with good sense and mod- eration, and also with a firm determination not to be swerved from our course either by foolish clamor or by any base or sinister influence, we can accomplish much for the betterment of con- ditions. Nearly two years ago, speaking at the State Fair in Minnesota, I said: "It is probably true that the large majority of the fortunes that now exist in this country have been amassed, not by injuring our people, but as an incident to the conferring of great benefits upon the community, and this, no matter what 65 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE may have been the conscious purpose of those amassing them. There is but the scantiest jus- tification for most of the outcry against the men of wealth as such; and it ought to be unnecessary to state that any appeal which directly or indi- rectly leads to suspicion and hatred among our- selves, which tends to limit opportunity, and therefore to shut the door of success against poor men of talent, and, finally, which entails the pos- sibility of lawlessness and violence, is an attack upon the fundamental properties of American citizenship. Our interests are at bottom com- mon; in the long run we go up or go down to- gether. Yet more and more it is evident that the State, and if necessary the Nation, has got to pos- sess the right of supervision and control as re- gards the great corporations which are its crea- tures; particularly as regards the great business combinations which derive a portion of their im- portance from the existence of some monopolis- tic tendency. The right should be exercised with 66 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE caution and self-restraint; but it should exist, so that it may be invoked if the need arises." Last fall in speaking at Cincinnati I said: "The necessary supervision and control, in which I firmly believe as the only method of eliminating the real evils of the trusts, must come through wisely and cautiously framed legisla- tion, which shall aim in the first place to give definite control to some sovereign over the great corporations, and which shall be followed, when once this power has been conferred, by a system giving to the Government the full knowledge which is the essential for satisfactory action. Then, when this knowledge — one of the essential features of which is proper publicity — has been gained, what further steps of any kind are nec- essary can be taken with the confidence born of the possession of power to deal with the subject, and of a thorough knowledge of what should and can be done in the matter. We need additional power, and we need knowledge. * * * Such legislation — whether obtainable now or obtain- 67 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE able only after a constitutional amendment — should provide for a reasonable supervision, the most prominent feature of which at first should be publicity; that is, the making public, both to the Government authorities and to the people at large, the essential facts in which the public is concerned. This would give us exact knowl- edge of many points which are now not only in doubt but the subject of fierce controversy. Moreover, the mere fact of the publication would cure some very grave evils, for the light of day is a deterrent to wrongdoing. It would doubtless disclose other evils with which, for the time being, we could devise no way to grapple. Finally, it would disclose others which could be grappled with and cured by further legislative action." In my message to Congress for 1901 I said: "In the interest of the whole people the Na- tion should, without interfering with the power of the States in the matter, itself also assume 68 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE power of supervision and regulation over all cor- porations doing an interstate business." The views thus expressed have now received effect by the wise, conservative, and yet far- reaching legislation enacted by Congress at its last session. In its wisdom Congress enacted the very im- portant law providing a Department of Com- merce and Labor, and further providing therein under the Secretary of Commerce and Labor for a Commissioner of Corporations, charged with the duty of supervision of and of making intelli- gent investigation into the organization and con- duct of corporations engaged in interstate com- merce. His powers to expose illegal or hurtful practices and to obtain all information needful for the purposes of further intelligent legisla- tion seem adequate; and the publicity justifiable and proper for public purposes is satisfactorily guaranteed. The law was passed at the very end of the session of Congress. Owing to the lateness of its passage Congress was not able to provide 69 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE proper equipment for the new Department; and the first few months must necessarily be spent in the work of organization, and the first investiga- tions must necessarily be of a tentative character. The satisfactory development of such a system requires time and great labor. Those who are intrusted with the administration of the new law will assuredly administer it in a spirit of absolute fairness and justice and of entire fearlessness, with the firm purpose not to hurt any corpora- tion doing a legitimate business — on the con- trary to help it — and, on the other hand, not to spare any corporation which may be guilty of illegal practices, or the methods of which may make it a menace to the public welfare. Some substantial good will be done in the immediate future; and as the Department gets fairly to work under the law an ever larger vista for good work will be opened along the lines indicated. The enactment of this law is one of the most sig- nificant contributions which have been made In our time toward the proper solution of the prob- 70 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE lem of the relations to the people of the great corporations and corporate combinations. But much though this is, it is only a part of what has been done in the efifort to ascertain and correct improper trust or monopolistic practices. Some eighteen months ago the Industrial Com- mission, an able and nonpartisan body, reported to Congress the result of their investigation of trusts and industrial combinations. One of the most important of their conclusions was that dis- criminations in freight rates and facilities were granted favored shippers by the railroads and that these discriminations clearlv tended toward the control of production and prices in many fields of business by large combinations. That this conclusion was justifiable was shown by the disclosures in the investigation of railroad meth- ods pursued in the fall and winter of 1901-1902. It was then shown that certain trunk lines had entered into unlawful agreements as to the trans- portation of food products from the West to the Atlantic seaboard, giving a few favored ship- 71 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE pers rates much below the tariff charges imposed upon the smaller dealers and the general public. These unjust practices had prevailed to such an extent and for so long a time that many of the smaller shippers had been driven out of busi- ness, until practically one buyer of grain on each railway system had been able by his illegal ad- vantages to secure a monopoly on the line with which his secret compact was made; this mon- opoly enabling him to fix the price to both pro- ducer and consumer. Many of the great pack ing house concerns were shown to be in com- bination with each other and with most of the great railway lines, whereby they enjoyed large secret concessions in rates and thus obtained a practical monopoly of the fresh and cured meat industry of the country. These fusions, though violative of the statute, had prevailed unchecked for so many years that they had become in- trenched in and interwoven with the commer- cial line of certain large distributing localities; although this was of course at the expense of the 72 From Stereograph, copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. A SEA OF FACES President Roosevelt's splendid welcome to Lincoln, Nebraska, is shown in the above illustration. < ~ a: I m o From Stfreograph, i2:lit by rnderwood & I'nderwc IN NEBRASKA 'If as individuals, or as a community, we mar our future by our own folly, let us remember that it is upon ourselves that the responsibility must rest." M^ki ^^^^^^^^^^F^"^ g|P wS^M ^^K '' ^te'- 1^^^ ^^^^^^^S5.^^^H ^t^aSedlt^i l5^^ ^ "^tt^'ini^'^ ^^B^'PH^^H i^g%_ ..,. ^ |@f% Bfi^lL • j[v^\Jb From StoreoKiaiili. cnijx rinlit l..\- I ihIi-iw.h.I .v 1 ndciwnixl. X. Y. A TYPICAL IOWA AUDIENCE 'I never said anything off the stump that I would not say on the stump, so that what I say now you can take as sincere." ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE vast body of law-abiding merchants, the general public, and particularly of unfavored localities. Under those circumstances it was a serious problem to determine the wise course to follow in vitalizing a law which had in part become obsolete or proved incapable of enforcement. Of what the Attorney-General did in enforcing it I shall speak later. The decisions of the courts upon the law had betrayed weaknesses and imperfections, some of them so serious as to render abortive efforts to apply any effective remedy for the existing evils. It is clear that corporations created for quasi public purposes, clothed for that reason with the ultimate power of the state to take private property against the will of the owner, hold their corporate powers as carriers in trust for the fairly impartial service of all the public. Fa- voritism in the use of such powers, unjustly en- riching some and unjustly impoverishing others, 'discriminating in favor of some places -.ind against others, is palpably violative of plain 77 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE principles of justice. Such a practice unchecked is hurtful in many ways. Congress, having had its attention drawn to the matter, enacted a most important anti-rebate law, which greatly strengthens the interstate-commerce law. This new law prohibits under adequate penalties the giving and as well the demanding or receiving of such preferences, and provides the prevent- ive remedy of injunction. The rigorous admin- istration of this law, and it will be enforced, will, it is hoped, afford a substantial remedy for cer- tain trust evils which have attracted public at- tention and have created public unrest. This law represents a noteworthy and impor- tant advance toward just and effective regula- tion of transportation. Moreover, its passage has been supplemented by the enactment of a law to expedite the hearing of actions of public moment under the anti-trust act, known as the Sherman law, and under the act to regulate commerce, at the request of the Attorney-Gen- eral; and furthermore, additional funds have 78 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE been appropriated to be expended under the direction of the Attorney-General in the en- forcement of these laws. All of this represents a great and substantial advance in le2:islation. But more important even than lep:islation is the administration of the law^, and I ask your attention for a moment to the v^ay in which the law has been administered by the profound jurist and fearless public servant who now occupies the position of Attorney-Gen- eral, Mr. Knox. The Constitution enjoins uoon the President that he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and under this pro- vision the Attorney-General formulated a policy which was in eflfect nothing but the rigid en- forcement, by suits managed with consummate skill and ability, both of the anti-trust law and of the imperfect provisions of the act to regulate commerce. The first step taken w^as the nrose- cution of fourteen suits against the principal railroads of the Middle West, restraining them by injunction from further violations of either of the laws in question. 79 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE About the same time the case against the Northern Securities Company was initiated. This was a corporation organized under the laws of the State of New Jersey with a capital of four hundred million dollars, the alleged purpose be- ing to control the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific railroad companies, two par- allel and competing lines extending across the northern tier of States from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Whatever the pur- pose its consummation would have resulted in the control of the two great railway systems upon which the people of the Northwestern States were so largely dependent for their supplies and to get their products to market being practically merged into the New Jersey corporation. The proposition that these independent systems of railroads should be merged under a single con- trol alarmed the people of the States concerned, lest they be subjected to what they deemed a monopoly of interstate transportation and the suppression of competition. The governors of 80 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE the States most deeply affected held a meeting to consider how to prevent the merger becoming effective and passed resolution calling upon the National Government to enforce the anti-trust laws against the alleged combination. When these resolutions were referred to the Attorney- General for consideration and advice, he re- ported that in his opinion the Northern Secur- ities Company and its control of the railroads mentioned was a combination in restraint of trade and was attempting a monopoly in viola- tion of the national anti-trust law. Thereupon a suit in equity, which is now pending, was be- gun by the Government to test the validity of this transaction under the Sherman law. At nearly the same time the disclosures re- specting the secret rebates enjoyed by the great packing house companies, coupled with the very high price of meats, led the Attorney-Gen- eral to direct an investigation into the methods of the so-called beef trust. The result was that he filed bills for injunction against six of the 81 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE principal packing house companies, and re- strained them from combining and agreeing upon prices at which they would sell their prod- ucts in States other than those in which their meats were prepared for market. Writs of in- junction were issued accordingly, and since then, after full argument, the United States cir- cuit court has made the injunction perpetual. The cotton interests of the South including growers, buyers, and shippers, made complaint that they were suffering great injury in their business from the methods of the Southern rail- roads in the handling and transportation of cot- ton. They alleged that these railroads, by com- bined action under a pooling arrangement to support their rate schedules, had denied to the shippers the right to elect over what roads theii:; commodities should be shipped, and that by di- viding upon a fixed basis the cotton crop of the South all inducement to compete in rates for the transportation thereof was eliminated. Proceed- ings were instituted by the Attorney-General un- 82 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE der the anti-trust law, which resulted in the de- struction of the pool and in restoring to the growers and shippers of the South the right to ship their products over any road they elected, thus removing the restraint upon the freedom of commerce. In November, 1902, the Attorney-General directed that a bill for an injunction be filed in the United States circuit court at San Francisco against the Federal Salt Company — a corpora- tion which had been organized under the laws of an Eastern State, but had its main office and principal place of business in California — and against a number of other companies and per- sons constituting what was known as the salt trust. These injunctions were to restrain the execution of certain contracts between the Fed- eral Salt Company and the other defendants, by which the latter agreed neither to import, buy, or sell salt, except from and to the Federal Salt Company, and not to engage or assist in the pro- duction of salt west of the Mississippi River dur- 83 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE ing the continuance of such contracts. As the result of these agreements the price of salt had been advanced about four hundred per cent. A temporary injunction order was obtained, which the defendants asked the court to modify on the ground that the anti-trust law had no application to contracts for purchases and sales within a State. The circuit court overruled this conten- tion and sustained the Government's position. This practically concluded the case, and it is un- derstood that in consequence the Federal Salt Company is about to be dissolved and that no further contests will be made. The above is a brief outline of the most im- portant steps, legislative and administrative, taken during the past eighteen months in the direction of solving, so far as at present it seems practicable by national legislation or adminis- tration to solve, what we call the trust problem. They represent a sum of very substantial achieve- ment. They represent a successful effort to de- vise and apply real remedies; an effort which so 84 ■opyri-hl liy riiiUTWM.Kl ^ rnili'i-wuna. N. 1'. IN IOWA ■We need the uprightness and fearlessness in a public servant which makes him do his duty." From Stereogi-a])h. i(ii:)>-i-i,«ht Ijy I'nderwii.Ml ,v link r\\ ooil, X. Y. IN MISSOURI "This Country, which we believe will reach a position of leadership never equaled, should so act that posterity will justly say when speak- ing of us 'That nation built good roads'." ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE far succeeded because it was made not only with resolute purpose and determination, but also in a spirit of common sense and justice, as far re- moved as possible from rancor, hysteria, and un- worthy demagogic appeal. In the same spirit the laws will continue to be enforced. Not only is the legislation recently enacted effective, but in my judgment it was impracticable to attempt more. Nothing of value is to be expected from ceaseless agitation for radical and extreme legis- lation. The people may wisely, and with con- fidence, await the results which are reasonably to be expected from the impartial enforcement of the laws which have recently been placed upon the statute books. Legislation of a general and indiscriminate character would be sure to fail, either because it would involve all interests in a common ruin, or because it would not really reach any evil. We have endeavored to provide a discriminating adaptation of the remedy to the real mischief. Many of the alleged remedies advocated are 87 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE of the unpleasantly drastic type which seeks to destroy the disease by killing the patient. Others are so obviously futile that it is somewhat diffi- cult to treat them seriously or as being advanced in good faith. High among the latter I place the effort to reach the trust question by means of the tariff. You can, of course, put an end to the prosperity of the trusts by putting an end to the prosperity of the Nation, but the price for such action seems high. The alternative is to do exactly what has been done during the life of the Congress which has just closed — that is, to endeavor, not to destroy corporations, but to regulate them with a view of doing away with whatever is of evil in them and of making them subserve the public use. The law is not to be administered in the interest of the poor man as such, nor yet in the interest of the rich man as such, but in the interest of the law-abiding man, rich or poor. W2 are no more against organiza- tions of capital than against organizations of labor. We welcome both, demanding only that 88 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE each shall do right and shall remember its duty to the Republic. Such a course we consider not merely a benefit to the poor man, but a benefit to the rich man. We do no man an injustice when we require him to obey the law. On the contrary, if he is a man whose safety and well- being depend in a peculiar degree upon the ex- istence of the spirit of law and order, we are rendering him the greatest service when we re- quire him to be himself an exemplar of that spirit. 