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 * . '^ ^ . ^yiv^^' ,^^ -^^^ --^^p^,* . -^^ "^ . %^.^^^^/ ^^^^ ^^^^ -X: 
 
 
 
Clarke County, Ga 
 
 AND THE 
 
 City of Athens 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES MORTON STRAHAN, C. M. E. 
 
 Professor of Civil Engineenng, University of Georgia, and County 
 Siti'veyor of Clarke Connty. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 MAl^S OF THE CITY AND COUNTY 
 
 AIMD I l_l_U ©-rF=? ATIONS. 
 
 For Sale by the Author at $1 00. 
 copyrighted. 
 
 ATHKNS, GEORGIA. 
 
 1893., 
 

 CHAS. P. BYRD, PRINTER, 
 
 ATLANTA, GA. 
 
 1893. 
 
 LIBRAkV C CONG-vESS 
 
 OCT B 1^^4 
 
 DOCUMFf<JtS PiViSlON 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 This hand-book ot Clarke county, Georgia, and the city of Athens, is prepared 
 with three distinct objects in view : 
 
 First. To place on record the main facts of the history, development, and pres- 
 ent status of the county and all its interests. 
 Second. To direct the attention of visitors and settlers to the manifest advan- 
 tages which the county affords for capital and residence. 
 Third. To indicate to other counties, by example, the means of making known 
 in complete and permanent form their several advantages. 
 The statements of the book have been verified from the best sources of 
 information, and are made without exaggeration. The maps are reliable, based 
 upon actual surveys made by J. W. Barnett, C. E., the present city engineer of 
 Athens, Capt. W. W. Thomas, C. E., and by the author in his capacity as county 
 surveyor. 
 
 The publication is made under the sanction of the county and city authorities, 
 and with the valuable aid of the ofifacial'-fec^t'ds. Th-eauthof- acknowledges his 
 indebtedness to the county and city officers for the courteous assistance rendered, 
 and to Dr. H. C. White, Prof. David C. :^aVrow, Jr.,' and Dr. ^. C. Benedict for 
 special contributions published under their names. \ 
 
 To the public, at large, the authbrQffei'.lihi&^'tfia&ks for the kind words and 
 encouragement with which they have greeted the undertaking, 
 
 CHARLES MORTON STRAHAN. 
 
 Engineering Department, University of Georgia, Athens, 1893. 
 
CONDENSED OUTLINE. 
 
 Clarke county lies in the northeastern section of the State, sixty miles east 
 of Atlanta, the State capital. The county is situated in sight of the Blue Ridge 
 mountains, along the ridges which lead downward to the sea, and at a general 
 elevation of 800 feet above the sea level. 
 
 Climate. — The climate is as fine for health and for agriculture as can be found 
 anywhere. The average temperature in summer is 74° F., in winter 47° F., and 
 the annual rainfall 54 in-ches. The county has never been visited by serious 
 epidemics, and the general healthfulness is proverbial. 
 
 Farming. — The farming lands of the county are of strong red clay soil, arising 
 from the disintegration of granitic and schistose rocks. Their natural fertility, 
 coupled with open seasons and abundant rainfall, afford generous returns to the 
 intelligent cultivator of cotton, corn, oats, barley, hay and truck garden products. 
 
 Manufacturing. — The county is remarkably adapted to manufactures. The 
 natural water system is very extensive, and the flow of its rivers and streams is 
 abundant at all seasons. No less than seven large water powers on the two 
 rivers, aggregating 6,000 H. P., are found, and a large number of smaller sites on 
 the creeks furnish powers of from 5 to 50 H. P. each. The county map will show 
 the positions of most of these powers and how utilized at present. 
 
 Ediicatioji. — The educational interests of this county are second to none in 
 the State. In the city of Athens, the county seat, the State University, with a 
 large faculty and extensive equipment, finds its home. The city public school 
 system, recognized as the most thoroughly organized and best managed system 
 in the State, is also here. The Lucy Cobb Institute, for young ladies, the fore- 
 most seminary in the State, and the Home School, so admirably conducted by 
 Miss Sosnowski, give every educational facility to young ladies. Throughout the 
 county public schools are held at convenient points during five months of the 
 year, and several private schools of good grade supplement their work. 
 
 Religion.— ■T\i& prevailing religious denominations are the Baptist and 
 Methodist, but the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Christian, and Roman Catholic 
 Churches are represented. Eighteen church structures, nine of which are in 
 the city, with periodic services, are an index of the religious work done. 
 
 Commercial. — The. business interests of the county largely hang upon the 
 items of cotton, manufactures, and heavy groceries. The receipts of cotton im 
 Athens have reached 90,000 bales, representing a money value of ^3,500,000'. 
 The aggregate business of the community is close to 1^13,000,000 per year. Strong 
 houses in cotton, manufactures, groceries, dry goods, crockery, hardware, jewelry 
 and clothing, give variety and vigor to the business life. Athens has the reputa- 
 tion of being a good market in which both to buy and sell. 
 
CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA. 7 
 
 Rai/roads.— The concentration of four railroad lines at Athens affords ready 
 transportation, both to and from all points in the country. These roads, by their 
 connections, give through rates from the North and East by two competing 
 lines, from the West by two also; from the South by one, and from the south- 
 eastern seaboard by three routes. Few points in the county are more than five 
 miles from some railroad station. 
 
 Government. — The county and city throughout their history have been favored 
 with conservative management — in the hands of the white people. The county 
 has a bonded debt of $39,500, and the annual State and county taxes are .00775 
 cents on the dollar. City property is subject to an additional tax of .0110 cents 
 on the dollar, The city bonded debt is $225,000. The property return for taxa- 
 tion amounts to $7,500,000, of which $6,500,000 is in the city of Athens. The 
 county is governed by an ordinary and grand jury; the city, by mayor and coun- 
 cil of eight members. 
 
 Population. — The population of the county, as given by the nth census, 
 shows the following figures : White, 7,072; colored, 8,114; total, 15,186 These 
 are believed to be too low by 10 per cent., particularly as to white population. 
 The two races live in harmony and obey the law. The white population of the 
 county is unusually intelligent, conservative, progressive, and generous of wel- 
 come to those who cast their lots in this county. The negroes are peaceable and 
 well disposed, and form the larger portion of the labor to be had in this section. 
 
 The county seat is the city of Athens, one of the best business points in the 
 State, and with a population of 10,000 people. 
 
 The city has electric lights, electric street cars, gas, brick sidewalks, public 
 schools, a paid fire department with electric fire alarm, free postal delivery, and 
 is now building a splendid system of waterworks to furnish power as well as 
 domestic and sanitary supply. In the last ten years the city valuation has 
 increased from $3,400,000 to $6,400,000. Sewers have been built, and bonds are 
 now on hand for paving the city streets with macadam and belgian blocks. An 
 excellent telegraph and telephone service is supplied throughout the city. The 
 city supports an excellent daily and weekly newspaper, TJie Athens Bannet, by- 
 name. 
 
Residence of J. R. White, Whitehall. 
 
CLARKE COUNTY. 
 
 Historical. — That portion of the 
 State of Georgia which now bears the 
 name of Clarke county was originally a 
 part of the county of Franklin until after 
 the revolutionary war. In 1784, by act 
 of the Legislature, the county of Jack- 
 son was cut off from Franklin, thereby 
 including the territory which was after- 
 wards allotted in 1801, by a similar leg- 
 islative act, to the county of Clarke. 
 There is a spot near the northern boun^ 
 dary of the present county, marked by 
 the remains of old chimnies, as the site 
 of an Ind'an trading station, named 
 Clarkesborough. This town was named 
 in honor of General Elijah Clarke, of 
 revolutionary fame, and suggested, no 
 doubt, the name for the new county cut 
 off in 1801. As laid down by the act of 
 the Legislature at that time, the boun- 
 dary of Clarke county began on the 
 Appalachee river at the mouth of Mar- 
 bury creek, thence ran in a straight line 
 to Easeley's mill on Middle Oconee 
 river ; thence in a direct line to where 
 Brush creek, now Beaver Dam creek, 
 crosses the Oglethorpe ci-unty line. 
 These two lines were approximately east 
 in direction and constituted the north- 
 ern boundary. From the corner on 
 Brush creek the line ran in a general 
 southerly direction with the county of 
 •Oglethorpe until the Oconee river was 
 reached, thence westerly along the 
 Greene county line to the Appalachee 
 river, and thence up the said river in a 
 general northwestern direction to the 
 beginning corner. The area included 
 -was about 25c square miles, and the 
 population scarcely more than a few 
 
 hundred white settlers The Indians 
 still roamed over this area, and property 
 and life were held at the owner's risk. 
 In the same year, Governor John Mil- 
 ledge, by a gift of 633 acres of land near 
 the center of the northern half of the 
 county, secured the location upon it of 
 the Sta'e University, known as Frank- 
 lin College, and induced Josiah Meigs, 
 LL. D., a professor in Yale College, to 
 assume the presidency and open the 
 college. No more heroic educator can be 
 found in the annals of this country than 
 Dr. Meigs. Leaving a safe abode and 
 comfortable support, he came to Geor- 
 gia, settled in a wilderness, and there in 
 a log house, within hearing of the war 
 whoop of the Cherokee Indians, taught 
 and graduated the first class of the Uni- 
 versity in 1804. 
 
 At the time he settled here there was. 
 but one other house, and the chief at- 
 traction was the beautiful hill country 
 and a large spring of beautiful freestone 
 water, which, for many years, was used 
 as the town spring, but is now flowing 
 in underground pipes beneath the side- 
 track that runs back of the Reaves cot- 
 ton warehouse. The college grounds 
 covered the adjoining hill top on which 
 the University Campus now stands. It 
 was covered with magnificent oaks and 
 hickories, many of which still beautify 
 the grounds In the course of a few 
 years a number of houses were built> 
 and in 1806 a town charter was obtained 
 and the name of Athens chosen as clas- 
 sical and appropriate to the college com- 
 munity. From this small beginning, the 
 town has become a citv witl: 10,000 in- 
 
10 
 
 CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 
 
 habitants, and much of the business 
 portion of the city is built on lots sold 
 off from the original grant of Gov. Mil- 
 ledge. 
 
 When Athens became a town in 1806 
 it was the most northern settlement in 
 the State, and nearest to the borders of 
 the Indian reservation. The first store 
 was opened by Stevens Thomas, and 
 the second by Elizur Newton. The 
 descendants of these men still occupy 
 prominent positions in the county. 
 
 In 1802 the county government was 
 duly established and a court house built 
 at a point seven miles southwest of 
 Athens in the town of Watkinsville, now 
 the county seat of Oconee county. 
 
 But few events of interest mark the 
 early history of Clarke county beyond 
 the gradual displacement of the Indians, 
 the inflow of white settlers from adjoin- 
 ing counties and states, and the con- 
 tinued growth of Franklin College. As 
 steps in the county development may be 
 noted, the acts for the better regulation 
 of the town of Athens in 1815 and 1831; 
 some attempt at general education under 
 the academy system and poor school 
 fund begun in 1821 ; the establishment 
 of an asylum for the invalid poor by the 
 Superior Court in 1834; the incorpora- 
 tion of the Presbyterian and Methodist 
 Churches in 1828, of Mars Hill Baptist 
 Church in 1834, of Emanuel Episcopal 
 Church in 1843, under the pastorate of 
 Rev. Wm. Stevens, afterwards the dis- 
 tinguished Episcopal !t5ishopof Pennsyl- 
 vania; the extension of the limits of 
 Athens in 1840, and the enlargement of 
 its charter in 1847; the establishment 
 of the first volunteer fire company in 
 1850 as the forerunner of a volunteer 
 system, whose efficiency and bravery was 
 for many years a noted page in the cur- 
 rent history of Athens ; the organization 
 of the Independent Blues as the first 
 
 volunteer military company in 1843 ; and 
 the disastrous fire an Watkinsville in 
 1864, by which the court house and 
 many valuable records of the county 
 were destroyed. 
 
 In the course of time the town of 
 Athens out-stripped in growth and im- 
 portance its rival of Watkinsville. The 
 presence of the University was a power- 
 ful factor, which not only brought a 
 student population, but proved sufficient 
 to attract many of the most cultured and 
 well-to-do people of the State. 
 
 The political organization of the 
 University's governing board annually 
 brought a large array of prominent 
 people to witness the closing exercises 
 of the college, and to hobnob over the 
 political slates for coming campaigns. 
 
 Ultimately a strong sentiment was 
 developed to move the county seat from 
 Watkinsville to Athens. The strength 
 of this sentiment and the equal strength 
 of the opposition at Watkinsville made 
 it necessary to divide the county m order 
 that peace and amity might once more 
 reign. 
 
 This was done by act of Legislature 
 in 1875, just three years after Athens 
 had been granted a charter which trans- 
 formed it from a town to city. The 
 southern half of the county was given a 
 separate government, under the name of 
 Oconee county, and took away from 
 Clarke county rather more than half of 
 its previous area. The division leaves 
 Clarke county one of the smallest coun 
 ties in the State in point of size, with 
 an area of seventy-four thousand and 
 twelve acres, equivalent to one hundred 
 and fifteen and six-tenths square miles.- 
 The boundaries of this territory are giverL 
 in subsequent pages. Titles to the land 
 run directly back to State grants made 
 at the time when this section was wild 
 lands. It is a fact of some interest that 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 11 
 
 Count Destaing was the first holder of 
 three grants of 5,000 acres each m this 
 and adjoining counties. 
 
 The part which Clarke county played 
 in the war between the States is one of 
 which she may well be proud. The 
 names of her sons were high in both 
 cabinet and field, and their unflinching 
 courage is embalmed in the blood which 
 they so freely shed. It is the part of 
 others to pay them the full tribute of 
 their worth ; these pages must be content 
 to record them as true, honorable, con- 
 scientious and devoted patriots. Clarke 
 county was severely crushed by the war ; 
 most of her best men dead, the negroes 
 all made free, and Utile beside the bare 
 lands left. Notwithstanding these con- 
 ditions, the last twenty years have in 
 creased the population of the present 
 county from 7,641 to 16,000, and her tax- 
 able property from two to seven and one- 
 half millions. 
 
 In the past Clarke county has fur- 
 nished the State and nation with a long 
 list of distinguished citizens, and to-day 
 she yields to none a superiority in the 
 intelligence, the integrity, the energy, 
 and the patriotism of her people. 
 
 Geographical. — The geography 
 of Clarke county is shown in detail on 
 the map published herewith. It is nec- 
 essary simply to call attention to the 
 main features of that map. The sur- 
 rounding counties, taken in order to the 
 right from the north, are Jackson, Mad- 
 ison, Oglethorpe and Oconee. The 
 various acts of the Legislature, by virtue 
 of which certain farms have been 
 changed back and forth from Clarke to 
 the adjacent counties, previous to the 
 Constitution of 1877, will account for the 
 irregularity of outline at several points 
 of the northern boundary. 
 
 The county is located in that section 
 of the State known as Northeast Geor- 
 
 gia, and in the eastern borders of the 
 first Indian reservation. One of the 
 present corners is known as Cherokee 
 corner, and was the southeastern corner 
 of the Indian reserves. 
 
 The county lies between latitude N. 
 33° 48' and N. 34° 4', and longitude west 
 of Greenwich 83° 13' and 83° 29'. 
 
 The general water systems, as deter- 
 mined by the foot hills of the moun 
 tains, has a southeasterly trend. The 
 two principal rivers are the forks of the 
 Oconee river, which meet in the South- 
 ern part of the county. The Aneroid 
 barometer was used to obtain relative 
 elevations above the sea levels, and these 
 readings are recorded in clear type on 
 the stream crossings and ridges. They 
 show that the county is a succession of 
 high ridges with broad backs, and whose 
 sides descend rapidly as the streams are 
 reached. The original forest is oak and 
 hickory mixed with pine ; the soil is of 
 strong red clay type, arising from the 
 disentegration of metamorphic rocks, 
 and the general appearance of the 
 county has all the characteristics of that 
 belt of country lying forty miles from 
 the Blue Ridge range in Virginia and 
 the Carolinas. 
 
 Under the heading of Water System, 
 Militia Districts and Geology, the reader 
 may gather a detailed picture of the 
 topography and resources of this county. 
 
 Boundaries. — The boundaries of 
 Clark(i county, as shown on the present 
 map, are based upon the recognized 
 limits in vogue amongst the residents 
 along the county line. No official records 
 are extant defining the county lines with 
 greater exactitude than the following 
 description : 
 
 The northwest corner of the county 
 is in a field, about three hundred yards 
 northeast of Thompson's mill, on Little 
 Bear creek, being the point where the 
 
OLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA. 
 
 three counties of Clarke, Oconee and 
 Jackson run together. This corner is not 
 definitely marked by any monument. 
 The line between Jackson and Clarke 
 runs from this corner in a straight line 
 to a point on the Middle Oconee river 
 known in old descriptions as Easeley's 
 mill, and by the present generation as 
 the old Patman mill place. Thence up 
 the west side of the Middle Oconee river 
 about one mile and a quarter to the 
 Tallasee bridge. The line crosses the 
 river on this bridge, and follows the 
 public road, leaving Fowler's mill and 
 Prospect church to the' left, to a large 
 black gum tree on the eastern side of 
 the road. From thence the line runs to 
 an oak tree on the west side of the 
 Nowhere road, and about one-fourth of a 
 mile north of the dwelling of B. J. Porter- 
 field, being the corner between Clarke, 
 Jackson and Madison counties. This 
 line crosses the Jefferson road at a small 
 bridge one-half mile from Gum Spring, 
 crosses the Cub creek road at an old 
 dead tree, about 200 yards south of 
 George Walton's dwelling, crosses the 
 Harmony Grove road dt a large white 
 oak tree near Black's Station on the 
 Northeastern Railroad, and when it 
 strikes the lands of T. F. Hudson, 
 follows around the land lines of said 
 property as shown on the county map, 
 and thence to the oak corner aforesaid. 
 The line between Clarke and Madison 
 runs in a straight line, as shown on the 
 map, until it reaches the northeastern 
 corner of the county, on the lands of 
 Lemuel J. Edwards, where the county 
 line is very irregular, bending first with 
 the public road and afterwards with the 
 land lines of Edwards' farm. The author 
 was unable to locate a similar irregularity 
 said to exist on the property of Richard 
 Saulter, where the Danielsville road 
 crosses into Madison county. The ex- 
 
 planation of these irregularities is found 
 in the former practice of the State Leg- 
 islature, which permitted a farmer whose 
 land lay on the countv lines to change, by 
 special act, the county in which he lived, 
 upon any caprice. The law now pre- 
 vents such vacillation. A striking result 
 of the old practice is seen at the north- 
 east corner of the county, where the 
 triangle, just outside of Clarke, belong- 
 ing to Madison county, is entirely dis- 
 connected from Madison by territory of 
 Clarke and Oglethorpe counties. 
 
 The line between Clarke and Ogle- 
 thorpe leaves Edwards' land as shown, 
 striking the Beaver dam road near the 
 residence of Henry Atkisson, thence fol- 
 lowing along that road to a stone monu" 
 ment where the fork to Winterville leads 
 off to the left. From this point the 
 present county surveyor of Clarke and 
 Prof. T. B. Moss, on the part of Ogle- 
 thorpe county, have under due authority 
 surveyed and marked with granite cor- 
 ners, properly lettered, the dividmg line 
 between Oglethorpe and Clarke to the 
 chestnut corner at Big Creek Church. 
 The maps of the survey are placed in the 
 county court house in Athens, and show 
 the following bearings and distances : 
 S. 0° 50' E., 7,100 feet, passing through 
 the town of Winterville to the west of 
 Pittard's store to a stone corner on the 
 public road, thence S. io^° E., 4,086 
 feet to a stone corner at the foot of the 
 old black gum corner, thence S. 2)8° E. 
 17,300 feet to a stone corner in field 
 1,500 feet north of Lexington road and 
 near the Thomas spring ; thence S- 
 25§^° W. 23,170 feet to the old chestnut 
 corner now marked by granite post and 
 being the corner between Clarke, Ogle- 
 thorpe and Oconee counties. The line 
 between Clarke and Oconee counties 
 from this point lollows the public road 
 to the middle of Barnett's bridge; thence 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHEXS. IS 
 
 up the Oconee river following the west- the grand jury, which meets twice each 
 ern fork to the mouth of Paper Mill year, during the sessions of the Superior 
 creek; thence up said creek to the Court in April and October, 
 bridge on the public road; thence fol- The Ordinary has supervision and con- 
 lowing McNutt's creek to a large stone trol over all county property, over high- 
 on the east side of the Monroe public ways, bridges and ferries, over the coun- 
 road, a point formerly known as the site ty poor house and convicts, over county 
 of Barnard's mill, and thence in a health regulations, police, peddling and 
 straight line to the beginning corner the like, and a judicial capacity over the 
 near Thompson's mill. The latter part legal procedure in winding up estates 
 of the line crosses the Lawrenceville and in cases of insanity. The executive 
 road about 300 feet east of Jackson's acts of the Ordinary are all subject to 
 store. This description gives the ac- revision and endorsement by the grand 
 cepted limits of the county. That many jury. 
 
 of them should be more definitely marked The duties of the remaining officers 
 
 goes without saying. The information are well understood by all. It is proper 
 
 here given will serve as a good basis to call attention to the fact that present- 
 
 upon which future surveys may be ments to the grand jury are in general 
 
 equitably made. mandatory on all county officers, and 
 
 Government. -Clarke county, ^iHs receiving such endorsement are 
 
 under the general laws of the State, and P^''^ ^y the County Treasurer without 
 
 under the constitution of 1887, is a dis- f^^^her question. The county officers 
 
 tinct political organization, having exclu- ^^^ ^11 required to take oath of office 
 
 sive charge of its own local affairs. ^nd to furnish bond m the following 
 
 Its officers are chosen by popular vote amounts . 
 
 and hold office for the term of two years Bond. 
 
 except the Ordinary, whose term is four CJrdmary $ i 000 
 
 years. The county elections take place Treasurer 60 000 
 
 in January, on the first Wednesday. It Clerk of Superior Court. ... 3 000 
 
 is a well recognized practice in the ^^^ Receiver 25 000 
 
 county to nominate the candidates for Tax Collector i ... 40 000 
 
 office by means of primary elections. \ *- ^° county ... 50 000 
 
 The nominees of these primaries expect ->neniT. 10 000 
 
 and usually receive the full support of County Surveyor i 000 
 
 the county. From this practice it re- Coroner 500 
 
 suits that the county government is uni- The salaries of all county officers are 
 
 formly stable and strong. The county paid either by fees or by percentage on 
 
 officers regularly elected are eight in money handled. 
 
 number, and with the titles of Ordinary, The grand jury numbers not more 
 
 Treasurer, Tax Receiver, Tax Collector, than 23 or less than 18 men, drawn from 
 
 Sheriff, Clerk of the Superior Court, the list of grand jurors. This list con - 
 
 County Surveyor, and Coroner. Of tains the names of the best men in the 
 
 these the County Ordinary is the most county, whose mental and moral qualifi- 
 
 important officer, having in charge the cation and material interests are such as 
 
 executive management of the county to make them wise and conservative 
 
 affairs subject to the presentments of guardians of the public welfare. It is 
 
u 
 
 GLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 an unwritten law that any large expen- 
 ditures for the good of the county must 
 first receive the sanction of the grand 
 jury. The grand jury list in this county 
 is passed upon by six jury commissioners, 
 and numbers one hundred and five 
 names. 
 
 As is common throughout this coun- 
 try, the grand jury has power to find 
 criminal indictments against lawbreakers 
 
 Clarke county belongs to the Western 
 Judicial Circuit, over which Judge N. 
 L. Hutchms, of Lawrenceville, has pre- 
 sided during the past ten years with dis- 
 tinguished ability and unquestioned 
 fairness. 
 
 The eight militia districts in the 
 county have each a Justice of the Peace, 
 before whom lawbreakers are brought 
 in criminal cases, and in civil cases where 
 
 Public School Building, Washington Street. 
 
 of all grades, thereby bringing offenders 
 to trial before the Superior Court. 
 
 The Ordinary, Tax Receiver, Tax Co - 
 lector and Treasurer, under ihe law, are 
 constituted a board to fix the rate of 
 county taxation. They meet early in 
 September and determine the percent- 
 age which will raise a sum sufficient to 
 defray the probable county expenditures. 
 
 the sum involved does not exceed one 
 hundred dollars. 
 
 Tiie city of Athens has instituted un- 
 der its charter a City Court, with certain 
 county jurisdiction, bci ore which a large 
 class of offenders may he brought to trial. 
 
 Property Valuation. — Though 
 
 small in size, the tot I tax returns for 
 
AXD THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 15 
 
 the county reach a large figure, and a 
 comparison reaching back for the past 
 decade shows rapid growth. The factors 
 which have been at work to produce 
 these results have been many. Notably, 
 the advent of two new lines of railroads, 
 the presence and success of several large 
 cotton mills, the progressive energy of 
 the merchants and farmers of the county 
 and the splendid educational facilities 
 which are offered through the University 
 of Georgia, the Lucy Cobb Institute, 
 and the Athens Public School system. 
 The actual fiffures in the table below 
 
 speak for themselves. A careful perusal 
 of them will show the solid financial 
 basis upon which the county stands, the 
 profits which have accrued to investors, 
 and the bright future in store for the 
 present inhabitants and those who may 
 locate here. 
 
 The variations in the district returns 
 are largely due to the fact that the same 
 property is often returned in different 
 districts from year to year. Much of 
 the land of the county is owned in the 
 city and there returned. 
 
 Year 
 
 Table Showing Property Returns by Districts. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 Athens 
 Georgia Factory 
 
 Purgear's 
 
 Sandy Creek 
 Buck Branch 
 
 Bradbeiry 
 
 Kinney's 
 Princeton . . . 
 
 Tot 1.. 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 j 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 3,402,795 
 
 3,578.90.. 
 
 3.848,260 
 
 3,y8!<,900 
 
 3,940,250 4,01*4,895 
 
 l.a93.805 
 
 4,511,127 
 
 5,440,740 
 
 315 6cO 
 
 318,415 
 
 320.085 
 
 32:^,145 
 
 270,965 287,510 
 
 276,955 
 
 312,775 
 
 315,105 
 
 79,625 
 
 96,375 
 
 1('2,615 
 
 111 525 
 
 '06.725 101895 
 
 101.905 
 
 103,930 
 
 113.145 
 
 74.9115 
 
 74,790 
 
 80,530 
 
 94 065 
 
 91,570, 90,-115 
 
 92,115 
 
 8>*,:i20 
 
 103,980 
 
 131,380 
 
 145.5o5 
 
 134.640 
 
 136,825 
 
 134 ■i70 ]3;/.0Ou 
 
 147 210 
 
 166,885 
 
 176,3i.O 
 
 117,920 
 
 1--'1.804 
 
 129.740 
 
 90 640 
 
 85.91)0 81.855 
 
 62,475 
 
 79,265 
 
 90,450 
 
 581,645! 569.035 
 
 632,480 
 
 602,790 
 
 659,260 61u,l 80 
 
 5al,591 
 
 641,020 
 
 128,925 
 
 *Cut offiin 189., 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 4,707,950 
 
 4,904,854 
 
 5,248,375 
 
 5,346,890 
 
 5,288.740 5,198,650 
 
 5.685.155 
 
 5,903.322 
 
 6,366,915 
 
 1891 I 189J 
 
 6,111,2115 6 
 2G8.260 
 125.41)0, 
 111.645: 
 178,405 
 762110 
 147,700| 
 38 640 
 7,057 44517. 
 
 .169,905 
 258,645 
 111,015 
 106,505 
 189,770 
 
 71 .,875 
 245,855 
 
 38,800 
 ,191,480 
 
 Year.. . . 
 
 1882 ]8s'3 1 1884 1 1885 1 1886 18»7 1888 1>89 
 155,370 171,475 178,535 179 9451 181,250 192,195 206,50) 212 645 
 
 1890 1 1891 1 1892 
 
 Total by Colored.. 
 
 249,700 2'<5,950 .93,835 
 
 Grand Total for Co. . 
 
 4,863,320 5,076,329 5,426,h10 5,526.935 5,469,990 5,590.845 5,891,655 6,115,987 
 
 6,616,615 7,353,395 7,485,315 
 
 Kate County Tax 
 
 .0045 .0)45, .0040 .0045; .00350 .00377 .00356 .00450 
 
 .00396 .0(151)8, .00410 
 
 Rate State lax 
 
 .003' .(030' (030 .ni3(i| .Ii025i» .(x.323 .00^90 .0^300 
 
 ■C0304 0029 ^ .00365 
 
 ) Whites .. 
 
 36,557.12 35.522.33 37.997.62 41,381. 67 33,066.44 39,255.90 38.519.84 42,866.75 
 
 46.341.11 5S,22:;.68 57,468.32 
 
 Am't raised / Colored . 
 
 2,112.271 2,1>.8.32 2,263.74 2.-il2.ri8 2,063. rO, 2,4ii5.76! 2.^50.60, 2..M0.51 
 
 2.S18 90 3,.576.6i) 3,283.24 
 
 ) Total 
 
 38,069.49 37 ,69i).65 40,261.37 43,794 26 15,127.94 40,961.66 40,170.44 45,688.02 
 
 49,160 01 61 860.28 6 ■,H29.66 
 
 Table Showing Classification of the County Tax Returns, 1892. 
 
 KIND OF PROPERTY. 
 
 73 
 
 C 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 Ph 
 
 U 
 >, 
 
 c 
 
 CO 
 
 Buck Branch 
 
 >. 
 
 OJ 
 
 (U 
 
 c 
 
 d 
 o 
 
 tj 
 o 
 
 "C 
 Oh 
 
 Farming Lauds 
 
 734,0 '0 
 3 l:!l 995 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 City Rt-al Estate. 
 
 Ho'isehold and Kitchen Furniture 
 
 
 
 
 11,445 
 
 755 
 
 11,830 
 
 4,080 
 
 6,280 
 
 485 
 
 2,590 
 
 145 
 
 5.281 
 
 1,900 
 
 60 
 
 13' 
 
 '8,0:i5 
 
 705 
 
 1 1 850 
 
 
 267515 
 52.515 
 
 10 i. 1)40 
 41.520 
 
 380,465 
 8,6.10 
 
 430 200 
 
 8W1,515 
 
 610.000 
 40,^50 
 50 000 
 
 384 55 ) 
 45,000 
 17,775 
 
 5.375 
 1.345 
 4.875 
 
 3.415 
 
 775 
 7.SQ0 
 
 4,250 
 390 
 7,235 
 2520 
 2,300 
 890 
 
 4,485 
 4S0 
 
 3 KQ.^i 
 
 Jewelry.. 
 
 Live Stock .... .... 
 
 Tools ... 
 
 1,3.50 2.2R5 
 
 3 370 1 (^'>^ 
 
 Merchandise 
 
 425 
 
 40,000 
 23,035 
 
 2 250 
 2,105 
 
 2.215 
 375 
 
 535 
 
 Crops 
 
 Stocks and Bonds 
 
 155 
 
 Money and Solvent Delfts 
 
 Banks 
 
 4,740 
 
 8,815 
 
 25,525 
 
 7,240 
 
 22,9(i0 
 
 .!,870 
 
 Building and Loan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,510 
 
 
 Gas and Electric Plants 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cotton Mills 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Foundry 
 
 
 
 
 
 78(1 
 
 
 Other Property 
 
 500 
 
 770 
 
 1,980 
 
 3,235 
 
 395 
 
16 
 
 CLARKE COVNTY, GEORGIA, 
 
 Taxes. — The vital question of taxa- 
 tion in this county has always been man- 
 aged with conservatism and equity. The 
 state also has always been economical ; 
 so that together the rate for state and 
 county purposes is y% mills on the dol- 
 lar, $775 on $1,003.00. Of this $4.10 
 on each $1,00000 goes to the state 
 treasurer and $3.65 is used for county 
 purposes. 
 
 In 1892 the total taxes collected under 
 this levy was $60,669.66, of which $32,- 
 154.57 went to the state and $28,515.09 
 went for county purposes. 
 
 Ihe county income is distributed 
 under the following funds and percent- 
 ages : 
 
 To pay legal debts 7% 
 
 Repair fund for bridges and county 
 
 buildings ii% 
 
 Officers' salaries 4% 
 
 Coroner's expenses 1% 
 
 Witnesses, bailiffs, servants, etc . 7% 
 
 Jurors 13% 
 
 Poor house fund 2% 
 
 Lawful charges 15% 
 
 General and contingent fund . . 40% 
 
 100% 
 None of the adjoining counties make 
 so small a levy. Property is returned 
 for taxation based on the holdings on 
 April first of each year. Lands are 
 given in at a figure which is about three- 
 fourths of the real value to the owner. 
 Returns are made under oath to the tax 
 receiver on or before the ist day of 
 July, and are due to the county tax col- 
 lector on or before December 20th. 
 
 The legislature instituted in 1890 a 
 board of tax equalizers for each county, 
 but this law was repealed in 1892. 
 
 The bonded debt of the county is 
 $39>500-00j largely incurred in building 
 the county court house. The county 
 owns the court house property, the 
 pauper farm and buildings, six good 
 wooden bridges over the Oconee river. 
 
 four bridges over the Middle Oconee 
 and a sixth-sevenths interest in the 
 Tallasee bridge, the Paper Mill bridge, 
 Simonton bridge and Baraett's bridge. 
 The total valuation of county property 
 may be placed at $66,100. 
 
 Railroads. — Four railroads trav- 
 erse the county, centering in Athens, 
 and affording every advantage of local 
 and distant transportation. Of these 
 the Georgia R. R. was the first to reach 
 the county in 1846, followed by the 
 Northeastern R. R. in 1876, the Macon 
 and Northern R. R. in 1887, and the 
 Georgia, Carolina and Northern R. R. 
 in 1891. 
 
