Class. i" sP ^/ . I THE HISTORY DES MOINES COUNTY, 1 o y^ j\.. CONTAINING febr^ xif {\$ Sounl^, tl$ Silie$^ ^uttttt$^ ^u^ A Biographical Directory of Citizens, War Record of its Vol* unteers in the late Rebellion, General and Local Statistics, Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent Men, His- tory of the Northwest, History of Iowa, Map of Des Moines County, Constitution of the United States, Miscellaneous Matters, &c. IXJIJTTSTI^J^T:E^D. CHICAGO : WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY, 1879. PREFACE. TN the preparation of a work of this character, the writer labors under peculiar embarrassments, which arise from the fact that the lapse of time has not mellowed harsh colors and softened bold lines in the panorama of events. While the newness of the region hei-ein described enables us to secure many valuable bits of history which would be lost in the current of time, the presence of the chief participators in the occurrences which constitute the history of this county, acts as a constant check to a free presentment of incidents and a full expression of opinions. Many things have been left unsaid which might have been inserted here, and for no other reason than that the writer felt the delicacy of his position. When men are dead, volumes can be written concerning them — and with impunity ; for then the writer cannot be accused of mercenary motives, nor can the subject of eulogy be calumniated by jealous minds. We have refrained from saying that which may truthfully be said of the distinguished men of this county, because we feel that the time for such words has not yet come. We have endeavored to condense in the form of one volume the scattered fragments of fact which have floated about so long. Some will say the work is well per- formed, while others will condemn it. The future generations, however, will surely say that this work is a valuable one. March, 1879. THE PUBLISHERS. au^ CONTENTS. HISTORY NORTHWEST AXD STATE OF IOWA. Paob. History Northwest Territory 19 Geographical Position 19 Early Explorations 20 Discovery of the Ohio 33 English Explorations and Set- tlements 35 American Settlements 60 Division ol the Northwest Ter- ritory 06 Tecumseh and the War of 1812 70 Black Hawk and the Black Hawk War 74 Other Indian Troubles 79 Present Condition of the North- west 86 Chicago 95 Illinois 257 Indiana 259 Iowa-.., 260 Michigan 263 Wisconsin 264 Minnesota 266 Nebraska 267 History of Iowa : Geographical Situation 109 Topography 109 Drainage System 110 Page. History ol Iowa : Rivers. Ill Lakes 118 Springs 119 Prairies 120 Geology 120 Climatology.. 137 Discovery arid Occupation 139 Territory : 147 Indians 147 Pike's Expedition 151 Indian Wars 152 Black Hawk War 157 Indian Purchase, Keserves and Treaties 159 Spanish Grants 163 Half-Breed Tract 164 Early Settlements 166 Territorial History 173 Boundary Question 177 State Organization 181 Growth and Progress 185 Agricultural College and Farm. 186 Stjite Universitj' 187 State Historical Society 193 Penitentiaries 194 Paqk. History of Iowa: Insane HosjMtals 195 College for the Blind 197 Deaf and Dumb Institution 199 Soldiers' Orphans' Homes 199 State Normal School 201 Asylum for Feeble Minded Children 201 _ Reform School 202 Fish Hatching Establishment..2(i3 Public Lands .....204 Public Schools 218 Political Record .■223 War Record : 229 Infantry 233 Cavalry 244 Artillery 247 Miscellaneous 248 Promotions from Iowa Reg- iments 249 Number Casualties — Officei-s.250 Number Casualties — Enlist- ed Men 252 Number Volunteers 254 Population 255 Agricultural Statisticg 320 ■ ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE l^AWS. Page. Adoption of Children 303 Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes 293 Commercial Terms 305 Capital Punishment 298 Charitable, Scientific and Religious Associations 316 Descent 293 Damages from Trespass 300 Exemptions from Execution 298 Estrays 299 Forms : Articles of Agreement 3('7 Bills of Sale 308 Bond for Deed 315 Bills of Purchase 306 Page. Forms : Chattel Mortgage 314 Confession of Judgment 306 Lease 312 Mortgages 310 , Notice to Quit 309 j Notes 306,313 Orders 306 Quit Claim Deed 315 ! Receipts 306 Wills and Codicils 309 I Warranty Deed 314 Fences 300 Interest 293 Intoxicating Liquors 317 Jurisdiction of Courts 297 Page. Jurors 297 Limitation of Actions 297 Landlord and Tenant 304 Married Women 298 Marks and Brands 300 Mechanics' Liens. 301 Roads and Bridges 302 Surveyors and Surveys 303 Suggestions to Persons Purchasing Books by Subscription 319 Support of Poor 303 Taxes 295 Wills and Estates 293 Weights and Measures 305 Wolf Scalps 300 Page. Mouth of the Mississippi 21 Source of the Mississippi 21 Wild Prairie 23 La Salle Landing on the Shore of Green Bay 25 Buffalo Hunt 27 Trapping 29 Hunting 32 Iroquois Chief 34 Pontiac, the Ottawa Chieftain 43 Indiatis Attiicking Frontiersmen.. 56 A Prairie Storm 59 ILiLilTSTRATIOBTS. Page. A Pioneer Dwelling 61 Breaking Prairie 63 Tecumseh, the Shawanoe Chieftain 69 Indians Attacking a Stockade 72 Black Hawk, the Sac Chieftain 75 Big Eagle 80 Captain .Tack, the Modoc Chieftain 83 Kinzie House 85 A Representative Pioneer 86 Lincoln Monument 87 A Pioneer School House 88 Page. Pioneers" First Winter 94 Great Iron Bridge of C, R. I. & P. R. R., Crossing the Mississippi at Davenport, Iowa 91 Chicago in 1833 95 Old Fort Dearborn, 1830 98 Present Site Lake Street Bridge, Chicago, 1833 98 Ruins of Chicago 104 View of the City of Chicago 106 Hunting Prairie Wolves 268 BIOORAPHI€AI>, TOWNSHIP I>IRK€rORY. Page. Page. Augusta 703 Flint River 686 Benton 711 Franklin 077 Burlington City 617 Huron 724 Burlington Township 674 Jackson 727 Danville 605 , | Page. Pleasant Grove 7(I6 Union 681 Washington 71") Yellow Springs 718 I.ITHO«RAPHI€ PORTRAITS. ,, , , „ P^o"^ . ''AGE. I, Page. I.arhydt, T. W 3.'>" Harper, William 525 Newman, T. W 389 Marker, Charles 1 4_' 'Leonard, David 491 'Purdy, Hirxm 659 i;«ir, John H :{:;! -Leonard, H 593 "Seymour, Wolcutt 467 CONTENTS. HISTORY OF DES MOIKES COIINTT. Page. Indian Occupancy 323 Keokuk 326 Black Hawk 337 Wapello and Others 348 Scene on the IJordor 354 Sacs and Foxes 360 Maj. Beach's Indian Papers 362 Trading-Posts 364 Shok-ko-kon 3(i5 Physical Geography 3ti8 SettU-ment of the County 369 Introductory 369 Original Settlers' Claims 373 First Mills 376 How '• Claims" "Were Made 377 How Pioneers Lived 379 Organization 384 (Jovernment, 1833 384 Ke-organizing the Law in '34..385 Wisconsin Territory 386 Belmont Legislature 380 Wisconsin Judiciary 386 Teinpiiary Seat of Govern- ment..". 386 First Road West of the River..3S7 •Subdivision of Old Des Moine8..387 First State-house 392 Temporary Quarters 393 Ke-establ ishmen t of Dei Moines Oountv 397 Karly Courts 398 First Ferry 399 First Divorce Case 399 First Petit Jury 399 First Murder Trial 400 New Bench 400 Court under Wisconsin Terri- tory 400 First Steam Ferry 401 Court under Iowa Territoi'y....401 Judges, Clerks, Attorneys and SheriBs 401 Circuit Court 401 Comm issionem' Court 402 To wnshi ps rganized 402 County Court 403 Supervisor System 403 Probate Records 404 Marriage Records 404 Des Moines County Legislator8.405 Constitutional Conventions 405 State Legislatures 400 Otficial Roster 406 Population, 1836 to 1875 407 Page. Statistical 408 Educational 410 County Buildings 412 Press 412 Introductory 412 Burlington Guzette 413 Burlington Hawk- Eye 416 German Journalism 421 Other Papers 422 The Name Hawk-Kye 425 Senatorial Successions 425 Miller-Thompson ''ontested Elec- tion 432 State Boundary Dithculty 437 War History 447 Roster 449 Burliigton 468 Simpson S. White 468 First Claim and Cabin 468 First Ferry-boat 469 Second Band of Pioneers 469 Jefferson Davis 469 Morton M. M'Carver 470 First Stores 471 First Tavern 472 First Doctors 473 First Marriage 473 Original Plat 473 Name Burlington 473 First School 473 First Birth 474 Early Newspaper Items 474 Burlington, 1839 478 July 4, 18.39 478 Proposed Change of Name 479 Born a Metropolis 479 Busines-iMenof AuldLangSyne479 Professional Men 480 Hotels 480 Execution of the Hodge Bro?..480 1845 481 1848 481 Directory, 1856 482 First General Directory 483 Early Legislation 487 Locating Seat of Justice 488 Enterprise of the People 488 Location of the City 489 Healthful ness 489 Government Survey 493 First Corporation 494 First Records 494 Original Boundaries 494 Original Officers 495 Burlington Page. City Charter 495 Re-incorporation 496 A City of the First Class 496 Abandonment of the Charter..496 Extension of City Limits 497 City Seal 498 Official Roster of the City 498 Fire Department 504 Police Department 508 Police Court 509 City Buildings .'i09 Sewerage 509 Water Company 509 Gas Company * 517 City Street Railways 517 Railroads 520 Bridge 522 Marine 523 Levee 524 Stock-Yards 524 Express Companies 527 Telegraph 527 Post Office 527 Board of Trade 531 Banks 532 Corporated Companies 532 Schools 534 University 5.39 Private Schools 542 Public Library 543 Religious 545 Y. M. C. A 578 Societies, etc 579 Benevolent Societies lySQ Medical Society 587 Military Companies 587 Musical Bands 588 Cemeteries 589 Agricultural Society 589 Poor-Farm 590 Pioneer Society 59o Opportunities ,..590 Towns and Post Offices 591 Augusta 592 Danville 597 Middletown 606 Mediapolis 607 Kossuth 609 Northfield 612 Linton 613 Dodgtville 614 Sperry 614 Kingston 61.'> Pleasant Grove 615 DES MOIBTES COUMTY VOMTXTEERS, Infantry: ' Page. First 449 Sixth 450 Seventh 4.'"il Eleventh 4.")1 Fourteenth 4'2 Fifteenth 4.53 Sixteenth 453 Seventeenth 453 Twenty-fifth 4.53 Thirtieth 456 Infantry. Page. Thirty-seventh 459 Thirty-ninth 4.59 Forty -first 460 Forty-fifth 460 Forty -eighth 461 Cavalry: First 461 Second 462 Third 463 Fourth 463 Cavalry. Pa««. Fifth 464 Seventh 464 Eighth 465 Ninth 465 Artillery : First Battery Artillery 465 Fourth Battery Artillery 465 Engineer Regimentof the West 465 Miscellaneous 466 Page. Map of Des Moines County Front. Ccmstitution of United States 209 Vote for President, Governor and Congressmen 283 Practical Rules for Every-Day Use..284 United States Government Land Measure 287 9IISCEL.L,4NKOlIS. Page. Surveyor's Measure 288 How to Keep Accounts 288 Interest Table 289 Miscellaneous Ta'de 289 Names of the States of the Union and their Significations 290 Population of the United States 291 Pase. Population of Fifty Principal Cities of the United States 291 Population and Area of the United States 292 Population of the Principal Coun- tries in the World 292 lu The Northwest Territory. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. When the Northwestern Territory was ceded to the United States by Virginia in 1784, it embraced only the territory lying between the Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, and north to the northern limits of the United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi River; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mountains and the Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National domain, and subsequently opened to settlement, has been called the "• New Northwest," in contradistinction from the old " Northwestern Territory." In comparison with the old Northwest this is, a territory of vast magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887,850 square miles ; being greater in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States, including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggregate popula- tion, at the present time, of 13,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one third of the entire population of the United States. Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent flow for a thousand miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far- stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the highest percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent on the globe. For the last twenty years the increase of population in the North- west has been about as three to one in any other portion of the United States. (19) 20 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New World. He, however, penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallel of latitude. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence to Spain, in a famished and demoralized condition. DeSoto founded no settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were that he awakened the hostility of the red man against the white man, and disheartened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery for Letter purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by DeSoto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer took advantage of these discoveries. In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " moored their bark on the wild New England shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had pene- trated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which run into Lake Huron ; and in 1634, two Jesuit missionaries founded the first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary, below the outlet of Lake Superior. This visit led to no permanent result; yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few montlis after. In 1665, Claude Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary, and two years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor Gen- eral of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, where they were taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at Point St. Ignatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac. During M. Talon's explorations and INlarquette's residence at St. Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied — as all others did then — that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's children resided, to whom tlie sound of the Gospel had never come. Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY, 21 22 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOitY. request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean, Marquette with Joliet, as commander of the expe- dition, prepared for the undertaking. On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist- ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But, nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which the salvation of souls was involved ; and having prayed together they separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar- quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the Winter in giving them an abundant " chase." This was the farthest outpost to which Dablon and Allouez had extended their missionary labors the year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake. He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to Joliet, said : " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun- tries, and I am an, ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths of the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from tlie Indian village on the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to witness their departure into a region Avhere no white man had ever yet ventured. Tlie guides, having conducted tiiem across the portage, returned. The explorers launched their canoes upon the Wisconsin, which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were now upon the bosom of ths Father of Waters. The mystery was about to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must have been clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 23 Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is said that the bold bluffs on either hand " reminded them of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo appeared on the banks. On going to the heads of the valley they could see a country of the greatest beauty and fertility, apparently destitute of inhab- itants yet presenting the appearance of extensive manors, under the fas- tidious cultivation of lordly proprietors. THE WILD PRAIEIE. On June 25, they went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in the boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they discovered a village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill, within a half league of the first, inhabited by Indian's. They were received most hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person. After remaining a few days they re-embarked and descended the river to about latitude 33°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course 24 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. up the river, and ascending the stream to the mouth of the Illinois, rowed up that stream to its source, and procured guides from that point to the lakes. " Nowhere on this journey," says Marquette, " did we see such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards, swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River.*' The party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and reported their discovery — one of the most important of the age, but of which no record was preserved save Marquette's, Joliet losing his by the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward Marquette returned to the Illinois Indians by their request, and ministered to them until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing the mouth of a stream — going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked to land at its mouth and celebrate Mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, he retired a short distance and began his devotions. As much time passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefull}'' passed away while at prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place fifty years after, found the waters had retreated from the grave, leaving the beloved missionary to repose in peace. The river has since been called Marquette. While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were pre- paring to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun by him. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Hennepin. After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see the narrative elsewhere), he established himself again among the French trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific, when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind of LaSalle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that by fol- lowing the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to Frontenac, Governor General of Canada, and laid before him the plan, dim but gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that LaSalle's idea to connect the great lakes by a chain of forts with the Gulf of Mexico would bind the country so wonderfully together, give un- measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose adminis- tration he earnestly hoped all would be realized. LaSalle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who warmly approved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also receivod from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Ghev- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 25 alier returned to Canada, and busily entered upon his work. He at once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first ship to sail on these fresh-water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Grifi&n up Lake Erie. He passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and into Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storms. They were some time at Michillimackinac, where LaSalle founded & fort, and passed on to Green Bay, the " Baie des Puans" of the French, where he found a large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the Griffin with these, and placing her under the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors. LA SALLE LANDING ON THE SHORE OF GREEN BAY. started her on her return voyage. The vessel was never afterward heard of. He remained about these parts until early in the Winter, when, hear- ing nothing from the Griffin, he collected all the men — thirty working men and three monks — and started again upon his great undertaking. By a short portage they passed to the Illinois or Kankakee, called by the Indians, "Theakeke," tvolf, because of the tribes of Indians called by that name, commonly known as the Mahingans, dwelling there. The French pronounced it Kiakiki, which became corrupted to Kankakee. "Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to observe the country," about the last of December they reached a village of the Illi- nois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment 26 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. no inhabitants. The Seur de LaSalle being in want of some breadstuflfs, took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help himself to a suffi- ciency of maize, large quantities of which he found concealed in holes under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village of Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois. The corn being securely stored, the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward evening, on the 4th day of January, 1680, they came into a lake which must have been the lake of Peoria. This was called by the Indians Pim-i-te-wi, that is, a place ivhere there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel. He called this fort "• Crevecoeur''' (broken-heart), a name expressive of the very natural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship, Griffin, and his consequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on the part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause him. His fears were not entirely groundless. At one time poison was placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered. While building this fort, the Winter wore away, the prairies began to look green, and LaSalle, despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in •the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party to explore the head waters of the Mississippi, and he set out on his jour- ney. This journey was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and was successfully made, though over an almost u tknown route, and in a bad season of the year. He safely reached Canada, and set out again for the object of his search. Hennepin and his party left Fort Crevecoeur on the last of February, 1680. When LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he found the fort entirely deserted, and he was obliged to return again to Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days, after leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the icy stream as best he could, reached no higher than the Wisconsin River by the 11th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a band of Northern Indians, who treated them with great kindness. Hen- nepin's comrades were Anthony Auguel and Michael Ako. On this voy- age they found several beautiful lakes, and " saw some charming prairies." Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the Sioux nation, who took them up the river until about the first of May, when they reached some falls, which Hennepin christened Falls of St. Anthony THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 2T in honor of his patron yaint. Here tliey took the land, and traveling nearly two hundred miles to the northwest, brought them to their villages. Here they were kept about three months, were treated kindly by theix' captors, and at the end of that time, were met by a band of Frenchmen^ BUFFALO HUNT. headed by one Seur de Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game, had pene- trated thus far by the route of Lake Superior ; and with these fellow- countrymen Hennepin and his companions were allowed to return to the borders of civilized life in November, 1680, just after LaSalle had returned to the wilderness on his second trip. Hennepin soon after went to France, where he published an account of his adventures. .28 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto in April, 1541, in his vain endeavor to find gold and precioas gems. In the following Spring, De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and worn out with his wander- ings, he fell a victim to disease, and on the 21st of May died. His followers, reduced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue them- selves by land, and finally constructed seven small vessels, called brigan- tines, in which they embarked, and descending the river, supposing it would load them to the sea, in July they came to the sea (Gulf of Mexico), and by September reached the Island of Cuba. They were the first to see the great outlet of the Mississippi ; but, being so weary and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the country, and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through. To La Salle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving the first account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess this entire country for his king, and in January, 1682, he and his band of explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their third attempt, crossed the portage, passed down the Illinois River, and on the 6th of February, reached the banks of the Mississippi. On the 13th they commenced their downward course, which they pursued with but one interruption, until upon the 6th of March they dis- covered the three great passages by which the river discharges its waters into die gulf. La Salle thus narrates the event : " We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three leagues (nine miles) from its mouth. On the seventh, M. de LaSalle went to reconnoiter the shores of the neighboring sea, and INI. de Tonti meanwhile examined the great middle channel. They found the main outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the 8th we reascended the river, a little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the reach of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to the column were affixed the arms of France with this inscription : Louis Le Grand, Roi De France et de Navarre, regne ; Le neuvieme Avril, 1682. The whole party, under arms, chanted the Te Beum, and then, after a salute and cries of " Vive le Roi," the column was erected by M. de La Salle, who, standing; near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the authority of the King of France. LaSalle returned and laid the foundations of the Mis- sissippi settlements in Illinois, thence he proceeded to France, Avhere another expedition was fitted out, of which he was commander, and in two succeeding voyages failed to find the outlet of the river by sailing along the shore of the_ gulf. On his third voyage he was killed, through the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 29 treachery of his followers, and the object of his expeditions was not accomplished until 1699, when D'lberville, under the authority of the crown, discovered, on the second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth of the " Hidden River." This majestic stream was called by the natives ** Malbouchia,^' and by the Spaniards, ''''la Palissade,^^ from the great TRAPPING. number of trees about its mouth. After traversing the several outlets, and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its western outlet, and returned to France. An avenue of trade was now opened out which was fully improved. In 1718, New Orleans was laid out and settled by some European colo- nists. In 1762, the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by France under the consulate of Napoleon. In 1803, it was purchased by 30 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. the United States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the territory of Louisiana and commerce of the Mississippi River came under the charge of the United States. Although LaSalle's labors ended in defeat and death, he had not worked and suffered in vain. He had thrown open to France and the world an immense and most valuable country ; had established several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one- settlement there. " Peoria, Kaskaskia and Cahokia, are to this day monu- ments of LaSalle's labors ; for, though he had founded neither of them (unless Peoria, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Crevecoeur,) it was by those whom he led into the West that these places were peopled and civilized. He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored." The French early improved the opening made for them. Before the year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois, and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionary station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil- lages, the other two being Cahokia and Peoria. What is known of these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Gabriel Marest, dated " Aux Cascaskias, autrement dit de Tlmmaculate Conception de la Sainte Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." Soon after the founding of Kaskaskia, the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while Peoria arose near the ruins of Fort Crevecoeur. This must have been about the year TTOO, The post at Vincennes on the Oubache river, (pronounced Wu-ba, meaning summer cloud moving swiftly') was estab- lished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* It is altogether prob- able that on LaSalle's last trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. In July, 1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchartrain were laid by De la Motte Cadillac on the Detroit River. These sta- tions, with those established further north, were the earliest attempts to occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being made to occupy the Southwest, which finally culminated in the settle- ment and founding of the City of New Orleans by a colony from England in 1718. Tliis was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the famous Mississippi Company, established by the notorious John Law, who so quickly arose into prominence in France, and who with his scheme so quickly and so ignominiously passed away. From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty years the French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower Missis- sippi, and the war with the Chicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated • There is considerable dispute about this date, some asserting it was founded as late as 1742. Whei» the new court Iiouse at Vincennes was erected, all authorities ou the subject were carefully examined, and iV02 fixed upon as the correct date. It was accordingly engraveil on the corner-stone of the court house. THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. 81 injuries, cut off the entire colony at Natchez. Although the company did little for Louisiana, as the. entire West was then called, yet it opened the trade through the Mississippi River, and started the raising of grains indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known of the settlements in the Northwest, as it was not until this time that the attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a missionary among the Illinois, writing from " Aux Illinois," six leagues from Fort Chartres, June 8, 1750, says: "We have here whites, negroes and Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid (Kaskaskias). In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all told. Most of the French till the soil; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can be consumed; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New Orleans." This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were found, almost all the products of the country found their way to France by the mouth of the Blather of Waters. In another letter, dated Novem- ber 7, 1750, this same priest says : " For fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground being too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans, plantations are again met with ; the most considerable is a colony of Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river traders. * * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to n2 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. work them as they deserve." Father Marest, writing from the post at Vincennesin 1812, makes the same observation. Vivier also says : " Some individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Indians and Canada. Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find silver under the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. There is also in this country, beyond doubt,, copper ore, as from time to time large pieces are found in the streams." ^^^2„ ^- '"^ - ~ ^^=f^^-^ jy/CKCKS'^' HUNTING. At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the lower Mississippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at the Maumee in the country of the Miamis, and one at Sandusky in what may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern part of the Northwest they had stations at St. Joseph's on the St. Joseph's of Lake Michigan, at Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimackanac or Massillimacanac, Fox River of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of LaSalle were now fully realized. The French alone were possessors of this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive country, THE NORTHWEST TERRITOEY. 3^ and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for securing the great profits arising therefrom. The French, however, had another claim to this country, namely, the DISCOVERY OF THE OHIO. This " Beautiful " river was discovered by Robert Cavalier de La- Salle in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Joliet and Marquette. While LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois. He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed, to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident soon occurred which decided him to fit out an exploring expedition. While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this state- ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as one stream. LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period did, that the great rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to embark in the enterprise of discovering a route across the continent to the commerce of China and Japan. He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gov- ernor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Intendant^ Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no pro- vision to defray the expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sul- pice decided to send out missionaries in connection with the expedition, and LaSalle offering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money» the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the necessary supplies for the outfit. On the 6tli of Jul}', 1669, the party, numbering twenty-four persons, embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence ; two additional canoes carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to conduct them to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed. The Indians seemed unfriendly to the enterprise. LaSalle suspected that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After waiting a month in the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian 84 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence. On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract. Arriving IKOyUOlS CUIKD'. among the Iroquois, they met with a friendly reception, and learned from a Shawanee prisoner that they could reach tlie Ohio in six weeks. Delighted Avith the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume their journey; but just as they were about to start they heard of the arrival of two Frenchmen in a neighboring village. One of them proved to be Louis Joliet, afterwards famous as an explorer in the West. He THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 35 had been sent by the Canadian Government to explore the copper mines on Lake Superior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec. He gave the missionaries a map of the country he had explored in the lake region, together with an account of the condition of the Indians in that quarter. This induced the priests to determine on leaving the expedition and going to Lake Superior. LaSalle warned them that the Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their purpose, and after worship on the lake shore, parted from LaSalle. On arriving at Lake Superior, they found, as LaSalle had predicted, the Jesuit Fathers, Marquette and Dablon, occupying the field. These zealous disciples of Loyola informed them that they wanted no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made him their patron saint ; and thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal the following June without having made a single discovery or converted a single Indian. After parting with the priests, LaSalle went to the chief Iroquois village at Onondaga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie, he descended the latter as far as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered by LaSalle, the persevering and successful French explorer of the West, in 1669. The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anony- mous paper, which purports to have been taken from the lips of LaSalle himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count Frontenac in 1667, shortly after the discovery, he himself says that he discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as an indisputable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohio Valley upon another ground. When Washington was sent by the colony of Virginia in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why tlie French had built a fort on the Monongahela, the haughty commandant at Quebec replied : " We claim the country on the Ohio by virtue of the discoveries of LaSalle, and will not give it up to the English. Our orders are to make prisoners of every Englishman found trading in the Ohio Valley." ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. When the new year of 1750 broke in upon the Father of Waters and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts already described. In 1749, when the English first began to think seri- ously about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were yet under the dominion of the red men. The English knew, however, pretty 3b THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. conclusively of the nature of the wealth of these wilds. As early as 1710, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, had commenced movements to secure the country west of the Alleghenies to the English crown. In Pennsylvania, Governor Keith and James Logan, secretary of the prov- ince, from 1719 to 1731, represented to the powers of England the neces- sity of securing the Western lands. Nothing was done, however, b}^ that power save to take some diplomatic steps to secure the claims of Britain to this unexplored wilderness. England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, on the ground that the discovery of the seacoast and its possession was a discovery and possession of the country, and, as is well known, her grants to the colonies extended " from sea to sea." This was not all her claim. She had purchased from the Indian tribes large tracts of land. This lat- ter was also a strong argument. As early as 1684, Lord H oward, Gov- ernor of Virginia, held a treaty with the six nations. These were the great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the Mohawks, Onei- das, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Afterward the Tuscaroras were taken into the confederacy, and it became known as the Six Nations. They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in 1701, they repeated the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has often been disputed, but never successfully. In 1744, a purchase was made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the " Colony of Virginia," for which the Indians received X200 in gold and a like sum in goods, with a promise that, as settlements increased, more should be paid. The Commissioners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel William Beverly. As settlements extended, the promise of more pay was called to mind, and Mr. Conrad Weiser was sent across the mountains with presents to appease the savages. Col. Lee, and some Virginians accompa- nied him with the intention of sounding the Indians upon their feelings regarding the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment, and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desi.ve the cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indian trade. In 1748, the Ohio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant of land beyond the Alleghenies. This was granted, and the government of Virginia was ordered to grant to them a half million acres, two hun- dred thousand of which were to be located at once. Upon the 12th of June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west was made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000 acres were given to the Greenbriar Company. All this time the French were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in the West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 37 settling upon it, but in time would come to the lower posts and so gain possession of the whole country. Upon the 10th of May, 1774, Vaud- reuil. Governor of Canada and the French possessions, well knowing the consequences that must arise from allowing the English to build trading posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1749, sent Louis Cel- eron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, in the mounds and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which were inscribed the claims of France. These Avere heard of in 1752, and within the memory of residents now living along the " Oyo," as the beautiful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found with the inscription partly defaced. It bears date August 16, 1749, and a copy of the inscription with particular account of the discovery of the plate, was sent by DeWitt Clinton to the American Antiquarian Society, among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not, however, deter the English from going on with their explorations, and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and it was only a question of time when the storm would burst upon the frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio Company to examine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees, on the Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. He afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there he went down the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present City of Louisville, and in November he commenced a survey of the Compan3^'s lands. Dur- ing the Winter, General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for the Greenbriar Company. Meanwhile the French were busy in preparing their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the Eng- lish post on the Miami River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and Chippewas, attacked it, and, after a severe battle, in which fourteen of the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison. (They were probably garrisoned in a block house). The traders were carried away to Canada, and one account says several were burned. This fort or post was called by the English Pickawillany. A memorial of the king's ministers refers to it as " Pickawillanes, in the center of the terri- tory between the Ohio and the Wabash. The name is probably some variation of Pickaway or Picqua in 1773, written by Rev. Davrid Jones Pickaweke." * Tlie following is a translation of the inscription on the plate: "In the year 1749. reign of Louis XV., King of France, we, Celeron, commandant of a detachment by Monsieur the Marquis of Gallisoniere, com- mander-in-chief of New France, to establish trnnquility in certain Indian villages of these cantons, have buried this plate at the confluence of the Toradakoin, this twenty- ninth of JiUy, near the river Ohio, otherwise Beautiful River, as a monument of renewal of possession which we have taken of the said river, and all its tributaries; inasmuch as the preceding Kings of France have enjoyed it, and maintained it by their arms auU treaties; especially by those of Ryswick, Utrecht, and Aix La Chapelle." 88 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOEY, This was the first blood shed between tlie French and English, and occurred near the present City of Piqua, Ohio, or at least at a point about forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation became now more inter- ested in the progress of events in the Northwest. The English deter- mined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to occupy, and Messrs. Fry (afterward Commander-in-chief over Washing- ton at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomax and Patton were sent in the Spring of 1752 to hold a conference with the natives at Logstown to learn what they objected to in the treaty of Lan- caster already noticed, and to settle all difficulties. On the 9th of June, these Commissioners met the red men at Logstown, a little village on the north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the site of Pitts- burgh. Here had been a trading point for many years, but it was aban- doned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize the treaty of Lancaster, but, the Commissioners taking aside Montour, the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catharine Montour, and a chief among 'the six nations, induced him to use his influence in their favor. This he did, and upon the 13th of June they all united in signing a deed, confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, consenting to a settlement of the southeast of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should not be disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first treaty with the Indians in the Ohio Valley. Meanwhile the powers beyond the sea were trying to out-manoeuvre each other, and were professing to be at peace. The English generally outwitted the Indians, and failed in many instances to fulfill their con- tracts. They thereby gained the ill-will of the red men, and further increased the feeling by failing to provide them with arms and ammuni- tion. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758 : " The Indians on the Ohio left you because of your own fault. When we heard the French were coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The French came, they treated us kindly, and gained our affections. The Governor of Virginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when we wanted help, forsook us." At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by title the lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered cannon and military stores to be in readiness for the expected blow. The Eng- lish made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until the Summer could the Indians be gathered together to discuss the plans of the French. They had sent messages to the French, warning them away ; but they replied that they intended to complete the chain of forts already l)eguii, and would not abandon the field. Soon after this, no satisfaction being obtained from the Ohio regard- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 89 ing the positions and purposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia determined to send to them another messenger and learn from them, if possible, their intentions. For this purpose he selected a young man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the rank of major, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This personage was no other than the illustrious George Washington, who then held considerable interest in Western lands. He was at this time just twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as his guide, the two, accompanied by four servitors, set out on their perilous march. They left Will's Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monon- gahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went to Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of the Six Nations. From them he learned the condition of the French, and also heard of their determination not to come down the river till the fol- lowing Spring. The Indians were non-committal, as they were afraid to turn either way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral. Washington, finding nothing could be done with them, went on to Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of French Creek. Here the French had a fort, called Fort Machault. Through the rum and flattery of the French, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing of importance here, he pursued his way amid great privations, and on the 11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here he delivered Governor Dinwiddle's letter, received his answer, took his observations, and on the 16th set out upon his return journey with no one but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians wlio still remained true to him, notwithstanding the endeavors of the French to retain them. Their homeward journey was one of great peril and suffering from the cold, yet they reached home in safety on the 6th of January, 1754. From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by Washington to Governor Dinwiddie, it was learned that the French would not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made in all the English colonies for the coming conflict, while the French finished the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines of fortifications, and gathered their forces to be in readiness. The Old Dominion was all alive. Virginia was the center of great activities ; volunteers were called for, and from all the neighboring colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywhere along the Potomac men were enlisting under the Governor's proclamation — which promised two hundred thousand acres on tlie Ohio. Along this river they were gathering as far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent had come for assistance for his little band of forty-one men, who were 40 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. working- away in hunger and want, to fortify that point at the fork of the Ohio, to whicli botli parties were looking with deep interest. " The first birds of Spring filled the air with their song ; the swift river rolled by the Allegheny hillsides, swollen by the melting snows of Spring and the April showers. The leaves were appearing ; a few Indian scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near at hand ; and all was so quiet, that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Trent in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Creek, ten miles up the Monongahela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilder- ness, keen eyes had seen the low intrenchment rising at the fork, and swift feet had borne the news of it up the river ; and upon the morning of the 17th of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, saw upon the Allegheny a sight that made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep with cannon and stores. * * * That evening he supped with his captor, Contrecoeur, and the next day he was bowed off by the Frenchman, and with his men and tools, marched up the Monongahela." The French and Indian war had begun. The treaty of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the French Avere determined to hold the country watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries ; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue of the discoveiies of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from New- foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, liad resulted disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed the fortifications begun at the Fork, which they had so easily captured, and when completed gave to the fort the name of DuQuesne. Washing- ton was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived. He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he entrenched him- self at a place called the " Meadows," where he erected a fort called by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and captured a force of French and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the morning of July 4th. He was allowed to return to Virginia. The English Government immediately planned four campaigns ; one against Fort DuQuesne ; one against Nova Scotia ; one against Fort Niagara, and one against Crown Point. These occurred during 1755---6, and were not successful in driving the French from their possessions. The expedition against Fort DuQuesne was led by the famous General Braddock, who, refusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 41 acquainted with Indian warfare, suffered such an inglorious defeat. This occurred on the morning of July 9th, and is generally known as the battle of Monongahela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war continued with various vicissitudes through the years 1756-7 ; when, at the commence- ment of 1758, in accordance with the plans of William Pitt, then Secre- tary of State, afterwards Lord Chatham, active preparations were made to carry on the war. Three expeditious were planned for this year : one, under General Amherst, against Louisburg ; another, under Abercrombie, against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under General Forbes, against Fort DuQuesne. On the 26th of July, Louisburg surrendered after a desperate resistance of more than forty days, and the eastern part of the Canadian possessions fell into the hands of the British. Abercrombie captured Fort Frontenac, and when the expedition against Fort DuQuesne, of which Washington had the active command, arrived there, it was found in flames and deserted. The English at once took possession, rebuilt the fort, and in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the name to Fort Pitt. The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of Canada. General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux was to capture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant Prideaux lost his life in the attempt. Amherst captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point without a blow ; and Wolfe, after making the memor- able ascent to the Plains of Abraham, on September 13th, defeated Montcalm, and on the 18th, the city capitulated. In this engagement Montcolm and Wolfe both lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's successor, marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of defeating the English, and there, on the 28th of the following April, was fought one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian War. It resulted in the defeat of the French, and the fall of the City of Montreal, The Governor signed a capitulation by which the whole of Canada was surrendered to the English. This practically concluded the war, but it was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace between France and England were signed. This was done on the 10th of February of that year, and under its provisions all the country east of the Mississippi and north of the Iberville River, in Louisiana, were ceded to England. At the same time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. On the 13th of September, 1760, Major Robert Rogers was sent from Montreal to take charge of Detroit, the only remaining French post in the territory. He arrived there on the 19th of November, and sum- moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post, Beletrc; refused, but on the 29th, hearing of the continued defeat of the 42 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. French arms, surrendered. Rogers remained there until December 23d under the personal protection of the celebrated chief, Pontiac, to whom, no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the purposes of the English in taking possession of the country. He was assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not desire their country. This answer conciliated the savages, and did much to insure the safety of Rogers and his party during their stay, and wliile on their journey home. Rogers set out for Fort Pitt on December 23, and was just one month on the way. His route was from Detroit to Maumee, thence across the present State of Ohio directly to the fort. This was the com- mon trail of the Indians in their journeys from Sandusky to the fork of the Ohio. It went from Fort Sandusky, where Sandusky City now is, crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to " Mohickon John's Town" on Moliickon Creek, the nortliern branch of White Woman's River, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, a Delaware town on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town were probably one hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across Big Beaver, and up the Ohio to Logstown, thence on to the fork. The Northwest Territory was now entirely under the English rule. New settlements began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large trade was speedily manifested. Had the British carried out their promises with the natives none of those savage butcheries would have been perpe- trated, and the country \vould have been spared their recital. The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading events in his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this noted Indian chief is learned from an account of an Indian trader named Alexander Henry, who, in the Spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as far as Missillimacnac. Pontiac was then a great friend of the French, but a bitter foe of the English, whom he considered as encroaching on his hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Canadian to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly reproached him and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He declared that no treaty had been made with them ; no presents sent them, and that he would resent any possession of the AVest by that nation. He was at the time about fifty years of age, tall and dignified, and was civil and military ruler of the Ottawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatamies. The Indians, from Lake Michigan to the borders of North Carolina, were united in this feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris, ratified February 10, 1763, a general conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly THE NORTHWEST TERKITOEY. t.3 PONTIAC, THE OTTAWA CHIEFTAIN. 44 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. upon the frontier British posts, and with one blow strike every man dead. Pontiac was the marked leader in all this, and was the commander ■of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares and Mingoes, who had, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unite in this enterprise. The blow came, as near as can now be ascertained, on May 7, 176^. Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hollow of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton. Pontiac's immediate field of action was the garrison at Detroit. Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclosing the plot the evening previous to his arrival. Everything was carried out, however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, when Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indian chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and disclosed the concealed musket. Pontiac, though a brave man, turned pale and trembled. He saw his plan was known, and that the garrison were prepared. He endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions ; but the guilt was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a severe reprimand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post. Pontiac at once laid siege to the fort, and until the treaty of peace between the British and the Western Indians, concluded in August,'! 764, continued to harass and besiege the fortress. He organized a regular commissariat department, issued bills of credit written out on bark, which, to Iris credit, it may be stated, were punctually redeemed. At the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went further south, living many years among the Illinois. He had given up all hope of saving his country and race. After a time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis in a war with the whites. His efforts were fruitless, and only ended in a quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon afterwards killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the northern Indians, who nearly exterminated, the Illinois in the wars which followed. Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan for the extermination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly have l)een carried out. It was in the Spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alex- ander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest feelings against the English, who had not carried out their promises, and were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief, Pontiac, who, after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their French father would awake soon and utterly destro}' his enemies, said : " Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 45 yet conquered us ! We are not your slaves! These lakes, these woods, these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the white people, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But you ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us upon these broad lakes and in these mountains." He then spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them, no presents sent them, and that he and his people were 3"et for war. Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after the English took possession of their country. These feelings were no doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the English the right to this vast domain, and active preparations were going on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments. In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to pre- vent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters of the entire West. The next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fon- tain])leau, gave to the English the domain of the country in question. Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subject of these sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States ; and twenty years still later, in 180-3, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to France, and by France sold to the United States. In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Crevecoeur by LaSalle, in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Chartres, many French set- tlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes), Kohokia or Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on the American Bottom, a large tract of lich alluvial soil in Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St. Louis. By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of the Mississippi, including all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England; but they do not appear to have btsn taken possession of until 1765, when Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established him- self at Fort Chartres bearing with him the proclamation of General Gage, dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Cath- olics who worshiped here, and a right to leave the country with their effects if they wished, or to remain with the privileges of Englishmen. It was shortly after the occupancy of the West by the British that the war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that chieftain- By it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settle- 46 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ment in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year 1764, when, failing to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, liis confed- eracy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pon- tiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whom lie afterward lost his life. As soon as these difl&culties were definitely settled, settlers began rapidly to survey the country and prepare for occupation. During the year 1770, a number of persons from Virginia and other British provinces explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Mononga- hela and along the banks of the Ohio as far as the Little Kanawha. This was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washing- ton was a party. The latter, accompanied by Dr. Craik, Capt. Crawford and others, on the 20tli of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pitts- burgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which were then abundant in the Ohio Valley, and returned to the fort. Pittsburgh was at this time a trading post, about which was clus- tered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. This same year, Capt. Pittman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring villages. He found there about sixty-five resident families, and at Cahokia only forty-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year or two settlers continued to locate near some of these posts, generally Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still main- tained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and flour found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time the policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of England forbade, by royal proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement without the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy reach of Great Britain. The commander-in-chief of the king's forces wrote in 1769 : " In the course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for themselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother country ceases, an independency in their government will soon follow." In accordance with this policy. Gov. Gage issued a proclamation in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their set- tlements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 47 strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and were allowed to remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which was granted, and Parliament passed an act on June 2, 1774, extend- ing the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Govern- ment toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies ; but the early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side of the war for independence. In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt under the pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth. One of these justices, John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it Fort Dunmore. This and other parties were formed to select sites for settlements, and often came in conflict with the Indians, who yet claimed portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the famous battle of Kanawha in July, where the Indians were defeated and driven across the Ohio. During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies and the perseveranceof individuals, several settlements were firmly estab- lished between the Alleghanies and the Ohio River, and western land speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held in Kaskaskia on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling themselves the ^ Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on the east side of the Mississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a mer- chant from the Illinois Country, named Viviat, came to Post Vincennes as the agent of the association called the " Wabash Land Company." On the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for 37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested by a number of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and afterward recorded in the office of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land com- panies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West ; but all were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20th of April, 1780, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the " United Illinois and Wabash Land Company." They afterward made 48 THE NORTHWEST TEBRITORY. strenuous efforts to have these grants sanctioned by Congress, but all signally failed. When the War of the Revolution commenced, Kentucky was an unor- ganized country, though there were several settlements within her borders. In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated that at that time " Kaskaskia contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 white and black in- habitants — the whites being a little the more numerous. Cahokia con- tains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants, and 80 negroes. There were east of the Mississippi River, about the year 1771 " — when these observa- tions were made — " 300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 230 negroes." From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a leport made by a committee to Congress in June, 1778. From it the following extract is made : " Near the mouth of the River Kaskaskia, there is a village which appears to have contained nearly eighty families from the beginning of the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la Prairie du Rochers, and near fifty families at the Kahokia Village. There are also four or five families at Fort Chartres and St. Philips, which is five miles further up the river." St. Louis had been settled in February, 1764, and at this time con- tained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred whites and one hundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the country west of the Mississippi was now under French rule, and remained so until ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the country including New Orleans to the United States. At Detroit there were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the Northwest from 1766 to 1768, more than one hundred houses, and the river was settled for more than twenty miles, although poorly cultivated — the people being engaged in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we will here relate. It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by Antoine de Lamotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an oblong square, of two acres in length, and an acre and a half in width. As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a permanent resident of the place, in 1778, it comprised within its limits that space between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house (near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn, and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had four gates — east, west, north and south. Over the first thi-ee of these THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 49 gates were block houses provided with four guns apiece, each a six- pounder. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river and in a parallel direction with the block houses. There were four streets running east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from ten to fifteen feet in width. At the date spoken of by Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to the present northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. The citadel was inclosed by pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two stories high, sufficient to contain ten officers, and also barracks sufficient to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The citadel also contained a hospital and guard-house. The old town of Detroit, in 1778, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story, with a few a story and a half in height. They were all of logs, some hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid appearance, called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near the west gate and the other near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of twenty-four men and a subaltern, who mounted regularly every morning between nine and ten o'clock. Each furnished four sentinels, who were relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the day, who p jr- formed strict duty. Each of the gates was shut regularly at sunset ; even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the keys were delivered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw Avas permitted to enter town with any weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a stand- ing order that the Indians should deliver their arms and instruments of every kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were restored to them on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the Indians were required to leave town instantly. There was a council house near the water side for the purpose of holding council with the Indians. The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by fire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present " new " town was laid out. On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of importance in the West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their interests, 50 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in this part of the New World, held steadily to their purposes, and those within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to exercise their civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Richard Gallaway, burgesses to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state. Early in September of that year (1777) the first court was held in Harrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterwards major, who had arrived in August, was made the commander of a militia organization which had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty was growing. The chief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented her the year previous east of the mountains, was now meditating a move unequaled in its boldness. He had been watching the movements of the British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan. He saw it was through their possession of the posts at Detroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy access to the various Indian tribes in the Northwest, that the British intended to penetrate the country from the north and soutn, ana annihi- late the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel, afterwards General, George Rogers Clark. He knew the Indians were not unanimously in accord with the English, and he was convinced that, could the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose, he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlements might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of the project, he repaired to the Capital of Virginia, which place he reached on November 5th. While he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th, Burgoyne had been defeated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Governor of Virginia, and at once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one until Clark came who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the scene of action to be able to guide them. Clark, having satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instructions — one secret, the other open — the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, subject to his orders, and to serve three months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country. With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburgh, choosing rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W. B. Smith to Hoi- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 51 ston for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to join the proposed expedition. With three companies and several private volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Island, a small island between the present Cities of Louisville, Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this fortification may yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements, and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the 24th of Jane, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastl}^ to Detroit. Should he fail, he intended to march directly to the Mississippi River and cross it into the Spanish country. Before his start he received two good items of infor- mation : one that the alliance had been formed between France and the United States ; and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois country and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led to believe by the British that the " Long Knives" or Virginians, were the most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from grati- tude would become friendly if treated with unexpected leniency. The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun, and the town reached on the evening of July 4. He captured the fort near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and without the loss of a single man or b}^ killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently working upon the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at per- fect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the great conflict they would, also he would protect them from any barbarity from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhab- itants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlocked for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accom- panied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus 62 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English into the possession of Virginia. In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain possession of the Northwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boun- daries, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken. St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken before the Mississippi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July, in company with a fellow-townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of peace, and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence that the j)ost on the " Oubache " had taken the oath of allegiance to the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts, placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville, erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Mr. Rocheblave, who had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond. In October the County of Illinois was established by the Legislature of Virginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor, and in November General Clark and his men received the thanks of the Old Dominion through their Legislature. In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore alle- giance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton, having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit and moved down the Wabash to Vincennes intending to operate from that point in reducing the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to Kentucky and drive the rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault, dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attend- ant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort. Hamilton knew nothing i)f the capitulation of the post, and was greatly surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at the entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assail- ants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of the fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to the British General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the force in the garrison. Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was contending, gave up his intended campaign for the Winter, sent his four hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 53 and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the Winter. Information of all these proceedings having reached Clark, he saw that immediate and decisive action was necessary, and that unless he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the news on the 29th of January, 1779, and on February 4th, having suffi- ciently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Cahokia, he sent down the Mississippi a " battoe," as Major Bowman writes it, in order to ascend the Ohio and Wabash, and operate with the land forces gathering for the fray. On the next day, Clark, with his little force of one hundred and twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching through much mud, the ground being thawed by the incessant spring rains, on the 22d reached the fort, and being joined by his " battoe," at once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American back- woodsman was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kind- ness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement. During his command of the British frontier posts, he had offered prizes to the Indians for all the scalps of Americans they would bring to him, and had earned in consequence thereof the title "• Hair-buyer General," by which he was ever afterward known. Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry being apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and Clark con- cluded to wait until he could capture and sufficiently garrison the posts. Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in uniting the western Indians for the next Spring's campaign, the West would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from the commencement, by the British. " But for this small army of dripping, but fearless Virginians, the union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed." At this time some fears were entertained by the Colonial Govern- ments that the Indians in the North and Northwest were inclining to the British, and under the instructions of Washington, now Commander-in- Chief of the Colonial army, and so bravely fighting for American inde- pendence, armed forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the Ohio frontier. Col. Bowman, acting under the same general's orders, marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These expeditions were in the main successful, and the Indians were compelled to sue for peace. 64 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. During this same year (1779) the famous "Land Laws" of Virginia were passed. The passage of these laws was of more consequence to the pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian conflicts. Tliese laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After providing for the settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the public lands at forty cents per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature sent four Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many of which great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and continued until April 26, 1780, wiien they adjourned, having decided three thousand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who came in the person of Mr. George May, and assumed his duties on the 10th day of the month whose name he bore. With the opening of the next year (1780) the troubles concerning the navigation of the Missis- sippi commenced. The Spanish Government exacted such measures in relation to its trade as to cause the overtures made to the United States to be rejected. The American Government considered they had a right to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a fort was erected below the mouth of the Ohio on the Kentucky side of the river. The settle- ments in Kentucky were being rapidly filled by emigrants. It was dur- ing this year that the first seminary of learning was established in the West in this young and enterprising Commonwealth. Tlie settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility of the Indians. Spain had been friendly to the Colonies during their straggle for independence, and though for a while this friendship appeared in danger from the refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the satisfaction of both nations. The Winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it as Xhe "Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few pioneers lost their lives. The following Summer a party of Canadians and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it in consequence of the friendly disposition of Spain to the revolting colonies. They met with such a determined resistance on the part of the inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they weie compelled to abandon tlie contest. They also made an attack on the settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unaccountable manner, they fled the country in great haste. About this time arose the question in the Colonial Congress con- cerning the western lands claimed by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 55 and Connecticut. The agitation concerning this subject finally led New York, on the 19th of February,- 1780, to pass a law giving to the dele- gates of that State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it until Sep- tember 6th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States claiming western lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body. This basis formed the union, and was the first after all of those legislative measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. In December of the same year, the plan of conquering Detroit again arose. The conquest might have easily been effected by Clark had the necessary aid been furnished him. Nothing decisive was done, yet the heads of the Government knew that the safety of the Northwest from British invasion lay in the capture and retention of that important post, the only unconquered one in the territory. Before the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the Coun- ties of Lincoln, Fayette and Jefferson, and the act establishing the Town of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of American history as the year in which occurred Arnold's treason to the United States. Virginia, in accordance with the resolution of Congress, on the 2d day of January, 1781, agreed to yield her western lands to the United States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and the Act of Cession, on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was anything farther done until 1783. During all that time the Colonies were busily engaged in the struggle with the mother country, and in. consequence thereof but little heed was given to the western settlements. Upon the 16th of April, 1781, the first birth north of the Ohio River of American parentage occurred, being that of Mary Heckewelder, daughter of the widely known Moravian missionary, whose band of Christian Indians suffered in after years a horrible massacre by the hands of the frontier settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of their neighbors, and in their rage committed, without regard to humanity, a deed which forever afterwards cast a shade of shame upon their lives. For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians committed many deeds of cruelty which darken the years of 1771 and 1772 in the history of the Northwest. During the year 1782 a number of battles among the Indians and frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moravian Indians and the Wyan- dots. In these, horrible acts of cruelty were practised on the captives, many of such dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious 56 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. frontier outlaw, Simon Girty, whose name, as well as those of his brothers, was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly in the Ohio valleys. Cotemporary with them were several engagements in Kentucky, in which the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and who, often by his skill and knowledge of Indian warfare, saved the outposts from cruel destruc- INDIANS ATTACKING FRONTIKKSMEN. tion. By the close of the, year victory had perched upon the Americana banner, and on the 30th of November, provisional articles of peace had been arranged between the Commissioners of England and her uncon- queral)le colonies. Cornwallis had been defeated on the 19th of October preceding, and the liberty of America was assured. On the 19th of April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 57 proclaimed to the army of the United States, and on the 2d of the next September, the definite treaty which ended our revolutionary struggle was concluded. By the terms of that treaty, the boundaries of the West were as follows : On the north the line was to extend along the center of the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ; thence to the Lake of the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi River; down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude, then on that line east to the head of the Appalachicola River; down its center to its junc- tion with the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean. Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts were still occupied by the British in the North and West. Among these was Detroit, still in the hands of the enemy. Numerous engagements with the Indians throughout Ohio and Indiana occurred, upon whose lands adventurous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by the proper treaty. To remedy this latter evil. Congress appointed commissioners to treat with the natives and purchase their lands, and prohibited the set- tlement of the territory until this could be done. Before the close of the year another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however, not pushed, and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwesf she had formerly done, withdrew her troops, having- on the 20th of December preceding authorized the whole of her possessions to be deeded to the United States. This was done on the 1st of March following, and the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion. To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated any where north of the Ohio wherever they chose to locate them. They selected the region opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of Clarksville, about midway between the Cities of New Albany and Jeffer- son ville, Indiana. While the frontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit refused to evacuate alleging that he had no orders from his King to do so, settlers were rapidly gathering about the inland forts. In the Spring 'of 1784, Pittsburgh was regularly laid out, and from the journal of Arthur Lee, who passed through the town soon after on his way to the Indian council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not very prepossessing in appearance. He says : " Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the north of Ireland or even Scotland. There is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being bought at the vast expense of forty-five shillings per pound from Phila- 58 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. delphia and Baltimore. They take in the shops flour, wheat, skins and money. There are in the town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a priest of any persuasion, nor church nor chapel." Kentucky at this time contained thirty thousand inhabitants, and was beginning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A land office was opened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take defensive precaution against the Indians who were yet, in some instances, incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year, 1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no entries were recorded until 1787. The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress adopted means for treaties with the original owners and provided for the surveys of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made with the Wabash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made in 1784. That at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, and through these much land was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel their adherence to its provisions, force was used. During the year 1786, the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused various discussions, which resulted in no definite action, only serving to excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Congress had promised bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution, but owing to the unsettled condition of affairs along the Mississippi respecting its naviga- tion, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared its inability to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be concluded between the two Governments. Before the close of the year 1786, how- ever, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September Con- necticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as the " Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year u large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a company, who at once took measures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction" of one-third for bad lands and other contingencies. They received 750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without the reservations. In addition to this. Congress afterward granted 100,000 acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the resolutions of 1781) and 1790. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 69 While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing- its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance for the political and social organization of this Territory. When the cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected. A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina. By this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states A PRAIRIE STORM. ^^^-v.^ by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten states, which were to have been named as follows — beginning at the northwest corner and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cher- sonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Poly- potamia and Pelisipia. There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of names, — the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolu- tion of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles 60 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Vir- ginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by the Staie Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the Government was again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed throughout that year and until July, 1787, when the famous "Compact of 1787" was passed, and the foundation of the government of the Northwest laid. This com- pact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in this book, •and to it the reader is referred. The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company was soon followed by an application to the Government by John Cleves Symmes, of New Jersey, for a grant of the land between the Miamis. This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, being greatly pleased with them, offered similar terms to those given to the New England Company. The j^etition was referred to the Treasury Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following year. During the Autumn the directors of the New England Company were preparing to occupy their grant the following Spring, and upon the 23d of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men, under tlie superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the sur- veyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart- ford and proceed on their journey westward ; the remainder to follow as soon as possible. Congress, in the meantime, upon the 8d of October, had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and to prevent unauthorized intrusions ; and two days later appointed Arthur St. Clair Governor of the Territory of the Northwest. AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS. The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now com*, plete, and notwithstanding the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England Company sent their men during the Winter of 1787-8 pressing on over the Alleghenies by the old Indian path which liad been opened into Braddock's road, and which has since been made a national turnpike from Cumberland westward. Tlirough the weary winter days they toiled on, and l)y April were all gathered on tlie Yohiogany, where boats had been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 61 Gen. St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not having yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed to administer them. Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the Northwest, said : " No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at Muskingum. Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calcu- lated to promote the welfare of such a community.'' A PIONEER DWELLING. On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held on the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose of naming the new- born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the "Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block -houses stood was called '' Campus Martins ;'' square number 19, '■'- CapitoUum T square number 61, '■'- Cecilia f and the great road through the covert way, " Sacra Via.'' Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum, who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October, 1787. On July 9, Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The act of 1787 provided two district grades of government for the Northwest, G2 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. under the first of which the whole power was invested in the hands of a governor and three district judges. This was immediately formed upon the Governor's arrival, and the first laws of the colony passed on the 25th of July. These provided for the organization of the militia, and on the next day appeared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the County of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing ceremonies. The emigration westward at this time was very great. Tlie com- mander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between Feb- ruary and June, 1788 — many of whom would iiave purchased of the "Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been ready to receive them. On the 26th of November, 1787, Symmes issued a pamphlet stating the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In January, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouth of which they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the town is thus narrated in the "Western Annals " : — " Mr. Filson, who had been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, which, being interpreted, means : ville, the town ; anti^ against or opposite to ; os, the mouth ; L. of Licking." Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse teams under way for the West. These reached Limestone (now Mays- ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789 caused the " Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left the " Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami, whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearing had THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 63 been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18tli of November, 1788, with twenty-six persons, and, building a block-house, prepared to remain through the Winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood of 1789. On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inaug- urated President of the American people, and during the next Summer, an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The President at first used pacific means ; but these failing, he sent General Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but BREAKING PKAIRIE. was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne, Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the princi23al events were the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians; but while he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men. General Wa3'ne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large tract of country was ceded to the United States. Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the 64 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon- chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago, Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of strongly-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles. The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house, familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accommodation of the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military governments of the Northwestern Territory. Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land spec- ulations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured. No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified than settlements began to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 65 quarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middle- town to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the " Red- stone Paper Mill" — in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians, Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that part of the Northwest. The election of representatives for the territory had taken place, and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville — now known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and considered the capital of the Territory — to nominate persons from whom the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President of the Council. The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to Congress Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of Gen. St. Clair. The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by the Governor, were thirty-seven — eleven others were jiassed, but received his veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, to the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December this pro- tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to Congress. The Senate confirmed his nomination the next day. 66 THE NOETHWEST TERRITORY. DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain, and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct the ordinary operations of goverimient, and rendered the efficient action of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that : "In the three western countries there has been but one court having cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim- inals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assist- ance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * Xo minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee that it is expedient that a division of said territory into two distinct and separate governments should be made ; and that such division be made by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States and Canada." The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Terri- tory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these : " That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory." After providing for the exercise of the civil and criminal jDOwers ol the territories, and other provisions, the Act further provides : " That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the seat of government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River ; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the seat of government for the Indiana Territory." Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison Avas appointed Governor of the Indiana Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 67 was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon thirty-five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, the first missionary of tlie Connecticut Reserve came, who found no township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province of Louisiana. In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char- tered the college at Athens. From tlie earliest dawn of the western colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787, newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of the "compact of 1787" provided that whenever the number of inhabit- ants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number, and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits, and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio, so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not tlien known, but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly within the territory of Indiana. Gen. Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of Louisiana from France by the United States for $15,000,000. Thus by a peaceful mode, the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the early part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limits of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the College Township in the district of Cincinnati. Before the close of the year. Gen. Harrison obtained additional grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of lands were obtained from the 68 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in and about Detroit. C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri- tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post : " The Town of Detroit. — The charter, which is for fifteen miles square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV. of France, and is now» from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four acres, which were added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm. Macomb. * * * a. stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. The pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The streets are narrow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right angles. The houses are, for the most part, low and inelegant." During this year, Congress granted a township of land for the sup- port of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in these wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also, a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of government, and the District of Louisiana, which was annexed to the domain of Gen. Harrison. On the 11th of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed, Wm. Hull was appointed governor, with headquarters at Detroit, the change to take effect on June 30. On the 11th of that month, a fire occurred at Detroit, which destroyed almost every building in the place. When the offic^ers of the new territory reached the post, they found it in ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuild- ing, hoAvever, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more houses than before the fire, and many of them much better built. While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained large tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian, Tecumthe or Tecumseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause of his attempts to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with the settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workings of the British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecumseh at the battle of tlie Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest, we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of his life» and his connection with this conflict. THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY, 6t» TECUMSEH, THE SHAWANOE CHIEFTAIN. 70 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. TECUMSEH, AND THE WAR OF 1812. This famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from the site of the present City of Piqua, Ohio. His father, Puckeshinwa, was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanoese nation, and his mother, Methontaske, wiis a member of the Turtle tribe of the same people. They removed from Florida about the middle of the last century to the birthplace of Tecumseh. In 1774, his father, who had risen to be chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Tecum- seh, by his bravery, became the leader of his tribe. In 1795 he was declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of the present City of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River, Indiana. In 1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabash River, given them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chiei comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age, was five feet and ten inches in height, was stoutly built, and possessed of enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleas- ing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed by most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confi- dential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of land made by the Indians to the whites, and determined to unite all the Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land could be made save by the consent of this confederation. - He traveled constantly, going from north to south ; from the south to the north, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a matchless orator, and his burning words had their effect. Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, by watching the move- ments of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was forming, and made preparations to defend tlie settlements. Tecumseh's plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to the cunning artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity. During the year 1809, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively pre- paring for the work. In that year. Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands u^Don the AVabash, to all of which Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, averring THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 71 as one principal reason that he did not want the Indians to give up any lands north and west of the Ohio River. Tecumseh, in August, 1810, visited the General at Vincennes and held a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly angry at this conference he was dismissed from the village, and soon after departed to incite the southern Indian tribes to the conflict. Gen. Harrison determined to move upon tlie chief's headquarters at Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went about sixty-five miles up the Wabash, where he built Fort Harrison. From this place he went to the prophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile inten- tions, provided they were true to the existing treaties. He encamped near tlie village early in October, and on the morning of November 7, he was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and tlie famous battle of Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his brother, the prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly precipitating the war, and foiling his (Tecumseh's) plans. Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison that he was now returned from the South, and was ready to visit the President as had at one time previously been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him he could not go as a chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit was never made. In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at Fort Wayne. Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his people. The agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indif- ference, and after making a few general remarks, with a haughty air drew his blanket about him, left the council house, and departed for Fort Mai- den, in Upper Canada, where he joined the British standard. He remained under this Government, doing effective work for the Crown while engaged in the war of 1812 which now opened. He was, however, always humane in his treatment of the prisoners, never allow- ing his warriors to ruthlessly mutilate the bodies of those slain, or wan- tonly murder the captive. In the Summer of 1813, Perry's victor}^ on Lake Erie occurred, and shortly after active preparations were made to capture Maiden. On the 27th of September, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, set sail for the shores of Canada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins of Mai- den, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sand- wich, intending to make its way to the heart of Canada by the Valley of the Thames. On the 29th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich, and Gen. McArthur took possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan. 72 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. On the 2d of October, the Americans began their pursuit of Proctor, whom they overtook on the 5th, and the battle of the Thames followed. EarljA in the engagement, Tecumseh who was at the head of the column of Indians was slain, and they, no longer hearing the voice of their chief- tain, fled. The victory was decisive, and practically closed the war in the Northwests INDIANS ATTACKING A STOCKADE. Just who killed the great chief has been a matter of much dispute ; but the weight of opinion awards the act to Col. Richard M. Johnson, who fired at him with a pistol, the shot proving fatal. In 1805 occurred Burr's Insurrection. He took possession of a beautiful island in the Ohio, after the killing of Hamilton, and is charged by many with attempting to set up an independent government. His plans were frustrated by the general government, his property confiscated and he was compelled to flee the country for safety. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 73 In January, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was built about Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored to obtain the repeal of that section of the compact of 1787, whereby slavery was excluded from the Northwest Territory. These attempts, however, all signally failed. In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Territory. This was done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the western part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskaskia. The next year, the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and then began the events already narrated. While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt of New York, the first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astonishment of the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appearance of the " monster." It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October. At the close of the first week of January, 1812, it arrived at Natchez, after being nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake which occurred while on its downward trip. The battle of the Thames was fought on October 6, 1813. It effectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not fully restored until July 22, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Green- ville, under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should cease hostilities against the Americans if the war were continued. Such, happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again restored in this part of the new world. On the 18th of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city. It then had a population of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its manufacturing interests. On April 19, Indiana Territory was allowed to form a state government. At that time there were thirteen counties organized, containing about sixty-three thousand inhabitants. The first election of state officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennings was chosen Governor. The officers were sworn in on November 7, and on December 11, the State was formally admitted into the Union. For some time the seat of government was at Corydon, but a more central location being desirable, the present capital, Indianapolis (City of Indiana), was laid out January 1, 1825. 74 THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. On the 28th of December the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, was chartered, with a capital of $300,000. At this period all banks were under the control of the States, and were allowed to establish bran^.hes at different convenient points. Until this time Chillicothe and Cincinnati had in turn enjoyed the privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the northern and eastern portions of the State demanded, as in Indiana, a more central location, and before the close of the year, the site of Col- umbus was selected and surveyed as the future capital of the State. Banking had begun in Ohio as early as 1808, when the first bank was chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the state the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were subsequently unable to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend. In 1818, Illinois was made a state, and all the territory north of her northern limits was erected into a separate territory and joined to Mich- igan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes was increasing with great rapidity and affording an immense source of revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1826 that the trade was extended to Lake Michigan, or that steamships began to navigate the bosom of that inland sea. Until the year 1832, the commencement of the Black Hawk War, but few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common schools were estab- lished, universities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan University, have achieved a world wide-reputation. The people were becoming wealthy. The domains of the United States had been extended, and had the sons of the forest been treated with honesty and justice, the record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous pros- perity. BLACK HAWK AND THE BLACK HAWK WAR. This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part of the United States. Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or Black Hawk, was born in the principal Sac village, al)out three miles from the junction of Rock River with the Mississippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes ; his grandfather's, Na-na-ma-kee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted to paint and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783, he went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one THE NOETHWEST TERRITORY. 76 BLACK ITA^^aC, THE SAC CHIEFTAIN. 76 THE NORTHWEST TERRTTORY. of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City •of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation. He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred lowas, he waged war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two jeavs he battled successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered. Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to the Americans. When on a visit to St. Louis to see his " Spanish Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason, he did not want two fathers. The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties with the British Government arose about this time, and the War of 1812 followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn Massacre ' " a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British -„;, . ernment but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard was defeated. In the early part of 1815, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi were notified that peace had been declared between the United States and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recog- nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he •and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life. Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 77 Indians were urged to join the lowas on the west bank of the Father of Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, and was induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white set- tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would have been prevented. Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them, they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the lowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were defeated. This attack and its result aroused the whites. A large force of men was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was repulsed by Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri- can army continued to move up Rock River toward the main body of the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band, and defeated them near the Blue Mounds. Before this action, Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the If OTE.— The above is the generally accepted version of the cause of the Black Hawk War, but in our History of Jo Daviess County, 111., we had cccasim lo go to the bottom of this matter, and have, we think, found the actual cause of the war, which will be found on page 157. 78 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. AYisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle which followed the power of the Indian chief was completely broken. He fled, but was seized by the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites. On the 21st of September, 1832, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con- cluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provi- sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons. The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken, to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe^ "there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify their being set at libert}'." They were retained here until the 4th of June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white people. Everywhere they were observed by thousands, the name of the old chief being CKtensively known. By the middle of August they reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth- place, now the home of the white man. he was deeply moved. His village where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer. On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and his lodge. His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re- mained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among the Indians, living with her upward of forty years. Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel- ancholy had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all times when he visited the whites he was received with marked atten- tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County, Illinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted in a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3. His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre- sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. " The THE NORTHWEST TERKITORY. 79 body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him by Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons."' No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence. In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed, but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became a part of the Federal Union. The main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of Lake Michigan, now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial' wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this region was attached to Michigan for judiciar}- purposes, but in 183() was made a territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State was detached two years later. In 1848, Wisconsin Avas admitted as a State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances compelled its present division. OTHER INDIAN TROUBLES. Before leaving this part of the narrative, we will narrate briefly the Indian troubles in Minnesota and elsewhere by the Sioux Indians. In August, 1862, the Sioux Indians living on the western borders of Minnesota fell upon the unsuspecting settlers, and in a few hours mas- sacred ten or twelve hundred persons. A distressful j^anic was the immediate result, fully thirty thousand persons fleeing from their homes to districts supposed to be better protected. The military authorities at once took active measures to punish the savages, and a large number were killed and captured. About a year after. Little Crow, the chief, was killed by a Mr. Lampson near Scattered Lake. Of those captured, thirty were hung at Mankato, and the remainder, through fears of mob violence, were removed to Camp McClellan, on the outskirts of the City of Davenport. It was here that Big Eagle came into prominence and secured his release by the following order : 80 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. BIG EAGLE. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 81 "Special Order, No. 430. ''War Department, " Adjutant General's Office, Washington, Dec. 3, 1864. " Big Eagle, an Indian now in confinement at Davenport, lowa^ will, upon the receipt of this order, be immediately released from confine- ment and set at liberty. " By order of the President of the United States. " Official ; " E. D. Townsend, Ass't Adft Gen. " Capt. James Vander venter. Corny Sub. Vols. " Through Com'g Gen'l, Washington, D. C." Another Indian who figures more prominently than Big Eagle, and who was more cowardly in his nature, with his band of Modoc Indians^ is noted in the annals of the New Northwest: we refer to Captain Jack. This distinguished Indian, noted for his cowardly murder of Gen. Canby, was a chief of a Modoc tribe of Indians inhabiting the border lands between California and Oregon. This region of country comprises what is known as the " Lava Beds," a tract of land described as utterly impene- trable, save by those savages who had made it their home. The Modocs are known as an exceedingly fierce and treacherous race. They had, according to their own traditions, resided here for many generations, and at one time were exceedingly numerous and powerful. A famine carried off nearly half their numbers, and disease, indolence and the vices of the white man have reduced them to a poor, weak and insignificant tribe. Soon after the settlement of California and Oregon, complaints began to be heard of massacres of emigrant trains passing through the Modoc country. In 1847, an emigrant train, comprising eighteen souls, was en- tirely destroyed at a place since known as " Bloody Point." These occur- rences caused the United States Government to appoint a peace commission^ who, after repeated attempts, in 1864, made a treaty with the Modocs^ Snakes and Klamath s, in which it was agreed on their part to remove to a reservation set apart for them in the southern part of Oregon. With the exception of Captain Jack and a band of his followers, who remained at Clear Lake, about six miles from Klamath, all the Indians complied. The Modocs who went to the reservation were under chief Schonchin. Captain Jack remained at the lake without disturbance until 1869, when he was also induced to remove to the reservation. The Modocs and the Klamaths soon became involved in a quarrel, and Captain Jack and his band returned to the Lava Beds. Several attempts were made by the Indian Commissioners to induce them to return to the reservation, and finally becoming involved in a 82 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. difficulty with the commissioner and liis military escort, a fight ensued, in which the chief and his band were routed. They were greatly enraged, and on their retreat, before the day closed, killed eleven inoffensive whites. The nation was aroused and immediate action demanded. A com- mission was at once appointed by the Government to see what could be done. It comprised the following persons : Gen. E. R. S. Canby. Rev. Dr. E. Thomas, a leading Methodist divine of California; Mr. A. B. Meacham, Judge Rosborough, of California, and a Mr. Dyer, of Oregon. After several interviews, in which the savages were always aggressive, often appearing with scalps in their belts. Bogus Charley came to the commission on the evening of April 10, 1873, and informed them that Capt. Jack and his band would have a " talk " to-morrow at a place near Clear Lake, about three miles distant. Here the Commissioners, accom- panied by Charley, Riddle, the interpreter, and Boston Charley repaired. After the usual greeting the council proceedings commenced. On behalf of the Indians there were present : Capt. Jack, Black Jim, Schnac Nasty Jim, Ellen's Man, and Hooker Jim. They had no guns, but carried pis- tols. After short speeches by Mr. Meacham, Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas, Chief Schonchin arose to speak. He had scarcely proceeded when, as if by a preconcerted arrangement, Capt. Jack drew his pistol and shot Gen. Canby dead. In less than a minute a dozen shots were fired by the savages, and the massacre completed. Mr. Meacham was shot by Schon- chin, and Dr. Thomas by Boston Charley. Mr. Dyer barely escaped, being- fired at twice. Riddle, the interpreter, and his squaw escaped. The troops rushed to the spot where they found Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas dead, and Mr. Meacham badly wounded. The savages had escaped to their impenetrable fastnesses and could not be pursued. The whole country was aroused by this brutal massacre ; but it was not until the following May that the murderers were brought to justice. At that time Boston Charley gave himself up, and offered to guide the troops to Capt. Jack's stronghold. This led to the capture of liis entire gang, a number of whom were murdered by Oregon volunteers while on their way to trial. The remaining Indians were held as prisoners until July when their trial occurred, which led to the conviction of Capt. Jack, Schonchin, Boston Charley, Hooker Jim, Broncho, alias One-Eyed Jim, and Slotuck, who were sentenced to be hanged. These sentences were approved by the President, save in the case of Slotuck and Broncho whose sentences were commuted to imprisonment for life. The others were executed at Fort Klamath, October 3, 1873. These closed the Indian troubles for a time in the Northwest, and for several years the borders of civilization remained in peace. They were again involved in a conflict with the savages about the countrj^ of the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. CAPTAIN JACK. THE MODOC CHIEFTAIN. Si THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Black Hills, in which war the gallant Gen. Custer lost his life. Just now the borders of Oregon and California are again in fear of hostilities ; but as the Government has learned how to deal with the Indians, they will be of short duration. The red man is fast passing away before the march of the white man, and a few more generations will read of the Indians as one of the nations of the past. The Northwest abounds in memorable places. We have generally noticed them in the narrative, but our space forbids their description in detail, save of the most important places. Detroit, Cincinnati, Vincennes, Kaskaskia and their kindred towns have all been described. But ere we leave the narrative we will present our readers with an account of the Kinzie house, the old landmark of Chicago, and the discovery of the source of the Mississippi River, each of which may well find a place in the annals of the Northwest. Mr. John Kinzie, of the Kinzie house, represented in the illustra- tion, established a trading house at Fort Dearborn in 1804. The stockade had been erected the year previous, and named Fort Dearborn in honor of the Secretary of War. It had a block house at each of the two angles, on the southern side a sallyport, a covered way on the north side, that led down to the river, for the double purpose of providing means of escape, and of procuring water in the event of a siege. Fort Dearborn stood on the south bank of the Chicago River, about half a mile from its mouth. When Major Whistler built it, his soldiers hauled all the timber, for he had no oxen, and so economically did he work that the fort cost the Government only fifty dollars. For a while the garrison could get no grain, and Whistler and his men subsisted on acorns. Now Chicago is the greatest grain center in the world. Mr. Kinzie bought the hut of the first settler, Jean Baptiste Point au Sable, on the site of Avhichhe erected his mansion. Within an inclosure in front he planted some Lombardy poplars, seen in the engraving, and in the rear he soon had a fine garden and growing orchard. In 1812 the Kinzie house and its surroundings became the theater of stirring events. The irarrison of Fort Dearborn consisted of fiftv-four men, under the charge of Capt. Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant Lenai T. Helm (son-in-law to Mrs. Kinzie), and Ensign Ronan. The surgeon was Dr. Voorhees. The only residents at the post at that time were the wives of Capt. Heald and Lieutenant Helm and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadian voyagers with their wives and children. The soldiers and Mr. Kinzie were on the most friendly terms with the Pottawatomies and the Winnebagoes, the prin- cipal tribes around them, but they could not win them from their attach- ment to the British. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 85 After the battle of Tippecanoe it was observed that some of the lead- ing chiefs became sullen, for some of their people had perished in that conflict with American troops. One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing his violin and his children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing into the house pale with terror, and exclaiming, " The Indians ! the Indians ! " " What? Where ? " eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. " Up at Lee's, killing and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, when the alarm was given, was attending Mrs. Burns, a newly-made mother, living not far off. KINZIE HOUSE. Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river in boats, and took refuge in the fort, to which place Mrs. Burns and her infant, not a day old, were conveyed in safety to the shelter of the guns of Fort Dearborn, and the rest of the white inhabitants fled. The Indians were a scalping party of Winnebagoes, who hovered around the fort some days, when they dis- appeared, and for several weeks the inhabitants were not disturbed by alarms. Chicago was then so deep in the wilderness, that the news of the declaration of war against Great Britain, made on the 19tli of June, 1812, did not reach the commander of the garrison at Fort Dearborn till the 7th of August. Now the fast mail train will carry a man from New York to Chicago in twenty-seven hours, and such a declaration might be sent, every word, by the telegraph in less than the same number of minutes. 86 THE IS^OETHWEST TERRITORY. PRESENT CONDITION OF THE NORTHWEST. Preceding chapters liave brought us to the close of the Black Hawk "war, and we now turn to the contemplation of the growth and prosperity of the Northwest under the smile of peace and the blessings of our civili- zation. The pioneers of this region date events back to the deep snow A KEPRESENTATIVK PIONEER. of 1831, no one arriving here since that date taking first honors. The inciting cause of the immigration which overflowed the prairies early in the '30s was the reports of the marvelous beauty and fertility of the region distributed through the East by those who had participated in the Black Hawk campaign with Gen. Scott. Chicago and Milwaukee then had a few hundred inhabitants, and Gurdon S. Hubbard's trail from the former city to Kaskaskia led almost through a wilderness. Vegetables and clothing were largely distributed through the regions adjoining the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 87 lakes by steamers from the Ohio towns. There are men now living in Illinois who came to the state when barely an acre was in cultivation and a man now prominent in the business circles of Chicago looked over the swampy, cheerless site of that metropolis in 1818 and went south ward into civilization. Emigr ants from Pennsylvania in 1830 left behind LINCOLN MONUMENT, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS. them but one small railway in the coal regions, thirty miles in length, and made their way to the Northwest mostly with ox teams, finding in Northern Illinois petty settlements scores of miles apart, although the southern portion of the state was fairly dotted with farms.'' The water courses of the lakes and rivers furnished transportation to the second great army of immigrants, and about 1850 railroads were pushed to that extent that the crisis of 1837 was precipitated upon us, 88 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. from the effects of which the Western country had not fully recovered at the outbreak of the war. Hostilities found the colonists of the prairies fully alive to the demands of the occasion, and the honor of recruiting V ^^' ,4S ''■'*'li|>ii%ii»^ii|iiMiiliiiihhliii^^ the Aast armies of the Union fell lugcly to the Govcmois of the Western States. The struggle, on the whole, had a marked effect for the better on the new Northwest, giving it an impetus which twenty years of peace would not have produced. In a large degree, this prosperity was an inflated one; and, with the rest of the Union, we have since been compelled to atone therefor by four THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 89 years of depression of values, of scarcity of employment, and loss of fortune. To a less degree, however, than the manufacturing or mining regions has the West suffered during the prolonged panic now so near its end. Agriculture, still the leading feature in our industries, has been quite prosperous through all these dark years, and the farmers have cleared away many incumbrances resting over them from the period of fictitious values. The population has steadily increased, the arts and sciences are gaining a stronger foothold, the trade area of the region is becoming daily more extended, and w^e have been largely exempt from the financial calamities which have nearly wrecked communities on the seaboard dependent wholly on foreign commerce or domestic manufacture. At the present period there are no great schemes broached for the Northwest, no propositions for government subsidies or national works of improvement, but the capital of the world is attracted hither for the purchase of our products or the expansion of our capacity for serving the nation at large. A new era is dawning as to transportation, and we bid fair to deal almost exclusively with the increasing and expanding lines of steel rail running through every few miles of territory on the prairies. The lake marine will no doubt continue to be useful in the warmer season, and to serve as a regulator of freight rates; but experienced navigators forecast the decay of the system in moving to the seaboard the enormous crops of the West. Within the past five years it has become quite common to see direct shipments to Europe and the West Indies going through from the second-class towns along the Mississippi and Missouri. As to popular education, the standard has of late risen very greatly, and our schools would be creditable to any section of the Union. More and more as the events of the war pass into obscurity will the fate of the Northwest be linked with that of the Southwest, and the next Congressional apportionment will give the valley of the Mississippi absolute control of the legislation of the nation, and do much toward securing the removal of the Federal capitol to some more central location. Our public men continue to wield the full share of influence pertain- ing to their rank in the national autonomy, and seem not to forget that for the past sixteen years they and their constituents have dictated the principles which should govern the country. In a work like this, destined to lie on the shelves of the library for generations, and not doomed to daily destruction like a newspaper, one can not indulge in the same glowing predictions, the sanguine statements of actualities that fill tlie columns of ephemeral publications. Time may bring grief to the pet projects of a writer, and explode castles erected on a pedestal of facts. Yet there are unmistakable indications before us of 90 THE NORTHWEST TEKEITORY. the same radical change in our great Northwest which characterizes its history for tlie past thirty years. Our domain has a sort of natural geographical border, save where it melts away to the southward in the cattle raising districts of the southwest. Our prime interest will for some years doubtless be the growth of the food of the world, in wliich branch it has already outstripped all competitors, and our great rival in this duty will naturally be the fertile plains of Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado, to say nothing of the new empire so rapidly growing up in Texas. Over these regions there is a continued progress in agriculture and in railway building, and we must look to our laurels. Intelligent observers of events are fully aware of the strides made in the way of shipments of fresh meats to Europe, many of these ocean cargoes being actually slaughtered in the West and transported on ice to the wharves of the seaboard cities. That this new enterprise will continue there is no reason to doubt. There are in Chicago several factories for the canning of prepared meats for European consumption, and the orders for this class of goods are already immense. English capital is becoming daily more and more dissatisfied with railway loans and investments, and is gradually seeking mammoth outlays in lands and live stock. The stock yards in Chicago, Indianapolis and East St. Louis are yearly increasing their facilities, and their plant steadily grows more valuable. Importations of blooded animals from the pro- gressive countries of Europe are destined to greatly improve the quality of our beef and mutton. Nowhere is there to be seen a more enticing display in this line than at our state and county fairs, and the interest in the matter is on the increase. To attempt to give statistics of our grain production for 1877 would be useless, so far have we surpassed ourselves in tlie quantity and quality of our product. We are too liable to forget that we are giving the world its first article of necessity — its food supply. An opportunity to learn this fact so it never can be forgotten was afforded at Chicago at the outbreak of the great panic of 1878, when Canadian purchasers, fearing the prostration of business mightbring about an anarchical condition of affairs, went to that city with coin in bulk and foreign drafts to secure their supplies in their own currency at first hands. It may be justly claimed by the agricultural community that their combined efforts gave the nation its first impetus toward a restoration of its crippled industries, and their labor brought the gold premium to a lower depth than the government was al)le to reach by its most intense efforts of legislation and compulsion. The hundreds of millions about to be disbursed for farm products have already, by the anticipation common to all commercial THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 91 nations, set the wheels in motion, and will relieve us from the perils so long shadowing our efforts to return to a healthy tone. Manufacturing has attained in the chief cities a foothold which bids fair to render the Northwest independent of the outside world. Nearlj our whole region has a distribution of coal measures which will in time support the manufactures necessary to our comfort and prosperity. As to transportation, the chief factor in the production of all articles except food, no section is so magnificently endowed, and our facilities are yearly increasing beyond those of any other region. 92 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The period from a central point of the war to the outbreak of the panic was marked by a tremendous growth in our railway lines, but the depression of the times caused almost a total suspension of operations. Now that prosperity is returning to our stricken country we witness its anticipation by the railroad interest in a series of projects, extensions, and leases which bid fair to largely increase our transportation facilities. The process of foreclosure and sale of incumbered lines is another matter to be considered. In the case of the Illinois Central road, which formerly transferred to other lines at Cairo the vast burden of freight destined for the Gulf region, we now see the incorporation of the tracks connecting through to New Orleans, every mile co-operating in turning toward the northwestern metropolis the weight of the inter-state commerce of a thousand miles or more of fertile plantations. Three competing routes to Texas have established in Chicago their general freight and passenger agencies. Four or five lines compete for all Pacific freights to a point as as far as the interior of Nebraska. Half a dozen or more splendid bridge structures have been thrown across the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers by the railways." The Chicago and Northwestern line has become an aggre- gation of over two thousand miles of rail, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul is its close rival in extent and importance. The three lines running to Cairo via Vincennes form a through route for all traffic with the states to the southward. The chief projects now under discussion are the Chicago and Atlantic, which is to unite with lines now built to Charleston, and the Chicago and Canada Southern, which line will con- nect with all the various branches of that Canadian enterprise. Our latest new road is the Chicago and Lake Huron, formed of three lines, and entering the city from Valparaiso on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago track. The trunk lines being mainly in operation, the progress made in the way of shortening tracks, making air-line branches, and running extensions does not show to the advantage it deserves, as this process is constantly adding new facilities to the established order of things. The panic reduced the price of steel to a point where the railways could hardly afford to use iron rails, and all our northwestern lines report large relays of Bessemer track. The immense crops now being moved have given a great rise to the value of railway stocks, and their transportation must result in heavy pecuniary advantages. Few are aware of the importance of the wholesale and jobbing trade of Chicago. One leading firm has since the panic sold $24,000,000 of dry goods in one year, and they now expect most confidently to add seventy per cent, to the figures of their last year's business. In boots and shoes and in clothing, twenty or more great firms from the east have placed here their distributing agents or their factories j and in groceries THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 93 Chicago supplies the entire Northwest at rates presenting advantages over New York. Chicago has stepped in between New York and the rural banks as a financial center, and scarcely a banking institution in the grain or cattle regions but keeps its reserve funds in the vaults of our commercial insti- tutions. Accumulating here throughout the spri-ng and summer months, they are summoned home at pleasure to move the products of the prairies. This process greatly strengthens the northwest in its financial operations, leaving home capital to supplement local operations on behalf of home interests. It is impossible to forecast the destiny of this grand and growing section of the Union. Figures and predictions made at this date might seem ten years hence so ludicrously small as to excite only derision. HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 95 CHICAGO. It is impossible in our brief space to give more than a meager sketch of such a city as Chicago, which is in itself the greatest marvel of the Prairie State. Tliis mysterious, majestic, mighty city, born first of water, and next of fire ; sown in weakness, and raised in power ; planted among the willows of the marsh, and crowned with the glory of the mountains ; sleeping on the bosom of the prairie, and rocked on the bosom of the sea , CHICAGO IN Iboo. the youngest city of the world, and still the eye of the prairie, as Damas- cus, the oldest city of the -world, is the eye of the desert. With a com- merce far exceeding that of Corinth on her isthmus, in the highway to the East ; with the defenses of a continent piled around her by the thou- sand miles, making ner far safer than Rome on the banks of the Tiber ; 9G HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. Avitli schools eclipsing Alexandria and Athens : with liberties more con- spicuous than those of the old republics ; with a heroism equal to the first Carthage, and with a sanctity scarcely second to that of Jerusalem — set your thoughts on all this, lifted into the eyes of all men by the miracle of its growth, illuminated by the flame of its fall, and transfigured by the divinity of its resurrection, and you will feel, as I do, the utter impossi- bility of compassing this subject as it deserves. Some impression of her importance is received from the shock her burning gave to the civilized world. When the doubt of her calamity was removed, and the horrid fact was accepted, there went a shudder over all cities, and a quiver over all lands. There was scarcely a town in the civilized world that did not shake on the brink of this opening chasm. The flames of our homes red- dened all skies. The city was set upon a hill, and could not be hid. All C3'es were turned upon it. To have struggled and suffered amid the scenes of its fall is as distinguishing as to have fought at Therraopylise, or Salamis, or Hastings, or Waterloo, or Bunker Hill. Its calamity amazed the world, because it was felt to be the commoa property of mankind. The earl}' history of tlie city is full of interest, just as the early his- tory of such a man as Washington or Lincoln becomes public property, and is cherished by every patriot. Starting with 560 acres in 1833, it embraced and occupied 23,000 acres in 1869, and, having now a population of more than 500,000, it com- mands general attention. The first settler — Jean Baptiste Pointe au Sable, a mulatto from the West Indies — came and began trade with the Indians in 1796. John Kinzie became his successor in 1804, in which year Fort Dearborn was erected. A mere trading-post was kept here from that time till about the time of the Blackhawk war, in 1832. It was not the city. It was merely a cock crowing at midnight. The morning was not yet. In 1833 the set- tlement about the fort was incorporated as a town. The voters were divided on the propriety of such corporation, twelve voting for ic and one against it. Four years later it was incorporated as a city, and embraced 560 acres. The produce handled in this city is an indication of its power. Grain and flour were imported from the East till as late as 1837. The first exportation by way of experiment was in 1839. Exports exceeded imports first in 1842. The Board of Trade was organized in 1848, but it was so weak that it needed nursing till 1855. Grain was purchased by the wagon-load in the street. I remember sitting with my father on a load of wheat, in the long HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 9T line of wagons along Lake street, while the buyers came and untied the bags, and examined the grain, and made their bids. That manner of business had to cease with the day of small things. Now our elevators will hold 15,000,000 bushels of grain. The cash value of the produce handled in a year is 1215,000,000, and the produce weighs 7,000,000 tons or 700,000 car loads. This handles thirteen and a half ton each minute, all the year round. One tenth of all the wheat in the United States is handled in Chicago. Even as long ago as 1853 the receipts of grain in Chicago exceeded those of the goodly city of St. Louis, and in 1854 the exports of grain from Chicago exceeded those of New York and doubled those of St. Petersburg, Archangel, or Odessa, the largest graia markets in Europe. The manufacturing interests of the city are not contemptible. In 1873 manufactories employed 45,000 operatives ; in 1876, 60,000. The manufactured product in 1875 was worth §177,000,000. No estimate of the size and power of Chicago would be adequate that did not put large emphasis on the railroads. Before they came thundering along our streets canals were the hope of our country. But who ever thinks now of traveling by canal packets ? In June, 1852, there were only forty miles of railroad connected with the city. The old Galena division of the Northwestern ran out to Elgin. But now, who can count the trains and measure the roads that seek a terminus or connection in this city ? The lake stretches away to the north, gathering in to this center all the harvests that might otherwise pass to the north of us. If you will take a map and look at the adjustment of railroads, you will see, first, that Chicago is the great railroad center of the world, as New York is the commercial city of this continent ; and, second, that the railroad lines form the iron spokes of a great wheel whose hub is this city. The lake furnishes the only break in the spokes, and this seems simply to have pushed a few spokes together on each shore. See the eighteen trunk lines, exclusive of eastern connections. Pass round the circle, and view their numbers and extent. There is the great Northwestern, with all its branches, one branch creeping along the lake shore, and so reaching to the north, into the Lake Superior regions, away to the right, and on to the Northern Pacific on the left, swinging around Green Bay for iron and copper and silver, twelve months in the year, and reaching out for the wealth of the great agricultural belt and isothermal line traversed by the Northern Pacific. Another branch, not so far north, feeling for the heart of the Badger State. Another pushing lower down the Mississippi — all these make many con- nections, and tapping all the vast wheat regions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and all the regions this side of sunset. There is that elegant road, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, running out a goodly number of 98 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. OLD FORT DEARBORN, 1830. PliESKM' SIXK UF LAKE STKLilT LiilDUL, CHICAGO, IIN' lSo3. HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 99 branches, and reaping the great fields this side of the Missouri River. 1 can only mention the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis, our Illinois Central, described elsewhere, and the Chicago & Rock Island. B\irther around we come to the lines connecting us with all the eastern cities. The Chicago, Indianapolis & St. Louis, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago, the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, and the Michigan Cen- tral and Great Western, give us many highways to the seaboard. Thus we reach the Mississippi at five points, from St. Paul to Cairo and the Gulf itself by two routes. We also reach Cincinnati and Baltimore, and Pitts- burgh and Philadelphia, and New York. North and south run the water courses of the lakes and the rivers, broken just enough at this point to make a pass. Through this, from east to west, run the long lines that stretch from ocean to ocean. This is the neck of the glass, and the golden sands of commerce must pass into our hands. Altogether we have more than 10,000 miles of railroad, directly tributary to this city, seeking to unload their wealth in our coffers. All these roads have come themselves by the infallible instinct of capital. Not a dollar was ever given by the city to secure one of them, and only a small per cent, of stock taken originally by her citizens, and that taken simply as an investment. Coming in the natural order of events, they will not be easily diverted. There is still another showing to all this. The connection between New York and San Francisco is by the middle route. This passes inevit- ably through Chicago. St. Louis wants the Southern Pacific or Kansas Pacific, and pushes it out through Denver, and so on up to Cheyenne. But before the road is fairly under way, the Chicago roads shove out to Kansas City, making even the Kansas Pacific a feeder, and actually leav- ing St. Louis out in the cold. It is not too much to expect that Dakota, Montana, and Washington Territory will find their great market in Chi- cago. But these are not all. Perhaps I had better notice here the ten or fifteen new roads that have just entered, or are just entering, our city. Their names are all that is necessary to give. Chicago & St. Paul, look- ing up the Red River country to the British possessions ; the Chicago, Atlantic & Pacific ; the Chicago, Decatur & State Line ; the Baltimore & Ohio; the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes; the Chicago & LaSalle Rail- road ; the Chicago, Pittsburgh & Cincinnati : the Chicago and Canada Southern ; the Chicago and Illinois River Railroad. These, with their connections, and with the new connections of the old roads, already in process of erection, give to Chicago not less than 10,000 miles of new tributaries from the richest land on the continent. Thus there will be added to the reserve power, to the capital within reach of this city, not less than $1,000,000,000. 100 HISTORY OF THE KORTHWEST. Add to all this transporting power the ships that sail one every nine minutes of the business hours of the season of navigation ; add, also, the canal boats that leave one every five minutes during the same time — and you will see something of the business of the city. THE COMMERCE OF THIS CITY has been leaping along to keep pace with the growth of the country around us. In 1852, our commerce reached the hopeful sum of 820,000,000. In 1870 it reached 1400,000,000. In 1871 it was pushed up above 1450,000,000. And in 1875 it touched nearly double that. One-half of our imported goods come directly to Chicago. Grain enough is exported directly from our docks to the old world to employ a semi-weekly line of steamers of 3,000 tons capacity. This branch is not likely to be greatly developed. Even after the great Welland Canal is completed we shall have only fourteen feet of water. The great ocean vessels will continue to control the trade. The banking capital of Chicago is $24,431,000. Total exchange in 1875, $659,000,000. Her wholesale business in 1875 was $294,000,000. The rate of taxes is less than in an}^ other great city. The schools of Chicago are unsurpassed in America. Out of a popu- lation of 300,000 there were only 186 persons between the ages of six and twenty-one unable to read. This is the best known record. In 1831 the mail system was condensed into a half-breed, who went on foot to Niles, Mich., once in two weeks, and brought back what papers and news he could find. As late as 1846 there was often only one mail a week. A post-office was established in Chicago in 1833, and the post- master nailed up old boot-legs on one side of his shop to serve as boxes for the nabobs and literary men. It is an interesting fact in the growth of the young city that in the active life of the business men of that day the mail matter has grown to a daily average of over 6,500 pounds. It speaks equally well for the intelligence of the people and the commercial importance of the place, that the mail matter distributed to the territory immediately tributary to Chicago is seven times greater than that distributed to the territory immediately tributary to St. Louis. The improvements that have characterized the city are as startling as the city itself. In 1831, Mark Beaubien established a ferry over the river, and put himself under bonds to carry all the citizens free for the privilege of charging strangers. Now there are twenty-four large bridoes and two tunnels. In 1833 the government expended $30,000 on the harbor. Then commenced that series of mauoeuvers with the river that has made it one HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 101 of the world's curiosities. It used to mnd around in the lower end of the town, and make its way rippling over the sand into the lake at the foot of Madison street. They took it up and put it down where it now is. It was a narrow stream, so narrow that even moderately small crafts had to go up through the willows and cat's tails to the point near Lake street bridge, and back up one of the branches to get room enough in which to turn around. In 1844 the quagmires in the streets were first pontooned by plank roads, which acted in wet weather as public squirt-guns. Keeping you out of the mud, they compromised by squirting the mud over you. The wooden-block pavements came to Chicago in 1857. In 1840 water was delivered by peddlers in carts or by hand. Then a twenty -five horse- power engine pushed it through hollow or bored logs along the streets till 1854, when it was introduced into the houses by new works. The first fire-engine was used in 1835, and the first steam fire-engine in 1859. Gas was utilized for lighting the city in 1850. The Young Men's Chris- tian Association was organized in 1858, and horse railroads carried them to their work in 1859. The museum was opened in 1863. The alarm telegraph adopted in 1864. The opera-house built in 1865. The city grew from 560 acres in 1833 to 23,000 in 1869. In 1834, the taxes amounted to $48.90, and the trustees of the town borrowed $60 more for opening and improving streets. In 1835, the legislature authorized a loan of $2,000, and the treasurer and street commissioners resigned rather than plunge the town into such a gulf. Now the city embraces 36 square miles of territory, and has 30 miles of water front, besides the outside harbor of refuge, of 400 acres, inclosed by a crib sea-wall. One-third of the city has been raised up an average of eight feet, giving good pitch to the 263 miles of sewerage. The water of the city is above all competition. It is received through two tunnels extending to a crib in the lake two miles from shore. The closest analy- sis fails to detect any impurities, and, received 35 feet below the surface, it is always clear and cold. The first tunnel is five feet two inches in diameter and two miles long, and can deliver 50,000,000 of gallons per day. The second tunnel is seven feet in diameter and six miles long, running four miles under the city, and can deliver 100,000,000 of gal- lons per day. This water is distributed through 410 miles of water- mains. The three grand engineering exploits of the city are : First, lifting the city up on jack-screws, whole squares at a time, without interrupting the business, thus giving us good drainage ; second, running the tunnels under the lake, giving us the best water in the world ; and third, the turning the current of the river in its own channel, delivering us from the old abominations, and making decency possible. They redound about 102 HISTORY OF THE NORTIIAVEST. equally to the credit of the engineering, to the energy of the people, and to the healtli of the city. That which really constitutes the city, its indescribable spirit, its soul, the way it lights up in every feature in the hour of action, has not been touched. In meeting strangers, one is often surprised how some homely women marry so well. Their forms are bad, their gait uneven and awk- ward, their complexion is dull, their features are misshapen and mismatch- ed, and when we see them there is no beauty that we should desire them. But when once they are aroused on some subject, they put on new pro- portions. They light up into great power. The real person comes out from its unseemly ambush, and captures us at will. They have power. Tliey have ability to cause things to come to pass. We no longer wonder why they are in such high demand. So it is with our city. There is no grand scenery except the two seas, one of water, the other of prairie. Nevertheless, there is a spirit about it, a push, a breadth, a power, that soon makes it a place never to be forsaken. One soon ceases to believe in impossibilities. Balaams are the only prophets that are disappointed. The bottom that has been on the point of falling out has been there so long that it has grown fast. It can not fall out. It has all the capital of the world itching to get inside the corporation. The two great laws that govern the growth and size of cities are, first, the amount of territory for which the}'- are the distributing and receiving points ; second, the number of medium or moderate dealers that do this distributing. Monopolists build up themselves, not the cities. They neither eat, wear, nor live in proportion to their business. Both these laws help Chicago. The tide of trade is eastward — not up or down the map, but across the map. The lake runs up a wingdam for 500 miles to gather in the business. Commerce can not ferry up there for seven months in the year, and the facilities for seven months can do the work for twelve. Then the great region west of us is nearly all good, productive land. Dropping south into the trail of St. Louis, you fall into vast deserts and rocky dis- tricts, useful in holding the world together. St. Louis and Cincinnati, instead of rivaling and hurting Chicago, are her greatest sureties of dominion. They are far enough away to give sea-room, — farther off than Paris is from London, — and yet they are near enough to prevent the springing up of any other great city between them. St. Louis will be helped by the opening of the Mississippi, but also hurt. That will put New Orleans on her feet, and with a railroad running over into Texas and so West, she will tap the streams that now crawl up the Texas and Missouri road. The current is East, not North, and a sea- port at New Orleans can not permanently help St. Louis. Chicago is in the field almost alone, to handle the wealth of one- HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 103 fourth of the territory of this great republic. This strip of seacoast divides its margins between Portland, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Savannah, or some other great port to be created for the South in the next decade. But Chicago has a dozen empires casting their treasures into her lap. On a bed of coal that can run all the machinery of the world for 500 centuries ; in a garden that can feed the race by the thousand years ; at the head of the lakes that give her a temperature as a summer resort equaled by no great city in the land ; with a climate that insures the health of her citizens ; surrounded by all the great deposits of natural wealth in mines acid forests and herds, Chicago is the wonder of to-day, and will be the city of the future. MASSACRE AT FORT DEARBORN. During the war of 1812, Fort Dearborn became the theater of stirring events. The garrison consisted of fifty-four men under command of Captain Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant Helm (son-in-law of Mrs. Kinzie) and Ensign Ronan. Dr. Voorhees was surgeon. The only resi- dents a.t the post at that time were the wives of Captain Heald and Lieu- tenant Helm, and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadian voyageurs^ with their wives and cliildren. The soldiers and Mr. Kinzie were on most friendly terms with the Pottawattamies and Winnebagos, the principal tribes around them, but they could not win them from their attachment to the British. One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing on his violin and his children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing into the house, pale with terror, and exclaiming : " The Indians ! the Indians!" "What? Where?" eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. "Up at Lee's, killing and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, when the alarm was given, was attending Mrs. Barnes (just confined) living not far off. Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river and took refuge in the fort, to which place Mrs. Barnes and her infant not a day old were safely conveyed. The rest of the inhabitants took shelter in the fort. This alarm was caused by a scalping party of Winnebagos, who hovered about the fort several days, when they disappeared, and for several weeks the inhabitants were undisturbed. On the 7th of August, 1812, General Hull, at Detroit, sent orders to Captain Heald to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and to distribute all the United States property to the Indians in the neighborhood — a most insane order. The Pottawattamie chief, who brought the dispatch, had more wisdom than the commanding general. He advised Captain Heald not to make the distribution. Said he : " Leave the fort and stores as they are, and let the Indians make distribution for themselves ; and while they are engaged in the business, the white people may escape to Fort Wayne." HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 105 Captain Heald held a council with the Indians on the afternoon of the 12th, in which his officers refused to join, for they had been informed that treachery was designed — that the Indians intended to murder the white people in the council, and then destroy those in the fort. Captain Heald, however, took the precaution to open a port-hole displaying a cannon pointing directly upon the council, and by that means saved his life. Mr. Kinzie, who knew the Indians well, begged Captain Heald not to confide in their promises, nor distribute the arms and munitions among them, for it would only put power into their hands to destroy the whites. Acting upon this advice, Heald resolved to withhold the munitions of war ; and on the night of the 13th, after the distribution of the other property had been made, the powder, ball and liquors were thrown into the river, the muskets broken up and destroyed. Black Partridge, a friendly chief, came to Captain Heald, and said : " Linden birds have been singing in my ears to-day: be careful on the march you are going to take." On that dark night vigilant Indians had crept near the fort and discovered the destruction of their promised booty going on within. The next morning the powder was seen floating on the surface of the river. The savages were exasperated and made loud com- plaints and threats. On the following day when preparations were making to leave the fort, and all the inmates were deeply impressed with a sense of impend- ing danger, Capt. Wells, an uncle of Mrs. Heald, was discovered upon the Indian trail among the sand-hills on the borders of the lake, not far distant, with a band of mounted Miamis, of whose tribe he was chief, having been adopted by the famous Miami warrior, Little Turtle. When news of Hull's surrender reached Fort Wayne, he had started with this force to assist Heald in defending Fort Dearborn. He was too late. Every means for its defense had been destroyed the night before, and arrangements were made for leaving the fort on the morning of the 15th. It was a warm bright morning in the middle of August. Indications were positive that the savages intended to murder the white people ; and when they moved out of the southern gate of the fort, the march was like a funeral procession. The band, feeling the solemnity of the occa- sion, struck up the Dead March in Saul. Capt. Wells, who had blackened his face with gun-powder in token of his fate, took the lead with his band of Miamis, followed by Capt. Heald, with his wife by his side on horseback. Mr. Kinzie hoped by his personal influence to avert the impending blow, and therefore accompanied them, leaving his family in a boat in charge of a friendly Indian, to be taken to his trading station at the site of Niles, Michigan, in the event of his death. 106 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 10) The procession moved slowly along the lake shore till they reached the sand-hills between the prairie and the beach, wlien the Pottawattamie escort, under the leadership of Blackbird, filed to the right, placing those liills between them and the white people. Wells, with his Miamis, had kept in the advance. They suddenly came rushing back, Wells exclaim- ing, " They are about to attack us ; form instantly." These words were quickly followed by a storm of bullets, which came whistling over the little hills which the treacherous savages had made the covert for their murderous attack. The white troops charged upon the Indians, drove them back to the prairie, and then the battle was waged between fifty- four soldiers, twelve civilians and three or four women (the cowardly Mi.amis having fled at the outset) against five hundred Indian warriors. Tlie white people, hopeless, resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possible. Ensign Ronan wielded his weapon vigorously, even after falling upon his knees weak from the loss of blood. Capt. Wells, who was by the side of his niece, Mrs. Heald, when the conflict began, behaved with the greatest coolness and courage. He said to her, " We have not the slightest chance for life. We must part to meet no more in this world. God bless you." And then he dashed forward. Seeing a young warrior, painted like a demon, climb into a wagon in which were twelve children, and tomahawk them all, he cried out, unmindful of his personal danger, " If that is your game, butchering women and children, I will kill too." He spurred his horse towards the Indian camp, Avhere they had left their squaws and papooses, hotly pursued by swift-footed young warriors, who sent bullets whistling after him. One of these killed his horse and wounded him severely in the leg. With a yell the young braves rushed to make him their prisoner and reserve him for torture. He resolved not to be made a captive, and by the use of the most provoking epithets tried to induce them to kill him instantly. He called a fiery young chief a squatv, when the enraged warrior killed Wells instantly with his tomahawk, jumped upon his body, cut out his heart, and ate a portion of the warm morsel with savage delight ! In this fearful combat women bore a conspicuous part. Mrs. Heald was an excellent equestrian and an expert in the use of the rifle. She fought the savages bravely, receiving several severe wounds. Though faint from the loss of blood, she managed to keep her saddle. A savage raised his tomahawk to kill her, when she looked him full in the face, and with a sweet smile and in a gentle voice said, in his own language, "Surely you will not kill a squaw! " The arm of the savage fell, and the life of the heroic woman was saved. Mrs. Helm, the step-daughter of Mr. Kinzie, had an encounter with a stout Indian, who attempted to tomahawk her. Springing to one side, she received the o-lanciug blow on her shoulder, and at the same instant 108 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. seized the savag'e round the neck with her arms and endeavored to get hold of liis scalping knife, which hung in a sheath at his breast. While she was thus struggling she was dragged from her antagonist by anc':hei powerful Indian, who bore her, in spite of her struggles, to the margin of the lake and plunged her in. To her astonishment she was held by him so that she would not drown, and she soon perceived tliat she was in the hands of the friendly Black Partridge, who had saved her life. The wife of Sergeant Holt, a large and powerful woman, behaved as bravely as an Amazon. She rode a fine, high-spirited horse, which the Indians coveted, and several of them attacked her with the' butts of their guns, for the purpose of dismounting her ; but she used the sword which she had snatched from her disabled husband so skillfully that she foiled them ; and, suddenly wheeling her horse, she dashed over the prairie, followed by the savages shouting, " The brave woman ! the brave woman ! Don't hurt her ! " They finally overtook her, and while she was fighting them in front, a powerful savage came up behind her, seized her by the neck and dragged her to the ground. Horse and woman were made captives. Mrs. Holt was a long time a captive among the Indians, but was afterwards ransomed. In tills sharp conflict two-thirds of the white people were slain and wounded, and all their horses, baggage and provision were lost. Only twenty-eight straggling men now remained to fight five hundred Indians rendered furious hy the sight of blood. They succeeded in breaking through the ranks of the murderers and gaining a slight eminence on the prairie near the Oak Woods. The Indians did not pursue, but gathered on their flanks, while the chiefs held a consultation on the sand-hills, and showed signs of willingness to parley. It would have been madness on the part of the whites to renew the fight ; and so Capt. Heald went for- ward and met Blackl)ird on the open prairie, where terms of surrender were soon agreed upon. It was arranged that the white people should give up their arms to Blackbird, and that the survivors should become prisoners of war, to be exchanged for ransoms as soon as practicable. With this understanding captives and captors started for the Indian camp near the fort, to which Mrs. Helm had been taken bleeding and suffering by Black Partridge, and had met her step-father and learned that her husband was safe. A new scene of horror was now opened at the Indian camp. The wounded, not being included in the terms of surrender, as it was inter- preted by the Indians, and the British general. Proctor, having offered a liberal bounty for American scalps, delivered at Maiden, nearly all the wounded men were killed and scalped, and the price of the trophies was afterwards paid by the British government. THE STATE OF IOWA. GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. The State of Iowa has an outline figure nearly approaching that of a rec- tangular parallelogram, the northern and southern boundaries being nearly due east and west lines, and its eastern and western boundaries determined by southerly flowing rivers — the Mississippi on the east, and the Missouri, together with its tributary, the Big Sioux, on the west. The northern boundary is upon the parallel of forty-three degrees thirty minutes, and the southern is approxi- mately upon that of forty degrees and thirty-six minutes. The distance from the northern to the southern boundary, excluding the small prominent angle at the southeast corner, is a little more than two hundred miles. Owing to the irregularity of the river boundaries, however, the number of square miles does not reach that of the multiple of these numbers ; but according to a report of the Secretary of the Treasury to the United States Senate, March 12, 1863, the State of Iowa contains 35,228,200 acres, or 55,044 square miles. When it is understood that all this vast extent of surface, except that which is occupied by our rivers, lakes and peat beds of the northern counties, is susceptible of the highest cultivation, some idea may be formed of the immense agricultural resources of the State. Iowa is nearly as large as England, and twice as large as Scotland ; but when we consider the relative area of surface which may be made to yield to the wants of man, those countries of the Old World will bear no comparison with Iowa. TOPOGRAPHY. No complete topographical survey of the State of Iowa has yet been made. Therefore all the knowledge we have yet upon the subject has been obtained from incidental observations of geological corps, from barometrical observations by authority of the General Government, and levelings done by railroad en- gineer corps within the State. Taking into view the facts that the highest point in the State is but a little more than twelve hundred feet above the lowest point, that these two points are nearly three hundred miles apart, and that the whole State is traversed by 109 110 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gently flowing rivers, it will be seen that in reality the State of Iowa rests 'wholly within, and comprises a part of, a vast plain, with no mountain or hill ranges within its borders. A clearer idea of the great uniformity of the surface of the State may be obtained from a statement of the general slopes in feet per mile, from point to point, in straight lines across it : From the N. E. corner to the S. E. corner of the State 1 fool 1 inch per mile. From the N, E. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feet 5 inches per mile. From the N. W. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feetO inches per mile. From the N. W. corner to the S. W. corner of the State 2 feet inches per mile. From the S. W corner to the highest ridge between the two great rivers (in Ringgold County) 4 feet 1 inch per mile From the dividing ridge in the S. E. corner of the State 5 feet 7 inches per mile. From the highest point in the State (near Spirit Lake) to the lowest point in the State (at the mouth of Des Moines River) 4 feet inches per mile. It will be seen, therefore, that there is a good degree of propriety in regard- ing the whole State as a part of a great plain, the lowest point of which within its borders, the southeast corner of the State, is only 441 feet above the level of the sea. The average height of the whole State above the level of the sea is not far from eight hundred feet, although it is more than a thousand miles inland from the nearest sea coast. These remarks are, of course, to be under- stood as applying to the surface of the State as a whole. When we come to consider its surface feature in detail, we find a great diversity of surface by the formation of valleys out of the general level, which have been evolved by the action of streams during the unnumbered years of the terrace epoch. It is in the northeastern part of the State that the river valleys are deepest ; consequently the country there has the greatest diversity of surface, and its physical features are most strongly marked. DRAINAGE SYSTEM. The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers form the eastern and western bounda- ries of the State, and receive the eastern and western drainage of it. The eastern drainage system comprises not far from two-thirds of the en- tire surface of the State. The great watershed which divides these two systems is formed by the highest land between those rivers along the whole length of a line running southward from, a point on the northern boundary line of the State near Spirit Lake, in Dickinson County, to a nearly central point in the northern ' part of Adair County. From the last named point, this highest ridge of land, between the two great rivers, continues southward, without change of character, through Ringgold County into the State of Missouri ; but southward from that point, in Adair County, it is no longer the great watershed. From that point, another and lower ridge bears off more nearly southeastward, through the counties of Madi- son, Clarke, Lucas and Appanoose, and becomes itself the great watershed. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Ill KIVERS. All Streams that rise in Iowa rise upon the incoherent surface deposits, occupying at first only slight depressions in the surface, and scarcely percept- ible. These successively coalesce to form the streams. The drift and bluff deposits are both so thick in Iowa that its streams not only rise upon their surfiice, but they also reach considerable depth into these deposits alone, in some cases to a depth of nearly two hundred feet from the general prairie level. The majority of streams that constitute the western system of Iowa drainage run, either along the whole or a part of their course, upon that peculir deposit known as bluff deposit. Their banks are often, even of the small streams, from five to ten feet in height, quite perpendicular, so that they make the streams almost everywhere unfordable, and a great impediment to travel across the open country where there are no bridges. The material of this deposit is of a slightly yellowish ash color, except where darkened by decaying vegetation, very fine and silicious, but not sandy, not very cohesive, and not at all plastic. It forms excellent soil, and does not bake or crack in drying, except limy concretions, which are generally dis- tributed throughout the mass, in shape and size resembling pebbles ; not a stone or pebble can be found in the whole deposit. It was called " silicious marl" by Dr. Owen, in his geological report to the General Government, and its origin referred to an accumulation of sediment in an ancient lake, which was afterward drained, when its sediment became dry land. Prof. Swallaw gives it the name of "bluff," which is here adopted; the term Lacustral would have been better. The peculiar properties of this deposit are that it will stand securely with a precipitous front two hundred feet high, and yet is easily excavated with a spade. Wells dug in it require only to be walled to a point just above the water line. Yet, compact as it is, it is very porous, so that water which falls on its surface does not remain, but percolates through it ; neither does it accumulate within its mass, as it does upon the surface of and within the drift and the stratified formations. The bluff deposit is known to occupy a region through which the Missouri runs almost centrally, and measures, as far as is known, more than two hun- dred miles in length and nearly one hundred miles in width. The thickest part yet known in Iowa is in Fremont County, where it reaches two hundred feet. The boundaries of this deposit in Iowa are nearly as follows : Com- mencing at the southeast corner of Fremont County, follow up the watershed between the East Nishnabotany and the West Tarkio Rivers to the southern boundary of Cass County ; thence to the center of Audubon County ; thence to Tip Top Station, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway ; thence by a broad curve westward to the northwest corner of Plymouth County. This deposit is composed of fine sedimentary particle^!, similar to that which the Missouri River now deposits from its waters, and is the same which 112 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. that river did deposit in a broad depression in the surface of the drift that formed a lake-like expansion of tliat river in the earliest period of the history of its valley. Tliut lake, as shown by its deposit, which now remains, was about one hundred miles wide and more than twice as long. The water of the river was muddy then, as now, and the broad lake became filled with the sedi- ment which the river brought down, before its valley had enough in the lower portion of its course to drain it. After the lake became filled with the sedi- ment, the valley below became deepened by the constant erosive action of the waters, to a depth of more than sufficient to have drained the lake of its first waters ; but the only effect then was to cause it to cut its valley out of the de- posits its own muddy waters had formed. Thus along the valley of that river, so far as it forms the western boundary of Iowa, the bluffs which border it are composed of that sediment known as bluff deposit, forming a distinct border along tlie broad, level flood plain, the width of which varies from five to fifteen miles, while the original sedimentary deposit stretches far inland. All the rivers of the western system of drainage, except the Missouri itself, are quite incomplete as rivers, in consequence of their being really only branches of other larger tributaries of that great river , or, if they empty inta the Missouri direct, they have yet all the usual characteristics of Iowa rivers, from their sources to their mouths. Chariton and Crrand Rivers both rise and run for the first twenty-five miles of their courses upon the drift deposit alone. The first strata that are exposed by the deepening valleys of both these streams belong to the upper coal meas- ures, and they both continue upon the same formation until they make their exit from the State (the former in Appanoose County, the latter in Ringgold County), near the boundary of which they have passed nearly or quite through the w^hole of that formation to the middle coal measures. Their valleys gradu- ally deepen from their upper portions downward, so that within fifteen or twenty miles they have reached a depth of near a hundred and fifty feet below the gen- eral level of the adjacent high land. When tlie rivers have cut their valleys down through the series of limestone strata, they reach those of a clayey com- position. Upon these they widen their valleys and make broad flood plains (commonly termed "bottoms"), the soil of which is still' and clayey, except where modified by sandy washings. A considerable breadth of woodland occupies the bottoms and valley sides along a great part of their length ; but their upper branches and tributaries are mostly prairie streams. Platte River. — This river belongs mainly to Missouri. Its upper branches pass through Ringgold County, and, with the west fork of the Grand River, drain a large region of country. Here the drift deposit reaches its maximum thickness on an east and west line across the State, and the valleys are eroded in some instances to a depth of two hundred feet, apparently, through this deposit alone. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 113 The term " drift deposit" applies to the soil and sub-soil of the greater part of tlie State, and in it alone many of our wells are dug and our forests take root. It rests upon the stratified rocks. It is composed of clay, sand, gravel aud boulders, promiscuously intermixed, without stratification, varying in char- acter in different parts of the State. The proportion of lime in the drift of Iowa is so great that the water of all our wells and springs is too "hard" for washing purposes; and the same sub- stance is so prevalent in the drift clays that they are always found to have suifi- cient flux when used for the manufacture of brick. One Hundred and Two River is represented in Taylor County, the valleys of which have the same general character of those j ust described. The country around and between the east and west forks of this stream is almost entirely prairie. Nodaway River. — This stream is represented by east, middle and west branches. The two former rise in Adair County, the latter in Cass County. These rivers and valleys are fine examples of the small rivers and valleys of Southern Iowa. They have the general character of drift valleys, and with beautiful undulating and sloping sides. The Nodaways drain one of the finest agricultural regions in the State, the soil of which is tillable almost to their very banks. The banks and the adjacent narrow flood plains are almost everywhere composed of a rich, deep, dark loam. Nishnahotany River. — This river is represented by east and west branches, the former having its source in Anderson County, the latter in Shelby County. Both these branches, from their source to their confluence — and also the main stream, from thence to the point where it enters the great flood plain of the Missouri — run through a region the surface of which is occupied by the bluff deposit. The West Nishnahotany is probably without any valuable mill sites. In the western part of Cass County, the East Nishnahotany loses its identity by becoming abruptly divided up into five or six different creeks. A few good mill sites occur here on this stream. None, however, that are thought reliable exist on either of these rivers, or on the main stream below the confluence, except, perhaps, one or two in Montgomery County. The valleys of the two branches, and the intervening upland, possess remarkable fertility. Boyer River. — Until it enters the flood plain of the Missouri, the Boyer runs almost, if not quite, its entire course through the region occupied by the bluff deposit, and has cut its valley entirely through it along most of its pas- sage. The only rocks exposed are the upper coal measures, near Reed's mill, in Harrison County. The exposures are slight, and are the most northerly now known in Iowa. The valley of this river has usually gently sloping sides, and an ndistinctly defined flood plain. Along the lower half of its course the adjacent upland presents a surface of the billowy character, peculiar to the bluff deposit. The source of this river is in Sac County. 114 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Soldier Rive7\ — The east and middle brunches of this stream have their source in Crawford County, and the west branch in I(hi County. The whole course of this river is through the bluff deposit. It has no exposure of strata along its course. Little Sioux Itiver. — Under this head are included both the main and west branches of that stream, together with the Maple, which is one of its branches. The west branch and the Maple are so similar to the Soldier River that they need no separate description. The main stream has its boundary near the northern boundary of the State, and runs most of its course upon drift deposit alone, entering the region of the bluff deposit in the southern part of Cherokee County. The two principal upper branches, near their source in Dickinson and Osceola .Counties, are small prairie creeks, with indistinct valleys. On enterinwing, on behalf of the Presi- dent, Gov. Clairborne and Gen. Wilkinson took possession of the Louisiana HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 147 purchase, and raised the American flag over the newly acquired domain, at New Orleans. Spain, although it had by treaty ceded the province to France in 1801, still held quasi possession, and at first objected to the transfer, but with- drew her opposition early in 1804. By this treaty, thus successfully consummated, and the peaceable withdrawal of Spain, the then infant nation of the New World extended its dominion west of the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, and north from the Gulf of Mexico to British America. If the original design of Jefferson's administration had been accomplished, the United States would have acquired only that portion of the French territory lying east of the Mississippi River, and while the American people would thus have acquired the free navigation of that great river, all of the vast and fertile empire on the west, so rich in its agricultural and inexhaustible mineral resources, would have remained under the dominion of a foreign power. To Napoleon's desire to sell the whole of his North American possessions, and Liv- ingston's act transcending his instructions, which was acquiesced in after it was done, does Iowa owe her position as a part of the United States by the Louisiana purchase. By authority of an act of Congress, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired territory was, on the 1st day of October following, divided : that part lying south of the 33d parallel of north latitude was called the Territory of Orleans, and all north of that parallel the District of Louisiana, which was placed under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory, until July 4, 1805, when it was organized, with territorial government of its own, and so remained until 1812, when the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana, and the name of the Territory of Louisiana Avas changed to Missouri. On the 4th of July, 1814, that part of Missouri Territory comprising the present State of Arkansas, and the country to the westward, was organized into the Arkansas Territory. On the 2d of March, 1821, the State of Missouri, being a part of the Terri- tory of that name, was admitted to the Union. June 28, 1834, the territory west of the Mississippi River and north of Missouri was made a part of the Territory of Michigan ; but two years later, on the 4th of July, 1836, Wiscon- sin Territory was erected, embracing within its limits the present States of Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Bj act of Congress, approved June 12, 1838, the TERRITORY OF IOWA was erected, comprising, in addition to the present State, much the larger part of Minnesota, and extending north to the boundary of the British Possessions. THE ORIGINAL OWNERS. Having traced the early history of the great empire lymg west of the Mis- sissippi, of which the State of Iowa constitutes a part, from the earliest dis- covery to the organization of the Territory of Iowa, it becomes necessary to give some history of THE INDIANS OF IOWA. According to the policy of the European nations, possession perfected title to any territory. We have seen that the country west of the Mississippi was first discovered by the Spaniards, but afterward, was visited and occupied by the French. It was ceded by France to Spain, and by Spain back to France again, 148 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and then was purchased and occupied by the United States. During all tliat time, it docs not appear to have entered into the heads or hearts of the high contracting parties that the country they bought, sold and gave away was in the possession of a race of men who, although savage, owned the vast domain before Columbus first crossed the Atlantic. Having purchased the territory, the United States found it still in the possession of its original owners, who had never been dispossessed ; and it became necessary to purchase again Avhat had already been bought before, or forcibly eject the occupants; therefore, the his- tory of the Indian nations who occupied Iowa prior to and during its early set- tlement by the whites, becomes an important chapter in the history of the State, that cannot be omitted. For more than one hundred years after Marquette and Joliet trod the virgin soil of Iowa, not a single settlement had been made or attempted ; not even a trading post had been established. The whole country remained in the undis- puted possession of the native tribes, who roamed at will over her beautiful and fertile prairies, hunted in her woods, fished in her streams, and often poured out their life-blood in obstinately contested contests for supremacy. That this State so aptly styled "The Beautiful Land," had been the theater of numerous, fierce and bloody struggles between rival nations, for possession of the favored region, long before its settlement by civilized man, there is no room for doubt. In these savage wars, the weaker party, whether aggressive or defensive, was either exterminated or driven from their ancient hunting grounds. In 1673, when Marquette discovered Iowa, the Illini were a very powerful people, occupying a large portion of the State ; but when the country was again visited by the whites, not a remnant of that once powerful tribe remained on the west side of the Mississippi, and Iowa was principally in the possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a warlike tribe which, originally two distinct nations, residing in New York and on the waters of the St. Lawrence, had gradually fought their way westward, and united, probably, after the Foxes had been driven out of the Fox River country, in 1846, and crossed the Mississippi. The death of Pontiac, a famous Sac chieftain, Avas made the pretext for war against the Illini, and a fierce and bloody struggle ensued, which continued until the Illinois were nearly destroyed and their hunting grounds possessed by their victorious foes. The lowas also occupied a portion of the State for a time, in common with the Sacs, but they, too, were nearly destroyed by the Sacs and Foxes, and, in "The Beautiful Land," these natives met their equally warlike foes, the ^Northern Sioux, with whom they maintained a constant warfare for the posses- sion of the country for many years. When the United States came in possession of the great valley of the Mis- sissippi, by the Louisiana purchase, the Sacs and Foxes and lowas possessed the entire territory now comprising the State of Iowa. The Sacs and Foxes, also, occupied the most of the State of Illinois. The Sacs had four princii)al villages, where most of them resided, viz. : Their largest and most important town — if an Indian village may bo called such — and from which emanated most of the obstacles and difficulties encoun- tered by the Government in the extinguishment of Indian titles to land in this region, was on Rock River, near Rock Island ; another was on the east bank of the Mississippi, near the mouth of Henderson River; the third Avas at the head of the Des Moines Rapids, near the present site of Montrose, and the fourth was near the mouth of the Upper Iowa. The Foxes had three principal villages, viz. : One on the west side of the Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of Rock River ; another about twelve HISTORY OF TiIE STATE OF IOWA. 149 miles from the river, in the rear of the Dubuque lead mines, and the third on Turkey River. The lowas, at one time identified with the Sacs, of Rock River, had with- drawn from them and become a separate tribe. Their principal village was on the Des Moines River, in Van Buren County, on the site where lowaville now stands. Here the last great battle between the Sacs and Foxes and the lowas was fought, in which Black Hawk, then a young man, commanded one division of the attacking forces. The following account of the battle has been given : "Contrary to long established custom of Indian attack, this battle was commenced in the day 'time, the attending circumstances justifying this departure from the well settled usages of Indian warfare. The battle field was a level river bottom, about four miles in length, and two miles wide near the middle, narrowing to a point at either end. The main area of this bottom rises perhaps twenty feet above the river, leaving a narrow strip of low bottom along the shore, covered with trees that belted the prairie on the river side with a thick forest, and the immediate bank of the river was fringed with a dense growth of willows. Near the lower end of this prairie, near the river bank, was s'tuated the Iowa village. About two miles above it and near the middle of the prairie is a mound, covered at the time with a tuft of small trees and underbrush growing on its summit. In the rear of this little elevation or mound lay a belt of wet prairie, covered, at that time, with a dense growth of rank, coarse grass. Bordering this wet prairie on the north, the country rises abruptly into elevated broken river bluti's, covered with a heavy forest for many miles in extent, and in places thickly clustered with undergrowth, affording a convenient shelter for the stealthy approach of the foe. " Through this forest the Sac and Fox war party made their way in the night and secreted themselves in the tall grass spoken of above, intending to remain in ambush during the day and make such observations as this near proximity to their intended victim might aflFord, to aid them in their contemplated attack on the town during the following night. From this situation their spies could take a full survey of the village, and watch every movement of the inhabitants, by which means they were soon convinced that the lowas had no suspicion of their presence. "At the foot of the mound above mentioned, the lowas had their race course, where they diverted themselves with the excitement of horse racing, and schooled their young warriors in cavalry evolutions. In these exercises mock battles were fought, and the Indian tactics of attack and defense carefully inculcated, by which meansaskill in horsemanship was acquii-ed rarely excelled. Unfortunately for them this day was selected for their equestrian sports, and wholly uncon- scious of the proximity of their foes, the warriors repaired to the race ground, leaving most of their arms in the village and their old men and women and children unprotected. " Pash-a-po-po, who was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes, perceived at once the advantage this state of things afforded for a complete surprise of his now doomed victims, and ordered Black Hawk to file off with his young warriors through the tall grass and gain tlie cover of the timber along the river bank, and with the utmost speed reach the village and commence the battle, while he remained with his divi^^ion in the ambush to make a simultaneous assault on the unarmed men whose attention was engrossed with the excitement of the races. Tlie plan was skillfully laid and most dexterously executed. Black Hawk with his forces reached the village undiscovered, and made a furious onslaught upon the defenseless inhabitants, by firing one general volley into their midst, and completing the slaughter with the tomahawk and scalp- ing knife, aided by the devouring flames with which they enveloped the village as suoa as the fire brand could be spread from lodge to lodge. " On the instant of the report of fire arms at the village, the forces under Pash-a-po-po leaped from their coiuhant position in the grass and sprang tiger-like upon the astonished and unarmel lowas in the midst of their racing sports. The fir-t impulse of ttie latter naturally led them to make the utmost speed toward their arms in the village, and protect if possible their wives and oh 1 Iren from the attack of their merciless assailants. The distance from the plac3 of attack on the prairie was two miles, and a great number fell in their flight by the bullets and tomahawks of their enemies, who pressed them closely with a running fire the whole way, and the survivors only reached their town in time to witness the horrors of its destruction. Their, whole village was in fl^imes, and the dearest objects of their lives lay in slaughtered heaps' amidst the devouring olem.'nt, an I the agonizing groans of the dying, mingled with thj exuUing shouts of the victorious foe, fillet their he uts with maddening despair. Their wives an 1 childi-en who had been spared the general massacre were prisoners, and togeiher with their arms were in the hands of the victors ; and all that could now be done was to draw off' their shattered and defenseless forces, and save as many lives as possible by a retreat across the Des Moines River, which they effected in the best possible manner, and took a position among the Soap Creek Hills." The Sacs and Foxes, prior to the settlement of their village on Rock River, had a fierce conflict with the Winnebagoes, subdued them and took nossession 150 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of their lands. Their village on Rock River, at one time, contained upward of sixty lodges, and was among the largest Indian villages on the continent. In 1825, the Secretary of War cstnnated the entire number of the Sacs and Foxes at 4,600 souls. Their village was situated in the immediate vicinity of the upper rapids of the Mississippi, where the beautiful and flourishing towns of Rock Island and Davenport are now situated. The beautiful scenery of the island, the extensive prairies, dotted over with groves ; the picturesque bluffs along the river banks, the rich and fertile soil, producing large crops of corn, squash and other vegetables, with little labor ; the abundance of wild fruit, game, fish, and almost everything calculated to make it a delightful spot for an Indian village, which was found there, had made this place a favorite home of the Sacs, and secured for it the strong attachment and veneration of the whole nation. North of the hunting grounds of the Sacs and Foxes, were those of the Sioux, a fierce and warlike nation, who often disputed possession with their ri\als in savage and bloody warfare. The possessions of these tribes were mostly located in Minnesota, but extended over a portion of Northern and Western Iowa to the Missouri River. Their descent from the north upon the hunting grounds of Iowa frequently brought them into collision with the Sacs and Foxes ; and after many a conflict and bloody struggle, n boundary line was established between them by the Government of the United States, in a treaty held at Prairie du Chien, in 1825. But this, instead of settling the difficulties, caused them to quarrel all the more, in consequence of alleged trespasses upon each other's side of the line. These contests were kept up and became so unre- lenting that, in 1830, Government bought of the respective tribes of the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux, a strip of land twenty miles in width, on both sides of the line, and thus throwing them forty miles apart by creating between them a "neutral ground," commanded them to cease their hostilities. Both the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux, however, were allowed to fish and hunt on this ground unmolested, provided they did not interfere with each other on United States territory. The Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux were deadly enemies, and neither let an opportunity to punish the other pass unimproved. In April, 1852, a fight occurred between the Musquaka band of Sacs and Foxes and a band of Sioux, about six miles above Algona, in Kossuth County, on the west side of the Des Moines River. The Sacs and Foxes were under the leadership of Ko-ko-wah, a subordinate chief, and had gone up from their home in Tama County, by way of Clear Lake, to what was then the "neutral ground." At Clear Lake, Ko-ko-wah was informed that a party of Sioux were encamped on the west side of the East Fork of the Des Moines, and he deter- mined to attack them. With sixty of his warriors, he started and arrived at a point on the east side of the river, about a mile above the Sioux encampment, in the night, and concealed themselves in a grove, Avhere they were able to dis- cover the position and strength of their hereditary foes. The next morning, after many of the Sioux braves had left their camp on hunting tours, the vin- dictive Sacs and Foxes crossed the river and suddenly attacked the camp. The conflict was desperate for a short time, but the advantage was with the assail- ants, and the Sioux were routed. Sixteen of them, including some of their women and children, were killed, and a boy 14 years old was captured. One of the Musquakas was shot in the breast by a squaAv as they were rushing into the Sioux's camp. He started to run away, when the same brave squaw shot him through the body, at a distance of twenty rods, and he fell dead. Three other Sac braves were killed. But few of the Sioux escaped. The victorious HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 151 party hurriedly buried their own dead, leaving the dead Sioux above ground, and made their way home, with their captive, with all possible expedition. pike's expedition. Very soon after the acquisition of Louisiana, the United States Government adopted measures for the exploration of the new territory, having in view the conciliation of the numerous tribes of Indians by whom it was possessed, and, also, the selection of proper sites for the establishment of military posts and trading stations. The Army of the West, Gen, James Wilkinson commanding, had its headquarters at St. Louis. From this post, Captains Lewis and Clark, with a sufficient force, were detailed to explore the unknown sources of the Missouri, and Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike to ascend to the head waters of the Mis- sissippi. Lieut. Pike, with one Sergeant, two Corporals and seventeen privates, left the military camp, near St. Louis, in a keel-boat, with four months' rations, on the 9tli day of August, 1805. On the 20th of the same month, the expe- dition arrived within the present limits of Iowa, at the foot of the Des Moines Rapids, where Pike met William Ewing, who had just been appointed Indian Agent at this point, a French interpreter and four chiefs and fifteen Sac and Fox warriors. At the head of the Rapids, where Montrose is now situated. Pike held a council with the Indians, in which he addressed them substantially as follows : "Your great Father, the President of the United States, wished to be more intimately acquainted with the situation and wants of the different nations of red people in our newly acquired territory of Louisiana, and has ordered the General to send a number of his warriors in different directions to take them by the hand and make such inquiries as might afford the satisfaction required." At the close of the council he presented the red men with some knives, whisky and tobacco. Pursuing his way up the river, he arrived, on the 23d of August, at what is supposed, from his description, to be the site of the present city of Burlington, which he selected as the location of a military post. He describes the place as being "on a hill, about forty miles above the River de Moyne Rapids, on the west side of the river, in latitude about 41° 21' north. The channel of the river runs on that shore ; the hill in front is about sixty feet perpendicular ; nearly level on top ; four hundred yards in the rear is a small prairie fit for gardening, and immediately under the hill is a limestone spring, sufficient for the consumption of a whole regiment." In addition to this description, which corresponds to Burlington, the spot is laid down on his map at a bend in the river, a short distance below tbe mouth of the Henderson, which pours its waters into the Mississippi from Illinois. The fort was built at Fort Madison, but from the distance, latitude, description and map furnished by Pike, it could not have been the place selected by him, while all the circumstances corroborate the opinion that the place he selected was the spot where Burlington is now located, called by the early voyagers on the Mississippi, "Flint Hills." On the 24th, with one of his men, he went on shore on a hunting expedition, and following a stream which they supposed to be a part of the Mississippi, they were led away from their course. Owing to the intense heat and tall grass, his two favorite dogs, which he had taken with him, became exhausted and he left them on the prairie, supposing that they would follow him as soon as they should get rested, and went on to overtake his boat. Reaching the river, he waited some time for his canine friends, but they did not come, and as he deemed it inexpedient to detain the boat longer, two of his men Volunteered to go in pui"- 152 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. suit of them, and he continued on his way up the river, expecting that the two men wouhl soon overtake him. They lost their way, however, and for six days were without food, except a few morsels gathered from the stream, and might have perished, had they not accidentally met a trader from St. Louis, who in- duced two Indians to take them up the river, and they overtook the boat at Dubuque. At Dubuque, Pike was cordially received by Julien Dubucjue, a Frenchman, who held a mining claim under a grant from Spain. Dubuque had an old field piece and fired a salute in honor of the advent of the first Americans who had visited that part of the Territory. Dubuque, however, was not disposed to pub- lish tiie wealth of his mines, and the young and evidently inquisitive officer obtained but little information from him. After leaving this place. Pike pursued his way up the river, but as he passed beyond the limits of the present State of Iowa, a detailed history of his explo- rations on the upper waters of the Mississippi more properly belongs to the his- tory of another State. It is sufficient to say that on the site of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, at the mouth of the Minnesota River, Pike held a council with tlie Sioux, September 23, and obtained from them a grant of one hundred thousand acres of land. On the 8th of January, 1806, Pike arrived at a trading post belonging to the Northwest Company, on Lake De Sable, in latitude 47°. At this time the then powerful Northwest Company carried on their immense operations from Hudson's I>ay to the St. Lawrence; up that river on both sides, along the great lakes to the head of Lake Superior, thence to the sources of the Red River of the north and west, to the Rocky Mountains, embracing within the scope of their operations the entire Territory of Iowa. After successfully accomplishing his mission, and performing a valuable service to Iowa and the whole Northwest, Pike returned to St. Louis, arriving there on the oOth of April, 1806. INDIAN WARS. The Territory of Iowa, although it had been purchased by the United States, and was ostensibly in the possession of the Government, was still occupied by the Indians, who claimed title to the soil by right of ownershi}) and possession. Before it could be open to settlement by the whites, it was indispensable that the Indian title should be extinguished and the original owners removed. The accomplishment of this purpose required the expenditure of large sums of money and blood, and for a long series of years the frontier was disturbed by Indian wars, terminated repeatedly by treaty, only to be renewed by some act of oppression on the part of the whites or some violation of treaty stipulation. As previously shown, at the time when the United States assumed the con- trol of the country by virtue of the Louisiana purchase, nearly the whole State was in possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a powerful and warlike nation, who were not disposed to submit without a struggle to what they considered the encroachments of the pale faces. Among the most noted chiefs, and one Avhose restlessness and hatred of the Americans occasioned more trouble to the Government than any other of his tribe, was Black Hawk, who was born at the Sac village, on Rock River, in 1767. He was simply the chief of his own band of Sac warriors, but by his energy and ambition he became the leading spirit of the united nation of Sacs and Foxes, and one of the prominent figures in the history of the country from 1804 until his death. In early manhood he attained some distinction as a fighting chief, having led campaigns against the Osages, and other neighboring HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 153 tribes. About the beginning of the present century he began to appear prom- inent in affiiirs on the Mississippi. Some historians have added to the statement that " it does not appear that he was ever a great general, or possessed any of the qualifications of a successful leader." If this was so, his life was a marvel. How any man Avho had none of the qualifications of a leader became so prom- inent as such, as he did, indicates either that he had some ability, or that his cotemporaries, both Indian and Anglo-Saxon, had less than he. He is said to have been the " victim of a narrow prejudice and bitter ill-will against the Americans," but the impartial historian must admit that if he was the enemy of theAmericans, it was certainly not without some reason. It will be remembered that Spain did not give up possession of the country to France on its cession to the latter power, in 1801, but retained possession of it, and, by the authority of France, transferred it to the United States, in 1804. Black Hawk and his band were in St. Louis at the time, and were invited to be present and witness the ceremonies of the transfer, but he refused the invitation, and it is but just to say that this refusal was caused probably more from regret that the Indians were to be transferred from the jurisdiction of the Spanish authorities than from any special hatred toward the Americans. In his life he says : "I found many sad and gloomy faces because the United States were about to take possession of the town and country. Soon after the Americans came, I took my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father. The Americans came to see him also. Seeing them approach, we passed out of one door as they entered another, and immediately started in our canoes for our village, on Rock River, not liking the change any more than our friends appeared to at St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange people had arrived at St. Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish father again. The information made all our people sorry." On the 3d day of November, 1804, a treaty Avas concluded between William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, on behalf of the United States, and five chiefs of the Sac and Fox nation, by Avhich the latter, in con- sideration of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars' worth of goods then delivered, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars to be paid in goods at just cost, ceded to the United States all that land on the east side of the Mississppi, extending from a point opposite the Jeiferson, in Missouri, to the Wisconsin River, embracing an area of over fifty-one millions of acres. To this treaty Black Hawk always objected and always refused to consider it binding upon his people. He asserted that the chiefs or braves who made it had no authority to relinquish the title of the nation to any of the lands they held or occupied ; and, moreover, that they had been sent to St. Louis on quite a different errand, namely, to get one of their people released, who had been imprisoned at St. Louis for killing a white man. The year following this treaty (1805), Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike came up the river for the purpose of holding friendly councils with the Indians and select- ing sites for forts within the territory recently acquired from France by the United States. Lieutenant Pike seems to have been the first American Avhom Black Hawk ever met or had a personal interview with ; and he was very much prepossessed in Pike's favor. He gives the following account of his visit to Rock Island : " A boat came up the river with a young American chief and a small party of soldiers. We heard of them soon after they passed Salt River. Some of our young braves Avatched them every day, to see Avhat sort of people he had on board. The boat at length arrived at Rock River, and the young chief came on 154 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. shore Avith his interpreter, and made a speech and gave us some presents. We in turn presented them with meat and such other provisions as we had to spare. We were well pleased with the young chief. He gave us good advice, and said our American father would treat us well." The events which soon followed Pike's expedition were the erection of Fort Edwards, at what is noAV Warsaw, Illinois, and Fort Madison, on the site of the present town of that name, the latter being the first fort erected in Iowa. These movements occasioned great uneasiness among the Indians. When work was commenced on Fort Edwards, a delegation from their nation, headed by some of their chiefs, went down to see what the Americans Avere doing, and had an in- terview with the commander ; after which they returned home apparently satis- fied. In like manner, when Fort Madison was being erected, they sent down another delegation from a council of the nation held at Rock River. Accord- mg to Black Hawk's account, the American chief told them that he Avas build- ing a house for a trader who was coming to sell them goods cheap, and that the soldiers were coming to keep him company — a statement which Black Hawk says they distrusted at the time, believing that the fort was an encroachment upon their rights, and designed to aid in getting their lands away from them. It has been held by good American authorities, that the erection of Fort Madison at the point where it was located was a violation of the treaty of 1804. By the eleventh article of that treaty, the United States had a right to build a fort near the mouth of the Wisconsin River ; by article six they had bound themselves "that if any citizen of the United States or any other white persons should form a settlement upon their lands, such intruders should forthwith be removed." Probably the authorities of the United States did not regard the establishment of military posts as coming properly within the meaning of the term "settlement," as used in the treaty. At all events, they erected Fort Madison within the territory reserved to the Indians, w'ho became very indig- nant. Not long after the fort was built, a party led by Black Hawk attempted its destruction. They sent spies to watch the movements of the garrison, who ascertained that the soldiers were in the habit of marching out of the fort every morning and evening for parade, and the plan of the party was to conceal them- selves near the fort, and attack and surprise them when they were outside. On the morning of the proposed day of attack, five soldiers came out and were fired upon by the Indians, two of them being killed. The Indians were too hasty in their movement, for the regular drill had not yet commenced. However, they kept up the attack for several days, attempting the old Fox strategy of setting fire to the fort with blazing arrows; but finding their efforts unavailing, they soon gave up and returne(l to Rock River. When Avar Avas declared between tlie United States and Great Britain, in 1812, Black IlaAvk and his band allied themselves Avith the British, partly because he Avas dazzled by their specious promises, and more probably because they had been deceived by the Americans. Black IlaAvk himself declared that they were "forced into the Avar by being deceived." He narrates the circum- stances as follows : " Several of the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and Foxes Avere called upon to go to Washington to see their (Ireat Father. On their return, they related Avhat had been said and done. They said the Great Father Avished them, in the event of a Avar taking place Avith England, not to interfere on either side, but to remain neutral. He did not Avant our help, but wished us to hunt and support our families, and live in peace. He said that British traders Avould not be permitted to come on the Mississippi to furnish us with good^!. but that Ave should be supplied Avith an American trader. Our HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 155 chief^ then told him that the British traders always gave them credit in the Fall for guns, powder and goods, to enable us to hunt and clothe our families. He repeated that the traders at Fort Madison would have plenty of goods ; that we should go there in the Fall and he would supply us on credit, as the British traders had done." Black Hawk seems to have accepted of this proposition, and he and his people were very much pleased. Acting in good faith, they fitted out for their Winter's hunt, and went to Fort Madison in high spirits to receive from the trader their outfit of supplies. But, after waiting some time, they were told by the trader that he would not trust them. It was in vain that they pleaded the promise of their great father at Washington. The trader was inexora.ble ; and, disappointed and crestfallen, they turned sadly toward their own village. "'Few of us," says Black Hawk, "slept that night; all was gloom and discontent. In the morning, a canoe was seen ascending the river ; it soon arrived, bearing an express, who brought intelligence that a British trader had landed at Rock Island with two boats loaded with goods, and requested us to come up imme- diately, because he had good news for us, and a variety of presents. The express presented us with tobacco, pipes and wampum. The news ran through our camp like fire on a prairie. Our lodges were soon taken down, and all started for Rock Island. Here ended all hopes of our remaining at peace, having been forced into the war by being deceived." He joined the British, who flattered him, styled him " Gen. Black Hawk," decked him with medals, excited his jealousies against the Americans, and armed his band ; but he met with defeat and disappointment, and soon aban- doned the service and came home. With all his skill and courage. Black Hawk was unable to lead all the Sacs and Foxes into hostilities to the United States. A portion of them, at the head of whom was Keokuk ("the Watchful Fox"), were disposed to abide by the treaty of 1804, and to cultivate friendly relations with the American people. Therefore, when Black Hawk and his band joined the fortunes of Great Britain, the rest of the nation remained neutral, and, for protection, organized, with Keokuk for their chief. This divided the nation into the " War and the Peace party." Black Hawk says he was informed, after he had gone to the war, that the nation, which had been reduced to so small a body of fighting men, were unable to defend themselves in case the Americans should attack them, and havnig all the old men and women and children belonging to the warriors who had joined the British on their hands to provide for, a council was held, and it was agreed that Quash-qua-me (the Lance) and other chiefs, together with the old men, women and children, and such others as chose to accompany them, should go to St. Louis and place themselves under the American chief stationed there. They accordingly went down, and were received as the "friendly band " of the Sacs and Foxes, and were provided for and sent up the Missouri River. On Black Hawk's return from the British army, he says Keokuk Avas introduced to him as the war chief of the braves then in the village. He inquired how he had become chief, and was informed that their spies had seen a large armed force going toward Peoria, and fears were entertained of an attack upon the village ; whereupon a council was held, which concluded to leave the village and cross over to the west side of the Mississippi. Keokuk had been standing at the door of the lodge where the council was held, not being allowed to enter on account of never having killed an enemy, where he remained until Wa-co-me came out. Keokuk asked permission to speak in the council, which Wa-co-me 156 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. obtained for him. Keokuk then addressed the chiefs ; he remonstrated against the desertion of their village, their own homes and the graves of their fathers, and offered to defend the village. The council consented that he should be their war chief. He marshaled his braves, sent out spies, and advanced on the trail leading to Peoria, but returned without seeing the enemy. The Americans did not disturb the village, and all were satisfied with the appointment of Keokuk. Keokuk, like Black Hawk, was a descendant of the Sac branch of the nation, and was born on Rock River, in 1780. He was of a pacific disposition, but possessed the elements of true courage, and could fight, when occasion required, with a cool judgment and heroic energy. In his first battle, he en- countered and killed a Sioux, which placed him in the rank of warriors, and he was honored with a public feast by his tribe in commemoration of the event. Keokuk has been described as an orator, entitled to rank with the most gifted of his race. In person, he was tall and of portly bearing ; in his public' speeches, he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures ; he spoke rapidly, but his enunciation was clear, distinct and forcible ; he culled his fig- ures from the stores of nature and based his arguments on skillful logic. Un- fortunately for the reputation of Keokuk, as an orator among white people, he was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpreters were unac- quainted with the elements of their mother-tongue. Of this serious hindrance to his fame, Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labershure, who had received a rudimental education in the French and English languages, until the latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian of his career among the white people, he Avas compelled to submit his speeches for translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights of a gifted mind, and the fine imagery drawn from nature was beyond their power of reproduction. He had sufficient knowledge of the English language to make him sensible of this bad rendering of his thoughts, and often a feeling of morti- fication at the bungling efforts was depicted on his countenance while speaking. The proper place to form a correct estimate of his ability as an orator was in the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to those who under- stood his language, and witness the electrical effect of his eloquence upon his audience. Keokuk seems to have possessed a more sober judgment, and to have had a more intelligent view of the great strength and resources of the United States, than his noted and restless cotemporary, Black Hawk. He knew from the first that the reckless war which Black Hawk and his band had determined to carry on could result in nothing but defeat and disaster, and used every argument against it. The large number of warriors whom he had dissuaded from following Black Hawk became, however, greatly excited with the war spirit after Stillman's defeat, and but for the signal tact displayed by Keokuk on that occasion, would have forced him to submit to their wishes in joining the rest of the warriors in the field. A war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be moved with the current of the rising storm. When the dance was over, he called the council to prepare for war. He made a speech, in which he admitted the justice of their complaints against the Americans. To seek redress was a noble aspiration of their nature. The blood of their brethren had been shed by the white man, and the spirits of their braves, slain in battle, called loudly for vengeance. "I am your cliief," he said, '"and it is my duty to lead you to bat- tle, if, after fully considering the matter, you are determined to go. But before HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 157 you decide on taking this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances of success." He then portrayed to them the great power of tlie United States, against whom they woukl have to contend, that their chance of success was utterly hopeless. " But," said he, " if you do determine to go upon the war- path, I will agree to lead you, on one condition, viz.: that before we go, we will kill all our old men and our wives and children, to save them from a lingering deatli of starvation, and that every one of us determine to leave our homes on the other side of the Mississippi." This was a strong but truthful picture of the prospect before them, and was presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor, and cause them to aban- don the rash undertaking. But during the war of 1832, it is now considered certain that small bands of Indians, from the west side of the Mississippi, made incursions into the white settlements, in the lead mining region, and committed some murders and dep- redations. When peace was declared between the United States and England, Black Hawk was required to make peace with the former, and entered into a treaty at Portage des Sioux, September 14, 1815, but did not " touch the goose-quill to it until May 13, 1816, when he smoked the pipe of peace with the great white chief," at St. Louis. This treaty was a renewal of the treaty of 1804, but Black Hawk declared he had been deceived ; that he did not know that by signing the treaty he was giving away his village. This weighed upon his mind, already soured by previous disappointment and the irresistible encroachments of the whites ; and when, a few years later, he and his people were driven from their possessions by the military, he determined to return to the home of his fathers. It is also to be remarked that, in 1816, by treaty with various tribes, the United States relinquished to the Indians all the lands lying north of a line drawn from the southernmost point of Lake Michigan west to the Mississippi, except a reservation five leagues square, on the Mississippi River, supposed then to be sufficient to include all the mineral lands on and adjacent to Fever River, and one league square at the mouth of the Wisconsin River. THE BLACK HAWK AVAR. The immediate cause of the Indian outbreak in 1830 was the occupation of Black Hawk's village, on the Rock River, by the whites, during the absence of the chief and his braves on a hunting expedition, on the Avest side of the Mississippi. When they returned, they found their wigwams occupied by white families, and their own women and children were shelterless on the banks of the river. The Indians were indignant, and determined to repossess their village at all hazards, and early in the Spring of 1831 recrossed the Mississippi and menacingly took possession of their own cornfields and cabins. It may be well to remark here that it was expressly stipulated in the treaty of 1804, to Avhich they attributed all their troubles, that the Indians should not be obliged to leave their lands until they were sold by the United States, and it does not appear that they occupied any lands other than those owned by the Government. If this was true, the Indians had good cause for indignation and complaint. But the Avhites, driven out in turn by the returning Indians, became so clamorous against Avhat they termed the encroachments of the natives, that Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, ordered Gen Gaines to Rock Island Avith a military force to drive the Indians again from their homes to the west side of the Mississippi. Black Hawk says he did not intend to be provoked into war by anything less than the blood of 158 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. some of his OAvn people ; in otlier words, that there would be no Avar unless it should be commenced by the pale faces. But it was said and probably thought by the mili- tary commanders along the frontier that the Indians intended to unite in a general war against tlie wliites, from Rock River to the Mexican borders. But it does not appear that the hardy frontiersmen themselves had any fears, for their experi- ence had been that, when well treated, their Indian neighbors were not danger- ous. Black Hawk and his band liad done no more than to attempt to repossess the the old homes of which the}' had been deprived in their absence. No blood had been shed. Black Hawk and his chiefs sent a flag of truce, and a new treaty was made, by which Black Hawk and his band agreed to remain forever on the Iowa side and never recross the river without the permission of the President or the Governor of Illinois. Whether the Indians clearly understood the terms of this treaty is uncertain. As was usual, the Indian traders had dictated terms on their behalf, and they had received a large' amount of pro- visions, etc., from the Government, but it may well be doubted whether the Indians comprehended that they could never revisit the graves of their fathers without violating their treaty. They undoubtedly thought that they had agreed never to recross the Mississippi with hostile intent. However this may be, on the 6th day of April, 1832, Black Hawk and his entire band, wiili their women and children, again recrossed the Mississippi in plain view of the garrison of Fort Armstrong, and went up Rock River. Although this act was construed into an act of hostility by the military authorities, who declared that Black Hawk intended to recover his village, or the site where it stood, by force ; but it docs not appear that he made any such attempt, nor did his apearance create any special alarm among the settlers. They knew that the Indians never went on the war path encumbered with the old men, their women and their children. The Galenian, printed in Galena, of May 2, 1832, says that Black Hawk was invited by the Prophet and had taken possession of a tract about forty miles u}) Rock River ; but that he did not remain there long, but commenced his march up Rock River. Capt. W. B. Green, who served in Capt. Stephen- son's company of mounted rangers, says that " Black Hawk and h's band crossed the river with no hostile intent, but that his band had had bad luck in hunting during the previous Winter, were actually in a starving condition, and had come over to spend the Summer with a friendly tribe on the head waters of the Rock and Illinois Rivers, by invitation from their chief. Other old set- tlers, who all agree that Black Hawk had no idea of fighting, say that he came back to the west side expecting to negotiate another treaty, and get a new supply of provisions. The most reasonable explanation of this movement, which resulted so disastrously to Black Hawk and his starving people, is that, during the Fall and Winter of 1831—2, his people became deeply indebted to their favorite trader at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island). They had not been fortunate in hunting, and he was likely to lose heavily, as an Indian debt was outlawed in one year. If, therefore, the Indians could be induced to come over, and the fears of the military could be sufficiently aroused to pursue them, another treaty could be negotiated, and from the payments from the Government the shrewd trader could get his pay. Just a week after Black Hawk crossed the river, on the 13th of April, 1832, George Davenport wrote to Gen. Atkinson : " I am informed that the British band of Sac Indians are determined to make war on the frontier settlements. * * * From every information that I liave received, I am of tlio opinion that the intention of the British band of Sac Indians is to commit depredations on the inhabitants of the frontier." And HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 159 jet, from the 6th day of April until after Stillman's men commenced war by firing on a flag of truce from Black Hawk, no murders nor depredations were committed by the British band of Sac Indians. It is not the purpose of this sketch to detail the incidents of the Black Hawk war of 1832, as it pertains rather to the history of the State of Illinois. It is sufficient to say that, after the disgraceful affair at Stillman's Run, Black Hawk, concluding that the whites, refusing to treat with him, were determined to exterminate his people, determined to return to the Iowa side of the Missis- sippi. He could not return by the way lie came, for the army was behind him, an army, too, that would sternly refuse to recognize the white flag of peace. His only course was to make his way northward and reach the Mississippi, if possible, before the troops could overtake him, and this he did ; but, before he could get his women and children across the Wisconsin, he was overtaken, and a battle ensued. Here, again, he sued for peace, and, tlirough his trusty Lieu- tenant, "the Prophet," the whites were plainly informed that the starving Indians did not Avish to fight, but would return to the west side of the Missis- sippi, peaceably, if they could be permitted to do so. No attention was paid to this second effort to negotiate peace, ajid, as soon as supplies could be obtained, the pursuit was resumed, the flying Indians were overtaken again eight miles before tliey reached the mouth of the Bad Axe, and the slaughter (it should not be dignified by the name of battle) commenced. Here, overcome by starvation and the victorious whites, his band was scattered, on the 2d day of August, 1832. Black Hawk" escaped, but was brought into camp at Prairie du Chien by three Winnebagoes. He was confined in Jefferson Barracks until the Spring of 1833, when he was sent to Washington, arriving there April 22. On the 26th of April, they were taken to Fortress Monroe, where they remained till the 4th of June, 1833, Avhen orders Avere given for them to be liberated and returned to their own country. By order of the President, he Avas brought back to Iowa through the principal Eastern cities. Crowds flocked to see him all along his route, and he was very much flattered by the attentions he received. He lived among his people on the loAva River till that reservation was sold, in 1836, when, Avith the rest of the Sacs and Foxes, he removed to the Des Moines Reservation, where he remained till his death, Avhich occurred on the 3d of October, 1838. INDIAN PURCHASES, RESERVES AND TREATIES. At the close of the Black Hawk War, in 1832, a treaty Avas made at a council held on the Avest bank of the Mississippi, where noAv stands the thriving city of Davenport, on grounds noAV occupied by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Company, on the 21st day of September, 1832. At this council, the United States were represented by Gen. Winfield Scott and Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois. Keokuk, Pash-a-pa-ho and some thirty other chiefs and warriors of the Sac and Fox nation were present. By this treaty, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of land on the eastern border of loAva fifty miles Avide, from the northern boundary of Missouri to the mouth of the Upper loAva River, containing about six million acres. The western line of the purchase Avas parallel Avith the Mississippi. In consideration of this cession, the United States Government stipulated to pay annually to the confederated tribes, for thirty consecutive years, tAventy thousand dollars in specie, and to pay the debts of the Indians at Rock Island, which had been accumulating for 160 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. seventeen years and amounted to fifty thousand dollars, due to Davenport & Farnliam, Indian traders. The Government also generously donated to the Sac and Fox women and children whose husbands and ftithers had fallen in the Black Hawk war, thirty-five beef cattle, twelve bushels of salt, thirty barrels of pork, fifty barrels of flour and six thousand bushels of corn. This territory is known as the "Black Hawk Purchase." Although it was not the first portion of Iowa ceded to the United States by the Sacs and Foxes, it was the first opened to actual settlement by the tide of emigration that flowed across the Mississippi as soon as the Indian title Avas extinguished. The treaty was ratified February 13, 1833, and took eff'ect on the 1st of June following, when the Indians quietly removed from the ceded territory, and this fertile and beautiful region was opened to white settlers. By the terms of the treaty, out of the Black Hawk Purchase was reserved for the Sacs and Foxes 400 scjuare miles of land situated on the Iowa River, and in- Icuding within its limits Keokuk's village, on the right bank of that river. This tract was known as " Keokuk's Reserve^ ' and was occupied by the Indians until 1836, when, by a treaty made in September between them and Gov. Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, it was ceded to the United States. The council was held on the banks of the Mississippi, above Davenport, and was the largest assem- blage of the kind ever held by the Sacs and Foxes to treat for the sale of lands. About one thousand of their chiefs and braves were present, and Keokuk Avas their leading spirit and principal speaker on the occasion. By the terms of the treaty, the Sacs and Foxes Avere removed to another reservation on the Des Moines River, wdiere an agency Avas established for them at what is noAV the toAvn of Agency City. Besides the Keokuk Reserve, the Government gave out of the Black HaAvk Purchase to Antoine Le Claire, interpreter, in fee simple, one section of land opposite Rock Island, and another at the head of the first rapids above the island, on the Iowa side. This Avas the first land title granted by the United States to an individual in loAva. Soon after the removal of the Sacs and Foxes to their ncAv reservation on the Des Moines River, Gen. Joseph M. Street Avas transferred from the agency of the Winntbagoes, at Prairie du Chien, to establish an agency among them. A farm Avas selected, on Avhich the necessary buildings were erected, including a comfortable farm house for the agent and his family, at the expense of the Indian Fund. A salaried agent Avas employed to superin- tend the farm and dispose of the crops. Two mills Avere erected, one on Soap Creek and tlie other on Sugar Creek. The latter Avas soon SAvept aAvay by a flood, but the former remained and did good service for many years. Connected ■with the agency Avere Joseph Smart and John Goodell, interpreters. The latter Avas interpreter for Hard Fish's band. Three of the Indian chiefs, Keo- kuk, Wapello and Appanoose, had each a large field improved, the tAvo former on the right bank of the Des Moines, back from the river, in Avhat is noAv " Keokuk's Prairie," and the latter on the present site of the city of Ottumwa. Among the traders connected Avith the agency Avere the Messrs. Ewing, from Ohio, and Phelps &. Co., from Illinois, and also Mr. J. P. Eddy, Avho estab- lished his post at Avhat is now the site of Eddyville. The Indians at this agency became idle and listless in the absence of their natural and Avonted excitements, and many of them plunged into dissipation. Keokuk himself became dissipated in the latter years of his life, anvard knoAvn as " The Half-Breed Tract." This reservation is the triangular piece of land, containing about 119,000 acres, lying betAveen the Mississippi andDes Moines Rivers. It is bounded on the north by the prolongation of the northern line of Missouri. This line Avas intended to be a straight one, running due east, Avhich Avould have caused it to strike the Mississippi River at or beloAV Montrose ; but the surveyor Avho run it took no notice of the change in the variation of the needle as he proceeded eastAvard, and, in consequence, the line he run Avas bent, deviating more and more to the nortliAvard of a direct line as he approached the Mississippi, so that it struck that river at the loAver edge of the toAvn of Fort Madison. " This errone- ous line," says Judge Mason, "has been acquiesced in as well in fixing the northern limit of the Half-Breed Tract as in determining the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri." The line thus run included in the reservation a portion of the lower part of the city of Fort Madison, and all of the present toAvnships of Van Buren, Charleston, Jefferson, Des Moines, Montrose and Jackson - Under the treaty of 1824, the half-breeds had the right to occupy the soil, but could not convev it, the reversion beinar reserved to the United States. But on the 30th day of January, 1834, by act of Congress, this reversionary right was relinquished, and the half-breeds acquired, the lands in fee simple. This Avas no sooner done, than a horde of speculators rushed in to buy land of the half-breed OAvners, and, in many instances, a gun, a blanket, a pony or a few quarts of whisky was sufficient for the purchase of large estates. There Avas a deal of sharp practice on both sides ; Indians Avould often claim OAvnership of land by virtue of being half-breeds, and had no difficulty in proving their mixed blood by the Indians, and they would then cheat the speculators by selling land to which they had no rightful title. On the other hand, speculators often claimed land in Avhich they had no OAvnership. It Avas diamond cut diamond, until at last things became badly mixed. There Avere no authorized surveys, and no boundary lines to claims, and, as a natural result, numerous conflicts and quarrels ensued. To settle these difficulties, to decide the validity of claims or sell them for the benefit of the real oAvners, by act of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory, approved January 16, 1838, EdAvard Johnstone, Thomas S. Wilson and David Brigham Avere appointed Commissioners, and clothed Avith poAver to effect these objects. The act provided that these Commissioners should be paid six dollars a day each. The commission entered upon its duties and continued until the next session of the Legislature, Avhen the act creating it was repealed, invalidat- ing all that had been done and depriving the Commissioners of their pay. The repealing act, hoAvever, authorized the Commissioners to commence action against the OAvners of the Half-Breed Tract, to receive pay for their services, in the Dis- trict Court of Lee County. Tavo judgments Avere obtained, and on execution the Avhole of the tract Avas sold to Hugh T. Reid, the Sheriff executing the deed. Mr. Reid sold portions of it to A^arious parties, but his OAvn title Avas questioned and he became involved in litigation. Decisions in favor of Reid 1G6 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and those holding under him were made by both District and Supreme Courts, but in December, 1850, these decisions were finally reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States in tlie case of Joseph Webster, plaintiff in error, vs. Hugh T. Reid, and the judgment titles failed. About nine years before the "judgment titles " were finally abrogated as above, another class of titles were brought into competition with them, and in the conflict between the two, the final decision Avas obtained. These were the titles based on the " decree of partition " issued by the United States District Court for the Territory of Iowa, on the 8th of May, 1841, and certified to by the Clerk on the 2d day of June of that year. Edward Johnstone and Hugh T. Reid, then law partners at Fort Madison, filed the petition for the decree in behalf of the St. Louis claimants of half-breed lands. Francis S. Key, author of the Star Spangled Banner, who was then attorney for the New York Land Company, which held heavy interests in these lands, took a leading part in the measure, and drew up the document in which it was presented to the court. Judge Charles Mason, of Burlington, pre- sided. The plan of partition divided the tract into one hundred and one shares and arranged that each claimant should draw his proportion by lot, and should abide the result, whatever it might be. The arrangement was entered into, the lots drawn, and the plat of the same filed in the Recorder's oflSce, October 6, 1841. Upon this basis the titles to land in the Half-Breed Tract are now held. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. The first permanent settlement by the whites within the limits of Iowa was made by Julien Dubuque, in 1788, when, with a small party of miners, he set- tled on the site of the city that now bears his name, where he lived until his death, in 1810. Louis Honori settled on the site of the present town of Mon- trose, probably in 1799, and resided there until 1805, when his property passed into other hands. Of the Giard settlement, opposite Prairie du Chien, little is known, except that it was occupied by some parties prior to the commencement of the present century, and contained three cabins in 1805. Indian traders, although not strictly to be considered settlers, had established themselves at various points at an early date. A Mr. Johnson, agent of the American Fur Company, had a trading post below Burlington, where he carried on traffic with the Indians some time before the United States possessed the country. In 1820, Le Moliese, a French trader, liad a station at what is noAV Sandusky, six miles above Keokuk, in Lee County. In 1829, Dr. Isaac Gallaud made a set- tlement on the Lower Rapids, at what is now Nashville. The first settlement in Lee County was made in 1820, by Dr. Samuel C. Muir, a surgeon in the LTnited States army, who had been stationed at Fort Edwards, now Warsaw, 111., and who built a cabin where the city of Keokuk now stands. Dr. Muir was a man of strict integrity and irreproachable char- acter. While stationed at a military post on the Upper Mississippi, he had married an Indian woman of the Fox nation. Of his marriage, the following romantic account is given : The post at which he was stationed was visited by a beautiful Indian maiden — whose native name, unfortunately, has not been preserved — who, in her dreams, had seen a white brave un- moor his canoe, paddle it across the river and come directly to her lodge. She felt assured, according to the superstitious belief of her race, that, in her dreams, slie had seen her future husband, and had come to the fort to find him. Meeting Dr. Muir, she instantly recognized him as the hero of her dream, wliich, with childlike innocence and simplicity, she related to him. Her dream was, indeed, prophetic. Charmed with Sophia's beauty, innocence and devo- tion, the doctor honorably married tier; but after a while, the sneers and gibes of his brother HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 167 officers — less honorable than he, perhaps — made him feel ashamed of his dark-skinned wife, and when his regiment was ordered down the river, to Bellefontaine, it is said he embraced the opportunity to rid himself of her, and left her, never expecting to see her again, and little dreaming that she would have the courage to follow him. But, with her infant child, this in- trepid wife and mother started alone in her canoe, and, after many days of weary labor and a lonely journey of nine hundred miles, she, at last, reached him. She afterward remarked, when speaking of this toilsome journey down the river in search of her husband, " AVhen I got there 1 was all perished away — so thin ! " The doctor, touched by such unexampled devotion, took her to his heart, and ever after, until his death, treated her with marked respect. She always pre- sided at his table with grace and dignity, but never abandoned her native style of dress. In 1819-20, he was stationed at Fort Edward, but the senseless ridicule of some of his brother officers on account of his Indian wife induced him to resign his commission. After building his cabin, as above stated, he leased his claim for a term of years to Otis Reynolds and John Culver, of St. Louis, and went to La Pointe, afterward Galena, where he priicticed his profession for ten years, when he returned to Keokuk. His Indian wife bore to him four children — Louise (married at Keokuk, since dead), James, (drowned at Keokuk), Mary and Sophia. Dr. Muir died suddenly of cholera, in 1832, but left his property in such condition that it was soon wasted in vexatious litigation, andjiis brave and faithful wife, left friendless and penniless, became discouraged, and, with her children, disappeared, and, it is said, returned to her people on the Upper Missouri. Messrs. Reynolds k Culver, who had leased Dr. Muir's claim at Keokuk, subsequently employed as their agent Mr. Moses Stillwell, who arrived with his family in 1828, and took possession of Muir's cabin. His brothers-in-law, Amos and Valencourt Van Ansdal, came with him and settled near. His daughter, Margaret Stillwell (afterward Mrs. Ford) was born in 1831. at the foot of the rapids, called by the Indians Puch-a-she-tuck, where Keokuk now stands. She was probably the first white American child born in Iowa. In 1831, Mr. Johnson, Agent of the American Fur Company, who had a station at the foot of the rapids, removed to another location, and, Dr. Muir having returned from Galena, he and Isaac R. Campbell took the place and buildings vacated by the Company and carried on trade with the Indians and half-breeds. Campbell, Avho had first visited and traveled through the southern part of Iowa, in 1821, was an enterprising settler, and besides trading with the natives carried on a farm and kept a tavern. Dr. Muir died of cholera in 1832. In 1830, James L. and Lucius H. Langworthy, brothers and natives of Vermont, visited the Territory for the purpose of working the lead mines at Du- buque. They had been engaged in lead mining at Galena, Illinois, the former from as early as 1824. The lead mines in the Dubuque region were an object of great interest to the miners about Galena, for they were knoAvn to be rich in lead ore. To explore these mines and to obtain permission to work them was therefore eminently desirable. In 1829, James L. Langworthy resolved to visit the Dubuque mines. Cross- ing the Mississippi at a point now known as Dunleith, in a canoe, and swim- ming his horse by his side, he landed on the spot now known as Jones Street Levee. Before him spread out a beautiful prairie, on which the city of Du- buque now stands. Two miles south, at the mouth of Catfish Creek, was a vil- lage of Sacs and Foxes. Thither Mr. Langworthy proceeded, and was well re- ceived by the natives. He endeavored to obtain permission from them to mine in their hills, but this they refused. He, however, succeeded in gaining the con- fidence of the chief to such an extent as to be allowed to travel in the interior for three weeks and explore the country. He employed two young Indians as guides, and traversed in different directions the whole region lying between the Maquoketa and Turkey Rivers. He returned to the village, secured the good will of the Indians, and, returning to Galena, formed plans for future opera- tions, to be executed as soon as circumstances would permit. 168 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. In 1830, with his brother, Lucius H., and otliers, having obtained tlie con- sent of tlie Indians, Mr. Langwortliy crossed the Mississippi and commenced mining in the vicinity around Dubu(iue. At this time, the lands were not in the actual possession of the United States. Although they had been purchased from France, the Indian title had not been extinguished, and these adventurous persons were beyond the limits of any State or Territorial government. The first settlers were therefore obliged to be their own law-makers, and to agree to such regulations as the exigencies of tlie case demanded. The first act resembling civil legislation within the limit's of the present State of Iowa was done by the miners at this point, in June, 1830. They met on the bank of the river, by the side of an old cottonwood drift log, at what is now the Jones Street Levee, Dubuque, and elected a Committee, con- sisting of J. L. Langwortliy, H. F. Lander, James McPhetres, Samuel Scales, and E. M. Wren. This may be called the first Legislature in Iowa, the mem- bers of which gathered around that old cottonwood log, and agreed to and re- ported the following, written by Mr. Langwortliy, on a half sheet of coarse, un- ruled paper, the old log being the writing desk : We, a Comiiiiltee having been chosen to draft certain rules and regulations (laws) by which we as miners will be governed, and having duly considered the subject, do unanimously agree that we will be governed by the regulations on the east side of the Mississippi River,* with the following exceptions, to wit : Articlt; I. That each and every man shall hold 200 yards square of ground by working said ground one day in six. Artitlk ir. We further agree that there shall be chosen, by the majority of the miners present, a person who shall hold this article, and who shall grant letters of arbitration on appli- cation having been made, and that said letters of arbitration shall be obligatory on the parties so applying. The report was accepted by the miners present, Avho elected Dr. Jarote, in accordance with Article 2. Here, then, we have, in 1880, a primitive Legisla- ture elected by the people, the law drafted by it being submitted to the people for approval, and under it Dr. Jarote was elected first Governor within the limits of the present State of Iowa. And it is to be said that the laws thus enacted were as promptly obeyed, and the acts of the executive officer thus elected as duly respected, as any have been since. The miners who had thus erected an independent government of their own on the Avest side of the Mississippi River continued to work successfully for a long time, and the new settlement attracted considertdjie attention. But the west side of the Mississippi belonged to the Sac and Fox Indians, and the Gov- ernment, in order to preserve peace on the frontier, as well as to protect the Indians in their rights under the treaty, ordered the settlers not only to stop mining, but to remove from the Indian territory. They were simply intruders. The execution of this order was entrusted to Col. Zachary Taylor, then in com- mand of the military post at Prairie du Cliien, Avho, early in July, sent an officer to the miners Avith orders to forbid settlement, and to command the miners to remove within ten days to the east side of the Mississippi, or they would be driven off by armed force. The miners, however, Avere reluctant about leaving the rich "leads " they had already discovered and opened, and Avere not dis- posed to obey the order to remove Avith any considerable degree of alacrity. In due time. Col. Taylor dispatched a detachment of troops to enforce his order. The miners, anticipating their arrival, had, excepting three, recrossed the river, and from the east bank saAv the troops land on tlie western shore. The three Avho had lingered a little too long Avere, however, permitted to make their escape * Established by the Superiiitemlent of U. S. Lead Mines at Fever River. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 169 unmolested. From this time, a military force was stationed at Dubuque to prevent the settlers from returning, until June, 1832. The Indians returned, and were encouaged to operate the rich mines opened by the late white occupants. In June, 1832, the troops were ordered to the east side to assist in the annihilation of the very Indians whose rights they had been protecting on the west side. Immediately after the close of the Black Hawk war, and the negotia- tions of the treaty in September, 1832, by which the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States the tract known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," the set- tlers, supposing that now they had a right to re-enter the territory, returned and took possession of their claims, built cabins, erected furnaces and prepared large quantities of lead for market. Dubuque was becoming a noted place on the river, but the prospects of the hardy and enterprising settlers and miners were again ruthlessly interfered with by the Government, on the ground that the treaty with the Indians would not go into force until June 1, 1833, although they had withdrawn from the vicinity of the settlement. Col. Taylor was again ordered by the War Department to remove the miners, and in January, 1833, troops were again sent from Prairie du Chien to Dubuque for that purpose. This was a serious and perhaps unnecessary hardship imposed upon the settlers. They were compelled to abandon their cabins and homes in mid-winter. It must now be said, simply, that "red tape" should be respected. The purchase had been made, the treaty ratified, or was sure to be ; the Indians had retired, and, after the lapse of nearly fifty years, no very satisfactory reason for this rigorous action of the Government can be given. But the orders had been given, and there was no alternative but to obey. Many of the settlers recrossed the river, and did not return ; a few, however, removed to an island near the east bank of the river, built rude cabins of poles, in which to store their lead until Spring, when they could float the fruits of their labor to St. Louis for sale, and where they could remain until the treaty went into force, when they could return. Among these were James L. Lang- worthy, and his brother Lucius, who had on hand about three hundred thousand pounds of lead. Lieut. Covington, who had been placed in command at Dubuque by Col. Taylor, ordered some of the cabins of the settlers to be torn down, and wagons and other property to be destroyed. This wanton and inexcusable action on the part of a subordinate clothed with a little brief authority Avas sternly rebuked by Col. Taylor, and Covington was superseded by Lieut. George Wil- son, Avho pursued a just and friendly course with the pioneers, who were only waiting for the time when they could repossess their claims. June 1, 1833, the treaty formally went into effect, the troops were withdrawn, and the Langworthy brothers and a few others at once returned and resumed possession of their home claims and mineral prospects, and from this time the first permanent settlement of this portion of Iowa must date. Mr. John P. Sheldon was appointed Superintendent of the mines by the Government, and a system of permits to miners and licenses to smelters was adopted, similar to that which had been in operation at Galena, since 1825, under Lieut. Martin Thomas and Capt. Thomas C. Legate. Substantially the primitive law enacted by the miners assembled around that old cottonwood drift log in 1830 was adopted and enforced by the United States Government, except that miners were required to sell their mineral to licensed smelters and the smelter was required to give bonds for the payment of six per cent, of all lead manufactured to the Government. This was the same rule adopted in the United States mines on Fever River in 170 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Illinois, except that, until 1830, the Illinois miners were compelled to pay 10 per cent. tax. This tax upon the miners created much dissatisfaction among the miners on the west side as it had on the east side of the Mississippi. They thought they had suffered hardships and privations enough in opening the way for civilization, without being subjected to the imposition of an odious Govern- ment tax upon their means of subsistence, Avhen the Federal Government could better afford to aid than to extort from them. The measure soon became unpop- ular. It was difficult to collect the taxes, and the whole system was abolished in about ten years. During 1833, after the Indian title was fully extinguished, about five hun- dred people arrived at the mining district, about one hundred and fifty of them from Galena. In the same year, Mr. Langworthy assisted in building the first school house in Iowa, and thus was formed the nucleus of the now populous and thriving City of Dubuque. Mr. Langworthy lived to see the naked prairie on which he first landed become the site of a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants, the small school house which he aided in constructing replaced by three substantial edifices, wherein two thousand children were being trained, churches erected in every part of the city, and railroads connecting the wilderness which he first explored with all the eastern world. He died suddenly on the 13th of March, 1865, while on a trip over the Dubuque k Southwestern Railroad, at Monticello, and the evening train brought the news of his death and his remains. Lucius H. Langworthy, his brother, was one of the most Avorthy, gifted and nifluential of the old settlers of this section of Iowa. He died, greatly lamented by many friends, in June, 1865. The name Dubuque was given to the settlement by the miners at a meeting held in 1834. in 1832, Captain James White made a claim on the present site of ^ontrose. In 1834, a military post was established at this point, and a garrison of cavalry was stationed here, under the command .of Col. Stephen W. Kearney." The soldiers were removed from this post to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1837. During the same year, 1832, soon after the close of the Black Hawk War, Zachariali Hawkins, Benjamin Jennings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter Williams made claims at Fort Madison. In 1833, these claims were purchased by John and Nathaniel Knapp, upon which, in 1835, they laid out the town. The next Summer, lots were sold. The town was subsequently re-surveyed and platted by the United States Government. At the close of the Black Hawk War. parties who had been impatiently looking across upon " Flint Hills," now Bui'lington, came over from Illinois and made claims The first was Samuel S. White, in the Fall of 1832, who erected a cabin on the site of the city of Burlington. About the same time, David Tothero made a claim on the prairie about three miles back from the river, at a place since known as thefaim of Judge Morgan. In the Winter of that year, they were driven off" by the military from Rock Island, as intruders upon the riglits of the Indians, and White's cabin was burnt by the soldiers. He retired to Illinois, where he spent the Winter, and in the Summer, as soon as the Indian title Avas extinguishod, returned and rebuilt his cabin. White was joined by his brother-in-law, Doolittle, and they laid out the original town of Burlington in 1834. All along the river borders of the Black Hawk Purchase settlers were flocking into Iowa. Immediately after tiic treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, in Septem- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 171 ber, 1832, Col. George Davenport made the first claim on the spot where the' thriving city of Davenport now stands. As early as 1827, Col. Davenport had established a flatboat ferry, which ran between the island and the main shore of' Iowa, by which he carried on a trade with the Indians west of the Mississippi. In 1833, Capt. Benjamin W. Clark moved across from Illinois, and laid the foundation of the town of Buffalo, in Scott County, which was the first actual settlement within the limits of that county. Among other early settlers in this part of the Territory were Adrian H. Davenport, Col. Johu Sullivan, Mulli- gan and Franklin Easly, Capt. John Coleman, J. M. Camp, William White, H. W. Higgins, Cornelius Harrold, Richard Harrison, E. H. Shepherd and Dr. E. S. Barrows. The first settlers of Davenport were Antoine LeClaire, Col. GSorge Daven- port, Major Thomas Smith, Major William Gordon, Philip Hambough, Alexan- der W. McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt. James May and others. Of Antoine LeClaire, as the representative of the two races of men who at this time occu- pied Iowa, Hon. C. C. Nourse, in his admirable Centennial Address, says : '' Antoine LeClaire was born at St. Joseph, Michigan, in 1797. His father was French, his mother a granddaughter of a Pottowatomie chief. In 1818, he acted as official interpreter to Col. Davenport, at Fort Armstrong (now Rock Island). He was well acquainted with a dozen Indian dialects, and was a man of strict integrity and great energy. In 1820, he married the granddaughter of a Sac chief. The Sac and Fox Indians reserved for him and his wife two sections of land in the treaty of 1833, one at the town of LeClaire and one at Davenport. The Pottawatomies, in the treaty at Prairie du Chien, also reserved for him two sections of land, at the present site of Moline, 111. He received the appointment of Postmaster and Justice of the Peace in the Black Hawk Purchase, at an early day. In 1833, he bought for $100 a claim on the land upon which the original town of Davenport was surveyed and platted in 1836. In 1836, LeClaire built the hotel, known since, with its valuable addi- tion, as the LeClaire House. He died September 25, 1861." In Clayton County, the first settlement was made in the Spring of 1832, on Turkey River, by Robert Hatfield and William W. Wayman. No further settlement was made in this part of the State till the beginning of 1836. In that portion now known as Muscatine County, settlements were made in 1834, by Benjamin Nye, John Vanater and G. W. Kasey, who were the first settlers. E. E. Fay, William St. John, N. Fullington, II. Reece, Jona Petti- bone, R. P. Lowe, Stephen Whicher, Abijah Whiting, J. E. Fletcher, W. D. Abernethy and Alexis Smith were early settlers of Muscatine. During the Summer of 1835, William Bennett and his family, from Galena, built the first cabin within the present limits of Delaware County, in some timber since known as Eads' Grove. The first post office in Iowa was established at Dubuque in 1833.. Milo H. Prentice was appointed Postmaster. The first Justice of the Peace was Antoine Le Claire, appointed in 1833, as "a very suitable person to adjust the difficulties between the white settlers and the Indians still remainmg there." The first Methodist. Society in the Territory was formed at Dubuque on the 18th of May, 1881, and the first class meeting was held June 1st of that year. The first church bell brought into Iowa was in March, 1834, The first mass of the Roman Catholic Church in the Territory was celebrated at Dubuque, in the house of Patrick Quigley, in the Fall of 1833. 172 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Tlic first school house in the Territory was erected by the Dubuque miners in 1833. The first Sabbath school was organized at Dubuque early in the Summer of 1834. The first woman who came to this part of the Territory with a view to per- manent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the Fall of 1832. The first family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp, in 1832. - The first meeting house was built by the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Dubu(iue, in 1834, The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, issued May 11th, 1836. John King, afterward Judge King, was editor, and William C. Jones, printer. The pioneers of Iowa, as a class, were brave, hardy, intelligent and enterprising people. As early as 1824, a French trader named Hart had established a trading post, and built a cabin on the bluffs above the large spring now known as " Mvnster Spring," within the limits of the present city of Council Bluffs, and had "probably been there some time, as the post was known to the employes of the American Fur Company as Lacote de Hart, or " Hart's Bluff." In 1827, an agent of the American Fur Company, Francis Guittar, with others, encamped in the timber at the foot of the bluffs, about on the present location of Broad- Avav. and afterward settled there. In 1839, a block house was built on the bluff in the east part of the city. The Pottawatomie Indians occupied this part of the State until 1846-7, when they relinquished the territory and removed to Kansas. Billy Caldwell was then principal chief. There were no white settlers in that part of the State except Indian traders, until the arrival of the Mormons under the lead of Brigham Young. These people on their way westward halted for the Winter of 1846-7 on the west bank of the Missouri River, about five miles above Omalia, at a place now called Florence. Some of them had reached the eastern bank of the river the Spring before, in season to plant a crop. In the Spring of 1847, Young and a portion of the colony pursued their journey to Salt Lake, but a large portion of them returned to the Iowa side and settled mainly within the limits of Pottawattamie County. The principal settle- ment of this strange community was at a place first called "Miller's Hollow," on Indian Creek, and afterward named Kanesville, in lienor of Col. Kane, of Pennsylvania, who visited them soon afterward. The Mormon settlement extended over the county and into neighboring counties, wherever timber and water furnished desirable locations. Orson Hyde, priest, lawyer and editor, was installed as President of the Quorum of Twelve, and all that part of the State remained under Mormon control for several years. In 1846, they raised a bat- talion, numbering some five hundred men, for the Mexican war. In 1848, Hyde started a paper called the Frontier Guardian, at Kanesville. In 1849, after many of tlie faithful had left to join Brigham Young at Salt Lake, the Mormons in this section of Iowa numbered 6,552, and in 1850, 7,828, but they were not all within the limits of Pottawattamie County. This county was organized in 1848, all the first officials being Mormons. In 1852, the order was promulgated that all the true believers should gather together at Salt Lake. Gentiles flocked in, and in a few years nearly all the first settlers were gone. May 9, 1843, Captain James Allen, with a small detachment of troops on board the steamer lone, arrived at the present site of the capital of the State, Des Moines. The lone was the first steamer to ascend the Des Moines River to this point. The troops and stores were landed at what is now the foot of HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 173 Court avenue, Des Moines, and Capt. Allen returned in the steamer to Fort Sanford to arrange for bringing up more soldiers and supplies. In due time they, too, arrived, and a fort was built near the mouth of Raccoon Fork, at its confluence with the Des Moines, and named Fort Des Moines. Soon after the arrival of the troops, a trading post was established on the east side of the river, by two noted Indian traders named Ewing, from Ohio. Among the first settlers in this part of Iowa were Benjamin Bryant, J. B. Scott, James Drake (gunsmith), John Sturtevant, Robert Kinzie, Alexander Turner, Peter Newcomer, and others. The Western States have been settled by many of the best and most enter- prising men of the older States, and a large immigration of the best blood of the Old World, who, removing to an arena of larger opportunities, in a more fertile soil and congenial climate, have developed a spirit and an energy peculiarly Western. In no country on the globe have enterprises of all kinds been pushed forward with such rapidity, or has there been such independence and freedom of competition. Among those who have pioneered the civiliza- tion of the West, and been the founders of great States, none have ranked higher in the scale of intelligence and moral Avorth than the pioneers of Iowa, who came to the territory Avhen it was an Indian country, and through hardship, privation and suflFering, laid the foundations of the populous and prosperous commonwealth which to-day dispenses its blessings to a million and a quarter of people. From her first settlement and from her first organization as a terri- tory to the present day, Iowa has had able men to manage her affairs, wise statesmen to shape her destiny and frame her laws, and intelligent and impartial jurists to administer justice to her citizens ; her bar, pulpit and press have been able and widely influential ; and in all the professions, arts, enterprises and industries which go to make up a great and prosperous commonwealth, she has taken and holds a front rank among her sister States of the West. TERRITORIAL HISTORY. By act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United States was authorized to take possession of the territory included in the Louisiana purchase, and provide for a temporary government. By another act of the same session, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired country was divided, October 1, 1804 into the Territory of Orleans, south of the thirty-third parallel of north latitude, and the district of Louisiana, which latter was placed under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory. In 1805, the District of Louisiana was organized as a Territory with a gov- ernment of its own. In 1807, Iowa was included in the Territory of Illinois, and in 1812 in the Territory of Missouri. When Missouri was admitted as a State, March 2, 1821, "Iowa," says Hon. C. C. Nourse, "was left a political orphan," until by act of Congress, approved June 28, 1834, the Black Hawk purchase having been made, all the territory west of the Mississippi and north of the northern boundary of Missouri, was made a part of Michigan Territory. L^p to this time there had been no county or other oi*ganization in what is now the State of Iowa, although one or two Justices of the Peace had been appointed and a post office was established at Dubuque in 1833. In September, 1834, however, the Territorial Legislature of Michigan created two counties on the west side of the Mississippi River, viz. : Dubuque and Des Moines, separated by a line drawn westward from the foot of Rock Island. These counties were 174 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. partially organized. Jolin King was appointed Chief Justice of Dubuque County, and Isaac Leffler, of Burlington, of Des Moines County. Two Associate Justices, in each county, were appointed by the Governor. On the first Monday in October, 1835, Gen. George W. Jones, now a citi- zen of Dubuque, was elected a Delegate to Congress from this part of Michigan Territory. On the 20th of April, 1836, through the eiForts of Gen. Jones, Congress passed a bill creating the Territory of Wisconsin, which went into operation, July 4, 1836, and Iowa was then included in THE TERRITORY OF WISCONSIN, of which Gen. Henry Dodge was appointed Governor; John S. Horner, Secre- tary of the Territory ; Charles Dunn, Chief Justice ; David Irwin and William C. Frazer, Associate Justices. September 9, 1836, Governor Dodge ordered the census of the new Territory to be taken. This census resulted in showing a population of 10,531 in the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines. Under the apportionment, these two counties were entitled to six members of the Council and thirteen of the House of Representatives. The Governor issued his proclamation for an election to be held on the first Monday of October, 1836, on Avhich day the following members of the First Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin were elected from the two counties in the Black Hawk purchase : Dubuque County. — Council: John Fally, Thomas McKnight, Thomas Mc- Craney. House : Loring W^heeler, Hardin Nowlan, Peter Hill Engle, Patrick Quigley, Hosea T. Camp. Des Moines County. — Council: Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas, Arthur B. Ingram. House: Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L, Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Keynolds, David R. Chance. The first Legislature assembled at Belmont, in the present State of Wiscon- sin, on the 25th day of October, 1836, and was organized by electing Henry T. Baird President of the Council, and Peter Hill Engle, of Dubuque, Speaker of the House. It adjourned December 9, 1836. The second Legislature assembled at Burlington, November 10, 1837. Adjourned January 20, 1838. The third session was at Burlington ; com- menced June 1st, and adjourned June 12, 1838. During the first session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, in 1836, the county of Des Moines Avas divided into Des Moines, Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Muscatine and Cook (the latter being subsequently changed to Scott) and defined their boundaries. During the second session, out of the territory embraced in Dubuque County, were created the counties of Dubuque, Clayton, Fayette, Delaware, Buchanan, Jackson, Jones, Linn, Clinton and Cedar, and their boun- daries defined, but the most of them were not organized until several years afterward, under the authority of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa. The ((uestion of a separate territorial organization for Iowa, which was then a part of Wisconsin Territory, began to be agitated early in the Autumn of 1887. The wishes of the people found expression in a convention held at Bur- lington on the 1st of November, which memorialized Congress to organize a Territory west of the Mississippi, and to settle the boundary line between Wis- consin Territory and Missouri. The Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, then in session at Burlington, joined in the petition. Gen. George W. Jones, of Dubuque; then residing at Sinsinawa Mound, in what is now W^isconsin, was Delegate to Congress from Wisconsin Territory, and labored so earnestly and successfully, that " An act to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to estab- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 175 lish the Territorial Government of Iowa," "was approved June 12, 1838, to take eftect and be in force on and after July 3, 1838. The new Territory embraced "all that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies west of the Mis- sissippi River, and west of a line drawn due north from the head water or sources of the Mississippi to the territorial line." The organic act provided for a Governor, whose terra of office should be three years, and for a Secretary, Chief Justice, two Associate Justices, and Attorney and Marshal, who should serve four years, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the election, by the white male inhabitants, citizens of the United States, over twenty-one years of age, of a House of Representatives, consisting of twenty-six members, and a Council, to consist of thirteen members. It also appropriated $5,000 for a public library, and ^20,000 for the erection of public buildings. President Van Burcn appointed Ex-Governor Robert Lucas, of Ohio, to be the first Governor of the new Territory. William B. Conway, of Pittsburgh, was appointed Secretary of the Territory ; Charles Mason, of Burlington, Chief Justice, and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, and Joseph Williams, of Pennsylvania, Associate Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; Mr. Var, Allen, of New York, Attorney; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, Marshal; Au gustus C. Dodge, Register of the Land Office at Burlington, and Thomas Mc Knight, Receiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Mr. Van Allen, the District Attorney, died at Rockingham, soon after his appointment, and Col. Charleti Weston was appointed to fill his vacancy. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, alsd died at Burlington, during the second session of the Legislature, and Jameu Clarke, editor of the Gazette, Avas appointed to succeed him. Immediately after his arrival. Governor Lucas issued a proclamation for tho election of members of the first Territorial Legislature, to be held on the lOtk of September, dividing the Territory into election districts for that purpose, and appointing the 12th day of November for meeting of the Legislature to bo elected, at Burlington. The first Territorial Legislature was elected in September and assembled at Burlington on the 12th of November, and consisted of the following members : Council. — Jesse B. Brown, J. Keith, E. A. M. Swazey, Arthur Ingram, Robert Ralston, George Hepner, Jesse J. Payne, D. B. Hughes, James M Clark, Charles Whittlesey, Jonathan W. Parker, Warner Lewis, Stepheij. Hempstead. House. — William Patterson, Hawkins Taylor, Calvin J. Price, Jame« Brierly, James Hall, Gideon S. Bailey, Samuel Parker, James W. Grimes, George Temple, Van B. Delashmutt, Thomas Blair, George H. Beeler,^ William G. Coop, William H. Wallace, Asbury B. Porter, John Frierson, William L. Toole, Levi Thornton, S. C. Hastings, Robert G. Roberts, Laurel Summers,t Jabez A. Burchard, Jr., Chauncey Swan, Andrew Bankson, Thomas Cox and Hardin Nowlin. Notwithstanding a large majority of the members of both branches of the Legislature were Democrats, yet Gen. Jesse B. Browne (Whig), of Lee County, was elected President of the Council, and Hon. William H. Wallace (Whig), of Henry County, Speaker of the House of Representatives — the former unani- mously and the latter with but little opposition. At that time, national politics *Cynis S. Jacobs, who was elected for Pes Moines County, was killed in an unfortunate encounter at Burlington before tlie meeting of the Legislature, and Mr. Beeler was elected to fill the vacancy. f Samuel K. Murray was returned as elected from Cliuton County, but hia seat was successfully contested by Burchard. 176 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. were little heeded by the people of the new Territory, but in 1840, during the Presidential campaign, party lines were strongly drawn. At the election in September, 1838, for members of the Legislature, a Con- gressional Delegate was also elected. There were four candidates, viz. : William W. Chai)man and David Rohrer, of Des Moines County ; B. F. Wallace, of Henry County, and P. II. Engle, of Dubuque County. Chapman was elected, receiving a majority of thirty-six over Engle. The first session of the Iowa Territorial Legislature was a stormy and excit- ing one. By the organic law, the Governor was clothed with almost unlimited veto power. Governor Lucas seemed disposed to make fixe use of it, and the independent Hawkeyes could not quietly submit to arbitrary and absolute rule, and the result was an unpleasant controversy between the Executive and Legis- lative dei)artments. Congress, however, by act approved March 3, 1839, amended the organic law by restricting the veto power of the Governor to the two-thirds rule, and took from him the power to appoint Sheriffs and Magistrates. Among the first important matters demanding attention was the location of the seat of government and provision for the erection of public buildings, for which Congress had appropriated $20,000. Governor Lucas, in his message, had recommended the appointment of Commissioners, with a view to making a central location. The extent of the future State of Iowa was not known or thought of. Only on a strip of land fifty miles wide, bordering on the Missis- sippi River, was the Indian title extinguished, and a central location meant some central point in the Black Hawk Purchase. The friends of a central location supported the Governor's suggestion. The southern members were divided between Burlington and ]Mount Pleasant, but finally united on the latter as the proper location for the seat of government. The central and southern parties were very nearly equal, and, in consequence, much excitement prevailed. The central party at last triumphed, and on the 21st day of January, 1839, an act was passed, appointing Chauncey Swan, of Dubu(|ue County ; John Ronalds, of Louisa County, and Robert Ralston, of Des Moines County, Commissioners, to select a site for a permanent seat of Government within the limits of John- son County. Johnson County had been created by act of the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, approved December 21, 1837, and organized by act passed at the special session at Burlington in June, 1838, the organization to date from July 4th, following. Napoleon, on the Iowa River, a few miles below the future Iowa City, was designated as the county scat, temporarily. Tlien there existed good reason fur locating the capital in the county. The Territory of Iowa was bounded on tlie north by the British Possessions ; east, by the Mississippi River to its source; thence by a line drawn due north to the northern boundary of the United States; south, by the State of Missouri, and Avest, by the Missouri and White Earth Rivers. But this immense territory was in un- disputed possession of the Indians, except a strip on the Mississippi, known as the Black Hawk Purchase. Johnson County was, from north to south, in the geograpliical center of this purchase, and as near the east and west geographical center of the future State of Iowa as could then be made, as the boundary line between the lands of the United States and the Indians, established by the treaty of October 21, 1837, was immediately west of the county limits. The Commissioners, after selecting the site, were directed to lay out 640 acres into a town, to be called Iowa City, and to proceed to sell lots and erect public buildings thereon, Congress having granted a section of land to be selected by the Territory for this purpose. The Commissioners met at Napo- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 177 leon, Johnson County, May 1, 1839, selected for a site Section 10, in Town- ship 79 North of Range 6 West of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and immedi- ately surveyed it and laid oft' the town. The first sale of lots took place August 16, 1839. The site selected for the public buildings was a little west of the geographical center of the section, Avhere a square of ten acres on the elevated grounds overlooking the river was reserved for the purpose. The capitol is located in the center of this square. The second Territorial Legislature, which assembled in November, 1839, passed an act requiring the Commissioners to adopt such plan for the building that the aggregate cost wdien complete should not exceed $51,000, and if they had already adopted a plan involving a greater expenditure they were directed to abandon it. Plans for tlie building wei-e designed and drawn by Mr. John F. Rague, of Springfield, 111., and on the 4th day of July, 1840, the corner stone of the edifice was laid with appropriate ceremonies. Samuel C. Trowbridge was Marshal of the day, and Gov. Lucas delivered the address on that occasion. When the Legislature assembled at Burlington in special session, July 13, 1840, Gov. Lucas announced that on the 4th of that month he had visited Iowa City, and found the basement of the capitol nearly completed. A bill author- izing a loan of $20,000 for the building was passed, January 15, 1841, the unsold lots of Iowa City being the security off'ered, but only $5,500 was- obtained under the act. THE BOUNDARY QUESTION. The boundary line between the Territory of Iowa and the State of Missouri was adiflScult question to settle in 1838, in consequence of claims arising from taxes and titles, and at one time civil war was imminent. In defining the boundaries of the counties bordering on Missouri, the Iowa authorities had fixed a line that has since been established as the boundary between Iowa and Mis- souri. The Constitution of Missouri defined her northern boundary to be the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the Des Moines River. The lower rapids of the Mississippi immediately above the mouth of the Des Moines River had always been known as the Des Moines Rapids, or "the rapids of the Des Moines River." The Missourians (evidently not well versed in history or geography) insisted on running the northern boundary line from the rapids in the Des Moines River, just below Keosaucjua, thus taking from Iowa a strip of territory eight or ten miles wide. Assuming this as her northern boundary line, Missouri attempted to exercise jurisdiction over the disputed territory by assessing taxes, and sending her Sheriffs to collect them by distraining the personal property of the settlers. The lowans, however, were not disposed to submit, and the Missouri officials were arrested by the Sheriffs of Davis and Van Buren Counties and confined in jail. Gov. Boggs, of Missouri, called out his militia to enforce the claim and sustain the officers of Missouri. Gov. Lucas called out the militia of Iowa, and both parties made active preparations for war. In Iowa, about 1,200 men Avere enlisted, and 500 were actually armed and encamped in Van Buren County, ready to defend the integrity of the Territory. Subsequently, Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, Gen. Churchman, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, of Fort Madison, were sent to Missouri as envoys plenipotentiary, to eff"ect, if possible, a peaceable adjustment of the difficulty. Upon their arrival, they found that the County Commissioners of Clarke County , Missouri, had rescinded their order for the collection of the taxes, and that Gov. Boggs had despatched messengers to the Governor of Iowa proposing 178 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. to submit an agreed case to the Supreme Court of the United States for the final settlement of the boundary question. This proposition was declined, but afterward Congress authorized a suit to settle the controversy, whicli Avas insti- tuted, and Avhich resulted in a judgment for Iowa. Under this decision, William G. Miner, of Missouri, and Henry B. Hendershott were appointed Commissioners to survey and establish the boundary. Mr. Nourse remarks that "■ the expenses of the war on the part of Iowa were never paid, either by the United States or the Territorial Government. The patriots Avho furnished supplies to the troops had to bear the cost and charges of the struggle." The first legislative assembly laid the broad foundation of civil equality, on which has been constructed one of the most liberal governments in the Union. Its first act was to recognize the equality of woman with man before the law by providing that " no action commenced by a single woman, who intermarries during the pendency thereof, shall abate on account of such marriage." This prin- ciple has been adopted by all subsequent legislation in Iowa, and to-day woman has full and equal civil rights with man, except only the right of the ballot. Religious toleration was also secured to all, personal liberty strictly guarded, the rights and privileges of citizenship extended to all white persons, and tlie purity of elections secured by heavy penalties against bribery and corruption. The judiciary power Avas vested in a Supreme Court, District Court, Probate Court, and Justices of the Peace. Real estate Avas made divisible by will, and intestate property divided equitably among heirs. Murder Avas made punishable by death, and proportionate penalties fixed for lesser crimes. A system of free schools, open for every class of Avhite citizens, Avas established. Provision Avas made for a system of roads and highAvays. Thus under the territorial organi- zation, the country began to emerge from a savage Avilderness, and take on the forms of civil government. By act of Congress of June 12, 1838, the lands Avhich had been purchased of the Indians Avere brought into market, and land offices opened in Dubuque and Burlington. Congress provided for military roads and bridges, Avhich greatly aided the settlers, Avho Avere noAv coming in by thousands, to make their homes on the fertile prairies of loAva — " the Beautiful Land." The fame of the country had spread far and Avide; even before the Indian title was extinguished, many Avere crowding the borders, impatient to cross over and stake out their claims on the choicest spots they could find in the ncAV Territory. As soon as the country Avas open for settlement, the borders, the Black Hawk Purchase, all along the Mississipi, and up the principal rivers and streams, and out over the broad and rolling prairies, began to be thronged Avith eager land hunters and immigrants, seeking homes in Iowa. It Avas a sight to delight the eyes of all comers from every land — its noble streams, beautiful and picturesque hills and valleys, broad and fertile prairies extending as far as the eye could reach, Avith a soil surpassing in richness anytliing Avhich they had ever seen. It is not to be Avondered at that immigration into Iowa Avas rapid, and that Avithin less tlian a decade from the organization of the Territory, it contained a hundred and fifty thousand people. As rapidly as the Indian titles Avere extinguished and the original owners removed, the resistless tide of emigration floAved Avestward. The folloAving extract from Judge Nourse's Centennial Address shoAvs how the immigrants gathered on the Indian boundary, ready for the removal of the barrier : In obedience to our progressive and aggressive spirit, the Government of the United States made another treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians, on the 11th day of August, 1842, for the remaining portion of their land in Iowa. The treaty provided that the Indians should retain HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 179 possession of all the lands thus ceded until May 1, 1843, and should occupy that portion of the ceded territory west of a line running north and south through Kedrock, until October 11, 1845. These tribes, at this time, had their principal village at Ot-tum-wa-no, now called Ottumwa. As soon as it became known that the treaty had been concluded, there was a rush of immigration to Iowa, and a great number of temporary settlements were made near the Indian boundary, wait- ing for the 1st day of May. As the day approached, hundreds of families encamped along the line, and their tents and wagons gave the scene the appearance of a military expedition. The country beyond had been thoroughly explored, but the United States military authorities had prevented any settlement or even the making out of claims by any monuments whatever. To aid them in making out their claims when the hour should arrive, the settlers had placed piles of dry wood on the rising ground, at convenient distances, and a short time before twelve o'clock of the night of the 30th of April, these were lighted, and when the midnight hour arrived, it was announced by the discharge of firearms. The night was dark, but this army of occupa- tion pressed forward, torch in hand, with axe and hatchet, blazing lines with all manner of curves and angles. When daylight came and revealed the confusion of these wonderful surveys, numerous disputes arose, settled generally by compromise, but sometimes by violence Between midnight of the 30th of April and sundown of the 1st of May, over one thousand families had settled on their new purchase. While this scene was transpiring, the retreating Indians were enacting one more impressive and melancholy. The Winter of 1842-43 was one of unusual severity, and the Indian prophet, who had disapproved of the treaty, attributed the severity of the Winter to the anger of the Great Spirit, because they had sold their country. Many religious riles were performed to atone for the crime. When the time for leaving Ot-tum-wa-no arrived, a solemn silence pervaded the Indian camp, and the faces of their stoutest men were bathed in tears; and when their cavalcade was put in motion, toward the setting sun, there was a spontaneous outburst of frantic grief from the entire procession. The Indians remained the appointed time beyond the line running north and south through Redrock. The government established a trading post and military encampment at the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines River, then and for many years known as Fort Des Moines. Here the red man lingered until the 11th of October, 1845, when the same scene that we have before described was re-enacted, and the wave of immigration swept over the remainder of the " New Purchase." The lands thus occupied and claimed by the settlers still belonged in fee to the Gen- eral Government. The surveys were not completed until some time after the Indian title was extinguished. After their survey, the lands were publicly proclaimed or advertised for sale at public auction. Under the laws of the United States, a pre-emption or exclusive right to purchase public lands could net be acquired until after the lands had thus been publicly offered and not sold for want of bidders. Then, and not until then, an occupant making improvements in good faith might acquire a right over others to enter the land at the minimum price of $1.25 per acre. The " claim laws" were unknown to the United States statutes. They originated in the " eternal fitness of things," and were enforced, probably, as belonging to that class of natural rights not enumerated in the constitution, and not impaired or disparaged by its enumeration. The settlers organized in every settlement prior to the public land sales, appointed oificers, and adopted their own rules and regulations. Each man's claim was duly ascertained and recorded by the Secretary. It was the duty of «Z^ to attend the sales. The Secretary bid off the lands of each settler at $1.25 per acre. The others were there, to see, first, that he did his duty and bid in the land, and, secondly, to see that no one else bid. This, of course, sometimes led to trouble, but it saved the excitement of competition, and gave a formality and degree of order and regularity to the proceedings they would not otherwise have attained. As far as practicable, the Territorial Legislature recognized the validity of these " claims " upon the public lands, and in 1839 passed an act legalizing their sale and making their transfer a valid consideration to sup- port a promise to pay for the same. (Acts of 1843, c. 456). The Supreme Territorial Court held this law to be valid. (See Hill v. Smith, 1st Morris Rep. 70). The opinion not only con- tains a decision of the question involved, but also contains much valuable erudition upon that " spirit of Anglo-Saxon liberty" which the Iowa settlers unquestionably inherited in a direct line of descent from the said " Anglo-Saxons." But the early settler was not always able to pay even this dollar and twenty-five cents per acre for his land. Many of the settlers had nothing to begin with, save their hands, health and courage and their family jewels, " the pledges of love," and the " consumers of bread." It was not so easy to accumulate money in the early days of the State, and the "beautiful prairies," the "noble streams," and all that sort of poetic imagery, did not prevent the early settlers from becoming discouraged. An old settler, in speaking of the privations and trials of those early days, says: Well do the "old settlers "' of Iowa remember the days from the first settlement to 1840. Those were days of sadness and distress. The endearments of home in another land had been 180 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. broken up; and all that was hallowed on earth, the home of childhood and the scenes of youth, we severed ; and we sat down by the gentle waters of our noble river, and often " hung our harps on the willows." Another, from another part of the State, testifies : There was no such thing as getting money for any kind of labor. I laid brick at $3.00 per thousand, and took my pay in anything I could eat or wear. I built the first Methodist Church at Keokuk, 42x60 feet, of brick, for $600, and took my pay in a subscription paper, part of which I never collected, and upon which I only received $50 00 in money. Wheat was hauled 100 miles from the interior, and sold for 37J cents per bushel. Another old settler, speaking of a later period, 1843, says : Land and everything had gone down in value to almost nominal prices. Corn and oats could be bought for six or ten cents a bushel ; pork, f 1 .00 per hundred ; and the best horse a man could raise sold for $50.00. Nearly all were in debt, and the Sheriff and Constable, with legal processes, were common visitors at almost every man's door. These were indeed " the times that tried men's souls." "A few," says Mr. Nourse, "who were not equal to the trial, returned to their old homes, but such as had the courage and faith to be the worthy founders of a great State remained, to more than realize the fruition of their hopes, and the reward of their self-denial." On Monday, December 6, 1841, the fourth Legislative Assembly met, at the new capital, Iowa City, but the capitol building could not be used, and the Legislature occupied a temporary frame house, that had been erected for that purpose, during the session of 1841-2. At this session, the Superintendent of Public Buildings (who, with the Territorial Agent, had superseded the Commis- sioners first appointed), estimated the expense of completing the building at $83,330, and that rooms for the use of the Legislature could be completed for $15,600. During 1842, the Superintendent commenced obtaining stone from a new quarry, about ten miles northeast of the city. This is now known as the '" Old Capitol Quarry," and contains, it is thought, an immense quantity of excellent building stone. Here all the stone for completing the building was obtained, and it was so far completed, that on the 5th day of December, 1842, the Legis- lature assembled in the new capitol. At this session, the Superintendent esti- mated that it would cost $39,143 to finish the building. This was nearly $6,000 higher than the estimate of the previous year, notwithstanding a large sum had been expended in the meantime. This rather discouraging discrep- ancy was accounted for by the fact that the officers in charge of the work were constantly short of funds. Except the congressional appropriation of $20,000 and the loan of $5,500, obtained from the Miners' Bank, of Dubuque, all the funds for the prosecution of the work were derived from the sale of the city lots (which did not sell very rapidly), from certificates of indebtedness, and from scrip, based upon unsold lots, which was to be received in payment for such lots when they were sold. At one time, the Superintendent made a requisition for bills of iron and glass, which could not be obtained nearer than St. Jjouis. To meet this, the Agent sold some lots for a draft, payable at Pittsburgh, Pa., for which he was compelled to pay twenty-five per cent, exchange. This draft, amounting to $507, that officer reported to be more than one-half the cash actually handled by him during the entire season, when the disbursements amounted to very nearly $24,000. With such uncertainty, it could not be expected that estimates could be very accurate. With all these disadvantages, however, the work appears to have been prudently prosecuted, and as rapidly as circumstances would permit. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 181 Iowa remained a Territory from 1838 to 1846, during which the office of Governor was held by Robert Lucas, John Chambers and James Clarke. STATE ORGANIZATION. By an act of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, approved February 12, 1844, the question of the formation of a State Constitution and providing for the election of Delegates to a convention to be convened for that purpose was submitted to the people, to be voted upon at their township elections in April following. The vote was largely in favor of the measure, and the Delegates elected assembled in convention at Iowa City, on the 7th of October, 1844. On the first day of November following, the convention completed its work and adopted the first State Constitution. The President of the convention, Hon. Shepherd Leffler, was instructed to transmit a certified copy of this Constitution to the Delegate in Congress, to be by him submitted to that body at the earliest practicable day. It was also pro- vided that it should be submitted, together with any conditions or changes that might be made by Congress, to the people of the Territory, for their approval or rejection, at the township election in April, 1845. The boundaries of the State, as defined by this Constitution, were as fol- lows : Beginning in the middle of the channel of the Mississippi River, opposite mouth of the Des Moines River, thence up the said river Des Moines, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to a point where it is intersected by the Old Indian Boundary line, or line run by John C. Sullivan, in the year 1816 ; thence westwardly along said line to the " old " northwest corner of Missouri ; thence due west to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River ; thence up in the middle of the main channel of the river last mentioned to the mouth of the Sioux or Calumet River ; thence in a direct line to the middle of the main channel of the St. Petera River, where the Watonwan River — according to Nicollet's map — enters the same ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning. These boundaries were rejected by Congress, but by act approved March 3, 1845, a State called Iowa Avas admitted into the Union, provided the people accepted the act, bounded as follows : Beginning at the mouth of the Des Moines River, at the middle of the Mississippi, thence by the middle of the channel of that river to a parallel of latitude passing through the mouth of the Mankato or Blue Earth River; thence west, along said parallel of latitude, to a point where it is intersected by a meridian line seventeen degrees and thirty minutes west of the meridian of Washington City ; thence due south, to the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri; thence eastwardly, following that boundary to the point at which the same intersects the Des Moines River ; thence by the middle of the channel of that river to the place of beginning. These boundaries, had they been accepted, would have placed the northern boundary of the State about thirty miles north of its present location, and would have deprived it of the Missouri slope and the boundary of that river. The western boundary would have been near the west line of what is now Kossuth County. But it was not so to be. In consequence of this radical and unwel- come change in the boundaries, the people refused to accept the act of Congress and rejected the Constitution at the election, held August 4, 1845, by a vote of 7,656 to 7,235. A second Constitutional Convention assembled at Iowa City on the 4th day of May, 1846, and on the 18th of the same month another Constitution for the new State with the present boundaries, was adopted and submitted to the people for ratification on the 3d day of August following, when it was accepted ; 9,492 votes were cast "for the Constitution," and 9,036 "against the Constitution '* 182 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The Constitution was approved by Congress, and by act of Congress approved December 28, 1846, Iowa was admitted as a sovereign State in the American Union. Prior to this action of Congress, however, the people of the new State held an election under the new Constitution on the 26tli day of October, and elected Oresel Briggs, Governor ; Elisha Cutler, Jr., Secretary of State ; JosepL^.. Tales, Auditor ; Morgan Reno, Treasurer ; and members of the Senate and House of Representatives. At this time there were twenty-seven organized counties in the State, with a population of nearly 100,000, and the frontier settlements were rapidly push- ing toward the Missouri River. The Mormons had already reached there. The first General Assembly of the State of Iowa was composed of nineteen Senators and forty Representatives. It assembled at Iowa City, November 30, 1846, about a month before the State was admitted into the Union. At the first session of the State Legislature, the Treasurer of State reported that the capitol building was in a very exposed condition, liable to injury from storms, and expressed the hope that some provision would be made to complete it, at least sufficiently to protect it from the weather. The General Assembly responded by appropriating $2,500 for the completion of the public buildings. At the first session also arose the question of the re-location of the capital. The western boundary of the State, as now determined, left Iowa City too far toAvard the eastern and southern boundary of the State ; this was conceded. Congress had appropriated five sections of land for the erection of public buildings, and tow^ard the close of the session a bill was introduced providing for the re-location of the seat of government, involving to some extent the location of the State University, Avhich had already been discussed. This bill gave rise to a deal of discussion and parliamentary maneuvering, almost purely sectional in its character. It provided for the appointment of three Commissioners, who were authorized to make a location as near the geographical center of the State as a healthy and eligible site could be obtained ; to select the five sections of land donated by Congress ; to survey and plat into town lots not exceeding one section of the land so selected ; to sell lots at public sale, not to exceed two in each block. Having done this, they were then required to suspend further operations, and make a report of their proceedings to the Governor. The bill passed both Houses by decisive votes, received the signature of the Governor, and became a law. Soon after, by " An act to locate and establish a State University," approved February 25, 1847, the unfinished public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land on which they were situated, were granted for the use of the University, reserving their use, however, by the General Assembly and the State officers, until other provisions were made by law. The Commissioners forthwith entered upon their duties, and selected four sections and two half sections in Jasper County. Two of these sections are in what is now Des Moines Township, and tlie others in Fairview Township, in the southern part of that county. These lands are situated between Prairie City and Monroe, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, which runs diagonally through them. Here a toAvn was platted, called Monroe City, and a sale of lots took place. Four hundred and fifteen lots were sold, at prices that were not considered remarkably remunerative. The cash payments (one-fourth) amounted to $1,797.43, while the expenses of the sale and the claims of the Commissioners for services amounted to $2,206.57. The Commissioners made a report of their proceedings to the Governor, as required by law, but the loca- tion was generally condemned. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 183 "When the report of the Commissioners, showing this brilliant financial ope- ration, had been read in the House of Representatives, at the next session, and while it was under consideration, an indignant member, afterward known as the eccentric Judge McFarland, moved to refer the report to a select Committee of Five, with instructions to report " how much of said city of Monroe Avas under water and how much was burned." The report was referred, without the instructions, however, but Monroe City never became the seat of government. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the law by which the location had been made was repealed and the new town was vacated, the money paid by purchas- ers of lots being refunded to them. This, of course, retained the seat of govern- ment at Iowa City, and precluded, for the time, the occupation of the building and grounds by the University, At the same session, $3,000 more were appropriated for completing the State building at Iowa City. In 1852, the further sum of $5,000, and in 1854 $4,000 more were apppropriated for the same purpose, making the Avhole cost $123,000, paid partly by the General Government and partly by the State, but principally from the proceeds of the sale of lots in Iowa City. But the question of the permanent location of the seat of government was not settled, and in 1851 bills were introduced for the removal of the capital to Bella and to Fort Des Moines, The latter appeared to have the support of the majority, but was finally lost in the House on the question of ordering it to its third reading. At the next session, in 1858, a bill was introduced in the Senate for the removal of the seat of government to Fort Des Moines, and, on final vote, was just barely defeated. At the next session, however, the effort was more successful, and on the 15th day of January, 1855, a bill re-locating the capital within two miles of the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and for the appoint- ment of Commissioners, was approved by Gov. Grimes. The site was selected in 1856, in accordance with the provisions of this act, the land being donated to the State by citizens and property-holders of Des Moines. An association of citizens erected a building for a temporary capitol, and leased it to the State at a nominal rent. The third Constitutional Convention to revise the Constitution of the State assembled at Iowa City, January 19, 1857. The new Constitution framed by this convention was submitted to the people at an election held August 3, 1857, when it was approved and adopted by a vote of 40,311 " for " to 38,681 " against," and on the 3d day of September following was declared by a procla- mation of the Governor to be the supreme law of the State of Iowa. Advised of the completion of the temporary State House at Des Moines, on the 19th of October following. Governor Grimes issued another proclamation, declaring the City of Des Moines to be the capital of the State of Iowa. The removal of the archives and offices was commenced at once and con- tinued thi'ough the Fall. It was an undertaking of no small magnitude; there was not a mile of railroad to facilitate the work, and the season was unusually disagreeable. Rain, snow and other accompaniments increased the difficulties ; and it was not until December, that the last of the effects — the safe of the State Treasurer, loaded on two large " bob-sleds " — drawn by ten yoke of oxen was de- posited in the new capital. It is not imprudent now to remark that, during this passage over hills and prairies, across rivers, through bottom lands and timber, the safes belonging to the several departments contained large sums of money, mostly individual funds, however. Thus, Iowa City ceased to be the capital of the State, after four Territorial Legislatures, six State Legislatures and three 184 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Constitutional Conventions had held their sessions there. By the exchange, the old capitol at Iowa City became the seat of the University, and, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, passed under the immedi- ate and direct control of the Trustees of that institution. Des Moines was now the permanent seat of government, made so by the fundamental law of the State, and on the 11th day of January, 1858, the seventh General Assembly convened at the new capital. The building used for governmental purposes was purchased in 1864. It soon became inadequate for the purposes for which it was designed, and it became apparent that a new, large and permanent State House must be erected. In 1870, the General Assembly made an appropriation and provided for the appointment of a Board of Commissioners to commence the work. The board consisted of Gov. Samuel Merrill, ex officio. President ; Grenville M. Dodge, Council Bluffs ; James F. Wilson, Fairfield; James Dawson, Washington; Simon G. Stein, Muscatine ; James 0. Crosby, Gainsville ; Charles Dudley, Agency City ; John N. Dewey, Des Moines; William L. Joy, Sioux City ; Alexander R. Fulton, Des Moines, Secretary. The act of 1870 provided that the building should be constructed of the best material and should be fire proof; to be heated and ventilated in the most approved manner; should contain suitable legislative halls, rooms for State officers, the judiciary, library, committees, archives and the collections of the State Agricultural Society, and for all purpoees of State Government, and should be erected on grounds held by the State for that purpose. The sum first appropriated was ^150,000 ; and the law provided that no contract should be made, either for constructing or furnishing the building, which should bind the State for larger sums than those at the time appropriated. A design was drawn and plans and specifications furnished by Cochrane & Piquenard, architects, which were accepted by the board, and on the 2od of November, 1871, the cor- ner stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The estimated cost and present value of the capitol is fixed at $2,000,000. From 1858 to 1860, the Sioux became troublesome in the northwestern part of the State. These warlike Indians made frequent plundering raids upon the settlers, and murdered several families. In 1861, several companies of militia were ordered to that portion of the State to hunt down and punish the murderous thieves. No battles were fought, however, for the Indians fled when they ascertained that systematic and adequate measures had been adopted to protect tlie settlers. " The year 1856 marked a new era in the history of Iowa. In 1854, the Chicago k Rock Island Railroad had been completed to the east bank of the Mississippi River, opposite Davenport. In 1854, the corner stone of a railroad bridge, tiiat was to be the first to S})an the "Father of Waters," was laid with appropriate ceremonies at this point. St. Louis had resolved that the enter- prise was unconstitutional, and by writs of injunction made an unsuccessful effort to prevent its completion. Twenty years later in her history, St. Louis repented her folly, and made atonement for her sin by imitating our example. On the 1st day of January, 1856, this railroad was- completed to Iowa City. In the meantime, two other railroads had reached the east bank of the Missis- sippi — one opposite Burlington, and one opposite Dubuque — and these were being extended into the interior of the State. Indeed, four lines of railroad had been projected across the State from the Mississippi to the Missouri, hav- ing eastern connections. On the 15th of May, 1856, the Congress of the United States passed an act granting to the State, to aid in the construction of HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 185 railroads, the public lands in alternate sections, six miles on either side of the proposed lines. An extra session of the General Assembly was called in July of this year, that disposed of the grant to the several companies that proposed to complete these enterprises. The population of our State at this time had increased to 500,000. Public attention had been called to the necessity of a railroad across the continent. The position of Iowa, in the very heart and center of the Republic, on the route of this great highway across the continent, began to attract attention Cities and towns sprang up through the State as if by magic. Capital began to pour into the State, and had it been employed in developing our vast coal measures and establishing manufactories among us, or if it had been expended in improving our lands, and building houses and barns, it would have been well. But all were in haste to get rich, and the spirit of speculation ruled the hour. " In the meantime, every effort was made to help the speedy completion of the railroads. Nearly every county and city on the Mississippi, and many in the interior, voted large corporate subscriptions to the stock of the railroad companies, and issued their negotiable bonds for the amount." Thus enormous county and city debts were incurred, the payment of which these municipalities tried to avoid upon the plea that they had exceeded the constitutional limit- ation of their powers. The Supreme Court of the United States held these bonds to be valid ; and the courts by mandamus compelled the city and county authorities to levy taxes to pay the judgments. These debts are not all paid even yet, but the worst is over and ultimately the burden will be entirely removed The first railroad across the State Avas completed to Council Bluffs in Jan- uary, 1871. The others were completed soon after. In 1854, there was not a mile of railroad in the State. In 1874, twenty years after, there were 3,765 miles in successful operation. GROWTH AND PROGRESS. When Wisconsin Territory was organized, in 1836, the entire population of that portion of the Territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was 10.531. The Territory then embraced two counties, Dubuque and Des Moines, erected by the Territory of Michigan, in 1834. From 1836 to 1838, the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin increased the number of counties to sixteen, and the population had increased to 22,859. Since then, the counties have increased to ninety-nine, and the population, in 1875, was 1,366,000. The following table will show the population at different periods since the erection of Iowa Territory : Year. Population. 1852 ; 230,713 1854 826,013 1856 519.055 1859 638,775 1860 674,913 1863 701,732 1865 754,699 1867 902,040 The most populous county in the State is Dubuqne. Not only in popula- tion, but in everything contributing to the growth and greatness of a State has Iowa made rapid progress. In a little moi'e than thirty years, its wild but beautiful prairies have advanced from the home of the savage to a highly civ- ilized commonwealth, embracing all the elements of progress which characterize the older States. Year. Population. 1838 22,589 1840 43,115 1844 75,152 1846 97,588 1847 116,651 1849 152,988 1850 191,982 1851 204,774 Year. Population. 1869 1,040,819 1870 1,191,727 1873 1,251,333 1875 1,366,000 1876 1877 ". 186 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Thriving cities and towns dot its fair surface ; an iron net-work of thou- sands of miles of railroads is woven over its broad acres ; ten thousand school houses, in which more than five hundred thousand children are being taught the rudiments of education, testify to the culture and liberality of the people; high schools, colleges and universities are generously endowed by the State ; manufactories spring up on all her water courses, and in most of her cities and towns. Whether measured from the date of her first settlement, her organization as a Territory or admission as a State, Iowa has thus far shown a growth unsur- passed, in a similar period, by any commonwealth on the face of the earth ; and, with her vast extent of fertile soil, with her inexhaustible treasures of mineral wealth, with a healthful, invigorating climate; an intelligent, liberty- loving people; with equal, just and liberal laws, and her free schools, the future of Iowa may be expected to surpass the most hopeful anticipations of her present citizens. Looking upon Iowa as she is to-day — populous, prosperous and happy — it is hard to realize the wonderful changes that have occurred since the first white settlements were made within her borders. When the number of States was only twenty-six, and their total population about twenty millions, our repub- lican form of government was hardly more than an experiment, just fiiirly put upon trial. The development of our agricultural resources and inexhaustible mineral wealth had hardly commenced. Westward the " Star of Empire " had scarcely started on its way. West of the great Mississippi was a mighty empire, but almost unknown, and marked on the maps of the period as " The Great American Desert." Now, thirty-eight stars glitter on our national escutcheon, and forty-five millions of people, who know their rights and dare maintain them, tread American soil, and the grand sisterhood of States extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian border, and from the rocky coast of the Atlantic to the golden shores of the Pacific. THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM. Ames, Story County. The Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm were established by an act of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. A Board of Trustees was appointed, consisting of Governor R. P. Lowe, John D. Wright, William Duane Wilson, M. W. Robinson, Timothy Day, Richard Gaines, John Pattee, G. W. F. Sherwin, Suel Foster, S. W. Henderson, Clement Coffin and E. G. Day ; the Governors of the State and President of the College being ex officio mem- bers. Subsequently the number of Trustees was reduced to five. The Board met in June, 1859, and received propositions for the location of the College and Farm from Hardin, Polk, Story and Boone, Marshall, Jefterson and Tama Counties. In July, the proposition of Story County and some of its citizens and by the citizens of Boone County was accepted, and the farm and the site for the buildings were located. In 1860-61, the farm-house and barn were erected. In 1862, Congress granted to the State 240,000 acres of land for the endowment of schools of agriculture and the mechanical arts, an8 195,000 acres were located by Peter Melendy, Commissioner, in 1862-3. George W. Bassett was appointed Land Agent for the institution. In 1864, the General Assem- bly appropriated $20,000 for the erection of the college building. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 18T In June of that year, the Building Committee, consisting of Suel Foster, Peter Melendy and A. J. Bronson, proceeded to let the contract. John Browne, of Des Moines, was employed as architect, and furnished the plans of the build- ing, but was superseded in its construction by C. A. Dunham. The $20,000 appropriated by the General Assembly were expended in putting in the foun- dations and making the brick for the structure. An additional appropriation of $91,000 was made in 1866, and the building was completed in 1868. Tuition in this college is made by law forever free to pupils from the State over sixteen years of age, who have been resident of the State six months pre- vious to their admission. Each county in the State has a prior right of tuition for three scholars from each county ; the remainder, equal to the capacity of the college, are by the Trustees distributed among the counties in proportion to the population, and subject to the above rule. All sale of ardent spirits, wine or beer are prohibited by law within a distance of three miles from the college, except for sacramental, mechanical or medical purposes. The course of instruction in the Agricultural College embraces the following branches: Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany, Horticulture, Fruit GroAving, Forestry, Animal and Vegetable Anatomy, Geology, Mineralogy, INIeteorology, Entomology, Zoology, the Veterinary Art, Plane Mensuration, Leveling, Sur- veying, Bookkeeping, and such Mechanical Arts as are directly connected Avith agriculture ; also such other studies as the Trustees may from time to time prescribe, not inconsistent with the purposes of the institution. The funds arising from the lease and sale of lands and interest on invest- ments are sufficient for the support of the institution. Several College Societies are maintained among the students, who publish a monthly paper. There is also an " out-law " called the "ylTil, Chapter Omega." The Board of Trustees in 1877 was composed of C. W. Warden, Ottumwa, Chairman ; Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City ; William B. Treadway, Sioux City ; Buel Sherman, Fredericksburg, and Laurel Summers, Le Claire. E. W. Starten, Secretary ; William T>. Lucas, Treasurer. Board of Instruction. — A. S. Welch, LL. D., President and Professor of Psychology and Philosophy of Science ; Gen. J. L. Geddes, Professor of INlili- tary Tactics and Engineering; W. H. Wynn, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of English Literature; C. E. Bessey, M. S., Professor of Botany, Zoology, Ento- mology ; A. Thompson, C. E., INIechanical Engineering and Superintendent of AVorkshops; F. E. L. Beal, B. S., Civil Engineering; T. E. Pope, A. M., Chemistry; M. Stalker, Agricultural and Veterinary Science; J. L. Budd, Horticulture ; J. K. Macomber, Physics ; E. W. Stanton, Mathematics and Political Economy ; Mrs. Margaret P. Stanton, Preceptress, Instructor in French and Mathematics. THE STATE UNIVERSITY. loiva City, Johnson County. In the famous Ordinance of 1787, enacted by Congress before the Territory of the United States extended beyond the Mississippi River, it was declared that in all the territory northwest of the Ohio River, " Schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." By act of Congress, approved July 20, 1840, the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized "to set apart and re- serve from sale, out of any of the public lands within the Territory of Iowa, to which the Indian title has been or may be extinguished, and not otherwise ap- propriated, a quantity of land, not exceeding the entire townships, for the use 188 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and support of a university within said Territorry when it becomes a State, and for no other use or purpose whatever ; to be h)cated in tracts of not less than an entire section, corresponding with any of the large divisions into Avhich the pub- lic land are authorized to be surveyed." William W. Dodge, of Scott County, was appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury to make the selections. He selected Section 5 in Township 78, north of Range 3, east of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and then removed from the Territory. No more lands were selected until 1846, when, at the request of the Assembly, John M. Whitakerof Van Buren County, was appointed, who selected the remainder of the grant except about 122 acres. In the first Constitution, under which Iowa was admitted to the Union, the people directed the disposition of the proceeds of this munificent grant in ac- cordance withits terms, and instructed the General Assembly to provide, as soon as may be, effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of the university derived from the lands. The first General Assembly, by act approved February 25, 1847, established the " State University of Iowa " at Iowa City, then the capital of the State, "with such other branches as public convenience may hereafter require." The " public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land in which they are situated," were granted for the use of said university, provided, how- ever, that the sessions of the Legislature and State offices should be held in the capitol until otherwise provided by law. The control and management of the University were committed to a board of fifteen Trustees, to be appointed by the Legislature, five of whom were to be chosen bienially. The Superintendent of Public Instruction was made President of this Board. Provisions were made for the disposal of the two townships of land, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. The act further provides that the University shall never be under the exclusive control of any religious denomination whatever," and as soon as the revenue for the grant and donations amounts to $2,000 a year, the University should commence and continue the instruction, free of charge, of fifty students annually. The General Assembly retained full supervision over the University, its officers and the grants and donations made and to be made to it by the State. Section 5 of the act appointed James P. Carleton, H. D. Downey, Thomas Snyder, Samuel McCrory, Curtis Bates, Silas Foster, E. C. Lyon, James H. Gower, George G. Vincent, Wm. G. Woodward, Theodore S. Parvin, George Atchinson, S. G. Matson, H. W. Starr and Ansel Briggs, the first Board of Trustees. The organization of the University at Iowa City was impracticable, how- ever, so long as the seat of government was retained there. In January, 1849, two branches of the University and three Normal Schools were established. The branches were located — one at Fairfield, and the other at Dubuque, and were placed upon an equal footing, in respect to funds and all other matters, with the University established at Iowa City "This act," says Col. Benton, "created three State Universities, Avith equal rights and powers, instead of a 'University with such branches as public conven- ience 7nai/ hereafter demand,' as provided by the Constitution." The Board of Directors of the Fairfield Branch consisted of Barnet Ris- tine, Christian W. Slagle, Daniel Rider, Horace Gaylord, Bernhart Henn and Samuel S. Bayard. At the first meeting of the Board, Mr, Henn was elected President, Mr. Slagle Secretary, and Mr. Gaylord Treasurer. Twenty acres of land were purciiased, and a building erected thereon, costing $2,500. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 189 This building was nearly destroyed by a hurricane, in 1850, but was rebuilt more substantially, all by contributions of the citizens of Fairfield. This branch never received any aid from the State or from the University Fund, and by act approved January 24, 1853, at the request of the Board, the Gen- eral Assembly terminated its relation to the State. The branch at Dubuque was placed under the control of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and John King, Caleb H. Booth, James M. Emerson, Michael J. Sullivan, Richard Benson and the Governor of the State as Trustees. The Trustees never organized, and its existence was only nominal. The Normal Schools were located at Andrew, Oskaloosa and Mount Pleasant, respectively. Each was to be governed by a board of seven Trustees, to be appointed by the Trustees of the University. Each was to receive $500 annu- ally from the income of the University Fund, upon condition that they should ed- ucate eight common school teachers, free of charge for tuition, and that the citizens should contribute an equal sum for the erection of the requisite buildings. The several Boards of Trustees were appointed. At Andrew, the school was organized Nov. 21, 1849; Samuel Ray, Principal; Miss J. S. Dorr, Assist- ant. A building was commenced and over $1,000 expended on it, but it was never completed. At Oskaloosa, the Trustees organized in April, 1852. This school was opened in the Court House, September 13, 1852, under the charge of Prof. G. M. Drake and wife. A two story brick building was completed in 1853, costing $2,473. The school at Mount Pleasant was never organized. Neither of these schools received any aid from the University Fund, but in 1857 the Legislature appropriated $1,000 each for those at Oskaloosa and Andrew, and repealed the law authorizing the payment of money to them from the University Fund. From that time they made no further efi'ort to continue in operation. At a special meeting of the Board of Trustees, held February 21, 1850, the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Upper Mississippi," established at Davenport, was recognized as the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the State University of Iowa," expressly stipulating, however, that such recog- nition should not render the University liable for any pecuniary aid, nor was the Board to have any control over the property or management of the Medical Association. Soon after, this College was removed to Keokuk, its second ses- sion being opened there in November, 1850. In 1851, the General Assembly confirmed the action of the Board, and by act approved January 22, 1855, placed the Medical College under the supervision of the Board of Trustees of the University, and it continued in operation until this arrangement was termi- nated by the new Constitution, September 3, 1857. From 1847 to 1855, the Board of Trustees was kept full by regular elec- tions by the Legislature, and the Trustees held frequent meetings, but there was no effectual organization of the University. In March, 1855, it was partially opened for a term of sixteen weeks. July 16, 1855, Amos Dean, of Albany, N. Y., was elected President, but he never entered fully upon its duties. The University was again opened in September, 1855, and continued in operation until June, 1856, under Professors Johnson, Welton, Van Valkenburg and Guffin. In the Spring of 1856, the capital of the State was located at Des Moines; but there were no buildings there, and the capitol at Iowa City was not vacated by the State until December, 1857. In June, 1856, the faculty was re-organized, with some changes, and the University was again opened on the third Wednesday of September, 1856. 190 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. There were one hundred and twenty-four students — eighty-three males and forty-one females — in attendance during the year 1856-7, and the first regular catalogue "was published. At a special meeting of the Board, September 22, 1857, the honorary de- gree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred on D. Franklin Wells. This was the first degree conferred by the Board. Article IX, Section 11, of the new State Constitution, which went into force September 3, 1857, provided as follows : The State University shall be established at one place, without branches at any other place ; anJ the University fund shall be applied to that institution, and no other. Article XI, Section 8, provided that The seat of Government is hereby permanently established, as now fixed by law, at the city of Des Moines, in the county of Polk ; and the State University at Iowa City, in the county of Johnson. The new Constitution created the Board of Education, consisting of the Lieutenant Governor, who was ex officio President, and one member to be elected from each judicial district in the State. This Board was endowed with " full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regula- tions in relation to common schools and other educational institutions," subject to alteration, amendment or repeal by the General Assembly, which was vested with authority to abolish or re-organize the Board at any time after 1863. In December, 1857, the old capitol building, now known as Central Hall of the University, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, and the property, with that exception, passed under the control of the Trustees, and became the seat of the University. The old building had had hard usage, and its arrangement was illy adapted for University purposes. Extensive repairs and changes were necessary, but the Board was without funds for these pur- poses. The last meeting of the Board, under the old law, was held in January, 1858. At this meeting, a resolution was introduced, and seriously considered, to exclude females from the University ; but it finally failed. March 12, 1858, the first Legislature under the new Constitution enacted a new law in relation to the University, but it was not materially different from the former. March 11, 1858, the Legislature appropriated $3,000 for the re- pair and modification of the old capitol building, and $10,000 for the erection of a boarding house, now known as South Hall. The Board of Trustees created by the new law met and duly organized April 27, 1858, and determined to close the University until the income from its fund should be adequate to meet the current expenses, and the buildings should be ready for occupation. Until this term, the building known as the " Mechan- ics' Academy" had been used for the school. The Faculty, except the Chan- cellor (Dean), was dismissed, and all further instruction suspended, from the close of the term then in progress until September, 1859. At tliis meeting, a reso- lution was adopted excluding females from the University after the close of the existing term ; but this was afterward, in August, modified, so as to admit them to the Normal Department. At the meeting of the Board, August 4, 1858, the degree of Bachelor of Science was conferred upon Dexter Edson Smith, being the first degree con- ferred upon a student of the University. Diplomas were awarded to the mem- bers of the first graduating class of the Normal Department as follows : Levi P. Aylworth, Cellina II. Aylworth, Elizabeth L. Humphrey, Annie A. Pinney and Sylvia M. Thompson. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 191 An " Act for the Government and Regulation of the State University of Iowa," approved December 25, 1858, was mainly a re-enactment of the law of March 12, 1858, except that changes were made in the Board of Trustees, and manner of their appointment. This law provided that both sexes were to be admitted on equal terms to all departments of the institution, leaving the Board no discretion in the matter. The new Board met and organized, February 2, 1859, and decided to con- tinue the Normal Department only to the end of the current term, and that it was unwise to re-open the University at that time ; but at the annual meeting of the Board, in June of the same year, it was resolved to continue the Normal Department in operation ; and at a special meetmg, October 25, 1859, it was decided to re-open the University in September, 1860. Mr. Dean had resigned as Chancellor prior to this meeting, and Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D., was elected President, at a salary of $2,000, and his term commenced June, 1860. At the annual meeting, June 28, 1860, a full Faculty was appointed, and the University re-opened, under this new organization, September 19, 1860 (third Wednesday) ; and at this date the actual existence of the University may be said to commence. August 19, 1862, Dr. Totten having resigned, Prof. Oliver M. Spencer was elected President and the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon Judge Samuel F. Miller, of Keokuk. At the commencement, in June, 1863, was the first class of graduates in the Collegiate Department. The Board of Education was abolished March 19, 1864, and the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction was restored ; the General Assembly resumed control of the subject of education, and on March 21, an act was ap- proved for the government of the University. It was substantially the same as the former law, but provided that the Governor should be ex officio President of the Board of Trustees. Until 1858, the Superintendent of Public Instruction had been ex officio President. During the period of the Board of Education, the University Trustees were elected by it, and elected their own President. President Spencer was granted leave of absence from April 10, 1866, for fifteen months, to visit Europe; and Prof. Nathan R. Leonard was elected President ^;ro tern. The North Hall was completed late in 1866. At the annual meeting in June, 1867, the resignation of President Spencer (absent in Europe) was accepted, and Prof. Leonard continued as President joro tern., until March 4, 1868, when James Black, D, D., Vice President of Wash- ington and Jefferson College, Penn., was elected President. Dr. Black entered upon his duties in September, 1868. The Law Department was established in June, 1868, and, in September fol- lowing, an arrangement was perfected with the Iowa Law School, at Des Moines, which had been in successful operation for three years, under the management of Messrs. George G. Wright, Chester C. Cole and William G. Hammond, by which that institution was transferred to Iowa City and merged in the Law De- partment of the University. The Faculty of this department consisted of the President of the University, Hon. Wm. G. Hammond, Resident Professor and Principal of the Department, and Professors G. G. Wright and C. C. Cole. Nine students entered at the commencement of the first term, and during the year ending June, 1877, there Avere 103 students in this department. At a special meeting of the Board, on the 17th of September, 1868, a Com- mittee was appointed to consider the expediency of establishing a Medical De- 192 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. partment. This Committee reported at once in favor of the proposition, the Faculty to consist of the President of the University and seven Professors, and recommended that, if practicable, the new department should be opened at the commencement of the University year, in 1869-70. At this meeting, Hon. Ezekiel Clark was elected Treasurer of the University. By an act of the General Assembly, approved April 11, 1870, the "Board of Regents " was instituted as the governing power of the University, and since that time it has been the fundamental law of the institution. The Board of Regents held its first meeting June 28, 1870. Wm. J. Haddock was elected Secretary, and Mr. Clark, Treasurer. Dr. 131ack tendered his resignation as President, at a special meeting of the Board, held August 18, 1870, to take effect on the 1st of December following. His resignation was accepted. The South Hall having been fitted up for the purpose, the first term of the Medical Department was opened October 24, 1870, and continued until March, 1871, at which time there were three graduates and thirty-nine students. March 1, 1871, Rev. George Thacher was elected President of the Univer- sity. Mr. Thacher accepted, entered upon his duties April 1st, and was form- ally inaugurated at the annual meeting in June, 1861. In June, 1874, the " Chair of Military Instruction" was established, and the President of the United States was requested to detail an officer to perform its duties. In compliance with this request, Lieut. A. D. Schenck, Second Artil- lery, U. S. A., was detailed as "Professor of Military Science and Tactics," at Iowa State University, by order of the War Department, August 26, 1874, who reported for duty on the 10th of September following. Lieut. Schenck was relieved by Lieut. James Chester, Third Artillery, January 1, 1877. Treasurer Clark resigned November 3, 1875, and John N. Coldren elected in his stead. At the annual meeting, in 1876, a Department of Homoeopathy was established. In March, 1877, a resolution was adopted affiliating the High Schools of the State with the University. In June, 1877, Dr. Thacher's connection with the University was termi- nated, and C. W. Slagle, a member of the Board of Regents, was elected Pres- ident. In 1872, the ex officio membership of the Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion was abolished ; but it was restored in 1876. Following is a catalogue of the officers of this important institution, from 1847 to 1878 : TRUSTEES OR REGENTS. PRESIDENTS. FROM TO James Ilarlan, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1847 1848 Thomas H. Benton, Jr,, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1848 1854 James D. Kads, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1854 1857 Maturin L. Fisher, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1857 1858 Amos Dean, Chancellor, ex officio 1858 1859 . Thomas H. Benton, Jr 1859 1863 Francis Springer 1863 1864 William IM. Stone, Governor, ex officio 1864 1868 Samuel Merrill, Governor, ex officio 1868 1872 Cyrus C. Carpenter, Governor, ex officio 1872 1876 Samuel J. Kirkwood, Governor, ex officio 1876 1877 Joshua G. Newbold, Governor, ex officio 1877 1878 John H. Gear 1878 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 193- VICE PRESIDENTS. FROM TO Silas Foster 1847 1851 Robert Lucas 1851 1853 Edward Connelly 1854 1855 Moses J. Morsman 1855 1858 SECRETARIES. Hugh D. Downey 1847 1851 Anson Hart 1851 1857 Elijah Sells 1857 1858 Anson Hart 1858- 1864 William J. Haddock 1864 TREASURERS. Morgan Reno, State Treasurer, ex officio 1847 1850 Israel Kister, State Treasurer, ex officio 1850 1852 Martin L. Morris, State Treasurer, ex officio 1852 1855 Henry W. Lathrop 1855 1862 William Crura 1862 1868 Ezekiel Clark 1868 1876 John N. Coldren 1876 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY. Amos Dean, LL. D 1855 1858 Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D 1860 1862 Oliver M. Spencer, D. D.* 1862 1867 James Black, D. D 1868 1870 George Thacher, D. D 1871 1877 C. W. Slagle 1877 The present educational corps of the University consists of the President, nine Professors in the Collegiate Department, one Professor and si.x Instructors in Military Science ; Chancellor, three Professors and four Lecturers in the Law Department ; eight Professor Demonstrators of Anatomy ; Prosector of Surgery and two Lecturers in the Medical Department, and two Professors in the Homoeopathic Medical Department. STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. By act of the General Assembly, approved January 28, 1857, a State His- torical Society was provided for in connection with the University. At the commencement, an appropriation of $250 was made, to be expended in collecting, embodying, and preserving in an authentic form a library of books, pamphlets, charts, maps, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other materials illus- trative of the history of Iowa; and with the further object to rescue from oblivion the memory of the early pioneers ; to obtain and preserve various accounts of their exploits, perils and hardy adventures ; to secure facts and statements relative to the history and genius, and progress and decay of the Indian tribes of Iowa; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities and past and present resources of the State ; to aid in the publication of such collections of the Society as shall from time to time be deemed of value and interest ; to aid in binding its books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers, and in defraying other necessary incidental expenses of the Society. There was appropriated by law to this institution, till the General Assembly shall otherwise direct, the sum of $500 per annum. The Society is under the management of a Board of Curators, consisting of eighteen persons, nine of whom are appointed by the Governor, and nine elected by the members of the Society. The Curators receive no compensation for their services. The annual 194 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. meeting is provided for by law, to be held at Iowa City on Monday preceding the last AVednesday in June of each year. The State Historical Society has published a series of very valuable collec- tions, including history, biography, sketches, reminiscences, etc., with quite a large number of finely engraved portraits of prominent and early settlers, under the title of " Annals of Iowa." THE PENITENTIARY. Located at Fort Madison, Lee County. The first act of the Territorial Legislature, relating to a Penitentiary in Iowa, was approved January 25, 1839, the fifth section of which authorized the Oovernor to draw the sum of $20,000 appropriated by an act of Congress ap- proved July 7, 1838, for public buildings in the Territory of Iowa. It provided for a Board of Directors of three persons elected by the Legislature, who should direct the building of the Penitentiary, which should be located within one mile of the public square, in the town of Fort Madison, Lee County, provided Fort Madison should deed to the directors a tract of land suitable for a site, and assign them, by contract, a spring or stream of water for the use of the Penitentiary. To the Directors Avas also given the power of appointing the Warden ; the latter to appoint his own assistants. The first Directors appointed were John S. David and John Claypole. They made their first report to the Legislative Council November 9, 1839. The citi- zens of the town of Fort Madison had executed a deed conveying ten acres of land for the building site. Amos Ladd was appointed Superintendent of the building June 5, 1839. The building was designed of sufficient capacity to con- tain one hundred and thirty-eight convicts, and estimated to cost $55,933.90. It was begun on the 9th of July, 1839 ; the main building and Warden's house were completed in the Fall of 1841. Other additions were made from time to time till the building and arrangements were all complete according to the plan of the Directors. It has answered the purpose of the State as a Penitentiary for more than thirty years, and during that period many items of practical ex- perience in prison management have been gained. It has long been a problem how to conduct prisons, and deal with what are called the criminal classes generally, so as to secure their best good and best subserve the interests of the State. Both objects must be taken into considera- tion in any humaritarian view of the subject. This problem is not yet solved, but Iowa iias adopted the progressive and enlightened policy of humane treat- ment of prisoners and the utilization of their labor for their own support. The labor of the convicts in the Iowa Penitentiary, as in most others in the LTnited States, is let out to contractors, who pay the State a certain stipulated amount therefor, the State furnishing the shops, tools and machinery, as well as the supervision necessary to preserve order and discipline in the prison. While this is an improvement upon the old solitary confinement system, it still falls short of an enlightened reformatory system that in the future will treat the criminal for mental disease and endeavor to restore him to usefulness in the community. The objections urged against the contract system of dis- posing of the labor of prisoners, that it brings the labor of honest citizens into competition with convict labor at reduced prices, and is disadvantageous to the State, are not without force, and the system will have no place in the prisons of the future. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 195 It is right that the convict should labor. He should not be allowed to live in idleness at public expense. Honest men labor ; why should not they? Hon- est men are entitled to the fruits of their toil ; why should not the convict as well ? The convict is sent to the Penitentiary to secure public safety. The State deprives him of his liberty to accomplish this purpose and to punish him for violations of law, but, having done this, the State wrongs both itself and the criminal by confiscating his earnings ; because it deprives his family of what justly belongs to them, and an enlightened civilization will ere long demand that the prisoner in the penitentiary, after paying a fair price for his board, is as justly entitled to his net earnings as the good citizen outside its walls, and his family, if he has one, should be entitled to draw his earnings or stated portion of them at stated periods. If he has no family, then if his net earnings should be set aside to his credit and paid over to him at the expiration of his term of imprisonment, he would not be turned out upon the cold charities of a somewhat Pharisaical world, penniless, with the brand of the convict upon his brow, with no resource save to sink still deeper in crime. Let Iowa, " The Beautiful Land," be first to recognize the rights of its convicts to the fruits of their labor ; keep their children from the alms-house, and place a powerful incentive before them to become good citizens when they return to the busy world again. ADDITIONAL PENITENTIARY. Located at Anamosa, Jones County. By an act of the Fourteenth General Assembly, approved April 23, 1872, William Ure, Foster L. Downing and Martin Heisey were constituted Commis- sioners to locate and provide for the erection and control of an additional Penitentiary for the State of Iowa. These Commissioners met on the 4th of the following June, at Anamosa, Jones County, and selected a site donated by the citizens, within the limits of the city. L. W. Foster & Co., architects, of Des Moines, furnished the plan, drawings and specifications, and work was commenced on the building on the 28th day of September, 1872. May 13, 1873, twenty convicts were transferred to Anamosa from the Fort Madison Penitentiary. The entire enclosure includes fifteen acres, with a frontage of 663 feet. IOWA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. Momit Pleasant, Henry County. By an act of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 24, 1855, ^4,425 were appropriated for the purchase of a site, and $50,000 for building an Insane Hospital, and the Governor (Grimes), Edward Johnston, of Lee County, and Charles S. Blake, of Henry County, were appointed to locate the institution and superintend the erection of the building. These Commission- ers located the institution at Mt. Pleasant, Henry County. A plan for a building designed to accommodate 300 patients, drawn by Dr. Bell, of Massa- chusetts, was accepted, and in October work was commenced under the superin- tendence of Mr. Henry Winslow. Up to February 25, 1858, and including an appropriation made on that date, the Legislature had appropriated $258,555.67 to this institution, but the building was not finished ready for occupancy by patients until March 1, 1861. The Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Presi- dent, Farmersburg; Samuel McFarland, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; D. L. 196 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. McGugin, Keokuk; G. W. Kincaid, Muscatine; J. D. Elbert, Keosauqua ; John B. Lash and Harpin Riggs, Mt. Pleasant. Richard J. Patterson, M. D., of Ohio, was elected Superintendent; Dwight C. Dewey, M. D., Assistant Physician; Henry Winslow, Steward; Mrs. Catharine Winslow, Matron. The Hospital was formally opened March 6, 1861, and one hundred patients were admitted within three months. About 1865, Dr. Mark Ranney became Superintendent. April 18, 1876, a portion of the hospital building was destroyed by fire. From the opening of the Hospital to the close of October, 1877, 3,584 patients had been admitted. Of these, 1,141 were discharged recovered, 505 discharged improved, 589 discharged unimproved, and 1 died ; total discharged, 2,976, leaving 608 inmates. During this period, there were 1,384 females admitted, whose occupation was registered "domestic duties ;" 122, no occupation; 25, female teachers; 11, seamstresses; and 25, servants. Among the males were 916 farmers, 394 laborers, 205 without occupation, 39 cabinet makers, 23 brewers, 31 clerks, 26 merchants, 12 preachers, 18 shoe- makers, 13 students, 14 tailors, 13 teachers, 14 agents, 17 masons, 7 lawyers, 7 physicians, 4 saloon keepers, 3 salesmen, 2 artists, and 1 editor. The pro- ducts of the farm and garden, in 1876, amounted to $13,721.26. Trustees, 1877 : — T. Whiting, President, Mt. Pleasant ; Mrs. E. M. Elliott, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant ; William C. Evans, West Liberty ; L. E. Fellows, Lansing ; and Samuel Klein, Keokuk ; Treasurer, M. Edwards, Mt. Pleasant. Resident Officers: — Mark Ranney, M. D., Medical Superintendent; H. M. Bassett, M. D., First Assistant Physician; M. Riordan, M. D., Second Assistant Physician; Jennie McCowen, M. D., Third Assistant Physician ; J. W. Hender- son, Steward ; Mrs. Martha W. Ranney, Matron ; Rev. Milton Sutton, Chaplain. HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. Independence, Buchanan County. In the Winter of 1867-8, a bill providing for an additional Hospital for the Insane was passed by the Legislature, and an appropriation of $125,000 was made for that purpose. Maturin L. Fisher, of Clayton County ; E. G. Morgan, of Webster County, and Albert Clark, of Buchanan County, were appointed Commissioners to locate and supervise the erection of the Building. Mr. Clark died about a year after his appointment, and Hon. G. W. Bemis, of Indepen- dence, was appointed to fill the vacancy. The Commissioners met and commenced their labors on the 8th day of June, 1868, at Independence. The act under which they were appointed required them to select the most eligible and desirable location, of not less than 320 acres, within two miles of the city of Independence, that might be offered by the citizens free of charge to the State. Several such tracts were oftered, but the Commissioners finally selected the south half of southwest quarter of Section 5 ; the north half of northeast quarter of Section 7 ; the north half of northwest quarter of Section 8, and the north half of northeast quarter of Sec- tion 8, all in Township 88 north. Range 9 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian. This location is on the west side of the Wapsipinicon River, and about a mile from its banks, and about the same distance from Independence. Col. S. V. Shipman, of Madison, Wis., was employed to prepare plans, specifications and drawings of the building, which, when completed, Avere sub- mitted to Dr. M. Ranney, Superintendent of the Hospital at Mount Pleasant, who suggested several improvements. The contract for erecting the building HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 197 was awarded to Mr. David Armstrong, of Dubuque, for $88,114. The con- tract was signed November 7, 1868, and Mr. Armstrong at once commenced work. Mr. George Josselyn was appointed to superintend the work. The main buildings were constructed of dressed limestone, from the quarries at Anamosa and Farley. The basements are of the local granite worked from the immense boulders found in large quantities in this portion of the State. In 1872, the building was so far completed that the Commissioners called the first meeting of the Trustees, on the 10th day of July of that year. These Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Mrs. P. A. Appleman, T. W. Fawcett, C. C. Parker, E. G. Morgan, George W. Bemis and John M. Boggs. This board was organized, on the day above mentioned, by the election of Hon. M. L. Fisher, President ; Rev. J. G. Boggs, Secretary, and George W. Bemis, Treas- urer, and, after adopting preliminary measures for organizing the local govern- ment of the hospital, adjourned to the first Wednesday of the following Septem- ber. A few days before this meeting, Mr. Boggs died of malignant fever, and Dr. John G. House was appointed to fill the vacancy. Dr. House was elected Secretary, At this meeting, Albert Reynolds, M. D., was elected Superintendent; George Josselyn, Steward, and Mrs. Anna B. Josselyn, Matron. September 4, 1873, Dr. Willis Butterfield was elected Assistant Physician. The building was ready for occupancy April 21, 1873. In the Spring of 1876, a contract was made with Messrs. Mackay & Lundy, of Independence, for furnishing materials for building the outside Avails of the two first sections of the south wing, next to the center building, for $6,250. The carpenter work on the fourth and fifth stories of the center building was completed during the same year, and the wards were furnished and occupied by patients in the Fall. In 1877, the south wing was built, but it will not be completed ready for occupancy until next Spring or Summer (1878). October 1, 1877, the Superintendent reported 322 patients in this hospital, and it is now overcrowded. The Board of Trustees at present (1878) are as follows : Maturin L. Fisher, President, Farmersburg ; John G. House, M. D., Secretary, Indepen- dence ; Wm. G. Donnan, Treasurer, Independence ; Erastus G. Morgan, Fort Dodge ; Mrs. Prudence A. Appleman, Clermont ; and Stephen E. Robinson, M. D., West Union. RESIDENT OFFICERS. Albert Reynolds, M. D., Superintendent; G. H. Hill, M. D., Assistant Physician; Noyes Appleman, Steward; Mrs. Lucy M. Gray, Matron. IOWA COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. Vinton, Benton County. In August, 18.52, Prof. Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an Insti- tution for the Instruction of the Blind of Iowa, at Keokuk. By act of the General Assembly, entitled " An act to establish an Asylum for the Blind," approved January 18, 1853, the institution was adopted by the State, removed to Iowa City, February 3d, and opened for the reception of pupils April 4, 1853, free to all the blind in the State. The first Board of Trustees were James D. Eads, President ; George W. McClary, Secretary ; James H. Gower, Treasurer ; Martin L. Morris, Stephen Hempstead, Morgan Reno and John McCaddon. The Board appointed Prof. 198 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Samuel Bacon, Principal; T. J. McGittigen, Teacher of Music, and Mrs. Sarah K. Bacon, IMatron. Twenty-three pupils were admitted during the first term. In his first report, made in 1854, Prof. Bacon suggested that the name should be changed from " Asylum for the Blind," to that of " Institution for the Instruction of the Blind.'** This was done in 1855, when the General As- sembly made an annual appropriation for the College of $55 per quarter for each pupil. This Avas subsequently changed to $3,000 per annum, and a charge of $25 as an admission fee for each pupil, which sum, with the amounts realized from the sale of articles manullictured by the blind pupils, proved sufficient for the expenses of the institution during Mr. Bacon's administration. Although Mr. Bacon was blind, he was a fine scholar and an economical manager, and had founded the Blind Asylum at Jacksonville, Illinois. As a mathematician he had few superiors. On the 8th of May, 1858, the Trustees met at Vinton, and made arrange- ments for securing the donation of $5,000 made by tlie citizens of that town. In June of that year, a quarter section of land was donated for the College, by John W. 0. Webb and others, and the Trustees adopted a plan for the erection of a suitable building. In 1860, the plan Avas modified, and the con- tract for enclosing let to Messrs. Finkbine & Lovelace, for $10,420. In August, 1802, the building was so far completed that the goods and fur- uiture of the institution were removed from Iowa City to Vinton, and early in October, the school was opened there with twenty-four pupils. At this time, Rev. Orlando Clark was Principal. In August, 18G4, a new Board of Trustees were appointed by the Legisla- ture, consisting of James McQuin, President; Reed Wilkinson, Secretary; Jas. Cliapin, Treasurer; Robert Gilchrist, Elijah Sells and Joseph Dysart, organized and made important changes. Rev. Reed Wilkinson succeeded Mr. Clark as Principal. Mrs. L. S: B. Wilkinson and Miss Amelia Butler were appointed Assistant Teachers ; Mrs. N. A. Morton, Matron. Mr. Wilkinson resigned in June, 18G7, and Gen. James L. Geddes was appointed in his place. In September, 1869, Mr. Geddes retired, and was succeeded by Prof. S. A.Knapp. Mrs. S. C. Lawton was appointed Matron, and was succeeded by Mrs. M. A. Knapp. Prof. Knapp resigned July 1, 1875, and Prof. Orlando Clark was elected Principal, who died April 2, 1876, and Avas succeeded by John B. Parmalee, who retired in July, 1877, when the present incumbent, Rev. Robert Carothers, was elected. Trustees, 1877-8. — Jeremiah L. Gay, President ; S. II. Watson, Treasurer; II. C. Piatt, Jacob Springer, C. L. Flint and P. F. Sturgis. FacuItJ/. — Principal, Rev. Robert^Carotliers, A. M. ; Matron, IMrs. Emeline E. Carothers; Teachers, Thomas F. McCune, A. B., Miss Grace A. Hill, Mrs. C. A. Spencer, Miss Mary Baker, Miss C. R. Miller, Miss Lorana Mat- tice, Miss A. M. McCutcheon ; Musical Director, S. 0. Spencer. The Legislative Committee who visited this institution in 1878 expressed their astonishment at the vast expenditure of money in proportion to the needs of the State. The structure is well built, and the money properly expended ; yet it was enormously beyond the necessities of tiie State, and shows an utter disregartl of the fitness of things. The Committee could not understand why $282,000 should have been expended for a massive building covering about two and a h:ilf acres for the accommodation of 130 people, costing over eight thou- sand dollars a year to heat it, and costing the State about five hundred dollars a year for each pupil. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 199 INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. Council Bluffs, Pottaivattomie County. The Iowa Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was established at Iowa City by an act of the General Assembly, approved January 24, 1855. The number of deaf mutes then in the State was 301 ; the number attending the Institution, 50. The first Board of Trustees were: Hon. Samuel J. Kirk wood, Hon. E. Sells, W. Penn Clarke, J. P. Wood, H. D. Downey, William Crum, W. E. Ijams, Principal. On the resignation of Mr. Ijams, in 1862, the Board appointed in his stead Mr. Benjamin Talbot, for nine years a teacher in the Ohio Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Mr. Talbot was ardently devoted to the interests of the institution and a faithful worker for the unfortunate class under his charge. A strong effort was made, in 1866, to remove this important institution to Des Moines, but it was located permanently at Council Bluffs, and a building rented for its use. In 1868, Commissioners were appointed to locate a site for, and to superintend the erection of, a new building, for which the Legislature appropriated $125,000 to commence the work of construction. The Commis- sioners selected ninety acres of land about tAvo miles south of the city of Coun- cil Bluffs. The main building and one wing were completed October 1, 1870, and immediately occupied by the Institution. February 25, 1877, the main building and east wing were destroyed by fire; and August 6 following, the roof of the new west wing was blown off and the Avails partially demolished by a tornado. At the time of the fire, about one hundred and fifty pupils Avere in attendance. After the fire, half the classes were dismissed and the number of scholars reduced to about seventy, and in a AA^eek or tAvo the school was in run- ning order. The Legislative Committee which visited this Institution in the Winter of 1857-8 was not Avell pleased Avith the condition of affairs, and reported that the building (Avest wing) Avas a disgrace to the State and a monument of unskillful workmanship, and intimated rather strongly that some reforms in management were very essential. Trustees, 1S77-8. — Thomas Officer, President ; N. P. Dodge, Treasurer ; Paul Lange, William Orr, J. W. Cattell. Superintendent, Benjamin Talbot, M. A. Teachers, Edwin Southwick, Conrad S. Zoi'baugh, John A. Gillespie, John A. Kennedy, Ellen J. Israel, Ella J. Brown, Mrs. H. R. Gillespie ; Physician, H. W. Hart, M. D. ; Steward, N. A. Taylor; Matron, Mary B. Swan. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOMES. » Davenport, Cedar Falls, Glcnwood. The moA'ement Avhich culminated in the establishment of this beneficent in- stitution Avas originated by Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, during the civil Avar of 1861-65. This noble and patriotic lady called a convention at Muscatine, on the 7th of October 1863, for the purpose of devising measures for the support and education of the orphan children of the brave sons of loAva, who had fallen in defense of national honor and integrity. So great Avas the public interest in the movement that there Avas a large representation from all parts of the State on the day named, and an association was organized called the loAva State Or- phan Asylum. 200 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The first officers were : President, William M. Stone ; Vice Presidents, Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. R. L. Cadle, Mrs. J. T. Hancock, John R. Needham, J. W. Cattell, INlrs. Mary M. Bagg ; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary Kibben ; Cor- responding Secretary, Miss M. E. Shelton ; Treasurer, N. H. Brainerd; Board of Trustees, Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, Mrs. C. B. Darwin, Mrs. D. T. Newcorab, Mrs. L. B. Stephens, 0. Fayville, E. H. Williams, T. S. Parvin, Mrs. Shields, Caleb Baldwin, C. C. Cole, Isaac Pendleton, H. C. Henderson. The first meeting of the Trustees was held February 14, 1864, in the Repre- sentative Hall, at Des Moines. Committees from both branches of the General Assembly were present and were invited to participate in their deliberations. Gov. Kirkwood suggested that a home for disabled soldiers should be connected with the Asylum. Arrangements were made for raising funds. At the next meeting, in Davenport, in March, 1864, the Trustees decided to commence operations at once, and a committee, of which Mr. Howell, of Keo- kuk, Avas Chairman, was appointed to lease a suitable building, solicit donations, and procure suitable furniture. This committee secured a large brick building in Lawrence, Van Buren County, and engaged Mr. Fuller, of Mt. Pleasant, as Steward. At the annual meeting, in Des Moines, in June, 1864, Mrs. C. B. Baldwin, Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. Dr. Horton, Miss Mary E. Shelton and Mr. George Sherman were appointed a committee to furnish the building and take all neces- sary steps for opening the "Home," and notice was given that at the next meeting of the Association, a motion would be made to change the name of the Institution to loAva Orphans' Home. The work of preparation was conducted so vigorously that on the 1 3th day of July following, the Executive Committee announced that they were ready to receive the children. In three weeks twenty-one were admitted, and the num- ber constantly increased, so that, in a little more than six months from the time of opening, there were seventy children admitted, and twenty more applica- tions, which the Committee had not acted upon — all orphans of soldiers. Miss M. Elliott, of Washington, Avas appointed Matron. She resigned, in February, 1865, and was succeeded by Mrs. E. G. Piatt, of Fremont County. The " Home " was sustained by the voluntary contributions of the people, until 1866, when it was assumed by the State. In that year, the General Assembly provided for the location of several such "Homes" in the different counties, and which were established at Davenport, Scott County; Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and at Glenwood, Mills County. The Board of Trustees elected by the General Assembly had the oversight and management of the Soldiers' Orphans' Homes of the State, and consisted of one person from each county in which such Home was located, and one for the State at large, who held their office two years, or until their successors were elected and (jualified. An appropriation of $10 per month for each orphan actually supported was made by the General Assembly. The Home in Cedar Falls was organized in 1865, and an old hotel building was fitted up for it. Rufus C, Mary L. and Emma L. Bauer were the first children received, in October, and by January, 1866, there were ninety-six in- mates. October 12, 1869, the Home was removed to a large brick building, about two miles west of Cedar Falls, and was very prosperous for several years, but in 1876, the General Assembly established a State Normal School at Cedar Falls and appropriated the buildings and grounds for that purpose. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 201 By " An act to provide for the organization and support of an asylum at Glenwood, in Mills County, for feeble minded children," approved March 17, 1876, the buildings and grounds used by the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were appropriated for this purpose. By another act, approved March 15, 1876, the soldiers' orphans, then at the Homes at Glenwood and Cedar Falls, were to be removed to the Home at Davenport within ninety days thereafter, and the Board of Trustees of the Home were authorized to receive other indigent children into that institution, and provide for their education in industrial pursuits. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County. Chapter 129 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, in 1876, estab- lished a State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and required the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home to turn over the property in their charge to the Directors of the new institution. The Board of Directors met at Cedar Falls June 7, 1876, and duly organ- ized by the election of H. C. Hemenway, President ; J. J. Toleston, Secretary, and E. Townsend, Treasurer. The Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home met at the same time for the purpose of turning over to the Directors the property of that institution, which was satisfactorily done and properly receipted for as required by law. At this meeting, Prof. J. C. Gilchrist was elected Principal of the School. On the 12th of July, 1876, the Board again met, when executive and teachers' committees were appointed and their duties assigned. A Steward and a Matron were elected, and their respective duties defined. The buildings and grounds were repaired and fitted up as well as the appro- priation would admit, and the first term of the school opened September 6, 1876, commencing with twenty-seven and closing with eighty-seven students. The second term closed with eighty-six, and one hundred and six attended during the third term. The following are the Board of Directors, Board of Officers and Faculty : Board of Directors. — H. C. Hemenway, Cedar Falls, President, term expires 1882 ; L. D. Lewelling, Salem, Henry County, 1878 ; W. A. Stow, Hamburg, Fremont County, 1878 ; S. G. Smith, Newton, Jasper County, 1880 ; E. H. Thayer, Clinton, Clinton County, 1880 ; G. S. Robinson, Storm Lake, Buena Vista County, 1882. Board of Officers. — J. J. Toleston, Secretary ; E. Townsend, Treasurer ; William Pattes, Steward; Mrs. P. A. Schermerhorn, Matron — all of Cedar Falls. Faculty. — J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., Principal, Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Didactics ; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., Professor of Lan- guages and Natural Science ; D. S. Wright, A. M., Professor of Mathematics ; Miss Frances L. Webster, Teacher of Geography and History ; E. W. Burnham, Professor of Music. ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE MINDED CHILDREN. Glenwood^ Mills County. Chapter 152 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, approved March 17, 1876, provided for the establishment of an asylum for feeble minded children at Glenwood, Mills County, and the buildings and grounds of the 202 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were to be used for that purpose. The asylum was placed under the management of three Trustees, one at least of whom should be a resident of Mills County. Children between the ages of 7 and 18 years are admitted. Ten dollars per month for each child actually sup- ported by the State was appropriated by the act, and |2,000 for salaries of officers and teachers for two years. Hon. J. W. Cattell, of Polk County ; A. J. Russell, of Mills County, and W. S. Robertson, were appointed Trustees, who held their first meeting at Glen wood, April 2G, 1876. Mr. Robertson was elected President; Mr. Russell, Treasurer, and ]\Ir. Cattell, Secretary. The Trustees found the house and farm which had been turned over to them in a shamefully dilapidated condition. The fences were broken down and the lumber destroyed or carried away; the win- dows broken, doors off their hinges, floors broken and filthy in the extreme, cellars reeking with ofiensive odors from decayed vegetables, and every conceiv- able variety of filth and garbage ; drains obstructed, cisterns broken, pump demoralized, wind-mill broken, roof leaky, and the whole property in the worst possible condition. It was the first work of the Trustees to make the house tenable. This was done under the direction of Mr. Russell. At the request of the Trustees, Dr. Charles T. Wilbur, Superintendent of the Illinois Asylum, visited Glenwood, and made many valuable suggestions, and gave them much assistance. 0. W. Archibald, M. D., of Glenwood, was appointed Superintendent, and soon after was appointed Secretary of the Board, vice Cattell, resigned. Mrs. S. A. Archibald was appointed Matron, and Miss Maud M. Archibald, Teacher. The Institution Avas opened September 1, 1876 ; the first pupil admitted September 4, and the school was organized September 10, with only five pupils, which number had, in November, 1877, increased to eighty-seven. December 1, 1876, Miss Jennie Van Dorin, of Fairfield, was employed as a teacher and in the Spring of 1877, Miss Sabina J. Archibald was also employed. THE REFORM SCHOOL. Eldora, Hardin County. By "An act to establish and organize a State Reform School for Juvenile Offenders," approved March 31, 1868, the General Assembly established a State Reform School at Salem, Lee (Henry) County ; provided for a Board of Trustees, to consist of one person from each Congressional District. For the purpose of immediately opening the school, the Trustees were directed to accept the proposition of the Trustees of White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute, at Salem, and lease, for not more than ten years, the lands, buildings, etc., of the Institute, and at once proceed to prepare for and open a reform school as a temporary establishment. The contract for fitting up the buildings was let to Clark & Haddock, Sep- tember 21, 1868, and on the 7th of October following, the first inmate was received from Jasper County. The law provided for the admission of children of both sexes under 18 years of age. In 1876, this was amended, so that they are now received at ages over 7 and under 16 years. April 19, 1872, the Trustees were directed to make a permanent location for the school, and §45,000 Avas appropriated for the erection of the necessary buildings. The Trustees were further directed, as soon as practicable, to organize a school for girls in the buiklings where the boys were then kept. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 203 The Trustees located the school at Eldora, Hardin County, and in the Code of 1873, it is permanently located there by law. The institution is managed by five Trustees, who are paid mileage, but no compensation for their services. The object is the reformation of the children of both sexes, under the age of 16 years and over 7 years of age, and the law requires that the Trustees shall require the boys and girls under their charge to be instructed in piety and morality, and in such branches of useful knowledge as are adapted to their age and capacity, and in some regular course of labor, either mechanical, manufac- turing or agricultural, as is best suited to their age, strength, disposition and capacity, and as may seem best adapted to secure the reformation and future benefit of the boys and girls. A boy or girl committed to the State Reform School is there kept, disci- plined, instructed, employed and governed, under the direction of the Trustees, until he or she arrives at the age of majority, or is bound out, reformed or legally discharged. The binding out or discharge of a boy or girl as reformed, or having arrived at the age of majority, is a complete release from all penalties incurred by conviction of the offense for which he or she was committed. This is one step in the right direction. In the future, however, still further advances wdl be made, and the right of every individual to the fruits of their labor, even while restrained for the public good, will be recognized. FISH HATCHING ESTABLISHMENT. . Hear Ajiamosa, Jones County. The Fifteenth General Assembly, in 1874, passed " An act to provide for the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for the construction of Fishways for the protection and propagation of Fish," also "An act to provide for furnishing the rivers and lakes with fish and fish spawn." This act appro- priated $3,000 for the purpose. In accordance with the provisions of the first act above mentioned, on the 9th of April, 1874, S. B. Evans of Ottumwa, Wapello County ; B. F. Shaw of Jones County, and Charles A. Haines, of Black Hawk County, were appointed to be Fish Commissioners by the Governor. These Commissioners met at Des Moines, May 10, 1874, and organized by the election of Mr. Evans, President ; Mr. Shaw, Secretary and Superintendent, and Mr. Haines, Treasurer. The State was partitioned into three districts or divisions to enable the Commissioners to better superintend the construction of fishways as required by law. That part of the State lying south of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad was placed under the especial supervision of Mr. Evans ; that part be- tween that railroad and the Iowa Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Shaw, and all north of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Haines. At this meeting, the Superintendent was authorized to build a State Hatching House ; to procure the spawn of valuable fish adapted to the waters of Iowa ; hatch and prepare the young fish for distribution, and assist in putting them into the waters of the State. In compliance with these instructions, Mr. Shaw at once commenced work, and in the Summer of 1874, erected a " State Hatching House" near Anamosa, 20x40 feet, two stories ; the second story being designed for a tenement ; the first story being the "hatching room." The hatching troughs are supplied with water from a magnificent spring four feet deep and about ten feet in diam- eter, affording an abundant and unfailing supply of pure running water. During 204 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the first year, from May 10, 1874, to May 10, 1875, the Commissioners distributed witliin the State 100,000 Shad, 300,000 California Sahnon, 10,000 Bass, 80,000 Penobscot (Maine) Salmon, 5,000 land-locked Salmon, 20,000 of other species. By act approved March 10, 1876, the law was amended so that there should be but one instead of three Fish Commissioners, and B. F. Shaw was appointed, and the Commissioner was authorized to purchase twenty acres of land, on which the State Hatching House was located near Anamosa. In the Fall of 1876, Commissioner Shaw gathered from the sloughs of the Mississippi, where they would have been destroyed, over a million and a half of small fish, which were distributed in the various rivers of the State and turned into the Mississippi. In 1875-6, 533,000 California Salmon, and in 1877, 303,500 Lake Trout were distributed in various rivers and lakes in the State. The experiment of stocking the small streams with brook trout is being tried, and 81,000 of the speckled beauties were distributed in 1877. In 1876, 100,000 young eels were distributed. These came from New York and they are increasing rapidly. At the close of 1877, there were at least a dozen private fish farms in suc- cessful operation in various parts of the State. Commissioner Shaw is en- thusiastically devoted to the duties of his office and has performed an important service for the people of the State by his intelligent and successful operations. The Sixteenth General Assembly passed an act in 1878, prohibiting the catching of any kind of fish except Brook Trout from March until June of each year. Some varieties are fit for food only during this period. THE PUBLIC LANDS. The grants of public lands made in the State of Iowa, for various purposes, are as follows : 1. The 500,000 Acre Grant. 2. The 16th Section Grant. 3. The Mortgage School Landg. 4. The University Grant. 6. The Saline Grant. 6. The Uea Moines River Grant. 7. The Des Moines River School Lands. 8. The Swamp Land Grant. 9. The Railroad Grant. 10. The Agricultural College Grant. I. THE FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRE GRANT. When the State was admitted into the Union, she became entitled to 600,000 acres of land by virtue of an act of Congress, approved September 4, 1841, which granted to each State therein specified 500,000 acres of public land for internal improvements ; to each State admitted subsequently to the passage of the act, an amount of land which, with the amount that might have been granted to her as a Territory, would amount to 500,000 acres. All these lands were required to be selected within the limits of the State to which they were granted. The Constitution of Iowa declares that the proceeds of this grant, together with all lands then granted or to be granted by Congress for the benefit of schools, shall constitute a perpetual fund for the support of schools throughout the State. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the Legislature established HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 205 a board of School Fund Commissioners, and to that board was confided the selection, care and sale of these lands for the benefit of the School Fund. Until 1855, these Commissioners were subordinate to the Superinteudent of Public Instruction, but on the 15th of January of that year, they were clothed with exclusive authority in the management and sale of school lands. The office of School Fund Commissioner was abolished March 23, 1858, and that officer in each county was required to transfer all papers to and make full settlement with the County Judge. By this act, County Judges and Township Trustees were made the agents of the State to control and sell the sixteenth sections ; but no further provision was made for the sale of the 500,000 acre grant until April 3d, 1860, when the entire management of the school lands was committed to the Boards of Supervisors of the several counties. II. THE SIXTEENTH SECTIONS. By the provisions of the act of Congress admitting Iowa to the Union, there was granted to the new State the sixteenth section in every township, or where that section had been sold, other lands of like amount for the use of schools. The Constitution of the State provides that the proceeds arising from the sale of these sections shall constitute a part of the permanent School Fund. The control and sale of these lands were vested in the School Fund Commissioners of the several counties until March 23, 1858, when they were transferred to the County Judges and Township Trustees, and were finally placed under the supervision of the County Boards of Supervisors in January, 1861. III. THE MORTGAGE SCHOOL LANDS. These do not belong to any of the grants of land proper. They are lands that have been mortgaged to the school fund, and became school lands when bid off by the State by virtue of a law passed in 1862. Under the provisions of the law regulating the management and investment of the permanent school fund, persons desiring loans from that fund are required to secure the payment thereof with interest at ten per cent, per annum, by promissory notes endorsed by two good sureties and by mortgage on unincumbered real estate, which must be situated in the county where the loan is made, and which must be valued by three appraisers. Making these loans and taking the required securities was made the duty of the County Auditor, who was required to report to the Board of Supervisors at each meeting thereof, all notes, mortgages and abstracts of title connected with the school fund, for examination. When default was made of payment of money so secured by mortgage, and no arrangement made for extension of time as the law provides, the Board of Supervisors were authorized to bring suit and prosecute it with diligence to secure said fund ; and in action in favor of the county for the use of the school fund, an injunction may issue without bonds, and in any such action, when service is made by publication, default and judgment may be entered and enforced without bonds. In case of sale of land on execution founded on any such mortgage, the attorney of the board, or other person duly authorized, shall, on behalf of the State or county for the use of said fund, bid such sum as the interests of said fund may require, and if struck oft* to the State the land shall be held and disposed of as the other lands belonging to the fnnd. These lands are known as the Mortgage School Lands, and reports of them, including ■description and amount, are required to be made to the State Land Office. 206 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. IV. UNIVERSITY LANDS. By act of Congress, July 20, 1840, a quantity of land not exceeding two f^ntire townships was reserved in the Territory of Iowa for the use and support ■)f a university within said Territory when it should become a State. This land was to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, and could be used for no other purpose than that designated in the grant. In an act supplemental to that for the admission of Iowa, March 3, 1845, the grant Avas renewed, and it was provided that the lands should be used "solely for the purpose of such university, in such manner as the Legislature may prescribe." Under this grant there were set apart and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, for the use of the State, the following lands : ACRES. In the Iowa City Land District, Feb. 26, 1849 20,150.49 In the Fairfield Land District, Oct. 17, 1849 9,685.20 In the Iowa City Land District, Jan. 28, 1850 .• 2,571.81 In the Fairfield Land District, Sept. 10, 1850 3,198.20 In the Dubuque Land District, May 19, 1852 10,552.24 Total 45,957.94 These lands wxre certified to the State November 19, 1859. The University lands are placed by law under the control and management of the Board of Trustees of the Iowa State University. Prior to 1865, there had been selected and located under 282 patents, 22,892 acres in sixteen counties, and 23,036 acres unpatented, making a total of 45,928 acres. V. — SALINE LANDS. By act of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, the State of Iowa was granted the use of the salt springs within her limits, not exceeding twelve. By a subsequent act, approved May 27, 1852, Congress granted the springs to the State in fee simple, together with six sections of land contiguous to each, to be disposed of as the Legislature might direct. In 1861, the proceeds of these lands then to be sold were constituted a fund for founding and support- ing a lunatic asylum, but no sales were made. In 1856, the proceeds of the saline lands were appropriated to the Insane Asylum, repealed in 1858. In 1860, the saline lands and funds were made a part of the permanent fund of the State University. These lands Avere located in Appanoose, Davis, Decatur, Lucas, Monroe, Van Buren and Wayne Counties. VI. — THE DES MOINES RIVER GRANT. By act of Congress, approved August 8, 1846, a grant of land was made for the improvement of the navigation of Des Moines River, as follows : Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there be, and hereby is, granted to said Territory of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding said Territory to improve the navigation of the Des Moines River from its mouth to the Raccoon Fork (so called) in said Territory, one equal moiety, in alternate sections, of the public lands (remaining unsold and not otherwise disposed of, incumbered or appropri- ated), in a strip five miles in width on each side of said river, to be selected within said Terri- tory by an agent or ai^ents to be appointed by the Governor thereof, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the lands hereby granted shall not be conveyed or disposed of by said Territory, nor by any State to be formed out of the same, except as said improvement shall progress; that is, the said Territory or State may sell so much of said lands as shall produce the sum of thirty tliousand dollars, and then the sales shall cease until the Gov- ernor of said Territory or State shall certify the fact to the President of the United States that one-half of said sum has been e.\pended upon said improvements, when the said Territory or HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 207 State may sell and convey a quantity of the residue of said lands sufficient to replace the amount expended, and thus the sales shall progress as the proceeds thereof shall be expended, and the fact of such expenditure shall iDe certitied as aforesaid. Sec. 3. A7id be it further enacted, That the said River Des Moines shall be and forever remain a public highway for the use of the Government of the United States, free from any toll or other charge whatever, for any property of the United States or persons in their service passing through or along the same: Provided ahvays, That it shall not be competent for the said Territory or future State of Iowa to dispose of said lands, or any of them, at a pi'ice lower than, for the time being, shall be the minimum price of other public lands. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That whenever the Territory of Iowa shall be admitted into the Union as a State, the lands hereby granted for the above purpose shall be and become the property of said State for the purpose contemplated in this act, and for no other : Provided the Legislature of the State of Iowa shall accept the said grant for the said purpose." Approved Aug. 8, 1846. Bj joint resolution of the General Assembly of Iowa, aipproved January 9, 1847, the grant was accepted for the purpose specified. By another act, ap- proved February 24, 1847, entited "An act creating the Board of Public Works, and providing for the improvement of the Des Moines River," the Legislature provided for a Board consisting of a President, Secretary and Treasurer, to be elected by the people. This Board was elected August 2, 1847, and was organized on the 22d of September following. The same act defined the nature of the improvement to be made, and provided that the work should be paid for from the funds to be derived from the sale of lands to be sold by the Board. Agents appointed by the Governor selected the sections designated by "odd numbers" throughout the whole exten"^. of the grant, and this selection was ap- proved by the Secretary of the Treasury. But there was a conflict of opinion as to the extent of the grant. It was held by some that it extended from the mouth of the Des Moines only to the Raccoon Forks ; others held, as the agents to make selection evidently did, that it extended from the mouth to the head waters of the river. Richard M. Young, Commissioner of the General Land OSice, on the 23d of February, 1848, construed the grant to mean that " the State is entitled to the alternate sections within five miles of the Des Moines River, throughout the whole extent of that river within the limits of Iowa." Under this construction, the alternate sections above the Raccoon Forks Avould, of course, belong to the State; but on the 19th of June, 1848, some of these lands were, by proclamation, thrown into market. On the 18th of September, the Board of Public Works filed a remonstrance with the Com- missioner of the General Land Office. The Board also sent in a protest to the State Land Office, at which the sale was ordered to take place. On the 8th of January, 1849, the Senators and Representatives in Congress from Iowa also protested against the sale, in a communication to Hon. Robert J. Walker, Sec- retary of the Treasury, to which the Secretary replied, concurring in the opinion that the grant extended the whole length of the Des Moines River in Iowa. On the 1st of June, 1849, the Commissioner of the General Land Office directed the Register and Receiver of the Land Office at Iowa City " to with- hold from sale all lands situated in the odd numbered sections within five miles on each side of the Des Moines River above the Raccoon Forks." March 13, 1850, the Commissioner of the General Land Office submitted to the Secretary of the Interior a list "showing the tracts, falling within the limits of the Des Moines River grant, above the Raccoon Forks, etc., under the decision of the Secretary of the Treasury, of March 2, 1849," and on the 6th of April following, Mr, Ewing, then Secretary of the Interior, reversed the decision of Secretary Walker, but ordered the lands to be withheld from sale until Con- 208 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gress could have an opportunity to pass an explanatory act. The Iowa author- ities appealed from this decision to the President (Taylor), who referred the matter to the Attorney General (Mr. Johnson). On the 19th of July, Mr. Johnson submitted as his opinion, that by the terms of the grant itself, it ex- tended to the very source of the Des Moines, but before his opinion was pub- lished President Taylor died. When Mr. Tyler's cabinet was formed, the question was submitted to the new Attorney General (Mr. Crittenden), Avho, on the 30th of June, 1851, reported that in his opinion the grant did not extend above the Raccoon Forks. Mr. Stewart, Secretary of the Interior, concurred with Mr. Crittenden at first, but subsequently consented to lay the whole sub- ject before the President and Cabinet, who decided in favor of the State. October 29, 1851, Mr. Stewart directed the Commissioner of the General Land Office to "submit for his approval such lists as had been prepared, and to proceed to report for like approval lists of the alternate sections claimed by the State of Iowa above the Raccoon Forks, as far as the surveys have progressed, or may hereafter be completed and returned." And on the following day, three lists of these lands were prepared in the General Land Office. The lands approved and certified to the State of Iowa under this grant, and all lying above the Raccoon Forks, are as follows : By Secretary Stewart, Oct. 30, 1851 81,707.93 acres. March 10, 1852 143,908.37 " By Secretary McLellan, Dec. 17, 1853 33,142.43 " Dec. 30, 1853 12,813.51 " Total 271, 572.24 acres. The Commissioners and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement, in their report to the Governor, November 30, 1852, estimates the total amount of lands then available for the work, including those in possession of the State and those to be surveyed and approved, at nearly a million acres. The indebtedness then standing against the fund was about $108,000, and the Commissioners estimated the work to be done would cost about $1,200,000. January 19, 1853, the Legislature authorized the Commissioners to sell " any or all the lands which have or may hereafter be granted, for not less than $1,300,000." On the 24th of January, 1853, the General Assembly provided for the elec- tion of a Commissioner by the people, and appointed two Assistant Commission- ers, with authority to make a contract, selling the lands of the Improvement for $1,300,000. This new Board made a contract, June 9, 1855, with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company, agreeing to sell all the lands donated to the State by Act of Congress of August 8, 1846, which the State had not sold prior to December 23, 1853, for $1,300,000, to be expended on the im- provement of the river, and in paying the indebtedness then due. This con- tract was duly reported to the Governor and General Assembly. By an act approved January 25, 1855, the Commissioner and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement were authorized to negotiate with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company for the purchase of lands in Webster County which had been sohH)y the School Fund Commissioner as school lands, but which had been certified to the State as Des Moines River lands, and had, therefore, become the property of the Company, under the provisions of its contract with the State. March 21, 1856, the old question of the extent of the grant was again raised and the Commissioner of the General Land Office decided thr it was limited to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 209 the Raccoon Fork. Appeal was made to the Secretary of the Interior, and by him the matter was referred to the Attorney General, who decided that the grant extended to the northern boundary of the State; the State relinquished its claim to lands lying along the river in Minnesota, and the vexed question was supposed to be finally settled. The land which had been certified, as well as those extending to the north- ern boundary within the limits of the grant, were reserved from pre-emption and sale by the General Land Commissioner, to satisfy the grant of August 8, 1846, and they were treated as having passed to the State, which from time to time sold portions of them prior to their final transfer to the Des Moines Navi- igation & Railroad Company, applying the proceeds thereof to the improve- ment of the river in compliance with the terms of the grant. Prior to the final sale to the Company, June 9, 1854, the State had sold about 327,000 acres, of which amount 58,830 acres were located above the Raccoon Fork. The last certificate of the General Land Ofiice bears date December 30, 1853. After June 9th, 1854, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company carried on the work under its contract with the State. As the improvement progressed, the State, from time to time, by its authorized officers, issued to the Company, in payment for said work, certificates for lands. But the General Land Office ceased to certify lands under the grant of 1846. The State had made no other provision for paying for the improvements, and disagree- ments and misunderstanding arose between the State authorities and the Company. March 22, 1858, a joint resolution was passed by the Legislature submitting a proposition for final settlement to the Company, which was accepted. The Com- pany paid to the State $20,000 in cash, and released and conveyed the dredge boat and materials named in the resolution ; and the State, on the 3d of May, 1858, executed to the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company fourteen deeds or patents to the lands, amounting to 256,708.64 acres. These deeds were intended to convey all the lands of this grant certified to the State by the Gen- eral Government not previously sold ; but, as if for the purpose of covering any tract or parcel that might have been omitted, the State made another deed of conveyance on the 18th day of May, 1858. These fifteen deeds, it is claimed, by the Company, convey 266,108 acres, of which about 53,367 are below the Raccoon Fork, and the balance, 212,741 acres, are above that point. Besides the lands deeded to the Co^ipany, the State had deeded to individual purchasers 58,830 acres above the Raccoon Fork, making an aggregate of 271,- 571 acres, deeded above the Fork, all of which had been certified to the State by the Federal Government. By act approved March 28, 1858, the Legislature donated the remainder of the grant to the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad Company, upon condition that said Company assumed all liabilities resulting from the Des Moines River improvement operations, reserving 50,000 acres of the land in security for the payment thereof, and for the completion of the locks and dams at Bentonsport, Croton, Keosauqua and Plymouth. For every three thousand dollars' worth of work done on the locks and dams, and for every three thousand dollars paid by the Company of the liabilities above mentioned, the Register of the State Land Office was instructed to certify to the Company 1,000 acres of the 50,000 acres reserved for these purposes. Up to 1865, there had been pre- sented by the Company, under the provisions of the act of 1858, and allowed,, claims amounting to $109,579.37, about seventy-five per cent, of which had been settled. 210 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. After the passage of the Act above noticed, the question of the extent of the original grant ^vas again mooted, and at the December Term of the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1859-GO, a decision Avas rendered dechiring that the grant did not extend above Raccoon Fork, and that all certificates of land above the Fork had been issued without authority of hiAv and were, therefore, void (see 23 How., 66). The State of Iowa had disposed of a large amount of land without authority, according to this decision, and appeal was made to Congress for relief, which Avas granted on the 3d day of March, 1861, in a joint resolution relinquishing to the State all the title which tlie United States then still retained in the tracts of land along the Des Moines River above Raccoon Fork, that had been im- properly certified to the State by the Department of the Interior, and which is now held by bona fide purchasers under the State of Iowa. In confirmation of this relinquishment, by act approved July 12, 1862, Congress enacted : That the grant of lands to the then Territory of Iowa for the improvement of the Des Moines River, made by the act of August 8, 1846, is hereby extended so as to include the alternate sec- tions (designated by odd numbers) lying within five miles of said river, between the Raccoon Fork and the northern boundary of said State ; such lands are to be held and applied in accord- ance with the provisions of the original grant, except that the consent of Congress is hereby given to the application of a portion thereof to aid in the construction of the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, in accordance with the provisions of the act of the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, approved March 22, 1858. And if any of the said lands shall have been sold or otherwise disposed of by the United States before the passage of this act, except those released by the United States to the grantees of the State of Iowa, under joint resolution of March 3, 18fil, the Secretai-y of the Interior is hereby directed to set apart an equal amount of lands within said State to be certified in lieu thereof; Provide<1, that if the State shall have sold and conveyed any portion of the lands lying within the limits of the grant the title of which has proved invalid, any lands wliich shall be certified to said State in lieu thereof by virtue of the provisions of this act, shall inure to and be held as a trust fund for the benefit of the person or persons, respect- ively, whose titles shall have failed as aforesaid. The grant of lands by the above act of Congress was accepted by a joint resolution of the General Assembly, September 11, 1862, in extra session. On the same day, the Governor was authorized to appoint one or more Commis- sioners to select the lands in accordance with the grant. These Commissioners were instructed to report their selections to the Registrar of the State Land Office. The lands so selected were to be held for the purposes of the grant, and were not to be disposed of until furtlicr legislation should be had. D. W. Kil- burne, of Lee County, was appointed Commissioner, and, on the 25th day of April, 1864, the General Land Officer authorized the selection of 300,000 acres from the vacant public lands as a part of the grant of July 12, 1862, and the selections were made in the Fort Dodge and Sioux City Land Districts. Many difficulties, controversies and conflicts, in relation to claims and titles, grew out of this grant, and these difficulties were enhanced by the uncertainty of its limits until the act of Congress of July, 1862. But the General Assem- bly sought, by wise and appropriate legislation, to protect the integrity of titles derived from the State. Especially was the determination to protect the actual settlers, Avho had paid their money and made improvements prior to the final settlement of the limits of the grant by Congress. VII. — THE DES MOINES RIVER SCHOOL LANDS. These lands constituted a part of the 500,000 acre grant made by Congress in 1841 ; including 28,378.46 acres in Webster County, selected by the Agent of the State under that grant, and approved by the Commissioner of the General Land Office February 20, 1851. They were ordered into the market June 6, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF lOAVA. 211 1853, by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who authorized John Tol- man, School Fund Commissioner for Webster County, to sell them as school lands. Subsequently, when the act of 1846 was construed to extend the Des Moines River grant above Raccoon Fork, it was held that the odd numbered sections of these lands within five miles of the river were appropriated by that act, and on the 30th day of December, 1853, 12,813.51 acres were set apart and approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior, as a part of the Des Moines River grant. January 6, 1854, the Commissioner of the General Land Office transmitted to the Superintendent of Public Instruction a certified copy of the lists of these lands, indorsed by the Secretary of the Interior. Prior to this action of the Department, however, Mr. Tolman had sold to indi- vidual purchasers 3,194.28 acres as school lands, and their titles were, of course, killed. For their relief, an act, approved April 2, 1860, provided that, upon application and proper showing, these purchasers should be entitled to draw from the State Treasury the amount they had paid, with 10 per cent, interest, on the contract to purchase made with Mr. Tolman. Under this act, five appli- cations were made prior to 1864, and the applicants received, in the aggregate, 1949.53. By an act approved April 7, 1862, the Governor was forbidden to issue to the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Company any certificate of the completion of any part of said road, or any conveyance of lands, until the company should execute and file, in the State Land Office, a release of its claim — first, to cer- tain swamp lands ; second, to the Des Moines River Lands sold by Tolman ; third, to certain other river lands. That act provided that "the said company shall transfer their interest in those tracts of land in Webster and Hamilton Counties heretofore sold by John Tolman, School Fund Commissioner, to the Register of the State Land Office in trust, to enable said Register to carry out and perform said contracts in all cases when he is called upon by the parties interested to do so, before the 1st day of January, A. D. 1864. The company filed its release to the Tolman lands, in the Land Office, Feb- ruary 27, 1864, at the same time entered its protest that it had no claim upon them, never had pretended to have, and had never sought to claim them. The Register of the State Land Office, under the advice of the Attorney General, decided that patents would be issued to the Tolman purchasers in all cases where contracts had been made prior to December 23, 1853, and remaining uncanceled under the act of 1860. But before any were issued, on the 2Tth of August, 1864, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company commenced a suit in chancery, in the District Court of Polk County, to enjoin the issue of such patents. On the 30tli of August, an ex parte injunction was issued. In January, 1868, Mr. J. A. Harvey, Register of the Land Office, filed in the court an elaborate answer to plaintiffs' petition, denying that the company had any right to or title in the lands. Mr. Harvey's successor, Mr. C. C. Carpen- ter, filed a still more exhaustive answer February 10, 1868. August 3, 1868, the District Court dissolved the injunction. The company appealed to the Supreme Court, where the decision of the lower court was affirmed in December, 1869. VIII. — SWAMP LAND GRANT. By an act of Congress, approved March 28, 1850, to enable Ai-kansas and other States to reclaim swampy lands within their limits, granted all tho swamp and overflowed lands remaining unsold within their respective limits to the several States. Although the total amount claimed by Iowa under this act 212 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. does not exceed 4,000,000 acres, it has, like the Des Moines River and some of the land grants, cost the State considerable trouble and expense, and required a deal of legislation. The State expended large sums of money in making the selections, securing proofs, etc., but the General Government appeared to be laboring under the impression that Iowa was not acting in good faitli ; that she had selected a large amount of lands under the swamp land grant, transferred her interest to counties, and counties to private speculators, and the General Land Office permitted contests as to the character of the lands already selected by the Agents of the State as "swamp lands." Congress, by joint resolution Dec. 18, 1856, and by act March 3, 1857, saved the State from the fatal result of this ruinous policy. Many of these lands were selected in 1854 and 1855, immediately after several remarkably wet seasons, and it was but natural that some portions of the selections would not appear swampy after a few dry seasons. Some time after these first selections were made, persons desired to enter parcels of the so-called swamp lands and offering to prove them to be dry. In such cases the General Land Office ordered hearing before the local land officers, and if they decided the land to be dry, it was permitted to be entered and the claim of the State rejected. Speculators took advantage of this. Affidavits were bought of irresponsible and reckless men, Avho, for a few dollars, would confidently testify to the character of lands they never saw. These applica- tions multiplied until they covered 3,000,000 acres. It was necessary that Congress should confirm all these selections to the State, that this gigantic scheme of fraud and plunder might be stopped. The act of Congress of March 3, 1857, was designed to accomplish this purpose. But the Commis- sioner of the General Land Office held that it was only a qualified confirma- tion, and under this construction sought to sustain the action of the Department in rejecting the claim of the State, and certifying them under act of May 15, 1856, under which the railroad companies claimed all swamp land in odd num- bered seciions within the limits of their respective roads. This action led to serious complications. When the railroad grant was made, it was not intended nor Avas it understood that it included any of the swamp lands. These Avere already disposed of by previous grant. Nor did the companies expect to receive any of them, but under the decisions of the Department adverse to the State the way was opened, and they Avere not slow to enter their claims. March 4, 1862, the Attorney General of the State submitted to the General Assembly an opinion that the railroad companies Avere not entitled even to contest the right of the State to these lands, under the swamp land grant. A letter from the Acting Connnissioner of tlie General Land Office expressed the same opinion, and the General Assembly by joint resolution, approved April 7, 1862, expressly repudiated the acts of the railroad companies, and disclaimed any intention to claim these lands under any other than the act of Congress of Sept. 28, 1850. A great deal of legislation has been found necessary in rela- tion to these SAvamp lands. IX. — THE RAILROAD GRANT. One of the most important grants of public lands to loAva for purposes of internal improvement Avas that knoAvn as the " Kailroad Grant," by act of Congress approved May 15, 1856. This act granted to the State of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding in the construction of railroads from Burlington, on the Mississippi River, to a point on the Missouri River, near the mouth of Platte River ; from the city of Davenport, via loAva City and Fort Des Moines to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 213 Council Bluffs ; from Lyons City northwesterly to a point of intersection with the main line of the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad, near Maquoketa ; thence on said main line, running as near as practicable to the Forty-second Parallel; across the said State of Iowa to the Missouri River ; from the city of Dubuque to a point on the Missouri River, near Sioux City, with a branch from the mouth of the Tete des Morts, i^o the nearest point on said road, to be com- pleted as soon as the main road is completed to that point, every alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on each side of said roads. It was also provided that if it should appear, when the lines of those roads were definitely fixed, that the United States had sold, or right of pre- emption had attached to any portion of said land, the State was authorized to select a quantity equal thereto, in alternate sections, or parts of sections, within fifteen miles of the lines so located. The lands remaining to the United States within six miles on each side of said roads were not to be sold for less than the double minimum price of the public lands Avhen sold, nor were any of said lands to become subject to private entry until they had been first offered at public sale at the increased price. Section 4 of the act provided that the lands granted to said State shall be disposed of by said State only in the manner following, that is to say: that a quantity of land not exceeding one hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads, and included within a continuous length of twenty miles of each of said roads, may be sold ; and when the Governor of said State shall certify to the Secretary of the Interior that any twenty continuous miles of any of said roads is completed, then another quantity of land hereby granted, not to exceed one hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads having twenty continuous miles completed as aforesaid, and included Avithin a continuous length of twenty miles of each of such roads, may be sold ; and so from time to time until said roads are completed, and if any of said roads are not completed within ten years, no further sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States." At a special session of the General Assembly of Iowa, by act approved July 14, 1856, the grant was accepted and the lands were granted by the State to the several railroad companies named, provided that the lines of their respective roads should be definitely fixed and located before April 1, 1857; and pro- vided further, that if either of said companies should fail to have seventy-five miles of road completed and equipped by the 1st day of December, ] 859, and its entire road completed by December 1, 1865, it should be competent for the State of Iowa to resume all rights to lands remaining undisposed of by the company so failing. The railroad companies, with the single exception of the Iowa Central Air Line, accepted the several grants in accordance with the provisions of the above act, located their respective roads and selected their lands. The grant to the Iowa Central was again granted to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad Company, which accepted them. By act, approved April 7, 1862, the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Com- pany was required to execute a release to the State of certain swamp and school lands, included within the limits of its grant, in compensation for an extension of the time fixed for the completion of its road. A careful examination of the act of Congress does not reveal any special reference to railroad companies. The lands were granted to the State, and the act evidently contemplate the sale of them b?/ the State, and the appropriation of the proceeds to aid in the construction of certain lines of railroad within its 214 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. limits. Section 4 of the act clearly defines the authority of the State in dis- posing of the lands. Lists of all the lands embraced by the grant were made, and certified to the State by the proper authorities. Under an act of Congress approved August 3, 1854, entitled ""An act to vest in the several States and Territories the title in fee of the lands ivhicli have been or may he certified to them,'' these certified lists, the originals of which are filed in the General Land Office, conveyed to the State "the fee simple title to all the lands embraced in such lists that are of the char- acter contemplated " by the terms of the act making the grant, and "intended to be granted thereby ; but where lands embraced in such lists are not of the character embraced by such act of Congress, and were not intended to be granted thereby, said lists, so far as these lands are concerned, shall be perfectly null and void; and no right, title, claim or interest shall be conveyed thereby." Those certified lists made under the act of May 15, 1856, were forty-three in number, viz.: For the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, nine ; for the Mississippi* & Missouri Railroad, 11 ; for the Iowa Central Air Line, thirteen; and for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, ten. The lands thus approved to the State Avere as follows : Burlington & Missouri Eiver R. R 287,095.34 acres. Mississippi & Missouri River R. R 774,674.30 " Cedar Rapids & Missouri River R. R 775,454.19 " Dubuque & Sioux City R. R 1,226,558.32 " A portion of these had been selected as swamp lands by the State, under the act of September 28, 1850, and these, by the terms of the act of August 3, 1854, could not be turned over to the railroads unless the claim of the State to them as swamp was first rejected. It was not possible to determine from the records of the State Land Office the extent of the conflicting claims arising under the two grants, as copies of the swamp land selections in some of the counties were not filed of record. The Commissioner of the General Land Office, however, prepared lists of the lands claimed by the State as swamp underact of September 28, 1850, and also claimed by the railroad companies under act of May 15, 1856, amounting to 553,293.33 acres, the claim to which as swamp had been rejected by the Department. These were consequently certified to the State as railroad lands. There was no mode other than the act of July, 1856, prescribed for transferring the title to these lands from the State to the companies. The courts had decided that, for the purposes of the grant, the lands belonged to the State, and to her the companies should look for their titles. It was generally accepted that the act of the Legislature of July, 1856, was all that was neces- sary to complete the transfer of title. It was assumed that all the rights and powers conferred upon the State by the act of Congress of May 14, 1856, were by the act of the General Assembly transferred to the companies ; in other words, that it was designed to put the companies in the place of the State as the grantees from Congress — and, therefore, that which perfected the title thereto to the State perfected the title to the companies by virtue of the act of July, 1856. One of the companies, however, the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- road Company, was not entirely satisfied with this construction. Its managers thought that some further and specific action of the State authorities in addition to the act of the Legislature was necessary to complete their title. This induced Gov. Lowe to attach to the certified lists his official certificate, under the broad seal of the State. On the 0th of November, 1859, the Governor thus certified to them (commencing at the Missouri River) 187,207.44 acres, and December 27th, 43,775.70 acres, an aggregate of 231,073.14 acres. These were the only HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 215 lands under the grant that were certified by the State authorities with any design of perfecting the title already vested in the company by the act of July, 1856. The lists which were afterward furnished to the company were simply certified by the Governor as being correct copies of the lists received by the State from the United States General Land Office. These subsequent lists embraced lands that had been claimed by the State under the Swamp Land Grant. It was urged against the claim of the Companies that the effect of the act of the Legislature was simply to substitute them for the State as parties to the grant. 1st. That the lands were granted to the State to be held in trust for the accomplishment of a specific purpose, and therefore the State could not part with the title until that purpose should have been accomplished. 2d. That it was not the intention of the act of July 14, 1856, to deprive the State of the con- trol of the lands, but on the contrary that she should retain supervision of them and the right to withdraw all rights and powers and resume the title condition- ally conferred by that act upon the companies in the event of their failure to complete their part of the contract. 3d. That the certified lists from the Gen- eral Land Office vested the title in the State only by virtue of the act of Con- gress approved August 3, 1854. The State Land Office held that the proper construction of the act of July 14, 1856, when accepted by the companies, was that it became a conditional contract that might ripen into a positive sale of the lands as from time to time the work should progress, and as the State thereby became authorized by the express terms of the grant to sell them. This appears to have been the correct construction of the act, but by a sub- sequent act of Congress, approved June 2, 1864, amending the act of 1856, the terms of the grant were changed, and numerous controversies arose between the companies and the State. The ostensible purpose of this additional act was to allow the Davenport & Council Bluffs Railroad "to modify or change the location of the uncompleted portion of its line," to run through the town of Newton, Jasper County, or as nearly as practicable to that point. The original grant had been made to the State to aid in the construction of railroads within its limits and not to the com- panies, but Congress, in 1864, appears to have been utterly ignorant of what had been done under the act of 1856, or, if not, to have utterly disregarded it. The State had accepted the original grant. The Secretary of the Interior had already certified to the State all the lands intended to be included in the grant within fifteen miles of the lines of the several railroads. It will be remembered that Section 4, of the act of May 15, 1856, specifies the manner of sale of these lands from time to time as work on the railroads should progress, and also provided that " if any of said roads are not completed within ten years, no fur- tlier sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States." Having vested the title to these lands in trust, in the State of Iowa, it is plain that until the expiration of the ten years there could be no reversion, and the State, not the United States, must control them until the grant should expire by limitation. The United States authorities could not rightfully require the Secretary, of the Interior to certify directly to the companies any portion of the lands already certified to the State. And yet Congress, by its act of June 2, 1864, provided that whenever the Davenport & Council Bluffs Railroad Com- pany should file in the General Land Office at Washington a map definitely showing such new location, the Secretary of the Interior should cause to be cer- tified and conveyed to said Company, from time to time, as the road progressed, out of any of the lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved, or 21G HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had not attached, and on which a bona fide settlement and improvement had not been made under color of title derived from the United States or from the State of Iowa, within six miles of such newly located line, an amount of land per mile e((ual to that originally authorized to be granted to aid in the construction of said road by the act to which this was an amendment. The term " out of any lands belonging to the United States, not sold, re- served or otherwise disposed of, etc.," would seem to indicate that Congress did intend to grant lands already granted, but wdien it declared that the Company should have an amount per mile equcd to that originally authorized to be granted, it is plain that the framers of the bill were ignorant of the real terms of tlie original grant, or that they designed that the United States should resume the title it had already parted with two years before the lands could revert to the United States under the original act, which was not repealed. A similar change was made in relation to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri Railroad, and dictated the conveyance of lands in a similar manner. Like provision was made for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, and the Company was permitted to change the location of its line between Fort Dodge and Sioux City, so as to secure the best route between those points ; but this change of location was not to impair the right to the land granted in the orig- inal act, nor did it change the location of those lands. By the same act, the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad Company was author- ized to transfer and assign all or any part of the grant to any other company or person, " if, in the opinion of said Company, the construction of said railroad across the State of Iowa would be thereby sooner and more satisfactorily com- pleted; but such assignee should not in any case be released from the liabilities and conditions accompanying this grant, nor acquire perfect title in any other manner tlian the same would have been acquired by the original grantee." Still further, the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad was not forgotten, and was, by the same act, empowered to receive an amount of land per mile equal to that mentioned in the original act, and if that could not be found within the limits of six miles from the line of said road, then such selection might be made along such line within twenty miles thereof out of any public lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved or otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had not attached. Those acts of Congress, which evidently originated in the "lobby," occa- sioned much controversy and trouble. The Department of the Interior, how- ever, recognizing the fact that when the Secretary had certified the lands to the State, under the act of 1856, that act divested the United States of title, under the vesting act of August, 1854, refused to review its action, and also refused to order any and all investigations for establishing adverse claims (except in pre-emption cases), on the ground that the United States had parted with the title, and, therefore, could exercise no control over the land. May 12, 1864, before the passage of the amendatory act above described, Congress granted to the State of Iowa, to aid in the construction of a railroad from McGregor to Sioux City, and for the benefit of the McGregor Western Railroad Company, every alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of the proposed road, reserving the right to substitute other lands wlienever it was found that the grant infringed upon pre-empted lands, or on lands that had been reserved or disposed of for any other purpose. In such cases, the Secretary of the Interior was instructed to select, in lieu, lands belonging to the United States lying nearest to the limits specified. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 217 X, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM LANDS. An Agricultural College and Model Farm was established by act of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. By the eleventh section of the act, the proceeds of the five-section grant made for the purpose of aiding in the erection of public buildings was appropriated, subject to the approval of Con- gress, together with all lands that Congress might thereafter grant to the State for the purpose, for the benefit of the institution. On the 23d of March, by joint resolution, the Legislature asked the consent of Congress to the proposed transfer. By act approved July 11, 1862, Congress removed the restrictions imposed in the "five-section grant," and authorized the General Assembly to make such disposition of the lands as should be deemed best for the interests of the State. By these several acts, the five sections of land in Jasper County certified to the State to aid in the erection of public buildings under the act of March 3, 1845, entitled " An act supplemental to the act for the admission of the States of Iowa and Florida into the Union," were fully appropriated for the benefit of the Iowa Agricultural College and Farm. The institution is located in Story County. Seven hundred and twenty-one acres in that and two hundred in Boone County were donated to it by individuals interested in the success of the enterprise. By act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, an appropriation was made to each State and Territory of 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative in Congress, to which, by the apportionment under the census of 1860, they were respectively entitled. This grant was made for the purpose of endowing colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts. Iowa accepted this grant by an act passed at an extra session of its Legis- lature, approved September 11, 1862, entitled "An act to accept of the grant, and carry into execution the trust conferred upon the State of Iowa by an act of Congress entitled ' An act granting public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts,' approved July 2, 1862." This act made it the duty of the Governor to appoint an agent to select and locate the lands, and provided that none should be selected that were claimed by any county as swamp lands. The agent was required to make report of his doings to the Governor, who was instructed to submit the list of selections to the Board of Trustees of the Agricultural College for their approval. One thousand dollars were appro- priated to carry the law into effect. The State, having two Senators and six Representatives in Congress, Avas entitled to 240,000 acres of land under this grant, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining an Agricultural College. Peter Melendy, Esq., of Black Hawk County, was appointed to make the selec- tions, and during August, September and December, 1863, located them in the Fort Dodge, Des Moines and Sioux City Land Districts. December 8, 1864, these selections were certified by the Commissioner of the General Land Office, and were approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior December 13, 1864. The title to these lands was vested in the State in fee simple, and con- flicted with no other claims under other grants. The agricultural lands were approved to the State as 240,000.96 acres ; but as 35,691.66 acres were located within railroad limits, which were computed at the rate of two acres for one, the actual amount of land approved to the State under this grant was only 204,309.30 acres, located as follows: In Des Moines Land District 6,804.96 acres. In Sioux City Land District 59,025.37 " In Fort Dodge Land District 138,478.97 '« 218 HIOTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. By act of the General Assembly, approved March 29, 1864, entitled, " An act authorizing the Trustees of the Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm to sell all lands acquired, granted, donated or appropriated for the benefit of said college, and to make an investment of the proceeds thereof," all these lands were granted to the Agricultural College and Farm, and the Trustees were au- thorized to take possession, and sell or lease them. They were then, under the control of the Trustees, lands as follows : Under the act of July 2, 1852 204,309.30 acres. Of the five-section grant 3,200.00 " Lands donated in Story County 721.00 " Lands donated in Boone County 200.00 " Total 208,430.30 acres. The Trustees opened an oflSce at Fort Dodge, and appointed Hon. G. W- Bassett their agent for the sale of these lands. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The germ of the free public school system of Iowa, which now ranks sec- ond to none in the United States, Avas planted by the first settlers. They had migrated to the " The Beautiful Land " from other and older States, where the common school system had been tested by many years' experience, bringing with them some knowledge of its advantages, which they determined should be enjoyed by the children of the land of their adoption. The system thus planted was expanded and improved in the broad fields of the West, until now it is justly considered one of the most complete, comprehensive and liberal in the country. Nor is this to be wondered at when it is remembered humble log school houses were built almost as soon as the log cabin of the earliest settlers were occupied by their brave builders. In the lead mining regions of the State, the first to be occupied by the white race, the hardy pioneers provided the moans for the education of their children even before they had comfortable dwellings for their families. School teachers were among the first immigrants to Iowa. Wherever a little settlement was made, the school house was the first united public act of the settlers; and the rude, primitive structures of the early time only disappeared when the communities had increased in population and wealth, and were able to replace them with more commodious and comfortable buildings. Perhaps in no single instance has the magnificent progress of the State of Iowa been more marked and rapid than in her common school system and in her school houses, which, long since, superseded the log cabins of the first settlers. To- day, the school houses which evei'ywhere dot the broad and fertile prairies of Iowa are unsurpassed by those of any other State in the great Union. More especially is this true in all her cities and villages, where liberal and lavish appropriations have been voted, by a generous people, for the erection of large, commodious and elegant buildings, furnished with all the modern improvements, and costing from ^10,000 to ^60,000 each. The people of the State have ex- pended more than $10,000, 000 for the erection of public school buildings. The first house erected in Iowa Avas a log cabin at Dubuque, built by James L. Larigworthy and a few other miners, in the Autumn of 1833. When it was completed, George Cabbage was employed as teaclier during the Winter of 1833-4, and thirty-five pupils attended his school. Barrett Whittemore taught the second term with t^cntv-five pupils in attendance. Mrs. Caroline Dexter HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 219' commenced teaching in Dubuque in March, 1836. She was the first female teacher thei'e, and probably the first in Iowa. In 1839, Thomas H. Benton, Jr., afterward for ten years Superintendent of Public Instruction, opened an English and classical school in Dubuque. The first tax for the support of schools at Dubuque was levied in 1840. Among the first buildings erected at Burlington was a commodious log school house in 1834, in which Mr. Johnson Pierson taught the first school in the Winter of 1834-5. The first school in Muscatine County was taught by George Bumgardner, in the Spring of 1837, and in 1839, a log school house was erected in Musca- tine, which served for a long time for school house, church and public hall. The first school in Davenport was taught in 1838. In Fairfield, Miss Clarissa Sawyer, James F. Chambers and Mrs. Reed taught school in 1839. When the site of Iowa City was selected as the capital of the Territory of Iowa, in May, 1839, it was a perfect wilderness. The first sale of lots took place August 18, 1839, and before January 1, 1840, about twenty famdies had settled within the limits of the town ; and during the same year, Mr. Jesse Berry opened a school in a small frame building he had erected, on what is now College street. The first settlement in Monroe County was made in 1843, by Mr. John R. Gray, about two miles from the present site of Eddyville; and in the Summer of 1844, a log school house was built by Gray, William V. Beedle, C. Renfro, Joseph McMullen and Willoughby Randolph, and the first school Avas opened by Miss Urania Adams. The building was occupied for school purposes for nearly ten years. About a year after the first cabin was built at Oskaloosa, a log school house was built, in which school was opened by Samuel W. Caldwell in 1844. At Fort Des Moines, now the capital of the State, the first school was taught by Lewis Whitten, Clerk of the District Court in the Winter of 1846-7, in one of the rooms on " Coon Row," built for barracks. The first school in Pottawattomie County was opened by George Green, a Mormon, at Council Point, prior to 1849 ; and until about 1854, nearly, if not quite, all the teachers in that vicinity Avere Mormons. The first school in Decorah was taught in 1853, by T. W. Burdick, then a young man of seventeen. In Osceola, the first school was opened by Mr. D. W. Scoville. The first school at Fort Dodge was taught in 1855, by Cyrus C. Carpenter, since Governor of the State. In Crawford County, the first school house was built in Mason's Grove, in 1856, and Morris McHenry first occupied it as teacher. During the first twenty years of the history of Iowa, the log school house pre- vailed, and in 1861, there were 893 of these primitive structures in use for school purposes in the State. Since that time they have been gradually dis- appearing. In 1865, there were 796; in 1870, 336, and in 1875, 121. Iowa Territory Avas created July 3, 1838. January 1, 1839, the Territorial Legislature passed an act providing that " there shall be established a common school, or schools in each of the counties in this Territory, Avhieh shall be open and free for every class of white citizens between the ages of five and twenty-onie years." The second section of the act provided that " the County Board shall, from time to time, form such districts in their respective counties whenever a petition may be presented for the purpose by a majority of the voters resident Avithin such contemplated district." These districts Avere gov- erned by boards of trustees, usually of three persons ; each district was required 220 HISTORY OF THE STATR OF IOWA. to maintain school at least three laonths in every year ; and later, laws were enacted providing for county school taxes for the payment of teachers, and that" whatever additional sum might be required should be assessed upon the parents sending, in proportion to the length of time sent. When Iowa Territory became a State, in 1846, with a population of 100,- 000, and with 20,000 scholars within its limits, about four hundred school dis- tricts had been organized. In 1850, there were 1,200, and in 1857, the number had increased to 3,265. In March, 1858, upon the recommendation of Hon. M. L. Fisher, then Su- perintendent of Public Instruction, the Seventh General Assembly enacted that " each civil township is declared a school district," and provided tliat these should be divided into sub-districts. This law went into force March 20, 1858, and reduced the number of school districts from about 3,500 to less than 900. This change of school organization resulted in a very material reduction of the expenditures for the compensation of District Secretaries and Treasurers. An eifort was made for several years, from 1867 to 1872, to abolish the sub- district system. Mr. Kissell, Superintendent, recommended, in his report of January 1, 1872, and Governor Merrill forcibly endorsed his views in his annual message. But the Legislature of that year provided for the formation of inde- pendent districts from the sub-districts of district townships. The system of graded schools was inaugurated in 1849 ; and new schools, in which more than one teacher is employed, are universally graded. The first official mention of Teachers' Institutes in the educational records of Iowa occurs in the annual report of Hon. Thomas H. Benton, Jr., made December 2, 1850, who said, "An institution of this character was organized a few years ago, composed of the teachers of the mineral regions of Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa. An association of teachers has, also, been formed in the county of Henry, and an effort was made in October last to organize a regular institute in the county of Jones." At that time — although the beneficial influence of these institutes was admitted, it was urged that the expenses of attending them was greater than teachers with limited compensation were able to bear. To obviate this objection, Mr. Benton recommended that '' the sum of $150 should be appropriated annually for three years, to be drawn in install- ments of $50 each by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and expended for tliese institutions." He proposed that three institutes should be Iield annu- ally at points to be designated by the Superintendent. No legislation in this direction, however, was had until March, 1858, Avhen an act Avas passed authorizing the holding of teachers' institutes for periods not less than six working days, whenever not less than thirty teachers should desire. The Superintendent was authorized to expend not exceeding $100 for any one institute, to be paid out by the County Superintendent as the institute might direct for teachers and lecturers, and one thousand dollars was appropriated to defray the expenses of these institutes. December 6, 1858, Mr. Fisher reported to the Board of Education tliat institutes had been appointed in twenty counties Avithin the preceding six months, and more would have been, but the appropriation had been exhausted. The Board of Education at its first session, commencing December 6, 1858, enacted a code of school hiws which retained the existing provisions for teachers' institutes. In March, 1860, the General Assembly amended the act of the Board by appropriating " a sum not exceeding fifty dollars annually for one such institute, held as provided by law in each county." HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 221 In 1865, Mr. Faville reported that " the provision made by the State for the henefit of teachers' institutes has never been so fully appreciated, both by the people and the teachers, as during the last two years." By act approved March 19, 1874, Normal Institutes were established in each county, to be held annually by the County Superintendent. This Avas regarded as a very decided step in advance by Mr. Abernethy, and in 1876 the Sixteenth General Assembly established the first permanent State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, appropriating the building and property of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place for that purpose. This school is now " in the full tide of successful experiment." The public school system of Iowa is admirably organized, and if the various officers who are entrusted Avith the educational interests of the commonwealth are faithful and competent, should and will constantly improve. " The public schools are supported by funds arising from several sources. The sixteenth section of every Congressional Township was set apart by the General Government for school purposes, being one-thirty-sixth part of all the lands of the State. The minimum price of these lands Avas fixed at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. Congress also made an additional donation to the State of five hundred thousand acres, and an appropriation of five per cent, on all the sales of public lands to the school fund. The State gives to this fund the proceeds of the sales of all lands which escheat to it ; the proceeds of all fines for the violation of the liquor and criminal laws. The money derived from these sources constitutes the permanent school fund of the State, which cannot be diverted to any other purpose. The penalties collected by the courts for fines and forfeitures go to the school fund in the counties where collected. The proceeds of the sale of lands and the five per cent, fund go into the State Treasury, and the State distributes these proceeds to the several counties accord- ing to their request, and the counties loan the money to individuals for long terms at eight per cent, interest, on security of land valued at three times the amount of the loan, exclusive of all buildings and improvements thereon. The interest on these loans is paid into the State Treasury, and becomes the avail- able school fund of the State. The counties are responsible to the State for all money so loaned, and the State is likewise responsible to the school fund for all moneys transferred to the counties. The interest on these loans is apportioned by the State Auditor semi-annually to the several counties of the State, in pro- portion to the number of persons between the ages of five and twenty-one years. The counties also levy an annual tax for school purposes, Avhich is apportioned to the several district townships in the same way. A district tax is also levied for the same purpose. The money arising from these several sources constitutes the support of the public schools, and is sufficient to enable every sub-district in the State to afford from six to nine months' school each year." The taxes levied for the support of schools are self-imposed. Under the admirable school laAvs of the State, no taxes can be legally assessed or collected for the erection of school houses until they have been ordered by the election of the district at a school meeting legally called. The school houses of Iowa are the pride of the State and an honor to the people. If they have been some- times built at a prodigal expense, the tax payers have no one to blame but themselves. The teachers' and contingent funds are determined by the Board of Directors under certain legal restrictions. These boards are elected annually, except in the independent districts,- in which the board may be entirely changed every three years. The only exception to this mode of levying taxes for support 222 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of schools is the county school tax, which is determined by the County Board of Supervisors. The tax is from one to three mills on the dollar ; usually, however, but one. Mr. Abernethy, Avho Avas Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion from 1872 to 1877, said in one of his reports : There is but little opposition to the levy of taxes for the support of schools, and there would be still less if the funds were always properly guarded and judiciously expended. How- ever much our people disagree upon other subjects, they are practically united upon this. The opposition of wealth has long since ceased to exist, and our wealthy men are usually the most liberal in their views and the most active friends of popular education. They are often found upon our school boards, and usually make the best of school officers. It is not uncommon for Boards of Directors, especially in the larger towns and cities, to be composed wholly of men who represent the enterprise, wealth and business of their cities. At the close of 1877, there were 1,086 township districts, 3,138 indepen- dent districts and 7,015 sub-districts. There were 9,948 ungraded and 47C graded schools, with an average annual session of seven months and five days. There were 7,348 male teachers employed, whose average compensation was ^34.88 per month, and 12,518 female teachers, with an average compensation of $28.69 per month. The number of persons between the ages 5 and 21 years, in 1877, was 567,859; number enrolled in public schools, 421,163; total average attendance, 251,372 ; average cost of tuition per month, $1.62. There are 9,279 frame, 671 brick, 257 stone and 89 log school houses, making a grand total of 10,296, valued at $9,044,973. The public school libraries number 17,329 volumes. Ninety-nine teachers' institutes were held during 1877. Teachers' salaries amounted to $2,953,645. There was expended for school houses, grounds, libraries and apparatus, $1,106,788, and for fuel and other contingencies, $1,136,995, making the grand total of $5,197,428 expended by the generous people of Iowa for the support of their magnificent public schools in a single year. The amount of the permanent school fund, at the close of 1877, was $3,462,000. Annual interest, $276,960. In 1857, there were 3,265 independent districts, 2,708 ungraded schools, and 1,572 male and 1,424 female teachers. Teachers' salaries amounted to $198,142, and the total expenditures for schools was only $364,515. Six hun- dred and twenty-three volumes were the extent of the public school libraries twenty years ago, and there were only 1,686 school houses, valued at $571,064. In twenty years, teachers' salaries have increased from $198,142, in 1857, to $2,953,645 in 1877. Total school expenditures, from $364,515 to $5,197,428. The significance of such facts as these is unmistakable. Such lavish expen- ditures can only be accounted for by the liberality and public spirit of the people, all of whom manifest their love of popular education and their faith in the public schools by the annual dedication to their support of more than one per cent, of their entire taxable property; this, too, uninterruptedly through a series of years, commencing in the midst of a war which taxed their energies and resources to the extreme, and continuing through years of general depression in business — jears of moderate yield of produce, of discouragingly low prices, and even amid the scanty surroundings and privations of pioneer life. Few human enterprises have a grander significance or give evidence of a more noble purpose than the generous contributions from the scanty resources of the pioneer for the purposes of public education. HISTOB.Y OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 223 POLITICAL RECORD. TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. G-overnors — Robert Lucas, 1838-41 ; John Chambers, 1841-45 ; James Clarke, 1845. Secretaries— WWYiam B. Conway, 1838, died 1839 ; James Clarke, 1839 ; 0. H. W. StuU, 1841 ; Samuel J. Burr, 1843 ; Jesse AVilliams, 1845. Auditors— Jesse Williams, 1840 ; Wm. L. Gilbert, 1843 • Robert M. Secrest, 1845. Treasurers — Thornton Bajliss, 1839 ; Morgan Reno, 1840. Judges — Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838 ; Joseph Williams, 1838 ; Thomas S. Wilson, 1838. Presidents of Council — Jesse B. Browne, 1838-9 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1839-40; M. Bainridge, 1840-1; Jonathan W. Parker, 1841-2; John D. Elbert, 1842-3 ; Thomas Cox, 1843-4 ; S. Clinton Hastings, 1845 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1845-6. Speakers of the House — William H. Wallace, 1838-9 ; Edward Johnston, 1839-40; Thomas Cox, 1840-1; W^arner Lewis, 1841-2; James M. Morgan, 1842-3 ; James P. Carleton, 1843-4 ; James M. Morgan, 1845 ; George W. McCleary, 1845-6. First Constitutional Convention, 184^4- — Shepherd Leffler, President ; Geo. S. Hampton, Secretary. Second Constitutional Convention, 184-6 — Enos Lowe, President ; William Thompson, Secretary. OFFICERS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT. Governors — Ansel Briggs, 1846 to 1850 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1850 to 1854; James W. Grimes, 1854 to 1858; Ralph P. Lowe, 1853 to 1860; Sam- uel J. Kirkwood, 1860 to 1864 ; William M. Stone, 1864 to 1868 ; Samuel Morrill, 1868 to 1872 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, 1872 to 1876 ; Samuel J. Kirk- wood, 1876 to 1877; Joshua G. Newbold, Acting, 1877 to 1878; John II. Gear, 1878 to . Lieutenant Cfovernor — Office created by the new Constitution September 3, 1857— Oran Faville, 1858-9 ; Nicholas J. Rusch, 1860-1 ; John R. Needham, 1862-3; Enoch W. Eastman, 1864-5; Benjamin F. Gue, 1866-7; John Scott, 1868-9; M. M. Walden, 1870-1; H. C. Bulls, 1872-3; Joseph Dy- sart, 1874-5 ; Joshua G. Newbold, 1876-7 ; Frank T. Campbell, 1878-9. Secretaries of State — Elisha Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 4, 1848 ; Josiah H. Bonnev, Dec. 4, 1848, to Dec. 2, 1850; George W. McCleary, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. "l, 1856 ; Elijah Sells, Dec. 1, 1856, to Jan. 5, 1863 ; James Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Ed. Wright, Jan. 7, 1867, to Jan. 6, 1873 ; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6, 1873, to . Auditors of State— 3ose^\\ T. Fales, Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; Will- iam Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1854 ; Andrew J. ^tevens, Dec. 4, 1854, resigned in 1855 ; John Pattee, Sept. 22, 1855, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Jonathan W. Cattell, 1859 to 1865; John A. Elliot, 1865 to 1871 ; John Russell, 1871 to 1875 ; Buren R. Sherman, 1875 to . Treasurers of .SYa^e— Morgan Reno, Dec. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; Israel Kister, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1852 ; Martin L. Morris, Dec. 4, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1859 ; John W. Jones. 1859 to 1863 ; William H. Holmes, 1863 to 224 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 1867 ; Samuel E. Rankin, 1867 to 1873 ; William Christy, 1873 to 1877 ; George AV. Bemis, 1877 to . Superintendents of Public Instruction— Office created in 1847— James Harlan, June 5, 1845 (Supreme Court decided election void) ; Thomas H, Benton, Jr., May 23, 1844, to June 7, 1854 ; James D. Eads, 1854-7 ; Joseph C. Stone, March to June, 1857; Maturin L. Fisher, 1857 to Dec, 1858, when the office was abolislied and the duties of the office devolved upon the Secretary of the Board of Education. Secretaries of Board of Education — Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 1859-1863 ; Oran Faville, Jan. 1, 1864. Board abolished March 23, 1864. Superintendents of Public Instruction — Office re-created March 23, 1864 — Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867 ; D. Franklin Wells, March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870 ; A. S. Kissell, 1870 to 1872 ; Alonzo Abernethy, 1872 to 1877 ; Carl W. Von Coelln, 1877 to . State Binders — Office created February 21, 1855 — William M. Coles, Mav 1, 1855, to May 1, 1859; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867; James S. Carter, 1867 to 1870; J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A. Perkins, 1874 to 1875; James J. Smart, 1875 to 1876; H. A. Perkins, 1876 to . Registers of the State Land Office — Anson Hart, May 5, 1855, to May 13, 1857 ; Theodore S. Parvin, May 13, 1857, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Amos B. Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862 ; Edwin Mitchell, Oct. 31, 1862, to Jan 5, 1863 ; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, Jan. 7, 1867, to January, 1871 ; Aaron Brown, January, 1871, to to January, 1875; David Secor, January, 1875, to -. State Printers — Office created Jan. 3, 1840 — Garrett D. Palmer and George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; William A. Hornish, 1853 (resigned May 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr, 1853 to 1855; Peter Moriarty, 1855 to 1857; John Teesdale, 1857 to 1861; Francis W. Palmer, 1861 to 1869; Frank M. Mills, 1869 to 1870; G. W. Edwards, 1870 to 1872 ; R. P. Clarkson, 1872 to . Adjutants General — Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5 ; Geo. W. McCleary, 1855-7 ; Elijah Sells, 1857 ; Jesse Bowen, 1857-61 ; Nathaniel Baker, 1861 to 1877 ; John H. Looby, 1877 to . Attorneys (rmeraZ— David C. Cloud, 1853-56 ; Samuel A. Rice, 1856-60 ; Charles C. Nourse, 1861-4; Isaac L. Allen, 1865 (resigned January, 1866); Frederick E. Bissell, 1866 (died June 12, 1867); Henry O'Connor, 1867-72; Marsena E. Cutts, 1872-6 ; John F. McJunkin, 1877. Presidents of the Senate — Thomas Baker, 1846-7 ; Thomas Hughes, 1848; John J. Selman, 1848-9; Enos Lowe, 1850-1; William E. Leffing- well, 1852-3; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5; William W. Hamilton, 1856-7. Under the new Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor is President of the Senate. Speakers of the House — Jesse B. Brown, 1847-8 ; Smiley H. Bonhan, 1849-50; George Temple, 1851-2; James Grant, 1853-4; Reuben Noble, 1855-6 ; Samuel McFarland, 1856-7 ; Stephen B. Sheledy, 1858-9 ; John Edwards, 1860-1 ; Rush Clark, 1862-3 ; Jacob Butler, 1864-5 ; Ed. Wright, 1866-7 ; John Russell, 1868-9 ; Avlett R. Cotton, 1870-1 ; James Wilson, 1872-3; John H. Gear, 1874-7; John Y. Stone, 1878. New Constitutional Convention, 1859 — Francis Springer, President ; Thos. J. Saunders, Secretary. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. . 225- STATE OFFICERS, 1878, John H. Gear, Governor ; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor ; Josiah T. Young, Secretary of State; Buren R. Sherman, Auditor of State; George W. Bemis, Treasurer of State; David Secor, Register of State Land Office; John H. Looby, Adjutant General; John F. McJunken, Attorney General; Mrs. Ada North, State Librarian; Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court; John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court; Carl W. Von Coelln, Superintend- ent Public Instruction; Richard P. Clarkson, State Printer; Henry A. Perkins, State Binder; Prof. Nathan R. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights and Measures ; William H. Fleming, Governor's Private Secretary ; Fletcher W. Young, Deputy Secretary of State; John C. Parish, Deputy Auditor of State;, Erastus G. Morgan, Deputy Treasurer of State; John M. Davis, Deputy Reg- ister Land Office; Ira C. Kling, Deputy Superintendent Public Instruction. THE JUDICIARY. SUPREME COURT OF IOWA. Chief Justices. — Charles Mason, resigned in June, 1847 ; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1847, to Jan., 1848; S. Clinton Hastings, Jan., 1848, to Jan., 1849; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1849, to Jan. 11, 1855; Geo. G. Wright, Jan. 11, 1855, to Jan., 1860 ; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1860, to Jan. 1, 1862 ; Caleb Baldwin, Jan., 1862, ta Jan., 1864 ; Geo. G. Wright, Jan., 1864, to Jan., 1866 ; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1866, to Jan., 1868; John F. Dillon, Jan., 1868, to Jan., 1870; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1871; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to Jan. 1, 1872; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1872, to Jan. 1, 1874; W. E. Miller, Jan. 1, 1874, to Jan. 1, 1876; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1877; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1877, to Jan. 1, 1878; James H. Rothrock, Jan. 1, 1878. Associate Judges. — Joseph Williams; Thomas S. Wilson, resigned Oct., 1847; John F. Kinney, June 12, 1847, resigned Feb. 15, 1854; George Greene, Nov. 1, 1847, to Jan. 9, 1855; Jonathan C. Hall, Feb. 15, 1854, to succeed Kinney, resigned, to Jan., 1855; William G. Woodward, Jan. 9, 1855; Norman W. Isbell, Jan. 16, 1855, resigned 1856; Lacen D. Stockton, June 3, 1856, to succeed Isbell, resigned, died June 9, 1860; Caleb Baldwin, Jan. 11, 1860, to 1864; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan. 12, 1860; George G. Wright, June 26, 1860, to succeed Stockton, deceased; elected U. S. Senator, 1870; John F. Dil- lon, Jan. 1, 1864, to succeed Baldwin, resigned, 1870; Chester C. Cole, March 1, 1864, to 1877 ; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1868 ; W. E. Miller, October 11, 1864, to succeed Dillon, resigned; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to succeed Wright. SUPREME COURT, 1878. James H. Rothrock, Cedar County, Chief Justice; Joseph M. Beck, Lee County, Associate Justice ; Austin Adams, Dubuque County, Associate Justice ; William H. Seevers, Oskaloosa County, Associate Justice; James G. Day, Fre- mont County, Associate Justice. CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION. UNITED STATES SENATORS. (The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.) George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 7, 1848-1858 ; Augustus C. Dodge, Bur- lington, Dec. 7, 1848-1855; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; James W. Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 1858-died 1870 ; Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City, elected Jan. 18, 1866, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of James 226 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Harlan ; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, March 4, 1866-1872 ; James B. Howell, Keokuk, elected Jan. 20, 1870, to fill vacancy caused by the death of J. W. Grimes — term expired March 3d ; George G. Wright, Des Moines, March 4, 1871-1877; William B. Allison, Dubuque, March 4, 1872; Samuel J. Kirk- wood, March 4, 1877. MEMBERS OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Tioenty-ninth Congress — 184-0 to 184-7. — S. Clinton Hastings ; Shepherd Leffler. Thirtieth Congress — 1847 to 1849. — First District, William Thompson ; Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Thirtg-first Congress — 1849 to 1851. — First District, First Session, Wm. Thompson; unseated by the House of Representatives on a contest, and election remanded to the people. First District, Second Session, Daniel F. Miller. Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Tliirtg -second Congress — 1851 to 1853. — First District, Bernhart Henn. Second District, Lincoln Clark. Thirtg-third Congress — 1853 to 1855. — First District, Bernhart Henn. Second District, John P. Cook. TJdrtg-fourth Congress — 1855 to 1857. — First District, Augustus Hall. Second District, James Thorington. Thirty-fifth Congress — 1857 to 1859. — First District, Samuel R. Curtis. Second District, Timothy Davis. Thirty-sixth Congress — 1859 to 1861. — First District, Siwnuel R. Curtis. Second District, William Vandever. Tldrty-seventh Congress — 1861 to 1863. — First District, First Session, Samuel R. Curtis.* First District, Second and Third Sessions, James F. Wil- son. Second District, William Vandever. Thirty-eighth Congress — 1863 to 1865. — First District, James F. Wilson. Second District, Hiram Price. Third District, William B. Allison. Fourth District, Josiah B. Grinnell. Fifth District, John A. Kasson. Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Thirty-ninth Co7igress — 1865 to 1867. — First District, James F. Wilson ; Second District, Hiram Price ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth District, Josiah B. Grinnell ; Fifth District, John A. Kasson ; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Fortieth Congress — 1867 to 1869. — First District, James F. Wilson ; Sec- ond District, Hiram Price ; Third District, William B. Allison, Fourth District, William Loughridge; Fifth District, Grenville M. Dodge; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Forty-first Congress — 1869 to 1871. — First District, George W. McCrary ; Second District, William Smyth ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth District, William Loughridge ; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer ; Sixth Dis- trict, Charles Pomeroy. Forty-second Congress — 1871 to 1873.— ¥\rst District, George W. Mc- Crary ; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third District, W. G. Donnan ; Fourth District, Madison M. Waldon; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer; Sixth District, Jackson Orr. Forty-third Congress — 1873 to 1875. — First District, George W. McCrary; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third District, William Y. Donnan ; Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt ; Fifth District, James Wilson ; Sixth District, * Vacated seat by acceptmco of commission as Brigadier General, and J. F. Wilson chosen his successor. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 229 AVilliam LougliriJge; Seventh District, John A, Kasson ; Eighth District, James W. McDill ; Ninth District, Jackson Orr. Forty-fourth OoJigress — 1875 to 1877. — First District, George W. Mc- Crary ; Second District, John Q. Tufts; Third District, L. L. Ainsworth; Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt ; Fifth District, James Wilson ; Sixth District, Ezekiel S. Sampson ; Seventh District, John A. Kasson ; Eighth District, James W. McDill ; Fifth District, Addison Oliver. Forty-fifth Congress — 1877 to 1879. — First District, J. C. Stone; Second District, Hiram Price ; Third District, T. W. Burdick ; Fourth District, H. C. Deering ; Fifth District, Rush Clark ; Sixth District, E. S. Sampson ; Seventh District, H. J. B. Cummings; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp ; Ninth District, Addison Oliver. WAR RECORD. The State of Iowa may well be proud of her record during the War of the Rebellion, from 18G1 to 1865. The following brief but comprehensive sketch of the history she made during that trying period is largely from the pen of Col. A. P. Wood, of Dubuque, the author of " The History of Iowa and the War," one of the best works of the kind yet written. " AVhether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made on her by the General Government, in the courage and constancy of her soldiery in the field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with which her civil administration Avas conducted during the trying period covered by the War of the Rebellion, Iowa proved herself the peer of any loyal State. The proclamation of her Governor, responsive to that of the President, calling for volunteers to compose her First Regiment, was issued on the fourth day after the fall of Sumter. At the end of only a single week, men enough were reported to be in quarters (mostly in the vicinity of their own homes) to fill the regiment. These, however, were hardly more than a tithe of the number who had been offered by company com- manders for acceptance under the President's call. So urgent were these offers that the Governor requested (on the 24th of April) permission to organize an additional regiment. While awaiting an answer to this request, he conditionally accepted a sufficient number of companies to compose two additional regiments. In a short time, he was notified that both of these would be accepted. Soon after the completion of the Second and Third Regiments (which was near the close of May), the Adjutant General of the State reported that upward of one hundred and seventy companies had been tendered to the Governor to serve against the enemies of the Union. " Much difficulty and considerable delay occured in fitting these regiments for the field. For the First Infantry a complete outfit (not uniform) of clothino- was extemporized — principally by the volunteered labor of loyal women in the different towns — from material of various colors and qualities, obtained within the limits of the State. The same was done in part for the Second Infiintry. Meantime, an extra session of the General Assembly had been called bv the Governor, to convene on the 15th>of May. With but little delay, that body authorized a loan of ^800,000, to meet the extraordinary expenses incurred, and to be incurred, by the Executive Department, in consequence of the new emer- gency. A wealthy merchant of the State (Ex-Governor IMerrill, then a resident of McGregor) immediately took from the Governor a contract to supply a com- plete outfit of clothing for the three regiments organized, agreeing to receive, should the Governor so elect, his pay therefor in State bonds at par. This con- 230 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. tract he executed to the letter, and a portion of the clothing (which was manu- factured in Boston, to hi.s order) Avas delivered at Keokuk, the place at which the troops had rendezvoused, in exactly one month from the day on which the contract had been entered into. The remainder arrived only a few days later. This clothing was delivered to the regiment, but was subsequently condemned by the Government, for the reason that its color was gray, and blue had been adopted as the color to be worn by the national troops." Other States also clothed their troops, sent forward under the first call of President Lincoln, with gray uniforms, but it was soon found that the con- federate forces were also clothed in gray, and that color was at once abandoned by the Union troops. If both armies were clothed alike, annoying if not fatal mistakes were liable to be made. But while engaged in these efforts to discharge her Avhole duty in common with all the other Union-loving States in the great emergency, Iowa was compelled to make immediate and ample provision for the protection of her own borders, from threatened invasion on the south by the Secessionists of Missouri, and from danger of incursions from the west and northwest by bands of hostile Indians, who were' freed from the usual restraint imposed upon them by the presence of regular troops stationed at the frontier posts. These troops were withdrawn to meet the greater and more pressing danger threatening the life of the nation at its very heart. To provide for the adequate defense of her borders from the ravages of both rebels in arms against the Government and of the more irresistible foes from the Western plains, the Governor of the State was authorized to raise and equip two regiments of infantry, a squadron of cavalry (not less than five companies) and a battalion of artillery (not less than three companies.) Only cavalry. were enlisted for home defense, however, "but," says Col. Wood, "in time^> of special danger, or when calls were made by the Unionists of Northern Missouri for assistance against their disloyal enemies, large numbers of militia on foot often turned out, and remained in the field until the necessity for their services had passed. " The first order for the Iowa volunteers to move to the field was received on the l-ith of June. It was issued by Gen. Lyon, then commanding the United States forces in Missouri. The First and Second Infantry immediately embarked in steamboats, and moved to Hannibal. Some two Aveeks later, the Third Infantry was ordered to the same point. These three, together Avith many other of the earlier organized loAva regiments, rendered their fb'st field service in Missouri. The First Infantry formed a part of the little army Avith which Gen. Lyon moved on Springfield, and fought the bloody battle of Wilson's Creek. It received unqualified praise for its gallant bearing on the field. In the folloAving month (September), the Third loAva, Avith but very slight support, fought Avith honor the sanguinary engagement of Blue Mills Landing; and in November, the Seventh loAva, as a part of a force commanded by Gen. Grant, greatly distinguished itself in the l)attle of Belmont, Avhere it poured out its blood like water — losing more than half of the men it took into action. " The initial operations in Avhich the battles referred to took place Averc fol- lowed by the more important movements led by Gen. Grant, Gen. Curtis, of this State, and other commanders, Avhich resulted in defeating the armies defending the chief strategic lines held by the Confederates in Kentucky, Tenn- nessee, Missouri and Arkansas, and compelling their Avithdrawal from much of the territory previously controlled by them in those States. In these and other movements, doAvn to the grand culminating campaign by Avliich Vicksburg Avas HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 231 captured and the Confederacy permanently severed on the line of the Mississippi River, Iowa troops took part in steadily increasing numbers. In the investment and siege of Vicksburg, the State was represented by thirty regiments and two batteries, in addition to which, eight regiments and one battery were employed on the outposts of the besieging army. The brilliancy of their exploits on the many fields where they served won for them the highest meed of praise, both in military and civil circles. Multiplied were the terms in which expression was given to this sentiment, but these Avords of one of the journals of a neigh- boring State, ' The Iowa troops have been heroes among heroes,' embody the spirit of all. " In the veteran re-enlistments that distinguished the closing months of 1863 above all other periods in the history of re-enlistments for the national armies, the Iowa three years' men (who were relatively more numerous than those of any other State) were prompt to set the example of volunteering for another term of equal length, thereby adding many thousands to the great army of those who gave this renewed and practical assurance that the cause of the Union should not be left without defenders. " In all the important movements of 1864-65, by which the Confederacy was penetrated in every quarter, and its military power finally overthrown, the Iowa troops took part. Their drum-beat was heard on the banks of every great river of the South, from the Potomac to the Rio Grande, and everywhere they rendered the same faithful and devoted service, maintaining on all occasions their wonted reputation for valor in the field and endurance on the march. " Two Iowa three-year cavalry regiments were employed during their whole term of service in the operations that were in progress from 1863 to 1866 against the hostile Indians of the western plains. A portion of these men were among the last of the volunteer troops to be mustered out of service. The State also supplied a considerable number of men to the navy, who took part in most of the naval operations prosecuted against the Confederate power on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and the rivers of the West. " The people of Iowa were early and constant workers in the sanitary field, and by their liberal gifts and personal efforts for the benefit of the soldiery, placed their State in the front rank of those who became distinguished for their exhibitions of patriotic benevolence during the period covered by the war. Agents appointed by the Governor were stationed at points convenient for ren- dering assistance to the sick and needy soldiers of the State, while others were employed in visiting, from time to time, hospitals, camps and armies in the field, and doing whatever the circumstances rendered possible for the health and comfort of such of the Iowa soldiery as might be found there. " Some of the benevolent people of the State early conceived the idea of establishino; a Home for such of the children of deceased soldiers as miwht be left in destitute circumstances. This idea first took form in 1863, and in the following year a Home was opened at Farmington, Van Buren County, in a building leased for that purpose, and which soon became filled to its utmost capacity. The institution received liberal donations from the general public, and also from the soldiers in the field. In 1865, it became necessary to pro- vide increased accommodations for the large number of children who wei'c seeking the benefits of its care. This was done by establishing a branch at Cedar Falls, in Black Hawk County, and by securing, during the same year, for the use of the parent Home, Camp Kinsman near the City of Davenport. This property was soon afterward donated to the institution, by act of Congress. 232 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. " In 1866, in pursuance of a law enacted for tliat purpose, the Soldiers' Orphans' Home (which then contained about four hundred and fifty inmates) became a State institution, and thereafter the sums necessary for its support were appropriated from the State treasury. A second branch Avas established at Glenwood, Mills County. Convenient tracts were secured, and valuable improve- ments made at all the different points. Schools were also established, and em- ployments provided for such of the children as were of suitable age. In all ways the provision made for these wards of the State has been such as to chal- lenge the approval of every benevolent mind. The number of children who have been inmates of the Home from its foundation to the present time is considerably more than two thousand. " At the beginning of the war, the population of Iowa included about one hundred and fifty thousand men presumably liable to render military service. The State raised, for general service, thirty-nine regiments of infantry, nine regiments of cavalry, and four companies of artillery, composed of three years' men ; one regiment of infantry, composed of three months' men; and four regi- ments and one battalion of infantry, composed of one hundred days' men. The original enlistments in these various organizations, including seventeen hundred and twenty-seven men raised by draft, numbered a little more than sixty-nine thousand. The re-enlistments, including upward of seven thousand veterans, numbered very nearly eight thousand. The enlistments in the regular army and navy, and organizations of other States, will, if added, raise the total to upward of eighty thousand. The number of men who, under special enlistments, and as militia, took part at different times in the operations on the exposed borders of the State, was probably as many as five thousand. '■' Iowa paid no bounty on account of the men she placed in the field. In some instances, toward the close of the war, bounty to a comparatively small amount was paid by cities and towns. On only one occasion — that of the call of July 18, 1864 — was a draft made in Iowa. This did not occur on account of her proper liability, as established by previous rulings of the War Department, to supply men under that call, but grew out of the great necessity that there existed for raising men. The Government insisted on temporarily setting aside, in part, the former rule of settlements, and enforcing a draft in all cases where subdistricts in any of the States should be found deficient in their supply of men. In no instance was Iowa, as a whole, found to be indebted to the General Government for men, on a settlement of her (juota accounts." It is to be said to the honor and credit of Iowa that while many of the loyal States, older and larger in population and wealth, incurred heavy State debts for the purpose of fulfilling their obligations to the General Government, Iowa, while she was foremost in duty, Avhile she promptly discharged all her obligations to her sister States and the Union, found herself at the close of the war without any material addition to her pecuniary liabilities incurred before the war com- menced. Upon final settlement after the restoration of peace, her claims upon the Federal (irovernmcnt were found to be fully equal to the amount of her bonds issued and sold during the war to provide the means for raising and equipping her troops sent into the field, and to meet the inevitable demands upon her treasury in consequence of the war. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 233 INFANTRY. THE FIRST INFANTRl' was organized under the President's first proclamation for volunteers for three months, with John Francis Bates, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; William H. Mer- ritt, of Cedar Rapids, as Lieutenant Colonel, and A. B. Porter, of Mt. Pleas- ant, aPj Major. Companies A and C were from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Johnson County; Companies D and E, from Des Moines County; Company F, from Henry County; Company G, from Davenport; Companies H and I, from Dubuque, and Company K, from Linn County, and were mus- tered into LTnited States service May 14, 1861, at Keokuk. Tlie above com- panies were independent military organizations before the war, and tendered their services before breaking-out of hostilities. The First was engaged at the battle of Wilson's Creek, under Gen. Lyon, where it lost ten killed and fifty wounded. Was mustered out at St. Louis Aug. 25, 1861. THE SECOND INFANTRY was organized, with Samuel R. Curtis, of Keokuk, as Colonel; Jas. M. Tuttle, of Keosauqua, as Lieutenant Colonel, and M. M. Crocker, of Des Moines, as Major, and was mustered into the United States service at Keokuk in May, 1861. Company A was from Keokuk; Company B, from Scott County; Com- pany C, from Scott County ; Company D, from Des Moines ; Company E, from Fairfield, Jefi"erson Co. ; Company F, from Van Buren County ; Company G, from Davis County; Company H, from Washington County ; Company I, from Clinton County ; and Company K, from Wapello County. It participated in the following engagements : Fort Donelson, Shiloh, advance on Corinth, Corinth, Little Bear Creek, Ala.; Tunnel Creek, Ala.; Resaca, Ga.; Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, in front of Atlanta, January 22, 1864 ; siege of Atlanta, Jonesboro, Eden Station, Little Ogeechee, Savannah, Columbia, S. C. ; Lynch's Creek, and Bentonsville. Was on Sherman's march to the sea, and through the Carolinas home. The Second Regiment of Iowa Infantry Veteran Volunteers was formed by the consolidation of the battalions of the Second and Third Veteran Infantry, and was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 12, 1865. THE THIRD INFANTRY was organized with N. G. Williams, of Dubuque County, as Colonel ; John Scott, of Story County, Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. N. Stone, of Marion County, Major, and was mustered into the United States service in May, 1861, at Keokuk. Company A was from Dubuque County ; Company B, from Marion County ; Company C, from Clayton County ; Company D, from Winneshiek County ; Company E, from Boone, Story, Marshall and Jasper Counties ; Com- pany F, from Fayette County ; Company G, from Warren County ; Company IT, from Mahaska County ; Company I, from Floyd, Butler Black Hawk and Mitchell Counties, and Company K from Cedar Falls. It was engaged at Blue Mills, Mo. ; Shiloh, Tenn. ; Ilatchie River, Matamoras, Vicksburg, Johnson, Miss., Meridian expedition, and Atlanta, Atlanta campaign and Sherman's march to Savannah, and through the Carolinas to Richmond and Washington. The veterans of the Third Iowa Infantry were consolidated with the Second, and mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 12, ISiil. 234 HISTORV OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE FOURTH INFANTRY ^vas orcranized ^vitll G. M. Dodge, of Council Bluifs, as Colonel ; Jolm Galligan, of Davenport, as Lieutenant Colonel ; Wni. R. English, Glenwood, as Major. Company A, from Mills County, was mustered in at Jefferson Bar- racks, Missouri, August 1'), 1861 ; Company B, Pottawattamie County, was mustered in at Council Bluffs, August 8, 186] ; Company C, Guthrie County, mustered in at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., May 3, 1861 ; Company D, Decatur County, at St. Louis, August 16th ; Company E, Polk County, at Council Bluffs, August 8th; Company F, Madison County, Jefferson Barracks, August 15th ; Company G, Ringgold County, at Jefferson Barracks, August loth ; Company H, Adams County, Jefferson Barracks, August 15th; Company 1. Wayne County, at St. Louis, August 31st; Company K, Taylor and Page Counties, at St. Louis, August 31st. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, A^icksburg, Jackson, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Resaca, Taylor's Ridge; came home on veteran furlough February 26, 1864. Returned in April, and was in^ the campaign against Atlanta, and Sherman's march to the sea, and thence through the Carolinas to Washington and home. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 24, 1865. THE FIFTH INFANTRY was organized with Wm. H. Worthington, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; C Z. Mat- thias, of Burlington, as Lieutenant Colonel; W. S. Robertson, of Columbus City, as Major, and was mustered into the United States service, at Burlingtan, July 15, 1861. Company A was from Cedar County; Company B, from Jasper County ; Company C, from Louisa County; Company D, from Marshall County ; Company E, from Buchanan County ; Company F, from Keokuk County ; Com- pany G, from Benton County ; Company H, from Van Buren County ; Company I, from Jackson County ; Company K, from Allamakee County ; was engaged at New Madrid, siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Champion Hills, siege of Vicks- burg, Chickamauga; went home on veteran furlough, April, 1864. The non- veterans went home July, 1864, leaving 180 veterans who were transferred to the Fifth Iowa Cavalry. The Fifth Cavalry was mustered out at Nashville, Tennessee, Aug. 11, 1865. THE SIXTH INFANTRY. was mustered into the service July 6, 1861, at Burlington, with John A. McDowell, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Markoe Cummins, of Muscatine, Lieuten- ant Colonel ; John M. Corse, of JJurlington, Major. Company A was from Linn County ; Comitany B, from Lucas and Clarke Counties; Company C, from Hardin County ; Company D, from Appanoose County ; Company E, from Monroe County ; Company F, from Clarke County ; Company G, from Johnson County ; Company H, from Lee County ; Company I, from Des Moines County ; Company K, from Henry County. It was engaged at Shiloh, Mission Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Jackson, Black River Bridge, Jones' Ford, etc., etc. The Sixth lost 7 officers killed in action, 18 wounded ; of enlisted men 102 were killed in action, 30 died of wounds, 124 of disease, 211 were discharged for disability and 301 were wounded in action, which was the largest list of casualties, of both officers and men, of any reg- iment from Iowa. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 21, 1865. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 235 THE SEVENTH INFANTRY ■was mustered into the United States service at Burlington, July 24, 1861, with J. G. Launian, of Burlington, as Colonel ; Augustus Wentz, of Daven- port, as Lieutenant Colonel, and E. W. Rice, of Oskaloosa, as Ma;jor. Com- pany A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Chickasaw and Floyd Counties ; Company C, from Mahaska County ; Companies D and E, from Lee County ; Company F, from Wapello County ; Company G, from Iowa County ; Company H, from Washington County ; Company I, from Wapello County ; Company K, from Keokuk. Was engaged at the battles of Belmont (in which it lost in killed, wounded and missing 237 men), Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Corinth, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Nevf Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, siege of Atlanta, battle on 22d of July in front of Atlanta, Sherman's campaign to the ocean, through the Carolinas to Richmond, and thence to Louisville. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 12, 1865. THE EIGHTH INFANTRY was mustered into the LTnited States service Sept. 12, 1861, at Davenport, Iowa, with Frederick Steele, of the regular army, as Colonel ; James L. Geddes, of Vinton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. C. Ferguson, of Knoxville, as Major. Company A was from Clinton County ; Company B, from Scott County ; Company C, from Washington County ; Company D, from Benton and Linn Counties ; Company E, from Marion County ; Company F, from Keokuk County ; Company G, from Iowa and Johnson Counties ; Company H. from Mahaska County ; Company I, from Monroe County ; Company K, from Lou- isa County. Was engaged at the following battles : Shiloh (where most of the regiment were taken prisoners of war), Corinth, Vicksburg, Jackson and Span- ish Fort. Was mustered out of the United States service at Selma, Alabama, April 20, 1866. THE NINTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service September 24, 1861, at Dubuque, with Wm. Vandever, of Dubuque, Colonel ; Frank G. Herron, of Dubuque, Lieutenant Colonel : Wm. H. Coyle, of Decorah, Major. Company A was from Jackson County ; Company B, from Jones County ; Company C, from Bu- chanan County ; Company D, from Jones County ; Company E, from Clayton County ; Company F, from Fayette County ; Company G, from Black Hawk County ; Company H, from Winneshiek County ; Company I, from Howard County and Company K, from Linn County. Was in the following engage- ments : Pea Ridge, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, siege of Vicksburg, Ringgold, Dallas, Lookout Mountain, Atlanta campaign, Sherman's march to the sea, and through North and South Carolina to Richmond. Was mustered out at Louisville, July 18, 1865. THE TENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Iowa City September 6, 1861, with Nicholas Perczel, of Davenport, as Colonel ; W. E. Small, of Iowa City, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and John C. Bennett, of Polk County, as Major. Com- pany A was from Polk County ; Company B, from Warren County ; Company C, from Tama County ; Company D, from Boone County ; Company E, from Washington County ; Company F, from Poweshiek County ; Company G, from 236 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Warren County ; Company H, from Greene County ; Company I, from Jasper County ; Company K, from Polk and Madison Counties. Participa'-ed in the following engagements : Siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Port Gibson, Ray- mond, Jackson, Champion Hills, Vicksburg and Mission Ridge. In Septem- ber, 1864, the non-veterans being mustered out, the veterans were transferred to the Fifth Iowa Cavalry, where will be found their future operations. THE ELEVENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Davenport, Iowa, in September and October, 1861, with A. M. Hare, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; Jno. C. Aber- crombie, as Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. Hall, of Davenport, as Major. Com- pany A Avas from Muscatine ; Company B, from Marshall and Hardin Counties ; Company C, from Louisa County ; Company D, from Muscatine County ; Com- pany E, from Cedar County ; Company F, from Washington County ; Company G, from Henry County ; Company H, from Muscatine County ; Company I from Muscatine County ; Company K, from Linn County. Was engaged in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, battles of Corinth, Vicksburg, Atlanta cam- naign, battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864. Was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 15, 1865. THE TWELFTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service November 25, 1861, at Dubuque, with J. J. Wood, of Maquoketa, as Colonel ; John P. Coulter, of Cedar Rapids, Lieutenant Colonel ; Samuel D. Brodtbeck, of Dubuque, as Major. Company A was from Hardin County ; Company B, from Allamakee County ; Company C, from Fayette County ; Company D, from Linn County ; Company E, from Black Hawk County ; Company F, from Delaware County ; Company G, from Winne- shiek County ; Company H, from Dubuque and Delaware Counties ; Company I, from Dubuque and Jackson Counties ; Company K, from Delaware County. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, where most of the regiment was captured, and those not captured were organized in what was called the Union Brigade, and were in the battle of Corinth ; the prisoners were exchanged November 10, 1862, and the regiment re-organized, and then participating in the siege of Vicksburg, battle of Tupelo, INIiss.; White River, Nashville and Spanish Fort. The regiment was mustered out at Memphis, January 20, 1866. THE THIRTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered in November 1, 1861, at Davenport, with M. M. Crocker, of Des Moines, as Colonel ; M. M. Price, of Davenport, Lieutenant Colonel ; John Shane, Vinton, Major. Company A Avas from Mt. Vernon ; Company B, from Jasper County ; Company C, from Lucas County ; Company D, from Keokuk County ; Company E, from Scott County ; Company F, from Scott and Linn Counties ; Company G, from Benton County ; Company II, from Marshall County ; Company I, from Washington County; Company K, from Washington County. It participated in the following engagements : Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Corinth, Kenesaw Mountain, siege of Vicksburg, Campaign against Atlanta. Was on Sherman's march to the sea, and through North and South Carolina. Was mustered out at Louisville July 21, 1865. TIIH FOURTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered in the United States service October, 1861, at Davenport, with Wm. T. Shaw, of Anamosa, as Colonel ; Edward W. Lucas, of Iowa City, as HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 237 Lieutenant Colonel ; Hiram Leonard, of Des Moines County, as Major. Com- pany A was from Scott County ; Company B, from Bremer County ; Company D, from Henry and Van Buren Counties ; Company E, from Jasper County ; Company F, from Van Buren and Henry Counties ; Company G, from Tama and Scott Counties ; Company H, from Linn County ; Company I, from Henry County ; Company K, from Des Moines County. Participated in the folloAv- ing engagements : Ft. Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (where most of the regiment were taken prisoners of war). Pleasant Hill, Meridian, Ft. De Russey, Tupelo, Town Creek, Tallahatchie, Pilot Knob, Old Town, YelloAv Bayou, etc., etc., and was mustered out, except veterans and recruits, at Davenport, Iowa, No- vember 16, 1864. THE FIFTEENTH INFANTKY was mustered into the United States service March 19, 1862, at Keokuk, with Hugh T. Reid, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Wm. Dewey, of Fremont County, as Lieutenmt Colonel ; W. W. Belknap, of Keokuk, as Major. Company A was from Linn County ; Company B, from Polk County ; Company C, from Mahaska County ; Company D, from Wapello County ; Company E, from Van Buren County ; Company F, from Fremont and Mills Counties ; Company G, from Marion and Warren Counties ; Company H, from Pottawattamie and Harrison Counties ; Company I, from Lee, Van Buren and Clark Counties ; Company K, from Wapello, Van Buren and Warren Counties. Participated in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, battles of Corinth, Vicksburg, campaign against At- lanta, battle in front of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, and was under fire during the siege of Atlanta eighty-one days; was on Sherman's march to the sea, and through the Carolinas to Richmond, Washington and Louisville, where it was mustered out, August 1, 1864. THE SIXTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Davenport, Iowa, December 10, 1861, with Alexander Chambers, of the regular army, as Colonel; A. H. Sanders, of Davenport, Lieutenant Colonel; Wm. Purcell, of Muscatine, Major. Company A was from Clinton County ; Company B. from Scott County ; Company C, from Muscatine County ; Company D, from Boone County ; Company E, from Muscatine County ; Company F, from Muscatine, Clinton and Scott Counties ; Company G, from Dubuque County ; Company H, from Du- buque and Clayton Counties ; Company I, from Black Hawk and Linn Counties ; Company K, from Lee at d Muscatine Counties. Was in the battles of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a- Jack Creek, battles around Atlanta; was in Sherman's campaigns, and the Carolina campaigns. Was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 19, 1865. THE SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in March and April, 1862, with Jno. W. Rankin, of Keokuk, Colonel ; D. B. Ilillis, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel; Samuel M. Wise, of Mt. Pleasant, Major. Company A was from Decatur County; Company B, from Lee County; Company C, from Van Buren, Wapello and Lee Counties; Company D, from Des Moines, Van Buren and Jefferson Counties; Company E, from Wapello County; Com- pany F, from Appanoose County; Company G, from Marion County; Com- pany H, from Marion and Pottawattamie Counties ; Company I, from Jefferson and" Lee Counties; Company K, from Lee and Polk Counties. They were in 238 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the following engagements: Siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Jackson, Cham- pion Hills, Fort Hill, siege of Vicksburg, Mission Ridge, and at Tilton, Ga., Oct. 13, 1864, most of the regiment were taken prisoners of war. Was mus- tered out at Louisville, Ky., July 25, 1865. THE EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service August 5, 6 and 7, 1862, at Clin- ton, with John Edwards, of Chariton, Colonel ; T. Z. Cook, of Cedar Rapids, Lieutenant Colonel ; Hugh J. Campbell, of Muscatine, as Major. Company A, was from Linn and various other counties ; Company B, from Clark County : Company C, from Lucas County; Company D, from Keokuk and Wapello Counties; Company E, from Muscatine County; Company F, from Appanoose County; Company G, from Marion and Warren Counties; Company H, from Fayette and Benton Counties; Company I, from Washington County; Com- pany K, from Wapello, Muscatine and Henry Counties, and was engaged in the battles of Springfield, Moscow, Poison Spring, Ark., and was mustered out at Little Rock, Ark., July 20, 1865. THE NINETEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service August 17, 1862, at Keokuk, with Benjamin Crabb, of Washington, as Colonel ; Samuel McFarland, of Mt. Pleas- ant, Lieutenant Colonel, and Daniel Kent, of Ohio, Major. Company A was from Lee and Van Buren Counties; Company B, from Jeiferson County; Com- pany C, from Washington County ; Company D, from Jefferson County ; Com- pany E, from Lee County; Company F, from Louisa County; Company G, from Louisa County; Company H, from Van Buren County; Company I, from Van Buren County; Company K, from Henry County. Was engaged a Prairie Grove, Vicksburg, Yazoo River expedition. Sterling Farm, September 29, 1863, at which place they surrendered ; three officers and eight enlisted men were killed, sixteen enlisted men were wounded, and eleven officers and two hundred and three enlisted men taken prisoners out of five hundred engaged; they were exchanged July 22d, and joined their regiment August 7th, at New Or- leans. Was engaged at Spanish Fort. Was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., July 10, 1865. THE TWENTIETH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service August 25, 1862, at Clinton, with Wm. McE. Dye, of Marion, Linn Co., as Colonel : J. B. Leek, of Davenport, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Wm. G. Thompson, of Marion, Linn Co., as Major. Companies A, B, F, II and I were from Linn County ; Companies C, D, E, G and K, from Scott County, and was engaged in the following battles: Prairie Grove, and assault on Fort Blakely. Was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., July 8, 1865. THE TWENTY-FIRST INFANTRY was mustered into the service at Clinton in June and August, 1862, with Samuel Merrill (late Governor of Iowa) as Colonel ; Charles W. Dunlap, of Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel ; S. G. VanAnda, of Delhi, as Major. Com- pany A was from Mitchell and Black Hawk Counties ; Company B, from Clayton County ; Company C, from Dubuijue County ; Company D, from Clayton County ; Company E, from Dubuque County ; Company F, from Du- tuque County ; Company G, from Clayton County ; Company H, from Dela- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 2o9 Avare County ; Company 1, from Dubuque County ; Company K, from Delaware County, and was in the following engagements : Hartsville, Mo. ; Black River Bridge, Fort Beauregard, was at the siege of Vicksburg, Mobile, Fort Blakely, and was mustered out at Baton Rouge, La., July 15, 1865. THE TWENTY-SECOND INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service Sept. 10, 1862, at Iowa City, with Wm. M. Stone, of Knoxville (since Governor of Iowa), as Colonel ; Jno. A. Garrett, of Newton, Lieutenant Colonel ; and Harvey Graham, of Iowa City, as Major. Company A was from Johnson County ; Company B, Johnson County ; Company C, Jasper County; Company D, Monroe County ; Company E, Wapello County ; Company F, Johnson County ; Company G, Johnson County ; Company H, Johnson County ; Company I, Johnson County ; Com- pany K, Johnson County. Was engaged at Vicksburg, Thompson's Hill, Cham- pion Hills, Sherman's campaign to Jackson, at Winchester, in Shenandoah Val- ley, losing 109 men, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. Mustered out at Savannah, Ga', July 25, 1865. THE TAVENTY-THIRD INFANTRY was mustered into United States service at Des Moines, Sept. 19, 1862, with William Dewey, of Sidney, as Colonel ; W. H. Kinsman, of Council Bluffs, as Lieutenant Colonel, and S. L. Glasgow, of Cory don, as Major. Companies A, B and C, were from Polk County; Company D, from Wayne County; Com- pany E, from Pottawattamie County ; Company F, from Montgomery County ; Company G, from Jasper County; Company H, from Madison County; Com- pany I, from Cass County, and Company K, from Marshall County. Was in Vicksburg, and engaged at Port Gibson, Black River, Champion Hills, Vicks- burg, Jackson, Milliken's Bend, Fort Blakely, and was mustered out at Harris- burg, Texas, July 26, 1865 THE TWENTY-FOURTH was mustered into United States service at Muscatine, September 18, 1862, with Eber C. Byam, of Mount Vernon, as Colonel; John Q. Wilds, of Mount Vernon, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Ed. Wright, of Springdale, as Major. Company A was from Jackson and Clinton Counties ; Companies B and C, from Cedar County; Company D, from Washington, Johnson and Cedar Counties; Company E, from Tama County; Companies F, G and H, from Linn County ; Company I, from Jackson County, and Company K, from Jones County. Was engaged at Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Gen. Banks' Red River expedition, Winchester and Cedar Creek. Was mustered out at Savan- nah, Ga., July 17, 1865. THE TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY was organized with George A. Stone, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; Fabian Brydolf as Lieutenant Colonel, and Calom Taylor, of Bloomfield, as Major, and was mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant, September 27, 1862. Companies A and I were from Washington County; Companies B and H, from Henry County ; Company C, from Henry and Lee Counties ; Com- panies D, E and G, from Des Moines County ; Company F, from Louisa County, and Company K, from Des Moines and Lee Counties. Was engaged ut Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Walnut Bluff, Chattanooga, Campain, Ring- 240 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gold, Ga., Resaca, Dallas, KenesaAv Mountain, battles around Atlanta, Love- joy Station, Jonesboro, Ship's Gap, Bentonville, and on Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas, to Richmond and Washington. Was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 6, 1865. THE TWENTY- SIXTH was organized and musterzd in at Clinton, in August, 1862, with Milo Smith, of Clinton, as Colonel ; S. G. Magill, of Lyons, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Samuel Clark, of De Witt, as Major. Company A was from Clinton and Jackson Counties; Company B, from Jackson County; Companies C, D, E, F, G, II, I and K, from Clinton County. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Snake Creek Gap, Ga., Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, De- catur, siege of Atlanta, Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Ship's Gap, Sherman's campaign to Savannah, went through the Carolinas, and was mus- tered out of service at Washington, D. C, June 6, 1865. THE TWENTY-SEVENTH was mustered into United States service at Dubuque, Oct. 3, 1862, with James I. Gilbert, of Lansing, as Colonel ; Jed Lake, of Independence, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and G. W. Howard, of Bradford, as Major. Companies A, B and I were from Allamakee County ; Companies C and H, from Buchanan County ; Companies D and E, from Clayton County ; Company F, from Delaware County ; Company G, from Floyd and Chickasaw Counties, and Company K, from Mitchell County. Engaged at Little Rock, Ark., was on Red River ex- pedition. Fort De Russey, Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Old Town Creek and Fort Blakely. Was mustered out at Clinton, Iowa, Aug. 8, 1865. THE TWENTY-EIGHTH was organized at Iowa City, and mustered in Nov. 10, 1862, with William E. Miller, of Iowa City, as Colonel ; John Connell, of Toledo, as Lieutenant Colonel, and H. B. Lynch, of Millersburg, as Major. Companies A and D were from Benton County ; Companies B and G, from Iowa County ; Companies C, H and I, from Poweshiek County; Company E, from Johnson County; Company F, from Tama County, and Company K, from Jasper County. Was engaged at Port Gibson, Jackson and siege of Vicksburg; was on Banks' Red River expedition, and engaged at Sabine Cross Roads; was engaged in Shen- andoah Valley, Va., and engaged at Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. Was mustered out of service at Savannah, Ga., July 31, 1865. THE TWENTY-NINTH was organized at Council Bluffs, and mustered into the United States service December 1, 1862, Avith Thomas II. Benton, Jr., of Council Bluffs, as Colonel; R. F. Patterson, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Charles B. Shoe- maker, of Clarinda, as Major. Company A was from Pottawattamie County; Company B, from Pottawattamie and Mills Counties; Comuany C, from Harrison County ; Company D, from Adair and Adams Counties , Company E, from Fremont County ; Company F, from Taylor County ; Company G, from Ring- gold County. Was engngod at Helena, Arkansas and Spanish Fort. Was mustered out at New Orleans August 15, 1865. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 241 THE THIRTIETH INFANTRY was organized at Keokuk, and mustered into the United States service September 23, 1862, with Charles B. Abbott, of Louisa County, as Colonel; Wm. M. G. Tor- rence, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Lauren Dewey, of Mt. Pleasant, as Major. Companies A and I were from Lee County ; Company B, from Davis County ; Companj' C, from Des Moines County ; Company D, from Van Buren County ; Companies E and K from Washington County ; Company F, from Davis County ; and Companies G and H, from Jefferson County. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, Yazoo City, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Ala., Ringgold, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Jonesboro, Taylor's Ridge ; was in Sherman's campaigns to Savannah and through the Carolinas to Richmond ; was in the grand review at Washington, D. C, where it was mus- tered out June 5, 1865. THE THIRTY-FIRST INFANTRY was mustered into the service at Davenport October 13, 1862, with William Smyth, of Marion, as Colonel ; J. W. Jenkins, of Maquoketa, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Ezekiel Cutler, of Anamosa, as Major. Company A was from Linn County; Companies B, C and D, from Black Hawk County; Companies E, G and H, from Jones County; Companies F, I and K, from Jackson County. Was engaged at Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Raymond, Jackson, Black River, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Ringgold, Taylor's Hills, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro ; was in Sherman's campaign through Georgia and the Carolinas, and was mustered out at Louisville, Ken- tucky, June 27, 1865 THE THIRTY-SECOND INFANTRY was organized at Dubuque, with John Scott, of Nevada, as Colonel ; E. H. Mix, of Shell Rock, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. A. Eberhart, of Waterloo, as Major. Company A was from Hamilton, Hardin and Wright Counties; Company B, from Cerro Gordo County; Company C, from Black Hawk County ; Company D, from Boone County; Company E, from Butler County; Company F, from Hardin County; Company G, from Butler and Floyd Coun- ties ; Company H, from Franklin County ; Company I, from Webster County, and Company K, from Marshall and Polk Counties, and was mustered into the United States service October 5, 1862. Was engaged at Fort De Russey, Pleasant Hill, Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Nashville, etc., and Avas mustered out of the United States service at Clinton, Iowa, Aug. 24, 1865. THE THIRTY-THIRD INFANTRY was organized at Oskaloosa, with Samuel A. Rice, of Oskaloosa, as Colonel ; Cyrus H. Maskey, of Sigourney, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Hiram D. Gibson, of Knoxville, as Major. Companies A and I were from Marion County; Com- panies B, F and H, from Keokuk County; Companies C, D, E and K, from Makaska County, and Company G, from Marion, Makaska and Polk Counties, and mustered in October 1, 1862. Was engaged at Little Rock, Helena, Sa- line River, Spanish Fort and Yazoo Pass. Was mustered out at New Orleans, July 17, 1865. 242 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE THIRTY-FOURTH INFANTRY was organized "with George W. Clark, of Indianola, as Colonel ; W. S. Dungan, of Chariton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and R. D. Kellogg, of Decatur County, as Major, and mustered in at Burlington, October 15, 1862. Companies A and I were from Decatur County ; Companies B, C and D, from Warren County ; Com- pany E, from Lucas County; Company F, from Wayne County; Company G, from Lucas and Clark Counties ; Company H, from Madison and Warren Counties, and Company K, from Lucas County. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, Ft. Gaines, etc., etc. Was consolidated with the Thirty-eighth Infantry, January 1, 1865, and mustered out at Houston, Texas, August 15, 1865. THE THIRTY-FIFTH INFANTRY was organized at Muscatine, and mustered in the United States service Sep- tember 18, 1862, with S. G. Hill, of Muscatine, as Colonel; James H. Roth- rock, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Henry 0' Conner, of Muscatine, as Major. Companies A, B, C, D and E, were from Muscatine County; Company F, from Muscatine and Louisa Counties ; Companies G, H and I, from Muscatine and Cedar Counties, and Company K, from Cedar County. Participated in the battles of Jackson, siege of Vicksburg, Bayou Rapids, Bayou de Glaze, Pleasant Hill, Old River Lake, Tupelo, Nashville, etc. Was mustered out at Davenport, August 10, 1865. THE THIRTY-SIXTH INFANTRY was organized at Keokuk, with Charles W. Kittredge, of Ottumwa, as Colonel ; F. M. Drake, of Unionville, Appanoose County, as Lieutenant Colonel, and T. C. Woodward, of Ottumwa, as Major, and mustered in October 4, 1862 ; Com- pany A was from Monroe County ; Companies B, D, E, H and K, from Wapello County, and Companies C, F, G and I, from Appanoose County. Was engaged in the following battles: Mark's Mills, Ark.; Elkins' Ford, Camden, Helena, Jenkins' Ferry, etc. At Mark's Mills, April 25, 1864, out of 500 engaged, lost 200 killed and wounded, the balance being taken prisoners of war ; was exchanged October 6. 186^1. Was mustered out at Duvall's Bluff, Ark., August 24, 1865. THE THIRY-SEVENTH INFANTRY (OR GRAY BEAKDSy was organized with Geo. \V. Kincaid, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; Geo. R. West, of Dubu(iue, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Lyman Allen, of Iowa City, as Major, and was mustered into United States service at Muscatine December 15, 1862. Company A was from Black Hawk and Linn Counties; Company B, from Muscatine County ; Company C, from Van Buren and Lee Counties ; Company D, from Johnson and Iowa Counties ; Company E, from Wapello and Mahaska Counties ; Company F, from Dubuque County ; Company G, from Appanoose, Des Moines, Henry and Washington Counties ; Company H, from Henry and Jefferson Counties ; Company I, from Jasper, Linn and other counties, and Company K, from Scott and Fayette Counties. The object of the Tiiirty- seventh was to do garrison duty and let the young men go to the front. It was mustered out at Davenport on expiration of three years' service. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 243 THE THIRTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY was organized at Dubuque, and mustei-ed in November 4, 1862, with D. H. Hughes, of Decorah, as Colonel ; J. 0. Hudnutt, of Waverly, as Lieutenan, Colonel, and Charles Chadwick, of West Union, as Major. Companies A, Ft G and H were from Fayette County ; Company B, from Bremer County ; Com- pany C, from Chickasaw County ; Companies D, E and K, from Winneshiek County, and Company I, from Howard County. Participated in the siege of Vicksburg, Banks' Red River expedition, and on December 12, 1864, was consolidated with the Thirty-fourth Infantry. Mustered out at Houston, Texas, August 15, 1865. THE THIRTY-NINTH INFANTRY was organized with H. J. B. Cummings, of Winterset, as Colonel ; James Red- field, of Redfield, Dallas County, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and J. M. GriflSths, of Des Moines, as Major. Companies A and F were from Madison County ; Companies B and I, from Polk Couuty ; Companies C and H, from Dallas County ; Company D, from Clark County ; Company E, from Greene County ; Company G, from Des Moines and Henry Counties ; and Company K, from Clark and Decatur Counties. Was engaged at Pax'ker's Cross Roads, Tenn.; Corinth, Allatoona, Ga.; Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Sherman's march to Savannah and through the Carolinas to Richmond, and was mustered out at Washington June 5, 1865. THE FORTIETH INFANTRY was organized at Iowa City November 15, 1862, with John A. Garrett, of Newton, as Colonel; S. F. Cooper, of Grinnell, as Lieutenant Colonel; and S. G. Smith, of Newton, as Major. Companies A and H were from Marion County; Company B, from Poweshiek County; Company C, from Mahaska County; Companies D and E, from Jasper County; Company F, from Ma- haska and Marion Counties ; Company G, from Marion County ; Company I, from Keokuk County ; and Company K, from Benton and other counties. Par- ticipated in the siege of Vicksburg, Steele's expedition. Banks' Red River expedition, Jenkins' Ferry, etc. Was mustered out at Port Gibson August 2, 1866. THE FORTY-FIRST INFANTRY, formerly Companies A, B and C of the Fourteenth Infantry, became Compa- nies K, L and M of the Seventh Cavalry, under authority of the War Depart- ment. Its infantry organization was under command of John Pattee, of Iowa City. Company A was from Black Hawk, Johnson and other counties ; Com- pany B, from Johnson County ; and Company C, from Des Moines and various counties. THE FORTY-FOURTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was organized at Davenport, and mustered in June 1, 1864. Company A was from Dubuque County; Company B, Muscatine County; Company C, Jones, Linn and Dubuque Counties; Company D, Johnson and Linn Counties; Com- pany E, Bremer and Butler Counties ; Company F, Clinton and Jackson Counties ; Company G, Marshall and Hardin Counties ; Company H, Boone and Polk Counties ; Companies I and K, Scott County. The Forty-fourth did garrison duty at Memphis and La Grange, Tenn. Mustered out at Daven- port, September 15, 1864. 244 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE FORTY-FIFTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was mustered in at Keokuk, May 25, 1864, with A. H. Bereman, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; S. A. Moore, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. B. Hope, of Washington, as Major. The companies were from the following counties : A, Henry ; B, Washington ; C, Lee ; D, Davis ; E, Henry and Lee ; F, Des Moines ; G, Des Moines and Henry ; H, Henry ; I, Jefferson, and K, Van Buren. Was mustered out at Keokuk, September 16, 1864. THE FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was organized with D. B. Henderson, of Clermont, as Colonel; L. D. Durbin, of Tipton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. L. Tarbet, as Major, and was mus- tered in at Dubuque, June 10, 1864. Company A was from Dubuque; Com- pany B, from Poweshiek ; C, from Dallas and Guthrie ; D, from Taylor and Fayette; E, from Ringgold and Linn ; F, from Winneshiek and Delaware ; G, from Appanoose and Delaware ; H, from Wayne ; I, from Cedar, and K, from Lucas. Was mustered out at Davenport, [September 23, 1864. THE FORTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was mustered into United States service at Davenport, June 4, 1864, with James P. Sanford, of Oskaloosa, as Colonel; John Williams, of Iowa City, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. J. Wright, of Des Moines, as Major. Company A was from Marion and Clayton Counties; Company B, from Appanoose County; Company C, from Wapello and Benton Counties; Company B, from Buchanan and Linn Counties; Company E, from Madison County; Company F, from Polk County ; Company G, from Johnson County ; Company H, from Keokuk County; Company I, from Mahaska County, and Company K, from Wapello. THE FORTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY — BATTALION — (100 DAYS) was organized at Davenport, and mustered in July 13, 1864, with 0. H. P. Scott, of Farmington, as Lieutenant Colonel. Company A was from Warren County; Company B, from Jasper County; Company C, from Decatur County, and Company D, from Des Moines and Lee Counties, and was mustered out at Rock Island Barracks Oct. 21, 1864. CAVALRY. THE FIRST CAVALRY was organized at Burlington, and mustered into the United States service May 3, 1861, with Fitz Henry Warren, of Burlington, as Colonel; Chas. E. Moss, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and E. W. Chamberlain, of Burlington, James 0. Gower, of Iowa City, and W. M. G. Torrence, of Keokuk, as Majors. Company A was from Lee, Van Buren and Wapello Counties ; Company B, from Clinton County ; Company C, from Des Moines and Lee Counties ; Com- pany D, from Madison and Warren Counties ; Company E, from Henry County ; Company F, from Johnson and Linn Counties ; Company G, from Dubuque and Black Hawk Counties ; Company II, from Lucas and Morrison Counties ; Company I, from Wapello and Des Moines Counties ; Company K, from Allamakee and Clayton Counties ; Company L, from Dubuque and other HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 245 counties; Company M, from Clinton County. It was engaged at Pleasant Hill, Mo.; Rolla, New Lexington, Elkins' Ford, Little Rock, Bayou Metoe, Warrensburg, Big Creek Bluffs, Antwineville, Clear Creek, etc. Was mustered out at Austin, Texas, February 15, 1866. THE SECOND CAVALRY was organized with W. L. Elliott, of the regular army, as Colonel ; Edward Hatch, of Muscatine, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and N. P. Hepburn, of Marshall- town, D. E. Coon, of Mason City, and H. W. Love, of Iowa City, as Majors, and was mustered into the United States service at Davenport September 1, 1861. Company A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Marshall County ; Company C, from Scott County ; Company D, from Polk County ; Company E, from Scott County ; Company F, from Hamilton and Franklin Counties ; Company G, from Muscatine County ; Company H, from Johnson County ; Company I, from Cerro Gordo, Delaware and other counties ; Com- pany K, from Des Moines County ; Company L, from Jackson County, and Company M, from .lackson County. The Second Cavalry participated in the following military movements : Siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, Boone- ville, Rienzi, luka, Corinth, Coffeeville, Palo Alto, Birmingham, Jackson, Grenada, Collierville, Moscow, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town, Oxford, and en- gagements against Hood's march on Nashville, battle of Nashville, etc. Was mustered out at Selma, Ala., September 19, 1865. THE THIRD CAVALRY was organized and mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in Au- gust and September, 1861, with Cyrus Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Colonel; H. II. Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and C. H. Perry, H. C. Cald- well and W. C. Drake, of Corydon, as Majors. Companies A and E were from Davis County ; Company B, from Van Buren and Lee Counties ; Company C, from Lee and Keokuk Counties; Company D, from Davis and Van Buren Counties ; Company F, from Jefferson County ; Company G, from Van Buren County; Company H, from Van Buren and Jefferson Counties; Company I, from Appanoose County ; Company K, from Wapello and Marion Counties ; Company L, from Decatur County, and Company M, from Appanoose and De- catur Counties. It was engaged in the following battles and skirmishes : Pea Ridge, La Grange, Sycamore, near Little Rock, Columbus, Pope's Farm, Big Blue, Ripley, Coldwater, Osage, Tallahatchie, Moore's Mill, near Monte- vallo, near Independence, Pine Bluff, Botts' Farm, Gun Town, White's Station, Tupelo, Village Creek. Was mustered out of United States service at Atlanta, Ga., August 9, 1865. THE FOURTH CAVALRY was organized with Asbury B. Porter, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; Thomas Drummond, of Vinton, as Lieutenant Colonel ; S. D. Swan, of Mount Pleas- ant, J. E. Jewett, of Des Moines, and G. A. Stone, of Moisnt Pleasant, as Majors, and mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant November 21, 1861. Company A was from Delaware County ; Company C, from Jef- ferson and Henry Counties ; Company D, from Henry County ; Company E, 246 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. from Jasper and Poweshiek Counties ; Company F, from Wapello County ; Company G, from Lee and Henry Counties ; Company H, from Chickasaw County ; Company I, from Madison County ; Company K, from Henry County; Company L, from Des Moines and other counties; and Company M, from Jefferson County. The Fourth Cavalry lost men in the following engage- ments : Guntown, Miss.; Helena, Ark.; near Bear Creek, Miss.; near Mem- phis, Tenn.; Town Creek, Miss.; Columbus, Ga.; Mechanicsburg, Miss.; Little Blue River, Ark.; Brownsville, Miss.; Ripley, Miss.; Black River Bridge, Miss.; Grenada, Miss.; Little Red River, Ark.; Tupelo, Miss.; Yazoo River, Miss.; White River, Ark.; Osage, Kan.; Lick Creek, Ark.; Okalona, Miss.; St. Francis River, Ark. Was mustered out at Atlanta, Ga., August 10, I860. THE FIFTH CAVALRY was organized at Omaha with Wm. W. Lowe, of the regular army, as Colo- nel ; M. T. Patrick, of Omaha, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and C. S. Bernstein, of Dubuque, as Major, and mustered in September 21, 1861. Companies A, B, C and D were mostly from Nebraska ; Company E, from Dubuque County ; Company F, from Des Moines, Dubuque and Lee Counties ; Company G, from Minnesota; Company H, from Jackson and other counties; Companies I and K were from Minnesota ; Company L, from Minnesota and Missouri ; Com- pany M, from Missouri ; Companies G, I and K were transferred to Minnesota Volunteers Feb. 25, 1864. The new Company G was organized from veterans and recruits and Companies C, E, F and I of Fifth Iowa Infantry, and trans- ferred to Fifth Cavalry August 8, 1864. The second Company 1 was organ- ized from veterans and recruits and Companies A, B, D, G, H and K of the Fifth Iowa Infantry, and transferred to Fifth Iowa Caviilry August 18, 1864. Was engaged at second battle of Fort Donelson, Wartrace, Duck River Bridge, Sugar Creek, Newnan, Camp Creek, Cumberland Works, Tenn.; Jonesboro, Ebenezer Church, Lockbridge's Mills, Pulaski, Cheraw, and mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., August 11, 1865. THE SIXTH CAVALRY. was organized with D. S. Wilson, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; S. M. Pollock, of Dubuque, as Lieutenant Colonel ; T. II. Shephard, of Iowa City, E. P. Ten- Broeck, of Clinton, and A. E. House, of Delhi, as Majors, and was mustered in at Davenport, January 31, 1863. Company A was from Scott and other counties; Company B, from Dubuque and other counties; Company C, from Fayette County; Company D, from Winneshiek County; Company E, from Southwest counties of the State ; Company F, from Allamakee and other counties ; Company G, from Delaware and Buchanan Counties ; Company II, from Linn County ; Company I, from Johnson and other counties ; Company K, from Linn County; Company L, from Clayton County; Company M, from Johnson and Dubuque Counties. The Sixth Cavalry operated on the frontier against the Indians. Was mustered out at Sioux City, October 17, 1865. THE SEVENTH CAVALRY was organized at Davenport, and mustered into the United States service April 27, 1863, with S. W. Summers, of Ottumwa, as Colonel ; John Pattee, of Iowa City, as Lieutenant Colonel ; II. II. Heath and G. M. O'Brien, of Dubuque, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 24T and John S. Wood, of Ottumwa, as Majors. Companies A, B, C and D, were from Wapello and other counties in immediate vicinity; Companies E, F, G and H, were from all parts of the State ; Company I, from Sioux City and known as Sioux City Cavalry; Company K was originally Company A of the Fourteenth Infantry and aftei'ward Company A of the Forty-first Infantry, was from Johnson and other counties ; Company L was originally Company B, of the Forty-first Infantry and afterward Company B, of the Forty , and was from Johnson County; Company M was originally Company C, of the Fourteenth Infantry, and afterward Company C, of the Forty-first and from Des Moines and other counties. The Seventh Cavalry operated against the Indi- ans. Excepting the Lieutenant Colonel and Companies K, L and M, the regi- ment was mustered out at Leavenworth, Kansas, May 17, 1866. Companies K, L, and M were mustered out at Sioux City, June 22, 1866. THE EIGHTH CAVALRY was organized with J. B. Dorr, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; H. G. Barner, of Sidney, as Lieutenant Colonel ; John J. Bowen, of Hopkinton, J. D. Thompson, of Eldora, and A. J. Price, of Guttenburg, as Majors, and were mustered in at Davenport September 30, 1863. The companies were mostly from the follow- ing counties : Company A, Page ; B, Wapello ; C, Van Buren ; D, Ring- gold ; E, Henry ; F, Appanoose ; G, Clayton ; H, Appanoose ; I, Marshall ; K, Muscatine; L, Wapello; M, Polk. The Eighth did a large amount of duty guarding Sherman's communications, in which it had many small engagements. It was in the battles of Lost Mountain, Lovejoy's Station, Newnan, Nashville, etc. Was on Stoneman's cavalry raid around Atlanta, and Wilson's raid through Alabama. Was mustered out at Macon, Ga., August 13, 1865. THE NINTH CAVALRY was mustered in at Davenport, November 30, 1863, with M. M. Trumbull, of Cedar Falls, as Colonel ; J. P. Knight, of Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel ; E. T. Ensign, of Des Moines, Willis Drummond, of McGregor, and AVilliam Had- dock, of .Waterloo; as Majors. Company A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, Linn County ; Company C, Wapello and Decatur Counties ; Com- pany D, Washington County ; Company E, Fayette County ; Company F, Clayton County ; Companies G and H, various counties ; Company I, Wapello and Jefferson Counties ; Company K, Keokuk County ; Company L, Jasper and Marion Counties ; Company M, Wapello and Lee Counties. Was mustered out at Little Rock, Ark., February 28, 1866. ARTILLERY. THE FIRST BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties of Wapello, Des Moines, Dubuque, Jefferson, Black Hawk, etc., and was mustered in at Burlington, Aug. 17, 1861, with C. H, Fletcher, of Burlington, as Captain. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Port Gibson, in Atlanta campaign, Chickasaw Bayou, Lookout Mountain, etc. Was mus- tered out at Davenport July 5, 1865. 248 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE SECOND BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties of Dallas, Polk, Harrison, Fremont and Pottawat- tamie, and mustered into United States service at Council Bluffs and St. Louis, Mo , Aug. 8 and 31, 1861, with Nelson T. Spear, of Council Bluffs, as Captain. Was engaged at Farmington, Corinth, etc. Was mustered out at Davenport, Aug. 7, 1865. THE THIRD BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties of Dubuque, Black Hawk, Butler and Floyd, and mustered into United States service at Dubuque, September, 1861, with M. M. Hayden, of Dubuque, as Captain. Was at battle of Pea Ridge, etc., etc. Was mustered out at Davenport, Oct. 23, 1865. THE FOURTH BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in Mahaska, Henry, Mills and Fremont Counties, and was mus- tered in at Davenport, Nov. 23, 1863, with P. H. Goode, of Glenwood, Cap- tain. Was mustered out at Davenport, July 14, 1865. MISCELLANEOUS. THE FOURTH BATTALION Company A, from Fremont County, W. Iloyt, Captain ; Company B, from Taylor County, John Flick, Captain ; Company C, from Page County, J. Whitcomb, Captain. THE NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE was organized by the State of Iowa to protect the Northwestern frontier, James A. Sawyer, of Sioux City, was elected Colonel. It had Companies A, B, C, D and E, all enlisted from the Northwestern counties. THE SOUTHERN BORDER BRIGADE was organized by the State for the purpose of protecting the Southern border of the State, and was organized in counties on the border of Missouri. Com- pany A, First Battalion, was from Lee County, Wm. Sole, Captain; Company B, First Battalion,' Joseph Dicrkey, Captain, from Van Buren County; Company A, Second Battalion, from Davis County, Capt. H. B. Horn ; Company B, Sec- ond Battalion, from Appanoose County, E. B. Skinner, Captain ; Company A, Third Battalion, from Decatur County, J. H. Simmons, Captain; Company B, Third Battalion, from Wayne County, E. F. Estel, Captain ; Company C, Third Battalion, from Ringgold County, N. Miller, Captain. THE FIRST INFANTRY AFRICAN DESCENT — (SIXTIETH U. S.) was organized with Jolm G. Hudson, Captain Company B, Thirty-third Mis- souri, as Colonel; M. F. Collins, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. L. Murphy, of Keokuk, as Major. Had ten companies, and were mustered in at various places in the Fall of 1863. The men were from all parts of the State and some from Missouri. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 249 During the war, the following promotions were made by the United States Government from Iowa regiments:* MAJOR GENERALS Samuel K. Curtis, Brigadier General, from March 21, 1862. Frederick Steele, Brigadier General, from jSTovember 29, 1862. Frank J. Herron, Brigadier General, from jSTovember 29, 1863. Grenville M. Dodge, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1864. BRIGADIER GENERALS. Samuel E. Curtis, Colonel 2d Infantry, from May 17, 1861. Frederick Steele. Colonel 8th Infantry, from February 6, 1862. Jacob G. Lauman, Colonel 7th Infantry, from March 21, 1862. Grenville M. Dodge, Colonel 4th Infantry, from March 31, 1862. James M. Tuttle, Colonel 2d Infantry, from June 9, 1862. Washington L. Elliott, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from June 11, 1862. Fitz Henry Warren, Colonel 1st Cavalry , from July 6, 1862. Frank J. Herron, Lieutenant Colonel 9th Infantry, from July 30, 1862. Charles L. Matthies, Colonel 5th Infantry, from iSTovember 29, 1862. William Yandever, Colonel 9th Infantry, from November 29, 1862. Marcellus M. Crocker, Colonel 13th Infantry, from is'ov. 29, 1862. (Since died.) Hugh T. Keid, Colonel 15th Infantry from March 13, 1863. Samuel A. Kice, Colonel 33d Infantry, from August 4, 1863. John M. Corse, Colonel 6th Infantry, from August 11. 1863. Cyrus Bussey, Colonel 3d Cavalry, from January 5, 1864. Edward Hatch, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from April 27, 1864. Elliott AV. Kice, Colonel 7th Infantry, from June 20, 1864. Wm. W. Belknap, Colonel 15th Infantry, from July 30, 1864. John Edwards, Colonel 18th Infantry, from September 26, 1864. James A. Williamson, Colonel 4th Infantry, from January 13, 1864. James I. Gilbert, Colonel 27th Infantry, from February 9, 1865. BREVET MAJOR GENERALS. John M. Corse, Brigadier General from October 5, 1864. Edward Hatch, Brigadier General, from December 15, 1864. AVm. AV. Belknap, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. ^Y. L. Elliott, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. AVm, Vandever, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1865. BREVET BRIGADIER GENERALS. Wm. T. Clark, A. A. G., late of 13th Infantry, from July 22, 1864. Edward F. AVinslow, Colonel 4th Cavalry, from December 12, 1864. S. G. Hill, Colonel 35th Infantry, from December 15, 1864. (Since died.) Thos. H. Benton, Colonel 29th Infantry, from December 15, 1864. Samuel L. Glasgow, Colonel 23d Infantry, from December 19, 1864. Clark K. AVever, Colonel 17th Infantry, from February 9, 1865. Francis M. Drake, Lieutenant Colonel 36th Infantry, from February 22, 1865. Geoi-ge A. Stone, Colonel 25th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. Datus E. Coon, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from March 8, 1865. George AA^ Clark, Colonel 34th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. Herman H. Heath, Colonel 7th Cavalry, from ]\Iarch 13, 1865. J. U. Hedrick, Colonel 15th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. AY. AV. Lowe, Colonel 5th Cavalry, from March 13, 1865. ♦Thomas J. McKean was appointed Paymaster in U. S. A. from Iowa, and subsequently promoted Brigadier General, to date from Nov. 21, liCl. 250 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. "I^OX CO iffl CO (M 05 ^ rl C<) O CO r-< t~ -* O i-i O >— I ■<}< ■juaoi CO uO CO O? CO .-I r-l (M lOCOt— it^C0<£>r-iiO .-<«< •sdaoQ S3H "J^A OX •p3J[n}dB3 i-H -H UCl •* 00 b-(N<»C<)05rHTti'M-> >,i: > 7- •A ^ ^ uotS __ >, 4) t? 5 ii '3 ti d . X O t< fe 1 ^ 02 H CiH !>% >. t^ >.=■ t- t- J-" t- o) D ai a> I- ^i^ <§ c - - -= o ^^>^ 1 02 M i -. o a -3 ^ /a Si: > 'S 'S 2 *i M > b£ f^ Hi iE-iHPHfuMoaHaE-iW HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 251 252 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ^ I— CD 00 O 1-1 CO CO lo ,— 1 00 t- C^ 0 . OS PH lO CO • O iC t- lO — ■"*! 1-1 •sdao3 -a "AOX ri CS (M (M i-l 0^ !-• r-( . CO Tfl r-l (M !M ■<*l -H CO 1-1 O 02 . • t— T-l • 1-4 ; > • ■ CO CO lO CO -^ CO -^ CO C^l CO CO •pajind^Q (M r- TjH o O . r-1 (M : : CO ■ : :(N : '"' i-l 00 !M -^ 05 O l^ 00 (M 1-1 CO 1 COC^)00 O t^ LO (M CO l:~ 1-1 CD O CO «> -* (M t^ C5 O 00 CO r~ CO ■sapitinsTJO it>;ox vOCOt^iO-^i-l-^eNfMi-l 1-lt^ t- CSCOOOOOl^OSI- cs o 1-1 CO : cs : CO : O o : CO ; 00 r-l : •Saissij\[ ; ■-o CD I- O 1-1 00 o (M (M L.1 1-1 ■>* C-. 1-1 00 CD lO r-H lO ^ 1- 1-1 (M 1-1 1-1 CO •* - cooi'^^cocooco 1-1 1-1 (M 1-1 1-1 T-l 1-1 !M r-i 1-1 -H (M rl ooDCi-HC-io^^asocoi-ii-i O t- CO OO 1-1 T-i CI O O -*l t- lO •8pnnoA\. JO (M S^ 1-1 1-1 T-i : " (M i-O (M 00 CO ■* lO CO 'MC'Mr-l'MCll-Ot^COt-l— ICO -MOOi— l-^IOt-QOOC-l-^OOOt- 1^ •ITSPX ■^■^co-^-*-— iTrc > ■> : ? ■> Pi c5 rt : "^ H >>6 n 3.5 B5 5 > . cJ O •->. : TS g = f>>S ho K S -> p a 1-1 > ■'at ci c o > > > ■» > > > ■» : : > . ;- ■ : : - 2 2 ti S j= « : >> P^M M M ^ i - -g , : > ; C _2 -J c > "> I : t^ t> ■» go-^SiCxt-bCa-f- — v-r^H^iifc. JCJO------StJi>— I (;D O (M 1 50 t^ QO O OCi-t— iTtlOi— i-^I'MOCOt— ICDOCiOi— IOCDOC5CO.— ICDrHl:~lO>-^CD-*CO-TC50t^COCDr-l COIMiM i-H r-HIMr-l(MT-li-l.-Hl^) IM i-Hi— 1 '>! CO (M ; CS lO ^H : r-M ; ^ o CO CO •^t^C5Oi-lC<105(MC0C0C0C0C0t^Tt<00rHC<)i:^-*(ML0:D0-3C0C0OC5^CDl^C0--HO >OuOCDOi-lOO(N'MCOCOOlCt^OCO'*OCD(MTtit^O'*^ COOOOiOi-HiMIMr-l 1-IC^1C^.-H COS -t< -* : I-H CO CO . CM 00 OS 1— (■ 1— (■>#C^^t:^t^OOC5(^^C0t^C:;O^HOOO■<*1[^CO'MOOOt-It-i i-Hr-lrli-l (M>-l.-l(NrHr-l.-lrHl-((M.-l,-lr-i.-(r-lT-li-Ht-l,-lC^ ,-lr-lCOT-l r-H o CO ■^ CD t^ lO t^ Ir- 1— I Tt< 1-1 (M IM rH •"TjiascDCSOCMOOOCOOOascDOcDCDt^t^t—COi— iCO^MCOi— itMi— l^H-tlc<|-t> >^ ^ >> >> .a g .^.^ & & S: ^ 5: &: CCCCWZnenHf-iEHH i3 t*> !^ -^ =5? a -5 ►5-a '^►5 I ^ a5 j=2 'S m aj C3 ^ P-> >^ (>> k> 2 <1J OJ 0^ aj ^ & S fe &S H H H HH ha a^, b» i a iaS^ P5 5 r-J CO 32 is ^ a ti a i- -S a,=3 -S q >i d •^ •« H CO o •- 3 d 3 4^ QT^ -.- C.-( V. C*M fl ►q -a i^ ^ rt fl :S ^ -J .d 'S a^ .d -^ ^ tfi >^ £- bc a ^^ a I-H ^ d ,-. ^ .--da d ~ OS a* -a .2 b ^ .^ .^ H "S Id Id Id 13 13 o H H H H H fe M r ^ -a .^ 3 ■^ 1? J Vh cc CO en 4j ^ -g b.bb'bb-^ P in "j; in T^ 1h 2 25-1 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. NUMBER OF TROOPS FURNISHED BY THE STATE OF IOWA DURING THE AVAR OF THE REBELLION, TO JANUARY 1, 1865. No. Regiment. 1st Iowa 2d " 3d " 4th " 5th " 6th " 7th " 8th " 9th " 10th " nth " 12th " 13th " 14th " 15th " 16th " 17th " 18th " 19th " 20th " 21st " 22d " 23d " 24th " 25th " 26th " 27th " 28th '♦ 29th " 30th " 31st " 32d " 33d " 34th " 35th " 36th " 37th " 38th " Infantry. No. of men 959 1,247 1,074 1,184 1,037 1,013 1,138 1,027 1,090 1,027 1,022 981 989 840 1,196 919 956 875 985 92.: 980 1,008 961 979 995 919 940 956 1,005 978 977 925 985 953 984 986 914 910 No. Regiment. No. of men. 39th Iowa Infantry 40th " " 41st Battalion Iowa Infantry 44th Infantry (100-days men) 45th " " " 46th " " " 47th " " " 48th Battalion '= " 1st Iowa Cavalry 2d " " 3d " " 4th " " 5th " " 6th " " 7th " " 8th " " 9th " " Sioux City Cavalry* Co. A, 11th Penn. Cavalry 1st Battery Artillery 2d " " 3d " " 4th " " 1st Iowa African Infantry, 60th U. Sf.. Dodge's Brigade Band Band of 2d Iowa Infantry Enlistments as far as reported to Jan. 1, 1864, for the older Iowa regiments Enlistments of Iowa men in regiments of other States, over Total Re-enlisted Veterans for different Regi- ments Additional enlistments Grand total as far as reported up to Jan, 1, 1865 933 900 294 867 912 892 884 346 1,478 1,394 1,360 1 ,227 1,245 1,125 562 1,234 1,178 93 87 149 123 142 152 903 14 10 2,765 2,500 61,653 7,202 6,664 75,519 This does not include those Iowa men wlio veteranized in the regiments of other States, nor the names of men who enlisted during 1864, in regiments of other States. * Afterward consolidated with Seventh Cavalry, f Only a portion of this regiment was credited to the State. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 255 POPULATION OF IOWA, By Counties. COUNTIES. AGGREGATE. 1875. 1870. 1860. 1850. 1840. Voters. Adair 7045 7832 19158 17405 2370 28807 22913 17251 13220 17315 3561 3982 4614 17868 1645G 1212 22454 21706 14584 12528 17034 1585 984 1533 1616 Adams 1727 Allamakee 12237 11931 454 8496 8244 4232 4915 7906 57 777 3131 3653 Appanoose Audubon 8679 527 Benton 672 135 735 4778 Black Hawk 4877 Boone 3515 Bremer 2656 Buchanan 517 3890 Buena Vista 817 Buncombe* Butler 11734 3185 5760 10552 17879 6685 424'. i 11400 10118 3559 27184 34295 6039 14386 15757 13249 16893 35415 1748 43845 1436 20515 13100 6558 13719 7028 8134 9638 7701 1482 15029 11818 21594 7875 3455 794 17456 23061 24128 17127 24654 19168 9951 1602 2451 6464 19731 4722 1967 10180 8735 1523 27771 35357 2530 12019 15565 12018 17432 27256 1389 38969 1392 16973 10768 4738 11173 4627 6399 7061 6056 999 13684 8931 21463 6282 2596 226 16644 22619 22116 17839 24898 19731 3724 147 281 1612 12949 940 68 4336 5427 52 20728 18938 383 5244 13764 8677 11024 19611 180 31164 105 12073 3744 1309 5074 1374 793 3058 1699 179 5440 3621 18701 3168 332 43 8029 18493 9883 15038 17573 13306 2598 Calhoun 681 Carroll 1197 Cass 2422 Cedar 3941 1253 3934 1526 Cerro Gordo Cherokee 1001 Chickasaw 2392 Clarke 79 2213 Clay 868 Clayton 3873 2822 1101 821 5272 5569 Crawford 1*^44 Dallas 854 7264 965 1759 12988 3170 3448 2882 Delaware Des Moines 168 5577 3662 6654 394 10841 3059 8759 Emmett 299 Fayette Floyd 825 4637 2884 Franklin 1374 Fremont 1244 2998 1622 1525 Guthrie 2339 Hamilton 1455 Hancock 303 Hardin 3215 Harrison 2658 8707 3772 4641 Howard 1712 Humbold t 695 172 Iowa 822 7210 1280 9904 4472 3007 3576 1411 4901 Jasper .Jefferson 5239 2773 1491 471 3721 5225 Jones 4180 * In 1862, name changed to Lyou. 256' HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. POPULATION OF IOWA— Concludei). COUNTIES AGGREQATE. 1875. 1870. 1860. 1850. 1840. Voters. 