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 Semi-Tropical 
 
 FLORIDA: 
 
 ITS- 
 
 Climate, Soils* Productions, 
 
 WITH A SKETCH,; OP ITS 
 
 HISTORY, NATURAL FEATURES AND SOCIAL CONDITION, 
 
 Being a Manual op Reliable Information Concerning the Resources 
 of the State, and the Inducements which it Offers to 
 Persons Seeking New Homes and Profit- 
 able Investments. 
 
 PUBLISHED FOR THE STATE BY 
 
 SETH FRENCH, 
 
 Commissioner of the Bureau of Immigration. 
 (Office, No. 3 Ross Block, Jacksonville, Fla.) 
 
 SEND FOR PAMPHLET. 
 
 APPROVED BY 
 
 GE mOE F. DREW, Governor. 
 
 COL TMBUS DREW, Comptroller. \ Bureau Im., Fla. 
 
 HITr" a. CORLEY, Com. L. and Im. 
 
 CHICAGO : 
 Rand, McNally & Co., Printers and Electrotypers. 
 
 1879. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 This pamphlet is designed to give reliable information to those people abroad who 
 have heard more or less about this State, and who have some idea of seeking and 
 making a new home here. In this compilation we have aimed only at truth, and in 
 every instance our statements are facts within our own personal knowledge, or verified 
 by inquiries from sources which are authentic. Of necessity, in so limited a compila- 
 tion, only brief notices and statements can be made, but it shall be our endeavor to 
 give just such information as a stranger would seek and desire of and about the 
 State: geographical, historical, political; its climate, health, society, soil, productions, 
 transportation; Government, State and Railroad lands, Spanish grants, homesteads, 
 etc. In subsequent publications to be issued from this office, more special and detailed 
 information will be given, which will include descriptions of each county, pecu- 
 liarities of soil, productions, statistics (official) of population, and all characteristics, 
 etc. This is now being obtained by special means. In the meantime, persons who 
 may desire any information of a special kind, by addressing this office, will be fur- 
 nished with it. The great diversity of agriculture, manufactures, trades, professions, 
 in which so many are now occupied, and in many sections crowded, will, no doubt, 
 cause many to seek new homes, and who do not wish to be deceived or misled. We 
 repeat, that any and all statements herein made are to be depended on. Of course we 
 have in this compilation freely used information obtained from official and private 
 publications, as well as from our well conducted agricultural journals, and acknowl- 
 edge our obligations. We have not in preparing this, thought it necessary to particu- 
 larize in our adoption of their work. 
 
 (3) 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 fy 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Act Establishing Bureau of Immigration 5 
 
 Churches: 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 41 
 
 Presbyterian 41 
 
 Protestant Ep'scopal - - 40 
 
 Class of Immigrants Wanted - 19 
 
 Climate - - ™ 
 
 Commerce of Port of Fernaudina 38 
 
 Commerce of Port of Jacksonville. 39 
 
 Commerce of Port of St. Marys --- 38 
 
 Cost of Buildiug-. - 26 
 
 Cost of Clearing Land 25 
 
 Education - - 40 
 
 Florida Newspapers - 42 
 
 Foreign and Domestic Commerce 37 
 
 General Remarks. .. - 43 
 
 Historical and Geographical 7 
 
 How to Get to Florida --- 36 
 
 How to Make an Orange Grove, with Cost of same 23 
 Household Expenses.. - 25 
 
 Masonry in Florida - 42 
 
 Northern Energy— How Affected 36 
 
 Prices of State Lands 17 
 
 Prices of other than State Lands .-. 19 
 
 Political: 
 
 County Government 12 
 
 Homestead and other Exemptions 12 
 
 State Asylum 12 
 
 State and County Taxes -. 13 
 
 State Finances 14 
 
 State Prison and Jails 12 
 
 Who may Vote 14 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Productions : 
 
 Almond 31 
 
 Apple, Pear, Quince.. 32 
 
 Arrowroot, Cassava, Comptie .. 35 
 
 Banana, Pine Apple, etc 31 
 
 Berries -. .. -- 33 
 
 Corn 28 
 
 Cotton _ 29 
 
 Grapes ...<. _ 32 
 
 Indigo, Castor Bean, and Silk 34 
 
 Japan Plum 32 
 
 Melons _ 34 
 
 Olive 32 
 
 Peaches. 32 
 
 Pea-Nuts 34 
 
 Pecan 31 
 
 Persimmon 32 
 
 Pomegranate 32 
 
 Plums.. -. 33 
 
 Rice 30 
 
 Sisal Hemp. Ramie, Jute. 35 
 
 Strawberries 33 
 
 Sugar Cane.. 29 
 
 Sweet Potatoes 34 
 
 The Citrus Family - 31 
 
 Tobacco 30 
 
 Wheat, Rye and Oats 30 
 
 Railroad Lands... 18 
 
 Soil 15 
 
 The New-Comer. 21 
 
 The Social Question 19 
 
 The Yellow Fever 44 
 
 Timber and Lumber 23 
 
 What the Poor Immigrant may do 21 
 
 What the Rich Immigrant can do .. 22 
 
 When and What to Plant 26 
 
ACT ESTABLISHING BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 The following Act establishing a Bureau of Immigration was passed by the Florida 
 Legislature at their session in 1879. 
 
 The Commissioner appointed under this law, as instructed, has compiled this 
 pamphlet, to in part carry out the object desired. 
 
 J±2<r ACT 
 
 TO ESTABLISH A BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION FOR THE STATE OF FLORIDA, AND TO 
 PROMOTE THE RAPID SETTLEMENT OF THE STATE LANDS. 
 
 The People of the State of Florida, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as 
 follows : 
 Section 1. That the Governor, Comptroller and Commissioner of Lands and Im- 
 migration be, and they are hereby constituted, a Bureau of Immigration, whose duty it 
 shall be to encourage immigration and the rapid settlement of the vacant lands of the 
 State. The Bureau, as constituted, shall appoint, subject to the approval of the Senate, 
 a suitable person, to be known as the Commissioner of the Bureau of Immigration, who 
 shall be subject to the Bureau of Immigration, and who shall, by advertising, by lec- 
 turing, by the dissemination of correct information as to our soil, climate, productions 
 and resources, by the arrangement of special rates of transportation between the cities 
 of the North and West, and of Europe, to this State, and by such other methods as the 
 Bureau of Immigration may approve, invite and encourage immigration with the view 
 to the settlement of the vacant lands : Provided, That no per capita shall be paid, and 
 no arrangement be entered into by which the Commissioner or any other person shall 
 receive compensation upon the basis of the number of immigrants obtained. 
 
 Sec. 2. The salary of the said Commissioner of the Bureau of Immigration shall 
 be fixed by the Bureau. He shall devote himself exclusively to the immigration inter- 
 ests of the State, and in the event of his death, resignation, or the failure on his part 
 to discharge his duties in a faithful and satisfactory manner, the Bureau shall have 
 power to appoint another person to discharge his duties until the next session of the 
 Legislature. Said Commissioner may appoint a Secretary to assist him in the perform- 
 ance of the clerical duties of his office, the salary of which said Secretary shall be 
 fixed by the Bureau. He may also appoint agents at suitable points, subject to the 
 approval of the Bureau, whose compensation shall be fixed by the Bureau, and be paid 
 out of the general appropriation for immigration purposes. Said Commissioner shall 
 hold his office for the period of two years. 
 
 Sec. 3. That the total amount expended for the purposes of immigration and the 
 settlement of the vacant lands in each and every year, shall not exceed the amount of 
 the annual appropriation therefor. 
 
 Sec. 4. That the Commissioner of Lands and Immigration shall be President of 
 
 the Bureau of Immigration. 
 
 (5) 
 
6 
 
 Act Establishing Bureau of Immigration. 
 
 Sec. 5. That for the purpose of practically carrying out the design for which the 
 Bureau of Immigration is established, an appropriation is hereby made for the support 
 and maintenance of said Bureau, and inclusive of the salaries of Commissioner, Sec- 
 retary and Agents, of five thousand dollars per annum, to be derived from any moneys 
 arising from the sales of State lands belonging to the Internal Improvement Fund, or 
 out of any moneys in the Treasury of the State not otherwise appropriated. Said sum 
 of five thousand dollars shall be counted an annual expense, subject to reduction or 
 increase by each succeeding Legislature, as the needs of the Bureau may require. Said 
 amount shall be drawn by the Commissioner, under rules and regulations to be estab- 
 lished by the Bureau of Immigration : Provided, That not less than two thousand 
 dollars per annum of said sum shall be used in the preparation and distribution of 
 pamphlets, truthfully and concisely setting forth the inducements to immigrants to buy 
 and settle upon the State lands in the several counties of the State. Said Commissioner 
 shall make a quarterly report of his acts and doings, and of the expenditures of his 
 office, to the Bureau of Immigration, and the same shall be approved by the Bureau, 
 before any further amount is drawn by said Commissioner. He shall also submit to 
 the said Bureau, on the first Monday in January of each and every year, a complete 
 annual report of the doings and results of his office, for the information and considera- 
 tion of the Legislature when in session. 
 
 Sec. 6. That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed. 
 
 Since the passage of the Act, and in accordance with the first section thereof, the 
 new Bureau has nominated, and the Senate has confirmed, Hon. Seth French, of 
 Volusia county, to be Commissioner of the Bureau of Immigration. 
 
SEMI-TROPICAL FLORIDA; ITS CLIMATE, SOIL 
 AND PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 V.' LOR1DA was discovered in 1497, by Captain Cabot, who 
 sailed under the English flag. In 1525, Naverez took formal 
 possession of it for Spain. The first settlement was made in 
 1562, near the mouth of the St. Johns, by Ribouet, a Frenchman. 
 A colony of Huguenots, in 1564, settled on the south bank of the 
 St. Johns, 18 miles from its mouth; it was called Caroline, and 
 was totally destroyed in 1565 by the Spaniards. De Gourgas, a 
 Frenchman, in 1569, avenged this massacre by killing the entire 
 garrison of Spaniards who occupied Fort Caroline. Menendez founded a Spanish 
 Colony, in 1565, at St. Augustine — the first permanent European town in North 
 America. 
 
 In 1584, Spanish authority extended west as far as the Mississippi, and north to 
 Upper Georgia. In 1586, Drake, an English filibuster, plundered St. Augustine; the 
 Indians pillaged it in 1611; and English pirates again sacked it in 1665. Pensacola 
 was settled by the Spanish in 1689. St. Augustine was unsuccessfully attacked in 1702, 
 1725 and 1740, successively, by Gov. Moore, of South Carolina, Colonel Palmer, and 
 General Oglethorpe of Georgia. In 1763, Florida was ceded by Spain to Great Britain, 
 and it was ceded back to Spain in 1784, the population during these years of English 
 occupation being about 600. In 1812, Fernandina was captured by the United States, 
 and after a brief occupation, the United States delivered it back to Spain in 1813. The 
 English occupied the Spanish Fort in 1814, at Pensacola; General Jackson, in 1818, 
 captured Pensacola for the United States. In 1819, Spain sold and ceded Florida to the 
 United States. A Territorial government was formed in 1822, which continued until 
 the year 1845, when it became a State; and in 1861, the State seceded. 
 
 (7) 
 
8 
 
 Semi - Tropical Florida; 
 
 It will be seen from the above brief recital of dates, that Florida, from its first 
 discovery, over three centuries ago, has been in a continuous unsettled state. Colonies 
 massacred; conquered and reconquered; ceded and receded; plundered by pirates; 
 attacked by filibusters ; harassed by Indian wars for half a century ; finally, ceded to the 
 United States, and when just entering on a period of stability and prosperity, plunged 
 in a civil war, which decimated and impoverished her people. Is it any wonder that 
 the great flood of foreign and domestic immigration has not been attracted and turned 
 to Florida ? 
 
 Florida is no longer a terra incognita ; the armies, Federal and Confederate, have 
 visited her shores ; thousands have annually come down for pleasure, health, or to find 
 new homes; other thousands will come when they become truly informed of the advan- 
 tages and attractions of this beautiful and productive semi-tropical land. 
 
 The Old Cathedkal and Square, St. Augustine. 
 
 Florida, the most southern of all the States, is a peninsula projecting down between 
 the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Its area comprises 60,000 square miles, or 
 38,000,000 acres. Florida is bounded on the east by the Atlantic ; on the south by the 
 Gulf of Mexico; on the west by the Gulf of Mexico and Alabama; north by Georgia 
 and Alabama. Inspecting a map of the earth, one would naturally suppose that the 
 temperature of Florida would range the same as in those countries lying in the same 
 parallel of latitude, as Northern Mexico, Central Arabia, Hincloostan, and China, but 
 it does not ; it resembles rather that of Bermuda, Madeira, Egypt and Persia. Its pecu- 
 liar position, its peninsular form, its ocean and gulf surroundings, make it exceptional, 
 and unlike any other country lying in the same latitude and longitude. Th% truly penin- 
 sular portion of Florida is some 300 miles in length, and averages about 100 miles in 
 width, gradually narrowing from north to south. The nearness of that great ocean 
 river, the gulf stream, to its shores, causes the trade winds of the Atlantic to sweep 
 
Its Climate. Soil and Productions. 
 
 9 
 
 over the laud from east to west by day, the returning cool winds from the gulf gently 
 blowing across the State by night. The stranger is incredulous of the peculiar tempera- 
 ture, until, by sojourning here, he finds, be the day ever so warm, the succeeding night 
 is invariably cool. These daily constant breezes purify and vivify the atmosphere, and 
 preserve it from stagnation or sultriness. 
 
 Generally the lands are level, at no great elevation above tide water; the northern 
 portion, however, is more or less rolling and hilly. About midway from north to south, 
 the lands bordering on the ocean and gulf are more or less level, broken by occasional 
 ridges. In East Florida, about half way from the sea to the Suwannee river, there is a 
 table-land elevation reaching nearly to the Everglades. The extreme southern portion 
 of the State is low and flat, though from recent surveys it is found that it can be eft'ect- 
 
 
 A View of High Rolling Land of the Interior. 
 
 ually drained, and made available for cultivation. No State in the Union has such an 
 extent of coast, which is nearly 1,200 miles in length, indented every few miles by 
 large bays, running inland in many places from ten to thirty miles, with large rivers 
 like the St. Johns, St. Marys, Suwannee, Appalachicola, navigable from north to 
 south, from east to west, to the Mexican Gulf and Atlantic Ocean. There are other 
 connecting navigable streams in all parts of the State, and lakes, large and small, 
 scattered and grouped together, all of which abound in excellent varieties of fish, and 
 furnish local transportation facilities ; many connect with navigable streams, and 
 all can be easily connected by short canals or railroads with each other and the great 
 arteries of water leading to the sea and gulf. 
 
 The character of the soil is sandy; not the sharp silicious sand of the ocean, 
 or the barren sandy lands of the other States ; this sandy soil has more or less of loam 
 
10 
 
 Semi - Tropical Florida; 
 
 and a large per centage of lime and organic remains, giving it much fertility. The 
 country is well watered, not only by its larger and smaller rivers and lakes, but by in- 
 numerable creeks and springs. Mineral springs, of great volume, are found in every 
 portion of the State, some of such magnitude that they form navigable rivers from 
 their source : of such are the Blue Springs, in Jackson county, in the west; Wakulla 
 Springs, in Wakulla county, in the middle ; Silver Springs, in Marion county, in the 
 east ; the very large Blue Spring on the St. Johns, in Volusia county ; the Green Cove 
 Spring, in Clay county, on the shore of the St. Johns ; also Clay Spring, in Orange 
 county. Most of these are medicinal, white sulphur, iron, etc. Good water, so univer- 
 sally desired, is found easily at a depth of from eight to fifty feet, according to locality, 
 generally from twelve to twenty feet, but, through the country, the many lakes and 
 springs and branches afford ample supply for house and farm purposes. If cistern 
 water is preferred, the average rainfall, being from forty-eight to fifty-four inches 
 annually, assures a supply. The distribution of rivers, creeks, lakes and springs, is 
 not only large, but remarkably uniform ihrousrhout the State. 
 
 A View of Jacksonville from the South, 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 Since the climate of Florida is so well known through the civilized world, it is not 
 necessary to go into detail ; we will briefly give some facts from official tables, and the 
 opinions of scientists. The climate is not a hot climate in summer, but mild, and not 
 subject to great changes of temperature. The' winters are not cold and freezing, but 
 uniformly cool and bracing. Throughout the whole twelve months the rainy, cloudy, 
 disagreeable days are the exception ; fair, bright, sunny days the rule. The thermom- 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 
 
 11 
 
 eter seldom goes below 30° in winter, and rarely above 90 3 in summer. The official 
 records show the average for summer, 82° ; for winter, 60°. The daily constant ocean 
 breezes in summer modify the heat; the Gulf breeze coming with the setting sun, cools 
 the air at night; a warm or sultry night is almost unknown. Official sanitary reports, 
 both of scientific bodies and the army, show, that Florida stands first in health, 
 although in the reports are included the transient or recent population, many of whom 
 take refuge here as invalids, some in the lowest stages of disease. In the southern 
 portion of the State frost is not known, and there is not in any part of Florida more 
 than ten days in the aggregate, when there is a black frost. The summer is longer, 
 but the heat less oppressive than midsummer at the North ; this results from its pecu- 
 liar peninsular shape and the ever-recurring breezes which pass over the State. For 
 days together, New York, Boston and Chicago show, in summer, temperature as high 
 as 100° ; it is very rare that it reaches that degree in Florida for a single day, generally 
 ranging below 90° ; not oppressive, modified by the ever-changing air; not sultry, close 
 or humid ; mornings and evenings always cool and bracing. Natives and old residents, 
 if asked, would say they preferred the summer to the winter months for climate. This 
 peculiar climate is adapted for vegetation. There are years when in some localities there 
 is a drouth, and years when portions of the State have had excessive rains, but they 
 do not extend far. In the early spring, when most of the planting season occurs, there 
 are frequent showers ; from the first to the middle of July, the rainy season commences, 
 continuing till the middle of September; the rain falls almost every day, commencing 
 in the early afternoon, lasting from a few minutes to four hours, rarely as long as the 
 last period, often heavy with thunder and sharp lightning, then ceasing, leaving the 
 air cool and sweet, the sky clear and bright ; the porous soil quickly absorbs the water 
 and leaves the footway dry. These rains fill up the low flat lands and ponds, and are 
 injurious to crops when planted on such lands, underlaid by hard pan. But on the 
 high pine lands and high hammocks the rains are of advantage, making crops grow 
 rank and heavy. 
 