 Roads. — The road system of the 
 county is thoroughly developed. Main 
 lines of road traverse the county in every 
 direction from Athens, leading to im- 
 portant trade centers in adjoining coun- 
 ties, and placing the lands of the county 
 in easy reach of the markets. 
 
 The county maps will show the exact 
 position and distances along these roads. 
 The roads are worked under the " per- 
 sonal service" system, and have a total 
 length of 95 miles measured from the 
 county courthouse. 
 
 Population Centers. — The 
 
 population of the county is in great part 
 congregated at a comparatively few 
 points. The following table will sho\v 
 these points and inhabitants at each— 
 approximately : 
 
 City of Athens 10,000 
 
 Winterville 350 
 
 Whitehall 525 
 
 Princeton 225 
 
 Paper Mill 150 
 
 Tuckton 100 
 
 McClesky's 60 
 
 On the farms 4j590 
 
 Total 16,000 
 
 These figures are in excess of the 
 census returns for 1890, but are believed 
 to be a fairer and more complete record 
 of the county population. 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 17 
 
 CLIMATE AND HEALTH. 
 
 BY SAMUEL C. BENEDICT, M.D. 
 
 That Clarke county, Ga., is a very 
 healthy county it is hardly necessary to 
 argue, for its altitude, average tempera- 
 ture, humidity, rainfall, amount of cloud- 
 iness, and its drainage, coupled with the 
 fact that it lies in the Piedmont escarp- 
 ment and among the lesser foothills of 
 the southern slope of the Blue Ridge 
 mountains, is sufficient evidence to the 
 scientific mquirer that it must be a 
 healthy district. Its climate compares 
 favorably in respect to the above condi- 
 tions with well recognized health resorts, 
 as tables herewith will show. 
 
 The county is traversed by numerous 
 streams, all flowing in a southernly and 
 southeasterly directions — streams suf- 
 ficiently large to be called rivers. Its 
 surface is rolling in almost its entire 
 extent, and in most portions very hilly, 
 furnishing thereby one of the chief 
 causes of its healthfulness — natural 
 drainage. These streams are not slug- 
 gish, slowly moving waters, such as 
 would be found in level countries ; are 
 not bordered by low, level banks which, 
 in freshets, would allow of easy and far- 
 reaching overflows, but rapid, and with 
 sufficiently elevated banks to carry off 
 quickly the surplus of water from heavy 
 rains. As a result of this condition the 
 county is remarkably free from swamps, 
 lagoons or long standing water, and, 
 notwithstanding the statements of some 
 of the laity and a few physicians, mala- 
 rial diseases, especially chills and fever, 
 are almost unknown. 
 
 The factors conducing to the health 
 of any climate are those of temperature, 
 
 humidity or air moisture, wind, rainfall 
 and amount of cloudiness. 
 
 The average temperature of Clarke 
 county can best be determined by a 
 division of the year into months or sea- 
 sons, and taking this method of arriving 
 at its statistics, the writer has availed 
 himself in the following statements of 
 the records kept at the Signal Service 
 Station at the University of Georgia, at 
 Athens, the county seat. We find that 
 for the months of January, February 
 and March the average daily tempera- 
 ture to be 42° F. For April, May and 
 June 72°; for July, August and Septem- 
 be 74°, and for October, November and 
 December 52° F. The mean of the 
 highest temperatures for the first three 
 months of the year is 66°, for the suc- 
 ceeding three months ending June 30, 
 ^6°; for July, August and September, 
 91°; and for the three last months end- 
 ing December 31, 71° F. The mean of 
 the niiniminn temperatures for the same 
 months is respectively 9, 36, 51 and 22 
 degrees Fahrenheit. The observations 
 were recorded for the seven years past, 
 1885-1892. 
 
 The temperature of a place is proba 
 bly the most important of all the factors 
 in determining the value of a place as a 
 health resort, or as a place for healthy 
 habitation, and especially is this true in 
 respect to the utmost limits of heat and 
 cold, the sudden changes of temperature 
 to which a place may be subject and the 
 relative temperature between day and 
 night. In Clarke county the maximum 
 summer temperature is seldom above 
 
18 
 
 GLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 
 
 94°, the average maximum being about 
 90°, while the average minimum tem- 
 perature is about 50°, this latter repre- 
 senting the night temperature approxi- 
 mately. With the exception of possibly 
 two weeks in July, the heat of the day 
 passes into cool nights, so that some 
 form of covering is necessary for com- 
 fortable sleeping. 
 
 Next in importance to temperature is 
 the degree of humidity of a climate, and 
 
 Athens, the months of greatest humidity 
 are January, August and September, and 
 the lowest May, June and November, 
 the difference, however, being very 
 slight, with yy per cent, for maximum 
 and 61 per cent, for minimum. 
 
 The direction and velocity of its winds 
 influence favorably or unfavorably the 
 healthfulness of a climate. The prevail- 
 ing winds here for January, April and 
 October are westerly, with an average 
 
 College Avenue Lookixg North. 
 
 important. The greater the humidity 
 the less the evaporating power of the 
 atmosphere and the more sultry and 
 close its feeling to the individual. 
 
 The amount of sunshine, and fre- 
 quency and velocity of winds determine 
 the rapidity of evaporation. Taking, as 
 is the custom, ioo as the standard for 
 saturation of the amosphere by moisture, 
 it is found that for the vicinity of 
 for a certain class of invalids it is more 
 
 velocity of 5 to lo miles per hour, and ac- 
 companied by clear, cool and crisp 
 weather. For the months of February, 
 March, June, July, September and No- 
 vember the prevailing winds are east- 
 ernly, with a velocity of 5 to 15 miles, 
 bringing in February and March cool 
 rains, and in the other months refresh- 
 ing short rains. The prevailing winds 
 for August and December are southernly 
 and the latter month, December, is often 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 19 
 
 its entire length balmy and clear, per- 
 fect Indian summer weather, showing by 
 accurate tracings, taken for tne past 
 seven years, an average of but nine 
 cloudy and four rainy days. 
 
 Rainfall. — The total amount of 
 rainfall is of less importance, in point of 
 health, than its distribution. As a 
 general rule, it will be found that a place 
 showing a very slight rainfall will possess 
 a dry atmosphere, but for the invalid the 
 distribution is of much greater moment 
 than the amount. 
 
 In Clarke county, owing to the nature 
 of its soil, its natural drainage, its steady, 
 moderate and breezy winds and its aver- 
 age temperature, even a long rain is soon 
 followed by dryness of both soil and at- 
 mosphere, making it a climate where the 
 period of confinement indoors is very 
 short. 
 
 The average rainfall for New York 
 City is, in inches, for spring lo, summer 
 12, autumn lo, and winter 9. For the 
 whole year 42 inches. This includes 
 melted snow. 
 
 Charleston, S. C, the fall is, for spring 
 14, summer 20, autumn 15, and winter 1 1 
 inches. Total rainfall for the year 60 
 inches. 
 
 For Athens, it is for spring 12, summer 
 16, autumn ii, and winter 14 inches. 
 Total for the year 53 inches. Monthly 
 average 4.41. 
 
 The distribution for the past seven 
 years shows for January, March, May, 
 June, July and August 5 mches, 4.8 
 inches for September, 3 inches each for 
 November, December and October, and 
 
 2 inches for May. February and March 
 are the only months in which, from rain, 
 the weather is disagreeable, but usually 
 in February the spring opens up, as 
 shown by early flowers and peach blos- 
 soms and the beginning of early gar- 
 dening. 
 
 Cloudiness. — Lastly as to the 
 amount of cloudiness. 
 
 This condition is of importance not 
 only as effecting the rapidity of evapora- 
 tion, but also directly having an influence 
 upon the health of its inhabitants by 
 determining the amount of sunshine and 
 warmth and consequently the time which 
 can be spent out of doors. 
 
 Observations by automatic tracings 
 show for Athens, average per month in 
 days, as following : 
 
 January, February and March, cloudy, 
 12 ; rainy, 7. 
 
 April, May and June, cloudy, 7 ; 
 rainy, 8. 
 
 July, August and September, cloudy, 
 9 ; rainy, 9. 
 
 October, November and December, 
 cloudy, 8 ; rainy, 3. 
 
 A remarkably well distributed rainfall. 
 
 For New York City the average clear 
 days for the same divisions per month, 
 are 7, 8, 8.5 and 8 respectively, and for 
 Charleston, S, C, 11, 11, 10 and 12 clear 
 days respectively. The annexed tables 
 will, by comparison, show the climatic 
 conditions of Aiken, S. C, Asheville, N. 
 C, Augusta and Thomasville, Ga., and 
 Athens, Ga. Atlanta and Marietta, Ga., 
 have about the same climate as Athens. 
 The altitude of Athens is 750 feet. 
 
 Comparative Climates of Aiken, S. C, and Athens, Ga. 
 
 1873—1884. 1885—1892. 
 
 
 Av. Texp. 
 
 PerCt. of Mean 
 
 Av. Fair Days 
 
 Av. Rainfall in' 
 
 Wind, Miles per 
 
 
 
 Humidity. 
 
 per Month. 
 
 Inches. i 
 
 Hour. 
 
 MONTHS. 
 
 Aiken | Athens 
 
 Aiken i Athens 
 
 Aiken | Athens 
 
 Aiken | At liens 
 
 Aiken i Athens 
 
 January 
 
 70 
 
 42 
 
 65 
 
 75 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 3.64 
 
 5.58 
 
 3.60 
 
 5 
 
 February ..... 
 
 64 
 
 46 
 
 54 
 
 74 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 3.26 
 
 4.92 
 
 3.70 
 
 4 
 
 March 
 
 61 
 
 49 
 
 49 
 
 68 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 4.86 
 
 5.89 
 
 no obs 
 
 5 
 
 April 
 
 49 
 
 62. 
 
 53 
 
 61 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 4.71 
 
 1.97 
 
 2.46 
 
 4 
 
 November 
 
 59 
 
 52 
 
 63 
 
 65 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 3.43 
 
 3.21 
 
 3.23 
 
 5 
 
 December 
 
 72 
 
 44 
 
 61 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 3.28 
 
 3.57 
 
 3.49 
 
 
 
 Spring 
 
 71 
 
 60 
 
 52 
 
 67 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 12.83 
 
 13.. 37 
 
 3.43 
 
 4 
 
 Winter 
 
 78 
 
 41 
 
 63 
 
 73 
 
 59 
 
 70 
 
 10.35 
 
 14.02 
 
 3.09 
 
 5 
 
CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 Comparative Climates of Tl^omasville, Ga., and Atliens, Ga. 
 
 1878—1884. 1885—1892. 
 
 
 Av. -] 
 
 L'emp. 
 
 Mean Humidity 
 
 Av. Fair Days. 
 
 Av.Rainfall (in.) 
 
 Velocity Winds 
 
 MONTHS. 
 
 Thosv. 
 
 Athens 
 
 Thosv. 1 Athens 
 
 1 hosv. 
 
 Athens 
 
 Thosv. 1 Athens 
 
 Thosv. 1 Athens 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April- 
 
 64 
 
 54 
 56 
 55 
 60 
 
 67 
 75 
 
 83 
 81 
 57 
 58 
 69 
 62 
 38 
 68 
 72 
 
 42 
 46 
 49 
 62 
 68 
 75 
 77 
 76 
 71 
 58 
 52 
 44 
 59 
 75 
 60 
 52 
 
 63.73 
 
 62.86 
 63.29 
 62.75 
 64.73 
 64.73 
 66.00 
 69.92 
 67.75 
 tJ8.22 
 66.64 
 64.75 
 62.44 
 66.8^ 
 67.53 
 63.78 
 
 75 
 74 
 68 
 61 
 66 
 71 
 74 
 77 
 75 
 70 
 65 
 70 
 65 
 74 
 70 
 73 
 
 23 
 22 
 24 
 
 21 
 24 
 21 
 20 
 19 
 22 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 69 
 60 
 70 
 69 
 268 
 
 23 
 23 
 
 22 
 24 
 23 
 21 
 20 
 20 
 24 
 26 
 26 
 25 
 69 
 61 
 76 
 71 
 277 
 
 3.41 
 
 3.36 
 
 3.92 
 
 5.28 
 
 3.74 
 
 4.37 
 
 4.69 
 
 7.23 
 
 3.83 
 
 5.19 
 
 2.69 
 
 3.85 
 
 13.94 
 
 16.29 
 
 11.71 
 
 10.62 
 
 51.56 
 
 5.53 
 
 4.92 
 
 5.89 
 
 1 97 
 
 5.51 
 
 5.07 
 
 5.88 
 
 5.71 
 
 4.80 
 
 2.96 
 
 3.21 
 
 3.57 
 
 13.87 
 
 16.66 
 
 10.77 
 
 11.02 
 
 51.82 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 9 
 8 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 7 
 7 
 3 
 7 
 5 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 May 
 
 4 
 
 June 
 
 3 
 
 Tulv .... 
 
 4 
 
 August 
 
 4 
 
 September. . 
 
 October 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Spring 
 
 5 
 4 
 5 
 
 Summer. 
 
 Autumn 
 
 Winter 
 
 Year 
 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 4.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Comparative Climates of Asheville, N. C, and Atliens, Ga. 
 
 1869—1880. 1885— 189ic. 
 
 MONTHS. 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 M ay 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December . . . . . 
 
 Av. Temperature. 
 
 Asheville | Athens 
 
 37.70 
 39.40 
 45.50 
 53.00 
 61.70 
 53 60 
 44.60 
 37.80 
 
 42.37 
 46.86 
 49.73 
 63.26 
 68.78 
 53.67 
 52.54 
 44 65 
 
 Mean Humidity. 
 
 Asheville | Athens 
 
 67.13 
 64.97 
 59.51 
 62.13 
 
 68.67 
 71.87 
 66.38 
 71.93 
 
 75 
 
 74 
 
 61 
 70 
 65 
 70 
 
 Average Fair Days. 
 
 Asheville I Athens 
 
 17 
 16 
 25 
 30 
 29 
 25 
 23 
 18 
 
 23 
 23 
 
 32 
 24 
 23 
 26 
 26 
 25 
 
 Average Rainfall. 
 
 Asheville 1 Athens 
 
 2.62 
 3.69 
 4.30 
 3.43 
 3.50 
 3.05 
 2.90 
 3.03 
 
 5.53 
 
 4.92 
 5.89 
 1.97 
 5.51 
 2.96 
 3.31 
 3.57 
 
 Comparative Climates of Augusta, Ga., and Athens, Ga. 
 
 1873—1883. 1886-1892. 
 
 MONTHS. 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March . 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October .. 
 
 November .... 
 December 
 
 Av. Temperature. Mean Humidity. Average Fair Days. Average Rainfall, 
 
 Augusta. I Athens. 
 
 64 
 60 
 67 
 69 
 
 68 
 84 
 
 79 
 63 
 60 
 70 
 
 42 
 46 
 49 
 62 
 68 
 75 
 77 
 76 
 71 
 58 
 52 
 44 
 
 Augusta. I Athens. 
 
 74 
 68 
 65 
 64 
 64 
 
 73 
 
 72 
 71 
 72 
 73 
 
 75 
 74 
 68 
 iil 
 66 
 71 
 74 
 77 
 75 
 70 
 65 
 70 
 
 Augusta. I Athens. 
 
 30 
 19 
 22 
 22 
 •lb 
 23 
 24 
 23 
 33 
 24 
 20 
 21 
 
 32 
 23 
 22 
 24 
 23 
 21 
 20 
 20 
 24 
 26 
 26 
 25 
 
 Augusta. I Athens. 
 
 4.64 
 3.88 
 5.86 
 4.64 
 3.09 
 4.25 
 4.46 
 4.78 
 3.97 
 2.23 
 4.29 
 4.06 
 
 5.58 
 4.93 
 5.89 
 1.97 
 5 51 
 5.07 
 5.88 
 5.71 
 4.80 
 2.96 
 3.21 
 3.57 
 
AKI) THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 21 
 
 Clarke county has no diseases peculiar 
 to itself — there are no diseases endemic 
 here. It has a climate peculiarly suited 
 to be beneficial and curative to those 
 suffering from diseases of the nose, 
 throat and lungs, as well as for rheu- 
 matics. Diphtheria is practically un- 
 known, never as an epidemic, a few iso- 
 lated cases occasionally occurring, but 
 in some of those reported there is 
 probably an error in diagnosis. In the 
 city of Athens a half dozen cases have 
 not been known in twice as many years. 
 Chills and fever cases are almost as 
 rarely found, never as affecting a whole 
 neighborhood and usually then confined 
 to some spot subject to rising and fall- 
 ing daily water, as a mill-pond, an artifi- 
 cial rather than a natural cause. The 
 disease is so rare ni Athens that the 
 statement that all cases of malarial dis- 
 turbance found here are from an infec- 
 tion outside the city and county limits 
 would not be far from the truth. Pneu- 
 monias are very rarely seen. Consump- 
 tion, as developed from climatic condi- 
 tions is almost never known, acquired 
 consumption especially, and so unfavor- 
 able is the climate for its development 
 that persons with this disease find here 
 not only relief from progressive changes 
 but an entire arrest of the disease. 
 
 Rheumatisms, especially acute inflam- 
 matory, are seld m met with, this disease 
 being almost as great a rarity as diph- 
 theria or intermittent fever. Bright's 
 disease, diabetes and other affections of 
 
 the kidneys are so rare that in many 
 years' experience many physicians of 
 the county have never seen a case. In- 
 deed such is the healthfulness of the in- 
 habitants of Athens and its vicinity as 
 to diseases the result of climate, that 
 insurance companies find it a profitable 
 field to work, a large proportion of its 
 people carrying first-class policies, and 
 the mortality of said policy holders is 
 very low. 
 
 Statistics of its diseases are not gen- 
 erally kept by the physicians of the 
 county, and therefore it is impossible to 
 furnish any. A good way to judge of 
 the healthfulness of a place is by the 
 number of its resident practicing physi- 
 cians. The proportion to population of 
 physicians in the United States is i to 
 350. In Athens, with a population of 
 12,000, there are but 12 practicing phy- 
 sicians, a ratio of i to 1,000, and in the 
 county the proportion is still less. 
 
 The writer has traveled or resided in 
 most of the states and territories of the 
 United States, and it is his opinion, 
 formed after a residence of over ten 
 years here, that for delightful climate 
 and healthy inhabitants, and freedom 
 from endemic or epidemic diseases, 
 Clarke county especially, of all the coun- 
 ties of Northeast Georgia noted for its 
 delightful climate, has no superior. It 
 would be a most excellent place for the 
 establishment of a summer and winter 
 hotel for invalids and travelers, or for a. 
 sanitarium. 
 
22 
 
 CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 
 
 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTY. 
 
 CHARACTER OF THE SOIL AND ITS AGRICULTURAL 
 
 VALUE. 
 
 H. C. WHITE, Ph. D., F. R. C. S. 
 
 The geology of Clarke county is com- 
 paratively simple. The entire county 
 lies within what is known as the "meta- 
 morphic" region, a formation which ex- 
 tends over a large part of the northern 
 portion of Georgia. In fact, if a line be 
 drawn approximately straight across the 
 State in a southwesternly direction, 
 from Augusta, on the Savannah river, to 
 Columbus on the Chattahoochee, all of 
 the State north of this line is within the 
 "metamorphic," excepting the ten coun- 
 ties comprising the extremiC northwest- 
 ern corner. Clarke county is, therefore, 
 somewhat east of the center of this great 
 formation. This metamorphic region is 
 the mountainous or hilly portion of 
 Georgia ; mountain-making and the 
 metamorphism of rocks being due to 
 the same general causes. Clarke county, 
 however, lies rather upon the slopes and 
 among the foot-hills of the true moun- 
 tain range than within the range itself. 
 The country is, therefore, broken and 
 hilly but not truly mountainous. Ranges 
 of mountains of considerable altitude lie 
 50 or 60 miles to the northward, and are 
 distinctly visible from any of the higher 
 hills of the county in clear weather. The 
 climate of the county (see page 17) is, 
 therefore, that of the great Piedmont 
 ("foot of the mountain") region, being 
 neither enervating, like that of many of 
 the "lowland" counties to the south, 
 jior rigorous like that of some of the 
 
 true mountain counties to the north. 
 For healthfulness and comfort, the cli- 
 mate is most excellent, and it is admira- 
 bly adapted to a great variety of agricul- 
 tural and horticultural products. 
 
 The rocks of the metamorphic forma- 
 tion vary som.ewhat in different locali- 
 ties, but they are generally hard, compact 
 and silicious, the great bulk of the rock 
 being granite, or nearly approaching 
 granite in composition and character. 
 The rock underlying Clarke county is 
 quite uniformly agneissoid granite. At 
 occasional points the rock is very like 
 true granite, and is suitable for building 
 and road-bed purposes. No quarries, 
 however, have as yet been opened in the 
 county, although immediately beyond 
 the county line, in Oglethorpe county, 
 workable granite of the very finest qual- 
 ity is somewhat extensively quarried. 
 
 In common with the greater part of 
 the metamorphic formation of this re- 
 gion, the rock of the county is seamed 
 with occasional veins of gold-bearing 
 quartz. Gold in paying quantities has 
 been washed from the bed of a small 
 stream (Tanyard branch) flowing through 
 a portion of the city of Athens, and 
 probably in other parts of the county. 
 No very rich veins or stream deposits 
 have been found in the county, however, 
 and it is most probable that none exist. 
 The rich veins and deposits found in the 
 counties to the north occur generally 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATIIEXS. 
 
 among the schistose and quartzose rocks 
 and not among the granites. 
 
 Whilst the rock is comparatively uni- 
 form in general character, and is all, 
 comparatively speaking, hard and com- 
 pact, it is not uniform in hardness and 
 compactness. As a consequence, eros- 
 ion has carved the surface of the county 
 into numberless water-worn hills and 
 valleys, giving it a "rolling" character. 
 As a further consequence, the streams, 
 (of which there are a great number), 
 have uneven and somewhat precipitous 
 channels and move with rapidly chang- 
 ing velocities. These conditions give 
 rise to valuable "water powers," many 
 of which are already applied to indus- 
 trial uses. (See page 31.) Another con- 
 sequence of the lack of uniformity in 
 the hardness and compactness of the 
 rock is that it has been "weathered" to 
 a great and unusual depth. (The same 
 is true of many contiguous counties.) 
 Excepting on the summits of the sleeper 
 hills, from which the weathered rock has 
 been washed away as rapidly as formed, 
 the effects of the weathering are notice- 
 able to depths of from 20 to 40 feet. 
 Wells in the county are generally sunk 
 to these depths before hard rock is en- 
 countered. "Weathering" is the "break- 
 ing down, pulverization and decomposi- 
 tion of rocks and minerals by natural 
 processes ; that is, by the action of water, 
 air, rain, wind, frost and such like natural 
 agencies in operation constantly on the 
 earth's surface." The "weathering" of 
 rocks results in the formation of soil. 
 The soil of the county is, therefore, 
 naturally very deep. Where it is pro- 
 tected from washing the depth to which 
 it may be cultivated for farming pur- 
 poses is practically unlimited. 
 
 The natural, inherent suitability of a 
 soil for farming purposes depends in 
 part upon the physical character and in 
 
 part upon its chemical composition. 
 J3oth of these are determined by the 
 nature of the rock from which the soil 
 was formed. 
 
 The principal minerals of which the 
 granitic rock of the county is composed 
 are quartz, feldspar and mica. True 
 granite is a uniform, homogeneous mix- 
 ture of these three minerals, each finely 
 grained, compacted into a hard, uniform 
 rock. Gneissoid granite contains the 
 same three minerals, but it is not homo- 
 geneous in character, the minerals are 
 coarsely grained and the rock is not so 
 hard or compact as true granite. In true 
 srranite it is sometimes difficult to dis- 
 
 o 
 
 tinguish the minerals from each other by 
 the unaided eye, but in the gneisses the 
 large, coarse masses of each are gener- 
 ally easily distinguishable. In addition 
 to quartz, feldspar and mica, other min- 
 erals in smaller quantities are sometimes 
 among the components of the rock, such 
 as hornblende, tourmaline, small veins 
 of iron pyrites, ("fool's gold"), etc., some 
 of which are often prominently notice- 
 able when the rock is freshly broken. 
 Others, such as carbonate of lime, phos- 
 phate of lime, sulphate of lime, etc., 
 occur in much smaller quantities, espe- 
 cially mixed through the soil formed of 
 the rock when weathered. It is this 
 heterogeneous character and coarse 
 structure of the gneissoid rock that per- 
 mits it to be weathered to such great 
 depths. 
 
 The first effect of weathering is to 
 crumble the rock. The minerals are 
 then separated and sorted by the action 
 of water. The Cjuartz crumbles into 
 sand, and the mica into small, fine, glis- 
 tening plates or scales. These are fre- 
 quently noticeable in the dust by the 
 roadside or in the beds and along the 
 sides of small streams. Quartz simply 
 forms sand ; it cannot be further decom- 
 
2k 
 
 CLARKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 posed. The feldspar and mica (and other 
 similar minerals) are, however, not only 
 crumbled into fine particles but are act- 
 tually decomposed. Thus, feldspar, 
 which is composed chiefly of silica 
 (silicic acid), alumina and potash, with 
 small quantities of lime, soda, iron and 
 other ingredients, decomposes under the 
 action of weathering and produces sand 
 (silica), clay (silicate of alumina and 
 
 Clarke county is, therefore, essentially a 
 clay soil. As the quantity of iron in the 
 feldspar, etc., is considerable, the oxide 
 of iron formed during weathering gives 
 the soil generally a decided red color. 
 The sorting action of rain water modi- 
 fies to some extent the natural character 
 of the soil in many places. Clay is 
 lighter and finer than sand and is, 
 therefore, more easily washed away. 
 
 The Georgia Normal School. 
 
 water) and silicate of potash principally, 
 with small quantities of oxide of iron, 
 lime and soda compounds, etc. Mica, 
 which has a somewhat similar composi- 
 tion, produces, on weathering, similar 
 results. The principal ingredients of 
 the soil formed by the weathering of a 
 gneissoid granite are, therefore, sand 
 and clay ; and as the quantity of clay is 
 large, such soils are usually clay soils. 
 What may be called the natural soil of 
 
 The larger streams of the county are 
 therefore almost constantly more or less 
 muddy from the quantity of fine clay 
 which they carry, and the smaller 
 streams are frequently so. This exces- 
 sive washing away of the clay as com- 
 pared with the sand results in the pro- 
 duction of sandy soil. This is especially 
 the case upon the tops and sides of the 
 steeper hills and in "bottoms" where the 
 velocity of a swiftly running stream is 
 
AND THE CITY OF AT?IENS. ^5 
 
 first checked. With the clay there is sents the soil to a depth of 12 inches, 
 
 removed a good portion of the oxide of and its composition is as follows : 
 
 iron, so, as the soils become sandy, they Sand, clay, silicic acid, carbonic 
 
 lose their red color and become "grey" acid, etc 88.025 
 
 soils. Organic matter — the remains of Water 4038 
 
 vegetation— upon the soil also effects Organic matter 4-593 
 
 the removal of the oxide of iron by solu- Lime 0.292 
 
 tion so that some of the soils are "grey" Magnesia 0270 
 
 even when clayey. Potash 0.781 
 
 The great bulk of the soils of the Soda 0.685 
 
 county are red clay lands, but sandy Phosphoric acid 0.036 
 
 lands and grey lands are not uncommon. Sulphuric acid 0.076 
 
 The numerous streams furnish consid- Oxide of iron 1.204 
 
 erable acreages of bottom lands of great 
 
 r .•T4. 100.000 
 lertility. 
 
 Even in the case of the distinctly clay The composition of the soil per acre 
 
 lands the proportion of sand mixed with calculated from this analysis is as fol- 
 
 the clay is so great that they are rarely lows : One cubic foot of the soil weighed 
 
 heavy or stiff, or in condition unsuited 81 pounds, and one acre taken to a depth 
 
 to easy and perfect tillage. The of 12 inches weighed, accordingly, 
 
 ease of cultivation of clay lands depends 3,528,000 pounds, as follows : 
 
 largely upon their freedom from exces- Sand, clay, silicic acid, carbon- 
 
 sive moisture. The rolling character of ic acid, etc 3> 105,730 
 
 the lands of the county enables them to Water 142,500 
 
 be properly drained without great diffi- Organic matter 161.750 
 
 culty. The hills, moreover, are not Lime 10,320 
 
 generally so steep or abrupt but that Magnesia ■ . 9-540 
 
 excessive washing may be prevented by Potash 27.560 
 
 ordinary and simple methods. Terrac- Soda 24,150 
 
 ing for this purpose has found success- Phosphoric acid 1,260 
 
 ful application almost universally. Sulphuric acid 22,690 
 
 Physically speaking, therefore, the Oxide of iron 42,500 
 
 soils of the county generally are admira- ^ 
 
 bly suited to farming operations, being ^'^ ' 
 
 deep, composed of thoroughly disinte- Careful investigations have shown that 
 
 grated materials, capable of easy drain- given crops take from the soil certain 
 
 age and protection from washing and of quantities of certain mineral matters. 
 
 a character adapted to easy and economic The following may be given as illustra- 
 
 culivation. tions. 
 
 The chemical composition of the soil Amounts (in pounds) of different sub- 
 may be illustrated by an analysis of a stances used and required by plants in 
 sample of the red clay land of the Uni- producing certain crops, including the 
 versify farm. This farm is situated on roots, stem, leaves, fruit, grain, seed, 
 a ridge-top, and the soil is less fertile etc., and all parts of the plant, repre- 
 than the average soil of the county of senting the total demand made by the 
 similar character. The sample repre- crop upon the soil. 
 
26 
 
 CLARKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 1. COTTON, 200 POUNDS LINT PER ACRE. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Potash 32 
 
 Lime 40 
 
 Magnesia 12 
 
 Phosphoric acid 17 
 
 Other mineral matter 25 
 
 2. CORN, 50 BUSHELS, SHELLED GRAIN. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Potash yj 
 
 Lime 35 
 
 Magnesia 20 
 
 Phosphoric acid 31 
 
 Other mineral matter 15 
 
 3. OATS, 20 BUSHELS. 
 
 Pounds. 
 Potash 20 
 
 Lime 7 
 
 IMagnesia 5 
 
 Phosphoric acid 7 
 
 Other mineral matter 56 
 
 4. WHEAT, 10 BUSHELS. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Potash 10 
 
 Lime 4 
 
 Magnesia 3 
 
 Phosphoric acid 8 
 
 Other mineral matter 37 
 
 5. TIMOTHY HAY, I TON. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Potash 65 
 
 Lime 30 
 
 Magnesia 13 
 
 Phosphoric acid 16 
 
 Other mineral macter 100 
 
 6. RED CLOVER, I TON. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Potash 80 
 
 Lime 70 
 
 Magnesia 25 
 
 Phosphoric acid 20 
 
 Other mineral matter 25 
 
 Comparing the requirements of the 
 crops with the actual capabilities of the 
 soil, as indicated by the analysis, it is 
 evident that, taken only to the depth of 
 12 inches, the ordinary soil of the county 
 
 is abundantly provided with the mineral 
 food necessary to produce luxuriant crops 
 for many years without artificial fertili- 
 zation. When it is remembered that 
 the sub-soil, down to the lowest depth 
 that can possibly be reached by any 
 plow, contains even larger quantities of 
 plant food than are found in the surface 
 soil, it is apparent that it is possible to 
 maintain the natural fertility of the soil 
 practically indefinitely. It is true that 
 the fertility of a soil is mainly depend- 
 ent upon the solubility or "availability" 
 of the mineral plant food which it con- 
 tains. In no soils may this availability 
 be so readily or easily secured by judi- 
 cious care of the land, green manuring, 
 rotation of crops and other economic 
 practices of good husbandry, as in soils 
 of the character found in this county, 
 the physical characteristics of which 
 have been described, and which enable 
 them to retain heat, air, moisture and the 
 products of decay of organic matter, the 
 natural agencies by which such availa- 
 bility is secured. 
 
 The general chemical character of the 
 soil and its capacity to furnish mineral 
 plant food may also be estimated from 
 the composition of the minerals forming 
 the rocks from which the soil was pro- 
 duced. All the minerals (excepting 
 quartz) of the gneissoid granite underly- 
 ing the soil of the county are rich in 
 potash, lime and magnesia, and contain 
 the other necessary ingredients of plant 
 food in good proportions. The soil 
 formed by the weathering of such min- 
 erals is, therefore, necessarily a strong 
 soil ; that is, it contains plant food in 
 abundance, its natural productive capac- 
 ity is very great, and it responds readily 
 to judicious tillage. 
 
 Another indication of the natural fer- 
 tility of the soil is afforded by the char- 
 acter of the native vegetable growth. 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 21 
 
 The timber of the county is mainly hard of the natural waters is absolute. The 
 woods — oak, hickory, dogwood, etc. — -a extreme purity and the magnificent 
 class of vegetation that demands from quality of the drinking waters of the 
 the soil much the same kind and amounts region in which the county lies consti- 
 of mineral food as are required by ordi- tute one of its chief claims to health- 
 nary cultivated crops. fulness. 
 