89 CHAPTER III. MILWAUKEE TO MINNEAPOLIS. The train left Milwaukee at midnight, April 4, via the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Rail- way and arrived at La Crosse., at 8:30, a. m. The President was met by a committee at the head of which were Congressman Each and Mayor Boschart. He addressed a crowd of ten or fifteen thousand people upon the subject of good citizenship. At Winona five thousand people were at the depot, and the President spoke for nearly ten minutes. He urged parents to teach their chil- dren to do and not to dodge. Thus they would learn true manhood and womanhood. At St. Paul a salute by Battery A, of the Min- nesota National Guard, joined with the cheers of an immense concourse that filled the streets, voiced the welcome of the Northwest when the train pulled in at 2:30, p. m. The President 90 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE was greeted by Governor Van Sant and a com- mittee. An escort of Civil and Spanish War Veterans, National Guard and the 21st U. S. I. accompanied him to the capitol, where he spoke to the members of the legislature on Good Citi- zenship. The nation, he said, could do no better than the individuals who compose it, and if we wish for a strong and progressive nation we must cul- tivate strength and individuality among our citi- zens. He referred to his letter on "Race Sui- cide," saying that, while the letter had attracted much more attention than he imagined it would, he was glad of it; that he reaffirmed in strong tones the sentiments he had therein expressed, and believed that the discussion which had been created would have a marked effect upon the race. We were, he said, by the amalgamation of foreign nationalities, the intermarriage of the sturdy foreign emigrants who had sought our shores, evolving a new race — an American Race. He referred to the great sums being spent by 91 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE western states in the education of Young Amer- ica, commended it, but added that this public school education must be supplemented by the education of the home. Home influences counted for much. No matter how much the father may seek to instill wise precepts into the mind of his child, if he did not enforce those precepts with his own good example, he could not expect his child to become a good citizen. "Furthermore, we must not allow our children to be reared in the lap of luxury. Put them out in the world to struggle for themselves, and thus gain an education in the rough school of experience that will teach them to be strong, to be independent and to be manly. Maintain a high standard of individual citizenship, and the nation will never deteriorate." The President was taken to Minneapolis in an electric car. The streets were lined with peo- ple, and his reception was most enthusiastic. He spoke for a few minutes to the students of the University of Minnesota, and then attended a 92 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE banquet at the Nicolette Hotel, at which were present 225 persons, including Governor Van Sant and other state officials, congressmen and members of the reception committee and other prominent citizens. In responding to a toast, the President, talking on The Tariff, said : ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AT MINNE- APOLIS, MINN., APRIL 4, 1903— THE TARIFF. My Fellow-Citizens: At the special session of the Senate held in March the Cuban reciprocity treaty was ratified. When this treaty goes into effect, it will confer substantial economic benefits alike upon Cuba, because of the widening of her market in the United States, and upon the United States, be- cause of the equal widening and the progressive control it will give to our people in the Cuban market. This treaty is beneficial to both parties and justifies itself on several grounds. In the first place we ofifer to Cuba her natural market. 93 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE We can confer upon her a benefit which no other nation can confer; and for the very reason we have started her as an independent republic and that we are rich, prosperous, and powerful, it behooves us to stretch out a helping hand to our feebler younger sister. In the next place it widens the market for our products, both the products of the farm and certain of our manu- factures; and it is therefore in the interests of our farmers, manufacturers, merchants, and wage-workers. Finally, the treaty was not merely warranted but demanded, apart from all other considerations, by the enlightened consid- eration of our foreign policy. More and more in the future we must occupy a preponderant position in the waters and along the coasts in the region south of us; not a position of control over the republics of the south but of control of the military situation so as to avoid any possible complications in the future. Under the Piatt amendment Cuba agreed to give us certain naval stations on her coast. The Navy Department 94 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE decided that we needed but two, and we have specified where these two are to be. President Palma has concluded an agreement giving them to us — an agreement which the Cuban legislative body will doubtless soon ratify. In other words, the Republic of Cuba has assumed a special relation to our international political system, un- der which she gives us outposts of defense, and we are morally bound to extend to her in a degree the benefit of our own economic system. From every standpoint of wise and enlightened home and foreign policy the ratification of the Cuban treaty marked a step of substantial progress in the growth of our Nation toward greatness at home and abroad. Equally important was the action on the tariflF upon products of the Philippines. We gave them a reduction of twenty-five per cent, and would have given them a reduction of twenty- five per cent more had it not been for the oppo- sition, in the hurried closing days of the last session, of certain gentlemen who, by the way, 95 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE have been representing themselves both as pecul- iarly solicitous for the interests of the Philippine people and as special champions of the lower- ing of tariff duties. There is a distinctly humor- ous side to the fact that the reduction of duties which would benefit Cuba and the Philippines as well as ourselves, was antagonized chiefly by those who in theory have been fond of proclaim- ing themselves the advanced guardians of the oppressed nationalities in the islands affected and the ardent advocates of the reductions of duties generally, but who instantly took violent ground against the practical steps to accomplish either purpose. Moreover, a law was enacted putting anthra- cite on the free list and completely removing the duties on all other kinds of coal for one year. We are now in a condition of prosperity un- paralleled not merely in our own history but in the history of any other nation. This prosperity is deep rooted and stands on a firm basis because it is due to the fact that the average American 96 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE has in him the stuff out of which victors are made in the great industrial contests of the present day, just as in the great military contests of the past; and because he is now able to use and de- velop his qualities to best advantage under our well-established economic system. We are win- ning headship among the nations of the world because our people are able to keep their high average of individual citizenship and to show their mastery in the hard, complex, pushing life of the age. There will be fluctuations from time to time in our prosperity, but it will continue to grow just so long as we keep up this high aver- age of individual citizenship and permit it to work out its own salvation under proper econ- omic legislation. The present phenomenal prosperity has been won under a tariff which was made in accord- ance with certain fixed and definite principles, the most important of which is an avowed deter- mination to protect the interests of the American producer, business man, wage-worker, and 97 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE farmer alike. The general tariff policy, to which without regard to changes in detail, I believe this country is irrevocably committed, is fundamentally based upon ample recognition of the difference between the cost of production — that is, the cost of labor — here and abroad, and of the need to see to it that our laws shall in no event afford advantage in our own market to foreign industries over American industries, to foreign capital over American capital, to for- eign labor over our own labor. This country has and this country needs better-paid, better- educated, better-fed, and better-clothed work- ingmen, of a higher type, than are to be found in any foreign country. It has and it needs a higher, more vigorous, and more prosperous type of tillers of the soil than is possessed by any other country. The business men, the merchants and manufacturers, and the managers of the transportation interests show the same superi- ority when compared with men of their type abroad. The events of the last few years have 98 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE shown how skillfully the leaders of American industry use in international business competi- tion the mighty industrial weapons forged for them by the resources of our country, the wis- dom of our laws, and the skill, the inventive genius, and the administrative capacity of our people. It is, of course, a mere truism to say that we want to use everything in our power to foster the welfare of our entire body politic. In other words, we need to treat the tariff as a business proposition, from the standpoint of the interests of the country as a whole, and not with refer- ence to the temporary needs of any political party. It is almost as necessary that our policy should be stable as that it should be wise. A nation like ours could not long stand the ruin- ous policy of readjusting its business to radical changes in the tariff at short intervals, especially when, as now, owing to the immense extent and variety of our products, the tariff schedules carry rates of duty on thousands of different 99 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE articles. Sweeping and violent changes in such a tariff, touching so vitally the interests of all of us, embracing agriculture, labor, manufac- tures, and commerce, would be disastrous in any event, and they would be fatal to our present well-being if approached on the theory that the principle of the protective tariff was to be abandoned. The business world, that is, the entire American world, can not afford, if it has any regard for its own welfare, even to consider the advisability of abandoning the present sys- tem. Yet, on the other hand, where the industrial conditions so frequently change, as with us must of necessity be the case, it is a matter of prime importance that we should be able from time to time to adapt our economic policy to the changed conditions. Our aim should be to pre- serve the policy of a protective tariff, in which the Nation as a whole has acquiesced, and yet wherever and whenever necessary to change the duties in particular paragraphs or schedules as 100 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE matters of legislative detail, if such change is demanded by the interests of the Nation as a whole. In making any readjustment there are certain important considerations which can not be dis- regarded. If a tariff law has on the whole worked well, and if business has prospered un- der it and is prospering, it may be better to en- dure some inconveniences and inequalities for a time than by making changes to risk causing disturbance and perhaps paralysis in the indus- tries and business of the country. The fact that the change in a given rate of duty may be thought desirable does not settle the question whether it is advisable to make the change im- mediately. Every tariff deals with duties on thousands of articles arranged in hundreds of paragraphs and in many schedules. These duties affect a vast number of interests which are often conflicting. If necessary for our welfare, then of course Congress must consider the ques- tion of changing the law as a whole or changing 101 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE any given rates of duty, but we must remember that whenever even a single schedule is consid- ered some interests will appear to demand a change in almost every schedule in the law; and when it comes to upsetting the schedules gener- ally the effect upon the business interests of the country would be ruinous. One point we must steadily keep in mind. The question of tariff revision, speaking broadly, stands wholly apart from the question of deal- ing with the trusts. No change in tariff duties can have any substantial effect in solving the so- called trust problem. Certain great trusts or great corporations are wholly unaffected by the tariff. Practically all the others that are of any importance have as a matter of fact numbers of smaller American competitors; and of course a change in the tariff which would work injury to the large corporation would work not merely injury but destruction to its smaller compet- itors; and equally of course such a change would mean disaster to all the wage-workers connected 102 ('(il.yriulit '.ly rnilcrwuod & I'liilcrwdud. N. Y. IN MISSOURI 'We must insist upon courage and resolution, upon hardihood tenacity and fer- tility of resource, we must insist upon the strong virile virtues, self- restraint, self-mastery and regard for the rights of others." Cop.vrigl.t liy I'liihTwiind iV; rii(l.\- riulirwimil & rnderwoud, N. Y. IN KANSAS 'Capacity for work is absolutely necessary and no man can be said to live in the true sense of the word if he does not work." Copyright by I'liderwcxKl & rndorwood, N. Y. TAKING POT LUCK WITH THE BOYS President Roosevelt enjoying a Cowboy's Breakfast at Hugo, Colorado. '.l£_rfagj^M^'^ H*,.— 4^:| »^ l:.; ^"'i'l -J J J J^J B ^ ^ ^ ^ SP /Bm V1 1^ * • Oopyrigl.t by Uiulerwood & Un.v riiderwood & T'lulefwnod. N. Y. AT SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO Presidsnt Roosevelt and Governor Otero. From Stereograph, cop>right by I'mlerwood & Underwood, N. Y. THE PRESIDENT IN NEW MEXICO At Albuquerque, President Roosevelt made a speech dwelling mostly on the importance of irrigation in the development of the state. CHAPTER VI. FARGO TO ST. LOUIS. The train left Fargo at lo a. m., and during the day the President traveled through familiar country, receiving hearty greetings wherever a stop was made. At many places he recognized old friends. At Jamestown and Bismarck short speeches were made on the Philippines, the tariff and general prosperity. Stops were also made at Casselton, Power, Valley City and Me- dora. At Bismarck the President was intro- duced to a number of Indian chiefs, some of whom had fought against Custer. They pre- sented him with with an address and a pipe of peace. At Medora, where the President at one time owned a ranch and which was his postoffice address sixteen years ago, when he was sheriff of Billings County, the ranchmen from the sur- rounding country gave him a truly Western re- ception. 145 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE The entrance to Yellowstone Park was reached at 12:30 p. m., April 8, the President being met by a detachment of the Third Cavalry and a number of cowboys. He remained in the Park until the afternoon of April 24. The President's camp was composed of two Sibley tents and one wall tent without board floors, and, while everything was very simple, it was very comfortable. The party that accom- panied him consisted of Major Pitcher, Mr. John Burroughs, two orderlies and two cooks, with a small force of men to look after the pack wagon. The first three days the weather was ex- tremely cold. Major Pitcher kept a diary, and the following extracts from it will show how the President spent his time. April 9. Left the post (Fort Yellowstone) at 9 a. m., and arrived at the camp on the Yellow- stone River about 1 130 p. m. At night a large camp fire was started near the President's tent and after dinner the party sat around it and told hunting stories until bedtime. This was almost a nightly performance. 14G ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE April lo. Before starting out, the President announced that he would under no circumstances fire a shot in the park, even if tempted to do so by a mountain lion up a tree, lest he should give people ground for criticism. Rode up the river as far as Hell Roaring. Saw a number of deer and elk and also saw an eagle attack a band of elk. Had lunch on Hell Roaring Creek, consist- ing of hardtack and sardines. April II. Rode about twenty-four miles and got in among a band of nearly 2,000 elk. One band followed the party for over a mile. April 12. As this was Sunday, the President decided that he would take a walk alone. He tramped about twenty miles and spent the time among the elk. April 13. Started for camp on Slew Creek. Rode slowly and watched the game. Much snow was encountered, and Slew Creek was en- tirely frozen over, so could do no fishing. April 14. Out looking for game. Found large herd of elk and the President took Mr. 147 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE Burroughs among them. Arrived Tower Creek Falls Camp, 4 p. m. April 15. President took long walk alone and saw some mountain sheep. April 16. Broke camp at Tower Falls and returned to Fort Yellowstone. Much game was encountered. April 17. Left Fort Yellowstone for Norris Basin. At Modern Gate the horses were aban- doned for sleighs and, and though the snow was four or five feet deep, the trip was made without trouble. Stopped for the night at Norris Hotel. April 18. Breakfast at 6 o'clock and made a start for the fountain twenty miles distant. Ar- rived there at i p. m. Snow w^as very deep, but hard enough to bear the party. President spent afternoon among the geysers. April 19. Sunday. Visited Upper Geyser basin and saw Old Faithful play. April 20. Rode to Norris. April 21. Started for Canon at 7 o'clock, a. m. Snow very deep and soft in places, but got 148 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE through with little difficulty. Visited Canon on skis. President showed skill on snow shoes, and Mr. Burroughs proved himself an apt scholar. April 22. Breakfast 4 a. m. Left at 5 a. m., for Fort Yellowstone, which was reached at i p. m. The 22d was spenC at the Mammoth Hot Springs, where the President held a reception to meet the people living in Yellowstone Park and the vicinity. He left the Park the morning of the 24th, and, at Gardiner, on the northern border, par- ticipated in the laying of the cornerstone of the gate at the entrance to the park. The arch is to be from thirty to fifty feet high, and the gate made of the native blocks of lava taken from the mountains. Special trains brought hundreds of people. In a brief address the President said : "The Yellowstone Park is something abso- lutely unique in this world, as far as I know. Nowhere else in any civilized country is there to be found such a tract of veritable wonderland, 149 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE made accessible to all visitors, where, at the same time, not only the scenery of the wilderness, but the wild creatures of the park are scrupulously preserved as they were, the only change being that these same wild creatures have been so care- fully protected as to show literally astounding tameness. The creation and preservation of such a natural playground in the midst of our people, as a whole, is a credit to the nation, but above all a credit to Montana, Wyoming and Idaho. It has been preserved with wise foresight. The scheme of its preservation is noteworthy in its essential democracy. This park was created, and is now administered, for the benefit and en- joyment of the people. The government must continue to appropriate for it, and especially in the direction of completing and perfecting an excellent system of driveways. The only way that the people as a whole can assure to them- selves and their children the enjoyment in per- petuity of what the Yellowstone Park has to give, is by assuming the ownership in the name 150 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE of the nation and by jealously safeguarding and preserving the scenery, the forests, and the creatures. At present it is rather singular that a greater number of people come from Europe than from our own eastern states to see it. The people near by seem to awake to its beauties, and I hope that more and more of our people who dwell far off will appreciate its really marvelous character. "The preservation of the forest is, of course, the matter of prime importance in every public preserve of this character. In this region of the Rocky Mountains and the great plains, the problem of the water supply is the most impor- tant part of the home-maker's office. Congress has not of recent years done anything more im- portant than passing the Irrigation Bill, and nothing more essential to the preservation of the water supply than in the preservation of the for- ests. Montana has in its water power a source of development which has hardly been touched. This water power will be seriously impaired if 151 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE ample protection is not given to the forests. Therefore, this park, like the forest reserves generally, is of the utmost advantage to the country around, from the mere utilitarian side. But this park also, because of its peculiar fea- tures, is to be reserved as a beautiful play- ground." At the conclusion of the ceremonies, the Pres- ident's train left for Livingstone, where a short stop was made and an immense crowd greeted him. The 25th, the President completed a hard day with a fifteen-minute stop at Alliance, Ne- braska. He traveled in three states and made a number of addresses, both from the rear plat- form of his car and from stands erected for the purpose. The most unique demonstration was a "cowboys' show," at Edgemont, S. D. It was arranged by the Society of Black Hills' Pio- neers, and consisted of exhibitions of cowboy riding. Special trains brought a great number of people from the surrounding country, and all 152 From Stereograph, cop>Tight by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. AT GRAND CANYON. ARIZONA President Roosevelt in speaking of the wonders of the Canyon, urged th« people of Arizona to preserve the grandeur and sublimity of this masterpiece of nature. Copyright l)y T'nilei-wdoil & I'liilcrwond. X. Y AT FLAGSTAFF, GRAND CANYON, ARIZONA 'In your own interest, and in the interest of all the Country keep this wonder of nature (Grand Canyon) as it now is. Copyi'islit li.v IiHlcrwcHid A: mdorwudd, N. Y. ON GLACIER POINT, YOSEMITE VALLEY 'This is the one day of my 1 fe, and one that I will always remennber with pleasure." From Stereograph, copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. THE PRESIDENT AND THE ENGINEER President Roosevelt has a great admiration for railroad men. Durinjf his trips he frequently rides in the engine and the above picture shows him about to step into the cab at Redlands, California. ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE were at the station with three bands of music, to greet the President. As the train drew in, the cowboys yelled, the bands played, and a salute was fired. The President made an address, in which he referred to the work accomplished by the early pioneers. "Honor to all good citizens," he said, "but honor most of all to the men, who, first in the world, marked out that earliest of highways, the spotted line, the blazed trail; the men who first, on horseback,, steered across the great, lonely plains, and drove their cattle up to feed upon the ranges from which the buffalo had not yet van- ished. The pioneer days have gone, but the need of the old pioneer virtues remain the same as ever. You won, and you could only win, because you had in you the stuff out of which strong men are made." At the end of the exercises, the cowboys formed an escort to the train, and, after it had started, they dashed along the side of the Presi- dent's car, and he shook hands with some cf them from the windows. 157 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE At Newcastle, Wyo., where a half-hour's stop was made, the President was escorted to the speaker's stand along a pathway strewn with flowers and lined on one side by school children who waved miniature flags. In his speech the President referred to the irrigation law passed at the last session of Congress, and said he be- lieved much good would come from it, as the government would be able to try experiments from the results of which private capital may be able to learn much. Stops were also made at Gilette and Moor- craft, Wyoming, Ardmore, S. D., and Crawford, Neb. At the last named place the President was given a military welcome by the Tenth Cavalry, mounted. They met him with drawn sabres, and the regimental band played "Hail To The Chief." Sunday, the 26th, was quietly spent at Grand Island, Neb. The President attended St. Ste- phen's Episcopal Church in the morning, and, in the afternoon went horseback riding with Sen- 158 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE ator Dietrich, visiting Taylor's sheep ranch and the Soldiers' Home, where he was greeted by the veterans. The 27th, before leaving Grand Island, the President broke the ground on which the new Carnegie library building is to stand. He was joined by Governor Mickey, who, with United States Senators Dietrich and Millard, accom- panied him through Nebraska. Stops were made at Hastings, Lincoln, Fremont, and a number of smaller towns. At Hastings the President spoke of the forestry situation in the State, saying that, as the people were protecting the original scanty forest, they now had a more and better natural forest than ever before. But, he said, the work should not stop; they should continue the planting of trees. During a short drive, the President spoke to the school children from his carriage. The arrival in Lincoln was announced by a chorus of factory whistles. At the signal, all the stores in town were closed and remained locked 159 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE up until after the departure of the train. The escort included, besides survivors of the Civil War, the First Regiment, N. N. G., and cadet battalions from the University of Nebraska and the Nebraska Wesleyan University. All the schools and colleges in the city were closed. The capitol building, from the dome down, was a mass of red, white and blue bunting, and many business houses were also decorated. During his address, the President said: "Capitalist and wage-worker alike, should honestly endeavor each to look at any matter from the other's standpoint, with a freedom on the one hand from the contemptible arrogance which looks down upon the man of less means, and on the other, from the no less contemptible envy, jealousy and rancor which hates another because he is better off. Each quality is the com- plement of the other, the supplement of the other, and, in point of baseness, there is not the weight of the finger to choose between them. "Coming through the State today, I was re- 160 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE joiced at your great prosperity. I rejoice in your fertile soil; I rejoice in the crops you raise, and, after all, the best product of the men and women: I was mighty glad to see your chil- dren ; they seemed to be all right in quality and quantity (Laughter) . I think you have a mighty good stock. I want to see it go on." Much preparation had been made in Omaha for the President's coming, and 50,000 people lined the streets on both sides for a mile and a half along the route of the carriage drive. The buildings were elaborately decorated with bunt- ing and flags. A reception committee met the President at the Union Depot. The military es- cort was a large one. The drive ended at the Omaha Club, where a banquet was given, covers being laid for ninety. After the banquet, the President was escorted to the Coliseum, where he was cheered by ten thousand people. In his speech, the President said: "Any man who tries to excite class hatred, sec- tional hate, hate of creeds, any kind of hatred. 161 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE in our community, though he may affect to do it in the interest of the class he is addressing, is, in the long run, with absolute certainty, that class's own worst enemy. In the long run, and as a whole, we are going to go up or down together. Of course, there will be individual exceptions in place, but, as a whole, if the Commonwealth prospers, some measure of the prosperity comes to all of us. If it is not prosperity, then the ad- versity, though it may be unequally upon us, will weigh more or less upon all. It lies upon our- selves to determine our own fate. I cannot too often say that the wisest law, the best adminis- tration of the law, can do nothing more than give us a fair field in which to work out that fate aright. If, as individuals, or as a community, we mar our future by our own folly, let us re- member that it is upon ourselves that the respon- sibility must rest. "The able, fearless, unscrupulous man, who is not guided by the moral law, is a curse to be hunted down like the civic wild beast, and his 162 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE ability, and his courage, whether in business or in politics or anywhere else, only serves to make him more dangerous and a greater curse. We must have courage, we must have honesty, but with them both, and guiding them both, we must have the saving grace of common sense." (Ap- plause.) The train left Omaha at 5 o'clock the morn- ing of April 28, and the day was spent in Iowa. The President was everywhere met by large and enthusiastic crowds. His speechmaking began at 7 o'clock in the morning at Shenandoah, and his last speech was delivered at Ottumwa at 8 o'clock at night. He had as his guests. Governor Cummins and Secretary Shaw, and, for part of the day. Congressmen Hull and Hepburn. Brief stops were made at Shenandoah, Van Wert, Clarinda, Oceola, Oscaloosa, Sharpsburg, Ottumwa and Des Moines, at each of which the President made a short speech. One of the fea- tures of the day was the large number of school children that greeted him. At many places 163 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE where the train did not stop, the little people were congregated on the station platforms, and waved small American flags. At Oscaloosa the new Young Men's Chris- tian Association building was dedicated by the President, who spoke of the good the Associa- tion was doing and of the necessity of and de- mands for moral and upright young men. One of the largest gatherings which welcomed the President since the trip began was waiting for him at Des Moines. He was taken for a long drive through the city, stopping for a moment to address the Mystic Shriners, who were hold- ing a convention. During the drive four mothers, each with a baby in her arms, ap- proached his carriage and handed him bouquets of flowers. Then they held up the babies to be kissed, and the President did not disappoint them. At the capitol he made an extended ad- dress on "Good Citizenship," incidentally pay- ing a tribute to Congressman Hull for his ef- forts in securing the new Militia Law. He was 1G4 •iiliyrisUt l).v riKUT\V("i(l & T'lidiTW 1. IN CALIFORNIA N. Y. "A Nation cannot be great without paying the price of greatness and only a craven Nation will object to paying the price. ('npyiiiilit liy I'lidcrwn.Ml \- riKlcrwcmil, N. Y. FEAST OF FLOWERS, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA A beautiful and attractive parade exoressing the floral wealth of California reviewed by President Roosevelt. ROOSEVELT AMO NG THE PEOPLE introduced to the people by the Hon. Lafayette Young, who made the speech at the Philadel- phia Convention nominating him for Vice Pres- ident. Keokuk, la., on the west bank of the Missis- sippi, was reached at 8 130 a. m., the 29th. Dur- ing the drive through the city, the main street being lavishly decorated with flags and banners and thronged with fully 30,000 people, the Pres- ident's carriage stopped at the monument to the Indian Chief Keokuk. He was presented with a miniature facsimile of the first American flag, as made by Betsy Ross. The banner was of silk with thirteen stars, and was the work of Mrs. Rachel Albright, of Fort Madison, la., 91 years old, and a great-granddaughter of Betsy Ross. A stop of 45 minutes was made at Quincy, 111., where the President was welcomed by a large number of people and delivered a short address on the question of currency. He said in part: "Our currency laws have been recently im- proved by specific declarations intended to se- 167 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE cure permanency in values. But this does not imply that those laws may not be still further im- proved and strengthened. It is well nigh uni- versally admitted that our currency system is wanting in elasticity; that is, the volume does not respond to the varying needs of the country as a whole nor to the varying needs of different localities. Our people scarcely need to be re- minded that grain-raising communities require a larger volume of currency at harvest time than during the summer months. The same prin- ciple applies to every industry, to every commu- nity. Our currency laws need such modifica- tion as will insure the parity of every dollar coined or issued by the government, and such ex- pansion and contraction of our currency as will promptly and automatically respond to the vary- ing demands of commerce. Permanent in- creases would be dangerous, permanent con- traction ruinous; but the needed elasticity must be brought about by provisions which will per- mit both contraction and expansion as the vary- 16S ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE ing needs of the several communities and busi- ness interests may require." The train stopped at Hannibal, Louisiana and Clarksville, Mo., for several minutes, and the President was greeted by immense numbers of adults and school children, the children waving miniature American flags. St. Louis was reached at 4 128 in the afternoon, the President having been accompanied from Keokuk by Governor Dockery, of Missouri. He was welcomed to the city by President Francis, of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Mayor Wells, President Carter, of the National Com- mission, and a reception committee made up of World's Fair officials and military officers. The President was escorted by military companies to Odeon Hall, where the National Good Roads Convention was in session. People were con- gregated along the streets and cheered wildly as he passed. In his speech to the convention, the President said: "Roads tell the greatness of a nation. The in- 169 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE fluence of the nations which have not been road builders has been evenescent. Rome, the most powerful of the older civilizations, left her im- press on literature and speech; she changed the boundaries of nations, but plainer than anything else left to remind us of the Roman civilization are the Roman roads. Merely from historic analogy, this country, which we believe will reach a position of leadership never equaled, should so act that posterity will justly say when speaking of us, 'That nation built good roads.' " He spoke of the benefits to the country dis- tricts of the trolley line, the telephone, and the rural free delivery, closing with the assertion that good roads would prove the greatest benefit of all. After leaving Odeon Hall, the President was driven to the St. Louis University, where he was received by Cardinal Gibbons, and then to the home of Mr. Francis, whose guest he was while he remained in the city. April 30, the buildings of the Louisiana Pur- 170 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE chase Exposition were formally dedicated, the ceremonies taking place in the Liberal Arts Building. An immense parade of military and civic organizations was reviewed by the Presi- dent. The programme included addresses by the President, Ex-President Grover Cleveland, the French Ambassador, the Spanish Ambassador and others. The President discussed the Louisiana Pur- chase, speaking as follows: ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT UPON THE OCCASION OF THE OPENING OF THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, ST. LOUIS, APRIL 30, 1903. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: At the outset of my address let me recall to the minds of my hearers that the soil upon which we stand, before it was ours, was successively the possession of two mighty empires, Spain and France, whose sons made a deathless record of 171 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE heroism in the early annals of the New World. No history of the Western country can be writ- ten without paying heed to the wonderful part played therein in the early days by the soldiers, missionaries, explorers, and traders, who did their work for the honor of the proud banners of France and Castile. While the settlers of English-speaking stock, and those of Dutch, German, and Scandinavian origin who were as- sociated with them, were still clinging close to the Eastern seaboard, the pioneers of Spain and of France had penetrated deep into the hitherto unknown wilderness of the West and had wan- dered far and wide within the boundaries of what is now our mighty country. The very cities themselves — St. Louis, New Orleans, San- ta Fe, New Mexico — bear witness by their titles to the nationalities of their founders. It was not until the Revolution had begun that the English- speaking settlers pushed west across the Alle- ghenies, and not until a century ago that they entered in to possess the land upon which we now stand. 172 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE We have met here to-day to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the event which more than any other, after the foundation of the gov- ernment and always excepting its preservation, determined the character of our national life — determined that we should be a great expanding nation instead of relatively a small and station- ary one. Of course it was not with the Louisiana Pur- chase that our career of expansion began. In the middle of the Revolutionary War the Illi- nois region, including the present States of Illi- nois and Indiana, was added to our domain by force of arms, as a sequel to the adventurous ex- pedition of George Rogers Clark and his fron- tier riflemen. Later the treaties of Jay and Pinckney materially extended our real bounda- ries to the west. But none of these events was of so striking a character as to fix the popular im- agination. The old thirteen colonies had always claimed that their rights stretched westward to the Mississippi, and vague and unreal though 173 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE these claims were until made good by conquest, settlement, and diplomacy, they still served to give the impression that the earliest westward movements of our people were little more than the filling in of already existing national boun- daries. But there could be no illusion about the ac- quisition of the vast territory beyond the Missis- sippi, stretching westward to the Pacific, which in that day was known as Louisiana. This im- mense region was admittedly the territory of a foreign power, of a European kingdom. None of our people had ever laid claim to a foot of it. Its acquisition could in no sense be treated as rounding out any existing claims. When we ac- quired it we made evident once for all that con- sciously and of set purpose we had embarked on a career of expansion, that we had taken our place among those daring and hardy nations who risk much with the hope and desire of winning high position among the great powers of the earth. As is so often the case in nature, the law 174 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE of development of a living organism showed itself in its actual workings to be wiser than the wisdom of the wisest. This work of expansion was by far the great- est work of our people during the years that in- tervened between the adoption of the Constitu- tion and the outbreak of the Civil War. There were other questions of real moment and im- portance, and there were many which at the time seemed such to those engaged in answering them; but the greatest feat of our forefathers of those generations was the deed of the men who, with pack train or wagon train, on horseback, on foot, or by boat upon the waters, pushed the frontier ever westward across the continent. Never before had the world seen the kind of national expansion which gave our people all that part of the American continent lying west of the thirteen original States; the greatest land- mark in which was the Louisiana Purchase. Our triumph in this process of expansion was indissolubly bound up with the success of our 175 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE peculiar kind of federal government; and this success has been so complete that because of its very completeness we now^ sometimes fail to ap- preciate not only the all-importance but the tre- mendous difficulty of the problem with which our Nation was originally faced. When our forefathers joined to call into being this Nation, they undertook a task for which there was but little encouraging precedent. The development of civilization from the earliest period seemed to show the truth of two propo- sitions : In the first place, it had always proved exceedingly difficult to secure both freedom and strength in any government; and in the sec- ond place, it had always proved well-nigh im- possible for a nation to expand without either breaking up or becoming a centralized tyranny. With the success of our effort to combine a strong and efficient national union, able to put down disorder at home and to maintain our honor and interest abroad, I have not now to deal. This success was signal and all-important, but it was 176 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE by no means unprecedented in the same sense that our type of expansion was unprecedented. The history of Rome and of Greece illustrates very well the two types of expansion which had taken place in ancient times, and which had been universally accepted as the only possible types up to the period when as a nation we ourselves began to take possession of this continent. The Grecian states performed remarkable feats of colonization, but each colony as soon as created became entirely independent of the mother state, and in after years was almost as apt to prove its enemy as its friend. Local self-government, lo- cal independence, was secured, but only by the absolute sacrifice of anything resembling nation- al unity. In consequence, the Greek world, for all its wonderful brilliancy and the extraordi- nary artistic, literary, and philosophical devel- opment which has made all mankind its debtors for the ages, was yet wholly unable to withstand a formidable foreign foe, save spasmodically. As soon as powerful, permanent empires arose 177 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE on its outskirts, the Greek states in the neighbor- hood of such' empires fell under their sway. National power and greatness were completely sacrificed to local liberty. With Rome the exact opposite occurred. The imperial city rose to absolute dominion over all the peoples of Italy and then expanded her rule over the entire civilized world by a process which kept the nation strong and united, but gave no room whatever for local liberty and self- government. All other cities and countries were subject to Rome. In consequence this great and masterful race of warriors, rulers, road-builders, and administrators stamped their indelible impress upon all the after life of our race, and yet let an over-centralization eat out the vitals of their empire until it became an empty shell; so that when the barbarians came they destroyed only what had already become worthless to the world. The underlying viciousness of each type of expansion was plain enough and the remedy now 178 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE seems simple enough. But when the fathers of the Republic first formulated the Constitution under which we live this remedy was untried and no one could foretell how it would work. They themselves began the experiment almost immediately by adding new States to the origi- nal Thirteen. Excellent people in the East viewed this initial expansion of the country with great alarm. Exactly as during the colonial pe- riod many good people in the mother-country thought it highly important that settlers should be kept out of the Ohio Valley in the interest of the fur companies, so after we had become a Na- tion many good people on the Atlantic Coast felt grave apprehension lest they might somehow be hurt by the westward growth of the Nation. These good people shook their heads over the formation of States in the fertile Ohio Valley which now forms part