GBOGRAPHY BY THEJ BRACE SYSTEM, OR Houl to Study Geography. Nortti America. Prepared for the Use of Teacher and Pupil COUNTY SUP'T JOHN M. BOYKR AN] JOHN F. WICKS. CHICAGO : ^ "^ ^ ^ ^ ] A. FLANAGAN, Publisher. \-. ^V-:\ t i.^ ;&i'^ Copyright, 1892, BY JOHN F. WICKS, All Rights Reserved. Tatl^ of C oi)ber)b^, Page. North America 7 United States 12 New EngIvAnd States— Maine 17 New Hampshire 23 Vermont 29 Massachusetts 34 Connecticut 42 Rhode Island 47 Eastern States— New York , 5o Sketch of the Hudson River 62 Pennsylvania 63 New Jersey 74 Delaware 81 Maryland. 86 Southern States — Virginia 03 West Virginia 100 North Carolinia 105 South " I J, Georgia 121 Florida , 1 ,0 Mississippi. j^n Alabama 14c Lrouisiana 14^ '^exas 158 Arkansas 172 Tennessee 177 Kentucky 222 NORTH AMERICA. Western States— page. Ohio 185 Sketch of Ohio River 189 Illinois 200 Sketch of Illinois River 210 Michigan 230 Wisconsin ' 236 Minnesota 242 South Dakota 249 North " 257 Iowa 262 Nebraska 267 Kansas 270 Missouri 274 California ' 278 Oregon 287 Washington 294 Montana 298 Idaho . . 300 Wyoming 302 Nevada 305 Utah 308 Colorado 312 Territories — New Mexico 317 Arizona 320 Indian 323 Oklahoma 324 Alaska 326 Canada and Newfoundi^and 334 Danish America, 340 United States oe Mexico 347 Centrai, America 355 preface . A noted Western educator says : "A book of geographical materials containing detailed information on different topics needed, must be prepared for the teachers of the various grades." Such a book for advanced grades has been the Authors' aim to sup- ply. The Authors' intention is that the teacher is not alone the hearer oj recitations, but that these facts and other topics shall be presented by the teacher in the assignment of the lesson for subsequent recitation. If a teacher, why not teach pupils something ? In the belief that the results of our experience and fact-gathering may prove helpful to the amateur teacher we present the following lines of work : I. Blackboard outlines of the geography of each country studied, indi- cating the essential points to be fixed. II. Suggestive Key-words as indicators of supplementary work to be done by the pupils in works of reference ; thus teaching and training them how to search in the great store-house of accumulated knowl- edge. III. Queer Queries, a different form of stimulus to accomplish the same purpose. IV. Items of Interest, which have been gathered from many sources, will probably save the over-worked teacher much labor. The Authors do not claim originality ; only the compilation, abridgement and the thread that binds them are ours. V. • Review Topics. Reviews are necessary. The successful teacher uses a variety of methods in order to keep up the interest while the necessary number of repetitions are being made to fix the facts. The pupils should know that " Reviews are always in order." The teacher who neglects drills and frequent reviews, fails. VI. Sketches. A few sketches of some of the important localities are furnished. These should be drawn and re-drawn until they become ineffaceable mental pictures. VII. Tracing lessons and Trips form pleasing and profitable reviews which in addition teach the pupils the " unit)- of the whole earth." VIII. In the closing prefatory words of Trainer's "How to Study His- tory," we sa}^ : When you have tried the plans as eliminated in this book and are convinced of their success or failure, then, and not till then, condemn or commend the school-room product of YE PEDAGOGUES. Decatur, III., August, 1891. NORTH AMERICA. •g o 1. Boundary, area and population. 2. Coast lines — Directions, regularit}^ indenta- tions and projections. 3. Surface, mountains, plateaus and plains. 4. Oceans, seas, gulfs and bays. 5. Lakes, salt and fresh water, 6. Rivers. 7. Islands. 8. Climate. ( Animal. 9. Productions •< Vegetable. ( Mineral, 10. Political Divisions. 1 1 . Cities. 12. Races of people. 13. Occupations. 14. National wonders. North America is a great peninsula and forms the north- ern and larger part of the continent of America. NORTH AMERICA. The extremities are North — Cape Barrow, 71 24' N. Lat. East — St. John's, New Foundland, 52° 3'W. Long. South — Isthmus of Panama, 9° 40' N. Lat. I West— Isle of Attoo, 187° 34' W. Long. On account of its more sakibrious chmate, its larger popu- lation, its greater wealth of all kinds, and its higher civili- zation it is much the more important of the two Americas. The fact that it is our home countr>^ lends an additional interest to its study. We should know thoroughly the geog- raphy of our own country and the principal facts about other lands. The " block method " spoken of on p. 10 of Vol. I can be profitabl}' used by pupils in written work in bounding the countries mentioned in this volume. Call the attention of the pupils to the general shape of the different continents. Lead them to see that North America agrees with the other continents in having a triangular shape. Lead them also to find the cause of the longest side being on the west in each of the Americas. Compare the two Americas in size, shape, indentations, rivers, lakes and climate. In extent the length of N. America is about 5,000 miles, and its greatest width is about 3,000 miles. Its area 9,349,000 square miles, comprises about one-sixth of the dry land on earth. The pupils should be required to learn to name and lo- NORTH AMERICA. cate the principal natural features, as lakes, rivers, etc. , in the order given in the outline above. Only the important should be taken up noiv as we soon begin the study of each of its political divisions in detail. Lead the pupils to see that the principal part of North America is in the temperate zone, while the most of South America is in the torrid zone. Teach them of the influence of the ocean currents on the climate of the east and west coasts of North America, also the reason for the sterility of the great Rocky Mountain plateau, and for the slight rain- fall on the Pacific slope. While the animal and vegetable growths are not so luxuri- ant as in South America, the mineral wealth is far greater. North America possesses every variety of soil, and great plains of the most fertile character, so that agriculture is carried on extensively and profitably by the larger number of the inhabitants. Manufacturing, mining and commerce are next in importance.' Lead the pupils to see that the people who settled near the oceans and lakes naturally engaged in fishing, ship- building, manufacturing and commerce; those who settled in the forests engaged in hunting, trapping and lumbering; those on the prairies to tilling the soil, and those in the mountain regions to grazing, dair3/ing, quarrying and mining. The following little outline clipped from a school journal may be useful: 10 NORTH AMERICA. f Fishing. Of people living on the coast, j Commerce. I Ship-building. I^Manufact'in g. a a O Of people living in a moun- -{ tainous region. Of people living in a prairie j country. ' Quarrying. Mining. Grazing. Dairying. Manufact'ing. Agriculture Grazing. Stock raising. Commerce. Of people living in a forest. C Hunting. } Trapping, t lyumbering. Day by day review interesting historical facts associated with the places studied. Have the pupils learn the characteristics of the principal classes of people inhabiting the different parts of North America. NORTH AMERICA. 11 COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA. COMPARATIVE SIZE SHOWN BY DIAGRAM. United States, 3,600,000 sq. mi. Canada, 3,230,000 sq. mi. Danish America, Mexico, Cent. America, West Indies, 94,000 .'q. mi. I 3o,ooo sq. m i. 750,000 sq. mi. 880,000 sq. mi. The pupils should be required occasionally to show the comparative size of the individual members of a group of states by the construction of similar diagrams. 12 NORTH AMERICA. UNITED STATES. 1. Boundar}'. 2. Area and population. 3. Gulfs and bays. 4. Peninsulas and islands. f Atlantic Coast Plain. I Appalachian Highlands. I Mississippi Valley. 5. Relief. ^ Rocky Mountain System. I Great Basin. I Sien-a Nevada Mountains. [ Pacific Coast Plain. 6. Rivers. 8. No. of States l^'Fi'-^'- ( Now. 9. Number of Territories. 10. Form of Government. 11. Climate. j Animal. T. -, • Ves^etable. 12. Productions.^ Mineral. l^ Manufactured. 13. Occupations. 14. Education. I Common Schools. ^ ( Higher. 15. Natural Wonders. 16. Religion. UNITED STATEvS. 13 The United States is a federal republic situated between 25° and 49° N. lyat, and (exclusive of Alaska) between 67° and 124° W. Long. Its greatest length from east to west is a little less than 3,000 miles and the greatest breadth is about 1,600 miles. It is the largest and most important of the divisions of North America. Its extent over 24° of latitude and its varied relief forms give it an almost unlimited variety of climate and pro- ductions. The Atlantic Coast Plain ranges from 50 to 200 miles in width, occupied mostly by the "Original Thirteen." The northern half of this plain is tolerably fertile. The Appalachian Mountain system is noted for its coal and iron mines and its forests. It comprises the following ranges and clusters — Alleghany, Blue Ridge, Catskill, Green and White Mountains. The Mississippi Valley is the largest and one of the most fertile plains in the world. It is said to be capable of sus- taining a population of 500,000,000 persons. In the quantity and quality of the food products of this fruitful region, this Mississippi Valley is without a success- ful rival. West of the Mississippi River the land gradually rises and diminishes in productiveness until we reach the Rocky Mountains — the backbone of North America. This moun- tain system has a base of over 1,000 miles in width, over which trend numerous ranges, all of which are in some way connected so that they form a comparatively unified whole. 14 NORTH AMERICA. Many of the peaks tower above the snow line, below which they are clothed with forests of fir, pine and many varieties of deciduous trees. The scenery in many portions is noted either for its pict- uresque beauty or sublime grandeur. Among the places much visited and praised by tourists may be mentioned the Yellowstone National, North, Middle, South and San lyuis Parks; Colorado, Arkansas, Williams,' Kngleman's, Queen's, De Challez, Cheyenne, Cataract and Red canyons, each possessing a beauty peculiar to itself; Idaho, Colorado, Manitou, Cottonwood, Salida, Poncho, Deansburg, Soda, Heywood, Morrison and Hartsell Hot Springs; San I^uis, Yellowstone, Twin, South Park Salt, Palmer's, Green, Trout, Heart, Shoshone, lyewis, Madi- son, Jackson's and Fremont's Springs; Upper and Lower Yellowstone Falls, Seven Falls and Fountain Cascade; Cave of the Winds; Garden of the Gods; Glen Eyrie, Aus- tin's Glen, Blair Athol, Royal Gorge, Durango Cave Dwellings and Aztec Ruins, the Holbrook Petrified Forest, the numerous geysers of Yellowstone National Park and some of the more prominent peaks, especially Pike's Peak. The mineral wealth of this region is very great. The most important are gold, .silver, coal, iron and copper. The Great Basin lying between the Rocky Mountain system and the Sierra Nevada Mountains is a high and comparatively unproductive region. In some places, how- ever, where local irrigation is utilized, good crops are pro- duced. UNITED STATES. 15 The characteristics of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Pacific Slope may be found under the topic California. Lead the pupils to see that the direction of the rivers (and many other things!) depend upon the relief of a country. Let the pupils write the names of the important rivers in five lists, as follows: I. Those flowing into the Atlantic. 2. Those flowing directly into the Gulf of Mexico. 3. The tributaries of the Mississippi. 4. Those flowing into the Pacific Ocean. 5. All other rivers. The government is a republic, i. e. , the people choose, at regular intervals, the persons whose duty it becomes to make, execute or explain the law as the case may be. The government is thus naturally divided into three principal branches, as follows: . . ( Senate, i^egisiative. | House of Representatives. ( President and Lxecutive. (subordinates. .... I Supreme Court and Judicial. y inferior courts. The government of each state is similar in character. The climate of the United States is temperate, but not so mild as that of the old world in the same latitudes. The in- fluence of the Japan current upon the climate of the Pacific Slope should be noted. The pupils can with little or no help make a list in outline form of at least ten of each of the kinds of productions. T-J cj fTl (1^ ^ T3 '^ "\ cu PH Ph ^ P^ 16 NORTH AMERICA. The principal occupations should be named, the places of their greatest activity located, and the reason given for a specified occupation being carried on in a particular locality. It would be well to have the pupils make a list of some of the important inventions, and to name the occupations that have arisen because of said inventions. Under Education, teach the pupils how the common schools are supported and something of the machinery of school government. The various kinds of schools devoted to higher and special education should be named and briefly described. The following universities, colleges and seminaries should be located: Yale, Harvard, Bowdoin, Williams, Holyoke, Vassar, Cornell, Princeton, John Hopkins, Ann Arbor, lyC- land Standford, Jr. The principal natural wonders should be named and lo- cated; their description can be taken up under the respect- ive states. The great blessings of a fertile soil, a congenial climate, rich mines, extensive and valuable forests, man}' navigable rivers and commodious and safe harbors, beautiful lakes, grand scenery, free schools, freedom in religion, and of the republican form of government which we in the United States enjoy, should all be brought vividly before the pupils' minds. NEW ENGIvAND STATES. 17 NEW ENGLAND STATES. MAINE CD ^ year. The Summit House is a large hotel. For three months of the year, the Tip-Top House prints a daily paper called "Among the Clouds." NEW ENGLAND STATES. 27 The temperature on this peak is very changeable; for instance, on the 5th of February, 1871, a party of vScientific men recorded 59° Fahr. below zero, and two days later the themometer registeeed 62° above. Summer tourists are sometimes caught in severe snow storms on these moun- tains. MERRIMAC RIVER. The Merrimac River is especially noted for its manufac- tories. This river turns more spindles than any other in the world. One town alone makes cotton cloth enough to reach three times around the earth. A cotton factory is a very interesting place to visit. The cotton comes to the factory in bales. " In the spin- ning roomx it is made into thread by the spinning jenny. In the weaving room are long rows of looms in which the cloth is woven. The spindles turn, the looms move, the shuttles fly back and forth to form the web, without a. hand to touch them when once set in motion. If a thread breaks, the machinery stops itself until the thread is mended. It is not an unusual sight of an evening to see 1,000 people, mostly boys and girls, leave a single factory. THE FIRST STRIKE. The first strike in America of which we have a record occurred at Dover, in 1827. Some oppressive act aroused the factory girls. They struck, and paraded the town with a band and an American flag. The mill owners quickly came to time. 28 NORTH AMERICA. FORESTS. The principal forests are in the northern part and afford much timber, firewood, charcoal, maple sugar and tanners* bark. The hard [wood is used for furniture and wooden-ware makers' use. AGRICULTURE. Wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn and potatoes are produced. Hay is the most important crop of this state. Fruit raising is very profitable. The state offers encouragement to actual settlers on the abandoned lands. Dairy farming is profitable — milk is shipped by rail to the Boston market. MINERALS. Granite is extensively quarried in many places; it is used principally for building purposes. There is a fine soapstone quarry at Francestown. Some of the largest beryls ever known were found in New Hampshire. Iron ore is found in paying quantities. Tin, lead, gold, silver, zinc, mica and graphite are found here. LITERARY MEN. T. B. Aldrich— Poet. Edward Bellamy — Novelist. J. E. Worcester — Lexicographer. B. P. Shillaber — (Mrs. Partington) Humorist. NEW ENGLAND STATES. 29 Horace Greeley — ^Journalist, Charles E. Coffin — Journalist. Hosea Ballou — Religious Writer S. G. Drake — Historian. J. T. Fields— Essayist. Thos. W. Knox — Journalist. Daniel Webster — Statesman. Celia Thaxter. Edna Dean Proctor. VERMONT. 60 Position. Boundary. Lakes. Rivers. Mountains. j Champlain. ( Memph rem agog. C Connecticut, -j Winooski. (otter Creek. ( Green. ■I Mt. Mansfield. ( Killington Peak. Burlington. Montpelier. Rutland. St. Johnsbury. ^ Bennington. r Animal 10. -j Vegetable 5. (Mineral 5. ( Agricultural. Occupations. ^ S-g- Manufacturing. Cities. Products. 1' BO NORTH AMERICA. KEY WORDS. 24. Runaway Pond. 25. Ethan Allen. 26. Camel's Hump. 27. Bellow's Falls. 28. " Queen City of Vermont." 29. "The Beech Seal." 30. Sugar Camps. ' ' 31. Stone Quarries. QUERIES. 23. To what State does the Connecticut River belong? 24. What is marble? 25. What city is noted for the manufacture of weighing scales? 26. In what does Vermont excel all other States? 27. What kind offences are found in this State? 28. What town in Vermont was raided by the Confeder- ates in 1864? 29. How is stone sawed? 30. How many cities in Vermont? 31. What is a city? 32. How much did Vermont pay for herself? ITEMS OF INTEREST, The mountainous parts of Vermont are valuable for their forests of trees, useful for lumber, fuel, tanner's bark, maple sugar, etc., for luxuriant pasturage on their slopes, and for NEW ENGLAND STATES. 31 their mineral wealth, consisting of excellent marble, rang- ing in color from pure white to black; iron, copper, build- ing slate, potter's clay and mineral springs of medicinal value. It has a number of beautiful lakes, and the rivers, though small, have a number of picturesque falls, and furnish con- siderable water power that is utilized in manufacturing a great variety of goods. Many valuable farms occupy the valleys and the western slopes of the lower mountain ranges. This State excels all others in the quantity and excellence of its maple syrup and sugar. Vermont is also noted for its highly reputed dairy products. CITIES. Burlington, the metropolis of Vermont, and one of the most important lumber markets in the United States, is beautifully situated on the eastern shoreof Lake Champlain, near the outlet of the Winooski river. It is built on a slope, reaching from the water's edge to the top of an emi- nence 300 feet high. Upon this eminence is situated the University of Vermont that was established the same year that Vermont was admitted to the United States. From this eminence one can obtain a view that is rarely equalled for its picturesque beauty. Looking westward one can see the whole city, the lake with numerous islands, and the Adirondacks in the distance. The city has an excellent harbor. 32 NORTH AMERICA. Montpelier, the capital, is a small town on the Winooski river. Rutland, an important town on Otter Creek, is noted for the extensive quarries of superior white marble near it. Bennington is noted for the scene of Gen. Starks' victory- over the British. A monument now marks the battle ground. It also contains manufactories of porcelain and Parian ware. One of the most beautiful natural panoramas of the United States is presented to the view of the spectator from the summit of the Vermont University at Burlington. Lake Champlain is 600 feet deep and covers an area of 600 square miles. The bottom of this lake is several hundred feet below the level of the sea. MAPLE SUGAR. Vermont produces about one-third of the annual maple sugar crop of the United States. The average crop is about 12,000,000 pounds. The rock or shgar maple tree (Acer Saccharinum) is usually not as highly prized as its many merits deserve. Its symmetrical form, dense shade, and its great beauty when arrayed in the glory of its royal autumnal robes com- bine to make it one of the most desirable of shade trees. Its wood, next to hickory, is the most valuable for fuel, and for charcoal it is unexcelled. The wood being very hard and often having a curiously twisted grain, makes it valuable for furniture and interior finishing. The sugar season comes in the early spring, sometimes as N13W ENGLAND STATES. 33 early as February. When frosty nights are followed by sunny, thawing days, the sap runs the most freely. An auger hole is made in the tree a few feet from the ground and a tube is inserted in the hole to convey the sap to a bucket attached to the tree to receive the sweet fluid. The sap is collected usually in a tank hauled upon a wagon or sled and conveyed to the sap house where it is boiled down to syrup or sugar as desired. Much of the Vermont sugar is used for home consumption. The people there use it to put in their coffee and to sweeten their cakes and pies. ' * Sugaring off' ' is the important epoch in sugar making, it is the completion of the process of reducing the sap to sugar, and cannot successfull}^ be acomplished ex- cept by the most experienced and skillful makers. A "sugaring bee," a young folks party, often attends a ' ' sugaring off. ' ' The boys and girls of the neighborhood are invited and have a jolly time in all sorts of games, and in eating great quantities of the newly made sugar. The demand for maple syrup and sugar is so great that it is often adulterated. Very little pure maple syrup and sugar is to be obtained far from where it is made. 34 NORTH AMERICA. MASSACHUSETTS. t/2 rC 00 'Boundar3\ Atlantic Ocean. ( Cape Coa. Ba3^s. \ Massachusetts. ( Buzzards. r Connecticut. Rivers. < Merrimac. ( Housatonic. ( Ann. Capes. I Cod. Islands. Mount- ains. Cities. Manufactured < Products. i Nantucket. \ Martha's Vinej^ard ( Elizabeth Islands. r Hoosac. \ Mt. Tom. ( Mt. Holyoke. Boston. Lowell. Lawrence. Lynn. Salem. Cambridge. Plymouth. Worcester. Springfield. ^ Holyoke. Cotton Goods. Woolen ' ' Boots and Shoes. Leather. Paper. Ironware. Machiner3^ Etc., etc. NEW ENGLAND STATES. 35 KEY WORDS. 32. " City of Notions. ' ' 33. Norman's Woe. 34. "The Paper City.' 35. Suez of America. 36. The Hub. 37. Cradle of Liberty. ■38. ' ' The City of Spindles. ' ' 39. Oldest Town. 40. The Neck. 41. Bunker Hill Monument. 42. Cape Cod Ship Canal. 43. Harvard. 44. Forefather's rock. 45. "The Granite city. 46. Hoosac Tunnel. QUERIES. 33. Of what use are the lowlands of Cape Cod peninsula ? 34. What became of the Boston Elm ? Tell its story. 35. Where is there a noted school of natural science located ? 36. What is "The Literary City of New England?" 37. Who were the Puritans ? The Pilgrims? 38. What city is noted for the manufacture of wire? Boots and shoes ? 39. What is the chief fishing port of the United States ? 36 NORTH AMERICA. 40. Where is the largest leather market in United States? Largest watch factory ? 41. What Presidents has Massachusetts furnished? What poets? Literary men? 42. How is the landing place of the Pilgrims marked? 43. Which city prohibited theaters for twenty-five years ? 44. Where is the oldest house in the United States ? 45. Where is there a rock thirty to forty tons weight that can be moved with your hand ? 46. The citizens of what place have a peculiar dialect of their own ? 47. Massachusetts boasts the second largest city not on navigable waters. Name the city. 48. What city is called " The Manchester of America ? 49. Are whales ever found in the waters off the North- east coast ? 50. Where and when was the first state normal school established in the United States ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. At Stockbridge, Mass., is a place called the Ice Hole, where ice is found for the whole year. It is a narrow and deep ravine of great wildness, where the snow and ice accumulate to such a depth as to remain throughout the entire year. King Phillip's head stood upon a pole at Weymouth, Mass., until its wooden support rotted off. Read your histories for a full account of King Phillip's War. How NEW ENGLAND STATES. 37 he marked his route? What became of his wife and child- ren? How he was killed? The first tunneling machine was used upon the Hoosac tunnel in 1851. This tunnel is 24,416 feet in length, and passes entirely through the Hossac Mountains in Massachu- setts, on the Boston and Albany railroad. Southbridge, Mass., has the largest spectacle factory in the world. More than three-fourths of the gold spectacles and eye-glasses made in this country are made in South- bridge, one company alone in that town having turned out 1,500,000 pairs last year. NEW BEDFORD. Counting the number of citizens, this town is perhaps the richest city in the United States. For fifty years past, its inhabitants have done half of the world's whale fishing. Most of the whalebone, whale and sperm oils comes from this port. Of late years, petroleum and cotton seed oil have caused this industry to decline. New Bedford can boast of one of the largest cotton factories in the world — The Wam- sutta Mills. SPRINGFIELD. Springfield is situated on the Connecticut river in Western Massachusetts. It is noted for it's fine buildings, library and manufactories. One of the principal features is the United States Arsenal. The grounds contain seventy- two acres of land surrounded by an iron fence. The Springfield rifles are widely known. 38 NORTH AMERICA. Fire arms, cartridges, jewelery, railroad cars, buttons, paper collars, sewing machine needles, slippers, rubber goods, thimbles, spectacles, envelopes, and numerous other articles are manufactured here. Headquarters for Webster's dictionaries, and Milton, Bradley Co. , toy and kindergarten supplies are located here. HAVERHILL. Haverhill was named from the English town of the same name by Rev. John Ward in 1640. Many times the settle- ment suffered from Indian attacks. It is now noted for it's boot, shoe, and hat industries. It is the birth place of the ''Quaker Poet," John G. Whittier. The scene of "Snow Bound," is visited by many every year. WORCESTER. Worcester is located in one of the richest regions of New England. It is the second city in population in Massachu- setts. It is the seat of one of the five State Normal Schools, Military Academy, Worcester Academy, College of the Holy Cross, a Polytechnic School and Clark's University. It is sometimes known as the "Academic City." "Heart of the commonwealth" is given to it owing to its center location, and political importance. It's public library is one of the best in the United States. MINOT'S LEDGE LIGHTHOUSE. This lighthouse was built.by an appropriation of Congress in 1847. NEW ENGLAND STATES. 39 It is octagonal in shape and 25 feet in diameter and is located over one mile from the land. In 1851 a terrific At- lantic storm totally destroyed this lighthouse, twisting off iron piles 10 inches in diameter. Congress again rebuilt this structure more strongly than ever, completing it in i860. The granite tower stands 88 feet high, 30 feet in diameter at the base. There are over 1000 light houses and lighted beacons under government control on the coasts of the United States, besides many bell and whistling buoys, and fog signals operated by steam, hot air and clock work. The United States has 10,000 miles of lighted sea and lake coast, exclusive ©f river lights. GLOUCESTER. Gloucester, the largest fishing port of the United States, is situated on the peninsula of Cape Ann, about thirty miles northeast ®f Boston. About 5,000 men and over 420 vessels are employed in the fisheries. It is also a noted summer resort, and is supplied with ex- cellent hotels and boarding houses. Coffin's beach, which is about two miles in length, is one of the finest on the Atlantic Coast. An excellent quality of granite is quarried and shipped from Gloucester. How should you pronounce Gloucester ? 