 It may be safely said, therefore, that It has been previously noted that the 
 the general character of the soil of the oxide of iron which gives the red color 
 county is such as to yield to the hus- to the soil is sometimes washed out of 
 bandman full and rich returns for the the soil (leaving " grey " land) by the 
 labor of intelligent cultivation. As percolating water when the quantity of 
 " proof of the pudding " attention is organic (vegetable) matter upon or in 
 called to the agricultural statistics of the the soil is large. This oxide of iron re- 
 county given elsewhere, showing what mains in solution until the water issues 
 the soil has actually been made to pro- freely into the air. Iron, or " chalybe- 
 duce by careful culture. ate" springs are, therefore, not infre- 
 
 As indicated above, the mineral mat- quent in the county. There are, in fact, 
 
 ters of the soil and of the underlying quite a number of them of excellent 
 
 rock of this region are mainly silicates — quality and great medicinal value, 
 
 compounds of potash, lime, etc., with As illustrating their character the 
 
 silica. These compounds are but slightly analyses of two of the better known of 
 
 soluble in water (though competent to such springs are here given : 
 become sufficiently so for all purposes 
 
 . 1 ^ , . ^ „, ' ^ , ^ "HELICON SPRINGS, CLARKE CO., 
 
 of plant growth). 1 he water percoiat- 
 
 ^, , ^, ., , , , . 15 MILES FROM ATHENS. 
 
 mg through the sou and rock and col- 
 
 leCted in wells for drinking purposes Solids Dissolved. U.S. Gallon. 
 
 therefore contains but very small quan- Carbonate of iron 3.095 
 
 titles of mineral matter in solution. Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.462 
 
 Numerous analyses of the well waters of Carbonate of lithia a trace 
 
 the county show that the amount of Sulphate of lime 3 217 
 
 mineral matter held in solution is, on Sulphate of potash o 102 
 
 the average, not more than 2 grains per Sulphate of magnesia o 065 
 
 U. S. gallon. They are, therefore, Sulphate of soda 0.167 
 
 "free-stone" waters of most excellent Sodium chloride 0167 
 
 quality. The natural springs of the '^i^ica^ 0310 
 
 county are of the same general character ^iumma 0053 
 
 and even the superficial streams, large Organic matter . • 0112 
 
 and small, when freed from suspended Manganese . a trace 
 
 sediment, are remarkably pure. The Phosphate of lime a trace 
 
 waters of the Oconee river, from which Total 7 714 
 
 the city of Athens is about to take its 
 
 water-supply, shows, when filtered, less Temperature of the water (air 81.4°) 
 
 than 2\ grains per gallon of solid mat- ^^ ' 
 
 ters dissolved. Except where subject to Spring near the N. E. R. R. depot, 
 
 local contamination, the organic purity city of Athens. The so-called 
 
2S CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 
 
 " FERRO-LiTHic " SPRING. A few " sulphur " Springs are also 
 
 Solids Dissolved. u.T.'oailon. known, the sulphur compounds being 
 
 Carbonate of iron 1.528 derived probably from the iron pyrites 
 
 Carbonate of lime 0.241 (sulphide of iron) occurring in small 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia 0.315 quantities quite generally through the 
 
 Carbonate of lithia 0.007 rock and readily decomposing on weath- 
 
 Sulphate of lime o 162 ering. 
 
 Sulphate of potash 0.132 This brief review of the geology of the 
 
 Sulphate of soda 0.115 county may serve, perhaps, to disclose 
 
 A Ikalme chlorides 0.003 the natural and sufficient basis for the 
 
 vj-^jio claim that its salubrious climate, pure 
 
 ^^^^^'^^ 0010 ^^^^^ ^^d fg^tilg g^il flt it tQ be the 
 
 Organic matter 0.136 ^ome of a prosperous, sturdy and 
 
 Total 2.766 thrifty people. 
 
 FARMING IN CLARKE COUNTY. 
 
 Prof. DAVID C. BARROW, Jr., C. M. E. 
 
 Clarke county is situated about forty 
 miles south of what is known as the 
 Chattahoochee ridge, which separates, 
 the cotton producing section of the 
 State from those portions where the 
 summer season is too short to permit of 
 its successful cultivation. 
 
 We are very advantageously situated, 
 agriculturally, being in a climate where 
 cotton can be successfully grown, and 
 yet being sufficiently far north to make 
 the cultivation of wheat profitable. 
 
 The climate of the more southern por- 
 tion of the State is as suitable for the 
 cultivation of cotton, corn and oats as is 
 our own, but in that section wheat can- 
 not be successfull raised. We cannot 
 grow sugar cane in Clarke, at least not 
 as a profitable crop, but we have as a 
 substitute sorghum from which much 
 syrup is made every year. 
 
 Each year increased attention is paid 
 to hay making, and there are now farmers 
 
 in this county who raise hay to the ex- 
 clusion of cotton. Bermuda grass, which 
 was once regarded as the farmer's curse, 
 is considered now as of great value on 
 account of the quantity of hay it pro- 
 duces and the excellent pasturage it 
 affords, This grass, is killed only by 
 intense cold, so that, when once a field 
 is set in berniuda grass, very little ex- 
 pense is incurred in making hay from it. 
 
 It is common to cut three crops of 
 hay during a summer, and at least two 
 are expected. 
 
 As to fruit, we have an abundance of 
 figs, from which may be inferred that we 
 have no very severe cold, and peaches, 
 apples, pears and grapes thrive with us. 
 There are many scuppernong vines in 
 and around Athens which are of great 
 size and which produce bushels of fruit. 
 
 From this brief statement of the crops 
 which are grown here it will be seen that 
 the statement of an eminent divine that, 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHEXS. 
 
 :?9 
 
 " Our county produces everything else 
 and cotton besides," is almost literally 
 correct. 
 
 During my boyhood it was the custom 
 on my father's plantation, in the vicinity 
 of Athens, to feed the negroes with pro- 
 visions grown on the place, and to clothe 
 them with cloth woven at home from 
 cotton and wool raised there 
 
 The farmer who buys only sugar and 
 coffee of his food, and wears clothes of 
 cloth manufactured in his own county, 
 if not on his farm, is still to be found 
 with us. 
 
 Extract From Tenth Census. 
 Clarke County. 
 
 " The lands may be classed as red 
 clays, gray sandy, mulatto, and alluvial 
 bottom soils. The red clay lands cover 
 about 65 per cent, of the county area, 
 and extend in two belts across the 
 county, each about 6 miles wide. The 
 dark red soil has a depth of about 18 
 inches, with a tough red clay sub -soil. 
 
 The soil is fine grained and compact, 
 retaining moisture for a long time, hav. 
 ing little sand in its composition. It is 
 very durable, resisting both weathering 
 influence and the taking up of its riches 
 by the plants, and produces crops for a 
 number of years with very little decrease 
 in yield. 
 
 Its tree growth consists of red, black, 
 Spanish, and white oaks, chestnut, pine 
 hickory, dogwood and some walnut. 
 The soil is cold and naturally well 
 drained, and is easy to till in wet sea- 
 sons. 
 
 Fresh lands produce from 900 to 1,000 
 pounds of seed cotton, and this yield 
 continues for a number of years without 
 any apparent diminution. The lands are 
 not troubled so much by weeds or by 
 crab-grass. They have a tendency to 
 wash, and on steep hillsides are much 
 
 injured. The valleys are also injured 
 by the washings. Hillside ditching and 
 terracing are practiced with good success 
 in checking the damage. 
 
 Gray sandy lands, which form 
 a belt three miles wide in the middle of 
 the county, comprise nearly 30 per cent, 
 of its lands. The soil is gray and more 
 or less sandy, 16 inches deep, and under- 
 laid by a yellowish or reddish clay much 
 less tough than the red lands and much 
 less retentive of moisture. It is not as 
 durable as the red lands, is generous 
 in giving up its plant food, and is 
 more readily washed off by rains. It 
 also decreases in productiveness more 
 readily. The growth is wl?ite, red, 
 Spanish and post oak, hickory, pine and 
 chestnut, this last being more abundant 
 than on red lands. Whenever it is pos- 
 sible farmers use chestnut rails for fenc- 
 ing purposes, and gray lands are often 
 marked by chestnut fences. These 
 lands are best adapted to cotton and 
 oats, 75 per cent, of the former being 
 planted. The red land is better for corn, 
 clover and wheat, though cotton forms 
 60 per cent, of the crops. The yield on 
 " fresh gray land " is rom 1,000 to 1,200 
 pounds of seed cotton per acre. While 
 the soil is not so durable as the red land, 
 it recuperates more readily and produces 
 very well for a few years after a rest. 
 
 The bottom lands, comprising 5 per 
 cent, of the land of the county, are vari- 
 able in width, and are never very wide. 
 The growth is birch, hickory, pine, oak, 
 walnut, and frequently considerable 
 white oak. The soil is a dark alluvial 
 loam, sometimes underlaid by a tough 
 pipe clay, white or bluish in color. The 
 land is best adapted to corn, 10 per cent, 
 only of cotton being planted. Cockle- 
 bur and rag-weed are the most trouble- 
 some." 
 
GLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 
 
 Since the census report was prepared 
 one notable change has taken place in 
 the farming in Clarke county, which" is 
 the cultivation of Bermuda grass on 
 many of the bottoms, which were then 
 planted in corn, a change which has been 
 of the greatest benefit to the farmer. 
 
 At my request Mr. Jos. F. Comer, one 
 
 of the successful farmers of Clarke 
 county, has given me a statement of the 
 crops raised by himself and tenants dur- 
 ing 1892. His tenants are negroes, who 
 with their families and some help hired, 
 cultivated their farms. Mr. Comer is a 
 very careful and skillful farmer, but the 
 results show what can be accomplished. 
 
 Residence of A. L. Hull, Milleuge Avenue. 
 
 
 Pi 
 W 
 % 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 TENANTS. 
 
 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6 
 
 Bales of Cotton 
 
 Bushels Cotton Seed 
 
 Galls Syrup (Sorghum). . 
 Bus. Potatoes (Sweet). . . . 
 
 Stacks Fodder 
 
 Loads Forao"e Corn.... 
 
 30 
 
 810 
 
 100 
 
 120 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 297 
 
 80 
 
 60 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 160 
 
 600 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 351 
 
 60 
 
 150 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 250 
 
 150 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 2 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 270 
 
 400 
 
 70 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 170 
 
 500 
 
 2 
 1 
 20 
 2 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 405 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 200 
 
 400 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 324 
 
 150 
 
 75 
 3 
 2 
 
 150 
 500 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 15 
 2 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 405 
 
 200 
 
 125 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 20 » 
 
 200 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 9 cts. per lb. 
 22 cts. per bu. 
 50 cts. per gal. 
 50 cts. per bu. 
 75 cts. per 100. 
 
 Bushels Corn 
 
 Pounds Pork 
 
 75 cts. per bu. 
 8 cts. per lb. 
 
 Loads Shucks. 
 
 Loads Oats 
 
 Loads Hay 
 
 Bushels Peas 
 
 No. Mules Worked .... 
 
 60 cts. per 100. 
 
 75 cts. per 100. 
 80 cts. per bu. 
 
 Rent Cotton (in bales) .... 
 
 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHEXS. 
 
 SI 
 
 The bales of cotton averaged 450 lbs., 
 that being size of bales paid for rent. 
 
 The loads of shucks and hay may- 
 be counted at 500 lbs. each. The stacks 
 of fodder at the same. 
 
 The conclusion which naturally fol- 
 lows from this brief statement seems to 
 be that our county can hardly be equalled 
 for diversity of products and profitable 
 farming under proper management. 
 
 Note. — Several years ago aa agricultural 
 club existed in Athens, which offered a premium 
 for the best acre of wheat. Several of the con- 
 testants raised over 50 bushels, and the prize 
 was awarded to Dr. James S. Hamilton, who 
 grew, I think, 54 bushels on an acre. This is 
 given as indicating what can be raised by proper 
 cultivation. 
 
 The Tenant System, 
 
 The table on page 30 illustrates one 
 of the most common methods of farming 
 in this county and the surrounding coun- 
 try, so common, indeed, that it may be 
 called the method in which our lands are 
 farmed. 
 
 The land is owned in large bodies, 
 either by those who inherited planta- 
 tions, or by the accumulations of suc- 
 cessful businessmen, and is rented out 
 in small farms to tenants. 
 
 The rents vary in kinds and amount, 
 lands near cities and towns renting 
 
 higher than in more remote sections, and 
 the quality of the land being, of course, 
 an important consideration. 
 
 Sometimes a portion of the crop 
 grown, usually one-fourth, is paid for 
 the use of land, but ordinarily the con- 
 tract is for "standing rent." By "stand- 
 ing rent " is meant that a fixed amount 
 of lint cotton, or occasionally of money, 
 is to be paid for the use of land. The 
 amount varies from 800 to 1,200 pounds 
 of lint cotton for each one-horse farm. 
 Sometimes the landlord furnishes the 
 mule and includes his hire in the rent. 
 Mr. Comer does this, but the tenant 
 feeds the mule. 
 
 Another very common contract is 
 what is called the " half and half con- 
 tract." The laborer furnishes the 
 human labor, usually himself and 
 family; and the landlord furnishes the 
 mule and land and feeds the mule. The 
 laborer furnishes his hoes, etc., and the 
 landlord the plows. Fertilizers, black- 
 smith bills and other expenses are paid 
 for half and half. The crop is equally 
 divided between the landlord and his 
 tenant. 
 
 Under this contract an industrious 
 laborer will greatly prosper and the land- 
 lord be well paid for the use of his land. 
 
 WATER SYSTEM. 
 
 The extent, distribution and commer- 
 cial value of the water system of Clarke 
 county justify its discussion under a 
 special article. The article should be 
 read with the county map before the eye, 
 and with a clear remembrance of the 
 large and evenly distributed rainfall with 
 which this section is favored. 
 
 The two forks of the Oconee river 
 which run together on the county line 
 are the most important members of the 
 water system, but along the several 
 creeks which run into the rivers a num- 
 ber of valuable powers exist, some uti- 
 lized and some not. It will be noted 
 that secondary streams of the county are 
 
CLABKE COUNTY, OEOBGIA, 
 
 supplied by a great number of branches 
 which take their rise in a still larger 
 number of bold springs. The general 
 trend of the streams is toward the 
 south-east, and with scarcely an excep- 
 tion the river and creek valleys are very 
 narrow and bordered on each side by 
 high hills. The underlying rocks in 
 which these channels have been cut be- 
 long to the earliest geological eras, tech- 
 nically called metamorphic rock, which 
 abounds in fissures into which a large 
 per centage of the rainfall is gathered. 
 This underground supply not only sus- 
 tains the springs and branches, but 
 makes it possible to secure good water 
 at shallow depths. The surface wells of 
 the county range from 25 to 50 feet in 
 depth. The nature of the underlying 
 rock, of course, renders impossible the 
 boring of artesian wells, but, fortunate- 
 ly, the surface water is so pure that deep 
 wells aie not necessary. The insoluble 
 nature of the rock leaves the supply 
 
 entirely free from any large amounts of 
 mineral ingredients, and the sparsely 
 settled character of the country secures 
 immunity from hurtful organic contami- 
 nation. Analyses are given below of 
 the water of several typical streams, 
 springs and wells in this county, which 
 show the marked purity and bealthful- 
 ness of the waters of this section. To 
 interpret their analyses it should be 
 said that the presence of chlorides and 
 ammonia indicate animal, or organic con- 
 tamination, while the amount of solid 
 matter shows the dissolved mineral in- 
 gredients. The recognized limits of 
 safety for a drinking water are concerned 
 chiefly with the presence of chlorides 
 and albumenoid ammonia. When chlo- 
 rides exceed two grains pei- U. S. gallon, 
 and when albumenoid ammonia exceeds 
 10 parts in 100,000,000 a water should 
 be regarded with suspicion from a health 
 standpoint. With these facts in mind 
 the tables speak for themselves. 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 -^ c; • 
 
 ^'? 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (« 
 
 P <= 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 a; 
 
 £0 
 
 <2- 
 
 .£ £§ 
 
 OcO 
 
 en 
 <v 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 <D u 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 TO ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ "^ 
 
 
 
 
 ,G 
 
 >- a 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 fe 
 
 < 
 
 H 
 
 X 
 
 Oconee River, at New Water Works, 
 
 ) Unfiltered 
 
 j Filtered 
 
 Trace. 
 Trace. 
 
 01 
 0.03 
 
 0.04 
 0.00 
 
 7.223 
 
 2.854 
 
 1.82 
 
 Middle Oconee River, j^i^Xred 
 
 
 Trace. 
 Trace. 
 
 02 
 0.00 
 
 0.00 
 0.02 
 
 2.219 
 4.672 
 
 i'.e' 
 
 Trail Creek, Unfiltered , 
 
 
 Trace. 
 
 005 
 
 0.03 
 
 3.651 
 
 1.25 
 
 Von der Lieth's Spring 
 
 Weil on Milledge Avenue, Athens. . . 
 
 
 Trace. 
 0.14 
 
 0.002 
 000 
 
 0.005 
 0.045 
 
 2.10 
 5.26 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 1 50 
 
 Water Powers. — The question 
 as to whether a given water system may 
 be utilized for power purposes depends 
 upon the following facts : 
 
 I. The occurrence of rocky shoals 
 over which the stream will descend a 
 number of feet in elevation within a 
 comparatively short distance, the power 
 being proportional to the fall. 
 
 2. On the velocity with which the 
 water is brought to the top of the fall. 
 
 3. On the volume of water. 
 
 4. On the constancy of water in the 
 channel. 
 
 5 The adaptability of the banks for 
 the building of a suitable dam and race 
 way by which to bring the water to the 
 machinery. 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 1. Throughout this county the beds 
 of streams are marked at frequent inter- 
 vals by the presence of transverse rocky 
 ledges of greater or less fall over which 
 the waters pass from one comparatively 
 level stretch to another. 
 
 2. The general slope of these quiet 
 stretches determines the velocity which 
 is effected in bringing the water to the 
 dam at a given speed. The streams of 
 this county are swiftly flowing at all 
 points. The rivers between the shoals 
 maintain without much variation an 
 average flow of one foot per second. 
 This estimate is a safe average based on 
 actual observations on Middle Oconee 
 river at Tallasee Shoals where the veloc- 
 ity is 1.6 feet per second, and on the 
 same river above the Princeton Shoals, 
 where the velocity is .852 feet per 
 second. 
 
 3. The volume of water passing the 
 top of a shoal will be the product of the 
 area of a vertical cross section of the 
 stream by the velocity. Cross sections, 
 of course, will vary with different stages 
 of the water, but estimates on the Mid- 
 dle Oconee river taken in the early fall 
 season when the water is lowest, show 
 at Tallasee Shoals an area of 152 square 
 feet, and at Princeton an area of 400 
 square feet, the respective velocities be- 
 ing 1.6 feet and 832 feet per second. 
 The product of these factors give at Tal- 
 lasee 25 horse power for every foot of 
 fall, and at Princeton 35 horse power for 
 every foot of fall, the increase at the 
 latter point being due to the waters of 
 several large creeks which empty into 
 this river between the two shoals. These 
 are minimum figures. 
 
 4. The constancy of the flow is of 
 vital importance, and will depend on 
 three main items. 
 
 I. The annual rainfall and its distri- 
 bution. 
 
 2 The nature of the drainage. 
 3. The absorption power of the un- 
 derlying rock system. 
 
 The drainage area of the two rivers 
 is very hilly, a fact which tends to make 
 a large per centage of the water from 
 rainstorms run off rapidly. On the other 
 hand, these water sheds are well wooded 
 and the underlying rock system is fis- 
 sured so that much of the rainfall is 
 rapidly absorbed and given forth gradu- 
 ally to the streams and branches Act- 
 ual observations on the waters of Trail 
 creek, whose water shed is 12 square 
 miles give the following table for a point 
 near the creek's mouth. 
 
 Trail Creek. 
 
 
 
 j^ 
 
 in 
 
 '■J 
 
 
 
 
 
 *-» 
 
 c 
 
 <u 
 
 QJ 
 
 
 __r4 
 
 Q 
 
 i- . 
 
 
 .a >- 
 
 
 V 
 
 3 
 
 
 03 1/ _:j 
 
 0^ 
 
 1j 
 
 3 a 
 
 
 Q 
 
 ^ 
 
 5.58 in 
 
 < 
 12.109 ft 
 
 2.05 ft 
 
 > 
 
 April 18511 25' 
 
 24.8 cu.ft 
 
 Oct., 1891133' 
 
 2.6 in 
 
 5.00 ft 
 
 2.17 ft 
 
 10.85 cu.ft 
 
 Average grade of stream 4.25' in 1,000'. 
 
 The first observation was in the spring 
 when the general flow was full ; the lat- 
 ter at a time when the water was lowest. 
 Taking the average between these two 
 we have 17.8 cubic feet per second as 
 the average flow of the stream, which is 
 equivalent to 1,537,920 cubic feet per 
 day. The annual rainfall for this section 
 being 54 inches, the mean daily rainfall 
 is .14 in., which, on an area of 12 square 
 miles, gives a total volume of water 
 amounting to 4,183,010 cubic feet. Of 
 this, the observations show that 2,645,090 
 cubic feet are lost to the stream by 
 evaporation, by running off in storm 
 water, and by absorption and evapora- 
 tion from vegetable growth and in deep 
 fissures. Calculated to per centage this 
 shows that an average of 37% of the 
 
GLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 rain fall is available for supplying the 
 stream. This calculation has been given 
 in detail in order to use the available % 
 on other streams in the county. Fan- 
 ning in his excellent work on water sup- 
 ply shows that 40% of the total rainfall 
 may be taken as available to maintain 
 the flow of a stream. The close agree- 
 
 ment between his data and the observa- 
 tions on Trail creek lend further strength 
 to the figure as given. We, therefore, 
 may use 40% for the creeks of this 
 county as a basis upon which to estimate 
 their average volume and the horsepower 
 which they will give, as shown in the 
 table below. 
 
 Table of Water System Measurements. 
 
 i\AME. 
 
 Gay's Branch 
 
 McNutt's Creek 
 
 Little Bear Creek 
 
 Bear Creek 
 
 Turkey Creek 
 
 Poss' Creek 
 
 McLeroy's Creek 
 
 Cub Creek 
 
 Big Sandy Creek 
 
 Big Sandy Creek at Colt's Mill. 
 
 Little Sandy Creek 
 
 Noketchee Creek 
 
 Trail Creek ( West Fork ) 
 
 Trail Creek 
 
 Shoal Creek 
 
 Big Creek 
 
 Cedar Creek 
 
 McNutt's Creek, at Epps' Gin.. 
 McNutt's Creek, at Sykes' Mill 
 
 Beaver Dam Creek 
 
 Bobbin Mill Creek 
 
 Carr's Branch 
 
 Middle Oconee River ...... 
 
 Oconee River .... 
 
 9 
 
 2>^ 
 
 7 
 
 2% 
 3 
 2 
 
 2>^ 
 13 
 6 
 2^ 
 
 314 
 4 
 6 
 12 
 
 4M 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 42 
 40 
 
 
 3M 
 10 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 ^M 
 
 1^8 
 
 QH 
 4 
 
 6 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 10 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 320 
 
 280 
 
 (U o ^ 
 
 > 
 
 1 ^^ 
 
 413,000 2 
 1,300,0003 
 
 420,000|2 
 1,627,000 2 
 
 278,000|2 
 
 164,000 2 
 
 147,000 2.5 ft. 
 
 181,000 2.5 ft. 
 2,060,0002 ft. 
 1,000,0002 ft. 
 
 555,0002 ft. 
 
 488,000,2 ft. 
 
 609,000 2.17 ft 
 1,537,000 2.17 ft. 
 3,055,000 2.4 ft. 
 I,.300,000i2.3 ft. 
 
 715,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 260,000 
 
 260,000 
 
 156,000 
 
 41,600,000 
 
 30,000,000 
 
 2.5 ft. 
 
 2 ft. 
 
 3 ft. 
 3.3 
 
 2.5 
 3.4 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 0.3 
 1.5 
 0.31 
 1.3 
 0.3 
 0.13 
 0.10 
 0.14 
 1.54 
 0.75 
 0.40 
 0.39 
 0.40 
 1.20 
 2.00 
 0.90 
 0.58 
 1 2!0 
 0.90 
 0.20 
 0.20 
 0.12 
 30.00 
 20.00 
 
 
 1?0 
 
 100 
 
 115 
 
 130 
 
 60 
 
 110 
 
 108 
 
 96 
 
 126 
 
 t.O 
 
 71 
 
 lOi) 
 
 86 
 
 115 
 
 230 
 
 8.-) 
 
 120 
 
 90 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 110 
 
 119 
 
 In the foregoing table the lengths and 
 drainage areas of the streams have been 
 taken as far as possible from the county 
 map. Streams along the borders, and 
 particularly in the county, have been 
 estimated from general maps of the ad- 
 joining counties. [In the case of Mid- 
 dle Oconee river the estimated average 
 flow from drainage area is 41,000,000 
 cubit feet per day, and from observa- 
 tions at the Bobbin mill, in October, 
 1892, 40,700,000 cubic feet per day.] 
 
 WATER POWER SITES. 
 Middle Oconee River. 
 
 (a) Tallasee Shoals. \M miles long; 
 total fall 43'; H. P. per i' fall 25 Total 
 H. P. 1007.5 ; owned by a company of 
 Athens merchants; for sale on easy 
 terms; not now utilized; formerly used 
 for grist mill ; good topography on 
 either bank for race way and mill build- 
 ings ; 8 miles from Athens, 4 miles from 
 McLeroy's Station on G. C. & N. R. R. 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 Dam can be easily constructed on con- 
 tinuous rock ledge ; will have to be 400' 
 long. 
 
 (b) McLeroys Mill. Shoal y. mile 
 long; total fall, 12; H. P. per i ft., 30; 
 total H. P., 360; owned by J. L. McLe- 
 roy and others ; excellent grist mill now 
 operated ; good dam and race ; situated 
 3^1 miles from Athens, and Yi mile from 
 McLeroy's Station on G. C. & N. R. R. 
 
 (c) Jennings' Shoals. A mile ■ and a 
 half below McLeroy's mill ; total fall, 8'; 
 H. P. per I ft., 30; total H. P., 240. 
 Power partially decreased in high water, 
 old dam still in place, needs repair; 3 
 miles from Athens, owned by Dr. J. A. 
 Hunnicutt ; not now utilized. 
 
 (d) Princeton Factory. Fall 15', H. P. 
 per I ft. 35 ; total, 525 H. P. Located 
 2^ miles from Athens on main road by 
 that name; now used by cotton mill with 
 turbine of 300 H. P.; owned by Prince- 
 ton M'f'g Co., J. S. Hamilton, agent. 
 Dam can easily be raised 8' without any 
 damage beyond $2,000 by back water. 
 Building in good condition, machinery 
 put in 1875. 
 
 Oconee River. 
 
 (a) Athens SJioals. Total fall, 13 feet. 
 H. P. per foot 1 ft fall. 26. Total H. P., 
 338. Located in the city of Athens, and 
 owned by the Athens Manufacturing 
 Co , R. L. Bloomfield, Agent., a fine 
 masonry dam, and turbine of 300 H. P. 
 The factory makes cotton yarns and dyes 
 them ; 10,000 spindles. It is a good 
 paying investment ; is lighted by electric 
 lights run by the water power 
 
 (b) Georgia Factoiy. The shoals are 
 >2 mile in length. Total fall, about 30 
 feet. 30 H. P. per i foot fall. Total 
 H.P., 900. Located in the centre of the 
 town of Whitehall, and owned by J. R. 
 White and others ; five and one-half miles 
 from Athens, and ^ mile from depot of 
 
 Whitehall. Now utilized by a cotton 
 factory, with turbines yielding 300 H. P. 
 Fine dam and race ^ mile long ; also a 
 grist mill run by power from same race. 
 (c) Barnetf s Shoals. Located on Oco- 
 nee river, below the junction point of the 
 two forks, and lying just across the 
 county line. The shoals are i>^ miles in 
 length, with a total fall of 54.7 feet. The 
 volume of water is 724.8 cubic feet per 
 second ; velocity, i' per second ; H. P. 
 per I ft. fall, 70 ; total H. P., 3,780. 
 Located 12 miles from Athens and 43^ 
 miles from railroad at Watkinsville. 
 Owned by the Athens Manufacturing 
 Co , R. L. Bloomfield, Agent, and at 
 present used to operate a large cotton 
 mill, 7,500 spindles; wing dam and race, 
 controlling the flow of the river ; turbines 
 now take up 400 H. P. One of the best 
 powers in this whole section. Power 
 leased to manufacturers. 
 
 McNutt's Greek. 
 
 (a) Sykes' Mill. Seven miles from 
 Athens on the county line ; total fall, 
 36'; ii. P. per foot fall estimated at .9 
 H. P. ; total H. P., 32. Owned by Sykes 
 Bros., Athens, and utilized by a good 
 saw and grist mill plant. 
 
 (b) l-.pps Gin. Two miles lower down 
 on same creek ; Total fall, 30 feet ; es- 
 timated H. P. by I foot fall i.i ; total, 33 
 H. P. Owner, Y . N. Epps and utilized 
 for cotton ginning; located 32- miles from 
 Athens and 4 miles from McLeroy's 
 Station, on G., C. & N. R. R. 
 
 (c) Paper M ill. Located at the junc- 
 tion of McNutt's and Barber's creeks ; 
 total fall, 18 feet ; estimated H. P. per i 
 foot fall, 5.00 H. P. ; total, 90 H. P. ; 
 located on Princeton road, 4 miles from 
 Athens, and 35^ miles from depot at Wat- 
 kinsville ; hitherto utilized by a large 
 paper mill plant ; recently bought by 
 prominent men of Athens, and now in 
 
OLARKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA. 
 
 process of change to a fine cotton mill 
 for the manufacture of cotton yarns,rope, 
 etc., under name of Alpha Mills, W. D. 
 Griffith, agent, Athens ; value of plant, 
 with new improvements, $50,000 ; has a 
 good dam, race, and power pit, and good 
 brick building, two stories, with out 
 houses. 
 
 Little Bear Creek. 
 
 Fowleis M ill. Located 10 miles from 
 Athens, 4 miles from Bogart Station on 
 
 Little Sandy Creek. 
 
 Tottys Mill. On Nowhere road, 5 
 miles from Athens ; total fall, 15 ; H. P. 
 per I foot fall, 04 ; total H. P., 6 ; owned 
 by Mr. Totty and used for grist and gin- 
 ning purposes. 
 
 Noketchee Creek. 
 
 Barretis Mill. On Nowhere road 4 
 miles from Athens. Total fall, 16 feet; 
 total H. P. 6. Dam needing repair, and 
 race way, for sale with 25 acres of land, 
 
 E».v: 
 
 Young Men's Christian Association Building. 
 
 G., C. & N. R. R. ; total fall, 20 feet ; H. 
 r. per I foot, 0.31, estimated ; total H. P., 
 6.2 ; now utilized by excellent grist and 
 saw mill plants ; turbine wheel ; owned 
 by Hedge Fowler. 
 
 Sandy Creek. 
 
 Coifs Mill. Just across Jackson 
 county line, 7 miles from Athens ; total 
 fall, 13' ; H. P. per i foot fall, .75 H. P. ; 
 total H. P., 9.9 ; good dam and grist mill 
 and saw mill, utilizing all the power. 
 
 $1,000. Formerly used for grist and 
 gin ; now not used ; no good building. 
 
 Beaver Dam Creek. 
 
 William s Saw Mill. On old Jackson 
 road 8 miles from Athens, just across 
 the Madison county line. Total fall, 20 
 feet; total H. P., 2. Used for sawing 
 lumber, owned by Benj. Williams. 
 
 Shoal Creek. 
 
 Gi7i on property of W. H. Morton, lo^ 
 miles from Athens. Total fall, 20 feet ; 
 
A WD THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 37 
 
 total H. P., 20 ; now used for ginning 
 cotton. 
 
 Cedar Creek. 
 
 Mill Site. On land of Wesley Puryear, 
 on Barnett's Shoal road 61- miles from 
 Athens, used for sawing and ginning. 
 20 foot fall ; total, 1 1 H. P. ; good dam 
 and saw mill plant. 
 
 Robbin Mill Creek. 
 
 Bobbin Mill. 2;< miles from Athens. 
 Total fall, 40 feet ; total H. P., 8. Good 
 dam, breast wheel, mill house in bad 
 repair; owned by the heirs of J. H. 
 
 Newton, Major Lamar Cobb, Athens, 
 executor. For sale„ 
 
 Trail Creek. 
 
 {a) Check Factory. Shoals within the 
 city limits. i8 foot fall ; formerly used 
 to run the machinery of the check fac- 
 tory, which now uses steam. Dam was 
 cut in December, 1890. Owned by 
 Athens Mfg. Co. H. P., 21.6. 
 
 ib) On west fork of Trail creek 2>^ 
 miles from Athens a shoal with fall of 9 
 feet occurs ; has never been used. It 
 would furnish horsepower of 5.4 with 
 small expense for dam. 
 
 COUNTY STATISTICS. 
 
 The report of the school commissioner 
 of Clarke county, 1892, shows the follow- 
 ing statistics concerning the county 
 schools : 
 
 Number of schools, ii white. 20 col- 
 ored ; total 31. 
 
 Number of teachers, white, male 10, 
 female 11. 
 
 Number of teachers, colored, male 4, 
 female 21. 
 Pupils admitted, white, male 260, 
 
 female 233; total 498 
 
 Pupils admitted, colored, male 578, 
 
 female 594; total 1,172 
 
 Aggregate total 1,665 
 
 Average monthly cost of tuition per 
 pupil ;^i.09, of which the State pays 
 ^i 0794 The average attendance in all 
 schools was 774.25 each day. 
 
 Orthography was taught to 1,503 
 pupils. 
 
 Reading was taught to 1,394 pupils. 
 
 Writing was taught to 1,185 pupils. 
 
 Grammar was taught to 326 pupils. 
 
 Geography was taught to 520 pupils. 
 
 Arithmetic was taught to 1,047. 
 
 The expenditures on the county 
 schools aggregated $4,730.75. The in- 
 come is derived from the county poll 
 tax and from the State. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Census of 1890 gives in Clarke county, 
 whites 7,072, colored 8, 1 14; total, 15,186. 
 In 1880 the census gave a total of 1 1,704. 
 Increase in ten years of 3,484, equiva- 
 lent to 30 per cent. 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 Planted in 1890, 13,333 acres, yielded 
 5,471 bales; average, 2.44 acres to the 
 bale. 
 
 Cereals. 
 
 Acres. Bushels. 
 