of the heart of our Na- tion; and they declared that the destruction of the Republic had been accomplished when through the Louisiana Purchase we acquired 179 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE nearly half of what is now that same Republic's present territory. Nor was their feeling unnat- ural. Only the adventurous and the far-seeing can be expected heartily to welcome the proc- ess of expansion, for the nation that expands is a nation which is entering upon a great career, and with greatness there must of necessity come perils which daunt all save the most stout- hearted. We expanded by carving the wilderness into Territories and out of these Territories building new States when once they have received as per- manent settlers a sufficient number of our own people. Being a practical nation we have never tried to force on any section of our new territory an unsuitable form of government merely be- cause it was suitable for another section under different conditions. Of the territory covered by the Louisiana Purchase a portion was given statehood within a few years. Another portion has not been admitted to statehood, although doubtless it soon will be. In each case we 180 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE showed the practical governmental genius of our race by devising methods suitable to meet the actual existing needs; not by insisting upon the application of some abstract shibboleth to all our new possessions alike, no matter how incongru- ous this application might sometimes be. Over by far the major part of the territory, however, our people spread in such numbers during the course of the nineteenth century that we were able to build up State after State, each with exactly the same complete local independ- ence in all matters affecting purely its own do- mestic interests as in any of the original thirteen States — each owing the same absolute fealty to the Union of all the States which each of the original thirteen States also owes — and finally each having the same proportional right to its share in shaping and directing the common pol- icy of the Union which is possessed by any other State, whether of the original Thirteen or not. This process now seems to us part of the nat- ural order of things, but it was wholly unknown isi ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE until our own people devised it. It seems to us a mere matter of course, a matter of elementary right and justice, that in the deliberations of the national representative bodies the representa- tives of a State which came into the Union but yesterday stand on a footing of exact and entire equality with those of the Commonwealths whose sons once signed the Declaration of Inde- pendence. But this way of looking at the mat- ter is purely modern, and in its origin purely American. When Washington during his Pres- idency saw new States come into the Union on a footing of complete equality with the old, every European nation which had colonies still admin- istered them as dependencies, and every other mother-country treated the colonist not as a self- governing equal but as a subject. The process which we began has since been followed by all the great peoples who were ca- pable both of expansion and of self-government, and now the world accepts it as the natural proc- . 182 Ciipyi'iglit 'I.V I'lKierwiKxl iSc rndcrwuod, N. V. AT OLD GATE— SANTA BARBARA. CALIFORNIA President Roosevelt visited the Franciscan Fathers in this Old Mission and was keenly interested in it. r(>pyrisl;t liy rndfrwnd.l \- Tnilcrwnoil, N. Y. ■ TSE DOT A BOTAY FOR HIM" ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE ess, as the rule; but a century and a quarter ago it was not merely exceptional; it was unknown. This, then, is the great historic significance of the movement of continental expansion in which the Louisiana Purchase was the most striking single achievement. It stands out in marked re- lief even among the feats of a nation of pioneers, a nation whose people have from the beginning been picked out by a process of natural selection from among the most enterprising individuals of the nations of western Europe. The acqui- sition of the territory is a credit to the broad and far-sighted statesmanship of the gieat statesmen to whom it was immediately due, and above all to the aggressive and masterful character of the hardy pioneer folk to whose restless energy these statesmen gave expression and direction, whom they followed rather than led. The history of the land comprised within the limits of the Pur- chase is an epitome of the entire history of our people. Within these limits we have gradually built up State after State until now they many 185 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE times over surpass in wealth, in population, and in manj^-sided development, the original thirteen States as they were when their delegates met in the Continental Congress. The people of these States have shown themselves mighty in war with their fellow-man, and mighty in strength to tame the rugged wilderness. They could not thus have conquered the forest and the prairie, the mountain and the desert, had they not pos- sessed the great fighting virtues, the qualities which enables a people to overcome the forces of hostile men and hostile nature. On the other hand, they could not have used aright their con- quest had they not in addition possessed the qual- ities of self-mastery and self-restraint, the power of acting in combination with their fellows, the power of yielding obedience to the law and of building up an orderly civilization. Courage and hardihood are indespensable virtues in a people; but the people which possesses no others can never rise high in the scale either of power or of culture. Great people must have in addi- 186 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE tion the governmental capacity which comes only when individuals fully recognize their du- ties to one another and to the whole body politic, and are able to join together in feats of construc- tive statesmanship and of honest and effective administration. The old pioneer days are gone, with their roughness and their hardship, their incredible toil and their wild half-savage romance. But the need for the pioneer virtues remains the same as ever. The peculiar frontier conditions have vanished; but the manliness and stalwart hardi- hood of the frontiersman can be given even freer scope under the conditions surrounding the com- plex industrialism of the present day. In this great region acquired for our people under the Presidency of Jefiferson, this region stretching from the Gulf to the Canadian border, from the Mississippi to the Rockies, the material and so- cial progress has been so vast that alike for weal and for woe its people now share the opportuni- ties and bear the burdens common to the entire 187 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE civilized world. The problems before us are fun- damentally the same east and west of the Missis- sippi, in the new States and in the old, and ex- actly the same qualities are required for their successful solution. We meet here to-day to commemorate a great event, an event which marks an era in states- manship no less than in pioneering. It is fitting that we should pay our homage in words ; but wc must in honor make our words good by deeds. We have every right to take a just pride in the great deeds of our forefathers; but we show our- selves unworthy to be their descendants if we make what they did an excuse for our lying su- pine instead of an incentive to the effort to show ourselves by our acts worthy of them. In the administration of city, state, and nation, in the management of our home life and the conduct of our business and social relations we are bound to show certain high and fine qualities of char- acter under penalty of seeing the whole heart of our civilization eaten out while the body still lives. 188 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE We justly pride ourselves on our marvelous material prosperity, and such prosperity must exist in order to establish a foundation upon which a higher life can be built; but unless we do in very fact build this higher life thereon, the material prosperity itself will go for but very little. Now, in 1903, in the altered conditions, we must meet the changed and changing prob- lems with the spirit shown by the men who in 1803 and in the subsequent years gained, ex- plored, conquered and settled this vast territory, then a desert, now filled with thriving and pop- ulous States. The old days were great because the men who lived in them had mighty qualities; and we must make the new days great by showing these same qualities. We must insist upon courage and res- olution, upon hardihood, tenacity, and fertility in resource; we must insist upon the strong vir- ile virtues; and we must insist no less upon the virtues of self-restraint, self-mastery, regard for the rights of others; we must show our abhor- 189 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE rence of cruelty, brutality, and corruption, in public and in private life alike. If we come short in any of these qualities we shall measur- ably fail ; and if, as I believe we surely shall, we develop these qualities in the future to an even greater degree than in the past, then in the cen- tury now beginning we shall make of this Re- public the freest and most orderly, the most just and most mighty, nation which has ever come forth from the womb of time. 190 CHAPTER VII. ST. LOUIS TO SAN FRANCISCO. During the evening the President visited the Music Hall, where a meeting w^as held under the auspices of the General Franz Siegel Monu- ment Association. He said a few words to ful- ly 3,000 people in appreciation of General Sie- gel and the cause for which he had fought. The President reached Kansas City at 9 a. m., May I, and spent five hours in the city. His re- ception was intensely enthusiastic, it being es- timated that fully 100,000 people were in the crowds. The schools were closed and business generally suspended. He passed first through the Pazo, a driveway a mile in length and lined by 20,000 school children, each of whom waved a small American flag. The convention hall, where the President made a speech, was beau- tifully decorated. The seating capacity, 18,000, was fully occupied. A feature was the greeting 191 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE of sixty Harvard graduates, who gave the uni- versity yell, ending with the word "Roosevelt." Mayor Reed introduced the President, who said: "I do not usually say anything about our being a reunited country, because it is not nec- essary. Of course, we are a reunited country, and in every northern audience, whenever I see a group of men wearing the button of the Grand Army of the Republic, I am certain to find a group of men ready to cheer every allusion to the gallantry of the men who wore the gray." He discussed the question of good citizenship, saying, "In our complex relation of employe and employer, of one class with another class, of one section with another section, we can work out a really successful result only if those interested will get together and make an honest effort each to understand his neighbor's viewpoint, and then an honest effort each, while working for his own interests, to avoid working to the detriment of his neighbor." After an elaborate luncheon at the Baltimore 192 (.•oi.yri^'ht liy IridciwuMd & rii.lcr\v(M,.l, N. Y, TWO GIANTS Every American Citizen is proud of both. C(,p,vrii;iit l.y IimK-iu .i.mI i; IiHlcrwuiHl, X. X. IN CALIFORNIA The President and Party before the "Grizzley Giant" Big Tree of California rdpyrigiit '.y riiilcr\V"n(l i\: IiHln-w imhI. X. Y. IN CALIFORNIA Leaving Leland Stanford. Jr.. University after addressing the Faculty and Students. From Stereograph, eoiiyriyht hy riidnwcjod it Undei-wooa, N. Y. IN SAN- FRANCISCO "Remember that the shots that count in war are the ones that hit." ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE Hotel, where he was presented with a beauti- fully carved silver card encased in sealskin by the Commercial Club of Kansas City, Mo., the President was taken in charge by a committee of the Mercantile Club of Kansas City, Kas. He was presented with a large silk sunflower and accompanied, by President Brown of the Club, to a carriage decorated with sunflowers and flags. A company of the 4th U. S. Cavalry and a squad of mounted police acted as an escort to the state line. As the party passed beneath the bluffs overlooking the Union Depot, a Presiden- tial salute was fired from cannon placed high above the procession. The arrival at the state line was announced by a steam whistle, which was followed by the blowing of every whistle and the ringing of all the church bells in the twin cities. After a brief speech from a platform in the open, the President reviewed 8,000 school children, who waved flags and cheered him. There were also demonstrations at the Live Stock Exchange and the stock yards which were 197 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE visited, and, as the President was driven through the surburban towns, he was greeted by several thousand more school children. At the Union Pacific station, at Armstrong, the President was presented by the students of the Kansas City University with a gold badge, set with pearls and diamonds, and designating him as an honorary member of the University Library Association. ^ The train reached Topeka an hour late. The President went at once to the site of the new Young Men's Christian Association building, where he made a short address and then laid the cornerstone with a silver trowel, presented by General Manager Mudge of the Santa Fe Rail- road. In his address, the President expressed the hope that the Association would continue to ac- complish good work. He said the Railroad Y. M. C. A. was one of the most potent agencies for good in the country, in that it tended to make better men of the railroad employes, upon whom so much depended: 198 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE After dinner at the home of Governor Bailey, the President went to the Auditorium and made a speech to the delegates to the convention of the Y. M. C. A. He said that such an organ- ization as this developed the two necessary- qualities of work and brotherly love. "Nothing can be done with a man who will not work. We have in our scheme of government no room for the man who does not wish to pay his way through life by what he does. Capacity for work is absolutely necessary, and no man can be said to live in the true sense of the word if he does not work. If a man is utterly disregard- ful of the rights of others; if he works simply for the sake of ministering to his own base pas- sions; if he works simply to gratify himself; small is his good in the community. He is of no real use unless, together with the quality which enables him to work, he has the quality which enables him to love his fellows, to work with them for the common good of all." At Junction City, Kas., on May 2^, there were 199 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE 12,000 people and four troops of the 4th U. S. Cavalry and the 19th and 20th batteries of field artillery from Fort Riley. A presidential salute was fired on the arrival of the train. The Presi- dent spoke of the splendid record made by the Kansas troops in the Spanish War and in the Philippine insurrection, and also said: "Officers and enlisted men in the regular army are our fellow citizens, who have volunteered to wear the uniform, which is the badge of honor to them and to us, and no body of men in all the country deserve well more emphatically of the entire country, than the officers and enlisted men of the Army of the United States. They have added fresh pages to the honor roll of the Re- public by what they have done in the Philip- pines, by the courage and soldier-like efficiency which they have shown, and by the extraord- inary moderation, self-restraint and humanity with which they have carried themselves in one of the most difficult and one of the most righteous contests ever waged by any civilized nation." 200 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE At Chapman, when he appeared on the plat- form of his car, an admirer presented him with a football which had seen service. At Abilene there was a handsome arch, and school-girls threw flowers in the path of the President, several members of the 20th Kansas acted as a guard, and a cowboy band furnished the music. At least 8,000 people were at the depot at Salina, and, surrounded by 3,500 school chil- dren, with flags, the President made a fifteen- minute speech. Secretary Root, who had joined the President at St. Louis, bade him goodbye here and boarded an eastbound train. One of the most interesting scenes occurred at Victoria, a small place inhabited mostly by Russian-Germans, who still retain many of their old customs. Several hundred of the men, women and children were at the station, the women on one side of the track, the men on the other. The children were with their mothers, and when the President appeared on the plat- 201 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE form of his car, they sang sweetly, "Red, White and Blue." Then a number of little girls approached the car and handed bouquets to the President, who thanked the people warmly for having come to greet him, con- gratulating them upon what they had done on the farms and in business. He said he had not enjoyed any meeting more than this one. Sunday, May 3, was spent at Sharon Springs, Kas., where the President attended the Metho- dist church and listened to a sermon by a Presby- terian minister. Two little girls who were standing in the aisle were taken into the pew by the President, and, during the singing, the three shared the same hymn book. At the con- clusion of the service he shook hands with a large number of people. In the afternoon, the President went horseback riding with Senators Burton and Long and President Butler of Co- lumbia College. An admirer presented him with a two-weeks' old badger — a very friendly little animal. Senator Warren, of Wyoming, 202 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE and Civil Service Commissioner Folk joined the President here. At Hugo, Col., the morning of May 4, the President was treated to a cowboy's breakfast. A mess tent had been erected at the side of the track, and when the train arrived breakfast was ready. It was partaken of standing, and then the President shook hands with his host. The train pulled out amidst a chorus of cowboy yells. The President was the guest of the City of Denver for two hours and a half. It seemed as if almost the entire population of 175,000 was massed along the streets during the drive to the State Capitol grounds. The schools and busi- ness houses were closed and many of the stores and residences were beautifully decorated. The Mayor presented the President with a neat morocco-bound engrossed program of his tour through the city and a magnificent gold badge, bearing the state crest and an appropriate in- scription. Col. Charles L. Cooper, of the 5th 203 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE Cavalry, who was Mustering Officer of the Rough Riders, handed the President a photo- graph of his command taken at San Antonio, Texas. The President, who was prominent in the picture, laughed and exclaimed: "That, certainly, is all right, Colonel." Mrs. Helen M. Caspar, on behalf of the Daughters of the American Revolution, presented him with a silk flag, beautifully wrought. "I deeply ap- preciate this priceless gift," he said. At the Capitol, the President spoke briefly of the irri- gation law and its importance, and referred at length to the necessity for good citizenship. There followed a reception in the Governor's office, when Governor Peabody, on behalf of the Colorado Board of World's Fair Commission- ers, presented the President with a souvenir medal made of solid gold, taken from a Cripple Creek mine, and accompanied by a beautifully engrossed presentation certificate. During the drive through the City Park, the President saw the 400-lb. silver bell, to be presented to the 204 Copyright l.y T'ndf iwood .