 We take from Dr. A. S.Baldwin's tables, kept for the Smithsonian Institute, as 
 follows : 
 
 Jacksonville, Lat. 30° 15', Long. 82°— mean of 3 daily observations for 20 years, 
 1844—1867. Thermometer. 
 
 September 78° 
 
 October 70° 
 
 November 62" 
 
 December 52° 
 
 January 55° May 76° 
 
 Februarv 58° June 80° 
 
 March.." 64° July 82° 
 
 April 70° August 82° 
 
 The Army records show for twenty years, variation at St. Augustine, Fla., 23°. 
 
 Rainfall at Jacksonville, average for ten years, 48 inches ; the largest quantity in 
 August, the least in November. 
 
 The above shows that for equality of temperature and consequent salubrity, Florida 
 has no rival. 
 
12 Semi - Tropical Florida; 
 
 POLITICAL. 
 
 The new constitution of Florida was adopted in 1868. It is similar to the later con- 
 stitutions of the North and West, modified some, being more liberal in suffrage and 
 exemption clauses. No county can have more than four Assemblymen ; every county 
 can have one. Foreigners who may become residents, enjoy the same rights as to 
 property as native born citizens. The Legislature consists of a Senate and Assembly, 
 the first elected for four years, the latter for two years, biennial sessions. All property 
 of wife, owned before or acquired after marriage, is made separate, and not liable to 
 debts of the husband. The Governor is elected for four years ; he appoints all officials, 
 the most important, with consent of the Senate, except constables, who are elected. 
 There is the usual Cabinet, Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, County Judges and Justices 
 of the Peace. There is a school system similar to that of the North, which makes pro- 
 vision for free schools for all children. The school fund consists of proceeds of all 
 United States lands granted for educational purposes, donations from individuals, 
 appropriations by the State, lands forfeited in any way, military exemptions, fines 
 under penal laws, per capita tax, twenty-five per cent, on sales of State land, also, a 
 special tax of not less than one mill on all taxable property, annually levied; and each 
 county is required to levy at least one-half of amount of State tax, for school fund. 
 
 COUNTY GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The State is divided into Counties, now thirty-nine; each County has five County 
 Commissioners, who have supervision of roads, bridges, ferries, audit and issue war- 
 rants for County expenses; they have also charge of public buildings and the County 
 poor. Their pay not to exceed fifty dollars per year, and mileage. 
 
 STATE ASYLUM. 
 
 The State has a large and well built Asylum, with ample grounds, where the unfor- 
 tunate insane are cared for ; it is under the care and superintendence of a resident phy- 
 sician, who is appointed by the Board of Public Institutions, to whom reports are made, 
 and by whom regulations as to government of the Asylum are prescribed. 
 
 STATE PRISON AND JAILS. 
 
 State and County prisoners are contracted out to labor on plantations, and for getting 
 out of naval stores; some for short terms on public work in chain gangs; they are 
 all self-supporting. 
 
 HOMESTEAD AND OTHER EXEMPTIONS. 
 
 One hundred and sixty acres, or one-half acre of land within city or town, owned by 
 the head of a family residing in the State, together with one thousand dollars of per- 
 sonal property, and the improvements on the real estate, shall be exempted from any 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 
 
 13 
 
 forced sale under any process of law; and real estate shall not be alienable without the 
 joint written consent of wife and husband. In addition to the above exemption, there 
 shall be exempted from sale by any legal process, to the head of a family, one thousand 
 dollars in any kind of property, which said head of family may se'ect. Taxes can 
 only be levied for State, County and Municipal purposes. 
 
 In tue Gulf Hammock Lands. 
 
 STATE AND COUNTY TAXES. 
 
 The State levies, annually, one mill tax for school purposes. For the current year 
 (1879), six mills are levied for expenses of State government and interest on bonded 
 debt; total State tax, seven mills. Counties shall levy one-half mill (or one-half the 
 State school tax,) for school purposes, and two mills for county purposes. The county 
 may also levy, not to exceed two mills, for building county buildings and bridges; also 
 a further sum of two mills for county purposes; provided that the Grand Jury proposes 
 it, or the people vote it, and the county may levy not to exceed two mills, (over the one- 
 half mill,) for county school purposes; total County tax, not less than two and one-half 
 or more than eight and one-half mills. From the above, it will be seen that the total 
 tax, County and State, shall be not less than nine and one-half nor more than fifteen 
 
14 Semi - Tropical Florida; 
 
 and one-half mills; the increase over nine and one-half mills being left to each county 
 separately. What other State can show so low a tax ? none, if we except one or two of 
 the old small States, nor would they, if they included County and Municipal debts. 
 Another important thing : Florida has yet fifteen million acres of unsold land, has an 
 over-paid sinking fund, and valid claims on the United States Government for money 
 advanced in Indian wars. With such a financial exhibit, our State may well challenge 
 and invite comparison with any State, North or South. Nor is this all ; the people in- 
 dividually support and advocate economy, and demand it of Town, County and State 
 officials. In all offices no extravagance is submitted to. In the State Government, even 
 in small details, offices have been abolished or consolidated, salaries reduced, perqui- 
 sites and fees cut down, and each succeeding year, whenever possible, retrenchment 
 is made. 
 
 WHO MAY VOTE. 
 
 Every male person twenty-one years of age, who shall be, or shall have declared his 
 intention to become a citizen of the United States, has resided in the State one year, and 
 in the County six months, may vote in the election districts where registered. Bribery, 
 perjury, larceny, wagers on election, fighting a duel or excepting a challenge, disfran- 
 chises. 
 
 STATE FINANCES. 
 
 From Comptroller's report, Jan. 4, 1879 : 
 
 Assessed value of property, - - - $30,000,000 
 
 Receipts, and balance in Treasury, .... . - - 363,000 
 
 Payments from January 1st, 1878, to December 31st, 1878, - - - 260,000 
 
 Balance in Treasury, - - - - - - 103,000 
 
 Total bonded debt, $1,284,200, or nearly one million, three hundred thousand dollars. 
 Of these bond's, the school and sinking fund hold five hundred and sixty-eight thousand 
 dollars, thus only leaving seven hundred and sixteen thousand dollars in private hands. 
 The annual sinking fund will absorb this amount. There is a claim of Florida on the 
 United States Government, of about $160,000 for expenditures in Indian wars, which is 
 now being adjusted, and which will further reduce the State debt. 
 
SOIL. 
 
 The traveler southward, passing over 
 the sandy coasts of New Jersey, North and 
 South Carolina, Georgia and Eastern Florida, 
 naturally exclaims, what a barren, sterile land 
 ths South must be ! The Northern or "Western 
 farmer Qan not believe that such lands are pro- 
 ductive; but if the winter visitor will return 
 summer or early fall, he will be surprised to see the rank vege- 
 tation, wild and cultivated. The so-called sand of Florida is 
 not the sharp silicious sand of the ocean-washed beach, or the 
 tine inorganic sand which forms the pine barrens of the North 
 and West. Composed, in great part, of a mixture of humus, 
 lime and loam, the surface sand of Florida has good fertilizing 
 qualities. Florida lands are ordinarily classified as pine lands, 
 hammocks, lands covered with hard woods, and swamp lands ; 
 these again distinguished as first, second and third quality of 
 pine, high and low hammocks, swamp lands, inland prairies, 
 the savannas of the coast, and the everglades. The greater 
 portion of the State is covered with pine, the pitch and yellow 
 pine. The hammocks, high and low, are densely covered with 
 hard woods, such as live oak, oak, magnolia, gum, hickory, etc. 
 The swamp lands are more or less timbered with pine, cypress, 
 cedar and soft woods; the savannas are covered with grass, 
 with here and there a cabbage palm tree; the everglades are 
 vast prairies more or less dry or submerged. Of all these, the 
 poorest, with the exception of the last two, will produce semi- . 
 tropical fruits, and fibrous plants, of commercial value, 
 first-rate pine lands, so called, are generally elevated and roll- |p§(-!2Ss 
 ing, covered with a dark vegetable mould or humus, several 
 inches deep, resting on a chocolate-colored sandy loam, mixed 
 with pebble and lime; under this, clay and soft limestone rock. 
 The timber is very regularly distributed, and consists almost _ xfi^S 
 
16 
 
 Semi - Tropical Florida; 
 
 wholly of pitch pine, very uniform, both in size and length; straight, luxuriant grass 
 covers the soil underneath ; no undergrowth is seen except near the borders of creeks ; 
 no palmetto roots mar the surface, nor fallen timber prevents easy and direct roads 
 from point to point. These lands have a durable fertility, and are well adapted to the 
 usual agricultural products and semi-tropical fruits. They are found to withstand 
 drouth well, and in rainy seasons, growing crops are not affected, except favorably. 
 These lands are healthy, the water is pure, and it costs little to prepare lands for culti- 
 vation. It is noticeable that the early settlers selected these lands, especially for resi- 
 dences and home farms, health, pure water, freedom from insects, good soil for crops 
 and fruit, and ease of cultivation. These lands produce well for years without fertiliz- 
 ing, but readily respond in increased products to fertilizers. The second-rate pine 
 lands, which are also heavily timbered with pine, are more or less high and rolling, 
 are well watered, the surface soil is not deep, are under-laid with marl, clay or lime- 
 
 BoATING ON THE FLORIDA LAKES. 
 
 stone, and produce well for a few years ; fertilized, they yield good crops of cotton, 
 corn, cane and root crops ; when properly cultivated, they are superior for semi-tropical 
 fruits. Experienced growers have selected this class of land for groves. The third-rate 
 pine lands consist of high-rolling sandy ridges, sparsely covered with scrubby, strag- 
 gling black jack and pine, and also of low, flat lands, frequently swampy, with a 
 growth of cypress, in the rainy season often inundated ; shallow ditches, however, 
 easily drain them, and when so drained they yield fair crops, especially of rice, cane, 
 etc. These flat lands afford good pasturage for stock, and being well timbered, are 
 desirable for naval stores, resin, tar, turpentine, etc., as they are cheaper and accessible. 
 The trees can be profitably " bled " for turpentine, for five to seven years, then cut down 
 for mill logs, when land is easily brought into cultivation ; the pasturage is contin- 
 uous until planted. It may *be mentioned here, that all pine lands are favorable for 
 health. The resinous, balsamic odor of leaf and tree, the absence of undergrowth, 
 giving a free circulation of air, the leafy crowns of the soughing pines, giving a grate- 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 17 
 
 ful shade from the rays of the mid-day sun, combine to fix the settler's residence in a 
 natural park, the piney woods. The "richest lands" are swamp, high and low ham- 
 mocks, first-class pine, oak and hickory lands; the swamp lands being similar to the 
 bottoms or valleys of the Mississippi and other Western rivers, being of comparatively 
 recent alluvial formation, enriched by annual additions of surface soil and vegetable 
 debris which fill up the lower surfaces; such lands, however, have to be ditched and 
 ■drained to be made permanently available, but once prepared, they will produce for 
 all time abundantly. Low hammocks are somewhat of the nature of swamp and ham- 
 mock, producing quite as well as swamp land, but not for so long a period. The soil 
 is deep, but often requires ditching. For sugar cane they are well adapted. High 
 hammocks are the most sought for by the old-time planter. The land is undulating, 
 the surface soil is of rich vegetable mould mixed with a sandy loam, a substratum of 
 marl or clay or both mixed, and they are uniformly productive. They are not seriously 
 affected by drouth Or wet; once cleared, cultivation is easy; producing the various crops 
 •equally well. For diversified farming, they are reliable ; small farmers generally prefer 
 and select the first-class pine lands, and the oak and hickory lands, which are quite 
 ■extensively situated in the central portion of the State, as they are less expensive to clear 
 up than the hammock or swamp lands. Besides the above, there are large savannas 
 ■on the coast and in the extreme southern portion of the State, which are of great extent 
 and treeless as a Western prairie; of course, rich, but too expensive to reclaim at this 
 time. While all the varieties of the lands noticed may be found in every section of the 
 State, yet the proportion varies in different sections. 
 
 PRICES OF STATE LANDS. 
 
 School Lands and Seminary Lands are subject to entry at their appraised value, 
 not less than $1.25 per acre. The larger portion of these lands is held at $1.25 per 
 acre ; but some tracts are valued as high as $7. Payment may be made in U. S. 
 currency or State scrip. 
 
 Internal Improvement Lands generally $1.25 per acre, none less; some as high as 
 $6.50 per acre. 
 
 Swamp Lands — for forty acres, $1 per acre. For more than forty and not exceed- 
 ing eighty acres, 90 cents per acre. For more than eighty and not exceeding two hun- 
 dred acres, 80 cents per acre. For more than two hundred and not exceeding six 
 hundred and forty acres, 75 cents per acre. For more than six hundred and forty 
 acres, 70 cents per acre. 
 
 In case of entries of land at less than $1 per acre, the land must not be in detached 
 pieces, but must lie in a body. 
 
 For Internal Improvement and Swamp Lands nothing is receivable in payment 
 except U. S. currency. 
 
 Terms of sale in all cases cash. 
 
 Lands can not be reserved from sale for the benefit of any applicant. An applica- 
 tion, not accompanied with the full amount of purchase-money, does not give any 
 priority. 
 
 The State lands comprise about 15,000,000 acres. The State Land Office is at 
 Tallahassee, as also the State Surveyor General's Office. 
 
 The foregoing gives the prices of State lands of various kinds, that is, the internal im- 
 provement lands proper, and lands acquired by the State from the United States. 
 These can be purchased at the State Land Office in Jacksonville, at above prices, with 
 a deduction of fifteen per cent, on sales under two hundred dollars, and a deduction of 
 twenty per cent, on sales above two hundred dollars. State lands are situated in every 
 i 
 
18 
 
 Semi - Tropical Florida; 
 
 portion of the State, and comprise every variety of quality, and are adapted to every 
 production of ihe State. Besides these, there are immense bodies of the best yellow 
 pine timber to be found in the Southern States, also other valuable timber — live oak,. 
 magnolia, cedar, etc. 
 
 Indian Kiver — Hammock Lands. 
 
 RAILROAD LANDS. 
 
 A large amount of land has been granted to railroads in the State. The Atlantic, 
 Gulf & West India Transit Road, running from Fernandina on Atlantic Ocean, to 
 Cedar Keys on the Gulf of Mexico, with a branch building from about the centre of 
 road (Waldo,) to Tampa Bay, also on Gulf, own 650,000 acres, lying adjacent to their 
 road. These are offered at $1.25 per acre, with free transportation over the railroad, 
 to purchasers with their families and personal effects. These lands also comprise the 
 various qualities, and of course are easily accessible. The Pensacola & Georgia Rail- 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 19 
 
 road, running from Lake City, passing through some of the best lands in the State, own 
 about 200,000 acres, which are offered at low prices. The Florida Central Road, run- 
 ning from Jacksonville to Lake City, (connecting there with the Pensacola and Georgia 
 Road), own about 180,000 acres. These lands also comprise some of the very best lands, 
 and are thickly covered with pine and other timber. Purchasers will find good bargains 
 here, for large or small tracts. These railroad lands lying adjoining the railroad, are 
 easy of access and connect with each other, with the gulf and ocean, and with the 
 railroads north and west. 
 
 PRICES OF OTHER THAN STATE LANDS. 
 
 There are yet remaining, of United States lands, about 16,000,000 acres, also located 
 in all sections of the State. These lands are subject to entry by land warrants, by pur- 
 chase, and also by homestead entry. The cost for entering a homestead is, for 160 acres, 
 $14; for 80 acres, $7; for 40 acres, $6; residence of five years necessary. There are 
 also large tracts, being the Spanish grants, many comprising most excellent lands. 
 Most of these grants are owned by non-residents, who have acquired them by being 
 heirs of original grantees and owners, who arc willing to sell at very low rates, as they 
 desire to close them out and make division to heirs. In fact, lands, whether in 
 quantity, quality, location, or price, are to be found all over the State, affording oppor- 
 tunities for the large lumber operator, the naval stores business, the large sugar or 
 cotton planter, the small farmer, the large or small truck gardener, and the orange 
 grower. A single acre can be had, or 100,000, at from one dollar to fifty dollars per 
 ere. Improved as well as wild lands are in market, and with intelligent inquiry the 
 new-comer can make choice of what will suit him, and it is just as easy for the immi- 
 grant to obtain correct and reliable informatio i here as about lands at his old home. 
 
 THE SOCIAL QUESTION. 
 