 Barley 11 80 
 
 Rye 26 212 
 
 Wheat 66'^ 3,824 
 
 Corn 4,804 52,139 
 
 Oats 1,937 18,981 
 
38 CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 Farms. Taxes, 1 892. 
 
 Owned by white 232 Paid by whites 
 
 Owned by colored 62 Paid by colored 
 
 Total 294 Total . . 
 
 • ^57,38634—9443% 
 . 3,283.32— 5.57% 
 
 $60,669.66 100% 
 
 GEORGIA FACTORY DISTRICT, 
 
 Being the State Mililia District No. 217. 
 
 Area. chains, s. 35^ w. 5 chains, s. lie. 4 
 
 5 932 acres— 9.27 square miles. chains, s. 51^ w. 14 chains, s. 89^ w. 4 
 
 . chains, s. 2 w. 10 chains, s. 45^ w. 8 
 
 chains to the point where said branch 
 
 White voters, 74 ; colored, 55. empties into the North Oconee river ; 
 
 White population 500 thence up said river, n. 32 w 16 chains, 
 
 Colored population 275 s. 81 w. 18 chains, s. 70 w. 26 chains, n. 
 
 ^ ^ , 4f w. 20 chains, n. 15+ e 10 chains, and 
 
 Total 77 s, ^ , . ^ ^ . ,. . 
 
 n. 64 w. 16 chains to the city limits ; 
 
 Location. thence the district runs westerly with 
 
 The district lies immediately south of the city limits to the beginning corner, 
 the city of Athens, adjoining Puryear's 
 
 district on the east, Oconee county on 1 e a . 
 
 the south and Princeton Factory on the Occupying the centre of the district 
 
 west, and touches a portion of Buck and incorporated under a mayor and 
 
 Branch district on the north. The sur- council is the flourishing town of White- 
 
 vey by C. B. Daniell, C. S., in 1887, de- hall. The town is essentially a factory 
 
 fines the limits as follows : town, being peopled almost entirely by 
 
 Beginning at the city limits on the the operatives of the Georgia factory. 
 
 Macon & Northern R. R. and running The town lies principally on the east 
 
 With said road to a sewer near the resi- bank of the Oconee, but has a station 
 
 dence of Dock Giles, thence across to and postofifice on the Macon and 
 
 said Giles' spring ; thence down said Northern R. R. on the west side of the 
 
 spring branch n. y8}{ w. 14.50 chains ; river. The town limits are circular and 
 
 thence west to the line of John R. described with a radius 3-/ of a mile from 
 
 White's property, and thence with said the centre of the factory building. The 
 
 line s. 6it w. 30 chains to the Oconee population of Whitehall is about 4U0. 
 
 river. The district then follows down The tuwn has two good church build- 
 
 the river to the mouth of Cedar creek, ings and supports two excellent schoo s. 
 
 and turns up said creek, following same It contain likewise a fine grist mill, sev- 
 
 to the mouth of Ransom's spring branch, eral stores selling general merchandise. 
 
 The line from this point runs n. G^i and a good blacksmith shop, 
 w. 50 chains to the head of branch in 
 
 Kinnebrew's field; thence down said The Georgia Manufacturing Co. 
 
 branch s. 65^ w. 8 chains, n, 71 w. 29 Thechief interest of Whitehall centres 
 
 chains, s. 83 w. 9 chains, s. 57A w. 18 in the large cotton mill owned by Capt. 
 
 chains, s. 81 w, 13 chains, n. 81^ w. 13 John R. White and others, and operated 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 39 
 
 under the name of the Georgia Manu- 
 facturing Company. This mill is one of 
 the oldest cotton mills in the South and 
 has been in operation since 1829. It 
 was originally built by James Johnson, 
 Augustus Clayton and others, passing 
 into the hands of John White in 1836, 
 and has since been largely expanded and 
 strengthened by him and his heirs, who 
 still own and control the property. In 
 1854 the first brick building was put up, 
 which was gradually enlarged until Oc- 
 tober, 1892, when it was destroyed by 
 fire. At the time of the fire the factory 
 was running seventy-five hundred spin- 
 dles and one hundred and twenty looms 
 for the manufacture of sheetings, shirt- 
 ings, drills and yarns. The company 
 are rebuilding the mill on the old site 
 to cover a space fifty by three hundred 
 and twenty-five feet, and to be two 
 stories high. The new mill will have 
 ten thousand spindles for fine yarn, and 
 later will probably put in looms for the 
 manufacture of print cloths. The valu- 
 ation of the company's property is one 
 hundred and fifty thousand dollars. One 
 hundred and fifty operatives are em- 
 ployed. In addition to the buildings, 
 they own a large amount of land and the 
 magnificent water power on the Oconee 
 river, which is used to run the factory. 
 The available horse power from the 
 river at this point is 900, of which the 
 factory now uses 300 by means of two 
 32^-inch turbines. The company is one 
 of the strongest and most reliable cotton 
 mills in this state, and the business has 
 always proven a good investment under 
 a wise and conservative management. 
 Capttain John R. White, who is now 
 the president of the company, is re- 
 cognized as an exceedingly able mill 
 man, who not only knows how to 
 run the finances but is thoroughly 
 posted on the practical details. The 
 
 financial success of the undertaking and 
 the good feeling which exist between the 
 management and operatives are largely 
 due to the good j udgment and tact which 
 the officials of the company display. 
 
 Topography. 
 
 As will be seen from an inspection of 
 the map, this district is divided into 
 equal parts by the east fork of the Oco- 
 nee river, and has the western fork of 
 the same river for much of its western 
 boundary. The river valley is deep and 
 narrow, and lies 200 feet below the table 
 lands adjoining. That portion of the 
 land lying along the river is very pre- 
 cipitous and rough. It is well timbered 
 and has several large bodies of original 
 forest. While the district is essentially 
 a rough district, it contains large areas 
 of uplands which are easily cultivated 
 and of marked agricultural value. Of 
 the total 5,932 acres, probably as much 
 as 4,500 acres are readily tillable. The 
 district abounds in freestone springs 
 along the hillsides, and wells are reached 
 at easy depths. The soil is essentially 
 of red clay, and is rich in potash and 
 phosphoric acid. 
 
 Roads. 
 
 The public roads from Athens, lead- 
 ing southward on both sides of the river, 
 traverse this district. A bridge over 
 the river provides for a cross road east 
 and west, which leads on one side into 
 Puryear's district and Oglethorpe county,, 
 and in the other direction to Watkins- 
 ville, the county seat of Oconee county. 
 Following the general line of the public 
 road, the Macon and Northern railroad 
 runs through the district and has sta- 
 tions at Whitehall and Watkinsville. 
 
 Churches and Schools. 
 
 The church facilities of the district 
 are supplied by the churches at White- 
 
40 
 
 CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 hall, Athens and Watkinsville, all of 
 which points are readily reached from 
 the district. People living in the south- 
 east section sometimes attend Big Creek 
 and Corinth churches in Oconee county. 
 The two schools at Whitehall are the 
 ■chief district schools. 
 
 Marketable Crops. 
 
 The main money bringing crop of the 
 district is cotton. Of this the averao:e 
 
 covering the farming lands and improve- 
 ments. This divided by the total acre- 
 age gives an average valuation of ^11 
 per acre for improved land. The pres- 
 ence of a considerable town, and the 
 railroad, combined with nearness to 
 Athens, are factors in this high valua- 
 tion. White people own $258,645 ; 
 colored, $5,900. The price of land will 
 vary from $6 to $30 per acre. 
 
 Birthplace of Henry W. Grady, Prinxe Avenue. 
 
 yield is about 600 bales Oats, corn and 
 hay are raised for home consumption, 
 and to a limited extent for sale. 
 
 Property Valuation. 
 
 The property returned for taxation in 
 this district, including the factory plant, 
 reaches a figure of $264,545. Of this 
 at least $200,000 may be included in the 
 town of Whitehall, leaving $64,545 as 
 
 Mills, Gins, Etc. 
 
 Outside of the large cotton mills with 
 a capacity of 10,000 spindles, and the 
 grist mill at the same point, there is one 
 located on Cedar creek, owned by Wesley 
 Puryear,drawing its power from the creek 
 and used for ginning and sawing lumber. 
 Many of the farmers of this district use 
 the large steam gin of John Tuck, 
 located at the intersection of the Win- 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 41 
 
 terville and Lexington road, in the com- 
 munity of Tuckston. 
 
 Farms. 
 
 A total of 17 farms are returned in 
 this district, 12 owned by the whites and 
 5 by negroes. The latter holdings are 
 small. The principal lands belong to 
 John R. White, Willis Kettle, the Wm. 
 Kittle estate, and the Wm. Brittain 
 estate. The farms are, as a rule, worked 
 
 by their owners, but some tenants are in 
 possession. 
 
 Stores. 
 
 The small area of the district and its 
 proximity to Whitehall and Athens offers 
 little support to storekeepers outside of 
 those towns. Accordingly there is no 
 store in the knowledge of the author 
 located in the district at other points. 
 
 PURYEAR'S DISTRICT, 
 
 Being the State Militia Distrct No. 2i8. 
 
 Area. 
 
 14,735 acres — 23 square miles. 
 Population. 
 
 White voters, 39; colored, lUx 
 
 White population. 230 
 
 Colored population • 580 
 
 Total 810 
 
 Location. 
 
 The district occupies the southeast 
 section of the county, adjoining Buck 
 Branch district on the north, Oglethorpe 
 county on the east, Oconee county on the 
 south and Georgia Factory district on the 
 west. The official survey made by C. B. 
 Daniel, county surveyor, in 1887, calls 
 for the following limits : 
 
 Beginning at the county lino between 
 Oglethorpe and Clarke counties, where 
 the Athens and Lexington road crosses 
 said line, and running along said road 
 to the head waters of Cedar creek, 
 thence down said creek to where it 
 empties into the Oconee river, with the 
 following bearings and distances : N52 
 w 47 chains, n64i^ w 29 chains, n50^ w 
 81 chains, n63 w 22 chains, n53 w 30 
 chains, n59 w 13 chains, n59% w 22 
 chains, d85 w 17 chains, s83 w 7 chains, 
 
 n89^ w 18 chains, n76 w 60 chains, n68 
 w 8 chains, n54% w 13 chains, n59^ 
 w 48 chains, s38^ w 2.50 chains, s9^ ell 
 chains, si 8^ w 2.35 chains to the mouth 
 of Ransom's branch, and thence down 
 the meanderings of the creek to its 
 mouth. The line above given separates 
 Puryear's from Buck Branch District as 
 far as Ransom's branch. 
 
 Topography. 
 
 The district is divided by the waters 
 of Cedar, Shoal and Big creeks into 
 three main ridges, with narrow valleys 
 between them. Numerous branches, 
 supplied by bold springs, course down 
 the sides of the ridges with rapid fall. 
 Between the heads of branches on either 
 side of the ridges a broad expanse of 
 rolling upland is spread. The larger 
 portion of the land has been cleared of 
 its original forest of oaks, hickories and 
 pines. Scarcely more than 10% of the 
 area is now covered with primitive tree 
 growth. It is estimated that 35% of 
 the district will closely represent the 
 total amount of woodland, three-fourths 
 of which is second growth pine and oak. 
 The remainder is cleared and utilized 
 for cultivation and pasturage. 
 
1^2 
 
 CLARKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 Roads. 
 
 The road system is composed of five 
 main roads, two of which run along the 
 ridges, and the other three directly across 
 the same in a general westerly course. 
 These roads are connected with main 
 thoroughfares in the adjoining counties. 
 
 Churches. 
 
 The Baptist and Methodist denomina- 
 tions have three church structures in 
 reach of the people. Two of these are 
 just at the Oconee line on the Oconee 
 side, and are known as Big Creek and 
 Corinth churches, the latter Methodist, 
 and the former Baptist. A chapel known 
 as Bethel chapel is located near the 
 centre of the district. 
 
 The negroes also have several places 
 of worship within easy reach uf their 
 homes. 
 
 Schools. 
 
 The public school for whites is located 
 on the plantation of Hon. W. H. Morton. 
 Under the state law this school is open 
 during five months of the year and is in 
 charge at present of an excellent teacher. 
 
 Another is located at Bethel church. 
 There are also three schools for colored 
 children — one near Shiloh church, one 
 on W. H. Morton's farm, and one near 
 Jones' store. 
 
 Crops. 
 
 The main crops of the district are cot- 
 ton, corn and oats. Of these the district 
 raises from 1,500 to 2,000 bales of cotton, 
 from 5,000 to 10,OiO bushels of corn and 
 5,000 bushels of oats. Hay from native 
 grasses and peavines are raised for mar- 
 ket on a limited scale. 
 
 Property Valuation. 
 
 The total property returns of the dis- 
 trict, including farm improvements and 
 equipment, aggregates $118,745; of 
 which the negroes own $7,730, a little 
 less than 1 per cent. Calculated from 
 
 the area, it is seen that average value of 
 improved land per acre is $7. The ex- 
 tremes of value run from ^5 to $20, based 
 on quality of soil, amount of improve- 
 ments and distance from the city of 
 Athens. 
 
 Mills, Gins, Etc. 
 
 Gins are located on the farms of Wni. 
 Dean, W H. Morton, W. R. Tuck, and 
 others. Also, wheelwright and black- 
 smith shops, grist and saw mills are 
 found in the district. 
 
 Farms. 
 
 There are 25 farms owaed by white 
 men and 3 o Amed by negroes. The land 
 is chiefly owned in large bodies, and is 
 worked under the tenant system, else- 
 where described. Where laborers are 
 employed the wages paid are on a basis 
 of $95 to $108 per year, with board, for 
 able bodied men. The principal land 
 owners are W. H. Morton, Wm. Dean, 
 W. R. Tuck, T. F. Tribble, Scott Martin, 
 the Puryear estate, W. B, Davis, James 
 Smith, Joel Dean and James Spinks. 
 
 Stores. 
 
 Country stores, supplying food stuffs 
 and general merchandise, are located 
 along the public roads at short intervals. 
 
 Remarks, 
 
 This portion of the county offers ex- 
 cellent opportunity for settlers. Small 
 holdings from 25 to 200 acres can be 
 readily bought from the large land 
 owners. A large number of two-room 
 houses, built for the occupation of ten- 
 ants, are distributed throughout the dis- 
 trict, and usually a purchaser can secure 
 a small farm with such a structure ready 
 for use. The noithern portion of the 
 district is 4 miles from the court house, 
 and the southern extremity is 11|- miles. 
 The land is strong and fertile, and much 
 of it lies exceptionally well for the plow. 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 SANDY CREEK DISTRICT, 
 
 Being the State Militia District No. 219. 
 
 Area. 
 
 10,157 acres — 15.9 square miles. 
 
 Population, 
 
 White voters, 43 ; colored, 96. 
 
 White population 250 
 
 Colored population 450 
 
 Total 700 
 
 Location. 
 
 Lies in the northern ha'f of the county, 
 wedged in between Buck Branch dis- 
 trict on the east and Kinney's district 
 on the west, and extends northward from 
 the city limits of Athens to the Madison 
 and Jackson county lines The Hull road 
 is its eastern boundary and the Oconee 
 river its western limit. 
 
 Topography. 
 
 The proximity to the river, and the 
 presence of Sandy creek and its branch es, 
 gives to the district a far more broken 
 and hilly character than Puryear's or 
 Buck Branch. Sandy creek is a consid- 
 erable stream, and has two important 
 tributaries in Noketchee and Little 
 Sandy creeks. The minor streamlets 
 running into the creeks are very plenti- 
 ful, and separate hills of great height and 
 steep ascent The streams will average 
 from 100' to 150' in elevation below the 
 hilltops. Notwithstanding the uneven 
 surface, the land in this district is rich^ 
 and fertile, and the backs of the ridges 
 are broad and reasonable in slope. The 
 land has been under cultivation for a 
 number of years, and in places where 
 terracing has been done is not only till- 
 able but easily so. As nearly as can be 
 estimated, about 50 per cent, of this dis- 
 trict is now covered with woods, includ- 
 ing a fair proportion of original forest of 
 
 oak and large pines. The steep hillsides 
 are usually found thus covered, and the 
 higher ground is placed under the plow. 
 
 Roads. 
 
 The district is traversed north and 
 south by three important public roads — 
 leading into the counties of Madison and 
 Jackson — and a movement has been 
 started to open a new thoroughfare 
 leading to Athens more directly and 
 with easier grades than at present. A 
 reference to the map will clearly show 
 the positions of the present district roads. 
 
 Churches and Schoo's. 
 
 At present there is no church in the 
 district other than that at Barberville, 
 in the Athens suburbs. The people 
 attend services across the line in Madi- 
 son county, or at Nicholson, in Jackson 
 county. 
 
 There is a county school located in 
 Barberville for the whites, and two for 
 colored children — one at Johnstown, on 
 the Nowhere road, and the other at St. 
 Mary's church. 
 
 Marketable Crops. 
 
 The cotton crop of this district yearly 
 amounts to 800 bales. Corn is rarely 
 sold from this section, but 5,000 bushels 
 are raised for home use. About 3,000 
 bushels of oats are also produced. 
 
 Property Valuation. 
 
 The tax books show a total $125,670 
 of property in this district. Of this the 
 negroes own $19,165, being alittle more 
 than one-seventh of the total. The cal- 
 culation per acre average price gives 
 $W. This is for improved property. 
 But lands at actual sales have averaged 
 $7 per acre. 
 
u 
 
 CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 Mills, Gins, Etc 
 
 Two excellent water powers are found 
 along the creeks in this district, and a 
 third is located just above the county 
 line in Jackson county. The first is 
 known as Barrett's mill on Noketchee 
 creek. The stream at this place drops 
 15 feet, and the volume of water makes 
 the fall represent 6 H. P. The second 
 is further north on Little Sandy creek, 
 and now utilized as Totty's mill. This 
 water power may be relied on for 6 H. 
 P. The third is on the main stream of 
 Sandy creek at Colt's mill, and repre- 
 sents nearly 10 H. P. Several excellent 
 steam gins are also used by this district. 
 
 Farms. 
 
 Of 61 farms in the district, 34 are held 
 by white men, and 27 by negroes The 
 average farm of the district on this 
 basis is 150 acres. Most of the holdings 
 by negroes are small farms from 18 to 
 60 acres, with a house on each. Placing 
 the average negro farm at 30 acres, it 
 
 raises the average farm owned by white 
 men to 250 acres. The tenant system is 
 not very extensive in this district. 
 
 Stores. 
 
 Most of the trading of the district is 
 done at Barberville or Athens, and this 
 fact, combined with the small population, 
 leaves little room for country stores. 
 Two excellent stores at Barberville are 
 well sustained. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 The opening of a new road from 
 Totty's mill to the Sandy creek bridge 
 is a strong need of the district, and will 
 greatly facilitate the traffic throughout 
 the region along the east side of Sandy 
 creek, both by shortening the distance 
 to Athens and by giving much lighter 
 grades. The principal land owners of 
 the district are J. R. Crawford, J. G. 
 Gray, H. F. Comer, H. B. Mitchell, T. 
 F Hudson, the Wilson estate, the Yerby 
 estate, T. F. Mitchell, A. A. Saye, B. J. 
 Porterfield and W. J. Woods. 
 
 BUCK BRANCH DISTRICT, 
 
 Being the State Militia District No. 220. 
 
 Area. 
 
 14,424 acres — 22.5 square miles. 
 Population. 
 
 White voters. 111 ; colored, 141. 
 
 White population 555 
 
 Colored population 705 
 
 Total . 1,260 
 
 Location. 
 
 The district lies in the northeast corner 
 ■of the county, adjoining Madison county 
 on the north, Oglethorpe county on the 
 east, Puryear's and Georgia Factory dis- 
 tricts on the south, the city limits and 
 Sandy Creek district on the west. Official 
 surveys made by C. B. Daniell, C. S., 
 •calls for the following: limits : 
 
 Beginning at the county line on the 
 Athens and Lexington road and follow- 
 ing said road, with the bearing and dis- 
 tances as given under Puryear's district, 
 to the mouth of Ransom's branch ; 
 thence, dividing Buck Branch from Geor- 
 gia Factory district, the line runs: N65^ 
 w 50 chains to the head of branch in 
 Kinnebrew's field, thence following 
 down said branch s65i w 5 chains, n7 w 
 29 chains,s88 w 9 chains, s57^w 18 chains, 
 s81 wis chains, xi^l^ w 13 chains, s35-^ w 
 5 chains, sll e 4 chains, s51-|- wl4 chains, 
 s89iw 4 chains, s2wl0 chains. s45i^ w8 
 chains to where branch enters Oconee 
 river, thence up said river n32 w 16 
 chains, s81 w 18 chains, s70 w 26 chains. 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 45 
 
 n4^ w20 chains, nl54-e 10 chains, nG4 w 
 16 chains to the city limits. The district 
 line follows the city limits to where it 
 crosses the Hull road, and from thence 
 runs with said road to the Madison 
 county line as follows: NGO^ e 14 chains, 
 n78% e 10 chains, n69 e 6 chains, n57^ 
 e 16 chains, n62^ e 6 chains, n'i'i^V e 4 
 chains, n'29 e 54 chains, n4^ w6, nl9 e4, 
 n45^ e H3 chains, n47 e 16 chains, n43^ 
 e 75 chains, nl8^ e 12 chains, n38e 2 9 
 chains, n29^ e 6 chains, n 12-^ e7 chains, 
 n2U w 10 chains, n46i e 7, nl4^ e 8.50 
 chains, n23 w 14 chains, n463^ w 85 
 chains, n45^ w 18 chains, n50 w 7 chains, 
 n64^ e 7 chains, n54-|- e 8.20 chains to the 
 Madison line. 
 
 The other boundaries of the district 
 follow the Clarke county lines with 
 Madison and Oglethorpe. 
 
 Topography. 
 
 The great body of this district lies on 
 the broad back of the plateau which 
 forms the dividing area at the point be- 
 tween the watershed of the Oconee and 
 South Broad rivers. The head waters 
 of Shoal creek, one branch of Big creek, 
 and the whole watershed of Trail creek 
 drains this district into the Oconee river. 
 The headwaters of Beaver Dam creek 
 likewise take their rise in the extreme 
 northeastern part of the district and 
 flow into the South Broad river. Roll- 
 ing upland is present in great abund- 
 ance, and the creek valleys are not so 
 deep, nor with sides so hilly as farther 
 south. Springs and branches are quite 
 numerous, running like rays from the 
 curving sides of the plateau into the 
 main water courses. This district, too, 
 has felt the axe to a marked degree on 
 its original forest, and claims but a small 
 percentage now standing. Secondary 
 growth has been vigorous, and the 
 shaded land may be fairly placed at 40 
 
 per cent., leaving 60 per cent, of the area 
 for the farmers present use. 
 
 Roads. 
 
 A public road runs from Athens to 
 the town of Winterville, just on the 
 Oglethorpe line. From this road a 
 branch to the left leads off northward 
 into Madison county, and at Winterville 
 several other roads radiate into Ogle- 
 thorpe, Madison and Clarke counties. 
 A number of cross roads run between 
 the main lines and open up the district 
 in excellent manaer. 
 
 Winterville. 
 
 On the county line of Ogethorpe and 
 Clarke, the thriving little town of Win- 
 terville is situated, lying half in one 
 county and half in the other. A total 
 population of about 500 people is cen- 
 tered there. Substantial merchants, 
 good store houses, several churches and 
 schools, and the presence of the Geor- 
 gia railroad, make Winterville a very 
 thriving community. The town is very 
 young, and has had its growth since the 
 Georgia road went through. It derived 
 its name from Diedrich Winter, a sturdy 
 German, who settled in Clarke county 
 in 185(1, and gained large property. The 
 town draws its patronage from three 
 counties, whose soils are fertile and 
 whose people are thrifty. No small 
 town in this section is more solidly built 
 or more steadily prosperous. 
 
 Churches. 
 
 Outside of Winterville, where two 
 thriving churches are in operation, the 
 Moore's Grove Baptist church near the 
 Madison county line is the most import- 
 ant. The negro churches are several 
 in number and the services regular. 
 
 Schools. 
 
 An excellent school flourishes in Win- 
 terville, another at Mrs. Anthony's, and 
 
46 
 
 GLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 
 
 still another at Moore's Grove church. 
 All of them are public schools. The 
 colored children have two schools in this 
 district. 
 Crops, 
 
 As elsewhere throughout the county, 
 the main marketable crops are cotton, 
 corn, oats and hay. 
 
 The district raises annually from 1,000 
 to 2,000 bales of cotton, 5,000 bushels 
 of corn, 5,000 bushels of oats, and hay 
 
 of Winterville, and the real estate valua- 
 tion of so much of that town as lies in 
 the county. Deducting $60,000, there 
 remains $153,000 as the valuation on the 
 agricultural lands. This sum, divided 
 by the acreage of the district, gives an 
 average of $10 per acre for the district. 
 The presence of the Georgia railroad, 
 which traverses the entire district, and 
 of the Georgia, Carolina and Northern 
 railroad, which runs along the north- 
 
 University of Georgia — Front of Campus. 
 
 and melons for market to the value of 
 $1,000 or more. 
 
 Property Valuation. 
 
 The tax digest for 1892 shows the fol- 
 lowing totals for this district : 
 
 Property of all kinds, owned by whites $193,170 
 Property of all kinds, owned by n.groes 20,360 
 
 $2VS 530 
 This, of course, includes the merchan- 
 dise carried in stock by the merchants 
 
 western side, have much to do with the 
 increased average. Land remote from 
 these railroads sells as low as $5 per 
 acre, and near them, at $20 to $30. 
 
 Mills, Gins, Etc. 
 
 William's saw mill, on Beavei- Dam 
 creek, a number of cotton gins at various 
 points, several blacksmith shops and a 
 grist mill supply conveniences of their 
 kind to the district. 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 V 
 
 Farms. 
 
 Fifty-six farms owned by white men, 
 and thirteen held by colored men, are 
 returned for taxes. The farms in this 
 district vary greatly in size, none of them 
 being more than 800 acres. The tenant 
 system is practiced by the larger farm- 
 ers, but not on so large a scale as in 
 Puryears district. None of the farmers 
 work the land in person. More of the 
 farmers work the land in person, and 
 with hired labor under yearly contracts 
 for ^108 a year for able bodied men. 
 
 The principal land owners of the dis- 
 trict are J. F. Anderson, J. A. Pitner, 
 G. T. Murrell, the Coile estate, L. J. Ed- 
 wards, the Mathews estate, G. T. Bright- 
 well, and the Pittard estate. 
 
 Stores. 
 
 There are no country stores in the 
 district, owing to the proximity of Win- 
 terville and Athens. 
 Remarks. 
 
 This district has the advantage of ex- 
 cellent farming soil and ready markets 
 at Winterville or Athens. The extreme 
 farms are not more than nine miles from 
 Athens and five miles from the railroad 
 at Winterville. Much of the cotton of 
 the district is handled at the latter place, 
 and shipped to Athens to be compressed 
 and exported. The establishment of 
 stations on the new Ga., C. and N. R. 
 R. further opens up a fine part of this 
 district. Land is still cheap at ;^8 per 
 acre, and is yearly increasing in value. 
 
 The district is well watered and contains 
 many small powers admirably convenient 
 for farm purposes. 
 
 Tuckston. 
 
 Is a thriving village community at the 
 junction of Buck Branch, Puryear and 
 Georgia Factory districts. It lies four 
 miles from Athens on the main Lexing- 
 ton road, and at a pomt where the public 
 road from Whitehall to Winterville 
 crosses that road. It takes its name in 
 honor of John R. Tuck, who owns a store 
 and steam gin at this point, and who is 
 a man of influence and public spirit in 
 the community. The presence of two 
 churches, two schools, two stores, a beef 
 market, a gin and saw mill, a shoe and 
 blacksmith shop, are evidences of its 
 present prosperity. More than one 
 hundred people are gathered near this 
 poini. Through the community runs 
 Greer's lane, once a noted race track, 
 and Ransom's spring marks the spot 
 near which lies buried, Reuben Ran- 
 som, said to be a great uncle of Senator 
 Ransom, of North Carolina, and a brave 
 soldier of the Revolution His home 
 was the resort of many of the most prom- 
 inent families of the early days of the 
 county. Ransom's spring is supposed 
 to have been excavated in the rock by 
 the Indians ; and it is stated that be- 
 neath the shade of the surrounding 
 grove, much of the "Georgia Scenes" 
 was written by its distinguished author. 
 Judge Longstreet. 
 
 BRADBERRYS DISTRICT, 
 
 Being the State Militia District No. 241. 
 
 Area. 
 
 8,896 acres — 13.6 square miles. 
 Population. 
 
 White voters, 45 ; colored, 61. 
 
 White population 250 
 
 Colored population ........ 305 
 
 Total 5.--5 
 
 Location. 
 
 This district occupies the extreme 
 western part of the county beyond the 
 Middle Oconee river, and north of the 
 Princeton district line. This line begins 
 on McNutt's Creek at the mouth of 
 Malcolm's branch, runs up said branch 
 to the head waters of Chauncey's branch, 
 
A8 
 
 CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 thence down said branch to the Middle 
 Oconee river. The district line then 
 follows up the river to the Patman mill 
 place, and thence runs with the county- 
 lines of Jackson and Oconee counties 
 back to the beginning corner. 
 
 Topography. 
 
 The district lies on the broad ridge 
 dividing the waters of McNutt's and 
 Bear creeks. Most of its surface is ele- 
 vated plateaus from which the branches 
 flow in quick descent to the river and 
 streams. The upland is about 230 feet 
 above the river and about 125 feet above 
 the valley of McNutt's creek. The 
 northern section, adjoining Little Bear 
 and Bear Creeks is very rough and 
 broken, the water ways cut out narrow 
 fissures through the hills, whose sides 
 are steep and even precipitous. At places 
 the hills broaden out and surround small 
 patches of bottom lands. The ridge 
 tops are largely cleared of timber, but 
 bodies of forests along the river and 
 creeks still supply saw mills in the dis- 
 trict. The wooded area is about 58% of 
 which 20% maybe estimated as original 
 forests. 
 Roads. 
 
 To reach the district from Athens it 
 is necessary to cross Mitchell's bridge, 
 and the extension of this road from the 
 bridge along the top of the main ridge 
 in a westerly direction, constitutes the 
 main traffic way of the district. All other 
 roads are branches from this. The main 
 road is known as the Lawrenceville road. 
 At the five-mile post a branch leads 
 diagonally to the northwestern section 
 of the county and stops at the Jackson 
 county line. Another branch at the 
 Jennings place leads southerly to Sykes' 
 mill and into Oconee county. At the 
 eight-mile post an important branch 
 leads off to the left into Oconee county 
 and on to the town of Monroe. At the 
 
 nine-mile post a right-hand forK leads to 
 Fowler's mill on Little Bear creek. 
 
 Churches and Schools. 
 
 Near the 6-mile post on the Lawrence- 
 ville road the Baptists have a strong 
 church, known as Mt. Zion. Just across 
 the Oconee county line there is another 
 flourishing church by the name of New 
 Hope. The main white school is located 
 near Dr. Burson, on the same public road. 
 The negroes have a good church and 
 two schools in this district. The church 
 is about nine miles from Athens, and 
 the building is also used for one of the 
 schools. The other school is near the 
 Jennings place. 
 
 Mills, Gins, Etc. 
 
 Fowler's grist and saw mill, on Little 
 Bear creek ; Sykes' mill and gin, on 
 McNutts creek ; an excellent mill site 
 at the old Patman mill place at the lower 
 end of Tallasee shoals ; Thompson saw 
 mill, on Little Bear creek just at the 
 northwest corner of the county, and a 
 site for a mill on McNutts creek where 
 the public road crosses, once known as 
 the Barnard mill place, represent the 
 milling facilities of this section. 
 
 Property Valuation. 
 
 The tax returns for the district during 
 1892 amount to ^70,875, owned by 
 whites, and $8,480, owned by colored, 
 making a total of $79,355. The average 
 price of improved lands, based on these 
 data, may be taken at $9 per acre, and 
 the extremes at from $h to $20 per acre. 
 
 The principal landowners of the dis- 
 trict are S. T. Benton, W. N Burson, 
 Jesse Daniell estate, J. W. Fulcher, J. 
 L. McLeroy, John Sykes, J. N. Weir, 
 the Jennings estate, Tolbert Lester, C. 
 Hale, H. Fowler and B. J. Oldham. 
 
 Farms. 
 
 Forty-two farms are returned, thirty- 
 eight by whites and four by colored. 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 49' 
 
 The land is owned in large bodies and 
 worked on the tenant system. The 
 lands of the district are fertile and well 
 watered, and have been under cultiva- 
 tion ruany years. 
 
 Crops. 
 
 The principal cash bringing crop is 
 cotton, of which the district raised about 
 700 bales. Of corn probably 3,000 
 bushels, and of oats 1,000 bushels belong 
 annually to this district. 
 
 Stores. 
 
 Oldham's store and one on the Law- 
 renceville road are the only ones in the 
 district. 
 Remarks. 
 
 The opening of the Georgia, Carolina 
 and Northern R. R. through this district 
 has imparted new life and growth. It 
 has caused land values to take an up- 
 ward movement, and, in fact, opens up 
 much property which was hitherto un- 
 desirable. 
 
 KINNEY'S DISTRICT, 
 
 Being the State Militia District No. 1347. 
 
 Area. 
 
 9,086 acres — 14.2 squares miles. 
 Population. 
 
 White voters, 65 ; colored, 67. 
 
 White population 325 
 
 Colored population 335 
 
 Total 660 
 
 Location. 
 
 Kinney's district takes its name from 
 Jos. A. Kinney and lies in the northern 
 half of the county between the two 
 branches of the Oconee river. By 
 recent surveys, a portion of this district 
 has been thrown into the Athens dis- 
 trict, and the line of division runs from 
 a stone on the Mitchell's bridge road in 
 a straight line to include the house of 
 J. S. Williford on the Newton's bridge 
 road. This survey cut off 1,497 acres. 
 The two rivers are the eastern and west- 
 ern boundaries, and the Jackson county 
 line marks its northern limit. 
 