^- rna.iwoofl, X. Y. THEODORE ROOSEVELT, LL. D. Addressing the Students of the University of California at Berkley Ccliyiislit li.v t'mlei-wood & riidcrwood. N. Y. LEAVING THE STATE HOUSE, SALEM, OREGON With the Presidentare Governor Chamberlain, George C. Brownell, L.T. Harris and Mayor C. P. Bishop- ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE cruiser Denver, a miniature of the bell, cast from the same metal, being presented to him. At Colorado Springs, the President was met by Mayor Harris and a reception committee of 200 citizens, and driven through a long line of uniformed men extending from the Rio Grande station to the Antlers Hotel. He made a brief speech upon the responsibilities of citizenship. He was then presented by colored citizens with a silver medal in the form of a square plate, with the inscription: "To the President, President of the people, a friend to the friendless." He thanked the committee and said: "The only thing to do is to do the square thing." He was given a ride through the city, escorted by former rough riders and the reception committee. He was constantly cheered by the crowd. On the station platform he met a number of former rough riders and a reunion was held. Vice President Paul Morton, of the Santa Fe, joined the party here. At Pueblo there was a military escort and a 207 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE decorated platform surrounded by thousands of people, excursionists having come long dis- tances. The President spoke for fifteen minutes, expressing his trust in the ability of the people of the Republic to overcome the difficulties and problems that arise, not by genius or brilliant gifts, but by the exercise of plain and practical common sense and an insistence upon genuine liberty and fair play for each individual. At Trinidad, w^here the train arrived shortly before midnight, there were fully i,ooo people at the depot. Governor Otero, of New Mexico, met the President at Elmoro to escort him through the territory. Over three hours of the morning of May 5 were spent at Santa Fe, the historic buildings and monuments seeming to be of intense inter- est to the President. There was a reception at the Capitol and a drive over the gayly decorated streets, thickly lined with a cheering multitude. A stop was made at San Miguel church, said to be the oldest in the United States, where a son 208 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE of George W. Armijo, a sergeant in the Rough Riders, was baptized and named Theodore Roosevelt, the President being the godfather. After this pleasing incident, the President spoke to 2,500 school children, including 350 in the uniform of the United States Indian School; the students of St. Michael's College, of Loretto Academy, St. Catharine's Indian and the Pres- byterian Mission Schools. At Fort Marcy, Mayor Sparks presented him with an illumi- nated volume of the city's history. The book is in a cover of gold filigree work, set with tur- quoise. Luncheon was served at the residence of Governor Otero, in front of which was a triumphal arch on which stood a girl, as God- dess of Liberty, who strewed flowers upon the President as he passed beneath. When he re- entered his carriage, an original ode was sung by the school children, and the President stood up in his carriage and waved his hat. A large detail of Rough Riders in uniform served as a guard of honor while the President was here, 209 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE and a number of them accompanied him to Al- buquerque. The day was closed at Albuquerque — the most picturesque day of the trip thus far. The President was taken to a stand by a reception committee and spoke a few minutes to 5,000 people. Opposite the stand was a tableau repre- senting New Mexico appealing for admission to the Union — forty-five little girls dressed in white representing the states, while another, on the outside of the gate, at which stood Uncle Sam, represented New Mexico. The President said that when New Mexico had a little more irrigation there would be nothing the matter with the little girl on the outside. After a drive around the city, a reception was held at the Commercial Club. The President was pre- sented with a Navajo saddle blanket, in which were woven in white letters his credentials as an honorary member of the club. He was greatly pleased with the gift. Another big dele- gation of members of his Rough Rider regiment 210 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE greeted him, and he referred to his pleasure in meeting them and in visiting the country from which the greater part of the regiment was re- cruited. Governor Brodie of Arizona, met the President at this point. May 6 was spent in Arizona, Grand Canon being reached at 9 a. m. A special from Flagstaff brought a large crowd, and people also came from the surrounding country on horseback and in wagons. The President was on the go all day. At the station he greeted a number of members of his old regi- ment. He then took a twelve-mile ride. Re- turning to the hotel, he made a brief speech and presented diplomas to the graduates of the Flagstaff school. He said Arizona was one of the regions for which he anticipated the most benefit from the passage of the irrigation law, it being of greater consequence to this part of the country in the next fifty years than any other ma- terial movement whatsover. He believed the GranH Canon was absolutely unparalleled tHrougHout the world. "In your own interest," 211 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE he said, "and in the interest of all the country, keep this wonder of nature as it now is. I hope you won't have a building of any kind to mar the wonderful grandeur and sublimity of the Canon. You cannot improve it." At 5 130 he received the members of his old regiment in his car, and at 6 o'clock the train left for California. The first stop in California, May 7, was at Victor, where the President extended a word of greeting to the people assembled at the station. At Redlands he was formally welcomed to the State by Governor Pardee and a commit- tee of the state legislature. In front of the Hotel Casaloma was packed a mass of humanity that stretched for two blocks east and west. On the west side of the grounds was a company of California National Guards; on the south side, the New York Society, and on the west the Y. M. C. A. cadets in uniform. There was great enthusiasm when the President appeared. He was taken in a carriage to the Calma Hotel, 212 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE thousands of people lining the streets. The President spoke to 1,500 school children, who waved flags, cheered and sang the national airs. In a subsequent address to the crowd, after be- ing introduced by Governor Pardee, the Presi- dent said: "All this valley shows what can be accom- plished by irrigation, and you are to be congrat- ulated that the setlers had the foresight to take advantage of it. The irrigation system should be extended and widened. Forest and stream should be used to build up the interests of the home-maker, for he is the man we want to en- courage in every possible way. I think our citi- zens are realizing more and more that we want to perpetuate the things of both use and beauty. Beauty surely has its place, and you want to make this State more than it even now is — the garden spot of the Continent. "The sight of these children convinces me of the truth of a statement made by Governor Par- dee, when he said that in California there is no danger of race suicide. 213 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE ''You have done well in raising oranges, and I believe you have done better in raising chil- dren." After luncheon the President v^as driven over the city. Flowers were in profusion everywhere and the President (it was his first trip to Cali- fornia) expressed his great admiration. A short stop was made at San Bernardino, and Riverside was reached at 6 o'clock. A warm welcome awaited him, the city being beautifully decorated and brilliantly illumina- ted with thousands of colored electric lights. In the evening the President spoke from a stand, the rough exterior of which was entirely con- cealed by flowers. The train left Riverside at an early hour the morning of May 8, hundreds of people turning out to bid the President Goodbye. A half-hour's stop was made at Claremont, where the President spoke to the students of Pomona College, the President of which, John D. Gates, was an old-time friend of his. 214 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE 'There is not much need of educating the body," he said, 'if one pursues certain occupa- tions, but the minute you come to the people who pursue a sendentary life, there is great need for educating the body. All must recognize that if we think of it. The man that is the ideal citizen, is the man who, in the event of trial, in the event of a call from his country, can respond to that call. When the call comes, you need not only fiery enthusiasm, but you need the body containing that fiery enthusiasm to be sufficiently, hardy to bear it up. "Every college should aid, from its intellec- tual side, from the intellectual standpoint, to add to the sum of productive scholarship of the nation. You should turn your attention to the thing that you find naturally at hand, or to which your mind naturally turns, and try, in dealing with that, to deal in so fresh a way that the net income shall be an addition to the world's stock of wisdom and knowledge. Every 215 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE college should strive to develop among its stu- dents the capacity to do good original work." The train ran through the picturesque San Gabriel Valley, to Pasadena, where it remained two hours. The business houses and residences along the route over which the President was driven displayed American flags and bunting. As the President passed the Elks' lodge building, Congressman MacLachlin presented him with a gold key, a facsimile of the one which opens the Elks' lodge room. At the Wilson High School the President passed under a floral archway which extended for two blocks. The front of the archway was a solid mass of flowers from base to top, and festoons of vari-colored roses were draped across from curb to curb. Baskets of flowers on simlax-twined polls extended from the high school building, and solid banks of roses covered the walls of the facade from base to cupola. Directly in front of the stand, from which the President made a brief address, there were 2,500 school children, each one carrying a 216 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE long, light pole with the national colors waving from the top and palms and wreathes of flowers from the center. After the address, the Presi- dent was driven through the city, a brief stop being made at the home of Mrs. Garfield, the widow of the late President. From the top of Raymond Hill the President had a splendid view of the fertile San Gabriel Valley. When the train pulled in at La Grand station, Los Angeles, thousands of people blocked the streets on every side. Former members of the rough riders' regi- ment, a detachment of Troop D., C. N. G., and "Teddy's Terrors," a political club of Los Angeles busines men, wearing the rough rider uniform, formed on either side of the platform and kept the crowd back. The President was driven directly to the Westminster Hotel, where luncheon was served. The people along the route continuously cheered him. The annual fiesta de las flores, the chief feature of which was the elaborate floral parade, was arranged this year to coincide with the visit of 217 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE the President. Unusual efforts had been made by the fiesta commitee to make this feature of the celebration particularly attractive, a sort of expression of the floral wealth of California. The parade occurred in the afternoon and was reviewed by the President. Returning to the hotel, he dined with a large delegation of State officials and invited guests. In the evening, he reviewed the electrical parade, which was the closing feature of the day. The train left Los Angeles at 5 a. m., May 9, the first stopping place being Ventura. The en- trance to the city being through a magnificent floral arch, the gates of which were swung wide by members of the board of town trustees and the board of supervisors. The route along the main streets was lined with several thousand people, who accorded the President an enthu- siastic ovation. A stop was made before the Column of Pioneers, of which body the Presi- dent was elected an honorary member, being decorated with the badge of the association. At 218 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE the Old Mission the President climbed to the belfry and listened to the wooden bells that have chimed for over a century. He also visited the Bard Memorial Hospital and made a speech from a platform in front of the Plaza School. Here he got his first glimpse of the Pacific Ocean. Santa Barbara w^as reached at 1 1 o'clock. Carriages awaited the President at Montecito and he was escorted to the city by a large delega- tion of citizens, mounted police and Forest Rangers. On the way he was taken over drives in one of the most beautiful suburbs and over a portion of the Mountain Boulevard which com- mands a view of the city, sea and Channel Islands. He addressed about 15,000 people on the Plaza del Mar, and witnessed a parade. The President then visited the points of historical in- terest. He spent considerable time at the Old Mission as the guest of the Franciscan Fathers, and saw the sacred burying grounds, where hundreds of old Padres have been buried dur- 219 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE ing the past century and which no woman has ever been permitted to enter. A stop was made at San Luis Obispo, where a great crowd welcomed the President. Sunday, May lo, was spent at Del Monte. The President rode on horseback over a seven- teen-mile drive along the sea in the morning, and in the afternoon attended services at St. John's Chapel. After dinner a reception was held in the parlors of the Hotel Del Monte, the President shaking hands with the guests and the officers stationed at Fort Monterey. The morning of May 1 1, a detachment of the Fifteenth Infantry accompanied the President to his train. At Pajaro, during a lo-minute stop, the Presi- dent said in a speech: "It seems to me every good American that can should visit the Pacific slope, to realize where so much of our country's greatness in the future will lie. I did not need to come out here in order to believe in you and your work. I know you well, and believe in you 220 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE with all my heart, but it has done me good to be in touch with you. The thing that has impressed me most in coming from the Atlantic across to the Pacific, is that good Americans are good Americans in every part of this country." At Watsonville, in response to the demands of the people assembled at the depot, the President said: "I did not come here to teach; I come to learn. It has done me good to be in your State and to meet your people. Until last week, I had never been in California, and I go back an even better American than I came, and I think I came out a fairly good one. Things that are truisms, that you expect as a simple part of the natural order of events, need to be impressed upon our people as a whole. We need to under- stand the commanding position that will be oc- cupied in the future by our nation on the Pacific. This, the greatest of all the oceans, is one which during the century opening, must pass under American influence, and, as inevitably happens 221 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE when a great effort comes, it means that a great burden of responsibility accompanies that ef- fort. A nation cannot be great without paying the price of greatness, and only a craven nation will object to paying the price. I believe in you, my countrymen; I believe in our people, and, therefore, I believe that they will dare to be great. Therefore, I believe they will hail the chance this century brings as one which it should rejoice a mighty and masterful people to have. And we can face the future with the assurance of confidence of success if only we face it in the spirit in which our fathers faced the problems of the past." The next stop was at Santa Cruz. After a drive on Beach Hill, where the President had a good view of the bay and the city, he was driven along Pacific Avenue, where there was an im- mense throng and many school children, who waved flags and scattered flowers in the road- way. The courthouse was a mass of national colors. In the crowd were many members of 222 From Stereograph, copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. THE RECEPTION AT PORTLAND An immense crowd greeted the President at Portland, Oregon. The above picture shows him reviewing the parade. Copyright by Underwood & T'ndorwood, N. Y. AT PORTLAND, OREGON President Roosevelt reviewing the Parade from a carriage banked with roses ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE the G. A. R. and representatives of the pioneers and naval militia. Mayor Clark introduced the President, who was warmly received. "I wish to say a word," he said, "especially to the men of the Grand Army and the representa- tives of the pioneers — to the men who proved their loyalty in the supreme test of '6i to '65, and to the pioneers who showed their patriotism in winning the golden west for their country. It is a pleasure for me to see men of the naval militia. If there is one thing this country is alive to, it is our navy. We must believe in a first-class navy. We already have a good navy, but we must have a better one. We cannot afiford to neglect our navy. We must build it up; we must have the best fighting ships and the best of men to man them." A brief visit was made to the grove of red wood trees at Felton. The President expressed his disapproval of placing personal and business cards on the trees, and, in a speech, said he hoped the people of California would see to 225 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE it that such vandalism was stopped. The cards were torn down. A huge tree was named after the President, he stipulating that the card neces- sary to be placed upon it should not be more than an inch and a half in diameter. During luncheon the President was informed that the Spanish beans served were raised by Mrs. J. M. Gesetterest, the mother of 34 chil- dren. He laughed heartily, saying, "She should be the president of some association, — I don't know what." The Pioneers' Society presented him with a silver plate and he also received pictures of the big trees. San Jose was reached in the afternoon, the President receiving an ovation. He was shown the most famous orchards and vineyards of this section of the State, and warmly expressed his appreciation of the Santa Clara Valley. He visited the old Jesuit College at Santa Clara, and at Campbell addressed a large number of fruitgrowers and farmers, and planted a tree. The school children were reviewed in front of 226 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE the McKinley Monument in St. James Square. The evening was spent quietly in his car. The train left San Jose at 8 130 a. m., May 12, and a half-hour's ride brought it to Palo Alto, the site of the Leland Stanford, Jr., University. The President was driven up a palm lined avenue to the university quadrangle, where he was greeted by President Star Jordan, the faculty and assembled students, to whom he de- livered a brief address. He said President Jordan vv^as an old and valued friend whose ad- vice he has often sought since he became Presi- dent of the United States. He devoted some time to the benefits of education if properly ap- plied in after life, and ended his speech with a plea for the preservation of the forests, advocat- ing a revision of the land laws which would cut out the provision that tends to the acquisition of large tracts of land for speculative purposes, or the leasing to others. "We want good land laws," he said. "We want to see the farmer own his own home; want 227 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE to see the land saved to the home builder. The best trained, best educated men on the Pacific Slope, in the Rocky Mountains, and Great Plains States, will take the lead in the preserva- tion and securing the right use of the waters, and seeing to it that our land policy is not twisted from its original purpose, but is perpetuated in the line of the purpose to turn the public domain into farms, each to be the property of the man who actually tills it and makes his home upon it." After an inspection of the campus and build- ings, including the beautiful Stanford Memorial church, which the President declared was one of the most artistic religious edifices in the world, he was escorted to his car by the faculty and students. San Francisco was reached at 2:15 p. m. A large gathering of federal, state and city officials, army and navy officers, foreign consuls, and dis- tinguished citizens were waiting at the station to welcome him. Mr. M. H. de Young spoke on behalf of the Citizens' Reception Committee. 228 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE The President expressed his thanks, and was then introduced to Admiral Bickford, of the Pacific British Squadron, who conveyed the good wishes of King Edward, and said the arrival of the flagship of the squadron to assist in the greeting was another instance of the cordial relations ex- isting between the two nations. The President said he appreciated the evidence of friendship, and begged that his good wishes be given to His Majesty. Before entering his carriage, the President stepped up to the locomotive and warmly shook hands with Engineer McGrail and Fireman Everly, who had safely piloted him from the south. The line of parade was headed by a troop of colored cavalry. Following the President were United States troops from the local posts, sailors and marines from the warships in the harbor and at Mare Island, regiments of the state militia and a number of semi-military organizations. 229 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE The Cleveland Grays came from Ohio to par- ticipate in the California welcome. After reviewing the parade, the President was driven to the Y. M. C, A. building, where a throng had gathered to participate in the burn- ing of mortgages and notes representing the total indebtedness of $115,280 upon the property. The President, by request, touched a lighted match to the documents, and, as the flames licked up the papers, he joined the assemblage in sing- ing "Praise God From Whom All Blessings Flow." The President addressed the Y. M. C. A., saying. "It would be hard to overestimate the amount of good work done by the Young Mens' Chris- tian Association and the Young Women's Chris- tian Association. This association represents the efforts to provide for the body as well as for the mind, to help young men to educate them- selves, to train themselves for the practical life as well as for the higher life, and to give them 230 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE amusement and relaxation that will educate and not debase them. "In other words, the Y. M. C. A., in all its branches, is working for civic and social right- eousness, for decency, for good citizenship. There is no patent recipe for getting good citizenship. You get it by applying the old rules of decent conduct, the rules in accordance with which decent men have had to shape their lives from t?he beginning. A good citizen, a man who stands as he should stand, with his relations to the state, to the nation, must first of all be a good member of his own family, a good father or son, brother or husband; a man who does right the thing that is nearest; the man who is a good neighbor (and I use 'neighbor' broadly) who handles himself as his self-respect should aid him to handle himself, in his rela- tions to the community at large, in his relations with those whom he employs, or by whom he is employed, with those with whom he comes in contact in any form or business relation or in any 231 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE other way. If there is one lesson which I think each of us learns as he grows older, it is that it is not what the man works at, providing, of course, it is respectable and honorable in char- acter, that fixes his place; it is the way he works at it. "If we are sincere in our professions of ad- herence to the principles laid down by the founder of Christianity; if we are sincere in our professions of adherence to the immutable laws of righteousness, we will honor in others and ourselves the power of each to do decently and well the work allotted to him, and ask nothing further than that. If we can get ourselves and the community at large really imbued with that spirit, nine-tenths of the difficulties that beset us will vanish." 