 To the Southerner, to the older immigrant here, it is inexplicable how the idea 
 obtains that the immigrant is not well received. Kindness, hospitality and frank- 
 ness are now, as always, traits of the Southron. In the piney woods cabin, in the 
 mansion of the planter, the stranger is welcomed; the neighbor finds a neighbor in- 
 deed. We simply allude to this subject to assure intending immigrants that nowhere 
 will they find less jealousy, envy or interference than here; nowhere will they find a 
 warmer welcome, kindness, sympathy or material assistance. The thousands of new- 
 comers, now citizens, assure this, being associated with their Southern neighbors in 
 social, commercial, moral and religious objects. In politics, where, naturally, lines 
 would be sharply drawn, there is scarcely any sectional distinction. We find officials, 
 from constable to governor, alike southern and northern, placed there by the people. 
 It may be considered egotistical, but the writer illustrates this. Born, and a resident 
 of the North for years, an officer in the Union army, coming to Florida to make a 
 new home, he found a ready welcome in a southern community; his neighbors treated 
 him courteously, and successively honored him with the highest County offices, with 
 the State senatorship for district, and the State Bureau of Immigration appointed him 
 their Commissioner. The records show similar cases in every department — Executive, 
 Legislative and Judicial. 
 
 CLASS OF IMMIGRANTS WANTED. 
 
 We want population from every State in the Union, and from every country in 
 Europe; we want the thrifty and industrious to join us in occupying and building up 
 the vacant places in our favored State, that they may secure pleasant homes for them- 
 
20 
 
 Semi - Tropical Florida ; 
 
 selves and their families; we want them to identify themselves with our present popu- 
 lation, and enjoy all the rights and privileges of the native-born, which the laws of the 
 State now fully guarantee to them. We have over thirty million acres State and United 
 States land, which can be had for a mere nominal price. We need population. We will 
 give immigrants a hearty welcome, and extend to them full and equal protection ; we 
 have no prejudices to overcome, for we are already cosmopolitan; we want immigrants 
 of kindred races, that we may be a homogeneous people ; we are all immigrants or 
 their descendants; we give immigration credit for all we are or hope to become. We do 
 not wish to be misunderstood on this point; we do not want immigrants for subor- 
 dinate positions, but, on the contrary, invite them to locate, and become the owners 
 of their homes in fee simple forever; we want them to become citizens, and have with 
 us equal political privileges and responsibilities in all the obligations imposed upon 
 citizens under a Republican government; we want persons skilled in a great variety of 
 
 A View on the Indian Rivek. 
 
 mechanical and agricultural pursuits — in fact, in all of the industries of life, for we 
 have a State possessed of the requisite conditions for successful cultivation and develop- 
 ment. We want, especially, persons skilled in gardening and fruit growing, in the 
 cultivation of tobacco, sugar, etc. ; we want grape and orange growers, together with 
 the whole list of semi-tropical fruits; we want manufacturers of lumber and naval 
 stores; we want, especially, capital to develop our unbounded resources; we want 
 immigrants especially that will bring along with them sufficient means and energy to 
 enter upon business for themselves, to buy our cheap lands, become permanent resi- 
 dents, practical fruit growers, and successful agriculturists, or who will follow some 
 mechanical or manufacturing occupation. We have a surplus already of non-producers, 
 lured hither by our genial climate, and expecting to "get something for nothing." We 
 want, in short, settlers, who are willing to rely on their own exertions and means to 
 make themselves beautiful homes. To such we say, Come, and if you have good stay- 
 ing qualities, your reward is sure. 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 21 
 
 THE NEW-COMER. 
 
 Of the people who seek new homes, there are many kinds. A large number are of 
 a restless nature, who seem to roam in search of some El Dorado; to such, advice or 
 information is of little benefit. The true American "to the manor born," when he 
 makes up his mind to seek a new home, never looks back, but accepts new and altered 
 conditions, if not cheerfully at least pluckily, and, sooner or later, wins. The new set- 
 tler in Florida will have to unlearn many things, and learn by experience new ways. If 
 he is wise, he will " make haste slowly," observe, advise with older citizens — those of a 
 few years' residence. By this he will avoid many natural mistakes in choice of lands, 
 location, style of residence, crops, and cultivation. While the generous soil yields 
 bountifully, yet man here is not exempt from labor, though it is less exacting than in 
 colder climates. If the immigrant comes to stay, and does stay, in a few short years 
 his reward will come. One word to some people who have an idea of coming to 
 Florida: Consumptives, or other invalids, who have lingered on until the last stage of 
 disease is reached ; young people of both sexes who have been brought up with noth- 
 ing to do; professional men who expect to live by law, physic, or preaching, and not 
 by cultivating the soil ; embryo politicians who hope to shine as statesmen here ;— to 
 all such we say, Stay where you are ; we already have a surfeit of these classes. 
 
 WHAT THE POOR IMMIGRANT MAY DO. 
 
 In previous pages we briefly made some remarks as to new-comers. We believe 
 that a plain relation of what may be reasonably assured to the poor as well as rich 
 immigrant will be received as useful information. Florida is no exception to other 
 countries, and the present but repeats the past in the various phases of immigration. 
 The early colonists and colonies in America, the periodical and frequent later immigra- 
 tion to new States and Territories, and from old to new localities, all have had experi- 
 ences, good, bad and indifferent; yet we find, after a brief period, that the new coun- 
 tries are filled up with a prosperous and contented population. It is not necessary to 
 review the varied causes of this universal experience; although the local historian may 
 dwell upon them, the new generations of the present look forward and not back. The 
 characteristics of Florida, general and special, we have truthfully noted, other things 
 being equal. The climate, soil, health, cheapness of lands, staple and special produc- 
 tions, easy access and egress by land and water, form of government, low taxes, a small 
 State debt, — all present superior advantages, especially for the poor, or those in mod- 
 erate circumstances, for securing a good home. At the outset, however, the immigrant 
 asks, How shall I at once procure a support for myself and family? Now, premising 
 that the new-comer means to work — intends to stay — he can go to work at once and 
 raise food from the soil. • New pine lands, broken up with the grass turned in, will 
 grow good crops of sweet potatoes and cow peas, with but slight cultivation. These 
 crops in, fields inclosed, the grass covered, soon becomes rotted, and the soil easily 
 worked. Corn, cane, cotton may now be planted, as also vegetables, in the same 
 field and with the crops: orange, lemon and other fruit trees may be planted, where 
 they are to remain at regular distances apart, both ways. The vineyard may also be 
 put out, as well as smaller fruit, about the premises. The pea-vines, with peas, will 
 afford forage for stock ; peas and potatoes for food. Succeeding the peas and potatoes, 
 turnips and onions, beets, cabbage and similar semi-hardy vegetables may be grown 
 from the late summer to the next late spring months, nearly the year round. The 
 immigrant can easily gather about him hogs, which will range for their own living, 
 potatoes being fed to them in the fall. Poultry are no care for feed or support ; game and 
 
22 
 
 Semi - Tropical Florida; 
 
 fish are to be had for the seeking. It will be seen that the food question is easily solved. 
 Year by year his crops are increasing, comforts added to; he has within himself the ac- 
 cessories of a comfortable home. In the meantime his grove of oranges, lemons, his 
 vines, are growing apace ; in a few short years he scents in the early spring the sweet 
 odor of the orange bloom, sees the green fruit gradually increasing in size, and as autumn 
 months come on, gladdens his eyes with the sight of the golden fruit which now will 
 yield him a substantial return — waited for and won. It has taken less than half a score 
 of years for the piney-woods pioneer to make a new home which yields Mm ample 
 support and sure increasing income for the future. 
 
 WHAT THE RICH IMMIGRANT CAN DO. 
 
 To the man of capital, Florida offers a large variety of specialties to employ it 
 surely and profitably, whether as an investment looking to the future for increase, or 
 present employment and quick returns. There are millions of acres of United States, 
 
 State and Railroad lands, 
 Spanish grants of large 
 areas, and private im- 
 proved and unimproved 
 lands, which can now be 
 bought cheaply. These 
 comprise timber lands, 
 which are increasing in 
 growth and value every 
 year, also improved lands 
 already cleared, and ready 
 to cultivate, now unoccu- 
 pied by reason of death of 
 owners, or want of means 
 to hire labor and purchase 
 stock. Afew thousand dol- 
 lars judiciously invested 
 in lands would be sure to 
 pay a profit. Manufacto- 
 ries of cotton and cotton- 
 seed, oil mills, starch facto- 
 ries, rice mills, tanneries, 
 saw-mills, furniture shops, 
 . etc., etc., offer good oppor- 
 tunities for present profit. 
 There are many good openings for mercantile business, purchasing the staples of 
 the country, such as cotton, sugar, syrup, naval stores. Fruit raising on a large scale 
 can be done with assured profit ; with means, one can have hundreds of acres in trees, 
 and millions of oranges and lemons to sell or ship. The shrewd real estate dealer can 
 buy and sell, at a profit; the money-lender loan at high interest, with ample security. 
 All this has been done, is done, and doing, now. If the capitalist would desire to farm 
 on a large scale, no better field than here. There are hundreds of large plantations in 
 middle Florida, lying contiguous, which can be bought low, and a farm of 100 to 10,000 
 acres can be made, and planted in cotton, cane, corn, rice, tobacco, and other crops. 
 Labor is plenty and cheap, crops sure and good, always in demand, and fair prices rule. 
 
 Silver Spring, on the Ocklawaha Eiver. 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 23 
 
 HOW TO MAKE AN ORANGE GROVE. 
 
 The judicious selection of the land is the first and most important point, for on this, 
 .■success in a great measure depends. Choose high, dry hammock, or high rolling pine 
 land that has natural drainage, and a yellowish subsoil. Avoid low, flat palmetto, or 
 gallberry lands; most of these are underlaid with hard pan, or sandstone mixed with 
 oxide of iron; repeated trials and repeated failures show this without exception. The 
 most favorable locations are on southeast side of wide sheets of water, or high lands, 
 which are more generally free from frost. The land selected, clear thoroughly of all 
 trees, etc., break up well, and substantially fence ; sow with cow peas, which turn under 
 when in bloom — it improves and sweetens the soil ; this may be done before or after 
 planting trees. Dig holes 30 feet apart, 18 inches deep, and four feet in diameter, clean 
 out all roots, fill up with top soil, which will retain the moisture, procure trees from 
 three to five years old, take them up carefully, with all of the roots possible, pack up 
 with wet moss as soon as dug, put in shade and out of the wind, taken to the proposed 
 grove carefully, remove soil from holes dug sufficient for the tree, with roots carefully 
 spread, trunk standing in same position as originally grown. Let the tree, when set out, 
 be fully an inch above natural level of land; fill under, in and about the roots, com- 
 pactly — it is best done by the hand, filled to surface and gently tramped down ; fill on 
 some two or three inches of earth, which will prevent drying; the rainy season com- 
 mencing, remove the soil about the tree to the level about it. Cultivation should be 
 frequent and shallow, and trash not allowed to accumulate near trunk ; light plowing 
 and raking near the trees is best and safest. Following these general directions, no one 
 should fail. The cost of a five-acre grove, at. say. rive years from planting, at a liberal 
 estimate where high pine land is chosen, will be about as follows. If hammock land 
 i- taken, the cost of clearing will be more. The- grove will have begun to yield at the 
 end of the period named. 
 
 COST OF GROVE. 
 
 Five acres of good land, centrally located, SlOo.OO 
 
 Cutting timber, clearing, 7.">.(M> 
 
 Fencing and breaking up, 75.00 
 
 Three hundred trees, and setting out, - 300.00 
 
 Manures, labor, cultivating, taxes, interest, etc., for five year-. - - - 500.00 
 
 Total, ■ $950.00 
 
 Such a grove would readily sell now in Florida for §1,000 per acre. From and 
 after five years the annual growth of trees and increase of fruit is constant for at leasl 
 ten years, and the grove will hold its vigor and fruit-producing qualities for a century 
 ■or more. The orange is a hardy tree, will stand great extremes of heat, fold, rain, 
 and drouths; it will show the effects of a single season's neglect, and quickly show a 
 single season of care and attention. 
 
 TIMBER AND LUMBER. 
 
 Of the States, Florida has the largest area of original growth of timber. Excluding 
 land in cultivation, the area covered by lakes, rivers, savannas, etc., there are probably 
 nearly, if not quite, thirty million acres of land covered with timber, and of this the 
 yellow pine is fully three-quarters. The level lands, rolling lands, are mostly covered 
 with the yellow and pitch pine, which attains a great size in girth and length. The 
 lower lands near rivers, lakes, swamps, abound in valuable timber, of which live oak, 
 other species of oak, hickory, ash, birch, cedar, magnolia, sweet bay, gum, cypress, 
 constitute a great proportion. The red cedar is particularly adapted for lead pencils, 
 
24 
 
 Semi - Tropical Florida ; 
 
 and largely exported to Europe for the best manufactures, as also North and East. The 
 magnolia and hay are fine woods for ornamental furniture; the cypress valuable for 
 shingles, sash, doors, blinds and inside finish, railroad ties. The yellow and pitch pine 
 has a world-wide reputation as being the best for any and all uses where strength, 
 elasticity and durability are desired, and is now being largely used in ornamental and 
 expensive structures. Finished up in its natural grain for inside work, floors, frames,, 
 pillars, arches, roofs, it presents that substantial as well as rich, finish not attained with 
 
 Hammocks of West Florida. 
 
 other material. "While there are many mills on the Atlantic and Gulf sides, and a few 
 on the railroad, which manufacture pine lumber, as yet the consumption is small, and 
 future supply is assured for years. Recently some cedar mills have been built which 
 prepare the wood of size for pencils. Most of the cedar, however, is shipped in the log,, 
 roughly hewed. Some oak and hickory is shipped in rough, hewed sticks, but as yet 
 not much use is made of the hard woods. Our people arc yet buying wagons, agricul- 
 tural implements, also tool handles and wooden-ware, from the North. 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 25 
 
 HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES. 
 
 jigi^ ->~ 
 
 <N important item to the immigrant, — at least for 
 |P i the first year, if he settles and improves a new 
 place, — is the cost to support his household. 
 BS L^ We know no shorter way to answer this 
 question than by saying that freight by 
 vessels from all the Northern ports is low 
 to all Florida ports, especially to Fernan- 
 dina, Jacksonville, St. Augustine, Pensacola. For 
 "instance, barrels from 20 to 25 cts. ; tierces, 25 to 40 cts.; 
 bacon, 15 to 20 cts. per hundred weight ; boxed goods, 4 to 
 5 cts. per cubic foot. By steamer or rail, about one-third more. Special rates, however, 
 can always be made by rail for cars, at lower rates. From Jacksonville by river, freights 
 are low, and by rail special reduced rates are made to immigrants in freights and fares. 
 Now, adding freights to cost of goods from where brought, and the cost here is found. 
 Generally speaking, however, it would not be advisable to bring down all furniture or 
 household articles from the old home. The parlor furniture, bedding, carpets, linen, 
 table-ware, and articles that may be readily and safely packed, and not too bulky, one 
 would do well to bring. Provisions, common furniture, tools, or even parlor furniture, 
 can be purchased here nearly if not quite as cheap as at the North, as wholesale and 
 retail stores of every kind, with large stocks, are established here. We give the prices 
 of some articles now prevailing: 
 
 Flour, $4 to $8 per bbl. ; bacon, $5 to $6 per 100; sugar, 7c. to 12c. per lb.; butter, 
 20c. to 80c. per lb.; coffee, 15c. to 25c. per lb. ; and dry goods, hardware, etc., full as 
 cheap as at the North. 
 
 Household servants (colored) are obtainable easily from $5 to $8 per month, farm 
 laborers from $S to $10 and rations (rations now cost per month about $10); wood need 
 cost nothing, except the cutting and hauling, and not much required except for cook- 
 ing. By the clay, wages are from 50 to 75 cents per day; common mechanics, $1 to 
 $1.25, who answer very well on rough work, if "bossed." While some articles are 
 necessarily dearer here to " housekeep," yet with the saving and cost of fuel, the lighter 
 clothing needed, the cheapness of home-raised food, vegetables the year round, poultry, 
 eggs, game, fish, and other things which help the outer and inner man, a nandy 
 man with a cheerful helpmate can live quite as cheap in Florida as anywhere. 
 
 With household matters, we add that horses and mules (mules are every way best) 
 range from $50 to $150; carts, $25 to $30; harness, $5 to $10; plow usually used 
 here, $3 to $6; all of which, with other agricultural implements, can be purchased here 
 as cheap as any where, freight added. 
 
 COST OF CLEARING LAND. 
 
 The cost of clearing land depends on whether sparsely timbered or of thick growth; 
 whether pine, hammock or swamp land, and also whether the land is to be planted in 
 orange groves or usual crops. It was formerly the custom to simply girdle the trees- 
 and remove the fallen timber. This was done quickly and cheaply, and crops put in 
 the same season. Gradually, year by year, the deadened trees would rot, and fall, and 
 had to be removed from time to time. Such clearing, if it can be called clearing, costs. 
 from three to five dollars per acre ; but it is a shiftless and careless way, and most un. 
 
26 
 
 Semi - Tropical Florida ; 
 
 sightly, and, to a stranger, the tall, dead, leafless trunks and branches give a melan- 
 choly outlook to the locality, showing want of thrift and progress in the inhabitants 
 Necessity in many cases was the cause of such primitive work, but often it must be 
 ascribed to indolence. To clear ordinary pine land, removing the timber, will cost 
 from $12 to $15 per acre; hammock lands will cost more — from $15 to $30, according 
 to density and size of timber. 
 
 For a new place, the Virginia rail fence is cheapest, as rails are on the spot, and 
 split freely. As the country settles up, and saw-mills become frequent, boards and 
 posts may be substituted. 
 
 COST OF BUILDING. 
 