 Topography. 
 
 The district is traversed in a north- 
 easterly course by the main ridge which 
 separates the two rivers, and from which 
 numerous spurs run each way to the 
 
 rivers. The top of this ridge is at a 
 general elevation of 225 feet above the 
 stream levels, and is undulating and 
 varied in outline. Along the rivers and 
 branches steep hills are formed, while in 
 the center large tracts of sloping upland 
 are spread. The waters of Cub creek, 
 Poss creek, and Turkey creek, and 
 Phinizy's branch, are the principal trib- 
 utary streams. Upon them several small 
 water powers, varying from 2 to 7 H. P., 
 are located. The district has long been 
 under cultivation, and much of the land 
 is cleared. The woodland will probably 
 reach 50 per cent, of the total area of 
 which 18 per cent is in original forest. 
 Outcroppings of the underlying gniess 
 occur at various points along the 
 streams. The valleys of both rivers are 
 very narrow, especially that of the west- 
 ern fork, and but little bottom land is 
 found along the banks. 
 Roads. 
 
 The Jefferson road is the main north- 
 ern tho -oughfare leading along the cen- 
 tral ridge with easy grades for the most 
 part. The road to Newton's bridge fol- 
 lows the eastern side of the district par- 
 alleling the N. E. R. R., and crosses the 
 
50 
 
 GLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 river by Newton's bridge into Sandy- 
 Creek district, and thence into Jackson 
 county. The Tallasee bridge road tra- 
 verses the district on a diagonal to the 
 extreme northwest corner, crossing the 
 Middle Oconee river at Tallasee shoals 
 into Jackson county. A branch of the Jef- 
 ferson road leads to the right, crossing 
 Cub creek and the county line near the 
 home of Marion Williams. The county 
 map clearly defines the public road 
 system. 
 
 Churches and Schools. 
 
 Bogg's chapel, near the Jefferson road, 
 and Prospect church, in the north- 
 west corner of the district, near Tallasee 
 bridge, are the two church buildings for 
 white worshippers of this district. Sev- 
 eral negro churches are in the district. 
 A Public school on the Jackson line near 
 the residence of J. R. Nichols, and sev- 
 eral others at convenient points in the 
 district, are kept open during five 
 months of the year. 
 
 Crops. 
 
 Cotton, corn, hay, oats and so.ghum 
 are raised. Of these cotton is the prin- 
 cipal marketable staple. The district 
 raises about 800 bales per annum. 
 
 Property Valuation. 
 
 According to the tax digest for 1892, 
 the total property is placed at $253,860, 
 which includes the 1,497 acres recently 
 cut off from the district. Of this amount 
 the more valuable portion is located near 
 the city of Athens, where a number of 
 fine suburban residences are located, and 
 where the value of land is high under the 
 hope that it will soon be needed for build- 
 ing lots. That portion is in reality a part 
 of Athens, and though not subject to 
 city taxes, is within th'^ influence of the 
 electric car line and other city improve- 
 
 ments. Valuable brick yards along the 
 Northeastern Railroad also swell the 
 property returns for this district. Taking 
 away these artificial factors, the land 
 values of the district will range at $10 
 per acre. Within the city-affected area 
 property is held all the way from $20 to 
 $1,000 per acre. 
 
 Mills, Gins, Etc. 
 
 The excellent grist mill, known as 
 McLeroy's mill, is in this district, and 
 near the railroad station of the same 
 name. On the Jackson county line an- 
 other excellent grist and saw mill is 
 operated by the Fowlers. Several steam 
 gins are to be found at convenient points 
 in the district. The magnificent water 
 power of Tallasee Shoal, with a total 
 fall of 43 feet and a gross H. P. of i,ooo, 
 is at present not utilized. 
 
 Farms. 
 
 Forty three farms over i8 acres each 
 are returned for taxes; 39 owned by 
 white men, 4 by colored. Some of them 
 are of large extent, and the principal 
 land owners are Patman Lester, G. F. 
 Hunnicutt, J. R. Nichols, Marion Wil- 
 liams, Jackson & Vincent, Harvey 
 Archer, W. A. Gilleland, estate, Phinzy 
 estate and J. A. Hunnicutt. 
 
 Stores. 
 
 Mr. T. J. Poss now runs a general 
 merchandise store on the Tallasee road 
 and David E. Sims on the Mitchell 
 Bridge road. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 The G. C. & N. R. R. touches this 
 district and has a station at McLeroys. 
 The extreme point of the district is at 
 a distance of 91-2 miles from Athens. 
 The Tallassee Shoals are five miles from 
 McLeroys Station. The land produces 
 well and is abundantly watered. 
 
ANI) THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 51 
 
 PRINCETON DISTRICT, 
 
 Being the State Militia District No. 1467. 
 
 Area. 
 
 4,178 acres — 6.5 square miles. 
 
 Population. 
 
 White voters, 72 ; colored, 40. 
 White population 
 Colored population 
 
 Total 
 
 450 
 200 
 
 650 
 
 Location. 
 
 The district was laid out in February, 
 1891, and touches the city limits on the 
 southwest and follows the Georgia Fac- 
 tory district on the east, the Oconee 
 county line on the south and southwest, 
 adjoins Bradberry's district on the west 
 and Athens district on the north. Offi- 
 cial surveys place the boundary as fol- 
 lows : Beginning at a point on the 
 Oconee river at the mouth of Barber's 
 creek, and running up said creek to the 
 mouth of McNutt's creek, thence up 
 McNutt's creek to the mouth of Mal- 
 colm's branch on the north side of 
 McNutt's creek, thence up said branch 
 to the head waters of Chauncey's branch, 
 thence down said branch to the Middle 
 Oconee river, thence down said river to 
 Yerkin's island, near the mouth of Bob- 
 bin Mill creek, and thence 1139-2 e 84.65 
 chains to the city limits of Athens; 
 thence with the city limits to the Macon 
 and Northern railroad, thence with said 
 railroad to a sewer near residence of 
 Dock Giles, thence to said Giles' spring, 
 thence down the spring branch n78^ 
 w 14.50 chains, thence west to the corner 
 of John R. White's property, thence 
 &6\% W30 chains with White's line to 
 the Oconee river, and thence down said 
 river to the besrinning: corner. 
 
 Topography. 
 
 The general surface of the district is 
 uneven and hilly, being broken by the 
 deep valleys of the Middle Oconee river 
 and McNutt's creek, as well as by the 
 waters of Bobbin Mill creek and numer- 
 ous small branches. Some of the farm- 
 ing lands lie well for cultivation, but the 
 larger proportion of the district may be 
 classed as hillside land. The district 
 has about 55 percent, of its area in wood- 
 land, the remainder being cleared and 
 under cultivation. 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Two small towns are found in the dis- 
 trict surrounding the mills at Princeton 
 and on McNutt's creek. 
 
 The town of Princeton is incorporated 
 and has a population of 225. Most of it 
 is built on the lands of the Princeton 
 mills. It takes its character from the 
 presence of the cotton mill, in which 
 most of the inhabitants are employed. 
 Two stores, a school, a church and Sun- 
 day school and a blacksmith shop are 
 also found at this point. 
 
 Princeton Mills. 
 
 The mill building is a large two-story 
 brick structure well lighted and afford- 
 ing ample room for the machinery. 
 Thirty-five hundred spindles and one 
 hundred looms are in operation. The 
 motive power is drawn from the Middle 
 Oconee River at this point where a large 
 dam with 1 5 feet fall gives nearly 500 
 gross horse power. Of this the mills 
 now utilize 125 H. P. by means of tur- 
 bines. The possibility of enlarging the 
 plant is easy in the light of the unused 
 power at hand. The company was cap- 
 
52 
 
 CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 italized at $60,000 in 1836 and later a 
 re-organization took place in which the 
 capital was made $65,000. It is entirely 
 owned by the heirs of Dr. J. S. Hamil- 
 ton, and operated as a stock company 
 with J. S. Hamilton, one of the heirs, 
 as president and general manager. 
 The mills now turn out ducks, osna- 
 burgs and a fine grade of cotton rope. 
 One hundred and ten operatives are 
 
 It is not incorporated, but sixty or more 
 people are congregated in a small area in 
 easy distance from the mill. For a 
 number of years the mill has been used 
 to make the various grades of wrapping 
 and news paper. The company did busi- 
 ness in this line until 1 890. For the past 
 years the plant has been idle, but has 
 been reorganized under the name of the 
 Alpha mills for the manufacture of cotton 
 
 Residence of Billups Phinizy — IVIilledge Avenue. 
 
 given employment, and the monthly pay 
 roll amounts to $1400. This excellent 
 property can be purchased from the 
 present owners, through J. S. Hamilton, 
 1 16 acres of land being part of the prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Paper Mill. 
 
 Around the factory, at the junction of 
 McNutt's and Barber's creeks, has grown 
 up a similar town, but of smaller size. 
 
 yarns and rope. The factory will be en 
 larged to accommodate 2,080 spindles, 
 and new machinery will be put in. 
 
 Roads 
 
 The district is at present traversed by 
 the main road from Athens to Watkins- 
 ville, which passes directly by both 
 Princeton and the Paper mill. A new 
 road is now being opened, as shown on 
 the map, which crosses the river two 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 miles above Princeton, and opens up a 
 section of the district which hitherto has 
 been difficult of access. 
 
 Property Valuation. 
 
 The tax returns for this district in 
 1892 give : 
 
 Total property owned by whites $105,300 
 Total property owned by colored 8,985 
 
 Total $114,285 
 
 Of this amount about $70,000 repre- 
 sents the property of the two large fac- 
 tories, leaving $54,285 as the value of 
 farming lands in the district. The aver- 
 age price of improved land per acre from 
 these figures will be $9 per acre. That 
 portion of the district on the east of 
 Middle Oconee river is valued at a much 
 higher figure, ranging from $12 to $40 
 per acre ; while the western part shows 
 by recent sales a value of from $4 to $6. 
 The principal land owners in the district 
 are G. E. Heard, Mrs. John Sansom, 
 Robert Connally, T. J. Epps, David Gann, 
 J. A. Hunnicutt, John Couch and the 
 two factory companies. 
 
 Churches and Schools. 
 
 Church and school buildings are loca- 
 ted at Princeton and the Paper Mill, and 
 Mars Hill Baptist church in Oconee 
 county is in easy reach of many. The 
 churches in Athens are also frequented 
 by a number of the residents of this dis- 
 trict. Two colored schools are also in 
 this district. 
 
 Mills, Gins, &c. 
 
 Outside of the two factories there are 
 several mill sites in the district. Jen- 
 nings Shoal on Middle Oconee River is 
 now unused but was formerly employed 
 to run a large grist mill. The Bobbin 
 Mill is at present closed down, but has 
 a good power and is equipped for the 
 manufacture of bobbins. Epps Gin on 
 McNutt's creek is an excellent power, 
 now applied for ginning purposes. 
 Stores. 
 
 None outside of Princeton and the 
 Paper Mill. 
 Farms. 
 
 The district comprises twenty-four 
 farms. Eighteen with white and six 
 with colored owners. The farms are 
 not very large, and much of the land is 
 difficult of cultivation. Good returns, 
 however, are secured from the uplands 
 and the soil is strong and fertile. The 
 tenant system is practised to some ex- 
 tent. 
 Crops. 
 
 The usual crops of corn, oats, and 
 cotton are generally grown. Of these 
 the district annually raises 500 to TOO 
 bales of cotton, 3000 to 4000 bushels of 
 corn, and 1200 to 1500 bushels of oats. 
 Remarks. 
 
 The district lies very near to Athens 
 and will be greatly advanced by the 
 opening of the new road. This road 
 crosses the river by easy grades on each 
 side, and will doubtless, become a favor- 
 ite thoroughfare. 
 
H 
 
 OLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 
 
 ATHEN'S DISTRICT, 
 
 Being the State Militia District No. 216, 
 including 
 
 THE CITY OF ATHENS 
 
 Area. 
 
 6,603 acres, 10.4 square miles, includ- 
 ing the city of Athens, with an area of 
 3,506 acres, and adjoining lands to the 
 amount of 3,097 acres, The citv limits 
 are marked by stone posts on all the 
 roads leading out of Athens, and the 
 jurisdiction of the city extends one and 
 one-half miles in every direction from 
 the University chapel. 
 
 Population. 
 
 White registered voters, 832 ; colored, 
 535. 
 
 White population 
 Colored population 
 
 Total 
 Location. 
 
 5,400 
 4,600 
 
 10,000 
 
 The city is near the center of the 
 county on a parallel to the southwestern 
 boundary. The northwest and south- 
 east corners of the county, as measured 
 by the public roads, are each 11^2 miles 
 from the center of the city. Latitude is 
 N 33° 56' and longitude 83° 21' west of 
 Greenwich. Athens is 60 miles east of 
 Atlanta, 107 miles north of Macon, and 
 115 miles northwest of Augusta. The 
 main portion of the city is on the west 
 bank of the Oconee river at an elevation 
 of 180' above the river, and 750' above 
 sea level. 
 
 Topography. 
 
 The city is built on the ridges which 
 rise up from the Oconee river, and from 
 
 several small streams that lead into that 
 river. The main ridgetop is gently undu- 
 lating, and is outlined by the path of the 
 electric car line on the city map. The 
 gound slopes away from this ridge with 
 rapidity, and the city is quite hilly and 
 uneven in consequence. Building of the 
 better class has in the main clung to the 
 ridge and its numerous spurs, while the 
 hillsides are dotted with the home of the 
 colored people. The aspect which the 
 city presents to strangers is a very 
 pleasing one. Wei built and imposing 
 structures mark the business portion of 
 the town, and many handsome resi- 
 dences, with beautiful grounds, are found 
 on the residence streets. The ante bellum 
 architecture of large porticos, with enor- 
 mous pillars after Grecian types, stand 
 in charming contrast to many handsome 
 modern edifices. The city is almost a 
 continuous grove of oaks, and the large 
 grounds surrounding the houses are 
 beautiful with evergreens, exotics, and 
 grassy swards. 
 
 The principal business streets of the 
 city are Broad, Clayton, College avenue, 
 Oconee, Lumpkin, Foundry and Jackson 
 streets. Most of the important build- 
 ings are located on these streets, with- 
 in the fire limits, as shown on the map. 
 
 The principal residence streets are 
 Prince avenue, Milledge avenue. Hill 
 street, Cobb street, the Boulevard, re- 
 cently opened ; Barber street, Hancock 
 avenue, Thomas street, Hull street and 
 Bearing street. 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 The First Methodist church, First 
 Presbyterian and First Baptist churches 
 are located in the heart of the city. 
 Emanuel Episcopal church is at the 
 junction of Hill street and Prince ave- 
 nue, and the Roman Catholic and Chris- 
 tian churches are also on Prince avenue, 
 but nearer the business portion of the 
 city. The grounds of the University 
 campus form an attractive feature of 
 the city at the head of College avenue. 
 The Lucy Cobb institute and chapel are 
 permanently situated on Milledge ave- 
 nue, and the Home school on Prince 
 avenue. 
 
 That section of the city on the east 
 of the Oconee river bears the name of 
 East Athens. It covers a large area and 
 is already thickly settled. The electric 
 lights have been extended to this section, 
 and the water mains of the works now 
 under construction, will extend through 
 the main streets of East Athens. 
 Property is comparatively cheap in East 
 Athens, audit is an inviting field for the 
 purchasers of homes. Its recent growth 
 has been very rapid, and a large number 
 of new houses are in process of erec- 
 tion. F"our bridges, at short distances 
 from each other, form a close connection 
 between it and the business portion of 
 the city. The people of East Athens 
 are energetic and thrifty, and they con- 
 stitute a sturdy and important part of 
 the city's industrial development. 
 Historical. 
 
 Much of the history of Athens is else- 
 where told in connection with the arti- 
 cles on the county and on the Univer- 
 sity. Its foundation in 1806 and its 
 classical name, its complete identifica- 
 tion with the educational interests of 
 the State for many years, and the rivalry 
 which its growth engendered, with the 
 town of Watkinsville, resulting in the 
 division of the , county, have all been 
 
 noted. But other interesting facts re- 
 main appropriate to the object of this 
 sketch. The early government of the 
 town was in the hands of a town council, 
 and the chief executive ofificer was 
 known as the Intendant. The charter 
 at that time was very circumscribed and 
 yet satisfactory to the people. In 187:2 
 the present charter was granted and the 
 first mayor and council were elected 
 early in that year. 
 
 The social life of Athens in antebel- 
 lum days had many marked peculiari- 
 ties. The town had attracted by virtue 
 of its educational advantages a large 
 number of wealthy and cultured people; 
 the history of the State is dotted at 
 very frequent intervals with the names 
 of Athens men. The University com- 
 mencements were occasions of most 
 lavish hospitality, and scarcely a home 
 could be found at such times that did 
 not hold a distingushed guest. As there 
 were no railroad facilities, for many 
 years, everybody came in private car- 
 riages ; those from Savannah and the 
 lower portion of the State making 
 Athens their stopping place on the way 
 to Madison Springs and the picturesque 
 summer resorts around Clarkesville and 
 Tallulah Falls. Those concerned in the 
 affairs of State followed the Governor 
 and Senatus Academicus to Athens and 
 all were accorded a generous welcome. 
 Many of the political slates in State and 
 national politics were concocted at such 
 times in the handsome drawing rooms 
 that fringe the University campus. 
 Before an audience of this description, 
 made attractive by beauty as well as 
 renown the young recipients of college 
 honors made their best bows and deliv- 
 ered their best speeches. 
 
 At such times a curious spectacle 
 was presented on the exterior of the 
 college campus. The colored popula- 
 
56 
 
 CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA. 
 
 tion from far and near gathered to cele- 
 brate a holiday. Dressed in their Sun- 
 day best and gorgeous in all the hues of 
 the rainbow, they surged around the 
 hundred booths in which the toothsome 
 ■delicacies of tarts, fried chicken and 
 gingerbread were dispensed for a mod- 
 erate sum. 
 
 The political significance of the Uni- 
 versity's commencement has been lost 
 in the reorganization of its trustees ; and 
 the homely custom of the negroes has 
 gradually become a thing of the past. 
 But the commencement of to-day is still a 
 notable intellectual and social event in 
 the State and attracts the attendance 
 of large numbers of the alumni and 
 friends of the University. 
 
 The growth of Athens, since it has 
 been a city, has been rapid without 
 being hollow. No gigantic booms have 
 struck the town, and yet in ten years the 
 tax returns have nearly doubled. The 
 interests of the city are no longer en- 
 tirely based on the University, but have 
 attained a vigor and extent in the com- 
 mercial and manufacturing lines which 
 are influential over a large adjoining 
 area. The advent of railroads has been 
 frequent. In 1846 the Georgia railroad 
 was built from Augusta to Athens, in 
 1875 the Northeastern railroad was built 
 to Lula to connect with the Piedmont 
 Air-Line. In 1887 this same line was 
 extended southward, under a different 
 company, to make connection with Ma- 
 con, and in 1891 the city welcomed the 
 G. C. & N. R. R., which passes through 
 on its way to Atlanta. So that now the 
 city ranks as an important railroad cen- 
 ter, and has excellent traffic arrange, 
 ments to the great east, to the equally 
 great west, and to the southern seaboard 
 at Brunswick, Savannah, Port Royal, 
 Charleston, Portsmouth and Norfolk. 
 Marking the steps in manufacturing, 
 
 two cotton mills, two large foundries, 
 two large planing mills, two ice facto- 
 ries, an oil and fertilizer mill, and other 
 smaller enterprises, are now in opera- 
 tion. Marking the city like acquisitions, 
 a gas company has long been in opera- 
 tion, replaced in part by electric 
 lights furnished by the same company 
 since I8y0; waterworks built in 1882, and 
 now being substituted by a more abund- 
 ant supply ; electric cars in operation 
 since 1891, public schools begun m 1886^ 
 a paid fire department since 1891, sewers 
 and paved sidewalks at the same 
 date. Bonds have been issued for 
 paving the streets with belgian 
 blocks and macadam, and before long 
 this much needed improvement will be 
 consummated. 
 
 In the last few years the city has 
 taken a very vigorous growth, and a large 
 amount of building is rapidly improving 
 the place. 
 
 CITY GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The city of Athens was constituted a 
 municipality in 1872, under a charter 
 from the General Assembly, which is 
 liberal in its privileges and duly guarded 
 against the abuse of power. The gov- 
 ernment is in the hands of a mayor and 
 council chosen by popular vote. 
 
 City Officers 
 
 The mayor of Athens is the chief ex- 
 ecutive officer of the city. To be eligi- 
 ble for this office a citizen must be at least 
 twenty-five years of age and a resident 
 of the city for the two years immediately 
 preceding the election. The Mayor has 
 genral supervision of the city affairs, pre- 
 sides over the meetings of the council, 
 enforces all city ordinances, and through 
 the medium of the mayor's court im- 
 poses fines, imprisonment or work on 
 the city streets, for violation of these 
 ordinances. The salary of the mayor is 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 57 
 
 fixed by the council, and at present is 
 ;^1,200 per year. The term of office is 
 two years from the month of January suc- 
 ceeding the election. The present in- 
 cumbent was elected for the years 1892 
 and 1893. 
 
 Aldermen. 
 
 The city council is composed of eight 
 aldermen, two of which are chosen from 
 each of the four wards into which the 
 city is divided. The term of ofifice is 
 two years, but it is arranged that one 
 alderman from each ward goes out of 
 office annually and the vacsncy is filled 
 by election. An alderman must be at 
 least twenty-one years of age and a res- 
 ident ot the ward he represents for the 
 ten days preceding his election. 
 
 The Mayor and Council. 
 
 Are charged with large power, nota- 
 bly with the determination of the tax 
 rate, with the collection and expendi- 
 tures of the same, with the choice of all 
 other city officers than themselves, with 
 the fixing of all salaries and with the 
 auditing and payment of all accounts 
 against the city. They control the city 
 affairs at present through the following 
 standing committees appointed by the 
 mayor from the members of the council : 
 On Public Property. On Streets. 
 On Markets. On Railroads. 
 
 On Lights. On Public Schools. 
 
 On Police. On Water Works. 
 
 On Fire Department. On Sewers. 
 On Fire Alarm. On Ordinances. 
 
 On Health. On Printing. 
 
 On Petitions and Communications. 
 On Finance. 
 
 The city officers elected by the mayor 
 and council are : 
 
 (a) C/cj-k of Council, a most important 
 officer, who has charge of the city re- 
 cords and acts, and is treasurer of the 
 city funds. He likewise receives all pay- 
 
 ments of city taxes. He receives a sal- 
 ary of $2,000 and is chosen annually. 
 
 (b) Police Force, consisting of a chief 
 of police and ten policemen vested with 
 the usual authority of such officers. 
 
 (c) Fire Dcpartuient, the city is now 
 provided with a paid fire department 
 supported out of the general taxes. The 
 force consists of a chief officer and 10 
 assistant firemen. They are provided 
 with a splendid equipment, and an elec- 
 tric fire alarm communicates with the 
 Presbyterian church bell and the engine 
 houses. This department was installed 
 in 1891 as successor to a volunteer fire 
 department which v/as noted through- 
 out the State, both for efficiency in 
 times of need and for skill and quick- 
 ness in the various competitive contests 
 in which they took part. A large num- 
 ber of prizes have been brought proudly 
 home from Augusta, Columbus, Rome, 
 and other cities in the State. But the 
 city has grown and modern methods 
 have come in to make the city even 
 more secure from loss by fire. 
 
 (d) Board of Health, consisting of five 
 members, is annually appointed to in- 
 spect all portions of the city and report 
 nuisances. This work is also looked 
 after by a special sanitary inspector, and 
 by the city physician. 
 
 (e) City Engineer. The care of the 
 streets, the laying of sidewalks and pave- 
 ments, the construction of sewers and 
 waterworks, have made the office of City 
 Engineer one of great importance. 
 
 (f) City Attorney. Has charge of all 
 legal business of the city. 
 
 Commissions. The city has recognized 
 the wisdom of dealing with special ques- 
 tions of city government through the 
 medium of commissions, or boards 
 chosen by and acting under the authority 
 of the Council, or under general laws 
 endorsed by popular vote. 
 
58 
 
 CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 In this way it comes about that the 
 question of public education is duly in 
 charge ot the board of education, that 
 a sewer commission was charged mth. 
 the construction of the sewerage system, 
 that three water commissioners are now 
 engaged in the erection of the city water 
 works plant, and that the vexed question 
 of the sale of intoxicants is regulated by 
 a body known as the Dispensary Com 
 mission. The latter commission deals 
 with a question of so much general in- 
 terest that it will be proper to give in 
 detail the plan under which its work is 
 done, and some account of the steps 
 leading to the adoption of this method. 
 
 The Dispensary. 
 
 The city of Athens had licensed bar 
 rooms during the early part of its histo- 
 ry. In 188n the prohibition movement 
 took strong shape and carried the coun- 
 ty under the general local option law of 
 the state. This prohibition law stopped 
 the sale of all intoxicating beverages, 
 save by duly licensed drug stores who 
 could make sales only on the pre- 
 scription of a physicion. This 
 plan worked badly. A large amount 
 of liquors was sold illegally, and 
 it was well nigh impossible to convict 
 offenders. Such a state of facts brought 
 on another fight, and an election on the 
 question in 1891. The outcome of this 
 struggle was the present dispensary 
 plan carried by eleven votes, but which 
 has worked so well that to all appear- 
 ances the whole community is satisfied 
 with the decision. The matter stands 
 now where it will require a special legis- 
 lative enactment to bring the question 
 to another vote. 
 
 The plan as it now stands recognizes 
 several broad principles. 
 
 First. That spirituous liquors are a 
 commodity, if for no other reason, on 
 account of their medicinal value. There- 
 fore the people are concerned simply in 
 regulating the sale, not in its prohibi- 
 tion. 
 
 Second. The sale of such liquors, if 
 left in the hands of those who have a 
 pecuniary interest in the amount sold, 
 will be greater than in answer to the 
 voluntary demand. 
 
 Third. If none but pure liquors shall 
 be sold, the damage to the consumers is 
 greatly reduced. 
 
 Fourth. If the price of sale be made 
 low, the violation of the law by illegal 
 sellers is largely precluded on the gen- 
 eral business principle of competition. 
 
 Accordingly, the city has established 
 its own dispensary, under the direction 
 of three commissioners, who have sole 
 power of regulating the sale of liquors 
 in Athens and Clarke county. These 
 commissioners have elected a manager 
 who is paid a fixed salary of ^1,500. All 
 liquors sold are first analyzed by a 
 chernist and pronounced pure. The sale 
 is made in quantities not less than a half 
 pint, put up in sealed packages, and not 
 to be consumed on the premises. No 
 loitering on the premises is permitted. 
 The doors are opened from sunrise to 
 sunset. The manager can refuse sale to 
 an intoxicated person, or to one whom 
 he has reason to suspect of purchasing 
 for re-selling. No sale to liquor dealers 
 can be made, and no individual can buy 
 at one time more than two gallons. The 
 price may not exceed 50 per cent, profit 
 on the original cost. The dispensary 
 was started by funds from the city treas- 
 ury, which have since been paid back, 
 and it is now run on the accrued profits. 
 All profits over and above running ex- 
 penses and stock are annually divided, 
 proportionally, between the city and 
 county, llie manager furnishes bond 
 in $2,000. 
 
 One of the three Commissioners goes 
 out of office each year. His successor 
 is nominated by the two remaining Com- 
 missioners, and elected by the City 
 Council. 
 
 Waterzuoi'ks. The city up to this time 
 has rented its supply of water for city 
 use and fire protection from a private 
 company. This has proven unsatisfac- 
 tory, and bonds have been floated for the 
 construction of a new plant, supplying 
 1,000,000 gallons per day, of pure, filtered, 
 freestone water. By the addion of extra 
 filters, the plant will readily furnish 
 2,000,000 gallons daily. Nearly sixteen 
 miles of mains will be laid to distribute 
 the supply throughout the city, being 
 double the length now used by the pri- 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 59 
 
 vate company. Work on the new system 
 is rapidly jDrogressing and will be com- 
 pleted during- the summer of 1893. 
 
 Electric Lig-hting. 
 
 The city purchases its electric lights 
 and gas lamps under contract from the 
 Athens Gas and Electric Light Compa- 
 ny. The electric lights swung high in 
 the centre of the streets are placed 
 about eight hundred feet apart on the 
 main streets to the number of 56, and 
 gas lamps at street corners to the num- 
 ber of 42, are used on less important 
 thoroughfares. Together the two kinds 
 of light make a very effective and com- 
 plete systen in all parts of the city. 
 
 grading and surfacing has been done 
 and bonds are voted for the pavement of 
 the principal streets with Belgian block 
 and Macadam. Already a large part of 
 the city is furnished with brick side- 
 walks built partly by the city and partly 
 at the expense of property owners. 
 Usually the expense is divided, lyi to 
 the owner and i^ to the city, the work 
 being done by the city street force. 
 
 Taxes. 
 
 The city levied for 1892 a property 
 tax of 10 mills on the dollar, a street tax 
 of ^2.00 per poll, and special taxes on 
 business enterprises. The annual re- 
 port of the clerk of council will show in 
 detail below, the receipts and expendi- 
 tures of the city, the assets of the same 
 and the outstanding obligations: 
 
 Street Improvement. 
 
 The city streets are improved under 
 the care of the city engineer. Much 
 
 CITY TREASURER'S REPORT. 
 
 To the Honorable Mayor and Council o/the Cily of Athens: 
 
 I respectfully submit the following Annual Report as Treasurer of the City of Athens for the 
 year 1892 : TOTAL RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Jan. 1. To cash on hand in all f unds.$ 
 
 15,826 91 
 
 Jan.l. By cash paid on Fire Depart- 
 
 
 '' " from Dispensary ac- 
 
 
 ment acc't. .8 
 
 8,057 14 
 
 '' " " count 
 
 53,985 00 
 
 " '' '• "• Di spensary 
 
 
 " " " Light account. 
 
 1 75 
 
 account ... 
 
 44,960 26 
 
 " " " Magazine fees. 
 
 133 64 
 
 '■ •' " " Street acc't. 
 
 12,971 79 
 
 '' " " Miscellaneous 
 
 
 " " ■' " Water acc't. 
 
 5,312 01 
 
 accounts 
 
 728 19 
 
 " " " " Salaries of 
 
 
 " " " Billiard and 
 
 
 Assessors for 
 
 
 " " ' Pool license . 
 
 100 00 
 
 1892 
 
 300 00 
 
 " " " Fines 
 
 1,753 10 
 
 " " " " Printing and 
 
 
 " " " Market fees . 
 
 1.083 10 
 
 Stat ionery 
 
 
 " " " Street account. 
 
 
 account . 
 
 926 22 
 
 paving etc ... 
 
 1,905 96 
 
 " " " •' Light acc't. 
 
 7,37 r 76 
 
 " " " Sewer acccunt, 
 
 
 " " " " Officers sal- 
 
 
 including sale 
 
 
 ary acc't 
 
 4,568 29 
 
 of bonds 
 
 14,853 08 
 
 " " " " Pauper acc't 
 
 804 68 
 
 " " " Vehicle license 
 
 515 00 
 
 " " " Purchase of 
 
 
 " " " Sewer rents. . . 
 
 815 00 
 
 City Hall lot 
 
 4.240 00 
 
 '• " '• Fire departm't 
 sale of hose,etc 
 
 100 10 
 
 " " •' '• Police acc't. 
 " " •' " Sewer acc't. 
 
 8,837 86 
 534 54 
 
 " " •" Sewer bond ac- 
 
 
 '' " " "Mis cellane- 
 
 
 count, accrued 
 
 
 ous acc'nts, 
 
 
 interest, etc.. . 
 
 256 20 
 
 school build- 
 
 
 " " " Police account, 
 
 
 ings,rents.etc 
 
 7,419 96 
 
 prison fees 
 
 14 00 
 
 " " " "Pioneer 
 
 
 " " " Speciiic taxes. . 
 
 6,785 50 
 
 bonds and in- 
 
 
 " " ■' General taxes. 
 
 66,619 22 
 
 terest 
 
 " " " " Sewer bond 
 
 633 25 
 
 
 
 account ... 
 
 879 12 
 
 
 
 " •' '' '• School bond 
 
 
 
 
 account .... 
 
 1,000 00 
 
 
 
 " " " '• College bond 
 
 
 
 
 account .... 
 
 1,928 00 
 
 
 
 " " " " Railr'd bond 
 
 
 
 
 account 
 
 7,295 00 
 
 
 
 " " " " Public Sch'l 
 
 
 
 
 account 
 
 12,667 98 
 
 
 
 Dec.31. '' " on hand in all funds 
 
 33,901 89 
 
 $165,475 75 
 
 $165,475 75 
 
w 
 
 CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 
 
 DEBT. 
 
 6 per cent, bonds, issue of 1873, to 
 
 Railroads, due January 1, 1893.^ 5,000 00 
 
 8 per cent, bonds, issue of 1873, to 
 
 Railroads, due January 1, 1893. 23,000 00 
 
 8 per cent, bonds, issue of 1883, to 
 
 College, due July 1st, 1898 24,500 00 
 
 5 per cent bonds, issue of July, 
 1886, for Public Schools, due 
 July 1st, 1916 20,000 00 
 
 5 per cent, bonds, issue of July, 
 1891, for Sev^ers, due July Ist, 
 1921 25,000 00 
 
 5 per cent bonds, is'-ue of Novem- 
 
 ber, Isf, 1892, for Waterworks, 
 ^1 000 00 due Nov. 1st each year 
 for 29 years, and $96,000.00 due 
 
 Nov. 1st, 1922 125,000 00 
 
 '6 per cent: note, due Nov. 8th, 1893, 
 to Pioneer Hook & Ladder Co., 
 on purchase of building 2,134 16 
 
 6 per cent, note, ciue Nov. 1st, 1893, 
 
 to Mrs. Mattie Herrington. last 
 payment for lot on College ave 
 nue .... 4,000 00 
 
 6 per cent, note, du(! Mrs. E. A. 
 Talmage, January 1st, 1894, last 
 payment for school Jot on Oco- 
 nee street 3,350 00 
 
 6 per cent, note due Camewell Fire 
 
 Alarm Tel. Co., Feb. 2Ist, 1893. 500 00 
 
 •6 per cent, note due Gamewell Fire 
 
 Alarm Tel. Co., Feb. 21st, 1894. 500 00 
 
 Total $232,984 16 
 
 ASSETS. 
 