232 Coiiyriglit by riiilcrwoud & I'luUn-wood. N. Y. CROWD AT SEATTLE, WASHINGTON Copyright liy rndcrwcKMl »>v: I AT HELENA, MONTANA An immense crowd lined the streets from the station to the Capital. Copyriuiht !i.v I'nilcrwond \- I iKlci-wniHl. N. Y. CROWDS AT HELENA. MONTANA CHAPTER VIII. SAN FRANCISCO TO WASHINGTON. A banquet was given to the President at the Palace Hotel in the evening by the Citizens' Committee, M. H. de Young presiding. On his right was the President, Governor Pardee, Ad- miral Bickford, Doctor Rixey, Admiral Kempff and Doctor Butler; and on his left. Secretary Moody, Mayor Schmitz, Senator Perkins, Gen- eral MacArthur and Doctor Wheeler. One of the features of the decorations was an immense garland of California fruits, swung on the south wall of the room. Stretching from one end of the hall to the other were electric lights, spells ing "Land of Sunshine, Fruit and Flowers Wel- comes President Roosevelt." The President in his address said: "I rejoice with you in the prosperity of California, and that prosperity is but part of the prosperity of the whole union. Speaking broadly, prosperity must of necessity come to all 237 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE of us or to none of us. This Golden State has a future of even brighter promise than most of her older sisters; and yet the future is bright for all of us. "California, still in her youth, can look for- ward to such growth as only a few of her sister states may share. Yet there are immense pos- sibilities of growth for all our states. In this growth, in keeping and increasing our pros- perity, the most important factor must be the character of our citizenship. Nothing can take the place of the average quality of energy, thrift, business enterprise and amity in our community as a whole. Unless the average individual in our nation has to a high degree the qualities that command success, we cannot expect to deserve it, or to keep what it brings; and our future is, in my opinion, well assured from the very fact that there is very high quality in the character of the average American citizen. But, in addi- tion, we must have wise legislation and upright and honest enforcement of the laws. 238 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE "We have attained our present position of economic well-being and of leadership in the in- ternational business world under a tariff policy in which I think our people, as a whole, have acquiesced as essentially wise alike from the standpoint of the manufacturer, the merchant, the farmer and the wage-worker. Doubtless, as our needs shift, it will be necessary to reapply in its details this system so as to meet these shift- ing needs; but it would certainly seem, from the standpoint of our business interests, most unwise to abandon the general policy of the system under which our success has been so signal. *'In financial matters, we are to be congratu- lated upon having definitely determined that our currency system should rest upon a gold basis, for to follow any other course would have meant disaster so widespread that it would be difficult to over estimate it. "There is, however, unquestionably, need of enacting further financial legislation so as to pro- vide for greater elasticity in our currency system. 239 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE At present there are certain seasons during which the rigidity of our currency system causes a stringency which is unfortunate in its effects. So, in my judgment, the Congress that is to as- semble next fall should take up and dispose of the pressing questions relating to banking and currency. I believe that such action will be taken and I am sure that it ought to be taken." The morning of May 13, the President was escorted by a squadron of cavalry through streets lined with people to Native Sons' Hall, where a reception was held. The hall was packed with members of the California Society of Pioneers, the Native Sons of the Golden West, the Native Daughters and Veterans of the Mexican War. Addresses of welcome were made by Ex-Mayor Phelan, Henry B. Russ, General Stewart, H. R. McNoble and Miss Eliza R. Heath, and the President was presented with a souvenir of the occasion, representing a bear hunt, reproduced in gold. The President responded in a happy manner. 240 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE The President next proceeded to Van Ness Avenue, where thousands of school children had assembled, many of them carrying beautiful silk banners and all of them having flags, which were waved as the President passed. After the re- view of the children he drove through the Presido, and thence to the golf links, where there was a military review. General MacArthur be- ing in command of the troops. After a drive through Golden Gate park, luncheon was taken at the Clifif House, with the members of the Executive Committee, Governor Pardee, Admiral Bickford and other invited guests. On the return trip, a large crowd witnessed the President turn the first shovelful of earth for the McKinley Monument. The shovel was a souvenir one, made from the material of which the monument will be composed, and it was pre- sented to the President. In a brief address he said: "It is not too much to say that no man since 241 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE Lincoln was as widely, universally loved in this country as was President McKinley, for it was given to him, not only to rise to the most exalted station, but to typify in his character and con- duct those virtues which every American citizen worthy of the name liked to regard as typically American — the virtues of cleanly and upright living, in all relations, private and public, in the most intimate family relations, in the rela- tions of business, in the relations with his neigh- bors, and finally in his conduct of the great affairs of state." In the evening the President spoke at the Me- chanics' Pavilion, his subject being "Expansion and Trade Development and Protection of the Country's Newly Acquired Possessions in the Pacific." He said: "Before I saw the Pacific Slope, I was an ex- pansionist, and after having seen it I fail to un- derstand how any man confident of his country's greatness and glad that his country should chal- lenge with proud confidence our mighty future 242 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE can be anything but an expansionist. In the cen- tury that is opening, the commerce and the prog- ress of the Pacific will be features of incalculable moment in the history of the world. Now, in our day, the greatest of all oceans, of all seas, and the last to be used on a large scale by civilized man, bids fair to become in its turn the first in point of importance. Our mighty republic has stretched across the Pacific and now in California, Oregon and Washington, in Alaska and Hawaii and the Philippines holds an extent of coast line which makes it of necessity a power of the first class in the Pacific. The extension in the area of our domain has been immense, the extension in the area of our influence even greater. "America's geographical position on the Pa- cific is such as to insure our peaceful domination of its waters in the future, if only we grasp with sufficient resolution the advantages of this posi- tion. We are taking long strides in this direc- tion: witness the cables we are laying down and the great steamship lines we are starting — steam- 243 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE ship lines, some of whose vessels are larger than any freight carriers the word has yet seen. We have taken the first steps toward digging an isth- mian canal, to be under our control — a canal which will make our Atlantic and Pacific coast lines to all intent and purpose continuous, and will add immensely alike to our commercial and our military and naval strength. "The inevitable march of events gave us con- trol of the Philippines at a time so opportune that it may without irreverance be held providential. Unless we show ourselves weak, unless we show ourselves degenerate sons of the sires from whose loins we sprang, we must go on with the work that we have begun. I earnestly hope that this work will always be peaceful in character. "We infinitely desire peace, and the surest way to obtain it is to show that we are not afraid of war. We should deal in a spirit of fairness and justice with all weaker nations ; we should show to the strongest that we are able to maintain our rights. Such showing cannot be made by bluster, 244 ^^'' '^^^^^^^^^1 -" A;-~ — :.z — -a--,-^^ ;: " (^ w^ ('.i|.\ i-iL;lil l.y fiMlci-w-.ind >V I'ii.lcr\N'"Ml, \. Y. IN IDAHO 'We must handle the water, the wood, the grasses, so that we will hand them on to our children, and children's children, in better and not worse shape than we got them." Copvriiilit rmk'iwuud ^ liiilcrwodd. X. X. INDIANS RACING THE PRESIDENT'S SPECIAL Blackfoot Indians met the President's Train several miles out of Pocatello, Idaho and raced alongside into that town. ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE for bluster merely invites contempt. Let us speak courteously, deal fairly and keep ourselves armed and ready. If we do these things, we can count on the peace that comes to the just man armed, to the just man who neither fears nor in- flicts wrong. "We must keep on building and maintaining a thoroughly efficient navy with plenty of the best and most formidable ships, with an ample supply of officers and of men, and with these officers and men trained in the most thorough way to the best possible performance of their duty. Only thus can we assure our position in the world at large, and, in particular, our position here on the Pa- cific. "It behooves all men of lofty soul, who are proud to belong to a mighty nation, to see to it that we fit ourselves to take and keep a great po- sition in the world, for our proper place is with the expanding nations and the nations that dare to be great, that accept with confidence a place of leadership in the world. All our people should 247 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE take this position, but especially should you of California, for much of our expansion must go through the Golden Gate, and the states of the Pacific Slope must inevitably be those which would most be benefited by and take the lead in the growth of American influence along the coasts and islands of that mighty ocean, where east and west finally become one. My country- men, I believe in you with all my heart, and I am proud that it has been granted to me to be a citi- zen of a nation of such glorious opportunities and with the wisdom, the hardihood and the courage to rise to the levels of its opportunities." The morning of May 14, the President partici- pated in the dedication of the monument com- memorative of the victory of Commodore Dewey and his fleet in Manila Bay. In an ad- dress he said San Francisco should glory in com- memorating the navy's victory at Manila, as it had opened the Pacific Ocean to American com- merce, and more than any other event contribu- ted to give the United States a high place among 248 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE the naval powers. He dwelt on the necessity of preparing ships, armament, and men for the navy. Naval battles are fought in advance, and the Americans won at Manila because they had made ready to strike the blow. The necessity of improving the navy was first made apparent in 1882, and all of the warships the navy now has were built since that time. Since the last war, the naval strength of the United States has rapid- ly been increasing, and under the .wise provisions of the last Congress has particularly advanced. He urged practical work at sea, especially in marksmanship, saying: "Remember that the shots that count in war are the ones that hit." The President then went to Berkely, where he took part in the commencement exercises of the University of California, President Benjamin Ide Wheeler conferring upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. After visiting Oakland, where the citizens cor- dially greeted him, the President went to Vallejo, and laid the cornerstone of the Navy Y. M. C. A. 249 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE building. A stop was made at the Mare Island Navy Yard. In the evening he was given a fare- well banquet by the Union League Club at the Palace Hotel. Covers were laid for 300 persons. May 15, 16, 17 and 18 were spent in the Yo- semite, the President camping at different points, sight-seeing during the days, and sleeping in blankets at night. He was in but one house, and then only for an hour or so, during the three days. At Happy Isles, on the 17th, during luncheon, he said: "This is the one day of my life, and one that I will always remember with pleasure. Just think of where I was last night! Up there (pointing toward Glacier Point) amid the pine and silver firs In the Sierrian solitude, in a snowstorm, too, and without a tent. I passed one of the most pleasant nights of my life. It was so reviving to be so close to nature in this magnificent forest." The railroad journey was resumed at Ray- mond, after a record-breaking stage ride of 69 miles in ten hours. 250 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE Carson, Nev., was reached the morning of May 19, and fully 15,000 people greeted the President as he was driven through the city to the capitol park. He spoke for twenty minutes, dwelling upon the possibilities of irrigation and forestry, and congratulating Nevada on her irri- gation law. At Reno he was taken to the University of Ne- vada, where he addressed the 400 students, and at Colfax he was presented with a handsome box of quartz specimens and nuggets. He thanked the people for the gift and expressed his apprecia- tion of the compliment shown by the assembly of such a large number of people to greet him. During a stop of fifteen minutes at Truckee, the President made a short address. At Sacramento, in the evening, he reviewed the school children, who waved flags and heartily cheered him. After dinner he went to the state capitol, where Governor Pardee gave a reception for him. He made a short address from a ros- trum on the east front of the capitol. 251 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE At Redding, May 20, several counties were represented in the crowd at the depot, where the President made a ten-minute speech. He said he had enjoyed his visit to California immensely and that he was convinced that San Francisco would do its full share in dominating the com- merce of ,the nation. He was presented with some specimens of copper from Mount Shasta. Short stops were made at Sisson, Dunsmuir and Montague, where speeches w^ere made to large gatherings of people, who had come from miles around to see the President. Ashland, the first stopping point in Oregon, was reached at 6 145 in the evening, and, as the train pulled in, bands played, cannon boomed, and thousands of people cheered the President when he stepped out upon the platform of his car. He spoke of the peculiar pleasure he felt at entering the State for the first time. At Salem, May 21, the President was met by Governor Chamberlain, George C. Brownell, President of the Senate ; L. T. Harris, Speaker of 252 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE the House; Mayor C. P. Bishop and a citizens' committee. Thousands of people were gathered at the station. While driving through the city, the President was repeatedly cheered. He said a few words of greeting and encouragement to 2,000 school children, who responded by singing "America," and, subsequently, delivered an ad- dress in the capitol grounds. He spoke warmly of the G. A. R. and the members of the Second Oregon Regiment, who fought in the Philip- pines. Continuing, he said: "It is not only the lesson of what these men did in war that we need to learn; it is the applied les- son of citizenship that they teach. Fundamen- tally, in this country, we are free from the dread- ful curse of religious hatred and persecution which has worked so much evil in times past in the world at large. We realize that a corner- stone in the building of this government must not be merely religious toleration before the law, but a genuine religious toleration among ourselves. We in America are to be held thrice blessed that 253 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE the chance of animosity between Jew and Gen- tile, or between Christian sects, has become in- finitesimal to the vanishing point. Once more, not only must there be no line of demarcation among our people on grounds of sect, but there must be no line of demarcation drawn among them on grounds of class or occupation. There is but one safe rule to follow in public life as in private life, and that is the old, old rule of treat- ing your neighbor as you would like your neigh- bor to treat you ; the old rule of decency, honesty, of square dealing as between man and man. Just so long as our people keep character, so long as they have the fundamental virtues of decency, of courage, of common sense, just so long may we rest assured that this country will go onward and upward until it occupies a place among the na- tions of mankind such as has never before been known since the days when history was first written." On his way to the depot, the President noticed an invalid child lying upon a stretcher on the 254 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE curbing. He stopped his carriage, alighted, and kissed the little girl. The crowd cheered him. The train arrived at Portland at 2:15 p. m., and, while crossing the bridge spanning the Wil- lamette River, a salute of 21 guns was fired by a battery of the Oregon National Guard. A com- mittee headed by Senator John H. Mitchell ac- companied the President to a carriage in which he was driven about the city. With him were Governor Chamberlain and Mayor George P. Williams. The procession was made up of a l^attalion of Spanish-American War veterans, commanded by Brig. General Summners, who led the Second Oregon Regiment in the Philip- pines; the 8th Battery, U. S. Artillery, from Van- couver Barracks; the 17th Regiment, U. S. I.; the Third Regiment, O. N. G., and cadets from several military schools. One section was a hu- man flag, composed of 400 school girls. A com- pany of fifty American-born Chinese brought up the rear. The route from the depot to the city park, a distance of three miles, was a mass of 255 ROOSEVELT AIMONG THE PEOPLE American flags. Across Sixth street was a large one — the first American flag hoisted on the walls of Manila. The President's carriage stopped under this flag, and he and the other occupants took off their hats. In the park were 12,000 school children, massed in raised seats. Each child waved an American flag as the President passed, and cheered him lustily. Fully 25,000 people had assembled to witness the laying of the cornerstone of the Lewis and Clark Monument. The President laid the cornerstone and, in an address, said: "This cornerstone is to call to mind the great- est single pioneering feat on this Continent — the voyage across the Continent by Lewis and Clark, which rounded out the ripe statesmanship of Jef- ferson and his fellows by giving to the United States all of the domain between the Mississippi and the Pacific. Following their advent came the reign of the fur trader, and then, some sixty years ago, those entered whose children and chil- dren's children were to possess the land. Across 256 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE the continent in the early Forties came the ox- drawn, white-topped wagons, bearing the pio- neers, the stalwart, sturdy, sunburnt men, with their Avives and little ones, who entered into this country to possess it. You have built up here this wonderful commonwealth, a commonwealth great in its past and infinitely greater in its future. "It was a pleasure to me today to have as part of my escort, the men of the Second Oregon, who carried on expansion of our people beyond the Pacific as your fathers carried it on to the Pacific. I speak to the men of the Pacific Slope, the men whose predecessors gave us this region because they were not afraid, because they did not seek the life of ease and safety, because their life train- ing was not to shrink from obstacles, but to meet and overcome them. Now I ask that this nation go forward as it has gone forward in the past; I ask that it shape its life in accordance with the highest ideas; I ask that we govern the Philip- pines primarily in the interest of the people