40 . NORTH AMERICA. We think Whittier had Gloucester in mind when he wrote: '• There we'll drop our lines, and gather Old Ocean's Treasures in, Where'er the mottled mackerel - Turns up a steel-dark fin; The sea's our field of harvest, Its scaly tribes our grain, We'll reap the teeming waters As at home they reap the plain." QUINCY. Quincy is picturesquely located near Quincy Bay, about eight miles south and east of Boston. It has long been famous for the excellent quality of the building granite furnished by its extensive quarries. The first quarry was opened in 1825 to get the material for building the Bunker Hill monument. In order to convey this stone from the quarry to the water's edge, a railroad four miles in length (including branches) was constructed in 1826. The sleep- ers, or ties as we call them, were made of stone, and laid 8 feet apart; the rails were made of wood six inches thick and covered with strap iron % of an inch thick. This was the first railroad built on the western continent. The Adams Academ}^ a classical preparatory school, stands upon the site of the birth place of John Hancock, once governor of Massachusetts. Quincy was also the birth place and home of Presidents NEW ENGIvAND STATES. 41 John Adams and John Quincy Adams. The town was originally called Braintree. HOW BANK NOTES ARE MADE. Everyone may not know that the government money is printed on paper made in Dalton, Mass., in a mill that ex- isted in colonial times. As the grayish pulp passes between heavy iron rollers, bits of red and blue silk are scattered over its surface. From the pulp room to the vault, where it is stored until shipped to Washington, it is guarded and watched as though it was gold. In small iron safes, like those used by the express com- panies, the paper is carried where it is used or stored away until needed. More than i,ooo persons are employed in the bureau of printing and engraving, in wetting, plate-printing, examin- ing, pressing, numbering, separating, binding, perforating the paper currency of our country. The plates and stamp dies are kept in vaults that require three men's time a quarter of an hour to open. The printing of bank notes requires twenty-two to twenty-four days, and during the process it passes through the hands of fifty-two workmen. NEWTON. Newton, for many years the home of Horace Mann, the noted educator, lies seven miles west of Boston. It contains the suburban homes of many wealthy business men of Bos- ton. Its schools are noted for their excellence. 42 NORTH AMERICA. The Lassell Female Seminary and the Baptist Theologi- cal Institution are located here. It was here that the famous BHot first preached to the Indians. The spot is marked by an appropriate monument. The items of interest just given are illustrative of what may be done with most of the places mentioned in the out- lines of the various states. The pupils' attention should be called to the scale of miles found on each good map in their text book, and also to the fact that few of the maps are drawn on the same scale. By use of the. scale the}^ should be required occasionally to find the distance between designated places. be B (i) +3 B 3 m ^ ^ f3 CJ -§ ^ rH 00 C 00 o t^ O ■^ CONNECTICUT. Position. Size. Atlantic Ocean. Long Island Sound. ( Connecticut. Rivers < Housatonic. ( Thames. Hoosac Mountains. Hartford. New Haven. Bridgeport. Cities. -{ Waterbury. Norwich. Willimantic. ^ New London. NEW KNGIvAND STATEvS, 43 KEYWORDS. 58 "City of Elms." 59 "The Rose of New England." 60 "Land of Steady Habits." 61 "Charter Oak." 62 "The Onion City." 63 "Horse Neck." 64 "Judge's Cave." 65 "Freestone State. 66 "Blue Laws." QUERIES. 63. What Indian once lived in this state ? 64. Where did P. T. Barnum live ? 65. Which town manufactures the most brass buttons? 66. What city manufactures the most fish hooks in the United States? 67. What countries of Europe directly east of Connecticut? 68. Where are the largest thread works in this country? 69. Where was Tom Thumb's home? 70. Do you know the stories concerning Israel Putnam ? Tell them to your class. 7 1 . What city is called ' ' The Forest city of New Eng- land? THE OBLONG. The tract of land in the southwest corner of Connecticut formerly belonged to New York. Connecticut traded other land in Long Island Sound for this strip containing upwards 44 NORTH AMERICA. of 60,000 acres of land. There are four towns situated thereon. HARTFORD. This city is situated fifty miles up the Connecticut River. It has a population of 50,000 and is the capital of nut- megdom. It is noted for its life, fire and accident insurance com- panies, for its book and printing establishments, for its li- braries, and for manufacturing industries. In the Historical rooms is the stump of Charter Oak; an arm chair has been made from this relic. In Hartford the first witch in America was executed. Mark Twain's home is here. Colt's Firearms Company is located in this city, their works cover 125 acres of ground. Hartford is sometimes known as the ' ' Queen City of New England." NORWICH. Norwich, one of the most thriving manufacturing towns of Connecticut, is mainly built upon an eminence between the Yantic and Shetucket rivers where they unite to form the Thames. The site of nine miles square was purchased for a company by Maj. John Mason, of the noted Indian chief Uncas and his two sons in 1659 for £^0. It is at the head of navigation on the Thames and has a commodious harbor. It has the largest paper mill in New England and the largest cotton mill but one in the United States. NEW ENGLAND STATES. 45 The * * Falls ' ' on the Yantic about a mile above the Thames are about fifty feet in height, and afford abundant water-power, which is utilized by many factories of various kinds. NEW HAVEN. New Haven is pleasantly situated at the head of a bay opening into lyong Island Sound. Every thing here bears the impress of New England, the land of smart sayings and Yankee ingenuity. The center of the city is occupied by great trees and a grass-grown square. Yale University and accompanying college buildings are important factors to the city. The Candee rubber works — second in size in the U. S. — the Winchester rifle and ammunition factory, are located here. Oyster farming is extensively carried on, and Fair Haven oysters are regarded second to none on the Atlantic coast. This city is the home of many prominent scholars and writers of the present day. CONNECTICUT RIVER. This river is the outlet of Lake Connecticut in Northern New Hampshire. It forms the boundary line between Ver- mont and New Hampshire. It is 450 mile^in length and drains nearly 11,000 square miles of land. The Connecticut Valley is noted for its fertility and great beauty. The broad meadows, the bluffs and mountain terraces lend beauty to the scene. In an early day this valley witnessed many acts 46 NORTH AMERICA. of Indian cruelty and the historical societies are rich in Indian legends and lore. LONG ISLAND SOUND. Long Island Sound is a portion of the ocean separating Long Island from the mainland. It is no miles in length and from 2 to 20 miles wide. The east end passage is called The Race. The west end is connected by a strait called Bast River and The Narrows with the New York Bay. Steam- boats plying along the coast pass through this sound. There are several lighthouses along the coast. BRIDGEPORT. Bridgeport, situated on Long Island Sound in the south- western part of Connecticut, is noted for the manufacture of sewing-machines, firearms and carriages. The Wheeler and Wilson and the Howe sewing machines are made here. Golden Hill, an eminence about 100 feet high, back of the cit}^ is the fashionable residence district and commands a beautiful view of the Sound. Bridgeport formerly was one of the most important sum- mer resorts. NEW ENGLAND STATES. 47 RHODE ISLAND. rSize Atlantic Ocean. Narragansett Bay. Blackstone River. ( Rhode Island. Islands. j Block. ( Providence. Cities. } Newport. ( Woonsocket. KKY words'. 47. Roger Williams. 48. Indian Rock. 49. " Eden of America." 50. ' ' Heroine of Newport. 51. Lime Rock lyighthouse. 52. Drum Rock. 53. " Isle of Peace." 54. Old Stone Mill. 55. Perr3^'s Statue. 56. Fort Adams. 57. Spouting Head. QUERIES. 5 1 . How were the streets of Providence named ? 52. What state raises barely wheat enough for her people ? 53. How many Rhode Islands could be made of your state ? 54. Why has Rhode Island two capitals? 48 NORTH AMERICA. 55. What rebellion took place within the limits of this state ? 56. Where was the first successful cotton mill established ? 57. For what is Narragansett Bay noted ? 58. What minerals are found in Rhode Island ? 59. What is the state motto? 60. New England has a great many "necks." What are necks ? 6 1 . Which colony was the last of the original thirteen to ratify the constitution ? 62. Which is the most densely populated state in the Union? BLOCK ISLAND. Block Island is a favorite resort for summer tourists. The dried codfish of this island are held in high repute. On the east side is a very large hotel and a good break- water, making an excellent harbor. Adrian Block built the first ship in America at Manhattan Island in 16 13, and in the C/nres^ sailed through Long Island Sound and discovered Block Island. PROVIDENCE. Providence was founded by Roger Williams, in 1636. This town surrounds a body of water nearly one mile in circumference, called " The Cove." The basin is enclosed by a granite wall, on top of which is an iron fence, and just beyond a boulevard eighty feet wide with shade trees on each side. NEW ENGLAND STATES. 49 Brown's College is located here. Providence is celebrated for its jewelry manufactures. The Gorham silver factories are the largest in the world. The Providence trade in print calicoes is as great as any city in the United States. RHODE ISLAND. Rhode Island is situated in the Narragansett Bay. New- port, which was settled in early times, is the principal city. It is noted for being one of the most fashionable summer resorts. It contains relics of the Norsemen. The island affords excellent facilities for surf bathing and has much scenery that is picturesque and romantic. WOONSOCKET. Woonsocket is the business center of the Blackstone val- ley. It has many manufacturing interests and employs many thousands of workmen. Woonsocket has all the modern appliances for a city, ex- tensive waterworks, street car service, electric lights and fire alarms, free delivery of letters, a paid fire department, and a cottage system of hospitals. The most extensive woolen mills in the United States, and the largest rubber shoe factory in the world are located here. 50 NORTH AMERICA. EASTERN STATES NEW YORK. Population . Compar-ative size. Atlantic Ocean. New York Bay. ^ Long Island Sound. ' Ontario. ii^ Erie. rA Champlain. George. .S^ Lakes. < Oneida. S H Cayuga. WW Seneca. - : Chautauqua. < ^ Otsego. ' Hudson. Mohawk. St. Lawrence. Rivers. < Niagara. Genesee. Oswego. Delaware. >< 00 ^ Susquehanna . 00 Canals. ' [ Erie, Champlain. ' Long Island. Islands. < Staten. Bedloe's. ^ Governor's. EASTERN STATEvS. 51 r Mt's. ' Adirondack. Catskill. Highlands. Mt. Marcy. ^ < Cities. ' New York. Brooklyn. Albany. , Troy. West Point. Saratoga. Buffalo. Rochester. Syracuse. Utica. Klmira. Oswego. r Animal. t Manufactured. SUGGESTIVE KE^ I WORDS. 67. Croton Aqueduct. 68. Statue of Liberty. 69. Elevated railroads. 70. The Obelisk. 71- The Battery. 72. Palisades. 73. "The Queen City of the L akes." 74- '* The Military City." 75- '•The Flour City." 76. ''The Salt City." 77. The Toombs. 52 NORTH AMERICA. 78. United States Navy Yard. 79. ' ' The Summer Resort. ' ' 80. Castle Garden. 81. Five Points. 82. "The Twin Cities of America. 83. ''The Empire City." 84. Wall Street. 85. Vassar College. 86. ' ' The City of Churches. ' ' QUERIES. 72. What is Hell Gate ? (Tell about the removal of the obstructions to commerce.) 73. Describe a lock in a canal. 74. What city was used as a Confederate prison ? 75. What city is lighted by natural gas? 76. By what names has New York been known ? 77. Give the origin of the name New York. 78. Tell the history connected with the "Half Moon." "Clermont." 79. What. effect did the Erie Canal have upon this state? 80. What is North River ? 81. What city manufactures the most wheat starch in America ? 82. Where is the busiest river in the world for its size ? 83. What is the area of New York City ? Population ? 84. How long is Long Island ? 85. Where are the Thousand Isles ? For what noted? EASTERN STATES. 53 86. Locate several mineral springs. 87. What is a dry dock ? (Simpson's dry dock in Brook- lyn is the largest in the world.) Its use ? 88. Who first found salt in New York? (The Indians manufactured salt for over fifty years. Now the wells are controlled partly by the state.) 89. How do vessels sail from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario ? 90. What lake of New York is tributary to the Gulf of Mexico ? 91. Give names denoting Indian origin ? English? Dutch ? 92. State the cause of the jog in the eastern boundary of New York ? 93. Who is the wizard of Menlo Park ? 94. How was the news of the completion of the Erie Canal telegraphed? 95. Which city in the United States contains the largest church ? A TRIP ON THE HUDSON AND MOHAWK RIVERS. Instead of the usual "Items of Interest" we will take a trip down the noble Hudson and its principal tributary, the Mohawk, and note some of the facts about the important places we find. To begin at the source of the Hudson we shall have to go up to the picturesque Adirondacks, from whose rocky and forest clad sides the melting snows and numerous springs send impetuous brooklets of clear, cold water, that fret, foam and dash down their rocky beds, until reaching some natural 54 NORTH AMERICA. depressions, they rest themselves in placid lakes before con- tinuing their journey down to the mighty ocean. A num- ber of small streams coming from these beautiful mountain lakes unite in Essex county and form the Hudson, which, as you know, was named after Henr>^ Hudson, the great navi- gator, who discovered it in 1609. From the summit of one of the many peaks of the Adirondacks we may get glimpses of the j ustly famous Lakes Champlain and George — celebrat- ed both for their wonderful beauty and their historical asso- ciations. The Adirondack region is dotted with beautiful lakes, grand mountain peaks and romantic glens. Mounts Marcy , Whiteface and Dix are the highest, all ranging near 5,000 feet above sea level. There are three lakes on Mt. Wallface which send their waters into the iVtlantic by the Hudson, into the St. Law- rence by the Racket and into Lake Champlain by the Ausable. In this region, the deer, black bear, panther, wolf, wild- cat, lynx, and even the moose, besides great numbers of the smaller animals are 3^et found in the dense forests. Many varieties of trout are found in the lakes and streams. It is a fact worth mentioning that nearly all of the lakes of our country lie north of the southern boundary of New York, and no state excels New York in either the number or beauty of her lakes. Going southward a short distance and then making an abrupt sweep to the east the river brings us to Glenn's Falls, EASTERN vSTATES. 55 where the river makes a descent of fift}^ feet, thus affording abundant water power. A fine quarry of black marble, and the picturesque scener}^ in the vicinity, are the onl}- note- worthy features. As we pass southward we leave Saratoga Springs to our right. At this place you remember, Burgoyne surrendered his arm}^ in 1777. On account of the medicinal properties of the mineral springs, this has become one of the most celebrated of the fashionable summer resorts. Of its magnificent hotels, several have accommodations for 1,000 guests apiece. We now come to the Hudson's principal tributary, the Mohawk, which has a southeasterh' course of about 175 miles. Descending the Mohawk to the point where it changes its direction from south to southeast, we come to Rome, a thriving manufacturing town, built upon the site of old Fort Stanwix, of Revolutionary fame. Going further down the river, on the site of old Fort Schu3der, we reach Utica. Utica is built at the junction of the Erie and Chenango canals, and is devoted to manufact- uring and has some note as a shipping point for dairy products. About twenty miles further down, the Mohawk rushes through a narrow, rocky gorge, and descends over forty feet in less than a mile. This romantic place is called lyittle Falls. Further down, on a small tributary from the north, is lo- 56 NORTH AMERICA. cated Gloversville, a prosperous town whose name is derived! from its leading industr}^ — the manufacture of gloves and! mittens. In this city and its neighbor, Johnstown, are made] two-thirds of the leather gloves and mittens manufactured in the United States. ] Passing on down the Mohawk, the next important town is Schenectady, a place engaged largel}^ in the manufacture of engines, vehicles, machinery, and ironware of various i kinds. Union Universit}^ one of the oldest in the state, is i located here. The terrible Indian massacres of 1 690 and 1 748 at Schen- ectady should be mentioned. We next arrive at Cohoes, a great cotton-cloth manufact- uring cit}^ situated at the junction of the Mohawk and Hudson. The Mohawk here descends about 100 feet, thus giving a great water power, which is utilized by the fac- tories. One-third of the hosiery of this country is made by the factories of Cohoes. Three miles below, we reach Troy, which manufactures more shirts, cuffs, collars, mathematical instruments and globes than any other place in tlie United States. The iron and steel manufacture is also a very important one. In the beautiful Oakwood cemetery of Troy are buried two major generals of the United States arm}^ — Geo. H. Thomas, "The Rock of Chicamauga," and John E. Wool. The monument to the memory of Gen. Wool is a stone obe- EASTERN STATES. 57 lisk seventy-five feet in height, and is said to be the largest piece of granite quarried in the last 3,000 years. Six miles below Troy we come to Albany, the capital and one of the very oldest towns in the state. A bi-centennial celebration, held on July 22, 1886, com- memorated the two-hundredth anniversary of the granting of its charter. Among the old buildings, one of the oldest and most interesting in its historical associations, is the Schuyler mansion, where Washington, Franklin, Gates, Lafayette, Burgoyne (the latter a prisoner) were entertained. In this house Alexander Hamilton was married to a daughter of Gen. Schuyler, and in 1858 Ex-President Fillmore was married to the widow Mcintosh, who owned the mansion at that time. The capitol at Albany is, excepting the capitol at Wash- ington, the finest public building in America. It cost $20,000,000. Albany is the eastern terminus of the Erie canal. Its commercial activity began with the arrival of Robert Ful- ton's famous Clermont, in 1807. Traveling on toward the ocean we pass Catskill, a noted summer resort, and also a departing point for tourists bound for the picturesque Catskills region, a short distance east- ward. The next town of importance is the manufacturing town of Kingston, which has a romantic situation at the foot of the Catskill mountains. Continuing our journey, we arrive at Poughkeepsie, *'a 58 NORTH AMERICA. safe and pleasant place, ' ' noted for its great cantilever bridge and for being the seat of Vassar College, the largest of the colleges for females in this country. It is said that in existing records, Poughkeepsie is spelled in forty- two different wa3'^s. A short distance southward, Fishkill and Newbury, on opposite sides of the river, are situated. Ferr^^ boats, of sufficient size to transfer a whole train of cars at a load, ply between the two towns. Newburj^ contains a famous stone house, which was occupied bj^ Washington, as his headquar- ters, during the closing 3'ears of the Revolution. It was from this place that he issued the proclamation disbanding the army. Four miles below Newburg is Cornwall, the most popular resort on the Hudson, and the former home of N. P. Willis and E. P. Roe, both well known American authors. Descending the river a short distance, we find West Point, famous for its history, its United States Military Academy and for its magnificent views. It is visited b}^ nian}^ tour- ists every summer. A monument to the memory of the patriot, Kosciusko, who s'lperintended the construction of the first defenses of West Point, was erected b}^ the cadets in 1828. A visit here brings to mind the traitor, Arnold, and the unfortunate Andre. As we emerge from the justly celebrated Highlands we pass the village of Peekskill, and a few miles further we reach the historic Stony Point, which * ' Mad Anthony ' ' Wayne captured from the British without firing a shot. EASTERN STATES. 59 From the limestone cliffs in this neighborhood great quan- tities of lime are obtained, and, a few miles below, at the village of Haverstraw, are immense brick-yards. The banks of clay are of a ver}^ valuable quality. In this village, on "Treason Hill," still stands the building in which Arnold and Andre met to negotiate for the betrayal of West Point. Before us lies Haverstraw Bay, an expansion of the river, that, below Croton Point, was dignified by the early set- tlers with the name of Tappan Zee (sea). This widening of the river extends about 12 miles, and in the widest part measures over three miles. Croton River, a small stream from which New York city gets her supply of water, enters from the left, near Croton Point. Six miles up the creek, a dam 250 feet long, 70 feet thick at the bottom and 40 feet high, causes an artificial lake, from which an aqueduct over 40 miles long carries the water into the city. The carrying capacity of the aqueduct is over 2,000,000 gallons per hour. Four miles below, on the left bank, is Sing Sing, " Stony Point," noted for having one of the largest of New York's state prisons. This prison, unlike many others, is not en- closed by high walls, but is guarded by armed sentinels. A little further dowii, on the same side of the river, is the hamlet of Sleep}- Hollov/, in whose vicinity are many spots immortalized in the writings of Washington Irving. Irving' s grave is here. The stone bridge mentioned in the ride of Ichabod Crane is still standing, as is also the old Dutch church, built in 1699. 60 NORTH AMERICA. Just below is Tarry town, where Major Andre was cap- tured, and near which the scene of Irving' s story of Rip Van Winkle is laid. As we pass down the river here, our attention is attracted to the palisades, a wonderful line of precipitous stone walls, from 200 to 300 feet in height, extending for 20 miles along the west shore of the Hudson. These, with the other scenic features of the Hudson, caused it to receive the appellation, "Rhine of America." A short distance southward we arrive at Yonkers, a health- ful, suburban, residence town, adjoining New York cit3\ We are now approaching the largest city on the western continent and one of the largest in the world. It is built mainly on Manhattan Island, which is over thirteen miles long and over two miles wide in the widest portion. The city itself has a population of over 1,600,000, while, with Brooklyn, Jersey City, and other adjoining towns, which are really simply suburbs of New York, there is, within a circle of 20 miles, taking the City Hall as a center, a popu- lation of about 3,500,000. The island of Manhattan is bounded by the Hudson, East and Harlem rivers, and a short distance on the north by Spuj^ten Duyvel creek. As we reach the island, we first notice Riverside Park, where our beloved General Grant is buried. His magnifi- cent monument-tomb, which reaches 300 feet above the waters of the river, will long be admired and remembered as the grandest mausoleum ever erected by an enlightened people. EASTERN STATES. 61 A little further down, and further inland, is that pride of every New Yorker, the Central Park. This park is over 2 3^ miles long and over one-half a mile wide. It was for- merly (less than 40 years ago) a dreary waste of rubbish piles and scrubby thickets, and was dotted here and there with forlorn shanties of the most wretched sort. Since it was laid out, in 1858, over $15,000,000 has been expended upon its improvement, with a result of one of the largest and finest parks in the world. Among the attractive feat- ures are: s}^ miles of rides, g}4 miles of drives, 28 miles of walks, 3 lakes, 8 bridges, 38 tunnels, many picturesque rocky knolls, the Terrace, a ** sumptuous pile of light Albert- freestone masonry, with arcades and corridors, and rich carvings of birds and animals ;" the famous Bethesda foun- tain; a ball ground ; the Carrousel, a place fitted for the amusement of young children ; the ' ' Zoo, ' ' a menagerie ; the Belvedere, a tall Norman stone tower, and many monu- ments, among which may be named those of Scott, Shakes- peare, Burns, Fitz-Green Halleck, and the Beethoven Bust. Now we are in the midst of so many objects of interest that our modest little volume might be fairly filled with descriptions of the noteworthy buildings, etc. , to be found in New York and Brooklyn. We prefer, however, to leave the teacher here to make his own selection of the points of interest to present to his pupils. The field is so rich and so well known that no teacher needs our help here. 62 NORTH AMERICA. Lake Champlain Crown Point. Ticonderoga. Lake George. Adirondack Mts. Mt. Marcy. Hudson River. 8. Glenn Falls. 9- Saratoga. lO. Mohawk River II. Rome. 12, Utica. 13- Erie Canal. 14. Little Falls. 15. Gloversville. 16. Johnstown. 17- Schenectady, 18. Great Falls. 19- Cohoes. 20. Troy. 21. Albany. 22. Catskill Mts. 23- Catskill. 24. Kingston. 25- Poughkeepsie, 26. Fishkill. 27. Newburgh. 28. Cornwall. 29. West Point. 30. Stony Point. 31. Haverstraw. Tappan Zee. Croton Lake, Sing Sing. Sleep}- Hollow. Tarry town. Yonkers, Jersey City. New York. Brooklyn. Long Island. Long Island Sd, New York Bay Staten Island. The Narrows. Lower Bay. Atlantic Ocean, SKETCH OF THE HUDSON RIVER EASTERN STATES. 63 PENNSYLVANIA. o t^ M "Boundary. Comparative size. Lake Erie. Rivers. Moun'ns. Cities. Products. Delaware. Susquehanna. Juniata. Alleghany. Monongahela. Ohio. Alleghan3^ Blue Ridge. Chestnut Ridge. ' Philadelphia. Harrisburg. Pittsburg. Alleghany. Reading. Erie. Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. Manufactures. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 87. The Quaker City. 88. The City of Homes. 89. The Smoky City. 90. The Walking Purchase. 91. Old State House. 92. The Liberty Bell. 64 NORTH AMKRICA. 93. The Birmingham of America. 94. Wyoming Valley. 95. Valley Forge. 96. The United States Cemetery. 97. Mason and Dixon's I^ine. 98. The Black Diamond State. 99. Oil Regions. 100. Coke Ovens. loi. Capitals of United States (3.) 102. The Centennial. 103. Serpentine Barrens. 104. The Nickel Mines. 105. Queen Esther's Rock. 106. Penn's Elm. 107. Johnstown Flood. QUKRRIES. 96. Who are the Pennsylvania Dutch? 97. What Indian tribes once lived in this state? 98. Who was the Quaker King? 99. Name the most famous document in Pennsylvania history. 100. How were the streets of Philadelphia named ? 10 1. What poet is known as the Quaker Poet ? 102. Where is the most picturesque part of Pennsylvania? 103. Where and how do railroad engines take water with- out slopping, i. e., "on the fly?" 104. What do the people of northwestern Pennsylvania use for fuel? EASTERN STATES. ^5 105. Who was Gertrude of Wyoming ? 106. What have the authors and poets of this state written? 107. Which cit}^ in our country produces the most hosiery? 108. Which one exports the most coal ? 109. Name the noted battlefields of Pennsylvania ? no. Which city ol the United States manufactures the most glassware ? 111. How is coal oil transported in this country ? 112. Look up the history of the Pennsylvania Whisky War. 113. Can you repeat Penn's speech to the Indians and their reply? 114. What names bear evidence of Indian origin? German? 