 Washington and Baxter St. School 
 
 Buildings $27,500 00 
 
 City Hall Lot on College avenue. . 15,000 00 
 
 Oconee Street School Building. . . . 4,000 00 
 
 Broad '• '• "... 3 000 00 
 
 East " " "... 3,000 00 
 
 Waterworks land . 3,000 00 
 
 Engine House No. 1 and Pioneer 
 
 Hall 5.000 00 
 
 Horses, hose reel, hose wagon, 
 
 hose, etc 3,000 00 
 
 Gamewrll Fire Alarm Telegraph 
 
 and supplies 2,100 00 
 
 Steam fire ent;ine, harness, furni- 
 ture, etc 3,000 00 
 
 Hook and Ladder truck 1,000 00 
 
 Two powder magazines 800 00 
 
 Horses, mules, carts, wagons, rock 
 
 crusher, engine, tools, etc 4,000 00 
 
 Iron Safes and ©fflce furniture 900 00 
 
 Gas posts, globes, lamps, etc . . 2.000 00 
 
 Waterworks plant in construction. 122,000 00 
 
 Total. 
 
 1207,800 00 
 
 TAXABLE PROPERTY. 
 
 As Shown by the Tax Digest for 1892 
 
 POPERTY OF WHITES. 
 
 Real estate $3,584,216 00 
 
 Household and kitchen furniture 211,299 00 
 Live stock and vehicles.. ... 77,117 00 
 Books, pictures, silverware, jew- 
 elry, watches, clocks, etc.... 83,741 00 
 
 Merchandise 439,048 00 
 
 Money and debts 786,329 00 
 
 Bonds 234,465 00 
 
 Bank stock 605,000 00 
 
 Loan Association stock 42,100 00 
 
 Gross receipts of Insurance, Tel- 
 egraph and Telephone Go's 248,296 00 
 
 Total $6,311,611 00 
 
 PROPERTY OF COLORED. 
 
 Real estate $ 216,470 00 
 
 Household and kitchen f urn. ture 13,003 00 
 
 Live stock and vehicles 2,521 00 
 
 Merchandise 1,125 00 
 
 Money and debts 623 00 
 
 Total $ 233,642 00 
 
 Total taxable property of whites. $6,311. 611 00 
 Total taxable property of colored 233 642 00 
 
 Aggrgate am't taxable of prop'ty. .$6,545,253 00 
 
 Increase in property of whites 
 
 over 1891 $ 188,168 00 
 
 Increase in propei'ty of colored 
 
 over 1891 21,263 00 
 
 Total increase $ 309,431 00 
 
 Outstanding tax executions for 1890. $1,314 96 
 Outstanding tax executions for 1891. 1,529 60 
 
 Total outstanding tax executions for 
 
 1890 and 1891 $2,844 56 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 A. L. MITCHELL, Tresurer. 
 December 31st, 1892. 
 
ANB THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 61 
 
 Elections. 
 
 The city officers subject to popular 
 vote are elected on the first Wednesday 
 in December, and enter upon the duties 
 of their offices in the January following'. 
 All officers hold over until their succes- 
 sors are qualified. Voters in city elec- 
 
 tions are subject to the registration laws 
 of the city. 
 
 The use of primary elections by which 
 candidates are nominated avoids much 
 friction and unpleasant features in the 
 conduct of the elections. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 The educational facilities of the city of 
 Athens have always been the most dis- 
 tinctive feature of the locality. The 
 county was born with the opening' of the 
 University of Georgia, and the city was 
 given its name under the same influence. 
 They both have owed much of their 
 growth and advancement to the presence 
 of that institution. The city of Athens, 
 known as the classic city, had for many 
 years no interest of large import outside 
 of the University, and it still continues 
 to be profoundly influenced by the 
 numerous excellent educational institu- 
 tions which have sprung up in the cul- 
 tured community around the University. 
 Athens is recognized as the most im- 
 portant seat of learning in the state, and 
 the claim is supported by the presence 
 of the University, the Lucy Cobb Insti- 
 tute, the Home School, the public 
 schools of the city, and several private 
 schools of much merit. 
 
 The general progress of education in 
 this section began with the University's 
 establishment, and has kept pace with 
 its growth. The Academy system had 
 its representative in Athens until 1884. 
 The poor school fund, unfortunate in 
 name, accomplished some good in the 
 early years of the county. But the pri- 
 mary education here, and in the State 
 never had a very vigorous organization 
 
 until the public schools were established 
 by the State in 1S77. As a factor in 
 female education, the Lucy Cobb Insti- 
 tute was founded here in 1858, and has 
 become the most noted school for N'oung 
 ladies in the State. Subsequently, in 
 1865 Madame Sosnowski, a most accom- 
 plish lady, opened the Home school, 
 affording an excellent training and home 
 life for the young ladies in her charge. 
 The public schools of Athens took their 
 place in the work in 1886 and were 
 wisely planned and brilliantly carried 
 out. The duty of educating the colored 
 population has been well cared for since 
 1870, and has comprised the mainte- 
 nance of the Knox School, and various 
 other private schools for the colored 
 people. At present the city of Athens 
 gives to this class of children equal ad- 
 vantages of instruction and equipment 
 with the whites. 
 
 The main outline of the history and 
 work of the principal educational insti- 
 tutions are given in the following pages: 
 
 The University. 
 
 The University of Georgia, which has 
 found its permanent home in Athens, 
 comes down as an heritage from the days 
 of the American Revolution. Within 
 two years after that war, the Legislature 
 of 1784 passed the act which granted 
 
62 
 
 CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 
 
 40,000 acres of the best public lands in 
 the counties of Washington and Frank- 
 lin for the establishment of a public seat 
 of learning, and in the following year 
 ofave a charter to the institution under 
 the name of Franklin College. This 
 charter was laid down on broad and 
 abiding principles, constituted the col- 
 lege as the head of the educational sys- 
 tem, and gave its president and govern- 
 ing board general supervision over the 
 entire system of academies and common 
 schools aided by public funds. 
 
 Franklin College was located at 
 Athens in 1801, after much hesitation; 
 the final choice being determined by the 
 gift of 633 acres of land by Governor 
 John Milledge, upon a portion of which 
 the college buildings now stand. The 
 site was a beautiful one, upon the high 
 hills overlooking the Oconee river, near 
 a clear, cool spring, and beneath the 
 shade of majestic oaks and hickories, 
 which covered a favorite trysting place 
 of the Cherokee Indians. The same year 
 a contract had been authorized to build 
 as a dormitory, the building still in use 
 and known as the Old College. Josiah 
 Meigs, LL. D., at the time Professor of 
 Natural Philosophy in Yale College, was 
 elected President, and for ten years la 
 bored under almost insuperable difficul- 
 ties to raise up an institution of learning. 
 Quoting one of his successors in office: 
 "The Israelites had not a harder task 
 when required to make brick without 
 straw, than President Meigs, when, under 
 such circumstances, he was required to 
 raise up, in a few years, an institution 
 which would compare with those of New 
 England. President Meigs commenced 
 the exercises of the University when 
 no college building of any description 
 had been erected. Recitations were often 
 heard and lectures delivered under the 
 shade of the forest oak ; and for years 
 
 he had almost the entire instruction of 
 the college, aided only by a tutor, or 
 some member of the higher classes." 
 
 The first commencement was held in 
 1804 in a rustic arbor, amidst the gather- 
 ing of a few friends of the College, and 
 witnessed the graduation of ten young 
 men with the honors of the institu- 
 tion. Other states have overcome 
 obstacles in building up their universi- 
 ties, but none of them have ventured to 
 send forth their young offspring with an 
 infested wilderness for a habitation, and 
 without a roof for its head. Yet, for ten 
 years. Dr. Meigs braved these dangers, 
 and graduated more than fifty men with 
 the regular A. B. degree. 
 
 But having thus secured a foothold, 
 the University has continued to grow; 
 always surrounded by difficulties and 
 antagonized by influential elements in 
 the state, but wisely managed by such 
 men as Moses Waddell, Alonzo Church, 
 Andrew A. Lipscomb and Patrick H. 
 Mell. The periods of most marked ex- 
 pansion in the University have the dates 
 of 1859 and 1872. At the former radical 
 changes in the curricula and disciplina- 
 ry methods took place whereby a greater 
 importance was given to scientific studies 
 and tutorial espionage was abolished; 
 at the latter date the addition to the 
 landscrip fund materially modified the 
 organization of the college by the estab- 
 lishment of the State College of Agri- 
 culture and Mechanic Arts. From the 
 latter date the University of Georgia 
 became the legal title including under 
 separate faculties the Old Franklin Col- 
 lege for classical training and the State 
 College for scientific instruction. The 
 head of the institution became known as 
 Chancellor of the University of Georgia. 
 Various changes have taken place on the 
 governing board of the institution, start- 
 ing with the Senatics Academicus (the 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHEN.S. 
 
 63 
 
 State Senate and a board of trustees),then 
 a board of trustees of large number, until 
 the present board is reached, composed of 
 one representative from each congress- 
 ional district, four from the state at large, 
 two from the city of Athens, and ex-officio 
 the Governor of the state, and the presi- 
 dent of the local boards in charge of the 
 Georgia Technological School, the Girls 
 Industrial College, and the College for 
 Colored Youths, all branches of the 
 parent institution. Under the State 
 Constitution of 1887 the University is 
 the sole recipient of public moneys for 
 higher education, and as such has a 
 number of branch institutions. 
 
 The organization at present embraces 
 Franklin College, The State College of 
 Agricultural and Mechanic Arts, Aca- 
 demic and Professional Schools in Mathe- 
 matics, History, Physics, Chemistry, An- 
 cient and Modern Languages, Geology, 
 Agriculture, Law, Medicine, and Engin- 
 eering ; The Georgia Technological 
 School ; The Girl's Industrial School ; 
 The College for Colored Youth ; and 
 branch colleges at Dahlonega, Thomas- 
 ville, Cuthbert, Hamilton and Milledge- 
 ville. Of these Franklin College and 
 the State College, all the academic 
 schools and the professional schools of 
 Law and Engineering are located in 
 Athens. 
 
 The chancellor of the University has 
 supervision over the entire institution. 
 The departments at Athens are arranged 
 under the management of. The General 
 Faculty for both colleges ; the Academic 
 Faculty for Franklin College ; the Scien- 
 tific Faculty for the State College; and 
 the law Faculty for that school. The 
 academic faculty is provided with a dean 
 as presiding officer, and the State col- 
 lege has its separate president. 
 
 The instruction offered in the Univer- 
 sity has won the recognition of the State 
 
 as being thorough and substantial in 
 every department. Regular courses of 
 four years each are arranged leading to 
 the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, 
 Bachelor of Letters, and Bachelor of 
 Science in the Franklin College; and to 
 Bachelor of Science, (special). Bachelor 
 of Engineering, and Bachelor of Agricul- 
 ture in the State College. Masters de- 
 grees are likewise offered upon success- 
 ful completion of additional work. Each 
 year beginning the first of January, 
 a special course adopted to the needs of 
 farmer's sons is available. It is given 
 at a time when the farms can be left 
 with greatest ease, and fills a need that 
 has long existed in the State. Every 
 opportunity is given to students in 
 special subjects to pursue their stud- 
 ies at the University, certificates being- 
 given when honestly deserved. The 
 admission requirements are made com- 
 paratively low, (embracing English, 
 Mathematics, Latin and Greek) but the 
 gates to higher classes and graduation 
 are opened only by steady effort and 
 intelligent progress on the part of the 
 student. The tuition in the academic 
 schools is free to all young men of Geor- 
 gia above the age of sixteen. 
 
 The institution is thoroughly equipped 
 for all branches of its work — with a 
 splendid library for general and literary 
 purposes, with special libraries for each 
 department, with magnificent scientific 
 apparatus and laboratory facilities in the 
 schools of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, 
 and Engineering, and with an excellent 
 farm in charge of the professor of Agri- 
 culture, and for the use of students in 
 that subject. The buildings of the 
 University are large and the rooms well 
 fitted with benches, desks, maps and 
 blackboards. 
 
 The present force of professors and 
 instructors numbers fourteen, and their 
 
6Jt 
 
 GLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 work is characterized by conscientious 
 and intelligent effort. The relation 
 between professors and students is one 
 of marked sympathy and friendship, and 
 cases where severe discipline is needed 
 are practically unknown. The funda- 
 mental principle of the management of 
 the students comprises the treatment of 
 one gentleman towards another, com- 
 bined with a firm policy of removing 
 quickly those men who are disposed to 
 idle. The faculty is in earnest and the 
 men who attend the University must 
 adopt the same spirit. 
 
 The college men are wide awake, gen- 
 erous and democratic in their ideas. 
 Athletics and military claim a fair share 
 of their attention and conduce to health- 
 fulness of both mind and body. 
 
 The University campus covers 37 
 acres in the heart of the city, on which 
 eight large buildings for college pur- 
 poses are now built. The property of the 
 institutions as represented by its build- 
 ings and splendid literary and scientific 
 equipment will aggregate at least four 
 hundred thousand dollars. Its annual 
 income is nearly forty-five thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 The Lucy Cobb Institute. 
 
 This well-known and admirably man- 
 aged seminary for young ladies has been 
 a prominent institution in Athens and 
 in Georgia since 1858. It was founded 
 in response to the demand that Athens, 
 which was doing so much for the young 
 men of the state, should not be behind 
 hand in its services to its own lovely 
 daughters. The importance of the idea 
 impressed itself most strongly on Gen. 
 Thomas R. R. Cobb, and the success of 
 the movement is due to his strong efforts 
 in raising the funds necessary. The 
 movement was begun in 1855, ^ charter 
 obtained in 1859, and the sum of ^25,000 
 
 raised among the citizens of Athens was 
 expended in building the handsome and 
 permanent structure in which the insti- 
 tute is still carried on. The original 
 projectors of the institute looked chiefly 
 to home patronage for its support, and 
 it was at first called the Athens Semi- 
 nary for Young Lad es. The death of 
 Gen. Cobb's daughter during the erec- 
 tion of the building determined the 
 present name as a fitting memorial to the 
 efforts of its founder, and a touching 
 evidence of sympathy with him in his 
 distress. 
 
 The Lucy Cobb Institute, as it has 
 ever since been called, was a success 
 from the first. The opening session 
 showed 155 names enrolled as scholars, 
 and subsequently the school has been 
 favored with a large patronage. The 
 building contains boarding accommoda- 
 tions for sixty, and the boarding depart- 
 ment is limited to that number. 
 
 The work of the institute has long 
 since been broadened beyond local pat- 
 ronage. The alumnae of the school m- 
 clude many names from every section 
 of the state, and every year witnesses 
 a new list of applicants for admission 
 far in excess of the vacancies to be 
 filled This gratifying state of facts 
 speaks volumes for the wisdom, thor- 
 oughness and efficiency with which the 
 institution is now managed. 
 
 The school was first opened under the 
 care of a gentleman of Northern birth, 
 Mr. B. M. Wright by name, who con- 
 ducted the school well, but whose in- 
 tense views had little sympathy amongst 
 Athenians in the opening days of the 
 war between the states. His resigna- 
 tion took place in a few years, and the 
 institute was for a short time in the 
 hands of Mr. Muller and Miss Lips- 
 comb as associate principals. To them 
 succeeded Madame Sosnowski, a cul- 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 6S 
 
 tured and refined Polish lady, who for 
 ten years carried on the school with abil- 
 ity and success. Upon the resignation 
 of Madame Sosnowski, Rev. Dr. Jacobs 
 was placed in charge, holding office 
 during one year, and followed by Mrs. 
 A. E. Wright, who was for ten years the 
 principal of the school. Upon the resig- 
 nation of Mrs. Wright, in 1880, the 
 present principal, Miss Mildred Ruther- 
 ford, was placed in charge. Her selec- 
 tion has proven a very wise one, and for 
 thirteen years her energetic conduct 
 of the school has strengthened and 
 broadened its work in every department. 
 She has placed the institute on a foot- 
 ing where its merits attract more pat- 
 ronage than can be accommodated, and 
 where its claims to distinction amongst 
 seminaries for young ladies are second 
 to none in the South. 
 
 This result has not been attained with- 
 out the expenditure of much time and 
 energy on the part of all the excellent 
 teachers connected with the institution. 
 Nor could it have been done under a 
 system of education less broad and pro- 
 gressive in principle, and less strongly 
 carried out in practice. 
 
 The present organization of the insti- 
 tute includes under its management a 
 boarding department and day school for 
 resident pupils. No such distinction is 
 made in the class room, where the classi- 
 fication is based on the relative advance- 
 ment of each scholar. The school does 
 not adopt the principles of formal ex- 
 aminations for entrance, but the regular 
 class room work and the passage to 
 higher errades is determined on written 
 examinations. The regular courses of 
 study lead to diplomas in the Latin and 
 English Course, the French and English 
 Course, and the English Course alone. 
 The requirements for these courses are 
 prescribed and are well chosen with a 
 
 view to the needs of the pupils. Elec- 
 tive courses and post-graduate work in 
 literature, mathematics, and languages 
 are also afforded. 
 
 The departments represented in the 
 general curriculum of the school, are 
 those of Science ; Languages, including 
 Latin, French and German ; Music, vocal 
 and instrumental ; English, including 
 history, general and current literature, 
 grammar, rhetoric and composition ; Elo- 
 cution and Physical Culture. Special 
 classes are provided with instruction in 
 drawing and painting, and in dress- 
 making. Special lectures, with experi- 
 ments on scientific subjects, are de- 
 livered by prominent gentlemen from^ 
 time to time. 
 
 In apportioning the time for study and 
 recitations in the several departments, 
 care is taken to secure the mastery of 
 each, and thereby to give the pupil a 
 well-rounded and wholesome develop- 
 ment. 
 
 The attention which is given to well 
 directed physical culture deserves special 
 commendation as being a most essential 
 factor in a proper system of female edu- 
 cation. The work in current literature, 
 which is used to direct the attention of 
 the pupils to the marked events and 
 questions of the time, is a step in ad- 
 vance over most schools, and one which 
 gives a zest and relish to general study. 
 All the departments are in the hands of 
 cultured and experienced educators, and 
 are conducted with great ability and 
 success, 
 
 The home life of the Institute is full 
 of brightness and variety, taking the 
 form of private concerts, charades, and 
 games amongst themselves, or an occa- 
 sional entertainment of a literary, musi- 
 cal or social character at which the friends 
 of the young ladies are present. 
 
 The equipment of the school is novv- 
 
€6 
 
 GLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 
 
 very thorough. The rooms, parlors, 
 library and school rooms are handsomely 
 furnished, and the domestic arrange- 
 ments are very complete. In addition 
 to the main building, a handsome chapel, 
 the gift of George I. Seney, of New- 
 York, seating 600 people, and with 
 •excellent stage arrangements, is of ser 
 vice in the public exercises of the insti- 
 tution. A fine or^an is built in the 
 
 due to the good health which is vouch- 
 safed to all who make it their home. 
 
 The Lucy Cobb Institute does excel- 
 lent educational work — keeping abreast 
 of the times, securing the best instruc- 
 tors, and combining systematic and firm 
 regulations with much gentleness and 
 consideration. The diploma of the In- 
 stitute ranks high and is won only by 
 honest and intelligent work. 
 
 Lucy Cobb Institute — Milledge Avenue. 
 
 •chapel, thus affording the means of 
 instruction on that instrument. The 
 musical equipment in pianos is ample 
 ■enough to give every facility for prac- 
 tice in that line. The Institute prop- 
 erty covers four acres and is well shaded 
 by large trees. It is situated on Mil- 
 ledge avenue, the handsomest residence 
 street of Athens, and is itself an orna- 
 ment to the avenue. The location is 
 ■exceptionally healthy, and much of the 
 f j,vor in which the Institute is held is 
 
 The Home School 
 
 The Home School for young ladies, 
 under the care of Madame Sosnowski 
 and her accomplished daughter. Miss 
 Caroline Sosnowski, has been doing 
 splendid educational work for many years 
 and is one of the best schools in the state. 
 The ladies who are identified with its 
 control came to Georgia just after 
 the burning of Columbia, S. C, in which 
 their large establishment at that place 
 was destroyed. In the time which has 
 
ANB THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 67 
 
 since elapsed, nearly one thousand young 
 ladies of this and the adjoining states 
 have been educated under their care 
 and are ready to testify to the charm 
 and excellence of the training which 
 they received, by the rare culture which 
 they possess as well as by their words 
 of praise. The Home School, as its 
 name would indicate, claims no showy 
 characteristics. What Miss. Porter's 
 school, "The Elms," is to Massachusetts, 
 
 large size. Miss Sosnowski desires not 
 more than twenty-five for the boarding 
 department, in the belief that a larger 
 number would be ill suited to the method 
 of instruction which she believes to be 
 best, viz , that of developing each pupil 
 as an individual rather than trying to 
 mould all to the same model ; at the 
 same time throwing around each scholar 
 an atmosphere of culture and common 
 interest in the pursuit of knowledge. 
 
 The Hume School, Prince Avenue. 
 
 the Home School is to Georgia, a refined 
 family circle where the young girls are 
 constantly under the care of accomplish- 
 ed and kindly instructors, and are daily 
 led to the fountains of knowledge and 
 culture. There is no lack of system and 
 order in the methods of instruction 
 practiced, and the results attained are 
 very gratifying to all who become ac- 
 quainted with the pupils of this institu- 
 tion. The school does not aspire to a 
 
 This, she believes, is best done through 
 the medium of a home school of moder- 
 ate number, and where the classes shall 
 never be so large as to allow the indi- 
 viduality of each scholar to become lost 
 in that of the class. 
 
 In carrying out her ideas of education 
 Miss Sosnowski has associated with her- 
 self a number of very talented and effi- 
 cient teachers in order to secure to each 
 scholar thorough and wisely planned 
 
68 
 
 GLABKE COUNTY, GEOEGIA, 
 
 instruction. The engraving given above 
 shows the beautiful spot on Prince 
 avenue occupied by the school, what 
 broad piazzas and roomy grounds are at 
 hand for exercise and pleasure. The 
 picture does not show the well-furnished 
 interior, the handsome pictures, the 
 musical instruments, the well-filled libra- 
 ry, which tell of the enthusiastic work 
 which is done both by scholars and 
 teachers in the field of literature, art 
 and music. The young lady is for- 
 tunate who becomes an inmate of this 
 excellent school, and every September 
 witnesses the arrival of those whom for- 
 tune thus kindly favors. 
 
 Public Schools. 
 
 The public school system of Athens 
 has been, since its foundation in 1886, a 
 source of constant pride to the city. 
 Success has marked them for its own, 
 and springs from the exceptional per- 
 sonel of the school board, and the no 
 less excellent officers who have been 
 placed in charge of the school work. 
 Professor E. C. Branson, the organizer 
 and superintendent of these schools, 
 laid them out upon broad lines of policy 
 and inspired the teaching force with a 
 zeal for intelligent dealing with the prob- 
 lems of school work. The result has 
 been a growing satisfaction amongst the 
 taxpayers and an increasing interest and 
 attendance by the children. Professor 
 Branson resigned in 1891, and his mantle 
 has fallen on Professor G. G. Bond, a 
 gentleman well fitted to continue the 
 work and thoroughly familiar with the 
 details of modern school methods. To 
 give some idea of the spirit in which 
 the schools are managed, the following 
 quotations from the several reports of 
 the Superintendent, covering the chief 
 points of school government, will be of 
 interest : — 
 
 Tardiness. 
 
 "A school into which a dozen or so- 
 pupils every morning reluctantly saunter,, 
 a few minutes, or a half hour late, is a. 
 school too poorly managed to be tolerated 
 in an intelligent business community, 
 where punctuality is a cardinal virtue." 
 
 Discipline. 
 
 " Methods of teaching subjects have 
 begun radically to change since the days. 
 of Commenius. But methods of dis- 
 cipline all the while and now, more than 
 methods of teaching, have demanded re- 
 forms of the most radical nature. Public 
 sentiment is always nearer right than the 
 average autocrat of a teacher, who is or- 
 dinarily left alone in a school room to 
 resort summarily to brute force whenever 
 whim, or pleasure, or need happens to be 
 the uppermost thing in the mood of him. 
 The doors of school houses thrown open, 
 visitors let in, the public eye searching^ 
 every nook and cranny of the establish- 
 ment, the true facts of the institution 
 placarded upon public bulletin boards — 
 and at once the instincts of common 
 humanity substitute fairness, and gentle- 
 ness, and justice, and mercy for much 
 that before outraged them all." 
 
 Teaching Grammar . 
 
 "Teaching language instead of teach- 
 ing grammar takes aliveness, ingenuity, 
 and originality, endlessly in contriving 
 materials and occasions for picture story 
 work, for number-story work, and for ob- 
 servations of plants and animals and 
 every day home occurrences, all to the 
 end that in telling of these, habits and 
 not rules of grammar may be established 
 in the pupil. 
 
 " The Gospel of Humanity to Children 
 is a blessed gospel to organize intO' 
 schools. The short daily sessions of our 
 schools, the short annual session, the: 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 69 
 
 Christmas and May intermissions, the 
 frequent holidays are the part of wisdom, 
 I take it. The danger of making exces- 
 sive drafts upon immature nerve and 
 muscle are very evident to those that 
 daily watch the development of the minds 
 and bodies of hundreds of children. I 
 believe it to be wise to let the work of 
 the schools be slow, if you please, and 
 thorough, and at all times within reach 
 of the child's powers when reasonably 
 put forth. Meanwhile, to contend that 
 education has to do with books and 
 schools alone, and to deny to children a 
 superabundance of sunshine, and air, 
 and out-of-doors romping, the discipline 
 of home duties, and contact with the 
 love of parents, is to rob the child of 
 most of the things he will have actual 
 need for in life — a sound body, a healthily 
 ■developed mind, and a strongly marked 
 individuality, it may be. The play ground 
 and the home develop strength of char- 
 acter as the school never can. ' What we 
 do not call education is more precious 
 than what we call so,' says Mr. Emerson, 
 with great suspicion of truth.' " 
 
 These extracts present in strong relief 
 the principles which are successfully 
 enforced in the system as it now' exists. 
 Visitors are always welcome and never 
 fail to be favorably impressed by the 
 methods and spirit of the teaching. 
 Annual examinations are held for the 
 teachers as well as pupils and proves a 
 wise measure in preventing stagnation 
 in the teaching force. The teachers of 
 the school are young, bright and devoted, 
 and their work is already telling upon 
 the city life. 
 
 The schools are divided into — 
 
 (a) Primary department with three 
 grades. 
 
 (^) Intermediate department with two 
 grades. 
 
 (c) Grammar department with four 
 grades. 
 
 The grades run from one to nine in 
 the order of age. 
 
 The whole range of instruction covers 
 the progress of the little child from the 
 alphabet to a good preparation for enter- 
 ing the University at the age of i6. 
 
 The grades in the colored schools are 
 similarly arranged. 
 
 The accommodations for the pupils 
 are ample and thoroughly comfortable 
 and healthful. Excellent desks, maps, 
 blackboards and other necessary equip- 
 ments are provided liberally. Four large 
 buildings are now occupied by the 
 whites, and two equally comfortable 
 structures are given to the colored 
 pupils. The teachers are well and 
 promptly paid. Tuition is free, except 
 to non-resident pupils or those over i8 
 years of age. 
 
 The city has dealt with great liberality 
 toward the public schools, and the ex- 
 penditure has been well repaid. 
 
 The income of the school for 1891-2 
 was as follows : 
 
 From City Treasurer , . . $10,900.00 
 From State School Fund . 3,88420 
 From County Poll Tax Fund 1,235.82 
 From tuition fees 1 19-35 
 
 Total $16,139-37 
 
 Enrollment. 
 
 Whites, 861 ; colored, 537 ; total, 1.398. 
 
 School population, white, i,ioi; col- 
 ored, 1,225 ! total, 2,326. 
 
 School attendance, white, 78% : col- 
 ored, 43%. 
 
 Tax rate for city 'chools .0016 on a 
 property valuation ot i&6,335,ooo. 
 
 There are at present employed in the 
 teaching force of these schools 19 white 
 teachers, of whom 2 are males and 17 
 
zo 
 
 CLABKE COUNTY, QEOBGIA, 
 
 are females ; and in colored schools, 3 
 males and 7 females, making a total of 
 29 in the whole system. 
 
 Private Schools. 
 
 On the list of private schools may be 
 found several excellent ones. Mrs. E. 
 A. Crawford has for a number of years 
 taught with much success a school for 
 children and young ladies. A similar 
 
 Professional. 
 
 The profession of law, dentistry, med- 
 icine, music and divinity are strongly 
 represented in Athens, both as to 
 numbers and ability. There are 25 
 lawyers, 5 dentists, 12 physicians and 7 
 ministers on the list. The professional 
 practice of many of them is large and 
 lucrative. A number of instructors in 
 
 Georgia, Carolina & Northern R. R. Bridge Over the OcoNtE River. 
 
 school for children is in charge of Miss 
 Julia Moss, and has an excellent attend- 
 ance. The Misses Mell have a flourish- 
 ing school in vocal and instrumental 
 music. Miss Smith's classes in art are 
 largely patronized and do much for the 
 art culture of the city. A business col- 
 lege is kept open during the winter 
 which offers good advantages to those 
 desirous of a business) training. 
 
 music find ready patronage and do ex- 
 cellent work. 
 
 Newspaper. 
 
 Athens supports an excellent daily 
 and weekly newspaper, which has a cir- 
 culation through ten or twelve adjoining 
 counties and reaches a population of 
 about 70,000. The paper is known as 
 the Athens Banner, and is edited by Mr. 
 
CLABKE COUNTY, GEOEGIA, 
 
 T. W. Reed, a bright and versatile 
 writer. The Banner is the official organ 
 of the city and county, and has a large 
 local circulation. 
 Bntertainment. 
 
 The city has one of the prettiest opera 
 houses in the South. Its seating capacity 
 is about 900, and stage arrangements are 
 large and commodious. During the win- 
 ter season a number of excellent troupes 
 occupy the boards and afford amusement 
 to the community. Many of the best 
 companies on the road annually visit 
 Athens. The opera house is under local 
 management, and is run with good taste 
 and judgment. 
 
 Churches. 
 
 Athens is well provided with Churches 
 and Sunday-schools, and her pulpits 
 are ably filled. The Young Men's 
 Chistian Association has a very vigor- 
 ous growth in the community, and owns 
 a magnificent building in which its par- 
 lors, lecture hall, bowling alley, library 
 and gymnasium are found. The rooms 
 are always open and strangers are wel- 
 comed. 
 
 The main items of the religious life 
 in a tabular form are given below, and 
 when taken in proportion to the popu- 
 lation, will show the general moral tone 
 of the community. 
 
 Table Showing Church Statistics, 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 
 
 "o 
 
 (0 
 
 0) 
 
 >> 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 'T\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 "o 
 
 > 
 
 k4 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 -i^-^ 
 
 
 
 
 tn 
 
 rt 
 
 m 0) 
 
 U:^ 
 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 >^'o 
 
 a; s: 
 
 b/)^ 
 
 
 
 .Ti 
 
 rt ;= 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ci-Q 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 XJ-o 
 
 E S 
 
 ti u-l 
 
 ^ t^ 
 
 
 <V 
 
 3^ 
 
 3 & 
 
 
 rt ■" 
 
 
 s 
 
 ■/: 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 ^ 
 
 First Methodist Church 
 
 618 
 
 200 
 
 900 
 
 po,ooa 
 
 Oconee Methodist Church 
 
 350 
 
 120 
 
 4 
 
 400 
 
 4.000 
 
 First Presbyterian Churcli 
 
 260 
 320 
 
 180 
 200 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 1,200 
 500 
 
 20,"00 
 
 First Baptist Church 
 
 lii.OOO 
 
 East Athens Baptist Church . 
 
 100 
 
 90 
 
 4 
 
 250 
 
 3,000 
 
 Emanuel Episcopal Church 
 
 150 
 
 70 
 
 6 
 
 300 
 
 4,000 
 
 St. Mary's Episcopal Chapel 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 200 
 
 2,000 
 
 Christian Church .... 
 
 35 
 40 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 400 
 150 
 
 5,000 
 
 Catholic Church 
 
 2,000 
 
 Bloomfield Chapel 
 
 
 CO 
 
 9 
 
 100 
 
 500 
 
 East Athens Methodist Church 
 
 120 
 
 100 
 
 2 
 
 200 
 
 1,200 
 
 Total 
 
 2,043 
 
 1,085 
 
 41 
 
 4,600 
 
 87 1.700 
 
 COLORED. 
 
 Pierce Chapel, Methodist. . . . 
 First Congregational Church. 
 
 First Baptist Church 
 
 Bethel Church, Methodist 
 
 St. Mark's Chapel 
 
 Ebenezer Church 
 
 Henry's Church 
 
 Total . 
 
 310 
 
 125 
 
 4 
 
 600 
 
 61 
 
 75 
 
 4 
 
 250 
 
 741 
 
 200 
 
 4 
 
 1,500 
 
 34 
 
 56 
 
 4 
 
 500 
 
 35 
 
 61 
 
 4 
 
 ir.o 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 600 
 
 57 
 
 75 
 
 3 
 
 700 
 
 1,288 
 
 642 
 
 26 
 
 4.300 
 
 $ ;i.000 
 2,500 
 7,000 
 2,500 
 
 250 
 1,000 
 
 750 
 
 $17,000 
 
CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 
 
 Property Valuation. 
 