20488 3765 33913 31815 12499 11725 1139 16030 23718 24094 19629 10555 11523 2267 12811 10389 21623 2349 1778 14274 2728 5282 2249 31558 21665 16482 7546 2873 39763 5664 3120 13111 18771 10418 8827 16980 23865 18541 19269 13978 13114 2986 24233 8568 4908 3244 19434 3351 38210 28852 12877 10388 221 13884 22508 24436 17576 8718 9582 3654 12724 5934 21688 715 1327] 416 29232 18947 10370 5766 4822 4202 773 18861 5444 4939 471 6093 1373 1927 7274 7509 2899 2464 287 7339 14816 16813 6015 4481 3409 832 8612 1256 16444 8 1179 5989 5482 3632 5287 4988 338 4445 Mills 2365 Mitchell 2338 1292 2884 2743 2485 5731 1942 6588 595 498 9975 1336 2199 1446 27857 16893 15581 5691 1411 38599 2540 576 11651 16131 6989 6986 17672 22346 17980 18952 11287 10484 1562 23570 6172 2892 2392 4419 132 148 103 11625 4968 ■ 5668 2923 246 25959 818 10 4051 5285 3590 2012 17081 14518 10281 14235 6409 2504 168 13942 1119 756 653 551 3222 Palo Alto 556 1136 464 Polk 4513 7828 615 6842 4392 3634 1496 657 Scott 5986 2140 7109 1084 637 2574 Tama 8 3911 204 2282 1924 12270 6146 3893 8471 961 5346 4168 4957 340 1594 4168 2947 2747 406 546 4117 1776 Worth 763 Wright 1 694 Total 1353118 1191792 674913 192214 43112 284557 * Formerly Buncombe. THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 257 ILLINOIS. Length, 380 miles, mean width about 156 miles. Area, 55,410 sc[uare miles, or 35,462,400 acres. Illinois, as regards its surface, constitutes a table-land at a varying elevation ranging between 350 and 800 feet above the sea level ; composed of extensive and highly fertile prairies and plains. Much of the south division of the State, especially the river-bottoms, are thickly wooded. The prairies, too, have oasis-like clumps of trees scattered here and there at intervals. The chief rivers irrigating the State are the Mississippi — dividing it from Iowa and Missouri — the Ohio (forming its south barrier), the Illinois, Wabash, Kaskaskia, and San- gamon, with their numerous affluents. The total extent of navigable streams is calculated at 4,000 miles. Small lakes are scattered over vari- ous parts of the State. Illinois is extremely prolific in minerals, chiefly coal, iron, copper, and zinc ores, sulphur and limestone. The coal-field alone is estimated to absorb a full third of the entire coal-deposit of North America. Climate tolerably equable and healthy ; the mean temperature standing at about 51" Fahrenheit As an agricultural region, Illinois takes a competitive rank with neighboring States, the cereals, fruits, and root- crops yielding plentiful returns ; in fact, as a grain-growing State, Illinois may be deemed, in proportion to her size, to possess a greater area of lands suitable for its production than any other State in the Union. Stock- raising is also largely carried on, while her manufacturing interests in regard of woolen fabrics, etc., are on a very extensive and yearly expand- ing scale. The lines of railroad in the State are among the most exten- sive of the Union. Inland water-carriage is facilitated by a canal connecting the Illinois River with Lake Michigan, and thence with the St. Lawrence and Atlantic. Illinois is divided into 102 counties ; the chief towns being Chicago, Springfield (capital), Alton, Quincy, Peoria, Galena, Bloomington, Rock Island, Vandalia, etc. By the new Consti- tution, established in 1870, the State Legislature consists of 51 Senators, elected for four years, and 153 Representatives, for two years ; which numbers were to be decennially increased thereafter to the number of six per every additional half-million of inhabitants. Religious and educational institutions are largely diffused throughout, and are in a very flourishing condition. Illinois has a State Lunatic and a Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Jacksonville ; a State Penitentiary at Joliet ; and a Home for Ofvi TUE NORTHWESTERN STATES. Soldiers' Orphans at Normal. On November 30, 1870, the public debt of the State was returned at $4,870,937, with a balance of $1,808,833 unprovided for. At the same period the value of assessed and equalized property presented the following totals: assessed, $840,031,703 ; equal- ized $480,664,058. The name of Illinois, through nearly thv whole of the eighteenth century, embraced most of the known regions north and west of Ohio. French colonists established themselves in 1673, at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and the territory of which these settlements formed the nucleus Avas, in 1768, ceded to Great Britain in conjunction with Canada, and ultimately resigned to the United States in 1787. Illinois entered the Union as a State, December 3, 1818; and now sends 19 Representatives to Congress. Population, 2,539,891, in 1870. THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 259 INDIANA Tlie profile of Indiana forms a nearly exact parallelogram, occupy- ing one of the most fertile portions of the great Mississippi Valley. The greater extent of the surface embraced within its limits consists of gentle undulations rising into hilly tracts toward the Ohio bottom. The chief rivers of the State are the Ohio and Wabash, with their, numerous affluents. The soil is highly productive of the cereals and grasses — most particularly so in the valleys of the Ohio, Wabash, Whitewater, and White Rivers. The northeast and central portions are well timbered with virgin forests, and the west section is notably rich in coal, constitut- ing an offshoot of the great Illinois carboniferous field. Iron, copper, marble, slate, gypsum, and various clays are also abundant. From an agricultural point of view, the staple products are maize and wheat, with the other cereals in lesser yields ; and besides these, flax, hemp, sorghum, liops, etc., are extensively raised. Indiana is divided into 92 counties, and counts among her principal cities and towns, those of Indianapolis (the capital), Fort Wayne, Evansville, Terre Haute, Madison, Jefferson- ville, Columbus, Vincenne's, South Bend, etc. The public institutions of the State are many and various, and on a scale of magnitude and efficiency commensurate with her important political and industrial status. Upward of two thousand miles of railroads permeate the State in all directions, and greatly conduce to the development of her expanding manufacturing interests. Statistics for the fiscal year terminating October 31, 1870, exhibited a total of receipts, -f 3,896,541 as against dis- bursements, $3,532,406, leaving a balance, $364,135 in favor of the State Treasury. The entire public debt, January 5, 1871, $3,971,000. This State was first settled by Canadian voyageurs in 1702, Avho erected a fort at Vincennes ; in 1763 it passed into the hands of the English, and was by tlie latter ceded to the United States in 1783. From 1788 till 1791, an Indian warefare prevailed. In 1800, all the region west and north of Ohio (then formed into a distinct territory) became merged in Indiana. In 1809, the present limits of the State were defined, Michigan and Illinois having previously been withdrawn. In 1811, Indiana was the theater of the Indian War of Tecumseh, ending with the decisive battle of Tippecanoe. In 1816 (December 11), Indiana became enrolled among the States of the American Union. In 1834, the State passed through a monetary crisis owing to its having become mixed up with railroad, canal, and other speculations on a gigantic scale, which ended, for the time being, in a general collapse of 2:)ublic credit, and consequent bank- ruptcy. Since that time, however, the greater number of the public 260 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. works which had brought about that imbroglio — especially the great Wabash and Erie Canal — have been completed, to the great benefit of the State, whose subsequent progress has year by year been marked by rapid strides in the paths of wealth, commerce, and general social and political prosperity. The constitution now in force was adopted in 1851. Population, 1,680,637. IOWA. In shape, Iowa presents an almost perfect parallelogram ; has a length, north to south, of about 300 rniles, by a pretty even width of 208 miles, and embraces an area of 55,045 square miles, or 35,228,800 acres. The surface of the State is generally undulating, rising toward the middle into an elevated plateau which forms the " divide " of the Missouri and Mississippi basins. Rolling prairies, especially in the south section, constitute a regnant feature, and the river bottoms, belted with woodlands, present a soil of the richest alluvion. Iowa is well watered ; the principal rivers being the Mississippi and Missouri, which form respectively its east and west limits, and the Cedar, Iowa, and Des Moines, affluents of the first named. Mineralogically, Iowa is important as occupying a section of the great Northwest coal field, to the extent of an area estimated at 25,000 square miles. Lead, copper, zinc, and iron, are also mined in considerable quantities. The soil is well adapted to the production of wheat, maize, and the other cereals ; fruits, vegetables, and esculent roots ; maize, wheat, and oats forming the chief staples. Wine, tobacco, hops, and wax, are other noticeable items of the agricul- tural yield. Cattle-raising, too, is a branch of rural industry largely engaged in. The climate is healthy, although liable to extremes of heat and cold. The annual gross product of the various manufactures carried on in this State approximate, in round numbers, a sum of $20,000,000. Iowa has an immense railroad system, besides over 500 miles of water- communication by means of its navigable rivers. The State is politically divided into 99 counties, with the following centers of population : Des Moines (capital), Iowa City (former capital), Dubuque, Davenport, Bur- lington, Council Bluffs, Keokuk, Muscatine, and Cedar Rapids. The State institutions of Iowa — religious, scholastic, and philanthropic — are on a par, as regards number and perfection of organization and operation, with those of her Northwest sister States, and education is especially well cared for, and largely diffused. Iowa formed a portion of the American territorial acquisitions from France, by the so-called Louisiana purchase in 1 803, and was politically identified with Louisiana till 1812, THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 263 when it merged into the Missouri Territory; in 1834 it came under the Michigan organization, and, in 183G, under that of Wisconsin. Finally, after being constituted an independent Territory, it became a State of the Union, December 28, 1846. Population in 1860, 674,913 ; in 1870, 1,101,792, and in 1875, 1,353,118. MICHIGAN. United area, 56,243 square miles, or 35,995,520 acres. Extent of the Upper and smaller Peninsula — length, 316 miles; breadth, fluctuating between 36 and 120 miles. The south division is 416 miles long, by from 50 to 300 miles wide. Aggregate lake-shore line, 1,400 miles. The Upper, or North, Peninsula consists chiefly of an elevated plateau, expanding into the Porcupine mountain-system, attaining a maximum height of some 2,000 feet. Its shores along Lake Superior are eminently bold and picturesque, and its area is rich in minerals, its product of copper constituting an important source of industry. Both divisions are heavily wooded, and the South one, in addition, boasts of a deep, rich, loamy soil, throwing up excellent crops of cereals and other agricultural produce. The climate is generally mild and humid, though the Winter colds are severe. The chief staples of farm husbandry include the cereals, grasses, maple sugar, sorghum, tobacco, fruits, and dairy-stuffs. In 1870, the acres of land in farms were : improved, 5,096,939 ; unimproved woodland, 4,080,146 ; other unimproved land, 842,057. The cash value of land was $398,240,578 ; of farming implements and machinery, $13,711,979. In 1869, there were shipped from the Lake Superior ports, 874,582 tons of iron ore, and 45,762 of smelted pig, along with 14,188 tons of copper (ore and ingot). Coal is another article largely mined. Inland communication is provided for by an admirably organized railroad system, and by the St. Mary's Ship Canal, connecting Lakes Huron and Superior. Michigan is politically divided into 78 counties ; its chief urban centers are Detroit, Lansing (capital), Ann Arbor, Marquette, Bay City, Niles, Ypsilanti, Grand Haven, etc. The Governor of the State is elected biennially. On November 30, 1870, the aggregate bonded debt of Michigan amounted to $2,385,028, and the assessed valuation of Land to $266,929,278, representing an estimated cash value of $800,000,000. Education is largely diffused and most excellently conducted and pro- vided for. The State University at Ann Arbor, the colleges of Detroit and Kalamazoo, the Albion Female College, the State Normal School at Ypsilanti, and the State Agricultural College at Lansing, are chief among the academic institutions. Michigan (a term of Chippeway origin, and 264 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. signifying " Great Lake), was discovered and first settled by French Canadians, who, in 1670, founded Detroit, the pioneer of a series of trad- ing-posts on the Indian frontier. During the " Conspiracy of Pontiac," following the French loss of Canada, Michigan became the scene of a sanguinary struggle between the whites and aborigines. In 1796, it became annexed to the United States, which incorporated this region with the Northwest Territory, and then with Indiana Territory, till 1803, when it became territorially independent. Michigan was the theater of warlike operations during the war of 1812 with Great Britain, and in 1819 was authorized to be represented by one delegate in Congress ; in 1837 she was admitted into the Union as a State, and in 1869 ratified the loth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Population, 1,184,059. WISCONSIN. It has a mean length of 260 miles, and a maximum breadth of 215. Land area, 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres. Wisconsin lies at a considerable altitude above sea-level, and consists for the most part of an upland plateau, the surface of which is undulating and very generall}^ diversified. Numerous local eminences called mounds are interspersed over the State, and the Lake Michigan coast-line is in many parts char- acterized by lofty escarped cliffs, even as on the west side the banks of the Mississippi form a series of high and picturesque bluffs. A group of islands known as The Apostles lie off the extreme north point of the State in Lake Superior, and the great estuary of Green Bay, running far inland, gives formation to a long, narrow peninsula between its waters and those of Lake Michigan. The river-system of Wisconsin has three outlets — those of Lake Superior, Green Bay, and the Mississipjn, which latter stream forms the entire southwest frontier, widening at one point into the large watery expanse called Lake Pepin. Lake Superior receives the St. Louis, Burnt Wood, and Montreal Rivers ; Green Bay, the Menomonee, Peshtigo, Oconto, and Fox ; while into the Mississippi empty the St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, Wisconsin, and Rock Rivers. The chief interior lakes are those of Winnebago, Horicon, and Court Oreilles, and smaller sheets of water stud a great part of the surface. The climate is healthful, with cold Winters and brief but very w^arm Summers. Mean annual rainfall 31 inches. The geological system represented by the State, embraces those rocks- included between the primary and the Devonian series, the former containing extensive deposits of copper and iron ore. Besides these minerals, lead and zinc are found in great quantities, together with kaolin, plumbago, gypsum, THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 265 and various clays. Mining, consequentl3% forms a prominent industry, and one of yearly increasing dimensions. The soil of Wisconsin is of varying quality, but fertile on the whole, and in the north parts of the State heavily timbered. The agricultural yield comprises the cereals, together with flax, hemp, tobacco, pulse, sorgum, and all kinds of vege- tables, and of the hardier fruits. In 1870, the State had a total number of 102,904 farms, occupying 11,715,321 acres, of which 5,899,343 con- sisted of improved land, and 3,437,442 were timbered. Cash value of farms, $300,414,064 ; of farm implements and machinery, $14,239,364. Total estimated value of all farm products, including betterments and additions to stock, $78,027,032 ; of orchard and dairy stuffs, $1,045,933 ; of lumber, $1,327,618 ; of home manufactures, $338,423 ; of all live-stock, $45,310,882. Number of manufacturing establishments, 7,136, employ- ing 39,055 hands, and turning out productions valued at $85,624,966. The political divisions of the State form 61 counties, and the chief places of wealth, trade, and population, are Madison (the capital), Milwaukee, Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, Prairie du Chien, Janesville, Portage City, Racine, Kenosha, and La Crosse. In 1870, the total assessed valuation reached $333,209,838, as against a true valuation of both real and personal estate aggregating $602,207,329. Treasury receipts during 1870, $886,- 696 ; disbursements, $906,329. Value of church property, $4,749,983. Education is amply provided for. Independently of the State University at Madison, and those of Galesville and of Lawrence at Appleton, and the colleges of Beloit, Racine, and Milton, there are Normal Schools at Platteville and Whitewater. The State is divided into 4,802 common school districts, maintained at a cost, in 1870, of $2,094,160. The chari- table institutions of Wisconsin include a Deaf and Dumb Asylum, an Institute for the Education of the Blind, and a Soldiers' Orphans' School. In January, 1870, the railroad system ramified throughout the State totalized 2,779 miles of track, including several lines far advanced toward completion. Immigration is successfully encouraged by the State author- ities, the larger number of yearly new-comers being of Scandinavian and German origin. The territory now occupied within the limits of the State of Wisconsin was explored by French missionaries and traders in 1639, and it remained under French jurisdiction until 1703, when it became annexed to the British North American possessions. In 1796, it reverted to the United States, the government of which latter admitted it within the limits of the Northwest Territory, and in 1809, attached it to that of Illinois, and to Michigan in 1818. Wisconsin became independ- ently territorially organized in 1836, and became a State of the Union, March 3, 1847. Population in 1870, 1,0»;4,985, of which 2,113 were of the colored race, and 11,521 Indians, 1,206 of the latter being out of tribal relations. 266 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. MINNESOTA Its length, north to south, embraces an extent of 380 miles ; its oreadth one of 250 miles at a maximum. Area, 84,000 square miles, or 54,760,000 acres. The surface of Minnesota, generally speaking, con- sists of a succession of gently undulating plains and prairies, drained by an admirable water-system, and with here and there heavily- timbered bottoms and belts of virgin forest. The soil, corresponding with such a superfices, is exceptionally rich, consisting for the most part of a dark, calcareous sandy drift intermixed with loam. A distinguishing physical feature of this State is its riverine ramifications, expanding in nearly every part of it into almost innumerable lakes — the whole presenting an aggregate of water-power having hardly a rival in the Union. Besides the Mississippi — which here has its rise, and drains a ])asin of 800 miles of country — the principal streams are the Minnesota (334 miles long), the Red River of the North, the St. Croix, St. Louis, and many others of lesser importance ; the chief lakes are those called Red, Cass, Leech, Mille Lacs, Vermillion, and Winibigosh. Quite a concatenation of sheets of water fringe the frontier line where Minnesota joins British America, culminating in the Lake of the Woods. It has been estimated, that of an area of 1,200,000 acres of surface between the St. Croix and Mis- sissippi Rivers, not less than 73,000 acres are of lacustrine formation. In point of minerals, the resources of Minnesota have as yet been very imperfectly developed; iron, copper, coal, lead — all these are known to exist in considerable deposits ; together with salt, limestone, and potter's clay. The agricultural outlook of the State is in a high degree satis- factory ; wheat constitutes the leading cereal in cultivation, with Indian corn and oats in next order. Fruits and vegetables are grown in great plenty and of excellent quality. The lumber resources of Minnesota are important ; the pine forests in the north region alone occupying an area of some 21,000 square miles, which in 1870 produced a return of scaled logs amounting to 313,116,416 feet. The natural industrial advantages possessed by Minnesota are largely improved upon by a railroad s3-stem. The political divisions of this State number 78 counties ; of which the chief cities and towns are : St. Paul (the capital), Stillwater, Red Wing, St. Anthony, Fort Snelling, Minneapolis, and Mankato. Minnesota lias already assumed an attitude of liigh importance as a manufacturing State ; this is mainly due to the wonderful command of water-power she pos- sesses, as before spoken of. Besides her timber-trade, the milling of flour, the distillation of whisky, and the tanning of leather, are prominent interests, which in 1869, gave returns to the amount of $14,831,043. THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. " 267 Education is notably provided for on a broad and catholic scale, the entire amount expended scholastically during the year 1870 being 1857,- 816 ; while on November 30 of the preceding year the permanent school fund stood at |2, 476, 222. Besides a University and Agricultural College, Normal and Reform Schools flourish, and with these may be mentioned such various philanthropic and religious institutions as befit the needs of an intelligent and prosperous community. The finances of the State for the fiscal year terminating December 1, 1870, exhibited a balance on the right side to the amount of |136,164, being a gain of $44,000 over the previous year's figures. The earliest exploration of Minnesota by the whites was made in 1680 by a French Franciscan, Father Hennepin, who gave the name of St. Antony to the Great Falls on the Upper Missisippi. In 1763, the Treaty of Versailles ceded this region to England. Twenty years later, Minnesota formed part of the Northwest Territory transferred to the United States, and became herself territorialized inde- pendently in 1849. Indian cessions in 1851 enlarged her boundaries, and. May 11, 1857, Minnesota became a unit of the great American federation of States. Population, 439,706. NEBRASKA. Maximum length, 412 miles ; extreme breadth, 208 miles. Area» 75,905 square miles, or 48,636,800 acres. The surface of this State is almost entirely undulating prairie, and forms part of the west slope of the great central basin of the North American Continent. In its west division, near the base of the Rocky Mountains, is a sandy belt of country, irregularly defined. In this part, too, are the " dunes," resem- bling a wavy sea of sandy billows, as well as the Mauvaises Terres. a tract of singular formation, produced by eccentric disintegrations and denuda- tions of the land. The chief rivers are the Missouri, constituting its en- tire east line of demarcation ; the Nebraska or Platte, the Niobrara, the Republican Fork of the Kansas, the Elkhorn, and the Loup Fork of the Platte. The soil is very various, but consisting chiefly of rich, bottomy loam, admirably adapted to the raising of heavy crops of cereals. All the vegetables and fruits of the temperate zone are produced in great size and plenty. For grazing purposes Nebraska is a State exceptionally well fitted, a region of not less than 23,000,000 acres being adaptable to this branch of husbandry. It is believed that the, as yet, comparatively infertile tracts of land found in various parts of the State are susceptible of productivity by means of a properly conducted system of irrigation. Few minerals of moment have so far been found witliin the limits of 268 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. Nebraska, if we may except important saline deposits at the head of Salt Creek in ics southeast section. The State is divided into o7 counties, independent of the Pawnee and Winnebago Indians, and of unorganized territory in the northwest part. The principal towns are Omaha, Lincoln (State capital), Nebraska City, Columbus, Grand Island, etc. In 1870, the total assessed value of property amounted to $53,000,000, being an increase of $11,000,000 over the previous year's returns. The total amount received from the school-fund during the year 1869-70 was $77,999. Education is making great onward strides, the State University and an Agricultural College being far advanced toward completion. In the matter of railroad communication, Nebraska bids fair to soon place herself on a par with her neighbors to the east. Besides being inter- sected by the Union Pacific line, with its off-shoot, the Fremont and Blair, other tracks are in course of rapid construction. Organized by Con- gressional Act into a Territory, May 30, 1854, Nebraska entered the Union as a full State, March 1, 1867. Population, 122,993. inrxTix(; praieie wolves in an uakly day. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 269 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND ITS AMENDMENTS. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity/, provide for the common defense, promote the general tvelfare, and secure the hlessi7igs of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article I. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- bers chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- eral states which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse- quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plan- tations one, Connecticut .five. New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylva- nia eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 270 AlfD ITS AMENDMENTS. tion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any state, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of tli Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore^ in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside. And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Sen- ators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the Legis- lature thereof; but the Congress ma}' at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; l)ut a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each liouse may provide. Each liOuse may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.- Each house shall keej) a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publisli the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of tlie members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on tlie journal. Neither liouse, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses sliall be sitting. Sec. G. The Senators and Ilepresentatives shall receive a compen- sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 271 felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their- attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it ; but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have origi- nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewisebe reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned ])y the President within ten days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the tjnited States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by liim, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lim- itations prescribed in the case of a bill. Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power — To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; To establish post offices and post roads ; 272 -A-ND ITS AMENDMENTS. To promote the progress of sciences and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and oifenses against the law of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for n longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy ; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suj)press insurrections, and repel invasions ; To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the disci- pline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all j^laces purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings ; and To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart- ment or officer thereof. Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, luiless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev enue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expeditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 273 No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Sec. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder- ation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Article II. Section 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. [*The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Pres- ident of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a ma- jority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, • This clause between brackets has been superseded and annulled by the Twelfth amendmi^iit 274 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-Presi- dent.] The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inabil- ity, both of tlie President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the dis- ability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- pensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- lowing oath or affirmation: " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Sec. 2, The President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardon for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present con- cur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice of the Senate, shall apj)oint ambassaaors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sec. 8. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such mea- sures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may on extraordinary CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 275 occasions convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree- ment between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he ma}? adjourn them to sucli time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and con viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article III. Section I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a comj)ensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of differ- ent states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state or the citizens tliereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be hy jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within an}^ state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes- timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. Article IV. Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And 276 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sec. 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. A j)erson charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdicfon of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on the claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec. 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular state. Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the Execu- tive (when the Legislature can not be convened), against domestic vio- lence. Article V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the ap- plication of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when rati- fled by the Legislatures of tin-ee fourths of the several states, or by con- ventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratifi- cation may be proposed by the Congress. Provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. Article VL All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adop- tion of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States whicli shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and RcDresentatives before mentioned, and the mem- CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 277" bers of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial offi- cers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Article VII. The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEO. WASHINGTON, President and Deputy from Virginia. New Haynpshire. John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts. Nathaniel Gorham, RuFus King. Connecticut. Wm. Sam'l Johnson, Roger Sherman. Delaware. Geo. Read, John Dickinson, Jaco. Broom, Gunning Bedford, Jr., Richard Bassett. Maryland. James M'Henry, Danl. Carroll, Dan. of St. Thos. Jenifer. New York. Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey. WiL. Livingston, Wm. Paterson, David Brearley, JoNA. Dayton. Virginia. John Blair, James Madison, Jr. North Carolina. Wm. Blount, Hu. Williamson, Rich'd Dobbs Spaight. Pennsylvania. B. Franklin, RoBT. Morris, Thos. Fitzsimons, James Wilson, Thos. Mifflin, Geo. Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Gouv. Morris. South Carolina. j. rutledge, Charles Pinckney, Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney. Pierce Butler. Georgia. William Few, Abr. Baldwin, WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 21S AND ITS AMENDMENTS. Articles in Addition to and Amendatory of the Constitution OP THE United States of America. Proposed hy Congress and ratified hy the Legislatures of the several states^ pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution. Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment cf religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Article II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be pre- scribed by law. Article IV. The right of tlie people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- lated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the ]jlace to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. . Article V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for tlie same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for ol)taining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Article VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the riidit of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 281 tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article IX. The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. Article XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or sub- jects of any foreign state. Article XII. The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person to be voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- President, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi- dent whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be the majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a major- 282 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. ity, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall 1)6 necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. Article XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juris- diction. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- priate legislation. Article XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- sons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice- President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the execu- tive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the num- ber of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previ- ously taken an oath as a Member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or as an execu- tive or judicial officer of any state to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States author- ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and boun- ties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be ques- tioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall pay any debt or obligation incurred in the aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any loss or emancipation of any slave, but such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 283 Article XV. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. VOTE FOR GOVERNOR, 1877, AND PRESIDENT, 1876. Counties. Adair Adams Allamakee . .. Appanoose .... Audubon Benton Black Hawk.. Boone Bremer Buchanan Buena Vista.. Butler Calhoun Carroll Cass Cedar Cerro Gordo.. Cherokee Chickasaw ..., Clark Clay Clayton Clinton Crawford Dallas Davis... Dacatur Delaware Des Moines ... Dickinson Dubuque Emmett Fayette . Floyd Franklin Fremont Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton Haucock Hardin , Harrison Henry Howard Humboldt Ida Iowa .lackson Jasper Jefferson 1877. Governor. 1870. President. Rep. Dem. Gr. Pro. Rep. Dem 982 876 1547 1105 410 1432 1780 1612 1180 1290 747 1453 418 633 1592 1315 903 562 1279 1054 517 1873 2444 898 1541 893 1269 1226 2315 197 1587 213 1933 1233 1311 1250 1031 909 1160 842 340 1492 1348 1770 551 382 321 1132 1619 1977 1390 101 397 1540 1049 352 712 1111 981 582 769 192 758 75 744 839 1093 348 74 1107 267 16 1770 2327 651 215 1231 961 1143 1384 8 3415 28 1067 208 336 1331 215 504 490 205 95 661 80; 424 647 149 54 112(1 lOoo 1154 7.53 581 485 69 729 26 567 95 406 196 725 161 19 171 141 116 206 72 383 37 813 20 66 286 19 1241 803 31(1 32 767 406 162 16 3.34 551 364 422 29 238 523 1041 201 115 104 642 224 101 576 449 244 10 1 223 20 95 74 11 30 446 40 86 94 19 67 107 06 111 80 12 19 525 6 12 53 21 57 2 154 19 140 519 64 228 15 20? 109 1334 1370 1709 1711 42' 2901 2979 2018 1737 2227 770 1828 022 799 1870 2328 1274 864 1574 1403 567 2662 3654 1043 2136 1586 1047 2233 3325 259 2798 240 3029 2032 1178 1058 1310 1099 1434 1187 281 21.52 15.57 2809 1194 523 212 1870 2120 337. 2106 593 620 1646 1419! .352 1356 1592 1305 757 1410 200 780 196 771 979 1445 448 175 1090 816 94 2621 3398 638 752 1631 1282 1466' 2917 48 4977 36 1709 751 379 1682 510 417 629 425 99 980 1386 1485 600 183 57 1348 2485 1804 1449 Counties. Johnson Jones Keokuk Kossuth jLee JLinn iLouisa Lucas [Lyon Madison Mahaska Marion Marshall Mills Mitchell Monona Monroe Montgomery Muscatine O'Brien Osceola Page Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas Polk Pottawattamie.... Poweshiek Ringgold Sac Scott Shlby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren Wapello Warren Washington Wayne Webster Winnebago Winneshiek jWoodbury Worth Wright Totals Majorities. 1877. Governor. 1870. President. Kep. Dem. j Gr Pro. Rep. Dem 1884 1868 1772 463 2157 2524 1328 1203 261 1792 1823 1976 1448 1435 1396 680 1034 1122 1753 306 295 1166 311 779 370 3171 2223 1496 964 6£6 3031 888 436 1200 1426 1325 899 1490 17 1726 i(;87 1316 850 544 2074 1109 028 301 2345 1218J 1526| 236 2863 2316 817 804 17 1077 10^6 1866 837 1102 459 119 928 441 1775 21 40 508l 357' 487i 931 18 14 322 13 350 75 89 103 9 616 1011 760 3S9 98 35 432 247 532 171 201 13 34fi 18S5J 1353 2059 218 21.546 882 71 128 1963 639 132 344 833 293J 516 1305 1029 944 1221 832 127 40 1009; 279 8671 226 132 8 160 117 420 671 177 309 3 49 6411 190] 8081 830 301 1205 742 303 404 1421 273 OS 105 89 299 585 108 12 14 50 59(; 95 504 28 30 9 20 47 387 14 33 293 3 39 30 94 121 340 47 13 37 16 'l87 133 '"63 130 296 101 112 3 47 79353 238 9 14 9s 2345 2591 2364 638 3160 4331 1920 1478 262 2246 3221 2736 3056 1452 1063.' 713 1418 1749 2523 463 329 22431 343 835 374 4321 2505 2509 1246 661 3819 897 439 1813- 2337 1727 12381 21131 2582 2439 24071 1092 1299 498 27.^9 1034 703 57-1 171.33: 59211 f 3563 1763 1862 227 3682 2917 lOOS 1044 46 1538 1701 23f4 1189 1165 671 304 124ft 75<> 2075 116 59 861 333. 50-1 141 2382 2414 IO83 422 166 2S5,'i 631 220 579 1317 676 795 1661 2412 1315 1508 1341 987 39 161 T 997 149 184 Total vote, 1877, 245,766, 1876 (including]949 Greenback), 292,943. VOTE FOR CONGRESSMEN, 1876. District. Rep. Dem. R. Maj. Total. Maj. '74. District. Rep. j Dem. R. Maj. Total. Maj. '74. I 17188 164.39 17423 20770 19274 18778 14814 14683 10100 9379 11154 14719 2374 1756 1323 11391 8120 4059 32002 31122 33523 30149 30428 33497 D. 1863 R. 657 D. 63 R. 3824 R. 5243 R. 2724 VII 19496 11688 19358 15236 19563 10583 7808 4122 8980 31184 34594 30146 R 2300 II VIII . .. R ''127 Ill IX R 5849 IV V 168289,118356 49933 VI Total vote, 1874, 184,640 ; aggregate Republican majority, 24,524. *Including 5,466 Greenback votes. Practical Rules for Every Day Use. Hoiv to find the gain or loss per cent, when the cost and selling price are given. Rule. — Find the difference between the cost and selUng price, wiiich wVl be the gain or loss. Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost price ; the result will be the gain or loss per cent. How to change gold into currency. Rule. — Multiply the given sum of gold by the price of gold. How to change currency into gold. Divide the amount in currency by the price of gold. How to find each partner's share of the gain or loss in a coipartnership business. Rule. — Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock, the quo- tient will be the gain or loss per cent. Multipl}^ each partner's stock by this per cent., the result will be each one's share of the gain or loss. How to find gross and net weight and price of hogs. A short aiid simple method for finding the net weighty or price of hogs, when the gross weight or price is given, and vice versa. Note.— It is generally assumed that the gross weight of Hogs diiiiinislied by 1-5 or 20 per cent. of itself gives the net weight, and the net weight increased by }^ or 25 per cent, of itself equals the gross weight. To find the net weight or gross price. Multiply the given number by .8 (tenths.) To find the gross weight or net price. Divide the given number by .8 (tenths.) Hoiv to find the capacity of a granary, bin, or xvagoyi-bed. Rule. — Multiply (by short method) the number of cubic feet by 6308, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the correct nswer in bushels and tenths of a bushel. For only an approximate answer, multiply the cubic feet by 8, and point off one decimal place. How to find the contents of a corn-crib. Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method, or (284) MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 285 by 4i ordinary method, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the answer in bushels. Note.— In estimating corn in the ear, the quality and the time it has been cribbed must be taken into consideration, since corn will shrink considerably during the Winter and Spring. This rule generally holds good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided it is sound and clean. How to find the contents of a cistern or tank. Rule. — Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all in feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off one decimal place — the result will be the contents in barrels of 31i gallons. How to find the contents of a barrel or cask. Rule. — Under the square of the mean diameter, write the length (all in inches) in reverpj:d order, so that its units will fall under the TENS ; multiply by short method, and this product again by 430 ; point off one decimal place, and the result will be the answer in wine gallons. Hoiv to measure hoards. Rule. — Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and divide the product by 12 — the result will be the contents in square feet. How to measure scantlings, joists, planks^ sills, etc. Rule. — Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together (the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide the product by 12 — the result will be square feet. How to find the mimher of acres in a body of land. Rule. — Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the product by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal j^laces if there is a remainder) ; the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths. When the opposite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length, add them toc^ether and take one-half for the mean length or width. How to find the number of square yards in a floor or wall. Rule. — Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet), and divide the product by 9, the result will be square yards. How to find the number of bricks required in a building. Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22J. The number of cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height nd thickness (in feet) together. Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches thick ; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space. How to find the number of shingles required in a roof. Rule. — Multiply the number of square feet in the roof by 8, if the shingles are exposed 4^ inches, or by 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches. To find the number of square feet, multiply the length of the roof by twice the lengfth of the rafters. 286 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. To find the length of the rafters, at one-fourth pitch, multiply the width of the building by .56 (hundredths) ; at one-third pitch, by .6 (tenths) ; at two-fifths pitch, by .64 (hundredths) ; at one-half pitch, by .71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be taken into consideration. Note.— By H or }4 pitch is meant tliat tlie apex or comb of the roof is to be K or J^ the widtli of the Jbuildiiig Uig:her than tlie walls or base of the rafters. JTow to reckon the cost of hay. Rule. — Multiply the number of pounds by half the price per ton, and remove the decimal point three places to the left. Hoio to measure grain. Rule. — Level the grain ; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet ; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left. Note.— Exactness requires the addition to every three hundred bushels of one extra bushel. The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gallons, b}^ multiplying the number of bushels by 8. If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to find the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of eai corn to make 1 of shelled corn. Rapid rules for measuring laiid -without instruments. In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any given plot in square j'ards ; then, given the number of yards, find out the number of rods and acres. The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Now, an ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes. To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to walk in a straight line ; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote ; and, in walk- ing, keep these objects constantly in line. Farmers and others by adopting the folloiving simple and ingenious con- trivance., may always carry with them the scale to construct a correct yard measure. Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger o\ the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink. To find hoio many rods in length ivill make an acre., the ividth being given. Rule. — Divide IGO by the width, and the quotient will be the answer. ^ MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 287 Rolo to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of rods being given. Rule. — Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, and remove the decimal point two places to the left. The diameter being given, to find the circumference. Rule. — Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7. How to find the diameter, tvhen the circumference is given. Rule. — Divide the circumference by 3 1-7. To find how many solid feet a round stick of timber of the same thick- ness throughout tvill contain when squared. Rule. — Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, multiply by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144. General rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet. Rule. — Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144. To find the number of feet of timber in trees with the bark on. Rule. — Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by 144. Deduct 1-10 to 1-15 according to the thickness of the bark. Eoivard s netv ride for computing interest. Rule. — The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal point two places to the left ; for ten times that time, remove the point one place to the left ; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the left. Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given. Note.— The reciprocal of the rate is found by inverting the rate ; thus 3 per cent, per month, in- verted, l)ecomes >^ of a month, or 10 days. When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus : 3-1, three ones. Hulefor converting English into American currency. Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90. U. S. GOVERNMENT LAND MEASURE. A township — 36 sections each a mile square. A section — 640 acres. A quarter section, half a mile square — 160 acres. An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a mile wide — 80 acres. A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile square — 40 acres. 288 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. The sections are all numbered 1 to 36, commencing at the north-east corner. The sections are divided into quarters, which are named by the cardinal points. The quarters are divided in the same way. The de- scription of a forty acre lot would read : The south half of the west half of the south-west quarter of section 1 in township 24, north of range 7 west, or as the case might be ; and sometimes will fall short and sometimes overrun the number of acres it is supposed to contain. The nautical mile is 795 4-5 feet longer than the common mile. SURVEYORS' MEASURE. 7 92-100 inches make 1 link. 25 links " 1 rod. 4 rods " 1 chain. 80 chains " 1 mile. Note. — A chain is 100 links, equal to 4 rods or Q6 feet. Shoemakers formerly used a subdivision of the inch called a barley- corn ; three of which made an inch. Horses are measured directly over the fore feet, and the standard of measure is four inches — called a hand. In Biblical and other old measurements, the term span is sometimes used, which is a length of nine inches. The sacred cubit of the Jews was 24.024 inches in length. The common cubit of the Jews was 21.704 inches in length. A pace is equal to a 3'ard or 36 inches. A fathom is equal to 6 feet. A league is three miles, but its length is variable, for it is strictly speaking a nautical term, and should be three geographical miles, equal to 3.45 statute miles, but when used on land, three statute miles are said to be a league. In cloth measure an aune is equal to li yards, or 45 inches. An Amsterdam ell is equal to 26.796 inches. A Trieste ell is equal to 25.284 inches. A Brabant cll is equal to 27.116 inches. HOW TO KEEP ACCOUNTS. Every farmer and mechanic, whether he does much or little business, should keep a record of his transactions in a clear and systematic man- ner. For the benefit of those Avho have not had the opportunity of ac- quiring a primary knowledge of the principles of book-keeping, we here present a simple form of keeping accounts which is easily comprehended, and well adapted to record the ])usiness transactions of farmers, mechanics and laborers. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 289 1875. A. H. JACKSON. Dr. Cr. Jan. 10 u 17 Feb. 4 (C 4 March 8 (( 8 li 13 li 27 April 9 a 9 May 6 <( 24 July 4 To 7 bushels Wheat ..at 6:1.25 By shoeing' span of Horses To 14 bushels Oats at $ .45 To 5 lbs. Butter at .25 By new Harrow By sharpening 2 Plows. __ By new Double-Tree To Cow and Calf To half ton of Hay .... By Cash . [[[]"]][] By repairing Corn-Planter ._ To one Sow with Pigs _ By Cash, to balance account _ $8 6 1 48 6 17 888 75 30 50 05 IS 25 4 888 50 00' 40 00 75 15 05 1875. CASS A MASON. Dr. Cr. March 21 u 21 u 23 May 1 1 June 19 a 26 July 10 29 Aug. 12 12 Sept. 1 By 3 days' labor at $1.25 To 2 Shoats at 3.00 To 18 bushels Corn at .45 By 1 month's Labor To Cash '_"""; By 8 days' Mowing at $1.50 To 50 lbs. Flour To 27 lbs. Meat at $ .16 By 9 days' Harvesting.. __ at 2.00 By 6 days' Labor . at 1.50 To Cash ... To Cash to balance account . . S3 $G 00 8 10 25 10 00 12 2 75 2 70 18 9 20 00 18 20 $67 75 167 75 00 00 00 00 75 INTEREST TABLE. A Simple Rule for accurately Computino Interest at Any Givex Peii Cent For a.ny Length op Time. Multiply the principal (amount of money at Interest) by the time reduced to days; then divide this product by the quotient obtained by dividing 360 (the number of days in the interest year) by the per cent, of interest andt'ie quotient thus obtained will be tlie required interest. ' ILLUSTRATION. Solution. Requiretheiuterest of $462.50 for one month and eighteen days at 6 per cent. An $46:2.50 interest month is 30 days; one month .md eighteen days equal 48 days. $463.50 multi- 48 plied by .48 gives $2230000; 360 divided bv 6 (the per cent, of interest) gives 60, and • ■- $233.0000 divided by 60 will give you the exact interest, whio'i is $3.70. Iftherateof 370000 interest in the above example were 12 per cent., we would divide the $222.0000 by 30 B13R0 \ IRfSOnn (because 360 divided by 12 gives 30); if 4 per cent., we would divide by 90; if 8 per __ ] cent., by 45: and in like manner for any other per cent. 60/$223.0000(S3.70 "'iso' 420 420 00 MISCELLANEOUS TABLE. 12 units, or tilings, 1 Dozen. 12 dozen, 1 Gross. 20 things, 1 Score. 196 pounds, 1 Barrel of Flour. I 24 sheets of paper, 1 Quire. 200 pounds, 1 Barrel of Porlc. 20 quires paper 1 Ream. 56 pounds, 1 Firlcin of Butter. | 4 ft. wide, 4 f. high, and 8 ft. long, 1 Cord Wood.. 290 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. NAMES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION, AND THEIR SIGNIFICATIONS. Virginia. — The oldest of the States, was so called in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made his first attempt to colonize that region. Florida. — Ponce de Leon landed on the coast of Florida on Easter Sunday, and called the country in commemoration of the day, which was the Pasqua Florida of the Spaniards, or " Feast of Flowers." Louisiana was called after Louis the Fourteenth, who at one time ■owned that section of the country. Alabama was so named by the Indians, and signifies " Here we Rest." Mississippi is likewise an Indian name, meaning " Long River." Arkansas., from Kansas, the Indian word for " smoky water." Its prefix was really arc, the French word for " bow." The Carolinas were originally one tract, and were called "Carolana," after Charles the Ninth of France. G-eorgia owes its name to George the Second of England, who first established a colony there in 1732. Temiessee is the Indian name for the " River of the Bend," i. e., the Mississippi which forms its western boundary. Kentucky is the Indian name for " at the head of the river." Ohio means " beautiful ; " Iowa., " drowsy ones ; " Minnesota., " cloudy water," and Wisconsin., "wild-rushing channel." Illinois is derived from the Indian word illini, men, and the French suffix ois, together signifying " tribe of men." Michigan was called by the name given the Idike., fish-weir., which was so styled from its fancied resemblance to a fish trap. Missouri is from the Indian word " muddy," which more properly applies to the river that flows through it. Oregon owes its Indian name also to its principal river. Cortes named California. Massachusetts is the Indian for " The country around the great hills." Connecticut, from the Indian Quon-ch-ta-Cut, signifying "Long River." Mart/land, after Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles the First, of England. New York was named by the Duke of York. Pennsylvania means " Penn's woods," and was so called after William Penn, its orignal owner. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 291 Delatvare after Lord De La Ware. Neiv Jersey, so called in honor of Sir George Carteret, y/ho was Governor of the Island of Jersey, in the British Channel. Maine was called after the province of Maine in France, in compli- ment of Queen Henrietta of England, who owned that province. Vermont, from the French word Vert Mont, signifying Green Mountain. Netv Hampshire, from Hampshire county in England. It was formerly called Laconia. The little State of Rhode Island owes its name to the Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean, which domain it is said to greatly resemble. Texas is the American word for the Mexican name by which all that section of the country was called before it was ceded to the United States. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. States and Territories, Alabama Arkansas 'California Oonnecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana low a Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts — Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire N e w J e r s e y New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Khode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Total States Arizona , Colorada Dakota District of Columbia Idaho Montana New Mexico Utah ■yVashi ngton . . , Wyoming Total Territories, , Total United States 38.113,253 9,658 39,864 14,181 131.700 14,999 20,595 91,874 86,786 23,955 9,118 442,7.30 38,555,983 POPULATION PRINCIPAL OF FIFTY CITIES. New York, N. Y Philadelphia, Pa... Brooklyn, N. Y St. Louis, Mo Chicago, 111 Baltimore, Md Boston, Mass Cincinnati, Ohio New Orleans, La. ., San Francisco, Cal. Buffalo, N. Y Wasliington, D. C. Newark, N. J Louisville, Ky Cleveland, Ohio Pittsburg, Pa Jersey City, N. J ... Detroit, Mich Milwaukee, Wis Albany, N. Y Providence, R. I Rochester, N. Y Allegheny, Pa Richmond, Va New Haven, Conn. Charleston, S. C — Indianapolis, Ind... Troy, N. Y , Syracuse, N. Y Worcester, Mass... Lowell, Mass Memphis, Tenn Cambridge, Mass... Hartford, Conn ■Scranton, Pa , Reading, Pa Paterson, N. J Kansas City, Mo... Mobile, Ala Toledo, Ohio Portland, Me Columbus, Ohio Wilmington, Del... Dayton, Ohio Lawrence, Mass Utica, N. Y Charlestown, Mass Savannah, Ga Lynn. Mass Fall River, Mass... Aggregate Population. 942,292 674,022 396,099 310,864 298.977 267,354 250, .526 216,239 191,418 149,473 117,714 109,199 105,059 100,753 92,829 86,076 82.546 79,577 71.440 69,422 68,904 62,386 53,180 51.038 50.840 48,956 48.244 46.465 43,051 41,105 40.928 40.226 39,634 37,180 3.5,092 33,930 33,579 32,260 32,034 31,584 31,413 31,274 30,841 30,473 28,921 28,804 28,323 28,235 28,233 26,766 292 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. States ajid Territokiks. Area in square Miles. States. Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut .50,722 52,198 188 981 4.674 2,120 Florida Georgia Illinois .59,268 58.000 55,410 33,809 Iowa Kansas 55,045 81,318 Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massacliusetts... Michigan* 37,600 41,346 31,776 11,184 7,800 56,451 83,531 47,156 65,350 Mississippi Neliraska 75,9S5 112,090 New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina. . Ohio 9,280 8.320 47,000 50,704 39,964 Oregon 95,244 Population 1870. 1,350,544 528,349 857,039 ' Last Census of 996,992 484,471 560,^47 537,4.54 125,015 187,748 1,184,109 2,539,891 1,680,637 1,191.792 364,399 1,. 321, Oil 726,915 626,915 780,894 1,457,351 1,184,059 439,706 827,922 1,721,295 123,993 42,491 318,300 906,096 4,382,759 1,071,361 2,665,260 90,923 Michigan taken in 1874, Miles R. R. 1875. 1872 1,651,912 1,334,031 598,429 246,280 52,540 1,026.502 4,705,208 States and Territories. States. Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina... Tennessee Texas Vermont ... Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Total States Territories. Arizona Colorado Dakota Dist. of Columbia, Idaho Montana New Mexico Utah Washington Wyoming Total Territories, Area in square Miles. 46,000 1,306 29,385 45,600 237..504 10,212 40,904 23,000 53,924 1,950,171 113, 104 147 90 143 121, 80, 69, 93, 1870. 3,521, 217 705, 1,258, 818, 330, 1,225 442, 1,054, 38,113,253 9 39, 14 131, 14, 20, 91, 86, 23, 9, Miles R. R. 1875. 1872. 258,239 925,145 l,2::i6,72£ 5,113 136 1,201 1,520 865 675 1,490 485 1,725 59,587 392 375 498 1,265 Aggregateof U.S.. 2,915,203 38,555,983 60,852 • Included In the Railroad Mileage of Maryland. PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; Population and Area. Countries. China British Empire Russia United States with Alaska France Austria and Hungary Japan Great Britain and Ireland. . . German Knipire Italy Spain Brazil Turkey Mexico Sweden and Norway Persia Belgium Bavaria Portugal Holland N ew Grenada Chili... Switzerland Peru Bolivia Argentine Republic Wurtemburg Denmark Venezuela Baden Greece Guatemala Ecuador Paraguay Hesse Liberia San Salvador Hayti N icaragua Uruguay Hontluras San Domingo Costa Rica Hawaii Population. 446, 226, 81, 38, 36, 35, 34, 31, 29, 27, 16, 10, 16, 9, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, i: 1 1 I, 1 1 1 1 1 500,000 817,108 925,400 925,600 469,800 904,400 78.5,300 817,100 906,092 439,921 642,000 000.000 463,000 173,000 921.. 500 000,0<)0 021,300 861,400 99.5,200 688,300 000,000 000.000 669.100 500,000 000,000 812,000 818,500 784.700 500,000 461,400 457.900 180,000 ,300,000 ,000,000 823,138 718.000 600,000 572,000 3.50,000 300,000 3.50,000 136,000 165.000 62.950 Date of Census. 1871 1871 1871 1870 1866 1869 1871 1871 1871 1871 1867 1869 1870 1870 1869 1871 1868 1870 1870 1869 1870 1871 i869 1871 1870 1871 1870 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1870 Area in Square Miles. 3,741,846 4,677,432 8.003,778 ■J, 603, 884 204,091 240.348 149,399 121,315 160,207 118,847 195,775 3,253.029 672,621 761,526 292,871 635,964 11,373 29,292 34,494 12.680 357,157 132,616 1.5.992 471.838 497.321 871,848 7,533 14,753 368,238 5,912 19,353 40,879 218,928 63,787 2,969 9,576 7,335 10,205 58,171 66,722 47,092 17,827 21,505 7.633 Inhabitants to Square Mile. 119.3 48.6 10.2 7.78 178.7 149.4 232.8 262.3 187. 230.9 8.5. 3.07 24.4 20. 7.8 441.5 165.9 115.8 290.9 8.4 15.1 166.9 5.3 4. 2.1 241.4 120.9 4.2 247. 75.3 28.9 .5.9 1.5.6 277. 74.9 81.8 56. 6. 6.5 7.4 7.6 7.7 80. Pekin London St. Petersburg., Wasliington Paris Vienna Yeddo London Berlin Rome Madrid Rio Janeiro Constantinople Mexico Stockholm Telicran Brussels Munich Lisbon Hague Bogota Santiago Berne Lima Cluiquisaca Buenos Ay res.. Stuttgart Copenhagen Caraccas Carlsruhe Athens Guatemala Quito .Vsuncion Darinslailt Monrovia . . Sal Salvador ... Port au Prince Managua Monte Video... Comayagua .San Domingo. . . San Jose Honolulu Population. 1,648,800 3,251,800 667,000 109,199 1,825,300 833,900 1,554,900 3,251,800 82.5,400 244,484 332,000 420,000 1,07.5,000 210,300 136.900 120,000 314,100 169,500 224,063 90,100 45,000 115,400 36,000 160,100 25,000 177.800 91,600 162,042 47,000 36,600 43,400 40,000 70,000 48,000 30,000 3,000 15,000 20,000 10,000 44,500 12,000 20,000 2.000 7,633 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. Upon negotiable bills, and notes payable in this State, grace shall be allowed according to the law merchant. All the above mentioned paper falling due on Sunday, New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, Christmas, or any day appointed or recommended by the President of the United States or the Governor of the State, as a day of fast or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as due on the day pre- vious. No defense can be made against a negotiable instrument (assigned before due) in the hands of the assignee without notice, except fraud was used in obtaining the same. To hold an indorser, due diligence must be used by suit against the maker or his representative. Notes payable to person named or to order, in order to absolutely transfer title, must be indorsed by the payee. Notes payable to bearer may be transferred by delivery, and when so payable, every indorser thereon is held as a guarantor of payment, unless otherwise expressed. In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a month shall be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than a month, a day shall be figured a thirtieth part of a month. Notes only bear interest when so expressed; but after due, they draw the legal interest, even if not stated. INTEREST. The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Parties may agree, in writing, on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of interest greater than ten per cent, is contracted for, it works a forfeiture of ten per cent, to the school fund, and only the principal sum can be recovered. DESCENT. The personal property of the deceased (except (1) that necessary for pay- ment of debts and expenses of administration ; (2) property set apart to widow, as exempt from execution ; (-3) allowance by court, if necessary, of twelve months' support to widow, and to children under fifteen years of age), including life insurance, descends as does real estate. One-third in value (absolutely) of all estates in. real property, possessed by husband at any time during marriage, which have not been sold on execution or other judicial sale, and to which the wife has made no relinquishment of her right, shall be set apart as her property, in fee simple, if she survive him. (298) 294 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. The same share shall be set apart to the surviving husband of a deceased wife. The widow's share canwot be affected by any will of her husband's, unless she consents, in writing thereto, within six months after notice to her of pro- visions of the will. The provisions of the statutes of descent apply alike to surviving husband or surviving wife. Subject to the above^, the remaining estate of which the decedent died siezed, shall in absence of other arrangements by will, descend First. To his or her children and their descendants in equal parts ; the descendants of the deceased child or grandchild taking the share of their deceased parents in equal shares among them. Second. Where there is no child, nor descendant of such child, and no widow or surviving husband, then to the parents of the deceased in equal parts ; the surviving parent, if either be dead, taking the whole ; and if there is na parent living, then to the brothers and sisters of the intestate and their descend- ants. Third. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no child or chil- dren, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the estate shall descend to such widow or surviving husband, absolutely ; and the other half of the estate shall descend as in other cases where there is no widow or surviving husband, or child or children, or descendants of the same. Fourth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister, or descendants of either of them, then to wife of intestate, or to her heirs, if dead, according to like rules. Fifth. If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or sister, or de- scendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, and no child, parent, brother or sister (or descendant of either of them) of such widow or surviving husband, it shall escheat to the State. WILLS AND ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS. No exact form of words are necessary in order to make a will good at law. Every male person of the age of twenty-one yeai'S, and every female of the age of eighteen years, of sound mind and memory, can make a valid will ; it must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, and by his or her express direction, ami attested by two or more competent wit- nesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested in the will. Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within fifteen days from date of letters testamentary or of administration. Executors' and administra- tors' compensation on amount of personal estate distributed, and for proceeds of sale of real estate, five per cent, for first one thousand dollars, two and one-half per cent, on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and one per cent, on overplus above five thousand dollars, with such additional allowance as shall be reasona- ble for extra services. Within ten days after the receipt of letters of administration, the executor or administrator shall give such notice of appoi^itment as the court or clerk shall direct. Claims (oth.er than preferred) must be filed within one year thereafter, are forever barred, unless the claim is pending in the District or Supreme Court, or unless peculiar circumstances entitle the claimant to equitable relief ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 295 Claims are classed and 'payable in the following order : 1. Expenses of administration. 2. Expenses of last sickness and funeral. 3. Allowance to widow and children, if made by the court. 4. Debts preferred under laws of the United States. 5. Public rates and taxes. 6. Claims filed within six months after the first publication of the notice given by the executors of their appointment. 7. All other debts. 8. Legacies. The award, or property which must be set apart to the widow, in her own right, by the executor, includes all personal property which, in the hands of tht* deceased, as head of a family, would have been exempt from execution. TAXES. The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of each year, and the owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, are liable for the taxes thereon. The following property is exempt from taxation, viz. .* 1. The property of the United States and of this State, including univer- sity, agricultural, college and school lands and all property leased to the State ; property of a county, township, city, incorporated town or school district when devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary profit ; public grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead ; fire engines and all implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used exclusively for their buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies; all public libraries^ grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, agricultural and reli- gious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the appropriate objects of these institutions, not exceeding 640 acres in extent, and not leased or otherwise used with a view of pecuniary profit ; and all property leased to agricultural, charit- able institutions and benevolent societies, and so devoted during the term of such lease ; provided, that all deeds, by Avhich such property is held, shall be duly filed for record before the property therein described shall be omitted from the assessment. 2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to the above institutions ; used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of stu- dents in any such institution, used for their education. 3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and devoted solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount or income the sum pre- scribed by their charter. 4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belonging to the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested within one year previous to the listing; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dollars in value; family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite for each family, all wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for the family ; but no person from whom a compensation for board or lodging is received or expected, is to be considered a member of the family within the intent of this clause. 5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or infirm- ity, may, in the opinion of the Assessor, be unable to contribute to the public 296 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. revTnue ; such opinion and the fact upon which it is based being in all cases reported to the Board of Equalization by the Assessor or any other person, and subject to reversal by them. 6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by farming, and the tools of any mechanic, not in either case to exceed three hundred dollars in value. 7. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this State, should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or purchase is made. There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit trees or forest trees or hedges. Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado or other unavoidable casu- alty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate taxes for that year on the property destroyed, if same has not been sold for taxes, and if said taxes have not been delinquent for thirty days at the time of destruction of the property, and the rebate shall be allowed for such loss only as is not covered by insurance. All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of full age and sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all taxable property of which he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, guardian, father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting officer, partner, mortgagor or lessor, mortgagee or lessee. Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of adja- cent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for pur- poses of taxation ; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be assessed and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for such public purpose. The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed and assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an individual. The Township Board of Equalization shall meet first Monday in April of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. The County Board of Eqalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at their regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without interest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each year. Tax sale is held on first Monday in October of each year. Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of sale, by paying to the County Auditor the amount of sale, and twenty fer centum of such amount immediately added as lyenalty^ with ten j^er cent, interest fer annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, and also all sub- sequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after March 1st of each year, and a similar penalty of twenty per centum added as before, with ten per cent, interest as before. If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemption is limited, the cost of same is added to the redemption money. Ninety days' notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or holder of certificate, to terminate the right of redemption. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS 297 JURISDICTION OF COURTS DISTRICT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and criminal, except in such cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdiction. District Courts have exclusive supervision over courts of Justices of the Peace and Magistrates, in criminal matters, on appeal and writs of error. CIRCUIT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, with the District Courts, in all civil actions and special proceedings, and exclusive jurisdiction in all appeals and writs of error from inferior courts, in civil matters. And exclusive jurisdiction in matters of estates and general probate business. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 or less is involved. By consent of parties, the jurisdiction may be extended to an amount not exceeding $300. They have jurisdiction to try and determine all public offense less than felony, committed within their respective counties, in which the jiyie, by law, does not exceed ^100 or the iinprisonment thirty days. LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. Action for injuries to the person or reputation; for a stutute penalty; and to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2) years. Those against a public officer within three (3) years. Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property ; for relief on the ground of fraud ; and all other actions not otherwise provided for, within five (5) years. Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court (except those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, within ten (10) years. Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the United States, within twenty (20) years. All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended in favor of minors and insane persons, until one year after the disability is removed — time during which defendant is a non-resident of the State shall not be included in computing any of the above periods. Actions for the recovery of real property, sold for non-payment of taxes, must be brought within five years after the Treasurer's Deed is executed and recorded, except where a minor or convict or insane person is the owner, and they shall be allowed five years after disability is removed, in which to bring action. JURORS. All qualified electors of the State, of good moral character, sound judgment, and in full possession of the senses of hearing and seeing, are competent jurors in their respective counties. United States officers, practicmg attorneys, physicians and clergymen, acting professors or teachers in institutions of learning, and persons disabled by 298 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of age, are exempt from liability to act as jurors. Any person may be excused from serving on a jury when his own interests or the public's will be materially injured by his attendance, or when the state of his health or the death, or sickness of his family requires his absence. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT was restored by the Seventeenth General Assembly, making it optional with the jury to inflict it or not. A MARRIED WOMAN may convey or incumber real estate, or interest therein, belonging to her ; may control the same or contract with reference thereto, as other persons may con- vey, encumber, control or contract. She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her husband may. Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committed by her. She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey to her. She may constitute her husband her attorney in fact, EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTION. A resident of the State and head of a family may hold the following prop- erty exempt from execution : All wearing apparel of himself and family kept for actual use and suitable to the condition, and the trunks or other receptacles nec- essary to contain the same ; one musket or rifle and shot-gun ; all private libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical instruments, and paintings not kept for the purpose of sale ; a seat or pew occupied by the debtor or his family in any house of public worship ; an interest in a public or private burying ground not exceeding one acre ; two cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse is exempt as hereinafter provided ; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom, and the materials manufactured from said wool ; six stands of bees ; five hogs and all pigs under six months ; the necessary food for exempted animals for six months ; all flax raised from one acre of ground, and manufactures therefrom ; one bed- stead and necessary bedding for every two in the family ; all cloth manufactured by the defendant not exceeding one hundred yards ; household and kitchen fur- niture not exceeding two liundred dollars in value ; all spinning wheels and looms ; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic laber kept for actual use ; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the family for six months ; the proper tools, instruments, or books of the debtor, if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor; the horse or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yokes of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, by the use of which the debtor, if a physician, public officer, farmer, teams! er or other laborer, habitually earns his living ; and to the debtor, if a printer, there shall also be exempt a printing press and the types, furniture and material nec- essary for the use of such printing press, and a newspaper office to the value of twelve hundred dollars ; the earnings of such debtor, or those of his family, at any time within ninety days next preceding the levy. Persons unmarried and not the head of a family, and non-residents, have exempt their own ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 299 There is also exempt, to a head of a flimily, a homestead, not exceeding forty acres; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with improvements, value not limited. The homestead is liable for all debts contracted prior to its acquisition as such, and is subject to mechanics' liens for work or material furnished for the same. An article, otherwise exempt, is liable, on execution, for the purchase money thereof. Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the State, he shall have exempt only the ordinary wearing apparel of himself and family, and other property in addition, as he may select, in all not exceeding seventy-five dollars in value. A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the husband or wife and children, entirely independent of his or her creditors, ESTRAYS. An unbroken animal shall not be taken up as an estray between May 1st and November 1st, of each year, unless the same be found within the lawful enclosure of a householder, who alone can take up such animal, unless some other person gives him notice of the fact of such animal coming on his place ; and if he fails, within five days thereafter, to take up such estray, any other householder of the township may take up such estray and proceed wdth it as if taken on his own premises, provided he shall prove to the Justice of the Peace such notice, and shall make affidavit where such estray was taken up. Any swine, sheep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal distrained (for damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is not known, shall be treated as an estray. Within five days after taking up an estray, notice, containing a full descrip- tion thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most public places in the town- ship ; and in ten days, the person taking up such estray shall go before a Justice of the Peace in the township and make oath as to where such estray was taken up, and that the marks or brands have not been altered, to his knowledge. '1 he estray shall then be appraised, by order of the Justice, and the appraisement, description of the size, age, color, sex, marks and brands of the estray shall be entered by the Justice in a book kept for that purpose, and he shall, within ten days thereafter, send a certified copy thereof to the County Auditor. When the appraised value of an estray does not exceed five dollars, the Justice need not proceed further than to enter the description of the estray on his book, and if no owner appears within six months, the property shall vest in the finder, if he has complied with the law and paid all costs. Where appraised value of estray exceeds five and is less than ten dollars, if no owner appears in nine months, the finder has the property, if he has com- plied with the law and paid costs. An estray, legally taken up, may be used or worked with care and moderation. If any person unlawfully take up an estray, or take up an estray and fixil to comply with the law regarding estrays, or use or work it contrary to above, or work it before liejving it appraised, or keep such estray out of the county more than five days at one time, before acquiring ownership, such offender shall forfeit to the county twenty dollars, and the owner may recover double damages with costs. If the owner of any estray fail to claim and prove his title for one year after the taking up, and the finder shall have complied with the law, a comolete title rests in the finder. 300 ABSTRACT OF KtWA STATE LAWS. But if the owner appear within eighteen months from the taking up, prove his ownership and pay all costs and expenses, the finder shall pay him the appraised value of such estray, or may, at his option, deliver up the estray. WOLF SCALPS. A bounty of one dollar is paid for wolf scalps. MARKS AND BRANDS. Any person may adopt his own mark or brand for his domestic animals, and have a description thereof recorded by the Township Clerk. No person shall adopt the recorded mark or brand of any other person residing in his township. DAMAGES FROM TRESPASS. When any person's lands are enclosed by a lawful fence, the owner of any domestic animal injuring said lands is liable for the damages, and the damages may be recovered by suit against the owner, or may be made by distraining the animals doing the damage; and if the party injured elects to recover by action against the owner, no appraisement need be made by the Trustees, as in case of distraint. When trespassing animals are distrained within twenty-four hours, Sunday not included, the party injured shall notify the owner of said animals, if known ; and if the owner fails to satisfy the party within twenty-four hours thereafter, the party shall have the township Trustees assess the damage, and notice shall be posted up in three conspicuous places in the township, that the stock, or part thereof, shall, on the tenth day after postmg the notice^ between the hours of 1 and 3 P. M., be sold to the highest bidder, to satisfy said damages, with costs. Appeal lies, within twenty days, from the action of the Trustees to the Cir- cuit Court. Where stock is restrained, by police regulation or by law, from running at large, any person injured in his improved or cultivated lands by any domestic animal, may, by action against the owner of such animal, or by distraining such animal, recover his damages, Avliether the lands whereon the injury was done were inclosed by a lawful fence or not. FENCES. A lawful fence is fifty-four inches high, made of rails, wire or boards, with posts not more than ten feet apart where rails are used, and eight feet where boards are used, substantially built and kept in good repair ; or any other fence which, in the opinion of the Fence Viewers, shall be declared a lawful fence — provided the lower rail, wire or board be not more that twenty nor less than six- teen inches from the ground. The respective owners of lands enclosed with fences shall maintain partition fences between their own and next adjoining enclosure so long as they improve them in equal shares, uidess otherwise agreed between them. If any party neglect to maintain such partition fence as he should maintain, the Fence Viewers (the township Trustees), upon complaint of aggrieved party, may, upon due notice to both parties, examine the fence, and. if found insuf- ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 301 ficient, notify the delinquent party, in writing, to repair or re-build the same within such time as they judge reasonable. If the fence be not repaired or rebuilt accordingly, the complainant may do so, and the same being adjudged sufficient by the Fence Viewers, and the value thereof, with their fees, being ascertained and certified under their hands, the complainant may demand of the delinquent the sum so ascertained, and if the same be not paid in one month after demand, may recover it with one per cent a month interest, by action. In case of disputes, the Fence Viewers may decide as to Avho shall erect or maintain partition fences, and in what time the same shall be done ; and in case any party neglect to maintain or erect such part as may be assigned to him, the aggrieved party may erect and maintain the same, and recover double damages. No person, not wishing his land inclosed^ and not using it otherwise than in common, shall be compelled to maintain any partition fence ; but when he uses or incloses his land otherwise than in common, he shall contribute to the parti- tion fences. Where parties have had their lands inclosed in common, and one of the owners desires to occupy his separate and apart from the other, and the other refuses to divide the line or build a sufficient fence on the line when divided, the Fence Viewers may divide and assign, and upon neglect of the other to build as ordered by the Viewers, the one may build the other's part and recover as above. And when one incloses land which has lain uninclosed, he must pay for one-half of each partition fence between himself and his neighbors. Where one desires to lay not less than twenty feet of his lands, adjoining his neighbor, out to the public to be used in common, he must give his neighbor SIX months' notice thereof. Where a fence has been built on the land of another through mistake, the owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material withn six months after the division line has been ascertained. Where the material to build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was built, then, before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay for such material to the owner of the land from which it was taken, nor shall such a fence be removed at a time when the removal will throw open or expose the crops of the other party ; a reasonable time must be given beyond the six months to remove crops. MECHANICS' LIENS. Every mechanic, or other person who shall do any labor upon, or furnish any materials, machinery or fixtures for any building, erection or other improve- ment upon land, including those engaged in the construction or repair of any work of internal improvement, by virtue of any contract with the owner, his agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-contractor, shall have a lien, on complying with the forms of law, upon the building or other improvement for his labor done or materials furnished. It would take too large a space to detail the manner in which a sub- contractor secures his lien. He should file, within thn-ty days after the last of the labor was performed, or the last of the material shall have been furnished, with the Clerk of the District Court a true account of the amount due him, after allowing all credits, setting forth the time when such material was furnished or labor performed, and when completed, and containing a correct description of 302 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. the property sought to be charged Avith the lien, and the whole verified by affidavit. A principal contractor must file such an affidavit within ninety days, as above. Ordinarily, there are so many points to be examined in order to secure a mechanics' lien, that it is much better, unless one is accustomed to managing such liens, to consult at once with an attorney. Remember that the proper time to file the claim is ninety days fiar a princi- pal contractor, thirty" days fi^r a sub-contractor, as above; and that actions to enforce these liens must be commenced within two years, and the rest can much better be done with an attorney. ROADS AND BRIDGES. Persons meeting each other on the public highways, shall give one half of the same by turning to the right. All persons failing to observe this rule sliall be liable to pay all damages resulting therefrom, together with a fine, not exceed- ing five dollars. The prosecution must be instituted on the complaint of the person Avronged. Any person guilty of racing horses, or driving upon the public highway, in a manner likely to endanger the persons or the lives of others, shall, on convic- tion, be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days. It is a misdemeanor, without authority from the proper Road Supervisor, to break upon, plow or dig within the boundary lines of any public highway. The money tax levied upon the property in each road district in each town- ship (except the general Township Fund, set apart for purchasing tools, machin- ery and guide boards), whether collected by the Road Supervisor or County Treasurer, shall be expended for highway purposes in that district, and no part thereof shall be paid out or expended for the benefit of another district. The Road Supervisor of each district, is bound to keep the roads and bridges therein, in as good condition as the funds at his disposal will permit ; to put guide boards at cross roads and forks of highways in his district; and when noti- fied in writing that any portion of the public highway, or any bridge is unsafe, must in a reasonable time repair the same, and for this purpose may call out any or all the able bodied men in the district, but not more than two days at one time, witliout their consent. Also, when notified in writing, of the growth of any Canada thistles upon vacant or non-resident lands or lots, within his district, the owner, lessee or agent thereof being unknown, shall cause the same to bo destroyed. Bridges when erected or maintained by the public, are parts of the highway, and must not be less than sixteen feet wide. A penalty is imposed upon any one who rides or drives faster than a walk across any such bridge. The manner of establishing, vacating or altering roads, etc., is so well known to all township officers, that it is sufficient here to say that the first step is by petition, filed in the Auditor's office, addressed in substance as follows : The Board of Supervisors of County : The undersigned asks that a highway, commencing at and running thence and terminating at , be established, vacated or altered (as the case may be.) When the petition is filed, all necessary and succeeding steps will be shown and explained to the petitioners by the Auditor. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 303 ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. Any person competent to make a will can adopt as his own the minor child of another. The consent of both parents, if living and not divorced or separ- ated, and if divorced or separated, or if unmarried, the consent of the parent lawfully having the custody of the child ; or if either parent is dead, then the consent of the survivor, or if both parents be dead, or the child have been and remain abandoned by them, then the consent of the Mayor of the city where the child is living, or if not in the city, then of the Clerk of the Circuit Court of the county shall be given to such adoption by an instrument in writing, signed by party or parties consenting, and stating the names of the parties, if known, the name of the child, if known, the name of the person adopting such child, and the residence of all, if known, and declaring the name by which the child is thereafter to be called and known, and stating, also, that such child is given to the person adopting, for the purpose of adoption as his own child. The person adopting shall also sign said instrument, and all the parties shall acknowledge the same in the manner that deeds conveying lands shall be acknowledged. The instrument shall be recorded in the office of the County Recorder. SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. There is in every county elected a Surveyor known as County Surveyor, who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official acts he is responsible. It is the duty of the County Surveyor, either by himself or his Duputy, to make all surveys that he may be called upon to make within his county as soon as may be after application is made. The necessary chainmen and other assist- ance must be employed by the person requiring the same to be done, and to be by him paid, unless otherwise agreed ; but the chainmen must be disinterested persons and approved by the Surveyor and sworn by him to measure justly and impartially. Previous to any survey, he shall furnish himself with a copy of the field notes of the original survey of the same land, if there be any in the office of the County Auditor, and his survey shall be made in accordance there- with. Their fees are three dollars per day. For certified copies of field notes, twenty-five cents. SUPPORT OF POOR. The father, mother and children of any poor person who has applied for aid, and who is unable to maintain himself by work, shall, jointly or severally, maintain such poor person in such manner as may be approved by the Town- ship Trustees. In the absence or inability of nearer relatives, the same liability shall extend to the grandparents, if of ability without personal labor, and to the male grand- children who are of ability, by personal labor or otherwise. The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relatives to maintain a poor person, who has made application for relief, apply to the Circuit Court for an order to compel the same. Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be charged, a hearing may be had, and an order made for entire or partial support of the poor person. 304 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. Appeal may be takien from such judgment as from other judgments of the Circuit Court. When any person, having any estate, abandons either chihlren, wife or hus- band, leaving them chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, upon the public for support, upon proof of above fact, an order may be had from the Clerk of the Circuit Court, or Judge, authorizing the Trustees or the Sheriff to take into possession such estate. The Court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be applied, as well as the rents and profits of the real estate, if any, to the support of children, wife or husband. If the party against whom the order is issued return and support the per- son abandoned, or give security for the same, the order shall be discharged, and the property taken returned. The mode of relief for the poor, through the action of the Township Trustees, or the action of the Board of Supervisors, is so well known to every township officer, and the circumstances attending applications for relief are so varied, that it n$ed now only be said that it is the duty of each county to pro- vide for its poor, no matter at what place they may be. LANDLORD AND TENANT. A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named, and after- ward holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully holding over the prem- ises after'the term, and after notice to quit, shall pay double rent. Any person in possession of real property, with the assent of the owner, is presumed to be a tenant at will until the contrary is shown. Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessary to be given by either party before he can terminate a tenancy at will ; but when, in any case, a rent is reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty days, the length of notice need not be greater than such interval between the days of payment. In case of tenants occupying and cultivating farms, the notice must fix the termination of the tenancy to take place on the 1st day of March, except in cases of field tenants or croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire when the crop is har- vested ; provided, that in case of a crop of corn, it shall not be later than the 1st day of December, unless otherwise agreed upon. But when an express agreement is made, whether the same has been reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. But where an express agreement is made, whether reduced to Avriting or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above required may be given to any sub-tenant or other person in possession of the premises ; or, if the premises be vacant, by affixing the notice to the principal door of the building or in some conspicuous position on the land, if there be no building. The landlord shall have a lien for his rent upon all the crops grown on the premises, and upon any other personal property of the tenant used on the premises during the term, and not exempt from execution, for the period of one year after a year's rent or the rent of a shorter period claimed falls duo ; but such lien shall not continue more than six months after the expiration of the term. The lien may be eifected by the commencement of an action, within the period above prescribed, for the rent alone ; and the landlord is entitled to a writ ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 305 of attachment, upon filing an affidavit that the action is commenced to rcover rent accrued within one year previous thereto upon the premises described in the affidavit. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the contrary, the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to-wit: Apples, Peaches or Quinces, 48 Cherries, Grapes, Currants or Gooseberries, 40 Strawberries, Raspberries or Blackberries, 32 Osage Orange Seed 32 Millet Seed 45 Stone Coal 80 Lime 80 Corn in the ear 70 Wheat 60 Potatoes 60 Beans 60 Clover Seed 60 Onions 57 Shelled Corn 56 Rye 56 Flax Seed 56 Sweet Potatoes 46 Sand 130 Sorghum Seed 30 Broom Corn Seed 30 Buckwheat 52 Salt 50 Barley 48 Corn Meal 48 Castor Beans 46 Timothy Seed 45 Hemp Seed 44 Dried Peaches 33 Oats 38 Dried Apples 24 Bran 20 Blue Grass Seed 14 Hungarian Grass Seed 45 Penalty for giving less than the above standard is treble damages and costs and five dollars addition thereto as a fine. DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL TERMS. $ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, United States Currency. £ means pounds, English money. @ stands for at or to ; ft) for pounds, and bbl. for barrels ; '^ for per or bi/ the. Thus, Butter sells at 20@.30c f ft), and Flour at |8@|12 f bbl. % for per cent., and # for number. May 1. Wheat sells at $1.20@^1. 25, " seller June." Seller June mediXis that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. Selling short, is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock, at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling "short" to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the "shorts" are termed "bears." Buying long, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The "longs" are termed "bulls," as it is for their interest to "operate" so as to "toss" the prices upward as much as possible. 306 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. NOTES. Form of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount and •sjiie of payment are mentioned : $100. Chicago, 111., Sept. 15, 1876. Sixty days from date I promise to pay to E, F. Brown or order, one hun- dred dollars, for value received. L. D. Lowry. A note to be payable in anything else than money needs only the facts sub- stituted for money in the above form. ORDERS. Orders should be worded simply, thus : Mr. F. H. Coats : Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Please pay to H. Birdsall twenty-five dollars, and charge to F. D. SiLVA. RECEIPTS. Receipts should always state when received and what for, thus : $100. Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Received of J. W. Davis, one hundred dollars, for services rendered in grading his lot in Fort Madison, on account. Thomas Brady. If receipt is in full, it should be so stated. BILLS OF PURCHASE. W. N. Mason, Salem, Illinois, Sept. 18, 1876. Bought of A. A. Graham. 4 Bushels of Seed Wheat, at $1.50 $6 00 2 Seamless Sacks " 80 60 Received payment, $6 60 A. A. Graham. CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. -, Iowa, , 18- after date — promises to pay to the order of , dollars, at , for value received, with interest at ten per cent, per annum after until paid. Interest payable , and on interest not paid when due, interest at same rate and conditions. A failure to pay said interest, or any part thereof, within 20 clays after due, shall cause the whole note to become due and collectable nt once. If this note is sued, or judgment is confessed hereon, $ shall be allowed as attorney fees. No. — . P. 0. , . CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. — vs. — . In Court of County, Iowa, , of County, Iowa, do hereby confess that justly indebted to , in the ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 307 sum of — dollars, and the further sum of $ as attorney fees, with interest thereon at ten per cent, from , and — hereby confess judgment against as defendant in favor of said , for said sum of $ , and $ as attorney fees, hereby authorizing the Clerk of the Court of said county to enter up judgment for said sum against with costs, and interest at 10 per cent, from , the interest to be paid . Said debt and judgment being for — . It is especially agreed, however, That if this judgment is paid within twenty days after due, no attorney fees need be paid. And hereby sell, convey and release all right of homestead we now occupy in favor of said so far as this judgment is concerned, and agree that it shall be liable on execution for this judgment. Dated , 18—. . The State of Iowa, "I ■ County. j being duly sworn according to law, depose and say that the forego- ing statement and Confession of Judgment was read over to , and that — understood the contents thereof, and that the statements contained therein are true, and that the sums therein mentioned are justly to become due said as aforesaid. Sworn to and subscribed before me and in my presence by the said this day of , 18 — . , Notary Public. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. An agreement is where one party promises to another to do a certain thing in a certain time for a stipulated sum. Good business men always reduce an agreement to writing, which nearly always saves misunderstandings and trouble. No particular form is necessary, but the facts must be clearly and explicitly stated, and there must, to make it valid, be a reasonable consideration. GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT. This Agreement, made the Second day of June, 1878, between John Jones, of Keokuk, County of Lee, State of Iowa, of the first part, and Thomas Whiteside, of the same place, of the second part — WITNESSETH, that the said John Jones, in consideration of the agreement of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees to and with the said Thomas Whiteside, that he will deliver in good and market- able condition, at the Village of Melrose, Iowa, during the month of November, of this year. One Hundred Tons of Prairie Hay, in the following lots, and at the following specified times ; namely, twenty-five tons by the seventh of Nov- ember, twenty-five tons additional by the fourteenth of the month, twenty-five tons more by the twenty-first, and the entire one hundred tons to be all delivered by the thirtieth of November. And the said Thomas Whiteside, in consideration of the prompt fulfillment of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to and agrees with the said John Jones, to pay for said hay five dollars per ton, for each ton as soon as delivered. 308 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is hereb}' stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the other, One Hun- dred dollars, as fixed and settled damages. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above written. John Jones, Thomas Whiteside. agreement with clerk for services. This Agreement, made the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between Reuben Stone, of Dubuque, County of Dubuque, State of Iowa, party of the first part, and George Barclay, of McGregor, County of Clayton, State of Iowa, party of the second part — WITNESSETH, that said George Barclay agrees faithfully and diligently to work as clerk and salesman for the said Reuben Stone, for and during the space of one year from the date hereof, should both live such length of time, Avithout absenting himself from his occupation ; during which time he, the said Barclay, in the store of said Stone, of Dubuque, will carefully and honestly attend, doing and performing all duties as clerk and salesman aforesaid, in accordance and in all respects as directed and desired by the said Stone. In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the said Barclay, the said Stone agrees to pay to said Barclay the annual sum of one thousand dol- lars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments, each upon the last day of each month ; provided that all dues for days of absence from business by said Barclay, shall be deducted from the sura otherwise by the agreement due and payable by the said Stone to the said Barclay. Witness our hands. Reuben Stone. George Barclay. BILLS OF SALE. A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party, for a consideration to convey his right and interest in the personal property. The purcliaser must take actual possession of the j^foperty^ or the bill of sale must be acknowledged and recorded. COMMON FORM OF BILL OF SALE. Know all Men by this instrument, that I, Louis Clay, of Burlington, Iowa, of the first part, for and in consideration of Five Hundred and Ten Dollars, to me paid by John Floyd, of the same place, of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have sold, and by this instrument do convey unto the said Floyd, party of the second part, his executors, administra- tors and assigns, my undivided half of ten acres of corn, now growing on the arm of Thomas Tyrell, in the town above mentioned ; one pair of horses, sixteen sheep, and five cows, belonging to me and in my possession at the farm aforesaid ; to have and to hold the same unto the party of the second part, his executors and assigns fi>rever. And I do, for myself and legal representatives, agree with the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, to warrant and defend the sale of the afore-mentioned property and chattels unto the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, against all and every person whatsoever. In witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. Louis Clay. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 309 NOTICE TO QUIT. To John Wontpay : You are hereby notified to quit the possession of the premises you now occupy to wit : \_Insert Description.^ on or before thirty days from the date of this notice. Dated January 1, IblS. Landlord. [^Reverse for Notice to Landlord.^ GENERAL FORM OF WILL FOR REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY. I, Charles Mansfield, of the Town of Bellevue, County of Jackson, State of Iowa, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in failing health, but of sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and tes- tament, in manner following, to-wit : First. I give, devise and bequeath uilto my eldest son, Sidney H. Mans- field, the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, of bank stock, now in the Third National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the farm owned by myself, in the Township of Iowa, consisting of one hundred and sixty acres, with all the houses, tenements and improvements thereunto belonging ; to have and to hold unto my said son, his heirs and assigns, forever. Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my two daughters, Anna Louise Mansfield and Ida Clara Mansfield, each Two Thousand Dollars in bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio ; and also, each one quarter section of land, owned by myself, situated in theTownship of Fairfield, and recorded in my name in the Recorder's office, in the county where such land is located. The north one hundred and sixty acres of said half section is devised to my eldest daughter, Anna Louise. Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Frank Alfred Mansfield, five shares of railroad stock in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and my one hundred and sixty acres of land, and saw-mill thereon, situated in Manistee, Michigan, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belonging, which said real estate is recorded in my name, in the county where situated. Fourth. I give to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, all my household furniture, goods, chattels and personal property, about my home, not hitherto disposed of, including Eight Thousand Dollars of bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and benefit of the home farm so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to which she is entitled by law — said firm being my present place of residence. Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Elijah H. Mansfield, the income from rents of my store building at 145 Jackson street, Chicago, Illinois, during the term of his natural life. Said building and land therewith to revert to my said sons and daughters in equal proportion, upon the demise of my said father. Sixth. It is also my will and desire that, at the death of my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, or at any time Avhen she may arrange to relinquish her 310 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may revert to my above named children, or to the lawful heirs of each. And lastly. I nominate and appoint as the executors of this, my last -will and testament, my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, and my eldest son, Sidney H. Mansfield. I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be paid from moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of Bellevue, the residue of such moneys to revert to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, for her use for- ever. In witness whereof, I, Charles Mansfield, to this my last will and testament, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this fourth day of April, eighteen hundred and seventy-two. Charles Mansfield. Signed, and declared by Charles Mansfield, as and for his last will and tes- ment, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names hereunto as witnesses thereof. Peter A. Schenck, Dubuque, Iowa, Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa. CODICIL. Whereas I, Charles Mansfield, did, on the fourth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, make my last will and testament, I do now, by this writing, add this codicil to my said will, to be taken as a part thereof. Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Anna Louise, has deceased, November fifth, eighteen hundred and seventy-three ; and whereas, a son has been born to me, which son is now christened Richard Albert Mans- field, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all right, interest and title in lands and bank stock and chattels bequeathed to my deceased daughter, Anna Louise, in the body of this will. In witness "whereof, I hereunto place my hand and seal, this tenth day of March, eighteen hundred and seventy-five. Charles INIansfield. Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator, Charles Mans- field, as and for a codicil to be annexed to his last will and testament. And we, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names as witnesses thereto, at the date hereof. Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa, John C. Shay, Bellevue, Iowa. [Forvi No. 1.) SATISFACTION OF MORTGAGE. ss. State of Io^VA, County, I, , of the County of , State of Iowa, do hereby acknowledge that a certain Indenture of , bearing date the — — day of , A. D. 18 — , made and executed by and , his wife, to said on the following described Real Estate, in the County of , and State of Iowa, to-wit : (here insert description) and filed for record in the office of the Recorder of the County of , and State of Iowa, on the day of , ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 311 A. D. 18 — , at o'clock . M. ; and recorded in Book of Mortgage Records, on page , is redeemed, paid off, satisfied and discharged in full. . [seal.] State of Iowa, 1 County, j " Be it Remembered, That on this day of , A. D. 18 — , before me the undersigned, a in and for said county, personally appeared , to me personally known to be the identical person who executed the above (satisfaction of mortgage) as grantor, and acknowledged signature thereto to be voluntary act and deed. Witness my hand and seal, the day and year last above written. • ONE FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. Know all Men by these Presents : That , of County, and State of , in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by of County, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said the following described premises, situated in the County , and State of , to wit : (here insert description,) and do hereby covenant with the said that lawfully seized of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance, that have good right and lawful authority to sell and convey the same ; and do hereby covenant to warrant and defend the same against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever. To be void upon condition that the said ■ shall pay the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promissory note for the sum of dollars. One note for $ , due , 1 8 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. And the said Mortgagor agrees to pay all taxes that may be levied upon the above described premises. It is also agreed by the Mortgagor that if it becomes necessary to foreclose this mortgage, a reasonable amount shall be allowed as an attorney's fee for foreclosing. And the said hereby relinquishes all her right of dower and homestead in and to the above described premises. Signed to day of , A. D. 18 — . [Acknowledge as in Form No. 1.] SECOND FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. This Indenture, made and executed by and between of the county of — and State of , part of the first part, and of the county of and State of party of the second part, Witnesseth, that the said part of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of dollars, paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt of which is hereby^ acknowledged, have granted and sold, and do by these presents, grant, bargain, sell, convey and confirm, unto the said party of the second part, heirs and 312 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. assigns forever, the certain tract or parcel of real estate situated in the county of and State of , described as follows, to-wit : [Here insert description.) The said part of the first part represent to and covenant with the part of the second part, that he have good right to sell and convey said premises, that they are free from encumbrance and that he will warrant and defend them against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, and do expressly hereby release all rights of dower in and to said premises, and relinquish and convey all rights of homestead therein. This Instrument is made, executed and delivered upon the following con- ditions, to-wit : First. Said first part agree to pay said "or order Second. Said first part further agree as is stipulated in said note, that if he shall fail to pay any of said interest when due, it shall bear interest at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, from the time the same becomes due, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the same. Third. Said first part further agree that he will pay all taxes and assessments levied upon said real estate before the same become delinquent, and if not paid the holder of this mortgage may declare the whole sum of money herein secured due and collectable at once, or he may elect to pay such taxes or assessments, and be entitled to interest on the same at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the amount so paid. Fourth. Said first part further agree that if he fail to pay any of said money, either principal or interest, within days after the same becomes due ; or fail to conjbi'm or comply with any of the foregoing conditions or agree- ments, the whole sum herein secured shall become due and payable at once, and this mortgage may thereupon be foreclosed immediately for the whole of said money, interest and costs. Fifth. Said part further agree that in the event of the non-payment of either principal, interest or taxes when due, and upon the filing of a bill of foreclosure of this mortgage, an attorney's fee of dollars shall become due and pay- able, and shall be by the court taxed, and this mortgage shall stand as security tlierefor, and the same shall be included in the decree of foreclosure and shall be made by the Sheriff on general or special execution with the other money, interest and costs, and the contract embodied in this mortgage and the note described herein, shall in all respects be governed, constructed and adjudged by the laws of , where the same is made. The foregoing conditions being performed, this conveyance to be void, otherwise of full force and virtue. [Acknowledge as in form No. 1.] FORM OF LEASE. This Article of Agreement, Made and entered into on this day of A. D. 187—, by and between , of tiie county of , and State of Iowa, of the first part, and , of the county of' and State of Iowa, of the second part, witnesseth tliat the said party of the first ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 313 part has this day leased unto the party of the second part the following described premises, to wit : \_IIere insert description.'] for the term of from and after the — day of , A. D. 187-, a-^ the rent of dollars, to be paid as follows, to wit : \_Here insert Terms.] And it is further agreed that if any rent shall be due and unpaid, or if default be made in any of the covenants herein contained, it shall then be law- ful for the said party of the first part to re-enter the said premises, or to destrain for such rent; or he may recover possession thereof, by action of forcible entry and detainer, notwithstanding the provision of Section 3,612 of the Code of 1873 ; or he may use any or all of said remedies. And the said party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first part the rent as above stated, except when said premises are untenantable by reason of fire, or from any other cause than the carelessness of the party of the second part, or persons family, or in employ, or by superior force and inevitable necessity. And the said party of the second part covenants that will use the said premises as a , and for no other purposes whatever ; and that especially will not use said premises, or permit the same to be used, for any unlawful business or purpose whatever; that will not sell, assign, underlet or relinquish said premises without the written consent of the lessor, under penalty of a forfeiture of all rights under this lease, at the election of the party of the first part ; and that will use all due care and diligence in guarding said property, with the buildings, gates, fences, trees, vines, shrubbery, etc., from damage by fire, and the depredations of animals ; that will keep buildings, gates, fences, etc., in as good repair as they now are, or may at any time be placed by the lessor, damages by superior force, inevitable necessity, or fire from any other cause than from the carelessness of the lessee, or persons of family, or in employ, excepted ; and that at the expiration of this lease, or upon a breach by said lessee of any of the said covenants herein contained, will, without further notice of any kind, quit and surrender the possession and occupancy of said premises in as good condi- tion as reasonable use, natural wear and decay thereof will permit, damages by fire as aforesaid, superior force, or inevitable necessity, only excepted. In witness whereof, the said parties have subscribed their names on the date first above written. In presence of FORM OF NOTE. , 18- On or before the — day of , 18 — , for value received, I promise to pay or order, dollars, with interest from date until paid, at ten per cent, per annum, payable annually, at -. Unpaid interest shall bear interest at ten per cent, per annum. On failure to pay interest within days after due, the whole sum, principal and interest, shall become due at once. 314 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. CHATTEL MORTGAGE. Know all Men by these Presents : That of County, and State of in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by , of County and State of do hereby sell and convey unto the said the following described personal property, now in the possession of in the county and State of , to wit : \_Ilere insert Description. "^ And do liereby warrant the title of said property, and that it is free from any incumbrance or lien. The only right or interest retained by grantor in and to said property being the right of redemption as herein provided. This conveyance to be void upon condition that the said grantor shall pay to said grantee, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promissory notes of even date herewith, for the sum of dollars, One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for f , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , Avith interest annually at per cent. The grantor to pay all taxes on said property, and if at any time any part or portion of said notes should be due and unpaid, said grantee may proceed by sale or foreclosure to collect and pay himself the unpaid balance of said notes, whether due or not, the grantor to pay all necessary expense of such foreclosure, including $ Attorney's fees, and whatever remains after paying off said notes and expenses, to be paid over to said grantor. Signed the day of , 18 — . . [Acknowledged as in form No. 1.] . WARRANTY DEED. Know all Men by these Presents : That of County and State of , in consideration of the sum of Dollars, in hand paid by of , County and State of , do liereby sell and convey unto the said and to heirs and assigns, the following described premises, situated in the County of , State of Iowa, to-wit : [_Here insert description.'] And I do hereby covenant with the said that — lawfully seized in fee simple, of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance ; that — ha good right and lawful authority to sell the same, and — do hereby covenant to war- rant and defend the said premises and appurtenances thereto belonging, against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever ; and the said hereby re- linquishes all her right of dower and of homestead in and to the above described premises. Signed the day of , A. D. 18 — . in presence of [Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] i ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 315 QUIT-CLAIM DEED. Know all Men by these Presents : That , of County, State of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, to — in hand paid by , of County, State of , the receipt whereof — do hereby acknowledge,have bargained, sold and quit-claimed, and by these presents do bargain, sell and quit-claim unto the said and to — heirs and assigns forever, all — right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both at law and in equity, and as well in possession as in expectancy, of, in and to the following described premises, to wit : [here insert description] with all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging. Signed this day of , A. D. 18 — . Signed in Presence of [Acknowledged as in form No. 1.] BOND FOR DEED. Know all Men by these Presents: That of County, and State of am held and firmly bound unto of County, and State of , in the sum of Dollars, to be paid to the said , his executors or assigns, for which payment well and truly to be made, I bind myself firmly by these presents. Signed the day of A. D. 18 — . The condition of this obligation is such, that if the said obligee shall pay to said obligor, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of — certain promissory note of even date herewith, for the sum of Dollars, One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. and pay all taxes accruing upon the lands herein described, then said obligor shall convey to the said obligee, or his assigns, that certain tract or parcel of real estate, situated in the County of and State of Iowa, described as fol- lows, to wit: [here insert description,] by a Warranty Deed, with the usual covenants, duly executed and acknowledged. If said obligee should fail to make the payments as above stipulated, or any part thereof, as the same becomes due, said obligor may at his option, by notice to the obligee terminate his liability under the bond and resume the posses- sion and absolute control of said premises, time being the essence of this agreement. On the fulfillment of the above conditions this obligation to become void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue ; unless terminated by the obligor as above stipulated. [Acknowledge as in form No. 1.] 316 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. CHARITABLE, SCIENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATIONS. Any three or more persons of full age, citizens of the United States, a majority of whom shall be citizens of this State, who desire to associate themselves for benevolent, charitable, scientific, religious or missionary pur- poses, may make, sign and acknowledge, before any officer authorized to take the acknowledgments of deeds in this State, and have recorded in the office of the Recorder of the county in which the business of such society is to be con- ducted, a certificate in writing, in which shall be stated the name or title by which such society shall be known, the particular business and objects of such society, the number of Trustees, Directors or Managers to conduct the same, and the names of the Trustees, Directors or Managers of such society for the first year of its existence. Upon filing for record the certificate, as aforesaid, the persons who shall have signed and acknowledged such certificate, and their associates and success- ors, shall, by virtue hereof, be a body politic and corporate by the name stated in such certificate, and by that they and their successors shall and may have succession, and shall be persons capable of suing and being sued, and may have and use a common seal, which they may alter or change at pleasure ; and they and their successors, by their corporate name, shall be capable of taking, receiving, purchasing and holding real and personal estate, and of making by- laws for the management of its affairs, not inconsistent with law. The society so incorporated may, annually or oftener, elect from its members its Trustees, Directors or Managers at such time and place, and in such manner as may be specified in its by-laws, who shall have the control and management of the affairs and funds of the society, a majority of whom shall be a quorum for the transaction of business, and whenever any vacancy shall happen among such Trustees, Directors or Managers, by death, resignation or neglect to serve, such vacancy shall be filled in such manner as shall be provided by the by-laws of such society. When the body corporate consists of the Trustees, Directors or Managers of any benevolent, charitable, literary, scientific, religious or mis- sionary institution, which is or may be established in the State, and which is or may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of any synod, con- ference, association or other ecclesiastical body in such State, established agreeably to the laws thereof, such ecclesiastical body may nominate and appoint such Trustees, Directors or Managers, according to usages of the appoint- ing body, and may fill any vacancy which may occur among such Trustees, Directors or Managers ; and when any such institution may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of two or more of such synods, con- ferences, associations or other ecclesiastical bodies, such bodies may severally nominate and appoint such proportion of such Trustees, Directors or Managers as shall be agreed upon by those bodies immediately concerned. And any vacancy occurring among such appointees last named, sliall be filled by th6 synod, conference, association or body having appointed the last incumbent. In case any election of Trustees, Directors or Managers shall not be made on the day designated by the by-laws, said society for that cause shall not be dissolved, but such election may take place on any other day directed by such by-laws. Any corporation formed under this chapter shall be capable of taking, hold- ing or receiving property by virtue of any devise or bequest contained in any last will or testament of any person whatsoever ; but no person leaving a wife, ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 317 child or parent, shall devise or bequeath to such institution or corporation more than one-fourth of his estate after the payment of his debts, and such device or bequest shall be valid only to the extent of such one-fourth. Any corporation in this State of an academical character, the memberships of Avhich shall consist of lay members and pastors of churches, delegates to any synod, conference or council holding its annual meetings alternately in this and one or more adjoining States, may hold its annual meetings for the election of officers and the transaction of business in any adjoining State to this, at such place therein as the said synod, conference or council shall hold its annual meet- ino-s ; and the elections so held and business so transacted shall be as legal and binding as if held and transacted at the place of business of the corporation in this State. The provisions of this chapter shall not extend or apply to any association or individual who shall, in the certificate filed with the Recorder, use or specify a name or style the same as that of any previously existing incorporated society in the county. The Trustees, Directors or stockholders of any existing benevolent, char- itable, scientific, missionary or religious corporation, may, by conforming to the requirements of Section 1095 of this chapter, re-incorporate themselves or con- tinue their existing corporate powers, and all the property and effects of such existing corporation shall vest in and belong to the corporation so re-incorporated or continued. INTOXICATING LIQUORS. No intoxicating liquors (alcohol, spirituous and vinous liquors), except wine manufactured from grapes, currants or other fruit grown in the State, shall be manufactured or sold, except for mechanical, medicinal, culinary or sacramental purposes ; and even such sale is limited as follows : Any citizen of the State, except hotel keepers, keepers of saloons, eating houses, grocery keepers and confectioners, is permitted to buy and sell, within the county of his residence, such liquors for such mechanical, etc., purposes only, provided he shall obtain the consent of the Board of Supervisors. In order to get that consent, he must get a certificate from a majority of the elec- tors of the town or toAvnsliip or ward in which he desires to sell, that he is of good moral character, and a proper person to sell such liquors. If the Board of Supervisors grant him permission to sell such liquors, he must give bonds, and shall not sell such liquors at a greater profit than thirty- three per cent, on t'le cost of the same. Any person having a permit to sell, shall make, on the last Saturday of every month, a return in writing to the Auditor of the county, showing the kind and quantity of the liquors purchased by him since the date of his last report, the price paid, and the amount of freights paid on the same ; also the kind and quantity of liquors sold by him since the date of his last report ; to whom sold ; for Avhat purpose and at what price; also the kind and quantity of liquors on hand; which report shall be sworn to by the person having the permit, and shall be kept by the Auditor, subject at all times to the inspection of the public. No person shall sell or give away any intoxicating liquors, including wine or beer, to any minor, for any purpose whatever, except upon written order of parent, guardian or family physician ; or sell the same to an intoxicated person or a person in the habit of becoming intoxicated. 318 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. Any person who sliall mix any intoxicating liquor with any beer, wine or cider, by him sold, and shall sell or keep for sale, as a beverage, such mixture, shall be punished as for sale of intoxicating li(juor. But nothing in the chapter containing the laws governing the sale or pro- hibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors, shall be construed to forbid the sale by the imi)orter then of of foreign intoxicating liquor, imported under the author- ity of the laws of the United States, regarding the importation of such liquors, and in accordance with sucli laws ; provided that such liquor, at the time of the sale by the importer, remains in the original casks or packages in which it was by him imported, and in quantities not less than the quantities in which the laws of the United States require such liquors to be imported, and is sold by him in such original casks or packages, and in said quantities only. All payment or compensation for intoxicating liquor sold in violation of the laws of this State, whether such payments or compensation be in money, goods, lands, labor, or anything else whatsoever, shall be held to have been received in viola- tion of law and ecjuity and good conscience, and to have been received upon a valid promise and agreement of the receiver, in consideration of the receipt thereof, to pay on demand, to the person furnishing such consideration, the amount of the money on the just value of the goods or other things. All sales, transfers, conveyances, mortgages, liens, attachments, pledges and securities of every kind, which, either in Avhole or in part, shall have been made on account of intoxicating liquors sold contrary to law, shall be utterly null and void. Negotiable paper in the hands of holders thereof, in good faith, for valuable consideration, without noi;ice of any illegality in its inception or transfer, how- ever, shall not be affected by the above provisions. Neither shall the holder of land or otlier property who may have taken the same in good faith, without notice of any defect in the title of the person from whom the same was taken, growing out of a violation of the lii^uor law, be affected by the above provision. ^ Every wife, child, parent, guardian, employer, or other person, who shall be injured in person or property or means of support, by an intoxicated person, or in consec^uence of the intoxication, has a right of action against any person who shall, by selling intoxicating liquors, cause the intoxication of S*uch person, for all damages actually sustained as well as exemplary damages. For any damages recovered, the personal and real property (except home- stead, as now provided) of the person against whom the damages are recovered, as well as the premises or property, personal or real, occupied and used b}- him, Avith consent and knowledge of owner, either for manufacturing or selling intox- icating li(|uors contrary to law, shall be liable. The only otlier exemption, besides the homestead, from this sweeping liability, is that the defendant may have enough for the support of his family for six months, to be determined by the Township Trustee. No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold within two miles of the corporate limits of any municipal corporation, except at wholesale, for the purpose of shipment to places oiitside of sucli corporation and such two- mile limits. The power of tlie corporation to prohibit or license sale of li(|Uors not prohibited by law is extended over the two miles. No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous li(iuors shall be sold on the day on wiiich any election is held under the laws of this State, within two miles of the place where said election is held; except only that any person holding a permit may sell upon the prescription of a practicing physician. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 319 SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIP- TION. The business of publishing books by subscription, having so often been brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possible, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement is made : A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described ; the consid- eration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price named. The nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exag- gerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscrijjtions, for which he is usually paid a commission for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the ageyit assume to agree to make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the priiici- pal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they can not be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all perso7is contevnplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and i-"^ no p>art of the contract. Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as can- vassers. They are agents appointed to do a pa^'ticidar business in a jjrescribed mode, and have no authority to do it any other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They can not collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. They cayi not extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred, in their business. It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument, would examine carefully what it is ; if they can not read themselves call on some one disinterested who can. STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE OF IOWA (CENSUS OF 1875.) No. of Acres of Im- proved Laud. No. of Acres Unim- proved Land. No. of Acres under Culti- vation iu 1874. Spring No. of Acres. Wheat. Winter Wheat. Indian Corn. Oats. Value of Pro'luct» of Farm in Dollars. COUNTIES. No. of Bushels Harv'fd No. of Acres. No. of Bushels Harv'td No. of Acres. No. of Bushels Harv'td No. of Acres. No. of Bushels Harv'td Appanoose Alanial 167178 131670 57097 45957 55652 61744 30625 323S7 63491 125188 109388 15986 54352 66265 27010 239408 108642 124877 104S10 181256 157240 33375 45412 92785 15262 1664S-. 48648 173622 ■■"iiioi 39159 78803 26618 131.597 95275 146244 97618 161357 11961 114625 8387 110708 133758 65590 103039 135108 52323 76892 97765 27013 61871 72287 9005 52050 110831 6514 158488 142401 193019 216949 140684 125590 149672 28835 133580 88857 12766 175655 100066 91133 150368 153214 99S37 137979 91730 117303 39844 129099 86926 26131 14651 140150 19219 90619 171588 115 184 44379 16679 50873 185712 99387 4723U 33515 24179 79442 214941 45826 113263 111689 15S737 259169 33097 32157 157S84 70910 12121 28957 135173 9606 61880 6876 17947 27550 15514 99106 32505 57907 48878 89361 64291 17481 31693 40123 24000 40467 28199 86883 68683 40162 26756 17968 11040 5378 8211 49240 10615 60401 5701 29256 3911 62067 60779 31096 13229 67384 19391 27489 38464 12046 36115 23948 4889 20076 15026 3108 48410 43515 45306 79926 36090 16237 33278 10798 10S51 13954 8132 52178 19764 65534 81362 45136 24385 37553 11638 69895 15331 32375 1.381 149U4 8769 376S6 7431 33:'(;9 5;:H2 22(!S9 33628 8606 10326 47698 26658 22029 22;I96 110,56 151 16 9;013 lOJSli 74.55 10375 42175 112175 15243 23092 41646 30.551 8939 13629 1736S 77789 937639 89235 281376 435014 162737 1343666 429257 779167 644795 1108024 812342 153159 401507 676209 324894 640544 415463 1305125 1010345 643519 340161 217090 109631 30993 77169 634135 113396 71728 25822 445848 1510 941439 8(i3670 > 455909 206901 976607 257760 393574 497251 20902 582803 143701 70006 294682 180220 48815 670247 550000 666779 1107170 462478 164904 368528 131,^9 72624 153587 76742 656597 189939 10S38U 39.5532 529663 812961 ■ 628314 101413 1125382 183811 416471 551539 1575:6 74757 1049 181 10 7 70 7 ■ 11 20 10838 1964 97 174 3500 280 84 700 64871 24325 9225 25174 30860 7SS8 83244 46151 38685 28754 56592 48831 8797 9459 40582 17957 78224 9512 37948 89297 16821 16014 39066 10056 62127 50484 67118 102924 56150 3183 57652 2197 26462 37091 24066 73S45 40175 783037 3890-2 41304 9998 9916 44720 2067 20441 62672 2301 €2518 53962 77142 100217 65423 55061 75697 9781 59863 47022 2645 91773 49642 11274 83775 84630 59543 69194 45575 67699 21577 54760 39251 6379 2510 77497 8981 47258 86743 71386 10097 6641 S56I3 59071 51273 17674 6780 8662 48260 7,3251 24063 50211 65625 80280 27185 14647 8530 73265 28713 1374 100S9 57035 2385213 905920 394655 969777 1402-128 228231 3328921 1595752 1270878 1026641 1939590 1811250 180120 315215 1901062 648658 2845921 265443 1471263 3061338 514279 550041 1580260 351120 2115569 1763140 1702391 2307938 1690i35 44455 2484898 14273 642448 1296480 758983 1703985 1482582 783027 1669134 1379961 297381 307912 1620192 57899 670731 2415670 108465 2713830 1665518 31.58178 45258!^9 1909534 1695510 332r282 119777 2190306 1902530 10396 ai39923 2184658 411961 8768209 8835063 1533976 2953630 1738916 2808251-, 8183-^8 1715973 1441467 106052 17279 3272010 229263 175003S 8571105 2239013 175778 142957 1145937 2-226346 1783477 689556 82038 279716 1419680 284-285!t 1130930 18230-22 24051 S7 3561365 977316 490371 12'2'291 283-2211 917911 52425 281821 2143791 13756 12776 788 3951 4455 2791 15490 10101 13827 14-259 16804 17431 4436 3545 9079 2902 20213 7199 20C24 23704 11744 3-238 12337 2993 13643 10.555 25115 9-242 20577 2403 9937 1519 15461 20770 9532 5419 11786 4227 4145 10982 8974 10210 3462 l.<;53 5103 13393 455 11756 23652 17760 15267 18-260 14005 15582 5143 11817 12665 8477 22670 6792 14078 16646 10937 6528 8743 11.512 1E611 2304 13287 5322 3107 1390 12188 2541 5-278 11416 9758 4161 2979 9118 15915 11273 2-254 4591 8035 8718 1S574 61-27 12596 13242 8391 24307 8072 4445 15701 7491 1327 4134 11570 387316 44-28-29 33233 141-293 159739 67069 445070 404620 421719 518571 538196 556209 98766 115595 176281 99158 675837 2-28097 669895 702059 446300 107577 367643 73182 845707 344551 6433-22 287392 632113 37282 335124 3241 487729 704407 8-286-79 179645 401948 120948 158505 356915 90944 840268 69140 48816 168262 358-221 14060 819071 5-21156 52-2197 532239 464824 446128 447603 27857 2790tJ9 312164 13189 585648 175755 542662 496248 335746 232639 285103 241081 46.5245 66475 40.5562 201635 53931 26829 431841 40194 168081 833565 346507 1-20137 46859 255007 528868 343265 71676 45096 6,599 269()57 384469 187748 353698 367396 281510 8216508 91647 161557 45;»20 207493 45109 135176 293590 $1611937 1415769 184153- 695318 8-28171 Buena Vista . . 207828 2664995 1018453 Butler 1-209785 1144620 Black Hawk 1898424 2615949 Clay 123343 35019 1284899 483357 26 295 2606149 Cerro Gordo... Clayton Clinton Chickasaw Carroll 591617 1347 12 3 3 7 10 5379 817 84 8688 5 21030 428 63 20 55 1,50 56405 12239 1720 117310 50 2081793 3049019 894656 451365 Clarke 7054987 Calhoun Davis 221613 1608090 Decatur Dubuque Des Afoinee Delaware 1024541 1636132 177299-2 1693314 45384 Dallas 7 186 1502047 15244 Floyd 1367377 Fayette 46 968 1503127 Franklin.. 777106 Kremont Grundy 841 16625 1046066 1593977 2 22 44 360 620905 Guthrie 79-2461 1066627 Humboldt 200001 734409 Harrison 84 1200 786677 89405 52762 9041 113203 1765670 Ida 7482211 36 491 100 1080 7942 1274 200504* Jackson Johnson 1750091 2447875 291683a Jones Jefferson Keokuk 31 6192 148 1-iO 15400 31 409 66739 1363 1is96416 1530140 1919728 105306 200407 329 54 160 16267 1631518 1030554 82651 Linn 12 1388 2590052 1665739 Mitchell 1591878 Mahaska 205 189 32 23 263 21 269if 2212 543 484 5584 200 2195785 2181346 Mills 1003.509 Madison Monroe Marshall 1709C30 938362 2368-278 447665 Muscatine Montgomery... O'Brien 63 8 629 166 1747906 1072127 191542 69581 Polk 563389 30774 588971 762826 355792 442736 2;)208 78S51 762315 3.30S97 317944 251286 110091 20(;SI3 1437807 141188 58808 76346 654679 1813465 2-..8375 410487 469879 391051 1622S1 196166 157535 21 394 2140023 11-2666 Pottawattounc 63 475 1252629 289302* Page 1220 10 825 125 40 8 20235 160 129346S Plymouth Palo Alto 4341-23 96616 Ringgold Scott 1762 618 20 111578-^ 8041873 Story Shelby 1033743 573026 Siou.x 166980 Sac 10 8068 238880 Taylor 244 908476 Tama 2316405 53 10928 143 61 960 121854 1236 910 6-24260 Van Burcn Wayne Warren Wiiinesheik .... 1439586 1361376 2208392 2265252 Woodbury ' 298-209 Worth ■:::'":r: 896506 AVashin^'ton ... Welister 1439 5 11 14193 2035264 783342 Winncbajro Wrinlit... 270 140219 288685 Wapello 1617 161.59 1455319 Totals 12627850 8410435 9354905 3690711 42669731 69188 759277 4700176 186-284542 98-2994 29144352 $131530747 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. INDIAN^ OCCUPANCY. The Indian history of this region is interesting, principally because of the pres- ence here of two of the most noted characters of modern tribes. The nature of this work precludes the introduction of an exhaustive treatise on the rise and decline of the Indian races of this region, and enables us merely to gather from reli- able sources the fragments of incident, anecdote and analysis which have floated loosely about for years. In fact, our province is purely that of a com- piler, but sufficient care has been taken with the work to make it valuable in the generations which are to follow. The actual historian who shall investigate the ample field of aboriginal existence, may peruse these pages with a feeling of security in their correctness, if the associates of Keokuk and Black Hawk them- selves are to be believed ; for much of the information here preserved, was obtained in direct line of recital, either to the writer or to the party duly accredited with the extract. There still live many persons who witnessed the strange sight of a remnant of a race of men departing forever from their early homes, and such will, doubtless, be disposed to sneer at the pen which finds a source of melancholy in the contemplation of this event. But worthy hands have written lines of living power upon the theme; nor can the harsh character of fact denude the subject of a glamour which poetry and romance have cast around the dusky victim and his fate. There is a grandeur in the record of the race which the stern force of truth is powerless to dispel. Human improvement, rushing through civilization, crushes in its march all who cannot grapple to its car. This law is as inexorable as fate. "Y'ou colo- nize the land of the savage with the Anglo-Saxon," says Stephen Montague, "you civilize that portion of the earth ; but is the savage civilized? He is exterminated I You accumulate machinery, you increase the total of wealth, but what becomes of the labor you displace ? One generation is sacrificed to the next. You diffuse knowledge, and the world seems to grow brighter ; but Discontent at Poverty replaces Ignorance happy with its crust. Every improve- ment, every advancement of civilization, injures some to benefit others, and either cherishes the want of to-day or prepares the revolution of to-morrow." That portion of Iowa which now claims Burlington as its metropolis, was once the home of the Sac and Fox tribes of Indians. From a little work enti- tled " Sketches of Iowa," prepared in 1841 by Jotm B. Newhall, of Burling- ton, the following summary of their general character is taken. " The Sacs and Foxes have been among the most powerful and warlike tribes of the Northwest. History finds them fighting their way from the shores of the northern lakes, gradually, toward the Mississippi, sometimes warring with the Winnebagoes, and at other times with the ChippcAvas, often instigated by the 324 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. French. At an early period, they inhabited the region of country bordering upon the Wisconsin Kiver, and planted large quantities of corn. The whole history of their wars and migrations shows them to have been a restless and spirited people, a people erratic in their pursuits, having a great contempt for agriculture and a predominant passion for war. By these ruling traits, they have been constantly changing, suffering and diminishing. Still, they retain their ancient chivahy, ever ready for war, regardless of the superiority of their foes. Thus, at the present time (1841) four or five hundred of their warriors are out to fight the Sioux of the North, with Avhom there exists a most deadly hos- tility, originating from old feuds, the origin of Avhich they scarcely know them- selves. '1 heir numbers, of late years, have been somewhat augmented by the policy they have pursued of adopting their prisoners of war and receiving seceders from other tribes, and at the present time they number about seven thousand souls. " The Sacs and Foxes speak the Algonquin language. This language is still spoken by the Chippewas, Pottawatomies, Ottawas and several other tribes. It is soft and musical in comparison with the harsh, guttural Nm-coutah of the Sioux, which is peculiar to themselves, having but little affinity to the Algon- quin tongue. Their ideas of futurity are somewhat vague and indefinite. They believe in the existence of a Supreme Manitou, or good spirit, and a Malcha Manitou, or evil spirit. They often invoke the favor of the good Manitou for success in war and the hunt, by various sacrifices and offerings. Storm and thunder they view as manifestations of His Avrath ; and success in war, the hunt or in the deliverance from enemies, of His favor and love. Everything of great power or efficiency, or what is inexplicable, is a 'great medicine,' and the med- icine-men and prophets are next in consideration to chiefs. At the decease of their friends, they paint their faces black, and the time of mourning is gov- erned by the affinity of the kindred. Their ideas of the condition of departed spirits and the ceremony of burial may be deemed interesting. Often, in per- ambulating their deserted villages, has my attention been arrested, in gazing through the bleached and mutilated slabs made to protect the moldering dust of a noted chief or 'brave,' who is frequently placed in a sitting posture, his gun and his war-club placed by his side, moccasins upon his feet, his blanket (or the remnants thereof) wrapped about his body, his beads and wampum sus- pended to his neck, where he sits 'like a warrior taking his rest,' in the silent sleep of death. " The situations of their villages are, oftentimes, extremely beautiful and picturesque. The rude architecture of their lodges ; the droves of Indian ponies galloping over the prairies, and snorting at the approach of white men ; the squaws busily engaged in preparing food, or, perhaps, ' toting ' a back-load of fagots that would frighten a New York porter, while their 'lazy lords ' sit smoking upon the grass or quietly sleeping in their lodges ; the young papooses swarming the river-bank, and, with bow and arrow, exercising their infant archery upon every prairie flower or luckless bird ; or, perchance, the gayly-painted warrior, mounted upon his prancing steed, his feathers streaming to the breeze, as he gallops from village to village with the fleetness of the wind, are objects which, to the traveler unaccustomed to Indian habits and character, are full of intense interest and novelty. " Sometimes, midway between tAvo villages, or, perhaps, off" in the prairie, may be seen a hundred young 'warriors' from each clan — 'picked men,' who have won laurels on the battle-field. They have met (per agreement) to exer- cise their feats in the race or the ancient games, the prize being, perhaps, two HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 82.5 or tliree horses, a rifle, or a war-club ; the old warriors or chiefs of each village looking on as Judges. Great interest is manifested on these occasions, and the same ambitious emulation for rivalry is exhibited in these ' children of nature ' as among those who play their part beneath the gilded domes of the city. •' The Sacs and Foxes frequently visit the towns on the river — Burlington, Madison, etc. The dress of the males generally consists of leggings, fitting closely from the loins to the ankles, usually of smoke-tanned deerskin, and often of blue and sometimes of red cloth, trimmed Avith fringe and beads in a variety of fantastic forms. They Avear a white and, frequently, a scarlet-colored blanket thrown over the shoulders. Their moccasins are of deerskin, often trimmed with extreme taste, with beads and porcupine-quills. Their head-dress is of various fashions, and ofttimes indescribable. A chief or warrior's head-dress consists of a profusion of scarlet- colored hair, and long, black beards of the wild turkey connected to the scalp-lock, and not unfrequently a silver band or a richly-beaded turban. Their ears are strung with rings and trinkets, their arms with bracelets of brass, tin, silver and steel, and their necks are often strung with a profusion of wampum. A tolerably correct idea may be formed of the riches and taste of a young Indian by the number of strings of Avampum around his neck. This may be considered their legal tender, as no treaty was ever formed or pipe of friendship smoked betwixt different Indian tribes without an exchange of Avampum. "No Indians exult more than the Sacs and Foxes in a triumphant skirmish with their enemies, and none more proudly exhibit their bloody trophies. They frequently have several scalps suspended on a spear or connected Avith their dress. As an evidence of the value they place upon these emblems of merci- less victory, I Avill relate an incident of my attempt to get one of a veteran Sac brave. I had witnessed him, for several days, passing my Avindow on a little pony, proudly Avaving his bouquet of scalps, connected with beads, ribbons and eagle's feathers, and tied with a rattlesnake-skin upon a spear. Having a desire to obtain one, after three days' unsuccessful negotiation, during Avhich time I offered him money, calico, beads, poAvder and tobacco, he finally con- sented to part with it for one box {i. e. $1,000.) " They place great reliance in dreams, and the intrepid warrior who awakes in the morning from a night of troublesome dreams is dejected and melancholy. Sometimes they imagine that an evil spirit or sorcerer has inflicted a spell, after the manner of the witches of former times. I think it Avas last year that Keokuk had an aged squaw killed because she had inflicted a spell upon some of his children." In corroboration of the last statement, we append the account of that sum- mary act given us by James Jordan, Avhose acquaintance with the Indians began at a very early day. He said : "In 1837, the chief's son was prostrated with fever. Keokuk was absent at the time, but there chanced to be in the camp an old squaw, who was alleged to be invested Avith supernatural powers. When Keokuk returned, his valiant heir informed him that the witch had cast an evil spirit into the settlement, which had increased the fever and rendered it im- possible to overcome disease while she lived. Thereupon, Keokuk took the old woman without the settlement and deliberately cut off her head Avith a cleaver. This summary act was Avitnessed by Mrs. Phelps, wife of Billy Phelps, one of the original locators of that section." The scene of this sacrifice was near Independent, adjacent to Jordan's farm. Mr. Newhall was mistaken as to the date of the tragedy. 326 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTT. KEOKUK, THE ORATOR CHIEFTAIN. Among the noted chiefs of later years, Keokuk, or "Running Fox," held a foremost place. He was the grand sachem of the Sacs and Foxes, the chief pre-eminent over all the tribes. He was of commanding presence, but given rathi'r to the pleasures of the chase than the dangers of the battle-field. Still, he was not deficient in personal bravery, and held his place with firmness, both bv reason of his ability to lead on all occasions and his wonderful eloquence as a speaker. From a sketch of Keokuk, published in the "Annals of Iowa," 1865, by Uriah Bi^f^s, one of the pioneers of Van Buren, the following interesting extracts are made : ^' Keokuk is deserving of a prominent page in the records of the country, and a trutliful history of his life would be read and cherished as a memento of one of nature's noblemen. As an orator, he was called to rank with the most gifted of his race. In person he was tall and of portly bearing, and in his public speeches he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures. He spoke rapidly, but his enunciation was clear and distinct and very forcible, culling his figures from the stores of nature, and basing his arguments in skill- ful logic. He maintained in good faith the stipulations of treaties with the I'nited States and with the neighboring tribes. He loved peace and the social amenities of life, and was fond of displaying those agreeable traits of character in ceremonious visits to neighboring chiefs, in which he observed the most punctilious etiquette and dignified decorum. He possessed a ready insight into the motives of others, and was not easily misled by sophistry or beguiled by fiattery ; and in the field of wit, he was no mean champion. It is not my purpose to write a history of his life, but I will give one anecdote in illustration of these traits of his character. " While residing near Uttumwah-noc, he received a message from the Mor- mon Prophet, Joe Smith, inviting Keokuk, as Kir|g of the Sacs and Foxes, to a royal conference at his palace at Nauvoo, on matters of the highest impor- tance to their respective people. The invitation was readily accepted, and a train of ponies was soon wending its way to the Mormon city, bearing Keokuk and suite in stately procession and savage pomp. •• Notice had circulated through the country of this diplomatic interview, and a number of spectators attended to witness the denouement. The audience was given publicly in the Mormon Temple, and the respective chiefs were attended by their suites, the Prophet by the dignitaries of the Mormon Church, and the Indian potentate by the high civil | and military functionaries of his tribes, and the gentiles were comfortably seated as auditors. '* Tiie I'ropliet opened the conference in a set speech of considerable length, giving Keokuk a brief history of the children of Israel, as detailed in the Bible, and dwelt forcibly upon the story of the lost tribes, and of the direct revelation he had received from a divine soui'ce, that the North American Indians were these identical lost tribes, and that he, the Prophet of God, held a divine commission to gather them together and to lead them to a land ' flowing with milk and honey.' After the Prophet closed his harangue, Keokuk ' waited for the words of his pale-fiiced brother to sink deep into his mind,' and in making his reply, assumed the gravest attitude and most dignified demeanor. He would not controvert anything his brother had said about the lost and scattered condition of his race and people, and if his brother was commissioned by the Great Spirit to collect them together and lead them to a new country, it was HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 327 his duty to do so. But he wished to inquire about some particulars his brother had not named, that were of the highest importance to him and his people. The red men were not much used to milk, and he thought they would prefer streams of water, and in the country where they now were there was a good supply of honey. The points that they wished to inquire into were whether the new government would pay large annuities, and whether there was plenty of whisky. Joe Smith saw at once that he had met his match, and that Keokuk was not the proper material with which to increase his army of dupes, and closed the conference in as amiable a manner as possible. " He was gifted by nature with the elements of an orator in an eminent de- gree, and as such is entitled to rank with Logan, Red Jacket and Tecumseh ; but, unfortunately for his fame among the white people and with posterity, he was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpretel's were unac- quainted even Avith the elements of their mother-tongue. Of this serious hindrance to his fame Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labashure, who had received a rudimental education in the French and English languages, until the latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian of his career among the white people, he was compelled to submit his speeches for translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights of a gifted mind, and the fine imagery, drawn from nature, was beyond their powers of reproduction. He had sufficient knowledge of the English tongue to make him sensible of this bad rendering of his thought, and often a feeling of mortification at the bungling eflbrts was depicted upon his countenance while he was speaking. The proper place to form a due estimate of his ability as an orator was in the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to those who understood his language, and where the electric effects of his elo- quence could be plainly noted upon his audience. It was credibly asserted that by the force of his logic he had changed the vote of a council against the strongly predetermined opinions of its members. A striking instance of the influence of his eloquence is related as occurring while the forces under Black Hawk were invading Illinois, in 1832. " Keokuk knew from the first that this reckless war would result in great disaster to the tribe, and used all diligence to dissuade warriors from following Black Hawk, and succeeded in retaining a majority with him at his town on the Iowa River. But, after Stillman's defeat, the war spirit raged with such ardor that a war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be moved with the current of the rising storm, and when the dance was over, he called a council to prepare for Avar. In his address, he admitted the justice of his complaints against the white man, and to seek redress was a noble aspiration of their natures. The blood of their brethren had been shed by the white man, and the spirits of their braves slain in battle called loudly for vengeance. ' I am your chief,' he said, 'and it is my duty to lead you to battle if, after fully considering the matter, you are determined to go. But, before you take this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances for success.' He then represented to them the great power of the United States, against Avhom they would have to contend — that their chances of success Avere utterly hopeless. 'But if you noAv determine to go upon the war-path, I Avill agree to lead you upon one condition — that before Ave go Ave kill all our old men and our wives and children, to save them from a lingering death by starvation, and that every one of us determine to leave his bones on the other side of the Mis- sissippi.' 328 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. " This was a strong and truthful picture of the i)roject before them, and was presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor and to cause them to abandon their rash undertaking. Many other incidents are related of his elo- quence an A SCEXE OF THE BORDER. The following graphic sketch of a scene in armv life, at an early day, is from the pen of Eliphalet Price, and is introduced for the purpose of "^preserv- ing so capital a description of a common Indian custom. <5/-vr /icL^4^ ^f HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 357 '' During the summer of 1827, soon after the war-cloud of difficulties with the Winnebago Indians had been adjusted by a visit of the chiefs to Washing- ton, accompanied by Gen. Cass, a Sioux Indian, while hunting upon the Iowa shore, near the mouth of Paint Creek, shot and scalped a Winnebago, believing him to be the murderer of his brother, but who proved not to be the murderer, but the brother of ' Big Wave,' a chief of the Winnebagoes. " The band of this chieftain, together with others of the nation, numbering about two thousand, becoming indignant it this act, immediately assembled at Fort Crawford and demanded of Col. Taylor (afterward President Taylor) the procurement and surrender of the murderer. The officers of the fort, appre- hensive that new difficulties might arise with this factious tribe if their demand was disregarded, concluded to make an effort to obtain the murderer. Accord- ingU^ an officer was dispatched to demand him of the Sioux nation, who imme- diately gave him up, and he was brought down the river and confined at Fort Crawford. Soon after his arrival at the fort, the Winnebagoes assembled again and insisted upon an unconditional surrender of the prisoner to them, which Col. Taylor refused, but dispatched Lieut. Reynolds and Dr. Elwise, the Sur- geon of the garrison, to have a talk with them and endeavor to preserve the life of the Indian by paying a satisfactory consideration in horses. At the con- ference, the Winnebagoes talked in a threatening and overbearing manner, declaring that nothing would satisfy them but the taking of the life of the Sioux in their own way and by themselves. " Reynolds, finding that no terms could be made with them that would con- form to the suggestions of Col. Taylor, determined to make a proposition of his ow^n, which was as follows : The Sioux should have a chance to save his life by being brought out upon the prairie, three weeks from that day, and, in a parallel line, seve"n paces to the rear of him, should be placed twelve of the most expert runners of the Winnebago nation, each armed with a tomahawk and scalping-knife, and at the tap of the drum the Sioux should be free to start for the home of his tribe, and the Winnebagoes free to pursue, capture and scalp him if they could. To this proposition the Winnebagoes acceded at once, and seemed much pleased Avith the anticipation of great sport, as well as an easy conquest of the prisoner, whose confinement in the garrison during the three weeks they believed would prostrate whatever running qualities he may have possessed. Their best runners were immediately brought in and trained every day, in full sight from the fort, and so accurate did they become in the hurling of the tomahawk that they could hit, with unerring aim, a tin cup swinging from the branch of a tree, at a distance of twenty-five feet. Lieut. Reynolds, who kept a pack of hounds and two or three fleet horses, and who was known throughout the hunting-range of the post as a dashing sportsman, having become warmly enlisted on the side of the Sioux, determined to have his Indian in the best possible condition for the contest. Accordingly, Dr. Elwise took him in charge, prescribing his diet, regulating his hours of repose and directing the rubbing of his body and limbs with flesh-brushes twice a day, immedi- ately before going upon the parade-ground, to perform his morning and even- ing trainings. So cai-efuUy was he trained for this race of life or death that he was timed upon the parade-ground, in the presence of the garrison and a number of spectators, the third day before the race came off, and performed the almost incredible feat of a mile in 3 minutes and 9 seconds. Reynolds had for some time been satisfied that the fleetest runner in the Winnebago nation could not overtake him, but to guard against the unerring aim of the tomahaAvk requii-ed a different kind of tra'ning. This Avas done by placing the 358 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. druiniiicr behind a screen, some twenty paces in front of the Sioux, so that the sound would reach him an instant before it did his opponents, and upon receiv- ing the signal sound he was trained to make two quick bounds, in a direct line, to tiie riglit, and then start upon the race. •' The dav at lenc^th arrived. About three thousand Indians, French trad- ers and border hunters had assembled to witness the scene ; in fact, it was ret^arded as a gala-day by all — except the prisoner. Reynolds, on the part of the Sioux, and the celebrated chiefs, ' War-kon-shuter-kee ' and ' Pine Top,' on the part of the Winnebagoes, superintended the arrangement of the parties on the ground. " The point .agreed upon for starting was upon the prairie a little to the north of Prairie du Chien, and immediately in the vicinity of the residence of John Lockwood, an Indian trader, while the race-track lay along the level nine-mile prairie stretching to the north and skirting the shore of the Missis- sippi. The Sioux appeared upon the ground accompanied by a guard of soldiers, who were followed by his twelve opponents marching in Indian file and singing a low, monotonous chant, each being naked, with the exception of the Indian breechlet. Their ribs were painted white, while their breasts were adorned with a number of heiroglyphical paintings. Along the face, alternate stripes of white and black were painted in parallel lines, extending from the chin to the forehead. Their hair was platted into numerous thongs tasseled with a red or white feather, and fringed with small bells, while their moccasins were corded tightly around the hollow of the foot, as well as around the ankle, with the sinews of the deer; in the right hand, each carried his tomahawk, while the left grasped the sheath that contained the scalping-knife. " The prisoner Avas about twenty years old, a little less than six feet in height, of muscular, well-proportioned contour, and manifested in the easy movements of his body a wiry and agile command of his muscular powers ; his countenance presented a mournful and haggard appearance, owing partly to the rigid discipline he had undergone in training and partly to his having painted his face black, with the figure of a horse-shoe, in white, upon his forehead, which denoted that he was condemned to die, with the privilege of making an eftbrt to save his life by fleetness. Around his neck, he wore a narrow belt of wampum, from which dangled the scalp that he had taken from tiie Winne- bago. " Soon after the parties were formed in line upon the ground, Reynolds ap- proached the Sioux, and, taking oft" one of his moccasins, showed the chiefs that it contained a thin plate of steel, and asked if they objected to it, to which they replied vsith much merriment that he might carry as much iron as he pleased. The Lieutenant, observing that his Indian appeared restless and uneasy, requested Dr. Elwise to come forward, who, after examining his pulse, discov- ered that he was much excited, and that his nerves were in a tremulous condi- tion. Reynolds immediately took him by the arm and led him out some distance from the front of the line, where he asked him if he was afraid to run, to which he replied: 'I can outrun all the Winnelagoes ; but I am afraid that I cannot outrun all the horses that are mounted by armed Indians.' The Lieutenant saw at once the cause of his alarm, and informed him that they should not interfere ; he intended to ride the fleetest horse upon the ground and keep near him, and, as he was armed, would see that no horseman approached him with hostile intentions. At this announcement, the countenance of the Indian brightened up with a smile; his whole person seemed lifted from the ground as he returned to his position with a stalwart stride. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 359 " The chiefs and Rf^ynolds soon aftei' mounted their horses and took a posi- tion each upon the right of his party. The spectators were removed from the front to the rear by tha guard, when the parties were ready for the start. Reynolds, Avho was to give the signal for the tap of the drum, had in this arrangement, planned a movement for which the Winnebagoes were unpre- pared. The drummer, by this arrangement, was not to give the drum tap until two minutes had expired, after the giving of the signal, which, as made known to the Winnebagoes, would be the elevation of his cap high above his head. " Reynolds, after taking a last view of the field to see that all was clear, gave the signal. In an instant the Winnebagoes threw themselves into posi- tion, with uplifted tomahawk, the eye intently fixed upon the prisoner; every muscle of the body and arm Avas forced to its utmost strain, and in this position they were held by the drummer for the full period of time prescribed by Rey- nolds. The gloating visage of the Indian, his excited mind, and the terrible strain upon his muscular powers, it was easy to discover, was fast exhausting him; at length the loud tap of the drum was given, Avhen the Sioux, with the crouching leap of the panther, bounded to the right while the whizzing whirl of the tomahawk sped its flight far to his left. The race was now fairly com- menced; three of the Winnebagoes ran with great fleetness for a mile, keeping within twenty yards of the Sioux. Reynolds, who rode a fleet animal and was a master horseman, could move his body upon the saddle with that commanding ease which enabled him to keep all parts of the field in view without changing the course of his animal, soon discovered that his Indian had entire command of the race. During the flight of the first half mile, it was with difficulty that he could restrain the Sioux from leaving his competitors far to the rear, and thus impair his powers of endurance that might be needed to guard against treachery in the distance. At length, discovering that a few of the Winneba- goes had fallen out of the race, he gave the signal for him to increase his speed, and in a moment after, the distance between him and his competitors began to widen rapidly, showing the superior speed and endurance of the Sioux, acquired mainly, through the discipline of the white man. At the end of two miles, the last of the contending Winnebagoes withdrew from the race. There was not an Indian horse upon the ground that could keep up with him after he had increased his speed, and at the end of the fourth mile, Reynolds, finding that his horse was much fatigued, and the prairie free from enemies, also withdrew from the race. The Indian did not look back or speak as far as he was followed or could be seen, but kept his eye fixed upon the white flags that had been placed in front of him at short distances apart, for several miles, in order that he might run upon a straight line. •'It was soon after reported by the Winnebagoes that he had been shot by one of their boys who had been placed in ambush near the upper boundary of the prairie. This, however, proved not to be true. The boy had shot a Win- nebago through mistake, who had also been treacherously secreted for the pur- pose of intercepting the Sioux. This mistake, however, was never known to Reynolds or Elwise, and it was not until several years after this event, and while Gov. Doty was holding a treaty With the Sioux nation, that this Indian appeared in the council as one of its chiefs, and, after briefly relating this adventure to the Governor, he inquired where Lieut. Reynolds and Dr. Elwise were at that time. He was informed ,that both had died in Florida. Upon receiving this information, he immediately withdrew from the convention, painted his face black, and retired to the gloom of the forest, nor could he be 360 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. prevailed upon to return until lie had gone through the Indian ceremony of mourning for the e hotels are thronged to overflowing. Bar-rooms, dining-rooms and wagons are metamorphosed into bedrooms. Din- ners are eaten from a table or a stump, and thirst is quenched from a bar or a brook. The sale being announced from the land office, the township bidder stands near by, with the registry-book in hand, in which each settler's name is attached to his respective half or quarter section, and thus he bids off, in the name of the whole township, for each respective claimant. A thousand settlers are standing by, eagei'ly listening when their quarter shall be called off. The crier passes the well-known numbers ; his home is secure. He feels relieved ; the litigation of ' claim-jumping ' is over forever : he is lord of the soil. With an independent step he walks into the land office, opens the time-worn saddle- bags and counts out the $200 or $400, silver and gold, takes his certificate from the General Government and goes away rejoicing." A meeting of the claim-holders of lands in fractional Townships 69 and 70 north. Range 2 west, was held in the Methodist Church in Burlington, June 19, 1839, for the purpose of preparing for the impending land sales. Hon. Charles Mason presided, and George W. Kelley acted as Secretary. On motion of Joseph Morgan, the meeting resolved to elect two sets of oflBcers to conduct the business of entering the lands at the proper time. The meeting adopted the order of procedure, which follows: A Register was chosen for each township, whose duty it was to prepare a map, Avith the several claims indicated thereon; a bidder and assistant bidder were chosen to attend the sale and make the purchases. Conflicts of claimants were submitted to a comniit^ie of tiireo, who had the power to settle all disputes. In event of a refusal by both parties to arbitrate, the case was to be submitted to a committee of five. Claimants were authorized to take as much as 320 acres. An equable arrangement was made between adjoining claimants, Avhere their claim-lines and the Government survey failed to coincide. All persons over eighteen years of age were entitled to the privileges of claimants. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 379 Benjamin Tucker was chosen Register for Township 69, and George W. Kelley, Register for Township 70. William Stewart and James Anderson were bidders for the former; George W. Eight and Royal Cottle, for the latter town. The standing committees were: John Darbyshire, Joseph Morgan, E. Wade, Peter Smith, Jesse Hunt — Township 69; William R. Ross, Levi Scott, James Hatcher, Oliver Cottle, Henry James — Township 70. All claims were required to be registered before August 1, 1839. By proclamation of President Martin Van Buren, the lands were to come into market October 1, 1839, but the sales were postponed in part of the dis- trict until March, 1840, when the tract on which Burlington stands was sold. The following is a statistical table of monthly receipts at the Burlington Land Office, during the first year and four months of its existence. Perhaps no safer criterion can be drawn of the pre-eminent character that Iowa had already attained, than the receipts which this table exhibits of a country that only so late as June, 1833, was first subject to occupancy by the white man. Of every hundred acres, it was estimated that ninety fell into the hands of the actual settlers. November 19, 1838, sold by public sale §295,495 61 January, 1839, by private entries and pre-emption 60,751 14 February, 1839, " " " " 28,047 31 March, 1839, «' " " " 8,778 46 April, 1889, " " " " 12,706 77 May, 1839, ^' " " " 15,675 93 June, 1839, " " " " 14,356 52 July, 1839, " " " " 24,909 16 August, 1839, " " " " 8,216 32 September, 1839, " " " " 8,836 56 October, 1839, by public sales 47,487 91 November, 1839, by private entries 10,564 72 December, 1839, " " 3,868 11 January 1, 1840, " " 4,644 80 • February, 1840, «' " 5,420 56 March, 1840, by private entries and public sales inclusive 382,222 42 April, 1840, by private entriesand pre-emption 29,834 22 June, 1840, by private sale and pre-emption 62,170 62 Total ^68,987 14 HOW PIONEERS LIVED. In choosing his home the pioneer usually had an eye mainly to its location, and for that reason settlers were oftener than not very solitary creatures, with- out neighbors and remote from even the common conveniences of life. A desir- able region was sure to have plenty of inhabitants in time, but it was the advance-guard that suffered the privation of isolation. People within a score of miles of each other were neighbors, and the natural social tendencies of man- kind asserted themselves even in the wilderness by efforts to keep up communi- cation with even these remote families. The first business of a settler on reaching the place where he intended to fix his residence, was to select his claim and mark it off as nearly as he could without a compass. This was done by stepping and staking or blazing the lines as he went. The absence of section lines rendered it necessary to take the sun at noon and at evening as a guide by which to run these claim-lines. So many steps each way counted three hundred and twenty acres, more or less, the then legal area of a claim. It may be readily supposed that these lines were far from correct, but they answered all necessary claim purposes, for it was under- 380 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Stood among the settlers that wlien the lands came to be surveyed and entered, all inequalities should be riglited. Thus, if a surveyed line should happen to run between adjoininf claims, cutting off more or less of the other, the fraction was to be added to whichever lot required equalizing, yet Avithout robbing the one from which it was taken, for an equal amount Avould be added to it in another place. The next important business was to build a house. Until this was done, some had to camp on the ground or live in their wagons, perhaps the only shel- ter thev had known for weeks. So the prospect for a house, which was also to be home, was one that gave courage to the rough toil, and added a zest to the heavv labors. The style of the home entered very little into their thoughts — it was shelter they wanted, and protection from stress of weather and wearing exposures. The poor settler had neither the money nor the mechanical appli- ances for building himself a house. He Avas content, in most instances, to have a mere cabin or hut. Some of the most primitive constructions of this kind were half-faced, or, astheyAvere sometimes called, "cat-faced" sheds or "wike- ups," the Indian term for house or tent. It is true, a claim cabin was a little more in the shape of a human habitation, made, as it was, of round logs light enough for two or three men to lay up, about fourteen feet square — perhaps a little large or smaller — roofed Avith bark or clapboards, and sometimes with the sods of the prairie; and floored Avith puncheons (logs split once in tAvo, and the flat side laid up) or with earth. For a fire- place, a wall of stone and earth — frequently the latter only, when stone was not convenient — was made in the best practicable shape for the purpose, in an opening in one end of the build- ing, extending outward, and planked on the outside by bolts of Avood notched together to stay it. Frequently a fire-place of this kind was made so capacious as to occupy nearly the whole width of the house. In cold Aveather, when a great deal of fuel Avas needed to keep the atmosphere above freezing point — for this wide-mouthed fire-place was a huge ventilator — large logs were piled into this yawning space. To protect the crumbling back wall against the effects of fire, tAvo back logs were placed against it, one upon the other. Sometimes these back logs were so large that they could not be got in in any other way than to hitch a horse to them, drive him in at one door, unfasten the log before the fire-place, from Avhence it was put in proper position, and then drive him out at the other door. For a chimney, any contrivance that Avould conduct the smoke up the chimney would do. Some were made of sods, plastered upon the inside with clay; others — the more common perhaps — were of the kind we occasionally see in use now, clay and sticks, or " cat in clay," as they were sometimes called. Imagine of a Avinter's night, Avhen the storm was having its OAvn wild Avay over this almost uninhabited land, and when the wind was roar- ing like a cataract of cold over the broad wilderness, and the settler had to do his best to keep Avarm, what a royal fire this double-back-logged and well-filled fire-place would hold ! It must have been a cozy place to smoke, provided the settler had any tobacco ; or for the wife to sit knitting before, provided she had needles and yarn. At any rate, it must have given something of cheer to the conversation, which very likely was upon the home and friends they had left behind when they started out on this bold venture of seeking fortunes in a new land. For doors aval Avindows, the most simple contrivances that would serve the purposes were brought into requisition. The door Avas not always immediately provided with a shutter, and a blanket often did duty in guarding the entrance. But as soon as convenient, some boards were split and put together, hung upon HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 381 wooden hinges, and held shut by a wooden pin inserted in an auger-hole. As a substitute for window-glass, greased paper, pasted over sticks crossed in the shape of sash, was sometimes used. This admitted the light and excluded the air, but of course lacked transparency. In regard to the furniture of such a cabin, of course it varied in proportion to the ingenuity of the occupants, unless it was where settlers brought with them their old household supply, which, owing to the distance most of them had come, was very seldom. It was easy enough to improvise tables and chairs; the former could be made of split logs — and there were instances where the door would be taken from its hinges and used at meals, after which it would be rehung — and the latter were designed after the three-legged stool pattern, or benches served their purpose. A bedstead was a very important item in the domestic comfort of the family, and this was the fashion of improvising them : A forked stake was driven into the ground diagonally from the corner of the room, and at a proper distance, upon which poles reaching from each were laid. The wall ends of the poles either rested in the openings between the logs or were driven into auger-holes. Barks or boards were used as a substitute for cords. Upon this the tidy housewife spread her straw tick, and if she had a home-made feather bed, she piled it up into a luxurious mound and covered it with her whitest drapery. Some sheets hung behind it for tapestry added to the coziness of the resting-place. This was generally called a " prairie bed- stead," and by some the ''prairie rascal." In design, it is surely quite equal to the famous Eastlake models, being about as primitive and severe, in an artistic sense, as one could wish. The house thus far along, it was left to the deft devices of the wife to com- plete its comforts, and the lather of the family was free to superintend out-of- door affairs. If it was in season, his first important duty was to prepare some ground for planting, and to plant what he could. This was generally done in the edge of the timber, where most of the very earliest settlers located. Here the sod was easily broken, not requiring the heavy teams and plows needed to break the prairie sod. Moreover, the nearness of timber offered greater con veniences for fuel and building. And still another reason for this was, that the groves afforded protection from the terrible conflagrations that occasionally swept across the prairies. Though they passed through the patches of timber, yet it was not with the same destructive force with which they rushed over the prairies. Yet by these fires much of the young timber was killed from time to time, and the forest kept thin and shrubless. The first year's farming consisted mainly of a "truck patch," planted in corn, potatoes, turnips, etc. Generally, the first year's crop fell far short of supplying even the most rigid economy of food. Many of the settlers brought with them small stores of such things as seemed indispensable to frugal living, such as flour, bacon, coffee and tea. But these supplies were not inexhaustible, and once used were not easily replaced. A long winter must come and go be- fore another crop could be raised. If game was plentiful, it helped to eke out their limited supplies. But even when corn was plentiful, the preparation of it was the next diffi- culty in the way. The mills for grinding it were at such long distances that every other device was resorted to for reducing it to meal. Some grated it on an implement made by punching small holes through a piece of tin or sheet- iron, and fastening it upon a board in concave shape, with the rough side out. Upon this the ear was rubbed to produce the meal. But grating could not be done when the corn became so dry as to shell off when rubbed. Some used a 382 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. coffee-mill for crrinding it. And a very common substitute for bread was hominy, a i)alatable and wholesome diet, made by boiling corn in a weak lye till the hull or bran peeled off, after which it was well washed, to cleanse it of the lye. It was then boiled again to soften it, when it was ready for use, as occasion required, by frying and seasoning it to the taste. Another mode of preparing hominy was by pestling. A mortar was made by burning a bowl-shaped cavity in the even end of an upright block of wood. After thoroughly clearing it of the charcoal, the corn could be put in, hot water turned upon it, w^hen it was subjected to a severe pestling by a club of sufficient length and thickness, in the large end of which was inserted an iron wedge, banded to keep it there. The hot water would soften the corn and loosen the hull, while the pestle would crush it. AVhen breadstuff's were needed, they had to be obtained from long distances. Owing to the lack of proper means for threshing and cleaning wheat, it was more or less mixed with foreign substances, such as smut, dirt and oats. And as the time may come when the settlers' method of threshing and clearing may be forgotten, it may be well to preserve a brief account of them here. The plan was to clean off a space of ground of sufficient size, and if the earth was dry, to dampen it, and beat it so as to render it somewhat compact. Then the sheaves were unbound and spread in a circle, so that the heads would be ui)permost, leaving room in the center for the person whose business it was to stir and turn the straw in the process of threshing. Then, as many horses or oxen were brought as could conveniently swing round the circle, and these were kept moving until the wheat was well trodden out. After several " floor- ings " or layers were threshed, the straw was carefully raked off, and the wheat shoveled into a heap to be cleaned. This cleaning was sometimes done by waving a sheet up and down to fan out the chaff as the grain was dropped before it ; but this trouble was frequently obviated when the strong winds of autumn were all that was needed to blow out the chaff from the grain. This mode of preparing the grain for flouring was so imperfect that it is not to be wondered at that a considerable amount of black soil got mixed with it, and unavoidably got into the bread. This, wdth the addition of smut, often rendered it so dark as to have less the appearance of bread than of mud ; yet upon such diet the people were compelled to subsist, for want of a better. Not the least among the pioneers' tribulations, during the first few years of settlement, was the going to mill. The slow mode of travel by ox-teams was made still slower by the almost total absence of roads and bridges, while such a thing as a ferry was hardly even dreamed of. The distance to be traversed was often as f;ir as sixty or ninety miles. In dry weather, common sloughs and creeks offered little impediment to the teamsters ; but during floods and the breaking-up of winter, they proved exceedingly troublesome and dangerous. To get stuck in a slough, and thus be delayed for many hours, was no uncom- mon occurrence, and that too, when time was an item"^ of grave import to the comfort and sometimes even to the lives of the settlers' families. Often a swollen stream would blockade the way, seeming to threaten destruction to whoever should attempt to ford it. , With regard to roads, there was nothing of the kind worthy of the name. Indian trails were common, but they were unfit to travel on with vehicles. They are described as mere paths about two feet wide — all that was required to accommodate the single-file manner of Indian traveling. An interesting theory respecting the origin of the routes now pursued by many of our public highways is given in a speech by Thomas Benton many HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 383 years ago. He says the buffaloes were the first road engineers, and the paths trodden by them were, as a matter of convenience, followed by the Indians, and lastly by the whites, with such improvements and changes as were found neces- sary for civilized modes of travel. It is but reasonable to suppose that the buf- faloes would instinctively choose the most practicable routes and fords in th ir migrations from one pasture to another. Then, the Indians following, possessed of about the same instinct as the buffaloes, strove to make no improvements, and were finally driven from the track by those who would. When the early settlers were compelled to make these long and diSicult trips to mill, if the country was prairie over which they passed, they found it comparatively easy to do in summer, when grass was plentiful. By travel- ing until night, and then camping out to feed the teams, they got along without much difficulty. But in winter, such a journey was attended with no little dan- ger. The utmost economy of time was, of course, necessary. When the goal was reached, after a week or more of toilsome travel, with many exposures and risks, and the poor man yras impatient to immediately return with the desired staff of life, he was often shocked and disheartened with the information that his turn would come in a week. Then he must look about for some means to pay expenses, and he was lucky who could find some employment by the day or job. Then, when his turn came, he had to be on hand to bolt his own flour, as, in those days, the bolting machine was not an attached part of the other mill machinery. This done, the anxious soul was ready to endure the trials of a return trip, his heart more or less concerned about the affairs of home. These milling trips often occupied from three weeks to more than a month each, and were attended with an expense, in one way or another, that rendered the cost of breadstuffs extremely high. If made in the winter, when more or less grain-feed was required for the team, the load would be found to be so con- siderably reduced on reaching home that the cost of what was left, adding other expenses, would make their grain reach the high cost figure of from $3 to $5 per bushel. And these trips could not always be made at the most favorable season for traveling. In spring and summer, so much time could hardly be spared from other essential labor ; yet, for a large family, it was almost impos- sible to avoid making three or four trips during the year. This description of early milling applies rather to the pioneers west of this county than to those who settled near the Mississippi and Skunk Rivers, but it was not uncommon for people here to cross over into Illinois to get their grind- ing done. Among other things calculated to annoy and distress the pioneer, was the prevalence of wild beasts of prey, the most numerous and troublesome of which was the wolf. While it was true, in a figuiative sense, that it required the utmost care and exertion to "keep the wolf from the door," it was almost as true in a literal sense. There were two species of these animals — the large, black, timber-wolf, and and the smaller gray wolf, that usually inhabited the prairie. At first, it was next to impossible for a settler to keep small stock of any kind that would serve as a prey to these ravenous beasts. Sheep were not deemed safe property until years after, when their enemies were supposed to be nearly exterminated. Large numbers of wolves were destroyed during the early years of settlement — as many as fifty in a day in a regular wolf-hunt. When they were hungry, which was not uncommon, particularly during the winter, they were too indis- creet for their own safety, and would often approach within easy shot of the 384 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. settlers' dwellings. At certain seasons, their Avild, plaintive yelp or bark could be heard in all directions, at all hours of the night, creating intense excitement aniung the dogs, whose howling would add to the dismal melody. It lias been found, by experiment, that but one of the canine species — the hound — has both the fleetness and courage to cope with his savage cousin, the wolf Attempts were often made to capture him with the common cur, but this animal, as a rule, proved himself Avholly unreliable for such a service. So long as the wolf would run, the cur would follow ; but the wolf, being apparently acquainted with the character of his pursuer, would either turn and place him- self in a combative attitude, or else act upon the principle that " discretion is the better part of valor," and throw himself upon his back, in token of sur- render. This strategic performance would make instant peace between these two scions of the same house ; and, not infrequently, dogs and wolves have been seen playing together like puppies. But the hound was never known to recog- nize a flag of truce; his baying seemed to. signify "no quarter," or at least so the terrified wolf understood it. Smaller animals, such as panthers, lynxes, wildcats, catamounts and polecats were also sufficiently numerous to be troublesome. And an exceeding source of annoyance was the swarms of mosquitoes which aggravated the trials of the settler in the most exasperating degree. Persons have been driven from the labors of the field by their unmerciful assaults. ORGANIZATION OF DES MOINES COUNTY. GOVERNMENT IN 1833. For more than a year after the original pioneer ventured to reclaim the Black Hawk Purchase from its native wildness, it may be truthfully said that the brave little company was beyond the confines of civilization. There were no laws, there Avere no oificers, there were no social or political regulations within the limits of the colony, except such laws as dAvelt in the hearts and minds of the intrepid band, which smiled at privation and looked hopefully forward to the realization of their desires. The handful of men and women wlio wintered on the bleak banks of the Mississippi during the season of liS3o-34, were a laAv and gospel unto themselves; controlling their, actions by the innate standard of an experience derived from associations among older and more cultivated communities. LaAvs were needed only for protection of the virtuous against the vicious, and Avhen a band of men combine to do as nearly right as they can, a simple code suffices to. regulate the lives of all. From the sparse records of 1833 are gathered sufficient suggestions of the intent and expectations of the pioneers to form the basis of these conclusions. For example, an association Avas formed in the fall of 1833, composed of the citizens of the county, and rules were adopted for the general government of the region. Among those rules AA^ere the folloAving : '' Resolved, That any person or persons alloAving the Indians to have whisky on any account whatever, shall forfeit all the whisky he or they shall liave on hand, and likcAvise the confidence and protection of this Association. " Resolved, That any person harboring or protecting a refuge, Avho, to evade justice, has fled from other sections of the Union, shall be delivered, with such refugee, on the other side of the river." These resolutions are but a part of the list, but the remainder are beyond rcinoduction here, since the original record-book has gone the Avay of earthly HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 385 things. Sufficient is given, however, to show that the community wished to avoid two great evils — demoralization of the Indians, and an influx of outlaws from the older States. The evidence still extant proves that the dreaded dan- gers to prosperous development were averted. Thus do we see that the first step toward organization was a self-imposed law, which nothing but the popular will sustained, as, in fact, that alone had created it. The people desired to be law-abiding citizens, and as a formal code could not be ofiered them from the East, they satisfied their own consciences by taking the matter into their own hands. It may be inferred from some vague rumors still in the air, that all who came to Burlington were not above the average in honesty ; but the inference that the community, as a whole, was strongly in favor of proper conduct is weightier than the first impression, and may be relied upon as a just conclusion. Burlington began right, and escaped many of the unpleasant scenes which occurred in some other new localities. RE-ORGANIZING THE LAW IN 1834. When the colony at Burlington had assumed sufficient size to warrant the thought of adopting legal restraints, the pioneers found themselves under the governmental control ot the Territory of Michigan. In that year, this region was attached to Michigan Territory, for judicial purposes, and, in the spring of 1834, instructions were sent to Mr. Ross, from Detroit, to organize Des Moines County. The new county Avas composed of the territory south of Rock Island to the mouth of the Des Moines River, and thence west, along the Missouri line, for fifty miles. The tract was fifty miles wide. The necessary laws and documents were received by Mr. Ross, and, as organizing officer, he gave notice of the impending election by advertising in suitable manner. The offi- cers chosen at the first election, in the fall of 1834, were as follows : Col. William Morgan was elected Supreme Judge, and Henry Walker and Young L. Hughes, Assistants of District Court, Avhich was the highest court in Iowa at that time ; Col. W. W. Chapman was Prosecuting Attorney ; W. R. Ross, Clerk; Solomon Perkins, Sheriff"; John Barker, Justice of the Peace ; W. R. Ross, Treasurer and Recorder ; John Whitaker, Probate Judge ; Leonard Olney, Supreme Judge ; John Barker and Richard Land, -Justices of the Peace, the latter appointed by the Governor of Michigan Territory. In October, 1835, Hon. George W. Jones was elected Delegate to Congres.s from the Territory of Michigan. Mr. Jones was interested in the development of the great Western wilderness, and favored the erection of a new Territory west of the lakes. He worked for that purpose in Congress, and was successful. Apropos of his achievement in that direction is here given an anecdote con- cerning his adroit avoidance of Mr. Calhoun's opposition to his bill : The Hon. George W. Jones, or the General, as he is more familiarly known at home, was a great ladies' man. Knowing the opposition to his terri- torial bill on the part of Mr. Calhoun, and that a speech from that distinguished statesman would defeat it, he set his wits to work to procure the absence of Mr. C. when the bill would be called up. To accomplish this, he paid vei-y marked attention to a lady friend of Mr. Calhoun, then at the capital, and was so kind, polite and entertaining that she, feeling under obligations to him for the same, inadvertently expressed the hope that circumstances might throw it in her way to render him some service. This was just what the General wanted, and he immediately said, " You can, if you will, do me the greatest favor in the world," and went on to explain the " Territorial Bill," and the opposition of Mr. Cal- houn thereto. "Now," said the General, " it will come up on such a day, and 38f) HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. when I send you my card, call out Mr. C, and, on some pretext, keep him out an hour or two." She consented and carried out the arrangement, and during that absence the bill was passed, and Mr. Calhoun did not have an opportunity to oppose It. WISCONSIN TERRITORY FORMED. April 20, 183(3, the bill creating the Territory of Wisconsin was approved. Got. Henry Dodge was appointed to the Executive office by President Jackson. The first proclamation was issued by him September 9, 1836, convening the Legislature at Belmont on the 25th of October. A delegate in Congress was ordered elected at the same time as the legislators Avere chosen. The counties of Dubutjue and Des Moines then contained 10,521 popula- tion, as was shown by the census ordered by Gov. Dodge. BELMONT LEGISLATURE. The election was ordered to be held on the second Monday (not the first, as stated by some writers) in October. The Belmont Legislature convened, as required, October 25, 1836, and was composed of the following members, as shown by the official report printed in 1836 : Brown County — Council. Henry S. Baird, John P. Arndt ; House, Ebenezer Childs, Albert G. Ellis, Alexander J. L'win. Milwaukee County — Council, Gilbert Knapp, Alanson Svveet ; House, William B. Sheldon, Madison W. Cornwall, Charles Durkee. Iowa County — Council, Ebenezer Brigham, John B. Terry, James R. Vine- yard ; House, William Boyles, G. F. Smith, D. M. Parkinson, Thomas Mc- Knight, T. Shanley, J. P. Cox. Dubuque County — Council, John Foley, Thomas McCraney, Thomas Mc- Knight ; House, Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlin, Hosea T. Camp, P. H. Engle, Patrick Quigley. Des Moines County — Council, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas, Arthur B. Inghram ; House, Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds, David R. Chance. WISCONSIN JUDICIARY. The second act passed by the Legislature provided for the establishment of Judicial Disti-icts. Charles Dunn was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, and performed judicial duties in the First District; David Irwin, Associate Justice, in the Second District ; and William C. Frazier, Associate Justice, in the Third District. THE TEMPORARY SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. The eleventh bill passed was one fixing upon Madison as the permanent seat of government of Wisconsin, and selecting Burlington as the temporary seat, pending the erection of suitable buildings in Madison. The story of this bill is interesting, since it effected the destiny of Burlington in no slight degree. When Wisconsin was created, Dubuque sought to secure the seat of govern- ment. Those engaged in that effort were not far-seeing enough to perceive the transient character of the boundaries of Wisconsin, as first defined. The loca- tion of Dubucjue was, by chance, near the geographical center of the immense region embraced in the original Territory, and failed to realize that the ultimate division of the country would be marked by the two great rivers. The paper at Dubuque, and the leading men, endeavored to persuade the Legislature that HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 38T the proper locality for the seat was there ; but wiser councils prevailed. Bur- lington, by uniting with the eastern counties, held the power necessary to decide the question. Perhaps reciprocal promises were made by the Burlington delegation, and perhaps not ; of that we have no clear evidence ; but one thing is certain, when the voting came on, Des Moines County, with its ten votes, joined the eastern counties and carried the bill, fixing the permanent seat at Madison. A clause was inserted in the bill providing, " That, until the public buildings at the town of Madison are completed — that is to say, until the 4th day of March, 1839 — the sessions of the Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin Territory shall be held at the town of Burlington, in the county of Des Moines, provided the public buildings are not sooner completed." Congress had appro- priated a sum of money for the erection of those buildings and the purchase of a library. The clause was a wise one for Des Moines, since nature had foreordained the division of Wisconsin at the Mississippi River, and the creation of a Territory, and ultimately a State, out of Des Moines and Dubuque. By forfeiting all pretense of claim to permanency, Burlington secured the temporary seat of Wisconsin, and thereby held the nine points of possession on the capital of the future State. Of course, no one asserted the possibility of Burlington holding the seat of Iowa after the development of the region ; but the purpose was to advertise Burlington to the country, and profit by the prestige of being the most prominent locality at the start. It was a shrewd piece of figuring, and worked great good to the new aspirant for settlers' favor. At the same time it secured the seat away from its natural rival, Dubuque. THE FIKST ROAD WEST OF THE RIVER. Act No. 20 of the Legislature provided for the establishment of a territorial road west of the Mississippi River, commencing at the village of Farmington, then to be the seat of Van Buren County ; thence to Moffit's Mill ; thence direct to Burlington ; thence to Wapello : thence to Dubuque, and thence on to Prairie du Chien. The Commissioners were Abel Galland, Solomon Perkins, Benjamin Clarke, Adam Sherrill, William Jones and Henry F. Lander. SUBDIVISION OF OLD DES MOINES. Act No. 21 was the next important bill (after the one locating the seat of government) passed by the Legislature so far as the county of Des Moines was concerned. It is here given in full : An Act dividing the County of Des Moines into several neiv Counties: Section 1. Be it enacted by the Council and House of Representatives of the Territory of Wisconsin, That the country included within the following limits, to wit : Beginning at the most southern outlet of Skunk River, on the ^lississippi : thence, a northern dirtection passing through the grove on the head of the northern branch of Lost Creek ; and thence, to a point correspond- ing with the range line dividing Ranges Seven and Eight ; and thence, south with said line to the Des Moines River ; thence, down the middle of the same to the Mississippi, and thence up the Mississippi to the*place of beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Lee. Sec. 2. Be it furthtr enacted, That the country included in the following boundaries, to wit : Beginning at the northeast corner of Lee ; thence, south with the west line of said county, to the river Des Moines ; thence, up the same to where the Missouri line strikes the same ; thence, west with the said Missouri boundary line to the Indian boundary line ; thence, north with the said boundary line twenty-four miles ; thence east to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Van Buren. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That the country included within the following limits, to wit : Beginning on the Mississippi River at the northeast corner of Lee ; thence, up said river to a point fifteen miles above the town of Burlington, on the bank of said river ; thence, on a 388 HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. westerly direction to a point on the dividing ridge between the Iowa River and Flint Creek, being twenty miles on a due west line from the Mississippi River ; thence a southerly direction so as to intersect the northern line of the county of Lee at a point twenty miles on a straio-ht line from the Mississippi River ; thence, east with the northerly line of the said county of Lee to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set oflF into a separate county, by the name of Des Moines. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That the country included within the following limits, to wit : Beginning at the southwest corner of Des Moines ; thence, northwest with the line of the said county of Van Buren, to the Indian boundary line ; thence north with the boundary line, twenty- four miles ; thence, southeast to the northwest corner of the county of Des Moines ; thence, south with the west line of the county of Des Moines to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Henry. Skc. 5. JJe it further enacted, That the country included within the following limits, to wit : Beginning at the .Mississippi River, at the northeast corner of Des Moines ; thence, up the said river twelve miles above the mouth of Iowa ; thence, west to the Indian boundary line ; thence, with said boundary line to the northwest corner of Henry ; and with the line of the same to the northwest corner of the county of Des Moines ; thence, east with the line of the same county of Des Moines to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set oft" into a separate county, by the name of Louisa. Sec. G. Be it further enacted. That the country included within the following boundaries", to wit : Beginning on the Mississippi River at the northeast corner of the county of Louisa; thence up said river twenty-five miles on a straight line; thence west to the Indian boundary line; thence with said boundary line south to the northwest corner of the county of Louisa; thence east with the line of said county of Louisa to the beginning, be and the same is here1)y set off into a separate county, by the name of Musquitine. Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, That the country included within the following boundaries, to wit : Beginning on the Mississippi River, at the northeast corned of the county of Musquitine , thence up said river to the southeast corner of Du Buque ; thence with the line of the said county of Du Buque to the Indian boundary line; thence with said line south to the northwest corner of the county of Musquitine; thence east with the said line of the said county of Musquitine to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set oft" into a separate county, by the name of Cook. Sec. 8. Be it further enacted. That the District Court shall be held at the town of Madison, m the county of Lee, on the last Monday in March and on the last Monday in August in each year ; in the town of Farmington, in the county of Van Buren, on the second Monday in April and the second Monday in September of each year; in the town of Mount Pleasant, in the county of Henry, on the first Friday after the second Monday in April and September in each year; in the town of Wapeilo, in the county of Louisa, on the first Thursday after the third Monday in April and September in each year ; in the town of Bloomington, in the county of Musquitine, on the fourth Monday in April and September in each year. Sec. 'J. Be it further enacted. That the county of Cook be and the same is hereby attached to the county of Musquitine, for all judicial purposes. Sec. 10. And be it further enacted. That the proper authority of the several counties hereby established, so soon as the said counties shall be organized, shall liquidate and pay so much of the .Jeht now due and unpaid by the present county of Des Moines, as may be their legal and equitable proportion of the same, according to the assessment value of the taxable property which shall be made therein. f c j Sec. 11. This act to be in force from and after its passage and until the end of the next annual session of the Legislative Assembly, and no longer. P. H. E.VQLE, Speaker of the House of Representatives. Henry S. Baird, President of the Council. A^ 1 T^ . - H. DODGE. Approveil December 7, ISoO. Act No. 38 authorized Matthias Hamm and Horace Smead to establish and operate a ferry across the Mississippi River from a point on the east side, on the 8r,uthea..t quarter of Section 20, Township 1 north, Range 2 west of the Fourth Jt-rmcipal Meridian, across to Eagle Point, or Hamui's Landing, on the west On the 12th of June, 1838. Gen. Dodge, as delegate in Congress from Wisconsin, succeeded in getting an act passed entitled "An act to divide the leiritory ot Wisconsin, and to establish the Territorial Government of Iowa." 1 his act took effect on the 3d day of July following. In accordance with the provisions of the act, Ex-Gov. Robert Lucas, of Ohio, was appointed Governor ot the ierritory by Mr. Van Buren, then President of the United States. Gov. ^T^^/iyi'ie^.A/'tyui^ HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 391 Lucas, on his arrival in the Territory, immediately issued a proclamation for an election of members to the first Legislative Assembly, and dividing the Terri- tory into suitable districts for that purpose. It is stated by one authority that Secretary Conway arrived a day or two before Gov. Lucas, and that the proclamation was, in fact, issued by him. The election was held on the 10th day of September, 1838, and the Legis- lature, in accordance with the proclamation, met at Burlington on the first day of November of the same year. The Assembly was composed of a council of thirteen members, and a House of Representatives of twenty-six members. One of the members returned elected, Cyrus S. Jacobs, of Des Moines County, was killed in an unfortunate encounter in Burlington before the meet- ing of the Legislature, and George H. Beeler was elected to fill the vacancy. Samuel R. Murray, of Camanche, Clinton County, was returned as elected from the district composed of the counties of Scott and Clinton, but whose seat was successfully contested by J. A. Birchard, Jr., of Scott County. With these two exceptions the members returned elected, and proclaimed as such by the Governor, held their seats during the session. At that day national politics was little thought of in the Territory. Notwithstanding a large majority of the members of both branches of the Legislature were Democrats, yet Gen, Jesse B. Brown, of Lee Co. (Whig), was elected President of the Council, and Hon. William H. Wallace (afterward delegate from Idaho, and first Governor of that Territory), Whig, of Henry County, was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives, the former unanimously, and the latter with but little opposition ; nevertheless, the session in many respects was a stormy one. Under the provisions of the organic law, the Governor had an unqualified veto, if he chose to exercise it, of all bills passed by the Legislature. The members thought he used the power rather too freely, and an exciting controversy was the result. The seat-of-government question, also, gave rise to much excitement. The friends of a central location favored the plan of the Governor, as recommended in his message ; namely, the appointment of Com- missioners, with a view of making a central location, while the southern mem- bers were in favor of Burlington, but finally withdrew that place, and united their forces on Mount Pleasant. The parties were very equally divided, and much excitement prevailed. The central party finally succeeded, however, and Robert Ralston, of Des Moines County, John Ronalds, of Louisa County, and Chauncey Swan, of Dubuque County, were appointed Commissioners, under the law, who met at Napoleon, in Johnson County (the location chosen as the orig- inal county seat, but now a farm,) the following spring, and located the capital at Iowa City. The law provided that the seat of government should remain at Burling- ton till suitable buildings could be erected at the new location. At the election in September, for members of the Legislature, a Delegate to Congress was also elected. There were four candidates in the field for this office, viz. : William W. Chapman and David Rorer, of Des Moines County, B. F. Wallace, of Henry County, and Peter Hill Engle, of Dubuque County. Mr. Chapman was elected, having beaten P. H. Engle by 36 majority. Mr. Engle afterward removed to St. Louis, where he was elected Judge of the Court, and died a few years since. He was a man of character and talent, and would have been elected, but that his opponents circulated the report (which they doubtlessly believed) that he had been drowned in swimming the Maquo- 392 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. keta, to meet one of his opponents. An Indian rescued him from a watery grave. The vote at this election stood : Chapman 1,490 Enple 1.454 Walhice 913 Horer 605 Talliaferio 30 (?) Total 4,492 There were fifteen counties. Des Moines casting the highest — 854. John- son, Linn, Jones, Washington (then Slaughter) casting from thirty-five to twenty-seven votes each. Eigle, Chapman and Rorer were Democrats, and Wallace was a Whig. The Territory included all the region to the northern boundary of the United States. Gen. Talliaferio lived at St. Peters (now St. Paul, Minnesota), and received the northern vote. The Federal appointments in the Territory, in addition to the Governor, were as follows, viz. : Charles Mason, of Burlington, Joseph Williams, of Pennsylvania, and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, Judges of the Supreme and District Courts ; Mr. Van Allen, of New York, United States Attorney ; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, United States Marshal ; William B. Conway, of Pittsburgh, Secretary of the Territory ; A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, Register, and V. P. Van Antwerp, of Terre Haute, Iowa, Receiver, of the land office at Burlington ; Thomas McKnight, Receiver, and Worthington (?), Register, of the land office at Dubuque. Mr. Van Allen, the Attorney, died at Rock- ingham, Scott Co., soon after his appointment, and Col. Charles Weston was appointed in his place. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, also died at Burlington during the second session of the Legislature, and James Clarke, editor of the Gazette, was appointed to fill the vacancy. The first Register of the land office at Dubuque served but a short time, and resigned, and B. Rush Petrikin, of Pennsylvania, was appointed in his place. Many of these names are yet familiar to the people of Iowa, the gentlemen having since then filled stations of trust and honor. Politics did not enter into the elections till 1840. In that year, the Whigs and Democrats both held Territorial Conventions at Bloomington (Muscatine), and nominated candidates for Delegates to Congress. The Whigs nominated Alfred Rich, of Lee Co., and the Democrats, Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Des Moines Co., both popular and talented men. The contest was spirited on both sides, each party being thoroughly united. Gen. Dodge was elected. THE FIRST STATE HOUSE. Something of a history attaches to the first State-house erected in Iowa, although the existence of the structure was brief and brilliant. When the Leg- iskture voted to come to Burlington in 1837, there was no suitable place in which the noble body could meet. It became necessary to erect a building. Now, it chanced that, in the early days, two men of the same name located in Burlington. Botii were known as Jeremiah Smith. They were cousins in relatioii.ship. To distinguish the one from the other, it became customary to speak of the younger as Jeremiah Smith, Jr., while the elder accepted the less respectful title of " Old Jere." Jeremiah, Jr., sought after and obtained the job of building the State-house, and during the summer of 1837 he carried out his agreement. When the Leg- islature assembled, the two houses convened in a two-story frame which did credit alike to the city of Burlington and the contractor. The house was heated by a HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY, 393 large fire-place. In December, the heating apparatus proved too much for the general building, and, after the Legislature had adjourned for the night, the boasted State-house disappeared in flame and smoke. The building was located on Main street, between Court and Columbia. Smith made application to Congress for relief, and his claim was allowed. The amount exceeded $4,000. A fatality seemed to follow Mr. Smith's work, for, soon after the allowance of his claim, Old Jere visited the capital. He there met Delegate Jones, who told him, through misapprehension of his identity, that his claim had been allowed and that he could get the money by making the necessary application and receipt. Old Jere was quick to see the possibility of making his trip to Washington a profitable one, and hastened to draw the funds, receipting for them in the name of " Jeremiah Smith," which he could legally do. It speedily became known that Old Jere had secured the money, but that was all the good it ever did the rightful owner, for he could never make the old man disgorge. He never obtained a dollar of the allowance. TEMPORARY QUARTERS. After the burning of the State-house, the Legislature occupied temporary rooms on opposite sides of Main street, corner of Columbia street. The next session was held in the Methodist Episcopal Church, " OldZion." The " Upper House " occupied the lotver room, and the " Lower House" the upper. The " Third House " was held in numerous lawyers' offices, we infer from the manifest influence exerted by the able bar of those days. From apaper published in the " Annals of Iowa," from the pen of Mr. Charles Negus, we quote the following concerning the first session of the Legislature in Burlington : " At the first Legislature of the Territory, there was a great deal of sparring between the members of that body and the Governor and Secretary. This diffi- culty first commenced with the Secretary. The Council passed a resolution requiring the Secretary to furnish their body with knives, stamps, folders, tin cups, etc. The Secretary not being able at the time to furnish these articles, addressed a communication to the Council on the subject, in which they were informed that the Secretary had made arrangements to procure the necessary stationery for the use of the Legislature, in Cincinnati, but owing to the low stage of water in the Ohio, the things ordered had not been received. The Secretary, in his communication, said, ' The navigation of the Ohio was entirely suspended ; this was the act of God, whose holy name is pronounced with deep reverence, and to Avhose holy will it is our duty to submit. Human power can- not resist the dispensation of His providence, nor can human wisdom counter- act His unfathomable designs.' The Secretary informed the Council that he had been to St. Louis, ' and returned in spite of every peril ; ' that ' much exer- tion had been made to procure knives in Burlington, but,' said he, ' knives of suitable finish and quality could not be procured in town, nor can sufficient knives of any quality be obtained ; and the Secretary cannot make knives — if he could, he would do so with expedition and pleasure ; ' that ' it was the earnest and anxious wish of the Secretary that all the members should have knives, and stamps and folders, and all and singular such thing or things, device or devices whatever, as may facilitate the operation of the hands in yielding assistance to deliberations of the heads ; ' that in relation to ' that part of the resolution which related to extra inkstands and tin patty-pans, can, and shall be promptly complied with.' 394 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. •' This communication of the Secretary greatly insulted the dignity of the Council, and the matter was referred to a special committee, of whom Stephen Hempstead (afterward Governor) was Chairman. The committee, after due deliberation, made their report, in which they set forth that the Secretary's communication was ' of such a nature as to call forth a severe animadversion upon its tone and spirit ; ' that ' the evident intent of that communication was not only to treat the resolution adopted by the Council with irony and con- tempt, but at the same time to convey the idea that the articles asked for by the resolution were unnecessary and unimportant.' The report went on to show that the house in which they held deliberations was not properly furnished ; that the Secretary had used his influence to prevent the Council from obtaining thini^s without his sanction, and ' that the honorable Secretary of the Territory mif^ht rest assured that the present Legislature will not tamely submit tothe insults and derisions of any officer of the Territory, and they at all times will defend to the last their honest rights, and the liberty ol the people, whom they have the honor to represent.' This report of the committee was unanimously adopted. " The controversy about knives, etc., though fiercely commenced, did not last lone The Secretary, through the intervention of Judge Wilson, apolo- gized to the Council, and withdrew the objectionable paper, and the Council let the insult to their dignity pass without further notice. •' But this matter had hardly been adjusted before another difficulty arose, implicating the Governor with the Secretary. The Legislature passed a joint resolution that the Secretary of the Council and Chief Clerk of the House should receive $6 per day for their services in this assembly, and each of the additional clerks, sergeant-at-arms, door-keepers, messengers and firemen should receive ^3 per day, to be paid by the Secretary of the Territory upon the pre- sentation of a certificate of their services, signed by the presiding officer of the house in which they served, and countersigned by the Secretary or Clerk.' The Secretary, doubting whether this would be a sufficient authority for him to pay out money, referred the matter to the Governor, and the Governor gave him his opinion in writing, in which he took the ground that the Secretary ought not to disburse the public moneys under that authority. And the Secretary, being sustained in his views as to the disbursing of the public moneys by the written opinion of the Governor, sent to the Legislature a communication, informing that body that he did not feel authorized to pay out money under such authority, and to sustain his views, sent with the communication the written opinion of the Governor. " This counseling of the Governor was considered by most of the members of the Legislature as interfering with their prerogatives, and a matter of so great importance that there was a joint convention of the two Houses held to devise ways and means by which to protect their rights against the supposed encroach- ments of the Governor. This convention passed resolutions expressive of what they considered to be the rights of the Legislature, and in their discussions many of the members severely animadverted upon the part which the Governor had taken in this matter. '' The attacks made upon the Governor at the fore part of the session prob- ably caused him to be a little prejudiced in his feelings toward the members, and less disposed to yield his opinion of what he conceived to be right to the wislies of tliat body, than he would have been had there been no misunderstanding between them. And from the time of this joint convention, instead of recon- ciling the strife which had been engendered between His Excellency and the Leg- islature, the quarrel became sharper and more bitter, until the adjournment. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 395 " Gov. Lucas being an old man, and having occupied the gubernatorial chair in Ohio, thought himself better versed in making laws and what was for the best interests of the Territory than most of the members of the Legislature, who were young men and inexperienced as legislators, and all laws which they passed that did not entirely meet with his approbation, he vetoed. And by the provisions of the organic act of the Territory, it was necessary that the Gov- ernor should approve of all bills passed by the Legislature before they could become laws, so that his veto was absolute, and no act of that body could become a law without his consent. " For the purpose of harmonizing differences, there was a joint committee appointed by both branches of the Legislature to consult with the Governor and prepare a bill to regulate the intercourse between the legislative and executive parties of the Territorial Government. After a consultation with His Excellency, a bill was prepared by the committee, with such restrictions and provisions as met with his approbation ; but when it was brought before the Legislature, there were some very material alterations made in the bill which were very obnoxious to the Governor, and when it was presented to him for his approval, he refused to sign it, and returned it to the house in which it originated ; and in his veto message, he laid down the rules by which he would be governed in relation to acts presented to him for approval. " He informed the Legislature that all bills submitted to him would be care- fully examined, and if approved, would be deposited in the Secretary's oflSce ; but he said if ' special objections are found, but not suflScient to induce me to withhold my assent from the bill, a special note will be indorsed with my approval. Bills that may be considered entirely objectionable, or of doubtful policy, will be returned to the Legislative Assembly with my objections, at such times and in such manner as I may from time to time deem most advisable.' This veto message fanned the flame of strife already enkindled, and many of the members became very bitter toward His Excellency. " Among the many acts vetoed by the Governor Avas an act requiring him, when a bill was presented for his approval, to inform the Legislature of his approval thereof, or if he did not approve of it, to return the bill with his objections ; an act authorizing the Postmaster at Davenport to have the mail carried from that place to Dubuque twice a week in two-horse post-coaches ; a joint resolution, making the Secretary of the Territory a fiscal agent of the Legislature, authorizing him to pay out money, without an appropriation, to the members and oflScers of the Legislature. " The feelings of the members were so bitter toward the Governor because • he kept them in check by his vetoes, that there was a Special Committee appointed in the House, on Vetoes, of which James W. Grimes (afterward Gov- ernor and United States Senator) was the Chairman. The organic act provided that the Governor ' shall approve of all laws passed by the Legislative Assem- bly before they shall take enect.' On this provision of the law, the Committee made a lengthy report, in which they took the ground that the words ' shall approve all laws' meant that it was his imperative duty, under the organic law, to approve of all acts passed by the Legislature of the Territory ; and that the mere fact of the Governor vetoing them, or withholding his approval, did not prevent the acts of the Legislature from becoming laws, but was a neglect of duty on the part of the Governor. " And this report of the Committee was concurred in by the House by a vote of 16 to 6 — Bailey, Beeder, Brierly, Coop, Erierson and Patterson voting against it. 396 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. " These acts, and the abuse of the Legislature, did not intimidate the Gov- ernor in tlie discharge of liis duties, being actuated with a desire to do what he supposed was riglit, and let those of the future judge of the wisdom of his course. '• When the members of the Legislature found they could not control the Governor by resolutions, reports of committees and abusive speeches, their next move was to remove him from office. " Bankson introduced a resolution in the House, in which was set forth that, whereas it was known to the Legislature ' that Gov. Lucas had been writing notes and explanations on sundry laws adopted by the Legislature,' and also setting forth that these acts of his Avere ' an unwarrantable encroachment upon the judicial department of the Territorial Government, as well as an insult and rude invasion of the rights of the Legislature,' 'Therefore, Resolved, That Robert Lucas is unfit to be the ruler of a free people, and that a Select Com- mittee be appointed to prepare a report and memorial to the President * * * * praying in strong terms for his immediate removal from office.' " This resolution was adopted by a vote of 12 to 10, and Bankson, Hall, Summers, Taylor and Nowlin were appointed the Committee. The Committee, after due deliberation, made their report, requesting the President, for various reasons, to remove the Governor from his office. " There was a majority in both branches of the Legislature who were opposed to the Governor, and the memorial was adopted and forwarded to the President. " In these proceedings, the Governor was not without some friends who strongly opposed the adoption of the report of the committee, and they claimed the privilege ' to forward a counter-memorial to the President on the same sub- ject, and to spread their protest on the journal of the House ; ' but their request was refused, when eight of the members of the House, in their private capacity, got up a protest, in which they reviewed the memorial, and denied or explained most of the charges preferred against the Governor, so that from the protest, or some other cause, President Van Buren did not see proper to remove the Gov- ernor form his office, and he held it until there Avas a change in the administra- tion of the Federal Government. The difficulties which had arisen between Gov. Lucas and the Legislature, from his too frequent use of the veto power, and the complaints made by the latter, induced Congress to make some amend- ments to the law organizing the Territory ; and on the 3d day of March, 1839, they passed two acts, by which it was provided that every bill passed by the Council and House of Representatives should be presented to the Governor, and if he approved it, the same sh:uld become a law; if not, he should return it with his objections to the House in which it had originated, for reconsideration, and if both branches of the Legislature passed it by a two-thirds vote, it should then become a law without the approval of the Governor. They also made pro- visions for authorizing the Legislature to pass laws permitting the people to elect Sheriffs, Judges of Probate, Justices of the Peace and County Surveyors. " There was likewise a law passed authorizing the Delegate (William W. Chapman), who was elected at the time of organizing the Territory, as Repre- sentative to Congress, to hold his seat till the 11th day of October, 1840, and made provision that the next Representative, after Chapman's term expired, should only hold his seat till the 4th of the next March, after which the term should be the same as other Members of Congress — for the period of two years. '' The Legislature was not slow in taking advantage of these acts of Con- gress, for at their next session about the first thing that claimed their attention was to make provisions authorizing the people to elect their Sheriffs, Judges of HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUIITY. 397 Probate, Justices of the Peace and County Surveyors ; and by these acts the Governor was very much curtailed in his power and influence in the Territory." RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Having thus given an outline of the general history of the Territory of Wisconsin, at its earliest period, we take up the thread of Des Moines County records. The Territorial Legislature, at Burlington, passed a bill, which was approved January 18, 1838, re-establishing the boundaries of the five original counties [p. 210 Session Laws Wis. Ter, Leg., Burlington, 1838]. Hereafter is quoted the bill in full, because of the scarcity of the old records. It may prove of value for reference in days to come : An act to establish the boundaries of Lee, Van Buren, Des Moines, Henry, Louisa, Muscatine and Slaughter, to locate the seats of justice in said counties, and for other purposes: Section I. Be it enacted by the Council and the House of Represe?itatives of the Territory of Wisconsin, That the boundaries of Lee County shall be as follows, to wit: Beginning at the main channel of the Mississippi River, due east from the entrance of Skunk River into the same, thence up said river to where the township line dividing Townships Sixty-eight and Sixty- nine north leaves said river ; thence with said line to the range line between Ranges Four and Five west; thence north with said line to the township line between Townships Sixty-nine and Seventy north ; thence west with said line to the range line between Ranges Seven and Eight west; thence south with said line to the Des Moines River; thence down said river to the mid- dle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence up the same to the place of beginning, and the seat of justice is hereby established at the town of Fort Madison. Sec. 2. The boundaries of the county of Van Buren shall be as follows, to wit: Begin- ning on the Des Moines River, where the range line between Ranges Seven and Eight inter- sects said river; thence north with said line to the township line dividing Townships Seventy and Seventy-one north ; thence west with said line to the range line between Ranges Eleven f.nd Twelve west; thence south with said line to the northern line of Missouri; thence east with said line to the Des Moines River; thence down said river to the place of beginning, and the seat of justice of said county is hereby retained at the town of Farmington, until it may be changed, as hereinafter provided. For the purpose of permanently establishing the seat of justice for the county of Van Buren, the qualified electors of said county shall, at the election for County Commissioners, vote by ballot for such places as they may see proper for the seat of justice of said county. The returns of said election shall, within thirty days thereafter, be made by the Sheriff of the county to the Governor of the Territory, and if, upon ex-amination, the Governor shall find that any one point voted for has a majority over all other places voted for, he shall issue a proclamation of that fact, and the place so having a majority of votes shall, from the date of such proclamation, be the seat of justice of said county. But if, upon an examination of the votes, the Governor shall find that no one place has a majority of the whole number of votes polled on that question and returned lo him, he shall issue a proclamation for a new election in said county, and shall state, in his proclamation, the two places which were highest in vote at the preceding election, and votes at the election so ordered, shall be confined to the two places thus named. The Governor shall, in his proclamation, fix the time of holding said second election, and it shall be conducted in the same manner, and by the same officers as conducted the election for County Commissioners; and the Sheriff of the county shall, within thirty days thereafter, make return of said second election to the Governor, who shall thereupon issue a second proclamation, declaring which of the two places named in first proclamation was the highest in vote at such second election, and declaring said place from that time to be the seat of Justice for Van Buren County, provided that the spring term of the District Court for said county shall be held at Farmington, the present seat of justice of Van Buren County. Sec. 3. The boundaries of Des Moines County shall be as follows, to wit : Beginning at the northeast corner of Lee County ; thence west with the northern line of said county to the range line between Ranges Four and Five west ; thence north with said line to the township line dividing Townships Seventy-two and Seventy-three north ; thence east with said line to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River ; thence down the same to the place of beginning ; and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Burlington. Sec. 4. The boundaries of Henry County shall be as follows, to wit : Beginning on the range line between Ranges Four and Five west, where the township line dividing Townships Seventy- three and Seventy-four north intersects said line ; thence west with said line to the range line between Ranges Eight and Nine ; thence south with said line to the township line dividing Town- ships Seventy and Seventy-one north ; thenceeast with said line to the range line between Ranges Seven and Eight west ; thence south with said line to the township line dividing Townships Sixty- 398 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. nine and Seventy north ; thence east with said line to the range line between Ranges Four and Five west ; thence north with said line to the place of beginning ; and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of .Mount Pleasant; and all the territory west of Henry is hereby attached to the same lor judicial purposes. Sec. a. The boundaries of Louisa County shall be as follows, to wit : Beginning at the north- east corner of Des Moines County ; thence west to the northwest corner of said county ; thence north with the range line between Ranges Four and Five west to the township line dividing Townships Seventy-tive and Seventy-six north; thence east with said line to the Mississippi River; thence down the same to the place of beginning ; and the seat of justice of said county is iiereby estaldished at the town of Lower Wapello. Skc. ti. The boundaries of Muscatine County shall be as follows, to wit: Beginning at the northeast corner of the county of Louisa; thence west with the northern line of said county, to the range line between Four and Five west; thence north with said line, to the township line dividing Townships Seventy-eight and Seventy-nine north; thence east with said line, to the range line between Ranges One and Two east; thence south with said line to the Mississippi River; thence down the main channel of the said river to the place of beginning; and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Bloomington. Skc. 7 The county included within the following boundaries, to wit, beginning at the north- east corner of the county of Henry; thence west to the northwest corner of the same; thence north to the township line dividing Townships Seventy-six and Seventy-seven north ; thence east with the said line to the line between Ranges Four and Five west; thence south with the said line to the place of beginning, is hereby set oifinto a separate county by the name of Slaugh- ter, and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Astoria; and all the territory west is hereby attached to the county of Slaughter for judicial purposes. Sec. 8. That the .-everal counties hereby established shall liquidate and pay so much of the debt, as was due and unpaid bj' the original county of Des Moines, on the first day of December, eighteen hundred and thirty-six, as may be their legal and equitable proportion of the same, according to the assessment value ol the taxable property therein. Approved, January 18, 1838. It will be seen that the natural southern boundary of Des Moines was not regarded, and township lines were chosen as the dividing lines. The present division at Skunk River was a more recent matter, as will hereafter be shown. On the 29th of December, 1838, the Territorial Legislature approved of an act providing for the establishment of a road from the " town of Du Buque to the northern boundary of Missouri, via of the Territorial seat of government," which was Burlington. It was either to be located in Johnson County, or on the nearest and best route to Keosauqua, thence southward to where Keokuk now stands. Simeon Clark, of Dubuque County, William Chambers, of Mus- catine County, and Henry Filkner, of Johnson County, were appointed Com- missioners to lay out the road as far as the southern line of Johnson County ; and David Goble, of Washington County, John Williford, of Henry County, and William Billups, of Van Buren County, were appointed to locate the road from the point where the other Commissioners stopped, to the line of Missouri. The County Commissioners of the several counties through which the road pa.ssed were to pay the expenses in their respective proportions to the amount of the road laid out in each. The Road Commissioners were to receive each ^•J.50 per day for their services, and were to mark the road as it was laid out by blazing trees in the woods and setting stakes in the prairies. January 18, 1838, Levi Moffit was authorized to maintain a ferry across Skunk River, near Augusta. THE EARLY COURTS. The first judicial tribunal ever convened in old Des Moines County assembled at the house of William R. Ross, in Burlington, on Monday, the 13th day of April, 1835. Present : William Morgan and Young L. Hughes, Justices. These gentlemen were a part of the judicial bench selected under the first election, held in pursuance of an order by the Governor of Michigan Territory. The third Justice was John King, of Dubuque. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 399 William R. Ross was the Clerk of the Court. William W. Chapman was appointed United States Prosecuting Attorney, and took his office. The fol- lowing persons were summoned to appear as grand jurymen : Thomas W. Tay- lor, George Southward, John Roberts, Hugh Wilson, David C. Hunter, John M. Forrest, Jacob Westfall, James Hatcher, Mathew W. Latty, James Dawson, Solomon Osburn, William Deakins, John Chandler, Francis Redin, Henry Walker, Daniel Chance, Arthur Inghram, Enoch Wade, Jonathan Morgan, George Leebrick, Jeremiah Smith. The Sheriff reported that he had served the required notice on all the foregoing, except John Roberts and George Southward. On the day of Court, the following jury was impaneled : Arthur Inghram, Foreman ; Hugh Wilson, David C. Hunter, James Hatcher, Mathew W. Latty, James Dawson, Solomon Osburn, William Deakins, John Chandler, Francis Redin, Daniel Chance, Enoch Wade, Jonathan Morgan, George Leebrick and Jeremiah Smith. The first victim was John Tooper, who was fined $3 and costs" for " reasons satisfactory to the Court," but not now shown, and he was put in durance vile from lack of funds. John M. Forrest, Henry Walker, Thomas W. Taylor, John Box and Nathaniel Knapp were ordered to appear at the next term of Court and answer to a charge of contempt, for failing to respond to the summons to appear as grand iurors. =■ '^ THE FIRST FERRY. On the 14th day of April, 1835, being the second day of the first session of Court ever held here, Amzi Doolittle and Simpson S. White were licensed to keep a ferry, at Burlington, across the Mississippi. The rates of ferriage were as follows : One horse and carriage, or wagon 50 cts. For each person or horse 25 " For each footman 18| " For two-horse wagon, or yoke of oxen and wagon 75 " For each additional horse or ox 12j " For each head of neat cattle 6^ " For each head of hogs, sheep, goats, sucking pigs excepted 3 " All children belonging to the wagon free of ferriage. Three hands ordered to each ferry-boat and banisters required. The boat to run from sunrise to half after sunset. No person to be detained longer than thirty minutes. The Court also licensed John Box to establish a ferry across the river at Fort Madison. James Gipson (probably Gibson) was licensed to keep a ferry across Skunk River, "at his premises." THE FIRST DIVORCE CASE. The case of William Wade vs. Abigail Wade, suit for divorce, was decided in favor of the complainant, by default. April 15, James C. Dinwiddle was authorized to maintain a ferry across the Mississippi River, at his claim, on the same terms as those granted Doolittle and White. Paris and Anderson C. Smith were accorded like privileges. THE FIRST PETIT JURY was impaneled on the 15th of April, and was composed of the following: William Walter, Henry Parish, Jonathan Casterline, Benjamin Simmons, Robert H. Ives, Samuel Kinney, Thomas Boemer, Daniel Strang, Amos Dun- ham, Benjamin Tucker, Levi Scott, Isaac Crenshaw, Samuel Lewin, James 400 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. McDowell, Lewis Walters, John Lewin, Harrison Brooks, Isaac Canterberry, Alexander Hilleary, Jesse Hunt, Nicholas R. Teas, Samuel Smith, Riley Dris- col and Israel Pliilips. Numerous indictments were returned for assault and battery, adultery, etc., some of the parties were fined. Matrimonial infelicity was not uncommon in those early days, evidently, since Jeremiah Cutbirth was divorced from his wife Mary; also Salina Dotson from lier iiusband Williiyn ; and Anna Turner from her husband Hickman. The Sheriff, at that time, was Solomon Perkins, and Z. C. Inghrara, deputy. The September term began on the 14th of that month. J. B. Teas was sworn in as Prosecuting Attorney. Isaac Leftier was that day admitted to practice as an attorney. Robert R. Williams, Sidney H. Littell, James AY. Woods, W. W. Chapman, were ad- mitted to practice. The first acknowledgment of a deed is here mentioned. E. Boishnell and wife deeded property to M. F. and E. Tesson, in open court. Indictments for riot, assault and battery, and the granting of ferry privi- ileges across the Mississippi, filled the pages of the records at this session. THE FIRST MURDER TRIAL. James P. Dinwiddie was the first man indicted in the county for murder. He was tried September, 1835, before the Court and the following jury : Hiram P. Casey, William Carpenter, Richard T. Land, Claiborn Wright, Reuben Chance, William Walters, Jonathan Farris, John Harris, Isaac Crenshaw, Royal Cottle, David G. McKnight, Jonathan Donnell, and was acquitted. A NEW BENCH. The April session of this Court, which convened on the 11th day of that month, 1836, found a new bench. Isaac Leffler, Chief Justice; Arthur Inghram and Henry Walker, Associate Justices ; W. R. Ross, Clerk ; W. W. Chapman, Prosecuting Attorney. David Rorer was was admitted to practice at this term. The business of this session was of a character not to interest the general reader of to-day, nor does it form an important part in the history of the county. THE COURT UNDER WISCONSIN TERRITORY. The first session of United States District Court for the county of Des Moines, Wisconsin Territory, convened at Burlington April 3, 1837. Hon. David Irvin, Judge of the Second Judicial District, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, on the bench ; W. W. Chapman, District Attorney; W. R. Ross, Clerk; Francis Gehon, Marshal. The first United States grand jury under this system was composed of the following : Jesse B. Webber, Mathew W. Latty, George Leebrick, Isaac Can- terberry, Abraham Sells, Sulifand S. Ross, George W. Hight, Michael C. Har- ris, Stephen Gearhart, Jonathan Morgan, Israel Robinson, James G. McGuffie, David R.^ Chance, John Darbyshire, James Hatcher, Royal Cottle, Richard Land. The jury found no indictments and was discharged. On motion of James W. Grimes, Robert R. Williams was admitted to practice. The first district grand jury was composed of the following: George W. Hight. Foreman; George Leebrick, M. W. Latty, Abraham Sells, James Hatcher, L. Maxwell, Isaac Canterberry, Stephen Gearhart, Richard Land, M. HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 401 C. Haines, Isaac Basy, William Stewart, J. G. McGuffie, J. A. Lewin, John Moore and Robert Chalfin. The Court ordered that the temporary seal of the Court for Des Moines County should be the impression of the reverse side of a United States dime, made in wafer and covered by thin paper. On motion of David Rorer, a license was granted Jeremiah White to main- tain a ferry across the river. FIRST STEAM FERRY. On motion of W. W. Chapman, the Court ordered that a license be issued to David James, for the establishment of a steam ferry across the river from Burlington. The rates were like those given in the account of the original ferry. At the June session, 1838, before Judge Irvin, John Ross, a native of Don- nock, Scotland, and John Cameron, a native of Lochaber, Scotland, were nat- uralized as citizens of the United States. John S. Dunlap was appointed Deputy Clerk. THE COURT UNDER IOWA TERRITORY. The first session of the United States District Court for Des Moines County, Iowa Territory, assembled in Burlington, November 26, 1838. The Court con- sisted of Hons. Charles Mason, T. S. Wilson and J. Williams. Hon. Thomas S. Wilson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, on the bench ; John S. Dunlap, Clerk ; Alfred Rich, District Attorney. The first grand jury under this Court was composed of the following per- sons : Alfred Clark, Foreman ; Henry Moore, Thomas Ballard, Alexander Hilleary, Samuel B. Jagger, William Smith, James A. Ogle, John Pierson, Daniel Duvall, Daniel Lewis, John Wort, Henry Sublette, Wiley Ballard, Benjamin Tucker and Henry Parish. •lUDGES, CLERKS, ATTORNEYS AND SHERIFFS. Under the State Constitution of 1846, the judiciary of the First District, which was composed of Des Moines, Henrv, Lee and Louisa Counties, was as follows: 1847, George H. Williams; 1852, Ralph P. Lowe; 1857, John W. Rankin (by appointment for short termV, 1857, Thomas W. Clagett; 1858 (under Constitution of 1857), Francis Springer; Judge Springer resigned in October, 1869, and was succeeded by Joshua Tracy ; 1874, Judge Tracy resigned and was succeeded by P. Henry Smyth; September, 1874, T. W. New- man; 1879, A. H. Stutsman. ' CIRCUIT COURT. 1869, John C. Power; 1873, J. B. Drayer ; 1878, Charles H. Phelps. District Attorneys. — 1858, Joshua Tracy ; 1869, Francis Springer ; 1870, G. B. Corkhill; 1871, D. N. Sprague; 1879, T. A. Bereman. Clerks.— 18S5, William R. Ross ; 1838, John S. Dunlap ; 1847, Oliver Cock ; 1850, Oliver C. Wightman ; 1852, Denise Denise ; 1854, A. J. Mes- senger; 1860, John Lahee; 1862, William Garrett; 1874, T. G. Foster. Prosecuting Attorneys. — 1835, W. W. Chapman; 1835, J. B. Teas ; 1836, W. W. Chapman ; 1838, Alfred Rich ; 1841, William R. Starr ; 1842, H. T. Reid; 1843, L. D. Stockton; 1846, J. C. Hall; 1847, James W. Woods; 1848, David Rorer ; 1852, Charles H. Phelps ; 1854, C. Ben Darwin ; 1854, Charles H. Phelps ; 1856, C. B. Darwin. In 1858, the ofiice became a Dis- trict one. 402 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Sheriffs.— 1SS5, Solomon Perkins ; 1840, James Cameron ; 1844, J. H. McKennv; 1846, Anthony W. Carpenter; 18-^0, EdAvard H. Ives; 1853, William Garrett ; 1857, Allen J. Hillhouse ; 1861, M. Heisey ; 1865, Alex- ander S. Perry; 1867, James H. Latty; 1872, William Schaffner. THE COMMISSIONERS' COURT. The first business transacted by the county, after its formal organization in 1887, was bv a Board of Commissioners. These officers corresponded to the present Board of Supervisors. The Board was composed of Gen, George W. llii^ht and Jonathan Morgan. W. R. Ross was Clerk, as well as Clerk of the District Court, Assessor and Treasurer. The original record-book cannot be found, but no specially important business was done, if the memory of several old settlers can now be relied upon. The county was kept free from debt. The Board, in 1839, consisted of George W. Hight, John D. Wright and Richard Land. The first record begins June, 1840. In 1840, at the June session, the Board consisted of John D. Wright, Richard Land and George W. Hight ; J. S. Dunlap, Clerk. At that session, John N. W. Springer and Comfort Barnes contracted for the erection of a County Jail. The place of holding Court was the Methodist Church, and the Board ordered the payment of $35 to the Trustees thereof for the use of the building for the last session of the District Court. At the October session, in 1840, George W. Hight, John Wright and Jona- than Morgan were the Commissioners, the latter having been chosen to succeed Richard Land. A special meeting Avas held for the purpose of allowing Springer and Barnes §150 for digging a public well in Burlington. January 4, 1841, Levi Scott succeeded John D. Wright, and the Board con- sisted of Jonathan Morgan, George W. Hight and Levi Scott. TOAVNSIIIPS ORGANIZED. At the January session, 1841, Burlington Township, composed of fractional Towns Nos. 69 and 70 north. Range 2 west, was organized. Also, the follow- ing : Union Township, composed of Town 69 and fractional Town 68, Range 3, and Town 68, Range 2 ; Augusta ToAvnship, composed of fractional Town 69, Range 4, and 69, Range 5 ; Danville Township, composed of Town 70, Range 4 ; Flint River Township, composed of Town 70, Range 3 ; Tamey Township, composed of ToAvn 71, Range 2 ; Franklin Township, composed of Town 71, Range 3 ; Pleasant Grove Township, composed of Towns 71 and 72, Range 4, and Yellow Springs Township, composed of Town 72, Range 3, Town 72, Range 2, and fractional 72, Range 1. All previous acts of organization were repealed at that date. July, 1841, Tamey Township was renamed, and called Benton Township. At the October session, 1841, Jeremiah Lamson succeeded Levi Scott on the Board, making it Messrs. Hight, Morgan and Lamson. August, 1842, the Board consisted of Jonathan Morgan, William Edmund- son and Luke Palmer ; Presley Dunlap, Clerk. The Board rented the M. E. Church building for 1843, for the sum of 3100, and .$100 addition to be paid for use of two basement rooms. This was for District Court purposes. In 1843, the Board was composed of Jonathan Morgan, John Ripley and Luke Palmer. In 1844, of John Ripley, M. W. Robinson and Luke Palmer. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 403 In October, 1844, the Board was made up of Luke Palmer, M. W. Robin- son and Gordon McCanley, with John R. Woods as Clerk. August, 1845, Daniel Haskell succeeded Luke Palmer,and the Board stood : Messrs. Robinson, McCanley and Haskell. The Clerk, John R. Woods, died August 10, and Samuel D. Colburn was appointed to the office on the 12th of that month. August, 1846, R. W. Dolbee was appointed Clerk. The Board remained unchanged till August, 1847, at which time it stood : Daniel Haskell, M. W. Robinson and B. M. Clark, with William M. Wallbridge, Clerk. At the April session, 1848, the original township of Yellow Springs was divided as follows : Township 72, Range 1, and all that part of Town 72, Range 2, which lies east of the section line dividing Sections 32, 33, 29, 28, 20, 21, 16, 17, 8, 9, 5 and 4 was stricken off of the original township, and known as Huron Township. In 1848, the Board stood : M. W. Robinson, B. W. Clark, W. F. Cool- baugh. In 1849 it stood : B. W. Clark, W. F. Coolbaugh, Levi Hager. From April until October, Charles Mason served instead of Mr. Coolbaugh. October, 1850, the Board was composed of but two members, Levi Hager and William Gr. Hackett. William M. Wallbridge was Clerk until 1851. THE COUNTY COURT. On the 1st day of September, 1851, the County Judge system succeeded the original Commissioner system. Hon. Charles Mason, Judge. The first business transacted by him was the issuance of a marriage license to James H. Taylor and Miss Amelia J. Gibban. Seven licenses were issued in succes- sion. The Clerk of the District Court was ex-officio Clerk of the County Court. 0. C. Wightman was Clerk. Prosecuting Attorney D^vid Rorer was, by virtue of his office, authorized to act as County Judge during Judge Mason's absence. August, 1852, Hon. 0. C. Wightman became County Judge, and Denise Denise, Clerk. August, 1855, Hon. Thomas W. Newman became County Judge. August, 1857, Hon 0. C. Wightman was elected Judge. SUPERVISOR SYSTEM. In 1861, the County Court was abolished by act of the General Assembly, and a law passed providing for a Board of Supervisors, one from each township. From that date until the plan was again changed, the Board was composed of the following members : 1861 — Thomas Hedge, Burlington ; John Sawyer, Augusta ; S. Hebard, Danville ; G. W. Marchand, Flint River ; James Bruce, Yellow Springs ; Franklin Wilcox, Union ; Charles M. Garman, Jackson ; the foregoing were chosen for one year. J. P. Sunderland, Burlington ; Alexander W. Gordon, Benton ; G. W. Smith, Franklin ; J. S. Dolbee, Huron ; Samuel Packwood, Pleasant Grove ; Edward Enkee, Washington. The last six were chosen for two years ; F. Wilcox, Chairman. 1862 — James Bruce, Chairman ; Edward Enkee, A. W. Gordon, C. M. Garman, Thomas Hedge, C. Hughes, S. Hebard, L. Lefforge, H. W. Mc- Cormick, Samuel Packwood, J. C. Rankin, John Sawyer, J. P. Sunderland. 404 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 1863 — James Bruce, Chairman ; L, Lefforge, Thomas Hedge, John Sawyer, S. Hebard, S. Packwood, C. Hughes, H. W. McCormick, C. Garman, C. H. Snelson, John Penny, T. L. Parsons, S. D. Coonrod. 1864 — John Penny, Chairman ; W. H. Cartwright, J. Clark, S. D. Coon- rod, M. Gladden, C. Hughes, L. Lefforge, H. W. McCormick, W. D. McCash, T. L. Parsons, John Sawyer, C. H. Snelson, M. C. Long. 1865 — William D. McCash, Chairman ; W. H. Cartwright, Justus Clark, M. Gladden, C. M. Garman, C. Hughes, R. C Kendall, H. W. McCormick, J. R. Kline, J. W. Orr, J. C. Rankin, J. Sawyer, C. H. Snelson. 1866 — W. D. McCash, Chairman; John Bryson, W. H. Cartwright, J. Clark, E. N. Delashmett, R. B. Foster, C. M. Garman, John Tnghram, R. C. Kendall, J. R. Kline, J. W. Orr, James C. Rankin, C. H. Snelson. 1867 — W. D. McCash, Chairman ; J. Clark, J. Burkholder, J. Bryson, W. H. Cartwright, R. B. Foster, John Inghram, J. R. Kline, J. C. Rankin, A. J. Smith, E. Woodward, R. C. Kendall, John Ballard. 1868 — John Inghram, Chairman; John Burkholder, John Bryson, John Ballard, Justus Clark, F. Heizer, R. C. Kendall, H. Metzger, J. C. Rankin, A. J, Smith, B. Van Dyke, W. Wolverton, E. Jones. 1869 — John Inghram, Chairman; John Bryson, John Burkholder, F. Heizer, E. Jackson, H. Metzger, Thomas Sheridan, Samuel Smith, A. P. Snel- son, N. P. Sunderland, B. Van Dyke, W. Wolverton, A. S. Yohe. 1870 — J. L. Backus, Chairman ; Thomas A. Barnes, J. Burkholder, R. B. Foster, Robert Grimes, Nathan Huston, Christian Mathes, William C. Moore, Thomas Sheridan, Samuel Smith, A. P. Snelson. N. P. Sunderland, A. S. Yohe. THE SUPERVISOR PLAN AGAIN MODIFIED. In 1870, the Board was reduced from thirteen to three members. A vote was taken upon the question of making the number five, but the people chose the smaller number. The roster is given : 1870 — Thomas Hedge, Sr., R. B. Foster, James Bruce. 1871 — Same. 1872 — Thomas Hedge, James Bruce, J. J. McMaken. 1873 — J. J. McMaken, Thomas Hedge, W. Lynch. 1874 — J. J. McMaken, William Lynch, George Robertson. 1875 — George Robertson, William' Lynch, D. Melcher. 1876 — George Robertson, D. Melcher, W. P. Willard, who was appointed to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mr. Lynch. 1877— George Robertson, D. Melcher, F. A. Tiedemann. 1878 — Thomas French, D. Melcher, F. A. Tiedemann. PROBATE RECORDS. The first probate records are dated April 16, 1835. John Whitaker, Judge. The original entry was made under the laws of Michigan Territory, in the matter of the estate of Peter Williams, deceased. John Wagoner was granted letters of administration on that estate, the deceased having died intestate. The inventory of the estate showed property valued at $693. 18|. The first will admitted to probate, was that of Joshua Palen, filed Decem- ber 31, 1835. THE MARRIAGE RECORDS. The first marriage license recorded was issued to Jonathan Donnel and Miss Lydian Wright, on the 18th of March, 1835, bv W. R. Ross, Clerk. The HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 405 ceremony was performed on the 22d day of March, by John Baker, one of the first Justices of the Peace. Rev. John H. Ruble, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was the first clergyman who filed a certificate of his authority to solemnize marriage in Des Moines County. It was dated September 13, 1835, and was signed by Bishop R. R. Roberts. The document was filed October 30, 1835, by W. R. Ross. There were thirty-four licenses granted under the laws of Michigan, and eighty-nine under the laws of Wisconsin. Judges of Pro^a/g— 1835, John Whitaker; 1837, Robert Cock; 1840, Charles' Madera ; 1842, John W. Webber; 1846, 0. H. W. Stull ; 1847, J. P. Wightman. In 1851, the probate business passed into the hands of the County Judge, who continued to exercise the duties of that office until the establishment of the Circuit Court, in 1869. The County Judgeship, as a business office, ceased to exist in 1860, upon the establishment of the Super- visor system of government. In 1860, Judge 0. C. Wightman was in pos- session of the office. In 1861, H. C. Ohrt was elected; in 1865, John C. Power; in 1868, Emory S. Huston. The last was legislated out of office. DES MOINES COUNTY LEGISLATORS. Under the Territory, the list was : Council. — 1838, Arthur Inghram, Robert Ralston, George Hepner; 1839, the same; 1840, J. C. Hawkins; 1841, Shepherd Leffler, elected to fill vacancy, and re-elected to the four remaining sessions. House — 1838, James W. Grimes, George Temple, V. B. Delashmutt, Thomas Blair, George H. Beeler ; 1839, William R. Ross, Shepherd Leffler, L. N. English, Isaac Fleenor, Joseph C. Hawkins ; 1840, Shepherd Leffler, M, D. Browning, Alfred Hebard, Robert Avery, David Hendershott ; 1841, Alfred Hebard, Isaac Leffler, David E. Blair, George Hepner, James M. Mor- gan ; 1842, David E. Blair, George Hepner, James M. Morgan, who was elected Speaker, Abner Hackleman, David J. Sales ; 1843, Alfred Hebard, Abner Hackleman, James W. Grimes, John Johnson, John D. Wright ; 1845, James M. Morgan, John Johnson, E. W. Davis, George Chandler, Richard Noble. Mr. Morgan was again elected Speaker. 1845, December session, James M. Morgan, John D. Wright, John Ripley, A. McMichael, Joshua Holland. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS. The Representatives in first Constitutional Convention, which convened at Iowa City, October 7, 1844, and lasted until November 1, were : James Clarke, Henry Robinson, John D. Wright, Shepherd Leffler, Andrew Hooten, Enos Lowe, John Ripley and George Hepner. The Constitution adopted by this Convention was rejected by the people, at an election held on the 4th day of August, 1845, there being 7,235 votes cast for its adoption and 7,656 against its adoption. The second Constitutional Convention met at Iowa City, May 4, 1846. Des Moines County was then represented by Enos Lowe, Shepherd Leffler and G. W. Bowie. The Constitution adopted by this body was sanctioned by the people at an election held on the 3d day of August, 1846, there being 9,492 votes in its favor, to 9,036 votes against it. This Constitution was presented to Congress in December, 1846, and, on the 28th day of the same month, an act was passed by that body for the admission of Iowa into the Union. The first election for State officers was held on the 26th day of October, 1846, in 406 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. anticipation of the act of Congress, pursuant to a proclamation of Gov. James Clarke, when Ansel Briggs, of Jackson County, was elected Governor ; Elisha Cutter, Jr., Secretary of State ; Joseph T. Fales, Auditor; and Morgan Reno, Treasurer. The third Constitutional Convention was held at Iowa City January 19, 1857. Des Moines County was represented by J. C. Hall and M. W. Robin- son. The Constitution adopted by this Convention was sanctioned by the peo- ple at an election held on the 3d day of August, 1857, there being 40,311 votes cast for, and but 38,681 votes against the change. The Constitution took effect September 3, 1857. ^ STATE LEGISLATORS. Under the State Constitution, the legislators from Des Moines County have been: Senate.— 1S4:6, M. D. Browning, S. Fullinwider ; 1848, M. D. Browning, Alfred S. Fear; 1850, George Hepner, Enos Lowe; 1852, M. D. Browning, George Hepner ; 1&54 and extra session in July, M. D. Browning, William F. Coolbaugh; 1856, W. F. Coolbaugh, Lyman Cook; 185 ^ same; 1860, W. F. Coolbaugh ; 1862, John G. Foote ; 1864, same ; 1866, Fitz Henry Warren ; 1868, Charles L. Matthies ; 1870, Charles Beardsley; 1872. same; 1874, J. W. Williams; 1876, same; 1878, John Patterson. Rouse.— 1846, Alfred Hebard, D. E. Blair, G. W. Bowie, Joshua Holland ; 1848, T. L. Sargeant, George Davidson, John Penny, J. L. Corse ; 1850, Will- iam Harper, George Temple, M. W. Robinson ; 1852, James W. Grimes, Jus- tus Clark, W. Seymour, J. W. Williams ; 1854, T. L. Sargeant, J. L. Corse, J. Tracy, G. S. Albright ; 1856, Thomas J. R. Perry, J. W. Williams, E. D. Rand ; 1858, Justus Clark, W. H. Clune ; D. N. Sprague for Des Moines and Louisa ; 1860, J. Clark, M. W. Robinson, J. C. Hall ; 1862, J. W. Williams, Franklin Wilcox, Calvin J. Jackson ; 1864, J. J. McMaken, James Bruce ; 1866, J. W. Williams, C. B. Darwin, S. A. Flanders; 1868, Robert Allen, A. G. Adams; 1870, Thomas J. Sater, William Harper; 1872, John H. Gear, B. J. Hall; 1874, J. H. Gear, William Lamme ; 1876, J. H. Gear, William Lynch; 1878, W. Seymour, M. Kopp. For roster of State and Congressional officers, see general history. OFFICIAL ROSTER. The perfection of the official roster of Des Moines County is attended with considerable difficulty, because of the absence of all positive records prior to 1852. The subjoined lists have been made up with care from the several vol- umes of miscellaneous records in the Clerk's and Auditor's offices, and may be relied upon as accurate, in nearly, if not quite, all cases. Some of the earlier officers— as School Fund Commissioner and Collector, under the old law —are omitted, since full lists of incumbents cannot be given. The offices of Treasurer and Recorder were generally held by the same person, up to the year 1864. The matter is rather clouded, however, in this county, and as ample explanation is given of the duality as could be ascertained. The Recorder's books do not show the names of the incumbents. It is only from the casual mention of changes, made in the old Commissioners' records, that we are able to be as precise as we are. We give the offices not appearing in the foregoing pages : Treasurers and Recorders.— 18S5, William R. Ross ; 1838, Thornton B. Bayless; 1840, Charles Neally ; 1841, John Johnson; 1842, Henrv Moore; 1844, George Blickhahn ; 1848, J. F. Tallent ; 1850, J. W. Webber ; 1853, HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 407 Charles Madera ; 1854, Jacob Arrick ; 1855, James P. Chapman ; 1857, John A. Ripley ; 1861, W. B. Remey, The offices of Treasurer and Recorder were, in most counties, held by the same person until 1864 ; but there are certain conflicting entries here on the minute-book of the County Commissioners. For example, in 1840, we find that John M. Garrigus was Recorder, and in 1842, William B. Remey is spoken of as holding the office ; while the Treasurer's books show that Mr. Moore was Treasurer. Further on, we find that Presley Dunlap was Recorder, and that be resigned in 1846. The Board appointed Henry Moore to fill his place. From that time on there is no mention of the officers' names until the register of 1852. Then the two offices were made distinct. Treasurers. — W. B. Remey retained the office ; 1867, William Horner ; 1875, A. C. Hutchinson. Recorders. — 1864, Samuel Pollock ; 1874, Fisher Morrison. Auditors. — This office was created in 1868, and the first officer took his desk in 1869. Emory S. Huston ; 1871, T. J. Copp. Surveyors. — Robert Avery was the first Surveyor, but we cannot give a full list from the expiration of his term. He held the office several years. In 1853, William Thompson was elected ; 1854, Joseph K. Scott ; 1857, T. L. Sar- geant ; 1859, A. McMichael ; 1861, Oliver Hall ; 1863, C. Handler ; 1868, W. H. Gillespie ; 1873, R. C. Waddle ; 1875, John Naw. ■Superintendents of Public Instruction. — 1854, James D. Eads; 1857, M. L. Fisher; 1858, R. J. Graff; 1859, William Harper; 1861, W. Gregg, Jr.; 1863, William Harper ; 1865, J. K. McCollough ; 1867, T. J. Trulock ; 1871, T. B. Snyder ; 1875, E. Burris ; 1877, John Paisley. School Fund Qommissioner. — 1852, William H. Manro. Coroners. — 1855, John Kirkpatrick ; 1857, Jacob Weider ; 1859, William Thompson; 1861, Jacob Weider ; 1865, S. B. Burge; 1867, W. A. Haw ; 1873, Jacob Weider; 1875, F. Brydolf; 1877, Jacob Weider. Drainage Commis-noners. — 1853, J.W.Williams; 1859,*^ R. S.Wilson; 1861, C. M. Garman ; 1863, J. W. Williams ; 1871, John W. Orr ; 1873, Hugh L. Creighton ; 1875, J. W. Orr; 1877, J. W. Williams. POPULATION. The population of Des Moines County, from 1836 to 1875, as shown by the several census reports, is given below : 1836 (original county, comprising one-half of Iowa) 6,257 1838 (under Territorial division) 4 605 1840 ;;;.; 5;546 1844 9J09 1846 9,391 1847 (State) lo!o71 1849 11,649 1850 12,914 1851 14,488 1852 12,575 1854 16,700 1856 20,198 1859 20,781 I860 19,611 1863 21,213 1865 19,894 1867 23,444 18ti9 25,989 1870 27,256 1873 34,691 1875 35,106 F 408 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. The population of 1875 is here given in detail, showing the number returned at that date o a WHITE POPULATION. COLORED POPULATION. NAMES OF TOWNSHIPS. TOWNS AND CITIES. 6 "3 1 1 "3 "3 i "3 1 a p. o Ah A 108 244 534 280 243 242 165 26 209 271 182 335 287: 679! 1416 7991 699 726 464 84 538 751 536 798 250 623 1376 741 627 722 397 64 508 697 462 828 537 1302 2792 1540 1326 1448 861 148 1046 1448 998 1626 537 "n 2 10 1 6 1 6 1 17 3 16 1303 2809 1543 1342 1448 861 148 ""*5 1 1 3 1 8 1 1047 1J56 999 1626 Total 2839 7777 7295 15072 29 18 47 15119 Burlington, city of, C. H. ** First Ward 885 321 540 34^ 244 482 434 2688 1127 1867 1183 858 1097 1026 2905 998 1735 1163 876 1131 1033 5593 2125 3602 2346 1734 2228 2059 25 29 60 11 13 4 10 26 19 50 18 18 8 9 51 48 110 29 31 12 19 5644 ** Second Ward 2173 ** Third Ward 3712 2S75 " Sixth Ward 1765 2240 2078 3255 ! 6094 9846 9841 19687 152 148 300 19987 17623 17136 3475? 181 ! 166 347 35106 The population of Burlington has largely increased since 1875, and is now estimated at 25,000 and upward, VALUATION OF COUNTY IN 1878. Auditor T. J. Copp reported to the Auditor of State the following valuation of property in Des Moines County for 1878 : Lands §:], 584,510 Town property 3,659,125 Personal 1,682,529 Railroad 358,133 Total valuation $9,284,297 Total tax levied 310,343 STATISTICAL ITEMS. The country west of the bluff lands of the river is exceedingly fine. The county is well watered and well timbered. It is a county rich in natural advantages. In a State which might be made the granary of the nation, and which has the capacity of producing breadstuffs sufficient to feed the people of the United States, if a system of cultivation equivalent to that of many of the countries of Europe were to be inaugurated, one unconsciously falls into the habit of accept- HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 409 iiig marvels in the form of development with a sang froid which none but Amer- icans can exhibit. An invention which is destined to revolutionize methods and expand capabilities in almost an infinite degree, produces a momentary ripple on the surface of society, and then is accepted with a practical estimate of its applicability to the machinery already employed. In no quarter of the inhabited globe is this spirit of progressiveness more manifest than here in Iowa. We are willing to go even further than that, and honestly affirm, after a careful investigation into the characteristics of the people of this State, which the work of preparing a detailed history peculiarly enables us to prosecute, that no section of Iowa evinces a more marked air of intelli- gent industry than does the rich county of Des Moines. That the reader may fully understand the present high state of improve- ment attained by this county, a summary of its products is given, as shown by the census reports of 1856, 1866 and 1875. The early history will be more fully appreciated if one has in mind the greatness of the work accomplished within the past half-century. In 1856, there were 79,833 acres of improved land in the county ; 14,599 of which were devoted to spring wheat, yielding a crop of 154,839 bushels ; 4,198 acres of winter wheat, yielding 66,270 bushels ; 10,660 acres of oats, yielding 359,938 bushels ; 30,033 acres of corn, yielding 1,456.491 bushels ; 514 acres of potatoes, yielding 64,493 bushels. The hog crop was : 32,375 head sold ; value, $214,160. The cattle sold were valued at $114,680, being 4,801 head. The dairy product was 206,026 pounds of butter and 24,551 pounds of cheese. Domestic manufactures were valued at $11,810 ; general manufactures at $241,176. Wool clip, 20,056 pounds. In 1866, the census showed the products to have been : Spring wheat, 10,916 acres, yielding 116,760 bushels ; 4,789 acres winter wheat, yielding 43,235 bushels; 8,349 acres oats, yielding 249,752 bushels ; 47,028 acres corn, yielding 1,547,549 bushels; 1,144 acres rye, yielding 14,554 bushels; 720 acres barley, yielding 15,534 bushels ; 418 acres sorghum, yielding 37,729 gallons ; 19,377 acres tame grasses, yielding 19,121 tons and 887 bushels grass- seed ; 410 acres potatoes, yielding 40,374 bushels. There were 1,767 bushels of sweet-potatoes and 2,096 bushels of onions raised. There were, besides the foregoing, 4,667 acres in other crops. There were 114,152 fruit-trees in bearing. The hog crop was 38,600 head ; cattle, 17,459 head ; sheep, 26,278 head. There were 366,453 pounds of butter and 3,025 pounds of cheese made. The assessed valuation of property was 256,846 acres at $12.54 per acre. Value of town lots and farms, $5,234,926 ; personal property, $2,504,524 ; total valuation of county, $7,739,450. In 1875, there were 143,665 acres of improved land ; 58,168 of unimproved land. Spring wheat, 10,615 acres, yielding 113,396 bushels ; winter wheat, 8,688 acres, yielding 117,310 bushels ; corn, 102,924 acres, yielding 2,307,938 bushels ; rye, 539 acres, yielding 5,499 bushels ; oats, 9,242 acres, yielding 287,392 bushels; barley, 196 acres, yielding 3,400 bushels; buckwheat, 157 acres, yielding 2,843 bushels ; 1,647 acres potatoes, yielding 160,235 bushels. There were 14,235 gallons of sorghum made ; 16,484 tons of tame grass cut, and 3,027 bushels of hay-seed gathered. There were 132,557 apple-trees in bearing, which yielded 129,996 bushels. The fruit yield was good. 410 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. There were 39,978 head of hogs returned, 1,734 of which were blooded. From 7,409 milch cows, 464,483 pounds of butter and 4,397 pounds of chepse were made. There were, besides, 219,344 gallons of milk sold. EDUCATIONAL. While the question of how to get a living was the foremost one in the minds of the pioneers, the less direct though none the less important one of how to educate their children was not overlooked. Almost cotemporaneous with their own dwellings, they began the building of such schoolhouses as they could, crude and primitive in the extreme, for such only would their appliances admit, and put together without regard to externals. These same pioneer schoolhouses will, in the future, be a theme for the artist — quite equal in every way to those supplied by the peasantry in the old world, with their quaint, simple fashions and unperverted lives. The eye of the connoisseur delights in those realistic representations of still life — the white- haired old grandfather, whose toil of years has only brought him his cottage and bit of land; the still hard-working "gude wife," with bent body and withered but cheerful old face ; the next generation just in the prime of labor, rouf^h, uncouth, and content to have for recreation a pipe and a mug of ale ; and the children with rosy cheeks and stout limbs, dressed in veritable costumes their grandmothers wore before them. And no wonder such a picture pleases and charms the jaded senses of the worn-out worldling. But even that is not more fresh and unaccustomed than his log shanty, with its one small room, a window of but few panes of glass, and possibly a dirt floor ; and with rough- hewn benches ranged round the walls for seats, over which the pupil made a fine gymnastic flourish Avhenever he felt it necessary to reach his teacher, with his forefinger firmly planted on the knotty word or sum that puzzled him. These are the picturesque features for the artist's pencil. And what " learn- ing " there was must have been a "dangerous thing," for it was certainh* " little ;" the grading was far from exact ; the system was a kind of hit-or-miss affair; but, nevertheless, it was "school," and from the first there was a deeply- rooted prejudice among the Iowa setclers in favor of schools. School for week- days and a meeting-house for Sunday ! this same little pen of a house served two purposes. And could anything except the groves themselves — " God's first temples " — be nearer to nature as a tabernacle than was this, where some chance circuit preacher would have for his congregation every man, woman and child in the entire settlement ? None of those hypercritical listeners there, you may be sure, who gauge the preacher by his " intellectuality," his " magnetism " or his "culture." It was the Word preached — welcome, pure and life-giving always — and not the preacher, which these listeners crowded to hear. If he but had the good Methodist zeal, then he was sure of devout hearers. He did not need to have " traveled," except upon his lone circuit over the prairie ; nor did he feel it necessary to use his pulpit in the interest of politics — if he knew his Bible he was qualified ; nor did his flock feel called upon to put their hands into their pockets and contribute toward sending their Pastor on a summer vacation to the sea-side or to Europe. All these improvements have come in with better churches and more advanced ways of thinking. That was the old way, and a direct contrast to the new. Now, nothing which the architect's taste can devise is too good for school- house or for church. Look at the plenitude of tidy, commodious buildings in every county, and not designed for double service, either, but dedicated solely to the use of the schoolma'am, who hereabouts is thoroughly skilled in her pro- HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 411 fession. She has had, aside from such education as her means have enabled her to obtain, good practical drill in the normal institutes. She not only knows her text-books, but she knows how to teach. And then, the ingeniously-devised school-book, in which every point of information is adjusted to such a nicety that they are rather works of art and books of entertainment than but the dull means to a desired end. The little flocks of children who run along the country road in their bare feet and sun-bonnets and chip hats, do not have to squirm and twist their uneasy legs all day over a page in the English reader which they cannot under- stand. They begin their morning's work with a chorus, which puts them all in good humor to start with. Then they come to timed classes, at the tinkle of the bell ; they are entertained and diverted as well as instructed at every step. Before there is any possibility of restlessness, they go through a five-minutes round of calisthenics, which put a wholesome quietus upon their muscles and their mischief. Wise play is so mixed with teaching that they never really dis- cover which is which until they find themselves ready to teach school themselves in turn. This is the case of the present compared with the labor of the past. And in this way is the generality of education secured. The ways are smoothed, the tediousness beguiled and the deprivation supplanted by an afiiuence of aids. In 1854, Gov. Grimes, in his inaugural message said: "The safety and perpetuity of our Republican institutions depend upon the diffusion of intelli- gence among the masses of the people. The statistics of the penitentiaries and alms-houses throughout the country show that education is the best preventive of crime. They show, also, that the prevention of these evils is much less expensive than the punishment of the one and the relief of the other." So, with all our new-fangled methods, our ornamental, well-ventilated and well- furnished schoolhouses, our accomplished instructors with modern notions, we are not extravagant. We are simply taking from the expenses of crime and pauperism and putting it into enduring and beautiful shape. We are helping to sustain the Government by rearing up in every town and in every country neighboorhood a generation of enlightened and intelligent people, cosmopolitan in the sense of schools, if not in that wider cosmopolitanism which comes alone from actual contact with the great world. The following statement is compiled from last annual report of the County Superintendent of Schools, E. S. Burrus : Number of subdistricts 26 Number of ungraded schools 79 Number of graded schools 11 Average number of months taught 8.51 Number of teachers employed, male 79 Number of teachers employed, female 143 Average compensation per month, male $48 04 Average compensation per month, female 36 43 Number of persons between the ages of 5 and 21 in county, male 6,023 Number of persons between the ages of 5 and 21 in county, female 6,041 Total number enrolled in county 6,829 Average cost of tuition per month for each pupil $1 76 Number of frame schoolhouses 57 Number of brick schoolhouses 22 Number of stone schoolhouses 16 Value of schoolhouses $190,548 00 Value of apparatus 4,310 00 Number of volumes in libraries 204 Total amount of money received from all sources for school purposes. ..f 34, 546 36 412 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. THE COUNTY BUILDINGS. The first public building erected by the county was a Jail, built in 1840, on the site of the present Jail, by Springer & Barney. The present Jail was built during the administration of County Judge Newman. In 18.")0, E. D. Rand and H. W. Starr erected Marion Hall, which the county leased of the proprietors and used as a Court House for many years. In 1.S66, the Supervisors purchased and fitted up Mozart Hall, on the corner of Main and Columbia streets, and thither the court was transferred at its first session in January, 1868. This building, together with a portion of the records and other documents, was destroyed in the fire of June 17, 1873, and Marion Hall again became the temporary county building. At the January term of the Board of Supervisors, in 1879, plans were adopted for the erection of a Court House, on the site of the old Mozart Hall. The building will probably cost ^70,000. THE PRESS. INTRODUCTORY. John King, from Ohio, who moved to Dubuque in 1834, and had the honor of being the Presiding Judge of one of the two first courts ever estab- lished within the limits of the Territory which afterward composed the State of Iowa, brought a printing press to Dubuque, and started a newspaper, which was the first paper printed on the west side of the Mississippi River, north of the boundary line of Missouri. The first number of this paper was headed Dubuque Visitor, and the motto was : " Truth Our Guide ; the Public Good Our Aim." The paper was dated, "Dubuque Lead Mines, AVisconsin Territory, May 11, 1836." On the first page there was an article entitled, " The Worth and Devotion of Woman's Love ; " on the second page was an article on " The advantages of Dubuque and the surrounding country, by a citizen : " on the third page was an article by Hannah More entitled " Good Housewives : " on the fourth page was a speech of Hon. George W. Jones, then a Delegate in Congress, on the propriety of dividing Michigan Territory into three separate governments, the new one to be called Wisconsin. The paper was printed by William C. Jones, on a Smith press, manufactured in Cincinnati by Charles Mallett. Though Jones was regarded as the publisher of the paper, " the first type-setting in Iowa was done by Andrew Keesecker," who for many years afterward was associated with the Iowa press. There seems to have been a pioneer charm attached to this printing press, for after remaining at Dubuque about six years, it was sold and taken to Lan- caster, in the western part of Wisconsin ; after having been used there awhile, it was taken to St. Paul, Minn., and, in 1858, it was again moved to Sioux City Falls, a town on the Big Sioux River, in Dakota. On this press was printed the first paper published in Iowa, the first in Western Wisconsin, the first in Minnesota and the first in Dakota. In March, 1802, after the press had been used at Sioux City Falls about four years, a band of Sioux Indians made a raid upon the place, set fire to the town, killed a large portion of the inhabitants, and among other buildings burned was the one in which the old press was used. There being no one to rescue it from the devouring flames, it was rendered unfit for further use as a pnnting press. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 413 Soon after the appearance of the Dubuque Visitor, Dr. Isaac Galland com- menced the publication of a paper at Montrose, in Lee County, which was called The Western Adventurer; but. this location for a newspaper did not bring to its aid the requisite patronage for support, and the publication was suspended before it had been in existence two years. This office was sub- sequently purchased by James G. Edwards, who came from Jacksonville, 111., and moved the material to Fort Madison. On the 24th of March, 1838, Mr. Edwards issued the first number of the Fort Madison, Patriot. About this time, there was much interest felt in the States on political issues, and the two dominant parties were known by the names of Democrat and Whig. THE BURLINGTON "GAZETTE." The first newspaper issued in the county of Des Moines was the Territorial Gazette and Burlington Advertiser, which was established in 1837. It is a source of increasing regret that no files of this paper, during its early years, and, in fact, up to as recent a date as 1867 are now in existence, so far as the most diligent search and inc^uiry are able to reveal. If stray copies are dis- covered among the dusty papers of old Settlers by future investigations, we earnestly suggest their careful preservation. A century from this time, even one issue of the old G-azette may be the means of establishing a mooted point in the history of the Territorial days. A vagrant item, or the cursory men- tion of some trifling fact in those columns, may flood a dark question with light. It is not so much the character of the opinions expressed in early papers, as it is the simple fact that dates and cotemporaneous events are fixed by them, that gives the real value to newspaper files as works of reference. The care- lessness of publishers, which resulted in the omission of consecutive copies of their newspapers, is one of the many lapses which now occasion regret in the record of the press of this county. There is little difficulty in following the line of successive editors of the Gazette ; but that is a mere skeleton of fact, upon which should be placed copious extracts from the columns, to show the character of the paper as an exponent of the then dominant political party, and as the first advocate of this region as regards settlement. We are forced to omit these desirable details. The founder of the Gazette was James Clarke, a practical printer, who was, prior to his coming West, engaged on the Harrisburg, Penn., Meporter. When the Territory of Wisconsin was carved out of that of Michigan, and the temporary seat of government of the former located at Belmont, a newspaper was established at that place by Clarke & Russell, and called the Belmont Gazette. This was effected sometime in the summer of 1836, but the exact date is not obtainable. The establishment of a newspaper in that embryotic place was, doubtless, a part of the scheme entertained by John Atchison, the founder of Belmont, who naturally appreciated the influence of a public journal in furthering his plan of creating a city there. On the 6th of December, 1836, the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin appointed "Messrs. Clarke & Russell, publishers of the Belmont Gazette, printers to said Territory for the first Legislative Assembly, and ordered that all printing necessary for said Territory and Legislative Assembly be done by them, and that they be allowed such compensation for said printing as is allowed the printers to Congress." 414 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. In the "bill to provide for the compensation of the oflScers of the Legisla- tive Assembly," etc., passed by that Legislature, appears the following item : •' To Clarke & Russell, Printers to the House of Representatives, fifteen hun- dred and eighty-nine dollars and fifty cents ; also. Printers for the Council, nine hundred and seventy-eight dollars and ninety-one cents." The following item also appears in the same bill : '-To Clarke & Russell, j)ublishers of the Belmont Gazette ; to John King, publisher of the Dubuque Visitor; to Daniel B. Richards, publisher of the Milwaukee Advertiser; to C. C. Sholes, publisher of the Wisconsin Democrat^ the sum of ^75 each, for publishing laws enacted at this session of the Legislative Assembly, in their respective journals." These items prove two facts : (1) that the Territorial Gazette was first established by Mr. Clarke, at Belmont, which was near Galena, on the east side of the Mississippi River, in 1836 ; and (2) that the first paper established on the west banks of the Mississippi was at Dubuque, by John King, and was called the Dubuque Visitor. That journal was begun in 1836. The Belmont Legislature blasted the bright hopes of Mr. Atchison, and moved the temporary seat of government of Wisconsin Territory to Burlington. With the transfer of the archives was also effected the transfer of the official paper. In 1837, the Territorial Gazette and Burlington Advertiser succeeded the Belmont Gazette. In 1838, the firm was James Clarke & Co., Cyrus S. Jacobs being the editor of the paper. In November, 1838, Mr. Jacobs was killed in an unfortunate personal encounter. He had, just prior to his death, been appointed United States District Attorney, and had also been elected to the Legislature. The next change in the proprietorship Avas made either in the fall of 1839 or the following spring, when John H. McKenny purchased an interest. Mr. McKenny subsequently was connected with the Burlington Telegrajyli, as is shown further on in this sketch, and afterward removed to Minnesota, where he edited the Chatfield Democrat. He died about two years ago. In 1842, Messrs. Bernhart Ilenn and James M. Morgan became ownei-s. Morgan was a very witty writer and a smart politician, and was commonly known as '* Little Red." Mr, Henn was twice a Member of Congress and declined a third term. Mr. Morgan was repeatedly elected to the Legislature, served as Speaker, and held other responsible positions. In 1845, Clarke k Tizzard were the proprietors. Mr. Clarke was soon after appointed Governor of the Territory, and was succeeded on the Gazette by Mr. Thurston, a lawyer from Maine, who afterward went to Oregon, and was sent to Congress from there. Mr. Tizzard was for eight years Postmaster of Burlington. Mr. Thurston sold out to Dr. Gates in 1847, who early in 1848 sold his interest to Gov. Clarke. In the election of 1848, the Democracy swept the State, to which result the Gazette largely contributed. In 1850, the cholera broke out in Burlington and Gov. Clarke became one of its first vic- tims. A young lawyer of the name of Child took his place. After Iowa became a State, in 1846, the name of the paper was changed to the loiva istate Gazette. In 1851, Dr. Harvey, an eminent citizen of Burlington, took charge, in company with Tizzard k Woodward. Dr. Harvey was the editor for five years,, and being a man of intelligence and convictions, exerted a wide influence. The Gazette was at this period the State organ of the Democratic party, and the champion of the Iowa Senators, Hons. A. C. Dodge and G. W. Jones, and ably defended these Senators in the great struggle over the Kansas-Nebraska HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 415 act. Dr. Harvey was for several years Surveyor of the Port of Burlington, and afterward an eminent surgeon in the United States Army. In 1853, the tri-weekly issue was commenced. In July, 1855, the paper was sold to Col. William Thompson, who associated with himself David Sheward, and began a daily issue. Col. Thompson was elected to Congress and held a captain's commission in the regular army. In 1860, Mr. Taylor took control, but he died a short time afterward. He was an excellent man, greatly beloved and esteemed. In 1882, Messrs. Todd & Bentley took control. The name of the paper had been changed from the Gazette to the Argus and was known some time after as the Gazette and Argus. It was very properous under this manage- ment. Mr. Todd was a good manager and good writer. He published a paper previous to that in Des Moines, with Stilson Hutchins, now editor of the St. Louis Times. Under these gentlemen, the Gazette attained a large circulation, its weekly edition being among the most widely circulated papers in the West. Mr. Todd was afterward the head of the large furniture house of Todd, Pollock & Granger. He was for two years Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee, and among the most active and influential politicians in the State. He has recently removed to Kansas City. Mr. Bentley is now in California, engaged in fruit culture. In 1866, Mr. H. R. Whipple bought Mr. Todd's interest, but only remained for a few months as active partner with Mr. Bentley. In September, 1867, Richard Barret and Charles I. Barker bought Mr. Bentley 's interest. Mr. Barret sold out in 1867 to Mr. Barker, and went to St. Louis, where he became connected with the St. Louis Times. Mr. Barker became sole manager of the paper. He soon purchased Mr. Whipple's interest and became sole proprietor, and on June 1, signalized his possession by coming out in a handsome new dress of type ; dropping the word Argus, the paper being known as the Gazette. Mr. Barker remained in possession until May 1, 1874, when he sold one-half interest to Mr. Charles H. Playter, of the Daven- port Democrat. September 24, 1874, Mr. W. R. Finch, of the Cedar Rapids Republican, W. W. Blake, then on the staff of the Burlington Haiok-Eye, and Mr. Playter bought out Barker & Playter and established the Gazette Printing Com- pany. It is due Mr. Barker to say that his administration of the Gazette was prosperous and of benefit to the party. Being a practical and experienced newspaper man, he knew how to run a paper and make it pay. He was an active man in the party and contributed much toward the maintenance of the organization through the dark days of continued Democratic defeat. He is now engaged in job printing in Burlington, and takes, as ever, an active part in politics. In October, 1874, Mr. Playter, who was business manager, retired, and Dr. Miller, a physician of the county, with a taste for journalism, came in. Mr. Finch soon retired, and the D octor, not finding the path of journalism one of roses, sold out to Col. John Bird, a leading lawyer of Wapello, in this State, who, in connection with Mr. Blake, became sole owners. Dr. Miller afterward moved to Texas, and was killed, last year, in a personal encounter with a citi- zen of Breckenridge. January 1, 1875, a handsome new dress was purchased, and the paper started on a new career of prosperity. C. Y. Wheeler, formerly of the Hawk- Eye, was business manager in 1875. Col. Bird and W. W. Blake conducted the paper until March 25, 1876, when the whole concern was bought by Hon. 416 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. J. Wesley Barnes, Louis Melius and W. W. Blake. Mr. Barnes is a capitalist at Burlington, and was the candidate of the Democratic party in 1874 for State Treasurer. Mr. Louis Melius, the editor-in-chief, came to the Gazette in Feb- ruary, 1875. He was connected with the Cincinnati press for three years ; mana<:'ing editor of the Christian World, of that city, the Western organ of the Reformed Church; was editor of the Ottawa (Kan.) JbwniaZ; afterward, ortranized the independent or opposition party of that State, and became editor of its State paper, the Kansas Daily Trihmie, at Lawrence ; was connected with the St. Louis Dispatch, and latterly on the staff of the St. Louis Times, and came from there to the Gazette. Mr. G. 0. Pearce was admitted into the Gazette Printing Company in April, 1876, taking charge of the advertising and sub- scription department. Mr. Pearce only remained with the Gazette three months. He has been, since then, connected with various papers, and is now in the antiquarian business, studying the works of the Mound-Builders around Muscatine. Mr. Melius retired in the fiill of 1876, and Blake became the editor-in-chief, which position he yet holds. Since his departure from Burlington, Mr. Melius has been connected with the Moberly Enterprise, Sioux City Tribuiie and other papers. He is now in business at Denison, Texas. The corporation under the name of Gazette Printing Company w^as suc- ceeded by the Gazette Company, which is now the corporate name. In the autumn of 1877, Mr. Seth Eggleston, who had served very accept- ably as superintendent of advertising for about one year, became a one-third owner and business manager. He retired last November, having disposed of his interest to Mr. D. M. Hammack, the well-known attorney, who succeeds to the management of the paper. In politics the Gazette has, from its birth, been an unwavering advocate of the principles of the Democratic party as enunciated by the great apostles of that organization. It has Avielded a w^ide influence as the leading paper of that party, and is to-day in the very foremost rank of Iowa journals. The several departments are filled by men of experience and ability, and the purpose of its managers is to present to the people a lively, aggressive journal — a pur- pose successfully accomplished. At present, the local department is in charge of Mr. Frank Phelps, who is known by the profession as a gentleman of newspaper experience. Under his supervision, the columns given up to city news are spicy, readable and of general advantage to the material interests of Burlington. THE BURLINGTON HAAVK-EYE. Mr. .lames G. Edwards, the founder of the journal which has become known thi-oughout the land because of its sparkling columns, and which has from its earliest days been a recognized power because of its able editorial management, was originally engaged in the newspai)er business in New York City. He had acijuired a proficiency in the work of reporting which made him the associate of of tiie leading journalists of that city. He was also a practical printer and a skillful proof-reader. His first venture into the field of publisher was the establishment of the original Sunday morning journal in New York. In those days, public sentiment was not as it is at the present time, and Mr. Edwards was induced to abandon his fine opportunities for a more approved plan of work. Had he continued on with his journal there is every reason for believing that his name would -to-day be as widely known as is that of his contemporaries. James Gordon Bennett was an assistant proof-reader under him— although his senior HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 417 in years — and Horace Greeley was unknown, poor and friendless. Mr. Edwards was the equal of those men in many respects, and the opportunity which offered itself to him was such as to fully justify the belief that he would have achieved grand success. He was a devotee to principle ; radical in opinion on the leading questions of the day ; a strict temperance man, and an advocate of that most unpopular of ideas, universal freedom. In temperament he was sensitive, and in tastes refined. It is a curious study of destiny to trace such a man's life. Circumstances changed his field of operations, and led him -to a wilderness, while nature had molded him for more cultured localities. His early death is a source of regret, for in the ordinary mete of human life, he should still be living to witness the triumph of his theory of freedom. In just the degree that he failed of pecuniary success, he showed the man of gen- erous impulses and the mind of ideas. The world at large never learns the value of such a man's presence until death has removed him from his earthly sphere. Then is it that the individuality, the eccentricity, or the superabundant positiveness of his nature is forgotten, and the petty enmities which were engen- dered by those characteristics which marked his daily intercourse with men no longer rankle in the public breast. The good alone remains apparent. We who write these lines of eulogy knew nothing of Mr. Edwards during his life-time. We judge him solely by the monument he erected to his memory — the paper which he so ably conducted. He was an intense partisan, or he allowed his journal to become so — an evidence of his tendencies. His political opponents were worthy of the sharpest steel, and right manfully did he array himself against them. When one reads critiques upon the methods and acts of such men as Charles Mason, Augustus C. Dodge, Jonathan C. Hall and their contemporaries, one is forced to admit that a journal opposed to them must have been strong to resist the crushing weight encountered. One feature is noticably conspicuous : there is almost a total absence of personal vituperation in the columns of the Hmvk-Eye in those days. A spade was called a spade, but abuse did not form a staple in the vocabulary of the editor. Local journalism was not as common then as now, and politics was the absorbing theme. In the intensity of his feeling, the editor must frequently have wounded the sensibilities of the gentlemen whose political principles he fought ; but it was always Democracy, and not the personal adherents of that faith, which received the verbal darts from his trenchant pen. He dealt with gentlemen of the old school, before it was fashionable to confound men with ideas, and assailed theories rather than individuals. He talked to men of national rank, and discussed with them the creeds they severally entertained. Such was the man, if we rightly judge "by the fruits," who came into the West in early days, and established a paper at Jacksonville, 111., in 1830. His first venture was the Western Obse7'ver, a journal devoted to temperance and social reforms. This missionary labor was a strange undertaking, and one which proved unremunerative to the originator of the plan. A year later, Mr. Edwards gave up that paper, and substituted therefor the Illinois Patriot^ a Whig journal. In 1838, certain parties in Fort Madison, then a place of unpromising size for a newspaper, induced Mr. Edwards to locate there. He was just beginning to'realize some benefit from his work in Jacksonville, but he felt that it waS his duty to accept the new call, and accordingly sold out his ofiice and moved into Lee County. He was disappointed in getting printing materials from the East. At that time, Dr. Isaac Galland had a small outfit on hand, as the result of his attempt at publishing the Western AdveMturer at Montrose, Lee County. Mr. 418 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Eilwards bought that office, and March 24, 1838, issued the first number of the Fort Madison Patriot. He continued the publication of his paper until Sep- tember 2, 1838, and then, from lack of cordial support, suspended the issue. Meanwhile, lie had profited by a portion of the Territorial patronage. He was a practical book-printer, and obtained, at one time, the session laws to print. In November, 1838, Mr. Edwards responded to the requests of parties in Burlington, and moved his office to this place. December 13, of that year, he i.ssued a ''specimen number of the Burlington Patriot.'' It was a 28-column sheet, 22.\x34 inches in size, and was given up entirely to reading-matter, except a small space on the fourth page. There was inserted a notice of a two- days religious meeting in the State-house (as Old Zion was sometimes called), at which "Revs. Scott and Arrington were expected to be present." Messrs. Lamson, Bridgeman & Co. had a few small advertisements of general stock of merchandise for sale. Drs. Ransom and Knapp announced that they " had a full set of surgical instruments, and were ready to do all kinds of surgery." The Burlington Drug Store, by William S. Edgar & Co. Philip Viele, attorney at law. Fort Madison, presented his card. Henry Eno, Judge of Probate, published a notice. That comprised the list of advertisers. The patronage solicited did not ofier itself, and the Burlington Patriot died on the day of its birth. On the (Jth day of June, 1839, Mr. Edwards issued the first number of the loiva Patriot at Burlington. The new candidate for public favor was a 24- column paper, 21x31 inches in size. Its first page contained no advertising matter ; was given up entirely to miscellaneous selections, and set in large, clear type. The second page was also made up of reading-matter, but four columns were set in smaller type, and contained editorials and communications. The third page gave nearly one and a half columns of advertisements, of which the following gives an idea: "Bridgeman & Partridge, wholesale and retail for- warding and commission merchants, brick block. Burlington, Iowa Territory." Smaller announcements detailed what they had for sale. Charles J. Starr had opened a " new store; " H. W. Moore & Co. were dealers in groceries ; Will- iam S. Edgar owned the " Burlington Drug Store." James W. Grimes, W. W. Chapman and Philip Viele were attorneys at law, with modest announcements of the fact. The fourth page was given up entirely to reading-matter, except the last column, which contained an elaborate argument in favor of Moftat's Life Pills and Phoenix Bitters. The beginning was surely not a very auspicious one for an ambitious newspaper man. As the Aveeks rolled by, the advertising increased slowly. Among the professional men we see J. D. Learned and C. J. Learned, H. Robb and W. J. A. Bradford, Messrs. Rorer & Starr appear in the issue of July 11, 1839, and August 1st appeared the card of D. Rorer alone. Cyrus Olney was also a candidate for patronage in the law. The suspended Patriot of Fort Madison that day re-appeared as an exponent of Whig principles in the future metropolis of the Territory. Mr. Edwards observed in his leading editorial in the first paper : " The Patriot is the only Whig paper in the Territory. * * * We have not started it so much with the intention of making converts to the Whig cause, as to correct the misrepre- sentations so lavishly heaped upon the members of the party." The paper was from the first a most radical, outspoken and fearless advocate of the principles of the party it affiliated with. While it is not the purpose of this work to elaborate the political controversies of those days, we find it impossible to ignore the mfluence exerted upon all matters of public interest by the numerous politicians who located in Burlington and made that town the center from which emanated HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. , 419 all controlling thought, social, commercial and political, for many years. This record shall give an impartial statement of the political complications of the early times, as viewed from the standpoint of a disinterested observer, who gazes upon the results of conflict — not upon the immediate processes of accomplish- ment — at a period far removed from the date of their occurrence. September 5, 1839, a change was made in the title of the paper. Mr. Edwards had, as is shown elsewhere in this work, suggested the adoption of the term " Hawk-Eye " as a distinctive name for Iowa and her people. Mrs. Edwards was appealed to by her husband for a name appropriate and peculiar, and at once proposed " Hawk-Eye " as the most desirable. Mr. Edwards accepted the very judicious advice of his wife and honored her by placing the name over his columns. The paper appeared as the Hawk-Eye and loiva ■ Patriot. The original manner of writing the word was with the hyphen, and that styles is still adhered to by the owners of the journal, so far as head-lines are concerned; but in their business papers, and also in the body of the journal, itself, the name is given in one word. When applied to the State or people, the name " Hawk eye " should be given without the hyphen, in accordance with modern orthography. October 17, 1839, the paper was enlarged to a sheet 22ix34 inches. A question has been raised as to the temporary suspension of the paper early in 1843. The files are not perfect, and we are obliged to speculate a little as to that matter. The volume which follows in order after the foregoing enlargement begins wnth a small sheet, 18x24 inches in size, which is dated November 30, 1843, and is No. 17 of Vol. V, but is also "No. 27, New Series." From this the inference is drawn that the paper was suspended for a brief period, and was then begun on a reduced scale, about the first of June. The numbering shows that the paper must have been suspended twelve weeks ; for, since it was estab- lished June 6, 1839, Vol. V, No. 17, would have taken it to the 5th of Sep- tember, 1843. The date of Vol. V, No. 17 is, however, given as November 30, or twelve weeks later than the regular time. It is also shown that the issu« of November 30 was No. 27 of a " new series," which places the issuance of that revival at June 1, 1843. Hence, we conclude that, prior to June 1, the paper was suspended for three months. With the beginning of the new series, the name was changed to The Hawk-Eye., and the price reduced to $1.50. December 21, of that year, the paper was enlarged to 21|x30 inches. December 5, 1844, Col. Fitz Henry Warren became associate editor with Mr. Edwards. About March 13, 1845, the paper was enlarged to 36x46 inches. July 24, 1845, J. M. Broadwell bought an interest in the paper, and the firm became Edwards & Broadwell. In the summer of 1848, the Hawk-Eye received its first special telegraphic dispatches, the line having been extended to the city during that season. There was much complaint over the poorly-operated wires. August 10, 1850, a paper was established at Burlington, and called the Burlington Tri- Weekly Telegrajjh, having also a weekly issue. The origi- nators were Morgan & McKenny. This firm inaugurated a new system of journalism in Iowa, presenting the first tri-weekly edition ever issued in the State, and making, altogether, one of the finest appearing and most ably con- ducted papers it has been our pleasure to examine in the West. Both of the gentlemen associated with the Telegraijli were originally Democrats in pol- itics ; but the new paper was Conservative Whig, inclining toward the extension of, or, at least, the non-interference with, slavery. It supported the Fugitive- 4-20 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Slave Law, and was a direct opponent, in many things, of the Haivk-Eye. "Where the Hawk-Eye was radical, the Telegraph was conservative. The fact that such a journal was able to servive at all speaks well for the intelligence of 15urlin"ton. as well as of the education Avhich their taste had received in newspapers. There must have been a field for the journal to have operated in, or it could not have lived. The Haivk-Erje had shared the first official patronage of Legislature and Government with the G-azette, and both of those papers were able to bridge over the chasm which always yawns at the feet of a new paper ; but the Tele- ip-aph was not so favored. It began with light support, but gradually worked into the plan of "small advertisements," as it is now called. Its columns were well filled after a few months. Still, its expenses must have been heavy, and it could not have made its accounts balance. June 14, 1851, a daily edition was begun. June 23, 1851, Mr. Edwards retired from the Hawk-Eye. That paper passed into the hands of Stockton & Pierson, with the former as editor. Shortly aftei'ward, Mr. Stockton retired, leaving Mr. Pierson owner. A tri- weekly edition had been begun in May. Mr. Pierson was succeeded by Mr. C. Dunham, who associated with Mr. J. L. Brown, as partner. In August, 1851. the cholera raged in Burlington, and, on the 5th of that month, Mr. Edwards died. Thus, in 1852, the rival Whig journals were waging w'ar upon their common enemy. Democracy, and upon each other. Some changes had taken place on the Telegraph. John H. McKenny had entered the firm, making it Morgan, McKenny k Co. In June, 1853, the " Co." was dropped. February 11, 1854, the "Burlington Telegraph Printing Co." took the office, the officers of the new concern being: Trustees, J. F. Tallant, James W. Grimes and Har- vey Ray, Jr. ; actuary, John G. Foote; editor, James M. Morgan; printer, J. Smith McKenny. July 4, 1855, Messrs. Dunham & Bjown purchased the office of the Tele- graph and consolidated it with their journal, forming the Hawk-Eye and Tele- graph. The sudden suspension of the Telegra2:>h was a serious blow to Gen. Mor- gan. He had nursed the creation of his brain and hand through all its feeble years, sacrificing personal comforts that his pet might live. When the com- pany was formed, he was obliged to admit the expediency of the move, because the office was burdened with debt. In the first issue of the consolidated papers, he published an address to his former readers, that shows the bitterness of his feeling. The editors of the consolidated journals admitted the address of Gen. Morgan to its columns with "some regret." They entertained the highest personal regard for that gentleman, and intended to do him no injury by purchasing the office and "good-will" of the defunct Telegraph. The editorial concluded thus: "The two papers have occupied almost identically the same ground on political questions. * * * While we have political feelings and prefer- ences, and expect to express them independently, we do not feel that we shall print a partisan paper. There is no call at present for such a publication. Old landmarks and old parties have been obliterated and crushed out. The two great parties that have hitherto divided the country exist only in name. In the reforming of political elements it is somewhat difficult to tell exactly how things are to shape themselves. For the present there is but one question HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 421 which agitates the political world ; that question is slavery. We unhesitatingly declare ourselves in favor of resisting the further aggressions of slavery, and opposed to its extension over any more free territory. We would confine it to its present bounds, giving it no more rights and privileges than are vouchsafed in the Constitution." March 26, 1856, John L. Brown, the junior partner, retired from the paper, leaving Charles Dunham sole editor and proprietor. The journal became a strong Republican paper, nominating Col. John C. Fremont for the Presi- dency, subject to the action of the first Republican National Convention, as early as June 9 of that year. The success achieved in the Convention by the nomination of Fremont was joyously announced on the 25th of June. Mr. Dunham continued as editor and publisher of the Hawk-Eye (having dropped the word Telegraph from the heading June 26, 1857) until 1864, when Messrs. Edwards & Beardsley became proprietors. In October, 1874, "The Hawk-Eye Publishing Company " became proprie- tors of the institution. The editorial staff was composed of the following gen- tlemen : Frank Hatton, editor-in-chief; R. J. Burdette, J. S. Waite, C. Beardsley, associate editors ; Allison Leadley, city editor ; C. Y. Wheeler, business manager. J. W. Burdette succeeded Mr. Leadley, and Richard Stockton succeeded Mr. Burdette as city editor. Newton Snyder has been added as subeditor to the staff. Mr. H. W. Hall is now business manager. GERMAN JOURNALISM. The first German paper published in Burlington was called the Burlington VoJkshlatt. It was established in the spring of r853 by Mr. Mertz, who is now Postmaster at Garibaldi, Keokuk County, Iowa, and edited by Adalbert Loehr, who afterward became a prominent German editor in St. Louis, where he died. His successor was Henry Kompe. Dr. Scholer had owned and edited the paper for some time, when H. C. Ohrt became associated with .him as editor in 1853, remaining until 1854, when F. Goll assumed the proprietor and editorship of the same. In 1855, it was purchased by Weber and Wolf, and the name was changed to that of Freie Presse, edited by Mr. Mader until July, 1856, when H. C. Ohrt succeeded him. After the October election in 1856, Henry Binder, of Chicago, became editor, remaining until March, 1857. Weber & Wolf, under foreclosure of mortgage, sold the paper to C. Kues- tenraacher, when H. C. Ohrt became editor until Prof. Seybold, of Milwaukee, took his place. Then came Mr. Bittman and again H. C. Ohrt as editors. In 1860, Mr. Vanzelow became proprietor and editor, but, on account of ill-health, was obliged to give up the editorship to H. C. Ohrt. Upon the death of Mr. Vanzelow in 1861, Daldorf & Guelich purchased the paper from the former's estate. At this time the name was changed to lotva Tribune, and edited by Theodore Guelich. During this journal's career, under its various manage- ments it had been alternately Democratic, Abolitionist and Anti-Temperance. Under the new management it became Republican. In 1863, Theodore Guelich sold out his interest to John Daldorf, but remained editor until the summer of 1864. His successors were M. Langeloth, Conrad Greiner and Prof. E, Poppe. In 1868, John Daldorf formed a partnership with E. Schilling, whose father. Dr. G. Schilling, became editor. In February, 1871, a company styling itself the Iowa Tribune Company was incorporated, and consisted of Paul Lange, Prof. E. Poppe, Fred Becker and Theodore Guelich. In the spring of 1874, said company included Theo. Bischof, whose father, E. Bischof, was engaged as editor. In 1875, the Tribune Company dis- 422 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. solved, and the paper went into the hands of Paul Lange & Co., Theodore Guelich being the only partner. At this time L. Mader was editor. In 1877, L. Weinstein, the* present editor, succeeded Mr. Mader. The present circulation of the Iowa Daily Tribune is 475, and of the Weekly 1,700 copies. Other German papers have been published in Burlington at different periods, but are now all dead. Such have been : Ber National Adler, Democratic ; Die Iowa Tribuene, Democratic; Die Freie Presne, in 1876, Democratic; Das Volksblatt, in 1877, Democratic. OTHER PAPERS. The Mediapolis Enterprise is spoken of in the chapter devoted to that town. Among the graves of dead newspapers, one is able to distinguish the unpre- tentious tombstones of several Burlington ventures. The Burlington Daily started out as an evening paper, sixteen columns in size, and independent in politics, on the 12th day of August, 1873. Mr. Frank Phelps grasped the chief pen and ran his name in small type under the heading as proprietor. George Jamison was his associate, and W. Boecklin served as financial editor. The vigor which those men infused into its columns was sufficient to carry the frail youngster along and cause its enlargement to twenty-four columns in size ; but when the chilly winds of November, 1874, blew around the street corners and filled men's eyes with dust, the proud yearling took advantage of the tem- porary blindness of the people and quietly lail down and died. TJie Critic came among the Burlington people on the 1st of January, 1875, and told them what it thought of their doings. W. Boecklin was the editor. The old saying has it settled beyond doubt that even a worm will turn when trodden on. How much more likely are intelligent men and women to resent conspicuous mention of matters and things. Albeit the tales are told on fine book-paper, indignation runs rampant where society's toes are stepped upon. And 60 the society paper was noiselessly folded away, after a single month's existence. The Evening Star arose June 9, 1875, and looked down brightly, but inde- pendently, on all things. Mr. Seth Eggleston was editor-in-chief; W. Boeck- lin and Frank Phelps, associates. The paper was twenty columns in size, and those columns were brimful of entertaining reading. But a cloud passed over the Star December 14, 1875, and when the vapor was blown away, the news- paper sky of Burlington presented a fine field for astronomers to wonder in. The Star had disappeared. Every Sunday Morning came out to shock the good people and terrify the bad in September, 1875. C. Y. Wheeler was proprietor, and Frank Phelps held the pen in one hand and a spy-glass in the other. Charles Beardsley, W. Boecklin, George Jamison and INIrs. E. S. Huston composed the corps of asso- ciates. Thirty-six columns were filled each week with pungent paragraphs and editorials. But when the new year came, the life-giving ducats failed to drop into the till. Few in number, but brilliant in kind, were the issues that appeared. Aged three and a half months. As one man said, with true Western pride in the little newspaper ventures which never reached that goal of publishers — "a paying basis " — " they called things by their right names, and died with their boots on." Which may be a mixed metaphor, but a very correct description of their life and death. CVl^^^. ^ /W6V^ HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 425 THE NAME " HAWKEYE. " The title " Hawkey e," as applied to a resident of Iowa or to the State itself, first appeared in print, so far as we have been able to ascertain, in the Fort Madison Patriot of March 24, 1838. That issue was the first one of the paper founded by James G. Edwards in this region. In an editorial, the following suggestion was made : " If a division of the Territory [Wisconsin] is effected, we propose that the lowans take the cognomen of Hawkeyes. Our etymology can then be more definitely traced than can that of the Wolverines, Suckers, Gophers, etc., and we shall rescue from oblivion a memento, at least, of the name of the old chief (Black Hawk)." September 5, 1839, Mr. Edwards, who had moved his office to Burlington, gave the name of Hawk-Eye to his paper, as is shown in the history of the press. He was familiarly styled " Old Hawk " by his friends throughout the W^est, even to the day of his death. It is quite likely that the Indians had used their synonym of Ilawkeye as a distinctive title for some of their associates, but there is no evidence to show that the name had been offered prior to Mr. Edwards' suggestion of it, to apply to Iowa at large. It has been stated that the Indian trader S. S. Phelps was ailed *' Old Hawkeye " by the red men ; but if he was, the cognomen went no further. Until conclusive evidence is adduced to the contrary, the people of Iowa will be disposed to accredit Mr. Edwards with the honor of having affixed to the State a name which will live as lonsj as Iowa itself endures. THE SENATORIAL SUCCESSIONS. The Territory of Iowa was admitted into the Union as a State in accordance with the provisions of the law regulating the increase of the national sisterhood, and under the Constitution adopted by the second Constitutional Convention of the Territory, held at Iowa City, May 4, 1846. The organic law was approved by the people on the 3d day of August, 1846, by a vote of 9,492 in its favor to 9,036 in the negative. The indorsed Constitution was presented to Congress in December of the same year, and, on the 28th day of that month, a formal bill was passed, admitting Iowa as one of the States. In anticipation of this action of Congress, the Territorial Governor, Hon. James Clarke, issued a proclamation, ordering an election to be held for the purpose of choosing State officers and a State Legislature. The election was held on the 26th day of October, 1846. Of the several branches of government provided for at that time, this sketch has only to deal with the legislative. When the action of Congress confirmed the proceedings of the people of Iowa, it already found the ma- chinery of the State in motion. The first General Assembly convened at Iowa City November 30, 1846, and remained in session until February 25, 1847. One of the most important duties which devolved upon the people at the first State election, was the selection of a Congressional delegation. The law provided for the election of two members of the Lower House of Congress directly, and, in accordance therewith, S. Clinton Hastings, of Muscatine, was chosen to represent the First District, or northern half of the State, and Shep- 426 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. herd Leftler, of Burlington, to represent the Second, or Southern District. But the task of electing two Senators was delegated to the Legislature, and that body was invested with moi-e than ordinary interest to the aspiring men of the newly-created coram on wealtii. Those days are not so far removed in the past as to be materially different from the present in respect to personal ambitions ; and the beautiful region of Iowa had attracted to it many of the rising men of the West. The legal profession was distinguished by the ability of its members, and the bar, as is admitted in all sections, whether new or old, is famous for its CDHtributions to the legislative bodies of the country. The Legislature which met in November, 1846, was, therefore, the object of more than ordinary interest and curiosity. It held in its hands the unusual power of choosing two United States Senators. The State Senate consisted of nineteen members, and was organized by the election of Thomas Baker, from Marion, Polk, Dallas and Jasper Counties, as President, and the election of John B. Russell as Secretary, on the 1st day of December. The House was composed of forty members, and elected Jesse B. Brown, of Lee, Speaker, and Silas A. Hudson. Chief Clerk. The political complexion of the majority of both Houses was Democrat. The Congress to which the Legislature was to elect Senators was the Twenty-ninth, and only the last session of that. It may be well to explain that tiie United States Senate is so composed as to be a perpetual body — one third of its members only retiring at the expiration of each Congress (lasting two years). Thus, when a State is admitted to the Union, it chooses two Senators, who are not designated for any specific term by the Legislature choos- ing them. When the Senators-elect reach Washington, the Secretary of the Senate prepares three slips of paper, upon one of which is written " class first," ui)on another, "class second," and upon the other, "class third." These slips represent the three divisions of the Senate, which are as equal, numerically, as the whole Senate membership is divisible by three. If, however, recent additions to the list have made one of the classes larger than the others, that enlarged class is omitted from the slips prepared by the Secretary, and but two (being first and second, first and third or second and third, as the case may be) are furnished. When these preliminaries are arranged, the new Senators, or friends acting for them, see the slips placed in a box or hat, and draw one of the slips. The lot thus drawn determines the class to which the drawer is to be assigned. Ever afterward, the successors of those men take their places in the classes so decided upon. Vacancies caused by death, resignation or impeach- ment are filled for the unexpired term of the regular incumbent, and not for six years, or the full term. The purpose is to preserve, as nearly as possible, three equal divisions of the Senate. The Senatorial aspirants were numerous, and the friends of the respective candidates were firm in their determination to see their favorites succeed. An element which entered into the contest in a powerful degree was that known as the " 'Possum " faction from the Half-Breed Tract, or, as it was lamiliarly called, " The Tract," in Lee County. This faction arose from the complications growing out of the sale of lands in the Tract by half-breed Indians to white men. Tliose settlers who had located on the disputed section were banded together for political and judicial purposes, with the one view of securing their own titles at whatever hazard. The Tract was thickly settled, and, as a conse- quence, held a controlling influence in the politics of the county. The " 'Pos- sums " were able to elect their own candidates, and were also determined to choose only such men to office as favored their claims. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 427 It chanced that the " 'Possums " held the balance of power in the first State Legislature. There were two Senators and six Representatives from Lee County, and if these men were to cast their ballots with the Whigs, the latter party would secure a majority of one over any Democratic Senatorial candidate. It is said that the Whigs and " 'Possums " effected a coalition, and agreed upon Mr. McCarty as their choice for Senator, as opposed to the Democratic candi- date, Augustus C. Dodge. When the separate Houses had balloted and failed of a choice, the two bodies came together in Joint Convention and proceeded to ballot for Senator. It is said that, upon the first ballot, Senator Samuel Fullen- wider, of Des Moines County, a Whig, refused to carry out the caucus plan of voting for McCarty. The result was an equal number of votes for McCarty and Dodge. When the Democrats saw how the " 'Possums " were playing a game that was corroborative of their title, they instituted a series of petty diversions from the regular business, by repeated adjournments, and thereby prevented a re-as- sembling of the Joint Convention. Week after week elapsed without any change in the feeling of the parties, and ultimate adjournment of the Legisla- ture arrived before a choice had been made. The result of these complications was a total failure to elect Senators, and the first Legislature adjourned without performing its most important task. Thus it transpired that Iowa, although justly entitled to Senatorial representa- tion in the last session of the Twenty-ninth Congress, and the first session of the Thirtieth, does not appear as having a full delegation in the national body. On December 4, 1848, the Second Assembly convened at Iowa City. On the 7th of that month, Hon. Augustus C. Dodge, of Burlington, and Hon. George W. Jones, of Dubuque, were agreed upon as Senators. This election filled the delegation from Iowa during the winter of 1848-49. The Represent- atives from Iowa during the Thirtieth Congress were Hon. William Thompson, of Mount Pleasant, and Hon. Shepherd Leffler, of Burlington. Senator Jones drew the slip assigning him to the term expiring with the Thirty-second Congress, which ended in 1853, while Senator Dodge drew the short term, which lasted but the single session of the Thirtieth Congress, in 1849. He was, however, re-elected January 10, 1849, for a term of six years, and retired from the seat at the close of the Thirty-third Congress, in 1855. Senator Jones was re-elected December 21, 1852, and served until the close of the Thirty-fifth Congress^ in 1859. The vacancy caused by the expiration of Senator Dodge's term, created a profound excitement in political circles, because of the changed condition of State politics. The Whig party was fast gaining ascendency over the old-estab- lished Democratic organization. The Legislature was composed, in 1854, of a Senate which was Democratic by but one majority, while the House had a clear Whig majority. It is a well-known fact that the law governing Senatorial elections provides for a preliminary ballot in each House, when, if the two divisions are found to have voted for different men, a joint convention is authorized, consisting of both branches of the Legislature, assembled in either of the halls devoted to leg-isla- tive business, and presided over by the President of the Senate, with the Speaker of the House sitting by his side. The Secretary of the Senate acts as Secretary of the Joint Convention, and the Chief Clerk of the House serves as Assistant Secretary. Thus organized, the Convention proceeds to vote for United States Senator, by roll-call. If a clear majority of the Convention does not then agree upon a man, an adjournment is made, from time to time, until 428 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. a decision is reached. This plan presupposes the formal organizations of the two Houses, and during the interval between the sessions of the Convention the regular legislative business is duly proceeded with. However, when the time for the assembling of the Joint Convention arrives, the Clerk or Secretary of the branch in whose room the Convention meets, formally notifies the other branch of the arrival of the hour at which the Convention is to assemble. This notice has to be given by one body to the other during the formal organization of the branch receiving such notification. As has already been remarked, the House was Whig in politics, and the Lei'islature was also Whig on joint ballot ; but the Senate had a Democratic pre°iding officer and official organization, because of its majority of one on sep- arate bdlot. When the time arrived for the election of a Senator, which is always the first business on those years when a Senator is chosen, after the leo-al organization of the Legislature — a separate ballot was taken. The mem- bers had followed the usual preliminary custom of "going into caucus," for the purpose of making nominations, and the Democrats had selected Hon. A. C. Dodge as their candidate. The Whigs Avere supposed to favor Hon. Fitz Henry Warren, and on this account the delegation from Lee County refused to join the caucus. This delegation numbered nine members, and literally held " the balance of power." It proved, however, that the Whigs foresaw the inev- itableness of defeat if they persisted in retaining the name of Mr. Warren, and prudently withdrew him from the caucus. In his place, they named the Hon. James Harlan, of Mount Pleasant. When the first ballot was cast, in separate session, the Lee delegation naturally felt obliged to maintain its attitude tOAvard the caucus nominee, although the gentleman proved to be one Avhom they could heartily indorse, were it not for a certain sense of pride engendered by their hasty determination to "fight the caucus." The result of the first ballot, con- ser^uently, was a failure to elect a Senator. The next proceeding was to assemble in joint convention and ballot on a more extended plan. This requirement of the law was duly complied with, but without the achievement of success for either faction. The disaft'ected members were obdurate, and the two partisan divisions adhered, with commendable tenacity, to their favorite candi- dates. Thus, the meetings were held, ballots taken, and adjournments ordered from day to day and week to week. At last, overtures were made to the Lee delegation, which were honorable, and which were such as could be entertained by men of high character. They consisted of nothing more than slight con- cessions on the part of both wings of the Whig party, being an agreement to meet informally and discuss the merits of the regular nominee. This social way of obviating the terrors of " King Caucus " was consented to by those who really admired the candidate and opposed him simply because they felt called upon to sustain their dignity. A reconciliation was effected, and the Lee County men agreed to support Mr. Harlan. The proceedings of this meeting, although informal, were designed to be of a secret nature. At all events, one would naturally suppose that polit- ical diplomacy would teach parties to such an agreement to retain inviolate their compact until the moment came for action. It proved otherwise in this instance, however, and through some one of the members, who was more voluble than discreet, the Democrats learned of the contemplated union of forces. The consultation meeting was held Friday evening, January 5, 1855, and the adjourned session of the Joint Convention was appointed for Saturday morning following, at 10 o'clock. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 429 In the case under consideration, the Senate used to meet with the House in the Hall of Representatives, because of greater convenience, and it therefore devolved upon the Chief Clerk of the House to notify the Senate of the arrival of the hour for convening. On the morning of Saturday, January 6, the Clerk proceeded on his mission, and found, to his surprise, that the Senate had adjourned until the following Monday. The members were all in the Senate- chamber, but the Senate, as a legal body, had no existence for the time being. The Clerk read the formal notice required by law, and repaired to the hall to report upon the condition of affairs. It subsequently transpired that the intended action of the Whigs had been made known to the Democrats of the Senate, and they, to thwart the purpose of their opponents, had adjourned just before 10 o'clock. They expected that this bit of diplomacy would defeat the selection of a Senator that day, and pos- sibly open an opportunity for a Democratic victory by compromise. The Whigs were not dismayed at the outlook ; but, being under the guid- ance of Whigs in the House, proceeded to ballot for Senator. There were present the Whigs of both branches of the Legislature, who formed a majority of the entire body on joint ballot. These members elected Mr. Harlan, and the Convention announced its result, and adjourned. Gov. James W. Grimes was then in the Executive Chair of the State. From the Governor, Mr. Harlan obtained a certificate of election to the Senate, and duly presented his credentials at the opening of the Thirty-Fourth Con- gress, in 1855, or as soon thereafter as he could reach Washington, when he was sworn in and took his seat. The Democrats of the Iowa Legislature at once drafted a resolution of pro- test against the admission of Senator Harlan, on the ground of his election being illegal. The matter did not come up in that body, however, during the first session, and the Senator filled the seat undisturbed. At the beginning of the second session, in December, 1856, Senator Jones called the attention of the Senate to the protest, and apologized for his own neglect in havintj failed to take earlier cognizance of the document. Upon his motion, the protest was referred to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, with instructions to investigate the subject and report as speedily as possible. The Senate was, at that time. Democratic. The Committee reported adversely to the seating of Senator Harlan, and the body voted, January 12, 1857, to sustain the report. The Senator at once returned to Iowa. The Leg- islature was then in session, at Iowa City; but local elections subsequent to 1854, had so changed the character of that body as to give it a Whig majority in both branches. The Republican party was just coming upon the scene, and it may be termed a Republican majority instead of Whig. At all events, the body was opposed to Democracy ; and when Senator Harlan laid his case before the Legislature, with certified transcripts of the United States Senate journal, he met with hearty and instant support. On the 17th day of January, 1857, or just five days after the Senate had voted to oust him. Senator Harlan held in his hands indisputable credentials of his legal election. He returned to Washington, and was admitted to the councils of the nation. The action of the Senate in refusing to admit Senator Harlan was very dif- ferent from the formal adjudication of a knotty problem by the Supreme Court. When a case is carried before such a tribunal, the parties thereto are admitted to a full discussion of its merits, and the Court is obliged to express not only its findings, but the processes by which its conclusions were reached. The privileges of the Senate exceed those of the Supreme Court, so far as the 430 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. metliods of its decisions are concerned. A committee is not required to render account of why it does thus and so ; and a report is generally adopted without much debate. Discussion is permissible, to be sure; but so important a com- mittee as that upon the Judiciary is almost always selected with an eye to pos- sible partisan exigencies. Wlien a report is made by it on any question touch- ing party strength, the ruling power is thrown in support of the report. For these reasons, one is at no loss to determine why Senator Harlan was unseated, and Senators Bright and Fitch, of Indiana, were snugly lodged in the Senate, the very next session. The Indiana election was far more ques- tionable than the Iowa ; but the action of the Senate was in favor of the former, while it condemned the latter. The spirit is manifested by an anecdote told at the expense of a prominent Democratic member. It is said that a friend of Senator Harlan's, who had watched the Democrat during both contests, and noticed that he voted against Senator Harlan, while he voted for the Indiana representatives, asked the Democrat why he did so, and how he could reconcile those diametrically antagonistic votes. "Why," responded the gentleman, "you see, I aimed to observe a strictly honorable and consistent course. When Harlan's case came from the commit- tee, I had never considered it ; but I knew that the committee had done so, and with every possible means of ascertaining its real merits. For that reason, I accepted the report, and voted merely to sustain the committee. And so it was with the Bright-Fitch case. I knew nothing of its merits, and the committee did. I voted neither for nor against those gentlemen, but simply to sustain the committee ! " That " sustaining the committee " idea is a very good one for men of tender sensibilities. But the real merits of the Harlan case probably may be summed up in this manner : The Constitution of the United States provides that the Senate thereof shall consist of two members from each State, and these members shall be elected at certain times and in certain manner, as is specified, " by the Leg- islature " of each State. The question turns upon the meaning of the word " Legislature." That is defined in the State Constitution to mean "a Senate and a House of Represent- atives," chosen by the people. It will be observed in the foregoing pages that the Senate was not in session, I. e., had no existence for the time being, when Senator Harlan was elected at the so-called Joint Convention. That Convention could legally exist only when composed of the Senate and House, which left their regular session, without adjournment as a Senate and a House, and united as a joint committee of the wliole. There can be no doubt but that the Judiciary Committee reported aright; for it would be establishing a dangerous precedent to recognize in- formal elections by State Legislatures. The fact that the same Committee stultified itself by reversing its decision for partisan motives ; or, even, that it reported as it did on the Harlan case purely with malignant intent (which we do not claim that it did, but cite that possibility for sake of establishing a point), in no way affects the merits of this "case. Two wrongs never make one right The case is an historic one of great value, since it has established a prece- dent for the government of future Senates. January 26, 1858, Gov. James W. Grimes was chosen to succeed Senator Jones. Senator Harlan was re-elected January 11, 1860, for six years. Sen- ator Grimes was re-elected for a term of six years in 1865. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 431 Senator Harlan was appointed Secretary of the Interior by President Lin- coln, and his appointment was confirmed by the Senate just before the assassina- tion of Mr. Lincoln, in the spring of 1865. Mr. Harlan accepted the port- folio on the 1st of May, of that year, and, consequently, resigned his seat in the Senate. As there was no impending session of Congress, and as the Leg- islature would meet in regular session in the following January, Gov. William M. Stone, then in the Executive office of the State, did not appoint a successor to fill the unexpired term, which ended March 4, 1867. The Legislature, when it met in January, 1866, was therefore called upon to elect two Senators, one for the short term, and one for the regular term, beginning March 4, 1867. The Legislature was Republican in sentiment, and, consequently, chose the distinguished War-Governor, Samuel J. Kirkwood, for the short term, and honored Secretary Harlan by returning him to the Senate for the full term. Senator Grimes died in 1869, and the vacancy was filled by Hon. J. B. Howell, of Keokuk. Senator Howell was succeeded by Senator George G. Wright, whose term expired March 4, 1877, and who was, in turn, succeeded by Senator Samuel J. Kirkwood, whose term will end March 4, 1883. Senator Harlan was succeeded, March 4, 1873, by Senator William B. Allison, whose term will expire March 4, 1879, and who has been chosen to succeed himself in the Senate for the term ending March 4, 1885. HON. JAMES W. GRIMES. Among the long list of eminent men, who claim Des Moines as the county of adoption or birth, the name of James W. Grimes stands forth with peculiar distinctness. He was not only a great man in the limited region of Des Moines, but he was a great man in the State and nation. If one were to ask a resident of some distant point to name a representative man from Iowa, we do not hesitate to affirm that the one which would spring forth spontaneously is James W. Grimes. The delicate task of preparing an historical work during the early years of a county's existence is heightened by the living presence of many prominent actors; and it is realized by the writer, that not until the lapse of time has removed the first generation, or even the second, can impartial history be trans- cribed. Data may be preserved for the benefit of a future historian, but the full meed of credit due so many participants in early events sounds like fulsome flattery while yet the actors live. Justice cannot be done the faulty, nor can honor be accorded the deserving. A cautious hand must lift the veil of the past, disclosing only that which may be safely told. When a man enters the arena of public life, he voluntarily accepts the hazard of criticism. If he fails in the performance of his full duty, there are those stand- ing by to prod him with the heated iron of censure; if he differs from those who surround him, as perforce he oftentimes must, his acts are spoken of only with words of condemnation. When a man dies, the personal animosities his individuality has created are forgotten, and his deeds are weighed by the effect they have had upon events. In spite of the poet, one is forced to admit that the good, as well as the evil deeds, live after them. Senator Grimes possessed the elements which compose human greatness. Born of honorable and independent ancestry, who thought for themselves, and believed in the essential doctrines of personal and religious liberty, the son inherited the tendencies to leadership which made him famous. He was born in the town of Deering, Hillsborough County, N. H., October 20, 4:32 HlrfTOKV OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 1816. He entered Darmouth College in August, 1832, when but 16 years of age. In the spring of 1836, he came West, and landed at Burlington May 15. ''His life became an active one in politics, as in his profession; for the people recognizeil tlie power of the man. It is impossible for us to fairly represent the life and services of Mr. Grimes, in this brief paper. A volume has been devoted to his letters to per- sonal friends, merely to show, by inference, his character. His friend and ad- mirer. Rev. William Salter, has done the public a noble service in preparing a semi-autobiographical work, entitled " Life of James W. Grimes, Governor of Iowa, 1854-1858 ; a Senator of the United States, 1859-1869." Therein are preserved the materials for the student and writer of history. These brief lines are penned by one who recognizes the breadth of char- acter, the force of intellect, and the quality of mind of one who made Iowa's name a power in the Senate. We pay a passing tribute to his worth. THE MILLER-THOMPSON CONTESTED ELECTION. The most noted contest over an election to Congress which appears in the annals of this State is that known as the Miller-Thompson case, which trans- pired in 1848, in the then First District. From the date of the admission of Iowa into the Union as a State until the assembling of the Thirty-eighth Con- gress, in 1863, the State was divided into but two Congressional Districts, with an equal number of Representatives. The first delegation sent to the Lower Hous3, in 1846, consisted of Hon. S. Clinton Hastings, of Muscatine, from the nortliern half of the State ; and of Hon. Shepherd Leffler, of Burlington, from tlie southern half. At that time the State was not designated as distinct districts. At the succeeding elec*^ion for the Thirtieth Congress, which began in 1S47, a formal districting was observed. The influence of locality was apparent in the choice of candidates at this period; for while Hon. William Thompson, of Mount Pleasant, was elected from the newly-created First District, Burlington was also represented by the selection of Hon. Shepherd Leffler, of that place, ostensibly as the member from the Second District. This uneven distribution of honor as between the original settlements in the old Dubuque and Des Moines Counties, continued until 1851, when Dubuque asserted its rights by sending Hon. Lincoln Clark to the House. Thereafter the two districts were marked as north and south sections, rather than as river and interior counties, as at the time of the contest hereafter described. When this struggle occurred, the issue was apparently between the west and east. In 1848, the dominant party in Iowa found itself confronted by a foe of no insignificant proportions. Tlie politicians who had for years held the reins of power found it necessary to exert themselves if they would retain possession of the offices, or continue to dictate the policy of the infant commonwealth. A new faction had made not only an appearance on the scene, but it had gained so firm a foothold in the estimation of the people that it asserted its presence with alarming boldness. The Democrats realized the necessity of retaining an unbroken delegation in Congress, and made speedy preparation to repel the un- welcome party. But in a new region, where voters are numbered by scores, instead of by thousands, it is far easier to plan or desire than it is to accomplish marked changes in the popular will. Ncav counties were being formed and new settlements made each year, and what was appalling to the Democrats was the fact that many of those additions to the population were strongly tinctured with HISTORY OF DES MOINRS COUNTY, 433 Whig sentiments. It became evident that something must be done to offset the Whig influx. At this critical moment a scheme for the relief of the old party was presented. It is impossible to say just who was the father of the idea, but it undoubtedly had its origin in one of the several able and fertile brains of the leaders who dwelt in Burlington or Mount Pleasant. The plan was none other than that of securing the vote of the hundreds of Mormon refugees who were then resting for a time on the east bank of the Missouri River, where Council Bluffs now stands. The combination of events which placed the Mormons within ihe boundaries of Iowa long enough to legalize them as voters is a part of this record possess- ing no slight interest. In the winter of 1846, the Latter-day Saints suffered overthrow in their stronghold at Nauvoo, 111. Their leader, Joseph Smith, was assassinated by a mob, and the vacancy caused by this violent deed had been filled by Brigham Young. President Young ordered his followers to prepare for flight across the continent to Utah, where he had divine commands to erect an empire beyond the reach of temporal powers. The Mormons obeyed the man- dates of their ruler, but accepted their fate with great bitterness of spirit, blaming the United States Government for the harshness they had experienced at the hands of the authorities, and manifesting the usual perversity of ignorant wrong-doers against an outraged law. Young hastened on to Utah, but his fol- lowers were too destitute to press forward with equal speed. To overcome the obstacles of a concerted movement, Young decreed that his people should start out in numerous bands, by different routes, and thereby economize the forage upon which they must subsist. The objective point of all the parties was the present site of Council Bluffs ; and that place was to be reached by circuitous ways through the best sections of the State. The Mormons were dependent upon such game as they could kill, and upon whatever food nature placed in their paths. This exodus was not, like the Israelites, from choice, but was compulsory. The Government had commanded them to relinquish their immoral beliefs, or suffer as violators of the law. Young had interpreted this order to mean a curtailment of personal liberties, and had instilled into the minds of his weak flock the belief that they were an oppressed people. Hence it was that the Mormons saw their homes despoiled and themselves driven out of the land at the point of the bayonet. It is not strange that such a class was blinded to its own wickedness, and accepted the words of its prophet as highest authority. The exodus of the Latter-day Saints began in the year 1846. Iowa was the scene of unwonted activity, occasioned by the flight of the refugees from the law. Some bands moved through the State on the line of the forty-second parallel ; some went through the southern tier of counties, and some passed over the territory now composing the range in which Monroe County is located. Many of the Mormons did not reach the river in 1846, nor even in 1847. Hun- dreds camped in Marshall County during that year, and scores of the poor wretches died from actual starvation. Those who passed through the second tier of counties reached Lucas County in the winter of 1846-47, and located a few miles southeast of the present town of Chariton. There rude huts were erected, and a party sojourned for several months. Subsequently, these passed on to the Missouri River, where they also tarried for a time. A portion of the band did not remain in Lucas that year, but pushed westward in hopes of gain- ing the place of rendezvous designated by Young. Their hopes were blighted, however, for the weather was so inclement that they could not proceed. They did not reach a point beyond Clarke County. Three men, John Conyer, James and 434 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. John Longley, became separated from the party and lost their way. They con- cluded to encamp for the winter (of 1846-47) where they were, and constructed a lu" imt. In this they lived, and attached to it the name of " Lost Camp," a title^bv which the locahty is still known and pointed out. In the spring, these men found other Mormons but a few miles from them, in the same county. Ultimately tiie greater number of the survivors of these several divisions reached the Missouri, where a general halt was made, for the purpose of recuperating their exhausted strength before setting out on the dreary march over the plains. It was thus that the year 1847 found a large settlement of men in the extreme western part of Iowa. By virtue of their sojourn in the State, they liad become legal voters. A town had been by accident, as it were, created there, under the Mormon authority of Orson Hyde. The location of that sect, in so large a body, had naturally attracted to the spot other pioneers, and, in 1847, the colony did what all American pioneers hasten to do, asserted its right of independence as a county. That year, a delegation of representative men came east, and proposed the erection of a new county on the Missouri River. Here was the aid for which the Democrats had been so earnestly praying. Gen. Dodge became much interested in the matter, forseeing the possible strength such an organization might bring them. Nothing was then done, how- ever, to effect the formation of the county, but the Democrats did not lose sight of the tide of Mormons moving westward, and halting for breath on the shores of the river. In Nauvoo, the Mormon vote had been a powerful ally to the Democrats at general elections, and a continuance of their support was both desirable and reasonable, according to the logic of Gen. Dodge. The organiza- tion of the new county rested with Judge Carleton, of the then Fourth Judicial District, and there is evidence which warrants the belief that the Judge counseled with the General in this matter. Of course, so serious a matter as the creation of a Democratic county could not be proposed without the Whigs learning of it, and taking council concern- ing its influence on their destiny. The cautiousness with which the Democrats approached the subject naturally awakened a belief that there was a question as to the partisan feeling of Elder Hyde ; and that doubt was equivalent to an admission of weakness on the part of the Democrats. So it transpired that the leaders of both parties set to work at once to test the temperament of the Elder. Now ensued a sharp encounter of wits. Gen. Dodge felt that he held the key to the situation, since through him alone could the desired organization be -compassed. Tlie Whigs, on the other hand, apprised themselves of the fact that the Mormons were becoming anxious to show their ill-will toward the Democratic party, as a means of avenging themselves for their expulsion from Nauvoo. At the time of the occurrence of the events written above, the county of Monroe Wiis composed of all the territory from the west line of Wapello County to the ^Iissouri River. The unorganized counties of Lucas and Clarke had been defined in a manner preliminary to permanent establishment, but the latter, how- ever, was entirely unsettled by white men. The former contained not more than eiglit or ten families. Practically, Monroe County was political dictator of all that region, and, what was significant, it was in the hands of Democratic county officials. Such was the political condition of Iowa, when the time arrived to choose a successor to Representative Thompson, in 1848. The Democrats honored the incumbent with a renomination, and the Whigs opposed him with Daniel F. Miller, of Fort Madison. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. - 435 In spite of their sore need of help, the Democrats were evidently afraid to establish the new county in the West, and, as they alone had the power to do so, the opportunity passed without the Mormons gaining their point. This distrust of the result may have had its weight with Orson Hyde, as the sequel will show. As the time of election approached, both parties began to feel carefully for the coveted vote ; but still the Democrats felt secure, since the failure to create the new county did not prevent the extension of the franchise to the Mormons in another way. Monroe County had the power to create a precinct at the river, and thereby bring the Mormons within the pale of citizenhood. Ihe problem to be decided was still as to the advisability of the step. To determine this, messengers were dispatched from both camps to feel the pulse of the people in the West, and each faction returned bearing metaphorical bunches of huge grapes, while their reports were that the land flowed with oil and honey for their respective candidates. In all this bartering there was evidently an under- standing between the Whigs and the Mormons ; for a flat refusal on the part of the latter to vote the Democratic ticket would certainly have prevented their voting at all. The powers that were had to be mollified, and a go-between was found to represent to the Democrats the solidity of the proposed precinct. The Whigs, of course, did not openly claim the success of their embassy, but rather played off coyly, with intent to deceive. But even after the character of the vote was determined satisfactorily to the Democrats, there still remained the question of its legality. If the territory lay west of the last organized county, which was then Monroe, that county had the power to create a precinct. If it did not, then there was an opportunity to contest the validity of returns from the river precinct. The Democrats believed that Kanesville, as the Mormon settlement was called, did lie within the legal territory of Monroe, but a survey was deemed necessary to settle the point. In accordance with that idea, a party was engaged to ascertain the geographical whereabouts of the village, and a random line was run. Subsequent surveys have shown that the line was, indeed, a random one, but that point did not come up in the contest which followed. For all practical purposes, the place lay west of Monroe. In the decision of this question, the Whigs wisely submitted to the Democrats, and the work of establishing the locality was performed by such means as the Democrats could, under no circumstances, thereafter dispute. It was considered highly important for the Democrats to locate Kanesville in Mon- roe territory, because Monroe was then Democratic, and they feared that the Whigs would oppose the organization of so strong a precinct, if they had it in their power to do so. If the village lay north of the upper line of Monroe, it belonged to Marion County, which was then a Whig stronghold. The eager- ness with which the Democrats labored to prove that Kanesville really was several miles south of its actual location, forms one of the grim humors of this contest. The Whigs, meanwhile, confident of the victory they were to win, offered no objections to the formation of the precinct, but seemed quiescent in the mat- ter. On the 3d of July, 1848, the Monroe County Commissioners issued the following order : Ordered, by said Board, that that portion of countrj called Pottawattomie County, wliich lies directly west of Monroe County, be organized into a township, and that Kanesville be a precinct for election purposes in said township, and that the election be held at the Council- house in said village ; and that Charles Bird, Henry Miller and William Huntington be appointed .Judges of said election; and that the boundaries of said townsliip extend east as far as the East Nish-na-bat-na. This public announcement of the plan warned the Whigs to unmask. Greek met Greek. It was known that the Board, then consisting of Andrew Blswick, 436 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. William McBride and George R. Holliday, with Dudley C. Barber as Clerk, was Democratic. The latter officer made out the poll-books and sent them to the new precinct. Both parties sought the field of battle, and for a time the Mormon element became the fiivorites of the politicians, since they held the balance of power. The Mormons at home in Nauvoo were Democratic in sentiment, it was argued, and the Democrats were confident of their co-opera- tion in the time of need. The election took place on the 7th day of August. To the consternation of the Democrats and the joy of the Whigs, the vote of the new precinct was cast almost solidly for Daniel F. Miller, the Whig candidate, and the Democratic candidate, William Thompson, was left out in the cold. No sooner was the result of the election made known than the Democratic leaders took counsel, one with another, what to do. J. C. Hall, brother-in-law to Thompson, went to Albia from Mount Pleasant, and it is asserted that he and others advised the rejection of the poll-books. The messenger with the returns arrived in Albia, and the canvass of the votes was held on the 14th day of August. Dudley C. Barber, as Clerk of the Board, had a deciding voice in the matter. The canvass was made at his log cabin, one of the three or four buildings then standing on the town plat. Among the prominent Democrats of Albia at the time was Dr. Flint, who subsequently removed to Wapello County, and became County Judge and State Senator for that county. He was brother-in-law to Barber, and exercised a great influence over him. He urged the arbitrary rejection of the books. Be- side Mr. Hall and Dr. Flint, there was present Israel Kister, now of Bloom- field. During the heated controversy over the canvass — in which, it is said, an unpleasant suspicion of pistols prevailed — the disputed poll-books suddenly dis- ajtpeared from the table. The confusion which followed the announcement of their loss can be imagined. The men who were nearest the table dared not accuse one another of having stolen them, but there was, unquestionably, con- siderable display of feeling. Of course it was clear that the Whigs had not stolen the books, since it was for their interest to retain them. It rested, conse- quently, with the opposing faction to explain the mysterious disappearance of the documents. The evening of that day, Barber called to his aid two Justices, and, it is said, with locked doors, made a canvass of the vote of Monroe, throwing out the books from Pottawattamie entirely. This rejection of the western vote secured the election of Thompson, and'he accordingly took his seat in the first session of the Thirty-first Congress. If we may be allowed to parody a classic quotation, uneasy sits the Con- gressman who is not soundly elected I No sooner was he there than the Whigs made an effort to oust him. The case was laid before a proper committee, and voluniinous discussion ensued. Miller proposed to Thompson to submit the (piestion again to the people, but the proposition was rejected. The action of Congress was somewhat governed by well-known precedents, and finally the whole matter was remanded to the United States District Court at Keokuk. Before a decision could be reached, an election took place in the State for State officers and member of the Thirty-second Congress. The campaign was a hot one. It may be here incidentally remarked that the August election resulted in the seatmg of Bernhart Henn, of Fairfield, in the Thirty-second Congress from this district, his term beginning in 1851. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 437 It transpired one day, pending the decision of the case, that Mr. Miller called at Judge Mason's office, in Keokuk. The Judge signified a desire to serve certain papers on him, and the two gentlemen stepped to the rear of the room. There were two or three other men present. Judge Mason handed Mr, Miller, as he supposed, some papers relating to the suit, when, to the sur- prise of Mr. M., he found them to be the long-lost poll-books from Kanesville. Explanations followed, in which Judge Mason proved, conclusively, that the papers came honestly into his possession. This startling denouement completely upset the Democratic case, and a new election was ordered, to " fill vacancy " in the First District. The election took place September 24, 1850, and resulted in the choice of Mr. Miller, who filled the seat in Congress one session. The vote stood as follows: Miller, 5,463; Thompson, 4,801 ; Smith, 365. The question reverts to the cause of the Mormon change of front in 1848. All manner of rumors were afloat at the time, some of them even charging that the Democrats had offered but $1,000, while the Whigs had paid $1,200 for the vote. On the authority of one who admits that he was a party to the barter, we state as fact that the only gift presented to Elder Hyde by the Whigs was a printing office and some ten reams of printing paper and a keg of ink. Hyde wanted an office, and the Whigs were willing to give him one. The materials for the office were shipped to him by the Whigs prior to the casting of the vote. Hyde had a grudge against the Democrats, which he desired to pay, and there- fore refused to listen to overtures of a financial character from them. It was a case of diamond cut diamond, in which the Whigs proved the hardest. It is a fact that in 1848, Orson Hyde began the publication of a paper called the Frontier Grtiardian, at Kanesville. The county of Pottawattamie was organ- ized in 1848. All the officials were Mormons. As to the missing books: It is a matter of evidence that Israel Kister placed them in Mr. Hall's saddle-bags, during the heated discussion, probably with no real intent to steal them at the time, but supposing that they would be dis- covered before Hall left. They were not detected and the lawyer rode away with them. It was then too late to acknowledge the error, and so the case stood until accident brought them to light. The Whig papers made furious onslaught against the Democrats over the affair, and there is but little doubt that it caused a decidedly good political war- cry during those days. Dr. Flint was openly charged with having burned the books, and Barber was figuratively drawn and quartered continuously. The vigorous attacks upon Barber finally undermined his health and he died, a victim of mistaken sense of duty. Dr. Flint is now dead. THE STATE BOUNDARY DIFFICULTY. . Although the county of Des Moines, as now defined, does not extend to the southern limits of the State, and cannot, therefore, be strictly classed among the counties affected by the celebrated case growing out of the complications which arose over the boundary line between Missouri and Iowa, the fact that the original county of Des Moines included all of the southern half of the Territory makes the subject an appropriate one to inti'oduce into this volume. Besides, some of the most prominent participants in the controversy or its adjudication resided in Burlington. This was the seat of government at the time the affair originated, and some of the events in the history transpired here. 488 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Ill fact, no furtlier explanation need be offered for the presentation of the mat- ter here than tlie statement tliat Hon. Charles Mason, Gen. A. C. Dodge, Jud^e David Rorer, and other Burlington men, took conspicuous action as counsel in the case. It is valuable as a work of reference, and the following clear presentment of the matter, from the pen of Mr. Charles Negus, is given, with the feelini' that many will read it who have but an imperfect understanding of the subject now. " Soon after the organizing of the Territorial Government of Iowa, there arose a dispute between Missouri and Iowa about the jurisdiction of the State and Territoral authorities over a tract of country in the southern part of Iowa, wiiich Missouri claimed as being within the boundary of that State as defined by Congress. " The act of Congress, passed March 6, 1820, authorizing the Territory of ^lissouri to form a State government, provided that (if the State should ratify the boundaries) the State of Missouri ' should consist of all the territory within the following boundaries : Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi River, on the parallel of 36° north latitude ; thence west, along that parallel of lat- itude, to the St. Francis River ; thence up and following the course of that river, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the parallel of 36° 30'; thence west along the same to the point where the said parallel is intersected by a meridian line passing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas River, where the same empties into the Missouri River ; thence, from the point aforesaid, north along the west meridian line, to the intersection of the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the river Des Moines, making said line to correspond with the Indian boundary line, etc. ; thence east, from the point of intersection last aforesaid, along the said parallel of latitude, to the middle of the channel of the main fork of the said River Des Moines ; thence down and along the middle of the said River Des Moines, to the mouth of the same, where it empties into the Mississippi,' etc. These boundaries, as defined by Congress, were adopted by Missouri through the Convention which formed the State Constitution. " The northern boundary of the State, which was defined as ' the parallel of latitude wliieh passes tIiro}(th of January, 1839, about the time the difficulty was taking place on the dis- puted tract in Van Buren County. But it seems that the line surveyed by Lee and Davis was never approved of by Congress, and consequently did not become the boundary between Missouri and Iowa. " Soon after the troubles in A^in Buren County, the Legislature of Iowa passed a law that if any person should exercise any official function within the jurisdiction of the Territory, or within the limits of any of the counties therein, by virtue of any commission or authority not received from the Territory or HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 443 Government of the United States, every person so offending should be fined, not exceeding $1,000, or be imprisoned not exceeding five years. That if any per- son residing within the limits of the Territory should accept of any ofiice or trust from any State or authority other than the United States or the Territory of Iowa, every person so offending should be fined not exceeding $1,000, or be imprisoned not exceeding five years. " Soon after the organization of the county of Davis, this law was called into requisition. The county of Adair, as it was then organized, embraced within its boundaries a portion of what now composes Davis County. The Sheriff of Adair County, Preston Mullinix, and his Deputy, William P. Linder, were indicted in Davis County ; the Sheriff for exercising his ofiice within the bound- aries of Iowa, without legal authority and contrary to the statutes, and the Dep- uty for an assault and battery and kidnapping and falsely imprisoning one Frederick Acheson, a citizen or Iowa, which acts were none on the disputed tract. " Mullinix and Linder were both arrested and held under bail to answer to the indictment at the next term of Court. At that time they both appeared and Linder went to trial, which resulted in his conviction and a sentence of a fine and ten days' imprisonment in the Penitentiary. The trial of Mullinix, the Sheriff, was continued to the next terra of Court, and he was required to enter into a recognizance (without security) for his appearance, which he refused to do, and the Court ordered him to be committed to prison. " As soon as these transactions were made known to Gov. Chambers, he pardoned Linder and remitted his fine, and also pardoned Mullinix for the offense for which he stood committed, and ordered him to be discharged from prison. After the arrest of Mullinix and Linder, the county of Adair was divided, and the territory adjoining Davis County was embraced within the lim- its of Schuyler County. "After the county of Schuyler, Mo., was organized, about the 1st of Janu- ary, 1846, Samuel Riggs, the Sheriff of Davis County, Iowa, hal put into his hands a writ of attachment against the property of an individual on the tract of land in dispute, and while attempting to serve the writ, he was arrested by the Sherifi" of Schuyler County on a charge of attempting to execute the func- tions of his office in Missouri, and was required to give security for his appear- ance at the next term of the Court in that county. A few days after this, another attempt was made by a large number of men from Missouri to resist the execution of a process in the hands of the Sheriff of Davis County, but without success ; for the Sheriff and his posse, though inferior in numbers, executed the writ and secured the property attached. This dispute, as to who had juris- diction over this country, had a bad influence in the community, and caused many reckless and desperate characters to rendezvous in that vicinity, with the hope that in the contest with the authorities they might escape the puishment justly due their crimes. The arrest of the Sheriff of Davis County called forth a special message from Gov. Clark, then Governor of the Territory, to the Legislature of Iowa, which was then in session, and they passed a special law authorizing the Gov- ernor to draw upon the Territorial Treasurer for the sum of $1,500, and that the sum, or any amount thereof, which he might think proper, should be placed at his discretion for the employment of counsel to manage and defend all cases growing out of this difficulty, in which the Territory, or any of the citizens thereof, should be a party on the one side, and Missouri, or the authorities of that State, upon the other. The Court of Schuyler County convened at Lan 444 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. caster, the county seat, on the 9th of May, and an indictment was found against Riggs, who immediately appeared and answered thereto in discharge of his bail. ^ , . , i ^ ^ " David Rorer, of Burlington, a gentleman of high legal talents, was em- ployed by Gov. Clark, on behalf of Iowa, to defend Riggs. Rorer attended this term of Court for the purpose of defending him, but from a desire on the part of both parties to defer judicial action in the case until an adjustment of the disputed boundary question could be eftected, the case was continued until the next term of Court, and Riggs was discharged upon his own individual recognizance, and he was subsequently discharged entirely. To compensate him lor his trouble and expense, the Iowa Legislature passed a law authorizing him to file his petition in the District Court of Davis County, claiming compen- sation for his time and expenses in defending himself against all prosecutions which had been commenced against him by the authorities of Missouri, for exercising his office on the disputed territory ; and they provided that the Court should hear the case and determine the amount which was justly due Riggs, and the amount so determined was directed to be paid out of the State Treasury. '" On the 17th of June, 1844, Congress passed an act respecting the north- ern boundary of Missouri, in which it was provided that the Governor of Iowa, by and with the advice and consent of the Council of the Territory, should appoint a Commissioner to act in conjunction with a Commissioner to be appointed by the State of Missouri, and the two were to select a third person, and it was made their duty to ascertain, survey and mark out the northern boundary of Missouri, and to cause plats of their survey to be returned to the Secretary of the United States, and to the Secretaries' offices of Missouri and Iowa — which plats were to be accompanied with their proceedings in the premises. The Commissioners were empowered to employ surveyors and other hands necessary to accomplish the survey, and the line established and ratified by them, or any two of them, was to be final and conclusive, and to be and remain as the northern boundary line of the State. But it was provided that this act should not go into effect until it should be assented to by Missouri and Iowa. Iowa was willing to accede to this proposition, and the Legislature of Missouri passed an act assenting to this mode of settling the difficulty ; but the Governor of Missouri, John C. Edwards, placed his veto on the bill, and it failed to become a law. The Governor's objection to this mode of settling the difficulty seemed to be, that it involved legal rights, and should be adjudicated by a judicial tribunal. " After this, application was made by both contending parties to Congress to pass a law authorizing them to institute a suit in the Supreme Court of the United States and have the controversy judicially settled. This application was made on the part of Missouri by an act passed by the Legislature, on the 25th of March, 1845, and on the part of Iowa by a memorial of her Council and House of Representatives, passed on the iTth of January, 1846, in which both parties asked for ' the commencement and speedy determination of such a suit as might be necessary to procure a final decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, upon the true location of the northern boundary of the State.' Congress respected these re(|uests and passed the necessary law.' " After the passage of the law by Congress, authorizing the settling of the dispute in the Supreme Court, the Legislature of Iowa passed an act empower- ing the Governor to agree with Missouri for the commencement of such a suit as might be necessary to procure from the Supreme Court of the United States HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 445 a final decision upon the true location of the southern boundary of the State. This act made it the duty of the Governor to cause to be procured all evidence which might be necessary to the legal and proper decision of such a suit, and to employ counsel and do whatever else might be necessary to maintain the rights of the State. Charles Mason was employed on the part of Iowa, who hunted up and prepared the testimony of the trial, and he got "Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, to assist him in arguing the case before the Court. The State of Mis- souri filed the original bill against the State of Iowa, and Iowa filed a cross-bill against Missouri. " This case was tried at the December term of 1848, and the Supreme Court decided that the line as surveyed by Sullivan was the northern boundary of Missouri, which decision gave Iowa all the territory she claimed. The Court appointed Henry B. Hendershott, of Iowa, and Joseph C. Brown, of Missouri, Commissioners to run out and mark the boundary line. Brown having died before the work was commenced, Robert W. Wells was appointed in his place, but he resigned the trust, and William G. Minor received the appointment on the part of Missouri. " The Commissioners, for the purpose of making the necessary arrange- ments for the survey, met at St. Louis in March, 1850, and selected their sur- veyors. William Dewey was selected on the part of Iowa, and Robert Walker for Missouri. The Commissioners made their arrangements to meet with their surveyors and other parties, at the point where Sullivan had established the northwest corner of Missouri. They left their respective homes on the 10th of April and met on the 28th. To aid them in their work before they started, they obtained from the office of the Surveyor General at St. Louis a copy of the field-notes of Sullivan's survey ; but the space of nearly thirty-four years having elapsed since this work was done, the marks of the survey being nearly all obliterated, they could not readily find the spot they sought. No precise traces of the old northwest corner remained ; the witness-trees to it were on the margin of a vast prairie, and had apparently been destroyed years before ; consequently its exact position could not be ascertained from anything visible near the spot. " The point known as the old northwest corner of Missouri was the northern termination of Sullivan's line, running north and south, run by him in 1816, and was 100 miles north of the mouth of the Kansas River, and the point at which he turned east run to the Des Moines River. His field-notes showed that his miles were numbered north from the Kansas River, and east from the northwest corner of the State, beginning anew at that corner. Finding no conclusive evi- dence of the exact site or the required corner, they undertook to trace those lines for the purpose of finding some evidence of the old survey. "Near the supposed spot of the location of the ninety-ninth mile-corner, on the north line, they found a decayed tree and stump, which corresponded in course, distance and description with the witness-trees to that corner, and cutting into the tree, they saw what they supposed to be the remains of an old blaze, upon which was preserved a part, apparently, of the letter M. This supposi- tion was verified by their measuring two miles further south to a point which they found to be Sullivan's ninety -seventh mile-corner, from one witness-tree, which was perfectly sound ; the marks upon it two or three inches beneath the bark, were plain and legible. On the east line they found the witness-tree to the third mile-corner ; the wood upon which the marks had been inscribed was decayed, but their reversed impression appeared upon the new growth which covered the old blaze, and was cut out in a solid block. Prolonging these lines three miles from the point thus determined, their intersection was assumed as 446 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. the desired corner, and at that point was planted a monument, designating the northwest corner of Missouri as the boundary existed before acquiring that tract of hind known as the ' Plat Purchase,' lying between the old west line of that State and tiie Missouri River, which point was found to be in the northeast quarter of Section 35, in Township 67 north. Range 33 west, in latitude 40°, 34', 40" north, and in longitude about 94° 30' west from Greenwich. " At this point they planted a large cast-iron pillar, weighing between fif- teen and sixteen hundred pounds, four feet six inches long, twelve inches square at the base, and eiglit inches at the top. This pillar was legibly marked with the words ' Missouri on the south side, ' Iowa ' on the north side, and ' Stare Line ' on the east. From this corner they ran one west, keeping on the same parallel of latitude on which the pillar was erected, till they reached the Mis- souri River. They commenced the survey on the 24th of May, and reached the river, a distance of sixty miles and sixty-one chains, on the 12th of July. At the terminus of the sixtieth mile, as near the bank of the Missouri River as the perishable nature of the soil would permit, they planted a monument similar to the one erected at the old northwest corner of Missouri, the words ' State Line ' facing the east. '' The Commissioners then returned to the old northwest corner, and com- menced to run the line east, and, by close examination, they were enabled to discover abundant blazes and many witness-trees of the old survey, by which they easily found and re-marked the line run by Sullivan in 1816. The sur- veying of the eastern portion of the line was commenced on the 13th of August, and terminated on the 18th of September, it being a distance of one hundred and fifty miles, forty-one chains and eight links, which, with the sixty miles and sixty-one chains first surveyed, makes the southern boundary of the State, be- tween the Missouri and Des Moines Rivers, two hundred and eleven miles, thirty-two chains and eight links. " Near the west bank of the Des Moines River, where the boundary termi- nates, on the line was planted a cast-iron pillar, similar to the other two, with the words " State Line '" fronting the west. The line was also designated by cast-iron pillars, four feet long, eight inches square at the base and five inches at the top, placed at intervals of thirty miles apart ; and one four feet long, seven inches square at the base and four at the top, at intermediate spaces of ten miles apart ; all of which pillars mark in iron monument every ten miles the whole length of the boundary line. " Sullivan's line was found in some places to deviate from a true east and west line, which was corrected by the surveyors. The iron pillars were planted in Sullivan's line, as found at the particular points ; but as the line was bend- ing in the ten-mile spaces between the pillars, it was found necessary to erect wooden posts at the termination of each mile, in order to mark the line with more accuracy. In the prairies, the mile-posts were marked with the letters ' B. L.' facing the cast, the letter 'I.' facing the north, and the letter ' M.' facing the south, and the numl)er of miles on the west fiice of the post. Where tim- ber exists, the number of the mile is marked on witness-trees, or pointers, with letters appropriate to each stake, there being one tree marked on each side of the line wlierever it was possible to do so. The front of each witness-tree is marked with the letters ' B. L.' In all cases where the posts are set in mounds, the post is invariably nine links west, to designate it from other surveys. This line, as surveyed and designated under the direction of the Commissioners Hendershott and Minor, was adjudged and decreed by the Supreme Court to be the true and proper boundary line between Missouri and Iowa. And thus closed HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 447 a long and vexed dispute between the two authorities about the extent of their jurisdiction. To defray the expenses of establishing and running this line, the State of Iowa and the State of Missouri, each placed at the disposal of the Com- missioners the sum of ^2,000. But this was not sufficient to meet their expenses, for they were engaged in the work 180 days, and the Supreme Court allowed the Commissioners each the sum of $10 per day for their services, and $2 per day for their expenses, and each of the surveyors $8 per day. These allowances, with other expenses, cost over $10,000, which left over $3,000 apiece for each of the States to pay. The Legislatures of both States made up the deficiencies, and that was an end to the boundary war." DES MOINES COUNTY DURING THE WAR. The honor of writing the history of Des Moines County from 1861 to the close of the war should fall to the lot of one of those brave men who partici- pated in the scenes of those days. The value of the history will depend upon the exhaustiveness of the work undertaken. In such cases, details form the chief interest, and no one is able to furnish those except the men who help to perform the acts. We offer this suggestion : let some one who has a knowledge of the events compile them before it is too late. As time rolls on, the difficul- ties of doing so desirable a labor will be increased, and speedy preparations should be made to preserve the grand record of the county from oblivion. It is true that the history of the regiments is saved in the Adjutant General's Reports, and many sketches have been written concerning life in the field ; but we refer now not so much to the history of the regiments as to the history of people who inspired the formation of those regiments. Let some one who can write the story of the heroism of fathers, mothers, sisters and wives — that vast host of loyal men and women who said : '' Go ; and may God protect you and our nation ! " Tell of the devotion of the women, who, while their hearts were bleeding, smiled a farewell, lest the soldier be disheartened ! Tell of the long weeks of anguish which followed the departure of the loved one ; write of the deeds of bravery that have never been told. The soldier who sleeps beneath the Southern sod, in an unknown grave, deserves the plaudits of his fellow-men ; and does not the grief-stricken widow merit a share in the volume of praise? The youth, who so readily accepted the trust of defending the nation from its foe, learned the meaning of patriotism from the history of the Revolution. The artist's pencil, the poet's pen, the historian's glowing words, portrayed to his mind the duties of an American. Shall we not, then, expect the future strength of loyal men to grow by feeding upon the record of patriotism during the days of the rebellion ? The people of Des Moines are worthy of especial praise. Dwelling upon the border of a Slave State, and holding daily intercourse with those who main- tained the righteousness of slavery, they naturally imbibed the sentiments peculiar to the South on that grave subject. But when the stroke was made which aimed the dagger at the nation's heart, there was no wavering between two opinions. The Union must be preserved, even if slavery perished in the attempt to perpetuate the nation. When the war was forced upon the country, the people were quietly pursuing the even tenor of their ways, doing whatever their hands found to do — working the mines, making farms or culti- vating those already made, erecting houses, founding cities and towns, building shops and manufactories — in short, the country was alive with industry and 448 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. hopes for the future. The people were just recovering from the depression and losses incident to the financial panic of 1857. The future looked bright and promising, and the industrious and patriotic sons and daughters of the Free States were buoyant with hope, looking forward to the perfecting of new plans for the insureraent of comfort and competence in their declining years ; they little heeded the mutterings and threatenings of treason's children in the Slave States of the South. True sons and descendants of the heroes of the " times that tried men's souls" — the struggle for American Independence — they never dreamed that there was even one so base as to dare attempt the destruction of the Union of their fathers— a government baptized with the best blood the world ever knew. While immediately surrounded with peace and tranquillity, they paid but little attention to the rumored plots and plans of those who lived and grew rich from the sweat and toil, blood and flesh of others — aye, even trafficking in the oflFspring of their own loins. Nevertheless, the war came, with all its attendant horrors. April 12, 1861, Fort Sumter, at Charleston, South Carolina, Maj. Ander- son, U. S. A., Commandant, was fired on by rebels in arras. Although basest treason, this first act in the bloody reality that followed, was looked upon as the mere bravado of a few hot-heads — the act of a few fire-eaters whose sectional bias and hatred were crazed by the excessive indulgence in intoxicating pota- tions. When, a day later, the news was borne along the telegraph wires that Maj. Anderson had been forced to surrender to what had first been regarded ae a drunken mob, the patriotic people of the North were startled from their dreams of the future, from undertakings half completed, and made to realize that behind that mob there was a dark, deep and well-organized purpose to destroy the Government, rend the Union in twain, and out of its ruins erect a slave oligarchy, wherein no one should dare to question their right to hold in bondage the sons and daughters of men whose skins were black, or who, perchance, through practices of lustful natures, were half or quarter removed from the color that God, for His own purposes, had given them. But they " reckoned without their host." Their dreams of the future, their plans for the establish- ment of an independent confederacy, were doomed from their inception to sad and bitter disappointment. When the Southern rebels fired upon Fort Sumter, they found this vast North unarmed, untrained in the art of war, and in a state of such profound peace as to warrant the belief that hostilities could not be begun by those who had, since the foundation of this Union, boasted loudly of their loyalty to the Con- stitution of the United States. The rumors of disaffection that had alarmed the more watchful had aroused but trifling fears in the breasts of the great mass of Northern citizens. War between the States had, prior to that time, been deemed an impossibility. The sentiments of fraternal unity were so deep- altiding in the hearts of the North that treason was regarded as an improbable crime, and overt acts of antagonism to the Government too ba^e in their intent to be worthy of serious consideration. But the hand of the aged Ruffin, as he laid the blazing torch upon the gun within Stevens' battery, lighted a flame which spread throughout the land with electric rapidity, and illumined the nation with a glare that revealed the truth of rebel threats The boom of the first gun awakened the passive people to the dread reality of their position. From Maine to Oregon, from Superior to the Oiiio, the country arose, as with a single impulse, to respond to the demands ot the hour. Tliere was no need of prompting them, no need of canvassing for strength, no hesitating as to measures, no thought of compromise. But one HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 449 course could be pursued, and that the people comprehended as though inspired by some higher mentor. The Union must be preserved. Each individual member of society felt the urgent necessity of prompt and concerted action. Towns did not wait to hear tidings from sister-towns ; each heard in the roar of brave old Sumter's guns a summons direct, imperative and irresistible, for aid in the defense of the nation's honor. Rivals in business and in politics grasped each other's hands and hurried forth, side by side, rivals no longer, save in their eagerness to enroll first their names upon the list of citizen-soldiery. Almost simultaneous with the news of the attack upon Sumter came the call from President Lincoln for troops. In the remote towns and rural localities, where telegraphic communication had not then penetrated, the appeal and the response were recorded at the same time. On the 15th of April, the President issued his call for 75,000 ninety-days troops. The State of Iowa was particularly fortunate in having for its Chief Executive Samuel J. Kirkwood, whose loyalty and unceasing devotion to the cause of the Union have embalmed his name forever in the annals of the State. Within thirty days after the President's demand was made public, Iowa had a regiment in the field. If it was within the province of this work to relate the story of Des Moines' loyalty, the limits of this volume would be extended far beyond those anticipated by the publishers. Some future historian, we have no doubt, will find a fruit- ful topic in this record of war, and lay before the people of this county a narra- tive of unsurpassed interest. Surely the opportunity exists and awaits the patient labors of a competent writer. The county lay so near the line of the Slave States that party feeling ran high throughout all the war. Local agitations were frequent over rumored invasions. The loyalty of the county was all the more marked because of the hazard of entertaining such sentiments. The long list of brave men who formed the volunteer companies from Des Moines County is here appended : VOLUNTEER ROSTER. TAKEN PRINCIPALLY FROM ADJUTANT GENERAL'S REPORTS. -ia.BBEaETT'I.A.I'IOliTS- Adjt Adjutant Art Artillery Bat •. Battle or Battalion Col Colonel Capt .'. Captain Corp Corporal Comsy Commissary com commissioned cav cavalry captd captured desrtd deserted disab disabled died discharged e enlisted excd exchanged hon. disd honorably discharged inv invalid inf infantry I. V. I Iowa Volunteer Infantry kid killed Lieut Lieutenant Maj Major va. o mustered out prmtd promoted prisr prisoner Regt Regiment re-e re-enlisted res resigned Sergt Sergeant trans transferred vet.. veteran V. R. C Veteran Reserve Corps wd wounded FIRST INFANTRY. [Note. — This Regiment was mustered out rit St. Louis, Aug. 26, 1861.] Company D. Capt. Charles L. Matthies, com. May 9, 1861, prmtd. lieut. col. 5th Inf. Capt. Matthias Keller, com. let lieut. May 9, 1861, prmtd. capt. July 25, 1861. First Lieut J. Enderle, comd. 2d lieut. May 9, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. July 25, 1861. Second Lieut. Theo. Wakischmidt, e. as sergt. April 23, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. July 25, 1861. First Sergt. Wm. A. Haw, e. April 23, 1861. Musician Wm. Christ, e. April 23, 1861. Bates, Lewis, e. April 23, 1861. Bickler, Lewis, e. April 23, 1861. Bonitz, Edmond, e. April 23, 1861, wd. Wilson's Creek, Mo. Bouquet, Nicol, e. April 23, 1861. Bruokner, C, e. April 23, 1861. Feiertang, Lawrence, e. April 23, 1861. Griese, Christ, e. April 23, 1861. 450 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. ■Grothp, Wm., e. April 23, 1861. Henn, John. c. April 23, 1861. Hillr, Frank, e. April 2.3, 1861. Hohkiinip, <•., C-. April 23. 18C1. Hohnihr.-ch.r, G., e. .^pril 23, 1861. Hohcunip, Hi-nrv. c April 23, 1861. HoBchle, v., c .\i)ril 23, 1861. Huppriik, A., e. April 23, 1861. Jockcrrs. Clmi)., o. April 23. 1861. KainphorntT, F., e. April 21, 1861. Kaairtke, U-»is, ... April 23, 1861. Kiwhfl. Julius \V., e. April 2.3, 1801. Keltnor. ll.iinan, e. April 23, 1801. Klein, T., e. April a. 1861. Kli'in, H.-nrv, e. April 2.1, 1861. Klett, S., e. April 23, 1861. Knaup, The..., e. April 23, 1861. Kohll.ttU.-r. M., e. April 23, 1861. Leopold, Chaa., e. April 23, 1861. Mersch, Cispiir, e. .\pril 23, 1861. Miller, AuKUst, e. April 23, 18G1. Mohn, IVter, o. April 23, 1861. Ne8.selbaus, August, e. April 23, 1861. Pit-per, Jolin C, e. April 22, 1861. Rager, Christ, e. April 23, 1801. Roniinger, John, e. April 23, 1861. RohtenbcTger, John, e. April 23, 1861. Rufl', (Jeorgp, e. April 2:1, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek, Mo. Schaeffer, (i., e. April 23, 1801. Scholl, Jacob, e. April V3. 1861. Scheueniiaii, J., e. April 23, 1801. Schramm, F., e. April 24, 1861. Sihrev, Christ, e. April 23, 1861. Schuftz, August, e. April 23, 1801. Wagner, John C, e. April 23, 1861. Wasnier. John, e. April 23, 1861. Weber, M.. e. April 23, lh61. AVildo, Christ, e. April 23, 1801. Willett, G., e. April 23,1861. Wolhaf, G., e. April 23, 1861. Company E. Capt. G. F. Streeper, com. May 9, 1861. First Liout. John C. Abercrombie, com. May 9, 1861. Second Lieut. G. W. Pierson, com. May 9, 1801. First Sergt. Jos. Utter, e. April 20, 1861. Sergt. John Reed, e. April 20, 1861, re-e. and promtd. sergt. in regular army. Sergt. A. A. Harbach, e. April 20, IsOl, re-e. and prmtd. sergt. in regular army. Sergt. Spencer Johnson, e. April 20, 1861, re-e. as sergt. in 2.'ith Inf. Corp. J. O.Shannon, e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 14th Inf., capt. C... K. Corp. Robt. N. Heiaey, e. April 20, 1861. Corp. Wm. J. Fuller, e. April 20, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Corp. B. T. Ryan, e. April 20, 1801, re-e. in 14th Inf., Ist. lieut. Co. C. Musician Henry M. Kelmartin, e. April 20, 1861, prmtd. fife niaj. Musician Wm. T. Tizzard, e. April 20, 1801, re-e. in 25th Inf., Bulis. lieut. Armstrong, Robt. R., e. April 20, 1861. Bradley G., e. April 2o, 1801, r.-e. in Uth U. S. Inf. Bradley, Jacob, e. April 20, 1861. Barnar.l, John, e. April 20, IKOI. Bnickiier, J , e. .\pril 2(i, 1801. Brandebiirg, Wm. F., e. April 20, 1861. Bush, Lorin F., e. April 20, 1861. Creighton, Hugh L., o. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 30tU Inf. 2d lieut. Collins, John, e. April 20, 1801, re-e. in 11th U. S. Inf. Carter, John, e. .\pril 20, 1861. (Campbell, Wm. I., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 14th Inf., capt. O.. K. Cousins, H. C. e. April 20,1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek, Mo., r.-e. in 30th Inf. Cameron, Chus. A., e. April 20, 1861, prmtd capt. Co. G, 39tli Inf. Chapman, Samuel M., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 14th, sergt C... K. Crowd.r, John E., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 11th Inf., sergt. Co. I. Can field, Thos. S., e. April 20, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Cr.-ek, corp. Co. C, 30th Int. Drcalard, J., e. April 20, 1861. lielaplane, John W., e. April 20, 1861. Drculanl, James, e. April 20, 1861. Dansages, Chas., e. April 20, 1861, private Co. 16th Inf. Deaderick, F., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in Co. of German Hussars at Madison. Espv, John, e. April 20, 1861. Eads, Oliver P., e. April 20, 1801, re-e. in the 14tli Inf., Corp. Co. K. English. John, e. April 20, 1861. Fairbanks, Augustus, e. April 20, 1861. Field, H. A., e. April 20, 1801. Galon, Peter, e. April 20, 1801. Grimes, Jacob M., e. April 20, 1861 . Gregory, Wm., e. April 20, 1861. Guthrie, James U., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in Uth Inf., sergt. Co. K. Gans, William, e. April 20, 1801, re-e. in West. Eng. Regi.; corp Co. K. Heustis, Wm. P., e. April 20, 1861. Hiser, Saml. B., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in Co. C, 30th Inf. sergt. Hills, H. A., e. April 20, 1801, re-e. in West. Eng. Kegt. Hart, Thos. H., e. April 20, 1861. Johnson, Augustus, e. April 20. 1861. Johnson, Frank, e. April 20, 1801. Jaggar, M. M., e. April 20, 1801. Jordan, Wm. F., e. April 20, 1861. Johnson, F. B., e. April 20, 1861, in 57th 111., wd. ShiloU, died from exposure. Kimball, C. H., e. April 20, 1861. King, Charies P., e. April 20, 1861, in Uth Inf., 2d lieut. Co. K. Linton, Ira, e. April 20, 1861. Lawrence, Geo., e. April 20, 1861, wd. Wilson Creek, after- ward adjt. 16th Inf. Merrill, A. L., e. April 20, 1861, in 6th Inf. Mathews, I. P., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 25th Inf., sergt. Mathews, John P., e April 20, 1861, re-e. in 30th Inf., Ist lieut. Martin, Stephen, e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 34th 111. Inf. Mateon, Dan., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 14th 111. Inf., was sergt. maj., prisr. Shiloh. Miles, B. M., e. April 20, 1861, wd. Wilson Creek, Mo. McClure, Joseph D., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 14th Inf., sergt. Co. K. McLane, Richard, e. April 20, 1861. Nesselhous, Philip, e. April 20, 1861. Newland, John E., e. April 20, 1801. Payne, Wm. R., e. April 20, 1861. Pollock, Robert M., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 3d Mo. Cav., afterward disd. disab. Rhamey, R. M., e. April 20, 1801. Rogers, N. P.,e. April 20, 1861, re-e in 15th Inf., 2d lieut. Co. E. Robinson, H. N., e. April 20, 1861. Riggs, Chas., e. April 20, 1861. Roberts, A., e. April 20, 1861, com. capt. Co. C, 30th Inf., July 25, 1862. Sty pes, Chas., e. April 20, 1861. Syster, Wm. H., e. April 20, 1861. Strasler, Mark, o. April 20, 1861. Schaar, Joseph, e. April 20, 1861. Swaggart, John F., e. April 20, 1861. Schmann, Ernest, e. April 20, 1861. Seeger, John G., e. April 20, 1801. Smith, James, e. April 20, 1801, re-e. in 21st Mo. Vol. Shiffert, Reuben, e. April 20, 1801. Shedd, James A., Jr., e. April 20, 1S61, re-e. in West. Eng. Regt. Ulrich. Albert, e. April 20, 1861. VannicG, R. R., e. April 20, 1801. Ware, E. F., e. April 20, 1861. Wetrel, J. K., e. April 20, 1861. Wall, A. F., e. April 20, 1861. Williams, Clarence, e. April 20, 1861. Company F. Conklin, Wm., e. April 23, 1861. Holland, Jas. C, e. April 23, 1861. Tibbetts, Jas. M., e April 23, 1861, 2d sergt 25th Inf. Virgin, A. C, e. April 23, 1801, re-e. 4th Cav., sergt Co. C. Virgin, Wm. T., e. April 23, 1801, re-e. 4th Cav. SIXTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regimeiU was mustered ctU at Louisville, July 21, 1805] Col. John M. Corse, com. maj. July 6, 1861, prmtd. lieut. col. May 21, 1802, prmtd. col. March 13, 1803, brig. gen. Aug. 11, 1803, brevet maj gen. Oct. 5, 1864. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 451 Col. Wm. H. Clune, e. as Q. M. sergt., trans, to Co. H Nov. \, 1861, as 2d lieut., prmtd. Ist lieut. Co. I, prmtd. capt. Oct. 26, 1862, prnitd. maj. July 29, 1864, wd. Griswoldville, Ga., prmtd. lieut. col. Dec. 30, 1864. com. col. June 18, 1865. Maj. Thos. J. Ennis, com. adjt. July 1, 1862, prmtd. maj. March 14, 1*:63, wd. Missionary Kidge, kid. At- lanta, Ga. Adjt. Newby Chase, e. as private July 23. 1861, prmtd. sergt. maj., prmtd. adjt. Oct. 24, 1863, died of wds. re- ceived at Dallas, Ga. Q. M. Orrin P. Crichton , e. as corp. July 12, 1861, prmtd. com. sergt., prmtd. Q. M. Jan. 1, 1863, m. o. Oct. 26, 1864. Musician Chas. Heit, e. Aug. 2, 1861, disd. Sept. 11, 1861. Company C. Capt. Stephen J. Gahagan, e. as private Co. K, prmtd. sergt., prmtd. capt Dec. 30, 1864. Bennett, H. M., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Company E. Sergt. John H. Key, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. Missionary Kidge and Big Shanty. Company C. Shearer, Wm., e. Aug. 8, 1861. Mcintosh, Hiram, e. Aug. 16, 1861, died March 14, 1862. Company H. Corp. Jesse Carter, e. Aug. 8, 1861. Company I. Capt. Fabian Brydolf, com. 1861, wd. at Shiloh, lieut col. 25th Inf. First Lieut. Jos. S. Halliday, com. 1861, wd. Shiloh, disd Nov.l, 1862, disab. First Lieut. Geo. D. Smiley, e. as sergt. July 12, '61, prmtd. to sergt. maj., prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 4, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 1, 1864, resd. First Lieut. Geo. W. Clark, e. as corp. July 12, 1861, wd. Jones' Ford, Miss., prmtd. Ist lieut. Oct. 24, 1863, com. capt., but declined, wd. at Griswoldville, Ga. First Lieut. Z. Thomas, e.as corp. July 12, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Dec. 30, 1863, wd. Griswoldville, Ga. Second Lieut. Samuel B. Philips, com. 1861, resd. Jan. 3, 1863. Second Lieut. Oliver F. Howard, e. as sergt. July 12, '61, prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 1, 1863, m. o. Oct. 26, 1864, term ex Second Lieut. Harvey B. Linton, e. as private July 29, 1861, wd. ifenesaw Mountain, prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 1, 1865, m. o. as 1st sergt. Musician Noyes W. Wadsworth,e. Oct. 1, 1861, wd. Shiloh, died May 20, 1862. Sergt. John Hannum, e. July 12, 1861, wd. at Missionary Ridge, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, kid. Kenesaw Mountain. Sergt. Louis Schwarz, e. July 12, 1861, vet. ,Tan. 1, 1864. Sergt. Charles Fleming, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64, wd. March 18, 1865, died April 20, 1865. Wagoner Calvin Havbia, e. July 12, 1861, disd. Aug. 27, 1861, disab. Bradley, Wm., e. Sept. 11, 1861. Bostrund, Oscar, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, kid. Big Shanty, Ga. Conroy, Thomas, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Jackson, Miss. Debray, Jacob, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Donsays, C, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Gris- woldville, Ga. Bicholtz, I., July 12,1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Erickson, Chas. A., e. Sept. 11, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Hamilton, Frank, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Johnson, Gustavus,e. Sept. 10, 1861, kid. Shiloh. Kirtland, Jas. N., e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, died at Chicago. Lestrom, P. G., e. Feb. 6, 1864. Lowry, Oliver H., e. Aug. 6, 1861, wd. Jones' Ford, Miss. Lowry, 0. W., e. Dec 29, 1863. Monroe, Joseph H., e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64. Mahler, Henry, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64. Moline, Frederick, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64. Mathews, Benj., e. July 12, 1861, vet. J»n. 1, 1864, kid. at Griswoldville, Ga. McMullin.A., e. Dec. 30, 1863. Partridge, Andrew, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Patterson, Wm. P., e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Peterson, Chas. M., vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Kenesaw Mountain, died July 20, 1864. Reid, Samuel, e. July 12, 1861, disd. Jan. 1, 1862, disab. Randall, James M., e. July 12, 1861, disd. Sept. 19, 1861, disab. Siitherland, Wm. W., e. Sept. 11, 1861. Urich, Albert, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Urich, Tobias, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64, kid. May 11, 1865, by lightning. Williams, Jas.S., e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. White, John, e. March 29, 1864. Company K. Harris, Wm., e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Linton, Ira, e. Aug. 21, 1861, kid. at Atlanta. Moore, A. C, e. July 12, 1861. SEVENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Louitville, Ky., July 12, 1S65.] Col. Jacob. G. Lauman, com. July 11, 1861, wd. Belmont, brig. gen. March 21, 1862. Chaplain I. Harvey Clark, com. Aug. 5, 1861, resd. Sept. 16, 1862. Company D. Bloom, John. Grubb, Wm., e. July 23, 1861, disd. Aug. 26, '61, disab. Long, Lewis. Redding, N. M , e. July 25, 1861, disd. April 6, 1862. Redding, F. M,, e. July 25, 1861, wd. Fort Donelson and Shiloh. Reem, Daniel, e. Aug. 6, 1861. Company E. Heiney, Peter A., e. Feb. 28, 1862. Huffman, Alonzo, e. July 28, 1861, disd. Dec. 16, '61, disab. Rouse, James, e. July 28, 1861, captd. at Belmont, died at Corinth July 28, 1862. Company f-. Stevens, H. T., e. 1861. Company C. Graham, John A., e. 1861, wd. at Donelson and Corinth, died Oct. 17, 1862. Company I. Corp. Columbus G. Renfro, e, Aug. 22, 1861, wd. and died at Mound City Nov. 11, 1861. Corp. Allen B. Collins, e. Aug. 22, 1861,'disd. April 26, '62. Bartow, Wm., e. Aug. 22, 1861, died Oct. 21, 1861. Bodger, E., e. Aug. 22, 1861, trans, to Co. K. Cunningham, Samuel, e. Nov. 24, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. Groth, John J., e. Jan. 9, 1804. Hindmanj Samuel, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. Young, Hugh, e. Feb. 9, 1864, wd. Atlanta. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Kitner, Herman, e. Feb. 19, 1864. ELEVENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mu$tered out a Louisville, Ky., July 15, ISOS.'] Col. John C. Abercrombie, com. maj. Oct. 10, 1861, prmtd. lieut. col. Sept. 1, 1862, com. col. Aug. 7, 1864, m. o. Nov. 5, 1864, as lieut. col., term expired. Company C. Glasgow, John C-, e. Sept. 23, 1861. Company F. Doran, Edward, e. Sept. 23, 1861, died Feb. 21, 1862. Company C. Springer, Abraham, e. Oct. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Winder, Thos. C, e. Oct. 17, 1861. 452 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Company I. Crowder, ThoB. N.,e. Nuv. J, 18G1. Cruw.ler. John K., e. Nov. 2, 1»01, was prisr. in Co. E, l8t Inf. Price, Jus. S , e. Jan. i!0, 1864. SU-vens, C. E., i-. Oct. I'.i, IM",]. Company K. First Lieut. Geo. W. Stucker, e. aa priv. Oct. 4, '61, pnntd. Ist lieut. Oct. 27, 1804, tiisil. June 3, 18G5. Gallllicr, Geo., e. Sept. 27, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Gecrlmrt, Stephen, c. Sept. 22, 1861, wd. and disd. Oct. 14. 1^61. Newli.iuse, John, e. Sept. 27, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Shormate, Wni., e. Oct. 6, 1861. Stucker, Geo. \V., e. Oct. 4, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. FOURTEENTH INFANTRY. I'NoTK. — ITiis regiment, except veterans and recruits, was miutered out at Davenport Nov. 16, ISO/t ; the veterans and reeniUs icere consolidated into two companits and called the Jieriduary Battery, Fourteenth Infantry, which was mus- tered out at Davenport Aug. S, 1S6''.] Maj. Hiram Leonard, com. Nov. 6, 1861, reed. Feb. 26, '62. Sert't. Maj. Daniel Matson, e. Oct. 18, 1861, trans, to 2d Tenn. H. Art. Col. Oct. 29, 1803. Fife M«j. Milton J. Seeds, e. Oct. 10, 1861, disd. April, 8, 1863. Company C. First Lieut. Barton T. Ryan, com. Oct. 24. 1861, trans, to 4lst Inf. Sept. 1, l.SOJ. Company E. Cant. Jos. 0. Shannon, com. Nov. 4, 1861,captd.at Shiloh, ' read. April 8, 1862. First Sergt. Jos. Pa.xton, e. Sept. 27, 1861, disd. Jan. 8, 1802, disab. Flemry, Alfred, e. Sept. 23, 1861, wd., died at St. Louis. Company G. Jesper, Peter, Sr., e. October 3l(, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Sept. 9, 1862, disab. Lawrence, Jeremiah, e. Oct. 12, 1861. Pierson, John A., e. Oct. 11, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Young, \Vm., e. Oct. 9, 1861. Company K. Capt. Wm. J. Campbell, com. Sept. 16, 1861, missing at Shiloh April G, 1862. First Lieut. Chas. P. King, com. 2d lieut. Nov. 16, 1861, wd. at Yellow Bayou, La., prmtd. Ist lieut. Feb. 16, 1863. Second Lieut. Jos. D. McCUire, e. as private April 20, 1861, in Co. E, Ist Inf. prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 16, 1863. Ser^t. Wm. MiMakin, e. Oct. 15, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Sergt. Jas. H. Guthrie, o. Oct. 18, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, disd. June 2.'), 1863. Sergt. John R. Braden, o. Oct. 10, 1861, disd. Dec. 4, 1863. Sergt Samuel H. Chapman, e. Oct 18, 18G1. CoH). Wm. Grey, e. Oct. 18, 1861. Corp. Pierson Carman, e. Oct. 28, 1861. Corp. John W. Hemphill, e. Oct. 10, '61, disd. Jan. 27, '63. Corp. Wm. H. Thomp,son, e. Oct. Ici, 1861. Con'. Josiah T. Statler, e. Oct. 22, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, trans, for promotion to Ist Mo. Vols. Dec. 11, 1863. Corp. John S. Wortz, e. Oct. 22, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Corp. L. H. Bruce, e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, wd. at Yellow Bayou, La., died Sept. 14, 1864. Ariel, Jas. A., <■. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, wd. at Pleasant Hill, La. Agler, Wm. H., e. Oct. l.'j, 1861, kid. at Old Oaks, La. Ashlock, Cha». C, e. Nov. 16, 1861, disd. Dec. 19, 18G3, disab. Baker, Lorenzo, e. Nov. 16, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, disd March G, 1863, disab. Barton, 51. V., e. Oct. 15, 1861. Bridges, Jas. A., e. Oct. 10, 1861, disd. Feb. 6, 1863, disab. Bridgis. Arthur, e. Oct 10, 1861, disd. Jan. 20, 1862, disab. Bishop, J., e. Oct. 10, 1861. Bell, Wra. R., e. March 13, 186:5, wd. at Tupelo, Miss. Baker, Benj.. e. Oct. 26, 1861, died May 18, 1862. Bowen, Jas. A., e Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Bell, Alex., e. Oct. 14, 1861. Cartright, Jas. R., e. Feb. 28, 1863. Carmean, Joshua, e. Oct. 28, '61, disd. March 27, '63, disab. Calkins, M. B., e. Oct. 18, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, disd. Feb. 6, 1863, disab. Dolbee, Peter A., e. Oct. 10, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Oct. 15, 1862, dieab. Daum, Geo., e. Oct. 22, 1861, disd. April 19, 1862, disab. Driskell, E., e. Oct. 26, 1861, wd. at Corinth. Downer, Eraamiis, e. March 26, 1863. Eads, 0. P., e. Nov. 7, 1861. Fullenwider, Samuel, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Fritz, Jacob, e. Oct. 28, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Gregory, John W., e. Oct. 10, 1861. Grier, Jas. L., e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd at Shiloh. Gillet, F., e. Nov. 16, 1861, died at Mound City, 111. Goben, Wm., e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh and Pleas- ant Hill, La. Hamilton, Reuben, e. Nov. 16, 1861. Hamilton, David, e. Nov. 16, 1861. Hurd, J. A., e. Oct. 15, 1861, died at Pittsburg Landing. Holcraft, John H., e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Hemphill, Dan. E., e. Nov. 4, 1861. Hopkins, Dan. T., e. Oct 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Haight, Henry, e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Hannam, Jos., e. Oct. 10, 1861. Heiser, D. B., e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Hukill, Edward, e. Oct. 28, 1801, wd. at Shiloh. Irwin, S. G., e. Oct. 19, 1864, died at Memphis. Johnson, Jos. M., e. Oct. 28, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Kimerer, Wm. S., e. Oct. 10, 1861. Littler, H. S., e. Jan. 20, 1864, died May 23, 1864. Lewis, Oscar, e. Oct. 15, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Leonard, H. p., e. Oct. 26, 1801, died Mound City, III. Lentz, Wm., e. Oct. 26, 1861, wd. at Donelson, died at Mound City, 111. Long, Harrison, e. Nov. 4, 1861, disd. Dec. 15, '62, disab. Larue, F. B., e. Oct. 10, 1861. McCIure, E. P.,e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd at Shiloh. McClure, Jno. A., e. Oct. 26, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. McClure, James, e. Dec. 25, 1863, died May 11, 1864. McCullough, Jno., e. Oct. 10, 1861. Matthews, Wm. A., e. Oct. 10, 1861. McChesney, Jno., e. Oct. 18, 1861. Miller, T., e. Oct. 23, 1861, vet. Dec. 1, 1863. Proctor, C. C, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Robinson, Lemuel, captd. at Pleasant Hill, La. Robeson, J C, e. Nov. 16, 1861. Robeson, Jas. H., e. Nov. 16, 1861. Robeson, Charles, e. Feb. 28, 18G3. Sutherland, Jno. W., e. Oct. 10,1861. Sherwood, Wm., e. Oct. 15, 1861, disd. July 8, 1862, disab. Stall, James, e. Oct. 15, 1861, disd. Sept. 5, 1862, disab. Storks, Wm. D., e. Oct. 15, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Smith, Hopkins, e. Oct. 19,1861. Shofe, John, e. Oct. 26, 1861, disd. July 29, 1862, disab. Sater, M. J., e. Oct. 15, 1861, wd. at Pleasant Hill, La. Stilwell, Charies, e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Tubbs, M., e. Oct. 10, 1861. Tennant, D. L., e. Oct. 10, 1861. TennanI, Wm. T., o. Oct. 22, 1861. Tilton, W. P., e. Oct. 10, 1801, wd. at Shiloh. Tyson, Isaac C, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Trober, Wm., e. Oct. 18, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Tracy, Wm. H., e. Oct. 21, 1861. Vannice, Abraham, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Wall, Thomas M., e. Nov. 16, ISGl, captd. at Shiloh, disd. July 22, 1862, disab. White, Wm. J. A., e. Oct. 9, 1861. W^olch, Jas. D., e. Oct. 6, 1861, died Savannah, Tenn. Tearnun, Harvey, e. Oct. 31, 1861. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Sypherd, Jos. S., e. Jan. 5, 1864. RESIDUARY BATTALION OF THE FOURTEENTH INFANTRY. Company A. First Lieut. Joseph D. McClure, com. Nov. 19, 1864. Corp. Joseph H. Sypherd, e. Jan. 5, 1864, from Co. K. Bell, Wm. R., e. Jan. 21, 1863, from Co. K. Blair, Wm. II., e. Dec. 2, 1863, from Co. K. Banta, Jno. C, e. Jan. H, 1863, from Co. K. Cartright, Jas. K., e. Aug. 30, 1862, from Co. K. Chambers, A. J., e. Dec. 7, 1863, from Va>. K. Dowener, E. H., e. March 16, 1863, from Co .K. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 453 Fullenwider, Jno. H., e. Dec. 25, 1863, from Co. K. Frame, M. J., e. Dec. 25, 1863, from Co. K. Haight, H. C, e. Dec. 1, 1863, from Co. K. Johnson, F. M., e. Jan. 18, 1863, from Co. K. Miller, T. C, e. Dec. 1,1863, from Co. K. Robinson, Charles, e. Aug. 28, 18G3, from Co. K. Kobinson, Lemuel, e. Jan. 20, 1863, from Co. K. Tyson, Jno. H., e. Dec. 3, 1863, from Co. K. Ware, Edw. H., e. Dec. 25, 1863, from Co. K. Company B. Barrow, James, e. Jan. 4, 1864, from Co. H. Chalmers, Geo., e. Jan. 14, 1864, from Co. H, disd- Nov. 19, 1864. Duval, Russell, e. Feb. 2, 1864, from Co. H. Jennings, J. B., e. Jan. 1, 1864, from Co. H. FIFTEENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mtistered at Louisville, Ky., July U, 1865.] Company E. Capt. Newton J. Rogers, e. as sergt. Oct. 21, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. July 9, 1862, prmtd. capt. Dec. 26, 1862. Sergt. Chas. Cady, e. Dec. 2, 1861. Sergt. James N. Roberts, e. Oct. 21, 1861, wd. near Atlanta, died at Rome, Ga. Corp. Albert Hunter, e. Oct. 21, 1861, vet. Dec. 6, 1863, wd. at Atlanta. Corp. Year Porter, e. Oct. 21, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Oct. 15, 1862. Abbott, Jas. A , e. Aug. 19, 1862. Anderson, Wm. H., e. Oct 21, 1861, died at Vicksburg. Arnold, Jos., e. Oct. 29, 1861, vet. Dec. 6, 1863. Arnold, Jas. M., e. Nov. 4, 1861, vet. Dec. 6, 1863, prmtd. Corp. Chambers, John "W., e. Aug. 29, 1862. Clingman, Wm., e. Oct. 21, 1861, died Sept. 12, 1862. Clinaman, Aaron, e. Oct. 21,1801, wd. at Shiloh, disd. July 8, 1862. Corkayne, Wm., e. Aug. 29, 1862. Davis, Benj., e. Oct. 21, '61, wd. at Shiloh, died at Corinth. Doolittle, C, e. Oct. 2, 1861. Daily, H. B., e. Oct. 21, 1861, disd. June 10, 1862, disab. Doolittle, Jones, e. Oct. 21, 1861, died June 10, 1862. Elliott, F. I., e. Sept. 8, 1862. Hickley, H.H., e. Aug. 23, 1862. Hall, Wm. e. Nov 15, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Jagger, Douglas, e. March 6, 1862, died July 15, 1862. Jordan, Frank, e. Dec. 29, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. McCord, John, e Oct. 20, 1861, kid. at Shiloh. Robinson, H. N., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Rose, Jas. H., e. March 28, 1864. Sanders, Wm., e. Oct. 21. 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Syster, Lewis M., e. Oct. 21, 1862, wd., died July 14, 1862. Smith, John, e. Nov. 15, 1861, died Nov. 13, 1862. Seymour, H. C, e. Aug. 23,1862. Stuart. Oscar E., e. Oct. 5, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64, wd. near Atlanta. Watson, Otis, e. Oct. 29, 1861. Wright, Thomas, e. Feb. 18, '64, wd. and died at Atlanta. Warren, Christ, e. Oct. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. Warchine, Andrew, e. Dec. 31, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64, captd. at Canton, Miss. Company F. Boyer, Wm., e. Oct. 10, 1861, wd. at Corinth, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, prmtd. corp. Company H. Roth, Fred, e. March 24, 1864. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Middleton, M., e. Feb. 6, 1864. Middleton, G., Feb. 6, 1864. SIXTEENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This Regiment was mustered out at LouisvilU July 19, 1865.] Adjt. Geo. Lawrence, com. 1st lieut. Co. E Dec. 17, 1861, com. adjt. June 1, 1862, kid at luka. Company E. First Lieut. John A. McElhany, e. as priv. Nov. 14, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. May 12, 1865. Sergt. Austin A. McDowell, e. Nov. 14, '61, kid. at Shiloh. Sergt. Wm. S. Stafford, e. Nov. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. June 19, 1862. Musician Hugh McLellan, Oct. 7, 1861, disd. Dec. 10, '62, disab. Brown, Mathew, e. Nov. 15, 1861, died July 26, 1862. Johnson, John, e. Nov. 26, 1861, disd. Nov. 4, 1862. Company F. First Lieut. Wm. S. Sawyer, e. as 1st sergt. Feb. 21, 1862, wd. at Shiloh, prmtd. 2d lieut. Nov. 19, 1862, prmtd. l8t lieut. Jan. 12, 1863, m. o. March 26, 1865. Company K. Wollhaf, Gottleib, o. Dec. 22, 1861, died May 7, 1862. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Hanson, Charles, e. Nov. 18, 1864. Shepperd, A. C. e. Oct. 4, 1864. Tracy, Wm., e. Nov. 28, 1864. SEVENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — Thit regiment was miutered out at Louisville July S.5, 1865.] Col. Clark Russell Weaver, comd. capt. Co. D March 26, 1862, prmtd. lieut. col. Oct. 15, 1862, prmtd. col. June 3, 1863, brvt. brig. gen. U. S. V. Feb. 9, 1865, resd. June 3, 1865. Company C. Corp. Thos. Stafford, e. March 26, 1862. Spencer, L. W., e. March 3, 1862. Company D. Capt. John F. Skelton, e. as sergt. March 26,1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Dec. 11, 1862, wd. and captd. at Jackson, Miss., prmtd. capt. Feb. 11, 1864, captd. at Tilton, Ga., capt. and com. subs. U. S. V. Jan. 23, 1865. Second Lieut. Geo. S. Patterson, com. April 3, 1862, dis- missed April 17, 1863. Sergt. John M. Pringle, e. March 8, 1862. Sergt. Wm. Smith, e. March 18, 1862. Sergt. A. Clark, e. March 23, '62, wd. at luka, vet. March 25, 1864, prmtd. com. sergt. Corp. C. P. Morris, e. March 9, 1862, wd. at luka. Allison, Andrew, e. Feb. 29, 1862. Clark, Curtis, e. March 5, 1862, disd., 1862. Edington, A. R., e. March 3, 1862, disd. Nov. 11, 1862. Lyons, A. E., e. March 23, 1862. Lydell, John F., e. March 15, 1862, disd. March 7, 1863. Riggs, Jas., e. March 9, 1862. Scott, Thomas, e. March 23, 1862, trans. Feb. 15, 1864, to Inv. Corps. VauHyning, Wm. R., e. March 12, 1862, captd. Tilton, Ga. Company F. Barns, C, e. April 1, 1862, died April 20, 1862. Coleman, E. C, e. March 28, 1862, disd. Oct. 5, '62, disab. Coad John A., e. March 28, 1862, captd. at Tilton, Ga. Deburn, Hiram, e. March 28, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg. Logan, D. H., e. Feb. 24, 1864, captd. at Tilton, Ga. Company I. Milner, Theoiore, e. Dec. 7, 1863. Smith, Reuben, e. Dec. 8, 1863. TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. [Note.— This regiment wis mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 6, 1S65.] Lieut. Col. Fabian Brydolf, com. Sept. 6, 1862, resd. Jan. 8, 1863. , . „ Maj. John L. Perkins, com. capt. Co. D, prmtd. maj. May Adit.'samuel W. Snow, com. 1st lieut. Co. E Sept. 27, 1862. prmtd. adjt. March 1, 1863, wd. Ringgold, Ga., capt. and A. A. G., U. S. V., Feb. 3, 1865. 454 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. AJ64. Company K. Capt. Wm. F. Conrad, prratd. sergt. maj., prmtd. capt. Jan. 1, 1803, captd. at Kaymond, Miss. First Lieut. Jas. M. Tibbetts. e. as sergt. Aug. 7, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieiit. June 10, 1863, prmtd. Ist lieut. Aug. 22, 1863. Bishop, James S., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Bishop, Jno. R., e. March 7, 1864. Burge, Wm. H., e. Aug. 22. 1862. Burnett, C. L., e. Aug. 22, 1862. r«lg»n. Thus., c. Aug. 18, 1862. Hobson, A. D , e. Aug. 7, 1862. Linder, Wm. L., e. Aug. 15, li«62. Miller, Jno. L., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. Miller, Jno. D., e. Aug. 7, 1862. Miller, A. M., e. Avig. 1,5, 1862. Miller. W. R., e. Aug. 22, 1862, died at Mt. Pleasant. McNeil, Samuel N., e. Aug. 9. 1862, died at Vicksburg. McCune, Jno. H., e. Aug. 19, 1862, died at Vicksburg. Michaels, Jas. H., e. Sept. 22, 1862, died at Young's Pt., La Newhouse, Jas. H., e. Auff. 22, 1862. Philpott, Jas. .M., e. Aug 12, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post disd. April 4, 1863. Stanley, C. C, e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post. Scott, David, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Talbot, Jns., 6. Aug. 22, 1862. Virgin, James M., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Virgin. A. J., e. Aug. 18, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, died on steamer D. A. January. Company unknown. Carroll, Jas., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Grupe, Durbin, e. Dec. 31, 1863. Keeler, David,^. Jan. 4, 1864. IjHux, John, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Little, John, e. Jan. 1, 1864 Minerd, Jas. P., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Schell, Chas. F. W., e. Dec 30, 1863. Dodge, 11. L., e. Oct. 6, 1864. Mendeihall, Jos. F., e. Feb. 27, 1864. Murphey, M., e. March 16, 1864. Venz, Lewis, M. C, e. March 18, 1861. THIRTIETH INFANTRY. [Note.— r/iM regiment wa» muttered out at Washinaton. D. v., June ,\ ISG-',.] " ' Lieut. Col. Aurelius Roberts, com. capt. Co. Sept 23 1862, prnild. lieut. col. May 29, 1863. ' Adjt. James M. Smith, e. as corp. Co. C Aug. 9, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. May 30, 1863, prmtd. adjt. April 1, 1864 Drum Maj Moses F. Campbell, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. June 7, 1863, disab. Company C. Capt. Samuel B. H( izir, .>. as sergt. July 28, 1862, was private in Ist Inf., prmtd. Ist lieut. May 30, 1863 prmtd. capt. Juno 15, 1864. First Lieut. John P. Matthews, com. Sept. 23, 1862 resd March 2, 1863. First Lieut. James B. McCray, e. as sergt. Aug. 3, 1862 prmtd. sergt. maj. then Ist lieut. June 15, 1864 ' Sergt. .Samuel S. Perry, c. Aug. 8, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. Sergt. John B. Downer, e. Aug. 4, 1862, trans, to V R <'. Aug. lo, 1864. Sergt. Thomas S. Smith, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. Vicksburg Sergt Thomas Bell, c. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Cherokee, AIh., di8(l Jan. 26, 1865. Cori^ Wm. P. Perry, e. Aug. 8, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps. Sept. 30, 1863. ^ ' Corp. M. E. lligirson, e. July 26, 1862, captd., died while pnsonor at Richmond. Corp. Thos. S. Canfiold, e. Aug. 25, 1862, died at Young's Point, La. Corp. Jas. M. Smith, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Corp. H. C. Cosens, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Corp. A. P. Jackson, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Corp. Jas. H. Latty, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Corp. Orville Swank, e. Aug. 9, 1861, died at Keokuk. Corp. Wm. Henderson, e. Aug. 4, 1862, kid. at battle of Arkansas Post. Musician Thomas E. Yost, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. accident- ally, disd. Feb. 7, 1863, disab. Anderson, Geo. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. Cherokee, Ala. Barnhill, W. H., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, captd. at Black River Bridge, Miss. Bain, John, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. May 30, 1863, disab. Bain, Sylvester, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died Oct. 12, 1862. Bain, William, e. Aug. 9. 1862, disd. June 21, 1865. Bridwell, E., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. June 16, 1863. Bayles, J. G., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg. Bishop. L. J., e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. Jan. 28, 1863, disab. Braden, Jno. A., e. Aug. 19, '62, disd. Sept. 5, 1863, disab. Berry, Jno. B., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. Bantle, Jno., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died near Lake Providence, La. Crawford, Marcus, e. Aug. 5, 1862, died at Black River Bridge, Miss. Crawford, D., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Carmean, David, e. Aug. 5, 1862, wd. at Atlanta, Calderwood, Alex., e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. for disability. Chichester, Jas. E., e. Aug. 5, 1862. Carl, Jno. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862. Darlington, Wm. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Day, Geo. H., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Davis, Thomas, e. Aug. 5, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg and Keuesaw Mountiiin, disd. March 20, 1865. Davis, 0. H , e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, died at Black River Bridge, Miss. Downei, Benson, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. April 6, '63, disab. Earnest, Jno. T.. e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. Vicksburg, disd. April 4, 1864. Forode, Jno. W., e. Feb. 20, 1864. Fetterman, Jno. M., c. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Resaca. Garmaway, R., e. Aug. 7, 1862. Gilson, Leonard, e. Aug. 7, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps Feb. 6, 1864. Goodwin, A. H., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Resaca, disd. May 24, 1865. Gilmore, A. B., e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at Davenport. Goodwin, Lewis, e. Aug. 9, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps Sept. 16, 1863. Hully, Chas. A., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Aug. 8, 1863, disib. Hully, Geo H., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, died at Black River, Bliss. Hixon, N. B., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, trans, to Inv. Corps Sept. 30, 1863. Hixon, D. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, disd. Nov. .30, 1863. Heizer, M. L., e. Sept. 10, 1862. Howe, Jno. W., e. Aug. 9, 1864, wd. at Arkansas Post and Atlanta. Hannam, Jno. F., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Resaca. Hannam, Samuel, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Huling, Edward T., e. Aug. 12, 1862, kid. at Atlanta. Husted, Thos. M., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg and Kenesaw Mountain. Harris, Geo. W., e. Aug. 12, 1862, died at Memphis. Hedges, Benj. F., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, died on steamer D. A. January. Hedges, Cyrus, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, disd. July 10, 1865. Hedges, Gideon, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died on steamer City of Memphis. King, W. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, died at Memphis. Knight, Jno., Aug 7, 1862. Larkin, A. F., e. Aug. 12, 1862, kid. at Resaca. Larkin, A. B., e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at Cherokee, disd. Feb. 3, 1864, disab. Luty, Henry. Loper, L. D., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. April 15, 1863, disab. Long, Wm. F., e. Aug. 12, 1862, died at Marietta, Ga. Lockhart, B. R., e. Aug. 11, 1802. Loyd, Jos. A., e. Oct. 15, 1801, wd. at Vicksburg and Re- saca, disd. June 1, 1865. Miller, M. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Mitchell, Jas. R., e. Feb. 29, 1864, wd. McMullen, R. T., e. Aug. 7, 1862. McBride, Wm. N., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Nichols, Samuel, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. June 7, 1863, disab. Nelson, John, e. Aug, 9, 1862, died at Young's Point. ^ \ * HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 459 Osborn, Andrew, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. May 7, 1863, disab. Olson, Wni., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. May 5, 1863. Proctor, Wm., e. July 12, 1862. Perry, A. S., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. March 27, 1863, diaab. Prugli, Jos. W., e. Aug. 7, 1864. Kamsey, T. F., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. April 19, 1863. Katliff, L. L., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Riepe, Jno. H , e. Dec. 29, 1863. Ries, C. J., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. Smith, Rankin, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Resaca. Smith, C, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, disd. April 23, 1863. Stewart, Jos. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Stewart, Wm., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. May 22, 1863, died at Black River Bridge. Sheppard, Jno. E., e. Aug. 9, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. True, Geo. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at St. Louis. Tucker, Jas. W., e. Feb. 29, 1864, wd. at Resaca. Thornton, 0. E., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Vaughn, Wm. M., e. Aug. 4, 1862, wd. at "Vicksburg. Vannice, L. M., e. Aug. 4, 1862. Wilson, Geo., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died on steamer D. A. Jan- uary. Ward, Patrick, e. Aug. 9, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. Wycoff, N. P., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg. Zion, Geo. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg. Company E, Hug, Charles, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at Vicksburg. Company F. Moses, Chester, c. Aug. 28, 1862. Company I. Buck, Adelbert, e. Feb. 22, 1864. Blanchard, Wm., e. Feb. 29, 1864. Miller, William, e. Feb. 22, 1864. Rees, Abram, e Feb. 22, 1864. Storms, John J., e. Feb. 22, 1864. Wood, James, e. Feb. 29, 1864, wd. Jonesboro, Ga. Company K. Waddell, Isaac, e. Aug. 16, 1862. THIRTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment ivas mustered out at Davenport; dale not given in Adjutant General's Report.] Company C. Aklns, John B., e. Sept. 15, 1862, died at St. Louis. Company C, Capt. Joel Stover, com. Dec. 15, 1862. Second Lieut. Henry Swan, com. Dec. 15, 1862, resd. Dec. 16, 1863. Second Lieut. Samuel B. Burge, e. as sergt. Oct. 15, 1862, praitd. 2d lieut. Dec. 12, 1863. Sergt. Robert McClure, e. Sept. 29, 1862. Corp. Andrew B. Carl, e. Nov. 3, 1862, disd. Nov. 30, 1863, disab. Corp. Thomas Virgin, e. Sept. 16, 1862, disd. April 22, 1865, disab. ■Corp. E. W. Dalashmutt, e. Sept. 11, 1862, disd. Feb. 14, 1865, disab. Bowers, Samuel, e. Oct. 8, 1861, died at Alton, 111. Bell, Jacob G., e. Sept. 23, 1862. Burk. Lemmon, e. Oct. 4, 1861, disd. Oct. 28, 1864, disab. Bennett. Daniel, e. Oct. 16, 1862, disd. May 26, 1863, disab. Bitley, Wm. L., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Backer, John, e. Nov. 7, 1862, disd. May 26, 1863, disab. Caldwell, Henry, e. Sept. 23, 1862, disd. Nov. 3, '64, disab. Fairbanks, Benj. F., e. Sept. 1, 1862. Kirchoff, Wm , e. Oct. 7, 1862. Moter, Peter, e. Sept. 8, 1862, disd. Nov. 3, 1864, disab. Morrison, John, e. Oct. 10, 1862, disd. Oct. 16, '63, disab. Merrick, Hiram, e. Oct. 6, 1862. Nowlan, Samuel, e. Oct. 10, 1862, disd. April 10, 1865, disab. Power, Geo. W., e. Nov. 7, 1862, disd. May 26, 1863, disab. Ree.1, E., e. Sept. 13, 1862, disd. July 4, 1864, disab. Staff, Ghas. M., e. Oct. 16, 1862. Saylor, Isaac, e. Sept. 20, 1862, died at Rock Island. 7-ender, Genhard, e. Sept, 19, 1862. Company H. Kirk, Granville, e. Nov. 26, 1862, died at St. Louis. Nowlan, Simon, e. Oct. 10, 1862. Strothman, John H., e. Oct. 25, 1862. Company I. Gentry, James, e. Sept. 15, 1862. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Gebhard, George J., e. Dec. 30, 1862. THIRTY-NINTH INFANTRY. [Note — This regiment was mustered out at Washington D. C, June 5, 1SG5.] Company C. Capt. Charles A. Cameron, com. Nov. 24, 1862. First Lieut. Robert J. Wright, elected 1st lieut. of Co., but died Oct. 17, 1862. First Lieut. Jerry K. Wetzel, com. 2d lieut. Nov. 24, '62, prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 1, 1863. Second Lieut. Wm. C. Ghost, e. as 1st sergt. Aug. 16, '62, prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 1, 1863. Sergt. John Clymer, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Sergt. John T. Cameron, e. Aug. 20, 1862. Sergt. R. M. Hartzell, e. Aug. 16, 1862, captd. Allatoona. Sergt. A. L. McMiohael, e. Aug. 16, 1862, kid. Allatoona. Corp. John B. Kline, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Corp. Elliott Lines, e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. at Shady Grove, Tenn., wd. at Allatoona. Corp. H. W. Walkinshaw, e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd at Allatoona. Coi-p. Wm. Y. Dougherty, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Corp. Abraham McCullough, e Aug. 22, 1862, died. Jan. 13, 1862. Corp. Byron Ackerman, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Corp. Gideon Hall, e. Aug. 22, 1862, died Jackson, Tenn. Corp. Isaac N. Power, e. Aug. 20, 1862, kid. Allatoona. Corp. J. H. Seifreed, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. June 25, 1864, disab. Corp. D. M. Clark, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. April 26, 1864, disab. Musician E. S. Huston, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Albright, Chas. H., e. Aug. 16, 1862, wd. at Parker's Cross Roads, Tenn. Albright, Geo. A., e. Deo. 29, 1863. Altenan, Jos., e. Aug. 22, 1862, kid. at Allatoona. Ashbau,E. A., e. Aug. 16, 1862. Bazel, Samuel C, e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Parker's Cross Roads, died at Jeffersonville, Ind. Blood, Martin, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Baird, John L., e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. Parker's Cross Roads. Cockayne, H. C, e. Dec. 29, 1863, kid. at Allatoona. Clark, John M., e. Aug. 16, 1862. Cunningham, John B., e. Jan. 25, 1864, captd. at Alla- toona, Ga. Callen, Thomas, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Cross, Jos. W., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Coyne, Patrick, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Cubit, Thomas, e. Aug. 22, 186i^ drowned at Riggs Grove, Union Co. Dugan, John, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. Feb. 6, '64, disab. Davis, D. B., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Franks, A. J., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Gulick, Wm., e. Aug. 16, 1862, died at Corinth, Gowdy, Henry, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Gillett, Wm. H., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Hannum, Robert, e. Aug. 16, 1862. Halm, Benj. F., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Jones, Divid R., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Jones, Daniel, Aug. 22, 1862. Jones, John M., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Kynett, M^m. B., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Kynett, J. E., e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Allatoona. Kurtz, Solomon, e. Aug 22, 1862. Kline, Jos., e. Aug. 20, 1862, captd. Parker's Cross Roads. Kortz, Jas. M., e. Aug. 29, 1862, disd. May 27, 1865. Lefforge, Melville, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Lines, Lewis, e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Allatoona. Logan, John, e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. Shady Grove, Tenn. Lewis, Jos., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Lloyd, Jos.,e. Aug. 22, 1862. Moffatt, James, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Mehan, Wm., e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. Shady Grove, Tenn, 460 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Moore, A. C, e. Aug. 22, 18r,2, wd. at Allatoona, diefl at Itonip, Ga. McLaughlin, Win., i-. Aug. 22, 1802, captd. at Shady lirove, Tenn., wd. at Allatoona. McC'oiiaughy, A. J. M., i-. Aug. 22, 1802. McCalloni, Owen, e. Aug. 2, 1802, captd. at Shady Grove, Tenn., and Allatoona, (3a. (irr, .M. v., e. Aug. 22, 1802. Orr, Andi-rson T., e. Aun- 22, 1802. Power, Wm. G., e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Allatoona, disd. July 28, 180o. ring. Matthias, e. Aug. 22, 1802. Ping, RoM. G., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Painton, Thoc, e. Aug. 10, 1802. Bwd, Samuel, e. Aug. 22, 1802. Keif, Philip, .-. Aug. 22, 1862. Bemaly, Ihivid, c. Aug. 22, 1802. Sweeiiv, John, e. Aug. 22, 1802. Spencer, David, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Tollhatt, Edw., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Timniemian, C, e. Aug. 22, 1802. Tucker, Jas., e. Aug. 22. 1802. Vandeuiark, Zury, e. Aug. 10, 1862. Vance, Peter, e. Aug. 22, 1862. W'altei-, Itobert, e. Aug. 22, 1802. Welch, Lawrence, Aug. 22, 1862, captd. at Shady Grove, Tenn. FORTY-FIRST INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment from Fourteenth Infantry befame pari of Seventh Cavalry April -'.", 1SGJ.\ Company A. Corp. Samuel W. Davis, e. Oct. 23, 1861. Bedwell, Henry, e. Oct. 23, 1801. Coad, Thos., e. Oct. 23, 1801. Dodds, Jno. H., e. Oct. 23, 1861. Dodd3, J. R., c. Aug. 29, 1862. Lotupeitch, Lyman Z., e. Oct. 23, 1861. Powell, Morton, c Oct. 23, 1861. Wood, Absalom, e. Oct. 23, 1801. Zion, Isaac, e. Oct. 23, 1S61. Company E. First Lieut. Barton T. Ryan, com. Oct. 24, 18G1. First Sergt. Wm. Emerssn, e. Sept. 25, 1861. Sergt. Lucis Crumb, c. Sept. 17, 1861, disd. May 21, 1863, diijHb. Sergt. Augustus Killough, e. Sept. 17, 1861. Corp. Geo. Jenkins, e. Oct. 2, 1861. Corp. Wm. Williams, e. Sept. 16, 1861. Corp. Henry Wanzer, e. Sept. 23, 1861. Harlow, Fmnk, e. Sept. 25, 1861. Cushman, E., e. Oct. 13, 1802. Elliott, Wm. F., e. Oct. 1, 1862. Hendee, Wm. H., e. Sept. 25, 1861. Kline, Theo., e. Oct. 2, 1861. Rodgers, Thos., e. Sept. 18, 1861. Sisk, Jesse A., e. Oct. 7, 1861. 1(0RTY-FIFTH. INFANTRY. nOO Days). [Note. — 27ii« regiment trai mustered out at Kecktik Sept. IV, 180/,.] Prill. Musiciati Muscp F. CamplicU, e. May 2, 1864. Company F. dipt. Itrainard D. Harper, com. May 25, 1804. First Lieut. Aluam W. Roland, com". May 25, 1804. Second Lieut. Wm. S. Iiarling, com. May 26, 1864. Sergt. Ross M. Biggs, e. May !», 1864. Sergt. Mathew M. Henry, e." May 2, 1864. Sergt. Robt. N. Ileisey, e. April 30, 1804, Sergt. Harry M. Duntier, c. April 30, 1864. Corp. Wni. H. Rice, e. April 30, 1864. Corji. Gould J. Brown, e. April 30, 1864. Corp. Sheldon Hawley, e. April 30, 1804. Corji. Jacob Bumgardner, e. May 2, l,s(i4. Corp. Emil Rundorf, e. Ajiril 30. 1804. Musician A. P. McClun-, e. April .30, IH04. Musician Geo. W. Eads, u. May 10, 1804. Wagoner Marshall Morgan, e. May 5, 1864. Acres, Henry, e. April 30, 1864, Bailey, John, e. May 10, 1864. Barton, Asa, e. April 29, 1864. Brown, John L., e. April 30, 1864. Brown, Plyn, e. April 30, 1864. Barnhill, John M., c. May 10, 1864. Burgett, J. M., e. May 12, 1864. Clark, C, e. May 6, 1864. Depperman, Herman, e. April 30, 1804. Fuller, Joseph, e. May 2, 1804. Foley, Jno. H., e. May 13,1864. Forney,Jno. H., e. May 12, 1864. Fetterman, Isaac, e. May 14, 1864. Funk, Jno. S., e. May 13, 1804. Grannemann, Jno., e. April 30, 1864. Granneniaiin, Wm., e. May 5, 1864. Gregg, Wm., e. May 4, 1864. Gilmore, John, e. April 30, 1864. Gaunaway, Wm., e. May 5, 1804. Gulick, Amos, e. May 13, 1864. Hall, Edw., e. May 3, 1864. Jacoby, Jno. S., e. May 11, 1804. Johnson, Francis, e. May 16, 1864. Knouse, W. J., e. May 2, 1864. Losier, Simon, e. May 2, 1864. Lemberger, Jno. L., e. April 30, 1864, Lockart, Alex., e. May 5, 1864. Lewis, N. A., e. May 5, 1864. McCash, Chas. A., e. April 30, 1864. Marshall. John T., e. May 5, 1864. Miller, John, e. May 16, 18fi4. Miller, J. B., e. May 5, 1864. Miller, Geo. C. W., e. May 12, 1864, died Memphis, Tenn.-, McPartland, John, e. May 8, 1864. Maxwell, H. E., e. May 9, 1864. Murphy, Albert, e. May 14, 1864. Owens, L., e. April 30, 1864. Orr, Geo. W., e. May 5, 1864. Parr, P., e. May 9, 1864. Patterson, J. W., e. April 29, 1864. Bobbins, J., e. April 30, 1864. Reiter, W. S., e May 5, 1864. Stewart, John R., e. April 30, 1864. Stockton, James M., e. May 11, 1864. Valentine, D. A., e. May 2, 1864. Valentine, John N.. e. May 13, 1864. Williamson, E. B., e. May 10, 1864. Whitehead, Marten, e. May 1, 1864. Wilson, John C, e. April 29, 1864. Company C. Capt. Thos. N. Crowder, com. May 25,1864. First Lieut. Ortus C. Sheltoii, com. May 25, 1864. Sergt. Peter A. Dolbee, e. May 2, 1864. Sergt. Bishop R. Kellogg, e. May 12, 1864. Sergt. J. W. Seamans, e. April 30, 1864. Sergt. Jacob S. Bradley, e. May 3, 1864. Corp. Seburn P. Dorland, e. May 3, 1864. Corp. Chas. Pieison, e. May 21, 1864. Corp. .lohn C. Rhea, o. May 3, 1864. Corp. John W. Storks, e. May 3, 1864. Corp. J. A. Bridges, e. May 2, 1864. Corp. L. S. Laniken, o. May 4, 1864. Musician James McMullin, e. May 3, 1864. Wagoner Geo. W. Soper, e. May 16, 1864. Arnold, Emerson, e. May 10, 1864. Ainsworth, Wm. C, e. May 3, 1864. Barnes, Austin, e. May 5, 1804. Barlow, T. S., e. May 5, 1804. Blake, C. S., e. May 0, 1864, died at .Memphis, Tenn_ Bell, W. G.. e. May 3, 1864. Bishop, L. J., e. May 12, 1864. Billings, James, e. May 16, 1864. Bishop, Richard, e. May 7, 1864. Blair, G. N., e. May 2, 1804. Bruce, D. R., e. May 10, 1804. Bates, Daniel, e. May 17, 1864. Chapman, J. M., e. May 3, 1864. Comstock, J. C. e. May 21, 1864. Duval, D. J., e. May 21, 1804. Eoff, Chas. W., e. Blay 3, 1864. Graham, Wm. J., e. May 2, 1864. Howe, Jesse B., e. May 5, 1864. Huntington, A. H., e. May 17, 1864. Hendricks, Allen, e. May 21, 1864. Ingerson, A. M., e. Mav 10, 1864. King, E. M., e. May 3, 1864. King, S. G., e. May 5, 1804, died July 2, 1864. Merrill, J. W., e. May 2, 1864. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 461 Mehan, John. e. May 16, 1864. McCul lough, Geo. V., e. May 2, 1864. Osborn, John, e. May 3, 1864. Pike, E. M., e. May 2, 1864. Rulledge. John, e. May 14, 1864. Richardson, A., e. May 23, 1864 Keiter, A. B., e. May 12, 1864. Roads, J., e. May 14, 1864. Smith, F. M., e. May 3, 1864. Stromberg, John W., e. May 9, 1864. Swank, Geo. W., e. Blay 3, 1864. Turner, Wm. M., e. May 5, 1864. Tiltun, T. v., e. May 2, 1864. Till, Lawrence, e. May 14, 1864. Thornton, E., e. May 13, 1864. Umphrey, J. T., e. May 14, 1864. Vance, J. C, e. May 7, 1864. Van Trump, Isaiah, e. May 18, 1864. Ware, J. P., e. May 2, 1864. Williams, L. C, e. May 2, 1864. Waddle, Saml. H., e. May 3, 1864. Wilson, N. J., e. May 16, 1864. Walker, Chas., e. May 3, 1864. Woodhead, Chas. P., e. May 6, 1864. Wilson, John, e. May 16, 1864. Company H. Buyers, J. W., e. May 2, 1864. Lightfoot, Levi, e. May 13, 1864. Milton, Daniel, e. May 16, 1864. FORTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered otU at Rod Island Barracks Oct. HI, 186h.] Asst. Surg. Chas. L. Mundt, com. July 15, 1864, formerly surg. U. S. A. Company D. Capt. Thos. Waldschmidt, com. July 13, 1864. Second Lieut. Theo. Guelich, com. July 13, 1864. Sergt. Samuel H. Shortridge, July 7, 1864. Sergt. William Christ, e. May 4, 1864. Sergt. Jos. Yaenger, e. May 28, 1864. Sergt. Chas. Schultze, e. May 28, 1864. Corp. Isaac N. Reed, e. July 2, 1864. Corp. Joshua Downer, e. July 5, 1864. Corp. Chas. Schultze, e. May 18, 1864. Corp. Jacob Hecker, e. May U, 1864. Corp. John Glenn, June 22, 1864. • Corp. Martin Schaefer, May 29, 1864. Corp. Daniel Schafer, e. May 22, 1864. Corp. George W. Krekel, e. May 5, 1864. Blanck, George, e. June 21, 1861. Burton, John M., e. June 15, 1865. Cerber Emanuel, e. May 11, 1864. Cox, Slarshall, e. June 21, 1864. Conrad, Philip, e. May 5, 1864. Dick, Michael, e. June 2, 1864. Gieselman, A., May 5, 1864. Gieselman, John H., e. May 5, 1864. Gilder, Joseph, e. May 24, 1864. Haner, John, e. June 2, 1864. Hassel, Dominick, e. June 2, 1864. Heitmeier, Conrad, e. June 6, 1864. Heik, George, e. May 13, 1864. Hupner, Louis, e. May 20, 1864. Janson, John G., e. May 24, 1864. Kann, F.. e. June 11, 1864. KnoUmuller, L., e. June 1, 1864. Luxenberger, John, e. June 21, 1864. Long, Charles, e. May 22, 1864. Laydon, M., e. June 23, 1864. Meier, E. G., e. May 6, 1864. Munk, G., e. May 18, 1864. Meier, Joseph, e. May 20, 1864. Mattes, Otto, e. May 23, 1864. Morlock, Joseph, e. May 24, 1864. Neil, Joseph, e June 12, 1864. Nagele, John, e. June 13, 1864. Pietzsh, F., e. May 10, 1864. Reinhart, August, e. June 22, 1864. Roth, John, e. May 22, 1864. Ries, Henry, e. May 19, 1864. Seeber, T. C, e. May 20, 1864. Stadtlander, John H., e. May 24, 1864. Weiss, Manuel, e. June 18, 1804. Widmer, Joseph, e. May 21, 1864. FIRST CAVALRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Axistin, Texas, Feb. 15, 1866.] Col. Fitz Henry Warren, com. Aug. 29, 1861, brig. gen. U. S. Vol. Aug. 26, 1862, brevet maj. gen. Maj. Edwin W. Chamberlain, com. Aug. 29, 1861, resd. April 4, 1863. Band Leader Kinstenmacher, e. Aug. 24,1861, m. o. April 15, 1862. First Musician David W. Forbes, e. Aug. 30, 1861, m. o. Sept. 1, 1862. Musician Henry Minton, e. Aug. 19, 1861, m. o.Sept. 1, '62, Musician John L. Marshall, e. Aug. 30, 1861, m. o. Sept. 1, 1862. Musician John Rule, e. Aug. 30, 1861, m. o. Sept. 1, 1862. Musician Jno. M. Caldwell, e. Aug. 30, 1861, m. o. Sept. 1, 1862. Musician Henry D. Keller, e. Aug. 31, 1861, m. o. Sept.l, 1862. Company C. Capt. Thos. Jones, e. as priv. July 18, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. July 1, 1862, prmtd 1st lieut. Dec. 12, 1862, prmtd. capt. Feb. 14, 1863, disd. Dec. 16, 1864. Capt. Thos. J. R. Perry, e. as private July 18, 1861, prmtd . 1st lieut. July 6, 1864, prmtd. capt. April 15, 1865. First Lieut. Benj. Roney, com. Sept. 23, 1861, died in Springfield, Mo. First Lieut. Matthew Ronaldson, e. as sergt. July 18, 1861, wd. at St. Clair Co., Mo., prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec! 12, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 14, 1863, resd. June 29, 1864. Second Lieut. Wm. A. Clark, e. as sergt. July 18, 1 prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 4, 1863, resd. June 18, 1864. Second Lieut. Geo. Van Beck, e. as private July 18, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. April 15, 1865, not mustered. Sergt. S. H. F. Wilson, e. July 18, 1861. Q. M. Sergt. Wm. G. Harbach, e. July 18, 1861, wd., died of wds. at Osceola. Sergt. Orien F. Lane, e. .Tune 13, 1861. Sergt. Benj. S. Castle, e. July 18, 1861. Sergt. Jackson Carter, e. June 13, 1861. Corp. Martin Moore, e. July 13, 1861. Corp. Andrew W. Wyman, e. July 18, 1861, disd. June 26, 1864, for promotion Ist lieut. Co. L, 2d Ark. Cav. Corp. Jno. L. Baltzer, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1. 1864. Corp. Edw. L. Stone, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Corp. Geo. Patterson, e. July 18, 1861, disd. Nov. 2, 1863, disab. Corp. F. Taylor, e. July 18, 1861. Corp. Paul Hendricks, e. July 18, 1861. Bugler Wm. Allen, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, trans, to 67th U. S. Col. Inf. for promotion to lieut. Farrier Jas. Ingersoll, e. July 18, 1861. Farrier Thos. Hutchinson, e. July 18,1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64. Saddler, Edwin W. Deal, e. July 18, 1861, drowned in Mississippi River. Saddler 0. W. Coflman, e. July IS, 1861, died Lucas Co. Atherton, Samuel, e. July 18, 1861. Arrickson, F., e. July 18, 1861, disd. Dec. 2, 1862, disab. Brandt, Jno. H., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Boltz, Jos., e. July 18, 1861. Barr, Geo., e. July 18, 1861. Barr, Wm. W., e. Aug. 16, 1862, died at St. Louis. Boman, Almond, e. July 18, 1861. Brewer, Benj. A., e. July 18, 1861. Brown, Wm. L., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Boyer, M., e. July 18, 1861. Clark, Jno. H., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Cameron, Josiah, e. July 18, 1861, died at Osceola, Mo Cook, D. W.. e. Jan. 4, 1804. Carey, Geo. H., e. July 18, 1861. Cole, Jno. B., e. July 18, 1861. Cooley, Simeon, e. July 18, 1861, died at West Point. Clegg, Benj. F., e. July IS, 1861. Corkwell, Jas., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Clothier, Jos., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864 Clingfield, H. J., e. July 18, 1861. Dipperman, H. J., e. July 18, 1801, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Drurey, Franklin, e. July IS, 1861, died Little Rock, Ark Delfelter, , e. July 18, 1861. Estep, N. W., e. Aug. 19, 1861. Eastman, Chas. C, e. July 18, 1861. Fife, Jno. M,, e. July 18, 1861. Gearhart, Henry, e. Aug. 13, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Guardner, Wm. A., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864 Glann, M. C, e. July 18, 1861. Hardin, Geo. W., e.Jan. 5, 1864. 462 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Haiumond, I., e. July 18, 1861. Il.-an' 1' W., e. July 18, 1861, dUd. Nov. 1, 1802 di8»b. Ilit'Ki"", Michael, e. July 18, 1801, died at Osceola. Ih.rnrr. LUml, e. July 18, 18G1. HiUery, John, o. July 18, isul, died at Camden, Ark. Johnson, M., e. Jan. 4, 18r4. Johnson, L. B., July 18, ispi. Johnson, ("has., e. Jan. 4, 1864. ^ , , ,i,^, \ Kin.L.ll KoUa, e. July 18, 1801, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Langhliii, K G., e. July 18, 1861 Lacotila, Nicholas, e. July 18, 1861. 51S:ai:E;.'l"^July' \T.\m, vet. Jan. 1. 1864. Uld. MorSovSt: A«g.25, 1862. vot. Jan. 1, 1864, d.sd. July 29, 1862. Murphy, Jno. C, e. Jan. 5, 1861. Parkenson, S., e. July 18, 1861. Kankin, Chas., e. July 18, 1861. „ ^ ,. „ Bu.ssell, Jno., e. July 18. 1861, kid. at Centralia. Mo. Stover, Nicholas, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Simmons. John, e. July 18, 1861. Sunderland, Jno. D., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Siickett, Geo. C, e. July 18, 1861 Stockman, G. L., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864 Slocum, Wm. H., e. July 18,1861. Shelton, Wm. P., e. July 18, 1861 Smith, Wm. B., e. Aug 9, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Scanlon, Jos. 0., e. July 9, 1861. ,. , „ , a i Upton John, e. Dec. 28, 1863, du-d at Little Rock, Ark. Unger', Jas. G., e. July 18. IhOl. vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Wilcox E. G., e. July 18, 1861, disd. Jan. 1, 1862, diaab. Wolf Jacob R , e. July 18, 1861, died Dec. 22, 1861. Wilcox Pliny, e. Aug. 13, 1862, died at Bloomtield, Mo. Welch.'Samuel B., e. Aug. 13. 18C2, vot. Jan. 1, 1864. Company D. Flanders, Samuel A., e. Sept. 24, 1861, wd. La Fayette, Mo. Company E. Barr, Wm. W., e. Aug. 10. 1862. Canterbury. Carlisle, e. Aug. 26. 1862. Cale, F. H., e. July 18, 1801. ^. ^ Daily, Amasa, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, died at St. Louis. Kitch.^n, Jeremiah, e. July 18. 1861. vet. Jan. 1. 1864. Morgiin, Samuel J., e. Aug. 14. 1862. Moody, Joseph, e. Aug. 2-5, 1862. I'riddy, Thomas M., e. Aug. 30, 1862, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Company H. Grey, Thomas C. e. July 18, 1861. Osborn, Henry, c. Sept. 30, 1801, died Nov. 16. 1861. Judsin, P. D., e Sept. 7, 1861. McDowell, Jno., e. Sept. 20. 1861. Company I. Campbell. John. e. Jan. .5, 1864. Church. Edwin M.,e.July IS. 1801. vet. Jan. 1,1804. Green. Archibald, vet. J;iii. 1, isoi, kid. St. Joseph, Mo. Company K. Holmes, John W., e. Jan. 20, 1864, died Little Rock, Ark. Porter, J. R.,e. Jan. 20, 1864. diad. March 28. 1865, disab. Company L. Barnes, Alex., e. Aug. 28, 1S02, trans, to luv. Corp. Aug. 23, 1803. Jack, David, e. Aug. 25, 1862. Company M. Hill, N. P., e. Oct. r,, Isoi. vet. Jan. .5, 1804. COMPANY UNICNOWN. Bias, Francis, e. Jan. 22, 1804. Clark, Wm. II., e March 22, 1.S64. Daily, James, e. Aug. !), 1H61. Davis, Charles, c. Aug, 23,1864. Fowler, L. D.. e. Jan. 27, 1864. Grant. W., e. Feb. 4, 1864. Jessup, Thos. A., e. Feb. 29, 1804. Knlly, John B., e. Feb. 24. 1861. Kile, James, e. Feb. 10, 1864. Markley, J. K. P.,e. Feb. 22, 1864. Masina, Wm., e. March 22. 1864. Newcomb, H. R., e. Feb. 27, 1864. Pickett, J. M.. e. March 30. 1864. Root, Hiram, o. March 18. 1864. Rowe. Wm. H., e. Jan. 23, 1864. Smith. Samuel, e. Jan. 20. 1864. Sayers. James L.. e. Aug 11, 1864. Starkey. Jas. D., e. Feb. 25, 1864. Brandt. John H.. e. Jan. 4, 1864. Bush, L. T.. e. Jan. 4, 1864. Clark, John H., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Chick ering, Chas.,e. Jan. 5, 1864. Cutter, Wm. S., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Chamberlain. J. W.. e. Jan. 4, 1864. Campbell. Jolm. e. Jan. o, 1864. Corey, Whitman, e. Jan. 5,1804. Darlev. Philip, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Hewitt, Jos. 0., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Hardin, Geo. W., e. Jan. 5, 1864. John, Marion, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Johnson, Chas., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Lea, John H., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Messenger, E. H.. e. Dec. 29, 1863. Murphy, John C. e. Jan. 5. 1864. McClelland, John L., e. Dec. 21. 1864. Roberts. John A., e. Jan. 5. 1864 Sunderland, John D.. e. Dec. 29. 1863. Stewart, Wm. U., e. Dec. 29. 1863. Stewart. Jas. E., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Sanders, Newton, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Upton. John. e. Dec. 28, 1863. Wright, Wm. W., e. Dec. 21, 1863. SECOND CAVALRY. [Note. — This regiment was mttstered out at Selma, Ala., Sspt. 19, 1S65.] Maj. Chas. P. Moore, com. 2d lieut. Co. K Aug. .30. 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Dec. 1, 1861, prmtd. capt. June 11, 1862, prmtd. maj. May 6. 1864. Com'y Wm. W. C. Miller, e. Aug. 28, 1801, prmtd. com. sergt., Nov 27, 1864. Company D. Holt, Jos. P., e. Jan. 4, 1864, died at Memphis, Tenn. Paul. Jas. F.. e. Feb. 24. 1862. vet. March 1, 1804. Company F. Lyon. Martin C, e. March 13, 1862. Company K. Capt. Davis J. Crocker, com. Aug. 30, 1801, resd. June 10. 1862. Capt. Jacob F. Bandy, e. as Q. M. S. Aug. 12, 1801, prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 1. 1801. prmtd. 1st lieut. June 11, 1862. prmtd. capt. May 7, 1804. First Sergt. Robert M. Downer, e. Aug. 21, 1862. wd. at FarminKton, disd. Oct. 10. 1862. Q. M. S. David H. Harper, e. Aug. 15. 1861. Q. M. S. David Galbrath. e. Aug. 12. 1861. Sergt. Chas. E. Lambkin, e. Aug. 12, 1861, vet. March 1. 1804. Ctirp. Uriah Barnes, e. Aug. 19, 1861, disd. Feb. 14. 1863. disab. Corp. E. W. Bandy, e. Aug. 12, 1801. Corp. H. M. Blanchard. e. Aug. 12, 1801. ! Corp. William M. Dreskill, e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. Sept. 8, j 1862, disali. Corp. Elias N. Shepard. e. Aug. 4. 1861, \vd. Farmington. Miss., vet. March ], 1864. Corp. James H. Goodwin, e. Aug. 30, 1801. Corp. Wm. Fosbender, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Boonsville, 1 wd. A\'est Point. Miss. I Corp. Addison McCray. e. Nov. 21, 1861. Corp. Lyman B. Pierce, e. Aug. 24, 1801. Corp. John N. Bailey, e. Aug. 19, 1801, vet. March 1, '64. I Corp. Wm. H. E. Morris, e. Aug. 12, 1861. Bugler J. A. McManus, e. Aug. 20, 1861. Bugler D. M. Downer, e. Aug. 20, 1801, wd. Farmington, Miss., March 1, 1804. Bugler Severnous Stamm, e. Aug. 12, 1801. Bugler Joseph Key, e. Aug. 19, 1861. Farrier J. H. McC'innis, e. Aug. 25, 1861, disd. Jan. 18, '63. Farrier Levi L. Backus, e. Aug. 19, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864, wd. Little Ilarpeth, Teun. Farrier Jacob K.Barnes, e. Aug. 12, 1861. vet. March 1, 1864. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 463 Saddler Garrett R. Bradley, e. Aug. 24, 1861, wd. Farm- ington, Tenn. Saddler Henrie Wemple, e. Aug. 20, 1861. Wagoner W. E. Fabrenback, e. Aug. 12, 1861. Wagoner Elisha Vance, e. Aug. 28, 1861. Allen, Amos. e. Aug. 28, 1861. Bandy, John, e. Dec. 7, 1863. Balib, Miles W., e. Aug. 21, 1861. Babb, Albert, e. Dec. 2, 1863. Bell, Thomas, Jr., e. Aug. 30, 1861. Bart?cherer, John, e. Dec. 25, 1863, wd. Oct. 18, 1864. Braden, John A., e. Dec. 18, 1863, died Memphis. Barnes, Joseph R., e. Aug. 19, 1861, died St. Louis. Barnes, Geo. D., e. Aug. 21, 1861. Bishop, Zion, e. Aug. 21, 1861. Cox, T., e. Dec. 14, 1863. Canterbury, John, e. Aug. 20, 1861. Cosens, L., e. Dee. 2, 1863. Clark, Amos. M., e. Aug. 12, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Damold, B. S., e. Dec. 22, 1862. Dean, Albert, e. Dec. 8, 1863. Dotson, Mark, e. Aug. 21, 1861. Edington, Aaron R., e. Aug. 20, 1861, 1'isd. Nov. 12,1861, disab. Elston, R. H., e. Aug. 18, 1861, disd. Nov. 12, 1861, disab. Friend, Amer, e. Dec. 8, 1863 Harris, Robert G., e. Aug 30, 1861. Hixon, L. E., e. Dec. 25, 1863. Hood, Alex, e. Dec. 24, 1863. Hood, Thomas, e. Dec. 25, 1863. Husted, Alfred, e. Dec. 30, 186.3. Jackson, S. B.,e. Dec. 2, 1863, drowned Troy, Ky. Jolinson, Perry W., e. Aug 24, 1861, died at Farmington, Miss. Keller, W. L., e. Jan. 5, 1864. King. S. S., e. Aug. 12, 1861. Klein, T., e. Dec. 14, 1863, captd. Little Harpeth, Tenn. Lambkin, L. S., e. Aug. 18, 1861, disd. March 10, 1863, disab. Lee, John H., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Leahart, F., e. Aug. 12,1861, wd. Farmington. Long, Jos. S., e. Dec. 2, 1863. Leffler, A., e. Aug. 28, 1861, wd. Farmington, Tenn. Laher, Lewis, e. Dec. 7, 1863. McCray, Addison, e. Nov. 21, 1861. Motor, Robert C, e. Nov. 19. 1861. Moter, Wm. A., e. Nov. 12, 1861. McAllister, Jas.E., e. Nov. 12, 1861, disd. May 18, 1862, disab. Ogle, John, e. Dec. 25, 1863, died Memphis, Tenn. Patterson, I. D., e. March 25, 1864. Pilling, Isaiah, e. Nov. 30. 1861. Pierson, Thomas, e. Dec. 4, 1863. Ping, Robert, e. Dec. 2, 1863. Russell, Wm., e Nov. 12, 1861. Reed, R. M., e. Dec. 18, 1863. Ryan, Dennis, e. Nov. 20, 1861. Reipe, Peter, e. Dec. 2. 1863. Scott, John H., e. Nov. 12, 1861, died St. Louis. Skaggs, T. M., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Stiithers, John T,, e. Nov. 24, 1861, kid. Dec. 4, 1862, in skirmish. Stillwell, Samuel, e. Nov. 12, 1861, died Keoknk. Taylor, John M., e. Dec. 7, 1863, vet. March 1, 1864, prmtd. Corp. Tenant, M. P., e. Dec. 2, 1863, died Oct. 13, 1864. Werner, Geo., e. Nov. 20, 1861, died May 24, 1864. Wall, T. M., e. March 31, 1864, wd. Little Harpeth, Tenn. Walker, Jacob, e. Dec. 8, 1863, captd. Little Harpeth, Tenn. Wilson, J., e. Dec. 8, 1863, wd. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Anderson, Clark, e. Dec. 25, 1863. Briley, Isaac, e. Feb. 1, 1864. Backer, Wm. H., Feb. 29, 1864. Callahan, M. B., e. Dec. 29, 1864. Driskellj Wm. R., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Fetrow, Wm., e. Oct. 10, 1864. Frazer, Geo., e. Feb. 5. 1864. Gillette, , e. Dec. 29, 1863 Heizer, D. M., e. March 29, 1864. Heiden, Frederick, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Holt, Jos. P., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Loper, L. D., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Otto, Aug., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Ohearn, John, e. Aug. 13, 1863. Orr, Samuel F., e. Jan. 2, 1864. Paul, Thos., e. Dec. 28, 1863. Smith, James B., e. March 31, 1864. Skaggs, T. M., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Wells, Nelson, e. March 14, 1864. Young, David, e. Jan. 4, 1864. THIRD CAVALRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Atlatila Ga. Aiiguat 9, ISGo.] Company A. Burns, Wm., e. Nov. 26, 1862, died at Keokuk. Gray, Lewis C, e. Jan. 28, 1864. Morrison, Samuel, e. Jan. 5, 1865. Patterson, Robt. A., e. F.-b. 22, 1864. Company B. Eaton, Geo. W., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Company E. Graham, Wm. W., e. Nov. 4, 1863. Goddard, Thos. M., e. Nov. 4, 1863. West, John, e. Nov. 4, 1863. Company F. Brown, Jas. L., e. Jan. 4, '64, captd. near Frankville, Miss" Dodd, Wm., Jan. 2, 1864. Fletcher, Chas., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Karnes, B. C, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Laughlin, S. C., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Monroe, Wm. H., e. Jan. 4, 1864. McCormick, Jas. W., e. Jan. 4, 1864, died at St. Louis. Vaught, Solomon, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Winn, Francis, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Company C. Brown, C. S., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Boyer, Jos., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Kent, Marion, e. Nov. 4, 1863. McCrary, Miner, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Pace, Thos. H., e. Nov. 4, 1863, captd. May 1, 1864. Perry, Wm. H., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Root, Calvin, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Stock, Levi C, e. Jan. 12, 1864. Company I. Helmuth, Casper, e. Oct. 4, 1863, died at Duvall's Bluff, Ark. Mersh, Jno. C, e. Sept. 21,1863. Scott, W. R., e. Jan. 21, 1864, died Sept. 26, 1864. Company K. Harris, Silas A., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Company L. McCristol, Daniel, e. Oct. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Carter, Wm. A., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Eaton, Geo. W., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Hart, Alfred, e. Feb. 4, 1864. Harris, S. A., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Long, David P.. e. Jan. 4, 1864. Long, H. P., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Laughlin, S. C, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Marshall, Henry, e. Jan. 5, 1864. FOURTH CAVALRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Atlanta, Aug. 10, 1SG5.'] Maj. Wm. W. Woods, com. 2d lieut. Co. L, Nov. 25, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 9, 1862, prmtd. capt. Aug. 1, 1862, prmtd. maj Sept. 27, 1864. B. Q. M. S. Eugene F. Ware, e. Oct. 21,1861. Company A. Riggs, Chas., e. Jan. 1, 1862, disd, Aug. 1, 1863. 464 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Company C. Sergt. Alex. C. Virgen, e. Oct. 1, 1861, disd. June 10, 1863, disab. Avers, Eatep, e. Feb. 27, 18G4. virgen, Wm. T., f. Feb. 27, 1864, di.sd. June U, 1864, diwb. Company D. <'orp. Enoch A. Sexon, e. Sept. 25, 1861, vet. Dec. 20, '63. Frie, Jacob, e. Dec. 2, 186;!. JohnHon, John K., e. Jan. 13, 1864. I'eckover, E. A., e. Jan 5, 1864. Company C. Hobson, Geo., e. Feb. 27, 1S04. Company K. Capt. Ambrose Hodge, eom. 2d liout. Co. L Jan. 9, 1862, from B. Q. M., prmt Alfred Ogden,e. Sept. 26, 1861. Corp. Wm. T. McCash, e. Sept. 26, 1861. Wagoner John C. Clark, e. Sept. 24, 1861. .\rtilicer James Amlin, e. Sept. 30, 1861. Artificer Wm H. Burge, e. Sept. IG, 1861. A ft i ticer L. G. Brandeburg, e. Sept.n 6, 1861. Artificer I. N. Berry, e. Sept. 30, 1861. Artificer J. Davis, e. Sept. 10, '61, disd. May 22, '62, disab. Artificer J.>hn Dexter, e. Sept. 25, 1861, disd. Oct. 22,1862. Artticcr John E. Dort, e. Sept. 21, 1861. .\rtificer Chiirles Gillspie, e. Sept. 15, 18G1. Artificer Frank Herman, e. Sept. 23, 1861. Artificer Kdw. Lane, e. Sept. 25, 18G1. Artificer John McCandless, e. Sept. 26, 1861. Artificer Isaac Overston, e. Sept. 30, 1861, disd. .\pril 3P, 1862. Artificer 0. P. Roman, e. Sept. 28, 1861. .\rtificer Swan Swanson, e. Sept. 20, 1861. Artificer Thos. D. Simpkins, e. Sept. 26, 1861. Artificer M. B. Webster, e. Sept. 16,'61, prmtd. com. sergt. D.wein, John G., e. Sept. 26, 1861. George, H. D., e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. Dec. 21, 1861. (JniliHin, Charles, e. Sept. 24, 1861. Howard, Charles, e. Sept. 28, 1861. Levi, Joseph, e. Sept. 18, 1861. Linn, Charles, e. Sept. 26, 1861. Moore, Daniel M., e. Sept. 6, 1861. MiMur, William, e. Sept. 15, 1861. Tucker, S., e. Sept. 24, 1861. Yuiing, Fenton, e. Sept. 12, 1861, disd. Feb. 15, 1862. COMPANY INKNOWN. Cornwell, Wm. R.,e. Sept. 28, 1861, prmtd. corp. Dougherty, C, e. Sept. 20, 1861, prmtd. sergt. Guinnit, John, e. Sept. 11, 1861, prmtd. corp. MISCELLANEOUS. Second Infantry. As^t. Surg. Wm. W. Nassau, com. June 21, 1861, resd. May 8, 1862. Cady. Wm. L., e. May 4, 1861, wd. at Fort Donelson Feb. 15, 1862. Kellough, Wm. C, e.May 6, 1861, disd. Jan. 15, 1862. ('apt. .\be Wilkin, com. 1st lieut, June 1, 1861, prmtd. capt. Nov. 1, 1861, m. o. Jan. 13, 1865. Simmons, Henry, e. May 5, 1861, m. o. June, 1864. Fee, Jas. P., e. .Ian. 5, UCA, m. o. June 18, 1864. Seppo, Diiiiicl. e. .laii. 4, 1m;4, m. o. .rune 18, 1864. Second Veteran Infantry. Walker, Moses B., e. Jan. 20, 1864, wd., m. o. July 12, '65. Jidinson, James, e. Feb. 25, 1864, m. o. July 12, 1865. Third Infantry. Asst. Surg. David K. .Martin, ci.m. Aug. 19, 1862, resd. June 16, 1803. Corp. Thomas Forbush, e. May 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh died. Sept. 5, 1862. Fifth Infantry. Col. Charles L. Matthies, com. lieut. col. July 15, 1861, prmtd. col. 3Iay 23, 1862, brig. gen. Nov. 29, 1862, m. o. A>ig., 1864. First Sergt. Charles W. Chester, e. Sept. 14, 1861, m. o. Aug., 1804. Eighth Infantry. Vance, Jeremiah, e. Oct. 15, 1864, m.o. April 20, 1866. Shuler, Jacob, e. March 28, 1864, m. o. April 20, 1866. Ninth Infantry. Oats, James A., e. Nov. 15, 18(14. Tenth Infantry Chaplain Wm. G. Kephart, com. Feb. 1, 1803, m. o. Aug. 15, 1865. Twelfth Infantry, Adams, 0. F., e. Oct. 5, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, ni. o. Jan. 30, 1866. Butts, J. H., e. Oct. 7, 18G1, m. o. Jan. 20, 1806. Sergt. John M. Clark, e. Sept. 20,18G1, wd. at Shiloh and Corinth, was in Ist Inf , m. o. Jan. 2U, 1866. Corp. H. W. Ross, e. Sept. 20, 1861, missing at battle of Shiloh, was in 1st Inf., m. o. Jan. 20, 1866. Bumgardener, Wm., e. Oct. 18, 1861, disd. March 27, 18G2, disab. Burch, John W., e. Oct. 14, 18G1, missing at Shiloh. Burch, Sylvester, e. Oct. 14, 1861, missing' at Shiloh. Clark, Isaac G., e. Sept. 20, 1861, wd. at Shiloh. Howard, Wm. C, e. Sept. 20, 1861, disd. Aug. 12, 1862, disab. Hill, Archibald, e. Sept. 20, 1861, died April 6, 1865, while on furlough. Lewis, Thos. J., e. Sept. 25, 1861, missing at Shiloh. Martin, E. B., e. Oct. 21, 1861, disd. Aug. 25, '62, disab. Moore, Jas. W., e. Oct. 14, 1861, reported died Feb. 8, '62. Boss, Jesse H., e. Sept. 20, 1861, disd. April 16, '62, disab. Sartwell, Jos. 0., e. Oct. 21, 1861, disd. Feb. 23, 1863. Morrison, Jos. J., m. o. Jan. 20, 1866. Thirteenth Infantry. Gabbert, C. R., e. Oct. 24, 1864, m. o. July 21, 1865. Reif. Philip, e. Oct. i, 1864, m. o. July 21, 1865. Steele, Wm., e. Oct. 4, 1864, m. o. July 21, 1865. Swank, Cyrus, e. Nov. 22, 1864, m. o. July 21, 186!>. Eighteenth Infantry. Davis, Chas., e. Jan. 19, 18G4, m. o. July, 1865. Nineteenth infantry. Surg. Philip Harvey, com. Aug. 18, 1862, m. o. June 1, 1863, appointed maj. and suig. U. S. V. June 29, '63. King, David A., e. Jan. 5, 1864, m. o. July 10, 1865. Lewis, Davis H., e. March 30, 1864, m. o. July 10, 1865 Montgomery, Henry, e. Jan. 4, 1864, m. o. July 10,1865. Kilev, A. J., e. Jan. 5, 1S64, m. o. July 10, 18G5. Spain, Wm., e. Jan. 4, 1864, m. o. July 10, 1865. Gibbs, Jas. B., e. Oct. 8, 1864, m. o. July 10, 1S65. Stewart, Jos., e. Oct. 8, 1804, m. o. July 10, 1865. Campbell, W. P., e. Jan. 5, 1864, m. o. .luly 10, 1865. Twenty-first Infantry. Hellyer, Elijah, e. Dec. 25, 180:',, ra. o. July 15, 1865. Lyons, Cyrus N., e. Dec. 25, 18G:'., ni. o. July 15, 1865. Twenty-sixth Infantry. Mason, John W., e. June 6, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. Thirty-third Infantry. Wright, John, e. .\ug. 25, 1864, m. o. July 17, 1865. Thirty-fourth Infantry. (Consolidated with Thirty-eighth.) Bays, Wm. M., e. June 29, 1864, m o. Aug. 15, 1865. Pearsey, Chas., e. Oct. 15, 1863, m. o. Aug. 15, 1865. Thirty-sixth Infantry. Morlan, Washington, e. Sept. 5, 1865, m. o. Aug. 24, 1865. HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 467 Forty-fourth Infantry. Sergt. Arthur A. Blumer, e. May 4, 1864, m. o. Sept. 15, 1864. Sixth Cavalry. Second Lieut. Thomas J. Leavitt, com. Jan. 31, 1863, wd. by Indians at Whitestone Hills, D. T., died Sept- 4, 1863. Burbridge, Henry, e. Sept. 20, 1862, m. o. Oct. 17, 1865. Dobbins, Jackson, e. Jan. 5, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1865. Wallace, John J., e. Jan. 4, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1865. First Iowa Infantry (A. D.) Sergt. Daniel Jones, e. Sept. 9, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. Procka, Wm., e. Sept. 15, 1863, died Jan. 1, 1864. Cooper, David H., e. Sept. 25, 1863, died April 2, 1864, Helena, Ark. Douglass, H., e. Sept. 10, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. Dunn, Allen, e. Sept. 13, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. McKeel, Ohas., e. Sept. 11, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. Montgomery, Jasper, e. Sept. 13, 1863, m. o Oct. 15, 1865. Porter, Jos., o. Sept. 10, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. Williams, , e. Sept. 12, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. Willis, Richmond, e. Sept. 14, 1862, dlsd. June 24, 1865, disab. Sixtieth U. S. Volunteers (A. D.) Brown, Henry, e. Aug, 11, 1S64, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. Brown, Wm. H., e. Aug. 18, 1864, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. Harris, Fred., e. Aug. 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. White, Henry, e. Aug. 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. Alexander, Madison, e. Oct. 10, 1864. Sixteenth t llinois Infantry. yuinn, Dennis, e. May 24, 1861, trans, to 60th 111. Hill, John S., e. May 24, 1861. Jackson, Wm., e. May 24, 1861, vet. m. o. July 8, 1865. Mangold, John, May 24, 1861, vet. m. o. July 8, 1865. Haydon, Geo., May 24, 1861, vet. m. o. July 8, 1865, as sergt. Adams, F. J., e. May 9, 1861, dlsd. June 18, 1862. Forty-Second Illinois Infantry. Herman, Peters, e. July 26, 1861, died Feb. 27, 1863, wds. Jl. L. Ibiyward, e. July 26, 1861, 1st sergt., ni. o. Sept. 16, 1864, term expired. Amburv, Wm., e. July 26, 1861, m. o. Sept. 16, 1864. Copeley, Geo. W., e. July 26, 1861, disd. May 5,1863, disab. Grace, Christian, e. July 26, 1861, m. o, Sept. 16, 1864. Kelley, James, e. July 26, 1861, died in rebel prison Nov. 1863, wds. Martin, Ephraim, e. July 26, 1801, died at Murfreesboro April 19, 1863. Miller, Wm., e. July 26, 1861. McGinley, Wm., e. July 26, 1861, died at St. Louis, Feb. 23, 1862. Redgeley, John, e. July 26, 1861, m. o. Sept. 16, 1864. Rhodes, Otho, e. July 26, 1861, vet. m. o. Dec. 16, 1865, as Corp. Smith, John, e. July 26, 1861, disd. March 1, 1862, disab. Solvisburg, Christ, e. July 26, 1861, disd. July 14, 1862, disab. Weston, Geo., e. July 26, 1861. Forty-Third Illinois Infantry. Ilertzler, Henry, e. Oct. 14, 1861, kid. at Shiloh. Kcmpholfner, Fred., e. Sept. 1, 1861, m. o. Dec. 10, 1864. Linneman, Ernst, e. Oct. 14, 1861, m. o. Dec. 16, 1864. Schrey, Christian, e. Sept. 1, 1861, m. o. Dec. 16, 1864. Volkner, V., e. Sept. 1, 1861, disd. July 12, 1862. Forty-fourth Infantry. Willem, Matthias, e. Sept. 1, 1861, vet., m. o. Sept. 25, '65. Fiftieth Illinois Infantry. Blind, Chas., e. Sept. 16, 1861, vet., m. o. July 13, 1865. Gordon, Richard, e. Sept. 16, 1861, sergt., m. o. Sept. 17, 1864, as private. Latimer, George C, e. Nov. 1, 1861, sergt., m. o. Oct. 31, 1864, as private. Fifty-seventh Illinois Infantry. Hirt, George, e. Dec. 17, 1863, vet., m. o. July 7, 1865. Blender, Edw., e. Oct. 5, 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. o. Jiily 7, 1865. Blender, David, e. Oct. 5, 1801, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. o* July 7, 1865, as corp. Blender, Hafer, e. Oct. 5, 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. o. July 7, 1865, as corp. Conrad, Peter, e. Oct. 9, 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. o. July 7, 1865, as corp. Disque, F., e. Oct. 5, 1861, disd. July 11, 1862, disab. Geinger, Chas., e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. o. July 7, 1865. Hirt, Geo., e. Oct. 10, 1861, trans. Hirt, Chas., e. Oct. 10, 1861, disd. July 3, 1862. Humberger, Chas. W., e. , 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. o. July 7, 1865, as corp. Hoebringer, Michael, e. Sept. 16, 1861. Hatz, Emil, e. Dec. 13, 1861. Ismert, Peter, e. Sept. 16, 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863. m. o> July 7, 1865. Johnson, Frank B., e. Jan. 25, 1861, died. Miller, Jacob, e. Sept. 2, 1861, disd. Sept. 11, 1862, disab. Ruby, Julius, e. Sept. 27, 1861, trans. Sal'tig, Peter, e. Sept. 1(1, 1861, died at Keokuk. Stanott, Jacob, e. Sept. 24, 1861, disd. July 3, 1862, disab. Schnittger, Fred., e. Sept. 8, 1861, vet., m. o. July 7, 1865. Steetman, Henry, e. Aug. 20, 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. o. July 7, 1865, as sergt. Strumpe, Henry, e. , 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. o. July 7, 1865, as sergt. Stunipt, .Joseph, e. Dec. 7,^861. Schneider, Jos., e. Sept. 28, 1861, disd. July 3, 1862. Schafer, Geo., e. Oct. 12, 1861. Steempt, Henry, e. Sept. 28, 1861, vet., m. o. July 7, 1865. Tschudy, John U., e. AUg. 26, 1861, deserted Feb. 8, 1862. Vogler, F.,e. Aug. 26, 1861. Wagner, Chas., e. Oct. 23, 1801, disd. July 30, 1862. Wobeser, Chas., e. Oct. 26, 1861, disd. July 30, 1852, disab. Weber, E., e. Dec. 10, 1861, m. o, Jan. 23, 1865. Waltz, Bernhard, e. Aug. 26, 1861, m. o. Dec. 26, 1864. Wevand, John, e. Sept. 21, 1861. Zoliikoffer, Chas., e. Sept. 28, 1861, disd. July 27, 1862. Zimmermann, Adam, e. Dec. 9, 1861, m. o. Sept. 25, 1864, wds. Zwicker, Chas., e. Nov. 12, 1861, disd. Aug. 16, 1862, wda. Zeller, Jacob, e. Sept. 18, 1861. Cisna, Samuel, e. Nov. 29, 1861. Fuller, David, e. Nov. 29, 1861. Mozingo, Lewis, e. Nov. 29, 1861. Solon, Simon, e. Nov. 29, 1861. Fifty-ninth Illinois Infantry. Hinkles, John G., e. Sept. 27, 1861, disd. April 7, 1862' disab. Ingersol, Arthur, e. Sept. 27. 1861, vet. Jan. 12, 1864, m. o. Dec. 8, 1865. Smith, Wm. K., e. Sept. 27, 1861, disd. March 26, 1863, disab. Sixty-second Illinois Infantry. Nicholson, Jonathan, e. Jan. 15, 1862, m. o. May 2, 1865. Seventy-second Illinois Infantry. Fclsing, Wm., e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. May 1, 1865, sorgt. Eleventh Illinois Cavalry. Albertson, Andreas, e. Sept. 23, 1861, disd. March 27 1863, wds. Heins, John, e. Sept. 23, 1861, m. o. Dec. 20, 1864. Bork, Chas., e. Nov. 6, 1861, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. Barker, Wm., e. Nov. 1, 1861, vet., m. o. Sept. 30, 1865, as sergt. Burns, Hugh, e. Nov. 1, 1861. Burns, Patrick, e. Nov. 6, 1801, disd. Oct. 15, 1862, disab. Barnett, Tim., e. Nov. 6, 1861, disd. Nov. 13, 1802, disab. Dow, Henry, e. Dec. 20, 1861, disd. Jan. 28, 1862. disab. Foley, Michael, e. Nov. 1, 1861, died March 9, 1864. Gaus, Levi, e. Nov. 6, 1861. Landragan, Matthew, e. Nov. 1, 1861, disd. Dec. 19, 1864. Murphy, Michael, e. Nov. 1, 1861, disd. Jan. 22, 1862. Martin, Samuel T., e. Nov. 6, 1861. Martin, John, e. Nov. 6, 1861, died at Monmouth, 111.,. March 6, 1862. Murphy, Wm., e. Nov. 6, 1861, died. Jan. 22,1862. O'Neal, H. B., e. Nov. 6, 1861, disd. Dec. 19, 1864. Sebring, Wm., e. Nov. 6, 1861, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. Shomboucher, John, e. Nov. 6, 1861. Tucker, Jas. M., e. Nov. 6, 1861, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. Tinian, James, e. Nov. 6, 1861, sick at m. o. 468 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Tobin, Jamea, e. Nov. 6. 1861. William, D., e. Nov. G, 18G1, m. o. Sept. 30, 18G5. >Veeman, E , e. Nov. 6, 1861, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. Twenty-fifth Missouri infantry. Hight, Win. E., e. De.-,. 2'"., 1861. Third Missouri Cavalry. Corp. Robt. M. Pollock, e. Oct. 15,1801, disd. for disability. Thirteenth Illinois Cavalry- Fry, Henry, -■. N.>v. s, isr.i. First iilinois Artillery. i Tenth Missouri Cavalry Fetrow, Laniel W., e. Aug. 17, 1862. | ^ergt. Martin L. Koot,e. .Xng. 1, Is.n. Parkinson, Wni., e. Jan. 28, 1802, dimi. March 30, 1802, disali. Second Illinois Artillery. Davis, Benj., e. .Vug. '>, 1864. ni. o. Oct. 2'2, 18i>4. Davis, Diivid, .-. .\ug. 5. 1804. Fifteenth Missouri Infantry. Corp. Jacob Schenernmnn, e. Sept. 7, 1861, died at Rolla, Mo. First Nebraska Cavalry. Corp. Lewis P. Wall, i-. June .30, 1861, disd. Aug. 20, 1862. Second Kansas Cavalry. First Sergt. Clarence J. Williams, e. Oct. 2, 1861. Corp. John C. Nye, e Oct. 2, 1861. Farrier Perrine Arnold, e. Oct. 2, 1861. Meeker, Chas. W., e. Oct. 1, 1861. Stockton, Thomas, e. Sept. 28, 1861. BUELINGTON. The history of the settlement of Burlington is unusually clear and free from vexatious questions, even for a Western city whose life covers but a generation or 80. One takes comfort in declaring that the name of the first settler is known beyond peradventure, and that neither qualification nor argument is necessary to pave the way to statements concerning the early days. Of course the reader understands that we refer solely to the actual occupa- tion of tliis site by bona fide white settlers, and not to any supposititious dwellers who may have found lodgment here any time between the era of the Mound Builders and the days when the American Fur Company grew rich off of the Indians. We speak of Burlington as a modern town, dating its origin at the proper year, 1833. It is difficult to distinguish the early history of Burlington from the early history of Des Moines County, and part, in fact, cannot be separated from the rest without mutilating the whole. We have endeavored to avoid duplicating statements, but have not hesitated to use the same topic twice where it seemed really necessary to do so. The legal life of settlement on the site of Burlington began June 1, 1833, but circumstances conspired to make tlie father of the town bold and venture- some enough to defy the law. SIMPSON S. WHITE. During the fall of 1(S29, Simpson S. White and Amzi Doolittle (as is asserted in the chapter on the settlement of the county) visited Avhat afterward became the Black Hawk Purchase, in the capacity of workmen on the trading-post buildings. They then discovered the richness of this region, and selected a "town site," in anticipation of the day when lawful claims could be made. As this statement differs from the generally published account, we concluded to make it only on the written authority of Mr. White himself. He is now living in Portland, Oregon, and thither a letter of inquiry was dispatched. In response we received a detailed history of his first days west of the Mississippi, and, for the benefit of posterity, that letter is here preserved. THE FIRST CLAIM AND CABIN. '• In 182!)," observes Mr. White, "the present site of Burlington was occu- pied by a branch of the American Fur Company, who had a trading-post with the Indians. In the summer of that year, Amzi Doolittle and S. S. White HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 469 "were employed to put up an addition to the buildings at the post, and spent about three weeks in labor at. that place. While thus engaged, they had fre- quent opportunities to explore the country around the post, and were enabled to select prospective claims. One of the strong tendencies among Western men at that early period, was the location of future town-sites. White and Doolittle were not exempt from the prevailing epidemic of speculation, and prosecuted their search for ' claims ' with this thought in mind. The country was then Indian territory, with no immediate prospect of becoming public lands ; but the pioneers felt confident that so choice a locality could not long remain closed to the grasping hand of the white man. So they planned their claim, in anticipa- tion of the inevitable change, and attempted to take Time by the forelock. '■ The period of waiting proved less extended than they had dared to hope, for, in 1832, the Black Hawk disaster sealed the fate of the decaying bands. The treaty was made September 21, 1832. Within one week after the signing of the document, or as soon as news reached the men, who were living in Illi- nois, S. S. White, Amzi Doolittle and M. M, McCarver came across the Mis- sissippi River and made claim to the lands on which the river-front of Burling- ton is now standing. A cabin was immediately erected. The claim commenced at the ravine, near the upper part of the bottom-lands and extended down the river one mile. " THE FIRST PERRY-BOAT. " While the cabin referred to was in process of erection, the pioneers em- ployed men on the east shore, to build a flatboat, for use as a ferry. Applica- tion was at once made to the County Court of Hancock County, Illinois, for license to maintain a public ferry across the Mississippi at this point, which was granted. " THE SECOND BAND OF PIONEERS. •'Theodore Jennings located the land north of the original claim, and Ben- jamin Tucker and Isaac Crenshaw, that on the southwest thereof, during the fall of 1832. David Tothero built the second cabin in the region, and the first one away from the site of Burlington, southwest of town, some two miles or so. Before winter set in, twelve or fifteen families located in the surrounding country. The Smiths built cabins about two miles below ' town.' " S. S. White moved his family into the ' company ' cabin in February, 1833. When he did so, the crude building was not finished. The floor was made of puncheons, or split logs ; there was no door hung, for sawed lumber could not be obtained ; and the home of the pioneer was exceedingly well ventilated. The nearest point where lumber could then be procured was St. Louis. ''The treaty with the Indians did not require them to give up possession of the lands until June 1, 1833 ; but no attention was given to that clause by the settlers. We did not feel that we were infringing on the rights of the Indians by making our claims, but complaint was made to the commanding ofiicer at Rock Island, and a company of fifteen men was sent down to drive us off. We received notice of their purpose in time to move our effects across the river. The evening of the day on which we moved, the soldiers arrived. They were under the command of ".JEFFERSON DAVIS, who became President of the 'late Confederate States.' He was then a Lieu- tenant in the army. As I afterward learned, the troops occupied our house over night, and in the morning set fire to the cabin. They then departed. 470 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. " The settlers from the surrounding country had taken refuge on the large island below our,«laini. •' After getting ray household goods across the river, I erected a cabin over them, leaving no opening to get in. My wife then went on a visit to her father in Warren County, 111. I had two men employed at this time, who were cutting wood for boats, near where I built this cabin, and I deemed it prudent not to leave an opening by which the goods could be taken out, as I was oblif^ed to be absent several days. On my return, about a week later, I found that the cabin had been robbed, and an attempt had been made to burn it down ; but the logs were green and would not take fire. The rascals had succeeded in burning merely the covering. The walls were still standing. This was in March, 1833. We then abandoned the place until the middle of May^ when I returned to the west side of the river, bringing my family with me. As we had no house to move into, we built a camp, with rails, and covered it over, as best we could, with boards split out of logs. The next work under- taken was to build a cabin. Three Aveeks were consumed in getting the log house up, as the weather was so rainy and windy that we could do but little each day. Our goods were constantly wet, and my wife's clothing had to be dried by the fire, almost every morning, before she could dress. " About this time, M. M. McCarver built a cabin near mine, and brought liis family over. This was in June, 1833." The statement explains away the confusion on the question of the visit of troops to the settlement. One account has it that White had two cabins destroyed by the soldiers, while another report says that but one was burned. It is here shown that the first cabin erected on the site of Burlington was destroyed by Jeff" Davis, and that the second cabin erected by White (but on the east shore) was destroyed by thieves. The conflict in statement is quite natural. The second cabin erected by Mr. White, on the site of Burlington, stood on Front street, just beloAv Sunderland's mills. It was afterward removed to Mr. Keeler's lot, near Hawkeye Bridge. The final disposition of the historic build- ing was ignominious enough, for it was torn down, and the logs which composed its walls were driven, as piles, into the embankment, near the spot on which it last stood. By the foregoing letter it will be seen that the man rightfully entitled to the second place on the list of settlers is MORTON M. m'CARVER. This assertion is also made on the strength of the following information gained by personal interview with Dr. Ross. The latter was, in the summer of 1833, a single man. He said, in the interview already referred to: " In July, 1H33, I crossed the Mississippi River into Iowa, and landed a half-mile below the mouth of Flint River, where it empties into the former stream. The place was called Flint Hills, and extended five miles below the site of Burlington. " Morton M. McCarver and Simpson S. White were residing in cabins, about twenty feet apart, on the bank of the river, with a view to holding a claim extending from the mouth of Hawkeye Creek to the mouth of Flint River, and half a mile in width, it being the location of an old trading-post with the Indians. There was a root-house and a grave, the latter paled in, with a cross thereon, with the name of Maurice Blondeau inscribed upon the cross, on the margin of the river. Numerous trees were growing there, from the limbs of which depended canoes in which dead Indians were deposited." HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 471 Mr. Ross explored the country roundabout, and then returned to Quincy, 111. He there employed some workmen to proceed to the new region, in com- pany with his aged father, and erect a cabin on the claim he had made. This claim was one mile long, north and south, by one-half mile wide, east and west, and lay immediately west of, and adjoining, the claims of White and McCarver. Upon this place, besides erecting the dwelling-house spoken of, Mr. Ross cleared land and sowed grass-seed ; built a cabin for religious exercises and day school, in the fall of 1833. The latter cabin was occupied during the winter of 1833-34 by the family of Mr. Phillips. THE FIRST STORES. In September, 1833, William R. Ross shipped a fine stock of goods to the new settlement, and almost simultaneously, Maj. Jeremiah Smith, Jr., shipped a similar general stock to the place. This was the beginning of the commer- cial industry of Burlington. Both of these men dealt largely with the Indians, in furs, etc. We again quote from Mr. White's letter : "During the summer of 1833 (September) a boat landed on the shore and began to discharge a quantity of goods. Upon going down to the boat, I learned that Dr. William R. Ross, of Quincy, 111., had shipped a stock of mer- chiindise to my care. I was much surprised, as I had received no notice of his intention, and had no building in which to store the goods from the weather. There was but one course to pursue, and that was to collect all the force at hand and build a cabin at once. The goods were left in an exposed condition for several days, with Indians about all the time. " Shortly after Ross became established in business, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., and Daniel Strong located land on the prairie west of town. Smith caused us to lay off some lots, as he said he would purchase a lot if we would sell it to him. If we would not do that, he should occupy the ground anyway, as he had come to start in trade. If he could not do it peaceably, he would forcibly. It was not our intention to lay off a town until we had acquired a title, but the positive stand taken by Smith caused us to change our minds. Dr. Ross sur- veyed the front line of two blocks, which was all the survey made that year. Smith purchased a lot, built a house and commenced business that fall (1833). "The same fall I purchased McCarver's interest in the town and ferry. McCarver went to Monmouth, where he remained for two years and then returned to Burlington. "In the spring of 1834, John B. Gray came to Burlington and opened the first 'grocery' in the place. Subsequently, he associated with Samuel Stephens in mercantile business, and opened the third general store in Burlington. In the fall of 1834 or the spring of 1835, Jesse Webber began mercantile trade, and about the same time W. W. Chapman opened the first law office. "During 1834, the town was surveyed and many lots sold. John S. David came this year. I purchased the claim of Theodore Jennings north of our location, and about that time made arrangements with William Morgan to hold and occupy that portion of our claim lying below what is now called Black Hawk Creek. He was to secure the title and give us one-half of the land. He resided there but a few months, however, and then sold out to Wood. " In 1834, I put twenty acres of the Jennings' claim under cultivation, and continued to do so for two years. "Jonathan Donnel and myself built the first saw-mill in Iowa, on Flint River, in 1835. 472 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. " In 1885-86, several mercantile houses were established, viz., Chase & Kirable, Dickenson Hedges and S. Benson. The next year, Robert Ralston and Kelly i^ Newliall opened stores. •• Ani'zi Doolittle did not become a resident of Burlington until 1838, at wbich time he moved his family there. " March, 18-56, David Rorer became a resident of Burlington — the second lawyer to locate in the place. "John B. Gray first proposed the name of Burlington for the new town. " The first tavern was kept by a man named Cooper. '' The Indian name of the region extending from the lower part of the high land up to the mouth of the Flint River, was Sho-ko-kon, meaning Flint Hills. " Lyman Chase, Henry Moore and James Wells were our first carpenters, and Jeremiah White, plasterer." It will be observed that a conflict of statement occurs concerning two or three claims of priority. The most noticeable is that of the Donnel mill. The Augusta people claim that Moffet's mill was built before Donnel's was, and we are of the opinion that they are right. Upon this question we are unable to get positive information. The first tavern is said to have been kept in Doolittles frame house ; but White asserts that a man named Cooper entertained before the erection of the frame, in the spring of 1884. If he did so, it was in a humble way. In every historic sketch thus far published, White and Doolittle have been termed the " Romulus and Remus of Burlington." The reliable statements herein made, prove that Doolittle did not become a citizen of the place until the fall of 1838, although slightly interested in the claim. It is a pity to spoil so pretty an expression, but the duty of a writer of history is strongly iconoclastic. THE FIRST TAVERN. In September, 1833, Amzi Doolittle, who had an interest in the claim of Burlington, moved there with his family. The following spring, Lyman Chase, who was the first carpenter to locate in the place, built two frame houses, one for White and the other for Doolittle. The latter was used as an hotel. Henry Mo(jre, who has attained the distinction of being the oldest mechanic and oldest citizen in Burlington, did his first carpenter work on those original frame build- ings. John G. Kennedy, who has lived in Fort Madison since 1836, relates that in the spring of 1884 (his residence then being at Rushville, 111.), he took passage on a steamboat at Quincy for Galena. In due time, the boat arrived at Flint Hills. At that time, there were three or four log cabins in the place, as seen from the river. Near the landing was a grocery, for which the boat put oil two or three barrels each of sugar and whisky, and a sack or two of coffee. Kennedy noticed three or four men at work about what seemed to be the frame of a house, near the site of the old Burlington House, corner of Water and Washington streets, and being a carpenter himself, he strolled up the landing where the men were at work. The frame was for a story-and-a-half house, corner posts of heavy timber, S(iuared with the ax, and studding prepared in the same way. Kennedy asked who was "boss" of the job; one answered that he was trying to be, but he hadn't force enough to raise the timbers. Kennedy turned to the six or eight passengers on the boat, and called out : " Boys, come ashore and help these men, and we will have it to say that we assisted in raising the first frame house in Flint Hills." The passengers responded with alacrity, and in half an hour the timbers were in place, and the boat proceeded up the river. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 473'- THE FIRST DOCTORS. Dr. W. R. Ross, as before stated, who also opened the first drug stock ; Dr. Crawford, from Brooke County, Va., settled in Burlington in 1833 ; he practiced during the winter, and then moved to Texas. In the spring of 1834^ Drs. Shuff, of Kentucky, and Cutler, of Indiana, located in Burlington, and formed a partnership. Cutler died within the year, and ShufF returned to Kentucky. Dr. Teas practiced in 1835. Dr. D. W. Hickock, of New York, located there in 1835, and remained until his death. Dr. S. S. Ransom, of Vermont, settled there about the same date. Dr. E. Lowe, of Indiana, came- in 1836 ; he afterward removed to Omaha. THE FIRST MARRIAGE. In the fall of 1833, an engagement of marriage was entered into between William R. Ross and Matilda Morgan. The region west of the Mississippi was then attached to Michigan Territory, for judicial purposes, but was newly- acquired Indian territory. Marriage ceremonies could not, therefore, be observed on the west bank. Mr. Ross had to go to Monmouth, 111., for a marriage license. He then engaged Judge Allen to go to the east shore of the river, opposite Flint Hills, and meet the young couple to marry them. On the 3d day of December, Mr. Ross and Miss Morgan crossed over the river in a llatboat and were joined in wedlock, by Judge Allen, while standing under a sycamore-tree on the east bank of the river. This must be regarded as the first marriage in Burlington, since it was the union of two of the original pioneers, and was as near being celebrated on the soil of Iowa as the circumstances would then allow. On the 5th of December, 1878, Mr. Ross celebrated his seventy- fifth birthday. He is a hale man, and shows the force of intelligent habits by the clear and unusually good chirography of his several letters to the writer of this work. THE ORIGINAL PLAT. There is some question as to who surveyed the original plat of the city. Mr. Ross says that Benjamin Tucker and William R. Ross made the survey and plat in November and December, 1833. This, be it understood, was the main portion, claimed by White and Doolittle. Mr. White bears Mr. Ross out in this assertion. The original plat was small in size, consisting of but two blocks. No written evidence of this first survey is extant. The earliest plat is of the later survey. . •' THE NAME " BURLINGTON was given by John B. Gray, Avho located here in January, 1834, with his fam- ily. In the spring of that year, he finished a frame house, and filled the build- ing with merchantable goods. In February, 1834, S. S. Ross took up his residence in Burlington, and brought with him not only his family, but also a large stock of goods. S. S. Ross bought out the mercantile business of W. R. Ross. This was the third store opened in the place, Mr. Gray's being the fourth in point of time. THE FIRST SCHOOL. In the spring of 1834, Zadoc C. Inghram taught the first school opened in Burlington, in the building erected by W. R. Ross for school and church pur- poses, and which had been occupied by Phillips during the winter. The house stood southwest of what is now the public square. Mr. Ross boarded In- ghram free of cost. 474 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. THE FIRST BIRTH. The first birth which occurred in the village of Burlington, and also the first in the county, was a child of S. S. White, the original claimant. The event transpired in 1833. The second birth occurred in the family of Tothero. The third was that of Abigail Ann Gray, daughter of John B. Gray. Mr. Gray was the man who named the town. This birth took place March 3, 1835. The lady is living in Albia. During 1835, there were a number of births in the coun y. early newspaper items. There is no more valuable aid in the preparation of a work of this character than the early newpaper publications. Man's memory may fail, and the crowd- ing events of more recent times confuse the dates and names so essential to accuracy in compilations such as this. But even an imperfect record of a trans- action, if jotted in the local issues of the day, furnishes indisputable confirma- tion of oral testimony. The first papers printed in new regions do not, or rather did not — for modern ideas have changed with experience — appreciate the importance of preserving unbroken files of their issues ; but the newspapers of Burlington are so nearly complete as to be invaluable to the searcher after his- toric truth. In the first and second numbers of the loiva Patriot are published brief sketches of the entrance of white men, as settlers, in Des Moines County. The communications are not given over an individual signature, but from their style and from our familiarity, by correspondence, with a certain gentleman's compo- sition, we believe the " Citizen of Burlington" was none other than Dr. Will- iam R. Ross, the surveyor and platter of Burlington. However, the fact that, ■within six years of the original settlement, the articles referred to were given in the local press, and passed then as authentic statements of truth, without challenge, places them to-day at the disposal of the historian as worthy of credence. The " Reminiscences of Early Settlement," as the papers are called, were editorially indorsed as correct. Therefore, in confirmation of the state- ments made relative to the original claimants, we give a copy of the papers entitled " Reminiscence of Early Settlement of Burlington," and published in the Patriot in June, 1839. If one is disposed to question the authenticity of what is given elsewhere, the following sketch will serve to sustain our work : " 1 arrived at what was formerly called the upper end of Flint Hills, now the city of Burlington, in August, 1833, at which time everything was in a rude state of nature ; the Indian title to the lands having been extinguished only the first of June previous. The only white persons whom I found residing in or near the place on which Burlington has been built were Messrs. M. M. McCar- ver and S. S. White, who had ventured here, previous to the extinguishment of the Indian titles, with their families, and who were suffering all the privations and difficulties attending the settlement of a wilderness country. Frequently they were without bread or meat, save such as the God of nature supplied them bountifully with. In addition to those troubles, they were driven from their newly-finished cabin, which was fired and destroyed by the soldiers from Rock Island, under orders of the United States Government. Much credit is due these citizens for their enterprise in having made the first claim, and in estab- lishing i\\Q first ferry, by means of which emigrants were enabled to cross the Mississippi to the newly-fjivored lands. The pioneers always endeavored to make settlers as comfortalde as possible. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 475 " A short time after they had made their claim, they sold a portion — one- third — of their interest to Mr. A. Doolittle, who went on to improve, but did not become a citizen until the latter part of 1833. " In September, 1833, William R. Ross brought a valuable stock of goods to Burlington, and thus began the first store. Mr. Ross also brought his house- hold goods, at great hazard and much expense. He was accompanied by his aged father, who had fought throughout the Revolutionary war, and who was one of the first settlers in Lexington, Ky. Worn down with age and toil, and being exposed to the inclemencies of a new home, the old gentleman was carried off the same fall, with chills and fever, and now lies (1839) on the top- most pinnacle of our city. This was the ^rs^ death in Des Moines County of a white person. " Late in the same fall, Maj. Jeremiah Smith landed with a fine stock of goods, having, sometime previously, settled and improved the farm on which he located, one and a half miles from Burlington. Having thus given a history of all the permanent settlers of what is now Burlington in 1833, I will relate a few circumstances concerning the natives. " Burlington had long been a great point of trade for the Indians, as would appear from the numerous old trading-houses, root-houses and number of graves that were along the bank of the river, together with several corpses deposited in canoes, with their trinkets, and suspended in the trees, fastened by strips of bark. Among the most noted graves, was that of the celebrated French half-breed, M. Blondeau, who was interred with a paling around his grave, and a cross with his name cut thereon, he having been a Roman Catholic. This grave was immediately in front of the warehouse erected by S. S. Ross, at a date somewhat later than 1833. \yhen the warehouse was built, we had the body re-interred in the regular burying-ground. The Indian trade was valuable to the merchants in 1833; " The original town of Burlington (which should have been called Shok-ko- kon, the English interpretation of which is Flint Hill), was draughted and surveyed by Benjamin Tucker and William R. Ross, in the months of Novem- ber and December, 1833." We have taken the liberty to correct what was evidently a typographical error in the foregoing communication, concerning the date of Mr. Doolittle's residence. He came, according to authentic report, in 1833 — not in 1838 — as the newspaper article says he did. Probably an 8 was substituted for a 3, by mistake. It is said that some years after the death of the elder Ross, his son and friends attempted to exhume the remains and re-inter them in the cemetery. The most careful search, however, failed to discover the grave, and the ashes still repose where originally deposited. As additional testimony in corroboration of the foregoing pages, we insert the following extracts from a short historic sketch, published some years since, prepared by one of the oldest settlers of Burlington : " The first merchants in Burlington were Dr. W. R. Ross and Jeremiah Smith. Both opened stores here in 1833. Dr. Ross began in a log building, but soon sold out to his brother, S. S. Ross, who erected a frame store during the summer of 1834. It stood on the south side of Court street. His framed store was built in front of it. Jeremiah Smith erected his framed store on Front street, where McCutchen's stable now stands. The same year, John B. Gray opened the first grocery store. About 1836, Jeremiah Lamson and Jacob Ladd were added to the list of Burlington merchants. 476 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. "The first fraraed houses were erected for Doolittle and White, py Lyman- Chase, who was the first carpenter in Burlington, in the summer of 1834. Henry Moore, the ohJest settler now living in the city, and who carried on carpenter business successfully here for many years, did his first work in the erection of tiiese buildings. These two houses stood, one of them, on Water street, near the Gas Works, and the other on the northeast corner of^ Court and Water streets. The former was built and occupied for a tavern. " The first brick building was a dwelling-house, erected by Judge Rorer, in July, 1836, on the lot subsequently occupied by Gen. Fitz Henry Warren's residence. Isaac Leffler then built a little one-story brick dwelling on the side of South Hill, near Division street. The residence of Hon. H. W. Starr, on Fifth street, between Jeiferson and Washington, was built (a part of it) by Dr. Ross, in 1858, and since enlarged by Mr. Starr. The portion of it built by Dr. Ross is the oldest brick dwelling now standing in the city." Burlington, in 1837, is described by an eye-witness as " a village of some three hundred inhabitants, occupying houses mostly of a single story, and even of a single room, constructed of logs or slightly-built frames. Not more than two of the whole number were composed of more substantial materials, and even these have long since vanished before the advance of superior improvement. A small opening had been made, extending a few squares up and down the river, and a still less distance perpendicularly from the shore ; but the hills around, nOw crowned with comfortable and tasteful residences, were then covered with the unbroken primeval forest. " Not a church or schoolhouse had as yet made its appearance among us, and although the streets had received their geographical position, yet the plastic substratum of clay, which had perhaps lain dormant for hundreds of generations, had not evinced its capacity for tormenting its disturbers, and for imposing the ruling fashion which prevailed for so many years, of the frequent change of sides between the leg of the boot and of the pantaloons. ■' Such was the unpretending condition of the town, which was at that time the seat of government of a Territory which included what now constitutes three States, and the materials for a fourth." This writer ignored Mr. Ross's original schoolhouse, and was mistaken as to the destruction of Judge Rorer's brick house, as is shown above. Mr. Charles Negus, in papers on the Early History of Iowa, printed in the '' Annals of Iowa," gives the following description of Burlington at a very early day : '' Burlington was quite a noted place before it was settled by the whites, and was known by the naraeof Flint Hills (or by the Indian name of Shok-ko-kon) and had for a long time been a post for carrying on trade with the Indians. At the time when the whites were first permitted to make settlements here, there were numerous old trading-houses, boat-houses, and a number of graves along the banks of the river, and the remains of other Indians deposited in their canoes with their trinkets suspended in the trees, which were fastened to the limbs with bark ropes. Among the graves was the noted French, or half-breed, Maurice lilondeau, who, previous to his death, lived and had an extensive iinprovement near the head of the Des Moines Rapids, between Montrose and Keokuk. This grave was inclosed with a paling fence, and over it vrus erected a wooden cross on which liis name was engraved. This was in token of his religion, he being a Roman Catholic. But after the settlement of Burlington, his remains were taken up and re-interred in the place selected for a common burying-ground. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 477 " This trading establishment was a branch of the American Fur Company, and had been under the superintendence of John W. Johnson, who was a native of MaryLand. Johnson had acted in the capacity of Indian Agent, and took up with a Sac and Fox squaw, by whom he had three daughters. He Avas fondly attached to his children, gave them a thorough education at a Catholic convent, and all three of them married highly respectable gentlemen. "In October, 1832, some twelve or fifteen persons crossed the Mississippi in canoes at the head of Big Island, and made a landing about two miles below Burlington, and took an excursion through the surrounding country and laid claims for future settlement. They built for themselves cabins, and in February, 1833, they brought over their stock and commenced making fences and prepar- ing the ground for cultivation. But to their great annoyance, they were driven away from their claims by the Government soldiers from Rock Island, and they recrossed the river and stopped on Big Island, taking with them their implements of husbandry and their stock. All the labor which they had performed availed them nothing, for their cabins and fences were set on fire by the soldiers and burned up. But notwithstanding these molestations, they resolved to hold on to the sites selected for their homes. They held a council and ' agreed to strike their tents, and went to work to build a flatboat,' so that they could cross over the river and improve their claims whenever they had an opportunity. " The first persons who settled within the limits of the city of Burlington, were Morton M. McCarver and Simpson S. White, who moved there with their families previous to the extinguishment of the Indian title, suifering all the privations and difiiculties attending the settlement of a wilderness country, which were very great. These individuals have the honor of having made the first claims at Burlington, and also of having established the first ferry at his point, by which emigrants were enabled to cross the great Mississippi. A short time after they had established their claims (?) they sold out one-third of their interest to A. Doolittle, who immediately went to improving his purchase, but did not become a citizen until the fall of 1833. [This erroneous statement is corrected in the letter from S. S. White, already given. — Ed.] " In the fall of 1833, Dr. William R. Ross came to Burlington with a valu- able stock of goods, accompanied by his father, who was an old Revolutionary soldier, and who was one of the first settlers in Lexington, Ky. But the old man being worn down with toil and age, and not having the constitution to stand the exposures incident to the settlement of a new country, was attacked with chills and fever, and died that fall, being the first of the emigrants who died in this part of the Territory. '• Late in the same fall, Jeremiah Smith brought to the place a fine stock of goods, and engaged in merchandising, but previous to that, he had taken up a claim about a mile and a half back from the river, and made some valuable improvements on it. These adventurous pioneers have erected for themselves a monument on the pages of history which will outlast the iron pillar or the marble slab. " The original town of Burlington was drafted and surveyed by Benjamin Tucker and William R. Ross, in the months of November and December, 1833 ;. A. Doolittle and Simpson S. White being the proprietors. In 1837^ the whole town wasresurveyed by Gilbert M. Harrison, under the direction of the Gen- eral Government, but it retains its original name. " Cupid was not slow in finding his way to Iowa ; he was among the first emigrants, and he soon got up a little contest of love between William R. Ross and Matilda Morgan, who compromised the afiair by agreeing to take each other 478 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY.. for better or for worse through their natural lives. But this agreement did not end their difficulties, for they had not the officials on the west side of the river, by whom tlie contract could be solemnized. To overcome this, the parties with their friends crowded into a flatboat, and paddled to the Illinois side of the river, procured from Monmouth, 111., a man possessed of legal authority, who in the flatboat before their friends, pronounced them man and wife, which is presumed to have been the first marriage of emigrants in the Territory after the Black Hawk Purchase." ^^j^j^j^^^ON in 1839. An editorial in the Patriot of June, 1889, gives the following brief descrip- tion of Burlington as it appeared then : " During the present high state of water. Front or Water street is about fourteen feet above the level of the river. This elevation extends to a width of about four or five hundred feet, at which point a gentle ascent commences, which reaches to the top of the blufi", afford- ing a delightful location for private residences. The buildings on this eminence can be seen on the Illinois side for a distance of fourteen miles. Burlington suffered very much during the winter before last (1837-38) in consequence of an extensive fire, which destroyed several handsome buildings, among which was the State-house. The Legislature during the last winter, held its sessions in the new brick Methodist meeting-house. The improvements which have been made are creditable to the ftiterprise of our fellow-citizens. Among the improvements may be mentioned the block of three-story brick buildings erected by Messrs. Lamson, Ladd and Rorer. During the present season, two new wharves iiave been constructed by the contributions of the citizens, and we soon expect to see the the whole length of Front street handsomely graded. A steam ferry-boat runs regularly from this point to Montreal, and we have not seen it return once this season without being literally crowded with passengers, mostly emigrants to Iowa." The same editorial speaks of the rapid growth of Burlington, but believes that the richness of the agricultural country back of the town will sustain the growing place. The editor could see nothing in the future to " prevent Bur- lington from becoming a city of considerable importance." The following brief description of the size and business interests of Bur- lington in July, 1839, was published in the Patriot: "The city is supposed to contain about 1,600 inhabitants, having had 1,200 at the taking of the cen- sus in June, 1838. It is the largest town in the Territory except Dubuque, and perliaps exceeds that. It has one large church, well built of bricks, for the Metliodists. The private residences, with few exceptions, are at present small, incommodious and unsuited to the climate ; as might be expected in a country acquired but six years from the Indians, and among a people accustomed to live in denial of the luxuries and conveniences afforded by well-built buildings. Burlington is a town of much business, being the port for Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson and part of Van Buren Counties, comprehending a population of nearly 15,000. It has three large brick stores of three stories each, one other smaller brick store, four dwellings of the same material, and some dozen or more other stores and shops. It has also two weekly newspapers." JULY 4, 1839. In the light of subsequent evei^ts, it is interesting to note that on July 4, 1839, the day was celebrated m Burlington by the reading of the Declaration of Independence by " Gen. A. C. Dodge, and the delivery of an oration by James W. Grimes, Esq." The exercises were held in the Methodist meeting- HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 479 house, and Rev. J. Bachelder invoked divine blessing on the occasion and the people generally. The " Iowa Guards " paraded for the first time on that day " in their new uniforms, and looked very soldiei'-like." PROPOSED CHANGE OF NAME. The name "Burlington" was not satisfactory to some of the settlers, and the Patriot was especially urgent in its advocacy of a change. The argument against the retention of the title provided by Mr. Gray was its lack of originality. Even the Boston papers took the matter up and urged a change. The news- paper discussion lasted for several months, during the decade of 1840-50, but finally died out. The matter did not reach a point where a substitute was generally agreed upon, but some Indian name appeared to be the favorite. BORN A METROPOLIS. In 1841, John B. Newhall, of Burlington, published a little volume called "Sketches of Iowa, or the Emigrant's Guide." The book was indorsed by Gov. Lucas and Hon. George W. Jones, then Surveyor General of Wisconsin and Iowa Territories. From that work, which is now exceedingly rare, is taken so much information as relates to Burlington and Des Moines County, the object being to permanently preserve a truthful report of the condition of this region in 1840-41. " Mr. Newhall refers to the one Indian trading-house in Shok-ko-kon in 1832, and compares the place with the ' Burlington ' of 1841, where the traveler could "perambulate Water street with its spacious brick warehouses that would do honor to any city in the land. Then his bed might have been oak leaves, with the canopy of heaven for a covering ; or, perchance, his dinner might have consisted of wild honey from the hollow trunk of a hickory ; noiv he can dine sumptuously at the National, the Western, the Burlington or the Mansion House, and, in exchange for a seat upon a ' stump ' with the company of an Indian trapper, he reposes on the drawing-room sofa, smoking ' Principes ' with a judge. Such has been the progress of Burlington from the 'Flint Hills ' of 1832 to the gay and hustling metropolis of 1841 !" BUSINESS MEN OF AULD LANG SYNE. It is exceedingly interesting to look over the names of prominent business men of thirty-five years ago, but sad to reflect how few of them are left in our midst. They have, many of them, removed to other scenes of activity, or passed to that bourn whence no traveler ever returns. Mr. Newhall, in his " Directory of some of the principal mercantile establishments, professions, etc., for 1840-41," mentions the following : Forwarding and commission houses, dry goods, etc., Bridgman & Partridge, H. W. Moore & Co., David & Kitchen, Webber & Remey, Charles Nealley, Chase & Kimball, Ewing & Logan, M. B. Cox & Co., C. Eddy & Co., W. Jones, McCarver & White, Luke Palmer ; hardware. Cook & Cochrane ; jewelry, A. W. Carpenter ; druggists and apothecaries, Hasbrauck & Wheeler, J. M. Rob- ertson ; stoves and castings, Patterson & Ralston ; sheet-iron, tin, stoves, etc., S. A. Hudson, W. Ladd ; saddlery, J. K. Field ; shoe and leather dealers, Adams & Co. ; gunsmith, L. Babbitt ; tailoring establishments, George Temple, C. H. Miller, Buel, P. Dykens, Lucas k Morrison ; groceries, coffee- houses and provision stores, J. G. Kriechbaum, W. C. Morrison, Robert Burns, Bruin J. Wood & Son. Among the 480 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. PROFESSIONAI- MEN were the following physicians, none of whom are now living here: Drs. Enos Lowe, L. W. Hickoic, E. B. Price, S. Ransom, Robert Martin, James W. Davis. The attorneys were J. D. Learned. W. Henry Starr, D. Rorer, William 11. Starr, W. VV. Chapman, James W. Woods, M. D. Browning, Shep- herd Leftler, James W. Grimes, J. R. Fayerweather. HOTELS. National House, kept by J. C. Fletcher; Burlington House, kept by A. H. Miller; Mansion House, kept by D. & T. B. Hammers; Western Hotel, kept by James W. Nealley ; Iowa Hotel, kept by George W. Hight ; Farmers' Inn, kept by Mr. Steele. David B. Anderson and Henry C. Anderson were authorized to keep a ferry across the Mississippi at the lower end of Burlington January 19, 1844. EXECUTION OF THE HODGE BROTHERS. The only executions which have taken place in Des Moines [County were those which transpired in 1845, being the legal hanging of William and Stephen Hodge. Those unfortunate young men were guilty of murder, and paid the penalty of their atrocious crime, on a gallows erected west of Burlington, near the Mount Pleasant road, in a natural amphitheater formed by surrounding hil- locks. The history of the crime and its result is one of the most peculiar and dramatic that has been discovered by the writer in the annals of the State. On the night of May 10, 1845, partially disguised men entered the house of one Leise. three miles west of West Point, in Lee County, evidently for the purpose of robbing the inmates of real or supposed wealth. The fjxmily con- sisted of Leise, his father-in-law, John Miller, and Mr. and Mrs. Risser, the latter a daughter of Leise. In the early morning light, the young couple, who were aroused from their slumbers by the noise of a pistol-shot and heavy blows, discovered men in the room occupied by the older men. A deadly encounter was in progress. As soon as he could do so, Risser appeared on the scene, when the assailant.s fled, leaving behind them a cap and two or three clubs. Just outside the door, John Miller's dead body was found, lying in a pool of blood, which llowed from a fearful stab or knife-wound, which had reached a vital spot. Leise was discovered to be in. a fatally wounded condition, having been shot with a pistol and also badly cut with some sharp instrument. Shortly after the murder, the Hodges, who were Mormons and lived at Nauvoo, 111., were arrested and indicted for the crime. The tribunal before which the criminals were taken was the Territorial District Court, over which Chief Justice Charles Mason presided. This Court held its sessions in Bur- lington, in the church edifice now known as "Old Zion," which was then the only commodious building in the place. This fact furnishes the peculiar feat- ures of the case. The trial began Monday, June 10, 1845. The jury consisted of David Leonard, Eli Walker, Robert Mickey, James Snow, Isaac Chandler, Vincent Shelley. William Bennett, Joel Hargrove, Moses B. Nutt, Jolm Smith, Thomas Stout and John D. Cameron. L. D" Stockton was prosecutor, and F. D. Mills appeared for the defense. The case lasted one week. The testimony appears m full in the Ilmvk-Eye of June 26, 1845— a piece of newspaper enterprise resulting from Mr. Edwards' accomplishment as a stenographer. Saturday evening, the 21st, the case went to the jury. Sunday morning, the verdict HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 481 was announced. At 9 A. M. of that day, an intensely excited audience assem- bled in Old Zion, not for the purpose of listening to the preaching of the Gos- pel, but to hear the rendering of an awful verdict. Judge Mason received the jury, and the formal proceedings in such cases were observed. The jury found the two prisoners at the bar guilty of murder in the first degree. The jury was discharged, and the Court adjourned until -3 P. M. of that day. Again a dense throng congregated within the walls of that edifice, which had so often reverberated with the songs of praise, and again with all the varying notes of human tongue, from Indian war-whoops to the laughter of innocent children, as they gazed upon some trifling exhibition intended to amuse if not instruct. On that awful day, they were awaiting, Avith hushed breath, to hear, not the word of life, but the grim sentence of a justly inflicted death. The rude tem- ple which had been so often used as the house of God, now beheld a spectacle which found its parallel in the old Mosaic dispensation. The majesty of the law had been assailed ; blood had been spilled by hands fiimiliar with crime, and He who spake from Sinai's flashing cloud had uttered the edict, which could not^e disobeyed. The scene within those wall was one which lacked no element of dramatic power. The pulpit from which sinning humanity had been exhorted to repent and forsake the paths that lead to ruin, was transformed into a bar of justice, from whence should issue the proof of that inexorable warning, "the way of the transgressor is hard." The prisoners were arraigned before the altar, and as the Judge pronounced the sentence, his words betrayed the emotions of his heart. The criminals were but boys in years, but their records proved that their days had been given up to works of evil. They were sentenced to be hanged on the 15th of July, 1845. During their brief confinement in the jail, they were visited frequently by men and women, who urged upon them the necessity of preparing for the day of doom. A partial confession was made by the younger brother, but the elder remained doggedly indiff'erent to his fate. John H. McKenny was Sheriff of the county, and upon him devolved the painful duty of carrying out the sentence. The men were attended by several clergymen at the scaffold, and there again requested to make confession. They both refused to do so, however, and persisted in declaring their innocence. The speeches from the gallows were terrible, considering the clearness of the case. The final act was performed, after they had signified their readiness, and the two young men passed before a tribunal higher than that of earth. After a lapse of thirty-four years, no evidence has been produced to alter public belief in the justice of the verdict. BURLINGTON IN 1845. In August, 1845, the Hawk- Eije gave the population of Burlington as 3,000, During the two years preceding, it had grown with a " rapidity which aston- ished everybody," to quote the language of that paper. More than one hun- dred and fifty buildings had been erected in less tihan two years. In 1846, the Hmvk-Eye said that the city was still " on the onward march. Its steady growth, the permanency of its buildings, the moral character of its inhabitants, the liberal course pursued by its merchants, and its facility of trade make it a desirable locality." sears' DESCRIPTION IN 1848. In 1848, there was published a book called "A New and Popular Pictorial Description of the United States," by Robert Sears, of New York. The char. 482 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. acter of tlie work was such as to include brief mention of the new States and Territories. From those pages are gathered fragments of information pertinent to the subject here considered. In the li»ht of established fact it is interesting to read that, in 1848, the belief was that " Iowa is destined to become one of the great States of the West. No country on the globe is better situated for farming purposes." The city of Burlington was then able to boast of about two thousand inhab- itants. ''• Daily communication was had by steamboats with near and distant river towns, above and below, and by stage coaches three times a week with Dubuque." For the vear ending June, 1847, the business of Burlington was reported as follows : Imports — 687 tons of salt ; 305 tons of iron, stoves and casting ; 2,784 tons of general merchandise. Exports— lQ,2,b\ bushels of oats ; 118,228 bushels of corn ; 207,948 bush- els of wheat ; 666 bushels of beans ; 500 bushels of flaxseed ; 1,847 bushels of barley; 32,821 barrels of flour; 384 barrels of whisky ; 1,643 tons of pftrk, bacon and lard ; 150 tons of hay ; 23 tons of dry hides. Total tonnage, 14,250. Average cost of transportation, $6 per ton. There were 524 steamboat arrivals. Cabin passage from St. Louis was $5, and 5,230 passengers made the trip. Besides that number of first-class travel- ers, there were 7,845 who took a half-price ticket, and poorer accommodations below deck. There were about one thousand horses and vehicles moved by steamer during the year. A comparative statement of the Western cities is interesting in connection with the foregoing. In 1848, Chicago had surprised the country by growing to the enormous size of 17,000 inhabitants. St. Louis claimed 16,469 within the then chartered limits, and 26,000 including suburbs. It was " the greatest river port, except New Orleans, in the world ! " Its steamboat arrivals num- bered 2,412, with a tonnage of 467,824. Detroit, which was the capital of this region when the original counties of Des Moines and Dubuque were cre- ated, then numbered 19,000 inhabitants. THE DIRECTORY OF 1856. From the " Business Directory and Review " of 1856, is gathered a state- ment of the condition of the city at that time. The citizens were pronounced a ''driving, thrifty, persevering " class of men, and the prosperity of the town sustained the assertion. The pork trade amounted to a large sum. The shipment of hogs, pork, lard, etc., during the winter of 1855-56 was as follows: Live hogs, 30,172; dressed hogs, 19,075; barrels of pork, 719 ; pounds of lard, 592,655. About 65,000 hogs were slaughtered. Next in importance came the grain trade. The amount of grain hauled Avas : Wheat, 297,000 bushels ; oats, 304,000 bu.^hels ; corn, 100,000 bushels; rye, 6,100 bushels. There were 21,900 barrels of flour manufactured. The sales of lumber aggregated 7,200,000 feet. The wholesale and retail goods trade was divided as follows : dry goods, wholesale, ^300,000 ; retail, $285,000 ; groceries, wholesale, $477,(100; hardware, $209,000 ; dxxigs, etc., $150,000; aggregate sales $1,421,000. We quote further from the Directory: "The manufactures of Burlington deserve attention. There are three breweries in operation, which manufacture about 200 barrels of beer per week ; but on account of the temperance law of this State, farmers did not raise barley, and it is difficult to get grain enough HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 483 to keep the breweries going. They are now dependent entirely upon Illinois and Wisconsin. " There are two plow-factories, one of which employ twenty hands, and turned out durin'g the year 1855, 3,500 plows. There is a carriage-factory, which employs twenty hands, and the workmanship is said to be equal to any- thing brought from the East. There is a Woodworth plaining-mill, which is kept busily employed ; but the amount of lumber manufactured could not be ascertained. A sash-factory employs ten hands, and turns out about $15,000 worth of work per annum. There are seven brick-yards, which manufactured upward of 3,500,000 bricks during the last year. The present year (1856), they will make 7,000,000. The price of common brick is $5 per thousand. There are three steam saw-mills, but logs have been so scarce during the present year, that they were not kept running regularly. There are three iron foundries, and steam-engine and saw-mill manufacturers and builders. The number of engines built was eighty-five; fifty-six boilers were constructed; one hundred and twenty saw-mills were erected, and the total value of the manufactures was $175,000. " The city has steadily increased in all essentials that go to make up a thriving city, and for the last few years it has gone ahead with a rapidity and, yet, with a prudence, on the part of her business men, that gives an earnest of future greatness not to be excelled by any point in the great Northwest. From a population of a little over two thousand in 1850, that had increased in 1854 to about eight thousand, it has now (May 1, 1856) attained a little less than fiftjeen thousand. " Our railroads, east to Chicago, have been in operation about one year, and in that time, our city has increased nearly 100 per cent in population, and from 200 to 400 per cent in business ; and this, notwithstanding a great part of our imports by the river, have had to pay a heavy toll at the Des Moines Rapids, a fact which has lost to St. Louis a large amount of trade. "Our railroad west to the Missouri, too, has made a noble start; and ere another year has rolled around, the snorting of the iron horse will be heard across the prairies. "The work has been commenced of tearing down and removing old houses, and breaking ground prepai-atory to the erection of many new and expensive blocks of buildings. There have also been erected, within the past year, three large and beautiful churches — one of them said to be the finest in Iowa; and whilst the business part of the city has been filling up with large and substan- tial houses, indicative of our prosperity, the elevated plains which surround the city on three sides, and are a part of it, have been covered with nice cottages and costly dwellings, nearly every one having ample grounds, thus making Burlington as delightful a place of residence, as it is desirable a place of business." THE FIRST GENERAL DIRECTORY. The first directory of the city of Burlington was compiled by Watson Bow- ron, and published by J, L. Corse & Son, No. 30 Jefferson street, in 1859. It is a little book of 108 pages, with nearly every alternate page an advei'tise- ment, and there are probably very few of them at present in existence. It contains the official roster of the city, a list of the churches and their pastors, a list of societies and their officers, and of schools and their teachers, besides the military companies, the printing offices, banks, and the names of the various post offices in the county. To a resident of the city twenty years ago, it would be very fruitful of remembrance; and from a preliminary sketch of the city's 484 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. history, we extract a description of it, as it was when the work was pre- pared : "At the time of compiling this directory, its popuLation, as nearly as we can estimate, is somewhat over fifteen thousand. The business portion of the citv is mostly limited to tiie lower districts, skirting the river and the banks of the Hawk-Eve, whose bed divides the city about midway, running east and west ; the hills on either hand are, for the most part, crowded with dwelling-houses — many of them ornamental and extensive. It contains fourteen churches, namely: Three Preseyterian, two Baptist, two Methodist, two Catholic, two German Reformed, one Lutheran, one Episcopal and one Congregational. Some other congregations, that have no house of worship, hold their meetings in some one or other of the numerous large public halls, with which the city is well supplied. There are two large public schoolhouses; one situated on the north, and the other on the south hill, each capable of accommodating from four to six schools. The Burlington University, under the control of the Baptist Church, occupies a handsome range of buildings and conspicuous location on the hill rising in the western portion of the city. It is a flourishing institution and well endowed. Besides these public schools, there are numerous private classes taught in various parts of the city, and there is no lack of the means of educa- tion. " The conformation of the surrounding country insures to Burlington a prominent position among the business places of this section of the Union. For nearly twenty miles above and below, on either side of the river, the for- mation of its banks precludes the establishment of a rival town of any importance ; thus. an extensive section of the finest and most fertile country in the world must forever remain tributary to this point. "In addition to these natural advantages, capital and labor have lent their aid, with unstinting hand, to advance its interests. Early in the year 1855, the Burlington & Chicago Railroad was opened. Previous to this, all transac- tions and purchases of produce and goods were with reference to the facilities offered for transportation by the Mississippi. During a greater part of the year, the river was either frozen over or a general stage of low water rendered navi- gation uncertain and tedious. But the opening of this road to the lakes, put us in direct communication with Eastern cities, and thereafter there was no necessity for depending upon the river for transportation, except for heavy goods purchased in the Southern markets. Much difficulty was still expe- rienced in that particular, as the season for making such purchases came at the time of the lowest stage of water, which entirely prevented the passage of boats of the larger size over the lower rapids. Happily for our merchants, they are not obliged any longer to wait for high water. In May, 1856, the Burlington & Quincy Railroad was opened, and our dealers have taken advantage of the facilities offered for obtaining their supplies of heavy goods by that route, which reaches the river so far below the rapids as not to be dependent upon high water, there being always sufficient water at Quincy for boats of the larger class. " In August, 1856, the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad was put in operation from this city to Mount Pleasant. Much was expected from this road. Burlington merchants, grain and provision dealers and manufacturers anticipated a largely-increased trade, by reason of the superior facilities it offered for reaching the trade of the interior, and from present appearances their anticipations will be fully realized. The country through which the road passes is one of unlimited resources, which are only partially developed. When HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY, 485 this road shall have been finished through to the Missouri River, and have formed all of its connections, it cannot but become one of the best paying roads in the West. It is now finished to a point near the line of Wapello County, and is expected to reach the Des Moines River, at Ottumwa, in the course of the present winter, penetrating into the interior of the State farther than any other road at this time. It is also being pushed forward with greater activity than any other. " The Peoria & Burlington Railroad was opened for trade in the early part of last year. This important road puts this city in direct connection with the cities and towns of Central, Eastern and Southern Illinois, as the Chicago road does with the northern section of that State and the Eastern States. Thus does this city already enjoy great facilities in the way of railroad travel and transportation, and further are yet in contemplation. A road to connect with the Keokuk Road at Fort Madison has been determined on, by which the impediment to the connection with the river, below the rapids, in low stages of the water, will be obviated. This last-named road will probably be extended as far northward as the Muscatine & Oskaloosa Trunk Road, near the mouth of Cedar River, in Louisa County. "It is not necessary, here, to go into a detail of the different branches of business carried on in Burlington. It may be as well, however, to give some general statistics concerning the trade and commerce of this place. The means at our command is the report of the Board of Trade, made last year. During the previous year, the aggregate sales in the dry goods line reached the sum of $891,000. The sales of groceries reached about the same figures. Of hard- ware, iron and stoves, the sales amounted to : For hardware, $188,200 ; iron, $68,000 ; stoves, $75,500. The amount of shoes manufactured exceeded the sum of $20,000, but the aggregate of sales could not be ascertained. The aggregate sales of furniture amounted to the sum of $75,000, while the amount manufactured was $20,400. The following table shows the amount of lumber sold during the year : Lumber 12,850,000 feet. Shingles 7,858,000 Lath 4,000,000 " For fuel the river bottoms aiford an inexhaustible supply of wood, and the country on either side, within a moderate distance, furnishes abundance of coal. The amount of coal brought to the city by the Burlington & Chicago Railroad, for that year, was 3,996 tons. The total amount of flour manufact- ured by the City Mills was 54,000 barrels, and the total amount forwarded by the railroad East for the year was 18,700 barrels. Of wheat the total receipts were 437,000 bushels, and the total forwarded by railroad was 187,500 bushels. Of corn, 34,000 bushels were forwarded to Chicago, and 17,000 bushels shipped to Southern and Northern ports. Of vinegar, 8,000 barrels were manufact- ured, at a cost of $24,000 ; and of lager beer, 4,996 barrels were made, at a cost of about $50,000. A large number of fat cattle are annually sent East by railroad. " The following table shows the number of hogs forwarded by railroad, and the number slaughtered and packed during the year, also the number shipped in 1855: Hogs forwarded by Burlington & Chicago R. R,., live 52,371 " " " " " dressed 16,664 Hogs slaughtered at our slaughter and packing houses 64,000 Hogs packed. ... 1,200 Hogs forwarded, 1855— dressed, 1,400; live 20,480 486 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. " With regard to these returns, it may be remarked, that trade and com- merce are, as vet, in embryo at this point, and of course must be expected to increase, though at certain seasons there may be partial and occasional diminu- tions. "We will conchule with the following tables of exports and imports, and ot manufactories from the same report. The table shows the exports and imports of Burlington for the year 1856: REOEIVED BY BURLINGTON & CHICAGO BAILBOAD. Promiscous freight, tons 14,099 Coal, tons 4,000 Lumber, feet 4,000,000 Shingles 8,600,000 Lath 2,000,000 RECEIVED BY RIVER. rromiscuous freight, tons 8,000 Coal, tons 100 Lumber, feet 8,800,000 Shingles 550,000 Lath 2,000,000 FORWARDED BY BURLINGTON '■y^^^^i^ ^^■^ '^-^Z/^-^^^^^-z^^i^. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 493 1, 1869, the deaths from disease in Burlington and its vicinity were two hundred and fifty-five, of which only twelve were from consumption. The cemeteries whose records I examined may be fairly said to be the receptacles of the dead of a population of 20,000. Two hundred and sixty deaths among this number would make a mortality of thirteen per thousand, which is two less than that of the United States at large. At Boston, the annual mortality is twenty per thou- sand ; at New York and Philadelphia, twenty-six per thousand; and in New Orleans, sixty per thousand. The yearly mortality of England is estimated at twenty-two per thousand, and that of the whole of Europe considerably higher ; so that the climate of the United States must be considered as among the most favorable to longevity, and that of Southern Iowa as among the most favorable of the United States." The elevation of Burlington above the sea at the shore line in low water is 486 feet. The range between high and low water is 18 feet. The bluffs at the highest points are about 200 feet above low water. THE GOVERNMENT SURVEY. When the original survey was made on White's claim, the land was his only by right of '^clann." The lines run in the fall of 1833 were only such as claimants were permitted to make. In July, 1836, on the 2d of that month, the President of the United States approved a bill which had been passed by Congress, entitled, " An act for laying off the towns of Fort Madison and Bur- lington, in the county of Des Moines, and the towns of Belleview, Dubuque and Peru, in the county of Dubuque, Territory of Wisconsin, and for other purposes." The law provided: " That the tracts of land in the Territory of Wisconsin, including the towns of Fort Madison and Burlington, in the county of Des Moines ; Belleview, Dubuque and Peru, in the county of Dubuque ; Mineral Point, in the county of Iowa, shall, under the direction of the Sur- veyor General of the Public Lands, be laid off into town lots, streets, ave- nues, and the lots for public use called public squares, and into outlots, hav- ing regard to the lots and streets already surveyed, in such manner and of such dimensions as he may think proper for the public good and the equitable rights of the settlers and occupants of the said towns ; provided, the tracts so to be laid off into town lots, etc., shall not exceed the quantity of one entire section, nor the town lots one-half of an acre ; nor shall the outlots exceed the quantity of four acres each. When the survey of the lots shall be completed, a plat thereof shall be returned to the Secretary of the Treasury, and within six months thereafter the lots shall bo offered to the highest bidder, at pub- lic fsale, under the direction of the President of the United States, and at such other times as he shall think proper ; provided, that no town lot shall be sold for a sum less than $5 ; and provided further, that a quantity of land, of a proper width, on the river-banks, at the towns of Fort Madison, Belleview, Burlington, Dubuque and Peru, and running with the said river the whole length of said towns, shall be reserved from sale (as shall also the pub- lic squares), for public use, and remain forever for public use, as public high- ways, and for other public uses." The second section of the laAV provided that the Surveyor should classify the lots already surveyed into three divisions, according to relative value, governed by location, without regard to improvements thereon ; and prior to general sale, the original claimants were permitted to make entry of their respective parcels, at the rate of $40, $20 or $10, according as the said par- cels had been graded first, second or third class. No one person was per- L 4i»-l HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. mitted to purchase more than one acre of such surveyed lots, and actual improvement or occupation was an essential qualification to purchase under this reserve. A sum of $3,000 of public moneys was appropriated to defray the expense of surveying. An amendment to the original bill was approved March 3, 1837, delegat- ing to a commission of three the duty of surveying the foregoing cities, and relieving the Territorial Surveyor of the task. Those Commissioners had additional poAvers to review all contests over claims, and submit the testimony taken by them to the Register and Receiver of the respective land districts, who had authority to determine the cases. After the settlement of such claims, the residue of the lots was offered at public sale at the land offices. Gilbert M. Harrison made the survey, in 1837. FIRST INCORPORATION. The original session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, at Belmont, passed a general law, entitled " An act to incorporate the inhabitants of such towns as wish to be incorporated." The bill was approved December 6, 1836. In accordance with that law, the people of Burlington signified a " wish to be incorporated," and the wish was carried out. An election was held in the spring of 1837, and resulted in the election of the following officers : President, Amos Ladd ; Trustees, David Rorer, George H. Beeler, Enoch Wade, George W. Kelley. The first meeting of the Board was held at the office of David Rorer, on the 29th of April, 1837. ^ THE FIRST RECORDS. The earliest record-book in the office of the City Clerk is dated April 29, 1837. On the first page, appears a series of twelve rules and regulations for the government of the Board of Trustees of the town of Burlington, when that body was in session. The I'ules were the ordinary measures adopted in such cases, and were not of sufficient oddity to bear reproduction here. ORIGINAL BOUNDARIES. The first ordinance adopted by the Board was one establishing the bounda- ries of the toAvn, as follows : " Beginning on the west bank of the Mississippi River, at the point where the most southern boundary of the survey of the Ad- dition of Enoch Wade to said town strikes said river; thence with the southern boundary line of said survey to the southwest corner of said addition : thence by a continuation of said line direct to a point one-half mile due west of the place of beginning ; thence by a direct line to a point one-half mile tlue west from the center of the mouth of the Town Branch in LefHer's Addition to said town ; thence by a direct line to a point one-half mile due west from a point on the west bank of the Mississippi River, where the most northern line of the survey of Kelley's Addition to said town strikes tht; same ; thence due east to the extreme north- west corner of the survey of said Kelley's Addition ; and thence by the north- ern boundary line of said Kelley's Addition, to the Mississippi River ; thence due east to the center of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence down the center of the main channel of said river to a point in the center of tiie said channel due east of the place of beginning ; thence due west to the place of beginning.'" The ordinance provided for the marking-out and surveying of the bounda- ries described, and was signed by Amos Ladd, President of the Board of Trustees, and by Thornton Bayliss, Clerk pro tern. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 495 Ordinance No. 2 provided for the appointment of certain officers of the corporation of the town of Burlington, viz. : The President and Board were authorized to elect by ballot a Clerk, a Treasurer, an Assessor, a Collector, a Marshal, an Engineer, a Superintendent of Streets, a Solicitor, to hold office for one year. The ordinance also defined the duties of certain officers. Ordinance No. 3 explained the duties of the Assessor. No. 4 regulated the police system. No. 8 provided for the erection of a bridge across the " Town Branch." Then followed sundry measures looking to the general order of the town. No. 16 provided for the erection of a market-house on the block com- monly called "Market Square," situated on Front and Second streets, and including the mouth of the Town Branch. The Engineer of the streets was authorized to contract for a building, not to exceed $400. No. 24 provided for the levy and collection of a corporation tax. In all, twenty-nine ordinances were passed by the original Board. ORIGINAL OFFICERS. The full list of officers is here given : President, Amos Ladd ; Clerk, Thornton Bayliss ; Treasurer, Hanson E. Dickinson ; Assessor, D. Henderson ; Marshals, James Cameron, John Harris, G. W. Kesler ; Collector, J. E. Starr ; Engineers, Thomas S. Easton, John Campbell ; Trustees, David Borer, George H. Beeler, Enoch Wade, George W. Kelley ; Solicitors, James W. Grimes, J. W. Woods, Charles Mason. Mr. Grimes appeared before the Board and thanked them for the honor conferred, but admitted that he was not qualified for the position, being yet less than twenty-one years of age! He was born October 20, 1816. The Board, in recognition of his abilities, still insisted upon his retaining the position, and waived the legal points. Mr. Grimes accepted the honor. THE CITY CHARTER. In February, 1838, the city of Burlington was organized under a charter granted by the Legislature of the Territory of Wisconsin, dated January 19, 1838. The Legislature met in Burlington. In the bill referred to, the bound- aries of the city were defined as follows ; " All that part of the territory included within the following-defined limits, to wit : Beginning on the west bank of the Mississippi River, in the County of Des Moines, at a point where the southern boundary line of the official sur- vey of the town of Burlington, ma le by authority of the United States, strikes said river ; thence with the said southern boundary line to the southwestern corner of said survey ; thence with the western boundary of said survey to the northwestern corner of said survey ; thence with the northern boundary line of said survej, to where the same strikes the Mississippi River ; thence due east to the middle of the main channel of said river ; thence down the middle of the main channel thereof, to a point in said main channel due east of the place of beginning ; and thence due west of the place of beginning, shall be, and the same is hereby erected into a corporate city forever, and shall henceforth be called and known by the name of the city of Burlington," The first election under this act was held at the Wisconsin Hotel, in the said city. Certain amendments to the general provisions of the bill were passed Jan- uary 24, 1839, and January 15, 1841, by the Legislature of the Territory of Iowa. 496 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. RE-INCORPORATION. June 10, 1845, a bill was approved by the Governor of Iowa Territory, re- incorporating the city of Burlington. This sketch has nothing to do with the several gove'i-nniental regulations, except as they apply to the history of the various distinct city departments, and need, therefore, quote only so much of the charter of '45, as relates to the boundary lines of the city as then estab- lished. These were: " Beginning on the west bank of the Mississippi River, in the county of Des Moines, at a point where the southern boundary line of the official survey of the town of Burlington, made by authority of the United States, strikes said river; thence with the said southern boundary line to the southwestern corner of said survey ; thence with the western boundary of said survey to the northwestern corner of said survey ; thence with the northwestern boundary line of said survey to where the same strikes the Mississippi River; thence due east to the middle of the main channel of said river; thence down the middle of the main channel thereof to a point in said main channel due east from the place of beginning, and thence due west to the place of beginning." Amendments relative to the general management of city affairs were passed February 22, 1847, January 23, 1848, December 27, 1848, and February 4, 1851. The latter act again fixed the boundaries of the city,!as follows: " Commencing in the middle of the channel of the Mississippi River, at a point eighty rods due south of the line dividing Sections Four and Nine, Township Sixty-nine north, of Range Two Avest; thence west and parallel with the line dividing said sections, to the west line of Section Eight of same township; thence north along the west line of Sections Eight and Five of said township, and along the west line of Section Thirty-two of Township Seventy north, of range "twb west, for the distance of two and a quarter miles from the southwest corner of said boundary; thence east with the north line of said Section Thirty-two, to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning." From 1851 to 1873, twenty-one special and general acts of the Legislature have affected the charter of 1845, which need not be noticed in detail. BURLINGTON A CITY OF THE FIRST CLASS. On the 1st day of November, 1873, Gov. Carpenter caused the following statement to be promulgated: STATE OF IOWA, ss. The undersigned, having examined the returns of the census of 1873, on file in the office of the Secretary of State, have ascertained, in accordance with Section 509 of the Code, that the following-named cities, having attained a population of fifteen thousand and upward, are entitled to become cities of the first class, to wit, the city of Burlington, in the county of Des Moines; the city of Des Moines, in the county of Polk; and that the following-named towns having attained a population exceeding two thousand, are entitled to become cities of the second class, to wic The town of Marion, in the county of Linn; the town of Lansing, in the county of .