115. What college forbids ministers to enter its halls? ITKMS OF INTEREST. PENN'S ELM. At Kensington, within Philadelphia or its city limits, is a plain stone monument, which marks the site of Penn's Bl.m, under which the celebrated treaty was made. This oral treaty with the Indians, which neither he nor they ever violated, is the large white spot in American history of the dealings with the aboriginal owners of the land. It is said that " not a drop of Quaker blood was ever shed by an Indian." STATE HOUSE. Independence Hall was begun in 1729 and completed in NORTH AMERICA. 1734, at a cost of $250,000. -This is a shrine of American Liberty! Here the noble men, who signed the Declaration of Independence, imperiled their lives, th-eir fortunes, and their honor. Who does not love to read the history of one's own native land ? Here many a poor fellow, wounded at Brandy wine, breathed his last. Here American prisoners, captured at Germantown, were confined. Here we find the old State House bell. Tell its story. THE TRIANGLE. Running due west, on the north boundary line would leave Pennsylvania without a lake harbor, and the early settlers, intelligent men, saw this. Three States claimed the right to dispose of this three-cornered piece of land. After some negotiations, New York, Connecticut and Massachusetts surrendered their rights to the United States government. Pennsylvania paid the government about $150,000 in " Con- tinental certificates." Pennsylvania also paid the "Six Nations" $2,000 for their interests. PETROLEUM. Petroleum, or mineral oil, is thought to be like coal, of vegetable origin. Wells are bored, by means of steel drills, driven b}^ powerful machiner}^, often to great depths, before the oil reservoir is tapped. Sometimes the pressure of gas within the oil reservoir forces the petroleum to the surface, causing the wells to overflow. In others, the petroleum is pumped to the surface. To increase the suppl^^, a torpedo EASTERN STATES. 67 of nitro-glycerine is exploded at the bottom of the well. In many instances reservoirs of highly eombustible gas are struck in forcing the wells. When ignited, this gas sends a lurid flame into the air, lighting the country for miles around. These wells often supply towns near them with fuel and light. Pittsburg saves 40,000,000 tons of coal annually by the use of gas. — Barnes. Get a piece of soft (bituminous) and hard (anthracite) coal and show the difference between them. Notice the difference in burning. Tell of the use of each. lyocate the regions containing each. DESCRIBE A COAL MINE. Take your pupils and visit one, and, experience proves, that it will be one of the pleasant and never to be forgot- ten lessons. The deepest coal mine in America is in Pottsville, Pa. The shaft is 1,576 feet deep. From its bottom, almost a third of a mile down, 200 cars, holding four tons each, are lifted every day. They are run upon a platform, and the whole weight of six tons is hoisted, at a speed that makes the head swim, the time occupied in shifting a full car being only a little more than a minute. The hoisting and lower- ing of men into coal mines is regulated by law in that State, and only ten can stand on a platform at once, under pen- alty of a heavy fine. THE BURNING MINE. The mines at Summit Hill, Pa., caught fire in 1832, and 68 NORTH AMERICA. thousands upon thousands of dollars have been, and are being, expended, to extinguish the fire, but without any success. They will probably continue to burn until there is no coal left to feed the underground conflagration. The effects of the fire and the heat produced are visible at all points in this vicinity, and the mines are gradually, day by day, tumbling in, as the coal is burned away. No attention was paid to the fire at first, but it has gradually crept along, under the surface, until hundreds of valuable coal fields are now laid waste. DISCOVERY OF HARD COAL. Philip Ginter was, to the hills of the Lehigh Valley, what Rip Van Winkle was to the region along the Hudson. Philip was a tramp of the Mauch Chunk region, who was fonder of his gun and dog than of cleanliness and sobriety. One day, in 1791, he had been out on a hunting expedition, and, as usual, he had fallen asleep under a tree, when a rain awakened him. He rubbed his eyes, swore at his ill-luck, and started homeward. Amidst the rain and the approaching night, he felt for- saken, and, accidently stumbling, he displaced a number of black stones. Now Philip had heard of ' ' black stones that would burn," but supposed it to be a legend, or fairy story ; how- ever, being of an inquisitive turn of mind, he picked up a few specimens and carried them home. EASTERN STATES. 69 Shortly afterwards he showed them to a friend, who took them to Philadelphia for an examination, where they were pronounced to be stone coal. A company of men determined to buy out Ginter, but Philip reasoned to himself that, if it was worth the sum they offered, it was worth more, and he refused their proposition. They intimated that others could find the same place, when Philip informed them, in Pennsylvania Dutch, they might hunt until doomsday, and they never would find it. Then they agreed to his proposal and gave him a tract of land along a stream, upon which he built a mill. Scarcely was the mill erected when it was ascertained that the title was worthless. MAUCH CHUNK. Mauch Chunk (Bear Mountain) lies in a mountain valley, on the Lehigh River, in the center of the hard coal region. Near by is Mount Pisgah, with its famous inclined plane and the Gravity Railroad to the coal mines. Near Mauch Chunk, in 1791, anthracite coal was dis- covered by Philip Ginter. The Centennial anniversary of the discovery of coal was celebrated here. Anthracite was first called "black stone," and experi- ments in Philadelphia asserted that it put out the fire. Thirty years expired ere the shipments were of great value. The mines are nine miles back from the river, and in 1827, a track was built for the cars to run down, of their own accord, hence the name Gravity Railroad. 70 NORTH AMERICA. The cars were pulled back by mules, which were sent down on each train. • In 1844, the inclined plane was laid to the top of Mount Pisgah, on which a stationary engine does the work, formerly done by the mules, and then by a zigzag track, called the Switch Back, the cars reach the mines again. In case of an accident on the inclined plane, the cars are provided with brakes that will stop the cars, at any desired time, on any portion of the track. Mauch Chunk is one of the most picturesque places in America, and is visited by thousands of tourists every year. PITTSBURG. The Iron City is situated at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers. The city is in the heart of the soft coal region, and the smoke from the foundries, factories, steamboats and dwell- ings settles over the valley, until the sun loses his brightness in the thick, sooty haze. By means of the Alleghany River, from the north, the product of the oil wells is shipped to Pittsburg. The crude petroleum passes through the refineries and then is exported. It is the greatest oil market in the world. Of late years the coal and oil industry has been checked by the discovery and use of gas, which is obtained by sinking wells from 600 to 2,000 feet in depth. The gas is used extensively as fuel for the factories and for lighting and heating purposes. Millions of tons of coke EASTERN STATES. 71 are handled here annually. Pittsburg ranks first in manu- facturing glassware, and in iron and steel industry. No other city compares with Pittsburg in the number and vari- ety of her factories. At the Fort Pitt Works are cast the big twenty-inch guns. The guns weigh sixty tons and cost $50,000, A ball for these cannon weighs over 1,000 lbs. The American Iron Works cover seventeen acres. They have an iron mine on I^ake Superior and a coal mine at their back door. They make nearly ever3''thing that can be made out of iron. They employ 2,500 workmen. The various nail works are well worth a visit. In some of them 1000 nails are made in a minute. Nails are made by a single blow of a machine, on cold iron, and the noise, once heard, will never be forgotten. The name recalls America's foremost champion m the English Parliament. Near here is the scene of Braddock's memorable defeat. Pittsburg has the largest ax factory in the world. It turns out 3,000 axes per day. PHILADELPHIA. The City of Brotherly I^ove is situated on a broad, fair stream, and deep enough to permit the large ocean vessels to approach its wharves. The bay below is large enough to accommodate all the fleets of the world. It enjoys all the advantages of a seaport. Its nearness to the iron and coal mines accounts for its extensive iron and 72 NORTH AMERICA. Steel industries and other manufacturing interests, which exceed the shipping interests. It is the center of the greatest carpet manufactures in the United States. Philadelphia and New York control nearly all the export trade in petroleum. Terra-cotta ware is one of the noted productions of this city. In this vicinity are the largest and most important ship building yards in the United States. There are no tenement houses, owing to the building so- cieties, which enable and encourage the people to invest in homes of their own. Philadelphia retains more of the old customs, old houses and old laws, than any other city. The early Quaker settlers have stamped indelibly their traits of character upon these people. Among the interesting places are Independence Hall, in which the Declaration of Independence was signed; the United States Mint, the first in the country, and where most of our coin is made; the Bank of North America, the oldest in the United States; the United States Arsenal, the grounds of which cover sixty-two acres, where ammunition is manu- factured; the naval asylum, where army clothing is made; numerous schools, churches, and cemeteries, where many noted men are buried. Around Philadelphia cluster many scenes of historic note. The First and Second Continental Congress assembled here. It was the capital of the United States for ten years. The battles of Germantown and Brandy wine were fought EASTERN STATES. 73 near the city. The first American flag, the stars and stripes, was made here by Mrs. Ross. A bi-centennial celebtation of the founding of the city was held in 1882, in which the ship Welcome arrived; a mimic Penn again visited the Blue Anchor, and made a treaty with the Indians. The Centen- nial Celebration of American Independence was observed by one of the world's largest gatherings. ERIE. Erie, built upon the site of the old French Fort, de la Presqu isle, is Pennsylvania's only lake part. It has a safe and commodious harbor — one of the best on the lakes. The harbor — four miles long and one mile wide — is protected by the island of Presque isle. The city has many manufactures and considerable commerce. Its position makes it the natural shipping point for large quantities of coal, lumber, iron and oil, furnished by northwestern Pennsylvania. It was here that Perry fitted out the fleet that won the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 18-12. It contains a State Soldiers' Home and the finest church building (St. Peter's Cathedral) in the state. 74 NORTH AMERICA. NEW JERSEY. f Comparative size. Atlantic Ocean. a - — i C/J CJ Bays. Rivers. f New York. ( Delaware. r Delaware. -s Hudson. ( Passaic. Blue Ridge Mountains, capes. iX^.^^^-^- 1- Cities. 'Newark. Jersey City. Patterson. Trtnton. Camden. [Long Blanch. r f Vegetables. 1 Fruits. Products. ^ Manufactures Fisheries. ^ Commerce. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. io8. Cranberry Marshes, log. Gardens. no. Silk City of America. 111. Peat Bogs. 112. The Summer City by the Sea. 113. Lead Pencils. 114. Celluloid. 1 15. Famous dueling ground. EASTERN STATES. 75 QUERIES. 1 1 6. Why was New Jersey so named ? 117. What price was paid the Indians for the site of New- ark? 118. Name the oldest town. 119. What noted battles were fought in this State? 1 20. Which town produces the most pottery and crockery ? 121. What is marl ? Its use ? 122. Where are locomotives manufactured ? 123. What canals in this State ? 124. What is a map ? Chart ? PORT JERVIS. At Port Jervis, he, who has a fancy for it, may, at lov/ water, stand on a rock in the river, with one foot in New York, the other in Pennsylvania, and touch with his hand New Jersey. CAMDEN. Camden is just opposite Philadelphia, on the Delaware River. It is noted for its shipyards, where some of the large American ships are built, and dry docks for repairing them. The principal nickel plate works in the United States are in this city. The steel pen manufactory of Esterbrook & Co. , is here. ATLANTIC CITY. Atlantic City is one of the most popular resorts on the Atlantic coast. It is 60 miles southeast of Philadelphia. 76 NORTH AMERICA. The long avenues named after the oceans, and the streets from the various States, are all delightful drives. The physicians urge the advantage of Atlantic City as a winter resort equal with Florida and other warmer cHmes. It has been styled ' * The American Brighton, ' ' and its sea- sons attract both seekers for health and seekers for pleasure. One hundred hotels, besides many private cottages, can furnish accommodation to 40,000 people. JERSEY CITY. The site of this city was used as farming land by the Dutch for 150 3^ears. In 1802, Paulus Hook, as it was then called, contained one house and thirteen persons. In 1838 it was incorporated under the name of "Jersey City." This city, though in another State, is really an extension of New York city, and closely connected w^ith it, in more ways than one. The Morris canal, 13 lines of railroads, and 4 lines of ocean steamers terminate here. Its chief manufactories comprise watches, crucibles, glass, locomotives, lead pencils, machinery-, etc. There are brew- eries, foundries, sugar refineries, and large trade in coal and iron. It has a large and fine harbor. PRINCETON. Princeton is noted for being the seat of the New Jersey college, or what is more often called Princeton College, and the theological seminary of the Presbyterian church. EASTERN STATES. 77 Nassau Hall was used as a hospital by both American and British troops during the revolutionary war. This col- lege has a very large refracting telescope. Its object glass is twenty-three inches in diameter. The cost was $26,000. Here General Washington gained a signal victory over the British and then retreated to Morristown. Here the conti- nental Congress assembled when compelled to flee from Philadelphia. SUMMER RESORTS. The Atlantic coast of New Jersey is famous for the num- ber of its seaside resorts. The New Jersey coast is celebrated for its many miles of beautiful beaches, which afford mag- nificent walks and drives. A great many large hotels are found along the beach at lyong Branch, Ocean Grove, Asbury Park, Atlantic City, Cape May, and other places. The bathing facilities, the races, the boat clubs and ath- letic sports and camp-meetings are some of the principal attractions. Many wealthy people of New York and Philadelphia have built summer cottages at these places and during the hot season their families reside here. SPANIARDS. After the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte, his brother, then King of Spain, and his nephew, became desirous of locat- ing in this country, but were unable to own land owing to State Alien Laws. 78 NORTH AMERICA. Application was made to several States for a special act of the legislature in order that they might become possessors of land. The New Jersey legislature granted their petition, and near Bordentown, Joseph Bonaparte bought land, upon which was built and elegantly furnished the finest house then in this country. It became the visiting center of the people from surround- ing States, callers being kindly received and royally treated. The Jersey people were tauntingl}^ spoken of 2i^ foreigners and Spa7iiards, inasmuch as the}^ had a King. NEVERSINK HIGHLANDS. These highlands have a post of honor among American Hills, the first to greet the eyes of the incoming mariner and the last to fade from the view of those who come and go from the New York harbor. On Beacon Hill is a double-towered lighthouse furnished with the best " Fresnel " lights. The light can be seen a distance of thirty- five miles, or as far as the altitude lowers the horizon. The government paid thirty thousand dollars to the French for this light. Many of the scenes of Cooper's "Water Witch" were laid in this locality. Near by was fought the memorable battle of Monmouth, of Revolutionary fame. EASTERN STATES. 79 NEWARK. Newark, the chief city of New Jersey, is situated on the Passaic River, nine miles west of New York City. Its pleasant location, its extensive manufactories, its con- nection with the Lehigh Valley coal mines by the Morris canal, its many schools and churches, all make it an im- portant city. The manufacture of celluloid goods- is mostl}^ confined to this place. It is said that over 400 different manufacturers exist in this city, and no other city has contributed more useful in- ventions to the industrial world. Newark leads in trunk and valise making. There are several large sugar refineries here. East Newark, or Harrison, is on the opposite bank of the Passaic River and is noteworthy on account of the Clark Thread Works located there. The chimney of the Thread Vv^orks (335 feetj, is the highest in the United States. Dur- ing a thunder storm in March, 1890, it was struck by light- ning twice in the same place. As no provision had been made for ascending the chimney, it became quite a problem as to how the chimney could be ascended, inspected and re- paired. At last, a roofer named John Philips, ** Steeple Jack," of Newark, was engaged to make the ascent, which he did by fastening a great number of ladders, one above the other, to the side of the chimney by means of stout iron staples which he drove through the brickwork. The feat 80 NORTH AMERICA. involved some original personal engineering and attracted considerable attention and many sightseers at the time. TIMBER MINES. In southern New Jersey along the Atlantic coast are the famous ' ' sea meadows, ' ' which extend inland nearly two miles. Farther inland, lagoons or salt water lakes are formed, in the vicinity of which are many marshes. Near Dennisville, cedar logs are found within a few feet of the surface of these marshes. Iron rods are pushed down until the logs are struck, when they are dug out and sawn into lumber and shingles. This industry furnishes scores of people in this part of New Jersey with profitable employment and has made com- fortable fortunes for many citizens. The fallen and submerged cedar forests of southern New Jersey were discovered first beneath the Dennisville swamps seventy-five years ago, and have been a source of constant interest to geologists and scientists ever since. There are standing at the present day no such enormous specimens of the cedar anywhere on the face of the globe as are found imbedded in the deep muck of the Dennisville swamps. Some of the trees have been uncovered measuring six feet in diameter, and trees four feet through are com- mon. Many of these were, perhaps, 2,000 years of age. They are in a fair state of preservation. Dennisville is the result of this industry. EASTERN STATES. 81 DELAWARE. "cd " . (5- " Size. Atlantic Ocean. Delaware Bay. Delaware River. Canal. Cape Henlopen. ^.,. ( Wilmington. Cities. 1 j3^^^^ ^ 00 n f Fruit. ^ , ^ J Grains. Products, i Qy3^^^^ [ Manufactures. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. ii6. '• Blue Hen's Chickens." 117. Three lower counties on the Delaware 118. Port of Entry. 119. Peach Crop. 120. Berries. 121. The Breakwater. 122. The Ice-breaker. 123. New Sweden. 124. Cypress Swamp. QUERIES. Of what is powder made ? 125. 126. Which is the most level state in the Union? 82 NORTH AMERICA. 127. What state still retain^ the whippingpost? 128. What state is next to Rhode Island in size? 129. With what state was Delaware connected for many- years ? 1 30. How did the Brandy wine Creek receive its name? 131. Where is the largest breakwater in the United States ? 132. The Delaware River has an estuary. What is an estuary? 133. Is Delaware entitled to a pember in the House of Representatives? CIRCLE BOUNDARY. It dates back to a singular deed made bj^ the Duke of York to William Penn, which reads thus: " August 24, 1784, all that the town of New Castle, and all that tract of land within 'the compass or circle of twelve miles of the same." By Penn's charter the southern boundary of Penn- s^dvania was "by a circle drawn at twelve miles northward and westward, into the beginning of the 40° north latitude, and then west by a straight line. THE HARVEST OF WILLOWS. A curious harvest, do you say ? Yet during the spring months this harvest actually takes place in Delaware near the powder mills. The acid from the willow is used in the manufacture of gii II powder. The banks of the brooks and creeks are lined with wil- lows. The farmers are well paid for this kind of a crop — EASTERN STATES. 83 they receive six to eight dollars per cord for the branches, the latter if the bark is removed. Young men among the farmers and mill hands, and young women from the factories, gather at some farm house for a night's pastime and sport. The shrewd farmer has the bark pealed and the young- sters enjoy themselves as well as at a "corn husking." WILMINGTON. The metropolis of Delaware, is twenty-eight miles south- west of Philadelphia, on the Brandywine creek. The Brandy wine has a fall of 1 20 feet within four miles of the city, and along its banks are extensive flour mills, the cele- brated powder mills, paper mills, rolling mills, watch fac- tories, morocco factories, car wheel works, pulp works, car shops and shipyards. Wilmington was the first city in this country to make iron ships. It excels in the production of carriages and passenger cars. The old Swede's Church, built in 1698, is still standing in a fair state of preservation. In the war of 18 1 2, the powder works near Wilmington furnished the sole supply for the American army. BURIED CEDAR TIMBER. "We're all in the loggin' business," yet as far as the eye could reach not a tree could be seen standing that would even make the ghost of a fair log. " They ain't a gro win'," continued the man. " They're under ground. We dig for 84 NORTH AMERICA. them, or spear them, as you might say. Here's the tool," and stepping into a low hut he brought out a crow- bar that, like everything else, seemed attenuated and was stretched out into a long, slender-pointed rod. "We wade along," continued the man, "and probe with this feeler, and when we strike a log we feel around, and if it's a good one we dig her up, and if it aint we let her soak ; that's about the way of it. ' ' "The secret of this business," said my friend, the geolo- gist, ' ' is that ages ago all this area was covered with a fine growth of large trees, and the same are found growing in some parts of the swamp yet, but they have died out and fallen down, and sunk into the soft mud, and so been covered up by mold and mud, until many other layers have grown over them; but in some remarkable way the wood is preserved, and these sunken ancient logs are j ust as good for shingles and other articles as they were when alive; hence for many years there had been a steady hunt for them. ' 'The trees upon or near the surface are the only ones avail- able, and, fortunately, are the best, but far below there are probably myriads of others turned to stone, and representing the past geological ages of the earth. The logs are worked out by the men who are nicknamed ' Swampoodles, ' and who live in the malarious districts all their lives. When a log is found a ditch is made about it, into which the water soon flows. A great saw is then applied, and the roots re- moved, and, as a rule, the log will rise to the surface, and can be cut up and carried off, though in many localities the EASTERN STATES. 85 vShingles are made right on the spot and dragged over the swamps on roads, in many cases, made of boughs and twigs. This curious business is not confined to New Jersey; but over in Delaware and Maryland there are similar swamps, where the shingle business has been carried on for 3'ears. One of the swamps in Delaware extends over twenty-five square miles, and hardly a house in Sussex County but what is shingled from the ancient deposit." — Cor. Philadel- phia Times, SET QUESTIONS, As the class advance they need reviews of various kinds. This device has been tried with good success. Place the * ' set' ' questions on the board and then assign each pupil a state to apply them by written work. Fill in the blanks. 1 . The nickname of is state. 2. The people of are called . 3. The capital of is . 4. The cities of are — . 5. The metropolis of is . 6. was admitted in . 7. The products are . 8. The rivers are . 9. The noted men are . 10. The curiosities are . Continue this work occasionally as the class progress. 86 NORTH AMERICA. MARYLAND. 130 131 132 133 134 tn <1) "^ ^^ u «^ . J? CO ' Comparative size. Atlantic Ocean. Chesapeake Bay. Rivers. | Potomac. ( vSusquehanna. Mountains | ^^"^ P'"^^^' ( Alleghen3^ r Baltimore. Cities. -j Annapolis. (. Frederick. r Animal. Products, -j Vegetable. (Mineral. District of Columbia. Washington. Georgetown. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 125. The Monumental City. 126. Oyster Pungies. 127. The Naval School. 128. The Cardinal City. 129. Baltimore Riot. First Telegram. Star Spangled Banner. The City of Magnificent Distances. Johns Hopkins University. Peabodv Institute. EASTERN STx\TES. 87 QUERIES. 134. Can oysters live in fresh water? 135. What are spats ? 136. What were "Conestoga wagons?" 137. Are oysters planted ? 138. What city of over 200,000 inhabitants cannot cast a vote for president ? 139. Does the state receive a revenue from the oyster business ? 140. How much seacoast has Mar^dand? 141. What was I^ord Baltimore's real name? 142. What historic incident occurred at Frederick? 143. Where is Francis S. Key buried? 144. What canal in Mar3dand ? 145. What territories of United States have no county divisions ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. ANNAPOLIS. Annapolis, named after Queen Anne, is situated on the Severn River about two miles from Chesapeake Bay. It was formerly a port of entry and the center of considerable trade and commei^cial activity, now it is a quiet, old town, noted chiefly as the capital of the state, and for the presence of the United States Naval Academy. To this academy, boys from 15 to 18 years of age are admitted, after passing an examination both physical and mental, and receive four years' instruction in all branches of the naval profession, as 88 NORTH AMERICA. well as in other studies. Extensive grounds are connected with the academj^ on which was recently built a naval hos- pital. Two sloops of war are used in the summer as train- ing ships. At the session of Congress at Annapolis, in 1783, Wash- ington surrendered his commission as commander-in-chief of the army. CRISFIELD AND WESTOVER. . The little town of Crisfield, on the southern part of the Maryland peninsula, is said to be "a town of oysters built on oyster shells." Maryland exceeds all other states in the gathering and shipping of the delicious and succulent bivalve. The oysters are gathered by means of dredges resembling large iron purses. The mouth of each purse consists of a pair of iron jaws, and the pocket of iron chain work. The dredges are dragged along by sail boats under full sail and raised every few moments to be emptied. From this little place alone, over 40,000 barrels of shell oysters, and 400,000 gallons of shucked oysters are shipped annually. Westover, sixteen miles north of Crisfield, is the center of another very important but far different industry — the raising and shipping of strawberries. More than 600,000 baskets of the luscious red berries are shipped annually from this point. The Westover House, a grand old mansion, with an air of departed glory about it, still stands, a mute reminder of the bygone days of the ' ' American nobility. ' ' EASTERN STATES. 