 The present value of property, as 
 shown by the tax returns, reaches the 
 large sum of $6,385,145, on which a city 
 tax of $1.00 per ^100 is levied. In 1882 
 the city was valued at $3,402,000. For 
 •details of the distribution of this prop- 
 erty, the reader is referred to the tables 
 'On page 16. 
 
 Among the principal real estate owners 
 
 of the city are, Thomas Bailey, J. M. 
 Barry, R. L. Bloomfield, Mrs. M. Bishop, 
 the Carlton estate, A. K. Childs, tlie 
 Hamilton estate, Y. L. G. Harris, J. A. 
 Hunnicutt, Cobb Lampkin, E. S. Lyn- 
 don, R._ L. Moss, the F. Phinizy estate, 
 R. K. Reaves, J. H. Rucker, the Athens 
 Park and Improvement Co., the Lilly 
 Land Co., James White, and the Athens 
 Manufacturmsf Co. 
 
 COMMERCIAL LIFE OF ATHENS. 
 
 The commercial life of Athens is char- 
 :acterized by great energy and marked 
 success. In proportion to its population 
 and to the legitimate territory supplied, 
 few cities can show so large a volume of 
 business. It will not be far from accu- 
 rate to place the aggregate volume of 
 business in one year at twelve million 
 dollars or more, and to make the follow- 
 ing subdivisions : 
 
 Cotton business S 3,000,000 
 
 Manufactures 300,000 
 
 Stocks and bonds 430,000 
 
 Hardware and farming implements 300,000 
 
 Banks and Loan Associations 700,000 
 
 Foundries 150,000 
 
 Building 300,000 
 
 Furniture 100,000 
 
 Heavy groceries . 2,000,000 
 
 Dry goods 500,000 
 
 Clothing 100,000 
 
 Jewelry and bric-a-brac 50,000 
 
 Crockery 20,000 
 
 Professional 200,000 
 
 Real estate 200,000 
 
 Insurance risks 4,000,000 
 
 Miscellaneous 100,000 
 
 Total $12,450,000 
 
 The substantial nature of the business 
 done in this section and the integrity of 
 the business community are well known 
 throughout the country. Drummers 
 
 are ever eager to sell to the merchants 
 of Athens in the assurance that the 
 goods will be paid for. It is a rare thing 
 to see a business house in Athens forced 
 to close its doors. In all lines of trade 
 the representative men are good busi- 
 ness men and make a success of their 
 work. Many firms do an unusually 
 large business, and at least two houses 
 may safely be placed at $1,000,000 of 
 yearly business. Back of this volume 
 of business stands a real property to the 
 extent of $3,000,000 
 
 The strength and variety of business 
 life in Athens is best realized in reading 
 the following outlines of the personal 
 and business policy of a few representa- 
 tive firms doing business in various 
 lines. 
 
 The Southern Mutual Insurance Co. 
 
 It is fitting that the special descrip- 
 tion of the prominent business enter- 
 prises of Athens should begin with the 
 above named company. Organized in 
 1 848 by Athens men, it has prospered 
 as few institutions have ever done and 
 now ranks as one of the best, if not the 
 very best, fire insurance company in the 
 world. This claim is not made on the 
 volume of business done, but on the 
 conservatism and careful selection of 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 risks which the company has always 
 shown and which is witnessed by the 
 fact that fifty-eight per cent, of the pre- 
 miums was returned last year to the 
 policy holders, making the insurance 
 cost only 42% of the premiums paid in. 
 The company insures for three-fourths 
 of the value of the property, and has 
 reached the point where it commands 
 more business than it desires to under- 
 take. It has as reserved assets nearly 
 ^900,000, which are well invested and 
 the income of which is annually dis- 
 tributed among the policy holders in 
 the form of dividends. 
 
 J. S. King &, Co. 
 
 The firm of J. S. King & Co., occupy 
 a large three-story building on the north- 
 east corner of Broad and Thomas streets, 
 in which they carry on an immense bus- 
 iness in groceries and general supplies. 
 The gentlemen who constitute the firm 
 are natives of Athens, and have estab- 
 lished a strong hold on the confidence 
 of the city and adjoining territory. The 
 partnership under which they are now 
 operating was formed in 1887, and in- 
 cludes J. S. King, E. R. Hodgson, A. 
 H. Hodgson and J. M. Hodgson, all of 
 whom are strong, conservative business 
 men Nothing more fully proves the 
 wisdom of this firm than the methods 
 on which they conduct that branch of 
 the business by which farmers are sup- 
 plied with groceries and merchandise. 
 They have discarded the old method of 
 advancing supplies on long time prices, 
 and have adopted the plan of selling to 
 customers at cash prices and carrying 
 the accounts on interest. The effect of 
 this plan is, in fact, to divide a portion 
 of the profits with the customer. To 
 make such a plan of business successful 
 requires the patronage of none but thor- 
 oughly reliable and prompt paying cus- 
 tomers. The firm is to be congratulated 
 on having just such a patroxiage from 
 which slow payers have been eliminated. 
 . Mutual confidence between the firm and 
 their customers is thus very strong, and 
 both parties find that money is to be 
 made by adopting strict business meth- 
 ods. The customers of this firm are not 
 only the best class of men in this sec- 
 tion, but they set an example to the 
 
 farmers of the South generally by meet- 
 ing incurred obligations with the prompt- 
 ness of bank paper. They have found 
 that their business runs more smoothly 
 and that they save a large amount for- 
 merly lost by exorbitant prices at which 
 goods were sold in the spring to be paid 
 for in the following fall. The firm are 
 proud of the promptness and reliability 
 of their customers. That such a wise 
 business policy is actually in force con- 
 stitutes the reason that when other firms 
 are handicapped and retarded by slow 
 paying customers, J. S. King & Co. have 
 gone forward with easy and rapid strides. 
 The wholesale business of this house is 
 very large, covering all the adjoining- 
 counties, while in city retail supplies 
 they give entire satisfaction to an in- 
 creasing number of families every year. 
 The business is backed by large capital, 
 and the firm carries a stock valued at 
 fifteen thousand dollars. The members 
 of the firm are prominent and influential 
 men, foremost in all movements for the 
 good of the city, and possessed of marked 
 popularity and progressive spirit. They 
 stand as the leaders of the grocery busi- 
 ness in the city. 
 
 R. C. Orr &. Co. 
 
 The firm of R. C. Orr & Co. is 
 located at an excellent point on Clayton 
 street, No. 104, and two doors west of 
 the postoffice. Unlike most of the drug 
 stores of the city, they devote themselves 
 exclusively to a prescription business, 
 and despite the cold water which greeted 
 their start some four years ago, they have 
 shown their ability to make the business 
 pay. Dr. R. C. Orr, who is the active 
 member of the firm, has an enviable 
 record as an accurate and skillful man in 
 filling prescriptions, and as such has the 
 confidence of all the local physicians. In 
 order to give the best satisfaction, he 
 orders his drugs from the best known 
 houses, and guaranteed as to the strength 
 and purity of every medicine he uses. 
 In this way, he can make every one of 
 his customers sure of the full beneficial 
 action of whatever medicine the physician 
 may have prescribed. A good cigar may 
 be purchased from him, too, as you are 
 on your way to the postoffice. 
 
Tk 
 
 CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 
 
 J. H. Rucker. 
 
 No one business man in Athens is 
 quite so valuable a factor in the com- 
 mercial world as Jeptha H. Rucker, cot- 
 ton buyer and exporter. Mr. Rucker 
 has done business in Athens and the 
 adjoining section for twenty years past, 
 buying large lots of cotton for the 
 strongest cotton firms of New York and 
 for European markets. His business 
 has grown to such proportions that he 
 now handles, yearly, sixty thousand bales 
 of the fleecy staple and makes direct 
 shipments to Bremen, Liverpool, Havre 
 Barcelona, Spain, and the conti- 
 nent generally. His business is 
 conducted chiefly from Athens 
 and Madison, at both of which 
 points he owns commodious 
 warehouses and hydraulic cot- 
 ton compresses. He is thus pre- 
 pared, by virtue of the size and 
 choice location of his property 
 along the railroad points, to 
 handle cotton to best advantage 
 and prepare it for compact ship- 
 ment. As promoter and owner 
 of the Belt Line railroad, he has 
 secured the connection of all the 
 railroads in Athens, and cotton 
 can be brought to his compress, 
 unloaded, pressed, and forwarded 
 with only a few hours delay. 
 His plant in Athens is valued at 
 ;^6o,ooo, and that in Madison, 
 Ga., at ^25,000, while the volume 
 of his business largely exceeds 
 a million dollars. In order to 
 control so much cotton, Mr. 
 Rucker employs a large and 
 experienced force of buyers 
 located at various points in Georgia and 
 Alabama, the more important agencies 
 being at Athens, Augusta, Washington 
 and Madison, in this State, with head- 
 quarters in Athens. 
 
 Mr. Rucker avers that Athens is as 
 good a cotton market as can be found in 
 the South. Competition is lively among 
 buyers and transportation companies, 
 and the prices for 1892 have uniformly 
 ranged from }i to %. cent per pound 
 higher than in Augusta, our neighbor- 
 ing competitor. The high market at- 
 tracts a laro:e amount of cotton to 
 
 Athens, and of the total Mr. Rucker 
 usually purchases 50 per cent. Outside 
 of the cotton business, Mr. Rucker has- 
 always been a valuable citizen to Athens, 
 having held the Mayoi's chair, and is 
 always ready to lend the strength of his 
 good judgment and energy to all move- 
 ments that promise a benefit to this city. 
 
 C. A. Scudder. 
 
 Anyone in search of silverware, 
 watches, or jewelry in Athens, is at- 
 tracted at once in passing down Broad 
 street by a handsome window fitted in 
 
 C. A. Scudder Jewelry House, Broad Street. 
 
 dainty colored plush and displaying at- 
 tractive pieces of silverware, diamonds 
 and cut glass. The most striking thing is 
 the marked good taste of the window fit- 
 tings and the tempting manner in which 
 a few beautiful things are displayed, and 
 the impulse created to enter the ad- 
 joining door and inspect the well-filled 
 cases and shelves inside. Whenever you. 
 enter this store you are equally pleased 
 by the same display of good taste and 
 handsome objects, and you are surprised 
 to find such a striking array of beautiful 
 things so faraway from New York. You. 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 75 
 
 are always welcomed, and even if you 
 have no purchase in view, you will find 
 a chronometer there that is worth your 
 inspection. It is a large clock, which 
 winds itself by electricity, and is con- 
 nected by the Western Union wires with 
 the observatory at Georgetown Heights, 
 in New York, from which every day the 
 seventy-fifth meridian time is tele- 
 graphed at noon and is recorded auto- 
 matically on the chronometer. Athens 
 time is just 30 minutes behind New York 
 and the black hand on the dial gives the 
 time in Athens while the red hand indi- 
 cates that in New York. Everybody 
 goes there to set their watches, and 
 when the University professors are 
 making any astronomical calculations, 
 this chronometer is invaluable. Well, 
 this store is on Broad street, just above 
 the University Bank, and everybody in 
 Athens will recognize it as Scudder's 
 
 Mr. C. A. Scudder, the proprietor, is 
 an Athens man, who was for several 
 years connected with Tiffany, and the 
 Gorham Silver Co , in New York, and he 
 brmgs to Athens the newest and prettiest 
 things in gold and silverware, jewelry, 
 imported china, bric-a-brac, cut glass, 
 watches and rings. His business is large 
 and increasing, and his establisment 
 would be a credit to any city. The ac- 
 companying cut gives a faint idea of the 
 interior of this attractive store. 
 
 E. I. Smith & Co. 
 
 The firm of E. I. Smith & Co., dealers 
 in boots and shoes, was organized in 
 1885, and is composed of Mr. E. I. 
 Smith as senior partner, and Mr. George 
 Lucas as junior partner. Both of these 
 gentlemen are recognized as men of 
 ability and the highest business integ- 
 rity. Mr. Smith, the senior partner, 
 has proven himself one of the best citi- 
 zens of Athens, both in public and pri- 
 vate life. His popularity has been at- 
 tested by his flattering election as mem- 
 ber of the city council during several 
 successive terms, and he has repaid 
 public confidence by a vigorous and wise 
 advocacy of many of the most benefi- 
 cial public movements of the past ten 
 years. The same energy and good judg- 
 ment which he has displayed in public 
 affairs have characterized his efforts in 
 
 the shoe business, and the result has 
 been equally as successful. 'J'ogether 
 with Mr. Lucas, who is thoroughly well 
 known and valued by the business pub- 
 lic, the house ranks as a strong and reli- 
 able business firm. In seven years they 
 have established a reputation and pat- 
 ronage in the retail line that easily en- 
 titles them to leadership throughout this 
 section of Georgia. They carry a large 
 and well chosen stock, which is artistic- 
 ally arranged and displayed in one of the 
 handsomest stores in the city, located 
 on the southwest corner of College ave- 
 nue and Clayton street. They guaran- 
 tee every pair of sh; es which they sell. 
 
 Hazelton & Dozier. 
 
 Athens shows its appreciation of music 
 by the handsome way in which it sup- 
 ports the excellent music house of 
 Hazelton & Dozier. Their place of 
 business is No. 112 E. Clayton street, 
 next door to the postoffice, a handsome 
 store with plate glass front. The firm 
 carries a full line of musical instruments 
 and musical supplies. Passim^ along that 
 way, the people find their steps and 
 pulses quickened by the stirring music 
 which issues from piano, violin, or 
 cornet as played in that store. Often 
 you can locate the store by the crowd 
 gathered to hear one of these impromptu 
 concerts. One can buy there almost 
 anything wanted in the musical line, 
 from a banjo string to a fine piano or a 
 cabinet organ. The firm are agents for 
 a number of prominent piano manufac- 
 turers. They lay most stress on the 
 Knabe, Behr Brothers, Ivers & Fund, 
 and Kimball makes of this instrument. 
 They have placed several pianos at the 
 young ladies schools in this city, which 
 have given entire satisfact ion. The terms 
 on which they sell pianos are liberal, and 
 every family should make inquiries with 
 a view of purchasing" an instrument 
 which can give the home circle so much 
 pleasure. They carry a full supply of 
 artists' materials and picture frames. 
 Major T. H. Dozier and Mr. D. P. Hazel- 
 ton compose this energetic firm. They 
 have been in the business for ten years 
 past, and know how to please their cus- 
 tomers. 
 
76 
 
 CLARKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 D. W, McGregor & Co. 
 
 A college town and a cultured com- 
 munity cannot do without a good book 
 store. It is this need which the firm, 
 whose name is given above, fills in the 
 business and intellectual life of Athens. 
 The firm takes its name from Mr. D. W. 
 McGregor, the senior partner, a gentle- 
 man well acquainted with the publishing 
 houses of this and the old country, and 
 thoroughly up with the times in sup- 
 plying the literature which the popular 
 taste demands. Mr. J. C. Hutchins, a 
 gentleman well known in Athens and 
 the adjoining towns, is an energetic 
 associate in the firm. The house carries 
 a full stock of books, stationery and 
 artists' supplies. Books of general liter- 
 ature, Bibles, and commercial supplies, 
 school and college text books, pens, 
 pencils, picture frames, and blank books 
 of all description find a place on their 
 shelves. The firm does a large business, 
 particularly in school supplies, through- 
 out this section. They keep on hand 
 the prominent monthlies and periodicals 
 and are agents for subscriptions to many 
 of the magazines. They are energetic 
 and progressive merchants, and are 
 backed by a capital which enables them 
 to carry a varied and attractive stock. 
 
 F. S. Morton. 
 
 A more enterprising and wide awake 
 insurance man than Mr. Fred S. Mor- 
 ton would be difficult to find in any com- 
 munity. Mr. Morton belongs to the 
 progressive young men who are urging 
 on the fortunes of this city with marked 
 success. That he is highly esteemed in 
 fire insurance circles is attested by the 
 fact that he acts as agent for no less 
 than thirteen of the strongest fire com- 
 panies now doing business, and repre- 
 senting aggregate assets to the amount of 
 ^159,000,000 That he makes a popular 
 and reliable agent is proven by the one 
 million dollars of risks which he annu- 
 ally places for the merchants and prop- 
 erty owners of this city on cotton, stores, 
 warehouses, and private dwellings, and 
 on furniture and stocks of merchandise. 
 He now occupies handsome new offices 
 at No. II Jackson street in the center 
 of business and with telephone connec- 
 
 tion throughout the city In three 
 years he has built up a strong and grow- 
 ing business, besides proving himself a 
 valuable and public spirited citizen. 
 
 John Crawford & Co. 
 
 Among the most successful firms of 
 Athens must be noted John Crawford & 
 Co., the wide-awake and energetic Col- 
 lege avenue druggists. The proprietor. 
 Dr. Jno. Crawford, cast his lot in Athens 
 eight or nine years ago, and from a com- 
 paratively small beginning built up the 
 business that stands to-day a monument 
 to his business ability and energy. The 
 aggressive policy of the firm has, in ad- 
 dition to their large retail business, 
 spread their jobbing trade over a more 
 extended territory perhaps than any 
 other Athens firm, and has made them 
 successful competitors of the large firms 
 of our larger cities. Besides being 
 manufacturers of many pharmaceutical 
 preparations, they control a line of use- 
 ful household remedies for which there 
 is a large and growing demand ; notably 
 Crawford's Skin Cure or Eczema Wash, 
 which is sold throughout the Union. 
 The policy of the firm to employ none 
 but skilled labor has given the public 
 assurance that the work they do can be 
 depended on, and the firm merits the 
 patronage of those who wish pure drugs 
 and the best service. 
 
 T. Fleming & Sons. 
 
 Of the three strong firms dealing in 
 hardware and agricultural implements, in 
 Athens, T. Fleming & Sons are recog- 
 nized as the leaders. They have been 
 identified with this business for the past 
 fifteen years, and from small beginnings 
 have established a strong and increasing 
 patronage. In 1891 the company had 
 grown to such size that it was deemed 
 best to transform it from a simple part- 
 nership to a regularly incorporated stock 
 company, with a capital of ^125,000. 
 The company is now composed of 
 Messrs. J. H. Fleming, Herbert Flem- 
 ing, and E. D. Sledge. A stronger busi- 
 ness firm cannot be found in Georgia. 
 They possess an amount of energy, clear 
 judgment and popularity which have won 
 a merited reward. In addition to the 
 
ANIJ THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 partners in the firm, the business 
 demands the employment of seven other 
 men, and two drummers are kept on the 
 road almost constantly. Wherever this 
 firm once gets a hold on trade it is an 
 abiding one. They are wellknown as 
 men of sterling integrity and make every 
 effort to furnish their customers with 
 first-class goods. That they are well 
 able to do this and meet competition in 
 prices, needs no better proof than 
 the fact that the stock which they 
 carry is usually $35,000 to $40,000 in 
 value. This stock embraces a full line 
 of cutlery, rifles, fire arms, farming im- 
 plements, bar, sheet, and other forms of 
 iron and steel, castings of various kinds, 
 belting, rope, nails, and ginning ma- 
 chinery. They are the special agents 
 for the Pratt gins, of which they sell a 
 large number; and they handle a popular 
 buggy known as the Classic City buggy. 
 They take under contract the entire out- 
 put of the Princeton mills in cotton rope, 
 and have no trouble in disposing of it to 
 their large trade. They likewise sell 
 large quantities of sash, doors and blinds. 
 Marking the prosperity of the firm is 
 the fact that a new building is in process 
 of erection to accommodate their en- 
 larged stock. This building is located 
 on Clayton street, about midway the 
 block between Jackson and Thomas 
 streets, and is owned by the firm. It 
 extends through the block from Clayton 
 to Washington street, with a frontage of 
 thirty-six feet, and a depth of two hun- 
 dred and twenty feet. When complete, 
 the Clayton street end will be three 
 stories in height, and the Washington 
 street end two stories. The building is 
 faced with pressed brick and trimmed 
 with Lexington granite around the win- 
 dows, doors, etc. 
 
 The territory which the firm supplies 
 extends as far north as Toccoa, on the 
 Richmond and Danville Railroad, to 
 Abbeville, S. C, and Augusta on the 
 east, to Madison and Monticello on the 
 south, and to Gainesville and Jug Tavern 
 on the west and northwest. 
 
 C. W. Cooper. 
 
 C. W. Cooper's livery and sales stables 
 are located at No. 410 Thomas street, 
 and are '^horoughly equipped for the 
 
 livery business. The outfit in landaus, 
 buggies and carriages of all kinds is 
 very complete, and the stable contains 
 an excellent stock of fine roadsters. Mr. 
 Cooper, as successor to J. Z. Cooper & 
 Son, has been identified with this line 
 of business during 24 years, and is 
 thoroughly well known throughout the 
 country. He yearly visits Kentucky, 
 and other noted markets, and brings out 
 fine roadsters and carriage horses, both 
 for sale and for use in his general livery 
 business. His business is a large one, 
 and he endeavors to give the best ser- 
 vice at the lowest prices. The present 
 year has been marked by a large addi- 
 tion of new buggies and landaus to the 
 outfit of his stable, and constitutes a 
 strong and efficient appeal to the pat- 
 ronage of the riding public who value 
 stylish turnouts and handsome horses. 
 
 Athens Park and Improvement Co. 
 
 Conspicuous upon the maps of the 
 county and city are the lands of the 
 Athens Park and Improvement Co., a 
 corporation organized some three years 
 ago under a very liberal charter for the 
 purpose of developing a beautiful section 
 of Athens. This company, realizing that 
 the city was outgrowing its bounds, pur- 
 chased the only unimproved parcel of land 
 near the heart of the city, three hundred 
 acres in all, removed all objectionable 
 features, negro cabins and the like and 
 began the work of opening up the prop- 
 erty. At an immense expense a magni- 
 ficent boulevard 76 feet wide and a mile 
 and a half long was graded through the 
 entire property, cross and parallel 
 streets and avenues were surveyed and 
 laid off and the blocks thus formed 
 divided into lots of one-half acre. 
 
 The Boulevard terminates within 
 three hundred yards of the county court 
 house, but to bring all parts of the prop- 
 erty in easy access to the balance of the 
 city, the directors of the company in- 
 duced the street railroad to adopt elec- 
 tricity as its motive power, and then 
 closed a contract with it to operate an 
 electric line with convenient and rapid 
 schedules along the full length of the 
 Boulevard and to and from the heart of 
 the city. With this great convenience 
 added to the natural advantasfes of the 
 
18 
 
 CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 property, the magnificent air, the easily 
 accessible water of the purest sort, and 
 the fact that every house is new and of 
 the most tasty design, the lots are the 
 most desirable in Athens for handsome 
 homes. 
 
 Some of the city churches are seeking 
 up town locations, and the Episcopal 
 church has already purchased a lot near 
 the Barber street entrance to the Im- 
 provement Co.'s property, and will build 
 upon it a handsome granite church. 
 The company has also donated a lot in 
 the centre of its property for a church 
 which will be erected at once. 
 
 To the street railroad company the 
 Improvement Co. conveyed twenty-one 
 acres of land lying between the Boule- 
 vard and Prince avenue to be used as a 
 park. This tract has been improved 
 and beautified and will always be a pleas- 
 ant resort for those living in the neigh- 
 borhood. Negroes are excluded and fine 
 order is always maintained. 
 
 Before the work of grading was com- 
 pleted the company determined to test 
 the market with a sale, about one- 
 seventh of the property being offered. 
 Buyers were eager for th^ lots and 
 very satisfactory prices were real- 
 ized. Since the sale and through 
 the stringency that has been felt 
 throughout the South, the company has 
 vigorously prosecuted its work of grad- 
 ing and developing. Private sales have 
 been made to a number of home builders, 
 and pretty cottages and residences now 
 dot the landscape, completely changing 
 the appearance of the property. The 
 building of the G. C. & N. railway through 
 the northern portion has opened up a 
 number of valuable manufacturing sites, 
 some of which have already been utilized 
 by the Electric Plant, the Brown Plan- 
 ing Mill, and the D. M. Kinney Variety 
 Works. Water for manufacturing is 
 plentiful and easily obtained. 
 
 From Barber street to the Park, the 
 lots are within the city limits, owners 
 having the advantages of the city's ex- 
 cellent system of graded school, its lights 
 and waterworks. Beyond the Park the 
 high, airy lots of Buena Vista Heights 
 have all the benefits of the electric line 
 and nearness to the city, but enjoy a 
 freedom from city taxes. 
 
 The company has been and will con- 
 tinue to be very liberal with those who 
 buy with the intention of building. It 
 has undertaken the work of development 
 on a grand scale, and has advertised the 
 city of Athens more liberally than any 
 other agency — the upward strides of the 
 city dating from its incorporation. As 
 the outcome of its work, so far, the city 
 and county have reaped a harvest in the 
 increased valuations, and numbers of 
 young men have been enabled to build 
 cosy and comfortable homes for their 
 families under the liberal policy of its 
 directors. To all good works looking to 
 the advancement of Athens and Clarke 
 county, the company has given a help- 
 ing hand. Its policy has ever been lib- 
 eral, its advertising of the city in con- 
 nection with its own enterprise has been 
 generous, and its reward has been a suc- 
 cess that is gratifying to every good cit- 
 izen. The directors of the company are 
 noted as active, energetic business men 
 who have succeeded m all their under- 
 takings ; they have given the company 
 the benefit of their sound judgment and 
 commercial sagacity, and have watched 
 over its affairs with careful and pains- 
 taking forethought. 
 
 The officers are W. S. Holman, presi- 
 dent; J. N. Booth, vice-president; C. 
 W. Baldwin, treasurer, and C. D. Flani- 
 gen secretary and manager, and these 
 officers, with E. T. Brown, J. T. Voss, 
 E. K. Lumpkin and Geo. M. Booth con- 
 stitute the board of directors. With 
 the return of good times, the Athens 
 Park and Improvement Co. promises to 
 be a greater factor than ever in the up- 
 building and prosperity of the city of 
 Athens and the county of Clarke. 
 
 Vess, Vonderau &. Co. 
 
 This firm began business in September 
 of '90 in the elegant building, known as 
 the Carlton building, on the corner of 
 Clayton and Thomas streets. 
 
 Close attention to business, honest, 
 reliable goods, and close prices, have 
 made this, the third year of their busi- 
 ness, nearly double that of the first. 
 They keep always a full stock of first- 
 class dry goods and notions, never allow 
 old stock to accummulate on their hands, 
 but put a price on it that moves it off. 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 79 
 
 The buyer of the firm, Mr. A. W. Vess, 
 after a thorough training, is specially 
 well equipped in his line of business, 
 and is generally conceded to be one of 
 the best dry goods men in the city. 
 
 Mr.W. P. Vonderau has general charge 
 of the busmess, and the success of the 
 firm is an evidence of his good judgment 
 and energy. 
 
 Mr. A. S. Parker, who is associated 
 with the firm, is one of the best account- 
 ants in the State, and his ability is be- 
 yond dispute. They are all young and 
 energetic men, and are pressing their 
 business with a determination that is 
 winning an ever increasing success. 
 
 Seaboard Air Line. 
 
 This great system has just come 
 among us by the completion of the G., 
 C & N. division from Monroe to Atlan- 
 ta, thus placing Athens on a through 
 trunk line between the North and South. 
 This means a great deal for the Classic 
 City and her citizens. The passenger 
 rate has been reduced one-half between 
 Athens and Atlanta. In order to reach 
 Athens the Oconee river was spanned 
 by a magnificent iron bridge, and a cut 
 28 feet deep and 650 feet long was 
 opened through a prominence of solid 
 rock at the mouth of which stands the 
 passenger depot. 
 
 As this line passes through and opens 
 up a new territory, which means lower 
 rates and quicker despatch for our pro- 
 ducts, it will be hailed with delight by 
 our farmers, planters and the traveling 
 public at large. 
 
 The officers of the Seaboard Air Line 
 are active and piogressive men, which is 
 fully demonstrated by the construction 
 of this Southern division of 272 miles in 
 order to reach Atlanta, the great rail- 
 road centre of the South. Finding op- 
 position to their entering her portals at 
 the desired point, they at once con- 
 structed a belt line around the city, tap- 
 ping all the roads centering there, and 
 now running their passenger trains into 
 and out of the Union Depot, where con- 
 nections are made with all trains to and 
 from the South and West. 
 
 The management have recently pur- 
 chased five acres of arround almost in the 
 
 heart of the city of Atlanta, and are ar- 
 ranging for the erection of a brick and 
 granite fire-proof depot 900 feet long 
 and 75 feet in width. 
 
 With its many rail and water connec- 
 tions at Norfolk, their deep water termi- 
 nus, this building is necessary in order 
 to handle the traffic, which is daily in- 
 creasing. 
 
 Such steps demonstrate that the S. 
 A. L. has come among us to stay, and 
 we bespeak for them a bright and pros- 
 perous future. 
 
 Henderson Warehouse Company. 
 
 The Henderson Warehouse Com- 
 pany runs one of the largest cotton 
 warehouses in Athens, and is owned by 
 Hodgson Brothers & Griffith. The ware- 
 house is a large brick building, covering 
 one acre of ground and occupying half 
 the block between Clayton and Broad 
 streets, adjoining Hull street. It is 
 built in four compartments with fire 
 appliances throughout, and is the safest 
 storage for cotton in the city. The 
 capacity is 5,000 bales. The owners 
 have for many years conducted an im- 
 mense storage and commission business 
 in cotton, handling from twelve to fifteen 
 thousand bales each season. The expe- 
 rience gained in this line of business 
 commands for them a steady patronage 
 and enables them to control cotton from 
 a large section of country. Keeping 
 abreast of the trend of the cotton busi- 
 ness, they place experienced buyers at 
 various other points and ship directly to 
 the Southern and Northern ports. They 
 carry cotton for their customers, mak- 
 ing advances on the same, and giving 
 the benefit of standard insurance to those 
 who deal with them. The firm likewise 
 conducts a regular banking business, 
 although they do not advertise as 
 bankers. The members of the firm are 
 thoroughly reliable men. Mr. E. R. 
 Hodgson is the senior partner, and a 
 man honored by commissions of trust 
 from his city and the State. The same 
 is true of Mr. A. H. Hodgson, who has 
 recently relinquished the office of mayor 
 of Athens, which he filled with great 
 distinction. Mr. C. B. Griffith, the 
 junior partner of the firm, has established 
 
80 
 
 CLABKE COUNTY, GEi BGIA. 
 
 a strong hold on the business public by 
 his energy and ability. Mr. J. M. Hodg- 
 son is a member of the company but not 
 actively engaged in this department. 
 The combination of talent and capital 
 which these gentlemen represent makes 
 this company a power in the business 
 world of Athens. A long list of the 
 best class of customers testifies to the 
 satisfaction and confidence that rewards 
 the honest and reliable methods for 
 which the firm is distinguished. 
 
 A. J. Mirick. 
 
 The presence of large numbers of 
 handsome young men and fair young 
 maidens in attendance on the educational 
 institutions of Athens, gives a marked 
 stimulus to the work of a good photo- 
 grapher, such as Mr. A. J. Mirick has 
 proven himself to be. It needs but a 
 glance at the specimens of work that fill 
 his studio to appreciate the fine taste and 
 excellent finish that characterize his pic- 
 tures. He is found in well appointed 
 quarters at No. 115 E. Broad street, and 
 is prepared to take photographs in all 
 sizes, and to guarantee satisfaction to his 
 patrons. For out door work he is splen- 
 didly equipped, and many of the hand- 
 some residences of Athens are repro- 
 duced in artistic pictures under his skill- 
 ful hand. In addition to photography, 
 Mr. Mirick does excellent work in crayon 
 and in portrait enlargement. He is a 
 conscientious and skillful artist, and 
 spares no pains on the small details which 
 make the difference between first-class 
 and botched picture making. The en- 
 gravings in this book are all reproduced 
 from photographs made by him. 
 
 Palmer & Kinnebrew. 
 
 This firm has within the last two years 
 established a strong business in the drug 
 and prescription lines. The firm is com- 
 posed of Mr. H. R. Palmer, who was for 
 twenty-five years connected with Dr. 
 Lyndon's drug store ; and Dr. E. R. 
 Kinnebrew, who gave up active practice 
 to lend his strength to the business. 
 Mr. Palmer's skill as a prescription clerk 
 has been known in this section for many 
 years, and has brought the new firm no 
 small portion of its business. Dr. Kin- 
 nebrew is a native of this county and 
 
 has a large acquaintanceship who, know- 
 ing him in active practice, have stuck to 
 him in the business of selling drugs. 
 The firm does both a wholesale and re- 
 tail drug business and find lucrative 
 sales for their goods in the country and 
 smaller towns around Athens. They 
 cover a territory embracing Oglethorpe, 
 Jackson, Madison, Oconee and Walton 
 counties, and reaching sometimes into 
 Elbert and Greene counties. The firm 
 is fast tvinning its way forward and de- 
 serve the patronage which they have 
 won by vigorous and enterprising meth- 
 ods. They occupy an excellent stand 
 just opposite the postoi^ce, at No. 105 
 E. Clayton street. 
 
 The Lyndon Manufacturing Co. 
 