 The new-comer, anxious to have a roof over his head and be ready to go to work, will 
 ".hasten to build him a house. Now, here is room and range for any person to exercise 
 
 his taste, talent, extrava- 
 gance, or economy. A com- 
 fortable log-house for a 
 moderate-sized family can be 
 built, say, for $50; a good 
 frame building, with four or 
 five rooms, will cost from 
 $250 to $400. The ordinary 
 Northern or Western farmer, 
 if not a regular mechanic, yet 
 is handy enough with ham- 
 mer and saw to build the 
 house; with the help of a 
 good mechanic (now $2 per 
 day), he ought to have every- 
 thing done the best. The 
 sills, posts, rafters and shin- 
 gles can be got out on the spot. 
 Lumber of fair quality from 
 $5 to $12 per 1,000 feet, at 
 mills. Shelter from the rain 
 and sun, is the main require- 
 ment. Cellars are superflu- 
 ous additions; glazed win- 
 A Residence in an Okange Grove, dows and plastered walls not 
 
 necessary, though desirable where one can afford it; wide hall, broad vine-covered 
 piazza, building set well up from the ground, should be the chief characteristics of a 
 Southern home, whether the log cabin of the piney -woods immigrant or the mansion 
 of the owner of extensive plantations or magnificent orange groves ; and as for external 
 surroundings, the wild flowering shrubs, the magnificent magnolia, the towering pine, 
 the massive oak, all surround cottage and hall impartially, their foliage tempering the 
 .sun's rays by day and protecting from dews by night. 
 
 WHEN AND WHAT TO PLANT. 
 
 No precise instructions would be strictly applicable for all parts of Florida ; we give 
 briefly what may generally be safely adopted, for Florida say, at and north of latitude 29 
 ^degrees ; south of 29 degrees a year's experience and information will safely guide. One 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 27 
 
 thing is favorable: the period of planting any special crops covers weeks and months, 
 .so that failure from exceptional circumstances need not occur. 
 
 In January, plant Irish potatoes, peas, beets, turnips, cabbage, and all hardy or semi, 
 hardy vegetables; make hot-beds for pushing the more tender plants, such as melons, 
 tomatoes, okra, egg plants, etc.; set out fruit and other trees, and shrubbery. 
 
 February — Keep planting for a succession, same as in January: in addition, plant 
 vines of all kinds, shrubbery, and fruit trees of all kinds, especially of the citrus family, 
 snap beans, corn ; bed sweet potatoes for draws and slips. Oals may also be still sown, 
 as they are in previous months. 
 
 March— Corn, oats, and planting of February may be continued ; transplant toma- 
 toes, egg plants, melons, beans, and vines of all kinds ; mulberries and blackberries are 
 now ripening. 
 
 April— Plant as in March, except Irish potatoes, kohl rabi, turnips ; continue to 
 transplant tomatoes, okra, egg plants; sow millet, corn, cow peas, for fodder; plant 
 the butter bean, lady peas; dig Irish potatoes. Onions, beets, and usual early vegeta- 
 bles should be plenty for table. 
 
 May — Plant sweet potatoes for draws in beds; continue planting corn for table; 
 snap beans, peas and cucumbers ought to be well forward for use ; continue planting 
 okra, egg plants, pepper, and butter beans. 
 
 June — The heavy planting of sweet potatoes and cow peas is now in order; Irish 
 potatoes, tomatoes, and agreat variety of table vegetables are now ready, as also plums, 
 early peaches, and grapes. 
 
 July— Sweet potatoes and cow peas are safe to plant, the rainy season being favor- 
 able; grapes, peaches and figs are in full season. Orange trees may be set out if the 
 season is wet. 
 
 August — Finish up planting sweet potatoes and cow peas; sow cabbage, cauliflower, 
 turnips for fall planting; plant kohl rabi and rutabagas; transplant orange trees and 
 bud ; last of month plant a few Irish potatoes and beans. 
 
 September — Now is the time to commence for the true winter garden, the garden 
 which is commenced in the North in April and May. Plant the whole range of 
 vegetables except sweet potatoes; set out asparagus, onion sets and strawberry plants. 
 
 October — Plant same as last month; put in garden peas; set out cabbage plants; dig 
 sweet potatoes ; sow oats, rye, etc. 
 
 November — A good month for garden ; continue to plant and transplant, same as 
 for October; sow oats, barley and rye for winter pasturage or crops; dig sweet potatoes; 
 house or bank them ; make sugar and syrup. 
 
 December — Clear up generally; fence, ditch, manure, and sow and plant hardy vege- 
 tables; plant, set out orange trees, fruit trees and shrubbery; keep a sharp look-out for 
 an occasional frost; a slight protection will prevent injury. 
 
 It will be seen from the above that there is no month in the year but what fresh and 
 growing vegetables can be had for sale and domestic use. This latter is a large item in 
 expense of living. The soil is so easily worked, so easily cultivated, that most of garden 
 work can be performed by even delicate ladies, and young children of both sexes. In- 
 deed, most Florida gardens are so made; — no frozen clods to break or rocks to remove. 
 A garden once put in condition, properly managed, will produce abundantly and con- 
 stantly. The rapid growth assures large and tender vegetables, early and luscious 
 fruit. A single season will afford strawberries from the setting out, ripe figs from two- 
 year-old cuttings, grapes the second year, peaches the second and third years, oranges 
 from the bud in three to five years. At a little cost, a little care, one can literally sit 
 under his own vine and fig-tree, and enjoy fresh-plucked fruit the whole year. 
 
PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 The list of Florida pro- 
 ductions is a long and 
 varied one, embracing 
 nearly all the crops and 
 fruits of the Middle,. 
 Northern and Southern 
 States, and, in addition, a 
 great variety of semi- 
 tropical and tropical fruits- 
 and vegetables, and most 
 of the best known and 
 valuable medicinal and 
 fibrous plants. We can 
 only briefly note the main 
 productions — a few of the- 
 special kinds. Those in- 
 terested will of course- 
 make more extended in- 
 quiries, and obtain detailed 
 information. Many indi- 
 genous plants and roots 
 only await the establish- 
 ment of manufactories to 
 encourage the profitable 
 
 i 
 
 cultivation of the raw material, 
 which, when manufactured, becomes 
 of commercial value. 
 
 CORN. 
 
 Yjy Corn, which is the great food staple raised in the United States, 
 especially in the West, and which exceeds by millions of bushels 
 any and all other crops, is grown in all portions of the State, and the 
 produce per acre is here, as elsewhere, more or less, according to 
 fertility of soil and cultivation. Ordinary pine land will produce, say, 
 10 bushels ; good hammock land, 20 to 25 bushels. Governor Drew, in 1878, on com- 
 mon pine land, which had been cultivated only six years, raised 130 bushels to the 
 
 w 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 29 
 
 acre. Of course the land was thoroughly prepared, well manured, and well cultivated. 
 Corn here is planted from February to April, plowed at intervals, laid by in June and 
 July ; blades stripped for fodder, and stalks with ears left in field to be harvested at 
 leisure ; it may be cribbed in field in the shuck, suffering no damage from weather, or 
 housed in corn-crib near the dwelling; shucked and shelled if for sale or food. When 
 fed to stock, it is fed in shuck. One person with one mule can easily cultivate from 
 thirty to forty acres, and as the time from planting to final plowing is only from four to 
 five months, it leaves ample time to cultivate another crop of peas or sweet potatoes, 
 with same labor on same land. The corn usually raised is the white variety, largely 
 used in meal and hominy for food, especially at the South. The Northern farmer who 
 has been used to see forty to sixty bushels ordinarily raised on the old homestead, 
 should, in comparing the relative production South and North, take into consideration 
 cheapness of land, number of acres which can be cultivated, time taken to make crop, 
 expense of gathering, saving, housing, and also value, transportation, and its quality. 
 White is best for food. All things considered, corn is one of the most useful and profit- 
 able crops to raise in Florida. 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 Sea Island, or long cotton, is raised mostly from the Suwannee river to the ocean, 
 and south of lat. 30°. The average product per acre is from 150 to 200 pounds, though 
 it often exceeds double that. This species of cotton is only raised on the sea islands 
 bordering South Carolina, Georgia, and in Florida, our State raising over half the 
 total crop. The price ranges from 25 to 50 cts. per pound, though there are planters 
 who readily get from 80 cts. to $1 per pound; but their cotton is exceptionally fine. 
 Short cotton is grown west of the Suwannee to the western and northern boundaries of 
 the State ; it will average from 200 to 500 pounds to the acre. In grade, Florida cotton 
 rates with the best. Present prices rule low, in comparison with immediate preceding 
 years; but still, experienced planters make it a paying crop, and, being always a sur- 
 plus and cash crop, it is readily sold at gin or warehouse. Cotton raising, however, is 
 subject to some risks; cold, rain, drouth or caterpillar often sweep localities. Generally 
 speaking, it is a safer crop in Florida than anywhere else. New methods of cultiva- 
 tion, improved seed, remedy for the caterpillar, are adopted by the intelligent and 
 prudent planter, who is not subject to a loss which a careless, shiftless man may have. 
 The methods of cultivation are simple, the crop itself affording by its seed the very 
 best fertilizer. As the seed is fully seventy-five to eighty per cent, of the cotton as picked, 
 it is largely sold and exported. From the planting to the final picking, nearly the 
 whole year is required. 
 
 THE SUGAR CANE. 
 
 There is no kind of doubt but'that Florida, both in climate and soil, is peculiarly well 
 adapted for growth of cane ; the surliest colonists cultivated it, and the later occupants, 
 French, English, Spanish, American, have grown it successfully; the long period of 
 warm weather, and the absence of cold, give a longer period for the cane to mature. 
 During the English occupation many large plantations were opened, and later, since 
 Florida became United States territory, there have been several large sugar plantations 
 profitably carried on; among others, we call to mind Mcintosh, Sadler, Yulee, and 
 •Clinch, who had over 100 acres each. Latterly, cane has only been planted for domestic 
 use and neighborhood sale. But even rudely raised and rudely manufactured, Florida 
 sugar and syrup rivals in color, grain and quality. 
 
 The best Louisiana fair land will produce from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds of sugar; rich 
 land, thoroughly fertilized, will produce from 2,000 to 4,000 pounds. Recent improve- 
 
30 
 
 Semi - Tropical Florida; 
 
 ments in sugar machinery has obviated the necessity of expensive works formerly 
 required, rendering it possible for the small as well as large planter to manufacture- 
 cheaply, as its cultivation is as easy as corn, and its immunity from all hurt by 
 ordinary enemies to other vegetation, renders it a safe crop. 
 
 RICE. 
 
 Rice, which constitutes the main food of the great majority of the population of the 
 world, is raised here mostly for domestic use. There are thousands of acres in every 
 section of the State peculiarly adapted to its successful culture. Its cultivation is as- 
 simple as any cereal; usually drilled, and kept clear of weeds; 40 to 75 bushels of rough 
 
 rice is a fair crop. Recent intro- 
 duction of improved rice machin- 
 ery, adapted for individual and 
 neighborhood use, will stimulate 
 increased production. Limited by 
 climate, rice will always prove a. 
 remunerative crop. It is generally 
 supposed that rice is only success- 
 fully grown on low lands which 
 adjoin tide water, and can be over- 
 flowed at certain different stages of 
 growth. It is true that the great 
 bulk of the crop is grown in this- 
 way, but inland rice, or rice grown 
 inland when climate permits, has. 
 long been cultivated in the South, 
 and of late years it has become one- 
 of the staple crops in Louisiana. A 
 low, moist soil has generally been 
 planted ; overflowing is not needed,, 
 but on any good land it is success- 
 fully cultivated. It-has needed only 
 introduction of rice-cleaning ma- 
 chinery to make its cultivation uni- 
 versal in Florida. Quite recently 
 a company of practical business men has been formed, who are now putting up exten- 
 sive works, which will be able to receive and prepare all that may be raised. We look 
 upon rice as one of our great future staples, which will swell our exports hereafter. 
 Maturing earlier than in other States, Florida rice (new) has the advantage. 
 
 WHEAT, RYE, OATS. 
 
 Wheat in the northern section of the State is grown to some extent, but is not 
 generally raised as a regular crop. Rye, oats and buckwheat do well, yielding under 
 proper culture fully as well as at the North. Oats and rye are mostly sown early in the 
 fall, affording a good winter pasturage; mature in early spring, and are not threshed,, 
 being cured and fed to stock in the straw. 
 
 TOBACCO. 
 
 Tobacco will grow anywhere in the State. A superior quality of Cuba tobacco,, 
 from imported seed, is mostly grown in Gadsden and adjoining counties, and 
 
 A Tampa Scene in January. 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 31 
 
 fully equals the best imported. Before the war it was extensively and profitably culti- 
 vated, and mostly sold to Germany, agents visiting the State to purchase. It requires 
 careful attention, will yield from 500 to 700 pounds to the acre, and sells for from 20 to 
 30 cents per pound. Latterly there is an increasing home and State demand by cigar 
 manufacturers, and the area of cultivation is extending. 
 
 THE CITRUS FAMILY. 
 
 This includes the orange, lemon, lime, grape fruit, shaddock, citron, and similar 
 fruits; there are several varieties of each, and new varieties are produced from time 
 to time, like other fruits. Under modern culture, superior size, flavor and color are 
 obtained. The general varieties of the orange arc the sour, the sweet, and the bilter- 
 sweet. The sour and bitter-sweet are supposed to be indigenous, growing wild in the 
 forests. The orange, as also all of the same family, can be grown from the seed, graft- 
 ing, budding, and cuttings — this last not as safe as the other ways. All are rapid in 
 growth, annual and abundant bearers, long-lived, easily cultivated, hardy, and not as 
 subject to disease or destruction as most trees. 
 
 Budded, the sweet orange will commence to bear the third year; the seedling in the 
 sixth or seventh year, increasing each succeeding year; at 15 to 20 years averaging at 
 least 1,000 each. The lemon is more prolific than the orange, bearing earlier; the lime 
 still more than the lemon; both, however, are more sensitive to frost. The grape fruit 
 and shaddock are similar in shape to the orange, though larger, and have a sub-acid 
 flavor; they are not grown for extensive sale, yet many persons like the taste. The citron 
 is of two varieties, the ordinary smooth skinned and the ribbed kind; both grow to a 
 large size, the latter being the species of commerce. 
 
 BANANA, PINE APPLE, ETC. 
 
 In Southern Florida, the pine apple and banana are successfully grown; the fiuit 
 is of a finer quality, and larger size, than most imported from abroad. The banana 
 plant is simply planted and let alone, maturing its fruit in from fifteen to eighteen 
 mouths; shedding its large leaves, it dies down, and sends up suckers at its base, a 
 si Dgle one of which perpetuates the old stock. The others may be replanted in hew 
 places. Raw or cooked, as an article of food it is very nutritious, and most people 
 esteem its taste and flavor. No fruit is more healthy. 
 
 The pine apple is planted from the suckers or shoots of the matured fruit and 
 main stock ; it is planted at about same distance and cultivated as corn. The guava, of 
 which there are several varieties in size, color and taste, is a rapid grower and an 
 abundant bearer. It fruits in two years from seed, is delicious as a table fruit when 
 ripe, and makes a superior marmalad", jelly and preserves. The sappodillo, pawpaw. 
 sugar-apple, tamarind, date, and other similar fruits, do well in South Florida. The 
 cocoa, especially, does well on the Gulf coast and Keys, producing extra-sized fruit. 
 
 PECAN. 
 
 This tree is valuable as a forest tree for its lumber, and profitable for its fruit. It 
 is now being extensively planted, requiring only the ordinary care of indigenous 
 trees. The cost is trifling. It bears in about ten years from the seed, growing straight, 
 tall and graceful. It need not occupy laud used for cultivation. Some of our people 
 have set the pecan out so as to make a permanent boundary line of their land. 
 
 ALMOND. 
 This has been grown in some gardens. Being of the same nature as peach, it will 
 do well, and will probably be added in the future to our staple products. 
 
32 
 
 Semi - Tropical Florida ; 
 
 PERSIMMON. 
 
 The persimmon is found wild in every section of the State. The fruit, at least to 
 the natives, is agreeable to the taste, and, ripe or dry, is used largely for the table and 
 for home-made beer. Some Japan varieties are now being introduced, which are said 
 to be of very large size, and seedless. The Japanese esteem the persimmon as their 
 most valuable fruit. 
 
 JAPAN PLUM. 
 
 The Japan plum has long been known and grown here as an ornamental tree. It 
 rivals the horse-chestnut, which it resembles in size and leaf. The fruit is pear-shaped, 
 and grows in clusters ; it is a beautiful creamy white, and has a peculiarly grateful 
 and cool, sub-acid taste. 
 
 POMEGRANATE. 
 
 Pomegranates are of two kinds — the sweet 
 and sour. The bush is large, graceful in foli- 
 age, and beautiful in pendant crimson flowers 
 and fruit. As an ornamental tree it is one of 
 the best. The fleshy covering of the seed is 
 a beautiful pink, and has a pleasant sub-acid 
 taste, in flavor not unlike the red currant. 
 The rind is bitter, and often used medicinally; 
 also for domestic coloring and ink. 
 
 APPLE, PEAR, QUINCE. 
 
 Apples are of the early varieties, ripening 
 in May and June. Pears do well. We have 
 seen some grown here fully equal in size and 
 flavor to the California product. The Quince 
 
 ■attains the size of a standard apple tree; fruit large, but flavor not as pronounced 
 
 . as at the North. 
 
 PEACHES. 
 