89 BALTIMORE. Baltimore, named after Lord Baltimore, the founder of Maryland, is one of the three most important seaports on the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Its nearness to the coal, iron and oil regions give it a marked advantage over many of the other seaports. It is estimated that an ocean steamer can save about $2,000 on its coal bill in a single trip by starting from Baltimore instead of New York or Boston. The harbor is large, deep and safe. Fort McHenry guards the entrance to the port. It was when a prisoner on a British war-ship that with others was besieging Fort McHenry, that Francis S. Key wrote the famous " Star Spangled Banner," in 18 14. The principal industries are oyster packing, fruit canning, manufacture of cotton goods, exportation of coal, cotton, lumber, lard, fruit and provisions. The largest iron rolling mills in the United States are located here. Baltimore has many im- portant manufacturing industries. Among the notable in- stitutions' of the city are the Maryland Institution for the Blind, Sheppard Asylum for the Insane, Peabody Institution, Hopkins Hospital and the Johns Hopkins University. The city is supplied with water from Lake Roland, seven miles distant, by a system of water works, that are said to be the grandest in the world. Druid Hill, the noblest forest park in the United States, occupies 600 acres just north of the city. 90 NORTH AMERICA. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. This territory originally contained lOO sections of land, situated on both sides of the Potomac River. The southern part, thirty-six square miles, was re-ceded to Virginia. It was named Columbia in honor of the dis- coverer of America. Washington and Georgetown are the only two cities. The district is under the control of the Federal Congress. There are man}^ fine public buildings, most of which will be mentioned under the subject Wash- ington. The National Soldiers' Home is two miles north of Wash- ington, and was built in 185 1 by the balance on hand of Gen. Scott's levied contributions in the Mexican War. WASHINGTON. The capital of our countr}^ is situated on the left bank of the Potomac, about 116 miles from its mouth, on the site chosen b}- our first president. It is regularly laid out, with the streets running due north and south, or east and west. It also has twenty-one ave- nues named after different states. The capitol is situated near the center of the city and faces east. The corner stone was laid by Gen. Washington, September 18, 1783. The building was burned by the British in 18 14. The entire length is 751 feet, and the extreme breadth is 384 feet. It is one of the most beautiful public buildings in the world. Pennsylvania Avenue is the great business street of the EASTERN vSTATES. 91 city, and reaches from Rock Creek on the west, to the East Branch. Massachusetts Avenue is north of Pennsylvania Avenue, and is the handsomest in the city. Both of these avenues extend in a north-westerly and south-easterly direction. A noticeable fact about all the streets and avenues is their un- usual width. Among the principal buildings of the city, many of which are massive and beautiful structures, may be men- tioned the Smithsonian Institution, the National Museum, the White House, State, War and Navy Departments, Naval Hospital, Pension Office, Patent Office, Postoffice Department, Soldiers' Home, etc.^ etc. A great many beautiful monuments of famous statesmen and soldiers adorn the numerous public squares and circles. . The Washington monument, completed in 1884, is 555 feet in height and is called " the world's greatest cenotaph.' The foundation is eighty feet square and was begun thirty- six feet below the surface, resting upon the solid rock. The material used in the lower part is blue granite faced with crystal marble; in the upper part, white marble alone is used. A stairway leads to the top, as does also an elevator in the center. From its top we could see, to the southward across the river and about fifteen miles distant, Mt. Vernon, the for- mer home and present tomb of Washington. The Corcoran Art Gallery, open to the public free on 92 NORTH AMERICA. Tuesdays, Thursda3^s and Saturdays, was given to the city by Wm. W. Corcoran, and is one of the best in the United States. It would take too much space in our little volume to give even a short description of each of the prominent public buildings. The city has a population of over 240,000. SOUTHERN STATES. 93 SOUTHERN STATES, VIRGINIA. O ^ . G (V P pq o TOO IvOcation. Atlantic Ocean. Chesapeake Bay. Drummond Lake. Dismal Swamp. f Potomac. Rivers. Capes. Mount- ains. Cities. Prod'ts. < I James. Shenandoah. i York. I Rappahannock. L Tennessee. I Charles. ( Henry. r Blue Ridge. J Allegheny. j Cumberland. t Peaks of Otter. f Richmond. J Petersburg. 1 Norfolk. l^ Lynchburg. f Animal. Vegetable Mineral. Manufactured. 94 NORTH AMERICA. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 135. " Mother of Presidents. ' ' 136. "The Wilderness." 137. Chickahominy Swamp. 1 38. " The tomb of the Unknown. ' ' 139. Mt. Vernon. 140. United States Nav}^ Yard. 141. "The Garden of Virginia." 142. The Peninsula. 143. * ' The Antiparos of Virginia. ' ' 144. Piedmont District. 145. '* The Hamburg Massacre." 1 46. "Old Point Comfort. ' ' 147. Noted Battlefields. 148. " Father of Universit}- of Virginia .* ' 149. " River of Swans. ' ' 150. .The Natural Bridge. 151. Hampton Roads. 152. " Rome of the South." 153. "The Father of Virginia." 154. " L,ady Rebecca." 155. The Salt Pond. 156. " Tide Water Section. " 157. " Readjust ers." 158. "The Uord of the Roanoke." 159. "Uncle Robert " 160. The Dismal Swamp. SOUTHERN STATES. 95 1 6 1 . " Virginia L,eaf. ' ' 162. " Sage of Montecello." QUERIES. 146. Who wrote "Dred " or "Tale of the Dismal Swamp"? 147. What Governor once said, *'I thank God there are no free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall have none these hundred years. ' ' 148. What religion was once established by law? 149. How many states have been formed from what wa^ once Virginia? 1 50. Name ten noted Virginians. 151. Who wrote a novel called "The Virginians"? 152. Where are two presidents buried within ten yards of each other ? 153. What great man made his home at Arlington Heights ? 154. How do steamboats show respect to Washington when passing his grave ? 155. Was Washington' s old home or grave desecrated dur- ing the Civil War ? 156. Of what state was Illinois once a county ? 157. What Virginian was the first governor of Illinois? 158. Who wrote "Sheridan's Ride "? Locate the scene. 159. Name five authors of Virginia, and what each wrote. I Go. Where w^as Libbv Prison located ? For what noted ? Where now ? 161. Where is Fort Monroe ? What noted prisoners have been confined there ? 96 NORTH AMERICA. 162. Who were the seven presidents, natives of Virginia ? 163. Who was the lad noted for his exploit at the Natural Bridge ? 164. What is the motto of Virginia ? What does it mean? What were the Virginia Resolutions of '98 ? Who drafted them? (Jefferson.) 165. At what place are men trained for the Signal Service and Weather Bureau ? 166. Which one of Virginia's noted men held the office ot Chief Justice and Secretar}^ of State at the same time ? 167. What Indians lived in Virginia? What became of them ? J 68. What eccentric Virginian desired not to be buried within one mile of any church ? ITEMS OF INTERKST. The forests of Virginia are extensive and very valuable. Almost all known varieties of trees of this latitude may be foui.d here. Virginia has ninet}- -nine counties and the names are con- stant reminders of Old England. Virginia contains many vSprings noted for their medicinal effect. The most noted are Buffalo Lithia, Sweet Chaly- beate, Bath Alum, White and Yellow Sulphur, etc. The Natural Bridge is 215 feet high. How much higher than Niagara Falls? Marble is quarried on the banks of the Potomac. Virginia ranks first in raising peanuts, and second in tobacco. SOUTHERN STATES. 97 The Oyster beds in the tide region are "mines" of great wealth, and the fisheries are important. Jump Mountain is so named in remembrance of an Indian maiden who jumped from a cliff when she saw her lover killed in a battle between the Cherokees and Shawnees. Gold, iron, copper, lead, zinc, coal, salt, granite, marble, freestone, gypsum, glass-sand, and clays are some of the minerals of Virginia. Lexington is the seat of Washington and Lee University, also Virginia Military Institute. Here General Robert E. Lee breathed his last, and Stonewall Jackson rests in the old church yard. Blowing Cave is another curious freak of nature. In the winter a current of cold air rushes into the cave and during hot weather the cold current is emitted. Why is this ? There are numerous sandstone quarries throughout the state. The State Institutions are the penitentiary, three Insane Asylums, the one at Williamsburg, established in 1773, is the oldest in the United States, Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Institutes, Virginia Military Institute, Agricultural and Mechanical College and Normal Schools for blacks and whites. Norfolk is the principal naval station of the United States, and near Norfolk is a Navy Yard also. Hampton Roads is considered the best harbor along the Atlantic coast. Virginia is one of the most picturesque states of the Union. From the Peaks of Otter the ocean can be seen. The Nat- 98 NORTH AMERICA. ural Towers, Bolivar Heights, Anvil Cliffs, and Purgatory Falls on Roanoke River, are other mountain scenes. Richmond is noted for many scenes of the past. Aaron Burr was tried here ; LaFayette was received by his officers here ; ''Stonewall" Jackson lay in state here with a Confed- erate flag for his pall ; here, in the ' ' Old Church "(St. John), Patrick Henry uttered his stirring words ; here Lincoln held a reception in Jefferson Davis's Parlors. Some of the noted buildings are the City Hall, Custom House, Governor's Mansion, State Armor}^, Penitentiary, Medical College, and various factories, mills, and machine shops. The city con- tains statues of Washington ; Henr}^ delivering an address; Jefferson, pen in hand ; Marshall, stern and firm ; General Andrew I^ewis, the pioneer. Virginia contains seventeen National Cemeteries cared for by salaried superintendents who are under Government In- spectors, Any neglect is promptly reported. A headstone marks every grave ; the walks are graveled ; shade trees and flowers beautify the last resting place of the Nation's dead. Weyer's Cave is next to the Mammouth Caves of Ken- tuck}' ; it has been called "The Antiparos of Virginia ;" it was named after Bernard Wej^er. The different parts of the cave bear names descriptive of each, viz.: Ghost Chamber, Cathedral, Anthony's Pillar, Jacob's Ladder, The Bottom- less Pit, Oyster Shell, The Tower of Babel, and many others. Near Richmond, in the James River, are the so called Falls, really only rapids, inclosing a number of small islands. SOUTHERN STATES. 99 The largest of these islands and the most widely known is Belle Isle, which was one of the prisons for Federals during the Civil War. It is visited by many people every year. Harper's Ferry, of ^ John Brown fame," is located where the Potomac breaks through the Blue Ridge, and the mouth of the Shenandoah River. Jefferson said the scene was worth a trip across the ocean to witness. It was named after Harper, of Oxford, England, in 1723. At Hampton is a Government School for Indians. An effort is made to teach Indian girls to sew, and the boys to farm or learn a trade. The scheme is only a partial success. The writer is personally acquainted with several Sioux Indians who have received instructions in these eastern schools. The College of William and Mary is near Williamsburg, the old capitol of Virginia. Next to Harvard, this is the oldest college in the United States, and in 1776 it was the wealthiest in America. It was used by the French and Americans in the Revolutionary war, and as a hospital and barracks in the Civil war. Some of the noted graduates are Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, John Tyler, John Mar- shall, Peyton and John Randolph, and Winlield Scott. "The Ladies' Mount Vernon Association" now own Washington's Old Home and 200 acres of land. It was purchased for $200,000, in 1858, and their design is to keep it as a place of public resort and pilgrimage. The library and bed room remain the same as when they were last used by Washington. The barn is 140 years old. The well with 100 NORTH AMERICA. rope and pulle}^ the covered wal^s, the slave kitchens, the slave quarters, and the crane in the chimney are still to be seen by visitors. In 1876 Dom Pedro, of Brazil, officiated in beautifying the new Grave by planting trees around it. The old church where Washington worshiped in Alexandria still stands. A family resides in the back part, who keeps it in repair and open for visitors at the moderate charge of five cents. WEST VIRGINIA. cd <1> ^ a> (U T^ •Td a n OJ C3 ^ ^ a cJ CJ PU Ph ^ ■* cj > CO Size. Rivers. Ohio. Kanawha. Big Sandy. ^ Monongahela. Allegheny Mountains. Wheeling. Cities. Products. Charleston. Parkersburg. Harper's Ferry. f Vegetables. I Minerals. suggestive; key words. 163. Baden-Baden of America. 164. John Brown. 165. Saratoga of the South. 166. Gas wells. 167. Pineries. SOUTHERN STATES. 101 OUERIKS. 169. Why was West Virginia so named? 170. What is Rock Salt ? 171. Of what use is Rock Salt ? 172. Name five uses of salt. 173. How deep is the well at Wheeling? 174. What is the State Motto ? 175. What battles of the Civil War were fought in this State? 1 76. Where was John Brown hung ? 177. In what does West Virginia excel other States? CAPON SPRINGS AND BATHS. These springs are located in Hampshire Co,, and have a temperature of 65° Fahr. These waters are charged with carbonic acid gas, and are used both externally and internally. There are ample hotel accommodations, with plunge, shower, douche, and warm bath establishments. Capon Springs is pleasantly situated in the mountains, surrounded by picturesque scenery. These baths will compare very favorably with those of Europe. PICTURED ROCKS. These famous rocks are in Grant County, West Virginia, along the road known as the Evansville pike. They have been a source of wonder ever since they were first discov- 102 NORTH AMERICA. ered by white men, over a century and a half ago. They are on the face of a large cliff, situated near the road. The rock is a white sandstone, which wears very slightly from exposure to the weather, and upon its smooth surface are delineated outlines of at least fifty species of animals, birds, reptiles, and fish, embracing in the number panthers, deer, buffaloes, otters, beavers, wildcats, foxes, wolves, raccoons, opossums, bears, elk, crows, eagles, turkeys, eels, various sorts of fish, large and small snakes, etc. In the midst of this silent menagerie of specimens of the animal kingdom, is a full length of a female form, beautiful and perfect in every respect. Interspersed among the drawings of ani- mals, etc., are imitations of the footprints of each sort, the whole space occupied being 150 feet long by fifty wide. It is believed that these figures were engraved many ages ago, but it can not be even conjectured to what race the artist belonged, and how he made these remarkable drawings is quite as much of a mj'stery. — Inter-Ocean. SALT. West Virginia has important saline industries. The Great Kanawha Valley is particularly noted. The wells vary in depth from 30 to 1500 feet. Salt is obtained mostly by evaporation ; first by the heat of the sun ; second by artificial heat ; third by condensation by cold then boiling ; and fourth by mining. An entertaining diversion to the regular lesson would be to read, a full account of some noted salt works. Nearly SOUTHERN STATES. 103 every j^ear some of the illustrated papers contain articles on this and other fruitful subjects for school work. WHEELING. The metropolis of West Virginia, is on the east side of the Ohio river, in the Panhandle. It has an extensive river trade. Its nearness to the coal mines and iron deposits, makes it an important fron manufacturing city. There are over half- a dozen large glass factories and as many nail mills. Foundries, machine shops, rolling mills, etc., are on all sides. There is an island in the river, about one mile in length, connected by bridges to the main city. One -of the deepest wells in the United States is located here. Wheeling makes more cigars than all other cities of West Virginia. The National Road crosses the Ohio river at this place. It was the scene of McCullough's leap from the Indians. PARKERSBURG. This town is in the midst of hills, valleys and river bluffs, as broken as can be found anywhere. There are large oil refineries here and other numerous industries, in iron and timber. Flour mills, tobacco factories, etc. , make this a busy and thriving town. 104 NORTH AMERICA. HARPER'S FERRY. Here the Potomac breaks through the Blue Ridge and makes a most magnificent scene. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad crosses the Potomac at this place. Before the Civil War it was the seat of a U. S. armory and arsenal. John Brown gave the place some notoriety. Gen. Jackson captured the town and ii,ooo Union men in 1862. The town has never recovered from the effects of the war. On the opposite side of the river stand Maryland Heights, and over the Shenandoah are Loudon Heights, while back of the town are Bolivar Heights. The place was named from one Harper, of England, who established a ferry here at an early day. PICTURESQUE PLACES. Ice Mountain, where there is a famous natural ice house. Chimney Rocks, which look like the ruins of some ancient castle. Karr's Pinnacles, which bear resemblances to the obelisks of the old world. They are in the neighborhood of 200 feet high, with a width from 10 to 5 feet. Cathedral rock, which receives its name from the fancied resemblance to a Gothic church. SOUTHERN STATES. 105 NORTH CAROLINIA. Comparative size. Atlantic Ocean. Sounds. Albemarle. Pamlico. S . C Roanoke. g 'a^ Rivers. < Neuse. •j3 'ol ( Cape Fear. Q, ^ Dismal Swamp. f^ Mountains. {An.ghe„y^_ Peaks. f Black Dome. I Mitchell's. C Hatteras. Capes. < Fear. ( Lookout. f Raleigh. Pities J Wilmington. L-ities. < ^^^ g^j.j^g^ ^ S t Fayetteville. ^ *^ C Animal. Products. } Vegetable. ( Mineral. SUGGKSTIVE KKY WORDS. i68. Pine Barrels. 169. Old North State. 170. Little Dismal Swamp. 171. Lost Colony of the Roanoke, 106 NORTH AMERICA. 172. Tar State. ' 173. Tuck-a-hoes. 174. City of Oaks. 175. Mechlenburg Declaration. 176. lyord of the Roanoke. 177. Land of the 'Sk3\ QUERIES. 178. What noted swamps in this State ? 179. Where were the militarj^ prisons of the Civil War located ? 1 80. Who were the Regulators ? 181. What is the highest peak of the Appalachian sys- tem? 182. Where was the branch of the United States mint located ? 183*. What Indians lived in North Carolina? 184. Name uses of talc, or steatite. 185. What is coal tar? 186. Of what use is rosin ? 187. Where is the largest turpentine distillery in the United States? 188. From w^hat point can seven States be seen? WILMINGTON. This is the metropolis and principal seaport of North Caro- lina. Wilmington is noted for its "naval stores." . SOUTHERN STATES. 107 It is the chief market in the world for tar, pitch and tur- pentine, and it exports, also, rice, cotton and peaniTts. The Carolina Oil and Creosote Co. have a plant where lumber is treated by a patent process. This method consists in extracting the sap and wood acids, and by a pressure of 125 pounds to the square inch, forcing hot creosoting oil into the open pores of the wood. This preserves the timber from water, insects, and dry rot. A United States marine hospital is located at Wilming- ton. There are dry docks large enough to accommodate vessels of 1,000 tons. Rice mills, turpentine distilleries are located here. DURHAM. Durham owes its fame to a single industry. The largest granulated smoking-tobacco factory in the world is here. Cigarettes are a specialty. $38,000,000 have been paid the government for revenue stamps during the last seven years. Cotton mills make the tobacco sacks, and factories the tobacco boxes. This town has the largest pay roll of any in the State. TAR. The old box trees from which turpentine was obtained, the dead trees, and stumps, are used in making tar. The pores become filled with pitchy matter, the wood increases in weight, and will take fire almost as readily as gunpowder. 108 NORTH AMERICA. In making a tar-kiln, the ground is first scooped out, form- ing an inverted, cone-shaped foundation, with an opening and a tube from the center to some distance beyond the pit. The wood is then piled on end in the pit, pointing to the centre. lyOgs and green twigs are then piled around and the kiln is covered with dirt on top and sides. The fii-e is then lighted at the top and the tar trickles down to the center hole and out through the spout, A kiln yields from 50 to 100 barrels of tar, according to size. Pitch is tar boiled down until the volatile matter is driven off. TURPENTINE MANUFACTURE. Crude turpentine is the natural juice of the coniferous trees. American turpentine is obtained from two varieties of pine trees, which are most abundant in the Carolinas and Georgia. The distillers lease and sometimes buy vast tracts of pine lands, at about one dollar per acre. A half- moon shaped box is cut into each tree, then each box is cor7iered hy taking out a triangular piece. Next, the trees are hacked, by making groove-shaped cuts downward to the box. The sap, a sticky, honey-like gum, is gathered from the boxes and taken to the still. The hacking is performed, perhaps, six times during the season, which lasts from early spring until late fall. The SOUTHERN STATEvS. 109 dipping is done with a spoon-shaped instrument and a peculiar twist of the wrist, only acquired by practice. Two dippers follow one hacker. The dippers gather the gum in buckets which are emptied into barrels, located conveniently. The first year's production is called virgin dip, the second, yellow dip, and following years, the scrape. Distilling is carried on in copper stills, varying in size from ten to sixty barrels. Spirits of turpentine is separated by distillation and the residuum, or resin, is let out of the vats, through strainers, into barrels. A turpentine distillery, employing loo men, will produce daily 75 barrels of resin or rosin, and between 400 and 500 gallons of turpentine. SOUTH ATLANTIC SLOPE. The coast of the South Atlantic States is flat, low and sandy. The shore is protected by long, narrow sand bars. The productions of this region are rice and cotton, espec- ially the sea island cotton, the most famous known. The second terrace is a sandy belt, mostly covered with pine trees, from which are produced the tar, pitch, turpen- tine and rosin of commerce. The next terrace is the Piedmont, or the uplands, from which the grains, sweet potatoes and tobacco, are raised. Then in the mountains we find the mineral resources. WATER POWER. The Roanoke River falls 84 feet in nine miles above Wel- don, North Carolina. 50,000 horse-power might be devel- 110 NORTH AMERICA. Oped here for manufacturing interests. Small boats can reach the sea from Weldon. A noticeable fact of all the rivers, from the Potomac down, is that water power can be obtained easily. Nearly every stream has a town at or near the mouth, and another at the head of the navigable water. Advantageous locations for manufacturing industries are found at numerous points on the South Atlantic Slope. CORUNDUM. A few years ago a mine of corundum, of such purity and quantity, was found to be of national importance. This mineral is of such hardness as to cut readily all metals, granite, marble, etc. Corundum is very sparsely found, heretofore mostly in India and China. The value of the discovery will be from the use of corun- dum as an abrasive, without which the economical use oi chilled iron and steel would be almost impossible. Emery has been used extensively for this purpose. In the form of a wheel, corundom will cut chilled iron, hardened steel, Scotch granite, etc. In the scale of hard- ness, the diamond stands at lo; corundum, 9; emery, 8. The mineral is deposited over 600 acres, in Macon County, North Carolina. MOUNT MITCHELL. The highest peak east of the Mississippi River, is Mount Mitchell, in North Carolina. SOUTHERN STATES. Ill It was named in honor of Dr. Elisha Mitchell, who lost djl^ his life, by falling down a precipice, on this mountain. His ^ remains are buried on the summit, and hundreds of tourists visit this mountain every 3^ear. CAPE HATTERAS. i^ This cape is the most eastern extremity of North Carolina, * and is one of the most dangerous localities along the Atlan- tic coast. Near here are the Diamond Shoals, the dread of the sailors. The Gulf Stream flows within 20 miles of the cape, and the mingling of its warm air currents with colder land currents, causes frequent and violent storms. The coast, below Cape Hatteras, is strewn with the wrecks and fragments of vessels. MINERALS. The following are found in North Carolina : Gold, silver, iron, coal, copper, zinc, lead, mica^ graphite, buhr-stone, whet-stone, vSoap-stone, lime stone granite, etc. SOAP-STONE SLATE-PENCILS. The chief ingredient is soap-stone, more scientifically known as talc or steatite. It is a greasy, whitish stone, looking and feeling a great deal like country soap, from which it takes its name. The stone first comes in large chunks, and is subjected to a crushing process in a common quartz crushing machine. It is then ground to a fine powder in a regular buhr-mill, just as flour is made out 112 NORTH AMERICA. of wheat, and the powder is next bolted exactly as wheat is bolted. Thus no foreign or hard substance remains to get into the pencil and scratch the slate. This fine powder, which looks much like flour, is then mixed with several chemicals and a neutralizing substance, and the whole put into a tank and boiled, being stirred constantly by a revolv- ing wheel. It is then run into another tank and cooled, turning into a thick pasty substance. This is caked, and by means of machinery made expressly for the purpose, is molded into long slim rods by being forced through a round aperture the size of a slate-pencil. These rods roll down an inclined plane on an easy grade, so as not to break, after which they are picked up and cut into proper lengths. They are then laid between corrugated sheets of zinc, in layers eight or ten deep, the whole called a kit, and put into a steam- heating dry-house at a temperature of 200 degrees Fahren- heit, where they are thoroughly dried. The next process is to place them in a furnace and bake them, after which, if they be intended for plain pencils, they are boxed ready for shipment. Some, however, are sent up-stairs, where there are men and machinery to point one end of each ; while others still are sent to another department to be covered with a red and white or white and gold-ringed paper. These pencils most readily take the youngster's eye, and make his mathematical duties less irksome than they would be if aided by one of the rough, uncovered, and unpointed kind. And this is the by no means easy process by which slate-pencils are made. Our reporter was shown 10,000,000 SOUTHERN STATES. 113 pencils already boxed, waiting for shipment. The factory has a capacity to manufacture 150,000 a day, but has been making but about 75,000 ^tr A2iy .—Cincinnati Enquirer, There are extensive soapstone mines in Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. The above description oelongs to the North Carolina factory. SOUTH CAROLINA. m o ■*-• 6 o CO 00 I^ocation. Atlantic Ocean. Savannah. Santee. Wateree, Rivers. Mountains, Cities. Products. I Congaree. l^ Pedee. Blue Ridge. I Charleston. ( Columbia. i Animal. \ Vegetable. ( Mineral. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 178. American Venice. 179. Smoking Hills. 180. Earthquake. 181. Sea Island Cotton. 182. Caesar's Head, 114 NORTH AMERICA. 183. Battle Fields. 184. Revolutionary Heroes. 185. "Sand-hillers. " 186. Rice-birds. QUERIES. 189. How much cotton can a person pick in a day ? 190. What inventions did Eli Whitney make ? 191. How much does a bale of cotton weigh ? 192. Of what use is cotton seed ? 193. What is the highest point in the State? 194. What are phosphates ? Their use ? 195. Where is the noted resort for consumptives ? 196. What historical incident connected with Covv'pens? 197. Who was John Locke? What was his "Grand xModel?" 198. What stands to-day on the ruins of Fort Sumpter? 199. What is PADDY? 200. Where was the first paper money in America issued? ITEMS OF INTEREST. CHARLESTON. Charleston, the largest city of South Carolina, and a very interesting place, on account of its historical associations, is situated on a peninsula, between the mouths of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. It has a large, deep and safe harbor, about seven miles in length. The entrance to the harbor is protected by Fort Moultrie, Castle Pickney, and other SOUTHERN STATES. 115 lesser fortifications. A lighthouse stands on the island cov- ered with the ruins of the once famous Fort Sumpter. This city, settled in 1679, is one of the oldest in the South- ern States. Goose Church, or Church of St. James, in the midst of a pine forest, near Charleston, was erected in 171 1, and is still in a well preserved condition. St. Michael's Church, in the city, built in 1752, is visited by many tourists, to enjoy, from the belfry, the magnificent view of the city and harbor. Charleston is devoted mainly to commerce, but of late years considerable increase in manufacturing industries has grown. The principal exports are : Cotton, rice, lumber, naval stores and fertilizers. It would be well, in this connection, to recall the interest- ing history of Charleston. Tell of the attack on Fort Moul- trie in 1776 ; the surrender of the city in 1779 ; the execu- tion of the noble patriot, Isaac Hayne, in 1781 ; the firing on Fort Sumpter in 1861 ; the great earthquake in 1886, and of other interesting events in history with which you may be familiar. In all your work, keep interweaving history with your geography, for you know that we can remember two facts about a place more easily than one. COTTON GIN. Eli Whitney, a Yankee school teacher, who was living at Mrs. Green's house in Georgia, invented this machine. 116 NORTH AMERICA. A pound of cotton, cleaned by hand, required a day's work. A cotton pod is less in size than a common hen's Qgg, and bursts when ripe. The pod contains a number of seeds which adhere closely to the cotton. The cotton gin separates the cotton from the seed, and will separate more in one day than a person can in two months by hand. Take a small box and stretch parallel wires over the top, then place a few wheels of a clock, or wheels with saw-like edges, be- neath, and then cause them to revolve, and you have a miniature cotton gin. These wheels catch the cotton while plajdng beneath the wires, but leave the seed above the wire. This simple invention made Kli Whitney's name famous, made cotton raising profitable, made slavery dear to the hearts of the cotton-producing States, made the South rich, and crowned cotton King of the southern products. Tell of the inventor's troubles, the disadvantages under which he worked, how his machine was stolen before he ob- tained a patent, of his law suits, the burning of his factory, and discouragements from Congress and several state legis- latures, in fact his failure to reap the financial reward of his invention. HOW CAROLINA BECAME A RICE STATE. ' 'The destiny of South Carolina was changed by a single lucky experiment. In 1696, when the colony was little more than thirty years old, the pioneers were still engaged in buying furs from the Indians, extracting rosin, tar, and SOUTHERN STATES. 117 turpentine from the pines, cutting timber for shipment, and growing slender harvests of grain on the light soil along the coast. Attempts had already been made to grow indigo, ginger and cotton, but these had not answered the expecta- tion. A small and unprofitable kind of rice had also been tried in 1688. But one Thomas Smith thought that a patch of wet land at the back of his garden in Charleston resembled the soil he had seen bearing rice in Madagascar. It chanced in 1696, that a brigantine from that island anchored in dis- tress near Sullivan's Island, and the captain, an old friend of this enterprising Thomas Smith, was able to furnish him a bag of Madagascar rice suitable for seed. It grew luxuri- antly in the wet corner of the garden, and the seed from this little harvest was widely distributed. In three or four years the art of husking the rice was learned. African slaves were easily procured in the West Indies, and the face of society in the young State was presently changed. South Carolina became a land of great planters, and of a multitude of great toiling negroes. Smith was raised to the rank of landgrave, and made governor of the colony three years after the success of his rice patch. The new grain was at first grown on up-land ; but the planters afterward discovered that the neglected swamps were more congenial and less exhaustible. The cruelly hard labor of separating the grains from the adhering husks crippled the strength and even checked the increase of the negroes ; but in the years just preceding the Revolution this task came to be performed with mills driven by the force of the incoming and outgoing 118 NORTH AMERICA. tides, or turned by horses or oxen. A hundred and forty thousand barrels of Carolina rice, of four or five hundred weight apiece, were annually exported before the war of Independence. Through the example of a governor of Georgia, the culture of rice spread into that colony, and completed the ruin of the silk business." — Eggleston. RICE. Rice is one of the cereals of the grass family, and much resembles wheat. It has been cultivated from the earliest times and forms one of the staple articles of commerce. It furnishes food for more people than any other one grain. It is cultivated m many parts of the world, but in the United States, South Carolina, Georgia and Louisiana are especially noted for its production. It is a grain that needs much water, hence rice is principally raised along banks of a river, or low lands adjoining the sea, where the fields can be flooded successfully with water. Rice is sown in early spring, about three bushels to the acre, in trenches about one foot apart, then water is let on the fields for perhaps one w^eek, or until the grain sprouts. In a week or so, it is hoed, afterwards more water, another good hoeing, then water remains on the ground until the grain is ripe. Men and boys wade over the rice fields and pull out weeds and grass before the time to harvest It is cut with a s'ckle, bound, stacked, threshed, much like oats or wheat. It is not ready for use yet, not till it is hulled, sometimes by hand SOUTHERN STATES. 119 in mortars, but mostly by machinery run by steam-power. A machine sorts the rice by means of screens. The best is called "prime rice," which is then "pol- ished" or "brushed," when it is ready for market. The smaller and broken grains are called ** middlings, " which are. kept for home use. There is one variety of rice which is grown on dry land. VENUS'S FLY-TRAP. There is a wonderful little plant, commonly called Venus's Fly trap. It is an inhabitant of damp places in the eastern parts of North and South Carolina. The leaves are ar- ranged in pairs, hinged together below, and raise upward, with their faces toward one another. Around the margin of the lobes are a large number of bristles. The surface of the leaves is very sensitive, and whatever insect alights on it is caught as effectually as a mouse in a trap, and is even squeezed to death by the pressure. The surface o^ the leaves is covered with a sweet substance secreted by the plant itself, and this constitutes the bait with which the insect is tempted on to its destruction. In order to make death doubly sure to the victim, the plant is provided with three or four sharp spines, in the interior of the trap, with which it pierces the insect. That the plant's sensitiveness is only located on the inner surface of the leaves, may be seen from the fact that it will not close its trap by touching it anywhere else. When the insect has been caught, the trap remains closed until the substance of 120 NORTH AMERICA. the victim has all been absorbed by the plant, when it opens, ready for another victim. A botanist, who was experimenting with the "fly-trap," found that pieces of beef were soon dissolved and absorbed, but cheese disagreed with it, and finall}^ killed it. RED BONES. A singular race of people live in South Carolina. They are known as the South Carolina Red bones. Their origin is unknown ; their complexion is red, hence the name. They resemble gypsies, and live at the foot of the moun- tains, in a small settlement, holding no intercourse with the neighboring people. SOUTHERN STATES. 12T GEORGIA. r| ' Location anc I size. ^ Atlantic Ocean. re State of the Sc irds." Rivers. ' Savannah. Altamaha. Oconee. Ocmulgee. St. Mary's. Flint. ^ Chattahoochee. Mountains. Cities. Blue Ridge. ' Savannah. Augusta. , Atlanta. ' Macon. Columbus. L Milledgeville. i §8 t-t Products. < ^Animal. 1 Vegetable. 1 Mineral. [^ Manufactured. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 187. Georgia Crackers. 188. Andersonville. 189. Sand Hills. 190. The Forest City of the South. 191. Noted Battle-fields. 192. Okefinokee Swamp. 193. The Chicago of the South. 194. International Cotton Exposition. 122 NORTH AMERICA. QUERIES. 20 1. Which city exports the most turpentine in United States ? 202. What has been built on the summit of Stone Moun- tain ? 203. Where was Jefferson Davis captured ? 204. Who composed ' ' Marching Through Georgia. ' ' 205. Who received the grant of Georgia from the English King? 206. Why was Georgia so named ? 207. Where is there a countrj^ called Georgia? 208. Which is the largest State east of the Mississippi River. 209. Do any of the Southern States pension the Confed- erate soldiers ? 210. Who once gave the City of Savannah as a Christmas present ? 211. What became of the Cotton Exposition Buildings? 212. Which State leads, in the South, in manufacturing? 213. In what does Georgia excel all other States? 214. For what vegetable is Georgia famous? SAVANNAH. In 1773 General James Oglethorpe selected the site for Savannah, which is eighteen miles from the mouth of the river. The citj^ is regularly laid out, and plazas, or parks, alternate with the business blocks. SOUTHERN STATES. 123 These plazas were left vacant for those who lived in dis- tant settlements, in case the Indians might compel them to -eek a place of safety. There are twenty-four of them. They are sometimes called "the lungs of the cit3^" They lid to the beauty and healthfulness of the city. Many monuments, statuary and fountains are found in these parks. There are grass-grown yards, with beautiful sl\ell walks, flowers which bloom nearly the year round, Japonicas which bloom in mid-winter, the stately palmettoes, the sweet magnolias, oleanders, orange, and banana trees. Two strong forts, Jackson and Pulaski, guard the entrance to the river and city. Savannah is next to the largest cotton market in the United States, and second to Wilmington in naval stores. The chief buildings in this city are the Custom House, Court House, the State Arsenal, City Exchange, hospitals, asylums, etc. In Monument Square are obelisks, erected to the memory of Count Pulaski, who fought for American independence, and General Green, of Revolutionary fame. Savannah is within the influence of the Gulf Stream, hence enjoys the mildness of the tropics in winter, and is a famous resort of northern invalids. I^ook up in the histo- ries, the scenes enacted here during the Revolution and Civil war. ATLANTA. Atlanta was destroyed b}^ General Sherman in 1864. A fine city, the capital of Georgia, has risen from the old ruins. Unlike other cities of the South, Atlanta owes her 124 NORTH AMERICA. rapid growth to a favorable location and the spirit of enter- prise among her citizens. Trunk lines of railroad run to all sections of the State. The surrounding country produces much grain and cotton, besides valuable minerals. The city is built on an elevated plain and a singular feature is the city's supply of water. An abundant supply of drink- ing water is obtained from an artesian well which is i , 600 feet in depth. The lumber interests, the vast cotton mills, the immense rolling mills, and other industries, give em- ployment to many people. Population, in 1890, 66,000. AUGUSTA. Augusta is situated on the Savannah River, at the head waters of navigation, 132 miles from Savannah city. By means of a canal, a 40-foot fall is obtained, thus furn- ishing power for factories. There are extensive flour mills, cotton mills, cotton seed oil mills, iron foundries, Georgia Railroad Machine shops, etc., located here. A granite monument, 45 feet high, erected to the memory of Georgia's three signers of the Declaration of Independ- ence, stands in front of the Cit}^ Hall. The Georgia Medi- cal College is located here. Augusta is the third city of importance in the State. JEKYL ISLAND. This island is situated in the Atlantic ocean, eight miles from Brunswick, Georgia, and it is owned by a private cor- poration of wealthy men. SOUTHERN STATES. 125 The island was bought in i8S6, for $125,000; then the company built an elegant hotel. The number of members was limited to 100, with an annual due of $100. The island is ten miles in length by two and one-half wide. It has many attractions, viz : The fishing is good ; wild game is plentiful, even deer are found here ; a valuable oyster bed is on an inland shore ; the yachting opportuni- ties are fine ; pure water is obtained from an artesian well ; it is north of the fever line, and receives both the land and the sea breezes ; in fact the comforts and pleasures of this place has not an equal, north or .south. THE BRILLIANT FUTURE OF THE SOUTH. In a late address, before the Boston Mechanics' Society, Mr. Wendell Phillips, the noted orator, is reported to have said : "The handwriting is so plain on the wall that none but a fool need mistake it. New England is doomed just as sure as natural laws will produce fixed results. New England has no soil worth mentioning, and her wealth has all been derived from her manufactures. These are gradu- ally leaving her, and eventually they will all go; some to the West, but most to the South, where the advantages for profitable manufacturing are located. The coal and iron in the South are easily obtained, and inexhaustible in amount, and the iron mills, foundries and machine shops, can go to them better than they can be carried to the shops. Then the 126 NORTH AMERICA. cotton and woolen mills must go there, for the raw materials are to be produced there most cheaply, uniformly and better. Then look at the advantages of the extra hours of daylight in a year's run. This, of itself, is no small mat- ter. As the South grows stronger and stronger, the wealth, culture and power of the country will be centered there, until she will become, not alone the mistress of America, but the central empire of the world." INDIAN RELICS IN GEORGIA. An Indian cemetery has been found in the center of the Nacoochee valley. There have been taken out human bones, mixed with arrow heads, beads, battleaxes, pipes, and other indestructible articles of sport, domestic use, and war. But the most interesting relics taken from these graves were conch shells, evidently brought from the seashore, and a tomahawk beaten from pure copper in its natural state, though the nearest point on the continent where such cop- per is found is I^ake Superior. It is held that the tribe must have traded with tribes both to the north and to the south. There is also a mound which is unopened, and which is known to have been built by a people ante-dating the Indians. THE FIRST AMERICAN SILK DRESS. The first silk dress made in America was one presented by Governor Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia, to the queen of George III. Oglethorpe expected his colony to SOUTHERN STATES. 127 become rich on silk raising and vine-culture, and the first silk raised in Georgia was spun and woven for the royal spouse. ROME. This thriving town is the railroad center of the industrial south. It is in the vicinity of the coal fields, the iron mines and marble quarries. The United States Government has undertaken to remove the shoals in the river, when there will be a direct water route to the Gulf. Its water power and water works are among the finest in the south. Its mills, foundries and factories are numerous, and the cotton trade is not light. JUGGING FISH. The Georgian boys have a queer way of fishing. They take a number of jugs and attach fishing lines to the handles of the jugs, then set them afloat. When a jug begins to bob, they know there's a fish on the hook. The sport is to catch the jug and is called "jugging fish." SPRINGS. The Warm Springs. Powder Springs. The Chalybeate Springs. Thundering Springs. The Indian Springs. Red Sulphur Springs. Madison Springs. Catoosa Springs. These springs are pleasantly and picturesquely situated in salubrious districts, and most of them have good accommo- dations for visitors. 128 NORTH AMERICA. NICKOJACK CAVE. This cave is in the northwestern corner of Georgia. It extends into the Raccoon mountains, just how far, no one knows. It has been explored about three miles where further progress is stopped by a cataract. The bottom of the cave is covered with water, hence is accessible only in canoes. The roof is of solid rock. The opening into the mountains is i6o feet wide and 60 feet high. COTTON-SEED OIL. This industry has grown rapidly within the last few years. Formerly the seed was thought to be of no value, except the quantity retained for next years seeding. The first use made of it w^as to return it as a fertilizer. In 1826. an attempt was made to extract oil from the seed. The experiment was partial!}^ successful, for oil was obtained which gave a fair light. In 1834, Natchez, Mississippi, tried to crush the seed for commercial purposes, but the enterprise failed. In 1847, New Orleans, St. Louis, and Providence, R. I., made unsuccessful experiments. In 1878 Atlanta, Georgia, accomplished favorable results by obtain- ing a fertilizer which doubled the increase of the soil. Experiments have proved that its uses are many, and its commercial value is very important. Large quantities of oil were exported to Italy w^here it was used to adulterate olive oil. Marseilles, France, used it extensively in soap manufacture, instead of ground-nut oil. The oil and cake NORTH AMERICA. 129 is shipped to the Netherlands where it feeds the cattle and enters into the manufacture of butterine. The ash of the hull is of value for the potash it contains. Cotton-seed oil is used for lighting purposes, for dressing leather and wool, for lubricating purposes, and as a substi- tute for linseed oil. It is used in the manufacture of oleomargarine and gly- cerine. At present there are perhaps a hundred oil mills in operation throughout the south, most of them under the con. trol of the American Cotton Oil Company. 130 NORTH AMERICA. FLORIDA. en u (D Location. Atlantic Ocean. Bays. r^ I Rivers. [' Mexico. j Pensacola. j Appalachee. I Tampa. Lake Okeechobee. St. Mary's. St. John's. j Suwanee. 1^ x\ppalachicola. Everglades. 1 Florida Strait. Florida Keys. Capes. 7-* 00 Cities. Products. f Sable. I Canaveral. r Jacksonville. ■ St. Augustine. <| Tallahassee. I Pensacola. t Key West. ( Animal. } Vegetable. ( Marine. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 195. Wreckers. 196. Fountain of Youth. 197. Pineapples. SOUTHERN STATES. 131 198. Dry Tortugas. 199. Osceola. 200. Devil's Mill Hopper. 201. Crocodile Pond. 202. Orange Culture. 203. Wakulla Volcano. 204. Prince Murat. 205. Life Saving Service. QUERIES. 215. What is the most southern town in United States? 216. What are keys ? 217. What Indians lived here ? 218. Is a sponge an animal or a vegetable growth ? 219. Why was Florida so named ? 220. What Florida lake disappeared at the time of the Charleston earthquake in 1886? 221. Who wrote "Away Down on de Suwanee Ribber? 222. What is the seaport for Tallahassee? 223. What are limes ? 224. In what State is Jefferson Davis' birthday a legal holiday ? 225. Which is the least populous of the Southern vStates? Most populous ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. A COUNTY COMPOSED OF KEYS. Monroe county, Florida, is the most southern county in the United States, and includes a long line of keys or 132 NORTH AMERICA. islands, along which steamers sail for a whole day on their way to New York. These keys are almost wholly of coral line formation, and sweep in a great curve around the end of the peninsula. There are very few towns in the county, the only one of much importance being Key West. The straits between the islands are narrow and tortuous, and large ves- sels have trouble in making the passage. WOOD THAT SINKS IN WATER. There are-four hundred and thirteen species of trees to be found within the limits of the United States, sixteen of which, when perfectly seasoned, will sink in water. The heaviest of these is the black ironwood, found only in south- ern Florida, which is more than thirty per cent, heavier than water. Of the other fifteen, the best known is the lignum vitae, and the mangrove. All the species heavier than water belong to tropical Florida, or in the arid West or Southwest. Tlie cocoanut trees of Florida are due to nuts w^ashed ashore, from a wrecked vessel, sixteen years ago. Now the State furnishes nearly all the cocoanuts used in the United States. TAMPA. Tampa, the most important commercial city on the west coast of the peninsula, is built near the site of old Fort Brooke, at the head of Tampa Bay. The fort is now in ruins, and is used as a park by the city. Several of the remains of the labors of the "Mound Build- ers ' ' are found here. SOUTHERN STATEvS. 133 Tampa is quite a popular resort, and boasts of a million- dollar hotel. ^ The cit}' has considerable commercial intercourse with the West Indies, and has many cigar factories. Indian Hill, southeast of Tampa, is noted for the great heaps of shells, some of which are over 600 feet long and 25 feet high. JACKSONVILLE. Jacksonville, a commercial city and a famous winter resort, is situated on the left bank of the St. John's River, about 15 miles from the ocean. It is an ocean port, and exports large quantities of lumber, oranges, cotton and sugar. Over 60,000 tourists and invalids visit Jacksonville dur- ing the winter season. The St. John's River is navigable for 200 miles above Jacksonville, and steamers ply daily be- tween Jacksonville and Palatka. ST. AUGUSTINE. St. Augustine, the earliest European settlement in America, is on the east coast of Florida, about two miles from the ocean. The island of Anastasia lies at the entrance to the harbor, and furnishes a sort of shell concrete that is easily quarried and dressed, and which hardens upon exposure to the air. This substance, which is called coquina, is used in build- ing the first story of the two-storied houses, and was form- erly used in paving the streets. In those early days, 134 NORTH AMERICA. vehicles were not permitted upon the streets, and they were so carefully swept that they would not soil the daintiest satin slippers worn by the Spanish ladies. The town, you remember, was first built in 1565, by Menendez. Since that time it has been destroyed, or nearly so, many times This quaint, old town has more of the appearance of a Spanish or Italian city, than of one belonging to the United States. On account of its congenial climate, healthful loca- tion, and interesting old buildings and ruins, it has become quite a popular resort for tourists and invalids, especially during the winter months. The fort of St. Mark's, begun in 1656, and finished in 1756 ; the venerable Roman Catholic cathedral, and the old convent of St. Mary's, are among the interesting buildings. The streets are all quite narrow, the widest being but twenty-five feet in width. One of the streets, over a mile long, is only fifteen feet wide, and another is only twelve feet in width. Along these narrow streets many of the buildings have portions of their second stories jutting out over the street, so that persons in the second stories are, in mau}^ places, able to shake hands across the street with their neighbors. The advantage of these narrow, flue-like streets, in a semi-tronical climate, is very marked. KEY WEST. Key West (Bone Island), so called on account of the abundance of human bones found there when first discov- SOUTHERN STATES. 135 ered by the Spaniards. The tradition was that some of the native tribes were driven from one key to another, and finally almost annihilated in a great battle on Key West. Key West was an important military and naval station during the Mexican and Civil War. The hitherto small population was greatl}^ increased by emigrants from Cuba, in 1869. Key West is the metropolis of Florida, and manufactures great quantities of cigars. Besides cigars, sponges form the principal article of export. The Florida keys consist of rock, covered with a soil formed by decayed vegetable and marine growths. Key West has an excellent harbor, and is strongly forti- fied, as it guards the best entrance to the Gulf of Mexico. EVERGLADES. The Everglades should not be thought of as a marsh or swamp, but as a shallow lake with a rock bottom and over- grown with grass, which reaches several feet above the water. There are man}^ islands in this vast region, some of which are inhabited by survivors of the tribe of Seminole Indians. The water is drinkable, and many fish abound in the chan- nels, which the natives have made for their canoes. A short distance to the northward is Lake Okeechobee (big water), whose exact diminsions are not known. The lake is shallow, the water good, and there are plent)' of fish and water fowl. 136 NORTH AMERICA. SINKS. From the region of the Suwanee River, westward, many ' ' sinks ' ' are found. They are peculiar natural wells, vary- ing in diameter and depth, and are always connected with a subterranean stream. The waters of the underground rivers wear away the overhanging limestone rocks, until the weight of the rock causes it to cave in, when the debris is either carried off by the stream, or it may be sufficient to dam the subterranean river, and cause its waters to come to the sur- face, and thus form a river or lake where none existed before. This whole region seems to be honey-combed by under- ground streams and lakes. Alachua (The big jug without a bottom), was the name the Indians gave to one of the largest of these "sinks," It is located near Gainsville. SPRINGS. j Florida is noted for its large number of springs. Many of them are large, and noted for their remarkably clear waters. Silver Springs, southwest of Palatka, discharges daily over three hundred million gallons of water, pure as crys- tal — a volume of water sufficient to float a large steamer. Tradition says that DeSoto visited this spring in 1539. Blue Spring, nearly due west of Silver Spring, is 350 feet wide, and over 25 feet deep. The color of the water varies from blue to green. SOUTHERN STATES. 137 Wakulla (Mystery) Spring, near Tallahassee, is another of the most noted springs. It is over loo feet deep, with absolutely transparent water. Fish, turtles and alligators can be seen swimming, in perfect security, far below the surface. REVIEW TOPICS. 1 . Name States touching Atlantic Ocean. 2. Name the capital of each State. 3. Name the metropolis of each State. 4. List all the rivers in regular order. 