 In a city whose population is so rap- 
 idly increasing, and where nearly three 
 hundred buildings are erected each year, 
 a well equipped planing mill is a very 
 profitable necessity. The Lyndon Man- 
 ufacturing Company is the leading enter- 
 prise of that type in this section. In 
 1887, Dr. E. S. Lyndon, a gentleman 
 noted for his broad views and clear judg- 
 ment, saw the financial success and value 
 to Athens which awaited just such an en- 
 terprise. Associating with him his 
 brother, Mr. A.J. Lyndon, they invested 
 ^35,000 in a large plant, fully equipped 
 with the best modern machinery needed 
 for dressing lumber and for the manu- 
 facture of sash, doors, and blinds. Since 
 the mill was opened, it has not known a 
 day of idleness, and a large force of 
 men are kept busy with the various 
 branches which the firm carries on. The 
 plant consists of a large brick building, 
 used as a shop, two stories high, with 
 dimensions 50x125 feet, with severa 
 acres of ground occupied by lumber 
 yards and storage sheds for coal and fire 
 wood. A side track makes convenient 
 shipping connection with the Macon and 
 Northern railroad. The company carries 
 a splendid assortment of pine lumber 
 which is worked up into dimension stuff 
 for house building, and manufactured 
 into door and window frames, doors, 
 sash, and blinds. The large demand for 
 these products in local markets makes 
 it easy to dispose of the output with 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 81 
 
 good margins of profit. The firm deals 
 largely in wood and coal for the city- 
 trade and handles a gcod share of the 
 business done in that line. They have 
 excellent arrangements with the mines 
 of Tennessee and Alabama, and supply 
 the best grades of anthracite and bitu- 
 minous coal at low prices. The majority 
 of people in Athens still use wood for 
 fuel, and find in Lyndon's large wood 
 yard the most conv^enient and best place 
 to buy seasoned hickory and oak by the 
 cord as well as pine wood and kindlings. 
 The aggregate of these business activi- 
 ties constitutes a very valuable total of 
 business, which the company conducts 
 with dispatch and reliability. As the 
 business grows, the owners propose to 
 enlarge the plant and make it one of the 
 largest and best planing mills in North 
 Georgia. 
 
 The Athens Savings Bank. 
 
 This excellent banking institution was 
 organized under a state charter in 1885, 
 and has grown vigorously ever since. 
 Its success has not only been a gratify- 
 ing fact to the citizens at large, but rep- 
 resents a very substantial improvement 
 in finances to a large number of small 
 depositors who take this means of saving 
 money from small incomes. The char- 
 ter of the bank is wisely drawn and pro- 
 vides for the payment of interest on 
 small deposits. Four per cent, is the 
 rate on deposits subject to withdrawal, 
 and 5 per cent, on money deposited for 
 a year's time without withdrawal. The 
 charter provision which makes each 
 stockholder responsible in proportion to 
 the stock he holds is one that gives the 
 best possible guarantee to depositors. 
 The original stock of $40,000 has been 
 largely increased, and the bank now car- 
 ries nearly 250 accounts in its savings 
 department. The bank has built and 
 now occupies the handsome three story 
 building shown in the accompanying cut, 
 located on the north side of Broad street 
 in the heart of the business part of the 
 city. The president of the bank is Dr. 
 J. A. Hunnicutt, the cashier, Mr. G. A. 
 Mell, both of these gentlemen of high 
 business standing and ability. The Sav- 
 ings Bank is accorded the fullest confi- 
 
 dence and ranks as one of the 
 institutions in the city. 
 
 best 
 
 Athens Manufacturing Co. 
 
 The Athens Manufacturing Company, 
 which owns and operates a large cotton 
 mill plant in this city, was one of the first 
 cotton mills opened in the South. The 
 company was organized in 1832, and 
 built the first mills in that year. The 
 successful and continuous operation of 
 
 The Athens Savings Bank, Broad Street. 
 
 that enterprise has been accompanied by 
 a large expansion of the plant, which 
 represents an invested capital of $200,- 
 000. The mills have a total floor space 
 of 69,000 square feet, of which 34,000 
 are used in the spinning department, 
 and 3 5, coo for weaving purposes. Ten 
 thousand spindles and three hundred 
 and twenty looms are kept in constant 
 movement to fill the large orders with 
 which the company is favored. 
 
 The buildings are lighted by electricity 
 and are furnished with automatic 
 sprinklers and other ample fire protec- 
 tion. The company employs 375 opera- 
 tors, and provides nice 2 and 3-room 
 cottages for their comfortable living. 
 
GLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 The spinning mills are run by waterP 
 power from the Oconee river, furnishedf^ 
 by a thirteen-foot dam, and yielding 338 : 
 gross horse power ; of this turbines now 
 utilize 300 H. P. The weaving plant is 
 driven by steam. The company owns a 
 large amont of real estate in the city, on 
 which the mills and operatives' houses 
 are built. In addition, they own the 
 magnificent water power at Barnett 
 Shoals, twelve miles lower down on the 
 same river with 4,000 gross horsepower. 
 They lease this power to manufacturers 
 putting up such buildings as the lessees 
 may desire. At present 400 H. P. is 
 thus rented, and a factory building fur- 
 nished, which runs 7,500 spindles in the 
 manufacture of yarns. 
 
 The Athens factories turn out cotton 
 yarns, and colored goods, such as checks, 
 ginghams, jeans, etc. 
 
 The growth of the enterprise is largely 
 due to the energy of Mr. R. L. Bloom- 
 field, who took charge as agent in 1862. 
 At that time 1,800 spindles and 40 looms 
 were in operation. Mr. Bloomfield is still 
 in charge and holds the confidence, not 
 only of the company, but of the entire 
 community, in which he has lived so 
 long, and for which he has done so much. 
 The company is a striking example of 
 the success which is possible for cotton 
 milling in this section. 
 
 Griffith & Charbonnier, 
 
 A city without a first-class real estate 
 agency scarcely deserves the name. 
 Judged by this criterion, Athens would 
 stand very high, for a better and more 
 reliable firm handling city real estate 
 cannot be found than that of Messrs. 
 Griffith & Charbonnier, who occupy 
 offices on College avenue, number 14, in 
 the heart of the city, and in easy reach 
 of investors and land owners. Mr. W. 
 D. Griffith has been identified with Ath- 
 ens real estate for many years, and is, 
 without doubt, the best posted man on 
 matters of this kind in the city. His 
 ability has been put to the test by the 
 delicate and arduous work of the city 
 tax assessor's office, in which he has 
 served for a number of years to the en- 
 tire satisfaction of all. The words of 
 such a man carry weight, and his state- 
 ment that Athens real estate has always 
 
 been a secure and profitable investment 
 is emphasized by his long and intimate 
 experience with the land sales of this 
 section. He says that Athens property 
 has always shown a steady increase of 
 value, and in the absence of booms, has 
 never suffered from the reactions which 
 follow inflated values. The firm handles 
 the best real estate of all kinds in the 
 city and county, and has the largest rent 
 list of any agents in the city. Just at 
 present they have on hand and are ad- 
 vertising fine bargains in improved city 
 lots, in farming lands, and in mineral 
 lands lying in the counties of Habersham, 
 Fannin, Union and Towns. The latter 
 properties contain gold, copper and cor- 
 undum, and abound in fine hard wood 
 forests, and can be bought at prices from 
 one dollar per acre and upwards. They 
 have good homes for sale from ^1,000 
 upwards, and small houses and lots, 
 suited for working men, as low as ^500. 
 They conduct auction sales as well as 
 private sales and do a large annual busi- 
 ness. 
 
 Mr. L. H. Charbonnier, Jr., the other 
 member of the firm, is an enterprising 
 business man and has more especial 
 charge of the insurance business done 
 by the firm. Representing strong com- 
 panies in fire, life and accident insur- 
 ance, they place risks to best advantage 
 for their customers in large or small 
 amounts. The fire companies for which 
 they hold agencies represent an aggre- 
 gate of 75 millions of assets. In life 
 assurance they represent the ^tna Life 
 Insurance Company, the oldest and one 
 of the best life companies in America. 
 In accident insurance they place con- 
 tracts as agents for the United States 
 Mutual Accident Company of New 
 York, the strongest company doing busi- 
 ness in that line. The promptness and 
 energy which characterizes this firm and 
 their high integrity have won for them 
 a large business and a host of patrons. 
 
 The Lilly Land Company. 
 
 That Athens is a growing town is well 
 attested by the formation of the Lilly 
 Land Company, who own a valuable 
 landed property of more than one hun- 
 dred acres in the southwestern part of 
 the city. A reference to the city map 
 
ANT) THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 S3 
 
 will indicate the location of the property 
 and the ease with which it can be reached 
 from both the business and residence 
 portions of the city. The property is a 
 very beautiful tract of upland lying ex- 
 ceptionally well for building purposes, 
 and covered with the grateful shade of 
 pine and hard wood trees. The com- 
 pany is holding the property as an in- 
 vestment. They are gradually proceed- 
 ing with the work of laying out broad 
 avenues, winding in graceful curves, and 
 destined to be lined with fine suburban 
 villas. The main avenue, running north 
 and south, curves with the gentle hill 
 slope until it reaches the center of the 
 property, when it branches into the two 
 arms of a handsome oval 800 feet long 
 and 200 feet broad. From the south 
 end of the oval the avenue runs in gentle 
 curve into the Georgia Factory road. 
 When this avenue is opened it will at 
 once become one of the most fashionable 
 drives in the city. Already the Georgia 
 Factory road is very popular with those 
 who love horses, and the new avenue 
 will offer a broader way and easier grades 
 than the present excellent road. The 
 natural advantages of this property are 
 many. It is located on the top of the 
 main ridge on which Milledge avenue is 
 found ; it is well drained, and yet smooth 
 and gentle in slope. It is very healthy, 
 and the odor of the pine imparts a spici- 
 ness to the air that is very refreshing. 
 Well shaded, within a short distance 
 from the post office, the men who own 
 this property are secure in their excel- 
 lent investment. The property was 
 bought cheap,and the company can afford 
 to sell at low figures. An investor desir- 
 ous of buying a home would be wise to 
 consult with the agent of this company. 
 The owners are organized as a stock com- 
 pany, and are as follows : Billups Phin- 
 izy, president ; Arthur E. Griffith, W. 
 
 D. Griffith, W. J. Morton, R. K. Reaves 
 and R. B. Russell. 
 
 To those who know the community, 
 the names in this company is assurance 
 that the best men in this city have con- 
 fidence in local real estate. 
 
 E. E. Jones & Company. 
 
 The firm of E. E. Jones & Co rank as 
 one of the oldest business enterprises 
 
 in Athens, organized in 1870 and deal- 
 ing in a large assortment of stoves, tin- 
 ware and similar goods. Mr Jones was 
 sole proprietor until 1891, at which time 
 he associated Mr. T. S. Methvin as part- 
 ner in the firm. Both of these gentle- 
 men are well known throughout this sec- 
 tion and rank as fine men of business. 
 They sell by far the largest amount of 
 goods of any house in this line and prac- 
 tically control the retail stove trade of 
 the city. For many years they have ap- 
 pealed to the domestic comfort of house- 
 keepers, by selling the splendid stove 
 known as the Iron King brand, and have 
 placed no less than fifty carloads of these 
 stoves in the hands of local household- 
 ers. They carry a large stock of kitchen 
 utensils and tinware, and give employ- 
 ment to two expert tin workers in the 
 manufacture of standard tin goods. 
 Their patronage extends throughout the 
 adjoining counties and towns for which 
 Athens is the recognized distributing 
 point in this class of merchandise. They 
 sell on small margins and liberal terms, 
 and are agreeable and efficient men with 
 whom to have dealings, 
 
 Galloway, Lambert & Co. 
 
 No city need wish for a better house 
 than the one whose name is written 
 above to supply the delicacies and sub- 
 stantial that fill the pantry shelves of 
 every good housekeeper. Fine groceries, 
 fresh Jersey butter, and choice poultry 
 can always be found with them. Devot- 
 ing themselves largely to the retail 
 domestic supply of the city, the firm 
 leaves nothing undone to give a large 
 line of customers complete satisfaction. 
 In the three years since this store was 
 opened, they have won and kept as cus- 
 tomers, many of the best families of this 
 city. The active business management 
 is in the hands of Mr. W. E. Eppes, to 
 whose good judgment and obliging 
 spirit the success of the firm is due. 
 The names of Mr. James Galloway and 
 J. H. Lambert appear in the firm as 
 largely interested in the business. Mr. 
 Galloway is known from his long con- 
 nection with the railroads of this sec- 
 tion, and his many friends are glad to deal 
 with him in commercial lines, now that 
 he has given up the engine throttle. 
 
Si 
 
 CLABKE COUNTY, GEOUGIA, 
 
 Mr. Lambert is also esteemed highly in 
 the community as an official in the 
 National Bank. Few enterprises in 
 Athens have had a more satisfactory 
 growth than the business of this firm, 
 and none more thoroughly satisfies its 
 patrons. 
 
 M. Myers & Co. 
 
 A company which has done business 
 in a city for thirty-five years and has 
 shown a steady growth throughout its 
 history is entitled to the confidence of 
 its patrons and reflects great credit on 
 the community in which it is found. 
 Just such a firm is that of Moses 
 Myers & Co., who occupy a hand- 
 some new building on College avenue, 
 and who have always done a large busi- 
 ness in general dry goods and furnishing 
 lines. During the past year they have 
 built an elegant store 35x70 feet and 
 three stories high, to accommodate an 
 immense stock of dry goods, shoes, car- 
 pets and clothing for the retail and 
 wholesale trade. Possessing the confi- 
 dence of the trade and selling at close 
 prices, this firm employs eight men to 
 wait upon the customers that throng 
 their popular store. The ground floor 
 is devoted to dry goods, notions and 
 shoes, and the upper stories, reached by 
 an elevator, contain their attractive dis- 
 play of carpetings, rugs and clothing. 
 Mr. Myers, the senior partner, is held in 
 high esteem by the community which 
 has honored him with a seat in the city 
 council. Mr. Philip Stern as junior 
 partner is a business man of fine judg- 
 ment and address. As public spirited 
 citizens and as good merchants, these 
 gentlemen rank among the best in 
 Athens. 
 
 Athens Foundry and Machine Co. 
 
 This excellent company is one of the 
 oldest and strongest companies of 
 Athens. It was incorporated in 1850 
 with a capital of ^10,000 to do a general 
 founding and casting business. The 
 growth of the business, due to careful 
 management and superior workmanship 
 has made the enterprise one of the best 
 paying investments in the city, and none 
 of the present stock, amounting to 
 
 ^43,000, can be obtained for less than 
 143, with none on the market. The 
 present plant can make heavy castings 
 up to 5,000 pounds, and the output in- 
 cludes the iron work for stationary en- 
 gines, cotton presses, saw and corn 
 mills, plow stocks and cotton planters. 
 The company make a specialty of plow 
 stocks, furnishing both the wood and 
 iron work of the same. The sale of 
 their products is general throughout 
 this section, and the plow stocks have a 
 deserved reputation as far south as 
 Florida. The company is managed un- 
 der a board of three directors, with Mr. 
 William Fleming as secretary and gen- 
 eral manager. The company is a success 
 in the full sense of that word and is 
 ably managed. It is not only the lead- 
 ing foundry in this locality, but may 
 challenge that claim for the State. 
 
 Parr Brothers. 
 
 The Parr Brothers' business sign is 
 hung over their store at 17 N. Jackson 
 street, and also over their paint mill on 
 West Broad street. While only three 
 names appear in the firm, there are in 
 fact seven brothers pursuing the busi- 
 ness of house, sign and decorative paint- 
 ing in Athens. They are following in 
 the footsteps of their father before them, 
 who was a painter, and do the large bulk 
 of that business in the city and the ad- 
 joining section. The senior partner of 
 the firm is C. W. Parr, and with him C. 
 A. and V. J. Parr are associated. Their 
 work is done well and they use the best 
 grades of paints. Besides exterior work, 
 they have executed large contracts for 
 interior wall decorations, and are pre- 
 pared to do decorative tinting and similar 
 work. They have recently finished the 
 contract for the large First Methodist 
 Church of this city in a satisfactry and 
 tasteful manner. They are equally skillful 
 in wall papering, for which purpose they 
 carry a large stock of wall paper in hand- 
 some patterns. A majority of the signs 
 which adorn the business part of the 
 city is the result of their handiwork. At 
 the paint mill they grind and mix paints 
 to order for outside parties, and prepare 
 the paints used in their own contracts 
 freshly mixed. 
 
ANT) THE CITY OF ATTTENS. 
 
 St) 
 
 Athens Brick Co. 
 Proprietor. 
 
 JoFin Crawford, 
 
 The company owns large tracts of 
 fine brick clay and makes an excellent 
 grade of brick at the rate of 30,000 per 
 day. The yards are under the experi- 
 enced care of Mr. H. C. McGinty, and 
 
 arc provided with new and improved 
 machinery for both common and oil 
 pressed brick. The product has given 
 entire satisfaction to buyers, and the 
 company is prepared to fill orders on 
 short notice for any who anticipate build- 
 ing. Orders are taken at John Craw- 
 ford's druiT store. 
 
 ATHENS CITY DIRECTORY. 
 
 COUNTY OFFICERS. 
 
 Ordinary — S. M. Herrington. 
 
 Tax Collector — H. H. Linton. 
 
 Tax Receiver — J. C. Carter. 
 
 Treasurer — C. J. O'Farrell. 
 
 Clerk of Superior Court — J. K. Kin- 
 ney. 
 
 Sheriff— J. W. Weir. 
 
 County Surveyor — C. M. Strahan. 
 
 Coroner — J. A. Pitner. 
 
 Judge of City Court — Howell Cobb. 
 
 Offices in the county court house on 
 Prince avenue, at Barber street. 
 
 JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 
 
 Athens District — J. F. Foster. 
 Georgia Factory District — W. J. 
 Bates. 
 
 Puryears District — T. F. Tribble. 
 Sandy Creek District — J. W. Collins. 
 Buck Branch District — J. F. O'Kelley. 
 Bradberrys District — J. R. Nunnally. 
 Kinneys District — T. J. Poss. 
 Princeton District — L. J. Hemrick. 
 
 CITY OFFICERS. 
 
 Mayor— H. C. Tuck. 
 Aldermen : 
 
 1st Ward — John McKinnon, 
 — W. D. O'Farrell. 
 2nd Ward — F. W. Lucas, 
 — -John Gerdine. 
 3rd Ward— W. P. Welch, 
 — Julius Cohen. 
 4th Ward— E. I. Smith, 
 
 — J. P. Vincent. 
 Clerk of Council— A. L. Mitchell. 
 City Attorney — T. W. Rucker. 
 City Engineer — J. W. Barnett. 
 
 Chief of Police — H. Cobb Davis. 
 
 Chief of Fire Department — W. A. 
 Mc Dorm ant. 
 
 Sanitary Inspector — J. C. Orr. 
 
 City Physician — H. M. PIdwards. 
 
 The city headquarters are on College 
 avenue, between Washington street and 
 Hancock avenue. 
 
 The directory of business houses in 
 Athens is designed to show the names 
 of Athens merchants and the various 
 lines of business followed. It will serve 
 to present the business life of the city 
 in compact form and to establish the 
 claim that Athens is one of the best 
 business centers in the south. 
 
 Blacksmiths. 
 
 E. H. Brown, Prince ave. 
 
 John W. McKennon, Washington st. 
 Klein & Martin Shop, Oconee st. 
 
 F. G. Umboch, — Clayton st. 
 
 Banks. 
 
 Athens Exchange Bank, cor Clayton 
 
 and Lumpkin sts. 
 Athens Saving Bank, 125 E. Broad st 
 National Bank, 129 E. Broad st. 
 Bank OF the University, 123 E. Broad 
 
 St. 
 
 Barber Shops. 
 
 Dick Harris, 117 E. Broad st. 
 McQueen, 229 E. Clayton st. 
 
 Boarding Houses. 
 
 F. S. Morton, Hancock ave. 
 Hubbard House, Hancock ave. 
 Kidd's Boarding House, Clayton st. 
 
CLABKJE COUNTY, OEOliGlA. 
 
 Book Stores. 
 
 D. W. McGregor & Co., 2 College ave. 
 Jackson & Burke Co., 107 E. Broad st. 
 
 Brokers. 
 
 Griffith & Canarbonhier, 15 College 
 
 ave. 
 G. T. Hodgson, cor. College ave. and 
 
 Clayton st. 
 F. S. Morton, i i Jackson st. 
 Orr & Hunter, 18 Thomas st. 
 
 F. B. Lucas, 21 Clayton st. 
 
 Butchers. 
 
 G. M. Booth, 5 Jackson st. 
 L. Bertling, 19 Jackson st. 
 
 Clothiers. 
 
 F. Farbstine, 207 E. Broad st. 
 
 J. J. C. McMahan, 117 E. Clayton st. 
 
 Chas. Morris, 218 E. Broad st. 
 
 S. Raphael, 3 College ave. 
 
 C. Stern & Co., 229 E. Broad st. 
 
 E. G. Walthall, 127 E. Clayton st. 
 
 Clubs 
 
 Athenaeum, 10 E. Broad st. 
 Germania, 119 Clayton. 
 
 Compresses. 
 
 Orr & Hunter, Jackson st. 
 J. H. RucKER, Oconee st. 
 
 Confectionaries. 
 
 C. Bode, 120 E. Clayton st. 
 
 McDowell & Son, 8 College ave. 
 
 Miss Rosa Vonderlieth, 16 College ave 
 
 Crocker jr. 
 
 J. H. Huggins, 222 E. Broad st. 
 Turner & Woods, 33 E. Clayton st. 
 
 Cotton Buyers. 
 
 J. S. Cowles, Oconee st. 
 J. F. McGowan, 209 E. Clayton st. 
 Orr & Hunter, 18 Thomas st. 
 J. H. Rucker, Oconee st. 
 Henderson Warehouse Co., 10 W. 
 Clayton st. 
 
 Cotton Factories. 
 
 Alpha Mills, Paper Mill. 
 Athens Mfg. Co , Baldwin st. 
 Georgia Mfg. Co., Whitehall. 
 Princeton Mfg. Co., Princeton. 
 
 Dentists. 
 
 Dr. B. B. Davis. 119 E.Clayton st. 
 Dr. R. I. Hampton, Southern Mutual 
 
 Building. 
 Dr. H. a. Lowrance, 19 E. Broad st. 
 Dr. Quillian, 107 E. Clayton st. 
 
 Drug Stores. 
 
 R. T. Brumby & Co., 8 College ave. 
 Cobbham Pharmacy, 499 Prince ave. 
 John Crawford & Co., 12 College ave. 
 City Drug Store, 104 E. Clayton st. 
 E. S. Lyndon, 249 E. Broad st. 
 Palmer & Kinnebrew, 105 E. Clayton 
 
 St. 
 
 Drjr Goods. 
 
 G. Blumenthal, 37 E. Clayton st. 
 
 Julius Cohen, 15 College ave. 
 
 A Coleman, 225 E. Broad st. 
 
 Davidson & Lowe, 109 E. Clayton st. 
 
 Max Joseph, 223 E. Broad st. 
 
 Abe Joel & Co., 210 E. Broad st. 
 
 Michael Bros., 202 E. Broad st. 
 
 M. Myers & Co., 13 College ave. 
 
 Mendel Morris, 208 E. Broad st. 
 
 Morris Bros., 228 E. Broad st. 
 
 M. Morris, 230 E. Broad st. 
 
 E. L. Michael, 234 E. Broad st. 
 
 J. Silverman, 205 E. Broad st. 
 
 Vess, Vonderau & Co., 127 E. Clayton 
 
 St. 
 
 Fancy Groceries. 
 
 McDowell & Son, 8 College ave. 
 W. A Jester, 241 E. Broad st. 
 Wm. Pittman, 21 E. Clayton st. 
 J. P. Wilson, 7 Jackson st. 
 
 Furniture. 
 
 Dorsey & Stern, 240 Broad st. 
 O'Farrell & Funkenstein, 41 Clayton st. 
 
 General Merchandise. 
 
 A. J. Angland, 601 Prince ave. 
 Henry Beussee & Co, loi Thomas st. 
 H. R. Bernard, 201 Broad st 
 Carithers & Whitehead, 9 Clayton st. 
 D. J. Crom, 201 Hull st. 
 R. G. Daniels, 104 Hancock ave. 
 S. C. Dobbs, 313 E. Broad st. 
 A. G. Elder, 39 E. Clayton st 
 J, P. Fears & Son, 29 E. Clayton st. 
 Galloway, Lambert & Co., 243 Broad. 
 Griffith Bros. & West, 5 Clayton st. 
 L Haddock, ioi Hancock ave. 
 
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 Wm. Haddock, 301 Prince ave. 
 Jas Harbin, 595 Prince ave. 
 
 D. Hemrick, cor Clayton and Wall sts. 
 J. H. Hulme, 20 Thomas st. 
 Jackson & VrNCENT, i Clayton st. 
 
 J. S. King & Co., cor Broad and Thomas. 
 
 sts. 
 Latimer &. Johnson, hi Broad st. 
 Lampkin Bros., 15 Clayton st. 
 O'Farrell Si Ash, 302 E. Broad st. 
 T. C. Oliver, 615 Prince ave. 
 Pittard & Sikes, 7 E. Clayton st. 
 W. B. Rice, 205 Hull st. 
 Talmadge Bros., 23 E. Clayton st. 
 W. M. Vickers, 31 W. Washington st. 
 Webb & Crawford, 25 E. Clayton st. 
 
 Hardware. 
 
 Athens Hardware Co., 250 E. Broad 
 
 St. 
 
 T. Fleming & Sons, 10 Thomas st. 
 
 E. E. Jones, 209 E. Broad st. 
 Talmadge & Brightwell, ii Clayton 
 
 St. 
 
 Harness and Leather. 
 
 T. G. Hadaway, 126 E. Clayton st. 
 
 Hotels. 
 
 Central Hotel, cor Lumpkin and Broad. 
 Commercial Hotel, cor College & Broad. 
 Hotel Toomer, cor Clayton & Jackson. 
 
 Je-welers. 
 
 A. S. Mandeville, 105 Clayton st. 
 C. A. ScuDDER, 113 Broad st. 
 V. W. Skiff, 233 Broad st. 
 
 Livery, Feed, and Sales Stables. 
 
 J. N. Booth, 18 Washington St. 
 C. W. Cooper, 410 Thomas st. 
 Cheney & Young, 107 Thomas st. 
 Eclipse Livery Stablf:, no W. Clay- 
 ton St. 
 W. S. Holman, 212 Washington st. 
 
 Laundry. 
 
 Athens Steam Laundry, 253 W. Broad. 
 
 St. 
 
 Chinese Laundry, 118 E. Clayton st. 
 
 Lawyers. 
 
 George D. Thomas, 129 E. Broad st. 
 E. T. Brown, 107 Jackson st. 
 Lamar Cobb, 220 Washington st. 
 
 R. P. Howard, 3 E. Clayton st. 
 T. F. Green, 222 E. Broad st. 
 Lumpkin & Burnett, Franklin Hldg., 
 
 Broad st. 
 John D. Mcll, Franklin Bldg., Broad st. 
 T. S. Mell, Franklin Bldg.^ Broad st. 
 Thomas & Strickland, 310 Oconee st. 
 S. J. Tribble, 107 Jackson st. 
 Frank L. Upsox, Franklin Bldg., Broad 
 
 St. 
 
 Sylvanus Morris, cor. Jackson and 
 Broad st. 
 
 Millin ery. 
 
 Mrs. T. a. Adams, 122 E. Clayton st. 
 Misses Bradberry, 124 E. Clayton st. 
 
 Mills and Manufactories. 
 
 G. Hauser, cigars, i College ave. 
 Athens Broom Factory, Prince ave. 
 Brown Planing Mill, Chattanooga ave. 
 McGinty's Planing Mill, Pulaski st. 
 Cotton Seed Oil Mill, Pulaski st. 
 Kinney's Variety Shops, Chattanooga av. 
 Talmadge's Corn Mill, E. Broad st. 
 
 Music Stores. 
 
 Hazelton & Dozier, 112 E. Clayton. 
 Hale & Conaway, 115 E. Clayton. 
 
 Painters. 
 
 Parr Bros., 17 Jackson st. 
 John Potts, Washington st. 
 Arnold Bros, Broad st. 
 
 Photographs. 
 
 Maddox Bros., 109 E. Broad st. 
 A. J. MiRicK, 115 E. Broad st. 
 J. F. O'Kelley, 203 E. Broad st. 
 
 Physicians and Surgeons. 
 
 Dr. S. C. Benedict, 106 E. Clayton st. 
 Dr. Jas. C. Bloomfjeld, 120 E. Clayton. 
 Dr. W. A. Carlton, 107 Jackson st. 
 Dr. W. B. Conway, Barber st. 
 Dr. H. M. Edwards, City Physician. 
 Dr Jno. Gerdine, cor Lumpkin and 
 
 Hancock ave. 
 Dr. Jacobson, 119 E. Clayton st. 
 Dr. T. R. Kendall, 119 E Clayton st. 
 Dr. J. E. Pope, 15 E. Broad. 
 Dr. Dan D. Ouillian, 107 E. Clayton st. 
 Dr. W. S. Whaley, Prince ave- 
 
88 
 
 CLARKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
 
 Flumbers. 
 
 J. H. Hull, 17 Thomas st, 
 
 J. W. Wiggins Sr Co., 312 Broad st. 
 
 P. J. Voss, 222 Washington st. 
 
 Real Estate. 
 
 Athens Park and Improvement Co., 
 
 218 Washington st. 
 Anderson & Johnson, iii E Broad st. 
 C. C. Chandler, 209 E. Clayton st. 
 Griffith & Charbonnier, 14 College av. 
 Lilly Land Co., 123 E. Broad st. 
 Mell & Linton, 115 E. Broad st. 
 Geo. T. Hodgson, cor College ave and 
 
 Clayton st. 
 
 Shoe Stores. 
 
 C. W. Baldwin & Co., 102 Clayton st. 
 J. G. M. Edwards, 233 Broad st. 
 E. L. Johnson, 127 Clayton st. 
 E. I. Smith & Co., 17 College ave. 
 
 Warehouses. 
 
 Alliance Warehouse & Com'n Co., 
 
 Oconee st. 
 Henderson Warehouse Co., 21 Clayton 
 R L. Moss & Co., 213 Clayton st. 
 Reaves Warehouse Co., Broad st. 
 S. F. Storey, 13 Clayton st. 
 
 Misc ellan ecus. 
 
 Athens Restaurant, 36 E. Clayton st. 
 
 Western Union Telegraph, 125 E .Clay- 
 ton St. 
 
 Athens Fire Dept., 118 Jackson st. 
 
 Athens Daily Banner, 15 Jackson st. 
 
 Y. M. C. A., cor. Lumpkin and Clayton 
 sts. 
 
 Postoffice, 108 E. Clayton st. 
 
 Opera House, 114 Washington st. 
 
 High School, 113 Washington st. 
 
 Southern Mutual Life Ins. Co., cor. 
 College ave. and Clayton st. 
 
 ERRA"1"A 
 
 In the haste incident to rushing this book through the press in two weeks time, 
 the sprites, which are always busy with playing pranks on authors, have done the 
 following mischief: — 
 
 On page 16, col. 2, line 12, " 1846" for 1S39. 
 
 On page 33, col. i, line 9, " effected " for effective. \ 
 
 On page 34, col. i, line 13, "particularly in" iox passing out of. 
 
 On page 54, col. 2, line 10, "home" for homes. 
 
 On page 56, col. 2, line 7 from bottom, ''genral" ior general. 
 
 On page 58, col. 2, line 6 from bottom, " addion " for addition. 
 
 On page 59, col. 2, lines 8 and 9, " iJa and 1^3 " for ]A, and % respectively. 
 
 On page 62, col. 2, line 32, " to " for of. 
 
 On page 63, col. i, line 38, a disastrous comma after "of." 
 And a general tendency to ommision of commas elsewhere, which may shock those 
 who do not endorse that practice in modern typography. 
 
 The author trembles lest graver damage has elsewhere occurred ; but would fain 
 promise that if an indulgent public shall make a second edition necessary, these 
 unwelcome sprites shall be forced to seek other play grounds. 
 
SOMETHING 
 
 A 
 A 
 
 About 
 
 A Great Newspaper 
 
 The Atlanta Constitution is the largest and best paper in the Southern 
 States. Its corps of editors are among the foremost writers of the country. Joel 
 Chandler Harris, who has an international fame, achieved by his "Uncle Remus" 
 stories; Wallace P. Reed, the short story writer of the South ; and F. L. Stanton, 
 as sweet a poet as there is in America, are regularly emyloyed on the staff. Its 
 news is the freshest that labor and money can procure. 
 
 The paper is devoted to the interest of the entire countrv, and especially to 
 that of the South. 
 
 Would you like to subscribe either for the Daily or the Weekly ? The Daily 
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 Atlanta Constitution, Atlanta, Ga., informing them of the fact. 
 
 The Seaboard Air Line 
 
 THE NEW FREIGHT AND PASSENGER ROUTE BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH. 
 
 The section through which this line runs offers the finest opportunities for 
 farms, cotton plantations, vineyards, orchards, berryfields, lumber, granite, brown 
 stone, etc. Trains on this line run solid between Norfolk, Va., and Atlanta, Ga., 
 passing through Kittrells, N. C. and Southern Pines, N. C, two great winter health 
 resorts of the South. The Seaboard Air Line is the best equipped road in the 
 South ; its freight service is unrivaled, its passenger service unsurpassed either in 
 speed, regularity or comfort. 
 
 Freight over this system is carried daily between New York and Atlanta in 
 68 hours, thus defying all competition, as its road bed is well ballasted and the rails 
 heavy. Connections are made at Atlanta for all points South and West. Con- 
 nections are made at Norfolk, Va., with the following freight and passenger lines : 
 The Old Dominion S. S. Co. to and from New York ; the Bay Line to and from 
 Baltimore; the Norfolk & Washington steamers, the Clyde Line tj and from 
 Philadelphia ; the Merchants and Miners Line to and from Boston and Providence ; 
 the N. Y., P. & N. R. R. to and from New York and Philadelphia, thus making 
 this system the most important link between the North and the South. Any further 
 information will be cheerfully furnished by 
 
 .T:yrO. C. WHSTDBR, G, AI., RaleiiJh, A. C. O. V. SMITH, T. M., JSrorfolU, Va. 
 
 H. 'W. B. GLOVER, D. F. * J*. A.., Atlanta, Ga. T. .7. ANnHRSOy, f- A., :yori'ollc,Va. 
 

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