 The peach is a sure tree here, bearing in two years from the seed, and early varie- 
 ties of good size and flavor ripening in May, June and July. The apricot and nec- 
 tarine are also safe to cultivate. As yet, no disease has affected the trees, and they 
 retain their vigor and prolific bearing for many years. 
 
 GRAPES. 
 
 All of the American and foreign varieties are easily grown, ripening from June to 
 November. The St. Augustine grape, so-called; is a choice grape foj* eating Or wine. 
 The scuppernong in all its varieties is cultivated largely, being a rapid grower, an 
 abundant bearer, long-lived, and needing but little pruning or care. It is found most 
 profitable as a table grape or for wine. Black Hamburg and California Mission are 
 also among our best growers. 
 
 OLITE. 
 
 With the exception of a few trees, grown for ornament,, this most valuable tree, the 
 -olive, has not been cultivated in this State. That it will succeed well here, is evident 
 from the specimens now growing. Eecently, attention has been directed to its cultiw- 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 
 
 'S3 
 
 tion, and it will become widely planted. It commences to bear at about 10 years from 
 the seed, increasing yearly to the age of 30 years, bearing annually. They are very 
 longdived, some trees in Europe are known to be 800 years old, and show no signs of 
 decay. The fruit and oil are valuable as food and of commercial importance. 
 
 PLUMS. 
 
 Plums are found growing wild all over the State, many of good size and flavor; 
 where cultivated are much improved. The black cherry is also found wild, but the 
 tame, or cultivated cherry, does not seem to succeed, though we see no reason why it 
 -should not, when fruits of similar habit grow well. 
 
 A View of Pensacola Bay in the Winter. 
 
 BERRIES. 
 
 The low creeping blackberry, or dewberry, abounds in old fields and road-sides, and 
 ripens in April. The high bush, also found in same localities, ripens in June and July, 
 The huckleberry about the same time. All bear well, and can be had for the picking. 
 The improved kinds do well where tried. 
 
 STRAWBERRIES. 
 
 This queen of small fruits nowhere in the world finds a better location for culture; 
 plants put out in September fruit often in January, frequently in February, and may 
 be counted in full bearing and ripening in March and April. The growers about 
 Jacksonville and up the St. Johns river are many, and shipments have been made 
 largely and profitably. In size, color, bouquet and taste they are superior to most, 
 ■equal to the best, and surpassed by none; the best varieties only are grown. The 
 
 3 
 
34 Semi - Tropical Florida ; 
 
 cultivators pick carefully, select and pack honestly ; and Florida strawberries, like 
 Florida oranges, have earned a name. By using refrigerators the fruit reaches New 
 York and the Northern cities fresh and cool, only about four days from picking. Being 
 always in advance of any other locality by some weeks, the first shipments bring large 
 prices, and the demand keeps pace with the supply. 
 
 PEA-NUTS. 
 
 This crop, from being an imported article, has of late years become a very large 
 one for export in several of the Southern States. Florida-grown pea-nuts rank with the 
 best in quantity and quality of production. They are largely used on the farm as food 
 for swine. "When this is done and the crop ripe, " piggy " feeds himself at will. Most 
 any soil is suitable for a root crop, and will produce liberally. Cultivation is simple and 
 cheap. 
 
 INDIGO, CASTOR BEAN, AND SILK. 
 
 The indigo plant is indigenous in Florida ; during the English occupation it was 
 extensively cultivated, manufactured, and exported ; now it is occasionally made for 
 domestic use. The castor bean here attains the size of a tree often 30 feet high, grows 
 rapidly, and bears largely; now only used for home purposes. Silk some years 
 ago attracted a good deal of attention, but is now only occasionally produced as a 
 pastime. The different species of mulberry grow here to perfection from root, cutting, 
 or graft ; in leaf from March to October. In time, no doubt, the business will become 
 a regular industry. 
 
 MELONS. 
 
 The Northern man who has only seen the prize melon, pumpkin, squash, and 
 other fruits of similar kind, is astounded at the size of Florida growth. It is no rare 
 thing to see water melons as large as a nail keg, weighing 70 pounds, muskmelons 20 
 to 30 pounds, and , pumpkins and squashes will often weigh 100 pounds. A water- 
 melon which does not weigh, at the least, 25 pounds, is considered hardly saleable ; 
 30 to 35 pounds is about the average of the water melon brought to market. Those 
 raised are of the best known varieties, and here the flavor seems more pleasant, and 
 the flesh more crisp and solid than elsewhere. The raising of them is not a matter of 
 much care ; they are mostly found in the corn patch, where they grow unseen and un- 
 cared for. Except where raised for shipment North, in recent years, they are grown 
 by truckmen, who ship by the car-load North and West, the season for sending generally 
 commencing the last of May and continuing until August. Muskmelons also are of 
 large size, and delicious cantaloupes are raised easily; indeed, vines of all kinds 
 succeed well, the long, warm season favoring rapid growth. 
 
 SWEET POTATOES. 
 
 This crop, as an article of food, is as universal in all Southern households as rice is 
 to the Chinese, macaroni to the Italian, or the Irish potatoe to the Irishman. White or 
 black, no family is so poor but what has a potatoe patch. It yields all the way from 
 100 to 400 bushels to the acre, according to soil, cultivation and season ; is grown from 
 root, drawer, and slips; planted from June to August, and maturing from July to 
 November. It is of easy cultivation, and may be dug and safely banked in field and 
 yard, or housed. It is eaten raw or cooked, and the old-time cook can make most 
 appetizing dishes of it. There are many varieties planted, good and indifferent, and 
 there is no excuse for not raising the best. 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 
 
 35 
 
 SISAL HEMP, RAMIE, JUTE. 
 
 All of the fibrous plants grown in warm latitudes are found here, most of them 
 indigenous. Some years ago the sisal hemp was largely grown, but the Indian war 
 broke up the country where it was planted, and the cultivation has not been resumed. 
 In the many new industries awaiting development, these superior fibrous plants will 
 become prominent. 
 
 ARROWROOT, CASSAVA, COMPTIE. 
 
 All these are indigenous, and, when cultivated, produce astonishingly. Florida 
 arrowroot grades in quality and price with the best Bermuda Cassava, from which 
 starch and tapioca are made. It attains great size. Comptie, the bread-root of the 
 Indians, grows without any cultivation. All of the above have only been grown for 
 domestic use for starch and for food, and have limited sale in this and adjoining States. 
 The attention of Northern starch manufacturers has lately been drawn to them, and 
 Governor Sinclair, of New Hampshire, having tested the roots by actual experiments, 
 has introduced a pioneer factory. As either and all of these roots have from two to 
 four times the per centage of starch contained in the Irish potato, and can be grown 
 at same price, and manufactured all the year, we may look for a large business in this 
 industry. 
 
 
38 
 
 Semi - Tropical Florida; 
 
 NORTHERN ENERGY- HOW AFFECTED. 
 
 NE subject — that of the effect of our climate on 
 ^Northern energy — at first we thought we would not 
 dilate upon; but, on reflection, we- will briefly 
 allude to it. Most Northern people believe that 
 our climate is oppressively warm in summer, 
 and also imagine that white persons can not 
 labor, either physically or mentally — or, at 
 least, do not ; that the Southron has but little 
 industry or energy, and that the Northern 
 immigrant soon loses his former ambition and 
 activity. Now, we have given the temperature 
 of the seasons, which are conclusive as to the 
 moderate heat, and we can confidently refer to the 
 native-born citizens, and the earlier and later im- 
 migrants, as to continued, sustained labor in the 
 field, work-shop, store, study, and office. We, it is true, have a class of indolent, shift- 
 less people here, as elsewhere, who live and subsist easier than they can in the North, 
 as the soil produces easily, and the climate is favorable. But the person who has a 
 desire to acquire a home and competence can work here in more comfort, and employ 
 more days profitably, than he can anywhere else. Even in the days of slavery the plan- 
 ter, as a general rule, was a most industrious person. Of necessity he had to rise early, 
 visit his fields of hundreds of acres, and superintend the laborers ; the professional man, 
 whether medical, legal or clerical, made journeys of miles, more or less, in the sparsely 
 settled country, in his calls. Surely the Southern men have not shown want of energy, 
 either in developing the country agriculturally or intellectually. In the history of the 
 United States, from the earliest colonies, the South has not been wanting in all that has 
 given our country a name and fame at home and abroad. Now, at least, labor is not 
 only feasible but honorable. 
 
 HOW TO GET TO FLORIDA. 
 
 The annual travel for health, recreation and immigration from the North, from the 
 West and from the East, including the most distant points on the Pacific and the Do- 
 minion of Canada, has become of such importance that various through and combina- 
 tion routes are open both from the West and the East, which enable the immigrant to 
 reach Florida on the west, middle, southern and eastern sides, at low rates. Some 
 of these routes and tariff of fares will be found in our advertising pages. This through 
 system extends also to Europe, enabling the immigrant to know the exact cost of 
 reaching Florida from the principal cities and ports of Europe. Probably, new routes 
 will be arranged in addition to those now opened. 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 
 
 37 
 
 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 
 
 Florida possesses unusual facilities for commerce, both foreign and domestic. On the 
 Atlantic side there is the safe, capacious, deep harbor of Fernandina, which is connected 
 by water far into the interior of Georgia by the St. Marys river, navigable for the 
 largest vessels ; also the Nassau harbor and river ; and by an inland passage with the 
 St. Johns river, navigable by large-sized vessels for 200 miles and by smaller vessels 
 for over 500 miles, with its tributaries. The harbor at the mouth of the St. Johns river 
 is safe and large, and has sufficient depth of water for ordinary sea-going craft. St. 
 
 Augustine has a safe harbor 
 for moderate-sized vessels and 
 usual ocean steamers; and 
 Smyrna and Jupiter inlet 
 connect with Indian and 
 Halifax rivers, which run for 
 long distances. Farther 
 south are smaller ports, and 
 the Turtle harbor, deep, large, 
 and safe. The terminus of 
 the Great Southern Railroad, 
 proposed to be built at the ex- 
 treme southern point of 
 Florida, is Key West, one of 
 the best, if not the best port 
 in North America, where the 
 largest vessels find easy and 
 safe approach at all times, 
 and where the shipping of 
 the world could have ample 
 space. On the Gulf there is 
 Tampa, with its bay running 
 30 miles inland, Charlotte 
 harbor, Bayport, Cedar Keys, 
 St. Marks, Appalachicola, St. 
 Andrews and many interme- 
 diate harbors, the outlets of 
 bays and rivers running far 
 into the interior. To the ex- 
 treme west we have the mag- 
 nificent harbor of Pensacola, land-locked, large, and deep; the largest vessels of the 
 world can easily float to the city docks. Here the United States have a large navy-yard 
 and floating dry dock, Fort Pickens and Fort McCrea, both first-class in building and 
 equipment. Pensacola was early settled by the Spanish ; it is a beautiful city, and a 
 place of extensive commerce. It is connected with the North by railroads, and with 
 Gulf ports by steamers and vessels. Its principal business now is the manufacture, 
 getting out and shipping of lumber to foreign ports. The immediate vicinity of Pensa- 
 cola is heavily timbered, and numerous bayous, bays and rivers afford easy and cheap 
 access to the lumber near and far; over sixty millions feet is the present capacity of the 
 mills, and it will take years to exhaust the near supply. Foreign ships of large ton- 
 
 Cabbage Palmetto Hammocks — South Florida. 
 
38 
 
 Semi - Tropical Florida; 
 
 nage, from European ports, may be seen by the hundreds loading in the bay and at the 
 wharves. This past season, cotton, coal, petroleum and Western produce have been 
 added to her exports, and it must soon become one of the largest exporting points for 
 the South and West. Aside from safety, easy approach, depth of water, and being 
 unaffected by storms, Florida ports are never affected by ice, which is a serious draw- 
 back to all ports north of Delaware. 
 
 PORT OF FERNANDINA. 
 
 Entrances and Clearances (Foreign), from May, 1878, to May, 1879. 
 
 Number of American vessels entered, 21; tonnage, 
 
 Foreign " " 12 
 
 " American " cleared, 28 
 
 " Foreign " " 15 
 
 COASTWISE. 
 
 Number of vessels entered, 190; tonnage, 
 " " cleared, 182; 
 
 Cotton, pounds, 
 Cotton Seed, pounds, - 
 Rosin, barrels, 
 Turpentine, gallons, - 
 Sawed Lumber, feet, 
 Hewed " " 
 
 136,217 
 
 1,042,490 
 
 13,359 
 
 2,232,643 
 
 9,764,000 
 
 24,162 
 
 value. 
 
 4,830 
 6,870 
 7,031 
 8,339 
 
 123,641 
 119,543 
 
 Statement of Products exported from Port of Fernandina, Florida, Jan., 1S78, to 
 
 May, 1879. 
 
 Total value, 
 
 $ 29,864 
 
 96,570 
 
 29,099 
 
 79,963 
 
 135,655 
 
 6,056 
 
 $377,207 
 
 PORT OF ST. MARYS. 
 
 Entrances and Clearances, from May 1, 1878, to May 1, 1879. 
 
 Number of foreign vessels entered, 50; tonnage, --.... 67,400 
 
 " " " cleared, 52; " ---.._ 18,115 
 
 COASTWISE. 
 
 Number of vessels entered, 46; tonnage, --.--.-_ 14340 
 
 " cleared, 44; " - - - - . . - . . 13,760 
 
 Exports from January, 1878, to May, 1879. 
 
 Lumber, feet, .... 20,641,000 ; value, - - - ■ . . $258,000 
 
 Rosin, barrels, - 161,129; " - - - 33,870 
 
 Turpentine, barrels, - - - 1,725 ; " - - ... . 25,875 
 
 Total value, ----.--..•... $317,745 
 
 Note.— Properly, the arrivals and clearances, and exports of the port of St. Marys, 
 should be added to and be a part of the Fernandina tables, as both places are situated 
 in the same harbor and are reached by the same common entrance. 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 
 
 39 
 
 PORT OF JACKSONVILLE. 
 
 Exports and Imports by Sea. 
 Lumber and Shingles, domestic, feet, 
 
 foreign, 
 
 Value at Jacksonville, 
 Foreign exports, 
 
 Number of steamers, arrived, 100 
 
 " vessels " 190 
 
 " (foreign) " 30 
 
 Arrivals and Clearances. 
 tonnage, 
 
 Total arrivals, 
 Number of steamers 
 
 326 
 
 cleared, 109 
 vessels " 198 
 
 " (foreign) ' " 41 
 
 Total clearances, 
 
 348 
 
 Total tonnage, 
 tonnage, 
 
 Total tonnage, 
 
 000,000 
 
 000,000 
 
 325,000 
 
 22,000 
 
 92,605 
 40,162 
 14,375 
 
 147,112 
 
 86,676 
 47,234 
 12,766 
 
 146,676 
 
 The above items were obtained from the Collector's office, but the records were not 
 kept at the office previous to the term of the present collector, and are not full. As the 
 records of the commerce of Jacksonville are only attainable by application to 
 individuals and officers Of corporations, time has not permitted us to present even an 
 approximate estimate of its extent. In a future edition we trust that such information will 
 be attainable. That it is large, is evident from the annual increase of steamship and 
 steamboat lines, and the regular as well as transient vessels which find constant and 
 profitable business in freight and travel. 
 
40 Semi - Tropical Florida; 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 The public school system of the State we have in former pages noticed, and we now 
 add more detailed information. The schools have increased nearly one-half in num- 
 bers, longer school terms are held, with increased enrollment and attendance, and more 
 and better qualified and efficient teachers employed. Many counties have increased 
 their appropriation for schools. All this is evidence of zeal in officers, and appreciation 
 of the value of education on the part of the people. From the State Superintendent's- 
 Report we extract the following: 
 
 Schools, 992; children of school age, 72,985; pupils enrolled, 36,964; attendance,, 
 36,961 ; cost per pupil per year, 85 cts. to $7.99. 
 
 The school fund receivers annually from the Peabody Fund, which is mostly appro* 
 priated to aiding schools of high grade and scholarship. High schools are established 
 in the larger cities, and graded schools where the number of pupils warrant it. Uni- 
 form and permanent text-books are being introduced, and improvements suggested by 
 experience are adopted. Beside the common schools, the State years ago established 
 two State seminaries — one at Gainesville in East Florida, the other at Tallahassee, in 
 Middle Florida. The United States donated 85,714 acres of land to these seminaries. 
 About one-half has been sold, from which a fund of $98,000 has been realized, and the 
 income from it is available for these institutions. The lands donated to Florida by the 
 United States for an Agricultural College have been sold, and the funds invested, and 
 are accumulating. A small portion has been expended in an unwise attempt to estab- 
 lish a College of Agriculture. When a judicious and well-considered plan shall be 
 adopted, the State will inaugurate a beneficent work. Besides the above free schools 
 there are first-class private schools in the cities, towns and country, where pupils are 
 taught by first-class teachers. Everything looks favorable for continued progress and 
 improvement in education in the State. The Freedman, as a general thing, is availing 
 himself of educational advantages, which is a hopeful sign of intelligence in that race 
 in future. The large class of hitherto uneducated white persons is also feeling a deep 
 interest in schools. No tax is more willingly or cheerfully paid than the school tax. 
 
 CHURCHES 
 
 PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL. 
 
 Parishes and Missions, --■'"; " ---------- - ST 
 
 Clergy, ----- 17 
 
 Families, ..----...-..... 900« 
 
 Communicants, ...... -^ ...... . 1,600 
 
 Sunday School Teachers, -*---'-..... 173: 
 
 " " Scholars/ ........... 1,504 
 
 Contributions, 1878, .-----...... $18,217.93 
 
 This church is having a steady and healthy growth in this State. Most of the build- 
 ings have been built since 1865, and are of the Gothic style. Recently, active mission- 
 ary measures have been inaugurated. 
 