5. Name the boundary rivers. 6. Name 10 places noted for their interesting historical associations. 7. Name and locate 12 lakes. 8. Name and locate 10 cities noted for manufacturing. 9. Name and locate 10 cities, noted for their educational advantages. 10. Name 10 mountains and peaks. 11. lyist 10 bays. 12. Give the sou driguefs of 10 cities. 13. Name 8 summer resorts. 14. Name 5 winter resorts. 15. Name and locate 5 wonders of nature. 16. Sketch the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers. 17. Name 10 of the leading productions of the Southern States. 138 NORTH AMERICA. 1 8. List the manufactured products ot the North Atlan- tic State 19. Give a full list of minerals. 20. Name 10 noted men, and the towns made famous by them. 21. List and locate 10 noted buildings. 22. Bound, by block method, Massachusetts and Tennes- see. 23. Tell about the springs, lakes and ** sinks/' of Florida. 24. Name and locate 10 cities named in honor of promi- nent persons. 25. Which State leads in commerce ? In manufacturing? In mining? A SUGGESTION. One of the best things a teacher can do, to instruct the children, is to direct them to look for the causes of things; to enforce a habit of gathering facts, by observation and b}^ reading; to help them to arrange, S3^stematically, the knowl- edge so found. The teacher will be remembered for the impulse given to- ward broader views, and a firmer grasp of learning. Geo- graphy affords a free scope for philosoph}-. What makes cities ? Countries and cities become great in proportion as they control the interchange of the commerce of the world. We find noted cities wherever the products of the Jixed East have been exchanged with the ever moving West, The old caravans formed cities on their routes. SOUTHERN vSTATES. 139 New routes left the old commercial cities to wither and die. Water navigation formed new locations as trade cen- ters. There are reasons for the location of each city that ever has been, or is now, of note in geography or history. The why is worthy of careful consideration. MISSISSIPPI ' Location. ^ Gulf of Mexico. : Mississippi Sound. 7) f Tennessee. o a 1 Tombigbee. ^ '% Rivers. < Pearl. TO r< Mississippi. - 1^ Yazoo. Vicksburg. Cities. - Jackson. ( Natchez. m t~^ V s 00 i Animal. Products. -| Vegetable. ( Manufactured SUGGKSTIYK KEY WORDS. 206. Land of Leeves. 207. Terrapin farms. 208. The Yazoo Fraud. 209. Cane Hills. 140 NORTH AMERICA. 210. Mississippi Bottoms. 211. Great Father of Waters. 212. Silt. 213. River of Ancient Ruins. QUERIES. 226. What is a terrapin ? 227. What was the Mississippi bubble ? 228. Which race predominates in Mississippi ? 229. What battle fields in this State ? 230. Did buffalos ever roam over the Southern vStates? 231. Which is the longest fiver in the world ? 232. Is it true that the Mississippi River runs up hill ? 233. What does the word Mississippi, mean ? 234. Where was Jeff Davis' home? 235. Who is called " The Daughter of the Confederacy "? 236. To which State did Mississippi once belong ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. VICKSBURG. Vicksburg, the metropolis of Mississippi, is situated on a bluff of the Great River, a little below the mouth of the Yazoo River, and 400 miles above'New Orleans. It is sur- rounded by a rich countrj^ for cotton and other agricultural products. The city has many fine buildings, and a variety of manufacturing interests. It is noted as a cotton market, but more especially for the siege which occurred here during the Rebellion. Read carefully the account of the surrender vSOUTHERN STATES. 141 of Vicksburg, in your historieSo Find out how the city was approached and how they lived in the city. Tell of the running of the batteries, etc. PALMYRA BEND. Below Vicksburg there was a noted bend in the river. It was thirty miles around, and across the neck not much over one-fourth of a mile. The average fall of the Missis- sippi river is four inches per mile, hence, when the current began to run across the neck, it soon wore a channel which became one mile wide and one hundred feet deep. Relate General Grant's experience in changing the course of ''Father of Waters." NATCHEZ. Natchez, the second city in population, is about 275 miles above New Orleans. It is built on a bluff 150 feet above the river, and affords a splendid view of the immense cypress swamps of Louisiana. A portion of the city is situated on a narrow strip along the river, at the foot of the bluff, hence goes b}^ the name of " Natchez-under-the-Hill." The upper part is known as "Natchea-on-the-Hill." On the bluff is a National ceme- tery, and a beautiful park. The name Rosalie was first given to this place, but the Natchez Indians destroyed the fort and massacred the people. , It was once the capital of the State. The main business Here is the cotton trade 142 NORTH AMERICA. OYSTER BEDS. Near Pass Christian, in the Mississippi Sound, is one of the largest 03'ster beds in this part of the Gulf. It is over one mile wide and about 10 miles in length. This oj^ster bank supplies the canning factories of the Mississippi coast, and furnishes a large quantity of oysters used in the Cres- ent City. Fifty vessels are busy gathering oysters, in the fishing season. The canned products are shipped north to the in- terior cities, and sold at good prices. FISHING. Mississippi City has been famous for the fine mackerel fishing. The Spanish mackerel is a much finer fish than his cousin of the northern seas. It is one of the most deli- cately flavored of the fish species. The silver fish makes the most interesting sport of any found in the Gulf Few ever forget their experience with a fish of this kind, and fewer yet ever safely land the first tarpoji hooked by them. Bass, sea trout, pompano, red fish, and sheep-head are all plentiful. MOUND BUILDERS. Many mounds are found in this State, in different places. The largest and most interesting mound is at Seltzer Town. It is 600 feet b}' 400 feet at the base, and 40 feet high. The corners were in harmony with the cardinal points of the' compass. SOUTHERN STATES. 143 Dr. Dickerson, the explorer, found skeletons, ashes, vases, and sun-dried brick, two feet thick, having- on each the print of a human head. A group of mounds, in Chicasaw county, were surrounded by a wall enclosing six acres. WALLNUT HILLS. These hills are a few miles above Vicksburg, on the east bank of the river. They rise boldly, with swells and gullies, to nearly the height of 500 feet. It forms one of the most beautiful landscapes on the Lower Mississippi. LEVEES. Between the Yazoo aad Mississippi Rivers, there is a net- work of bayous and small streams. All this country of 60 miles width in places, was sub- merged for weeks, and even months, in times of floods, be- fore a system of works began to "fence ' ' in the water. The side channels were cut off and embankments were built many miles along the river. These levees have cost over 100 millions of dollars, which was obtained from the United States Government, State and private parties. Previous to the Rebellion, Louisiana had spent $24,000,- 000; Mississippi $14,500,000, and other States smaller amounts. The levees are divided into districts, and over a million of dollars are annually expended in keeping them in repair. 144 NORTH AMERICA. Below the mouth of the Missouri, the Mississippi flows over a more nearly level bed, the current becomes sluggish and much of the sediment, held heretofore in solution, is deposited along its course. This sediment fills up the bed of the river, and makes it necessary for the levees to be built higher and higher, year after year. This makes the breaks more dangerous, and on the lower Mississippi the steamboats are actually above the low lands adjoining the river. SOUTHERN vSTATEvS. 145 ALABAMA. Location. Comparative size. Gulfs. j Mexico. 1 Mobile. o w Rivers. * ' Tennessee. Chattahoochee. Mobile. Alabama. Coosa. Tallapoosa. Tombigbee. Black Warrior. f Cumberland. Mountams.jg^^^^.^g^ « 2- Cities. ' Mobile. Montgomery. Selma. Birmingham. ^ Huntsville. ^ ^ Products. C Animal. - Vegetable. 'Mineral. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 214. Cane brakes. 215. Spanish Moss. 216. Muscle Shoals. 217. DeSoto. 218. H [orse Shoe Bend. 146 NORTH AMERICA. 219. Fort Mimms. 220. The Paint Rocks. 221. The Suck. 222. Natural Bridge. QUERIES. 237. What is the origin of the name Alabama? 238. Where was the first seat of the Confederate Govern- ment ? 239. How much seacoast has this State? 240. What Indians once lived here? 241. Locate the battle-fields in Alabama ? 242. Which is the most populous race, the white or black? 243. What revenue does Alabama receive from her oyster industry ? 244. How are good roads made in southern Alabama ? 245. Where is the largest fruit nursery in United States? 246. What ex-Vice-President was arrested on Alabama soil ? 247. What is an Alabama gopher? MOBILE. Mobile, the metropolis, is the only seaport of the State. It is situated on a sandy plain, sufficiently elevated to afford the city good drainage. It is the outlet of 2,000 miles of navigable waters, and of the greatest cotton regions of the United States. One of the leading industries is the manufacturing of lumber, especially SOUTHERN STATES. 147 cypress shingles. The naval store supplies are important. The coal trade is increasing rapidly. The city is abundantly supplied with pure water, from springs six miles distant. The United States Marine Hospital is located here. Its history should be read, as it figures prominently with the Indians, Spanish, French, British and Americans. Near here is the noted African village, which contains the sur- vivors of the last ship load of slaves ever brought to our country. The Emancipation Proclamation freed them be- fore they were sold. BIRMINGHAM. This town of 26,000 people contained less than 5,000 in 1880. The iron industry is the principal business. Six miles distant is Red Mountain, estimated to contain 500,- 000,000 tons of iron ore. The Warrior coal field, the largest in the State, is near at hand. Pig iron is produced at a cost of nine dollars per ton, and over 2,000 tons are manu- factured daily. The number of employes engaged in works of all kinds, is over 22,000. The State criminals are used in the mines. A veritable ' ' Birmingham of America. ' ' Huntsville, Decatur, Gadsden, Sheffield, are all prosper- ous towns in northern Alabama. ANNISTON. (ANNIE'S TOWN.) Anniston is another town of recent growth, situated in the heart of the iron regions. The ore is mined from the 148 NORTH AMERICA. mountains and the hills, which surround the town, without any underground work. Here was a furnace which sup- plied the Confederates with iron during the Rebellion. The town is supplied with pure water from an artesian well. Annislon has the largest cotton mill in the State, and the only steel bloomery in the South. Charcoal furnaces, and Coke ovens, are important interests. Here are the largest pipe works in the United States, which produce 200 tons of pipe daily. Houses, schools, churches, stores, etc., were built by the men who owned the mills, for their emplo}- es. MASSACRE ISLAND. Dauphine Island lies near the entrance to Mobile Bay. It was the seat of a French settlement, under Bienville. From the great number of human bones found there, it was named Massacre Island. Here was located for several years the capital of the French colony of Louisiana. Fort Gains is on this island, which, with Fort Morgan, on Mobile Point, guard the entrance to the bay. The passage is three miles across and over 20 feet deep. SOUTHERN STATES. 149 LOUISIANA. a Location. Comparative size. Gulf of Mexico. Lakes. Rivers. Cities. Products. C Pontchartrain. I Borgne. Pearl. Mississippi. Red. Sabine. C New Orleans. } Baton Rouge. (Shreveport. C Animal. } Vegetable. ( Mineral. 1^ Manufactures. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 223. Acadian Coast. 224. Shaking Prairies. 225. Mardi Gras. 226. Crescent City, 227. New Orleans Exposition. 228. The Garden of Louisiana. 229. Levees. 230. Crevasses. 150 NORTH AMERICA. 231. lyouisiana lyOttery. 232. Mafia. 233. The Passes. 234. The Picayune. 235. Glucose. QUERIES. 248. What are counties' called m Louisiana ? 249. What are the Coulees? Rigoletsf 250. What is a bayou? Lagoon ? 251 . Why was Pearl River so named ? 252. Why are there few good harbors on the gulf coast? 253. In what production does Louisiana lead all other States ? 254. How many States have been made from the original Louisiana ? 255. What city has cemeteries above ground? 256. How many parishes of Louisiana are subject to in- undation by the overflow of the Mississippi River ? 257. That is a delta? 258. What fish is called " The King of the Gulf?" 259. What words mean '' One-Eyed Lake " ? " Bridge of the Coach Train" ? 260. What were the boundaries of Louisiana, when pur- chased in 1803? 261. How was the State formed ? (Geologically). 262. How are the people of New Orleans supplied with water ? SOUTHERN vSTATES. 151 263. Does the sun ever shine directly over the heads of the people of New Orleans ? Why or why not ? A SUGGESTION. Write all you know about sugar. Molasses. Lay this paper away, then read up for one week the sub- ject of sugar cane, its history, care and manufacture. Try writing again, and compare with j^our first effort. These subjects are purposely omitted. NEW ORLEANS. New Orleans, the Metropolis of Louisiana, and the largest cotton market in America, is situated on the Mississippi River, over 100 miles above its mouth, and 1,200 miles be- low St. Louis. The city is built in the shape of a letter S, on the left bank of the river. There is a levee twenty-six miles in length, by 15 feet wide, by 14 feet high, and surrounding the city, to protect it from inundation. Parts of the city are below the highwater mark of the river. There are ditche in the streets from which the water is pumped by steam power. New Orleans has a number of canals for business use. This city is the largest sugar market in the United States. Sugar is stored in immense sheds, where it is heaped up, like coal in a yard. Spaniards, French, Italians, Mexicans, Indians, Creoles, Chinese, Germans, Irish, Northerners and 152 NORTH AMERICA. Westerners, all come together and jostle one another, in the busy pursuits of life. There are over 2,000 different manu- facturing establishments within the city. A few of the chief buildings are the Custom House, United States Branch Mint, Cathedral of St. Louis, St. Charles Hotel, the City Hall, and Charity Hospital. Mardi Gras, or Shrove Tuesday, the greatest carnival in the United States, is observed here. New Orleans has suffered several times from the ravages of yellow fever. New Orleans is the natural entrepot of one of the richest regions of the world, and commands over 15,000 miles of steamboat navigation. Read up the historical associations connected with this place. It is the twelfth city of United States in population, and has nearly one-quarter million of inhabitants. MOSS. The long moss of commerce is almost wholly a product of Louisiana, although it is found in the lowlands of all the Gulf States. It is known by the name of Spanish Moss, Gray and Long Moss. Its native home is in the branches and tops of living trees, which grow in the swamps. It is rarely found north of 33° north latitude. It revels in the darkest recesses of the everlasting swamps, and the dismal cypress groves. It drifts from the tops of the cypress, and festoons, with its gray drapery, the other trees of the swamps. SOUTHERN STATES. 153 The moss needs the tree simply to keep it in the air. It is said that it feeds on the elements in the air, and thus purifies the atmosphere. No scenery in nature can convey a more solemn appear- ance, to a traveler, than a moss-covered swamp, shutting out the brightest sun, so as to make twilight at noon. The great moss region is all southwest Louisiana, wherever swamps exist. The moss is gathered by hundreds of men, both white and black, who make a business of this work. It is then dried, baled and shipped to the moss factories. The factories undo the bales, sort, cleanse, and grade the moss, ready for the market. The moss is shipped to all parts of United States and Canada. Large quantities are sent to Germany and France. It is used in making mattresses, cushions, car-seats, stufi"- ing chairs, and for all purposes to which hair was applied. THE SALT MINE. On Petit Anse Island is one of the famous rock salt mines of the world. This island lies about loo miles west of New Orleans. The salt is very nearly pure. The mine has been bored to a depth of 65 feet and no signs of a bottom, and the extent is over half a mile square as proved by bor- ings, and it may extend much farther. Earth covers the salt from 10 to 30 feet in depth. 154 NORTH AMERICA. Miners drill holes into the solid salt, then blast as they do rocks. The salt is then crushed in mills and placed on the market. During the Civil War the Confederates obtained salt from this source. The miners have found the bones of a mastodon in the earth above the salt. SULPHUR MINE. Eighty miles west of the salt mines is an immense [mine of pure crystalline sulphur. The sulphur is loo feet in thickness and lies over 400 feet below the surface of sur- rounding country. GUINEA GRASS. This grass was brought from Africa to Jamaica less than 200 years ago. It has spread over many of the West Indies and has been grown with success in Florida and Louisania. The grass grows 8 feet high and can be cut three times in one season. It makes fine feed for cattle and horses. The tea shrub will grow here. Experiments have proved this fact. SHREVEPORT. This city is on the west bank of the Red River, about 500 miles from its mouth, and 20 miles below the Great Raft. SOUTHERN STATES. 155 It is situated in the midst of a productive country and the cotton, hides, wool, and other commercial articles, give a business exchange of $20,000,000 annually. There are more colored people here than whites. Highest temperature 102°; lowest, 5° above zero. Average rainfall, 52 inches. RED RIVER RAFT. The great raft in Red River once extended nearly 45 miles. It is an immense collection of driftwood and trees which have lodged in the river. In 1872 the United States government undertook to re- move the drift, and in November, 1873, a navigable chan- nel was opened. This gives an outlet to a rich cotton country above vShreveport. PASSAGES FROM LONGFELLOW'S EVAN- GELINE. In 1755, the village of Grand Pre, in the Province of Acadia, or Nova Scotia, was broken up by general Winslow, under orders from the King of England, the property of the Acadians forfeited to the Crown, and 253 of their houses were set on fire at one time. Among others, Basil, the Blacksmith, the father of Gabriel, had proceeded to Opelou- sas, in St. Landry, and Evangeline followed Gabriel, her lover, with her guide, the Father Felician. Passing down the Mississippi, as they approached bayou Plaquemine: — 156 NORTH AMERICA. " Level the landscape grew, and along the shores of the river Shaded by China trees, in the midst of luxuriant gardens, Stood houses of planters with negro cabins and dove cots. They were approaching the region were reigns perpetual summer, Where through the Golden Coast, and groves of orange and citron, Sweeps with majestic curve the river away to the eastward. They, too, swerved from their course, and entering the bayou of Pla- quemine. Soon were lost in a maze of sluggish and devious waters. Which, like a network of steel extended in every direction. Over their heads the towering and tenebrous boughs of the cypress Met in a dusky arch, and trailing mosses in mid air. Waved like banners that hung on the walls of ancient cathedrals. Deathlike the silence seemed and unbroken, save by the herons Home to their roosts in the cypress trees returning at sunset, Or by the owl, as he greeted the moon with demoniac laughter. Lovely the moonlight was, as it glanced and gleamed on the water — Gleamed on the columns of cypress and cedar sustaining the arches, Down through those broken vaults it fell as through chinks in a ruin. Thus ere another moon they emerged from those shades, and before them Lay, in the golden sun, the lake of the Atchafalaya. Water lilies in myriads rocked on the slight undulations. Made b}' the passing oars, and resplendent in heart the lotus Lifted her golden crown above the head of the boatman. Faint was the air with the odorous breath of magnolia blossoms, And at the heat of noon: and numberless sylvan islands, Fragrant and thickly embowered with blossoming hedges of roses, Near to whose shores they glided along, invited to slumber. Thus he spake to his guests, who listened, and smiled as they listened: Welcome, once more, my friends, who so long have been friendless and homeless. Welcome once more to a home that is better perchance than the old one. Here no hungry winter congeals our blood like the rivers; Here no stony ground provokes the wrath of the farmer, SOUTHERN STATES. 157 Smoothly the plowshare runs through the soil like a keel through the water — All the year round the orange groves are in blossom, and grass grows More in a single night than a whole Canadian summer. Here, too, numberless herds run wild and unclaimed in the prairies. Read the wkole story, it will richly repay you. The land of beautiful scenery, of glassy lakes and bays; of splendid prairies and noble forests; of pleasant skies and gentle breezes; is the land where Evangeline sought her lover Gabriel, as described by the poet in "A Tale of Acadia." PRODUCTS. The fruits ©f Louisiana are: Oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, pineapples, Japan plums, figs, quinces, pears, peaches, cherries, grapes, pawpaws, persimmons, crab apples, strawberries, mulberries, besides nuts of various kinds. The bottom lands are excellent for the production ot sugar, cotton, rice, corn, sweet and Irish potatoes, peas, tobacco, melons, hay and oats. Louisiana is not rich in minera. resources, but sulphur, gypsum salt, coal peat, iron, and various clays, are found here. The forest trees are the oak, elm, ash, locust, cypress, sas- safras, mulberry, walnut, hickory, pecan, maple, magnolia, poplar, pine, buckeye, willow, and others. Stock of all kinds thrive here. Oysters, fish, and water game, are abundant in their season. Sea turtles are found in large numbers on the islands. 158 NORTH AMERICA. Deer, bear, panther, fox, opossum, raccoon and otter, are found here. Alligators are found in the rivers. There are a few kinds of snakes. The silk worms will thrive in this State. The mulberry leaves are their best food. Silk culture was carried on by the early French settlers. Four and one-half pounds of Louisiana cocoons make one pound of silk. The silk worm season lasts two months. -> Area. cd m ^ ^ <-l-H CI NORTH AMERICA. There are immense tracks of submerged bottom lands, which can be brought under cultivation, by a system of drainage, and levees along the Mississippi River. The up- lands are varied by rolling prairies, which are generally well watered. The principal products of Arkansas are agricul- tural. The soils are so various, and the climate sucn, that almost anything can be raised. In the Washta valley there is an immense bed of superior oil stone. The northeastern part ol the State consists of continuous swamps, bayous and shallow lakes, covered with cypress and gum trees. The timber regions protect from the northers of the North, and the hot winds of the South. The soil varies from the most fertile to the most barren. The mammoth Hot Spring, in Fulton Count}-, discharges 8,000 gallons of water per minute. Fort Smith commands the trade of the Indian Territory. The United States Court here has jurisdiction over that region. SOUTHERN STATES. 177 TENNESSEE. 0} ui ^ Bound Tennessee. r East Tennessee. Divisions. \ Middle Tennessee. (West Tennessee. r Mississippi. Rivers. < Tennessee. ( Cumberland. 'Allegheny. Cumberland. Missionary Ridge. Lookout. Mountains. < Cities. Products. ^ Nashville. Memphis. Knoxville. Chattanooga. C Animal. } Vegetable. ( Mineral. SUGGKSTIVK KEY WORDS. 256. Volunteer State. 257. State of Franklin. 258. Hermitage. 259. Garden of Tennessee. 260. District of Washington. 261. Convict Labor. 262. Big Bone Cave. 263. The Enchanted Mountains. 178 NORTH AMERICA. 264. Devil's Pulpit. 265. Stone Grave Men. que:riks. 285. What minerals does Tennessee afford ? 286. What county 6f Tennessee is circular in form ? Why ? 287. What noted summer resort in Tennessee ? 288. Locate 10 battlefields of the Rebellion in this State. 289. Contrast the three sections of Tennessee surface, climate and productions. 290. Which colony once claimed the territory now called Tennessee. 291. Which two presidents are buried in Tennessee? Where? 292. What city has the largest inland cotton market in the United States. 293. What city was depopulated in 1878 by yellow fever? 294. What is Bessemer steel ? 295. What was the capital of Tennessee from 1796 to 1816? 296. What is the most important river port between St. lyouis and New Orleans ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. A TYPICAL STOCK FARM. "Belle Meade," a large and t3'pical estate, lies on Rich- land creek, a beautiful, clear stream of water, surrounded by noble hills and broad valley lands, deep set in blue grass. SOUTHERN STATES. 179 5,250 acres comprise the farm. It has a park of 460 acres, in which are over 200 deer. Extensive improvements have been made since the war, for the care of thoroughbred horses. There are 100 brood mares, besides celebrated stallions, and sixty yearling colts, which will sell from $600 to $1,000 each. There are also a herd of Shetland ponies. Cashmere goats, Southdown sheep, and herds of blooded cattle. Two creameries produce one-half ton of butter each month. " Belle Meade," has its own saw mill, grist mill, carpen- ter and blacksmith shops, all run with a full force. Previous to the war there were 60 head of buffalo and 30 elk here, but the soldiers found them suitable to their wants and taste. Most of the hired help in the place consist of the former slaves of General Harding. The help is so kindly treated that they cannot be lured away from the place. There are twenty-four miles of stone fencing. On the highlands are found blue grass and grazing ; on the lowlands, corn, oats, hay, etc. Fruit orchards are extensive and the varieties choice. NASHVILLE, The capital and metropolis of Tennessee, is situated on both sides of the Cumberland River, north of the center of the State. It is the hardware, dry goods and drug center of the South. 180 NORTH AMERICA. $20,000,000 are invested in manufactories. The wholesale trade amounts to over $100,000,000 annu- ally. Nashville is the first hardwood market in the country. The iron interests are extensive, one firm, representing $9,000,000 in mining and manufacturing, in Tennessee and Northern Alabama. There are many schools, among which is a medical col- lege for negroes, the only institution of the kind in the world. Read your history for facts concerning Nashville during the Rebellion. CHATTANOOGA. Chattanooga is located on the Tennessee River, about six miles from the boundary line. Lookout Mountain overlooks the city from the south, and Missionary Ridge from the east. Chattanooga was one of the objective points in the Rebel- lion, and the battles fought in this vicinit}^ will be of in- terest to note carefully. There is a National cemetery here where 13,000 northern men found graves. This city lies on the natural highway of traffic between the East, West and South. Nine lines of railroads enter Chattanooga. The coal and iron industry of East Tennessee center here. This is the first place in the South where the Bessemer steel was manufactured. SOUTHERN STATES. 