\llamakee. In testimony whereof, witness our hands, this first day of November, A. D. 1873. C. C. CARPENTER, Governor. JOHN RUSSELL, Auditor of State. JOSIAH T. YOUNG, Secretary of State. ABANDONMENT OF THE CHARTER. The Code of Iowa, chapter 10, provides [§434] that any city or town incorporated by special charter, or in any other manner than that provided by HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 497 that chapter [10], may abandon its charter and organize under the provisions of that chapter of the code, with the same territorial limits, by pursuing a given course, viz.: [§435.] By submitting the question to the people, at an election held for the purpose, upon the petition of fifty or more voters. [§436.] The Mayor or President shall issue a proclamation of election, and observe certain forms prescribed therefor. [§437.] The people shall vote for and against the proposed change; [§438] and if a majority of all votes cast shall be in favor of the abandonment of the charter, then the Council or Trustees shall call a special election at once, for a new set of ofiicers, according to its class, and the new order of government, under the general law, shall be begun. [§439.] The change in no way alters or abridges the powers or liabilities of the corporation taking such action. In accordance with the Code, some of the citizens of Burlington concluded to agitate the question of a change in the city government, and in July, 1874, the following petition was presented to the Council : City Council-chamber, 1 July 6, 1874. f PETITION. To the Honorable Mayor and Council of the City of Burlington, Iowa : Your petitioners, resident voters and property-owners within the corporate limits of said city, would respectfully represent that they believe to abandon the present city charter and organize under the general incorporation laws of the State as a city of the first class, would prove beneficial to the future interests of said city, and to this end your petitioners would ask your honorable body to submit said question to the qualified electors of said city, as the laws provide, and for which your petitioners will ever pray. [Signed.] P. F. UNTERKIRCHER, And 150 others. The petition was referred to a special committee of three, in connection with the City Solicitor, consisting of Aldermen McArthur, Boormaster and Gilbert. The committee reported that there was no discretionary power vested in the Council in the matter, and that the prayer must be granted. The Council thereupon ordered that the election be held January 11, 1875, in the several precincts of the city, and thereby determine the will of the people. Hon. A. C. Dodge, Mayor of Burlington, issued a proclamation ordering the election, July 21, and on the 11th day of January following the people voted on the question, with the following result: For the abandonment of the charter, 961 votes ; against the abandonment of the charter, 127 votes. The result was formally announced, and the date of the first election under the general law was fixed on March 1, 1875. The officers chosen at that time will be found further on in this chapter. EXTENSION OF THE CITY LIMITS. In March, 1876, the question of extending the limits of the city was pre- sented to the Council and discussed. It was then resolved to submit the mat- ter to the voters of the city, in compliance with law, and on the 27th of March, Mayor Parsons issued a proclamation fixing upon the 29th of April, 1876, as the day of election. The following proclamation announced the result : Mayor's Office, "| City of Burlington, Iowa, j Whereas. In pursuance of an act of the Legislature of the State of Iowa, entitled " An act empowering cities to extend their corporate limits," passed March 8, A. D. 1876, and in pur- suance of a resolution of tlie City Council of said city, I, as Mayor of said city, did issue a proc- lamation on the 27th day of March, A. D. 1876, proclaiming that on the 29th day of April, A 498 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. D. 1K7G, at the Court House of Des Moines County, in said city, there would be held an election, bv the legal voters within the hereinafter-described limits, to determine the question as to whether said city should increase its limits as hereinafter described ; and Whereas, Hy the returns of said election there were iKli) votes for the proposed extension of the citr limits" and 128 votes against the proposed extension of the city limits; Now." therefore, by reason thereof, and as by law provided, I hereby proclaim that from henceforth the limits of said city shall be as follows, to wit: Commencing in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River, at a point due east of the center of fractional Section Twenty-eight (28), Township Seventy (70) north, of Range two (2) west; thence west on a line passing through the center of Sections Twenty-eight (28) and Twenty-nine (29), to the center of Section Twenty-nine (29) ; thence north to the quarter-section corner on the north side of Sec- tion Twenty-nine (29); thence west along the northern line of Sections Twenty-nine (29) and Thirty (30), in Township Seventy (70) north, of Range Two (2) west, to the township line between Range Two (2) and Range Three (3); thence south along said township line to the quarter-section corner on the west side of Section Eighteen (18), Township Sixty-nine (69) north, of Range Two (2) west; thence east along the center line of Sections Eighteen (18), Seventeen (17). and fractional Section Sixteen (IG), Township Sixty-nine (G9), Range Two (2) west, and a continuation of said line to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence northerly along the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning. A. W. PARSONS, Mayor of the City of Burlington. Attest: J. S. Halliday, City Clerk. Dated July 31, A D. 1876. THE CITY SEAL, The original seal of Burlington, consisted of the reverse side of a United States dime impressed in wafer, over which a diamond-shaped piece of thin paper was affixed. The present seals are: An impression in circular form, with the words "City of Burlington, Iowa," on the outer circle, and the word "seal" and the presentation of a steamboat in the interior of the circle. The Police Court seal consists of a circular impression, with the words " Police Court, City of Burlington," on the outer circle, and the word " Iowa " in the center. The Clerk's seal substitutes the word.« "City Clerk" and "Iowa" on the outer circle, and the word " Burlington " on the interior of the seal. OFFICIAL ROSTER OF THE CITY. Herewith is given a complete list of the officers who have served the city since its incorporation in 1838: 1838 — George H. Beeler, Mayor; Thornton Bayliss, Recorder ; Charles Mason, Solicitor. Aldermen : Amos Ladd, J. L. Kimball, W. B. Reniey, George Temple, J. Lamson, James McKell, J. B. Newhall, D. Hendershott. 183!) — D. Hendersliott, Mayor; Thornton Bayliss, Recorder; J. B. Web- ber, Treasurer ; John Moore. Marshal ; M. D. Browning, Solicitor. Alder- men : George Temple, A. Ladd, S. Leffler, J. B. Newhall, L. W. Hickok, John H. McKenny, W. H. Starr, David Rice. 1840 — George Temple, Mayor; Lysander W. Babbitt, Recorder; C. Nealley, Treasurer; N. W. Springer, Engineer; W. M. Harris, Marshal; James W. Grimes, Solicitor. Aldermen : A. C. Dodge, G. W. Hight, Levi Hager. John Johnson. Charles Madera, Henry Moore, William C. Morrison, Jesse B. Webber. 15^41 — John John.son, Mayor; L. W. Babbitt (P. F. Brown, to fill vacancy), Recorder; C. NetiUey, Treasurer; William Harris, Marshal; J. W. Woods, Solicitor. Aldermen : Charles Madera, R. S. Adams, Thomas Kitchen, J. W. Webber, Levi Hager, George Beeler, H. Moore, J. A. Funk. 1842— Henry Moore, Mayor; William M. Wallbridge, Recorder; A. W. Carpenter, Treasurer : W. Harris, Marshal ; F. G. Schwatka, Engineer ; H. T. Hugius, Solicitor. Aldermen : Evan Evans, Wilfiam B. Remey, M. D. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 499 Browning, William D. McCash, David Cook, Luke Palmer, William B. Ewing, George Blickhahn. 1843 — Henry Moore, Mayor; William M. Wallbridge, Recorder; A. W, Carpenter, Treasurer ; J. H. Jennings, Engineer ; Silas Ferry, Marshal ; John C. Breckenridge, Solicitor. Aldermen : M. D. Browning, Evan Evans, Samuel Smith, F. J. C. Peasley, William B. Remey, William D. McCash, Luke Palmer, James Kurtz. 1844 — James Clarke, Mayor; William M. Wallbridge, Recorder: A. W. Carpenter, Treasurer ; J. H. Jennings, Engineer ; W. I. Cooper, H. B. Mar- tin, Marshals ; M. D. Browning, Solicitor. Aldermen : John L. Corse, J. P. Funk, Silas Ferry, Thomas Kitchen, Edward Marlow, Luke Palmer, John W. Patterson, Abiatha White. 1845 — J. L. Corse, Mayor; A. E. Harker, Recorder; A. W. Carpenter, Treasurer ; H. B. Marlow, Marshal : G. W. Bowie, Solicitor ; J. H. Jennings, Engineer. Aldermen : Silas A. Hudson, W. H. Postlewait, W. D. McCash, Morgan Evans, Daniel Haskell, Harvey Ray, Richard Wait, B. T. David. 1846 — J. L. Corse, Mayor; Henry Moore, President pro tem. ; A. E. Har- ker, Recorder; W. B. Remey, Treasurer; Jerry White, Marshal; S. R. Thurston, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, Henry Moore ; Second Ward, Lyman Cook, Luke Palmer: Third Ward, Harvey Ray, Richard Wait. 1847 — Levi Hager, Mayor ; John G. Foote, President pro tem. ; A. E. Harker, Recorder ; J. F. Tallant, Treasurer ; J. H. Jennings, Marshal ; David Rorer, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Daniel Haslvell, J. K. Fields ; Second Ward, John G. Foote, William Walker ; Third Ward, H. S. Bartruff, Thomas Sperry. 1848 — Levi Hager, Mayor; W. D. McCash, President pro tem.; William Harper, Recorder ; E. Marlow, Treasurer ; James Wells, Marshal ; D, Rorer, J. S. McClure, L. D. Stockton, Solicitors. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, William M. McCutcheon ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, John Egnolf ; Third Ward, C. H. Pash, James Kurtz. 1849 — Henry W. Starr, Mayor; Silas A. Hudson, President pro tem.; W. C. Saunders, J. F. Stephens, Recorders ; E. Marlow, Treasurer ; James Wells, Marshal ; David Rorer, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, William M. McCutcheon ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, John Egnolf; Third Ward, H. S. Bartruff, William Endsley. 1850 — Henry W. Starr, Mayor ; Lyman Cook, President pro tem. ; J. F. Stephens, Recorder; E. Marlow, Treasurer; William Endsley, Marshal ; L. D. Stockton, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, Daniel Has- kell ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, Lyman Cook ; Third Ward, C. H. Pash, W. S. Keeler. 1851 — Lyman Cook, Mayor; J. F. Abrahams, President pro tem. ; Charles Medera, Recorder; E. Marlow, Treasurer; William Endsley, Marshal: W. H. Chaney, C. H. Phelps, Solicitors. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, William Sunderland ; Second Ward, J. F. Abrahams, J. P. Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, Harvey Ray, Thomas Sperry ; Fourth Ward, James W. Grimes, J. L. Corse. 1852 — Lyman Cook, Mayor; A. W. Carpenter, President pro tem. ; Charles Madera, N. M. Ives, Recorders ; E. Marlow, Treasurer ; William Endsley, Marshal ; C. H. Phelps, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, A. W. Carpen- ter, Luke Hughes; Second Ward, J..H. Gear, J. S. Schramm; Third Ward, C. H. Pash, Thomas Sperry ; Fourth Ward, J. L. Corse, J. G. Law. 500 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 1853 — Lyman Cook, Mayor ; William B. Chamberlin, President pro tem. ; Joshua Tracy, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treasurer ; William Endsley, Mar- shal ; Joshua Tracy, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, J. H. McKenny^ George Snyder ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, S. Herschler; Third Ward, C. H. Pash, M. Bartscherer; Fourth Ward, W. B. Chamberlin, J. G. Law. 1854 — L. D. Stockton, Mayor; Silas A. Hudson, President pro tem.; Joshua Tracy, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treasurer ; William Endsley, Mar- shal ; Joshua Tracy, Solicitor ; Alfred Hebard, Engineer. Aldermen: First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, W. W. Wightman ; Second Ward, R. S. Adams, G. P. Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, Harvey Ray, M. G. Criswell ; Fourth Ward, S. C. Burnap, Jacob Meyer ; to fill vacancies. Third Ward, William H. Starr, of M. G. Criswell, resigned : Fourth Ward, W. B. Chamberlin, of S. L. Burnap, resigned. 1855 — Silas A. Hudson, Mayor; W. B. Chamberlin, President pro tem.: Joshua Tracy, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treasurer ; William Endsley, Mar- shal ; A. Hebard, Engineer ; C. Ben. Darwin, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, A. W. Carpenter ; Second Ward, W. H. Postlewait, (i. P. Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, Harvey Ray, William H. Starr ; Fourth Ward, J. G. Law, Jacob Meyer ; elected to fill vacancies. First Ward, W. W, Wightman, of Silas A. Hudson, resigned ; Second Ward, Conrad Blind, of G. Ivriechbaum, resigned ; Third Ward, S. Herschler, of William H. Starr, resigned; Fourth Ward, W. B. Chamberlin, of Jacob Meyer, resigned ; by Council, Fourth Ward, Levi Hager, of William B. Chamberlin, resigned ; Fourth Ward, Isaac Dewein, of J. G. Law. 1856 — J. L. Corse, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treas- urer ; William Thompson, Marshal ; C. Benjamin Darwin, Solicitor. Alder- men : First Ward, A. W. Carpenter, E. D. Rand ; Second Ward, W. H, Postlewait, W. D. McCash ; Third Ward, Harvey Ray, S. Herschler : Fourth Ward, Daniel Haskell, Jacob Dewein ; Fifth Ward, W. W. Wightman, H. H. Scott ; Sixth Ward, Levi Hager, W. M. Wallbridge ; to fill vacancy, Second Ward, D. Denise, of William H. Postlewait, resigned. 1857 — J. L. Corse, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treas- urer ; C. P. Johnson, Engineer ; William Thompson and H. S. Bartruff, Mar- shals ; W. H. Clune, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Joshua Tracy, E. D. Rand ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, D. Denise ; Third Ward, S. Hersh- Icr. R. Howard ; Fourth Ward, Daniel Haskell, H. C Anderson ; Fifth Ward, W. W. Wightman, H. H. Scott ; Sixth Ward, William M. Wallbridge, Levi Hager. ^ 1858 — J. P. Wightman, Mayor; D. J. Sales, Recorder; J. H. Jennings, Treasurer : John Rziha, Engineer ; M. H. Winton, Marshal ; C. H. Phelps, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, J. Tracy, E. Chamberlin ; Second Ward, Denise Denise, William Garrett; Third Ward, K. Howard, William B. Lawrence; Fourth Ward, H. C. Anderson, M. Heisey ; Fifth Ward, H. H. Scott, J. L. Brown ; Sixth Ward, Levi Hager, John J. Owens. 1850— W. W. White, Mayor; D. J. Sales, Recorder; Louis Teuscher, Treasurer ; M. H. Winton, Marshal ; John Rziha, Engineer : B. J. Hall, Solicitor. Aldermen: First Ward, E. Chamberlin, Uriah Loper ; Second Ward, William Garrett, Moses Perkins ; Third Ward, R. Howard, W. B. Law- rence ; Fourth Ward, Martin Heisey, Thomas French ; Fifth Ward, H. H. Scott, J. L. Brown ; Sixth Ward, J. J. Owens, William M. Wallbridge ; Isaac PhiUips, to fill vacancy of William M. Wallbridge. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 501 1860 — Thomas French, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; Louis Teuscher, Treasurer ; M. H. Winton, Marshal ; George Frazee, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Uriah Loper, E. D. Rand; Second Ward, Moses Perkins, T. L. Parsons ; Third Ward, R. Howard, J. F. Abrahams ; Fourth Ward, Martin Heisey, Oliver Cock ; Fifth Ward, Silas A. Hudson, H. H. Scott ; Sixth Ward, Luke Palmer, J. J. Owens. 1861 — Thomas French, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; L. Teuscher, Treas- urer ; M. H. Winton, Marshal ; George Frazee, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, E. D. Rand, J. R. Nelson ; Second Ward, T. L. Parsons, W. D. McCash ; Third Ward, R. Howard, J. F. Abrahams ; Fourth Ward, M. Heisey, John Dickie ; Fifth Ward, Silas A. Hudson, James Putman ; Sixth Ward, Luke Palmer, J. J. Owens; to fill vacancies. First Ward, J. Pilger, of J. R. Nelson, resigned; Fourth Ward, D. Winter, of M. Heisey, resigned. 1862 — Thomas French, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; L. Teuscher, Treas- urer ; M. H. Winton, Marshal; B. J. Hall, Solicitor. Aldermen: First -Ward, E. I). Rand, J. Pilger ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, J. P. Kriech- baum ; Third Ward, R. Howard, Theodore Poehler ; Fourth Ward, John Dickie, D. Winter; Fifth Ward, Silas A. Hudson, James Putman; Sixth Ward, I. N. Ripley, J. J. Owens ; to fill vacancies. First Ward, A. W. Carpenter, of J. Pilger, resigned ; Third Ward, J. F. Abrahams, of T. Poehler, resigned ; Sixth Ward, J. W. Gilbert, of J. J. Owens, resigned. 1863 — J. H. Gear, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; J. J. Heider, Treas- urer ; C. Wilkin, Marshal ; H. Thielsen, Engineer ; R. H. Robertson, Solic- itor. Aldermen : First Ward, E. D. Rand, J. G. Lemberger ; Second Ward, J. P. Kriechbaum, Leopold Kreig ; Third Ward, L. Teedrick, J. F. Abrahams ; Fourth Ward, J. S. McClure, D. Winter; Fifth Ward, Silas A. Hudson, J.T. Barker ; Sixth Ward, I. N. Ripley, J. W. Gilbert ; to fill vacancy, Fourth Ward, Thomas French, of J. S. McClure, resigned. 1864 — Thomas French, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; J. J. Heider, Treasurer; C. Wilkin, Marshal; C. H. Phelps, Solicitor. Aldermen: First Ward, Martin Heisey, J. G. Lemberger ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, Leo- pold Krieg ; Third Ward, W. L. McPherrin, L. Teedrick ; Fourth Ward, F. X. Kuechen, D. Winter ; Fifth Ward, Overton Butts, J. T. Barker ; Sixth Ward, J. Darling, J. W. Gilbert ; to fill vacancies. Second Ward, C. W. Bode- man, of Leopold Krieg, resigned ; Fourth Ward, D. Winter, of Thomas French, resigned ; Fourth Ward, George Bosch, of D. Winter, resigned ; Fifth Ward,_ Charles Starker, of Overton Butts. 1865 — Thomas French, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; J. J. Heider, Treasurer; C. Wilkin, Marshal; B. J. Hall, Solicitor; John A. Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, Robert Allen, Martin Heisey ; Second Ward, George Kriechbaum, W. D. McCash ; Third Ward, L. Teedrick, W. L. McPherrin ; Fourth Ward, John Dickie, F. X. Kuechen ; Fifth Ward, D. K. Harris, Charles Starker : Sixth Ward, Thompson McCosh, J. Darling ; to fill vacancies, First Ward, D. Winter, of Robert Allen, resigned ; Second Ward, J. P. Brown, of W. D. McCash, resigned. 1866 — J. L. Corse, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; William Augutta, Treasurer ; J. E. Hoefer, Marshal ; B. J. Hall, Solicitor ; John A. Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, L. Zeigelmuler, D. Winter ; Second Ward, E. Chamberlin, George Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, W. Schafi"ner, L. Teedrick ; Fourth Ward, Frank X. Kuechen, John Dickie ; Fifth Ward, Isaac Prugh, D. K. Harris ; Sixth Ward, D. J. Sales, T. McCosh ; to fill vacan- 502 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. ■cies, Fir^t Ward, A. W. Carpenter, of D. Winter, resigned ; Third Ward, Iowa J. Smith, of W. Schaffner, resigned. 18G7 — J. L. Corse, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; William Augutta, Treasurer; J. E. llccfur. Marshal; B. J. Hall, Solicitor; John A. Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, A. W. Carpenter, L. Zeigelmuler; Second Ward, George Kriechbaum, E. Chamberlin ; Third Ward. L. Teedrick, Iowa J. Smith; Fourth Ward. E. F. Hosford, Frank X. Kuechen ; Fifth Ward, Charles Starker, Isaac Prugh ; Sixth Ward, C. B. Harrington, D. J. Sales. 18(38 — A. W. Carpenter, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; Wm. Augutta, Treasurer ; Henry Van Beek, Marshal ; E. G. Wright, Solicitor ; John A. Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, L. Zeigelmuler, John Conrad ; Second Ward, Charles O'Brien, George Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, George Lindner, Iowa J. Smith; Fourth Ward, William Bell, R. F. Hosford; Fifth Ward, E. Chamberlin, Isaac Prugh ; Sixth Ward, W. E. Woodward, 0. B. Harrington ; to fill vacancies. First Ward, John Conrad, of A. W. Car- penter, resigned ; Third Ward, L. Teedrick, of Iowa J. Smith, resigned ; Sixth Ward, I. N. Ripley, of W. E. Woodward, resigned. 1869 — William Bell,'Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; William Augutta. Treasurer; Henry Van Beek, Marshal ; B. J. Hall, Solicitor; John A. Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, D. Y. Overton, L. Zeigelmuler ; Second Ward, George Kriechbaum, Charles O'Brien ; Third Ward, F. X. Kuechen, George Lindner ; Fourth Ward, Ed. Harper, G. R. Scott ; Fifth Ward, G. W. Edwards, E. Chamberlin ; Sixth Ward, D. J. Sales, I. N. Ripley ; Seventh Ward, T. McCosh, D. M. How ; to fill vacancies. Fourth Ward, George R. Scott, of William Bell, resigned ; Fifth Ward. T. W. Barhydt, of E. Chamberlin. resigned. 1870 — William Bell, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; William Augutta, Treasurer; William Endsley, Marshal; B. J. Hall, Solicitor; John A. Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, Frank Ost, D. Y. Overton ; Second Ward, Charles O'Brien, George Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, L. Teedrick, F. X. Kuechen; Fourth Ward, Luke lluirhes, Ed. Harper; Fifth Ward, T. W. Bar- hydt, G. W. Edwards; Sixth Ward, 1. N. Kipley, D. J. Sales; Seventh Ward, S. T.^ Acres, T. McCosh. ISTl — L. Teedrick. Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; William Augutta, Treasurer; Alexander Hannum, Marshal; B. J. Hall, Solicitor; John A. Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen: First Ward, J. J. Scheu, Frank Ost; Second Ward, R. F. Hosford, Charles 0'J?rien ; Third Ward, F. X. Kuechen, William Kixstner; Fourth Ward. John Dickie, Luke Hughes; Fifth Ward, A. J. Hill- house, T. W. Barhydt; Sixth Ward, T. J. Trulock, I. N. Ripley; Seventh Ward, H. Boormaster, S. T. Acres; to fill vacancy. Third Ward, William Kastner, of L. Teedrick, resigned. 1872 — George Robertson, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; William Augutta, Treasurer; Alexander Hannum, Marshal; Charles H.Phelps, Solic- itor; John A. Hamm, Engineer: Charles P. DeHass, Engineer. Aldermen: First Ward. F. Schmeig, Frank Ost ; Second Ward, R. F. Hosford, Charles O'Brien ; Third Ward, A. Kriechbaum, William Kastner ; Fourth Ward, F. G. Kendall, John Dickie; Fifth Ward, A. J. Hillhouse, G. H. Waldin ; Sixth Ward, George Whipple, T. J. Trulock ; Seventh Ward, W. S. Barlow, A. Boormaster. 1878— George Robertson, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; H. R. Rliein, Treasurer; Alexander Hannum, Marshal; A. H. Stutsman, Solicitor; George r. Nealley, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, L. Zieglemuler, F. Schmeig ; HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. ' 503 Second Ward, J. P. Joy, Charles O'Brien ; Third Ward, A. Kriechbaum, F. X. Keuchen ; Fourth Ward, James Whitaker, F. G. Kendall ; Fifth Ward, Isaac Prugh, G. H. Waldin ; Sixth Ward, T. J. Trulock, George Whipple ; Seventh Ward, H. Boormaster, W. S. Barlow ; to fill vacancy, Seventh Ward, C. B. Harrington, of W. S. Barlow, resigned. 1874 — A. C. Dodge, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday. Recorder ; H. R. Rhein, Treasurer; William Cox, Marshal; A. H. Stutsman, Solicitor; George T. Nealley, Engineer; C. H. Merrick, to fill vacancy of H. R. Rhein, resigned. Aldermen : First Ward, John Kaiser, L. Ziegelmuler ; Second Ward, W. D. Gilbert, J. P. Joy ; Third Ward, J. C. McKell, F. X. Keuchen ; Fourth Ward, J. M. Robinson. James Whitaker ; Fifth Ward, F. T. Parsons, Isaac Prugh ; Sixth Ward, M.' C. McArthur, T. J. Trulock ; Seventh Ward, S. T. Acres, H. Boormaster ; to fill vacancy, Second Ward, F. A. Smith, of J. P. Joy, resigned. 1875— William Bell, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Auditor ; W. W. Wightman, Treasurer ; William Cox, Marshal : Samuel K. Tracy, Solicitor ; George T. Nealley, Engineer ; A. H. Stutsman, Police Judge ; J. S. Halliday, City Clerk ; Jacob Kupper, Assessor ; Adam Lamon, Superintendent Markets. Aldermen : First Ward, J. W. Barnes, A. Wuerthmueller ; Second Ward, Charles O'Brien, P. F. Unterkircher : Third Ward, C. 1. Barker, S. J. Eads ; Fourth Ward, H. E. Hunt, J. M. Robinson ; Fifth Ward, A. W. Manning, George Kriech- baum ; Sixth Ward, M. C. McArthur, J. Demling ; Seventh Ward, H. Boor- master, A. C. Paine ; to fill vacancy, Fourth Ward, C. Geyer, of J. M. Robin- son, resigned. 1876— A. W. Parsons, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Auditor; W. W. Wight- man, Treasurer; E. Hoefer, Marshal; Samuel K. Tracy, Solicitor; C. P. DeHass, Engineer: A. H. Stutsman, Police Judge: J. S. Halliday. City Clerk ; Alexander Hannum, Assessor ; Adam Lamon, Superintendent Mar- kets : J. E. Lalor, Street Commissioner. Aldermen: First Ward, L. Ziegel- muler, John Lemberger; Second Ward, Charles O'Brien, Charles Starr; Third Ward, L. Krieg, S. J. Eads; Fourth Ward, C. Geyer, John Dickie; Fifth Ward, A. W. Manning, George Kriechbaum ; Sixth Ward, A. Q. Smith, Rob- ert Spencer ; Seventh Ward, Adolph Schrei, J. W. Jenkins. 1877 — A. W. Parsons, resigned, W. E. Woodward, elected to fill vacancy. Mayor; W. W. Wightman, Treasurer; J. S. Halliday, Auditor, resigned June 15, 1877 — J. W. Burdette, appointed June 18, 1877; T. G. Catlett, Clerk ; E. J. Hoefer, Marshal : S. K. Tracy, Solicitor ; 0. P. DeHass, Engineer ; George Merritt, Street Commissioner ; W. F. McCash, Chief Engineer of Fire Depart- ment ; William Franken, Assistant Engineer of Fire Department ; William Yeo. Engineer of Steamers ; Charles Sponholtz, Market-master ; George Hardegan, Wharfmaster — J. W. Cadwallader to fill vacancy ; A. H. Stuts- man, Police Judge, resigned — 0. H. Browning appointed to fill vacancy ; W. H. Root, Police Court Clerk. Aldermen : First Ward, John Niewoehner, John L. Lemberger ; Second Ward, H. Bailey, George Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, H. H. Scott, John Zaiser ; Fourth Ward, John Darling, George Orm ; Fifth Ward, Robert Donahue, I. M. Christy ; Sixth Ward, John Dickie, John Bonnell — A. H. Kuhlemeier, vice John Dickie, resigned ; Seventh Ward, D. Burgess, H. N. Howe — W. G. Cummings, vice D. Burgess, resigned, 1878— A. G. Adams, Mayor ; 0. H. Schenck, Treasurer ; J. W. Burdette, Auditor ; J. W. Burdette, Clerk ; J. N. Martin, Marshal ; C. L. Poor, Solic- itor; C. P. DeHass, Engineer; George Merritt, Street Commissioner; W. F. McCash, Chief Engineer of Fire Department ; William Franken, Assistant 504 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Ernrineer of Fire Department; Charles Sponholtz, Market Master; J. W. Cadwullader, Wharfmaster ; T. J. Raper, Chief of Police ; H. 0. Browning, Police Judge ; W. II. Root, Police Court Clerk ; at large, L. Krieg and F. T. Parsons ; First Ward, John Greiner ; Second Wanl, Charles Ende ; Third Ward, A. Hemphill; Fourth Ward, W. F. Hayden : Fifth Ward, F. Wagner; Sixth Ward. A. II. Kuhlemeier; Seventh Ward, W. G. Cummings. The last-named officers were elected for two years from March, 1878. Under the existing law, but one member of the Common Council is chosen from each ward. FIRE DEPARTMENT. On the night of Saturday, July 6, 1839, a fire destroyed a cabinet-shop belonging to Pierce & Prine, and threatened the National Hotel. The event is chronicled because that . disaster appears to have been the starting-point of the Fire Department of Burlington. A public meeting was held at the old Zion Methodist Church, for the purpose of inaugurating some system to prevent further depredations by fire. J. W. Grimes offered the following resolutions : liesolved, That we cousider it necessary for the prosperity of our city, and the preservation of the property and lives of our citizens, that immediate steps be taken for the organization of fire companies, and the procurement of hooks, ladders and other implements used in suppress- ing fires. Resolved, That the Mayor and Aldermen of the city be respectfully requested to subdivide the same into fiie-wards, and appoint a suitable person in each ward. Fire Warden, and. by ordinance, to prescribe their powers and duties. Mr. McCarver offered another resolution : Re.inlved, That a Committee of three be appointed for the purpose, to receive contributions from the citizens of Burlin., was organized March 26, 187-4. and chartered June 9, 1874. The charter members were John Hassel, C. A. Braentegan, Gottlieb Wollhaf, Adolph Ott, Jacob Hill, Fred Stodtmeister, Georgo Leiwe. The first officers were : John Hassel, P. A. ; C. A. Braentegan, N. A. ; Gottlieb Wollhaf, V. A. ; Adolph Ott, Secretary ; George Leiwe, Financial Secretary ; Jacob Hill, Treasurer ; Fred Stodtmeister, I. G. The present officers are : Henry Berwis, P. A. ; V. Dehner, N. A. ; Andrew Heyer, V. A. ; Adolph Ott, Secretary ; Jacob Hill, Treasurer ; George Bosch, I. G. ; Jacob Blum, 0. G. ; Charles '^Ilolstein, Conductor. The present membership of this lodge is twenty-six ; its property is estimated at $700, and it meets in Druids Hall, corner Fourth and Jefferson streets. Burlington Lodge, No. 16, Ancient Order of United Workmen, was organ- ized and chartered February 16, 1875, with the following charter members : Paul Brech, Charles Anderson, D. D. Marshall, R. A. Baylor, S. Shippert, J. L. Lemberger, Charles Lengel, William A. Torrey, J. C. Cover and John Heinz. A second charter was granted July 2, 1877, and the following officers were elected : Charles Lengel, P. M. W.; John Heinz, M. W.; C. 0. Lof- stromm, G. F.; Fred Biermith, Overseer; C. H. Bickler, Recorder; S. Ship- pert, Treasurer ; II. Woellhaf, Receiver; Chris. Mueller, G.; Frank Hirt, 0. W. Early in 1876, this was changed into a German Lodge, with a member- HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY, 583 ship of thirty-six and the following officers : John F. Geiger, Ex. 0. M.; Chris. Paulus, 0. M. ; H. Weber, U. M.; J. C. Cover, Aufscher; J. H. Gereche, Fuehrer ; J. H. Bremmermann, S. F. ; S. Shippert, F. S. ; H. Woellhaf, Schatzmeister ; Fred Disque, I. W.; P. Pfanmiller, A. W. The Lodge meet* in Parsons' Block, corner of Third and Jefferson streets. Orchard City Lodge, No. ^7, A. 0. JJ. TF., was instituted under dispensa- tion by 0. J. Noble, Deputy Grand Master, May 15, 1875, and a charter was granted on the same day, the charter members being as follows : D. 0. Fosgate, G. S. Stripe, George Le Baron, E. J. Hicks, J. W. Toothacher, C. A. McChesney, A. Trimble, Thomas McChesney, C. D. Hall, George Stewart and G. W. Clemens. The first officers were : D. 0. Fosgate, P. M. W.; George Le Baron, M. W.; George W. Stripe, Foi-eman ; Thomas McChesney, Over- seer ; George Stewart, Recorder ; A. Trimble, Financier ; G. W. Toothacher, Receiver; C. A. McChesney, Guide; G. W. Clemens, Watchman. The pres- ent officers are : A. M. Antrobus, P. M. W..; A. Q. Smith, M. W.; H. A. Kelley, Foreman ; D. A. Mason, Overseer ; Ellis Griffith, Guide ; Robert Spencer, Recorder ; C. French, Financier ; I. P. Wilson, Receiver ; S. E. Hawkins, Inside Watchman ; William Sabins, Outside Watchman. The present membership is seventy, the property of the Lodge is valued at $200, and its meeting-place is in Parsons' Block. Stephenson Lodge., No. 34-, A. 0. U. W., was instituted by D. D. G. M. VV. D. L. Stephenson, November 9, 1875, and a charter was issued under the same date, with the following as first officers : J. L. Lemberger, M. W. ; Leon Huffman, P. M. W.; R. A. Baylor, Foreman; D. D. Marshall, Overseer; William Franken, Recorder; W. H. Rhein, Financier ; Joseph Troxel Re- ceiver; John Golden, Guide; G. A. Licuyer, Inside Watchman ; F. Flack- man, Outside Watchman. The charter members were J. L. Lemberger, Leon Huffman, G. A. Licuyer, Charles Chamberlain, F. Flackman, George Pickup, M. J. Haddix, John Metz, B. Segall, Fred Lippert, William Herchuback, Sam- uel Peabody, P. F. Unterkircher, D. D. Marshall, R. A. Baylor, William Franken, W. H. Rhein, Joseph Troxel, John Golden, W. C. White, N. Bou- quet, George Gray, C. Anderson, H. Hoelscher, Charles Gienger. The pres- ent officers are : William A. Torrey, M. W.; S. E. Nixon, P. M. W.; R. E. Doran, Foreman; William Turner, Overseer; Charles Chamberlain, Recorder; Al. S. Teuscher, Financier; C. A. Davis, Receiver; L. P. Eads, Guide; E. 0. Holmquist, Inside Watchman ; A. J. Agren, Outside Watchman. The pres- ent membership is foYty-three. The property of the Lodge is valued at $250. The place of meeting is in the Knights of Pythias Hall, corner of Third and Jefferson streets. Lincoln Lodge, No. 125, A. 0. U. W., was instituted July 16, 1877, and chartered the same day, Avith the following charter members : J. F. Jordan, Alexander Hannum, D. C. Griffin, Samuel Long, E. A. Hanchet, H. M. Coy, M. R. Renshaw, G. W. Lowery, Isaac Vanorman, C. T. Patterson, C. A. Light- foot, M. P. Tilton, R. H. Johnson, E. M. Kirk, W. D. Crumpton, W. A. Drew, C. A. Paine, Emmerson Follett, S. C. Moss, E. J. Willey, G. C. Mudg- ett, AlonzoEdson, D. P. Elliott, A. Giroux, C. FoUett, W. A. Roberts. The first officers were as follows : Samuel Long, P. M. W. ; Alexander Hannum, M. W. ; J. F. Jordon, F. ; D. C. Griffin, 0. ; C. T. Patterson, Receiver ; E. A. Hanchet, Financier; M. R. Renshaw, Receiver; G. W. Lowery, Guide; W. D. Crumpton, Inside Watchman ; E. Kirk, Outside Watchman. The pres- ent officers are: D. C. Griffin, P. M. W. ; E. A. Hanchet, M. W. ; William Pucklin, F. ; W. P. Tilton, 0. ; G. W. Lowery, Receiver ; G. C. Mudgett, 584 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Financier ; C. T. Patterson, Receiver ; A. Hilderband. Guide ; J. C. Johnson, Inside Watciiman ; I. Vanorraan, Outside Watchman. The present member- ship is fortv-one. The Lodge meets in Patterson's Hall, on Summer street. South HilL This Lodge is, indeed, a lodge of workmen. With the exception of two members, they all earn their living by manual labor. This Lodge has had a slow but steady growth from the first of its existence. In less than two years it has paid out in sick benefits $200, disbursing to its sick members $5 per week during their sickness, after the first week thereof. The quarterly dues of this Lodge are $1 per year higher than those of its sister-lodges. Phcenix Lodge, No. IJfSi, A. 0. U. W., was instituted by D. D. G. M. W.; J. L. Lemberger, December 6, 1877, and a charter was issued the same day. The following were the charter members: H. 0. Browning, J. L. Lemberger, C. P. De Haas, James Frame. Henry Lemberger, Paul Lange, Chris. Allen, S. H. Stutsman, 0. W. Lemberger, T. L. Pilger, T. J. Raper, A. P. Eklund, H. N. Howe, A. H. Kuhlmmeir, J. W. Burdette, L. M. Pilger, J. M. Parham, C. F. Gall, J. B. Jaeger, A. E. Milspaugh, Con- rad Lutz, Henry Weis, J. W. C. Jones, George Kriechbaum and William McD. Houseworth. The first oflicers were; Henry Lemberger, M. W. ; C. C. De Haas, P. M. W. ; J. W. Burdette, Foreman ; James Frame, Over- seer ; T. L. Pilger, Recorder ; J. L. Lemberger, Financier ; Chris. Allen, Receiver; J. P. Jaeger, Guide; C. W. Lemberger, Inside Watchman ; J. M. Parham, Outside Watchman. The present officers are : C. P. De Haas, M. W. ; James Frame, P. M. W. ; H. C. Schramm, Foreman ; J. 0. Smythe, Overseer; W. R. Fabert, Recorder; J. L. Lemberger, Financier; C. F. Gall, Receiver ; J. W. Burdette, Guide ; W. F. McCosh, Inside Watchman ;: James G. Bull, Outside Watchman. The present membership is thirty-seven. The property of the Lodge is valued at ^250, and its place of meeting is in Druid Hall, corner Fourth and Jefi"erson streets. Standard Lodge, No. '2i26, Independent Order of Mutual Aid, was insti- tuted under authority of S. P. of the United States, by W. A. Halstead, Dep- uty Supreme President, Nov. 29, 1878, with fortv-three members and the fol- lowing officers : 0. H. Denise, P. P.; R. N. Green, P.; J. V. Bean, V. P.; Robert Spencer, Recording Secretary ; H. A. Kelley, Financial Secretary ; L. C. Wal- bridge, Treasurer; M. M. Palmer, Chaplain; C. French, Conductor; G. W. Halliday, Inside Guardian; L. C. Skinner, Outside Guardian. This society pays the heirs of a deceased member |2,000. and allows its sick members $1 per week. The Lodge meets in Druid Hall, corner Fourth and Jefferson streets. The R. W. (x. Lodge of I. 0. F. of Lowa Avas instituted at Muscatine, on the first day of May, 1848, by D. D. G. Sire John G. Potts, by authority of the G. Lodge of the United States, and by virtue of dispensation by G. L. of U. S., after which the following Past Grands were duly elected, and installed into their various offices by the D. D. G. Sire : Pc G. J. Whitfield Garner, M. W. Grand Master ; P. G. Amos Mathews, R. W. D. Master ; P. G. Samuel McCormick, R. W. G. Warden : P. G. Richard Calle, R. W. G. Secretary ; P. G. Joseph Bridgman, R. W. G. Treasurer. The D. D. Sire then delivered a short address to the members of the G. Lodge. The M. W. G. M. then made the following appointments, viz.: P. G- William Patterson, Rev. G. Chaplain ; P. G. J. T. B. Martin, W. G. Marshall ; P. G. Benjamin Rupert, W. G. Guardian ; P. G. William Longley, W. G. Conductor. It was resolved to appoint a committee of three to draft a Constitution and By-Laws for this Lodge. It was also resolved to appoint a committee to draft a Consti- tution for subordinate lodges throughout the State. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 58& The present oflBcers of this Grand Lodge are : B. S. Merriam, Keokuk, M. W. Grand Master ; W. C. Harriman, Dubuque, R. W. D. Grand Master ; Will- iam Garrett, Burlington, R. W. Grand Secretary; John Van Valkenberg, Fort Madison, R. W. Grand Warden ; B. B. Woodward, Davenport, R. W. Grand Treasurer ; Eric J. Leech, Keokuk, R. W. Grand Representative ; Benjamin Newman, Council Bluffs, R. W. Grand Representative ; W. S. Bur- ton, Mount Pleasant, W. Grand Chaplain ; S. P. Leland, Charles City, W. Grand Marshal; A. H. White, Mount Ayr, W. Grand Conductor; J. W. Roper, Fort Dodge, W. Grand Messenger ; J. F. Abbott, Manchester, W. Grand Guardian ; Ferdinand Mueller, Davenport, W. Grand Herald. Washington Lodge, No. 7, /. 0. 0. F., was instituted at Burlington, Iowa Territory, April 4, 1844, by D. D. G. Sire John G. Potts, of Galena, 111., and by authority of the Grand Lodge of the United States, under dispensa- tion, and afterward chartered. The charter members were : Richard Mands- ley, W. H. Mann, W. D. McCash, John T. Jones, Oliver Cock and Thomas T Goodhue. The first ofiicers were: Richard Mandsley, N. G.; W. H. Mann, V. G.; Thomas T. Goodhue, Secretary ; Oliver Cock, Treasurer. The present officers are : Frederick Brickenbach, N, G.; William Mercer, V. G.; M. P. Sharts, R. Secretary ; W. E. Woodward, Treasurer. The pres- ent membership is 160. The property of the Lodge is valued at $10,000. All the I. 0. 0. F. Lodges meet in their hall, in Parsons' Block. Harmonia Lodge, No. 209, 1. 0. 0. F., was instituted under dispensation December 19, 1870, and a charter was granted October 19, 1871, with the following as charter members : Simon Hene, P. H. Greis, F. C. Hoffman,, Fred Riepe, P. F. Unterkircher, S. W. Greenbaum, Chris. Weymeier, E. M, Eisfeld, Otto Lorenz, Charles Starker, Joseph Strobel, Leopold Krieg, John Smith, J. J. Schen, Paul Lange, Charles Hartman, George Kriechbaum, Joseph Greenbaum. The first officers were: N. E. Hoffman, N. G.; Simon Henne, V. G.; Chris. Weymeier, C. S.; Otto Lorenz, P. S.; Paul Lange, Cashier. The present officers are: William Ihrer, N. G.; Charles Wederty, V. G.; Bernhard Hulsebus, R. Secretary ; Charles Steimker, P. Secretary, and Michael Gerlinger, Treasurer. The number of members is sixty-five. The property of this Lodge is estimated worth $1,000. Excelsior Lodge, No. 268, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted under dispensation December 11, 1873, and a charter was granted October 22, 1874, with the fol- lowing charter members : F. E. Hoffman, George A. Duncan, Rudolph Glendy, James P. Joy, J. W. Jenkins, E. P. Wood, E. G. Squire, John Hall, P. Bru- mund, Charles Anderson, Charles Kriechbaum, G. W. Babbitts, A. W. Montfort, James Carroll, W. H. Piatt, Paul L. Brick, Richard A. Taylor. The first officers were : E. P. Wood, N. G.; George A. Duncan, V. G.; E. G. Squire, R. Sec; Charles Anderson, P. Sec; Rudolph Glendy, Treas. The present officers are Henry C. Cady, N. G.; D. E. Johnson, V. G.; J. F. Rolf, R. Sec; A. P. Eklund, P. Sec; E. G. Squire, Treas. The present membership is fifty-one, and the value of the property about $600. Eureka Encampment, No. 2, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted April 26, 1848, by D. D, G. Sire John G. Potts, of Galena, 111. The charter members were: W. H. Mann, William Garrett, William D. McCord, Oliver Cock, M. Wile, John Otten, J. S. McClure, William W. Scott. The charter was granted September 22, 1847. The first officers were: W. H. Mann, C. P.; Oliver Cock, H. P.; William D. McCord, S. W.; W. W. Scott, J. W.; M. Wile, Scribe ; John Otten, Treas. The present officers are Charles Steimker, C. P.; Charles Sponholtz, :586 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. H. P.; J. W. Jenkins, S. W.; James Toft, J. W.; Charles Anderson, Scribe; Oeorge Whipple, Treas. The Grand Encampment of the State of Iowa was instituted June 17, 1852, at Muscatine. Burlington Lodge, No. 251, of the hidependerit Order of B'nai Brith, wrhich belon, John M. Sperry located on Sections 12 and 13 of Franklin Town- ship, and started the post-station of Sperry. Mrs. Sperry was the first woman to settle there, and B. M. Sperry the first child born in the place. The first marriage was that of Leander Roberts and Martha Milligan. solemnized by Mr. Sperry, as Justice of the Peace. There is one church society in the village, the Methodist. Services are held in Sperry's Hall. The Methodist Episco- HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 615 pals hold monthly services there. There are two general stores and the usual mechanical places of business. Franklin Mills post office is located in this township. The first child born in the township was W. H. Smith, son of Tillman Smith, m 1835. The first flouring-mill was built by Mr. Burmeister, and was modeled after the ancient wind-mills. The mill was constructed of stone, cir- cular in form, and was a genuine wind-mill. Many years were consumed in its erection, and the ruins of the old fortress-like edifice are to be seen at the pres- ent time. Modern improvements crowded out the primitive Dutch methods of making flour. The township was laid out in 1887, sectionized in 1838 and sold in 1839-40. KINGSTON. Benton Township lies immediately north of Burlington. Kingston, located on Section 1, is a pleasant little village. It has two general stores, a black- smith-shop, a shoe-shop, a hotel and other business interests. It was laid out by W. King. The old settlers in that vicinity were James Gordon, A. J. Hedge, Esquire Duryea and others. The present school averages an attendance of about forty, and is taught by J. Schenck. The Postmaster is W. G. Miller. Latty Station is a post office on the B., C. R. & N. R. R., located in Section 20. PLEASANT GROVE. Pleasant Grove is located on Section 11, of the township bearing the above name. The first settler in the township was William Miller, and the first white child born therein was his daughter, Lucetta. The first marriage ceremony w^as performed for a couple who were passing through in 1836 — Mr. Elters and Miss Colton. The first schoolhouse was erected on Section 9. The first church was that of the Cumberland Presbyterian, built in the town of Pleasant Grove. The first minister was of that fiiith, and named Bonham. The township was laid out in 1838, surveyed into sections in 1839, and came into market in 1840. South Flint Post Office is in this township. Amityville and Huron are post offices in the Township of Huron. This township was settled in 1835, by Joshua and Wesley Swank. S. D. Coonrod came in 1839, and Benjamin Luckinbill in 1840. Nathan Westfall and Catharine McKee were the first couple married in this township. Washington Township has two post offices — La Vega and Roscoe. Yar- mouth is a new town on the line of the Burlington & Northwestern Rail- road. BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORY. ^BBRE"VI^TIONS. agt agent bdg boarding carp carpenter elk clerk Co company or county dlr dealer far farmer gro grocer I. V. A Iowa Volunteer Artillery I. V. C Iowa Volunteer Cavalry I. v. I Iowa Volunteer Infantry lab laborer niacli machinist mech mechanic mer merchant mfr manufacturer mkr maker P. Post Office prop proprietor S. or Sec Section St street supt superintendent Treas Treasurer BURLINGTON CITY. (P. 0. BVRLINGTON ) [Note — AVheu business is not mentioned, the location given is residence.] Abercrombie, J. C, 823 N. 6th. Acott, John, blacksmith; res. 109 Plane. Acres, Blackmar & Co., printers and blank- book makers, 206 N. 3d. Acres, Henry, postal clerk, 1013 S. 9th. ACRES, STEPHE^Sf T., of the firm of Acres, Blackmar & Co., was born in Gibraltar Aug. 17, 1816 ; came to the United States in July, 1853; located at Waukegan, 111., July 20, 1853 ; engaged in bookbinding business there about nine months ; he then came to Burlington, arriving here April 29, 1854 ; engaged in bookbinding, which business he has continued ever since ; for ten years he had charge of the circulation of the Haick-Er/e. Exactly onej^ear from the date of his arrival in the United States, Mr. Acres signified a desire to avail himself of all the rights of an American citizen, and five years from the date of his arrival in New York City, he was admitted to citizenship by the Des Moines County Judge — Oliver C. Wightman. Mr. Acres has served for three terms as Alderman of the Seventh Ward of this city. Oct. 1, 1842, he was married, in Gibraltar, to Sarah Newman ; she was born in Gibraltar July 29, 1817 ; they have eight chil- dren living. Mr. and Mrs. Acres are members of the M. E. Church. Acres, Thomas K.., bookbinder, Central Block ; res. 121 Clay. ACRES, WIEIilAiri, dealer in groceries, provisioos, candies and notions, west cor. of Summer and Dill streets ; was born Aug. 29, 1833, in Gibraltar, Spain, and moved to America and to Burlington in 1857, remained until 1863, then returned to Europe, and, in 1871, returned to Burlington, where he is permanently located. Married Oct. 16, 1865, Adela Molinare ; they have four children — Thomas R., Arthur F., Mary C, EmmaL. Acres, William, Jr., car-reporter, 913 S. Boundary. Adams, A. G., wholesale boots, shoes, etc., 310 N. Main ; res. 727 N. 5th. Adelheim, C, teamster, 1025 Ash. Adolphson, John, carpenter. Adkinson, William, plasterer, 214 S. 6th. Affleck, John, boards 501 N. Main. Agnew, D. Z., painter, 105 N. 7th. Agnew, John, painter, 610 Washington. Albertson, Albert, res. 1213 Spruce. Allen, Christopher, plumber and gas-fitter, 408 N. Main ; res. West av. " Allen & Whipple, hardware, 319 Jefierson. 618 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY ALIjEX, W, p., was born in Warren Co., 111., Oct. 24, 1854; when 12 years of age, he came with his parents to Cedar Co., Iowa; received a mer- cantile education at the Davenport Busi- ness College, leaving which he entered into a partnership with Theo. Frey, pro- prietor of the Rock Island Business Col- lege, and took charge of the Molina Branch School ; during the winter of 1874-75 he organized a three-months business school at Keithsburg, 111. ; after the expiration of that period he de- cided to establish a permanent school there, and remained until the spring of 1877, when he moved to Aledo, Ills. ; there opened a school, which he sold out to his brother A. M. Allen, in Novem- ber, 1878; the same month he pur- chased the old reliable Bryant & Stratton Business College, of Burlington, which he has since most successfully and cred- itably conducted. During February, 1879, he organized and opened Allen's Conservatory of Art and Academy of Design, which was placed in charge of G. C. Searle, formerly of Providence, R. I. Oct. 20, 1875, Mr. Allen was married to Miss Mary F. Merrill, of Jones Co., Iowa; they have two chil- dren — Frederick Leman and Edward Merrill. Allison, Robert, car-repairer, 1401 S. 14th. All wart, Christ, tailor, lOG Adams. Almendingcr, D., teamster, 871 Court. Anderson, A., clerk, 255 S.Botmdary. Anderson, August, cigar-maker, 319 S. Main; res. 213 S. Leebrick. Anderson, Charles, shoemaker, 314* Jefferson; res. 1309 Griswold. Anderson, Charles, janitor, 1319 N. 9th. Anderson, Fred, blksnith., 1113 Linden. Anderson, Gustaf, engineer, 22G S. 10th. ANDERSOX, C., dealers in dry goods, gruceries, notions and provisions, at No. 900 Maple st. Anderson, J. A., tsamster, 115 N. Gun- nison. Andre, C. A., watchman, 1304 Summer. Andre, Henry P., clerk, 900 Maple ; res. 1231 Summer. Andre, P.- A., mfr. of shoes, etc., 218 Jef- ferson ; res. cor. 8th and Maiden Lane. Andrens. J. B., carpenter, Elm st. ANKELE, DAVID, REV., Pas tor of the St. Lucas Evangelical Church, cor. of South and 14th sts.; he was born Feb. 16, 1826, in Germany; came to America in 1853, and located in Gal- veston, Texa^; finished his education in his native country, and was prepared to commence his labors as soon as he ar- rived at his new home ; he came to Bur- lington in March, 1878, having re- ceived a call from the Church he now occupies. He married, in December, 1854, Dorothea Matzke. Independent in politics. AXTROBITS, A. M., attorney at law ; was born in Greensburg, Decatur Co., Tnd.. May 15, 1839; he came with his father to Pleasant Grove Tp., this county, where, at the old homestead, his father, Thomas H. Antrobus, still lives; in 1867, he graduated from the Iowa Wesleyan University, and taught as Principal in the Prepai\atory Depart- ment of that institution for one year ; he was admitted to the bar at Mt. Pleas- ant in 1868, and, in the latter part of that year, came to Burlington ; he was associated with Judge Power until last May, except the time he was upon the bench. Mr. Antrobus married Miss Arpin C. Ross Jan. 23, 1873 ; she is a native of Pennsylvania ; they have had three children, two of whom are living — Margaret Dorr and Edgar Hammond. Armknecht, Charles, book-keeper ; bds. 616 Columbia. Armstrong, Barney C, pat. right ngt.,res. 1106 Market Armstronir, John H., Jr., book-keeper, 610 N. 4th.' Arnold, John, far., 4th, cor. Elm. Archibald, \Vm., carp., 517 Gertrude st. Arden, Charles, grocer, 504 Jefferson ; res. 312 S. Marshall. ARTZ, JOHX, dealer in groceries and provisions, cor. Adams and Emelia sts. ; born in Ohio July 4, 1847 ; came to Burlington in November, 1873. Mar- ried, July 1, 1875, Emelia Nehans ; they have one child^Clarence. Re- publican. Mrs. Artz is a member of the Lutheran Church. Aspclmeier, C, grocer, 879 Jefferson. Atkinson, C. N., book-keeper, 917 Col- lege place. Atz, Robt., machinist, 1004 Mt. Pleasant. Augsbur-er, N., stone-cutter, 817 Maple. Ayres, B. F., operator, res. 507 Bassett st. BURLINGTON CITY. 619 B AIRD, J AS. a., 317 S. Boundary. Baird, W. F., Rev., G15 S. 12th. Baird, W. H., 615 S. 12th. Baker, J. M., res. 705 West av. Baker, Henry, mason, 817 North. Baker, Jacob, teanaster, 1211 N. 9th. Baldwin, W. W., attorney, 1211 ^lEtna. Bane, John, engineer, 1137 Franklin. Bangs, C, sawyer, 60U Lynn. Bantleon, George, saloon, 518 S. Main; res. 50-i S. Main. Barden, C. F., laborer, Bassett. Barger, S. R., manufacturer of trunks 221 N. Front; res. 702 N. 7th. BARHIDT, THEOJ>ORK WELL.S, President of the Mer- chants' National Bank ; was born in Newark, N. J., April 10, 1835, but brought up in Schenectady, N. Y., being there educated at the Lyceum ; he is a descendant from the old Knickerbockers, known as the first and wealthiest fami- lies of the Hudson River, N. Y., who were among the first and at the front to struggle for the independence of Amer- ica; during the war of the Revolution ; his grandfather was active in the serv- ice, and, during the war of 1812, was in the Quartermaster's Department ; his father was a boot and shoe manufact- urer in Schenectady, N. Y. ; Mr. Bar- hydt left his home of youth to enter upon the cares of life and the scenes of personal and telling activity, in March, 1855 ; locating at Burlington, he acted as Assistant Postmaster for some time ; in 1859, Mr. Barhydt started in the retail boot and shoe business, and, warranted by success, commenced wholesale trade in 1860 ; this he still continues ; how- ever, as his time is entirely occupied by business, which has come into promi- nence through his untiring efforts, the boot and shoe business has been placed under the supervision of his 'partner, H. A. Brown. He has been twice elepted Alderman of the 5th Ward, and is a hard-money Democrat ; he was a Director and member of the Executive Committee of the B., C R. & M. R. R. for several years, until the new company organized ; elected during his absence from home, without his knowledge, he is now a Director of the Burlington & Northwestern Narrow-Gauge R. R. ; through the long-continued exertions of Judge Mason, Messrs. Barhydt, Patter- sou, McKell and others, the Burlington Water W^orks came into existence ; ^Iv. Barhydt is a Director of the Burlington Water Company; assisted by others, he organized the Merchants' National Bank in 1870, was elected its first President, and, owing to his superior financial abil- ity, has been continued in that position ever since; although yet a young man, Mr. Barhydt has for many years been, and is now, prominently identified with the general public enterprises of Bur- lington. To no one man does the pres- ent attractive city owe more for its pub- lic improvements and erection of fine business buildings, than to T. W. Bar- hydt ; he is the owner of some of the most valuable property in Burlington, including one of the blocks most prom- inently located in the city, corner of Jefferson and Main streets ; also the Gorham House, now undergoing great improvements and embellishments, which will make it one of the most popular hotels in the State. Mr. Barhydt mar- ried Miss Eleanor C. Christiancy, de- scended from the same race as himself, and who it may be said has virtually grown up with him. They are both members of the First Presbyterian Church; Mr. Barhydo's parents were strict adherents to the religious faith of the same denomination. BARKER, CHARLES I., was born in Westmoreland, Cheshire Co., N. H., June 4, 1826; his parents were Benjamin Barker and Abigail Babbitt Barker; he was the youngest of thir- teen children, ten boys and three girls, all born in the old homestead, on a hill farm back some three miles from the Connecticut River; this large family lived to be men and women, and nine are still living (1879), showing moral habits and vigorous constitutions, not only reflecting credit upon parents, but speaking well for their representative children ; the girls grew to be wives and mothers respected by all, and the boys to citizens of various localities, and all have received manifestations of confidence by their fellow citizens in many ways in being selected represent- atives in the New Hampshire, Vermont 620 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: and Massachusetts Legislatures, county officers, members of the city govern- ment of Boston and Worcester, Mass., Government officers under Pierce and Buchanan's administrations, regimental officers in the last war, etc. These facts are mentioned as much in honor of parents as children. The subject of this sketch was left at the age of 3 years without a father ; but in this mis- fortune he was spared a mother pos- sessed of those Spartan qualities that did not allow her to sink under the weight of the many cares falling upon her, but who resolutely determined to keep her family together and provide for them a home, aided by the older children, until all were prepared to go forth into the world with habits of mo- rality, industry and economy fully formed ; she died at the good old age of 82 years, in March, 1870. In 1845, he left the old homestead, and the first point he made was to secure two terms at two different academies as a little fin- ishing touch to his district-school edu- cation back on the rough hills of New Hampshire, obtained only in the winter months; in the winter of 1845-46, he taught school, and, in the spring, went into a printing office in Keene, N. H., and there and at Newport of the same State, he served two years as an appren- tice to that business; lutein 1847, he started out as a journeyman and worked at Barre and Worcester, Mass., until September, 1849, when he left the old Worcester Spy office for the West; he visited Detroit, Milwaukee, Racine, Chicago and other points, and arrived at La Fayette, Ind., late in October, where he at once took charge of the Daily Courier office as foreman, and remained there about fourteen months, the four last of which he published the paper for the estate of its late owner, who died during the summer; he made his arrangements to buy the office at administrator's sale, and would have done so but for the treachery of one who ought to have been a friend; from La Fayette he went to Nashville, Tenn., to Washington, D. C, where he spent a winter, and then to Cincinnati, in the spring of 1852, where he soon became foreman of the Gazette office, which office he left in July, 1853, to go to Hamilton, Ohio, where he became edi- tor and part proprietor of the Telegraphy the Democratic paper of Butler Co. ; at the close of 1855, he sold out his inter- est in the paper and at once went to Bloomington, III., where he purchased the National Flag, a Democratic paper, and edited it during the canvass of 1856, which resulted in the election of Mr. Buchanan to the Presidency; after the election, he sold out and went to Indianapolis and took charge of the State printing; in the fall of 1857, he purchased the Democratic Standard, at Anderson, Ind., which he edited un- til 1863, when he sold out and went into the boot and shoe trade, which he sold out in 1864, and purchased a large flock of sheep and came to Iowa, into Polk Co., and went into the real estate business at Des Moines; in 1865, he disposed of his sheep and went to Mem- phis, Tenn., and remained two years, connected with the press of that city ; but in the summer of 1867, he came to Burlington, Iowa, and went into the Daily Gazette as part proprietor and one of i^s editors ; shortly afterward, he purchased the entire office, and con- ducted the paper until late in 1874, when he sold out, and at once purchased a steam book and job office, and added a bindery, which establishment he is conducting at the present time (spring of 1879). In 1862, he was candidate for Secretary of State before the Demo- cratic State Convention of Indiana and secured a solid Congressional vote with several counties outside for that office, by which vote he felt flattered ; in 1872, he was a delegate from the First Dis- trict of Iowa to the Baltimore Conven- tion, which nominated Horace Greeley for the Presidency; in 1875, was elected a member of the Council of Burlington, leading all other candidates by a handsome vote; he has been mod- est in his aspirations fur office ; he has been an earnest, active and consistent member of the Democratic party al- ways. His life has been an active and earnest one, keeping up the habits of his earliest boyhood days, which have been so regular that he has scarcely ever lost a meal on account of sicknes-s ; his BURLINGTON CITY. 621 tastes run in the line of newspaper life, to which profession he proposes to re- turn at the first favorable opportunity, if life and health be spared. On Feb- ruary 19, 1856, he married Hannah M. Bell, at Hamilton, Ohio, while publish- ing his paper in Illinois ; she was the daughter of Hon. Daniel S. Bell, for- mer y a prominent lawyer of Urbana, Ohio, where she was born Feb. 10, 1838 ; after the death of her father in 1849, she lived with her uncle, Geo. P. Bell, a retired merchant, at whose residence she was married ; another un- cle, Hiram Bell, represented the Green- ville, Ohio, District in Congress early in 1850 ; she is still living, a,nd has been the mother of fuur children — two boys and two girls — the baby boys dying, one in 1859, the other in 1876 ; the former 18 and the latter 1 month old ; Bell Corwin and Abbie Florence, the former 18 and the latter 9 years old, are left to their parents, and are members of the flourishing high school of Burling- ton, and have every promise of becom- ing ornaments of society and a comfort to their parents in their declining years. Barnickel, Paul, engineer, 1117 S. 10th. Barnes, J. W., contractor and broker ; res. 809 N. 7th. BARRET, R. A., DR., was born in Green Co., Ky., June 22, 1835, and spent his early youth in Illinois, principally at Springfield. At this time, Mr. Barret's father, Richard F. Barret, was Fund Coiumissioner of the State of Illinois. The elder Barret was a heavy land-owner in Illinois and Iowa. Dr. Barret was a pupil in Judge Samuel Treat's private school at St. Louis, Mo.; he also attended the St. Louis University, and was privately instructed by Chester Harding, who, in 1849, accompanied him East, where he was, by the latter, placed in Phillips' Exeter Academy, in New Hampshire; there remained three years preparing for college, which he commenced in 1852; the degree of M. D. was conferred upon him in 1854, and that of Master of Arts in 1856. In the latter year, he went to Europe and graduated at Heidelberg University, where he received the degree of Ph D.; for a time, he acted as Secretary of Legation to Mason (of Mason & Slidell notoriety), who was then Minister from the United States to France, and located at Paris. At the expiration of his sojourn of three years in Europe he re- turned to St. Louis; there he studied law with his uncle, Aylett Buckner; was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1859, and became his uncle's partner. In 1861, he was appointed Attorney for the United States Government, and in- stalled in the ofl&ce of Gen. B. G. Farar, General Supervisor of confiscated and contraband property, remaining until June, 1864, at which time he was transferred to the office of Gen. E. B. Alexander, Provost Marshal General United States, for that District, acting as his Chief Clerk and Private Secre- tary until April, 1866 ; then Dr. Bar- fet came to BurUngton to settle up the estate of his father; in August, 1867. he purchased the Burlington Gazette, which paper he edited and managed until 1869; from 1869 to 1872, he was editor-in-chief of the St. Louis Dispatch; in 1874, he was commercial and city editor of the St. Louis Times ; subsequently, private secretary to his brother, then Mayor of St. Louis. After his brother's death in April, 1875, he continued in his former position of Secretary to James H. Britton, Mayor, until the spring of 1876. From April until December, 1877, he conducted the Barret House. Mr. Barret mar- ried Miss Mary Finney, daughter of the late William Finney, one of the earliest settlers and most prominent citizens of St. Louis. Of late years, the subject of our sketch has been principally engaged in the practice of law in St. Louis, spending, however, much of his time in Burlington, in the attention of his property. BARRETT, B. F., meat market, 1321 Osborn street ; was born in Bel- mont Co., Ohio; came to Burlington in 1870 ; enlisted in the 2d Mo. V. C. in 1864, and served till the close of the war. Married in 1868 Belle Carnes ; they have two children living — Freddie L. and Harry. Democrat. Bartruff, H. S., cabinet-maker, 125 S. 5th. Bauer, Fred, cigar mfr., 1106 Chalfant. Bauer, Fred, teamster, 400 S. Main. Bauer, Henry, cigar mfr., 114 S. 7th. 622 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY; Bauerback, Aug. dry goods and groceries, 401 Leebrick. Baumberger, Fred, porter, 20-4 N. Main. Baunian, Chas., surveyor; res. 218 S. 9th. Baumgartnor, A., laborer, 1.521 Bodeman. Baura^artnor, F., clerk, 1.507 Thul. BEAN, J. v., M. D., office 321^ Jefiorson ; is a member of Des Moines County Medical Society; a native of Crawford Co., Penn. ; was educated at Cunneautville, Ohio, and a graduate from the Bellevue Medical Hospital, New York City, in the Class of 1868 ; came to Iowa in 1870, located in Ap- panoose Co. for practice, and came to Burlington in 1873 ; held a position as Contract Surgeon in the United States Army from 1868 to 1870, serving in the Department of Dakota ; is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and Vice President of the Y. M. C. A. of this city. BEARD, HIRAM, of the firm of Beard, Mahiinger & Co., wholesale liquor dealers ; was born in Montgomery Co., Ohio ; came to Burlington in 1851 ; engaged in the dry goods business until 1876; since September, 1877, he has been engaged in his present business. Beardsley, Charles, 219 7th. • Beck, Andrew, stonemason, 106 S. Adams. Beck, J icob, carp., 1600 Mt. Pleasant. BECK, JOHIV, dealer in groceries and provisions, 1504 Mt. Plea.sant street ; was born in May, 1811, in Germany; came to Burlington in 1 855 ; he mar- ried ill 1839 Zitonia Beck ; they have three children — Vincent, born Jan. 27, 1840; Philip, Sept. 23,1843; Mary, Dec. 12, 1845. All members of St. John's Church ; he is a Republican. Beck, Jacob, barber, 106 S. Adams. Beck, J. W., bookseller, 212 N. 3d ; res. 1115 Rhein. Beck, Vincent, barber-shop, Gorham House, res. 101 N. Gunnison. Begemann, Fred, 700 S. 10th. Bell, William, 420 S. Main. Bell, Wm. M., lab.; res. 1109 S. Uth. Bender, George, carp., 231 S. lOth. Benedict, B., res. 611 George st. Benne, Edward, carp., 1318 N. 9th. Benner, Philip, res. 808 8th. Bennett & Frantz, carriage manufacturers ; factory, 418 N. 3d. Bergantzelle,S., night-watch, 1218 Gnahn. Berges,H., foreman GasWorks, 1301 Corse' Bergman, Wm., mach., 1216 Doemland- Bernard, Cornelius, far., north of Ash. BEREX^I, PETER, restaurant and wholesale dealer in oysters. No. 113 S. Main St. ; born in Duekwiler, Germany, in 1826; came to Burlington in 1857 ; started present business in 1872. Mar- ried Miss W. Hawmes in 1860; she was born in Duekwiler, also, in 1836; they have three children — Constantine, Mary and Peter. Mr. Bernes is a mem- ber of the Germania Society ; members of the Catholic Church ; Democrat. Bernet, F., grocer, 801 S. Main. Biesenbruck, J. H., farmer, 200 S. 6th. Biklcn, Charles H., confectioneries, 413 Jefferson ; res. 523 S. 7th. Berry, William, superintenJont saw-mill; ros. 319 S. 7th. Berry & Co., G. L. B. & H. H. G., lum- ber manufacturers, near Cascade. Berthold & Dupuis, City Mills, corner Front and Court. Betzinger, Jacob, lab., 408 N. 6th. Beckenbach, Fred, harness-shop, 518 Jef- ferson ; res. 600 Gertrude st. Biklen, L. H., shoeing-shop, 314 Division; res. 312 S. 7th. Biklen, Winzer & Co., wholesale grocers, 110 N. Main. Bingham, Y. W.; res. Madison av. Bird, Curtis, book-keeper.; 829 N. 4th. Berkenstadt, John, night-watch, 1018 N. 10th. BischoflP, George, wagonmaker, 227 N. Boundary; res. 903 Jefferson. Bistorias, Christ., mason, 301 Summer. Bittner, Julius, cigar-maker, 211 S. Main. Blake, M. K., attorney at law, 307 Jeffer- son ; res. Miller cor. Darwin. BJLAKE, WIL,L.IAM ED- OAR, born in Morning Sun, Preble Co., Ohio, June 27, 1844; came to Louisa Co., Iowa, in 1845 ; graduated at Monmouth College, Illinois, in 1867, then studied law in the law dei)artment of the Iowa State University, loAva City, Iowa, where he graduated in 1869 ; he came to Burlington, in August of the same year, and has since been engaged in the practice of law ; the firm was styled Newman & Blake until Septem- ber, 1874, when it was changed to Blake & Hammack, Jan. 1, 1879; Mr. Blake a2; ihcnce to Cincinnati and Bur- lington in 1 S-K) ; engaged in the cabinet business till 1848, then commenced raising grapes for wine, which he now carries on extensively ; his representa- tions as to the quality of his wine can be depended upon ; the vineyard is beautifully situated on the banks of the Mississippi River. He married in Cin- cinnati, in 1835, Mary A. Reahm ; had three children — Mary M., Elizabeth and Missouri; the latter died in 1841. Mrs. Dewein died in 1850. He was elected and served one term as Alder- man from the 4th Ward.p Reubli- can. Disque, F., & Co., dlrs. in saddles, harness, etc., 206 N. Main. Dodge, A. C, Hon.; res. 829 N. 5th. Dodge, A. v.; res. 823 N. 5th. DODGE, CHARLES J., of the firm of Dodge & Dodge ; was born in Washington, D. C, July 31, 1852 ; he lived in Spain four years while his father was Minister to that country, after which he lived here continuously until 1867 ; in that year, he entered Notre Dame and graduated in 1874; he then entered the law department of the State University, and has been engaged in practice here since his ad- mis^on to the bar in 1875. He married Miss Ella Craig, Jan. 6, 1876 ; she is a native of Ohio. DOEMLAND, CHRISTIAN, carpenter, residence 1129 Doemland street; he was born Dec. 23, 1824, in Germany ; came to Burlington in 1854. He married Nov. 11, 1849^ Mary Gada ; they have three children — Fred, Rachel and Bertha. Republican. DONAHUE, W. J., of the firm of Donahue & Co., cor. of 8th and Maple streets, dealers in dry goods, groceries and provisions ; was born at Pittsburgh, Penn., June 18, 1841 ; moved to Bur- lington June 3, 1875. Enlisted in Co. C, 5th Penn. Artillery in July, 1864 ; bad previously served six months in Knapp's Battery ; he served till the close of the war ; his regiment captured Mosely's Battery in the spring of 1864. He married July 7, 1868, P^Hzabeth K. Boowes; she was born July 12, 1843, at Pittsburgh, Penn. ; had five children — Lizzie M., deceased; Clara D., Jennie J., Alice R. and Gertie G. Republican ; members of the United Presbyterian Church. Donahue, McCosh & Co.. dealers in marble, 101 4th, cor. of Market. Donahue & McCosh, wholesale dealers in Hardware, 100 and 102 3d, cor. Market. Doran, Michael, carp. ; res. 618 S. 4th. DORAN, R. E., mattress manufact- urer, at No. 618 Jeiferson st.; he was born Oct. 15, 1848, in Henry Co., Iowa, and moved to Burlington in 1873. En- listed in the 1st Kansas Battery in Feb- ruary, 1863, and served till the close of the war ; was in all of the battles that his regiment participated in. He mar- ried July, 1868, Emma E. Hepburn ; they have three children — Franklin, Susan and Harriet M. DORN, PAUJL, proprietor of new McCutcheon House, Columbia St., be- tween Main and Water ; born in Ba- varia, Germany, in 1825 ; came to Burlington in 1838, and engaged at farming ; started present business in 1866. Married Miss E. A. Best in 1850 ; she was born in Ireland in 1823. Democrat. Dorr, Russell R., 1448 Webb. Douglass, George, manager Dun & Co.'s mercantile agency, 208 N. Main. DRACH, JOSEPH, merchant tailor and dy.er, 309 N. 3d st., opposite the Bar- ret House; he was born February 9, 1837, in Germany; came to America in 1869, and to Burlington October, 1876. He married October, 1877, Caroline Schmitt, widow of Robert Schinitt ; she had four children by her first husband — Caroline, Oscar, Robert and Amy ; and by the present marriage they have one child — Arthur. Mr. D. is a Democrat. Drake & Dayton, wholesale dealers in heavy hardware, cutlery, etc., 113 and 115 N. Main. Dreher, Conrad, Teutonia Hall, 421 Jeffer- son; res. 521 Maple, cor. of 6th. Droegemeier & Schaefer, dealers in boots and shoes, etc., 209 Jefferson. Dryden, Carlton, 712 Warren. Due^meyer, F. J., shipping clerk, 1123 Spiegel. BURLINGTON CITY. 633 Duffey, M. E., real estate agt., 605^ Jefferson. • Dunbar, J. B., proprietor Passenger Depot Dinins-Hall ; res. 201 S. Main. DUNOAIV, tJEORCJE A., of the firm of George A. Duncan & Co., gen- eral insurance agents ; he was born in Indiana Co., Penn., Sept. 5, 1851, and came to Burlington with his parents in 1858. In 1862, he entered the State Normal School at Millersville, Penn., remained three years, then entered Washington College, Washington, Penn., from which he graduated in 1868; in 1873, he commenced his present busi- ness as successor of F. E. Hoffman & Co. Duncan, Thomas, 720 N. 4th. Dunham, F. R., postal clerk, 722 N. 6th. Dunham & Jordan, architects, 307 Jef- ferson. Dunn, Moses, grocer, 513 Jefferson ; res. 612 N. 3d. DUPUIS, liOUIS, miller at the City Mills ; he was born April 19, 1841, in Germany ; came to America and to Burlington in 1865. He married, 1864, Mary Schultz; they have five children — Fred, Othelia, Louis, Anna and George. Republican. DUTTWILER, J., saloon-keeper. No. 1423 N. 8th St.; born in Germany in 1814. Married Catharine Durst in 1859 ; she was born in Germany in 1832 ; they have one child, Julia, now Mrs. Sterzing. Members of the Lu- theran Church ; Liberal. DUSTMAN, J. H., firm of Dust- man & Bro., dealers in groceries, pro- visions, crockery and furniture, corner of North and 8th sts., No. 1200 ; he was born June 24, 1848, in Germany ; came to America in 1852, and to Bur- lington in 1855. Married, Oct. 14, 1875, to Pauline Paule ; she was born in 1853; they have two children — Ida C. and Philip H. Dustman Bros., grocers ; 1200 N. 8th. Dustman, Peter, 819 Sycamore. EGGLESTON, SETH, res. 1324 N. 6th. Eads, S. J., res. 115 N. Marshall. Eastman, Charles ; res. 538 S. 10th. Ebert, Christ. J., manufacturer of cigars, 620 Jefferson ; res. 826 N. 8th. Ebert, Jacob, painter, 1107 Garden. three nd rents Ebner, Ferdinand, gunsmith, 308 N. 3d ; res. S. Main Eckstein, David, clerk; res. 516 Court. Edwards, Morgan, Rev., 720 Cedar. EEL.1.S, CHARIiES,_ livery, sale and feed stable, in rear of the Barret House ; entrance on 4th St.; he was born in Genesee Co., N. Y., Jan. 19, 1826 ; moved to Burlington in 1855, and for the last ten years has been in the livery business. Married July, 1847, Susan Voden ; they have children — Charles J., Hattie S Louisa E. Republican. Ehlers, A., machinist, 1300 Osborn. Ehlers, Fred, machinist, 1026 Ash. Eibes, Joseph ; res. 306 S. 3d. Eisfeld, E. M., & Co., clothing and ; furnishing goods, etc., 213 N. Main. Ekdal, Anthony, painter, 630 S. 7th. Eklund, A. P., clerk, Cameron st. Elliott, Kelley & Co., agricultural imple- ments, 107 Valley. Ellis, Chas., carp., 235 S. 10th. EMBICK, FRED, Principal of Hibernia School; residence 210 S. Pond ; has only been connected with the Bur- lington schools since 1875, but was for many years engaged in teaching at Car- lisle, Penn., of which State he is a native ; born in Cumberland Co.; he was edu- cated in Dickenson College, Carlisle, Penn. , and has been constantly engaged in teaching for the past sixteen years. Is married and has four boys, two now at home ; book-keeping and teaching have been his principal occupations through life. During the Mexican war, he was for fifteen months in the U. S. service with the 4th U. S. I. Is a member of the English Lutheran Church, with his family. ENGLE, GEORCi^E B., JR., State agt. for Iowa of the Bell Telephone Co. Epstein & Co., dealers in hides and pelts, 511 Jeffei'son. Erb & Schaefcr, hardware and cutlery, 204 Main. Ervin, Nathaniel, Madison, cor. Ervin. Esau, Frank, salesman, 1101 N. 7th. Evans, Evan ; res. 415 N. 4th. Evans, Evan F., carpenter; res. cor. 7th and N. Oak. Everingham, M. E., 216 S. Marietta. Ewing, D. M., 815 N. 4th. 634 * DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Ewinger, Henry, plumber and gas-fitter ; 315 N. ad ; res. 826 N. 8th. FABKRT, W. R., supt. of the J. M. Bradstreet & Son Mercantile Agency, office 202 Valley, cor. Main. Falen, A. P., shoe-shop, 707 Jefferson ; res. 120 N. Pond. Farriher, Michael, laborer, 506 S. 4th. FAUSEL, F., REV., Pastor of First German I]vaogc'lical Church, located on the corner of 6th and Columbia streets; he was born June 23, 1827, in Wurtemberg, Germany, and came to America in August, 1850, and to Bur- lington July 19, 1855 ; he graduated at the Theological Seminary of the German Evangelical Synod of North America in June, 1855 ; was ordained the same year in the church he now oc- cupies. He was married Oct. 21, 1855, to Mai'garet Meyer; they have seven children, four living — Meta A., Her- mann C, Louisa and Rosa M. He is a Republican. Fawcett, Peter, boiler-shop, cor. Main and Elm ; res. 539 S. 9th. Fear, H. W., clerk, 1028 N. 9th. Fear, J. H., 815 N. 6th. FEGAN, GEORtJE, cabinet-maker and carpenter, Sunny Side ; was born in Lebanon Co., Penn., in 1823: came to Burlington in 1847. Married Maria Butt in 1849 ; she was born in Mus- kingum Co., Ohio, in 1829 ; they have two children — Walter S. and Daniel D. Mr. Fegan owns three lots, worth $7,000. Mr. Fegan is a member of the Dutch Reformed Church ; Mrs. F. be- longs to the M. E. Church ; Republican. FEGAN, W. SCOTT, attorney at law ; was born in Union Tp., this county, Sept. 21, 1854; he graduated from the Law Department of the Iowa State Uni- versity in 1875, and was admitted to the bar the same year. Fehse, William, carpenter, 612 S. 9th. Feldmann, Gust, 834 High. Fennimore, R., carpenter, 1101 N. 8th. Fensterer, Alois, 900 Jefferson. Fetterman, John, painter, 1407 Agency. Fitchner, A., blacksmith, 223 N. Bound- ary ; res. 207 N. Boundary. Fiesman, J., Mason, 1520 Osborn. Fink, John, blacksmith, 714 Jefferson; res. lOOG Angular. Fischer, A. W., upholsterer, 1205 Osborn. Fitzgerald, P. E., engineer, res. 612 Iowa. Fitzsimmons, George, Yiressmnnllawk-Ei/e office; res. 1136 Franklin. FIX, li. R., Vice President of White- Breast Cual and Mining Co., and Vice President and General Manager of the Iowa and Missouri Coal and Land Co.; also member of the firm of Fix & Postel- wait, of Ottumwa. Mr. Fix was born in Zanesville, Ohio, March 9, 1839. He served over four years in the 19th Ohio Vol. Inf; he enlisted in July, 1861, and was mustered out in December, 1865 ; served as Major of his regiment. He came to Burlington in April, 1866 ; engaged in jewelry business in Bur- lington until May 1, 1878, although for the last twelve years he has been inter- ested in the coal business, for last ten years a member of the firm of Fix & Postelwait, of Ottumwa ; two years pre- vious, with L. L. McBride & Co., of same place. Flad, Chas. A., mfr. boots, shoes, etc., 500 Jefferson ; res. 1427 S. Main. Flad, Frederick, v(!terinary surgeon ; res. 842 Washington. Flege, Wm.; res. 1281 S. 10th. Fleming, C. S., with Buffington & Forney; res. 1222 N. 7th. Fleming, J. C, physician; office 315V N. 3d; res. 1002 Maple. Flemming, J. J., book-keeper; 559 S. Boundary. Flemming, M., 559 S. Boundary. Flindt, John A., jeweler, 204 Jefferson ; res. 915 N. 7th. Flindt, Louis, jeweler, 521 Jefierson ; res. 915 N. 7th. Fogerstoom, C, carpenter, 1618 Market. Foley, D., carpenter, 1205 Plank. Foote, J. G., 722 N. 6th. FORDXEY, WIl.LIAM, con- tractor and builder, 512 Washington St.; he was born in Bedford Co., Penn., Jan. 31, 1818; finished learning his trade at Chambersburg. Married Sept. 3,1840, Elizabeth Grove; arrived at Burlington Nov. 24, 1840; has served as Judge of City Elections for several years. They have four children — Maria L., Henrietta, Jane E. and Will- iam ; Mrs. Fordney died May 13, 1865. She was a member of the Baptist Church ; he is a Republican. Fordney, William, Jr., 512 Washington. BURLINGTON CITY. 635 Forkel, August, harness-shop, 712 Jeffer- son ; res. 1300 Market. Forney, D. S., physician and surgeon; office and res. 1208 S. 10th. Forney, James M., 803 S. 4th. FOSTER, T. G., Clerk of the Courts; was born in the town of Gait, Canada West, May 4, 1848, and removed with his parents to Boone Co., Iowa, in 1856 ; lived there until 1861, then removed to Des Moines. He was connected with telegraphing for two years and in the post office two years ; Feb. 1, 1867, came to Burlington, since which time he has been in the office of the Clerk of the Courts, first as Deputy, then as Clerk. He married Lucia L. Schramm Jan. 3, 1872 ; she was born in Burlington ; they have one daughter — Margaret, born Nov. 24, 1878. Foster, Uriah ; res. Ripley st. Foster, W. P., Cashier First Nat. Bank ; res. 922 N. 5th. Fowler, C. C, Deputy Co. Auditor ; bds. 310 Columbia. Frame, Jas., coal-dealer, cor. 3d and Mar- ket ; res. 903 N. 6th. Franken, Charles, 873 Arch. Frantz, John B., 412 Court. Frawley, John B., passenger agent T.,P. & W.;res. 1203 N. 6th. Frazee, George, attorney, U. 8. Commis- sioner and Collector of Customs, 307 Jef- erson ; res. Denmark, cor. S. Boundary. Frazier, John, carpenter, 642 S. 10th. Frebert, A. A., blacksmith, 308 S. 6th. Frebert, Conrad, plasterer, 308 S. 6th. Frederickson, Fred, 1113 S. Boundary. Freeland, Perry ; res. 1217 N. 7th. FREY", FREIDRICH, stone-cut- ter and contractor at 1506 Boundary st.; born May 15, 1819, in Germany ; came to America in 1838, and to Burlington March 15, 1851. Married May, 1850, to Margaret Papp ; they have one child, Freidrich. Both members of the M. E. Church ; Republican. Friedel, Mathew, carpenter, 802 Foster. French, Thomas, 1330 Angular. Friday, Fred, carpenter, 117 N. Wood. Fritts, Wm. D., 1502 Smith. Fritts, Frank, 1802 Agency. Fritz, Julius, machinist, 1122 Jefferson. Fritt; Brothers, druggists. 624 Jefferson. Fuller, J. B., Rev., librarian, rooms cor. Fourth and Jefferson ; res. 812 S. 7th. FULLER, WILLIAM E., attorney at law ; was born in Centre Co., Penn., March 30, 1846 ; he re- moved to Stephenson Co., 111.; thence to Fayette Co., Iowa; he was educated at the Iowa State University ; graduated at the Law Deparment of that institu- tion in June, 1870, and was admitted to the bar at the same time ; previous to this, in the years 1866 and 1867, he was in the Interior Department at Wash- ington, in the office of Indian affairs. Mr. Fuller was a member of the Six- teenth General Assembly. He mar- ried Lou J. Harper, daughter of Hon. William Harper, of Mediapolis, Jan. 1, 1868 ; she was born at Kossuth, in this county ; they have four children — Levi H., Hattie M., Stella E. and Clara Augusta. Mr. and Mrs. Fuller are members of the M. E. Church. Fullerton, Nixon, clerk, 828 Valley. Fulton, Alexander, boarding house, 808 Valley. Funck, Jacob, agent; res. 1022 N. 8th. Funck, John W., teamster; res. 841 Iowa. FUNCK & HERTZLER, man- ufacturers of the Orchard City Wagon, cultivators, plows, spring-wagons, etc., at the cor. of Jefferson and 8th sts. ; their factory was established in 1856 by John A. Funck, who died on the 8th of May, 1877; an extract taken from a circular issued by the surviving partners in July, 1877, will explain the wishes of Mr. Funck, and the condition of the concern at the present time : " The sad fact of the death of our senior part- ner and father, John A. Funck, one of the oldest citizens of this city, which occurred on the 8th day of May last, cast a gloomy cloud around the remain- ing partners; but, by his precaution, which was visible in all transactions of his life, this cloud was removed, as he had made such provisions in his last will, that the business and style of the old firm shall not only continue as hereto- fore, but, shall under his last wishes, prosper and grow in years coming." This establishment has grown to be one of the most extensive in the West ; they make 1,500 to 1,600 wagons per year; 600 to 800 cultivators;" 1,500 plows; employ, upon an average, 55 men. The present partners are now John Hertzler, 636 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: John Zaiscr, A. F. Hertzler, H. R. Miller, C. D. Funck and A. B. Funck. GADDAU, CHRIST, grocer, 1421 Thul. GAKKIEL, HENRY, manufact- urer of cigars and snuif, 115 S. Main St.; born in Prussia in 1828; came to Burlington in 1852; since been en- gaged in the tobacco business. Married Barbara Durst in 1850 ; she was born in Baden, Germany, in 1826; theyhave four children — Charles, William, Louisa and Sophia. Mr. G. is Liberal. GAHE^AN, M. H.,_ dealer in gro- ceries, dry goods, provisions, notions, etc., corner of 9th and Maple sts.; born in Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 2-1-, 1846 ; came to Burlington in 1857. Married May 30, 1869, Mary E. Colgan ; had five children — Harry, born May 18, 1870; Charles, Feb. 28,1872; Mary, Aug. 9, 1874; Frank M., Sept. 26, 1875; Sadie, April 5, 1878; both Mary and Sadie deceased. Members of the Catholic Church. OALEY, F., saloon and billiard par- lor, Lawrence House Block. The sub- ject of this sketch was born in Germany in 1855 ; in 1862, came to Burlington ; worked in the Lawrence House for a period of twelve years, and at the Bar- ret one year and a half. In 1874, mar- ried Miss Emma Felte ; she was born in Lee Co., this State, in 1853; has two children — Anna B. and Edward. In politics. Mr. Galey is Liberal. Gall, C. F., mfr. cigars, cor. 3d and Jef- ferson ; res. 253 S^ 10th. Gantz, J., tailor, 1527 Bodeman. Gantz, Andrew, saloon, 613 Jefferson. Garber, Conrad, blksmith ; res. 1400 S. 14th. Gardner, E. T., dlr. in flour, 709 S. 7th. GARRETT, HENRY C, Cashier of the Merchants' National Bank ; was born in Burlington Jan. 16, 1851; for the past seven years, he has been con- nected with the banking institutions of the city; though an unusually young man to hold a position involving such responsibility, and re(iuiring not only extraordinary business tact and ability, but also the entire confidence of the general business public, the Directors of the bank heretofore named were so thoroughly convinced of his possession of all the qualities necessary to ably fill the position, that they unhesitatingly appointed him as Cashier of their bank^ one of the leading moneyed institutions of the State. GARRETT, WILLIAM, Cashier of the Iowa State Savings Bank ; was born in Lexington, Ky., June 18, 1823 ; his father died when he was 7 years old ; four years later, his mother remarried, and, in 1836, came with her family to Burlington (then Flint Hills, Michigan Territory) ; in 1837, he engaged as a boy in the store of Webber & Reraey ; remained three years, then engaged as salesman in the store of Shepherd. Lef- fler & Co. ; on the 1st of March, 1844, he staged it over the mountains to Bal- timore, purchased a stock of goods, and went into business for himself before he was 21 ; remained in business till 1853, then was elected Sheriff of the county as the Whig candidate ; re-elected in 1855 ; in 1859, he formed a copartner- ship with Mr. Postlewait and John W. Rhodes, under the firm name of Gar- rett, Rhodes & Co. ; remained in that business until 1862; in January, 1863, he was elected Clerk of the' Dis- trict Court ; served until 1874 ; was then elected Cashier of the Savings Bank ; he served his ward as Alderman for two years, and has been Secretary of the Aspen Grove Cemetery Associa- tion for over ten years. Mr. Garrett married on the 9th of May, 1848, Miss Martha Rorer, eldest daughter of Hon. David Rorer ; they have had nine chil- dren seven now living, four sons and three daughters. Mr. Garrett is a prom- inent member of the Episcopal Church ; is a Republican. Garrett, T. M., book-keeper Iowa State Savings Bank ; res. 521 Columbia. Gauer, Val., cigars, 211 N. Main; res. 904 N. Oak. GEAR, JOHN H., son of Rev. E. G. Gear, a clergyman of the I'rotcstant Episcopal Church ; was born in Ithaca, N. Y., on the 7th of April, 1825 ; in 1843, he came to Burlington, where he has since continued to reside ; he began his mercantile career by entering the firm of Bridgeman & Bros, as saleman ; he remained with this house a little more than a year, and then became clerk BURLINGTON CITY, 637 fur W. F. Coolbaugh, in which position he remained for five years, when he was taken into partnership ; at the end of another five years, he succeeded to the business by purchase, and has ever since carried it on, he being now the oldest wholesale grocer in the State ; Mr. Gear has been honored by his fellow citizens with many positions of trust; in 1852, he was elected Alderman ; in 1803, was elected Mayor, he being the first Re- publican, up to that time, who had been elected in Burlington on a party issue ; in 1867, the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota Railroad Co. was organ- ized, and he was chosen President ; he was active in promoting the Burlington & Southwestern Railroad, as well as the Burlington & Northwestern Narrow- Gauge Road. In politics, he has always acted with the Republican party, and, in 1871, was elected a member of the House of Representatives of the Four- teenth General Assembly ; in 1873, he was elected to the Fifteenth Assembly and chosen Speaker; in 1875, he was for the third time elected to the Assem- bly, and again made Speaker ; he was elected Governor of the State in Octo- ber, 1877, and now fills the Executive chair. Gov. Gear was married, in 1852, to Harriet S. Foot, formerly of Middle- bury, Vt. ; has had four children, two now living. Gieger, John, Constable ; res. 1401 S. 13th. Gerber, August, cabinet-maker, 1906 St. Paul av. Gerhnger, Michael, 424 Lewis. Gerlinger, Buhrmister & Co., wagon-man- ufacturers, 324 6th, cor. Washington. GE YER, C, proprietor of Union Ho- tel, Main st., corner of Elm ; born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1835; came to Burlington in 1856; started present business in 1868. Married Anna Benne in 1859; she was born in Prussia in 1840 ; they have five children — George, Louisa, Ida, Maud and Emma. Mr. G. belongs to the Turner Society. During the war, he was a recruiting-officer ; held the office of Steward of the Marine Hospital four years. Was Alderman two terms. In politics, he is Democratic. Giebrick, George, saloon, 1907 S. Main st. Gieger, Andrew, Jr., mach., res. 222 S. 3d. Gieseker, Henry, grocery, 1406 N. 8th. Gilbert, Hedge & Co., wholesale lumber dealers, Jefi'erson, corner 8th. Gilbert, James I., Gen., Prospect Hill. Gilbert, Jas. W.; res. Vine, cor. Boundary. Gilbert, W. D., 910 Jefferson. Giles, J. A., Principal of Business Col- lege, corner Jeiferson and Main ; res. 1990 Ripley. Gillett, William, 508 N. 8th. Gillett, S., & Co., dry goods commission merchants, 319 N. Main. Gillies, William ; res. 501 9th. GIL,I.IXGHAM, W. W., dealer in teas, coffees, spices and fancy groceries, 308 Jefferson st. ; born in Jefferson Co., New York, in 1842 ; came to Bur- lington in 1875. Married Emma Jack- man in 1873 ; she was born in Toledo, Ohio, in 1852. Mr. G. enlisted in 1862 in Co. G, 10th N. Y. Art. ; held the posi- tion of 1st Lieutenant ; mustered out in 1865. Republican. Gilman, H. H.,802 5th. Gilson, Dustin, foreman B & M. round- house, 901 Summer. GLASGOW, S. li., attorney at law, was born near Winchester, Adams Co., Ohio, Sept. 17, 1838 ; he came to Oska- loosa,Iowa,inl856; lived there two years; then removed to Corydon, Wayne Co., where, in 1860, he was admitted to the bar. He enlisted as a private in Co. I, 4th I. V. I., in 1861, and when the com- pany was organized, was elected 1st Lieu- tenant; he resigned in 1862, and came to Wayne Co.; organized Co. D, 23d I. V. I.; was elected Captain, and appointed Major of the regiment before it left the State ; he afterward became Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel, and Brigadier Gen- eral by brevet ; was mustered out in 1865 ; returned to Corydon, and re- sumed practice. In 1868, he was P]lector- at-Large for Grant, and in April, 1869, he was appointed Consul to Havre, France, which position he held until Jan. 1,1874; he was then appointed Consul at Glasgow, Scotland, remaining in that office until 1876, when he came to Burlington, and has since been en- gaged in the practice of his profession. Glazeby, John, & Co., carriage mfrs., cor. 5th and Market. Glazeby, John, 719 S. 10th. Gnahn, John, retired ; res. 127 S. 4th. 038 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY GOETZ, J. G., saloon-keeper 1319 Osburn st ; born in Germany in 1845; came to Burlington in 1870. Married Louisa Anglege in 1871 ; she was born in Germany in 1848; they have three children, two living — George and Ada; Jessie died in 1872. Mr. G. started present business in 1875. He was in the Prussian army four years. He is a Democrat. GORMAN, J. H., meat market and provisions, North Boundary St., bet. Washington and Columbia sts. ; he was born June 23, 1852, in Belfast, Ireland ; came to America 1862, and to Burling- ton in 1872. Gorham & Munday, props. Gorham House, cor. Main and Valley. Gould & Doty, dressmakers, 609 North Main. Graesser, H. J., Asst. P. M.; res. 517 S. Main. Graesser, Nicholas, grocer, 517 S. Main. Graff, Robt. J., Prin. Select School; res. 722 N. 7th. Grant, G. S., res. rear North Western Brewery. Green, R. M.; res. 400 High. Greenbaum, Schroder & Co., dry goods, - 3d, cor. Valley. Greenbaum, S. W., 817 Summer. Greenough, Joseph, 404 Walnut. GREI^fER, JOHN, real estate agent ; was born in Wurtemberg, Ger- many, June 28, l832, and came to the United States in January, 1854, locat- ing in Boston, Mass., where he remained one year. He came to Burlington in the fall of 1855 ; he was thirteen years a blacksmith and veterinary surgeon, four years in mercantile business, and ten years in his present business ; he is district agent of the A., T. & S. Fe R. R. Co.'s land department, under the firm of Frost, Greiner & Co. Has been Alderman of 1st ward since April, 1878 ; is Notary Public and President of School Board of Independent Dis- trict. He married Barbara Wilhelra in October, 1857 ; she was born in Lan- caster Co., Ohio; they have three chil- dren — Anna, John, Jr., and Edwin. Members of the German Methodist Church. Gries, P. H., carpenter, 647 S. 10th. Grimm, Lambert, 522 N. Main. Grinelle, A., fruits, cor. Main and Jeffer- son ; res. 213 Elm. Groeltz, J. A., mason, 316 S. 10th. Groetchel, Robt., carpenter. 111 N. Pond. Groethe, Christ, carp., 1008 N. Oak. Groethe, Wm., 1519 N. 8th. GROSS, J. M., of the firm of Beard, Mahlinger & Co., wholesale liquor-dealer ; born in Bavaria ; came to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1860; came to Bur- lington in 1871 ; engaged in liquor and cigar business since he came here. Gross, Wm., mason, 1303 Mt. Pleasant. Grupe, A. B., painter, and dlr. in furniture, 726 Jefferson ; res. 114 S. Gunnison. Grupe, E. Y., 1104 Jefferson. GRUXJJES, HENRY, proprietor of Green Tree House, 207 S. Main ; born in Germany in 1842 ; came to Burlington in 1866 ; started present business in 1878. Married Margaret Apple in 1873; she was born in Ba- varia, Germany, in 1849 ; they have three children — Lizzie, Henry and Mary. Guelich, Paul, attorney at law, 210 Jeffer- son. GUELICH, THEODORE, attorney and real estate, loan and in- surance agent ; was born in Germany Jan. 29, 1829 ; he came to the United States in the summerof 1851, locating at Davenport, Iowa, where he remained for ten years, then came to Burlington. He enlisted in May, 1861, and was Quartermaster of 1st I. V. I.; in Au- gust, 1861, he re-enlisted in Co. D, 48th I. V. I., with rank of 1st Lieutenant. Mr. Guelich is a member of the School Board, and has been from the .start one of the proprietors of the Iowa Tiihiine; while in Davenport, he established Der Democrat, which he conducted from 1851 to 1856, after which he engaged in law, real estate and insuranca business. Guenther, P. E., mfr of cigars 705 Jef- ferson ; res. 1503 Mt. Pleasant. GUEST, JAMES A., wholesale and retail dealer in pianos, organs, sheet music, music-books, etc. ; born in Lyons, Wayne Co., N. Y. ; came to Iowa in 1866 ; located at Belle Plaine, Benton Co., where he resided until he came to Burlington in 1874. He has been en- gaged in mercantile business ever since he came to Iowa. BURLINGTON CITY. 639 Gulick, Amos; res. Gilbert st. Gunn, Thomas F., Rev., Pastor St. Paul's Church ; res. 508 N. 4th. Gunnel], Sanford, barbershop, 208 N. 3d ; res. 720 Franklin. Gutekunst, J. M., mfr of light wagons, etc., 309 Division ; res. 235 S. 8th. HA AG, JOHN, carpenter, 1227 Car- oline. Hackmann, H., wagon-maker, 901 Locust, cor. Boundary. Hafner, George, res; 1001 9th. Hagarty, James, horse-shoeing shop, 212 Columbia ; res. 825 N. Boundary. Hagemann, E., far.; res. cor. of Starr and West avs. Hagemeier, Florence, grocer, 1501 Osborn; res. 1500 Thul. Hagemeier, Henry, 1127 Doemland. Haight, M. J., salesman, 917 Market. HAL.L, B. J., HON. was born at Mt. Vernon, Knox Co., Ohio, Jan. 13, 1835. He graduated at Mi- ami University, Oxford, Ohio, in June, 1855, and came with his father to Iowa in 1839, which has since been his resi- dence. He studied law in his father's office and has been continuously in prac- tice since 1857. Mr. Hall was a mem- ber of the Thirteenth General Assembly, which convened in 1872, and by which the laws were revised, and the code of 1873 enacted. He was married to Miss Louise Webb, of La Fayette, in 1857. Hall, H. W., business manager Hawk-Eye office ; res. 600 Washington. HAMMACK, D. M., was born in Mercer Co., Ill, Jan. 31, 1848, where he spent his boyhood days; in 1865 he entered college at Mon- mouth, 111., and graduated there in 1869; the same year, he studied law with Stewart & Phelps there. In June, 1873, Mr. Hammack was married to Miss Belle Stewart, daughter of his pre- ceptor. In 1872, he came to Burlington and began the practice of law ; from 1875-79, Mr. Hammack was a member of the law firm of Blake & Hammack. He served as Township Clerk of Bur- lington Tp. from 1874-76, and is now Chairman of the Democratic Central Committee of Des Moines Co. ; Mr. Hammack is associated with Mr. Howard in the law business, the firm being styled Hammack & Howard, and has a one-third interest in the Burling- ton Gazette. From January 1, 1875 to January 1, 1879, he served as Dep- uty District Attorney. HAlIillES, JOHN, keeps saloon cor. of 8th and Eim sts. ; born in Ger- many, on the Rhine ; came to America and to Iowa in 1855 ; 'moved to Bur- lington in 1862. Married May 28, 1866, Geneva Mott; she was born in Baden, Germany, they have four chil- dren — Augusta, Amelia, Rosa and Chris- tina. HAi!i:!IES, M., proprietor of the Grand Central Hotel, cor. of Main and Division sts. ; born in Prussia in 1835 ; came to Burlington in 1856 ; started present business in 1874. Married Mary Litzenburger in 1864; she was born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1847 ; they have three children — Constantino, Lena, Barbara. Mr. Hammes is a ■ member of the Turner Society ; Repub- lican. HARD, CHARLES, first assistant engineer of the Water .Works ; he was born June 17, 1849, in Seneca Co., N. Y. ; came to Burlington in 1873 ; was engineer in the Fire Department, also some of the time was engaged at the machine-shop of the C, B. & Q. R. R. Co., and he assisted in the erection of the Water Works, and has been con- stantly engaged by the Company ever since. Hauchett, E. H., Professor of music, 1330 Summer. Hanna, B. M. ; res. 629 S. 4th. Hanne, Christ, tailor, 1316 N. 8th. Hanraham, Daniel, foreman C, B. & Q. yard ; res. 1108 Agency. Happ, Henry, machinist, 205 S. Adams. Harper, W. W. ; res. 828 N. 4th. HARRINt,}TON, C. B., HON. JUOCjtE ; born in Clarendon, Rut- land Co., Vt., Dec. 23, 1812 ; remained on his father's farm until 1828 ; he en- tered Middlebury College in 1829, and graduated in 1833 ; he commenced studying law with Royce & Hodges in Rutland, and was admitted to the bar in 1836; he served four consecutive terras in the Vermont State Legislature ; was also elected State Attorney in 1853. He came to Burlington in 1857. The Judge was married to Susan Stoudert, 640 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY : of Middletown, Vt., in 1838. He was appointed sole Commissioner of the Vermont Insane Asylum in 1846, which office gave him entire jurisdiction of the institution. HARRIS, H. S., proprietor of the Harris House, and engaged in the wood trade; he was born March 13, 1832, in Floyd Co., Ky. ; came to Burlington in April, 1846. He married July 3, 18r)6, Lizzie Marshall; they have three children — David K., Birdie and Junia. Democrat. HARRIS, Z. N., Foreman of Hose Station No. 2, Fire Department ; was appointed policeman September, 1876; then Deputy Marshal ; served several months ; resigned, and was appointed driver of one of the hose-carts ; served up to the summer of 1878, when he re- ceived the appointment of Foreman ; he was born April 13, 1842, in Union Tp., Des Moines Co. Married March, 1865, A. E. Harris ; she was born July 26, 1840 ; they have four children — Laura C, Ella N., Leona P. and Zoe M. H arrison, Henry, grain-dealer, 100 N. Main Hartman C, painter, 1515 Mt. Pleasant. Harvey, George, portrait-painter. Sunny- side. Haskell. Daniel, far.. Mason av. Hassel, Dominick, 803 Jefferson. Hassel, John, grocer. Agency av., cor. Curran, Hibernia. Hastings, J. H., yardmaster C., B. & Q. R. R.; res. 10th cor. Maple. Hatton, Erank, editor-in-chief Burlington Ilawh-Eye, Central Block; res. 1119 Vine, cor. Summer. Hauber, George, locksmith, 616 Jeflferson ; res. cor. Amelia and Gertrude. Haubold, Emil, clerk, 1107 S. 3d. Haul, Henry, carpenter, 1210 Osborn. Hauser, Frank, carp., 1508 Mt. Pleasant. Hauser, Peter, carpenter, 902 Jefferson. Hauser, Stephen, sawyer, 621 Prospect. Hausknecht, Edward, tanner ; res. Wight- man's Addition. Hawkins, John, tailor, 306J N. 3d; res. 210 S. Boundary. Hawkins, S. S., dealer in hats and caps, 201 Jefferson; res. 535 S. 10th. Hawksworth, L., 210 S. 7th. HAY, A. T., proprietor of Hay's , Steel Works, No. 115 Columbia St.; native of Montgomery Co., Penn.; came to Iowa in 1851, in the interests ot the 111. & Miss. Telegraph Company, with headquarters at Burlington ; left that business in 1854, and went to Minne- apolis as agent of the U. S. Land Office, returning to Burlington in 1857, when he opened a real estate and law office, which business was conducted until 1866, and relinquished on account of ill-health; since then, has been engaged as an inventor and manufacturer, specific- ally in scientific and metallurgic inves- tigations, which have resulted in what is now known as the Hay Steel Process. Mr. Hay is self-educated ; his early ed- ucation, until he became of age, having been extremely limited ; during this time, he was bred to his father's trade — a blacksmith ; since attaining majority, he has given himself a thorough scien- tific and legal education. His wife is a native of Iowa, born at Burlington in 1835, and is the oldest native lowan. HAYDEN, WILLIAM F., carpenter and contractor, 417 Valley St., also carries on the business of plumbing and gas-fitting at 306 N. Main st.; he was born Nov. 5, 1836, near Cincinnati, Ohio, and moved to Burlington with his parents in 1840; learned his trade here, and has continued the business since ; he was elected Alderman from the 4th Ward for the years of 1878 and 1879. He married Dec. 6, 1858, Susan Jackson ; they have six children — Leota P., born Oct. -8, 1859 ; Jessie L., Dec. 24, 1861 ; Maggie E., Aug. 10, 1865; Sadie M., Sept. 19, 1867; Edward J., June, 2, 1870 ; Nellie B., Dec. 19, 1876. Members of the M. E. Church ; Republican. Hearne, L. D., carp., 1113 S. 10th. Hedo-e, Thomas, 607 N. 5th. HEDGE, THOMAS, Jr., attor ney at law ; born in Burlington June 24, 1844; educated at Andover Acade- my, Yale College, and Columbia College law school ; engaged in practice of law in Burlington since 1869. Mr. Hedge enlisted in Co. E, 106th I. V. L, Oct. 10, 1864; was made 2d Lieutenant of Co. G, same regiment: served until July, 1865. Heffner, George, printer, 1421 N. 7th. Hefi'ner, H. C, foreman Gazette office; res. 1421 N. 7th. BURLINGTON CITY. 641 Heid, George, engineer, 218 S. 9th. Heider, Daniel, 905 Washington. Heider, John J., general insurance and real estate broker. Main cor. Valley. Heil, Casper, brewer, 863 Jefferson; res. 905 Jefferson. Heimbeck, George, gunsmith, 218 Wash- ington ; res. 614 Jefferson. Hein, John, saloon, 312 N. 3d; res. 616 Maple. Heinz, Frederick, mason, 209 S. Wood. Heinz, J. H., painter, 620 Jefferson ; res. 1211 Linden. Heisey, J. W., book-keeper, 620 Cedar. HELLMUTH, H., proprietor Hell- mutli's Brick-yard, Sunny Side ; born in Germany in 1831 ; came to America in 1855, and located at New Orleans; engaged in blacksmithing for one year ; came to Burlington in 1856 ; engaged in the saloon business on 3d st. for fourteen years ; in 1878, he started present business. Married MarySeyeng in 1 863 ; she was born in Germany in 1841. They have four children — Mamie, Louisa, Ada, Herman. Mr. H. owns ten acres of land, valued at S10,000. Republican. Hemphill, Austin, carp., 1405 Agency. Henneberg, Fred., 915 S. 10th. HENNEBEKG, J. F., of the firm of Beard, Mahlinger & Co., wholesale liqi'or merchants; born in Prussia ; came to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1856; remained there only a few weeks ; then went to Frankfort, Ky. ; there two years ; then removed to Canton, Ohio ; lived there one year; irom 1859 to 1865, he re- sided in Natchez ; in 1855, went to Europe with his fajnily; remained there until 1868, when he came to Burlington; engaged in farming in this township until 1876 ; since then in present busi- ness. Henry, Elias, mason, 317 N. 6th. Henry. George C, 423 N. 3d. HENRY, G. R., M. D., 321 N. 3d St., is a native of Kentucky ; gradu- ated in medicine at the University of Louisville, Class of 1 849 ; commenced practice in this city the following year ; has been a resident since removal with his father to this place in 1845 ; be- came President of the Hay Metallurgic Co. in 1876 ; retains the position still ; the Directors of the company are : Hon. John H. Gear, M. S. and John G. Foote, Geo. C. and G. B. Iltnry, in- corporated with a capitf.l stn k of $50,000, for the purpose of c; rrying on the process of purifying iron and njanu- facturing steel by what is known as the Hay process. Henry & McDill, physicians and surgeons, 319* N. 3d. Herberth, M., saloon, res. cor. Basett and 6th Hermann, Henry, shoe store,203 Jefferson; res. 403 S. 5th. Herminghaus, Hugh, dlr. leaf tobacco ; res. 815 Pligh. Herron, J. C, Rev., Pastor U. P. Church. Hertel. John M., miller; res. 1115 14th. Hertzler, John, 1102 N. 6th. Hess, H. G., com. mer. and dlr. in gro- ceries, 700 Jefferson; res. 1113 Agency av. HEYER, C, restaurant, 107 N. Main St. : born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1841; came to Burlington in 1866. Married Emma Casper in 1866 ; she was born in Pella, Iowa, in 1848 ; they have one child by adoption — Clara. Mr. Heyer enlisted in 1864 in the 3d N. J. C. ; was in the battles of Charleston, White's Landing and numerous others; was taken prisoner and confined in Libby Prison lor a short time ; mustered out in 1865. Is a member of the Druid Society. Members of the Lutheran Church. Democrat. Higbee, Geo. H., Sec. and Treas. Murray Iowa Works ; res. 603 Summer. HILL, GEORGE; was born in En- gland Dec. 2, 1840 ; came to Genesee Co., N. Y., where he lived three years. In September, 1862, he enlisttid in the 1st Mo. Eng. Reg., and served until the close of the rebellion. Came to Burling- ton in 1865 ; in present business ever since. Hilem, Frank, coppersmith, 209 Washing- ton ; res. 722 Lynn. HILLEARY, ALEXANDER, a native of Virginia; born in 1809; in 1827, removed with his parents to Har- rison Co., Ky.; thence to Quincy, 111., in 1831 ; during the Black Hawk war, in 1832, lie entered the service and served during the greater part of that war ; in 1 833, he left Illinois and came to seek his fortune in the new country 642 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY of Des Moines Co. ; after traveling about, located in Burlington Tp., his present home. Doc. 2, 183-i, Mr. Hil- leary and Sarah Morgan daughter of the late Judge Morjian, were joined in marriage under circumstances similar to those which marked the first wed- ding in this section, that of W. R. Ross and Mrs. Hillcary's sister, Matilda. The laws of the Territory of Michigan had not been fully enforced here when Mr. H. wished to marry, and to avoid future trouble, he secured the services of a Monmouth official ; obtained a marriage license at that place, and arranged to take his expectant bride and the wedding party across the Mississippi on a flat- boat. On the day above named, the ceremony was duly solemnized under a tree on the Illinois shore, and the happy couple returned to Burlington. Have had twelve children ; eight living — Mar- tha Ann (married S. A. Flanders, of ■ Union Tp., who served in the war of the rebellion), Mary J. (married A. Parsons, of Burlington), William C, (married Miss Mary F. Robison ; reside in this township), Matilda (married J. B. Martelle, of Burlington), Louis N., at present attending school at the Med- ical University of the City of New Y"rk), [da, Emma, Frances and Clara H.; children deceased are Elizabeth, John (who served in the 1st Iowa C. during the war of the rebellion, was wounded near Camden, Ark., and died from the effects of the wound April 26, 1864, aged 23 years), Sarah, Alice and Eliza Jane. Mr. Hillcary is one of the pioneers of Burlington Tp.; he well re- members the hardships and trials of the early pioneers. Acts with the Repub- lican party ; is a member the Christian Church. He started in life poor, and all his property, which he is now enjoy- ing in peace and comfort, was acquired by his own exertions. Hillhouse, H. R.; res. 610 N. Main- Hillhouse, A. J., collector and special agent, 119 N. Marshall. Hillhouse, Wm., Capt., rivcrman, 610 N. Main. Himelrich, Samuel, clothing and gents' furnishing goods, etc., 211 Jefferson; res. 904: Washington. Hinkle, Henry, grocery, 717 Valley. Hii»sch, Henry, 602 Boundary. Hirech. L.. clothing, etc., 128 S. Main. HITCHKNS, J. E., blacksmith and horse-shoeing, 113 Columbia St.; he was born in Chillicothe, Ross Co., Ohio. Dec. 22, 1833, and came to Burlington in 1865. Married Feb. 20, 1858, Sarah A. Ray. He is a Democrat. Hoag, J. B., baggage-master, B., C. R. & N.; res. 1517 N. Boundary. Hodapp, S., shne-shop, 317 N. Front. ,. Hoerr, Geo., bakery, 213 Washington. Hoerr, W. G., 102 S. 6th. Hoerr, Philipp, steam bakery and confec- tionery, 207 N. 5th; res. 131 S. 6th. Holiday, J. W., physician and surgeon, cor. 3d and Jefferson ; res. 322 High. HOL.IjY, IRA A., Superintendent Water Company ; born at Seneca Falls, N. Y., March 27, 18-42; in 1859, he went to Lockport, N. Y.; was connected with the Holly Manufacturing Co. for three years, then returned to Seneca Falls, where he remained until March, 1868, when he went to Sparta, Wis.; he started machine-shops there which he conducted until his shops were destroyed by fire in June, 1868 ; went to La Crosse, Wis., soon after the fire, and took charge of the machine-shops of Geo. M. Leach ; remained there only a short time; in July, 1868, he came to Bur- lington, and entered the shops of the National Iron Works ; afterward became superintendent of the iron works of Charles Sowden ; continued in that po- sition until 187-1. Mr. Holly was en- gineer of the Fire Department of Bur- lington from 1869 to November, 1875; he then went to Evanston, 111., as Superintendent of the Water Works of that city; remained in that position until Feb. 15, 1878, when he returned to Burlington and erected the Holly Water Works for the Burlington Water Co., after completion of the works, in June, 1878, he was appointed Superin- tendent thereof Mr. H. served his ap- prenticeship with Downs & Co., manu- facturer of pumps, Seneca Falls ; after- ward, he was engaged in woolen manu- facturing business. Holtkamp, Charles, Rev., Pastor First German M. E. Church; res. 713 N. 8th. Hook, Jos.; res. 1-410 Madison. BURLINGTON CITY. 643 Hopkins, Frank, yardmaster C, B. & Q,; res. 320 Pine. HOPKIRK, W. H., Professor of Natural Science in the high school ; res. 505 Summer St.; has held his pres- ent chair for six years ; is a graduate of the Iowa Wesleyan University — Class of 1872, and is building up for himself a fine reputation as a scientist. Has re- cently married. Horner, William, book-keeper ; res. 863 High. Hornung, Paul meat market, 916 Locust. Hosford, R. F., supt. stock-yards, East Burliniiton ; rcs. 421 Columbia. HOUSEWORTH, WM. McD., carpenter and buildtr; shop on West Jefferson St.; he was born in Ross Co., Ohio, July 11, 1832 ; moved to Bur- lington in September, 1845 ; learned his trade with Richard Howard. Has served as Township Trustee ; held office as Member of the Board of Edu- cation for the last ten years. Married March 19, 1853, Mary A. Beck ; she was born in Vermont ; they have five children — George F., Walter S., Minnie S., William J. and Marion J. Howes, Josiah, Dr.; bds. Barret House. Rowland, T. S., Secretary C. E. Perkins; res. 510 Columbia. Howser, Stephen, foreman. Hoyt, F. W., contractor ; res. 1104 S. 14th. Hubner, A., restaurant and saloon, 205 S. Main; res. 1100 Division. Hubner, F. G.; res. 1219 N. 7th. Hudson, Silas A., retired; res. 501 N. 5th. Huffman, Leon, undertaker and furniture dealer, 412 N. Main; res. 842 Franklin. Hughes, Luke, contractor, 418 S. 3d. Hulsebus, B.; res. 1103 Garden. HUMMEI.L., WM., Principal of South Boundary School; res. 1200 Summer st. ; has been connected with the city schools ten years. ; received his education at Howe's Seminary and Training School in Mt. Pleasant, of which city he is a native, born there May 19, 1844. Entered the U. S. Army in September, 1 86 1 , as a private of G, 11th Iowa Infantry; was mustered out July, 1 865 ; was taken prisoner in the battle before Atlanta, July 22, and taken to Andersonville ; escaped while being transferred to prison in South Carolina ; was recaptured and taken to Charleston, thence to Floi'ence, S. C, where he», was paroled the following December. August 1, 1868, married Mary J. Hutton, born in Mt. Pleasant, Nov. 6, 1848; they have four chil- dren — Orlando, born Jan. 8, 1871 ; Wilfred, Jan. 5, 1873; Georgia Mary, 1875; and Stella, 1878. Re- publican. Owns city property to the amount of $3,000. Hunger, Hermann, salesman, 1402 S. 10th. Hungerford, H. J., Cashier American and U. S. Express Cos.; res. 516 Wash- ington. Hunt, H. H., res.; 627 S. Main. Hunt, H. E., grocer, 117 N. Main; res. 627 S. Main. Hunter, N. R., cigars, 123 N. Main ; ree. 905 Spruce. Huppert, Matthias, ice-dealer; res. 1128 Franklin. Hupprich, A., machinist, 1413 Thul. HURD, J. li., dealer in wood and coal, also general commission merchant, cor. Columbia and Main sts. ; born in Rutland Co., Vt., Jan. 16, 1822; come to Iowa in 1854, and to Burlington, December, 1877. Married April, 1842, to Nancy Green ; she was born in Muskingum Co., Ohio; they have five children — Orra W., Sarah L., Mary S., Chloe E. and Lelia A. Mrs. Hurd is a member of the Presbyterian Church ; a Republican. Hurd, J. C, Rev., Pastor First Baptist Church ; res. 920 College av. Huston, E. S., attorney, cor. Main and Jefferson ; res. 305 Spruce. HUTCHINSOX, A. C, County Treasurer ; was born in Haddam, Conn., Nov. 1, 1836, and came to Keokuk, Iowa, in 18.t6 ; after a residence there of two years, he removed to Tennessee, where he lived until 1861, when he came to Burlington, and engaged in the dry goods business, first as salesman, then as proprietor, until he was elected Treasurer in 1875 ; he was re-elected in 1877; was Secretary of Independent School District for four years, from 1871 to 1875. Hynes, Findley, lab.; res. 1112 S. 15th. IHRER, WM., grocer, cor. Jefferson and 6th ; res. 2d flour. Ill, William, saloon, 1604 Market. 644 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY Illiek, T. J., attorney, 2122 Jefferson; res. 1501 Division. Ingersoll, Addison, fish-mai-ket, foot of Columbia; res. 103 N. 7th. Intrraham. C. M., attorney, 208 N. 3d ; res. 921 N. 5th.' INGHR AH, WM. D., Principal of North Oak St. School ; res. 923 N. Oak St. ; is now engaged lor the thirteenth year in connection with the city schools, having become Principal of Germania School in 1865 ; he is emphatically a Burlington boy ; his parents were married in this county ; he was born here July 30, 18-40 ; was educated with- in fifteen miles of the city ; read law with Starr & Phelps here, and com- menced his work as a teacher in this county in 1859. His wife, Miss S. M. Coalter is a native of Henry Co., born in 1842 ; they have five children living. Mr. Inghram has been longer connected with the city schools than any other teacher now employed by the Board ; has been Principal of N. Oak St. School since 1870; his city property is worth about $1,500. Ita, Ulrich, 1301 Flora. JACKSON, ANDREW, carpenter; res. Brown, cor. of George. Jackson, Harry, brakeman ; res. 717 Val- ley. Jackson, J. M., foreman C, B. & Q. re- pair-shop ; res. G43 S. 8th. Jackson, Matthew, Rev., Evangelist ; bds. St. James Hotel. Jackson, W. H., Rev., Pastor of the M. E. African Church. Jacoby, Alexander ; res. 1110 Agency. Jacobson & Farber, wholesale dealers in paper-stock and woolen rags, 101 S. 3d. Jacuinet, Dennis, saloon and barber-shop, 1105 N. 8th ; res. cor. 8th and North. Jaeger, J., shoe-shop, 170G Mt. Pleas- ant. Jaeger, J. M., plasterer, 1124 Doemland. Jaeger, J. Phil., book-keeper, 110 N. Main ; res. Main, corner Darwin. Jaggar, E. D. ; res. 823 N. Main. Jaggar, Wm. L., 823 N. Main. Jarvis, H. J. ; res. 107 S. Gth. Jarvis, W. N., General Western Agent I. B. & W. Ry. Co.; office 101 Central Block, N. Main; res. 1103 S. 8th. Jenkins, J. W., carriage works, 3d St.; res. 63(5 S. 7th. Jensen, Richard, decorative painter, 618 Jefferson ; res. Curran, Hibernia. Jenny, Antoine, mach., 513 Maple. Jetkowsky, Wm., wagon-maker, 1316 N. Gth. J Johnson, A. B., bdg. house 217 N. 8th. ^y Johnson, C. M., engineer, 315 S. 5th. , / Johnson, F. A., conductor, Starr av., cor. Williams. Johnson, Fred, foreman C. B. & Q. paint- shop ; res. 226 S. Boundary. Johnson, J. A., carp., 317 S. Augusta. Johnson & Myer, dlrs. in wood, coal and ice, 319 S. Main. JONES, G. NELSO:^, M. D., Secretary and Treasurer of Des Moines County Medical Society; office 322^ N. 3d St. ; is a native of Quebec Province, Canada ; graduated at McGill Medical College, Montreal, Canada ; in 1874, spent one year in the St. Thomas Hos- pital, London, and came to Burlington in October, 1875 ; was elected Secretary and Treasurer of the Des Moines County Medical Society Nov. 15, 1876, a position which he continues to hold. JONES, SAMUEL H., capitalist; was born in Maryland and came with his father to Burlington at an early date ; from 1861—65, he was engaged in mer- cantile business at Denver, Colo., and since his return to Burlington devotes his entire attention to looking after his real estate interests. JONES, WE SL.EY, wholesale and retail dealer in books, stationery and fancy goods ; born in Springfield, Ohio, in 1839 ; is the son of Wesley Jones, Sr., a native of Maryland, and one of the earliest merchants of the city ; the latter died in 1848, of cholera. During 1864 to 1865, We-sley Jones, Jr., was engaged in mercantile and trading busi- ness at Viririnia City, Montana ; return- ing to Burlington, he established him- self in 18GG, in his present trade. JONES, J. W. C., attorney at law ; was born in Miami Co., Ohio, Oct. 11, 1844, and removed, with his father, in 1847, to Newberry, S. C. ; he was ed- ucated at Columbia College, South Caro- lina, and graduated from that in.^titution in 1861 ; he came to Burlington in the fall of 1865 ; in 1866, he organized and taught for two years a High School at Pleasant Grove, this county ; in Sep- BURLINGTON CITY. 645 tember, 1868, he went to Danville and conducted an Academy until the fall of 1870 ; in 1871, was chiefly engajjed in writing fur educational periodicals arid preparing for normal work ; from 1872 to 1876, he was Principal of the Bur- lington city schools, and a Conductor of Normal Institutes; in 1875 and 1876, he instituted a system of graded schools in Grafton, 111., and at the same time organized a Normal Institute at Jersey- ville ; in January, 1877, he was ad- mitted to the bar. In 1865, he married Miss Hattie E. Tolman, who was born in Medina Co., 0. ; they have five sons — Lambert B., Benson E., Lewis T., Robert Lee and John Tracy. Mr. Jones has been prominently identified with the political interests of Iowa and Illinois, in various ways, and has been active in campaign speaking in the in- terests of the Democratic party. Jones, S. H., capitalist, cor. 4th and Jef- ferson ; res. 222 Court. Jones, Wesley, books and stationery, 223 Jefferson ; res. 222 Court. Jordan, William; res. 101.3 N. 6th. Jud, D., cigar mfr., 236 S. Oth. Julias, Fred, 808 Foster. KAISER, J. C, salesman, 401 S. 10th. Kammermeier, Fred, 707 N. 8th. Kailey, Jacob, saloon, 319 S. Leebrick. Kastner, William, 127 N. Marshall. KAITFER, JOHN, of the firm of Kaufer & Weber, meat market, 703 Jefferson st., McCash's Block ; he was born May 17, 1841, in Germany, and came to America and to Burlington in 1868. He married May 6. 1873. Car- oline Blume; they have one child — John. Members of the German Evan- gelical Zion Church. Kaufer & Weber (J. K. and H. W.), meat market, 703 Jefferson. Kaut, George, 1305 .^tna. KAUT & KRIECHHAim, dealers in stoves and tip ware, 304 N. Main st. and 118 Jefferson st. ; they carry a large stock and go., teacher, 717 N. 8th. Klein, Joseph, grocer, etc., 1428 Osborn ; res. same. Klein, Max, confectioner, 310 N. 3d; res. 107 S. Leebrick. Klindt, Ferdinand, machinist, 902 Gar- den. KIVAPP, J., wagon-maker and black- smith, 142-1 N. 8th; born in Baden, Germany, in 1851; came to Burlington in 1868; since been engaged in wagon- making and blacksmithing. Mr. Knapp is a Liberal. Knapp & Walker, blacksmiths and wagon shop, 1224 N. 8th. Knaup, Thco., cooper-shop, 1705 Mt. Pleasant. Knoener, C. H., grocer, 1101 9th. Koch, Jno., far., 843 Court. Krahn, Henry, shoe-shop, 813 N. Oak. Kraiser, Geo., saloon, cooper-shop, 806 Cedar; res. 712 S. 9th. Kreidler, J. B., assistant priest, St. John's Church; res. 147 7th. Krider, Danl., carp.. Ill E. Lynn. Kriechbaum, A., 125 S. 7th. Kriechbaum, Geo., mfr. tin and sheet-iron ware, 320 N. Main ; res. 703 N. 3d. Kriechbaum & Givens, steam spice-mills, 410 N. Main. KRIECHBAUM, HEXRY, ba- ker and confectioner, 310 N. 3d st., opp. the Barret House; born in Burlington, February 28, 1851. Married March 30, 1870,. Ida Ziock ; they have one child Henry. Democrat. KRIECHBAITM, JNO. P., owns a fruit farm of nine acres, on Prospect Hill and on Waite St.; he was born March 12, 1819, in Germany ; came to America and to Baltimore 1831, with his parents, thence moved to Carlisle, Penn.; foil of 1832, moved to St. Clair Co., 111., and, in 1839, to Burlington ; went into the grocery business in 1844 ; closed out the grocery and commenced the coopering business and continued that till 18G4, during that time had purchased a sawmill in Henry Co., planted a vineyard on the place he now occupies and built a comfortable house, a two-story brick 32x42 feet, besides an L and a good cellar for the preserva- tion of his wines ; has been elected Al- derman two different terms. He married March 28, 1842, Elizabeth Funck; they have seven children — August, Charles, Fred, Edward, Theodore, Em- ily and Nellie. Members of the Evan- gelical Church ; Democrat. KRIEtir, li., dealer in staple and fancy groceries, flour, feed, wood and willow ware, notions, etc., corner Jefferson and 5th sts.; born in Baden, Germany ; came to America in 1844, to Burlington in 1 848 ; elected Alderman from the 2d Ward February, 1864; elected for a second term from the 3dWard, 1876; third time, Alderman at-Large, March, 1878. Married Oct. 30, 1851, at St. Louis, Eva C. Seppich ; they have nine chil- dren — Edward, Julia, Julius, Albert Charles, Emma, Adolphus, Leopold and Otto. Republican. Kromholtz, Anton, shoe-shop, 243 S. 8th. Kropp, Edward, architect, 210 Jefferson; res. 614 Arch. KROPPACH, OSWALD, As sessor; was born in Prussia Sept. 24, 1832; came to New York Dec. 7, 1853, remaining there some seven months, and from there removed to St. Louis, where he resided about one year ; from St. Louis he went to Chicago, staying there about five months ; the latter part of 1855, he came to Burlington, where he engaged in the manufacture of gents' and ladies fur goods and dealt in hats and caps; in 1870, he sold out to R. M. Washburn. Mr. Kroppach has been elected to the office of Assessor, four times, in 1871, 1872, 1874 and 1878 ; he has been a prominent member of the Turner Society since his residence in Burlington. Jan. 1, 1854, Mr. Krop- pach was married to Sophia Zeppenfeld, in Chicago ; Mrs. Kroppach was born in Prussia ; they have had six children, two of whom died in infancy ; the liv- ing are Emma, Bertha. Robert and Otto. Krueger, Hermann, dealer in rags and old iron ; res. 1304 N. 6th. Kuechen, Frank X., clerk, 143 S. 8th. BURLINGTON CITY. (347 KIIEIVZLER, J., saloon-keeper, cor. 1619 Osborn, cor. Cor.se ; born in Switzerland in 1837 ; came to Burling- ton in 1868. Married Caroline Hil- zinger in 1862; she was born in same place. Mr. K. is a member of the A. 0. U. W. ; Democrat. Kueser, Jo.seph, clerk, 619 Wa.shington. Kuhl, Philip, Kev., Elder German Confer- ence M. E. Church ; res. 538 S. 10th. Kuhn, J., & Sons, broom-makers, 414 N. Main. Kuhlemeier, A. H., General Agent German Ins. Co. ; res. 600 S. Boundary. Kuithan, F., physician and surgeon; office 324 N. 3d ; bds. Union Hotel. KUPPER, JACOB, has a vineyard of nine acres on the extension of South Main st. ; manufactures wine and bran- dy; also manufactures brick ; he was born on the Bhine in Germany ; came to America in 1849 ; to Burlington in 1850 ; has served two years as County Assessor. Married February, 1848, Anna Baschta ; had three children — Frank, Charles and Jacob ; Mrs. Kup- per died March 10, 1853 ; Mr. Kupper married the second time May 13, 1853, Mary Mohloch ; have nine children liv- ing — Amelia, August, William, Emma, Arthur, Mollie, Lillie, John, Clara. Republican. ~r ACAMP, J., cooper, 1013 S. 13th. Laaeson, Otto, carpenter, 1229 N. 7th. liAGOMARCINO, A., & CO., No. 113 S. Main St., wholesale and re- tail dealers in foreign and domestic fruits; also agents for D. D. Mallory's oysters ; A. Lagomarcino was born in Italy. Married Maria Tassing in 1873; she was born in Italy ; they have two children — Paul and Lizzie. Mr. L. is a Democrat. Lahee, John, ins. agt., cor. 3d and Wash- ington ; res. 831 N. 5th. Lalk, Wm. F., retired, 308 S. 7th. Lalor, J. C, civil engineer, 1002 S. 5th. Lane, George H., attorney at law, 31 5i JefFer.son ; res. 624 N. 4th. Lange, Paul ; res. West av. Lange, Paul & Co., pubs. Iowa Tribune (German), 322 N. Main, cor. Washing- ton. Langewort, H., 903 N. 8th. Larkin, L. T., 1335 N. 7th Larkin & Lundgren, groceries, 101 Mar- shall. Larson, Charles, mason, 317 S. Leebrick. Larson, John, cabinet-maker, 1300 Joy. Lattner, G. A., clerk, 927 N. 8th. liArEXROTH, C, dealer in dry goods, notions, hats and caps, millinery, and tailoring, No. 1329 N. 8th st. ; born in Germany in 1830 ; came to Burling- ton in 1856. Married Frederica Rachel in 1859; she was born in Germany in 1841 ; they have five children — Emma, Friedrich, Louisa, Christopher, and William. Republican. Lauer, Adolph, elk., 521 Vine. Lauman, George C, Vice President First National Bank ; res. 828 N. 5th. Lavelle, Michael, policeman, 236 S. 4th. Lawrence, A. T., saloon, 501 Jefferson ; res. 1209 N. 8th. LAWRENCE, W. B., proprietor Lawrence House, cor. of 4th and Jeffer- son sts. ; born May 11, 1814, at Oneida, N. Y. ; moved to Madison Co., Ohio ; thence to Burlington in 1840 ; elected Alderman from the 3d Ward, 1858; served two years. Married Dec. 23, 1840, Eliza J. Owens; had one child — Aquilla T., born June 29, 1842. Mrs. Lawrence died December, 1847 ; Mr. Lawrence's second marriage was April 28, 1850, to Eliza Ross; she was born Sept. 9, 1814. Lawson,W. B., civil engineer, 528 Summer. Leadley, Allison ; res. 827 Warren. Leebrick, E. A., mfr. and dlr. in boots and shoes, etc., 206 Jefferson. Leebrick, S., farmer, West av. Leffler, Frank, photographer, 311=1 Jeffer- son ; res. 616 Maple. Lehmann, Joseph, wines and liquors, 109 Jefferson ; res. 421 Washington. Lehmann, Joseph, leader of band, 1007 Mt. Pleasant. Lehmann, Samuel, clothing and gents' fur- nishing goods, 205 N. Main : res. 825 N. 7th. liEICHT, FRED, sexton of Aspen Grove Cemetery ; res. Sunny Side ; born in Germany in 1831 ; in 1847, came to America and located in Hamilton Co., Ohio ; engaged in farming until 1855 ; came to Burlington in 1855, and engaged in farming; in 1866, was elected sexton of the Aspen Grove Cemetery, which position he has held ever since. Married 648 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Anna M. Dreherin 1853 ; she was born in (.Tcrmany ; they have ten children, Phillipina, Henry, John, Amelia, Peter, INIatikla, Frederick, Emma, Frank, George. Mr. and Mrs. L. are members of th(i Druid Church ; Republican. Leicht, Philip, saloon, 325 N. Main. Leis, Joseph, saloon, 301 Boundary. Leiwe, George, 843 Arch. Lemberger, H. ; res. 1857 Lemberger st. Lemberger, J. C, clerk, 919 Garden. Lemberger, Pilger, wholesale cigars and tobacco, cor. Main and Valley. Levi, Ausust, 819 N. 4th. IiIEl$,«fOSEPH, saloon and beer- bottling establishment, 1010 Osborn st. ; born iu Bavaria, Germany, came to Americ;) and to Burlington in 1867. Married in 187 1 , Dora Studmaster ; they have four children — Emil, Charley, Adam, Joseph. Liebstadter, B., dry goods, 205 Jefferson; rs. 819 N. 4th. Licl.st-idter. J.; res. 808 N. 7th. Liebstadter & Levi, wholesale dealers in millinery and notions, 108 N. Main. Lig'itfoot. Edward, carp., 915 S. Uth. L.iXl>ER, A., bakery, 711 (ith st.; hA-n April 14, 1840, in Ross Co., Ohio. Enlisted iu Co. C, 82d 111. Vol., 1862 ; was in most of the battles of his reg- iment : at Chancellorsville was wounded ; served till the close of the war ; mus- tered out July 2, 1865. Married Feb. 3, 1868. Kate Kramer ; they have five children — Minnie, William, Lillie, Frank, Nellie. Linder, John, saloon, 882 Washington. Linder, Rudolph, barber-shop; res. 1114 Pleasant. Linder, Win. L., clothing and gent's fur- nishing Roods, etc., 120 Jeff'er.son; res. 870 Valley. Lindner, George, 870 Valley. Lindstodt, Fred., harness shop, 310 N. Mlmii ; res 520 Columbia. lilSIiiE, C. A., A. M., Principal of the High School; res. 512 S. Gunnison St.; has been engaged in his present work live years ; graducated at the Iowa Wesleyan University, Class of 1872, at which time the highest honors were so evenly divided between himself and Mr. Cunningham, now editor of the Kearney Times, thut the decision was made by lot. Ml-, liisle is a native of Belmont Co., Ohio; came to Iowa in 1861, and entered the United States service at 16 years of age ; since leaving college, Mr. Lisle has received the degree of A. M. from his Alma Mater ; filled the Prin- cipal's chair in the West Hill School of this city one year, and had charge of the schools at Red Oak another. Married Miss Spry, a native of Iowa ; has two children. Members of the M. E. Church. Little, Oliver, carpenter, 131 S. 5th. Lockwood, T. W., 100 N. Main. Lofstrom, Charles D., shoe-.shop, 2141 Jefferson; res. 510 May. Long, Joseph, turner in wood and ivory, 1700 Mt. Pleasant. Long, Joseph, saloon, North Hill ; res. 1400 Mt. Pleasant. Long, Joseph, cigar-maker, 201 N. Main ; res. 1700 Mt. Pleasant. Long, Martin, 1400 Mt. Pleasant.^ Lorenz, Otto, 107 S. Boundary. Lounsberry & Co. , livery stable, 223 Valley. Love, James, books and stationery, 316 Jeff"erson ; res. 912 N. 3d. Ludde, Geo. H., dry goods and groceries, N. Oak and 9 th. Ludwig, J. F., manager W. U. Telegraph, cor. Main and VVashington ; res. 920 Jefferson. Lund, Peter, tailor-shop, 311 Jefferson; res. 124 N. Pond. Lundeen, N. P., clerk ; res. Ripley st. Lundgren, John ; res. 1303 Angular. Lundgren, P. J., 112 S. Marshall. Lutz, Conrad, printer and wood-engraver ; res. 525 S. Pond. Lyons, William, Burlington Manufacturing Co.; res. 315 S. Pond. MAC LEAD, W. H., clerk, 519 S. 10th. MAHLITOER, CHARI.es, of the firm uf Beard, Mahlinger & Co., wholesale liquor merchants ; was born in Germany Sept. 18, 1821 ; came to New York in August, 1849 ; came to Burlington in January, 1850 ; engaged in brewery business until 1856, then sold out, and for one year he was en- gaged in farming pursuits, subsequently carried on retail liquor business, being proprietor of the Hyde Park Gardens for two years ; he then became traveling agent for Fred Becker, wholesale liquor dealer, and continued with Mr. Becker BURLINGTON CITY. 649 until 1868; afterward engaged in cigar business for eight months, when he be- came connected with Mr. Becker again, and continued with him until June, 1877, since which time he has been a member of the firm with which he is now connected. Mr. M. has been President of various German societies of Burlington. Marble, Clark, attorney at law, cor. 4th and Washington; res. 1100 Pleasant. Markwalter and Stendeback, marble, mon- uments and headstones, granites, etc., 624 Jeiferson. Martelle, J. B., dentist, 311 j JeiFerson ; res. 1725 West av. Martin, Jacob, retired, 881 Arch. Martin, Jacob, Jr., grocer, 881 Arch. MARTIN, JAMES N., City Mar- shal; appointed April 1, 1878; he was born in Lubec, Washington Co., Me., July 14, 1844, and moved to BurUng- ton in 1867. Enlisted in Co. A, 15th Me. Vols., Nov. 21,1861; re-enlisted Jan. 24, 1864, in the s^me company ; brevetted Major April 9, 1864: mustered out as Captain and Brevet Major July 26, 1866 ; was civil engineer and rail- road contractor until 1874. Married June 14, 1870, Zilla L. Parsons; she was born in Parsonfield, Me. ; they have four children living — James N., John L., Daisy S. and Frank P. Repub- lican. MARTINSON, A., saloon, No. 319 Leebrick st.; born in Sweden, Aug. 9, 1842; came to America in 1872; to Burlington in 1875. MASON, CHARI.es, HON., banker ; was born in Pompeii, Onon- daga Co., N. Y., Oct. 24, 1804; he went to West Point as a cadet in 1825, where he remained for six years, two as a cadet and four as an Assist- ant Professor; he spent the year 1831 and part of 1832 in New York City, and, in the avitumn of the latter year, went to Newburg, where he remained two years in the practice of his pro- fession ; the next two years were passed in New York, the last six months as editor of the Post. In 1836, he relin- quished that and came West on an ex- ploring expedition. Returning, he was married Aug. .1, 1837, to Miss Ange- line Gear, of Berkshire, Mass., and. early in the November following, he brought his wife to Burlington. He was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for this District, and one of Gov. Dodge's Aides. On the division of Wisconsin Territory and the organization of Iowa Territory, he was made Chief Justice of the Territory, and, at the same time, held the office of First Solicitor of Bur- lington. He held the ofiice of Chief Justice until May, 1847, when he re- sumed practice. The Governor ap- pointed him to represent the State in the matter of the boundary difficulty with Missouri, which question was de- cided in 1849. He was also appointed by the Governor to revise the code of Iowa, which resulted in the code of 1851. He was elected under that code Judge of the county, and served one year, when he was elected, in the sum- mer of 1852, President of the Peoria & Oquawka Railroad, upon which he resigned his position of Judge. In May, 1853, he was appointed Commissioner of Patents, which office he resigned in 1857. In the fall of 1858, he was elected member of the State Board of Public Instruction and served one term. In the fall of 1859, he went to New York, and was connected with the Sci- entific American for less than one year, going from thence to Washington iu 1860, where he engaged in the prac- tice of patent law ; this office he still maintains. Judge Mason is at the present time President of the Burling- ton Water Co., President of the Bur- lington & Northwestern Railroad, Pres- ident of the Burlington Street Railway Co., Treasurer of the School Board, Vice President of the Burlington, Keosau- qua & Western Railroad Co. and Presi- dent of the German- American Savings Bank. He has one daughter — Mary J., wife of George C. Remey, Commander in the Navy. Mason, Jno. E., book-keeper, 701 S. 8th. MATHES, OTTO, dealer in gro- ceries, corn, feed, crockery and Berlin earthen cooking vessels, cor. North and 7th sts.; he was born Jan. 21, 1832, in Germany ; came to America in 1852, and to Burlington in 1860. Enlisted in Co. D. 48th Bat. I. V. I., and served the term of his enlistment. Married, 650 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Oct. 15, 18()G, Mrs. Eliza Holstein- He commenced busines.s where he is now located, in 1870. Is a Republican. Mathes, Christian, caudle and soap mfr., 107 Osborn; res. 726 N. 4th. Mauro, Wra. H.; res. 702 Columbia. Mauthe, Casper, shoe-shop and res. 1505 Mt. Pleasant. May, Enoch ; res. 1216 Angular. May, Gerhard, carp., 716 Summer. Mayer, Chas., blacksmith-shop, N. Bound- ary. McAllister, R. S., agt. Red Line Freight, Central Block; res. 1017 S. 6th. McARTHlIR, M. C., livery and sale stable, cor. 3d and Valley sts. ; he was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Sept. 16, 1831; moved to Burlington in Novem- ber, 1856 ; was elected Alderman from the 6th Ward four terms ; has acted as agent for the American Express Co. since 1856. He married Dec. 22, 1858, Virginia Corse ; they have three chil- dren — Wm. C, Murray A., and Arthur. Republican ; members of the Baptist Church. McCASH, WILLIAIfl F., pro- prietor of planing-mill and factory, cor. of Front and Elm sts. ; appointed Chief of the Fire Department April 1, 1878 ; born in Burlington July 27, 184-1. Enlisted in Co" K, 1st Mo. Eng.; served three and one-fourth years ; mustered out in the winter of 1864. Married October, 1874, Ella Spratley ; they have two children — Willie and Emma. He is a member of the First Baptist Church. jflcCASH, Wltl. !>., retired; born Jan. 25, 1813, in Hamilton Co., Ohio; went to St. Jjouis in 1835 ; to Burling- ton in 1838 ; opened a feed stable in 1839 ; ran a .stage line to Keokuk, and, in 1840, contracted to carry the mails from Davenport to Grand View, and added to his livery stock ; at that time, had the best turn-outs the place aiforded ; owned the first hearse in the town, and its first use was at the burial of Mr. Brad.street, who was shot ; in 1842, built a carriage-shop ; when the war broke out, so many of his men went to the army, he closed that branch of his business; he built the first buggy in the town ; was in the livery business from 1838 to 1871; he also buih the first public hall in Burlington, on Lot 251 ; it was used for a court-room for a long time, and the Fii'st Baptist Church used it for a place of worship. He was elected Alderman in 1842, and served a number of years; was Supervisor sev- eral years. In 1871, retired from busi- ness ; in 1874, went to California; spent four years there and has just returned. Married in 1837, in St. Louis ; has two children — Wm. F. and Eleanor; Mrs. McCash died in 1845; Mr. McCash married again in 1846 ; they have six children — Cy renins L., C. A., physician in Modoc Co., Cal.; Mary B., Add. L., Cora A., Gracie L. Members of the Presbyterian Church ; Republican. McConn, Alexander; res. 1520 JEtna. McConnell, James, retired, 919 9th. McConnell, S. R. & I. C, wholesale dlrs. in leather, saddlery hardwai'e. belting, etc., 309 N. Main. McCosh, Thompson; res. 201 8th. McCutcheon, Samuel; res. McCutcheon House. McDermott, Patrick, grocer, 216 Wash- ington ; res. 614 N. Main. McClintock, J. C, Rev., Pastor First Pres- byterian Church ; res. 919 Washing- ton. McKitterick, Edward, Cashier Merchants' National Bank; res. 812 N. 7th. McKeel, J. C, china and glassware, 200 N. Main. McKullough, J. K., foreman McCash's planing-mill, 547 S. Boundary. McLain, J. W., bds. 138 S. 7th. McLane, W. T., collector ; res. 305 Sum- mer. Mecke, August, merchant tailor, 620 Jef- ferson ; res. 910 Garden. Mecklinberg, August, 1312 N. 6th. Mccklinberg & Tegler, blacksmith and waiion shop, 1221 N. 8th. MEHMEL, FRED., restaurant and saloon, cor. of 4th and Jefterson sts. ; Dorn in Germany July 26, 1843; came to America in 1865 ; to Burlington in 1866. Melcher, Henry, meat market, 805 Jeffer- son ; res. 1125 Osborn. Mellinger Bros., news depot, 200 Jeffer- son, cor. Main. Mellinti'er, Samuel, real estate agt. 3122- Jefi'erson; res. 715 S. 4th. BURLINGTON CITY. 651 MERCER, W. G., Supt. of the Hawkeye Carriage Co., cor. of 4th aad Valley sts. ; was born Dec. 4, 1852, at Newport, Ky. ; moved to Burlingtou in 1858. Married Feb. 26, 1874, Ella M. Kline ; they have two children — Maude and Kline M. Mercer, J. M., marble-works, 423 Valley. Merritt, George ; res. 250 S. Boundary. Mesmer, Dominick, grocer, 239 S. 9th. Mesmer, Grebhard, cooper, 854 High. Mesmer, Michael, shoe-shop, 1552 ^tna. Mesmer, Philip, salesman; res. 240 S. 9th. MESPEIiT, FRIEDRICH, proprietor of a vineyard on the extension of S. Main st ; owns nine acres; he was born in Prussia March 29, 1825, and came to America, and to Burlington, in 1854. Married January, 1851, Hannah Hoifman ; they have one child — William. IMr. Mespelt averages 800 gallons of wine per year ; he has a fine place, and a comfortable home. Is a Bepublican. MESSEX(j}ER, C, lessee of Pros- pect North ami West Hill Horse R. R.; born in Chen mgo Co., N. Y., Sept. 29, 1833 ; came to Burlington, 1854. Mar- ried Nov. 6, 1856, Margaret Clark, METZ, JOH^, meat market on the cor. of 8th and Franklin sts. ; born May 7th. 1839, in Glermany ; came to America May 7, 1865; to Burlington May 4, 1867. Married June 25, 1865, Elise Liebich ; they have five children — William, Anna, Julia, Chas. and Oscar. Meyer, Charles, blacksmith, Emmett and Agency. Meyer, Christ., grocer, 224 Division; res. 312 S. 4th. Meyer, C.G., news depot ; res. 513 N.Main. Meyer, Dominick, 1341 Griswold. Meyer, John ; res. 312 S. 5th. Mikkelson, Christ., 915 Garden. Millard, Frank, 700 Wa^^hington. Millard, F., & Co.. lumber dealers; yard, 400 S. Main. HIIiliER, C. C, with John H. Gear, wholesale grocer ; born in Con- nersvilie, Fayette Co., Ind., April 19, 1833; came to Louisa Co, Iowa, in 1846 ; engaged in farming pur- suits two years, then went to Mt. Pleas- ant, and was there employed as clerk for twelve years in the mercantile house of his uncles, P. & A. Sanders; he then en- tered into partnership with his father in the drug business ; this partnership con- tinued about two years, until the death of his father ; then he carried on the business alone for two years, when he sold out and again entered the store of P & A. Sanders, and continued with them until he enlisted in 1864, in Co. A., 45th I. V. I. ; he was in the service about six months, subsequently with Sanders again, also on firm near Spring- field, 111.; since 1870 he has been in the position he now holds. Mr. Mil- ler married Catherine Eyre September 2, 1355, at Springfield, 111.; she was born in Sangamon Co., 111. ; they have three children — Wm. M., Lewis A. and Carrie S. Mr. and Mrs. M. are members of the Christian Church. DULLER, CHAS. J., dealer in groceries, notions, crockery, etc., south- west cor. of Summer and Dill sts. ; he was born Dec. 12, 1835, in France; moved to America in 1852 ; visited a number of the States'in 1 868 ; settled in Burlington ; enlisted in Co. F, 39 th Ohio, in 1861, and was elected 2d Lieutenant by his company ; was in all the battles his regiment engaged in ; was wounded at Osceola, Mo. VVas married id 1862 to Margarett Wirth ; they have seven children — Mary A., Ida S., Emma H., Lily M., Franklin G., Mary T., Charles S. Miller, George A., Principal West Madison School ; res. 1223 Summer. Miller, Henry, carp., 1106 S. Boundary. Miller, Henry, Jr., grocer, etc., 217 Divis- ion ; res. 238 S. Sixth. Miller, Henry; res. 1106 S. Boundary. Miller, J. D., & Co., mfr. of split baskets, cor. of Front and Pine. 1IILI.ER, JOHN G}., Secretary of Burlington Insurance Co. ; was born in Muscatine, Iowa, Nov. 14, 1850. He lived there until 1868, when he came to Burlington and connected himself with his present business. He has been so- licitor, special agent and secretary since June, 1874. MILLiER, J. H., dealer in furniture, and manufacturer of upholstered goods, 315 N. Main st. ; he was born April 29, 1843, in Warren Co., Ohio, and moved to Burlington in 1870 ; married Nov. 14, 1867, to Mary E. Swem; 652 DIRECTOEY OF DES MOINES COUNTY; they have two children — Florence and William. Mr. M. is a Republican. Miller, J. P., stoves and tinware, 609 Jef- ferson ; res. 804 Valley. Miller, John P.; res. 842 Valley. 9IILLER, W3I., photographer, N. 3d St., opposite the Barret House. He was born July 27, 1827, in Germany; came to America in 1854, to Burlington 1858. Married Feb. 11, 1855, Clara George. Miller & Mott, dry|goodsand groceries, 1000 Summer, cor. of Dill. Millspauofh, A. E. ; res. Gilbert st. Moehn, Henry, cooper, 863 Arch. Moehn, Henry, cooper, 1401 Mt. Pleasant. Moehn, Wm., grocery and saloon, 1403 Mt. Pleasant. M0LA:\DER, JOHN, carpenter and cabinet-maker, 512 Jefferson St.; born April 4, 1848, in Sweden; came to America in 1870, and to Burlington June 17, 1878. Married Nov. 14, 1872, Nellie Monson ; they have two children — Minnie M. and Delilah A. He is a Republican. MONTFORT, A. W., of the firm of Montford & Hill, photographers ; was born in Chautamjua Co., N. Y., May 13, 1846; his parents re- moved with family to Canada when he was an infant, lived there about five years, then removed to Detroit, where he lived twelve years ; in 1865, he came to Burlington ; has been engaged in present business ever since became here. Moore, Henry, capitalist, 3d, cor Court. Morehouse, Ebenezer, bookbinder; res. 417 S. 9th. MOREHOUI^E, \\m. H., Treas urer of the Centennial Mutual Life Association ; born in Saratoga Co., N. Y., Jan. 10, 1832: lived there until 1839, when his parents removed with family to Orleans Co., N. Y., where they resided nine years, then came to Kane Co., 111. ; lived there about fifteen years ; for several years, Mr. Morehouse has resided in Iowa; he was in mer- cantile and express business at Janes- ville, Iowa, several years. He has been connected with the corporation he now represents over two years. Morgan, A. T.; res. 314 S. Pond. MORRISON, FISHER, County Recorder, was born in Perry Co., Penn., March 26, 1840 ; when 6 years of age, removed with his parents to Jefferson Co., Iowa ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1855, and lived in Washington Tp. until 1874, when he was first elected Recorder ; he has been twice re-elected, in 1876 and 1878. In August, 1862, he enlisted as a private in Co. G, 25th I. V. I., and was in all the battles in which his regiment engaged previous to his discharge on account of wounds received at Vicksburg, May 22, 1863. Mortensen, Charles, saloon, 409 Jeffer- son. Moss, S. C, physician, 1313 S. 13th. MOTT, JOSEPH C; bom in the Kingdom of Baden, Sept. 2, 1 844 ; came with his mother to America in 1850, and made his home on a farm six miles distant from Burlington; in 1857, they moved to the city. Aug. 2, 1862, he enlisted in the 25th I. V. I. ; was 2d Sergeant of Co. G; went through the same battles and military experiences during the active service, as his friend Boquet. After his return from the war, he entered the dry goods business, and has since acted mostly as clerk. For some time, however, he carried on the grocery busi- ness on his own account. He was mar- ried in 1866 to Narcissa J. Grupe, and the union has been blessed with one child —Charles K. Mott. MUCKENSTUREN, VALEN- TINE, saloon, 304 Valley st ; born in Germany Nov. 10, 1836; came to Ameri- ca in 1854, and to Burlington in 1860. Married in January, 1861, to Catharine Mohm ; she was born in Germany ; came to America in 1 854 ; they have seven chil- dren — Emma E., Leopold H., Geo. B., Frank J., Barbara, Katie A. and an in- fant. Members of the Catholic Church ; he is a Democrat. MUENZENMEYER, FRED. T., meat uiarket, cor. 12th and Angular sts; born Feb. 1, 1851, in Germany; came to America and to Burlington in 1871. MUENZENMEYER, OTTO, meat market, 908 3Iaple st. ; born in Germany ; came to America in 1868, to Burlington in 1869. Married in March, 1870, Minnie Krieg; they have five children living — Lena, Fred., Louisa, Minnie and Eugene. BURLINGTON CITY. 653 Muenzenmeyer & Dobblemann, meat mar- ket, 910 Maple. Murphy, Edward, painter, 214 N. 5th ; res. (ill N. 7th. Murray Iron Works & Machine-Shops, Boundary, between Columbia and Wash- int>;ton. ^VTTAIRN, GILLIES & CO.,'"planing- 1 \l mill, etc., 5th, cor. Valley, and Gth, cor. Valley. Nairn, James R., 407 S. 10th. Nassau, W. W., physician and surgeon, 420 N. 4th. Nathorst, H. T., physician, 321 Jefferson. Nealley Brothers, nurserymen, Madison av., south of city limits. Nees, Peter, botanist, florist and gardener, Starr av., cor. Mason. Neff, Andrew, mach., 1215 Gnahn. Neihaus, J. F. W., carp.. West av. Nelson, J. R., Pres. Burial Case Co., 513 N. 6th. Neubrand, F. X., Rev., Superior St. John's Church ; res. 145 7th. Neugebauer, August, proprietor Atlantic House, 209 Division. Newberg, Jno., carp.; 662 May. Newman, Jabnb, far., west of S. Oak. IVEWMAN, THOMAS W., JlIi^lirK, was born in Somerset Co., Md.,on the 23d of January, 1829; his father, Isaac Newman, died in 1840, and, five years later, the mother removed with her family to Baltimore, where she died in 1846, leaving her children to the care of Thomas, the eldest son ; he pursued his studies in Washington Academy, Princess Anne, Somerset Co., Md., and, begianing his legal studies soon after leaving school, was admitted to the bar in 1850, after which he im- mediately removed to the West, and es- tablished himself in his profession at Burlington. At the opening of the war, through the influence of Senator Grimes, he was commissioned Captain in the 11th U. S. Inf., and at once entered upon the - duties of Recruiting Oflicer and Mili- tary Commander at Burlington ; in 1862, he was sent to Indianapolis, Ind., on mustering and disbursing duty, and, in the fall of that year, was appointed Com- mander of that post, which position he held until the spring of 1863; after three years' service, he was forced to re- sisun his commission on occount of im- paired health by reason of exposure and exhausting activity in the discharge of his duties, and, after some time spent in recuperation, he again entered upon the practice of his profession ; aside from his profession, he has filled many posi- tions of honor and trust; from 1855 to 1857, he held the office of Judge of Des Moines Cjunty, and, in the fall of 1874, was appointed by Gov. Carpenter to fill a vacancy in the office of District Judge of the First Judicial District of Iowa ; at the October election, he was elected for the unexpired term, ending Jan. 1, 1875, and for the full term of four years from that date; in 1855-56, he was Director of the Burlington & Missouri R. R. Co.; and, in 1876, was Director of the Mer- chants' National Bank of Burlington ; since the organization of Burlington University, in 1852, he has been one' of its Trustees. Since the organization of the Republican party, Judge Newman has been closely identified with its inter- ests ; in religious belief, he is a Baptist. He married on the 3d of November, 1852, Miss Sarah A. Warren, of Cen- tral New York ; they have had six children, five now living ; Nellie, a daughter of fifteen years, and a young girl of more than ordinary promise, died in the spring of 1873. Nicholas, J. R., dentist, 209 Jefi"erson ; res. 1400 .Etna. Niemann, George, & Co., gro., 322 N. 4th. Niemann, John, gardener, 1501 Mt. Pleas- ant. MIEWOHBfER, JOHW, proprie- tor of the Farmers' Home, formerly the Orleans bowling-alley, at 406 N. Main St. ; he was born August 12, 1837, in Prussia ; came to America and to Bur- lington in 1855 ; elected School Director for two terms — 1873 and 1874 — and Alderman from the 1st Ward, 1877. He married December 7, 1858, Wilhel- mina Kean ; they have six children — Edward, John, Henry, Charles, Celia and George. Democnit. EflLSON, S., merchant tailor, 219 Division st. ; born in Sweden October 21, 1836; came to America in 1869 ; to Burlington in August, 1863. Nist. George, mason, 107 N. Gunnison. Nixon, S. E., homeopathic physician, 311 J Jefferson. 654 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Nortberg, Charles, carpenter, 718 S. 12th. Norton, Dennis, res. 818 N. 7th. Norton, Jos., grain-buyer; res. 1U37N. 7th. O'BRIEN, CHARLES, capitalist; of- fice 321] Jefierson ; res. 315 N. Boundary. Ockert, Jacob, mfr. of cigars, 202-1 Jeffer- son. Ogden, C. W., Cashier T., P. & W. Ohrt, Adolph, 1700 Mt. Pleasant. Ohrt, H. C, reaf estate, 301 Jefferson; res. 906 N. 6th. OLMSTED, C. E., proprietor of Orchard City Flouring- Mills; was born where Jacksonville, 111., is now located, Jan. 6, 1823 ; at the age of 4 years, his parents removed to St. Louis, where they resided two years, and then removed to Le Roy, Genesee, Co., N. Y. ; Mr. 0. resided in New York State until he came to Burlington in 1856 ; he engaged in the milling business here in 1857; built the Oriental Mills in Chicago, in the spring of 1861 ; in 1864, returned to Burlington, and built the present Orchard City Mills ; sold out the mills in 1867 ; in 1870, he went to Blue Rapids, Mar- shall Co., Kan., and there built flouring- mills, and, in May, 1877, returned to Burlington. Olson, Olof, foreman planing-mill, 644 May. OPPICE, S., born in Italy in 1841. Married Louisa Aralda in 1866 ; she was born in New York City ; they have four children — Frank, Jo.seph, Louisa and Mary. Members of St. Paul's Church ; Republican. Orm, George, builder, 103 S. Adams. Orndorff, J. A., prop. St. James Hotel, corner Front and Columbia. Orth, Adolph ; res. 1700 Mt. Pleasant. ORTH, P. J., dealer in groceries, pro- visions and liquors, 1614 Agency St.; he was born Sept. 9, 1843, in Germany, and came to America in 1852. Married Feb. 14, 1871, Louisa Gepheart ; they have four children — Herbert, Mary, John, J. E., Peter; all members of St. John's Church ; he is a Democrat. ■Ortleb, Wm., bakery, 1315 N. 8th. OSBOKX, E. & W. M., wholesale dealers in paper and stationery, twines, blank books, etc., 217 Valley st. The junior partner of this firm came to Bur- lington in June, 1856, and established the job printing and paper business in Coolbaugh's Block, Main st., where he remained until 1861, when his estab- lishment was consolidated with that of the Ilawk-Eye and was removed to Starr's building on 3d St., adjoining the Barret House. The Ilatvk-E^e estab- lishment having been sold to Edwards & Beardsley, in the f;\ll of 1865, he went south, returning in the spring of 1867, when the firm of E. & W. M. Osborn was established in John S. Da- vid's building on Front st.; in the fall of 1869, the establishment was consoli- dated with the job printing and book- binding concern of Snow & Vogt, on Valley st., E. Osborn and Frederick Vogt retiring; VV. M. Osborn, S. W. Snow and T. R. Acres, continuing un- der the firm name of 0.sborn, Snow & Co.; in 1874, the other partners having retired, the business was continued by E. & W. M. Osborii. Both partners of this firm have been identified with the manufacture of paper and the paper trade from childhood, and are supposed to know paper and the needs of the trade for goods in that line as well as any firm in the country. Mr. E. Os- born was born in Hartford Co., Conn., in 1813; at the age of 9, with rela- tives, he removed to Western New York, by New England people then considered the Far West, soon after entering a paper mill at Dansville, Livingston Co., and serving a term of nine years as an apprentice to the manufacture of paper, which in those days was made entirely by hand ; afterward, when machinery had been introduced, he continued with the mills at Dansville until 1 85 1 , when he removed to Niagara Falls, engaging with the mills at that point, a few years after- ward removing to St. Charles, 111., and, in 1864, joined his son in this city. W. M. 0.sborn was born at Dansville, N. Y., in 1834; learning and working at the printing business in the Herald office; in 1852. joining his parents at Niagara Falls and working in Buffiilo ; in the fall of the same, year he removed to Detroit, and, in the spring of 1853, coming west to Chicago, where he en- gaged with Mr. S. P. Rounds, so well known to the printing fraternity of the West as dealer in printers' furiiishing BURLINGTON CITY. 655 goods, with whom he remained until his removal to Burliiiiiton in 1856. OSGOOD, J. C., President of the Whitebreast Coal & Mining Co. ; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 6, 1851 ; came to Iowa in 1870 ; he was" con- nected with the Union Coal & Mining Co. at Ottumwa until 1874; he then came to Burlington, and was Cashier of the First National Bank here until the fall of 1877 ; he has held his present position since January, 1878. Osterberg, Christ., copper works, Boundary; res. 12U0 Valley. Ostrander, J. A., Gen'l Freight and Ticket Agt. B. & S. W., Central Block ; res. 1U9 S. Marshall. Otten, J. M., boots and shoes, 422^ S. Main ; res. 204 Vine. OVERTOP", B>. Y., attorney at law; born near Morristown, N. J., Oct. 31, 1822 ; admitted to the bar at general term of the Supreme Court held at Binghamton, N. Y., in 1852 ; he was engaged in practice at Elmira, N. Y., until 1857 ; then came to Burlington. Mr. Overton has held various municipal offices ; he was active in the work of organizing the present public school system of this city ; Secretary of the Board of ICducation for some time. He married Mary C. Scott, in October, 1864; they have one child — Anna C. ; by for- mer wife he has two children — Frank A. and Percy. Owen, F. L., printer, lOOl 10th. Owen, Owen, clerk, 1001 10th. TDAIN, WM. W., carp., 1118 South. Palm, John, cabinet-mkr., 520 Jefferson ; res. 161 S. Adams. Palmer, Luke, capitalist, 303 6th. Palmer, Luke, jr., attorney, cor. Main and JeflFerson ; res. 303 S. 6th. PALMER, M. M., drug store, 906 Maple St. ; he was born in Madison Co., 111.,- Oct. 7, 1842. Enlisted, August 1862, in Co. F, 83d Ill.V. I. ; served till the close of the war; mustered out July 5, 1865 ; was in all the battles of his regi- ment ; he served most of the time as drugiiist of ihe regiment. Came to Burlington, March, 1876. Married, Sept. 19, 1871, Florence Everett; she was born in Knoxville, Tenn., Oct. 14, 1850 ; they have one child — Walter E., born Oct. 4, 1875. Members of the Baptist Church^; Republican. Parmeter, A. M., engineer, 549 S. 8th. Parr, Wm., Supt. Burlington Mfg. Co. ; res. 509 S. 3d. Parsons, Albion, clerk, 927 Jefferson. Parsons, C. B., dry goods, 309 and 311 Jefferson ; res. Starr av., cor. Spray. PARSOi\S, F. T., with T. W. Bar- hydt & Co. ; born in York Co., Me., June 27, 1832 ; came to Burlington in 1852; Mr. Parsons was engaged in banking business here for fourteen years; afterward carried on lumber business for twelve years ; while in the banking business, he was connected with the Old State Bank and its predecessors ; Cashier of the Branch of the State Bank ; sub- sequently held same position with the National State Bank ; he is now serving second term as Alderman; he is also Treasurer of University. Parsons, T. L., capitalist ; res. 422 Jeffer- son, cor. of 5 th. Parsons, W. W., homeopathic phys., 214 N. 3d ; res. 205 S. Pond. Passmore.W. W.,1118 10th. PATCHED, «. H., DR.; born in Schuyler Co., N. Y., Sept. 27, 1845 ; moved to AVisconsin with his parents when 10 years of age. He entered Monmouth College in 1862, and gradu- ated in 1866 ; immediately after, he be- gan the study of medicine under his father, U. K. Patchen, then residing in Burlington ; during the winter of 1866 and 1867, he attended a course of lect- ures in Chicago ; also in New York, from 1867-68, where he graduated in March, 1868 ; he returned to Burling- ton, and at once began practice, and has been very successful as a homeo- pathic physician. For three years, he was Secretary of the former Society of Homeopathic Physicians of Iowa, lately known as the Hahnemann Medical Asso- ciation of Iowa. The Doctor is a member in good standing of the American Insti- tute of Homeopathy, and the Western Academy of Homeopathy. On Oct. 26, 1875, he was married to Laura A. Spen- cer, oldest daughter of Richard Spencer, Esq , of Burlington ; they have one daughter — Jessie L. Mr. and Mrs. Patchen are both members of the Con- gregational Church. 656 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY Patterson, Chas. T., dk. Summer st. car station; res. 1115 Summer. PAIILE, C, MRS., owns a vine- yard and vetretable garden on the ex- tension of S. Main St. ; she was born in Grerniany July 17, 1827. Married Philip J. Paule Feb. 14, 1849 ; he was born May 1, 1822, at Wurtemberg, Germany ; they came to America and to Burlington May lo, 1853; he bought a farm and followed farming till 1868, then purchased and moved on the place that his family still occupy ; Mr. Paule died Aug. 3, 1809. He and his wife were members of the Evangelical Zion Church. They have eight children — Christina R., Mary U., Paulina P., Louisa, Philip J., Anna P., Charles C, Emma R. Payne, A. C, carpenter, 1301 13th. Peabody, Samuel, police, Union Depot; res. Henry, cor. of Division PEARCE, JOHN S., plumber and gas-fitter, 622 Jefferson ; also agent for the Pneumatic gas-machine ; he was born in England May 29, 1816 ; came to America with his parents in 1818, and to Burlington in 1855; in 1861, was elected Justice of the Peace. He married, in 1840, Anna M. Hewitt; they have two children — George H. and Anna H. Pea.sley, D. W., northwest cor. of Marshall and Valley. PEASI.EY, JAMES C, Pr.esi- dent of the National State Bank of Burlington, was born in Henderson Co., 111., on the 30th of March, 1840 ; his father, Francis J. C. Peasley, was one of the first settlers of Illinois, hav- ing emigrated from Lower Canada in 1835 ; he removed to Burlingtun in 1842, and died there ten years later ; James C. attended Illinois College, at Jacksonville ; having a decided prefer- ence for a business career, did not wait to graduate, but left school in 1860, and not long after secured a situation in the Des Moines County Savinjjs Bank ; in 1864, he received the appointment of Assistant Ti'easurer of the Burlington & Missouri Railroad Company, where he remained until the .spring of 1866, when he became Cashier of the National State Bank, at that time under the Presidency of F. W. Brooks ; after the death of Mr. Brooks, in the spring of 1869, Mr. E. D. Rand was elected President, and he was succeeded by Mr. Peasley in the spring of 1871. Mr. Peasley married on tile lOth of October, 1866, Miss Louisa S. Green, of Lawrencevilie, N. J. Mr. Peasley is a Republican. Peele, Vincent ; res. 615 Pine. Pefferman, Wm., capitalist, 603 S. Main. Pegan, Leonidas, commercial agent, 626 Foster. Peich, F. W., organ-builder, 920 S. Bound- ary. Penny, J. W., grain-buyer, 917 Jefterson. PENROSE, WM., dealer in fiirm machinery; born in Morgan Co., Ohio, Nov. 7, 1834 ; he lived in Ohio until 1868, when he came to Burlington ; en- gaged in present business ever since he came here. ]Mr. Penrose married Olivia Thompson June 9, 1858; she was born in Columbiana Co., 0., March 1 1, 1839 ; they have five children — James R., Re- becca L., John T., Mary L. and Wm., Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Penrose are mem- bers of the Presbyterian Church. Perkins, Albert A., china and glass ware 314 N. Main ; res. 1228 Smith. Parkins, Chas. E., Vice-President and Su- perintendent C, B. & Q. R. R. ; res. Dill, cor. of White. Peterman, J. M., manager billiard-hall, Board of Trade. Peterson, Andrew, elk.; res. 417 Marr shall. Peterson, Frank, cabinet-maker 116 S. Gunnison. Peterson, Nels, proprietor Burlington House, 321 N. Front. PETERSON,^ P. G., manufacturer and refinisher of straw goods and dealer in plaster blocks, 405 Valley st. ; born in Norway, May 14, 1845; came to the U. S. in 1866. Mr. Peterson was con- nected with several railway companies as civil engineer ; among others, the Lake Supcsrior & Mississippi, Northern Pacific, and Chicago, Dubuque & Min- nesota Companies. He was fir four years in straw goods business in Chicago and Milwaukee ; he came from Milwau- kee to Burlington in February, 1876; en- gaged in present business ever since he came here. Mr. Peterson married Liz- zie Foreman Jan. 7, 1875; she was born in Wisconsin ; they have two chil- BURLINGTON CITY. 657 dren — Guild, born Oct. 19, 1875, aud Anna, Nov. 19, 1877. Phelps, Clias. H., District Judge; res. 985 N. 5th. PHE1.PS, FRAXK ; was born in Middlebury, Vt., a little village under the shadow of the Green Mountains, where he passed his childhood and youth. He leceived a classical educa- tion, and graduated at Union College in 1854 ; in 1855, he sought the Western wilds. One pleasant summer morning, in 1857, he vs^ent to the office of the Burlington Daili/ Haick-Eye to carry a message ; the proprietor, Clark Dunham, asked him to write an item of a runa- way on Jefferson street ; he wrote it, and Mr. Dunham offered him a position on the paper ; under tliat good man (whose memory he holds in affection), he tried to learn the newspaper trade. In 1859, he went to Louisiana, and spent a pleasant year among the planters of Rapides, as a school-teacher. Dur- ing the war, he was a clerk in the Quar- termaster's Department of the regular army ; after this unpleasantness had been settled (together with the bills, which lasted fur three years after the war), he returned to civil and newspaper life ; he was for a season, the editor of the Toledo (Ohio) Times ; returning to Burlington, he returned to his first-love, the Haiok-Eye ; after laboring for a time there, he established the Burling- ton Daily, which, after a year of hard work and fun, fell among thorns. Mr. Phelps is now the city editor of the Burlington Gazette ; he has the honor of age in Burlington newspaper work, no other person connected with Burling- ton journalism, having started in the newspaper world at the time that he commenced it with his good friend, Clark Dunham. Phillips, M. W., hats, caps, etc., 201 Jef- ferson ; res. 531 S. 10th. Pierson, A. G., far. ; res. fair grounds. Pierson, John, far. ; res. Agency road. Pierson, J. L., Sec. and Treas. Burlington Lumber Manufacturing Co. ; res. 501 Pond cor. of Amelia. Pierson, Johnson, postal clerk, 119 S. Marshall. Pietsch, Ferdinand, dry goods, 1425 Os- born ; residence same. Pilger Brothers, wholesale grocers, 209 N. Main. Pilger, Jacob ; res. Sunny Side. Pil-er, L. W. ; res. 1015 N. 10th. Pilger, T. L., retired ; res. 715 N. 6th. PIL.(,}ER, WM., of the firm of Pil- ger Bros., wholesale gnjcers, was born in Louisville, Ky., Feb. 15, 1845; when an infant, his parents removed to Burlington. In his business career he was first in the harness trade, later a commercial traveler, and has been en- gaged in his present business since Feb. 1, 1873; the trade of the firm of Pil- ger Bros, is chiefly in Iowa, Northern Missouri and Western Illinois, though it also extends into Kansas and Nebraska. Their average sales are $200,000 per annum. Pilling, A. H., physician, 304 S. Bound- ary. Pilling, W. E., attorney at law ; office 312* Jefferson; res. 304 S. B )uiit3ary. Pollock, Granger & Chiitendtii, furniture, etc., 102 M. Pond & Co., butter, eggs, etc., 827 Jeffer- son. POOR, CORNEIilllJ^ I.., at- torney at law; was born in Allegheny Tp., Venango Co.,Penn., May 13,1845, and lived there until May, 1875. He was educated at the State Normal Insti- tute, at Edinboro, Erie Co., Penn., and admitted to the bar at Franklin, Penn., September, 1874, and has been in prac- tice ever since. He has been City So- licitor since April, 1878. Poor & Millspaugh, attorneys at law, 312 Jefferson. Poppe, Ewald, teacher high school ; res. cor. 7th and Walnut. Poppe, Max E.; res. cor. 7th and Walnut. Potter, T. J.,Div.Supt. C.,B. & Q. and B. & M., Central Block; res. 400 S. 8th. POWER, JOH]^ C., HOM., at- torney at law ; was born in Mt. Vernon, Ohio ; previous to his coming to Bur- lington, in 1850, he resided ten j'cars in Cincinnati. His first business in the West was farming. In May, ISoo, he enlisted in Co. D, 8th I. V. C. ; he was mustered in as 2d Lieutenant, and mus- tei'ed out as Captain, in 1865. In the fall of 1862, he was admitted to the bar, and three years later was elected County Judge, which position he held until J:iu. 658 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY; 1, 18G9, when he resigned, having been elected Circuit Judge in the fall of 1868. He held that position for four years, and, since 187H, has been engaged in the practice of his profession. Prenzler & Aithof, wholesale liquor dlrs., 214 Washington. Price, J. W., 1U13 3d. Price & Henry, druggists, 320 N. 3d. Prush, Isaac, undertaker, 700 N. Main. PIJRD Y, HIRAM, wholesale liquor merchant ; was born at White Plains, Westchester Co., N. Y., Sept. 12, 18U ; when 5 years of age, his parents moved to New York City; the first business he engaged in was the manufacture of sash, show-cases, etc., in the Bowery, New York, in 1835, which he continued until 1857 ; he originated the first metal show-case about the year '18-14, he was also the projector of the first street- railway. During his residence in the metropolis of America, he took an ac- tive interest in all political issues, and his influence was largely felt in elections, both municipal and national. He came to Burlington in 1857, and engaged in his present business in 1860. Mr. Purdy's remarkable inventive genius is well known and conceded by experts, a large number of valuable and useful in- ventions being the result of his labors in that direction, among which may be mentioned a patent process for guaging liquor; an improvement patented for distilling purposes, another for odorizing ; he is also the patentee of a Steam Boiler, Cyclone principle, a Cyclone Heater, Grain-Car Doors, Cattle-Bar for stock- cars, Fruit-Jars, etc. The Cyclone Heater deserves more than a passing mention. It combines the gas and smoke burning principles, makingit fuel- saving and desirable on account of clean- liness and increased heating qualities. The arrangement of the apparatus is simple, not liable to get out of order, and adapted to every form of heating apparatus now in use, and to every con- dition where artificial heat is required. Putnam, James, President Iowa & Mo. Land Co., 116 Market ; res. 705 N. 5th. /^UELL, WM., carp., 830 Foster. Quick, C. B., Union Furniture Co. ; res. cor. Smith and Gunnison. Quigley & Reiner, saloon, 105 S. Main. Quinby, George ; res. 814 Walnut. 73AAB, EMANUP]L, 901 N. 5th. Raab, R. M., 318 Franklin. Raab Bros., merch. tailors, 217 Jefferson. Rabistein, Louis, 135 S. 6th. Raesch, John, shoe-shop, 835 Jefferson ; res. 1429 Osborn. Ramge, Ferdinand, painter Burg & Sons; res. Sunny Side. Ramge, George, 800 N. 6th. Ramge & Reusoh,meat mkt., 806 N. 6th. Ramge, Wm.,meat market 1510 Osborn. RA:\D, E. D., President of the Bur- lington Lumber Co.; office on the cor of South and Front sts. ; he was born July 23, 1814, at Watertown, Mass. moved to Burlington in the fall of 1839 in 1 856, was elected to the State Legis lature. Married, April, 1837, Sarah A Pond ; have two children now living — Geo. D., born February, 1838, and Mary A., born in September, 1 840 ; Mrs. Rand died in June, 1850; Mr. Rand's second marriage occured June. 1852, to Caro- line A. Sherfey ; have four children — Elbridge D., Jr., born August 11, 1853; Charles W., born Feb. 12, 1855 ; Horace S., born May 11, 1861 ; Carrie, born March 17, 1867. Rand, E. D., & Co., mfrs. of lumber, 846 Jefferson. Rand, E. H., dlr. in wood and coal, 630 Jefferson ; res. 136 S. 6th. Rand & Carson, mfrs. of lumber, near rail- road bridge, foot of South. Randall, George, grocer, 1100 N. Oak. Rankin, Thos. R., 107 S. Marietta. Rankin & Dodge, com. merchants. 605 Jefferson. Ransom, H. B., 425 N. 5th. Ransom, H. B. & J. J., physicians and surtreons, 215 Jefferson. RAPER, T. J., Chief of Police, ap- pointed April 1, 1878; born in Greene Co., Ohio, May 20, 1844; moved to Burlington in 1868. Enlisted in Co. C, 1st Ohio V. I. ; served fourteen months ; then transferred to an Indiana regiment ; promoted to 2d and then to 1st Lieutenant; mustered out, Jan. 27, 1866. Served one year as policeman, and, in 1873, resigned; was elected Constable in the fall of that year, and served two years ; re-elected. BURLINGTON CITY. 659 and served up to the time of present ap- | pointment. Married Jan. 21, 1864, to M. E. Shearer of Indianapolis. Re- publican. ■ i Raper, Hiram, farmer, 1315 Summer. Rapp, Jacob, locksmith, 309 Washington ; res. 419 Maple. RAPPOIiD, GEORCiJE, born in Wiesonbaeh, a small town in the King- dom of Wurtemberg, Dec. 4, 1826; came to America in 1849, and settled in Waterville, Oneida Co., N. Y., where he was for two years engaged at the cooper business; in 1851, Mr. Rappold spent several months in Connecticut, at the carpenter's trade, and from there went to Georgia, where he worked at his trade of carpenter and joiner until the beginning of the rebellion ; during his nineteen years' sojourn in the South, Mr. Rappold was engaged in the grocery and saloon business, working also part of the time at his trade as carpenter ; in 1871, he came to Burlington, where he has since been engaged in the saloon business. In 1 852, George Rappold and Miss W. Rahner were united in mar- riage. Rasche. TVm., 1333 N. 8th. RAY, €}EO. O., of Ray & Filley, dealers in farm machinery and seeds, corner 3d and Market sts. ; is a native of Burlington, educated here; has been engaged in his present business twelve years, and a member of the present firm since 1877. Ray & Filley do an exten- sive jobbing trade, principally along the lines of the C, B. & Q. R. R. ; have a branch house at Red Oak, from which they supply their Southwestern Iowa trade; Mr. Filley has charge of the Red Oak branch, and resides in that city; the firm occupies about 10,000 feet of floor room in this city ; their sales run from $75,000 to $100,000 per annum and are rapidly increasing since the establishment of their new house at Red Oak. Ray, Harvey, Jr., 927 N. 7th. Reed, L. P., Reed House, cor. 4th and Division. Reid, Frank, shoemaker, 206 JeflFerson ; res. 503 Wood. REIXER, C, saloon-keeper, 105 S. Main St. ; born in Oedendorf, Germa- ny, in 1845; came to Louisa Co., Iowa, in 1869, and to Des Moines Co. in 1873 ; worked in the Eagle Hotel one year; started present business in 1874. Democrat. Reinert, Daniel, saloon, 213 Valley. REIIEY, JOHN T., Cashier of the National State Bank ; born in Burling- ton, Iowa, June 4, 1844; Mr. Remey was connected with the Union National Bank of Chicago, from 1863 to 1871 ; since 1871, he has held the position he now occupies. Married Mary L. Rorer Oct. 30, 1872; she was born in Bur- lington ; they have one child — David Rorer, born July 11, 1878. Renshaw, M. R., painter, 1115 S. 13th. Renshaw, S. J.; res 859 High. Reppert, Christian, wine mfr. ; res. head of Bodeman. Reppert, Henry, blacksmith ; res. head of Bodeman. RELTSCH, FRAXK, meat market, No. 703 6th St. ; born in Europe, Sept. 11, 1847 ; came to America and to Bur- lington in 1865. ]^Iarried November, 1870, toMena Flead. REUSCH, JOHN, meat market at 1204 8th St.; born Sept. 26, 1848, in Germany; came to America and to Burlington in 1869. Married January, 1874, Serena Strotman ; they have two children — Clara and Wm. F. Reynolds, J. H., photographer, 21 U Jef- ferson; res. 415 S. Marshall. . Rhodes, Jno. W., dry goods and groceries, 117 Jefferson; res. cor. Madison and Denmark. RICHTER, A., druggist. No. 1319 N. 8th St. ; born in Germany in 1844; came to Burlington in 1870, and en- gaged in the newspaper work in connec- tion with the Iowa Journal and Jotca Trihtme; started present business in 1871. Married Lydia Baucer in 1870 : she was born in Germany in 1849 ; they have three children — Mary, Johanna, Frederick. Members of the Latter Day Saints Church ; Liberal. RIEPE, CASPAR, Constable ; born in Germany Sept. 27, 1834; came to America in 1853, and to Burlington in 1855 ; in Benton Tp. he was elected, and served two terms, as Road Supervisor ; in 1863, he was elected Constable in the same township, and served three terms ; in 1878, was elected Constable in Bur- 660 DIRECTORV OF DES MOINES COUNTY lington Tp. He married in 1854 Haonali Benne ; she died in 1857, and be married, second time, Louisa Pogge- moaller, 1858 ; they have seven children — Anna L., August H., Mary, Matilda, Frank A., Louisa and Arthur. They are members of the Evangelical Church ; he is Superintendent of the Sabbath school ; Democrat. Riepe & Hulsebus, grocers, 323 Jefferson. Rinker, Andrew, shoe-shop, 904 Maple ; res. 808 S. 10th. Ripley, I. N., accountant, 408 S. 9th. RITZMAN, J. B., dealer in gro- ceries, provisions, crockery and glass- ware ; born March 12, 1834, in Switz- erland ; came to America in 1 854, to Bur- lington in 1856. Enlisted in Co. F,5thl. V. C, September 1861 ; served over three years ; was in several battles ; mustered out October, 1864. Married September, 1861, Mary A. Michler; they have six children — Rosalia, Adalheit, Clara, J. \V., Matilda, Mary. He has been en- gaged in business since 1865. ROBB, R. L.., M. D., 302 N. Main St. ; born in Logan Co., Ohio, in 1840 ; came to Burlington in 1875; is a grad- uate of the St. Louis Homeopathic Medical College. In 1872, married Miss Sarah L. Miller ; she was born in Orange, N. J,; Mrs. Robb is a graduate of the Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago ; they have four children — Henry, Nettie, Emma and Lizzie. Mem- bers of the Presbyterian Church ; Re- publican. ROBERTNOX, GEORCi^E, at- torney at law; born in Jessamine Co., Ky., May 9, 1831 ; he graduated from the law department of Transylvania University, in Kentucky, in the spring of 1854; came to Burlington in the fall of 1854. Mr. Robertson was Mayor of Burlington in 1872 and 1873; was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors in 1874. Robinson, S., commercial agent, res. 307 S. Augusta. Roesch, John, slioe shop, 835 Jefferson ; res. 1429 0.sborn. Roesner, Muenzenmeyer & Bro., meat mar- ket, 1120 Angular, and corner 9th and South. ROESEXER, ERNST, meat mar- ket, 1121, corner of South and 9th sts.; born Jan. 23, 1848, in Germany, and moved to America and to Burlington Oct. 28, 1873. Married March 31, 1875, Louisa Muenzenmeyer. ROHDE, H. FREDERICK, attorney at law ; was born in Holstein. Germany, May 9, 1852; he came to Iowa City in 1871 ; he was educated at St. Joseph's Institute and Iowa State University, until 1876, when he attend- ed Cornell University for one year, after which he was graduated from the Law Department of the Michigan University in 1878; he has been engaged in the practice of his profession in Burlington since May 1, 1878. Rolfsmeyer, E. H., clerk, 1210 N. 9th. Rollins, J. H., sewing machines, 412 Jef- ferson. Ronaldson, M., merchant tailor, 315 Jef- ferson ; res. 214 S. Pond. ROOT, RICHARD, COL., Deputy U. S. Marshal for the Southern District of Iowa ; born in Carroll Co., Md., February 21; 1836; located in Leavenworth, Kan., in 1859, where he resided until the breaking-out of the rebellion, when he entered the army as Ensign of Co. E, 1st Kan. V. L, serving six months in thdt regiment ; he then cime to Mt. Pleasant and or- ganized Co. K, 19th I. V. I., of which he was elected 1st Lieutenant ; soon after, he was promoted to the captaincy of Co. E, 8th I. V. C, and then made Major of his regiment ; subsequently, he was commissioned to organize scat- tering regiments of Sherman's army ; after organizing the 35th, 36th and 37th U. S. Regulars, he wa^ commissioned Colonel of the 36th. After leaving the service, he returned to Mt. Pleasant, and there resided until 1877. He has served as U. S. IMarshal eight years ; he was first appointed in March, 1871. ROOT, R, T., book publisher; was was born in Ontario, Sept. 21, 1848 ; he came to Chicago in 1866, and for three years engaijed in book canvassing ; in 1869, he came to Burlington, where he started in the publishing business. Among his list of works produced are : "The Life of Christ," and " Foot- Prints of Time," copyrighted and issued in 1874. This specialty has proven a great success ; through agents, he has BURLINGTON CITY. 661 canvassed many sections of the country and sold a very large number of copies ; in addition to these, he has also published several religious works. He was mar- ried to Miss Anna F. Pine, a native of Philadelphia, Nov. 24, 1870, by whom he has three children — Richard Willis, Nellie May and Florence Anna. Mr. and Mrs. Root are members of the M. E. Church. RORER, DAVID, HON., native of Pittsylvania Co., Virginia ; born there in 1806; came to Bur- lington March 27, 1836, about two years after the city received its name ; has been constantly engaged in prac- ticing law since coming to this city ; for the past twenty-five years, has been the attorney of the C, B. & Q. R. R. ; is author of a work on Judicial Sales, which Ras already passed into a second edition, and has now ready for publication a work on railroad law of two large vol- umes, which will be issued from the press very shortly ; has also in course of pre- paration an exhaustive history of the Northwest, and in course of publication by Callahan & Co., of Chicago, a work on American Inter-State Law. Judge Rorer was one of the founders of the Historical Society, founded here in 1843, the records of which were after- ward burned ; his colleagues in this work were Greenleaf Nealy and Dr. Hoyt; Judge Rorer is also a member of the Historical Societies of Pennsyl- vania and Wisconsin, and has a most valuable historical library, comprising some exceedingly rare and ancient vol- umes ; Judge Rorer wrote the original Articles of Incorporation of the city (then town), and has been intimately identified with all its history. Rossell, W. M., contractor and builder, 831 N. 7th. Roth, Jos., far., Madison av. Roth, Theo., carpenter, 1149 Franklin. ROTHE, WILL.IAM, manufact- urer, wholesale and retail dealer in wil- low and rattan ware, 108 S. 3d st.; born Aug. 27, 1844, in Germany; moved to America in 1860,and to Burlington April, 1875; enlisted in Co. E, 2d Ohio I. V. I., April 17, 1861 ; served three months, was mustered out ; re-enlisted Aug. 22, 1861, in Co. A, 17th Mo. V. I., 15th Army Corps; served for over three years ; mustered out Sept. 25, 1864; was in all of the battles of his regiment. Married October 17, 1871, Christina Ender ; they have two chil- dren — Minnie M. and John N. Repub- lican. Rothenberger, L. H. ; res. 1124 Agency. ROTHENBERGER, PH. P., proprietor of the City Brewery, No. 1122 Agency St. ; he was born Nov. 4, 1838, in Germany; came to Burlington May 28, 1857;' he married in 1860 Christina Wage ; they have four chil- dren living — Ann, born April 12, 1861 ; Mary, October, 1863; Ida, 1868; Henry, July, 1870. His children have all been baptized. He is Inde- pendent. RufF, Hubert, mason; res. 212 S. 9th. RundorflF, Emil, 617 N. 7th. Rundorff, Theodore, 406 North. Rundorif & Brenner, hardware, 320 Jef- ferson. Rundorff & Brother, dry goods and gro- ceries, 701 N. 6th. Runge, Ed. F., confectionery and restau- rant, 220 Jefferson ; res. 806 3d, cor. Arch. Runyan, L. M., Polk, north side Prospect Hill. SARIN, JOHN, house-mover, 316 S. Wood. Sales, D. J.; res. 1002 Maple. Saling, Jacob, 408 S. 1 0th. SAI.TER, WM., REV., was bom in Brooklyn, L. I., on the 17th of No- vember, 1821 ; his parents were natives of Portsmouth, N. H. ; he descended from John Salter, mariner, who came from Devonshire, England, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, and settled in Portsmouth ; on his mother's side, he is descended from Alexander Ewen, who came from Aberdeen, Scot- land, before the Revolution ; Mr. Salter received his education in the city of New York, and graduated from the University of that city, in 1840 ; he spent two years in the Union Theolog- ical Seminary of New York, and one year in the Seminary at Andover, Mass.; after teaching school awhile in South Norwalk, Conn., he came West with a number of young ministers, and arrived at Burlington in October, 1843; 3 662 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY he spent two years as a missionary in Maquoketa, Andrew, Bellcvue, and Jackson Co., generally, and, on the 15th of March, 1856, was invited to become Pastor of the Congregational Church in Burlington ; he has remained here ever since, a continuous pastorate of over thirty-three years ; Mr. Salter, besides his regular ministerial duties, has devoted a portion of his time to lit- erature ; he published, in 1863, "The Letters of Ida R. Parker," a duodeci- mo volume of about three hundred pages, from the press of Crosby & Nich- ols, B iston ; this work is a rare treas- ure to the friends uf the gifted lady, whose beautiful Christian character is so well illustrated in this contribution from her correspondence ; it is dedicated to Mrs. Elizabeth II. Grimes, widow of the late Senator Grimes, of this city ; during the rebellion, he prepared a work entitled, " The Great Bebellion in the Light of Christianity," a book for the times, which was published by the Re- form Book and Tract Society of Cincin- nati ; Mr. Salter published the '• Church Hymn-Book," a very excellent collec- tiun of hymns and tunes, now used in his own congregation ; from time to time, he delivers sermons and lectures on various subjects of public interest ; they all display those sober and solid qualities which have made Mr. Salter one of the best-wearing ministers in Iowa ; he prepared " The Life of James W. Grimes, Governor of Iowa from 1856-1858, and Senator of the U. S. from 1859-1869," published by D. Ap- pleton & Co., of New York, in 1876 ; on the occasion of the fiftieth annual meeting of the State Historical Society, he delivered an address, full of historical research, commemorative of the two hundredth anniversary of the discovery of Iowa by Marquette and Joliet, June 17, 1673; a writer in the "Annals of Iowa " for July, 1873, which contains the address, says : " It was delivered in a faultless style of oratory, in strict harmony with its scholastic composi- tion." Mr. Salter is liberal and Cath- olic in his views, aims, and spirit, recog- nizing the broad seal of the Christian life as a better passport to Heaven than the badge of any particular sect ; churches, sects, ordinances, services, with him, exhaust their whole signifi- cance in being helps to the attainment of the Christian character. From his earliest recollection, he has been an anti- slavery man ; many years ago he bore the reproach of being called an " Abo- litionist," and illustrated his faith by assisting more than one fugitive to es- cape from bondage ; some of the early citizens may remember the incident of he and others sending one of this class across the river in a dry goods box. Mr. Salter was married on the l!5th of August, 1846, to Miss Mary Ann, daughter of Deacon E. P. Mackintire, of Charlestown, Mass., by whom he has three sons ; the eldest graduated at Knox College^ Galesburg, 111., in 1871, pursued theological studies at Yale and Harvard, was for one year incumbent of Parker Fellowship, and student at Got- tingen ; his second son, Edward Sum- ner, graduated at Amherst College in 1877, and is devoting his life to music ; the youngest, George B., is learning mercantile business. The honorary de- gree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon Mr. Salter by the University of Iowa, in 1864. Samson, Erz, shoemaker, 209 Jefferson, res. 503 Vine. SAMSOX, WII^LIAM J., Prin- cipal of South Hill School; res. 1000 S. 9th st ; has been engaged three years in his present capacity, and was con- nected with the Monmouth and Kirk- wood schools in Illinois before coming to this city; is a native of Hamilton Co., Ohio, and was educated at Monmouth, 111. ; his wife. Flora I. Bates, is a native of Ohio; has one child. Members of Division Street M. E. Church. SAUBfDKRM^N, R. G., A. M., Cily Superintendent of Schools; res. 402 Leebrick st. ; has held his prcsentposition since 1873 ; has been connected with the schools since 1872, in which year he graduated from the Iowa State Univer- sity. His father was a Colonel in the British army ; his mother of Scotch birth, residii g in Ireland at the time her son was born. Prof Sanderson was married Jan. 27, 1877. Himself and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. BURLINGTON CITY. 663 Saurn, B. L.. professor in busine.«s college. SCHAFER, CHARI.es E., clerk for the Keokuk Northern Line Packet Co. ; born in Burlington Jan. 28, 1849. Married in November, 1873, Sophia Sclilick ; they have three chil- dren — Theodore, Lydia and Bertha. He is a Democrat. Schaefer, Fred., shoemaker, 615> Jeffer- son ; res. 923 Jeiferson. Schaefer, Jost, shoe-shop, 213 N. 8th ; res. 923 Jefferson. Schaefer, Julius. 