Its Climate. Soil and Productions. 
 
 41 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN. 
 
 The Presbyterian denomination was quite large and increasing previous to the war, 
 but the changes of that period, as with other churches, seriously affected it, both in 
 numbers and property. Many of the most active had removed ; all were more or less 
 impoverished. Since the war, though slowly, yet surely this church is recovering and 
 increasing. 
 
 There are some 30 church buildings, 15 ministers, and 1,000 communicants; then- 
 are two Presbyteries in the State. 
 
 Ouange Grove. 
 
 METHODIST EPISCOPAL. 
 
 The Methodist denomination in Florida, as in most new and sparsely settled countries,, 
 has the same zealous activity and unselfish preachers, " going about doing good." It 
 is one of the largest in numbers and character. Its statistics for 1878 are as follows : 
 
 Preachers, ..--.. - 107 
 
 Members, 9,582 
 
 Church Property, - $108,715 
 
 The above has reference only to the Methodist Episcopal Church (South), white.. 
 There are some of the churches connected with the Methodist Episcopal Church 
 (North) white, and also there is the African Methodist Episcopal Church, which in 
 numbers far exceed all combined, as the colored population are almost without, 
 exception connected with the Methodist and Baptist churches. 
 
42 Semi - Tropical Florida ; 
 
 MASONRY IN FLORIDA. 
 
 We liave obtained from Grand Secretary D. C. Dawkins, who is also Inspector 
 ■General (33d D), the following: 
 
 Number of Grand Lodges, - - . 1 
 
 " Councils, - 3 
 
 " Commanderies, ._-_-. 2 
 
 " Lodges of Perfection, - 2 
 
 Lodges, .--...--_--- 83 
 
 ■Members, 2,043 
 
 This, 1879, is the 50th year of the Grand Lodge in Florida. The institution here 
 has always embraced our very best citizens, and extreme care and scrutiny pervades all 
 lodges in accepting candidates; and many a "brother" from distant parts, sojourning 
 here, has had reason to be grateful for sympathy and assistance from brethren here. 
 Lodges are to be found in every county, and are increasing as fast as population 
 advances. Most have buildings of their own in which to hold meetings. 
 
 FLORIDA NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 The following is a list of the Newspapers printed in Florida, with Post Office 
 Address of each : 
 
 •Clear "Water Times, ..........-:. Clear "Water. 
 
 Cedar Keys Journal, ---------- Cedar Keys. 
 
 Daily Florida Union, - Jacksonville. 
 
 Daily Sun and Press, -.--■-'-. Jacksonville. 
 
 Daily Breezej Jacksonville. 
 
 Expositor, Live Oak. 
 
 Fast Florida Banner, - - Ocala. 
 
 Florida Agriculturist, entirely devoted to agricultural interests, - - - De Land. 
 
 Florida Mirror, Fernandina. 
 
 Fernandina Express, Fernandina. 
 
 Florida Citizen, ----- Apopka City. 
 
 Florida Press, - - St. Augustine. 
 
 Floridian Weekly, -.... Tallahassee. 
 
 Gainesville Sun, ...--.. Gainesville. 
 
 Gainesville Times, Gainesville. 
 
 Key West Vidette, Key West. 
 
 Key of the Gulf, Key West. 
 
 Lake City Reporter, - , Lake City. 
 
 Marianna Courier, - Marianna. 
 
 Madison Recorder, Madison. 
 
 Monticello Constitution, - - - - Monticello. 
 
 Mandarin Advertiser, Mandarin. 
 
 New Smyrna Star, - New Smyrna. 
 
 Orlando Reporter, ------------ Orlando. 
 
 Patriot, Tallahassee. 
 
 Pensacola Gazette, Pensacola. 
 
 Pensacola Advance, - Pensacola. 
 
 Palatka Herald, ----- Palatka. 
 
 Quincy Herald, Quincy. 
 
 Surupter County Advance, Leesburg. 
 
 Standard, - - Milton. 
 
 Sunland Tribune, - Tampa. 
 
 St. Johns Weekly, St. Augustine. 
 
 South Florida Journal, ----- Sanford. 
 
 Volusia County News, - Enterprise. 
 
 Tampa Guardian, - Tampa. 
 
 The Boys Delight, ...'-- Hawkinsville. 
 
Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 Being limited both as to time and space, we have been able only briefly to notice 
 the important salient points of the State, and many features have been passed over; for 
 instance, in most of the counties there are streams and lakes which afford ample and 
 cheap water-power for mills and manufactories. In some counties, especially the 
 middle and western, they are frequent and constant, and conveniently distributed. 
 Most of the Spanish grants were made on condition that mills should be erected, and, 
 as the maps show, they are situated in most sections. Again, we would have desired 
 to take each county separately, and give a detailed description of boundaries, soil, 
 
 timber, topography, popu- 
 lation, situation and adap- 
 tability for special and 
 general productions. We 
 should like to have given 
 a description of the vast 
 cattle ranges of South 
 Florida, where thousands 
 of stock range and feed at 
 will through the whole 
 year, with no care but the 
 annual "branding," and 
 herding and driving when 
 to be sold for export. 
 Then there are the exten- 
 sive fishing grounds of 
 over twelve hundred miles 
 of coast and as many more 
 miles of sounds, bays and 
 rivers, which abound in 
 the best species of fish, 
 and shell-fish of a superior 
 quality, found nowhere 
 else. The red fish (snap- 
 per), bass, trout, mullet, 
 pompino, shad, Spanish 
 mackerel, the green turtle, 
 oysters, clams and shrimp, as yet are abundant. Fresh-water fish, such as trout, bass, 
 sheephead, bream, etc., are found in every stream and lake and pond. Wild game, 
 ducks, turkies, deer and bear roam the woods and plain ; the tortoise family frequent 
 all places; the possum and rabbit are met with in all directions; birds of plumage and 
 song, the mocking bird, and pink curlew, are common; the robbin, clove and quail 
 afford food and sport. We should have desired to note the heavy timbered Gulf coun- 
 ties and the fine farming lands of West Florida, originally settled and now mostly 
 occupied by intelligent, industrious Scotch; the fine rolling fertile lands of Middle 
 Florida, where, before the war, the hospitable, wealthy old-time planter welcomed all ; 
 the rich hammock and pine lands of Aluchua and adjoining counties, which were 
 sought by the sugar and cotton planter. The second tier of counties from the ocean 
 contains much first-class pine and hammock, and was settled by small farmers. The 
 counties bordering the St. Johns are heavily timbered, with occasional hammocks 
 
 Geeen Cove Springs. 
 
44 Semi- Tropical Florida; its Climate, Soil, etc. 
 
 and swamps ; they were originally settled by the earlier Spanish, French and English 
 colonists, later, by immigration from adjoining Southern States, and still later, by both. 
 Northern and Southern immigrants, whose main purpose is cultivation of fruit. 
 
 We hope, in the subsequent publications from this Bureau, to give complete and full' 
 information of each and all sections of the State, and, with our present arrangements 
 for personal inquiry, and reliable and. intelligent agents and correspondents, to obtain 
 and give such detailed information that we can present a comprehensive exhibit which 
 will enable those from abroad, as well as at home, to familiarize themselves withj 
 Florida. 
 
 THE YELLOW FEVER. 
 
 Our Commissioner .is in receipt of many letters from the North making inquiries 
 as to the above much-dreaded disease. There seems to be a prevalent idea that yellow 
 fever is not only a frequent but widely spread disease over the whole South. Now, 
 while we frankly say that this fearful epidemic has at long intervals raged more or less 
 at the South, yet in Florida there have been but few places where it has been an epi- 
 demic, and with the exception of Jacksonville, Gainesville and Callahan, always at 
 Gulf and Atlantic ports, in every instance brought by vessels, name and time known. 
 In Jacksonville, in 1857, it was not very fatal ; in 1877, out of many cases, but few were 
 yellow fever, and of those but a small per cent, resulted in death. The sanitary condi- 
 tion of these places was not good,. and afforded conditions favorable to its development. 
 Jacksonville is now introducing an extensive system of waterworks, sewerage, and 
 other sanitary improvements, which, when completed, will, with its natural topographi- 
 cal features, insure immunity from all malarial or typhoid diseases. In 1877, when, 
 the disease prevailed to some degree in Callahan — a station some twenty miles from 
 Fernandina — taken there by refugees from Fernandina, and also at Gainesville, on line 
 of same road, fifty miles distant from Cedar Keys, on the Gulf. With the exception of 
 the above two places, and of that year, no yellow fever has ever been known in any 
 inland town or interior place in -the State. In fact, on every occasion when disease has 
 prevailed at the ocean and gulf ports, citizens have removed to points in the interior. 
 Inland towns have freely invited and welcomed them from the infected districts. In 
 no place so resorted to has yellow fever occurred — a fact which should assure all that 
 at points in the interior, whether near or distant from infected places, even though in 
 connection by railroad, danger is not to be apprehended. The recent quarantine regu- 
 lations, national, State and municipal, being rigid, and separated from any party favor 
 or patronage, will be carried out carefully ; and this, with the increased attention, both 
 private and public, to domestic and public sanitary measures, will no doubt prevent the. 
 importation and spread of disease. 
 
 ' Send for new edition of this pamphlet, to be issued January 1, 1880. 
 HSf" For Pamphlets {with Map of State), giving full information regarding Florida^ 
 its climate, soil, productions, prices of lands, terms of sale, etc., etc., address SETS 
 FRENCH, Commissioner, etc., No. 3 Ross Block, Jacksonville, Fla. 
 
THROUGH RATES OF PASSAGE 
 
 FROM SOME 
 
 PRIUOIPAL POINTS 
 
 ■TO 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, FLA. 
 
 MAY 31st, 1879. 
 
 -PEOM- 
 
 FIKST CLASS. 
 Limited. 
 
 New York City $33.40 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 31.90 
 
 Baltimore, Md 30.40 
 
 Washington, D. 0. - 29.90 
 
 Boston, all Rail 40 .1 5 
 
 Boston, Sound, from New York 36 . 65 
 
 Richmond, Va 29.40 
 
 Chicago, 111 39.1 
 
 Cleveland, O.. 41.40 
 
 Detroit, Mich 42.35 
 
 Toledo, 40.50 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 36.00 
 
 Cincinnati, O. 34.60 
 
 Columbus, 38.20 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind 34 . 60 
 
 Louisville, Ky 30.60 
 
 Evansville, Ind 30.25 
 
 Cairo,Ill 31.10 
 
 Terre Haute, Ind 33 . 35 
 
 Nashville, Tenn 25.00 
 
 Memphis, Tenn 27.00 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 54.35 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis. . .. 42 .1 
 
 New Orleans, La 28.20 
 
 Mobile, Ala 2 7.45 
 
 Montgomery, Ala. 1 8 .45 
 
 Vicksburg, Miss 35 .30 
 
 Selma, Ala 20.55 
 
 EMIGRANT. 
 
 $31.85 
 
 33.00 
 33.65 
 32.45 
 29.20 
 28.10 
 31.10 
 28.10 
 24.85 
 24.60 
 25.35 
 27.35 
 20.20 
 21.85 
 47.10 
 34.85 
 
MALLORY'S LINE 
 
 To and. iFVom. F'lorid.a- 
 
 Only Steamships to and from Jacksonville! 
 
 Sailing every Friday at 3 P. M., from Pier No. 20, East 
 River, New York. 
 
 Sailing every Thursday from Jacksonville. 
 
 Connections made at Jacksonville -with all 
 Boats for points on the St. Johns and Ockla- 
 waha rivers, and by the Florida Central R. R.» 
 
 WITH ALL INTERIOR POINTS. 
 
 Tills toeing tne only Line running 
 
 m 
 
 JACKSONVILLE W1TH0 
 
 nnnm m 
 
 mm 
 
 u 
 
 Offers superior advantages to Passengers and shippers of Freight. 
 
 To persons presenting orders of the Commissioner of Im- 
 migration of Florida, we will furnish 
 
 First-class Passenger Tickets to Jacksonville for - 
 STEERAGE, - ------ - 
 
 Liberal Reduction made on Freight. 
 
 $20 
 $10 
 
 Full Information furnished upon application to 
 
 C. H. MALLOBY & CO., Agents, P. McQUAID, 
 
 Pier 20, East River, 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 48 "West Bay Street, 
 JACKSONVILLE, FLA. 
 
C i 
 
 MARK AND SHIP ALL FREIGHT BY THE 
 
 MALLORY LINE/ 
 
 P»IEK 30, E. K. 
 
 O. H. MALLORY & CO., - - AGENTS, 
 
 OFFICE ON THE PIER. 
 
 FREIGHT RATES. 
 
 New York, June 1st, 1879. 
 
 Barrels Flour per bbl. 
 
 Half bbls. Flour 
 
 Bread per bbl. 
 
 Bacon per 100 lbs. 
 
 Beef and Pork per bbl. 
 
 " per % bbl. 
 
 Boots and Shoes, strapped per ft 
 
 Boxes — Blacking, Ink, Mustard, Olives, 
 Prunes, Canned Milk, Pepper, Starch, 
 Soda, Candy, Crackers, Cordials, Mac- 
 
 caroni each 
 
 Half boxes each 
 
 Brooms and Brushes per doz. 
 
 Butter and Cheese per 100 lbs. 
 
 Candles, 40 lb. boxes each 
 
 Cider and Vinegar per bbl 
 
 Coffee per 100 lbs. 
 
 Codfish per 100 lbs 
 
 Canned Meats and Vegetables per box 
 
 Drugs and Medicines per ft, 
 
 Dried Fruits per 100 lbs. 
 
 Eggs,0. R per bbl. 
 
 Fish per bbl. 
 
 ." per V2 bbl. 
 
 Furniture and Cabinet Ware per ft. 
 
 Grain, Wheat & Corn,good bags only, per bu. 
 
 Groceries, not otherwise specified per ft. 
 
 Hams per 100 lbs. 
 
 Hardware per 100 lbs. 
 
 Hats and Caps, strapped per ft. 
 
 Lard per 100 lbs. 
 
 Liquors, (Foreign) per gall. 
 
 Liquors, (Domestic) per gall. 
 
 Leather per 100 lbs. 
 
 Molasses per gall. 
 
 Meas't Goods, not specified per ft. 
 
 Nails per 100 lbs. or per keg 
 
 Oats per bush" 
 
 Oil, in casks or barrels per gall. 
 
 Paints and Putty per 100 lbs. 
 
 Pepper and Spices per bag 
 
 Pickles per bbl. 
 
 " per 5 gall, keg 
 
 Potatoes per bbl. 
 
 Saddlery and Harness per ft. 
 
 Shot, in kegs per 100 lbs. 
 
 Shovels, Spades, Hoes, Forks and Rakes, 
 in bundles per % doz. 
 
 Soap, (Common) per 100 lbs. 
 
 Stoves, O. R per ft. 
 
 Sugar, in hhds. or bbls per 100 lbs. 
 
 Smoked Meats per 100 lbs. 
 
 Tea per che6t 
 
 " per 14 chest 
 
 Tobacco , per 100 lbs. 
 
 Vegetables per bbl. 
 
 Wines and Liquors per box 
 
 Wooden and Tin Ware per ft. 
 
 « a 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 80 
 18 
 45 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 12 
 21 
 36 
 21 
 45 
 18 
 18 
 21 
 7'., 
 27 
 54 
 42 
 24 
 
 t l A 
 
 6 
 
 7'/ 2 
 18 
 18 
 
 TA 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 iy* 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 18 
 30 
 54 
 18 
 30 
 
 V/ t 
 18 
 
 21 
 18 
 
 l l A 
 18 
 18 
 54 
 30 
 24 
 30 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 sou. 
 
 73 03 *- 
 
 l*o 
 
 2 ijT 
 
 '-S ct s» 
 
 . tea 
 Sao 
 
 9Q." IS 
 
 24 
 15 
 
 24 
 42 
 24 
 54 
 21 
 24 
 21 
 9 
 30 
 
 co 
 
 45 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 10 
 9 
 
 24 
 24 
 
 9 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 24 
 36 
 60 
 21 
 30 
 
 9 
 2 4 
 
 21 
 24 
 
 9 
 24 
 24 
 BO 
 36 
 30 
 36 
 30 
 
 7V 
 
 36 
 24 
 86 
 57 
 36 
 93 
 36 
 36 
 86 
 
 15 
 
 42 
 93 
 
 75 
 
 45 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 36 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 51 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 36 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 54 
 
 1.05 
 
 30 
 
 54 
 
 15 
 
 36 
 
 57 
 36 
 14 
 
 36 
 86 
 
 B4 
 
 54 
 
 42 
 54 
 45 
 12 
 
 > s 
 
 33 
 
 24 
 3!) 
 48 
 83 
 84 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 12 
 45 
 75 
 
 69 
 
 45 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 38 
 
 33 
 
 12 
 
 45 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 33 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 
 48 
 
 90 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 12 
 33 
 
 39 
 33 
 19 
 
 33 
 33 
 
 75 
 
 45 
 
 39 
 
 51 
 45 
 18 
 
 REGULAR 
 
 PASSAGE RATES 
 
 FIRST CLASS. 
 