181 The mills and factories number over loo, besides many small industries. This valley is fertile and well supplied with pure water. The mountain tops are heavily timbered. One of the United States Signal Service stations is located here. LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. Lookout Mountain is located in the northwest corner of Georgia, the northeast corner of Alabama, and on the south- ern boundary line of Tennessee. The elevation is i,6oo feet above sea-level. This mountain is almost a perpendicular cliff, directly over the Tennessee River, and commands a view that baffles description. From the point it is said that seven States may be seen. A narrow gauge railroad extends to the top of the mountain. The mountain extends south many miles in Alabama. There are two hotels, a college, cottages and cabins, on the summit of the mountain. Hooker's famous ''Battle Above the Clouds," will for- ever make Lookout Mountain a noted name in United States history. The surface of the mountain is well wooded, and has numerous springs. There are many curious rock , formations here. HARRIMAN. Harriman is a new city, 50 miles west of Knoxville, at Emery Gap, a natural gateway through the Cumberland plateau. 182 NORTH AMERICA. This town was founded by General Clinton B. Fisk, in 1890, and inside of one year it contained 4,000 people. Harriman is in the center of 1,000 square miles of land rich in iron, coal and other minerals. It has an abundance of valuable timber, and a bountiful supply of pure mountain water. Mills, factories and industries of many kinds are found here. There is a total prohibition of the liquor traffic in the title deeds. The scenery is beautiful and the climate healthful. STUDENT'S CAVE. This cave is in the Raccoon Mountain, the mouth of it is in Tennessee, although the greater part is in Georgia. The entrance is about half-way up the mountain side, and the descent to the floor is 70 feet perpendicular. The walls are of solid rock. The cave winds in a south w^esterly direction, and is sup- posed to form a connection with the great Nicojack cave, which is 20 miles distant. It was first explored in 1848, by the students of Mercer University, hence the name. TENNESSEE RIVER. The Tennessee River is formed oy the junction of the' Clinch and Holston Rivers, which rises in Southwest Vir- ginia. Including the largest tributarj^, the Holston, the Tennes- see River is over 1,000 miles in length. It is navigable for SOUTHERN STATES. 183 large steamboats, from the Ohio to Muscle Shoals, about 260 miles. There are small steamboats adove the shoals, which ply up the river for 500 miles. The Big- Bend includes a circuit of 300 miles in Alabama. The upper Tennessee has some ver}^ beautiful scenery. This river drains a territory of 40,000 square miles. Reelfoot lake is the largest lake in the State. It was formed during the earthquake of 181 1. On Duck River there is a pre-historic stone fort, which is an object of interest to tourists. PERTINENT QUESTIONS. 1 . Are you reviewing continually ? 2. Do you vary your exercises ? 3. Are your pupils making notes of the work done? 4. Do they consult the Gazetteer daily ? 5. Can they rketch, in a few minutes, any state studied ? 6. Do you outline every State for study, or have you taught your pupils to work alone in this matter ? 7. Can your pupils change the queries to suggestive key words ? 8. Can 3^ou change the key words to items of interest ? 9. Do the class recite topically? 10. Are you teaching your pupils to see the places men- tioned, or do thej^ see only black spots and lines on a map ? 184 NORTH AMERICA. AN KXKRCISE ON PRODUCTS. The following plan has been tried, with good results, by the authors. Write the names of products upon slips of paper, or card- board, thus: Rice. Sugar. Tobacco. Oranges. Hand them to the class and require them to state what they know concerning them. If but little is known let them take them to their desks, and stud}^ the topics for future work. It is surprising how much can be said, in one or two minutes, when you hiow what you are to say, and say all you can. When all have recited upon the topics, turn them over and let the pupils draw promiscuously. This will add variety. The following list is suggested: Corn, wheat, coal, gold, lead, iron, nickle, sponge, peaches, lemons, glass, etc., etc. The following points may be noted about each subject: 1 . Where found ? 2. Use? 3. How obtained ? 4. Exporting and importing. 5. Commercial port. 6. History. WESTERN STATES. 185 OHIO. ♦. > >. \ The deaf and dumb, the blind, and lunatic asylums are located here. A United States arsenal, and other Govern- ment buildings are situated on handsome and well wooded grounds, which form a suburb of the city. The canal and fifteen lines of railroad center here. In 1887 $190,000,000 were invested in the coal business, iron industry, and other manufacturing interests. The State House well is 2,775 feet deep, and the temperature of the water is 91 degrees Fahr. WESTERN STATES. 193 MOUND BUILDERS. It has been estimated that 10,000 mounds exist in this State alone. In 1845 a careful and scientific survey was be- gun, and continued for two years At Fort Hill was one noted mound, occupying the sum- mit of a hill nearly 500 feet high. The wall and ditch inclosed forty-eight acres. Trees were growing on this wall which are estimated to be 1,000 years of age. On the Little Miami is another work, called Fort Ancient, in which the walls are four miles in length and twenty feet high In places. The State of Ohio has bought the site of this fort, and it will be preserved as a public park. In the Scioto Valley is another one embracing one hun- dred and twenty acres, and near its mouth are earthworks extending at least twenty miles. The Newark works are more extensive and better known than others. They cover hundreds of acres. 194 NORTH AMERICA. B INDIANA. *5o 'So o o o o WW a 00 f lyocation. Comparative size. Lake Michigan. Rivers. Cities. Products. f Ohio. I Wabash. { White. I Maumee. 1^ Kankakee. Indianapolis. Terre Haute. La Fayette. Ft. Wayne. Richmond. New Albany Evansville. Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 275. The Railroad City. 276. Crescent City of Indiana. 277. The Quaker City of the West. 278. Epsom Salt Cave. 279. Indiana Block Coal. 280. The Drowned Lands. 281. Cranberry Marshes. 282. The Tall Sycamore of the Wabash. WESTERN STATE?. 195 QUERIES. 311. What is lime? How made? Its uses ? 312. What is the only lake port of Indiana? 313. How is glass made? 314. What towns of Indiana are supplied with natural gas? 315. What noted Indian battle ground in the state? 316. Where was the first settlement made? 317. Who are the literary men of Indiana? 318. Tell of the "Hoosier Schoolmaster" and his trials. 319. What is worthy of note about Delphi ? 320. In what things does Indiana excel all other States? 321. Which portion of Indiana is hilly ? 322. What is the largest city in the United States not on navigable waters ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. INDIANAPOLIS. The capital and metropolis of Indiana is located near the geographical center of the State. It is on the old National Road, and in the direct line of communication between the East and West, hence enjoys excellent commercial advan- tages. Fifteen lines of railroad center here. An abundance of pure water is obtained from a subterra- nean lake. Many beautiful public parks, Government buildings. State Institutions, all combine to make Indianapolis one of the 196 NORTH AMERICA. handsomest cities of the United States. The grain, the mercantile and manufacturing interests are important and extensive. Indianapolis is in the vicinity of the coal fields, and the region noted for black walnut. In public and sectarian schools, universities and benevo- lent institutions, Indianapolis is well equipped. EVANSVILLE. Evansville is the second cit}^ of Indiana in size. It is a port of entry and controls a large river trade. There are six coal mines within the city, and it is one of the largest hardwood markets in our country. The manufac- tories number nearly 500, which includes almost everything made of wood and iron. The population is over 50,000. NEW ALBANY. New Albany is situated below the falls of the Ohio, and nearly opposite lyouisville, Kentucky. The water power is second to none in the West. Manufacturing is the chief industry of the city. The largest glass works in the United States are located here. The fine polished plate glass is a specialty of these works. The wholesale business is extensive. The river trade ex- ceeds twenty millions annually. WEvSTERN STATEvS. 197 SOUTH BEND. South Bend, the second city in the State in manufacturing, is located on the 'St. Joseph's River. One wagon factory covers 83 acres, and manufactures 40,000 wagons annually. The same compau}^ have carriage works covering three ai:d one-half acres. There are plow works, clover-huller works, steel skein works, toy wagon and croquet factory, besides mills of many kinds. The entire output for 1890 aggregated nearly $11,000,000. The city is supplied with water from sixteen artesian wells. Gravel banks in this vicinity are used in making excellent roads. MARION. Marion is a prosperous city of modern growth. There are twentj^-one wells of natural gas within the city limits. Twenty-seven factories of various kinds are located here. One pressed brick factory makes 20,000,000 bricks annu- ally. Here we find the Soldier's Home and a Normal School. WYANDOTTE CAVE. This cave is the most remarkable natural curiosity in the State. It rivals in some respects, the more famous Mam- moth Cave of Kentucky. 198 NORTH AMERICA. The cave is dry and the stalagmites and stalactites exceed in size and beauty those of the Mammoth cave. The Mammoth Hall is 350 feet long by 245 feet high, and contains an elevation 175 feet high, on which stand several large stalagmites, one of which is pure white and is called Lot's Wife. The ' 'snow banks' ' are formed by fine, loose crystals of alabaster. In places the stones and floors are covered with the crystals of epsom salts. HAMER'S CAVE. Hamer's cave is entered on the side of a hill forty-five feet above the valley, and is situated about two miles east of Mitchell. The floor is level, six feet wide and covered with a swift stream of water eight inches deep, which at places is increased to twenty feet. A boat must be used to explore it and hence very few ever venture into its passages. Three- fourths of a mile from the door the whole stream rushes down an incline only three feet wide with great violence and a noise that fills the entire cave. The boat may be carried above this rush of waters and after passing along for about three hundred feet a person comes to what is called the grand cascade, beyond which the cave is low, wet and full of rushing water. Eyeless fish, crawfish and other crusta- ceans are caught in this cave, which has an outlet into the grand amphitheatre in which is situated a mill which is run by a power given by the water carried from the mouth of the WESTERN STATES. 199 cave for a distance of over one hundred yards. The top of the hill over this cave extends about sixty feet above the opening into the cave, and traveling about a quarter of a mile eastward the explorer finds himself at the entrance of Donnelson's cave, from which is discharged a large stream of water, which was used by the former proprietor to drive a woolen, grist and saw mill many years ago. CENTER OF POPULATION. When the first U. S. census was taken in 1790 the center of population was located at a point about 2 3 miles east of Bal- timore. From that time to 1890 the center always traveled westward, but sometimes a little north and again a little south of the preceding center. In 1890 the center of popula- tion was located, by the census geographer, at a point a short distance southwest of Greensburg in southern Indiana. This town is about 500 miles due west of the center of population in 1790, making an average annual rate of about five miles. The center of population in 1890 was marked by a stone monument ten feet high and about four feet square at the base. It was built by the Chicago Herald, and has on its face this inscription: "Center of population, 1890. I^atitude 39°, 11', 56"; longitude 85° 32', 53." Erected by the Chicago Herald. 200 NORTH AMERICA. ILLINOIS. aJ r Border. | ft^t/^' 1 Waters. r Length. Size. J Width. ( Area. 1 ^ H to Number of inhabitants. Rivers. Name and describe 8. Lakes. Name and locate 2. Cities. Name, locate and tell important - facts about lo. Canals. Name and locate 2. A«;«,«io (Domestic. 5. Animals. | ^.^^ 5 00 . I-H Products. < r Grains. 5. Vegetable. X Fruits. 10. (Timber. 10. rn 00 Minerals. 5. ^ Manufacturers. 5. SUGGKSTIVB KEY WORDS. 283. American Bottoms. 284. Hennepin Canal. 285. Black Hawk's Tower. 286. The Flower City. 287. The Gem City. 288. The Evergeen City. 289. Cave in the Rock. WESTERN STATES. 201 290. The Great Ship Canal. 291. lyatter Day Sairts. 292. The Garden City. 293. "The River Divine." 294. Earthquake 181 1. 295- ^'Kgypt." 296. Indian Mound. 297. The Lead City. 298. World's Fair. QUERIES. 323. What colonies owned the North- West Territory ? 324. What was the "Great Bird of Alton ? " 325. What were the Black Laws ? 326. How much land did the Illinois Central Railroad receive from the State ? 327. What returns, to the State, does the Illinois Central make every year ? 328. Does Lake Michigan ever freeze over ? 329. How much lake coast in Illinois ? 330. What and where are the Trembling Lands ? 331. Where is the longest continuous street-car line in United States ? 332. In what respects does Chicago lead the world ? 333. Where is coke manufactured in Illinois ? 334. What is the proper name for the Okaw River ? 335. Who were the " Prairie Banditti ? " 336. What names in Illinois recall historical characters? 202 NORTH AMERICA. 337- What names are of Indian origin? 338. How is the Illinois and Michigan Canal kept in repair ? 339. Where are the watch factories in Illinois ? 340. Name the 10 largest cities in this State. 341. Does Illinois own an}^ of the Ohio River? Of the Mississippi River ? Of Lake Michigan ? 342. How are the foundations laid for the large buildings in Chicago? 343. Where is petroleum found in this State ? 344. Sketch at least five important railroads in a map of Illinois, and locate the cities on each. ITEMS OF INTEREST. STATE INSTITUTIONS. Educational — University of Illinois, Champaign. State Normal Schools, { carbondale. Charitable — Asylum for the Blind, ") " " " Deaf and Dumb, [- Jacksonville. " " " Insane. J C Kankakee. Asylums for the Insane, -| Elgin. (Anna. Institute for the Feeble Minded, Lincoln. Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago. Soldiers' Home, Quincy WESTERN STATES. 203 Soldiers' Orphans' Home, Normal. Reformatory and Penal — State Reformatory, Pontiac. State Penitentiaries, f Joliet. 1 Chester. "SUCKERS." Travelers, in early days, when the season was dry, were troubled to find water on these great prairies. In low places, swamps and small streams, the crawfish make deep holes in the ground, down to water, during the dry season. Persons setting out on a long journey provided themselves with long, hollow reeds, which they thrust into the crawfish holes, and thus procured a supply of generally pure water. The word ' ' suckers ' ' is derived from the manner in which the supply was obtained. Mound Builders. Indians. Florida, 1543. Virginia, 1606. Louisiana, 1682. ^ Virginia, 1763. County of Illinois, 1779. Northwest Territory, 1787. Territory of Indiana, 1800. Territory of Illinois, 1809. State of Illinois, 18 18. o o a Xfi J2 204 NORTH AMERICA. THE MOUND BUILDERS. The earliest settlers of Illinois can be traced here and there by earth mounds, by stone implements, and by other relics of their work. Many mounds are found along the Mississippi, Fox, and Rock Rivers. In the "American Bottoms ' ' are scores of mounds of different sizes and forms. At Cahokia is one that covers six acres, and it is estimated to contain 20,0000,000 cubic feet. Almost over the entire State are found arrow-heads, spear-heads, awls, axes, knives, etc. Archaeologists have many times dug into and explored these mounds, to find specimens of their art. They have found bones, tools of flint and copper, many stone weapons, and carved work in great quantities, such as pipes, vases, pitchers, beads, etc. These people selected the best farming countr}^ in America for their homes, and such sites for their structures as civilized men select for their great cities, viz: Cincinnati, St. Louis and Milwaukee. They were farmers, no doubt, judging from their location; hunters and warriors from their weapons; religious from their altars, temples and idols; and they worked in stone, shells and copper, as shown by their specimens. This interesting subject must be left, for space forbids. INDIANS. The Illinois Indians, composed of several families, num- bering all told M,ooo strong, were located within the pres- ent limits of fke State. The different families were the WESTERN STATES. 205 Kaskaskias, Cahokias, Tamaroas, Michiganies, and the Peorias. The Saxes, Foxes, and Kickapoos warred with them and drove them southward. These Indians were friendly to the French, and assisted them in their wars and explorations. When the English obtained control, the In- dians sold out, moved west again and again, until now what remains of them may be found on a reservation in Kansas and Indian Territor3^ Draw an outline map of Illinois and locate the Indian tribes, by writing the name on the portion occupied by each. Tell of the Indian legends, of stories connected with Illinois, of their habits and customs, and their treatment by the whites. Here area few of the Indian chiefs' names: Black Part- ridge, Black Bird, Shabbona, Black Hawk, White Hair, South Wind, Pipe Bird, Sun Fish, Great Speaker, Little Sauk, etc. FLORIDA. The Spanish claims extended northward indefinitely. By the explorations of DeSoto, and the reports of his follow- ers, this name has been sometimes applied to territory as far north as Illinois. VIRGINIA. The grant of land, given by King James, to the I9 NORTH AMERICA. KENTUCKY. m 1^ a; M M () rt fTi }h Vh O CJ rt c u ;h o O CJ O >. ^ M ^ Location. Comparative size. ' Mississippi. Ohio. Tennessee. Rivers. { Cumberland. Green. Kentucky. ^ Big Sandy. Cumberland Mountains. Mammoth Cave. Louisville. Cities. Frankfort. Lexington. Covington. r Horses. I Mules. Animal. \ Cattle. Hogs. Sheep. Grains. Products. { Vegetable. ^ Fruits. Timber. Mineral. < Coal. Iron. Lead. Salt. Marble. WESTERN STATEvS. 223 SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 299. Blue Grass Region 300. Salt Licks. 301. The Garden of Kentucky. 302. Swiss Colonies. 303. I^and of Cane. 304. Big Bone Ivicks. 305. The Falls City. 306. Daniel Boone. 307. Transylvania. 308. Water lime. 309. The Pride of Kentucky. QUERIES. 345. What are "oak knobs?" 346. In what part of the State are the " Barrens? " 347. Who were the early pioneers of Kentucky ? 348. What does the word Kentucky tuean? 349. Repeat the State motto. 350. Why did no Indian tribe own the territory called Kentucky ? 351. How can the coral formations in Kentucky be ac- counted for ? 352. In what manner is the Mammoth Cave connected with the War of 1 8 1 2 ? 353. Relate the troubles of the early settlers with the Indians. 224 NORTH AMERICA. 354. Kentucky produces two-thirds of the hemp raised in this country. What is made of hemp ? 355. What two noted Presidents were natives of Ken- tucky ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. MAMMOTH CAVE. This wonderful cave is in Kentuckj^, about 100 miles south of Louisville, and people are continually going to see it. It was first discovered in 1802. In 1809 it was purchased for forty dollars. It now belongs to nine heirs, each of which receive from it an income of $1,000 annually. The Mam- moth Cave is the largest known in the world. The Cave contains hundreds of avenues, numerous rivers, many domes and pits, eight cataracts, besides a ftw animals and curious rock formations. Let us enter and take a trip into one of the world's wonders. The fee is paid and we are furnished with overalls, blouses, flannel caps and a swinging lamp. As you enter you think a strong current of air is behind you, but it is really the ' ' breath ' ' of the cave. The guide tells us that the temperature is 56 degrees, Fahr. , the year round, and the cave inhales and exhales, as the temperature outside is above or below. As we proceed, hundreds of bats flit about and circle around our heads. These bats, a few rats, lizards, a strange kind of cricket, and some eyeless fish, constitute the animal life of the cave. WESTERN STATES. 225 Nearly all the places are christened with names, such as: The Rotunda, The Chapel, The Haunted Chamber, Audu- bon Avenue, The Devil's Arm Chair, Tlie Bottomless Pit, Bridge of Sighs, The Dead Sea, The Rivers Styx and Echo, The Star Chamber, Giant's Coffin, Kentucky Cliifs, and many others. The guides tell us the legends of some of these. In the Gothic Chapel with its bridal altar, a Ken- tucky belle w^as married to her lover, after having promised to marry no man on earth. She insisted she had kept her promise to the very letter, by marryii^g in this subterranean "Gretna Green." In the Haunted Chamber two Indian mummieo were found, hence the name. Wandering Willie's Spring was named from a blind bo}^ who w^andered into the cave, and wdien found was asleep beside the spring which bears his name. McPherson's Monument is a rude pile of stone, built by the staff officers of that brave general. Stones are added to the pile by the General's soldiers and friends who visit the cave. The stalactites of gigantic size, and stalagmites of fantas- tic forms, when iruminated by calcium lights, present a scene never to be forgotten. TOBACCO. j^Centucky ranks first in the production of tobacco, and in the study of this State a good opportunity is afforded to know something about it; its history, growth and commer- cial importance. 226 NORTH AMERICA. It is a plant, a genus of the solaiiacece, or night shade farail}^ and a native of iVmerica. The early explorers introduced it into the old world. Relate Raleigh's experiments and experiences It was used as money (the medium of exchange) in the Virginia colon}^ at one time, and was grown in the streets of James- town. The tooacco seed is first sown in beds, and propagated similarly to cabbage plants. The plants are set out in rows, checked like corn ground, and from 4,000 to 7,000 plants are used on each acre. It requires thorough cultivation. M uiy insects prey upon this plant, among which are the larva of a sphinx, commonly known as the "big green worm," the common tobacco worm, and others. During the ' ' worming ' ' season constant care is required. ' ' Priming ' ' consists of destroying worm-eaten and soiled leaves. ' ' Top- ping ' ' is cutting oif the top of the plant that the strength may go to the leaves. ' ' Cutting ' ' consists in severing the stalks near the ground, and when wilted so the leaves will not break, they are deposited in the tobacco house. The 'curing" takes from 75 to 100 days, according to the pro- cess employed. Assorting, stripping, bulking and packing, then follow. Tobacco is known b}^ the name of the countr}" producing it. In this country it can be raised from the Gulf to the Great Lakes. The yield per acre ranges from 600 to 1,000 pounds. WESTERN STATES. 227 The raising of tobacco soon impoverishes any other than a very rich soil. What are the medicinal effects of tobacco upon the body? What common plants belong to the same family ? Under what different names and forms is tobacco sold ? What diseases are produced by the excessive use of tobacco ? Which is less injurous, smoking or chewing ? What was the Connecticut Blue Law concerning tobacco? LOUISVILLE. Louisville, the metropolis of Kentucky, is situated on the Ohio River, 150 miles below Cincinnati. The so-called falls of the Ohio are here, but they are simply a series of rapids. The fall of the river is 27 feet in a little over 2 miles. But little use is made of the water power. The Louisville and Portland canal is 2 miles long, and is on the Kentucky side of the river. The canal has three locks and is capable of passing steamboats of 3,000 tons burden. Since 1874, the United States government controls the canal, making it free to commerce except a small toll to keep up repairs. Louisville rests on a plain with the hills for a background, and the Ohio River flowing rapidly in front. This city is the largest tobacco market in the world. 228 NORTH AMERICA. The pork-packing, whisky distilleries, the tanneries and iron industries are all extensive. Louisville is noted for its schools, especially its medical colleges. The public library of Kentucky has over 30,000 volumes, and a museum and natural history department of 100,000 specimens. The population is over 161,000 (1890). lyouisville was named after Louis XIV, king of France. At Louisville begin the double graves of the late war, the Confederate soldiers on one side, the Federals on the other. Here there will be two Decoration Days, until coming generations will lay wreaths upon all graves alike. LEXINGTON. The early pioneers were laying out this town when they heard of the news of the battle of Lexington of Revolu- tionary fame, so they named the town Lexington. This town is a handsome cit}', surrounded by a fertile country of great beauty. It is 20 miles distant from Frank fort and is in the center oF the famous Blue Grass Country, Lexington is especially famous for its celebrated race horses and "Bourbon" whisky. ^4ear by is Ashland, the country home of Henry Clay. The cemetery contains a $50,000 monument in memory of the Great Pacificator. The manufacturing interests are important, the city has a number of noted schools and several state institutions. It was once the capital of Kentucky. WESTERN STATES. 229 KENTUCKY RIVER. This river rises in the Cumberland Mountains and flows northwest about 250 miles into the Ohio. The river seems to have worn itself through limestone rocks, which rise in perpendicular cliffs on either side. The scenery is picturesque. The Kentucky has no impor- tant branches. By means of locks and dams, steamboats can navigate one-third its length. Excellent coal, iron and marble are found along its banks. SINK HOLES. The ' ' Sink Holes ' ' of this state are cavities in the surface of the ground, commonly in the shape of inverted cones, sixty or seventy feet in depth and from sixty to two hun- dred feet in circumference at the top. The ear can often detect the sound of water flowing beneath. 230 NORTH AMERICA. MICHIGAN. 00 ' lyocation. Comparative size. I Green. I Saginaw. Strait of Mackinaw. f Superior. I Michigan, ^ Huron. St. Clair. Erie. Bays. Lakes. Rivers. Islands. Cities. Products. r Grand. J Detroit. ] St. Clair. l^Sault St. Marie. ( Mackinac. I Beaver. f Detroit. lyansing. Grand Rapids. Bay City. ^Saginaw. f Animals. ' Vegetables. Minerals. Manufactures. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 310. Ann Arbor. 311. Pictured Rocks. 312. Gem of the Straits. WESTERN STATES. 231 313. Sand dunes. 314. " Peninsula State." 315. Gibra'tar o' the Lakes. 316. "The Pocahontas of the West. 317. The Fruit Belt. 318. The Sail Rock. 319. The Grand Portal. 320. Educational System. 321. Peat deposits. QUKRIKS. 356. What portion of the Lakes does the United States own ? 357. Which city contains the largest medical and surgi- cal sanitarium in the world? 358. What Indians still live in Michigan ? 359. Which peninsula excels in agriculture ? In minerals ? 360. What does the motto of Michigan mean ? 361. What canals in Michigan ? 362. Where are the salt wells located ? 363. For what vegetable production is Kalamazoo noted ? 364. Where is the most noted summer resort in Michigan ? 365. For what is Ypsilanti noted ? 366. Name the forest products of Michigan. 367. Where is Michigan City ? 368. How do vessels oass to and from Lake Superior. 