of 257 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE the islands, and, just so long as men like Taft and Luke Wright are there, they will be so governed ; I ask that our name be a synonym for truthful and fair dealings with all the nations of the world; and I ask two things in connection with our foreign policy — that we never wrong the weak, and that we never flinch from the strong. "Today the Secretary of the Navy spoke of the great pride we take in the feats of the mighty battleship which bears the name of this State — the Oregon. It is a great thing to cheer it, but it is a better thing to see that we keep on building ships like it, and even better. That is the right way to cheer our Oregon, to see our Senators and Representatives in Congress go on with the building of the United States Navy. Whether we wish it or not, we have to be a great power. We have to play a great part. All we can decide is whether we will play that part well or ill, and I know, my countrymen, there Is scant doubt as to how the decision will come out. "We have met to commemorate a mighty plo- 258 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE neer feat, a feat of the old days, when men needed to call upon every ounce of courage and hardi- hood and manliness they possessed in order to make good our claim to this Continent. Let us in our turn, with equal courage, equal hardihood and manliness, carry on the task that our fore- fathers have entrusted to our hands, and let us resolve that we shall leave to our chidren and our children's children an even mightier heritage than we received in our turn. I ask it, and I am sure that it will be granted." A banquet was given at the Hotel Portland in the evening. The State of Washington was entered at Kala- ma. May 22. The President was met by Gov- ernor McBride, who informally welcomed him to the State. At Chehalis there were 10,000 people at the depot. Mayor Donohue escorted the President on an elevated passageway to the "McKinley stump" — a mammoth fir stump, beautifully dec- orated, near the station. He shook hands with 259 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE Mr. and Mrs. William Hazzard, parents of the two Lieutenants Hazzard, who were with Gen- eral Funston when he captured Aguinaldo. The President spoke for fifteen minutes. He said: *'It is no wonder the people of Washington have shown themselves true to the practices and principles of the men who fought in the great war. I have just been introduced to two of the gallant young fellows, who, in the Philippines, captured Aguinaldo. With men such as you, and with two of your citizens, the father and the mother of boys like that, of course, you are ex- pansionists. If you were not, I would want to know what was the matter with you. "I congratulate Washington on its agriculture, its lumber, its mines, upon all that it produces, but most of all, upon its crop of children." The State Capitol, Olympia, was reached at 1 :20 in the afternoon, and, while entering the city, the President had his first glimpse of Puget Sound. The official reception to the State took place here, the Governor and his staff, ex-gov- 260 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE ernors, state officers and reception committee ap- pointed by the Legislature, in addition to 5,000 people, greeted the President. At Tacoma a multitude at the station rent the air with cheers when the train stopped in the Northern Pacific depot. The escort consisted of G. A. R. posts and Spanish-American War vet- erans. At the public school buildings the chil- dren were grouped and gave the President an en- thusiastic reception. All the business and resi- dent streets were decorated with flags and fes- toons and pictures of the President. The streets were packed with people, and the demonstration kept him busy bowing his acknowledgments. He spoke in Wright Park, where there v/as a mass of humanity. 'T earnestly believe," he said, "and, of course, I hope with all my heart, that there will always be peace between the United States and other powers, but I wish that peace to come to us not as a favor granted in contempt, but to be the kind of peace that comes to the just man armed, the peace that we can claim as a matter of right. 261 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE "If we fail to build an adequate navy, some- time, some great power, throwing off the re- straint of international morality, will take some step against us, relying upon the weakness of our navy. The best possible assurance against war is an adequate navy. I ask for a navy primarily because it is the surest means of keeping peace, and also because, if war does come, surely there can be no American who will tolerate the idea of its having any other than a successful issue." On leaving the park, the Grand Lodge of Ma- sons and the Grand Commandery Knights Tem- plar escorted the President to the site of the Ma- sonic Temple, of which he laid the cornerstone. A thousand Masons participated in the impres- sive ceremony. Senator Foster gave a dinner in his honor in the evening. There was ideal weather May 23 for the trip of Puget Sound. The president was accompa- nied to the wharf by an escort of police and cav- alry, crowds lining Pacific Avenue and cheering 2G2 Ciiiiyright liy rncU-rwooil \ \ iiHnu 1. X. Y. AT POCATELLO, IDAHO ■What American stands for more than aught else, is for treating each man on his worth as a man. ;lil liv !iHlfi-\vn(i(l .>;.• IimIciwimmI. N. y. AT SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH President Roosevelt received a most enthusiastic welcome from the Citizens, Cowpunchers and Sheep men. ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE him heartily. All the shipping was adorned with flags and streamers. The steamer Spokane, which took him north, flew the President's flag, the revenue cutter McCuUoch, handsomely- dressed, convoying her. The navy yard at Sinclair Inlet was inspected. As the Spokane emerged from the inlet, she was greeted by the sirens of steamers and tugs wait- ing to escort her to Seattle. Behind the Spokane was the McCuUoch, followed in a double line by forty steamers, great and small, all decked out and tooting their whistles. A salute of 21 guns was fired as the President landed at the wharf, where he was received by Mayor Humes. A long drive was taken through the streets, which were packed with enthusiastic people. At the University grounds, the President made a speech in which he said: "I greet you as the very embodiment of the spirit which makes us all proud to be Americans. How any man can be a citizen of Seattle and the State of Washington, realizing what has been 265 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE done here, within the past fifty years, as you can, and not be a good American, is more than I can imagine. You are good Americans, but it is not to your credit. You can't help it. You can't realize how great your future is. No other body on the face of the earth offers quite the advan- tages to the people as those which are enjoyed by the people who live about the Puget Sound. No state, and I include them all, has quite such great advantages as this great State of Washington. "You are at the gateway of Alaska, and even the people of the country that I come from are beginning to appreciate the greatness of Alaska. The men of my age will not be old men before they will see one of the greatest and most popu- lous states of the entire Union in Alaska. I am glad to notice that our national legislature now seems desirous of providing at once for the needs of that great territory. I predict that Alaska will, within the next century, support as large a population as does the entire Scandinavian Pen- insula of Europe, the people of which, by their 26G ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE brains and energies, have left their mark on the face of Europe, I predict that you will see Alas- ka with her enormous resources of minerals, fish- eries, her possibilities that almost exceed belief, produce as hardy and vigorous a race as any part of America." Returning to the wharf, the President em- barked and went to Everett. Coming back, he was driven to the Grand Opera House which was crowded with Alaskans. A committee of the Arc- tic Brotherhood — an exclusively Alaskan order — presented him a miniature placer miner's pan of solid gold, on which was inscribed an invita- tion to visit Alaska as the guest of the order. Sunday, May 24, was spent in Seattle, the President atending the Memorial services of the G. A. R. at the Grand Opera House. In the afternoon he took a horseback ride to Fort Law- ton. May 25, the train stopped first at Clellum, in the Cascade Mountains, 1,000 coal miners hav- ing come down from Roslyn to see the President. 267 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE At North Yakima he spoke on irrigation to an audience of 12,000, including a large number of Indians from the reservation. At EUensburg he made an address to 5,000 people, paying his re- spects to the mothers, wives and daughters of the soldiers. "While," he said, "the men went to battle, to the women fell the harder task of seeing husband or lover, father or brother going away, she herself having to stay behind with the load of doubt, anxiety and uncertainty, and often the hard difficulty of making both ends meet in the household while the breadwinner was away." At Walla Walla he spoke to 6,000 people from the steps of the Whitman Memorial Building, and reviewed a parade of militia and federal troops from Fort Walla Walla. In the evening he was entertained by Senator Ankeny at his house. The morning of May 26 was spent in the Coueur d'Alene mining camps of Northern Idaho, but the weather was very inclement. There was 750 people at Pasco, and the Presi- 268 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE dent made a general talk on irrigation, saying that under the national irrigation act all the bar- ren wastes undoubtedly would be irrigated; that national reservoirs would be constructed to con- serve the supply of water now going to waste in the Columbia and Snake rivers, and the barren wastes would be changed into a veritable Garden of Eden. The President was given a box of as- sorted fruits, as a testimonial of what the land would do under irrigation. At Wallula, about 500 people, including many school children, met the train. The President spoke encouragingly to the children, telling them to keep on striving to get an education. At Wallace, notwithstanding a heavy rain, 10,- 000 people thronged the streets. After a recep- tion at Senator Heyburn's residence, the Presi- dent made a speech at the City Park, his subject being "Good Citizenship." At Harrison there was a large crowd, which listened to an address from the rear platform of his car. The President was presented with five strings of speckled trout. 269 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE The train arrived at Spokane in the afternoon, and was met by a committee of twenty-five, headed by Senator Turner, Mayor Boyd, and a crowd of 6,000 people. A drive was taken through the most attractive parts of the city, the buildings being beautifully decorated. The es- cort consisted of Spanish-American War Veter- ans, regular troops, cadets and militia. The pro- cession halted for a moment at the site of the new Masonic Temple, and the President threw the first spadeful of earth. At Coueur d'Alene Park there were thousands of children, who sang pa- triotic songs and strewed flowers as the President passed through their ranks. In an address, the President said: "I am in a city at the gateway of this State, with the great railroad systems of the State run- ning through it. On the western edge of the State is Puget Sound, where I have seen the hom- ing places of the great steamship lines, which, in connection with the great railroads, are doing so much to develop the oriental trade of the coun- 270 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE try. This State will owe no small part of its fu- ture greatness to the fact that it is doing its share in acquiring for the United States the dominance of the Pacific. The men and corporations that have built these railroads have rendered a very great service to the community. Every man who has made wealth or used it in developing great legitimate business enterprises has been of benefit and not harm to the country at large. Great good has come from the development of our railroad systems; great good has been done by the indi- viduals and corporations that have made that development possible; and in return good has been done to them and not harm when they are required to obey the law." At 8:30 a. m., May 27, the train pulled into Helena, Mont. An immense crowd was at the station, and Battery A, M. N. G., fired a salute. Among the delegation which met the President were many old-time western friends. Accom- panied by Governor Toole and Mayor Edwards, he was driven to the capitol. On the way the 271 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE procession passed several thousand cheering school children. After an address, there was an informal reception. Among the first to greet the President at Butte was Senator William A. Clarke, who, with Mayor MuUins, took a seat in the carriage. The drive through the streets was one long ovation. Such a crowd had never been seen before in the history of the city. Veterans of the Civil and Spanish wars, militia and police formed the es- cort, the Spanish War veterans being the guard of honor. At the court-house 2,000 school children, dressed in the national colors, saluted the Presi- dent, and he stopped for a few minutes and spoke to the little ones. His carriage stopped again in order that 1,500 citizens of Anaconda might pre- sent him a handsome vase made of silver, copper and sapphire. In the evening, after a banquet at which 1,500 plates were laid, the President was the guest of the Labor and Trades Assembly of Silver Bow 272 L'liiiyriglil hi ,v rii(KT\v..n,l \- l-iHUn-wudd. N. V. AT OGDEN, UTAH Secretary of Agriculture > Wilson) President Roosevelt and Senator Smoot. Copyright by Uiulerwoinl iV: Underwood, N. Y. AT OGDEN, UTAH The President, Governor Wells and Wm. Glasmann. Oi|iyri,-:it ii\ T"ii(lcr\vi. •swr; ^— (D Ox)© g -0- O ._] ° s? • 0) I- '^^ Q -o ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE County, and addressed 20,000 people at the Co- lumbia Garden. Introduced by Frank A. Boyle, president of the Trades Assembly, he said: "It would have been a great pleasure to have come to Butte in any event, but it is a double pleasure to come here at the invitation of repre- sentatives of the wage-w^orkers of Butte. I do not say merely 'workingmen,' for I hold that every good American who does his duty must be a workingman. There are many diflferent kinds of work to be done, but so long as the work is hon- orable, is necessary and is well done that man who does it well is entitled to the respect of his fellow citizens. "It is great to come here to see this marvelous city, which has thrived and grown to a degree well-nigh unparalleled in the past, and I do not see how it can be paralleled in the future. I have come here to this meeting especially as the guest, the invited guest, of the wage-workers, and am happy to be able to say that the kind of speech I will make to you I would make in just 277 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE exactly the same language to any group of em- ployers or to any set of our citizens in any corner of this Republic. "Ours is a government of liberty through and under the law. No man is above it and no man is below^ it. The crime of cunning, the crime of greed, the crime of violence are all equally crimes and against them all alike the Hw must set its face. This is not and never shall be a gov- ernment of the plutocracy or the mob. It is, as it has been and as it will be, a government of the people, including alike the people of great wealth, of moderate wealth, the people who em- ploy others, the people who are employed, the wage-worker, the lawyer, the mechanic, the banker, the farmer, including them all, protect- ing each and every one of them, if he acts de- cently and squarely, and discriminating against any one of them, no matter from what class he comes, if he does not act fairly and squarely, if he does not obey the law. "While all people are foolish if they violate or 278 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE rebel against the law, wicked as well as foolish, but all foolish, yet the most foolish man in this republic is the man of wealth who complains be- cause the law is administered with impartial justice against or for him. His folly is greater than the folly of any other man who so com- plains, for he lives and moves and has his being because the law does in fact protect him and his property. We have the right to ask every decent American citizen to rally to the support of the law if it is ever broken against the interests of the rich man and we have the same right to ask that rich man cheerfully and gladly to acquiesce in the enforcement against his seeming interest of the law if it is the law. Incidentally, whether he acquiesces or not, the law will be enforced. Whoever he may be, great or small, at which- ever end of the social scale he may be, whether his offense take the shape of a crime of greed and cunning or whether it take the shape of physical violence, if it is an offense against the law it must be stopped and if need be punished." 279 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE The drive to the station was illuminated by immense bonfires on every mountain point. The President entered Idaho at Pocatello the morning of May 28, and received a warm wel- come. The train was met several miles outside of the town by a band of Indians from the Black Foot Reservation, who raced alongside the train into Pocatello. A committee headed by Gov- ernor Morrison and Senator Heyburn met him, and he was escorted to a stand by Kimball Lodge Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, members of the G. A. R., Philippines veterans, a squad of cavalrymen, cowboys and Indians. The Presi- dent paid a high compliment to the railroad men present for their vigilance and skill. Continu- ing, he said: "I was glad to learn that many of the Indians under your care are traveling the white man's road, and beginning not only to send their chil- dren to school, but to own cattle and other prop- erty. The only outcome of the Indian question is gradually to develop the Indian into a prop- 280 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE erty-owning, law-abiding hard-working, edu- cated citizen. In other woKds, to train him to travel the path that we all are trying to travel, and I congratulate you upon the progress that you have made. When he is traveling that path, and when he is doing his duty, he is entitled to, and shall receive, exactly as square a deal as anyone else. After all, that is the fundamental principle of our government. In the last analy- sis, what American stands for more than aught else, is for treating each man on his worth as a man." Stops were made at Shoshone, Kimina^GlennSu Ferry, Mountain Home and Nampa, where the President made short speeches, confining himself mostly to the benefits that have been and are to be derived from irrigation, and to the qualities that go to make up good citizenship. Boise was reached at 4 150 p. m. The city was thronged with people. The President passed through a lane of 2,000 children, who cheered him lustily and waved a forest of flags. At the 281 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE capitol grounds, he was introduced by Governor Morrison, and spoke for half an hour. He said : "I believe with all my soul in the Monroe Doctrine. This western hemisphere is not to be- come a region for conquest over which foreign ministerial powers may acquire control. I think that should be a cardinal doctrine of our Amer- ican foreign policy. But I would a great deal rather see us never announce that policy than for us to announce it and then lack either the will or the power to make it good. The one means for making it good is building up an adequate navy. I ask congress to go on with the building of the navy; that congress go on providing means to make that navy the most effective on the globe. I earnestly hope that not in our time will we see war again, but it is impossible to say that there will not be any war because it is not only neces- sary that we should want to act rightly toward other nations, and I think I can say that we do, but it is necessary that they should all of them want to act rightly toward us; and while I be- 282 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE lieve they do, I think it will help them to perse- vere in their good intentions if we are well armed." Referring to irrigation, he said : "The forests and the grasses are not to be treated as we properly treat mining; that is, as material to be used up and nothing left behind. We must recognize the fact that we have passed the stage when we can afford to tolerate the man whose object is simply to skin the land and get out. That man is not an equitable citizen. We do not want the big proprietor. It is not for him that we wish to develop irrigation. It is not for him that we must shape our grazing lands and handle our forests. We must handle the water, the wood, the grasses, so that we will hand them on to our children and children's children in bet- ter and not worse shape than we got them. Inas- much as I myself passed a large portion of my life in the mountains and on the plains of this great western country, I feel a peculiar pride that it was given to me to sign and thereby make 283 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE into law the act of the national government, to my mind, one of- the most important acts ever made into law by the national legislature, the National Irrigation Act of a year ago. The