 From NEW YORK to 
 
 Archer $26 . 30' 
 
 Aucilla 28.50 
 
 Beecher 25. Oft 
 
 Beresford 27.00 
 
 Blue Springs 27.00 
 
 Bronson 26.75 
 
 Brunswick 20.00 
 
 Cedar Keys 28.40 
 
 Chattahoochee 32.50 
 
 Cabbage Bluff 27.00 
 
 Drayton Island 26.00 
 
 Enterprise 28.00 
 
 Federal Point 25.00 
 
 Fernandina 20.00 
 
 Gainesville 25 50' 
 
 Green Cove Springs 24.00 
 
 Georgetown 26.00 
 
 Hiberuia 24.00 
 
 Hawkiusville 27.00 
 
 Jacksonville 23.00 
 
 Lake City 25.00 
 
 Live Oak 26.25 
 
 Lloyds 29.25 
 
 Madison 27.50 
 
 Magnolia 24.00 
 
 Mandarin 24.00 
 
 Monticello 29.25 
 
 Mount Royal 26.00 
 
 Mellouville 28.00 
 
 Orange Bluff 27.00 
 
 Orange Mills 25.00 
 
 Picolata 25.00 
 
 Palatka 24.00 
 
 Port Royal 20.00 
 
 Quincy 31 .50 
 
 Rosewood 27 90 
 
 San Mateo 25.00 
 
 Sanford 28.00 
 
 Saint Mark 31.25 
 
 Saint Augustine 26.00 
 
 Silver Springs 31 .00 
 
 Stark 24.30 
 
 Tallahassee 30.25 
 
 Tokoi 25.00 
 
 Volusia 27.00 
 
 Waldo S6.S5 
 
 Welaka 25.00- 
 
 Steerage, to Local and Railroad 
 Points, $10 less than Cabin. 
 
 Steerage, to St. Johns River, 
 $11 less than Cabin. 
 
 GOODS TAKEN" IN" BOND. 
 
National Line, 
 
 Comprising Twelve of the Largest Steamers (belonging to one Company) in the Atlantic Passenger Service. 
 
 THE MAGNIFICENT, FULL-POWERED BRITISH IRON SCREW STEAMSHIPS, 
 ARE INTENDED TO SAIL FROM 
 
 LIVERPOOL TO NETW YORK 
 
 Every Wednesday, from QUEENSTOWN the following day, and from 
 
 LQZ7DON TO NEIW YORK 
 
 Flvery Wednesday. From NEW YORK to LIVERPOOL every Saturday, calling at QUEENSTOWN, 
 and NEW YORK to LONDON every Wednesday. 
 
 PASSAGE KATES, WHEN PAID IN GKEtEAT BRITAIN ARE 
 
 SALOON FARES TO NEW YORK, - - f O, f 2 AND I 5 GUINEAS, 
 
 According to the position of State Room, all having same privileges in the Saloon. 
 Beturn Tickets, 24 and 22 Guineas. Children under 12 years. Half Fare. Infants Tree. 
 
 .A Liberal Table supplied for these rates, except Wines and Liquors, which may be obtained on board,— 
 
 Steward's Fee included. 
 Berths may be secured on deposit of £5, the balance to be paid the day before sailing. Each adult is 
 allowed 20 cubic feet for luggage, free to go on board with the Passengers in the Tender on the day 
 of sailing. 
 
 STEERAGE PASSAGE, to or from New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Baltimore, - - £6:0:0. 
 
 Children under 8 years, £3 0s. Infants under 1 year, £1 1$. Being six shillings less than most Lines. 
 Passages can be engaged on deposit of One Pound on each berth. Postoffice Orders or Bank Drafts 
 ■to.be made payable to the undersigned, with particulars of name, age and occupation of each passenger. 
 
 FLORIDA, 
 
 .Passengers booked from all parts of England) Ireland, Scotland and Wales, and the Continent of Europe, 
 
 to JMpw York. Thenee by "Mallory's Line" to Fernandina and Jacksonville, at which ports in 
 
 (Florida direct connection is made with the Florida Central, and Jacksonville, Pensacola 
 
 & Mobile R'ys, and the Atlantic, Gulf & West India Transit Co.'s It. K. to all 
 
 CITIES ANI> TOWSS Ii\ THE STATE OF FLORIDA, thus opening 
 
 up to intending Emigrants the finest Agricultural, Fruit, 
 
 Berry and Stock Raising districts, nowhere 
 
 equaled in America. 
 
 Steerage Passengers, on their arrival at New York, will be landed at the Government Depot, Castle 
 'Garden, which Institution was established to prevent Passengers being imposed upon on their arrival, 
 and where they can buy Tickets for, and receive every information respecting the departure of Trains, 
 .Steamboats, etc. 
 
 STEERAGE BILL OF FARE.— Abundance of provisions supplied, all of the best quality, and 
 which are examined and put on board under the inspection of Her Majesty's Emigration Officers, and 
 .cooked and served out by the Company's servants three times daily. 
 
 BEDDING.— Every Passenger will be provided with a comfortable berth to sleep in, each grown-up 
 :person having a separate berth; the Steerage Passengers will have to provide themselves with beds, bed- 
 ding and towels, as also a knife and fork each, one tablespoon, one teaspoon, one tin plate, and one 
 .drinking can ; which can be purchased for a few shillings in Liverpool, Queenstown or London. 
 
 LUGGAGE.— Ten cubic feet allowed for luggage for Steerage, and twenty feet for Saloon Passengers: 
 over that quantity a charge of is. for each cubic foot will be made. Steerage Passengers must have their 
 .luggage ready to go on board the steamer on the day preceding the day of sailing. 
 
 BERTHING.— Married. couples and their young children are berthed together. Single females are 
 placed in rooms by themselves, under charge of a stewardess. 
 
 All Passengers are liable to be rejected by the captain of the ship, who, upon examination, are found 
 to be lunatic, idiot, deaf, dumb, blind, maimed or infirm, or above the age of 60 years, or widow with a 
 child or children, or any woman without a husband and with a child or children, or who from sickness or 
 disease existing at the time of departure are likely soon to become a public charge. 
 
 All Steerage Passengers embarking at Liverpool must be at the Office of the Company, 23 Water 
 Street, Liverpool, not later than 6 p. m. on the day before the advertised date of sailing, before which 
 time the balance of the passage money must be paid, or the deposit forfeited. Passengers embarking at 
 London to pay balance of passage money to SMITH, SUNDIUS & CO., 33 Gracechurch Street, before 
 embarkation. 
 
 All Steerage Passengers embarking at Queenstown must be at the Office of the Agents (N. & J. 
 CUMMINS & BROS.,) not later than 6 o'clock on the evening of the day before sailing, when the balance 
 ■of the passage money must be paid, or the deposit forfeited. In order to meet the requirements of the 
 Government" Emigration Officer, Contract Tickets will be issued for the day previous to the advertised 
 date of sailing. Dogs not taken. 
 
 AN EXPERIENCED SURGEON IS ATTACHED TO EACH STEAMER. 
 
 For particulars apply to the Local Agent for the National Steamship Company (Limited) in this 
 rtown, or at 
 
 NATIONAL STEAMSHIP COMPANY'S OFFICE, 
 
 23 "Water Street, Liverpool. 
 Or to Hon. SETH FRENCH, Commissioner for the State of Florida, Officeof this Company.. 
 
NATIONAL LINE OF STEAMSHIPS, 
 
 BETWEEN NEW YORK, LIVERPOOL, QUEENSTOWN & LONDON. 
 
 FLEET. 
 
 SPAIN. Capt. B. W. Grace, 4,871 Tons. 
 
 EGYPT, " F. Grogan, 6,089 
 
 ENGLAND, " W.H. Thompson, 4,900 " 
 THE QUEEN, " G. Alltree, 4,471 " 
 
 HELVETIA, " J. W. Rogers, 4,588 " 
 
 ERIN, 
 
 C. II. Andrews, 4,577 
 
 CANADA, 
 
 GREECE, 
 
 FRANCE, 
 
 HOLLAND, 
 
 DEN MIRK, 
 
 ITALY, 
 
 Capt. 
 
 J. Sumner, 
 \V. Pearce, 
 J. T. Bragg, 
 T. P. Hooley, 
 R. P.Williams, 
 D. Simpson, 
 
 4,276 Tons. 
 4,310 " 
 8,676 " 
 8,847 " 
 3,724 » 
 4,341 " 
 
 One of the above magnificent Steamers will sail from the Company's New Pier, No. 39 
 
 North River, every Saturday, for Queenst :>wn and Liverpool, and every Wednesday 
 
 from the same Pier, for London Direct (Victoria Docks). 
 
 The Steamships of this Line are amongst the largest iu the Atlantic service leaving the port of New 
 York. They have heen constructed by the most celebrated builders in Great Britain, and are of great 
 strength and power, and of beautiful model, enabling them to make regular passages in all kinds of 
 weather. They are built entirely of iron and steel, (except the merely decorative parts,) and divided 
 into water tight and fire-proof compartments, with steam pumping, hoisting and steering gear, and 
 provided with fire extinguishers, improved sounding apparatus, and generally found throughout in 
 everything calculated to add to their SAFETY, and to the COMFORT and CONVENIENCE of pas- 
 sengers, heretofore unattained at sea. The Company itself takes the risk of insurance, to the amount 
 of $500,000, on each of its Steamers, while the most southerly routes, (although somewhat the longest, 
 yetpleasantest and safest,) have always been adopted, and fogs, ice and headlands thus avoided. 
 
 SALOON.— The Saloons are unusually spacious, some of them being 150 feet in length, and are par- 
 ticularly well lighted and ventilated. The State Rooms, all on the Main Deck, (in some of the Steamers 
 opening off the Saloons,) are exceptionally large, lightand airy, and are furnished throughout with every 
 requisite to make the ocean passage a comfortable and easy one. Pianos, Ladies' Saloons, both on deck 
 and below, Gentlemen's Smoking Room, and Ladies' and Gentlemen's Bath Rooms, are provided. Cabin 
 Passengers are provided with everything required on the voyage, without extra charge, except Wines and 
 Liquors, which can be procured on board at reasonable rates. The Cuisine is of the very highest order. 
 
 STEERAGE. — Special attention has been given in the construction of the Steamers to provide for 
 the comfort of Steerage Passengers, the accommodation being unsurpassed for airiness and room, light, 
 good ventilation and general arrangements. Owing to the great size of the Steamers and their steadi- 
 ness at sea, the liability of passengers to sea sickness is much less than on board smaller steamers. 
 
 The Steamers have covered-in Decks over their whole length, allowing Passengers in good weather 
 nnobi-tructed lengthof promenade that is unequaled, and affording in bad weather a complete protection 
 from wet and exposure, while at the same time allowing spacious room for exercise. The deck space is 
 over 400 feet in length, and from 42 to 45 feet wide. 
 
 The sleeping accommodation is well lighted, warmed and comfortable, the height between decks being 
 greater than in most steamers. Married couples, with their young children, are Derthed by themselves 5 ; 
 sius-le men and womenin separate rooms, apart from each other, the strictest privacy being thus secured. 
 During the day all can associate together and mess at the same table. 
 
 Stewardesses are in attendance on women and children. Medicine and Medical Attendance free to 
 every passenger. 
 
 AGENTS have been appointed in all the principal cities and towns in the United States and Canada. 
 Saloon and Steerage Tickets can be purchased from them at the same rates as iu New York. Berths can 
 be secured in advance, as Agents are furnished with plans of Saloon and Cabins Persons wishing to 
 send for their friends can obtain Through Tickets from any place in the Old Country to any Railway 
 Station in America. 
 
 STEERAGE PASSENGERS arriving at New York are landed at Castle Garden, under the care of the 
 Commissioners of Emigration. Those booked to the interior, are furnished with railway tickets through 
 to destination, and their baggage is checked and forwarded to the Railway Depot in New York without 
 extra cost. Perfect protection is in this way secured for passengers and their baggage. 
 
 PA.SS-A.GS-E RA-TJCS {lohen paid in America.) 
 SALOON. 
 NEW YORK to QUEENSTOWN and LIVERPOOL,. - - 
 Prepaid Ticket*, - $60 to $75. Excursion, 
 
 NEW YORK to LONDON 1 , Direct Steamer, ..... o . 
 Prepaid Tickets, - $50 to $60. Excursion, 
 
 Prices charged according to the location of State Rooms. 
 
 STEEEAGE. 
 Rates for Steerage Passage to or from Now York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, Portland, and 
 principal Ports of England. Ireland, Scotland and Wales, viz: 
 
 Liverpool, Queenstown, Glasgow, Belfast, Londonderry, Cardiff, or Bristol #36.00 
 
 London, (by direct Steamer) _■ $26.00 
 
 Dublin, (via Liverpool) 183 7.00 
 
 London, (via Liverpool Steamer)... '. $29.00 
 
 EsT The above rates are $2 00 lowei- than most lines. 
 Hates for Continental and Scandinavian Ports : 
 
 Paris, Havre, Antwerp, Amsterdam. Rotterdam, Harlingen, Groningen 932.00 
 
 Hamburg, Bremen, Stettin, Mannheim $32. OO 
 
 Christiauia, Christ iausand, Stavenger, Bergen, Drontheim _ $32.00 
 
 Gothenburg, Stockholm, Malnio, Copenhagen $32.00 
 
 Children, under 12 years, half of above fares. 
 
 Infants, under one year— from Europe, prepaid, $3.00; from America, or Outward, are free. 
 
 = . $30, $00, $70. 
 $110 and $130. 
 
 $100. 
 
 $50 to $60. 
 
 For Prepaid Passage to bring your friends from the Old Country direct to Florida, Bank Drafts, Sover- 
 eigns, etc., apply to Local Agents in all tow, s in the State of Florida along the 1'nes of the Florida 
 Central, and Jacksonville, Peusacola & Mobile R'ys, and Atlantic, Gulf & West India Transit Co.'s R. It., 
 leading to Fernandina and Jacksonville. -p xsr J HURST Manager 
 
 69 and 73 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 
 
Atlantic, Gulf &West India Transit R.R. 
 
 AND PENINSULAR DIVISION. 
 
 LOCAL RATES OF PASSAGE, 
 
 In Effect January 1st, 1879. 
 
 FROM 
 
 FERNANDINA 
 
 TO 
 
 Hart's Road 
 Callahan . . . 
 Baldwin . . . 
 Maxville . . . 
 Trail Ridge. 
 
 Lawtey 
 
 Ternpleton . 
 
 Starke 
 
 Thurston . . . 
 
 Waldo 
 
 Fairbanks . . 
 Gainesville . 
 Arredondo. . 
 Battonville 
 
 Archer 
 
 Albion 
 
 Bronson .... 
 Otter Creek. 
 Rosewood . . 
 Oyster Cove 
 Cedar Keys . 
 
 CO 
 
 02 
 CS 
 
 6 
 
 CO 
 
 72 
 
 5 
 
 q 
 
 So 
 
 s 
 
 02 
 
 1-1 
 
 T3 
 CM 
 
 a 
 
 63 
 
 12 
 
 $ .60 
 
 $ .50 
 
 $ .30 
 
 37 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.10 
 
 .65 
 
 47 
 
 3.00 
 
 1.85 
 
 1.30 
 
 53 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.85 
 
 1.30 
 
 63 
 
 3.00 
 
 1.85 
 
 1.50 
 
 66 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.85 
 
 1.65 
 
 71* 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.75 
 
 73 
 
 2.30 
 
 2.10 
 
 1.80 
 
 77 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.25 
 
 1.90 
 
 84 
 
 2.85 
 
 2.50 
 
 3,10 
 
 92 
 
 3.15 
 
 2.85 
 
 2.25 
 
 98 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.20 
 
 2.50 
 
 104 
 
 3.85 
 
 3.50 
 
 2.65 
 
 108 
 
 4.05 
 
 3.65 
 
 2.65 
 
 113 
 
 4.30 
 
 3.85 
 
 2.75 
 
 117 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.00 
 
 2.90 
 
 133 
 
 4.75 
 
 4.35 
 
 3.00 
 
 '134 
 
 5.35 
 
 4.75 
 
 3.25 
 
 145 
 
 5.90 
 
 5.35 
 
 3.50 
 
 151 
 
 6.20 
 
 5.50 
 
 3.65 
 
 155 
 
 6.50 
 
 5.75 
 
 4.00 
 
 FROM 
 
 BALDWIN 
 
 TO 
 
 Fernandina. 
 Hart's Road 
 Callahan . . . 
 Maxville . . . 
 Trail Ridge. 
 
 Lawtey 
 
 Ternpleton. . 
 
 Starke 
 
 Thurston . . . 
 
 Waldo 
 
 Fairbanks . . 
 Gainesville . 
 Arredondo . 
 Battonville . 
 
 Archer 
 
 Albion 
 
 Bronson 
 Otter Creek. 
 Rosewood . . 
 Oyster Cove 
 Cedar Keys. 
 
 47 
 
 35 
 
 20 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 34i 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 37 
 
 45 
 
 51 
 
 57 
 
 61 
 
 66 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 87 
 
 98 
 104 
 108 
 
 $3.00 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.00 
 
 .30 
 
 .75 
 
 .95 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.85 
 
 3.15 
 
 2.50 
 
 3.85 
 
 3-05 
 
 3.30 
 
 O 
 
 51.85 
 1.40 
 .80 
 .35 
 .60 
 .75 
 1.00 
 1.05 
 1.30 
 1.50 
 1.85 
 3.05 
 2.30 
 2.45 
 2.65 
 2.80 
 3.00 
 3.50 
 3.95 
 4.15 
 4.35 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 fa 
 
 $1.30 
 
 .90 
 
 .50 
 
 .25 
 
 .40 
 
 .50 
 
 .60 
 
 .60 
 
 .70 
 
 .90 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.55 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.80 
 
 3.05 
 
 2.30 
 
 2.60 
 
 2.80 
 
 ^Eisri^srsTJi-.^i^ iDi^isioisr. 
 