232 NORTH AMEJRICA. ITI^MS OP INTEREST. Michigan excels all other States in producing lumber and salt. An excellent and sure crop of apples and peaches is pro- duced yearly in Michigan. On account of the modifying influence of the lakes, the climate is more mild and equable than in the neighboring States. The first European settlement was made by Father Mar- quette, atSaultSt. Marie, in 1668. In 1858. James D. Graham of Chicago, proved the exist- ence of a lunar tidal wave on the lakes. The spring tides gave a difference of three inches. Near Thunder Bay, stone is quarried which makes excel- lent grindstones. Michigan is second in extent of coast line. Which State has the most? DETROIT. Detroit, the metropolis of Michigan, and the best harbor on the great lakes, is situated on the right bank of the Detroit River. This city has a river frontage of over seven miles, the en- tire distance of w^hich is crowded with warehouses, eleva- tors, ship-yards, dry-docks mills, foundries, factories, and other business buildings. A boulevard in the form of a crescent, nine miles long and 150 feet wide, surrounds the city. WESTERN STATES. 233 Fort Wayne, just below the city, commands the strait and defends the city. The principal park is called the " Grand Circus," from which the avenues radiate. In 1886, twelve lines of railroads centered here, and steam- boat lines run to most of the lake ports. Detroit is one of the important lumber markets, and "the largest center in the world for stoves, railroad cars, emery wheels and phar- maceutical supplies." There are many fine buildings here. The French first visited this region in 1670. In 1 701, Cadillac founded Detroit. The Griffin, under LaSalle, sailed to the entrance of the Detroit River. Here stood an Indian village of unknown date, where now stands the City of the Strait. This region is rich in Indian legends and lore. Detroit brings to our remembrance Pontiac, Hull, River Raisin, and other historic persons and scenes. It has been the scene of "one surrender, fifty pitched battles, and twelve massacres." SALT MANUFACTURE. Michigan leads all other States in the manufacture of salt, and a few words of how it is made will not be out of place. There are several waj-s by which the salt may be separ- ated from the water, which holds it in solution. Evaporation is performed by the heat of the sun in the warm countries, and hot seasons in the temperate regions. Evaporation is by artificial heat, commonly known as boiling. 234 NORTH AMERICA. Evaporation, by condensation, by which the ice formed is nearly pure water, and the brine remaining is finished by boiling. Northern Europe uses the last method, and the United States the first and second. The brine is pumped into shallow vats, when the design is to remove impurities, such as iron, carbonic acid, sulphate of lime, and several chlorides. The vats are protected by large movable covers. The evaporation is performed very slowly, hence the crystals are larger, or ' ' coarse salt ' ' is formed. Fine table salt is obtained by boiling in kettles and pans, or by the steam process. The kettles and pans are placed in long rows, under which fire is introduced, hence the evaporation is very rapid, and the salt requires removing continually. The steam process consists of steam pipes running through large wooden vats or cisterns, otherwise the process is the same. The finest salt in the United States is obtained from Michigan, Onondaga, N. Y., and Ohio and Kanawha Salt Companies. 25 to 30 gallons of water produces one bushel of salt at Saginaw, Michigan. This is the strongest brine known in United States. Fuel being near and cheap, it is readily seen why Michigan stands at the head of the salt manufacture. BENTON HARBOR. Benton Harbor is the chief shipping station of domestic fruits in Michigan. One steamer once carried off 16,000 WESTERN STATES. 235 crates of berries for a load. Canning factories, cider, vine- gar and pickle factories are located here. Some of the best wood- working machinery is produced in works which have been moved from Grand Rapids. ST. CLAIR TUNNEL. The immense amount of railroad business over the Grand Trunk and other connecting lines, made it necessary to pro- vide other means of transportation besides the steam ferries. Over 500 cars were ferried daily. At length it was deter- mined to construct a tunnel from Port Huron on the American side, to Sarnia in Canada. The company was formed in 1886, and the tunnel was completed September, 1891. The tunnel is 6,800 feet long, and circular in form, having a diameter of 20 feet. The bed of the ^unnel is 15 feet be- low the bed of the river, or 66 feet below water level. It cost $2,500,000. COPPER. The southern shores of Lake Superior abounds in native copper, the purest and most abundant in the United States. The rock is first crushed, then washed, when it is nearly in a pure state, which has only to be smelted to make ingot copper. Michigan has more copper mines than all the rest of the States of United States. Some of the mines had been worked long ago by people who had stone implements with which to work. 236 NORTH AMERICA. MARQUETTE. Marquette is an important shipping point on the northern peninsula. The leading industry is handling iron ore. This place is a noted summer resort, and celebrated for its fine fishing. Presque Isle is one of the finest natural parks in the West. Congress presented the island to the city of Marquette. Electric light is furnished by the water power from Dead River, several miles distant. (L) rt ■*-> ai " . c^ (V be be ^ 'd a pq W v» ^ ■< w 00 -^ ^ 00 WISCONSIN. Location. Comparative size. Green Ba^^ Lakes. Rivers. {Superior. Michigan. Winnebago. Pepin. ' Mississippi. St. Croix. Wisconsin. Rock. Fox. Menominee. " Milwaukee. Madison. Oshkosh. Racine. LaCrosse. r Animal. Products. < Vegetable. ( Mineral. Cities. WESTERN STATES. 237 SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 322. Cream Colored City. 323. The Dalles. 324. Height of Land. 325. Mound Builders. 326. Lead Region. 327. The State Park. 328. Winnebago Marsh. 329. Hop Culture. 330. Lumber Camps. 331. Eye of the Northwest. 332. The Lake City. 333. Maiden Rock. QUERIES. 369. Which city manufactures the most threshing ma- chines ? 370. What does "Wisconsin" mean? 371. What Indian war partly occurred in this State ? 372. What names in Wisconsin suggest a French origin ? 373. Which is the deepest of the Great Lakes ? 374. Name ten ports on the Great Lakes, and tell some- thing noted of each. 375. How can you account for so many small lakes in these Northern States ? 376. What noted group of islands in Lake Superior? 377. In what vegetable production does Wisconsin excel ? 238 NORTH AMERICA. 378. What town of Wisconsin manufactures a great many ships ? ITEMS OF INTEREST. MILWAUKEE. Milwaukee, the metropolis and chief port of entry of Wisconsin, is on the western shore of Lake Michigan, about 85 miles north of Chicago. The harbor, naturally one of the best on the lake, has been improved by the Government building a breakwater, costing $1,000,000. The copper and iron mines, not far distant, have done much toward making Milwaukee a great manufacturing city. The city is celebrated for the great quantities of lager beer, which finds a market all over the Union. $4,000,000 are invested in that branch of industry alone. The lumber and grain interests are extensive. Vast iron mills and large leather factories are here located. Near here is located the National Northwestern Soldiers' Asylum for disabled veterans. These buildings are sur- rounded by 425 acres of land, one-half of which is under cultivation, the remainder forms a beautiful park. One of the State Normal schools is here. There are many fine buildings in Milwaukee, among which are the Postofiice and Custom House, County Court House, Board of Trade Building, Masonic Temple, railroad depots, churches, schools, etc. WESTERN STATES. 239 ASHLAND. Ashland is noted particularly for its lumber interests, and as a shipping por xor iron ore. Here is found the largest charcoal blast furnace known; the output is loo tons daily. In 1890, the saw mills cut 138,000,000 feet of lumber, besides laths and shingles. This city has many attractions for summer tourists. The Apostle Islands are favorite resorts for excursionists. On one of these, islands John Jacob Astor established a fur trading post, and the dock still stands. The Pierre Marquette Mission, of 1669, is still in a good state of preservation. SUPERIOR. Superior, one of the cities whose recent growth is phe- nomenal, is very advantageously located, near the west end of lyake Superior. The city has three deep and safe har- bors, and is the center of seven great systems of railroads. Manufacturing and commerce combine to make Superior prosperous. It grew from a hamlet of a hundred inhabitants in 1885, "to a bustling city of over 20,000, in 1890. MADISON. Madison, capital of Wisconsin, and one of the most beau- tifully located cities in America, is built upon an isthmus, about three miles in length and one mile wide, lying be- tween lyakes Mendota and Menona. 240 NORTH AMERICA. Besides being the capital, it is noted for its commerce and its educational advantages. Among the important institutions are the University of Wisconsin, Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and Asylum for the insane. CHIPPEWA FALLS. Chippewa Falls, beautifully situated on both sides of the Chippewa River, takes its name from the falls in the river. The falls are about 25 feet in height, and furnish power that is used in manufacturing. The principal industry is the manufacture of lumber, shingles, lath, etc. One of the largest saw mills in the world is located at this place. The water with which the city is supplied comes from a spring that issues from a rock. The water is very nearly pure; it contains less than one per cent, of impurities. EAU CLAIRE. Kau Claire, situated at the confluence of the Eau Claire and Chippewa rivers, is one of the greatest lumber manu- facturing cities of the United States. Besides lumber, furniture, paper, ice and electrical ap- pliances are made here. It has a healthful location. RACINE. Racine is located on the west shore of lyake Michigan, has an excellent harbor and good railroad facilities. WESTERN vSTATES. 241 Manufacturing is the leading industry. Farming imple- ments of various kinds, and engines, are the principal articles of export. It is the seat of the University of the Northwest. PRAIRIE DU CHIEN. Prairie du Chien, one of the oldest towns of Wisconsin, is on the left bank of the Mississippi River, a short distance above the mouth of 'the Wisconsin River. It is built upon the former site of Fort Crawford. It was at this fort that Jefferson Davis won the heart of Noxie Taylor, the daughter of Zachary Taylor. The story is that "Old Rough and Ready" opposed the match, and that, as the daughter had inherited some of the independent spirit of her father, an elopement preceded the marriage. 242 NORTH AMERICA. MINNESOTA. Location. - Comparative size. 4-» ' Superior. Lakes. Rainy. Woods. Itasca. O ' Mississippi. St. Croix. Rivers. * i Minnesota. Des Moines. -■ Height of L Red River of the North and. St. Paul. Minneapolis. Cities. Duluth. ^ cA Red Wing. .B ^ Winona. S ^ r Animal. 1 Vegetable. ( Mineral. Products. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 334. The Diadem City. 335. St. Anthony's Falls. 336. Minnehaha Falls. 337. The Zenith City. 338. The Tv^in Cities of the West. WESTERN vSTATES. 243 339. The Big Woods. 340. Fountain Cave. 341. The Ice Palace. 342. Indian Reservations. 343. Itasca State Park. 344. The Gateway of the East. QUERIES. 379. Who first explored the upper Mississippi River ? 380. What is the meaning of the word Minnesota? Minne- haha? Minneapolis ? 381. What is the origin of the word Itasca? 382. What is the latitude of the most northern portion of Minnesota ? 383. What IS the straightest river, of its size, in the United States? 384. The scene of what famous poem is located prmci- pally in Minnesota ? 385. What lake is now considered the source of the Mis- sissippi River? 386. What State once offered $200 per scalp, for Indian vScalps? When? 387. What lines of steamboat navigation begin in Minne- sota? 388. What kind of engines are used in street car service of Minneapolis? 389. Does the destruction of the forests affect the climate? 244 NORTH AMFRICA. « ITEMS OF INTEREST. SAINT PAUL. Saint Paul, the capital of Minnesota, has a beautiful loca- tion upon several terraces, on the left bank of the Missis- sippi River, 2,200 miles above its mouth. It is devoted to both manufacturing and commerce, and has grown very rapidly within the past few years. It is at the head of steamboat navigation, for large boats. Its water supply comes from Lake Phalen, three miles dis- tant. LAKE MINNETONKA. Lake Minnetonka is a popular summer resort, about 12 miles southwest of Minneapolis. Numerous cottages and several immense hotels line the sliores, for the accommodation of seekers for health and recreation. The lake is about 15 miles long, has man}' beautiful bays, and is well furnished with all kinds of pleas- ure boats. MINNEAPOLIS. Minneapolis, the largest cit}' of Minnesota, lies fourteen miles, by the river, or eight miles in a direct line, west oi St. Paul. It has had a phenomenally rapid growth during its recent history. The Falls of St. Anthony at this place furnish an im- mense amount of water power. This is utilized by manj^ mills and factories. It manufactures more flour than any other city in the United States. WEvSTERN vSTATES. 245 The "A" mill, of Pillsbury's, is the largest in the world, and has a daily capacity of 7,000 barrels. Another great industry of Minneapolis is the manufacture of lumber and the various products of the planing mills. Over half the lumber product of Minnesota is turned out by the saw mills of Minneapolis. For this reason it is some- times called the "Sawdust City." WINONA. Winona, one of the greatest lumber manufacturing cities of the United States, is pleasantly located on the right bank of the Mississippi River. The other important manufactures are flour, vehicles and farming implements. A large and prosperous State Normal school is located in Winona. MANKATO. This town, the largest city of southern central Minnesota, has a picturesque location at the big bend of the Minnesota River. It is in the center of a very rich country, and is engaged largely in manufacturing and commerce. It is the seat of one of the State. Normal schools. It was at this place that thirty-eight of the savages engaged in the Sioux War of 1863 were executed at one time. 246 NORTH AMERICA. TOWER. Tower, devoted at present wholly to mining iron ore, is located on the south shore of Vermilion I^ake. This lake gets its name from its appearance at sunset. The hills sur- rounding the lake contain almost inexhaustible mines of the purest magnetic iron ore yet found anywhere. The vein varies in thickness from 25 to 125 feet. The ore is shipped to Chicago, Pittsburg, and other east- ern cities to be used in manufacturing iron w^are of various kinds. TWO HARBORS. This town, important as one of the principal shipping points for the immense quantities of iron ore and timber produced in this section of the State, is located on Lake Su- perior, about twenty-seven miles north of Duluth. It has also some note as a summer resort. DULUTH. Duluth, the third city in size in Minnesota, is advantage- ously located for commerce at the head of Lake Superior. It is near vast supplies of timber and mineral wealth, and forms the natural outlet for the vast grain fields of the northwest. It has a good harbor, that is capable of accommodating the largest vessels. Its growth within the past few years has been remarkable. WESTERN STATEvS. 247 THE MINOR LAKES. The minor lakes region of the United States lies principally in the states of Minnesota and Wisconsin. It is estimated that fully one-sixth of the lake surface of the United States is found here, and good authorities estimate the number at about 12,000. Within 25 miles of Minneapolis there are 200 lakes, and within the great pine forests are countless numbers yet un- explored. In Minneapolis this region bears the name of " Park Region." The whole area is a gigantic reservoir system, preventing floods and supplying water in the drier periods for the navigation of the Upper Mississippi. These water courses help to convey the logs from the lumber camps to the saw mills, miles avv^ay. The hunting, the fishing and the scenery is all that could be desired. The lakes temper the cold of winter and modify the heat of summer. THE PIPESTONE QUARRY. Catlin Vv'as the first white man to explore the place which the poet describes, thus : On the Mountains of the Prairie, On the great Red Pipestone Quarry, Gitche Manito, the Mighty, He, the Master of Life, descending On the red crags of the Quarry, Stood erect, and called the Nations, Called the tribes of men together. 248 NORTH AMERICA. The Quarry is something over one mile from the town of Pipestone, Minneapolis. This locality is of interest to the geologist on account of a rock formation which is found no- where else ; to the historian for its romance and legends ; to the red men as a spiritual shrine to which they make yearly pilgrimages. The stone when first taken from the quarry is very soft and easily carved into curious shapes. It after- wards hardens rapidl3^ There are evidences that the Mound Builders knew of and visited this region. The open quarry is an excavation of perhaps sixty feet across and fifteen or eighteen feet deep. Fragments of the pipestone lie strewn about on every side. The Indians select the choicest pieces of stone for working, discarding all that have hardened and all that are of an undesirable color. It is their inherited belief that the stone is composed of the blood of Indians ; and when a streak of a lighter color appears they cast the stone aside, believing it to be a white man's blood, which no good Indian is allowed to use. Having selected his several pieces of pipestone, the dusky artist seats himself cross-legged on the ground before his tent, and proceeds to carve them into the desired articles. The one thing which he most delights to make is a calumet, shaped to represent a tomahawk. It is graceful in design, nicely carved and artistically ornamented. There are many forms of pipes and other articles, novelties — any thing in fact that would make a suitable memento of the place ; for the Indians are shrewd on this point and carry on a thriving trade with tourists and curiosity-seekers. WEvSTERN STATES. 249 SOUTH DAKOTA. »4 *-* 00 • CO 05 ^ Boundary. Area, Population Lakes. Rivers. Mountains. Cities. Products. White. Red. ( Stone. I Traverse. f Missouri. J Big Sioux. } Dakota, i Cheyenne. I Black Hills. I Plateau of the Missouri. 'Sioux Falls. Pierre. Yankton. Deadwood. C Animal. } Vegetable. ( Mineral. SUGGESTIVE KEY WORDS. 345. The Big Muddy. 346. The Big Bend. 347. Hot Springs. 348. Buffalo Wallows. 349. Newport of the West. 250 NORTH AMERICA. 350. The Bad I^ands. 351. The Mother City of Dakota. 352. The Great Sioux Reservation. 353. The Pirates of the Missouri. 354. Prairie Fires. 355. Chinook Winds. 356. Hot Winds. 357. The Gate City of the Hills. QUERIES. 390. Can you pronounce Missouri ? Coyote ? 391. Which city is nearly one mile above the sea level? 392. What is an artesian well ? 393. How is it proposed to irrigate South Dakota ? 394. Where are the richest tin mines in America ? 395. How have railroads helped in settlement ? 396. Mention some of the hardships the early settlers had to endure. 397. Where are the trade centers through whic'i Dakota's imports and exports pass ? 398. What v.-as the Timber Culture Act? Why was it repealed ? 399. What river fanhslies the best water power in this State ? 400. Why are the prairies treeless ? 401. Why does the snow melt under a northwest wind ? WESTERN STATES. 251 ITKMS OP INTEREST. , SIOUX FALLS. Sioux Falls, the metropolis of South Dakota, is situated on the Big Sioux River. The quarries here furnish the most important business, next to mining. The granite is of various colors, and is capable of a high polish. Many public buildings are built from the material obtained here. Sioux Falls is the seat of the State penitentiary, the School for Deaf Mutes, and of four sectarian colleges. The river descends 90 feet in the distance of one-half mile, thus afford- ing abundant water power. The Dells and Pali^des along the Sioux River are beautiful to behold. Sioux Falls has a variety of industries of minor importance. The polishing works here use car load after car load of the petrified wood of Arizona for making monuments and orna- ments of different kinds. BLACK HILLS. These hills are located in the southwest corner of South Dakota and extend into Wyoming. They occupy an area of sixty by ninety miles. Harney's Peak is the highest point. Crook's Tower is nearly as high. The hills are surrounded by a wall of sand-stone, inside of which is the "Race Course" of the Indians. Near the south side are the famous Hot Springs, called by the Indians 252 NORTH AMERICA. Minne-kah-ta. Not far distant is a cave which will claim equal laurels with the most noted in our land. Lead City contains the largest stamp mills in the world. Rapid City is the seat of the Dakota School of Mines. Deadwood is in the center of the mining district, and is so called on account of the dead trees which were destroyed by fires. Deadwood is built on the side of a gulch, or rather several gulches, and the business that supports the town is per- formed outside, in the mining camps. Spearfish, in the Black Hills, is the seat of a Normal School. The minerals of this region are tin, gold, silver, lead, cop- per, mica, gj^psum, coal and stone. The Indians believed the Hills to be the abode of the Great Spirit, and that the springs possessed great curative properties. Half a century ago, the Sioux and Cheyenne Indians fought for the possession of this region at a place called Battle Mountain. The Sioux were victorious. CAVE OF THE WINDS. This cave is twelve miles north of the Hot Springs. It was found by a cowboy in 1884, but not explored until 1890. The temperature in the cave stands at 45° Fahr. The entrance was blasted and the cave has been explored for several miles. A thousand chambers have been discovered, the largest of which is about three acres in extent. The stalactite form- WESTERN STATES. 253 ations are beautiful, and the owners are careful to preserve the grandeur of the cave. TIN MINES. For several years past a company of men have silently bought all the available tin minesin the vicinity of Harney's Peak. Their capital consists of $15,000,000. One of the officers reports as follows : "The company, of which I am chairman, and in which American capitalists are equally interested, have built two of the largest and most thoroughly equipped mills in the world. "They have a capacity of producing 500 tons of tin daily. In two years hence this country need not import any more tin, and the production will save $75,000,000 annually. "The mills expect to begin work by October i, 1892." Hill City is the center of the tin mines. THE WOONSOCKET WELL. At Woonsocket there is an artesian well 725 feet deep, which discharges 8,000 gallons of water per minute. There is a pressure of 153 lbs. to the square inch, and it throws a four-inch stream 70 feet high, or a two-inch stream 200 feet high. It is used for domestic purposes, and also supplies the fire department with water. It is said that this well exceeds in power and volume any other well in the world. 254 . NORTH AMERICA. A DAKOTA BLIZZARD. A genuine blizzard is a storm of fine sleet accompanied by a fierce gale and ft-eezing temperature. It usually follows a warm day, and the change comes very quickly. The frost begins to fly, the mercury falls below zero, the snow on the ground begins to move with a swishing sound, until all the snow seems to be in the air. The stinging, blinding sleet and the deadl)^ cold wave com- bine to make it nearly impossible to find the best known paths. All this may seem incredible to those who never were in such a storm. It is impossible to convey its grim horrors in words; it is impossible to realize that men could get lost in going fifty feet, with houses all round, but they were. A blizzard is something terrible; it is something, which if once experienced, is never forgotten. No man wants to see one twice. The following is an account of the author's experience in the great blizzard of January 12, 1888, in South Dakota Januar}^ 1 1 , it snowed two or three inches of light, fluffy snow. The morning of the 12th there was a light wind from the south, with a dull, hazy, obscure atmosphere. A double ring was plainly visible around the sun. We saw the storm working up against the wind, and all the children reached school before it broke upon us. The wind suddenl}^ shifted to the north-west, and in an instant we were in the midst of a fierce blinding storm of snow and sL-jt. The WESTERN STATES. 255 wind blew the snow in under the door, up from the floor, in the windows and even- down from above, and it was only by careful attention that the room was kept barely comfortable. Noon came — no abatement. The coal house was just back of the school-house and open enough to drift full of snow. The noontime was spent in shoveling out the coal for the the afternoon. Recess — the gale increased, if anything. Night came — the storm furies still held sway, and we came to the conclusion to stay in the school-house all night. Enough coal to last all night was brought in and piled in the corner of the room. Th2 teacher went to the neighbor's, about 150 yards off, to see what arrangements could be made for food and other accommodations. The neighbor offered to keep the girls all night if they could get there and with numerous wraps the teacher started back to the school-house. The teacher traveled by guess for seeing was out of the question, and the wind was no guide — shifting and deceit- ful as the Will-o'-the-wisp. The school-house was reached again without mishap, the girls warmed and carefully wrapped, then, hand in hand, we started for the house. The teacher led the way, the others following as before stated. Half way over, the teacher turned to see if all were coming, found the line broken and the children .scattered, and thus the bearings were lost. All were huddled together, and a shawl was thrown around them, with the request not to move until sure of the right direc- 256 NORTH AMERICA. tion. The wind would whirl in every direction, and at times the snow and sleet would cover our faces so we could not see a particle — couldn't even see our feet — and it was almost suffocating. In a few moments a pile of rocks was found, which were due east from the house about 130 feet, and the pupils moved to them. We all knew where we were, but no one knew which way was west. Horror of horrors ! Placing one pupil about 20 feet from the others, the teacher went as much farther. This was done several times in different directions, when cuttings were discovered which were in rows leading to the house. On hands and knees the teacher followed the row to the house, the rest, ten pupils, following. The children were crying with the cold, nearly all were frosted ; faces, fingers and feet were blistered. The teacher undid wraps, placed frozen limbs in water, and cared for the comfort of all before he realized his own frost bites. The lady of the house spread bread and butter for the boys and we started back. In the meantime the sun had gone down. The boy who was helping to take the food to the school-house desired not to go, and rather than risk chances of a night on the prairie, with the snow for a winding sheet, we turned back. No one cared for supper. All went to bed to keep warm; 14 persons in a 14 by 20-foot house of one story. Sleep was out of the question. About mid-night the wind lulled for a few moments, and the teacher went to the school-house, were all were found WESTERN STATES. 257 afe around the fire. With a red hot stove, and a thermome- ter only ten feet away on the north side of the house, the mercury stood about zero. It was 30° below, out doors, next morning, and a stiff wind blowing. The author was a truly happy, thankful boy, thinking '*wliat was," and ''what might have been."