gov- ernment, in my judgment, not only should, but must, cooperate with the state governments and withi individual enterprises in seeing that we utilize to the fullest advantage the waters of the Rocky Mountain states, by canals and great res- ervoirs, which shall conserve the waters that go to waste at one season, so that they can be used at other seasons." The President spoke a few words to a Grand Army Post drawn up in the rear of the stand and also to the Spanish War veterans. After a tree had been planted near the one planted by Presi- dent Harrison in 1901, the President was taken for a drive about the city, all the principal points of interest being visited. The train pulled into the Oregon Short Line station at Salt Lake City at 8:30 a. m., May 29, amid the clamor of locomotives and factory 284 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE whistles, the shrill yells of hundreds of cattle punchers and sheep men, and the enthusiastic cheering of several thousand people congregated along the streets leading from the depot and in the railroad yards. The President was greeted by Governor Wells, Mayor Thompson, Col. J. W. Rubb and Secretary of Agriculture Wilson. A procession through the business section was made up of a battalion of the U. S. Infantry, two batteries of U. S. Artillery, the National Guard of Utah, veterans of four wars, a large body of fraternal organizations, and, bringing up the rear, nearly 600 mounted cattle and sheep men, many of whom had come over 150 miles on rough trails to participate In the welcome to the President. These sunburned, brawny plains- men, in their sombreros and blue shirts formed the most picturesque part of the parade, and the President rose in his carriage and bowed in response to their wild cheering. Nine thou- sand school children, every one of them waving 285 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE an American flag, cheered the President as he mounted a platform to address them. The Tabernacle was visited, and when Gov- ernor Wellsi introduced the President, ii,ooo people arose to their feet and cheered wildly for a minute. The President spoke eulogistically of the Utah pioneers, who, he said, came not to ex- ploit the land and then go somewhere else, but to build homes. Luncheon was taken at the residence of Sena- tor Kearns. President Joseph E. Smith of the Mormon Church, Senator Smoot, Governor Wells, Congressman Powell and a few personal friends of the President made up the party. At Ogden one of the largest crowds ever col- lected in the city saw the President, many of them having come from the northern counties of the state. Members of the G. A. R. and Spanish War veterans acted as a guard of honor in the pro- cession, which included many railroad employes. He made a few remarks to 5,000 children, as- sembled in Lester Park, and, at a pavilion in the 286 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE public square, was formally welcomed by Mayor Glassman, and spoke briefly to the crowd. At Evanston, Wyo., there were 5,000 people aC the station. The President was introduced by Senator Clark, and said a few words to them. The train passed Rawlins during the night, the President being cheered by the assembled people. Laramie was reached at 7:30 a. m., May 30, and the President was driven to the University of Wyoming, where he made a short address. Senator Warren, on behalf of the citizens of Cheyenne, presented him with a beautiful saddle blanket, bridle and spurs, and, at 9 o'clock, the President mounted his horse and started on a sixty miles ride to Cheyenne. He was accom- panied by Surgeon General Rixey, U. S. Senator Warren, Capt. Seth Bullock, U. S. Marshal Hadsell, 'Deputy Marshal Joseph Lefors, Wil- liam Daly, Jr., Otto Gramm, N. K. Boswell, R. S. Van Tassel, G. A. Porter, A. W. Barber and W. L. Parks. The ride to Van Tassel's ranch, 31 miles, occu- 287 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE pied four hours and five minutes. After dinner at Mr. Van Tassel's and a short rest, the party resumed the journey at 2 o'clock. A stop was made at Fort Russell, where the President was joined by Governor Chatterton and his staff. Citizens of Douglas furnished him with a hand- some horse on which he rode from Fort Russell to Cheyenne, which was reached on schedule time without a mishap. All the organizations of the city turned out to give the President a warm reception, and in the crowd were hundreds who had come from Utah and Colorado to par- ticipate. In slouch hat, riding boots, spurs and gauntlets, he rode direct to a speaker's stand in the city square where he faced 20,000 enthusi- astic and cheering people. His speech was ad- dressed particularly to the Civil War veterans. Sunday, May 31, the President attended the First Methodist Church where special services were held, the Rev. Mr. Forsythe preaching on "Strenuousness." At the close of the sermon, the President lunched at the residence of former 288 From Stereograph, copyright by Underwond .(• rnderwoo.l. X. Y. IN WYOMING "Honor to all good Citizen-, but honor most of all to the men who first in the world marked out that earliest of highways, the spotted line, the blazed trail." -^m*'*L:?;y^ "^ C'ci|iyi''Slit ''y TikUtwiicjiI & I'lulorwoud. X. Y. AT ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS The Old Soldiers listening to the President. ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE Senator Carey. Those present were Secretary of Agriculture Wilson, Secretary Loeb, Assistant Secrtary Barnes, Surgeon General Rixey, Cap- tain Seth Bullock, Senator Warren, Governor and Mrs. Chatterton, Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Carey and Robert Carey. In the afternoon he was shown the routine work on one of Wyo- ming's biggest ranches. Secretary Moody, who had been with the party since it entered Califor- nia, left on this day for Washington. June I, the President went to the Wild West Exhibition at Frontier Park. He was presented with the beautiful sorrel single-footer gelding, Ragalona, and a complete riding outfit — the gift of the people of Cheyenne and Douglas, who were represented by Senator Warren. The Pres- ident rechristened the animal "Wyoming." He enjoyed the wild horse races, roping of Texas steers, ladies' cow pony race, and an artillery drill by the Thirteenth Regiment from Fort B. A. Russell. While at Cheyenne, the President heard of the flood at Topeka and sent the follow- ing telegram: ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE 1 "Hon. W. J. Bailey, Topeka, Kas.— Am in- expressibly shocked at reports of dreadful ca- lamity that has befallen Topeka. If there is any- thing the Federal authorities can do, of course, let me know. Theodore Roosevelt." At Sidney, Neb., the President made an ad- dress on good citizenship to a large crowd. A half hour's stop was made at North Piatt, where he was taken for a drive about the city. Brief speeches were made at Lexington and Kearney. A large crowd was at Grand Island station, but the President had retired. The train entered Iowa June 2, and was turned over by the Union Pacific to the Illinois Central. It passed through much of the flooded district of Iowa, but extra precautions had been taken by the railroad authorities by carefuly watching the tracks. At Denison, Secretary Shaw and Senators Al- lison and Dolliver were waiting to welcome the President, as was an immense crowd of people, many of whom had come to the town on excur- 292 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE sion trains. It was the largest crowd ever seen at Denison. Secretary Shaw introduced the President who, when the cheering ceased, spoke as follows : "At this time as I come into your beautiful state there have come calamities upon our people here in Iowa, and to even greater degree in Kan- sas and Missouri. I see also by today's papers the awful disaster in Georgia. We have biblical authority, as well as the authority of common sense, for the statement that the rain falls on the just and the unjust alike. When the hand of the Lord is heavy upon any body of men, the wisdom of man can do but little. "Now and then in our country, from drought, from floods, from pestilence, trouble and misfor- tune will come, but oh, my friends, as I drive through your city this morning and now as I look at you, the men and women of this state, I know that all our troubles are temporary, that misfor- tune will be met and overcome, because in heart and hand the American citizen is able to win his way in the long run. ^ 293 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE "When misfortune that human wisdom cannot avoid comes, of course, there will be suffering there will be misery. Those of us who are free from it can try and must try to lighten it all we can; but we cannot help the fact that there will be much suffering. Furthermore, if through our own folly we do what is wrong, if we act fool- ishly in matters of legislation, we shall pay the penalty. If the business world loses its head it has lost what no law can supply, but in spite of that we shall go forward. "We shall keep in the run on the plans, not only of abiding, but of increasing prosperity, if we only keep our sanity as a people, if we keep the qualities which made us win out in the Civil War, and which have brought us in triumph through other crises so far. "Something, a good deal, can be done by law, a good deal can be done by the honest and up- right administration of the law. I think you will do me the justice to say that I do not say what I do not mean. I never said anything off the stump 294 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE that I would not say on the stump, so that what I say now you can take as sincere. "We have in the persons of Iowa's representa- tives in both branches of the national congress, in Iowa's representatives in the administrative branches of the national government, men to whom I can turn, as illustrating what I mean when I say that we are greatly helped by good laws and by intelligent, fearless, and honest ad- ministration of those laws. We need the ability that you in Iowa have furnished in your public servants. "We need the standard of integrity that you have set in public life. We need the uprightness and fearlessness in a public servant which makes him do his duty, disregarding either the clamor of the many or the snarling of the few, which is directed against a course demanded by regard for the immutable law of righteousness." Brief stops were made at Webster City, Iowa Falls, Cedar Falls, Waterloo, Manchester and 295 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE Independence, the President speaking a few words to the assembled crowds. Tha day's journey was ended at Dubuque, where he was received with a cannon salute and the cheers of thousands as he stepped from the train. At least 20,000 people lined the streets over which his carriage was driven. At the City Park, the President said a few words to 6,000 school children, who sang America. After a tour of the hills overlooking the Mis- sissippi River, he spoke to 8,000 people at the Dubuque Club. He said in closing: "A great nation cannot play a small part. A little nation can, and can play it with self-re- spect. A big nation cannot. We have got to play a big part. All we can decide is whether we will play it well or ill, and I know you too well to hesitate as to what you will decide. I believe in carrying on international affairs as one carries on one's private affairs. Adopt the same rule as a nation that, if adopted by a pri- vate individual, makes you respect him. We 296 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE all despise in private life a man who is a bully, a blusterer, brawer, or boaster, and we despise him most if, after having bullied and boasted, when the crisis comes, he fails to make good. I want to see us as a people always speak respect- fully and pleasantly of foreign powers, treat them with courtesy, assume that they mearv well, and, meanwhile, shape our own policy upon the theory of never wronging the weak, and never submitting to wrong inflicted by the strong. I think the foreign powers mean well by us, but I think the possession of a large navy will help them to continue to mean well by us. I think it provocative of a peaceful disposition all around. I ask you to help the government see to it that there Is no let up in the up-building of the Amer- ican navy." A banquet was given by the Dubuque Club. Senator Allison was toastmaster, and introduced the President, who spoke warmly of Iowa's rep- resentatives in the Cabinet and of the great as- sistance they were to him, as were the two Sen- ators and the Representatives in Congress. 297 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE At the close of his speech, he was presented, by a delegation from the United Swiss Societies, with a souvenir album containing pen pictures of himself, Senator Allison and Ex-Represen- tative Henderson. In thanking the delegation he eulogized Swiss-Americans as soldiers and citizens. At Freeport, 111., the morning of June 3, the President was driven to the site of the Lincoln- Douglas debate in 1858, where a monument commemorating the event was unveiled in the presence of many thousands of people from Freeport and vicinity. He was introduced by Congressman Hitt, and said: "We meet today to commemorate the spot on which occurred one of those memorable scenes in accordance with which the whole future his- tory of nations is molded. Here were spoken the winged words that flew through immediate time and that will fly through that portion of eter- nity recorded in the history of our race. Here was sounded the keynote of the struggle which, 29S ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE after convulsing the nation, made it in fact what it had been only in name, at once united and freed. It is eminently fitting that this monu- ment, given by the w^omen of this city in com- memoration of the great debate that here took place, should be dedicated by the men whose deeds made good the words of Abraham Lin- coln and the soldiers of the Civil War. The word was mighty, but had it not been for the word the deeds could not have taken place. But, without deeds, the words would have been the idlest breath. It is forever to the honor of our nation that brought forth the statesman, who with far-sighted vision could pierce the clouds that obscured the sight of the keenest of his fellows, and could see what the future inevit- ably held. And moreover that we had back of the statesman and behind him the men to whom it was given to fight in the greatest war ever waged for the good of mankind, for the better- ment of the world. Great though we now regard Abraham Lincoln, my countrymen, the future 299 KOOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE will put him on an even higher pinnacle than we have put him. In all history I do not believe that there is to be found an orator whose speeches will last as enduringly as certain as the speeches of Lincoln. And in all history, with the sole ex- ception of the man who founded the republic, I do not think there will be found another states- man at once so great and so single-hearted in his devotion to the weal of his people. We cannot too highly honor him. And the high- est way in which we can honor him is to see that our homage is not only homage of words; that to loyalty of words we join loyalty of the heart, and that we pay honor to the memory of Abraham Lincoln by so conducting ourselves as citizens of this republic, that we shall hand on undiminished to our children and our chil- dren's children the heritage we received from the men who upheld the statesmanship of Lin- coln in the council and who made good the sol- diership of Grant in the field." Brief stops were made at Rockford and Ro- 300 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE chelle, where the President spoke from the plat- form of his car. His reception was most cor- dial. It was a holiday at Aurora. After luncheon, at the home of Senator Hopkins, the President was escorted to Lincoln Park, where he ad- dressed 15,000 people. He subsequently visited the school-houses and spoke to 6,000 children. At Joliet the whistles of the steel and iron mills greeted^ him, and thousands of the em- ployes gathered at the gates and cheered him as the train passed. The route of the procession was profusely decorated, and the streets were full of people. At the Central School the Presi- dent spoke to an audience of 5,000. He dis- cussed the labor question, declaring that any man who sought to inspire hatred among the citizens, through creed, class or wealth, was a curse to the country. He said it was easy to upset present conditions, but not so easy to build up. At the depot there were a number of Civil 301 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE War and Spanish-American War Veterans, and he said a few words to them. At Pontiac the President took part in the dedication of a Soldiers and Sailors Monument. At Dwight, the President was introduced to the crowd, during a rainstorm, by the Mayor, who is a Democrat. The Mayor said: "I consider you, Mr. President, the ideal American citizen. I am in favor of the course you have pursued, and will support you for re- election." The President replied: "I am pleased by the kind words of the Mayor. Perhaps I prize them especially, coming from one who is not of my party; but the whole thing is, my friends, if we are all good Americans, that is enough platform for all of us to stand on. I prize more than I can say such' words as have been uttered by the Mayor, and I assure you I shall do my best to try to deserve them." At Lexington, the President spoke to a good crowd from the car. 302 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE The night was spent in Bloomington, 111. It had been Roosevelt Day at the Third Annual Encampment of the Illinois Spanish-American War Veterans. The President received an ova- tion. After a drive through the principal streets, a banquet was given at the Illinois Hotel, Among those present were Senator Beveridge, of Indiana, Congressmen Cannon, Warner, Grafif and Sterling, Ex-Governor Hamilton and Ex- Governor Fifer. In the. evening the President spoke to an immense audience at the Coliseum, on the same lines as elsewhere. At Lincoln, where the first stop was made, June 4, the President was given a rousing recep- tion. Four hours were spent at Springfield. There were 20,000 visitors at the station, where Gov- ernor Yates and Senator Cullom, with a recep- tion committee of 400 and a military escort, were awaiting him. From the station to the arsenal, the President was cheered as he passed through the lines of people. On each side of Capitol 303 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE Avenue were massed 5,000 school children, who waved flags as the procession passed. At the Lincoln Monument, the President ad- dressed the National Lincoln-McKinley Veteran Voters' Association, asembled there for their an- nual memorial exercises. Returning to the armory, which was packed with people to assist in the dedicatory exercises (Governor Yates presiding) the President was introduced by Senator Cullom, and said: "The problems that face us as a nation today are the problems which Lincoln and the men of his generation had to face. Different methods must be devised for solving them, but the spirit in which we approach them must be the same as the spirit with which Lincoln and his fellows in council, his followers in war, approached their problems, or else this nation will fail. It will not fail. It will succeed, because we still have in us the spirit of the men of '61. "I have met In Illinois many men who knew Lincoln personally, and at every place that I 304 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE h'ave stopped I have seen men who fought in the army when Lincoln called the country to arms. All of us now pay our tribute to the greatness that is achieved, all of us now looking back over the last forty years can see the figure of Lincoln — sad, kindly, patient, Lincoln — as it looms above his contemporaries, as it will loom ever larger through the centuries to come. "It is a good thing for us by speech to pay homage to the memory of Lincoln, but it is an infinitely better thing for us in our lives to pay homage to his memory in the only way in which the homage can be effectively paid — by seeing to it that this republic's life, social and political, civic and industrial, is shaped now in accordance with the ideals which Lincoln preached and which all his life long he practised. "Upon the success of the experiment of free government conducted in a spirit of orderly lib- erty here on this continent depends not only the welfare of this nation, but the future of free gov- ernment in the entire world. 305 ROOSEVELT AMONG THE PEOPLE "The supreme safety of our country is to be found in a fearless and honest administration of the law of the land. 'When an executive undertakes to enforce the law he is entitled to the support of every decent man, rich or poor, no matter what form the law- breaking has taken. If he is worth his salt he will enforce the law whether he gets the support or not." A luncheon was served at the Executive Man- sion, after which the President received the local committtee and the Hamilton Club of Chicago. He was then escorted to the Wabash station by the troops. At Decatur, the President made two addresses, one at the dedication of the new university, for which James Milliken gave $450,000, and the other to the railroad and factory employes. There were 10,000 people gathered on the uni- versity campus. The President expressed the obligations good Americans felt for what Mr. Milliken and men like him have done in 306 Copyright by rtidfrwuixl ^^ I'lidcrwood, N. Y. AT OUINCY, ILLINOIS "Our currency laws need such modification as will insure the parity of every dollar coined or issued by the Government." Cupyright by I'liilcrwnoil \- riiilci-«