 Waldo (Junction). 
 Santa Fe 
 
 84 
 
 91 
 
 99 
 
 104 
 
 131 
 
 $3.85 
 3.35 
 3.60 
 3.85 
 5.35 
 
 $2.50 
 2.80 
 3.10 
 3.30 
 4.50 
 
 $2.10 
 2.35 
 2.50 
 2.60 
 3.30 
 
 Waldo (Junction). 
 
 37 
 
 44 
 52 
 
 57 
 
 84 
 
 $1.85 
 2.20 
 2.60 
 2.85 
 4.20 
 
 $1.50 
 1.75 
 2.10 
 2.30 
 4.15 
 
 $ .90 
 1 10 
 
 Lochlusa 
 
 1.30 
 
 1 45 
 
 Ocala 
 
 2.10 
 
 
 
 local ti:m::e] cdj^t^id 
 
 
 10.40 a.m. 
 
 
 5.25 a. m. 
 
 " Baldwin 
 
 
 
 9.29 " 
 
 " Waldo 
 
 3.51 " 
 
 " Waldo 
 
 10.27 " 
 
 
 .... 4.52 " 
 
 " Baldwin 
 
 1.05 p.m. 
 
 
 8.35 " 
 
 
 3.30 " 
 
 ) CONNECTIONS^ 
 
 AT FERNANDINA, Daily, with Steamer Florence, for all points Northeast, West and Northwest. 
 
 " Semi-weekly, with Savannah and Charleston Steamers, and Weekly with direct 
 
 Line to New York. 
 AT BALDWIN, Daily, with F. C. R. R., for Jacksonville and all points on St. Johns River. 
 " Daily, with F. C. R. R., for Tallahassee and all points in Middle Florida. 
 
 AT WALDO, Daily, (Sunday excepted), with Peninsular Railroad, Santa Fe Lake, etc. 
 AT GAINESVILLE, Tri-weekly, with Stage Line for Ocala and Tampa. 
 AT CEDAK KEYS, Semi-weekly, with Steamer Line for Manatee and Tampa; with Weekly Line of 
 
 Steamers to New Orleans, Key West and Havana; and with other Boat Lines, for all points on the 
 
 Gulf Coast and Suwannee and Crystal rivers. 
 
 S. E. MAXWELL, 
 
 Gen'l Superintendent. 
 
 A. 0. MacDONELL, 
 
 General Passenger and Ticket Agent 
 
THROUGH BATES, VIA Iff ORLEANS. 
 
 
 Limited 
 
 Emi- 
 
 
 1st Class. 
 
 grant. 
 
 Chicago to Cedar Keys, via Rail and Steamer from New Orleans 
 
 $38.50 
 
 $26.50 
 
 St. Louis to " " " " " 
 
 33.75 
 
 25.00 
 
 Cairo to " " " " " 
 
 32.50 
 
 22.50 
 
 Galveston, Tex., t» " " " •' " 
 
 22.00 
 
 16.00 
 
 Harrisburg, " to" " " " " 
 
 29.75 
 
 19.00 
 
 Austin, Tex., to " " " " " 
 
 38.30 
 
 23.15 
 
 Sedalia, Mo., to " " " '' " 
 
 44.40 
 
 30.65 
 
 Indianola, Tex., to " " " " " 
 
 34.00 
 
 19.50 
 
 NOTE.— During the quarantine months. Emigrants from the West, via New Orleans, can buy 
 
 Tickets from New Orleans, all Rail to Cedar Keys, at $19. GO 
 
 THROUGH RATES OF FARE 
 
 Prom some of the Principal Cities North, East, West and 
 Northwest, for Emigrant Travel. 
 
 New York, N. Y., to Fernandina, 
 Philadelphia, Pa., " 
 Baltimore, Md., " " 
 
 Washington, D.C., " 
 Boston, Mass., " " 
 
 Chicago, 111., " 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio, " " 
 
 Detroit, Mich., " 
 
 Toledo, Ohio, " " 
 
 St. Louis, Mo., 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, " " 
 
 Columbus, Ohio, " " 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind., " " 
 
 Louisville, Ky., " " 
 
 Evansville, Ind., " " 
 Cairo, 111., " 
 Terre Haute, Ind., " 
 
 Nashville, Tenn., " " 
 
 Memphis, TeLn., " " 
 
 via direct Steamer 
 
 via Rail and direct Steamer. 
 
 via Sound Lines and direct Steamer 
 
 j via Rail and direct Steamship Line. . . . 
 
 I via all Rail 
 
 \ via Rail and Steamer from New York . 
 
 I via all Rail 
 
 \ via Rail and Steamer from New York. 
 
 "/ via all Rail 
 
 i via Rail and Steamer from New York. 
 
 I via all Rail 
 
 via all Rail 
 
 $10.00 
 12.50 
 15.50 
 16.50 
 13.50 
 27.00 
 28.65 
 24.25 
 29.80 
 27.50 
 30.45 
 26.25 
 29.25 
 26.00 
 24.90 
 27.90 
 24.90 
 21.65 
 21.40 
 22.15 
 24.15 
 17.00 
 18.65 
 
 NOTE 1st -T i make Rates to Cedar Keys, add to above $4.00 
 
 " " Tampa, " " 7.00 
 
 " " Manatee, " " 7.00 
 
 NOTE ad.— The Tampa S. S. Co. will accept on this business Cedar Keys to Tampa and Manatee, 
 First Class Passage, $5.00, Meals and Berths included; on Deck (or Emigrant), $3.00, 
 meals extra. 
 
 NOTE 3d.— All intermediate points on the Gulf Coast, including points on the Suwannee and Crystal 
 rivers, are accessible by small boats from Cedar Keys, and at moderate rates. The Steam- 
 er Enterprise is now being fitted up in good style, expressly for the Suwannee trade, and 
 will in a few weeks make regular trips. 
 
 D. E. MAXWELL 
 
 General Superintendent 
 
 A. 0. MacDONELL, 
 
 General Passenger and Ticket Agent. 
 
a 
 
 THE FIINTE STEAMERS, 
 
 GEO. M.BIRD"ani "CARRIE 
 
 n 
 
 EACH IMIJLIKIIE 
 
 TWO REGULAR WEEKLY TRIPS 
 
 :f:ro:m: 
 
 JACKSONVILLE^OINTERPRISE, 
 
 Touching at all Intermediate Points on the 
 
 ST. JOHNS RIVER. 
 
 They are furnished with EVERY CONVENIENCE FOR THE COMFORT OF 
 
 PASSENGERS, and will carry Immigrants at low rates, 
 running in close connection with 
 
 C. H. MALLOEY & CO.'S 
 
 LINE OF NEW YOBK STEAMERS, 
 
 "THE WESTERN TEXAS " and "CITY OF DALLAS." 
 
 ZDIST-AJSTCIES. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE TO 
 
 MILES 
 
 Mulberry Grove 10 
 
 Mandarin 18 
 
 Orange Park 15 
 
 Fruit Cove. 19 
 
 Hibernia 23 
 
 Remington Park 23 
 
 Magnolia 28 
 
 Green Cove Springs 30 
 
 Hogarth's Landing 3G 
 
 Picolata 44 
 
 Tocoi (St. Augustine) 49 
 
 Federal Point 57 
 
 Orange Mills 63 
 
 Dancy's Wharf 64 
 
 Palatka 75 
 
 San Mateo 80 
 
 Riverdale 81 
 
 Edgewater Grove 82 
 
 Deep Creek 84. 
 
 Buffalo Bluff 89 
 
 Horse Landing 97 
 
 Nashua 94 
 
 Welaka (Crescent City) 100 
 
 Beecher — 101 
 
 JACKSONVILLE TO 
 
 MILES 
 
 Norwalk 104 
 
 Mount Royal 118 
 
 Perry's Landing 119 
 
 Fort Gates ■. 120 
 
 Georgetown 123 
 
 Racimo 124 
 
 Lake George 125 
 
 Dr. Peter's Landing .,...' . 126 
 
 Drayton Island 127 
 
 Spring Grove 140 
 
 Lake View ... 142 
 
 Volusia ". 144 
 
 Manhattan 146 
 
 Bluffton . 147 
 
 St. Francis 167 
 
 Crow's Bluff 173 
 
 Hawkinsville 174 
 
 Beresford and DeLand 176 
 
 Blue Springs (Orange City) 180 
 
 Wilson's Landing 200 
 
 Earnest Landing 201 
 
 Sanford 204 
 
 Mellonville 205 
 
 Enterprise 211 
 
NEW YORK TO JACKSONVILLE. 
 
 PACKET LINE. 
 
 VESSELS SAIL EVERY WEEK. 
 
 Time of trip, from 6 to 10 days. 
 RATES of FREIGHT VERY LOW 
 
 J^IFIPILi-Sr TO 
 
 GEOR&E E. FOSTER & CO., WARREN RAY, 
 
 Jacksonville, Florida. New York. 
 
 H. L. HARTS LINE 
 
 -OF — 
 
 OCKLAWAHA STEAMERS. 
 
 STEAMER 
 
 Capt. A. L. RICE, 
 
 Leaves Jacksonville Thursdays, 
 
 At 9.00 o'clock a. m. 
 
 Leaves Palatka same night, 
 
 After arrival of Charleston Steamer. 
 
 Arrives at Jacksonville Tuesday afternoon. 
 
 GEO. R. FOSTER, Agent. 
 
 SQUIRE'S 
 
 Regular Weekly Dispatch Line 
 
 ~UF — 
 
 SCHOOITERS 
 
 - FROM — 
 
 NEW YORKtoJACKSONVILLE 
 
 OOiTTIiTTTES .A.S TTSTJ\A»Ij. 
 
 JOHN CLARK, GEO. H. SQUIRE, 
 
 Agent at Jacksonville. 91 Front Street, New York. 
 
For Savannah and all Points No rth, East and West 
 
 The Georgia & Florida Inland Steamboat Co.'s Elegant Steamer, 
 
 CITY OF BRIDGETON, 
 
 JOHN FITZGERALD, Captain, 
 
 T? UNNING STRICTLY INLAND ALL THE WAY, will leave Jacksonville, from foot of Laura Street, 
 every Friday, to suit the tide, arriving in Savannah Saturday morning, making close connection with, 
 the elegant steamships, the "City of Savannah" and the "City of Macon," sailing on Saturday; also 
 with steamships for Baltimore, Philadelphia and Boston, and Railroad Lines to all points North, East 
 and West. 
 
 Through Tickets and Bills of Lading issued at lowest rates. For further information, apply to 
 
 A. L. RICHARDSON, A. L. HUNGERFORD, J. S. LAWRENCE, 
 
 Agent, Office on Wharf. Ticket Agent, Office cor. Bay and Pine Sts. Manager, Savannah, Ga. 
 
 IDAHO. ~Z" LUSTIS 
 
 — TO — 
 
 Fort George, Mayport, and the Bar. 
 
 The Elegant Steam Yacht, 1 _. A / W Fl H Capt. F. W. LAMEE, 
 
 GAZELLE/ 
 
 WILL leave her regular landing (Central Wharf), foot of Ocean Street, EVERY AFTERNOON, at 4 
 o'clock, for the above place. RETURNING, leave Fort George at 7 a. m., thu| affording the entire 
 night in which to enjoy the healthy and invigorating sea breeze from the ocean, and a 6ea bath. 
 
 Carriages will meet the Gazelle at the landing to convey guests to the Fort George Hotel, and Atlantic 
 House. 
 
 FARE, FIFTY CENTS. 
 
 ^-TICKETS can be had on board, or at the office. H. T. BAYA, Agent. 
 
 PIONEER LINE 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 Upper St. Johns and Indian Rivers. 
 
 STEAMER "VOLUSIA," 
 
 Capt. T. W. LUND. 
 
 fTHE Steamer "Volusia 1 ' will leave Jacksonville, from Clark's Wharf, foot of Newnan Street, every 
 Saturday, at 11 o'clock a. m., for Palatka, Mcllonville, Enterprise, Lake Jessup, Lake Harney, Salt 
 Lake, and intermediate landings. Connection will be made at Salt Lake with hacks and wagon for trans- 
 fer of i assengers and freight to Indian River. 
 
 JOHN CLARK, Agent. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, PALATKA, ENTERPRISE and CRESCENT CITY. 
 
 St. Johns River Steamboat Go. 
 
 The only established line on the St. Johns River. 
 The U. S. Mail Steamers, 
 
 PASTIME JL.1XJD "WATIEIR, LILY 
 
 TyiLL run from Jacksonville to Palatka daily (Sundays excepted), leaving Jacksonville for Palatka, from 
 " Hartridge's Wharf, at 10 a. m., making all intermediate landings, connecting at Tocoi with train on 
 
 St. Johns Railway for St. Augustine. RETURNING, will leave Palatka at 7 a. m., stopping as above, 
 
 arriving at Jacksonville in time for train going North and West. 
 
 jgg-The above Steamers can be chartered for Excursions. The U. S. Mail Steamer, 
 
 GEOBGIA 
 
 WILL leave Palatka for Enterprise Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday mornings, making all intermediate 
 landings on the Upper St. Johns River; returning from Enterprise on Mondays, Wednesdays and 
 Fridays. 
 
 1. A. KELSEY, Manager. A. L. HUNGERFORD, Agent, Jacksonville, Fla. 
 
The SHORTEST and in every way BEST ROUTE to 
 
 FLORIDA 
 
 For the IMMIGRANT, as well as TOURIST or INVALID, 
 
 IS VIA THE 
 
 Nashville, Chattanooga & St Louis 
 
 -AND- 
 
 Western & Atlantic Railways, 
 
 POPULARLY KNOWN AS THE 
 
 GREAT LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN i GREAT KENNESAW ROUTES, 
 
 FOR THESE REASONS : 
 
 We are the Shortest and Straightest Route. 
 
 We are the only line passing through the larger Cities of the South- 
 east. We go through 
 
 Nashville, Term. Macon, Ga. 
 
 Chattanooga, Tenn. Brunswick, Ga. 
 
 Atlanta, Ga. and Fernandina, Fla. 
 
 We pass through the only true Mountain Scenery. 
 
 We have Roadbed, Track, Cars, and all Equipments, the best. 
 
 "We carry all Emierrants on our Express Trains, and in our regular 
 Passenger Coaches. 
 
 We make o*ir Changes in Daylight, and in Union Depots, at Meal-times. 
 
 Require that your Tickets read 
 
 We always carry Emigrants and their Freight at as Low Rates as 
 oan be obtained by other and inferior routes. For latest figures, 
 apply personally, or by letter, to 
 
 C. A. DE SAUSSURE, W. L. DANLEY, 
 
 Western Trav'g Agent, P. O. Box 163, Chicago. General Passenger Agent, Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 W. T. RODCERS, A. B. WRENN, 
 
 Passenger Agent, Chattanooga, Tenn. Southeastern Trav'g Agent, Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 C. P. ATMORE, Jr., 
 
 Passenger Agent, Memphis, Tenn. 
 
 I invite you to write to me for all information you want, in regard to rates, tickets, 
 or anything else. I will take pleasure in attending personally to everything that will 
 save you trouble and expense. Address 
 
 CHAS. A. DE SAUSSURE. 
 
 P. O. Box 163. Western Traveling Agent, Chicago, 111. 
 
t^a-ie^ie the 
 
 DANVILLE ROUTE 
 
 FOR 
 
 »- XL. O 3Ffc X X> jOl •" 
 
 BECAUSE it is the Shortest. 
 
 BECAUSE there are Less Changes by this Route than by 
 
 any other. 
 BECAUSE it furnishes better accommodations for Emigrants 
 
 than any other line running South from Chicago. 
 
 BECAUSE it is the only Line selling Round Trip Land 
 Explorers' Tickets to Florida, good daring Summer 
 months. 
 
 BECAUSE its rates are always as low as the lowest, and it 
 checks baggage through to destination, ard carries 
 115 O pounds on each full ticket, and 75 pounds on 
 each half ticket, FREE. 
 
 EATES TO FLOEIDA. 
 
 (SUBJECT TO CHANGE.) 
 
 1st Class. Emg't. 
 
 Chicago to Fernandina , $29.85 
 
 Jacksonville 31.85 
 
 Starke- -. r -"- 31.85 
 
 Waldo 32.15 
 
 Gainesville ,. 32.50 
 
 Cedar Kejs -- 33.90 
 
 Round Trip Land Explorers' Tickets, good from June 1st to Septem- 
 ber 1st, $56.00. 
 
 Special Rates for parties of 20 or more. 
 
 Tickets on sale at all principal ticket offices in the North and "West, 
 and at 77 Olark Street, 123 Dearborn Street, Grand Pacific Hotel, and 
 at Depot, Oor. Oarroll and Clinton Streets, Chicago, 111. 
 
 If you are going South or t» Florida, write to ns; all correspond- 
 ence attended to promptly, and information cheerfully furnithed. 
 Address, 
 
 WM. HILL, or A. S. DUNHAM, 
 
 Traveling; Agent, Gen. rassenger Agent, 
 
 123 DEARBORN ST., CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 MD 5 I 
 
^ 
 
 ^** 
 
 ti> A. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
iV ♦■ TNJfflTOd/Tk 
 
 2* *7 
 
 V v 
 
 
 ^ i 
 
 <* 1 
 
 v 
 
 5^. I" 
 
 £ A 
 
 DOBB 
 
 LIBRAR1 
 
 ST. AU 
 
NEW MAP OF FLORIDA, 1879. 
 
 Published by the Bureau of lmmigrati 
 
 Bed Lines denote Chartered Railroads.