408 N. Boundary. Schaefer, Martin, shoe-shop, 205 Wash- ioii'ton ; res. 1201 Doemland. SCHAFFEfER, WM., Sheriff; was born in Germany, April 4, 1835, and came to America in 1852 ; he landed at Baltimore ; remained two months, then went to New Orleans, and thence to Louisville, Ky., in 1853 ; in 1855, he came to Burlington, and was engaged in the brewery here for sixteen years; in 1872, he was elected Sheriff to fill vacancy, and re-elected in 1873, 1875 and 1877; he was City Weigh- master for eight montlis in 1872. Mr. Schaffner's wife was Dorothea Gebrick, who was born in Germany ; they have nine children — Adelaide, Caroline, Bertha, Thea, Alfred, Ida, Siegfried, Anceline and Wm., Jr. SCHAUNBERG, F., saloon, 1510 Osbornst. ; born in Switzerland in 1842; came to Burlington in 1862, and has since been engaged in the saloon busi- ness. Mr. S. has one child — William — by former marriage ; present wife's maiden name was Louisa Asher ; married in 1873 ; she was born in Germany in 1854 ; they have three children — Mattie, Rosa and Frederick. Mr. S. enlisted in thelstMo. Art.; was mustered in, 1862 ; mustered out in 1865; was in the bat- tles of Dallas, Lost Mountain, Nash- ville and several others. Democrat. Scarff, John, physician and surgeon, 201 N. 3d. SCHENCK, C. M., Secretary of the Whitebreast Coal and Mining Co. ; born at Franklin, Ohio, Jan. 3, 1850 ; came to Burlington in 1871 ; in the C, B. & Q. Ry. Co.'s General Offices here until 1872; from that time until July, 1877, he was in the employ of Wm. Bell & Co., as book-keeper; since July, 1877, he has been connected with the com- pany he now represents. Schenck, 0. H., City Treas.; res. 621 N. 5th Schick, Charles, saloon, 711 Jefferson; res. 1503 Thul. Schier, Joseph, mer. tailor, 516 Jefferson. SCHIPPERT, S., was born in Prus- sia in 1844; came to Burlington in 1856. Married Barbara Fritz; she was born in Prussia in 1850; they have three children — Joseph, Annie and Min- nie. Mr. S. is a member of the A. 0. U. W. and Germania Societies ; holds the office of Financial Secretary of the A. 0. U.W. Is a Democrat. SCHIPPERT & SCHMIT- TEE, " Merchants' Restaurant," No. 305 Main and 202 Jefferson. SCHEACHTER, A., saloon, cor. of Division and Leebrick sts. ; born in Ger- many ; came to America in 1866; to Burlington in 1867. Married Oct. 2, 1870, Sophia Enger ; they have three children — Joseph, Anna and Ida. SCHEAMPP, J]\0., " Schlampp's Exchange." No. 306 3d st. ; born in Germany in 1 832 ; came to Burlington in 1855; in 1858, started in the saloon business, whi ;h he has since continued. Married Barbara Berger in 1855 ; she was born in Germany in 1834; died in 1876 ; has six children — John, Annie, Matilda, Charles, Oscar and Frank. Mr. S. is a member of the Turners' Society. Republican. Schlapp, August, 920 N. 8th. Schmidt, Charles F., hardware, 111 N. iMain; res. 820 N. 8th. Schmidt, George, grocer, 223 N. Front ; res. 820 N. 8th. Schmitt, Peter, capitalist, 827 Warren. SCHMITTEE, JOHX, born in Burlington in 1852. Married Annie Weggemyost in 1875 ; she was born in Fort Madison, Iowa, in 1856 ; they have one child — Charles J. Mr. S. is a mem- ber of the Germania Benevolent Society, with family members of St. John's Cath- olic Church ; Democrat. Schmeig, Frederick, 912 N. 7th. Schneider, George, Mason st. Schnell, F. P., 927 Garden. Scholer, Jacob, wine manufacturer. Bluffs south of Berry & Co.'s saw-mill. Scholes, Thos. C, foreman C, B. & Q. shop, 812 S. 4th. 664 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Scholl, Jacob, carpenter, 818 Cedar. Schott, Jos. S., wholesale leather and sad- dlery hardware, 112 Washington. Schramm, C. F., 1102 3d. Schramm, Fred, grocery, 424 lV. Main ; r&s. 307 N. Boundary. Schramm, H. C, salesman, 506 N. 8th. Schramm, J. S., dry goods, 212 Jefferson ; res. (516 Columbia. Schramm, Rheinhardt, blacksmith, 315 Division ; res. 500 S. 1 0th. Schramm & Schmieg, dry goods, 119 Jef- ferson. SCHREI, ADOLPH, dealer in groceries, notions, crockery, etc., at 815 South St. ; born in Germany Dec. 26, 1839 ; come to America and to Burlington, June 2, 1855. Enlisted in Co. E, 25th I. V. I. in 1862; served till the close of the war ; was in most of the battles of his regiment ; mustered out with his regiment. Was elected Alderman from the 7th Ward in 1876. Married Nov. 15, 1865, Caroline Steinmier ; they have seven children — Edward F., Wm. A., Louisa, MoUie, Emma, Lillie, Clara. SCHROEDER, J. H., dealer in merchandi.se, cor. of Agency and Osborn streets; he was born June 14, 1846, in Des Moines Co., Iowa. Married May 19, 1870, Anna M. Schroeder ; they have three children — Edward L., Clara J., Louisa L. Members of the M. E. Church ; Republican. Schuff, Anton, carpenter, 819 N. Oak. Schultz, August, physician, 876 Jeiferson. Schumann, Wm., saloon, 219 N. Front; res. 616 S. Main. Schwarz, Casper, shoe-shop, 225 Division ; res. 234 S. 3d. Schwerin, Charles, gardener, res. 106 S. Pond. Scott, George R., retired, 243 S. 7th. Scott, H. n.,drygoods, etc., 307 N. Main; res. 612 Washington. Scott, L. B., res. 112 S. Gunnison. Sellon, W. R., 210 S. Augusta. Sellon & Jarvis, law reporters, Parsons' Blk. Sennett, Wm., nurseryman, 907 Jefferson. SHAFER, J. A., drug store, cor. of Leebrick and Emelia streets ; born in Springfield, Ohio, Aug. 4, 1837. En- listed August, 1862, in Co. A, 83d Illi- nois V. I. ; served till the close of the war ; was in all of the battles that his regiment was engaged in ; the last year of the service, he was detailed and served in the Medical Department ; mus- tered out June 28, 1865. Married Dec. 5, 1872, Sophia W. Mills ; they had one child — Arthur. Mrs. Shafer died Sept. 29, 1874. SHERFEY, J. M., firm of Rand & Co., lumber dealers ; office and yard at No. 846 Jefferson street ; he was born Dec. 2, 1831, in Frederick, Md. ; moved to Burlington in 1837. He married Oct. 31, 1858, Mary A. Rand; they have six children — Sarah M., Mary L., Catharine M., Herbert R., Raymond M., Ruth C. Members of the M. E. Church : Republican. SHALGHXESEY, MICHL, owns saloon cor. of North and 7th sts. ; born in Centre Co., Penn., March 17, 1845; came to Burlington in 1876. Shick, Chas., saloon, 711 Jefferson; res. 1301 Plank. Shontz, I. & J., auction and variety store, 417 Jefferson. Slims, JOHBf H., dealer in gro- ceries and provisions, cor. of Gertrude and Williams sts.; he was born at White House, County Antrim, Ireland ; came to America in 1870 ; to Burlington in September of the same year. He is a mem- ber of the M. E. Church ; Republican. Simpson, J. C, land commissioner; res. 623 iMarshall. Simp.son. Wilkinson & Co., paint works, 300 S. Main. SINC^ER, JOHN G., dealer in groceries, provisions and feed, at 918, cor. 10th and Locust sts.; born April 9, 1831, in Germany; came to America, 1853, and to Burlington, 1856. Married April 27, 1857, Angelika Kreisser; she was born Jan. 19, 1834; they have six children — Louisa, Mary, John G., Bertha, Emma, Clara. Skinner, R. S., station freight agent C, B. &Q.; res. 1103 5th. Slatcher, Adrian, saloon, 1606 Division. Slack, Chas. E., attorney at law, 210 Jef- ferson ; res. 1209 Market. Slocomb, J. A., speculator ; res. 1200 Mt. Pleasant. Slosson, Ed., 502 Pond, cor. of Amelia. Smalley, John, Plunder Store, 313 Jefi'er- son ; res. 231 S. 5th. BURLINGTON CITY. 665 Smith, A. Q., insurance agent, cor. Main and Jefferson ; res. 100 Clay. Smith, Cook & Co., tobacco works, 3d cor. of Valley. Smith, D. N., real estate, 211 and 213 S. 3d Smith, E. A., photographer, 313 S. Gun- nison. Smith, F. A., 719 Columbia. Smith, J. A., Principal Montrose high school ; res. 908 Valley. SMITH, J. W., Foreman of Hose Station No. 4; appointed Aug. 11,1878; appointed Policeman April 2, 1874; served till May, 1875; joined the Fire Department Jan. 18, 1876 ; served till July ; then was placed on the police force; served till 1877; he was born May 28, 1840, in Germany; came to America with his parents, in 1852 ; to Burlington July 25, 1873. P]nlisted Aug. 12, 1861, in Co. E, 49th N. Y. Vols., and served till the close of the war ; at the battle of Spottsylvania Court House, May 12, 1864, was wounded quite seriously in the neck and shoul- der ; was in most of the battles of his regiment ; was confined in the hospital about three months ; mustered out on the27th of June, 1865. Married March 18,1874, Dora Schnittger ; they have one child — Fred W. Democrat. Smith, P. T., dentist, 209 Jejfferson ; res. 101 S. Augusta. SMITH, W. B., dealer in groceries and provisions, 116 5th st. ; born in England July 10, 1825; came to America 1844, and to Burlington in 1851. Married April 26, 1842, Lettie Brooks ; they hare one child — Daniel B., born Dec. 29, 1848. SMITH, W^., lodging-house and- res- taurant. No. 109 S. Main st. ; born in Cologne, Germany, in 1843; came to Burlington in 1873 ; has since been en- gaged in the hotel business. Married Miss Williams in 1874 ; she was born in Quincy, 111., in 1856 ; they have one child — William, born in 1879. Enlisted in the 53d III., in 1863 ; was in the battles of Atlanta, Marietta, Savannah, and several other smaller ones ; held the position of Sergeant in the 53d ; mus- tered out in 1865. Democrat. SMYTHE, P. HElfRY , HON. JUIMjrE, was born near Abington, Washington Co., Va., March 10, 1829; was admitted to the bar in 1857, at Cleveland, Ohio. He was married to Miss Crocker, of the above-named place, in 1851. The sanoe year of his admittance to the bar he came to Bur- lington. Of a fiimily of five children, two are now living. Mr. Smythe was appointed Judge of the District Court by the Governor, in April, 1874, which office he resigned in September of the same year. The Judge's only son is Professor of Greek in Trinity College, at Hartford, Conn. Snyder, G. W., physician, 1003 N. 6th. SIVYDER, T. B., attorney at law ; was born August 27, 1845, in Pleasant Grove Tp.; he worked on his father's farm in his youth ; received a common- school education, and when 18 years of age taught school in the winter of 1863 ; then entered Wesleyan University at Mt. Pleasant ; after an interruption of one year in his studies, he re-entered college in the fall of 1865 ; in June, 1869, he graduated with the degree of A. B.; in the fall of the same year, be began the study of law, in the office of Judge T. W. Newman ; in September, 1870, he entered the State Law School at Iowa City, and graduated in June 1871 ; in October, 1871, he was elected County Superintendent of Schools of Des Moines Co., subsequently re-elected; since Jan. 1, 1876, at which time he left the office above mentioned, he has devoted himself entirely to the practice of law ; in 1872, he received the degree of A. M. from Alma Mater; since January, 1864, Mr. Snyder has been a member of the M. E. Church ; in politics, he is a Republican, and and has stumped diiferent parts of the country during several campaigns, always taking an active interest in political issues. Southwell, Calvin, 813 Cedar. Sowden, Chas., blacksmith, 222 Main; res. 912 Valley. • Spaar, Joseph, 1400 S. 12th. Speidel, Geo., carpenter; res. cor. Division and Adams. Spfncer, Richard, Secretary Gas Co., 202* Jefferson ; res. 625 Division. Spencer, Robert, 515 S. Pond. Sponholtz, Charles, City Weighmastcr, 208 N. 5th; res. Starr Avenue and Spray, 666 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Sprenger, Geo. M.; res. 101 1 South. Sprenirer, Henry, blacksmith-shop in rear of Summer st. car station; res. 1215 S. 10th. Sprenger, Michael, blacksmith-shop 1820 S. Main; res. George st. Squires, C. P., 802 N. 5th. Squires, C. P., & Co., wholesale and retail druggists, 112 Jefferson. Stadtlander, Wm. S., Jr., grocer, 862 Washington ; res. Osborn st. Starker, Chas., President Iowa State Sav- ings Bank ; res. Prospect Point. Starr, Chas. E., attorney, 3151 N. 3d; res. 309 N. 6th. Starr, H. W., attorney, 315J N. 3d; res. 309 N. 6th. STKECE, li., Principal of North Hill Public School; res. 1600 Osborn St. ; has 365 enrolled pupils ; been con- nected with the city schools nine years ; native of Maryland ; educated in a printing office ; commenced teaching twenty-one years ago ; taught five years ; and, in 186-, entered mercantile busi- ness; came to Iowa in 1857. Is mar- ried ; has five children — the eldest a clerk in the book house of Wesley Jones, this city ; his eldest daughter, who graduated from the high school, Class of 1878, is now in the training school prepariiii£ for work as teacher. ISTEINBRECHER, JOHN, manufacturer of boots and shoes, 1023 8th St. ; born Dec. 11, 1853, in Ptussia; came to America in 1874, and to Bur- lington in 1876. Married in 1872 Mary Betz ; they have one child — Fannie. StcinmtMer, Frederick; res. 61.3 Elm. IB^TEINBRECHER, l>EHN & JjAU, pork-packers and wholesale and retail dealers in all kinds of fresh and .smoked meats, cor. of 3d and Washing- ton sts. STEXdJER, P., keeps saloon on the cor. of Washington nnd 3d sts. ; born July 10, 1821, in Germany; came to America and to Chicago in 1847; to Bur- lington, 1857; was in the employ of the U. S. Government a few months as baker. Is Independent in politics. He is a member of the Turners' Society. Has visited California three times ; twice by water and once by the plains, and returned the same way ; spent about twelve years in that State ; he has trav- eled extensively ; been in nearly every state in the Union, and part of Mexico. STERZIN«, B. F., grocery and feed store, No. 803 N. Oak st.; born in Germany, in 1854; came to Burlington in 1875, and engaged in the confection- ery business, at No. 202 Jeffenson st., until 1876, then in the saloon business at the northwest corner of Main and Washington sts. ; in 1877, went into the ice business, and still engages in it on a larger scale ; office at the corner of 8th and Oak sts. Married Julia Dutt- weiler in 1877 ; she was born in Bur- lington in 1851 ; they have one child — Thekla. Mr. S. is Secretary of the Turning Society Vorwaerts. which office he has held for the past two years. Sterzing, B. F., dlrs. in ice, southwest cor. of N. 8th and N. Oak. Stewart, J. R.; res. 1028 N. 6th. Stewart & Hayden, plumbers, steam and gas-fitters, etc., 306 N. Main. Steyh, Henry, harness shop, 221 Division ; res. 418 S. Boundary. Steyh, Wm., civil engineer; res. 1107 Summer. STONE, JOSEPH C, was born in Westport, N. Y., July 30, 1829 ; re- moved to the Territory of Iowa in 1844, received a limited education at the pub- lic schools, studied medicine, graduating at |the medical department of the St. Louis University, Mo., in 1854. En- listed as a private soldier in the 1st I. V. C, in June, 1861; was made Adjutant of the regiment; was pro- moted Captain, and Assistant Adjutant General of Volunteers in 1862 ; was promoted and brevetted in 1864 and 1865, served to the close of the war. Has since practiced his profession ; was elected to the 45th Congress, as a Be- publicao, reccivinfj 17,184 votes, against 14,814 votes for Westley C. Hobbs, Democrat, and 700 votes for the Green- back candidate. Straessler, Leopold, grocer, 1100 Chalfant. Strickland, A. R., conductor, 903 N. 3d. Strodel, Jos., clerk, 929 N. 5th. Struckman, Fred, saloon. 1500 Osborn. Stubbs. Wharton, carp., 804 S. Main. STUTSIIAX, A.H., District Judge; was born in Morgan Co., Ind., Dec. 21, 1840, and came to Iowa, Lee Co., near West Point, with his parents, in 1842. BURLINGTON CITY. 667 He enlisted in Co. C, let I. V. C, in July, 1861, and served until March, 1864, when he was discharged on ac- count of disability, having lost his left arm at Bayou Metoe. Aug. 27, 1863; in 1865, he read law with Judge Beck, and was admitted to the bar in Decem- ber of that year ; in the spring of 1866, he commenced practice in Chariton, and, a year later, pursued a course at the Michigan University, graduating in 1868 ; in 1869, he was elected Repre- sentative to the State Legislature, re- signed in 1870, and came to Burlington ; he was City Solicitor in 1873 and 1874; Police Judge in 1875, 1876 and 1877 ; in October, 1878, he was elected Judge of the First Judicial District, which po- sition he now occupies. STUTSMAN, S. H., DR.; was born in Indiana Oct. 25, 1836 ; his parents moved to Lee Co. , Iowa, in 1 842 ; after receiving a suitable education, he entered the Medical Department of the Iowa State University, at Keokuk, Iowa, and graduated in 1863 ; immediately afterward, he entered the army in the 45th I. V. I., as Assistant Surgeon, re- maining in the service until September, 1865; then located in the practice of medicine in Lucas Co. ; in December, 1876, the Doctor moved to Burlington, where he has since practiced ; he is a member @f Des Moines Co. Medical So- ciety. In 1860, he married Miss Lizzie Mooney ; they have three children — Wm., Carl and Lenora. Mr. and Mrs. Stutsman are members of the Meth- odist Church. Sunderland, John, Sr. ; res. 515 Summer. SUNOERLAJ^D, NATHAN P., Postmaster ; born in Rockville, Parke Co., Ind., Dec. 15, 1825; came to Burlington in 1848; engaged ingrain and milling business here for ten years. then in pork-packing business until 1871 ; he served four years as County Supervisor; in 1871, he was appointed Postmaster, and has held that position ever since. JSIJTTER, J,, plow and repair shop, Thul; res. 1525 Thul st. ; born in Switzerland in 1824; came to Burling- ton in 1854 ; worked in Ray & Parker's plow-shop; in 1876, started present shop. Married Anna Boardman in 1853; she was born in Switzerland in 1833; they have two children — Anna and Ida. Members of the Catholic Church ; Re- publican. SUTTER, ROBERT, proprietor of a saloon cor. of 6th and Jefferson sts., was born Nov. 1, 1845, in Switzer- land ; came to America, and to Burling- ton in January, 1868. Married April 14, 1870, Christina Dehlinger; they have two children — Joseph R. and Anna. He is a Republican. Swan, J. M., & Co., grocers and druggists' sundries, 409 Jefferson. Swan, L., lightning-rods and pumps, 716 Jefferson. SWENY, GEORGE, real estate and loan agent, also Notary Public, conveyancer, etc., was born in Warren Co., Ohio, Oct. 28, 1820; he was engaged in the drug business at Xenia, and for a period of five years was in the drug and jewelry business in Kenton, Ohio. In 1853, Mr. Swcny came to Burlington, where he has been con- stantly active and successful in business, having been engaged in money loaning and real estate transactions ; for several years of his residence in Burlington, he was interested in the drug trade. Mr. Sweny has always been prominently identified with every public enterprise in the city;' is a Director of the Mer- chants' National Bank ; Director and Secretary of the Main St. and Prospect Hill Street-Railway Co. ; he is also Sec- retary of the Burlington & Colorado Mining Co. ; the mines of the Company are located near Georgetown, Colo. Feb. 11, 1868, Mr.'S. was married to Mary H. Pine, a native of Philadelphia. Mr. and Mrs. Sweny are members of the M. E. Church ; Mr. Sweny has been a member of that denomination since his 16th year. SWENY, MERIT, COI.., of the firm of Sweny & Bell, proprietors of the Barret House ; born in Warren Co., Ohio, Oct. 9, 1827; in 1849, he went to California ; he was second in com- mand under Kit Carson in the Indian campaign in that region ; he was "com- missioned Colonel by the Governor of California, and held various important civil and military positions there ; in 1851, he returned to Ohio, and en- 668 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: gaged in mercantile business at Leba- non, where he remained until 1859, when he removed to Cincinnati and en- gaged in the wholesale grocery trade, which he continued for about nine years; in 18G5, he bought the Spencer House, in Cincinnati, and conducted that for three years ; he then purchased a half interest in the Put-in Bay property, and subsequently built the Put-in Bay House, which was the largest summer hotel west of the AUeghanies, having ample accommodations for a thousand guests, and which he successfully man- aged for nine years ; the house was destroyed by fire Aug. 30, 1878 ; Col. Sweny still retains his interest in the property, and expects to rebuild the hotel immediately; in November, 1877, Col. Sweny and his son-in-law, J. M. Bell, of Toledo, became proprietors of the Barret House, of Burlington ; under their management no pains or expense have been spared to make their hotel equal in all respects to any in the State ; the house has been entirely remodeled with special care to make it cheerful and home-like to the traveler ; a passenger elevator, propelled by hydraulic power, the only one in the State of Iowa, has been added to the various other improve- ments of this fine hotel ; owing to the popularity and enterprise of these gen- tlemen, the patronage of the Barret House has been very largely increased, and they arc now doing a fine business. Swendler, A. Gr., lime, cement, etc., 414 N.Main; res. 617 S. (ith. rr^ELL, J. L. ; res. 14U8 S. Boundary. Tallant, J. F.; res. 706 Locust. Taylor, John, clerk ; res. 522 Court. Taylor, M. J.; res. 1503 Division. Taylor, M. J. & Co., wholesale dealers in tobacco, 210 Market. Taylor, Richard, apothecary and druggist, 212 N. 3d. Taylor, S. E., fire and life insurance agent, 307 Jefferson st.: res. 715 N. 7th. Tegler, Fred ; res. 1219 N. 8th. Tegler & Mecklinberg, wagon and black- smith shop, 1221 N. 8th" TEGLER, F., wagon and blacksmith shop, 1219 8ih St. ; born in Meck- lenburg, Germany, in 1827 ; came to Burlington in 1856 ; started present business in 1875. Married Louisa Lin- hardt in 1852 ; she was born same place in Germany in 1827; they have one child — Louisa, born in 1854. Mr. T. is a Democrat. Tell, J. L., police, Louisa st. Tell, Wm.,' shoemaker, 1408 S. Boundary. Teuscher, Louis, grocer, 900 N. 6th; res. 850 Franklin. THE Bl RI.IXGTON MO- TION COMPANY, Burhans Patent Merchandise Car, was organized in 1878; C. P. Squires, President; M. S. Foote, Secretary ; Directors, C. P. Squires, M. S. Foote, A. H. Burhans, J. G. Foote and H. D Squires. Thtil, Charles, basket-maker, 1505 Mt. Pleasant. Thienes, Jacob, vintager. Sunny Side. Thielengerdes, D., cabinet-shop, 1344 Gris- wold. THE ANES, CHARI.es, ticket broker and barber, 115 S. Main st. ; born in Madison, Ind., in 1854; came to Burlington in 1865. Married Julia Keen in 1875 ; they have one child — Herbert, born in 1876. Mr. Theanes is a member of Sir '' Knights of Macca- bees." Democrat. THOMAS, S. O., Principal of West Hill School; res. on Western av ; was the first Principal of the school upon its establishment, and held that position four years, when his health compelled retirement from school work ; resumed charge in 1875, and has been constantly engaged in teaching since; was born in Allegheny, educated in Washington Co., Penn., and came to Iowa in 1864. Just after casting his ballot for Abraham Lincoln, enlisted in the 85th Penn. V, I. ; fall of 1861, was transferred to the 8th Independent N. Y. Battery, Capt. Fitch commanding ; was mustered out July 4, 1863, on surgeon's certificate of disability. Married Nov. 2, 1871, Jessie Donnell, a native of Iowa; has two children — Frank D. and Stella May. Owns city and county property to the value of $9,500. Thul, Fred., commi-ssion merchant, 116 Market; res. 714 Spruce. Thuleen, N. A., mason, 1203 Valley. Tibbies, C. E., sewing machine agent, 405 Jefferson ; res. 225 5th. Tieman, Chas., carpenter, 1107 Ash. BURLINGTON CITY. 669 Tillman, R. J., llev., physician, 1011 S. 10th. TOBIIV, B. J., proprietor of the Teedrick House, cor. of 8th and Valley sts; he was born June 3, 1854, in Waushara Co., Wis.; came to Burling- ton 1871. He married, 1876, Ellen Leaf; they have two children — Wm. and Mary E. Members of St. Patrick's Church. Toma, Wm., auctioneer, 1237 Stowe. Tomlin.son, Wm. E. ; res. 181-1 Ash. Torrey, Wm. A., Cashier Ger. Am. Sav. Bank ; res. 106 S. 6th. Touzalin, A. E., land commissioner C, B. & Q. : res. 621 N. 7th. TRACY, JOSHUA, HO^., was born in Belmont Co., Ohio, on the 12th of July, 18-45 ; his parents were among the early settlers of Ohio ; his father was a farmer, and he remained upon the farm until he was 19 years old, when he entered Beverly College, Wash- ington Co. , Ohio ; later he attended the Institute of Prof. Samuel L. Howe, at Mt. Pleasant. He came to Iowa in 1846, and settled in Burlington in 1850, studying law with Hon. M. D. Brown- ing, and was admitted to the Burlington bar in the fell of 1852. In 1853 he was elected City Attorney, and contin- ued in that oiEr-e for two years; he was elected to the Legislature in 1854, and served during the sessions of 1854-55 and the called session of 1856. In the fall of 1858, he was elected District Attorney of the First Judicial District of Iowa, and was twice re-elected to the same office, holding it until the fall of 1869, when he was appointed District Judge, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge Francis Springer, and was elected to the office in 1870 for a term of four years, but, owing to the meager salary of that office, resigned in the spring of 1874 and entered upon the practice of his profession. He mar- ried in October, 1847, Mrs. Antoinette Kinney, nee Stoue, daughter of Col. H. A. and Miranda Stone, formerly of Al- bany, N.Y., but among the early settlers of Iowa. Judge Tracy's son, Samuel K., is a partner in his father's office. Trainor, A. F. ; res. 246 S. 8th. Trau, W. F. ; res. 301 Division. Trimble, Archie, carpenter, 1106 S. 15th. Troxel Bros., furniture, etc., 316 N. Main. Troxel, John H., 551 S. Boundary. Troxel, Joseph; res. 915 Warren. TRULOCK, THOMAS J., attor ney at law ; was born in Scott Co., Ind., in May, 1840 ; in 1850, he came to Burlington with his father, Samuel Minor Trulock, who was afterward killed at the battle of Franklin, Tenn., while serving in 72d 111. V. I. Mr. Tru- lock was admitted to the bar previous to 1870, and in that year commenced prac- tice. He was County Superintendent of Schools from 1869 to 1871; was Alderman of the 6th Ward for four years, and for the last two years has been Justice of the Peace. Trumpfoller, Henry, carp., 403 S. Pond. TSCHOEPE, M., German book- store. No. 204 Jefferson st. ; born in Prussia, in 1841 ; came to Burlington in 1870 ; started present business in 1876. Married Margaret Balles in 1866 ; she was born in Milwaukee, Wis., in 1846 ; they have four children — Lizzie, William, Erwin, Eddie. Mr. and Mrs. T. are members of the Ger- man M. E. Church. Mr. T. enlisted in the 1861, Co. C, 24th Wis. V. I.; he was in over one hundred engagements ; was mustered out in 1865. Repub- lican. Tubbesing, Wm., clerk, 241 S. 5th. Turner, George ; res. opposite Fair Grounds. Twiford, A.S.; res. 230 S. 6th. Twining, H. M., photographer, 922 N. 3d. Tyndall, Thomas; res. 712 N. 5th. UHLER & McLAIN, contractors and builders, 100 S. 5th. Umberger, A. S., carriage-trimmer; res. 310 Franklin. rXLA^O, HEXRY, manufacturer and dealer in imported and domestic cigars, No. 119 S. Main St.; born in Hanover, Germany, in 1845 ; came to Burlington in 1866; has since been en- gaged in the cigar business. rJVTERKIRCHJER, P. F., fur nishing undertaker, livery and sale stable, at 206, 208 and 210 Washington street; he was born Nov. 3, 1826, in Munsingen, Kingdom of Wurtemberg; came to America, landed in New York Nov. 3, 1853; went to Hartford, Conn., and thence to Tecumseh, Mich., then 670 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Burlington ; was elected Alderman from the 2d Ward in 1875. Married Oct. 14, 1855, Phebe Jans; they have eight children — Fred. L., Philip A., George L., Charles T., Horace G., Emma, Ida. Nellie. Democrat. Uttry, Frekerick, mfr. boots and shoes, 302 Jefferson ; res. 708 High. YALENTINE, JONEb", agent, res. 310 S. Gunnison. Vance, J. W., clerk, res. 603 Division. Vetter. Julius, shoe-shop, 902 N. 6th ; res. 1215 N. 6th. Virgil, A. K., director Conservatory of Music. VIRCilX, W. T., DR., was born in Shelby Co., Ohio, Feb. 17, 1843; in 1850, with his parents, he came to Washington Township, Des Moines Co.; after receiving the necessary education for ordinary life purposes, he enlisted in the army in 1861, with the 1st I. V. I. for three months' service, and re-enlisted in the 4th I. V. C. ; about one year later, he was discharged from that regi- ment on account of sickness ; after his recovery of health he entered the Mt. Pleasant Select School, and at the end of the term he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. C. Pierson, of Mt. Pleasant ; he attended two courses of lectures at the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, where he grad- uated in 1867; in April of the same year, he located in Burlington and com- menced tlie practice of medicine. Dr. Virgin has for manv years had the honor to be Treasurer of the Hahnemann Med- ical Association of Iowa. In 1869, he was married to Miss Ella Hickok, and has now three children — Maud, Alice and William C. Dr. Virgin has been unusually successful as a homeopathist, and has to-day probably as large a prac- tice as any physician of his school in the State. A'^on Bohren, Frederick, farmer, res. West avenue. Vorwerk, Benjamin, farmer, 265 S. 10th. Vorwerk, Joseph, Sr., far., res. Sunnyside. WACHSMUTH, CHARLES, geol- ogist; res. Ill S. Marietta. Wasner, Charles, 70 1 Summer. WAGNER, €I1ARLE!S>, proprie- tor of the Valley Street House, 413 and 415 Valley St.; he was born Jan. 25, 1823, in Germany; came to America in 1846, and to Burlinirton in 1848. Oct. • 23, 1861, he enlisted in Co. G, 57th 111. V. I.; served till July, 1863; was dis- charged on account of disability. He marriei Oct. 1846, W. Smith; they have three children — Caroline, Charles and Edward. All members of St. John's* Church. Wagner, F. L. & C. F., grocers, 501 Boundary, cor. Vii e. Wagner, George, Sr., 704 Summer. WAGIVER, JOHN, brewer at the City Brewery ; born Nov. 6, 1849, in Germany ; came to Burlington Sept. 7, 1871. Married April 28, 1874, Mary H. Wagner; they had one child — John A.; Mrs. Jagerdied March 27, 1876 ; second marriage, April 14, 1877, to Caroline Jager; they had one child — Edward, now deceased. Mrs. Wagner is a mem- ber of the Lutheran Church ; Demo- crat. WAHIi, €HARLE|S$, proprietor and owner of the Pacific House, 418 Main St. ; born in Germany Feb. 2, 1848 ; came to America and to Bur- lington Jan. 5, 1869. Married Dec. 20, 1875; Mary Paule ; she has two children by her former husband — ^Chas. Paule and Julius Paule. Wahrer, M., physician and surgeon, 118 and 120 Market. Waite, J. L., managing editor Hawk- Eye; res. 1102 Jefferson. Waldhoff, John, meat market, 208 N. 4th. Waldin, Charles, jeweler, 315 Jefferson ; res. 613 N. 3d. Waldin, G. H., jeweler, 216 Jefferson; res. 514 N. 3d. Waldin, Henry, jeweler, 612 N. 3d. WALKENHAUER, CARL; owns a vineyard, orchard and vegetable garden on the extension of South Main street ; he has fourteen and a quarter acres, a very nice place, good house, and outbuildings; he was born April 19, 1822, in Germany; came to America and to Burlington in 1853. Married Jan. 24, 1847, Henrietta Kook ; she was born July 8, 1823, in Germany; they had two children — Charles C. (the oldest died Nov. 5, 1857) and Henry C. Mr. and Mrs. Walkenhauer are members of the Evangelical Church ; he is a Democrat. BURLINGTON CITY. 671 Walker, Henry, 822 Linden. WALKKK, R. €., M. D., Presi dent Des Moines County Historical Societ}- ; commenced the practice of medicine in this county in 1862, having attended two courses of medieal lectures at the Michigan University ; graduated from the medieal department of the University in 1864, and immediately entered the army as a contract surgeon ; was soon commissioned Assistant Sur- geon of the 115th U. S. Col. Inf ; served until 1866, when he was mus- tered out, and located for practice in this city ; has been County Physician five years of that time, and, on the 20th of Nov^ember, 1878, was elected Presi- dent of the CouQty Medical Society ; is also Commissioner of Insanity for the county, and a member of the Board of Examiners for United States pensions. Is a married man, and owns about $7,000 worth of city property. Wallace, L. S., Rev., Pastor Olivet Church ; res. 103 S. 3Iarietta. Walton, H. H.; res. 1226 S. 10th. Warden, W. H., ins. agent, 3()7j Jefier- son ; res. cor. Oak and Amelia. Warth, C. G., 837 Court. Warth, C. G., & Co., mineral-water factory, 831 Court; office 108 O^born. Washburn, R. M., hats and caps, 207 Jeifersdn ; res. 217 Elm. WATERS, O. p., Secretary of the Centennial Mutual Life Association ; born in Delaware Co., N. Y., March 23, 1830 ; came to Iowa in September, 1848 ; located at Bloomiogton (now Muscatine) ; that was his home until January, 1874; he then removed to Mt. Pleasant, where he remained until his removal to . Burlington ; while at Muscatine he was engaged in mercantile business most of the time; he carried on the flouring-mill business there for two years, and part of three years he he devoted to soliciting life insurance ; was in woolen-mills at Mt. Pleasant. Weber, Henry, Agency av. Weber, Jacob, shoe-shop, 1 200 Locust. Weber, John; res. 501 S. 3d. Weber, Otto, meat market, 416 Gertrude. WEDERTZ, A., blacksmith and wagon shop. No. 1800 Mark Lane; born in Germany in 1836 ; came to Burling- ton in 1860; has since been engaged in the wagon and blacksmith business. Married Hermena Pratzh in 1863 ; she was born in Germany in 1840 ; they have nine children — Bertha, Clara, Au- gust, Otto, Alexander, Albert, Hedwick, Meta, Earnest. Democrat. Wedertz, Charles; res. 521 Vine. Wedertz, C. F., carriage-maker; res. 521 Vine. Wedertz, Charles, & Co., gen. com. merchs., 201 S. Main. WECirNER, X., saloon-keeper, Osborn St.; born in Prussia in 1825; came to Burlington in 1853. Married Mary Yager in 1850 ; she was born in Prus- sia in 1831. Have three children — Jacob, John, Clara. Mr. Wegner in- tends changing his business to groceries, etc. Owns twenty acres of land valued at $5,000. Members of the Catholic Church. WEHMEIER, C. _H., dealer in sta- ple and fancy groceries, 409 and 411 Jefferson st.; also wholesale dealer in flour ; born in Prussia ; moved to America in 1856, to Burlington in 1857. Married in Oct., 1864, Sophia Linck- ing ; they have five children — Charles P., Christian H., Anna M., Lydia L., Ida S. H. Members of the German Evangelical Zion Church; Mr. Weh- meier is one of its Trustees ; Republican. Wehmeier, F. J., 215 S. Wood. Wehmeier & Brother, gro., 41 Jeffer^■on. Weider, Jacob, Coroner, 510 N. 3d. Weider, J. S., agent, 729 N. 8th. Weil, Frank, 601 S. Boundary. Weil & Hirsch, hides and pelts, 615 Jef- ferson. Weinrich, Hermann, mfr. of vinegar, 814 S. 13th. Weinrich & Co., mfrs. of vinegar, 115 N. Front. WERTHMUELIiER, AL- FRED, one ot the proprietors of the Union Brewery, Mt. Pleasant St., No. 1307; established 1852. He was born Sept. 22, 1835, in (iermany, and came to America 1851, to Burlington 1852, and, in the spring of 1875, was elected Alderman from the 1st Ward He mar- ried in 18G4 Charlotte Van Ende ; they have two children — Nanny and Dorotha. Republican. Werthmueller, Geo., druggist, 218 Wash- iugton ; res. 1217 N. 9th. 672 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Wesner, Wm. M.; res. 701 S. 4th. Wheeler, Jno. T., job printer, Gazette office. Whipple, Geo., 258 S. Boundary. Whipple & Allen, sewing machine agents, 319 N. 3d. White Bros., stoves and hardware, 318 Jefferson. White, J. W., retired, 913 S. 4th. Whiteley, T. C, attorney at law, 9 Starr House; res. Zenobia, cor. of Marshall. Whiting, C. H., pianos, organs, etc., 409 Jefferson ; res. Perkins av., cor. of South. Whittaker, George; res. 1013 S. 5th. Whittaker, James, novelty works, 223 Angular. Wickman, N. P., saloon, 319 N. Front. Widick, Samuel G., millwright, 1227 S. 10th. Wigert, C K., apothecary, 213 Jefferson. Wightman, W. W., 518 High. Wightman & Co., coal, wood, 223 S. Main. Wigren, Peter, dealer in ice, 1230 N. 6th. Wilcox, Franklin, res. Starr av., cor. Spray. Wiley, R. F., dealer in ice, 105 N. Main. Wilkins, Albert, boots and shoes, 214 Jef- ferson ; res. 509 N. 3d. Willet, Adam; res. 719 Lewis. Willner, B., retired ; res. 303 S. 10th. Willner, Chas., attorney, 302 N. Main ; res. 303 S. 10th. Wilson I. P., surgeon and dentist, 317 N. 4th. Winter, Danl., 852 O.sborn. Winter, D , & Co., planing-mill, 815 Os- * born. Wissner, John, carpenter; res. 123 N. Pond. • WOELLHAF, HENRY, whole sale and retail bakery, 121 S. Main St. ; born in Wurcemberg, Germany, in 1834; came to Burlington in 1854; since been engaged in the bakery bus- iness. Married Augusta Brach in 1874; she was born in Prussia, 1851 ; Mr. W. has six children by former marriage — Henry, Chas., Louisa, John, Albert and Bismarck ; has two children by present wife — Clara and Frank. Mr. W. is a member of the Druids' Society, and of the A. 0. U. W. ; holds the office of Reciever in the latter. Members of the Lutheran Church : Democrat. Woellhaff & Mason, merchant tailors, 218 N. Main. Woepkin, Henry, lab.; res. 1014 N. 10th. WOEPKINIi}, WM., of the firm of Jorden & Woepking, hardware and tin- ware. No. 1200 N. Oak st. ; born in Germany in 1851 ; came to Burlington in 1857 ; started in present business in 1874. Married Christine Wolbrand in 1876 ; she was born in Burlington in 1853. Members of the German Evan- gelical Church ; Republican. Wolbers, Fred; res. 314 S. 6th. WOL,F, R., & ITA, wholesale man- ufacturers oi' furniture, on Osborn st. Wolf & Lorenz, manufacturers of cigars, 215 N. Main. Wolverton, William, 1712 Ripley. W^oodhead, Thos. ; res. 613 Warren. WOOOWARD, W. E., Justice of the Peace; born May 14, 1820, in Essex Co., N. Y.; moved to Iowa in 1845, and to Burlington in 1848, and followed his trade of printer until 1852, when he bought an interest in the Ga- zette^ and was foreman of the printing department ; in 1854, he sold his inter- est in the Gazette, and took the position of foreman on the Hawk- Eye ; served in that capacity for twelve years, then, in 1866, was appointed Agent for the Mervjihauts' Union Express Co. ; served there till 1868; that year was elected Alderman from the 6th Ward, served one term, then commenced work at his trade; in 1877, was elected to fill va- cancy as Mayor, and, in the fall of 1878, was elected to the office he now holds — Justice of the Peace. He married, in 1840, Jane Frazier, who died in 1846, and Mr. Woodward married, the second time, Mary E. Buchannan, in 1851, and they have one child — James R. Wortman, L. E., Prof Collegiate Insti- tute. WRIGHT, E. G., attorney and deal- er in real estate ; was born near Dodge- ville, Des Moines Co., Feb. 1, 1842; in 1865, he came to Burlington, having graduated at the law school in Albany, N. Y., and had been admitted to the bar ; he was City Attorney in 1868. WYMAN, J. H., wholesale and re- tail dealer in carpets, wall paper and curtains; born in Lancaster, Mass.; came to Burlington in 1852 ; he has BURLINGTON CITY. 673 been in tlie carpet business ever since he came here ; he was with the old firm of J. S. Kimball & Co., who established the business here in 1837 ; Mr. Wyman has been engaged in the jobbing trade since 1863 ; present business established in 1869 ; his sales are principally in Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Minnesota and Kansas ; annual sales are about $75,000. ALEY, G. W. ; res. 1318 South. T YA(t}KR, J. p., proprietor of Com- mercial Hotel, No. 109 Front st. ; born in Jefferson Co., Ind., in 1838 ; came to Burlinjiton in 1850, and engaged in the grocery business ; started in the hotel business in 1868 ; in 1876, was burned out, but rebuilt immediately, and has since continued in the business. Married Annie Steffins in 1860 ; she was born in Jefferson Co., Ind., in 1836; died in 1873; has two children — Chas. A. and William C. ; married Dora Bowman in 1874 ; she was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1842 ; died in 1878. Mr. Y. belongs to the Druids' Association. Democrat. Yanaway, Chas., contractor; res. 115 S. Gunnison. Yanaway, Jacob, contractor; res. 155 S. Gunnison. Yearick, S. W., physician and surgeon, cor. cor. 5th and Jefferson; res. 1 103 Pleasant. Young, N. S., contractor ; res. 700 Spruce. ZKIDLER, JOHN G., carpenter, 723 Wightman. ZAINER, HEl^RY, dealer in dry goods and groceries, 1021 8th st; born Feb. 1, 1829, in Europe; came to America 1853, to Burlington, October, 1859. Married January, 1856, Mary Burg; they have ten children — John A., Wm. H., Gus. C, Lewis, Amelia, Fannie, Edward, Anna K. and Emma M. (twins), and Henry O. Zellar, F. W., saloon, 601 S. Main. Zellnr, George, saloon, 512 Division. ZERBER, E., proprietor of Eureka saloon. 111 S. Main St.; born in Dauphin Co., Penn., in 1845 ; came to Burlington in 1849 ; started present business in 1871. Married Eliza Ster- ling in 1875 ; she was born in Burling- ton in 1855 ; they have two children — William and Henry. Mr. Zerber is a member of Sir Knights of Maccabee. Enlisted in the spring of 1864, in Co. H, 48th Iowa Regiment ; mustered out in the fall of same year. Republican. ZIEGELMUl^LER, L.., dealer in groceries; keeps provisions, feed and flour, beer garden and saloon, 1507 Mt. Pleasant st. ; he was born Aug. 22, 1821, in Bavaria, Germany; came to America Sept. 15, 1846 ; lived in Ken- tucky for two years, and Aug. 1, 1848, arrived in Burlington ; he was elected Alderman from the 1st Ward, and served in that capacity for eight years; snd has been elected Township Trustee and served two terms. Married Sept. 11, 1843, Julia A. Wagner ; she was born in Bavaria, Germany, Jan. 19, 1820; they have two children living — Margaret V., born April 3, 1854 ; and Caroline A., born June 17,1857. Members of St. John's Church ; Democrat. ZIMMERMAXN, J., Pastor of the German Evangelical Zion Church, lo- cated on 5th street, between Washington and Columbia sts. ; he was born Aug. 20, 1826, in Switzerland; came to America in 1853, and located in Free- port, 111. Finished his education, and was ordained to the profession of the ministry before he left his native coun- try, and he commenced his labors on his arrival at his adopted home ; in June, 1864, he moved to Burlington. He married Nov. 12,1 854, Magdalena Auer ; they have four children — John A., William C, Albert E. and Martin F. He is a Republican. 674 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY; BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. (P. 0. bvulixgton.) \ NDERSON, JOHN A., far., S. 30. EHNE, AUG., far., S. 20. B' Behne, August, Jr., far., S. 20. Bicklin, C, H., far., S. 20. Buckhauser, F., far., S. 30. Brandmeier, C. D., far., S. 5. Brader, Casper, far., S. 18. Brucker, James, Jr., far., S. 18. Behme, Wm., far., S. 30. Brucker, J., far., S. 20. DIESELHORST, C, far., S. 18. Davis, A. G., far., S. 21. Dieselhorst, Daniel, far., S. 6. Dierecks, Henry, far., S. 7. D I E R C K S, J. F., flirmer, Sec- tion 18; born in Prussia in 1827; came to Des MoineS Co. in 1846. Married Miss W. Meier, in 1853; she was born in Prussia in 1829; have seven children — Henry, Wilhelmina, Dina, Harmon, Beckey, William, Ma- tilda. Mr. D. owns ninety-four acres of land, valued at $75 per acre. Members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. D. was Koad Supervisor one year. Democrat. Davis, Alex., far., S. 19. Doran, Fenton, far., S. 29. Davis, John A., far., S. 19. Dahner, Gebhart. far., S. 19. TT^RTSINGER, GEORGE, far., S. 16. EVERSMANN, H., farmer, Sec. 20 ; born in Burlington in 1843. Married Annie Kestner inl865 ; she was born in Bavaria in 1842 ; they have five chil- dren — Pauline, William, John, Jacob and Mary. Mr. E. owns 400 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre; has held the offices of School Director, Road Supervisor, and is Secretary of School Board. Members of the Catholic Church ; Liberal. Eversman, Henry, far., S. 21. Eads, Henry W., far., S. 3. Eads, C. F., far., S. 3. TpANNING, F. C, far., S. 5. ERITZ, D., farmer. Sec. 30 ; born in Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1823 ; came to Des Moines County in 1850, has since been farming. Mar- ried Mary A. Saltser in 1840 ; she was born in Wurtemberg also ; they have six children — John J., Mary A., Christina, Katherine, Daniel S., Maggie K. Mr. Fritz owns 80 i acres of land, valued at $6,000. Has held the office of Road Supervisor two years ; School Treasurer, eight years. Members of the M. E. Church ; Democrat. EUNK, G. H., farmer. Sec. 20; born in Des Moines Co., in 1838. Mar- ried Katherine Fengel in 1868; she was born in Des Moines Co. in 1846; have five children — John A., Walter B., George H. A., Irvin M., Oscar C. A. Owns 155 acres of land, valued at $90 per acre. Democrat. r^ lESELMAN, ANDREW, S. 29. GrAlVTZ, H., market gardener, Sec. 30 ; born in Burlington in 1847. Mar- ried Mary Matlinder in 1870, also a na- tive of Burlington, born 1854; have four children — Lita, Bertha, Eddie and Joseph ; owns ten acres of land, valued at $4,000. During the late war, Mr. Gantz belonged to the Sappers and Miners. Members of the Catholic Church; Liberal. Ganz, J. and H., fars., S. 19. ILLEARY, ALEX., far., S. 30. H' Heleher, Henry, far., S. 20. Hippe, John F., far., S. 29. Huffman, Jessie, far., S. 4. HUNTER, W., far., S. 7, born in Ireland in 1812; came to Des Moines in 1839; since been engaged in farm- ing. Married Rebecca Givean in 1838 ; .she was born in L-eland in 1819 ; they have six children ; Martha, Bessie, Re- becca, Catherine, Jane and William. Mr. Hunter owns seventy-one acres of land valued at $50 per acre. Has held the offices of Road Supervisor and School Director. Heckenberg, F., far., S. 17. "TONES, W. B., far., S. 18. TT^ROCKEL, JACOB, for., S. 32. BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. 675 Kautz, John E., far., S. 20. Kunz, William, far., S. 20. Kvoeger, Fred., far., S. 8. Koestner, George E., far., S. 16. Kalchdaler, Jacob, far., S. 7. Kuterer, Antone, far., S. 7. Kroegpr, F., far., S. 5. IJTH, HENRY, far., S. 6. L' M YER, JOHN F.,far., S. 19. McAllister, D. C, far., S. 5. Miller, George, far., S. 17. McAllister, James, far., S. 3. Mibahn, G., far., S. 7. ATEALLY, G. C, far., S. 20. Ncally, Georce, far., S. 20. Neally, Joseph B., far., S. 17. .TTO, GEORGE, far., S. 20. O' Ort, Charles, far., S. 16. Ost, Frank, jail guard, Burlington. ►ATTERSON, JOHN, far.. Sec. 31. P PATTERSON, JOHN. Pickup, Richard, far., S. 5. Pickup, Joseph, far., S. 5. Pickup, Ed., far., Sec. 8. T3 ASCOMB, HENRY, far., S. 19. Reese, Christian, far., S. 9. Rincker, John, Sec. 19. OOWERWEIN, v., far., S. 30. Sowerwein, George, farmer, S. 7. Stelter, Henry, far., S. 6. Steingraber, Charles, far., S. 18. Stefany, M., far., S. 19. Steingraber, C. R., far., S. 16. Sater, M J., far., S. 14. ALBERT, W. J., far., S. 29. T TROIBL.E, H., farmer. Sec. 6; born in Pendleton Co., Va., in 1822. Married Mary Walker in 1848 ; she was born in Randolph Co., Va., in 1822; they have six children — George, Isabel, John, Samuel, Noah and Mary A. Mr. Trimble owns 1(55 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; was School Treasurer one year ; Road Su- pervisor one year. Democrat. Thayer, C. D., far., S. 17. Thomas C. and E., fars., S. 19. Timmerman, C, far, S. 5. TTTALKER, PERRY, far., S. 4. WAI.I>IX,A.,far.,S.7; born in Ger- many in 1822 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1864; since been engaged in farming. Married Johanna Pilling in 1849; she was born in Germany in 1 829 ; they have four children — Olga, Paul, Ren- hardt and Walden. Mr. W. was in the Prussiau army seventeen years. Owns 160 acres of land, valued at $3,600. Members of the Lutheran Church ; Re- publican. WALKER, S. M., far., Sec._ 4 ; born in Des Moines Co. in 1841. Married Eliza- beth 0. McAllister in 1871 ; she was born in Des Moines Co. in 1851; they have oqe child — Martin S., born in Summit Co., Col, in 1872. In 1863, Mr. W^alker went to Colorado ; engaged in mining ; returned in 1878, and purchased present farm, consisting of 160 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Wehmer, Henry, farmer, S. 21. W^inklemire, C, far., S. 2. Walker, John, far., S. 9. Walker, James, far., S. 3. Walker, Eber E., far., Sec. 5. Walder, Charley, far., S. 6. Walker, Silas, far., S. 9. W^ilde, Chris. E., far., S. 8. Wykert, N., far., S. 18. Warth, Gotlieb, far., S. 17. Wykert, Theo., far., S. 18. Wykert, Thomas, far., S. 20. Weis, G. M. &F. C, fars., S. 20. Wambsganz, J., far., S. 20. Waldin, A. H., far., S. 7. rVART, F. J., far., S. 17. Zimmerman, H.,far., S. 19. Zaiss, C, far., S. 7. 676 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. ABLE, C, far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Allen, Robert, far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Alexander, J., carp., S. — ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Archer, R., far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Latty. Arel, P., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Sperry. Arnold, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. BACKENBURG, P., far., Sec. 20 ; P. O. Dodgeville. BACKER, _M., wine-maker, S. 17; P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Germany in 1820 ; came to Des Muiues Co. in 1856. Married Mary Brow in 18-42 ; she was born in Germany in 1822, and died in 1874 ; has five children — Christina, Jonas, Philip, Siernon, Freeman. Mr. Bacher is a member of the Lutheran Church; in politics, Liberal. Ballard, L. D., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Mills. Ballard, S., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. BARCLAY, J., DR., Dodgeville ; born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1836; in 1859, commenced the study of medicine, under Dr. R. Brown, at Greensburgh, Penn. ; attended lectures at the Jeiferson Medical College, at Philadelphia; graduated in 1861 ; com- menced practice in partnership with Dr. Brown; was with him until 1862, then came to Dodgeville, where he has since enjoyed a large practice and good suc- cess. The Doctor is a Mason of twenty years' standing ; strong Republican. Barton, J., far., Sec. 3-4; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Beckman, C, f\»r., S. 9 ; P. 0. Sperry. Beckman, J., far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Dodge-* ville. Beckman, Theo.,far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Beckman, Wm., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Beers, J., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Sperry. Benkcrt, C, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington. BEXNAG E, A. tJ., farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills ; born in Union Co., Penn., in 1818; came to Des Moines Co. in 1870 ; since been engaged in forming. Married Miss Catherine Miller; slie was born in Germany in 1827 ; they have two children — Susan and John ; owns 98^ acres of land, val- ued at $5,000. Members of the M. E. Church ; Mr. B. is a strong Repub- lican. Bergsten, shoemaker, Sperry. Berry, W. C, far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Mills. Blake, W. E., far., S. 12; P. O. Sperry. Bloom, J. C, for., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Bormaster, E., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Sperry. Bormaster, F. & E., farmers. Sec. 11 ; P. O. Sperry. Borse, F., for.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington. Brewer, H., Jr., farmer, S. 24; P. 0. Dodgeville. Burrus, T. F., farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Burscher, H., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Sperry. CALLOWAY, A., farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Sperry. Carrigan, C, far., S. 26; P. 0. Dodgeville. Chappel, R., clerk, Dodgeville. Christenson, N., farmer., S. 31 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Clark, C, far.. S. 15 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. CLARK, WM., farmer, S. 12; P. 0. Sperry; born in Highland Co., Ohio, in 1814; came to Des Moines Co. in 1839, and has since been engaged in farming. Married Mary J. Umphreys in 1834; she was born in Bourbon Co., Ky., in 1819; they have eight children — Cyn- thia A., Nancy J., David U., Mary E., Sarah M., Nathaniel W., Martha E., John F. Mr. Clark owns 210 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Members of the Christian Church ; Greenbacker. Cockayne, IL, fir., S. 13; P. O. Sperry. Cros.s, D., for., S. 4 ; P. O. Sperry. Cross, J., for., S. 9; P. 0. Sperry. Crawford, D., farmer, S. 3 ; P. O. Dodge- ville. EEN, S., far., S. 13; P. 0. Sperry. D DEEN, GEO., farmer, S. 13; P. 0. Sperry ; born in Upshur Co., Va., in 1824 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1845; remained here one year; returned to Virginia and remained until 1854, when he located permanently in Des Moines Co., and has since engaged in farming. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 677 Married Miss D. Foster in 1848; she was born in Virginia in 1830 ; has eight children — Jacob, Judy A., Mary S., Dan. W., G-eorge W., Lafayette, Matilda, Kittie. Mr. D. owns 278 acres of land, valued at S25 per acre. Democrat. Deen,* W. L.. merchant, Sperry. Deppernian, F., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Latty. Downer. H., saloon-keeper, Dodgeville. Downer, J. B., carpenter, Sperry. Dreckmire, C, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Sperry. Dunn, Z. F., far., Sec. 24; P. 0. Sperry. I PARLEY, H., farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. ' Burlington. Feldmaii, J., ftirmer, S. 25 ; P. 0. Frank- Un Mills. Fenk, Wm., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. QARGAN, H., former. Sec. 33; P. 0. Franklin Mills. CJARREIiS, JOSEPH, was bom in Hanover, Germany, in 1856; has worked on his father's farm until 1877 ; then he commen' ed farming for him- self. In politics he is a Greenbacker. O ARRELS, W., far., S. 8 ; p. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Germany in 1820 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1876; has been farming since. Married Sarah VVerden in 1856; she was born in Ger- many in 1823; has four children — Joe, Albert, Williard, Harm. ; they have one child by adoption — Annie. Owns sev- enty-five acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. Members of the Lutheran Church ; Greenbacker. Gerke, A., wagon-maker, Dodgeville. Geriinger, C, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Grannaman, H., far., S. 10 ; P. O. Dodge- ville. HAMMIN, J., far., S. 1; P. 0. Sperry. Hannum, T. E. & W. J., fars., S. 1 ; P. O. Sperry. Harmer, D. G., far. S. 30; P. 0. Burling- ton. Harris, M. C, far., S. 35 ; P. O. Franklin Mills. Hartzell, A., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Haynes, G., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Sperry. Heitmein, H., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Hess, H., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Burlington. He.ss, W., far., S. 31; P. O. Burliugton. Hill, F., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Sperry. Hill, J., far., S. 12; P. O. Sperry. Hill, L., far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Sperrv. HIXSOX, GEO. W., far.. Sec. 10; P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Des Moines Co., in 1852. Married Miss Kate Neley in 1873 ; she was born in Des Moines Co. in 1854. In politics, Mr. Hixson is a Republican. Hixson J., far.. Sec. 10; P. 0. Dodgeville. Housman, A., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hucke, C, fiir., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Burlington. Huston, Geo., far.. Sec. 26; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Huston. U., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. JACKSON, E., farmer. Sec. 14; P. 0. Sperry. JACKSON, E. F., far.. Sec. 26; P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Des Moines Co. in 1849. 'Married Mary Allen in 1870; she was born in Des Moines Co. in 1849 ; they have three children — Net- tie, Jessie and Mattie. Members of the Baptist Chua'ch. Mr. Jackson has held the office of Township Assessor two terms and Township Clerk two terms. Republican. Jackson, J., far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Sperry. Jackson, G., far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Sperry. Jackson, W., far., Sec. 3; P. 0. Sperry. Johansimiror, C, far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Johnson, F., far.. Sec. 19; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Jones, E., far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Sperry. Jones, J., far., Sec. 3; P. 0. Sperry. KASSING, H., far.. Sec. 12; P. 0. Sperry. Kassing, S. ; P. 0. Sperry. Kline, A., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. KlilNE, C. B. ; P. 0. Dodg.ville ; first son of Jacob and Mary Kline ; was born in Luzerne Co., Penn., in 1836; came to Iowa in 1844 ; lost his left arm by a threshing machine in 1850; after leaving school, he spent one year as traveling daguerrean artist ; subse- quently, he engaged in farming ; in 1858, he started for the mountains, re- turned after a short absence ; in 1859, he with four others went to the moun- tains, engaged in exploring, cattle-deal- ing, etc. ; in 1863, he held the position of policeman in the city of Denver, Colo. ; afterward was engaged in trans- portation and grocery business ; he has crossed the plains altogether eight times ; is now settled in good circumstances at 4 678 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Dodgeville, engaged in mercantile, hotel and fanning business. In Feb. 1864, he married Lavin:i Jackson ; has had five children, ail now living. Mr. K. is a gentleman of culture and refinement. Kline, J., fiir., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Kline, S., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Kolbe. J., blacksmith, Dodgeville. KOPP, J. .11., HON., S. 28 ; P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Wurtemberg, Ger- many, in 1836 ; in 1846 came to Wash- ington Co., Wis. ; engaged in farming until 1866 ; then he removed to this county, and has since engaged in farming. In 1860, he married Miss Mary Wag- ner ; she was born in Darmstadt, Ger- many, in 1838 ; they have six children — Charles, William, John, Edward, Annie and Lizzie. In 1877, Mr. Kopp was elected Representative for the Bur- lington District ; has held all the town- ship offices, and enjoys the full confi- dence of the people. Mr. K. owns 130 acres of land valued at $55 per acre. Enlisted in 1863 in Co. I, 45th Regular Volunteers ; was in the battle of Nashville and several others ; mus- tered out in 1865. Mr. and Mrs. Kopp are members of the M. E. Church ; Mr. K. is a Republican. Korff", A., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Korff, H., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Dod-eville. Kroeger, H.,far., S. 27; P. 0. Dodge- ville, LOGAN, J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Logan, R., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Logan, Wm., far., S. 5; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Loux, H., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Burlington. Lowe, J. D., wagon-maker; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Lowe, Robt., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Latty. Lines, A., f\ir., S. 15 ; P. O. Dodtreville. Lines, J. R., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Dodoeville. Lines, N., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Lutz, N., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. MoCALLON, D., Sr., for., S. 27; P. O. Dodgeville. McCarty, W., far., S. 25; P. 0. Dodge- ville. McCULLOtlGH, J., farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Coshoc- ton Co., Ohio, in 1836 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1854, and has since been engaged in farming. Married Emma S. 9 0. Dodge- O. Dodge- P. 0. Gregory in 1864 ; she was born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, in 1846. Members of the Baptist Church. Mr. M. has held several township offices ; owns 222 acres of land valued at $50 per acre. He is a stanch Republican. McDonald, Jno., far., S. 4 ; P. ville. McDonald, J., far., S. 4 ; P. ville. McDonald, J., Jr., far., Dodgeville. McDonald, Wm., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. McLaughlin, C, for., S. 22 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Marshall, B. M., for., Sec. 35; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Marshall, H., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Miller, C, far.. Sec. 17; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Miller, L. D., far., Sec. 22; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Miller, L. M., far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Sperry. Moore, J. B., far., S. 9 ; P.O. Dodgeville. Mumme, J. A., far., Sec. 32; P. 0. Bur- lington. Murphy, J., for.. Sec. 15; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Myer, W., for., S. 29 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Myers, S., far.. Sec. 13; P. O. Sperry. NEYHART, A., for., Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Dodgeville; born in lAizerne Co., Penn., in 1808 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1857 : farming since. Married Catha- rine Smith in 1856 ; she was born in Luzerne Co., also ; they have one child — Andrew ; Mr. N. has eight children by a former marriage — Sylvester, Silas, John, Washington, Phineas, Joseph, Mary A., Sallie A..; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Members of Presbyterian Church ; Democrat. Newcomb, Wm. S., for., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Sperry. Neyhart, Jno., far., Sec. 9; P. 0. Dodge- ville. OGE. F., far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Oleander, 0., for., S. 12 ; P. 0. Sperry. Orndorff", F., miller, Franklin Mills. Orr, P., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Osborn, H., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Sperry. PING, B. G., for., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Sperry. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 679 PENNY, T. J., REV., Sec. 2; P. O. Sperrj ; born in Westmoreland Co., Perm., in 1827 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1844 ; returned to Penn- sylvania in 1852 ; came again to this county in 1870. MarriedMartha E. Weaver in 1856 ; she was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1835 ; they have four children — Mattie R., John W., Lucy, Thomas C; Mr. Pecny owns ninety acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; Republican. Ping, M., far.. Sec. 1 ; P, 0. Sperry. Pitchard, Jno., lab., Sperry. RATCLIFF, T., far.. Sec. 7; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. REED, S., far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Sperry; born in Indiana Co., Penn., in 1824 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1855; has farmed since. Married Sarah Blake in 1848; she was born in Indiana Co., Penn., in 1825 ; they have nine children ; the living are Lydia (now Mrs. Galino), John, Mattie, William, Susan (now Mrs. Shurts), Elizabeth and Joseph S.; Mary J. died in 1854, and an infant unnamed. Mr. Reed en- listed in 1862, in Co. G, 39th I. V. I.; was in several battles ; mustered out in 1865 ; owns fifty acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. Republican. REIF, P., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville; born in Pike Co., Ohio, in 1840; came to Des Moines Co. in 1851. Mar- ried Henrietta Winters in 1866 ; she was burn in Germany in 1849; has two children — Minnie and Edward. Mr. R. owns seventy acres of land, valued at S40 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. R. are members of the M. E. Church. Mr. R. enlisted in 1865, in the 17th I. V. I. ; was in sevei'al battles ; mustered out in 1865. Republican. REIF, WM., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville ; born in Des Moines Co. in 1853. Married Miss Kate Wagner in 1878 ; she was born in Germany in 1854 ; they liave one child — Mary, born 1878. Mr. R. owns seventy-six acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. Reif are members of the M. E. Church ; Mr. R. is a Republican. RIEPE, H., Sr., far., S. 17; P. 0. Sperry; born in Prussia in 1818 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1855 ; has farmed since. Married Rosena Smith in 1863; she was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1831 Mr. Riepe has fuur children by a former marriage — Fred., John H., Harmon and Wm. ; by present marriage fipe — Lydia, Caroline, Mary, Annie and August. Mr. R. owns 100 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; has held the oflBces of Township Trustee, Road Supervisor and School Director. Mem- bers of the Lutheran Church; Demo- crat. Rife, Geo., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Riffle, G. W., far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Robbins, J., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Robbins, R. G., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Robinson, D., blacksmith, Dodgeville. Rundorff", A., far., S. 32 ; P. 6. Burling- ton. QCHELB, H., far., S. 33; P. 0. Dodge- O ville. Schlater, H.,far.,S. 33; P.O. Burlington SCHNITTGER, F., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Prussia in 1825 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1849. Mar- ried Miss F. Nagel in 1 847 ; she was born in Prussia in 1825 ; they have six children — Dorotha, Caroline, Minnie, Emma, Theodore and Harmon. Mr. S. owns 110 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; enlisted in 1861 in the 57th 111. V. I. ; mustered out in 1862 ; re- enlisted in 1863 in the 8th Iowa V. C; was in the battles of Shiloh, Ft. Donel- son, etc., etc.; Mr. S. was in about one hundred engagements, taken prisoner and confined in prison seven months ; mustered out in 1865. Members of the Lutheran Evangelical Church ; Demo- crat. Schraeder, C, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. SCHRAEDER, WM., far., S. 19; P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Germany in ] 835 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1850 ; has engaged in farming since. Married Louisa Rascha in 1862 ; she was born in Germany in 1843 ; they have eight children — Lena, Louisa, Annie, Matilda, Charles, William, p]mma and Frederick. Mr. S. owns 99 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; has held the office of School Director four years, Road Super- visor one year. Members of the M. E. Church ; Democrat. 680 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY; Schwartz, Henry, far., S. 34; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. Schwartz, J., for.. Sec. 19; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. Segtemire, H., for., S. 29 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Shuck, Wm., for., Sec. 4; P. 0. Sperry. Sulerman, F., for.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Sperry. Slaven, J., for.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Smith, T.. for., S. 21 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. SOMMERVIL.I.E, WM. M., former. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Greencastle, Penn.. in 1804; came to Des Moines Co. in 1847, where he has since engaged in forming (except for four years, when he kept store in Dodgeville). Married Temperance Bond in 1831 ; she was born in Tyler Co., W. Va., in 1807 ; have had seven cliildren ; the living are Helen M., Sophronia, Almarine, Ada, Catherine W. ; Palermo died in 1855, and Frances in 1838; Mr. Sommerville's grandson, Jesse S. Elting, lives with him ; two of his daughters are married — Helen, now Mrs. Churchman, and Ada, now Mrs. Elting. Mr. S. has held the ofl&ce of Justice of the Peace one term ; owns 132 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; part of his land is divided into twenty-three town lots. During Mr. Sommerville's life he has been taxed to build four court houses, and he hopes, when his time comes to die, " he may go where court houses and lawyers are unknown." Is a Democrat of fifty years' standing. Sperry, J. M., groceries, Sperry. Strothman, H., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Stout, A. J., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Sutcliff, n. & J., fors.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. THIF, H., for., Sec. 27; P. O. Dodge. ville. THOM AJ!i, A., former, S. 5; P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Des Moines Co. in 1855. Married HattieSutcliffe in 1878 ; she was born in Des Moines Co. in 1860. Mr. T. is a Republican. Thomas, David, far., Sec. 5; P. O. Dodge- ville. THOMAS, JOHN, former. Sec. 8 ; P. O. Dodgeville ; born in Des Moines Co. in 1846. Married Amelia Talbott in 1876 ; she was born in Des Moines Co. in 1850 ; they have two ehildnii — Edward E. and David F. Mr. Thomas owns 110 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. Members of the M. E. Church ; Mr. T. is a Republican. Thomas, S., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Tome, D., for.. S. 31 j P. 0. Burlin-ton. True, E., for., S. 30; P. O. Dodgeville. VANDEMARK, P., former. Sec. 8; P. 0. Dod-eville. VAIVDEMARK, E., former. Sec. 21; P. U. Dodgeville ; born in Luzerne Co., Penn., in 1814; came to Des Moines Co. in 1859 ; has farmed since. Married Margaret Bellis in 1839 ; she was born in Luzerne Co., also ; have eleven children — Melinda, Zura, Ellen, Philip, Sarah, Adam, Maria, Geo. P., Maggie, Kate, Elijah. Mr. T. owns 130 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; held the office of Road Super- visor seven years. Members of the M. E. Church ; Democrat. Vandemark, Z., for., S. 17 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. VOLIiMER, H., far., S. 17; P.O. Dodgeville; born in Pru.ssia in 1833; came to Des Moines Co. in 1855. Mar- ried Christina Hoffman in 1855 ; she was born in Prussia in 1 833 ; have four children — Louisa, Henry, William and Harmon. Members of the Lutheran Church. Owns 74 acres of land, valued at 20 per acre. Liberal Vollmer, H., Jr., far., S.25 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. WAGNKR, L., far., S. 34; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Wagner, W.. far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Warren, E., far., S. 34 ; P.O.Franklin Mills. Wassom, J., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Wehogc, H., for., S. 32 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Welch, P., far., S. 31; P. 0. Burlington. WENZEL, KARL, former and wine-maker, S. 30 ; P. O. Latty ; born in Lobenstein, Austria, in 1821 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1873. Mar- ried Treasa Bronche in 1847 ; she was born in German Lebaugh, Austria, in 1832 ; they have two children — Charles and Eva. Owns 200 acres of land. Mr. W. was in the Austrian army five years ; he has an extensive vineyard, and UNION TOWNSHIP. 681 makes a superior quality of wine. Re- publican. Wilkenson, J.,far.,S. 18; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Wilson, W. S., far., S. 7; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Wirt, A. M., fir., S. 29 ; P. 0. Burlington. Witmerliaus, D., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Bur- lino;toa. Wrio-ht, J., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Dodfreville. YOUNG, H., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Young, P., blacksmith, Sperry. rVION, J., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Zurraullen, John, far., S. 28; P. 0. Dodgeville. UNION TOWNSHIP. P. 0. P. 0. P.O. A NDERSON, A., far., S. 29 ; J~\ Burlington. Anderson, Chas. J., far., Sec. 15; Burlington. Anderson, Chas. A., far.. Sec. 29 ; Burlington. Avery, H. J., laborer. AVERY, HEXRY, fruit-grower and nurseryman; residence, Sec. 21; P. 0. Burlington ; wis born in Greene Co., 111., in November, 1821 ; removed to this county in 1836. Has been twice married ; first wife was Miss Mary M. Ogle; present wife was Miss Sophia StaflF. Mr. Avery is a Republican. On his home farm Mr. Avery has 125 acres of nursery and orchard; he owns 2,309 acres of land — 609 in this county, 340 in Henry Co., 200 in Washington Co., 40 in l^ouisa Co., 280 in Pottawattamie Co., 320 in Fremont Co., 80 in Decatur Co., 360 in Rincgold Co. and 80 in Dallas. AVERY, ROBERT, P O Bur- lington ; born in Mas.-achusetts Feb. 20, 1796 ; his ancestors were from Bristol, England, and came to America before the Revolutionary period; his parents died in New York, and he moved to Illinois ; from thence to Mis- souri. While in Missouri, he married Nancy Brown, a native of North Caro- lina ; born Sept. 1, 1798; they had ten children, three now living — Henry, the only son, resides in this township, and two daughters, Clarissa, wife of Calvin Gage, and Sarah Ann, wife of A. W. Comstock, reside in Mt. Pleasant ; soon after his marriage, Mr. Avery returned to Illinois, where he lived iintil 1 836 ; then came to this State and located in Union Tp., where, with the exception of five years spent in Mt. Pleasant, he has since resided. In early life, Mr. and Mrs. Avery joined the Methodist Church, he in 1821, she in 1820 ; she remained a faithful and consistent member of the same until her death in this township Jan. 18, 1879. In politics, Mr. Avery's attention was early called to the Anti- slavery question, and he remained a faithful supporter of the cause until he saw his fond hopes realized in the issu- ing of the emancipation proclamation. In 1837, Mr. Avery was appointed County Surveyor, and occupied that position until 1840. While farming, both in Illinois and this State, Mr. Avery gave his. attention to fruit-grow- ing, and in that line he was among the most successful ; he now lives with his only son, Henry, where he can spend the remainder of his days in the ease becoming his advanced years. BAKER, JOHN, far.. Sec. 27; P. 0. Burlington. Barnes, T. A., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Beatelsholer, Geo., far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Burlington. Bennett, Geo. W., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. O. Burlington. Bietsch, '^John P., far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Burlington. Blakeway, John C, far.. Sec. 6; P. 0. Burlington. Bonar, W. R., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Boyer, A., far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Bumgardner, Jacob, far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Burlington. 682 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: CALKINS, C. M., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Burlino;ton. Calkins, E. H., far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Biir- lin;i;ton. CAHERO^, E. W., far., Sees. 3 and lit; P. O. Burlington ; was born in Union Tp., this county, March 19, 184"), Married Miss D. H. Leffler in this county; they have one child — Clarence Edward. Mr. Cameron is E,e- public-in. Owns 1,838 acres of land. CAMERON, HENRY D., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Burlington in 1837, and has been a resident of this county since. Married Mi.ss Emma L., daughter of John and Nancy Sunderland, who came to this county from Indiana in 188G. Mr. C. is a Republican ; himself and wife are members of the Spring Creek Baptist Church, of which Mr. C. is Elder. Mr. Cameron owns 168 acres of land, finely improved, also considerable city property in Burlington, and is one of the enterprising men of Des Moines Co. Cartwright, H. W., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. O. Burlington. Cartwright, S., far.; P. 0. Burlington. Chandler, Oeo., far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Charlson, Andrew, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Burlington. Christason, Losen, far., Sec. 22; P. 0. Burlington. COMStOCK, J. C, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 0. Burlington, was living in this township in 1843. Married in 1866, Nancy A., daughter of Henry and Mary M. Avery; have five children — Heniy L. L., Ella L. B., Milton E., Flora A. J. and Fremont. Mr. C. enlisted in Co. G, 45th Reg. I. V. I.; was honorably discharged. Is a Republican. Owns 143 acres of land. Mr. Comstock's father, Joab Comstock, was born near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1804. He married Miss Jane Lemon; they moved to this county in 1839. Crawford, Wm., far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Bur- lin<;ton. DANIELSON, IGNATI, far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Burlington. Davison, John, for.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. DAVISON, J.G., farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in Washington Co., Penn., in 1836 ; emigrated with his parents to Iowa in 1840. Married Miss Mary Bumgardner, in this county, in 1861; she was born in Pennsylvania; have four children — Hattie A., Fannie, Henry B. and Edith. During the war, Mr. Davison enlisted in Co. E, 25th I. V. I.; was enrolled in 1862 ; served until the close of the war ; was in a number of severe engagements, and was honorably discharged. Always acted with the Republican party. Owns 210 acres of land. DEI^ASHxHUTT, E. N., retired farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Burlington ; is a native of Tyler Co., Va. ; was born in 1800. In 1823, he married Miss Susan Gorrell, who was born in Virginia in 1803; they removed to this county in 1834; their children are Narcissa (now Mrs. S. F. Stephens), T. L., Matliias J., W. W. (deceased), Elizabeth (now Mrs. J.Storer\Thos. R., Priscilla (deceased), Henry H., Ann (now Mrs. Chas. H. Hathaway). During the war, Mr. Del- ashmutr, though over 60 years of age, enlisted in Co. G, 37th L V. I., in 1862, and served until deprived of his eyesight by a singular accident. During a march, a severe storm of wind occurred, and the air was filled with fine particles of sand. The dust produced serious inflammation, and finally resulted in the total destruc- tion of his eye-sight ; at the time of his enlistment, Mr. D. was well provided for in property, and the service he ren- dered hiscountry was purely from senti- ments of patriotism. In politics, he was an Antislavery Whin, although a native of a Slave State ; he is now a strong Republican. Delashmutt, T. L., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. EARNEST, M. B., far. ; P. O. Bur- lington. EARNEST, CATHARINE, MRS., nee Garman, S. 1 ; P. O. Bur- lington ; was born in Lebanon Co., Penn., in 1825 ; came to this county with her parents in 1846. Married David Ear- nest in this county in 1853 ; he was a na- tive of Pennsylvania, born in 1815 ; came to this county in 1846. In 1862 enlisted in 25th I. V. I. ; died in the service at Memphis, Tenn., in 1863. Their children are M. B., born Dec. 10, UNION TOWNSHIP. 683 1858; David A., Sept. 17, 1855; ] Charles G., Feb. 24, 1858; Chris- topher, Sept 5, 1859. Elmer, James. Erickson, August, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Erickson, Olof, far., S. 23; P. 0. Bur- lington. Erickson, Peter, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Ervin, N. M., farmer. EWI^G, JEROME, far. ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Logan Co., Ohio, in 1844; came to this county in 1857. Married Miss Caroline Kook, of Bur- lington, in September, 1876 ; she was born in St. Louis, Mo.; they have one child — Harris, born in this county June 6, 1877. Mr. Ewing has been a Re- publican since he attained his majority ; is a gentleman of culture and refine- ment. Ewing, Joseph, far. ; P. 0. Burlington. EWITO, I.EMUEL., Superintend- dent of County House and Farm, S. 4 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in East Lib- erty, Logan Co., Ohio, Jan. 30, 1821. In Jan. 25, 1844, married Miss Jane Porter; she was born in Ohio, May 21, 1824 ; they came to this county in 1857 ; have three children — Jerome, born in Ohio Nov. 16, 1845 ; Martha Ann, born in Ohio May 8, 1847 ; Romanzo, now Mrs. J. Q. Beck, born in Ohio Aug. 12, 1849. Jerome Ewing married Caroline Kook Sept. 28, 1876. Mr. Ewing was ap- pointed Superintendent of County House and Farm in September, 1868 ; Republi- can. FINDLEY, ROBERT, far., S. 25; P. 0. Burlington. Flanders, S. A., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Frudiger, Jacob, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. GARMAN, W. F., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Burlington. GARMAI^, C. M., far., S. 1 ; p. O. Burlington ; was born in Palmyra, Lebanon Co., Penn., August, 1831 ; re- moved to this county with his parents in 1846. In 1870, he married Miss Mary David, a native of this county ; they have one child — Katie, born Sept. 4, 1876. Mr. Gr. is connected with the Des Moines Agricultural Society, and, since 1860, has held the offices of Director and Secretary ; is also Secre- tary of the Farmers' Mutual Fire In- surance Company, of this county, which was organized in 1875 ; he was member of the County Board of Supervisors two years. Is Republican ; himself and wife members of the Baptist Church ; owns a well-improved farm. Gearheart, M. A.; P. 0. Burlington. Gearheart, Wm., far. ; P. 0. Burlington. Gregg, B. S., far.; P. 0. Burlington. Gross, Alexander, ftir., S. 22 ; P. 0. Bur- lingDon. Gross, Israel, far., S. 15; P. 0. Burling- ton. Gugler, Jacob, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Gustason, G., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Gutta, Frank, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. HAMMER, JOHN, flir., S. 13 ; P. 0. Burlington. Hanna, A., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. Hankins, A., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Burlington. Hanson, C. L., tar., S. 18 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Harkleroad, Wm., far., S. 33; P. 0. Bur- lington. Harris, Ed. R., far., S. 16; P. 0. Burling- ton. Harris, Jeremiah, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Harris, W. Dodge, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hartman, Jas., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Haskell, David, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hassenclever, E., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hassenclever, F. A., far., S. 16 ; P. O. Burlington. Hathaway, C. 0., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hilleary, Geo., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. HiUeary, Jackson, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hilleary, James, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hilleary, Wm. C, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hillgartner, Wm., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. 684 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Hillgartner, John, for., S. 22 ; P. O. Bur- HILLGARTNKR, \VM., far , S 6; P. 0. Burlington; Mr. Hillgartner is a native of" Germany ; born in 1835 ; emigrated to the United States in 1855 ; settled in this county the same year. Married Miss Elizabeth Magel, of this township ; she was born in 1840 ; were married in 18G2 ; have seven children — Mary A., Lizzie M., Henry Edward, Charley Sibert, Katie Augusta, Clara Louisa and William Julius ; Mr. H. is Republican ; members of the Evan- gelical Church; he owns 175 acres of land, well stocked and improved. Horn, Chas, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Hoover, Samuel, far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. HuflFman, Fred., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hunt, C. Wesley, far., S. 12; P. 0. Bur- lington. HraT, SAMUEL, farmer, S. 13; P. 0. Burlington; born in Madison Co., 111., in 1813 ; removed with his parents to Bond Co. in 1820 ; thence to Mc- Donough Co. in 1832; and to Des Moines Co., Iowa, in 1834. Married Miss Martha McGee in McDonough Co., 111. ; she was born in Orange Co., Ind. ; they have eight children living — Chas. W., married Miss Mary Burge ; Sarah, married C. L. McCash ; S. B. P., mar- ried Miss Katie Bonn ; Mary, married D. W. Harris; John M., Jesse B., Lilly M. and Lucy B. Mr. Hunt owns 425 acres of land ; is a Democrat ; has held various local offices, and has always been identified with everything tending to advance the public interests. Hunt, \Vm. C, far., S. 13 ; P. O. Bur- lington. Huppenberger, John, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Burlinsiton. JOHNSON, AUGUST, far., S. 16; P. 0. Burlington. Juengling, F. G., far., S. 10 ; P. O. Bur- lington. Juengel, John, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. KASSEL, CONRAD, far., S. 13; P. 0. Burlington. Kietzer, H. J. and John, farmers; P. O. Burlington. KIETZER, JOH^% farmer, S. 10; P. 0. Burlington; born in 1834; came to this county with his parents in 1836. Married Miss Mary Helchior in this county; they have five children — Mag- gie, Eliza, Katie, Johnnie and Christi- ana ; Mr. Kietzer is a Democrat ; owns eighty acres of land ; members of the Evangelical Church. Mr. Keitzer's father, Henry Keitzer, was a native of Germany ; came to this country in 1834; settled in Pennsylvania; from which State he came to this county in 1836. Mrs. J. Kietzer's father, Henry Helchior, came to this county in 1837 ; now resides in Burlington Tp. Kleinman, F. W., far.. Sec. 20; P. 0. Burlington. Kleinweichide, H., far.. Sec. 13; P. O. Burlington. Koehn, H., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Burlington. Koontz, B., far., S. 24; P. 0. Burlington. Koontz, C. J., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. LAMITSON, JAMES, far., S. 19; P. O. Burlington. Lamme, Nathan B., far., S. 6 ; P. 0, Bur- lington. Lange, Paul, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Burlington. Layton, Wm. E., far., S. 19; P. 0. Bur- lington . Lee, Christopher, far.. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Burlington. Lee, Conrad, far., Sec. 24; P. 0. Burling- ton. Lee, Henry, far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Burlington. Lee, Wm. M., far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Leffler,E.T.,far.,S. 23; P.O.Burlington. L.EFFI.ER, JACOB, far., S. 2; p. 0. Burlington ; Mr. L. is a native of Virginia; born near Wheeling May 10, 1827 ; came to this county in 1836. Married Miss Sarah J. Cameron in this county, November, 1851 ; they have two children — Edward Leroy, born 27th of April, 1866; Hattie Augusta, born December, 18.68. In 1849, Mr. L. went to Sacramento, Cal., and was there during the great inundation in that city in January, 1850; in 1852, he removed to Stockton ; remained until 1856 ; then re.urned to this county. Mr. L. acted with the Republican party since its or- ganization ; owns eighty-one acres of land, well located and well improved. UNION TOWNSHIP. 685 Lloyd, James, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Lloyd, Thomas, far., S. 15 ; P. O. Bur- lington. Lynn, J,, far., S. 29; P. O. Burlington. MAGELSON, LOUIS, far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Burlino-ton. MAWEli, HENRY, far., S. 17 ; P. O. Augusta ; born in this county in 1843. Married Miss Catharine, daugh- ter of J. L. and Louisa Walker, of this township ; they have two children — Maria and Charles H.; members of the M. E. Church. Mr. M. is a Re- publican. Owns 112 acres of land. MAUEL, S., far., S. 11 ; P. O. Bur- lington ; an old resident of this county ; native of Germany; born in 1812; emi- grated to this country in 1835; same fall came to this county ; the settle- ments at that time were few and far be- tween ; Burlington but a small villag'e. Mr. M. married Miss Mary Lee ; she was born in Germany ; came to Bur- lington in 1834, where they were mar- ried ; have ten children living — William, Elizabeth, Henry, Charles, Conrad, Peter, Mary, Margaret, Theodore and Benjamin. Members of the Lutheran Church ; Mr. M. is a Democrat. Owns 165 acres of land, and several thousand dollars' worth of city and other prop- erty ; he has worked diligently and planned wisely for what he has gained, and in the success which has crowned his efforts, he feels amply compensated for all his labors ; he is social in nature, and highly esteemed as a neighbor and citizen. Main, Peter, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Burlington. Marihart, Ignatz, far., S. 15; P. 0. Bur- lington. Miller, Adam, far., Sec. 17; P. O. Bur- lington. Miller, George, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Miller, Jno., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Miller, William S., far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Burlington. Miner, Nathan, far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Mohneka, Henry, far., Sec. 34; P. O. Bur- lington. Moore, John, far., Sec. 5; P. 0. Bur- linston. Mueller, Antrobus, far.. Sec. 29; P. 0. Burlington. Murphy, D. J., far.: P. O. Burlington. Murphy, B. F., far.. Sec. 20; P. 0. Bur- linsiton. MURPHY, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Shelby Co., lud., in 1832 ; removed to this county with his parents in 1837. Married Miss Mary E., daughter of Cooper and p]lizabeth Harris, who came to this county in the spring of 1835, and settled in Union Tp.; she was the first white child born in this township ; was born May 4, 1835; their children are Erastus, Edward, William, Elvin L., Clarence A., Ida Ann, Horace H. Mr. M. is a Democrat. Has held various local offices. He owns 304 acres of land ; is engaged in stock-raising to a considerable extent. Murphy, Wm. P., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. O. Burlington. Murphy, Marion, far. ; P. 0. Burlington. nSTTELSON, S., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Bur- 1 \l lington. Nicholas, Wm., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Nilson. Nis., far., S. 19 ; P. O. Burlington. Nelson, P., far., S. 19; P. 0. Burlington. Nyberg, A. G., far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. OSBORN, H., farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Burlington. PERRY, W. P., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Burlington. PERRY% W. W., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Burlington ; was born in Alle- gheny Co., Penn., in 1832 ; came to this county in 1853. Married Miss Rebecca Perry, in Louisa Co.; they have four children — Ida M., Frank F., Charles C, Alice F. Mr. Perry is Re- publican. Has held the office of Town- ship Clerk since 1876 ; owns 55 acres of land. Members of the Baptist Church. Pfadenhauer, C, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Pheiff, R., flir., S. 22; P. 0. Burlington. Pierson, John, flu-.. Sec. 14; P. 0. Bur- lington. Porter, James T., far., S. 14; P. 0. Bur- lington. Peterson, Andy, far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. 686 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY : Peterson, Chas., far , Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Peterson, C. J., far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Bur- linacton. Peterson, Fred, for.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Peterson, Jerry, far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- PIERCE, NELSON, horticultur- ist. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in the Province of Quebec, Can- ada, in 1848. Married Miss Mary Owens, in Marshall Co., 111., in 187-t; they removed from Marshall Co. to La- grange, Cook Co., 111., where they re- mained until the spring of 1878, when they removed to this county. Mr. P. is a Republican. Member of the I. O. 0. F. Pullman, Jas., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Purrcell, D., far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. KAMSF.Y, ANDREW, far.. Sec. 26; P. 0. Burlington. Ramsey, David, far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Bur- lino'ton. RENZ, A. C;., farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Burlington; born in Germany, in May, 1820 ; came to the United States in 1830. Married Mi.ss Sarah Meeker, of Butler Co., Penn., in 1840. They re- moved to Indiana in 1846, thence to this county the same year ; have six children living — Charles L., who mar- ried Addie Smith; Edwin, who married Miss R. Murphy, Caroline, Harriet, who married M. Murphy, Mary and Will- iam. Mr. Renz is a Republican ; mem- bers of the the Baptist Church. He is Assessor of Union Tp. ; owns fifty acres of land ; is a public-spirited citi- zen, active and enterprising. Renz, Nicholas, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Bobbins, Martin, for., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- lintiton. SANDBERO, JOSEPH, far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Burlington. Scheighing, J. G., far.. Sec. 13; P. 0. Burlington. Schmitt, Chas., far., Sec. 19; P. O. Bur- lington. Scholtz, John, far.. Sec. 32 ; P. O. Bur- lington. Scholtz, Wm., far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Bur- lin<:;ton. Schooley, A. J., far.. Sec. 3 ; P. O. Bur- lington. Schwiirtz, Fred, far., Sec. 16; P. 0. Bur- lington. Sheppard, Joseph. Shuck, Jno., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Smith, Andrew, far., S. 11; P. 0. Bur- lington. Smith, Batzer, far., S. 26; P. 0. Bur- linston. SMITH, BENEDICT, for., S. 11; P. 0. Burlington; was born in 1835; came to Burlington with his parents, Peter and Maria Smith, who were bora and married in Germany ; came to this country in 1834, and to this county in 1842. Mr. B. Smith married Miss Eliza Barton in this county ; she was born in England ; came to this county with her parents, Henry and Mary Bar- ton, in 1844; their children are Nancy Jane, Edith M., Joseph Z. (died 12th of August, 1874, aged 7 years and 3 months), M. May, Benedict, Henry E., Lauia E. and Abbie C. Mr. S. is a Republican ; owns 226 acres of land. Himself and family are members of the M. E. Church. Smith, C. J., far., S. 24; P. 0. Bur- lington. Smith, C. W., far., S. 22; P. O. Bur- lingto. Smith, Ed., far., S. 25; P. 0. Bur- lington. Sprague, Henry, far , S. 26; P. O. Bur- lington. Staff, E. A., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Burlinsiton. Stark, Leonard, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Stephens, Sam. F., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Storer, Richard, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Swallow, Joseph, for., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. THOMSON, W. H., far.; P. 0. Burlington. Tierman, Wm., far. S. 13 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. yTTZ, B. D., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- V_J linu'ton. VANDYKE, WALKER, far. ; P. 0. Burlinszton. YANI>YKE, BENJAMIN, far., P. 0. Burlington ; was born Newcastle UNION TOWNSHIP. 687 Co., Del., Nov. 10, 1814 ; remained un- til 1827 ; then removed with his par- ents to Muskingum Co., Ohio ; thence to Fayette Co., Ohio, in 1830, where he married Miss Frances Walker, Oct. 22d, 1835; she was born the same county June 8, 1817 ; they remained in Fayette Co. until 1830 ; then removed to Marion Co., Ind. ; remained there un- til 1838; thence to Vigo Co. in 1839; came to this state and settled in Union Tp. ; their children are — John, born in Fayette Co., Ohio, July 10, 1836 ; married Miss C. Bumgardner in 1858; owns 168 acres of land ; Susan, born in Aug., 1838 ; married Aron Lootz; they reside in Henry Co., Iowa ; Mary A., born in Jan., 1841 ; mar- ried Albert Hankins ; Martha J., born in 1845 ; married Franklin Boyer, who died 30th April, 1874 ; William F., born in 1848; married Miss Annie Jones; Horatio W., born Jan., 1855 ; Benjamin F., born March, 1858. Members of the Asbury M. E. Chui'ch; he is a Republi- can; was formerly a Whig. Has held va- rious offices; was member of County Board of Supervisors two years; owns finely im- proved farm of 168 acres of land. Is Class-Leader and Trustee in Asbury M. E. Church. WAGNER, JNO., far,, S. 27 ; P. 0. Burlington. Walker, Chas. S., far. ; P. 0. Burlington. WALKER, J. Q., far., S. 17; P.O. Augusta ; Mr. Walker was born in Fayette Co., Ohio., in 1815 ; in 1838, went to Indiana, where he married Miss Louisa Short, a native of Ross Co., Ohio; born in 1816; removed to Crawford Co., 111., with her parents in 1837, thence to Vigo Co., Indiana, in 1838 ; they were married in 1839 ; re- moved to this county the same year and settled in Union Tp. ; their children are — Sarah, who married A. Boyer ; Cath- erine, married Henry Magel ; Charles, married Miss Clara Storer. Mr. Walker is a firm and consistent supporter of the Republican party ; was "An Old Line Whig;" Mr. W. and family are mem- bers of the M. E. Church ; he has been trustee of the Asbury M. E. Church, since its erection in 1868. He owns 217 acres of land, finely improved ; has held various school and township offices ; has taken an active part in the advance- ment of educational and various inter- ests of the township. Warth, Chas. F., far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Warth, Fred., far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- linuton. Weaver, Geo., far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Whiteside, Samuel, far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Burlington. Wilbranner, John, far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Burlington. Wilson, Christian, far., Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Burlington. Wilson, H., fiir., Sec. 19; P. 0. Bur- lington. Wilson, Samuel, far.; P. 0. Burlington. Wilson, S., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Burlington. Woodward, D., far. ; P. 0. Burlington. Woodward, E., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Bur- linston. WORTHINOTON, J. W., far , Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Burlington ; bora in Hampshire Co., Va., July 8, 1822; in 1823, with his parents, removed to Montgomery Co., Md., where he at- tended school until 1831, when they re- moved to Fairfield Co., Ohio; there he married Miss Susan A. Crook, and re- moved to this county in 1851 ; have two children — Mary A., now Mrs. G. Hill- eary ; Amelia V., now Mrs. C. W. Hull. Mr. W. has always taken an active part in the advancement of the educational and religious interests of the county ; he is a Republican ; acted with the party since its organization ; previously was a Whig ; owns 500 acres of land in this county, and 600 in Wright Co. ; is one of the prosperous farmers of Iowa. ZACHMEYER, JOHN., fiir., S. 26; P. 0. Burlington. 688 DIRECTOllV OF DES MOINES COUNTY: FLINT RIVER TOWNSHIP. BALLARD, F. D. and 8., fars., S. 1; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Bane, William, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Barton, James, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Barton, Joseph, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Frunklin Mills. Becker, L. C, far., S. 21 ; P. O. Burling- ton. Bock, Fred., Sr., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. BOLICK, AMOS, far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Burlington; was born in Lincoln Co., N. C, in 1816; removed to Indi- ana, with his parents, in 1828; thence to McDonough Co., 111., in 1834; in 1836, they removed to this county. He married Miss Margaret Berg, of Bur- lington ; they have twelve children — Wesley, Josephus, Louisa, John, Lydia, Amos, Emily, Bachel, David, August, Caleb and Margaret; Mr. Bolick and family are members of the M. E. Church ; he is a Democrat. Owns 206 acres of land, and is one of the pro.«perous men of Flint River Tp. Bolick, Caleb, far., Sec. 9; P.O. Burling- ton . BOLICK, DAVIB, far , S 4 ; P O. Burlington; was born in Putnam Co., Ind.,in 1830 ; in 1834, his parents removed to McDonough Co., 111. ; thence to this county in 1836, thus becoming pioneer settlers of Des Moines Co. ; David has been a resident of this county since 1836. Has been twice married ; first wife was Miss Miss Mary Banning, of Henry Co., Iowa; she died in 1867; present wife was Miss Mary Dep- perman, of Franklin Tp., this county; she was born in 1848 ; they have two children — David Arthur and Nellie May. Mr. B. is a Democrat ; has held various school offices ; owns 125 acres of land ; is enterprising and generous, and takes an active interest in every enter- prise that promises public good. Boyce, Samuel, far., S. 19 ; P. O. Middle- town. Brandt, Henry, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Brier, Charles, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. Bremeeke, Fred., far.; S. 24; P. 0. Bur- lington. Brier, Fred., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. Brown, Thomas, far., S. 10 ; P. 0, Bur- lington. Burk, Lemon, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Burriss, T. E., far., S. 1 : P. 0. Franklin Mills. Burriss, T. F., far. S. 1 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. CASPERSON, J. M., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Burlington. CALRIIVS,"]!!. B., horticulturist, S. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born near Albany, N. Y., March 8, 1839 ; came West in 1855; lived in Burlington a few months ; then went to Nebraska City ; remained about two years ; then went to Missouri ; remained until 1860, when he returned to this county. He enlisted in Co. K, 14th I. V. I. ; served eighteen months ; was honorably dis- charged. He married Miss Serena Seamas, of Burlington, Feb. 8, 1 841 ; they have five children — Edwin M., born Feb. 21, 1866 ; Ella Louisa, born Feb. 2, 1868 Annie Jane, born March 28, 1870 Katie Lillian, born July 28, 1872 Leroy D., born April 17, 1878. Mr. C. owns forty acres of land ; is chiefly engaged in nursery and fruit-raising. He is a Republican. Chamberlin, M. D., far., Sees. 18 and 19 ; P. 0. Middletown. Chrissinger, J. M., far., S. 1 ; P. O. Frank- lin Mills. Corrbett, William, far., S. 34; P. 0. Bur- lington. Crawford, J. F., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Middle- town. DANKWORDT, THEO., far., S. 33; P. 0. Burlington. Delashmutt, M. J., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Dennison, L. J., far., S. 23; P. 0. Bur- lington. Donneker, Charles, fiir., S. 25 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Dowler, Savanah, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. EADS, H. R., far., S. 13; P. 0. Bur- linuton. FLINT RIVER TOWNSHIP. 689 Elliott, James, far., S. 36; P. 0. Bur- liniiton. EI.LlOTT, J. E., far., S. 32 ; P. O. Middletown ; was born in Greene Co., Penn., in 1847 ; in 1849, his parents removed to this county. In December, 1869, he married Miss Elizabeth Wolfe, a native of this couniy; born July 6, 1838. Mr. E. and wife attend the Baptist Church ; he is a Republican. Owns fifty-four acres of land ; his father, J. B. Elliott, was born in Washington Co., Penn , where he married Miss J. Vansyoc ; removed to this county in 1849; now reside on Sec. 29, this township ; their children are Levi Gr., born in Washington Co., Penn.; enlisted in the 25th I. V. I. ; died in the service near St. Louis, Mo. ; Jacob Enoch, whose name appears at the head of this sketch ; Mary, now deceased ; William S., Thos. B., Samuel L. Mrs. J. E. Elliott's father, Jacob Wolfe, was a native of Pennsylvania; born March 1, 1785; married Mary Klever March 25, 1819; she was also a native of Pennsylvania ; born Feb. 26, 1800 ; ihey removed to Illinois, thence to this State ; settled in this county in 1834, and were residents until their deaths — his April 6, 1843; hers July 30, 1864. They were con- sistent members of the Baptist Church; he was a Whig ; always opposed slavery. Their children were : Nancy, born Sept. 17,1820, died. Aug. 5, 1825; John, born Aug. 21, 1822, died July 22, 1823 ; Henry, born Oct. 29, 1824, is now mar- ried and living in Cass Co., Neb.; Martha, born Aug. 8, 1827 ; married Thos. Sut- ton, of this township; Louisa, born Oct. 21, 1829; married L. Kinger ; lives in Oregon; William W., born Nov. 4, 1831, is married and lives in Cass Co., Neb. ; Mary Ann, born June 10, 1834, died in 1869; Elizabeth, wife of J. E. El- liott, born July 6, 1838 ; Cynthia, born March 16, 1840; married Martin Klever ; reside in Ohio ; Jacob, born in May, in 1843 ; enlisted in Co. Gr, 25th I. V. I. ; was wounded at Vicksburg ; in consequence, died at Memphis July 12, 1863 ; he was a good soldier, and be- loved by his comrades in arms. EVANS, .1. W., far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Middletown ; was born in this county Oct. 12, 1848. June 6, 1872, married Almira Woods, of Wapello Co ; she was born in Ottumwa in 1852 ; they have one child — Almira Elizabeth, born in this county, Feb. 9, 1875. Mr. Evans is Republican ; has acted with that party since he attained his majority. Elliott, J. B., far., Sec. 20; P. 0. Bur- lington. Engle, Mathias, for., S. 25 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. FEES, DAVID, flir.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Burlington. Fengal, Peter, far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Bur- lington. Fagel, Fred., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Fritz, John M., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Fulkowski, Jas., far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. GEBERLING, HENRY, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Gieselman, Henry, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Goesling, Herman, far.. S. 4 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Mills. Graham, Jas., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. GRAHAM, J. Q., far., S. 27 ; p. 0. Burlington ; was born in Washington Co., Tenn., in 1834; in 1837, his parents moved to this county. March 16, 1869, he married Miss Eliza J. Burk, a native of Indiana ; born March 16, 1838 ; they removed to Henry Co., Iowa, in 1866, where they resided until the spring of 1877, when they returned to this county ; their children are Frank A., Birdie, James L. B., Alexis G., John and Samuel M. Mr. Graham is Republican in politics ; has held local oflBces ; his father, Jas. Graham, now deceased, was a native of Washington Co., Tenn.; born in 1807. He was twice married ; first wife was Catharine Stormer, who was born in Washington Co., Tenn., in 1805; they removed to this county in the spring of 1837 ; set- tled in Flint River Tp., where she died in 1855 ; second wife was Maria Zim- mons. Mrs. J. Q. Graham's father. Lemon Burk, was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1805; married Miss Rachel Green in 1828 ; removed to this county in 1852 from Indiana ; she died in this township on June 11, 1876. 690 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY; Green, Jos. A., far., Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Griffith, Ja3., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Mills. Griffith, William, far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Franklin 31 ills. Grimes, Robert, far.. Sec. 6; P. 0. Bur- lington. Gugeller, John, far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. HANSEN, N., far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Burlington. Heineman, F., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Mills. Herr, G., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Burlington. Herr, Stephen, far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Herrill, Anderson, far.. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Burlington. Higgins, Patrick, far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hillsman, William, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hingst, Aug., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hingst, Theo., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hughes, Carleton, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. HULI., JOHN, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in the town of Milford, N. J., in the year 1832 ; when 3 years of age, his parents removed to this county. In 1855, he married Miss Margaret Barr, a native of Allegheny Co., Penn., born in 1832 ; removed to this county with her parents in 1855; tliey have four children living — James Albert, William Gladdin, John Francis and Elmer Ellsworth. Mr. Hull acts with the Democratic party. Is a mem- ber of the Board of School Directors, and has held various other local offices ; owns 98 acres of land in this county, and 160 acres located eight miles north of Red Oak, the county seat of Mont- gomery Co. His father, Peter Hull, was a native of England ; came to this country while he was quite young. Was married in Paterson, N. J. Removed to this county in 1836 ; was a resident until his death, which occurred in No- vember, 1871 ; his widow, Mrs. Ellen Hull, still resides in this township. He was a consistent member of the Presby- terian Church, and held various offices in the early history of Flint River Town- ship. Mrs. John Hull's father, James Barr, was born in Glasgow, Scotland ; came to the United States when he was a boy. Married in Pennsylvania, Miss Mary Smith, a native of said State ; both are now deceased, and their re- mains repose in Pennsylvania. Hull, Joseph, far.; P. 0. Burlington. TSERMAN, FRED, far., Sec. 17 ; P. I 0. Burlington. IXGHRAM, SARAH ANN, MRS., nee Delashmutt ; Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born Tyler Co., Va., in 1819; removed to Burlington with her parents in 1836, in which city she married John Inghram, in 1839; he was born in Greene Co., Penn., in 1807; moved to Tyler Co., Va., in 1814 ; thence to Illinois and this county in 1837, where he died Dec. 11, 1869. In the early history of Des Moines Co., he was eleeted member of the County Board ; held the office of Township Trustee a number of years, also various other offices. His surviving children are William D., who married Miss Susan Colter, of Burlington ; Catharine married William Parke; Mary D. mar- ried James Graham ; Martha, married William Johnson ; I]lizabeth married Edward Johnson. Mrs. Inghram owns 102 acres of land. Is a member of the M. E. Church. JOHNSON, CHAS., flir., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Burlington. JACKSOX, EI.IZABETH JANE, MRS., nee Metcalf, Sec. 11; P. 0. Franklin Mills; was born in Anson Co., N. C, Dec. 5, 1813. In March, 1833, married John Jackson, in McDonough Co., 111.; he was a native of Ohio; born in 1811 ; went to Illinois previous to the breaking-out of the Black Hawk war, in which he partici- pated ; removed to this county in 1834, and was the occupant of various impor- tant offices in its early history. He was a member of the Christian Church, and a man in whom the loftiest domestic virtues centered, and had developed his nature to the excellence of a blameless and beautiful life; those who knew him, even slightly, will not soon forget his kindly nature ; his decease occurred Oct. 24, 1864, and cast a gloom over FLINT RIVER TOWNSHIP. 691 his neighborhood, where he was gener- ally beloved ; he possessed considerable property, and left his family in good circuinstances. Mrs. Jackson is still a resident of this township, and is an earnest Christian woman ; the names of their fiimily are: Henry D., who served in an Illinois regiment ; is married and living at Quincy, 111.; Emanuel served in an Iowa regiment ; married and re- sides in Lucas Co., Iowa; Margaret Jane, wife of J. Peterman ; Elizabeth J. now Mrs. L. Ripley ; Sarah K., wife of D. W. Ripley, of this township ; Jerome H., married and resides in Peoria, 111.; Edith Emma, wife of A. D. P. Bredenburg, of Burlington, Iowa. Johnson, E. W., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Johnson, J. A., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Johnson, Wm. F., far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Burlington. Jones, John, Sr., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Judd'; Abner, far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. KAHLE, HENRY, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Burlington. Raster, J. T., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Bur- lingfon. KEI^IiY, O. M., far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Burlington ; Mr. Kelly was born in Ohio Co., W. Va., Feb. 11, 1855; re- moved to this county with his parents in 1 865. Is Democratic in politics. KEI>L.Y, WILLIAM, flir., Sec 17 ; p. O.Burlington; was born in the year 1828, in the county of Down, Ireland ; when 19 years of age, emi- grated to this country ; remained in the State of New York about eighteen months, then returned to his native land; in 1853, he again came to the United States. On the 7th of October, 185-1, married Miss Eliza Porter, in Newburg, N. Y.; they removed to this county in 1856 ; have eight children living — Eliza J., James P., Phebe A-, Flora May, Martha, David J., William and Ida. Mr. K. is a Democrat. Has held the office of Justice of the Peace two years ; has held various school offices. Owns 167 acres of land; is an energetic and enterprismg citizen. Kimm, Jac, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Burlinston. Klouse, M., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Middle- town. Koenig, J., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Burlington. Koesner, Henry, far., S. 13; P. 0. Bur- lington. Kreiger, Christ., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Frank- lin'' Mills. Kreiger, Fred, far., S. 4; P. 0. Bur- lington. Krekel, C. W., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Krekel, Henry, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Kroesch, J., far., S. 17; P. 0. Bur- lington. LACEY, JOHN, far., S. 26; P. 0. Burlington. Lane, Herman, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Leffler, Jno., far. ; P. 0. Burlington. LKFFLER, WILLIAM, sur- veyor, S. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Washington Co., Penn., May 30, 1800; in 1811, removed with his par- ents to Ohio Co., Va., where he at- tended school ; also learned surveying ; in 1822, he married Miss Mary Ann Noble, a native of Frederick Co., Va.; born on the 27th of lov., 1803 ; they removed to Burlington in 1836 ; have four children living — John N., who married Elizabeth Mjiss ; P]mily, mar- ried Robert C. Halefant, now deceased ; Jane Elizabeth, married A. Woods ; Annie, married J. W. McFarland. Politically. Mr. Leffler is a Democrat ; he was appointed Government Surveyor in 1849 ; has surveyed in all parts of this state and a portion of Illinois. Owns 80 acres of land. LEOX ARD, DAVID, S. 35 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Washington Co., Penn., March 12, 1816; in 1829, his parents removed to Franklin Co., Ohio ; and for several years after, the subject of this sketch remained in that State. March 2, 1841, Mr. L. married Miss Mary S. Dustin, of Delaware Co.. Ohio, who was born Aug. 24, 18'il; in the spring of 1842, Mr. L. came to this county. He has taken an active part in the political, religious and social de- velopment of his township ; originally a Whig, but latterly a Republican ; he has been firm in the advocacy of the prin- 692 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY ciples of that party since its oraanization ; he and his family are members of the Congregational Church, and for mgny years he was a Deacon of that society. He is a member of the Board of Trust- • ees of his township, a place he has held for several terms ; was elected a Director of the Burlington & North-Western Railroad, and was chosen Vice President thereof in 1878 ; he has always taken a deep interest in the railroad affairs of the county ; at present, is President of the proposed Burlington, Denmark & Keosau(iua Railroad. In 1866, he was one of the organizers of the Iowa Hor- ticultural Society, and held the office of Treasurer thereof for nine consecutive years ; in 1869, he was elected Delegate to the American Pomological Society, which met that year in Philadelphia ; he was one of the original members of the Des Moines County Agricultural Society, and is one of the present Di- rectors ; Mr. L. has always been a prime mover in the educational affairs of the States; in June, 1875, he was named one of the Trustees of the Iowa College (located at Grinnell), by the general association of the Congrega- tional Church of this State ; he was soon after elected to the office for three years, and, in June, 1878, was chosen permanent Trustee. Mr. and Mrs. Leonard have had five children — How- ard D., Annie E., David Hale, Charles Sumner and Lilly ; but one of these survives— Annie E.; the eldest, Howard, who was born in Franklin Co., Ohio, Jan. 14, 1842, enlisted in the Union army at the breaking-out of the war.; he joined Co. K, 14th I. V. I.; wasen- rollcd in Oct., 1861, and died March 18, 1862, in Mound City Hospital, from sickness contracted by exposure during the battle of Fort Donelson ; his re- mains now repose in Aspen drove Cem- etery, Burlington. Littler, Harvey, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Loper, Uriah, far., S. 20 ; P. O. Middle- town. Lucas, Christopher, far., S. 12; P. O. Bur- lington. l^LECKING, HF.NRY, far , S. 8 ; P. O. Burlington; was born in Prus- sia in 1849 ; in 1854, emigrated to this country with his parents. In 1875, married Miss Mary Swartz, of Burling- ton ; they have one child — Annie. Mr. L. acts with the Democratic party ; members of the German Lutheran Church, of which he is a trustee ; he is also one of the present Board of School Directors; owns 120 acres of land ; he is alive to every honorable enterprise that tends to benefit himself or his fel- low-citizens. Lucking, Fred, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Lynn, Levi, far.; P. 0. Middletown. I. YNN, ROBERT, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., Dec. 6, 1821. AVhen an infant, his parents moved to Indiana, and thence to Ohio; in 1843, he moved to Wabash Co., Ind.; in 1863, to this county, and has been a resident since. He has been twice married ; his first wife was Mary Freel, a native of Darke Co., Ohio; present wife was Mrs. Re- becca McGraft', widow of W. McGraff; she was born in Preble Co., Ohio. Mr. Lynn is Republican. Has held various school and township offices. Members of the M. E. Church at Middletown, in which he is a Steward and Trustee. He owns 148 acres of land in this county, and 240 acres near Webster, county seat of Hamilton Co., Iowa. McCHESNEY, JOHN, for., S. 30 ; P. 0. Middletown. Mt'CASH, C. I>., far., S. 5_; P. O. Burlington ; was born in Flint River Tp. this county, in 1847. Married Miss Sarah, daughter of Samuel and jMartha Hunt ; they have two children — Minnie and Clarence. Mr. McCash owns 100 acres of land. Is a member of I. 0. O. F., Washington Lodge, No. 1, Burling- ton. Mclntyre, Thomas A., for., S. 30 ; P. O. Middletown. IHc:aAKEN, J. L., far., S. 29; P. 0. Middletown ; was born in Hamil- ton Co., Ohio, in 1815; came to this county in 1838. Married Miss Eliza Cummins, a native of Hamilton Co., Ohio, in 1840 ; she was born in 1818 ; died in 1870 ; she was a member of the U. P. Church, and lived a sincere Christian life ; their surviving children are Sarah, who married W. Wright; he FLINT RIVER TOWNSHIP. 693 served clurin2 the late war in the 2d Iowa C. ; James W., who married Miss Belle Scott, of this county ; John married Miss Lilly Long ; Irene married Chris- topher Johnson. Mr. McMakcn owns 240 acres of land. Politically he is a firm supporter of the Republican party; has held various oifices ; is a member of the M. K. VhuY.h. McMAKEX, J. J., S. 28; P. 0. Middletown ; was born in Hamilton Co., Ohio, in 1817, where he remained until 1889, when he removed to this county with his parents. In 1841, he was united in marriage to Miss A. M. Green, of Lee Co., Iowa, who was born in Ham- ilton Co., Ohio; came to Lee Co., with her parents, in 1839. They had three children, one now living — Amilda Eunice, who is President of the Ladies' Missionary Society, of Middletown. Mr. McM. and family are members of the Presbyterian Church ; he is Presi- dent of the Temperance Eeform Club, in which he has taken an active interest since its organization. In early life, he acted with the Whig party, but on the organization of the Republican, joined its ranks, and was the nominee of said party for member of the State Legis- lature, in 18G3 ; elected, and discharged the duties with honor to himself and constituents ; was a memher of the first Board of School Directors in this town- ship, elected for the purpose of district- ing the township for school purposes ; acted as clerk at the organization of this township ; was elected member of the County Board of Supervisors three years ; Mr. McMaken is prominently identified with the religious and educa- tional interests of this county ; owns 240 acres of land, and is one of the prosperous men of Des Moines Co., Iowa; is social, refined and gentlemanly in manners. MENIVE^, J. MATHIAS, far., S. 35 ; P. O. Burlington ; was born in Prussia, in 1844; emigrated to this country, with his parents, in 1855. • Married Miss R. Huppert, in this county ; she was a native of Germany ; they have five children — John, P., M., Henry and Tilly. Mr. Mennen and wife are members of the Catholic Church ; they own fifty acres of land. He is Independent in politics. ' McMaken, W. T., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Magel, William, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Mahlman, Fred., fiir., S. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Meier, Fred., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Meier, William, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Merlahn, George, far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Burlington. Miller, Henry, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Miller, John H., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Mills. MOHLER, JOHN, far., S. 34; P. 0. Burlington ; vras born in this county. Married Miss Elizabeth Wilz, in this county, in 1874; she was born in Illinois ; they have one child — Isabel. Mr. Mohler and wife are members of the Catholic Church. Moor, Samuel, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Mumme, J., far., S. 16 : P. O. Burlington. O'LOUGHLIN, MICHAEL, far., S. 21;P. 0. Burhngton. Oetken, D., far., S. 13; P. 0. Burlington. POHREN, GEORGE, far., S. 26 ; P. O. Burlington. Pheiff", Peter, far., S. 23; P. 0. Burling- ton. Peterson, Chas. A,, far., S. 8; P. 0. Bur- lington. Phillips, John, far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. PIERSO:^, DAVID, former. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington ; a resident of Des Moines Co. for over forty-three years ; native of Washington Co., Penn. ; was born March 16, 1813 ; his parents removed to Ohio Co., Ya., while he was a boy. Married Miss Jane Keenan Aug. 25, 1835, in Washington Co., Penn. ; she was born in that county ■Jan. 29, 1813. They left for this county Sept. 1, 1835, journeyed through woodland and over^ wild prairies in wagons, and arrived in Burlington, then a small village, Sept. 25 — thus became one of the pioneer families of this county ; they have two children — Sam- uel J. and John Q. A. Samuel en- hsted in Co. K, 25th I. V. Re^t. ; was wounded at the battle of Arkansas 694 DIRECTORS OF DES MOINES COUNTY Post, honorably discharged and returned home. Married Elizabeth Nugent; have four children — David A., Nancy J., Mary and James Franklin. John Q. A. was also in the army ; honorably discharged. He married Mary Whit- taker ; they have two children — Gracie and Charles. Though raised in a slave State, Mr. Pierson has always been op- posed to slavery; was a stanch Whig ; on the decline of tliat party, he became a Piepublican; Mr. Pierson and family are members of the M. E. Church. He has always been active in every enter- prise which gave promise of general good ; he owns a large farm, well im- proved, and enjoys all the comforts of home life. His sons Samuel and John, own and manage a farm of 500 acres in Henry Co., in which county they reside. Pietzsch, Herman, far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Burlington. REPtCKE, CHRIST, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Burlington. Riepe, Albert, far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Riepe, J. H., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- liugton. Riepe, Peter, far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- ington. Rife.^Jac, fir.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Riley, D. C, far.. Sec, 17 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Ripley, David, far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Robinson, Asa, far., Sec. 19; P. 0. Bur- lington. Ronimiller, Fred., Jr., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. Rothwell, Flkhanah, far.. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Burlington. Rundortt, Aug., far., Sec. 5; P. 0. Bur- linszton. SCHALE, HENRY, far., Sec. 3; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Scherbaum, Henry, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Schmeiser, Jac, far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Mills. Schneider, Conrad, far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Schneider, Geo., far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Schuliz, Henry, far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Schwartz, Gotlieb, far., S. 23; P. 0. Bur- lington. Schweiger, Fred, far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Sellers, Sam, far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Shaw, H. H., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Shell, Fred, far., S. 26; P. 0. Burlington. Shrader, Henry, far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Storer, John, far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Bur- lin'j:t()n. STORMER, JOHK", farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Burlington ; is a native of Washington Co., Tenn. ; was born in the year 1811 ; in 1833, removed to Morgan Co., 111. ; in the spring of 1835, he removed to this county and settled in this township. He married Bethany Hall, who was born in New York May 19, 1816 ; they were married in this county in 1843 ; she died Oct. 1, 1855; their children living are Oscar, Sarah C. (now Mrs. G. W. Hughes), M. E., and Charles J. Mr. Stormer owns 223 acres of land. Is Democratic. Is one of the oldest settlers now living in Flint River Tp. STORMIER, II. E., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in this county in 1851. Married Miss Jennie Walton ; they were married in Burlington. She was born in Clarksville, Penn ; they have two children — Belle and Clare. Mr. Stormer acts with the Democratic party. Sudbraek, J. H., far., S. 17; P. 0. Bur- lington. Sutton, Thomas, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. SWAX, JOHN W., flir. and dairy- man. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Marshall Co., Va., Feb. 14, 1833. Moved to this county with his parents in 1838; in 1840, to Henry Co., Iowa; in 1850, he went to California, where he followed mining until the spring of 1852, then returned to Henry Co. in 1855. He married Miss Caro- line Boner, in this county ; she was born in Marshall Co., Va.; they have seven children living — Phoebe Z., Clar- rissa. Belle, James Henry, Frances Bertha, Hetta R., Caroline E. and Mary. Mr. Swan and family are members of DANVILLE TOWNSHIP. 695 the M. E. Church; he is Eepublican. Has held various township offices. Owns 263 acres of land. His father, Henry Swan, was born in Virginia in ■ 1804. Married Esther R. Ward, a na- tive of the same State. They came West in 1838. Was elected Sheriff of Henry Co. several terms ; also held the office of Justice a number of years. During the war, he served in the Grey- beard Regt. of I. V. I. as Lieutenant, was honorably discharged. He was Re- publican, and member of M. E. Church. Died in 1873. TAEGER, FRED, far., S. 11; P.O. Burlington. Tiedge, Geo. D., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. ' Tieman, Wm., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Tiemier, Henry, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Turner, Geo. W., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Turner, William, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. UTTER, WM. v., far., S. 19; P. 0. Burlington. YAHLE, WM., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Vorwerk, Antoine, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. WAITE, JOHN, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Burlinorton. Walker, Thos., fars., S. 14; P. 0. Bur- lington. Walker, Chas., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Ward, D. & Wm. L., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Watts, Jos., flir., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Watts, Wm., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Burlington- Wedertz, Chas., far.,S. 13; P. 0. Burling- ton. Wertz, A. J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Burhngton. Westerbeck, G., far., S. 28; P. 0. Bur- lington. Westerbeck, Phil., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Westerbeck, Wm., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Westphal, F. H. & F., farmers, S. 25 ; P. 0. Burlington. Whittaker, Wm., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Whittmore, Jack, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Wilte, Simeon, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Mills. Wischmier, H., Sr., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Mills. Wischmier, H., far., S. 3; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Wittenner, C H., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Wolverton, L. F., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. DANVILLE TOWNSHIP. ALTER, JOHN K., farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Danville. AL.TER, JACOB, farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Danville ; born in Washington Co., Penn., March 1. 1817; came to Des Moines Co. April 18, 1847. Mar- ried Miss Jane S. Knox in February, 1838 ; she was born in Washington Co., Penn., Oct. 5, 1821, died Feb. 18, 1855 ; married again Mrs. Elizabeth Delaplaine April 3, 1856 ; she was worn in Preble Co., Ohio, Dec. 19, 1824; her parents came to Burlington in 1836 ; were ear- ly settlers of the city ; she married Aaron H. Delaplaine Oct. 25, 1849, he died Dec. 1, 1854; has five children by former wife — Elizabeth C, John K., Isaac W., Jacob B., Edwin M.; lost three — Henry, Mary and one died in infancy ; and by present wife four — Frank E., Mary J., Cora B., Nettie M.; one died in infancy ; Mrs. A. by former husband has one child — Naomi B.; lost one — William. Mr. A. held the office of Assessor of Danville Tp. six years ; was elected Township Treasurer in 1861 and still holds the office. Owns 176 acres of land, valued at $60 per acre ; made all the improvements. Members of the Baptist Church ; Republican. AWDERSON, W. S., farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Danville , was born in Alle- 696 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: ghnny Co., Va., Dec. 29, 1817; came to Burlinirton in 1887 ; in 1839, moved to Danville Tp., wlure he now lives. Married Miss Mary Gr. Gaylard Dec. 8, 1847; she was born in Litchfield Co., Conn., Sept. 5, 1828; they have seven children— Kliza J., William A., John T., Martha, Fauntenelle, Anna B., Charles, and two dead, James E. and Sarah E. Owns loO acres, valued at $50 per acre; held office of Trustee. Member of M. E. Church ; Democrat. Armstrong, T. D., far., Sec. 19; P. 0. Danville. Alspack, W. H., blacksmith, S. 22 ; P. 0. Danville. Antrobus, B.W. , far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Middle- town. Almsbauah, Valentine, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Danville. Allen, E. A., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Danville. Alspach, R. L., far.,S. 16 ; P. 0. Danville. Beck, Henry, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Danville. Baldwin, Amos, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Danville. Bishop, J. P., l\ir., S. 9 ; P. O. Danville. Boss, Jeremiah, far., S. 16 ; P.O. Danville. Boyce, S. N., for., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Danville. Boner, H. 0., far., S. 18; P.O. Danville. Bolton, M. F., far., S. 16; P. 0. Parrish. Boom, Frank, far. ; P. 0. Middletown. Bishop, Morris, far., S. 34 ; P.O. Danville. Bolton, J. II., far., S. 32; P.O. Danville. Brass, S. J. & J. N., fars., S. 25 ; P. 0. Middletown. Beams, Klijnh, farmer; P.O. Middletown. BLAKE WAY, V., farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Parrish ; born in WaBhin<>-ton Co., Penn., Oct. 18, 1804 ; went to Marshall Co., Va. ^larried Miss Mary Rumble June 24, 1841 ; she was born in Fay- ette Co., Penn., Aug. 19, 1825; came to Des Moines Co. in 1842; owns 120 acres of prairie land, valued at 850 per acre, and eighty acres of timber, val- ued at 820 per acre. Has five children — Lavina J., Samantha, William, Frank and Otis R.; lost three — John, Benson and David E. Mr. and .Mrs. B. are members of the M. E. Church ; Re- publican. BLAKE WAY, WILLIAM, Sr., farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. O. Parrish ; born in Washington Co., Penn., Dec. 25, 1807 ; went to Marshall Co., Va., in 1826. Married Miss Elizabeth Ward }^ov. 17, 1828 ; she was born in Mar- shall Co., Va., Nov. 4, 1803, and died March 17, 1867 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1841, and settled where he now lives with his nephew. Member of the M. E. Church, and a Republican. B L A K E WAY, W ILLI AM, farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Parrish ; born in Des Moines Co., July 30, 1847 ; owns eighty-three acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; he is now living at the home- stead with his parents. Member of the M. E. Church ; Republican. Blakeway, Frank, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Boyer, S. B., far., S. — ; P. 0. Middletown. Brauer, J. H., fiir., S. 24 ; P. 0. xMiddle- town. ./^"^ABLE, JONATHAN, flirmer, Sec. yj 4 ; p. O. Danville. Coade, John, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Danville. Clingman, Ransom, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Clin-man, Cyras, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Coade, Henry, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Danville. Chambers, R. B., far., S. 10: P. 0. Dan- ville. Cady, Ebenezer, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Clark, Wm. M., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Campbell, John, blacksmith, S. 16 ; P. 0. Danville. Crawlbrd, Wm. D., far.. S. 23 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Crawford, R C, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Catlin, Sam'l, far., S. 25; P.O. Middle- town. CADY, EI>., farmer; P. 0. Dan- ville; born in Windham Co., Conn., April 18, 1799 ; came to Des Moines Co. Oct. 12, 1837 ; located one and one- half miles West of Danville Center. Married Miss Lida Cale, April 9, 1827; born in Windham Co., Conn., Nov. 29, 1798; died March 24, 1864; married again to Mrs. Emilia R. Braley, Oct. 9, 1864 ; born in New London Co., Conn., Jan. 18, 1809; has three children by former wife — George W., Ebenezer and Edwin C, a Baptist minister in Rose- ville. 111. ; two dead — Maria and Charles ; Charles served three years in the army; died April 26, 1869; Mrs. C. has one child by former husband — DANVILLE TOWNSHIP. 697 George P., and three dead — Albert, Eliza A. and Lester E., went to Honduras, ■ Central America, and died there. Mem- bers of Baptist Church. Owns ninety- acres of land valued at $5,700. Re- publican. Cady, Edwin, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Carden, John, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Middle- town. Cochran, T., far.; P. 0. Middletown. Craiff, John, far., S. 22; P. 0. Dan- ville. Crawford, 0. P., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Crocker, Wm., far., S. 4; P. 0. Danville. Chambers, J. A., far., Sec. 16; P. 0. Danville. Cresap, Joseph, far., S. IS ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Crawford, Grandison, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Middletown. Cresap, Van, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Danville. Cresap, Sprig, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Cresap, Price, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Danville. Chambers, W. 0., far., S. 6; P. 0. Danville. DODDS, HENRY, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Danville. Denny, James, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Davis, J. A., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Danville. Delaplain, I. F., far., S. 15; P. 0. Dan- ville. Dixon, M., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Danville. Dewey, P. S., far., S. 15; P. 0. Dan- ville. Dee, George W., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Denny, R. J., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Danville. EGGLESTON, D. R., for., S. 16 ; P. 0. Danville. Evans, Lewis, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Danville. Evans, M. M., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Eggleston, Wm., far.; P. 0. Danville. Evans, Walter, far., S. 33; P. 0. Dan- ville. Esau, Rheinhart, far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. IpiMMEN, H., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Dan- 1 viUe. Friedrich, D., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Danville. Foster, R. B., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Danville. Funk, Henrv, tar., S. 29 ; P. 0. Danville. Friedrich, J. H., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Ferrel, Jos., far., S. 16; P. 0. Danville. Fallahay, Patrick, far.; P. 0. Middle- town. Fogel, J. H., carpenter, P. 0. Middletown. GUGELER, J. F., fur., S. 1 ; P. 0. Danville. Grant, Levi, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Danville. GILMORE, K., M. D., Dan ville; born in Boone Co., N. Y., Jan. 1, 1819 ; attended the Ohio Medical Col- lege in 1846 and 1847 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1839, and commenced practicing in 1844; has been in con- stant practice for 34 years ; most of the time in Des Moines Co. Married Miss Barbara Hyter Nov. 10, 1847 ; b..rn in Dearborn Co., Ind., Jan. 2, 1818; have three children — Horace E., Albert L. and Isaac C. H. ; four dead — Oliver L., Estela, James L. and George E. ; all died within ten days. Mrs. G. is a member of the M. E. Church ; Repub- lican. GREGG, A., Danville Center ; P. 0. Danville; born in Ohio Co., Va., Feb. 2, 1810 ; came to Des Moines Co. Nov. 17, 1834, and settled in Augusta Tp., where he improved a large farm ; sold out and came to Danville Center, where he now lives a retired life. Married Miss Frances Redding Jan. 24, 1836 ; she was born in Illinois, July 29, 1819, and died June 10, 1848. He married again, Mrs. Mary F. Allison, Dec. 25, 1866; she was born in Wayne Co., Ohio, June 21, 1833; has three chil- dren by former wife — Sarah D., Nancy C, Virgil ; three dead — Frances W. Morgan, H. T., Mary M., and three by his present wife — Charles A., Mary E. and Samuel. Mr. G. took the first paper that was published in Burlington ; was Township Clerk in Des Moines Co. ; the first Baptist Church was or- ganized in his cabin. Mr. and Mrs. G. are members of the M. E. Church ; Re- publican. Gapen, Elisha, for , S. 31 ; P. 0. Parrish. Graig, J. M., for.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Parrish. Gladden, Madison, far.. Sec. 35; P.O. Middletown. Green, Joseph, for., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Graig, Wm., far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Danville. 698 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY Grimes, Robert, far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Guion, P. M., far.; P. 0. Danville. Gland..n, W. R., for.. Sec. 25; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Gie.se, G. F., physician. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Middletown. HARTY, J. D., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Augusta. Hanua, J. L., far., S. 32; P. 0. Parrish. Hanna, Caswell, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Parrish. Hanna, Abner, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Parrish. Hitchcock, John, far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Hall, Luke, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Danville. HA XX A, S. O., firmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Middletown; was born in Union Co., Ind., Nov. 29, 1829; came to Des Moines Co. in the fall of 1837. Mar- ried ]Mi.ss JNIargaret J. Davault JMareh 17, 1858; she was born in Cumberland Co., Pcnn.. Jan. 1, 1835 ; they have six children — Jefferson S., Jas. C, Reathe E., Laura M., Nellie J., Maggie B. ; Minerva E. and two others died in in- fancy. Members of the M. E. Church. Mr. H. served as Clerk of Augusta Tp. two years; owns 152 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Democrat. Mrs. Margaret Davault, Mr. H.'s moth- er-in-law, makes her home with him ; she was born in Cumberland Co., Penn., Aug. 9, 179G ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1851. HE:»IMIX0S, JOHX, former. Sec. 13; P.O. Middletown; was born in England Jan. 24, 1834; came to Des Moines Co. in 1855, and settled in Au- gusta Tp. ; moved to Danville Tp. in 1805, and located on the farm where he now lives; owns 196 acres, valued at 850 por acre, on which he made most of the improvements. Married Miss Mary Wilks Nuv. 17, 1859; she was born in England Sept. 9, 1836 ; they have five children — Mary A. (now Mrs. Garden), Alice E., Frederick, Francis J., James A. Members of the Congregational Church ; he is a Democrat. Ham.m, Wm., for.. Sec. 2 ; P. O. Parrish, HU;LEY, E. C, for., S. 15; P. 0. Danville ; born in Berkshire Co., Mass., Aug. 22, 1810 ; came with his parents, to Portage Co., Ohio ; to Des Moines Co. in 1839, and has been a resident of Danville Tp. ever since. Married Miss Amanda Messenger Oct. 28, 1835 ; born in Portage Co., Ohio, March 17, 1812; have three children — Sibyl A., Stewart Henry H. and Emily M. ; two dead — Harriet M. and Mary P. Member of Congregational Church. Mr. H. owns ninety-five acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Republican. HALiL, J., DR., Danville ; born in Merrimack Co., N. H., July 4, 1807; came to Wisconsin in 1832 ; practiced medicine for five years ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1837, where he has de- voted his time to his profession the last few years; being well advanced in years, declines, except when some of his old friends call on him ; he now lives with his daughter a retired life. Mar- ried Miss Harriet Corning April 25, 1835 ; she was born in New York City Feb. 10, 1809 ; died July 27, 1877 ; have five children — Edsou C, Albert, Eliza, B., Lufonna J., Adina B., and three dead — Clarissa C, Emily K. and Jas- per C. Mr. and Mrs. H. were members of the first Congregational church built in Danville Tp.; the first schoolhouse in Danville Center was built by Dr. H.and other old settlers, the first teachers Miss Wakefield and Miss Wilson. There were few buildings in the township when the Doctor came, and those rough log build- ings, most of them built close to the timber. The Doctor stands by the Re- publican party. Higley, H. H., tar., Sec. 22 ; P.O. Danville. Howard, W. & C. A., fors., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Middletown. Hall, Jeremiah, for..S. 22 ; P.O. Danville. Howard, Wesley, far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Middletown. Hanna, John, far., S. 28; P. 0. Middle- town. HIIRI.BUT, T. K., former. Sec. 27 ; P. O. Danville ; was born in Hart- ford Co., Conn., April 22, 1817 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1837 ; owns 204 acres, valued at $45 per acre. Married Miss Jane Tweedy March 27, 1848 ; she was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 8, 1830; have nine children — William H., born Feb. 26, 1851 ; Carlos, Dec. 5, 1852 ; Mary J., Nov. 8, 1854 ; Lucy P., Jan. 18, 1857; Emma, Nov. 16, 1858 ; Frank, Dec. 24, 1862 ; Kate G., Jan. 8, 1865 ; Sarah L., Dec. 28, 1866 ; •DANVILLE TOWNSHIP. 699 Adela M., April 8, 1869 ; lost three children — Charlotte M., born April 7, 1849 ; Frank M., Jan. 22, 1801 ; John, Sept. 28, 1871. Carlos lives with his parents at the homestead ; is a member of the Congregational Church, and Re- publican. Mr. and Mrs. H. are mem- bers of the Congregational Church ; Republican. Hunter, G. W.,far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Danville. Huchen, Fritz, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Danville. Hodgens, R. L., merchant, Middletown. Herd, Robert, far., S, 30 ; P. 0. Danville. Kelt, G. W., far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. Dan- ville. Hilderbrand, John, far., Sec. 10; P. 0. Danville. IRWIN, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. Danville. Irwin, John, Sr., far., Sec. 27; P. 0. Danville. Irwin, James P., farmer ; P. 0. Danville. lies, A. C, far., S. 24; P. 0. Danville. TOHNSON, OLMAN, farmer. Sec. 1 ; fj P. 0. Danville. JESTER, B. B., Sec. 32; P. 0. Parrish ; born in Brooke Co., Va., July 5, 1829. Married Miss Sarah A. Moore March 15, 1865; born in Marshall Co., Va., Jan. 28, 1836; has two children — Anna E. and Mary R. Owns 161 acres, valued at $50 per acre. Both members of the M. E. Church ; he is a Republican. JOHNSOX, JOEL, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Danville; born 'in Anderson Co., Tenn.. March 26, 1800; came to Des Moines Co. in 1836, and settled where he now lives. Married Miss Susannah Johnson ; born in Tennessee, and died in Des Moines Co. in 1841. Married again Miss Lucinda Judd, in May, 1847; born in Kentucky May 1, 1827 ; has five children by former wife — -Mary J., James A., Joel W., Francis M. and Oliver ; two dead — Noble and Martha A. ; and nine by present wife — Canada P., Louis H., Luther, Louisa, Rachel, William H., David G., Harvey and Caroline E. ; one dead — Isaac O. Owns 300 acres, valued at $45 per acre ; made all the improvements. Democrat. Jarvis, James, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Danville. Jagtjar, H. E., far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Jarvis, George, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Danville. Jacob, H. H. and J. J., fars., S. 20 ; P. 0. Danville. Jacques, W. J., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. KOBB, JACOB, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Danville. Kelley, J. S., fir.. Sec. 9; P. 0. Danville. Kobb, George, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Danville. Kountz, John, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Danville. Keller, S. E., carpenter, Sec. 16; P. 0. Danville. L ANDES, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Danville. Lycock, Reuben, far., S. 2; P. 0. Danville. Lindley, Alva, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Danville. Long, John, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Middletown. Laughlin, 0. D., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. LAMME, \%ILIiIA.M, Danville; born in Greene Co., Ohio, Feb. 14, 1814; came to Sangamon Co., 111., in 1818; went to Hancock Co. and lived three years ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1835. Married Miss Hester Elliott Aug. 27, 1838; she was born in Mor- gan Co., Ind., March 19, 1818 ; have three children — Mary J. Seamons, Will- iam H. and Claire Blakeway, and one dead — David P. Mrs. L. is a member of the M. E. Church. Mr. L. was elected to the Legislature in 1874, and was among the first settlers of Union Tp., where he entered 320 acres of land three years before it came into market ; improved it, put it under good cultiva- tion and sold ; came to Danville, where he now lives retired. Always a Re- publican. liEWIS, X. R., farmer and stock- raiser. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Danville ; born in Hartford Co., Conn., May 28, 1817; came to Des Moines Co. in 1844. Mar- ried Miss Minerva Burnell in 1847; she was born in Massachusetts Jan. 4, 1824, died Aug. 12, 1868; have five children — Aurelius N., Ratio F., Ella M., Alonzo J. and Clarence G. Owns 240 acres of land, valued at $60 per acre; made all the improvements. Is a mem- ber of the Congregational Church ; Republican. Laux, Michael, far. ; P. 0. Middleton. Luckman, H. F., far., S. 12; P. 0. Mid- dleton. MINTLING, W. S.,far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Danville. 700 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUN'TY; Mathews. David, far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Mathews, Herman, fiir., S. 9 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Mathews, Henry, far., S. 9; P. 0. Dan- ville. McDonald, John, for., S. 6 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. McGohan, G. N., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Mitchel, Johu, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Middle- town. Morse, R. L., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Middle- town. McCormick, J. B., S. 22 ; P. 0. Danville. MASTERS, NATHAN, Sec. 32 ; p. 0. Parrish ; born in Ohio Co., W. Va., Nov. 17, 1803; came to Des Moines Co. in 1837 ; entered a claim, where he now lives ; returned to Vir- ginia, and moved his family here in 1838. Married Miss P. Roberts April 31, 1837 ; born in Ohio Co., Va., Feb. U, 18U4; died Aug. 16, 1839. Mar- ried ajiain, Catherine Blakeway, March 22, 1842; born in Ohio Co., Va., March 18, 1806; Mr. M. has one child by former wife — William H.; one died iu infancy ; has two by present wife — Sarah J., James F.; lost one — Cynthia. Owns 240 acres, valued at §50 per acre. Has been a member of the M. E. Church forty-eight years; Mrs. M. for fifty-seven years ; he is a Republican. Moore, Wm., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Parrish. Melcher, P]dw., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Parrish. MKLCHER, 1>E]VNIS, potter and manufacturerof stone-ware. Sec. 31; P. 0. Parrish ; born in Germany, Oct. 9, 1814; learned his trade in the old country, and came to New Orleans in 1 839 ; thence to St. Louis, and to Scott Co., Ml). ; worked at his trade at those places; went to Louisville, Ky., where he married Miss Maiy A. Faust Nov. 21, 1842; born in Germany Jan. 24, 1824; came to Burlington Sept. 21, 1843; lived there till 1851 ; then moved to his present residence ; has six chil- dren — Sophia, Joseph P., Mary E., Louisa P., Dennis and Frank F. ; lost three — Mary, Francis H. and John E. Owns 315 acres, valued at S50 per acre ; buildings that cost §10,000. He was elected Supervisor of Des Moines Co. in 1876, and served three years. Democrat. Mensenger, Alanson, merchant, Danville. Mix, G. H., far., Sec. 29 ; P. O. Danville. McElhenny, A. W., far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Danville. Marchant, Samuel, far.. Sec. 14 ; P. O. Danville. Moore, McHenry, far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Moore, W. F., far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Parrish. Marchant, S. D., far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. n\TEWLAND,JABES, far.,Sec.4; P. i_N 0. Danville. XEALrEY, M. W., far., S. 12; P. O. Danville; born in New York April 6, 1814; is a millwright by trade ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1835 ; helped to build the Star flouring-mill ; it was one of the first mills built in Des Moines Co.; also helped to build a mill on Sugar Creek, in Wapello Co., the first mill built in that county, and helped build the old Western Hotel at Burlington. There were only eight or ten buildings in Burlington when Mr. N. came to Des Moines Co. Married Miss Harriet Wol- verton in 1842 ; she was born in Ham- ilton Co., Ohio, in 1825; have eleven children — Mary E., Lou., Alonzo, Frank, Kate, Cora A., Charley, Harvey, Ellie, Birdie, Grace B., and two dead ; Durand died in infiincy ; owns 264 acres, valued at $50 per acre. Republican. Mr. N. made the first colfin ever made for the Indians for Keokuk's son ; it was made from slabs split out of a tree. New, D. M., far..S. 19; P.O. Danville. Ne'l, J. L., far., S. 15; P. 0. Danville. Naw, John.fiir., S. 36 ; P. 0. Middletown. Newell, Albert, far., S. 16; P. O. Dan- ville. Naw, S. & G., fars., S. 35 ; P. 0. Middle- town. O'NEAL, JAMES, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Midflletown. OWEN, W. B., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Danville ; born in England Nov. 10, 1803; came to Pennsylvania in 1850, and to Des Moines Co. in 18(i8. Mar- ried Miss Sarah Hall July 31, 1830; she was born in England June 17, 1808; have six children — William, Olivia Amelia, Taretha, Clara, Ada, and one dead — Sarah. Members of the M. E. Church. Owns thirty acres, valued at §60 per acre. Republican. DANVILLE TOWNSHIP. 701 PARR, RICHARD, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Danville. PAIilflER, JOHN H., far, Sec 27 ; P. 0. Danville ; born in Franklin Co., Penn., Sept. 19, 1818; came to Des Moines Co. in 1845. Married Miss Susan Basher in January, 1839; she was born in Berkeley Co., Va., Aug. 13, 1814; died in May, 1872; married again, Mrs. Maggie Fore, Oct. 20, 1874; she was born in Franklin Co., Penn., May 6, 1836. Mr. P. has eleven chil- dren by former wife — Martha V., Geo. W., Mary E., John B., James P. Jona- than N., Henry H., Jennie, Emma P., Lemmon B., Claryn E., and one dead — Florence E.; one by present wife — Mertie. Members of the M. E. Church; he a member of A., F. & A. M. and I. O. 0. F. Owns 140 acres, valued ac $60 per acre. Palmer, Luke, far.', Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Palmer, J. H., flir., S. 27 ; P.O. Danville. Packwood, Jas., far., S. 10; P. 0. Dan- ville. Parrott, S. L., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Danville. Palmer, G. W.,far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Danville. Parrott, J. T., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Danville. Philips, David, fiir., S. 24; P. 0. Middle- town. PORTER, S., MRS., Sec. 29 ; P. O. Danville; born in Marshall Co., Va., March 31, 1809; came to Des Moines Co. in 1838. Married R. M. Porter March 22, 1828; born in Washington Co., Penn., April 17,1807 ; died May 28, 1846 ; has four children — Reuben R., Vear, Mary V., Jonathan R., and four dead — Elizabeth J., John, Rebecca E., and Maria M. Mrs. P. is a member of ' the M. E. Church. PORTER, VEAR; bom in Mar- shall Co., Va., July 4, 1834; living with his mother at the homestead. En- listed in the 15th I. V. I., Co. E, and was discharged in 1862 on account of wounds received at Pittsburg Landing. Has served as Assessor of Danville Tp. two years. Is Captain of the rifle com- panv of Danville, and a member of A., F. & A. M. and I. O. 0. F. of Danville. Republican. Parrott, W. S., far., Sec. 5; P. 0. Dan- ville. Porter, Eph., harness-maker, Danville. RIDDLE, ROBERT, far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Danville. Robinson, Samuel, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Rose, John F., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Danville. Rowe, Elias, far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Danville. Renner, Franklin, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Rankin, J. M., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Middle- town. Robertson, Jas., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Danville. S EATON, J. & G., fars., S. 18 ; P. 0. Danville. Swan, F. A., farmer; P. 0. Danville. Shoemaker, Henry, far., S. 4; P. 0. Dan- ville. Sourwine, Geo., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Danville. Sharp, John, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Danville. Sharp, Jos. G., flir., S. 14 ; P. 0. Danville. Sater, Thos. P., far., S. 5; P. 0. Danville. Sanderson, F. S., T. F. & R. S., fars.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Danville. Scott, Geo., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Danville. Swan, N. H. & S. B., fars., S. 21 ; P. 0. Danville. Syester, John W., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Sater, T. J., far., S. 16; P. 0. Danville. Sawtelle, Geo., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Smith, J. H., far., S, 26 ; P. 0. Middle- town. Seymour, J. H., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. SANOERS, J. A., Danville; born in Washington Co., Penn., Aug. 17, 1801 ; came to Des Moines Co., Nov. 15, 1850 ; bought 120 acres of land, at $6 per acre, improved and sold for $50 per acre; moved to Danville in 1877, where he lives retired. Married Miss De Berry April 1, 1827 ; she was born in WestVirginia Oct. 25, 1806, died May 21, 1875; married again, Mrs.Lydia Lewis Sept. 19, 1877; she was born in Cambria Co., Penn., Jan. 1, 1814 ; Mr. S. has six children by former wife — Andrew J., Elizabeth, Phebe, James, Sarah J. and William ; lost three — Emeline, Newton and John ; Mrs. S. has by former hus- band eleven children — Ephraim, Kate, Melinda, Edward, Alfred, Emma, Ellen Mattie, Jennie, Justus and Charles, and lost three — Levi, Enoch and Augusta. Mr. S. owns eighty acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Mr. S. member of the 702 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Congregational Church ; Mrs. S. mem- ber of the Baptist Church. Mr. S. is a Republican. SEYMOUR, E. H., farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Danville ; born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, May 22, 1848. 3Iarried Miss Sarah A. Porter Jan. 15, 1872; she was born in Hartford Co., Conn., Aug. 4, 1850 ; have two children — Percy W. and John P. Mr. S. owns o77 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Mr. S.'s mother came to Des Moines Co. in 1834 ; she was born in Connecticut Sept. 19, 1807 ; his father was born in Hartford, Conn., March 31, 1796, died Feb. 13, 1859. Mr. E. H. Seymour owns Royal King stallion and General Jackson, trotting horses, and is a breeder of Berkshire swine ; has a stock farm one and a half miles south of Danville. Democrat. SEYMOUR, WOLCOTT, ESQ., the first son of Jeremiah Sey- mour and Emily Demming, his wife; was born Aug. 17, 1813, in Hartford Co., Conn. The ancestors were from England, being among the first settlers in Connecticut. About 1675, three brothers came to this country, and from these all the Seymours have descended, among whom we may mention the Hon. Horatio Seymour, at one time Governor of New York, and Hon. Thomas H. Seymour ; the latter was educated at West Point, held the office of Colonel in the Mexican War, elected Governor of Connecticut, also Congressman from the Hartford District, and was appointed Minister to Russia. In 1838, Mr. Sey- mour left the scenes of his youth, gave up the comforts of a pleasant home, and migrated to Iowa, landing in Burling- ton, July 5, the day after it had become a Territory. After exploring six months, he concluded to make Danville his future home ; beginning life in moderate circumstances, Mr. Seymour entered 320 acres of wild land which he im- mediately began improving ; but when the land came into market, in 1839, it could hardly be called a home. In the course of time, it, with many other farms, became an oasis in the wilderness, and, at the present writing, he has a fine farm with improvements second to none in the country. Then, as now, the common schools were the great fountains of knowledge, and to these Mr. Seymour went in the winter, spend- ing his summers in working on the farm. Mr. Seymour was Justice of the Peace for some thirty years, and at one time Secretary of the School Board. Mr. Seymour was originally a Whig ; he afterward joined the ranks of the Republican party. In 1852, Mr. Sey- mour was elected to the Legislature, as a Representative from Des Moines Co. ; being elected by the Whigs, he was a member of a small minority, the Dem- ocracy holding the balance of power. Feb. 3, 1842, Wolcott Seymour and Amelia Hawkins were joined in mar- riage ; they had two sons, both of whom are living ; one at home, and the other one mile below Danville. His wife died in 1865, and Jan. 2, 1873, he was married to Mary Robinson. Although living on a farm, yet Mr. Seymour feels that his days of work have passed, and he now lives at his ease, surrounded by all the comforts that tend to make life pleasant. Shepherd, B. W., stock-dealer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Danville. Smi'.h, Ellison, far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Sargent, W. H.,far.,S. 24; P. 0. Middle- town. Scott, C. B. and G. and W. H., fars., S. 36 ; P. 0. Danville. Stoner, C F., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Danville. Still, A., merchant, Danville. Seymour, H. C, flir., S. 28 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Streed, John F., far.; P. 0. Middletown. Sawtelle, H. C, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Seims, D., far., S. 1 ; P. O. Danville. Syester, W. H., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Stewart, W. H., jdiysician, Danville. Seymour, E. P., far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. Dan- ville. Sti-ga, H. H., far., S. 2 ; P. O. Danville. Seamans, B. B., far., S. 23 ; I' (> 3Iid- dletown. Streed, Aaron, far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Swan, R. 0., far., S, 25; P. 0. Danville. Sawtelle, S. M., far., Sec. 20 ; P. O. Dan- ville. AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. 703 TONKINSON, C. B., far., S. 18 ; P. a. Danvillo. Tomes, Reuben, far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Thomas, S. 0. and J., fars., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Danville. YANCE, WM., far., Sec. 6; P. 0. Danville. TTTARD, S. A., far., S. 5; P. 0. Dan- Whisler, John, far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. WARD, JOSEPH, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Danville ; born in Marshall Co., W. Va., Jan. 7, 1796 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1844. Married Miss Sarah Swan Dec. 23, 1819 ; she was born in Greene Co., Penn., Jan. 19, 1797, and died Oct. 15, 1863; he married again Sept. 23, 1875, Mrs. Sarah Swan ; she was born in Muskingum Co., Ohio, Feb. 27, 1816 ; Mr. W. has four children by his former wife — Sarah A. Thompson, Jo- seph, Elizabeth Sawyer, William, and six dead — Henry S., Hettie, Mary J., John, Elizabeth and Andrew ; Mrs. W. has four children by her former hus- band — David, Gilbert, Mattie, Bernard, and two dead — Emmans and I]lizubeth. Mr. W. owns 185 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. He served as Major in the 144th Va. Regt. ; was enrolled in 1812, and served till 1845. Is a Democrat. Mrs. W. is a member of the M. E. Church. Williams, G. W., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Wilcox, M. D., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Wilcox, A. A., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Williams, J. W., far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Williams, J. H., far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Welch, Samuel E., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Waltz, Edward, far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Wertz, Amos, far. ; P. 0. Middletown. Westerbeck, J. W., far., Sec. 25; P. 0. Middletown. Wechman, F., far., Sec. 16; P. 0. Dan- ville. Watson, Andrew, far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Wing, J. P., butcher, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Wright, J. A., physician, Danville. AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. ANDREWS, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 0. Augusta. BLAKEWAY, E., far.. Sec. 12; P. 0. Parrish. Blakeway, J. C, far.. Sec. 1, P.O. Parrish. Buxton, Byron, saloon-keeper, Augusta. Blakeway, Valentine, far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Parrish. Berier, Geo., far., S. 12; P. 0. Augusta. Berier, Enoch, far., S. 14 ; P.O. Augusta. Blume, Wm., far., S. 14; P. 0. Augusta. Bangerman, William, far.. Sec. 4; P. 0. Augusta. Berterman, Philip, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Middletown. Baumgardner, Jacob, stone-mason, Au- gusta. Bussy, Wm., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Parrish. Bussy, W. F., far., S. 8; P. 0. Parrish. Bolton, J. H., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Parrish. Brune, E., far., S. 24; P. 0. Augusta. Burgisser, L., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Augusta. CHIPMAN, H. J., wine mfr., S. 23; P. 0. Augusta. ClilNE, W. _ S., _ S. 10 ; P. 0. Augusta ; born in Union Co., Ind., Feb. 8, 1818; came to Des Moines Co. March, 1843, and settled where he now lives ; owns 330 acres, valued at $45 per acre ; has made all the improve- ments. Married Miss Maria Brown Jan. 5, 1843; born in Union Co., Ind., Jan. 5, 1825 ; have five children — ■ Henry B., Mary, John M., Salina and William A. Mrs. C. is a member of the M. E. Church ; Mr. C. is a member of a grange and is a Democrat. CRABTREE, J. A., far., S. 24; p. 0. Augusta; born in Tennessee, Sept. 22, 1827 ; came, with his parents •04 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY : to Scott Co., 111., in 1833; thence to Des jMoines Co. in 1858. Married Miss Elizabeth Robertson Aug. 18, 1858; born in Schuyler Co., 111., Nov. 25, 1831 ; her parents came to Des Moines in 1834:, among the finst settlers of Augusta Tp. ; Mr. C. now lives on the farm where Mr. Robertson first set- tled ; has four children — Martha, Frank R., Albert, Rophenia J. Has held the offices of Township Assessor and Trustee; owns 131 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Mrs. C. is a member of the M. E. Church ; Mr. C. is a member of A., F. & A. M., No. 7, Augusta Lodge. Neutral in politics. Christianson, N. C, farmer, S. 24; P. 0. Au., Pleasant Grove ; was born in Ohio July 20, 1825 ; at 16 years of age, went to Washington Co., Penn., and studied medicine ; then went to Stanton, Va., where he attended Medical College ; thence to Ritchie Co., Va., where he practiced for seventeen years, when he removed to Ohio and practiced three years ; came to Iowa and engaged in practice in Winfield ; came to Pleai?ant Grove, where he has been practicing some lime. Married Miss Elizabeth Malone in December, 1 849 ; she was born in Harrison Co., Va., Dec. 31, 1830 ; have nine children — Sarah S., Minerva, 3Iary M., Alice, John E., Ada v., Francis M., Luther W. and William H. Mr. C. served three years as surgeon in the army. Members of the M. E. Church ; Mr. C. is a Repub- lican. Chadrick, T. v., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. South Flint. Church, J. S., far., Sec. 28; P. 0. Dan- ville. Coap, A., fiir., S. 6; P. 0. New London. Cracker, Wm., far.. Sec. 34; P. 0. South Flint. Crane, J., far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. DADDS, 0. E., far., Sec. 23; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Dadds, Wm. D., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. South Flint. Dancll, T., tar., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Danville. Darldt, S. C, far., S. 35; P. 0. Dan- ville. Deney, W. P., far., Sec. 32; P. 0. Dan- ville. Dietch, Q., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Dispain, M., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. South Flint. Dispain, S., far., Sec. 21; P. 0. South Flint. Doolittle, E., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Danville. Drier. C, far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. EVANS, H, M., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. New London. IT^ETTERMAN, L, farmer. Sec. 27; } P. 0. South Flint. Finck, C, far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Fleenor, H., far., S. 12; P. O. Pleasant Grove. Fleenor, W. H., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. FLEENOR, W. P., farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove ; born in Rush Co., Ind.jOct. 11, 1823; removed with his parents to Coles Co., 111., when 1 1 years of age ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1836 ; at present, is living at the old homestead, whel"e his parents first settled when they came to the county. Mar- ried Miss Sarah McCune Oct. 10, 1850 ; she was born in Rush Co., Ind., July 1, 1830. Owns 210 acres of land, val- ued at $35 per acre. Members of the C. P. Church ; Democrat. Freck, F., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. New London. GANNAWAY, W. B., farmer. Sec. 2 ; Pleasant Grove. GAX^fAWAY, JOHN, born in Kentucky July 7, 1814 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1838 ; an early settler of that county. Married Miss Nancy Zion in 1838; a native of Virginia; born March 10, 1822 ; have four children — Robinson, Sarah J., William B. and Lavina. Both members of the C. P. Church ; Mr. G. is a Republican. OANNAWAY, R., cabinet-maker, Pleasant Ridge ; born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, in September, 1839; has been a resident of this county ever since, except three years in the army, in Co. C, 30th I. V. I.; was at the siege of Vicksburg and with Sherman on his march to the sea. Married Miss Rosie Minerd Jan. 1, 1868 ; have three children— William C, Charles R. and John. Members of the C. P. Church. Mr. G. is Justice of the Peace; Re- publican. Garlinger, F., for., S. 13 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. GEISE, JOHN, farmer. Sec. — ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove ; born in Prussia in 1817; came to Virginia in 1831; re- moved to Cincinnati, Ohio ; then to Des Moines Co. in 1843. Married Miss Margaretta Dinkhause in 1843 ; she was born in Prussia in 1819; have seven children — Henry, John, George, Theodore, Louisa andSallie ; lost one — Louis. Mr. G. owns 298 acres of land, valued at SI 2 per acre. Members of the Lutheran Church ; Democrat. 708 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Gragan, J., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. South Flint. Gieffol, Wm., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. South FHnt. HALP], G., farmer. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Hale, G. L., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Hand, O., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. New London. Hanks, A. J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. Harmos, John, far., S. 12; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. Henel, D. M., far., S. 7; P. 0. New London. Hauston, S. T. S., far., S. 23; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Hully, Aug., far., S. IG; P. 0. South Flint. TANES, D. R., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Pleas- fj ant Grove. Janes, F., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Jane.s, J. D., far., S.'25; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Johnson, C. P., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. South Flint. Jakoba, E., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Pleasant (irove. KEPPY, H., far., S. 35; P. 0. Dan- ville. KIJH1.ENBECK, J. F., dealer in dry goods and groceries ; Pleas- ant Grove ; born in Germany, June 14, 1838 ; came to St. Louis in 1854, where he learned the shoemaker's trade and worked at it three years ; then went to Louisiana, Mo., and married Miss Mary Brier, in 1869 ; she was born in Prussia in 1840 ; have six chidren — John, Hen- ry, Hardy, Clara, Lindey and Frank, and two dead — Albert and Louisa. Mr. K. enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, in Co. D, 25th I. V. I. ; served three years ; was in twenty- three battles ; was with Sherman during the march to the sea ; since 1869, has been engaged in mercantile business at Pleasant Grove. • Mrs. K. is a member of C. P. Church, ; Mr. K. is Republican. LANGFORD, R., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Laughlin, John, far., S. 29 ; P. 0. New London. Laughlin, L., far., S. 29; P. 0. New London. Laughlin, AVm., far., S. 29 ; P. O. New London. Lee, A., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. New London. Lee, I. L, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Linder, J., ftir., S. 4 ; Pleasant Grove. McNALL, S., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. New London. Mccarty, iSAAC,_far., s. 5; p. O. New London ; born in Claiborne Co., Tenn., March 27, 1825; removed with his parents to Putnam Co., Ind., in 1827 ; came to Henry Co., Iowa, in 1847 ; then moved to Des Moines Co. in 1854. Married Miss Margaret A. Sharp November, 1848 ; she was' born in Parke Co., Ind., in 1831 ; have nine children — George J., William D., John L., Mary J., Alexander, Smith, Francis P., Chas. B., Annie B., and three dead — Thomas, James, and one died in in- fancy. Mr. McCarty has assessed the township six or seven times ; owns 254 acres of land. Members of the Baptist Church ; Democrat. McNall, W., far., Sec. 17; P. 0. New London. MacNeil J. F., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. New London. Mahler, F., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. Mahr, Henry, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Danville. Mailer, Henry, flu-.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. New London. Marchant, W., flir,, S. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Martin, J., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. New London. Meyers, C, ftir.. Sec. 10; P. O. Pleasant Grove. Miller, J. L., f\n-.. Sec. 7; P. 0. New London. Miller, W. A., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. New London. MILLER, WILLIAM, Pleasant Grove; born in Kentucky 3Iay 23, 1810 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1835. Mr. Miller was in the Black Hawk war in 1833. Married Miss Louisa Lee in ' 1839; born in Illinois and died Aug. 21, 1874. Married again Mary J. Partlock in 1875 ; born in Rush Co., Ind., Sept. 11, 1833; Mr. Miller has five children by his former wife — Hoze- kiah, Marion, Sarah J., William L. and Mary L., and four dead ; John died in the army ; others died in infancy. Members of C. P. Church; Mr. M.is a Democrat. PLEASANT GROVE TOWNSHIP. 709 Morgan, M., far., Sec. 16; P. 0. South Flint. NEWHOUSE, JOHN, far., S. 14; P. O. Pleasant Grove. OBERMAKN, F. W., under- taker and cabinet-maker. Pleasant Grove; born in Germany Nov. 12, 1832 ; came to Wheeling, Va., in 1848 ; went to Cincinnati in 1850 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1852. Married Miss Mary A. Halle in 1860 ; she was born in Indiana in 1830; have seven children — Charles F., Etta, George, William, Mary, Bismarck and Henry. Mr. 0. started the first undertaker's establish- ment in Pleasant Grove. Republican. PARKER, G. W., iar., S. 18 ; P. 0. New London. Parker, G. W., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. South Flint. Perkins, W. H., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. South' Fiint. Perkins, W. J., for., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. New London. Piepergerder, E.,far.,S. 26 ; P. 0. South- Flint. Piper, John, far.. Sec. 16 ; P. O. South Flint. Poggermeller, H., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. PORTLOCK, D. Iv., far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove ; born in Rush Co., Ind., Jan. 4, 1825 ; came to Bur- lington in the fall of 1836 ; engaged at the carpenter trade ; removed to Pleasant Grove Tp., in April, 184:i. Married Miss EHzabeth J. Fleenor in 1850; born in Rush Co., Ind., in 1827 ; have five children — Verdon, Lydia, Clarissa, Sarah E. and Elzorah, and two died in infancy. Mr. P. has held the office of Justice of the Peace for ten years ; has been on the Board of Supervisors and Deputy Provost Marshal during the war. Owns 200 acres of land. Members of the Christian Church ; Demo'crat. RAMSY, GEO., far.. Sec. 20; P. O. New London. Redding, James, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. Redford, I., far.,-S. 7; P. O. New Lon- don. Richey, T., far.. Sec. 29; P. 0. New Lon- don. Rippel, W. and T., fars., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Ritchey, R., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Ritcher, Wm., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. SATER, S. P. and J. W., fers.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. New London. Sater, Thomas, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. New London. Stifkin, J. G., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Danville. Shepard, H., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove.' Shephard, J., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. ISHORTRIDGG, S. M., dealer in blooded stock ; S. 11. ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove; born in Henry Co., Ind., Jan. 26, 1828 ; came to Dcs Moines Co. in 1 857 ; read law with Darwin ; was admitted to the bar in 1864; has held the ofiice of Notary Public since 1863, and other offices ; was in the war in 48th I. V. I., Co. D, as First Sergeant; owns 110 acres, valued at $30 per acre. Member of C. P. Church ; Republican. Shurts, John, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Simpson, R. K., far., S. 9. SMITH, A. J., S. 15 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove; born in Washington Co., Va., Dec. 28, 1811 ; removed with his pa- rents to Clarke Co., Ind., in 1817 ; came to DesMoines Co. May 1, 1843, and settled in Pleasant Grove Tp. Married Miss J. Westfall April 18, 1847, born in Allegany Co., N. Y., June 20, 1829 ; have twelve children — Francis M., Frederick N., Jemima I., Asbury D., A. J., Mary J., Robert A., R. E., J. H., Minnie, Squire and Ira. Mr. Smith owns 837 acres, valued at $35 per acre ; commenced in 1843 with two yoke of steers and S63, and has besides his property given his children 480 acres. Mr. Smith is a Democrat. Smith, J., far., S. 14; P. O. Pleasant Gi'ove. SXYI>ER, AXI>RE W, far._, S. 26 ; P. O. Southflint ; born in Highland Co., Ohio, Nov. 2, 1802; emigrated when 16 years of age to Marshall Co., W. Va. ; returned to his native State several years later ; remained a short period ; again went to West Virginia, engaging in various occu- pations, and during his leisure in the winter exerted himself assiduously to G 710 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY acquire an education, wliicli mi<:lit at least fit liim for tlie ordinary walks of business lile. On tlie olst of January, 1828, he married Sarah Baker, born Oct. 3, 1808, whose <;irlhood days were passed in West Virginia. Soon after his marriage, Mr Snyder commenced farming in Marshall Co., W. Va., and continued at it until the spring of 1844, when he moved with his family to what is now Des Moines Co. The first year he worked a rented farm, near the southwest part of Danville Tp. In the spring of 1845, he purchased his present, farm ; Mr. and Mrs. Snyder have been earnest and active in the affairs of lile, and their influence has done much to shape the course of the community in which they live ; though more than fifty years of their nrarital companionship have glided away, they are both still strong and in vigorous health, with the proi*pect of living yet many years to enjoy the fruits of their early struggles. Their union has been blessed with ten children — Rachel, James, Elizabeth, Mary Ann, Caroline, Sarah E., William W., Lou. J., Theodore B., and Wilber, all living, except William W., who died in 1848, and Rachel in 1849. Mr. and Mrs. Snyder have been life- long members of the M. E. Church, and all their children belong to some religious denomination. In politics, Mr. Snyder has always stood by the Republican party. He is now what may be properly termed a retired farmer. SXVDER, LIZZIE, teacher; P.O. Soutlifliiit; is residing with her parents; born in Marshall Co., W. Va.,and came with her parents to Des Moines Co. in 184-t ; was kept at school from the time she attained proper age until she became a teacher ; is devotedly attached to this vocation ; has followed it most of her life. She is a member of the M. E. Church, having in early life identified herself with that denomination, and has ever been a faithful member. SKYDER, WII.BEK, for., S. 26; P. 0. Danville ; born m Des Moines Co., Iowa., Feb. 15, 1850. Married Miss Nellie Burns; born in Norwalk, Ohio, July 1, 1852 ; is living on the old home- stead farm. Republican; has been a dele- gate at different conventions of the party. Stetter, A., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. Stewart, A. P., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Danville. Sticga, H., far., S. 36; P. 0. Danville. Strain, S., far., S. 25; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Strathman, F., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. South Flint. Stucker, F. M., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. r"nATERMIER, A., farmer, Sec. 19; JL p. 0. New London. TIEDEMA^N, F. A., farmer, Sec. 11; P. 0. Pleasant Grove; born in Bremen, Germany, Aug. 9, 1839; came to Washington, D. C, 1849; in 1850, removed to Illinois. In 1851, he went to Long Island, then to New Jersey ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1852, and bought a farm ; returned to New Jersey and married Miss L. A. Lawrence in 1853. They returned to Des Moines Co. and located in Pleasant Grove Township. Was elected Supervisor in 1876 for three years. Have nine children — Char- lotte, Alvina,Ca3sar, Dora, Sophia, Fred, Emma, Thersa and Lawrence, and one dead — Justus. Are members of the Lutheran Church. He owns 204 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. Republican. Tucker, M., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Tuft, James, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. VERNALT, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. VIRGIN, J. 11., attorney. Pleasant Grove ; born in Butler Co., Ohio, Nov. 8, 1835 : removed with his father's fam- ily to Des Moines Co. in 1850. Mar- ried Miss S. C. Stucker in 1857; has ten children — William H., Edwin F., Annie L., Ella D., Oliver M., Oscar J., Franklin C, Lillio B., Mary M. and Grace D. Mr. Virgin was admitted to the bar of Des Moines Co. in the fall of 1877, and has met with flattering suc- cess. Republican. VITEMANHAI^SE, »., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Danville ; born in Germany Feb. 20, 1820. Married Miss Annie M. C S. Warfalmann in 1850; born in Ger- many March 2, 1817 ; has one child — Sophia, born Feb. 2, 1852. Mr. V. owns 297 acres of land. Member of the Lutheran Church ; Democrat. BENTON TOAVNSHIP. 711 WALLMAN, J. H., far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Wassan, A. J., Jr., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. New London. Wassan, B. B., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. New London. Wassan, J. A., far.. Sec. 9; P. 0. New London. W^echman, H., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Danville. White, T., for., S. 6 ; P! 0. New London. W^ilkins, J., far., «. 13; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Walverton, T. N., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Wright, C, for., S. 30 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. Wright, E., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. ZIOIV, JOHl^, Pleasant Grove; born in Virginia July 23, 1817; went to Bush Co., Ind., in 1828; removed to Coles Co., 111., in 1834. Married Miss Elizabeth Gannaway March 29, 1838; she was born in Kentucky April 7, 1816 ; her mother is now living with her, aged 93^'; was born in Virginia in 1786. Mr. Zion came to Des Moines Co. in 1838 ; was engaged in mercan- tile trade for twenty years; has held the office of Trustee. Members of the C. P. Church ; have been for thirty-nine years. Mr. Z. has bee'n a faithful worker in the cause of religion. Has one son and one daughter — George W. and Finetta. Mr. Zion is a Democrat. BENTON TOWNSHIP. ASPELMIB, L., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Latty. BACKHOUS, F., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Kingston. BAHK, "j., REV., Pastor of Zion Church ; was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1849. Married Miss Emily Gramm in 1878 ; she was born in St. Louis in 1860 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1878. Mr. B. preaches in St. John's Church, Flint Biver Tp. also ; Bepublican. Barnhill. B., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Kingston. Bazel, G. W. & Theo., fars., S. 36; P. 0. Burlington. Bazel, J., "far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Burlington. Bazel T., far., S. 35 ; P. O. Burlington. Benne, H., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Latty. , Berenman, V., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Latty. Bowman, J., laborer, Kingston. Brader, C, far., S. 7 : P.^0. Sperry. Braudmere, F., far., S. 16; P. 0. Latty. Brant, A., far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. Kingston. Brockway, J., far.; P. 0. Kingston. Broom, J., far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Kingston. Brumm, W., far., S. 14; P. 0. Kingston. Bucher, E., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Sperry. Burges, W., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Kingston. Burkholder, J., far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Bush';B. &W., fars., S. 16; P. 0. Latty. Bush, J. A., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Latty. Busnir, L., far., S. 23; P. 0. Kingston. CHBIST, J., farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0- Kingston. DEABLOVE, B. & A., farmers, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Kingston. Dennis, J. C., for., S. 11 ; P. 0. Kingston. Dustman, H., for., S. 19 ; P. 0. Latty. EADS, W., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Latty. Edgar, J., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Sperry. Eds-ar, J. W., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Sperry. EL1>ER, M. C, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Latty ; was born in Armstrong Co., Penn., in 1837; came to Des Moines Co. in 1837. Married Eliza J. Walker in 1871 ; she was born in Des Moines Co. in 1844; they have three children — Maretta, Frank and Ida M. Mr. Elder owns eighty acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. Has held office of Road Supervisor two yea^s. Democrat. Ellerhoff, W., for., S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty. Ellis, W., ditcher, Kingston. FOSTER, C, far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. . FOSTER, J. F., far., S. 34; P. Q. Burlington ; born in Franklin Co., Ind., in 1818 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1840 ; since, been engaged in farming. Married Margaret Hendrickson in 1841 • she was born in Franklin Co., Ind.. in 1824 ; they have three children — Sarah, Margaret A. and T. J. Foster. Owns 712 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY : 222 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Mrs. Foster is a member of the M. E. Church ; Mr. Foster is a Repub- lican. Fitzke, C, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Kingston. Flair, P., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Latty. Fle^e, H., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Lattv. Freitag, G. J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Kingston. /S ABERLTNP], J., far., S. 28; P. 0. VU" Burlington. Gardner, J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty. (Gardner, W., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Latty. Garrison, G. B., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Kingston. Garvey. H.,far., S. 20; P. 0. Burlington. Gerling, C.,far., S. 22; P. 0. Burlington. Gerlinger, George, far., Sec. 32 ; P. O. Burlington. Getty, R., far., S. 4; P. 0. Burlington. Gceselmun, H., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty. Grass, M., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Kingston. Guberling, H., S. 18 ; P. 0. Kingston. Guy, L. far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. Guv, J., for.. S. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. HARTMAN, J., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington. HAIGHT, H., far., S. 1 ; p. 0. Kingston; born in Athens Co., Ohio, in 1827 ; came to Dcs Moines Co. in 1837. Married Margaret Gibson in 1874. She was born in Columbus, Ohio, in 183(5. They have three chil- dren — Martha, Henry and Dora. Mr. H. has seven children by former mar- riage — George, Laura, Margaret, Eliza- beth, Abby, James and John. Mr. H. owns 1,700 acres of land; Democrat. Hartman, J. K., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hartman, Z., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington. Hellenthrall, J., far., S. 22 ; P. O. Latty. Henson, J. J., far.,S. 1 ; P. 0. Kingston. Herman, J., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Kingston. Heumbrecker, C, far., S. 14 ; P. O. Bur- lington. Hixson, D, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Burlington. Honecke, C, far.. Sec. 19 ; P. O. Latty. Hoppe, C, far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Latty. Howe, M., far.. Sec. 3; P. 0. Kingston. Hubner, H., far., S. 12 ; P. O. Kingston. Hunter, S., far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Sperry. Hutchroif, E., for., S. 6 ; P. 0. Kingston. JOHNSON, C, far., S. 21 ; P. O. Bur- lington. JACKSON, A. p., farmer. See. 19 ; P. 0. Sperry ; born in Des 3Ioine8 Co. in 1840. Married Mattie Clark in 1877 ; she was born in Stephenson Co.r 111., in 1850 ; they have one child — Arthur, born in 1878. Mr. Jackson owns sixty acres of land, valued at S40 per acre ; has held the office of School Director five years ; Secretary of Board five years. Enlisted in Co. C, 30th 1. y. L, in 1862 ; was in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Vieksburg, Atlan^'a, Lookout Mountain, and several others ; mustered out in 1865. Members of the Bapt'st Church ; Republican. JACKSON, M. H., former, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Latty ; born in Vermont in 1828 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1835, and since been engaged in farm- ing. Married Sarah Penny in 1855 ; she was born in Westmoreland, Co., Penn., in 1830; they have seven chil- dren — Fremont, Hattie, Venira, Burton, Edgar, Frank and Sadie. He has held the offices of Justice of the Peace, Township Trustee and Township Clerk. Members of the Baptist Church. Mr. Jackson owns 200 acres of land, valued at S40 per acre. Republican. JOHNSON, PRECKET, far., S. 14 ; P 0. Burlington. KALKMAN, F., for., S. 17; P.O. Latty. Kampmier, E., for., S. 29 ; P. 0. Latty. Kaster, W. B.,far., S. 33; P. 0. Burling ton. Keller, J. M. L. ; P. 0. Kingston. Kennady, J.,far.,S. 3; P. 0. Kingston. Kissinser, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Latty. Kncedy. J., laborer; P. 0. Kingston. Koblitz, C, for., S. 11 ; P. O. Kingston. Kock, L., for., S. 11 ; P. O. Kingston. Kroeirer, W., for., S. 32 ; P. 0. Burlington. LA VINE, J., former, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Kingston. LANCJERBECK, O., former, Sec. 18; P., O. Latty ; born in (iermany in 1844 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1870, and has since been engaged in farming, except one year in the grocery business in Burlington. Married Jane Gutzmer in 1875 ; she was born in Germany in 1853. They have two children — Zclina and Werner. Mr. L. owns 100 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Repub- lican. L.ATTY, MRS. S., former. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Latty ; born in Henry Co., Ky., in 1804. Married M. W. Latty in 1827. BENTON TOWNSHIP. ,713 P. 0. Burlington. P. 0. Burlington. 4 ; P. 0. Kings- He was born in Maryland in 1794; lived in Kentucky. They came to Des Moines Co. in 1833. Mr. L. died in 1877. They had five children ; the liv- ing are John W., Mary, Warren and Sarah; James died in 1872. Mrs. L. owns 320 acres of land, valued at S40 per acre. I.ATTY, JOHX W., farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. O. Latty Station ; was born in 1839. Married Miss Lucretia Ross in 1863 ; she was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1841 ; they have five children — Olivia J., Arpin E., Amanda B., Ross H., Mathew W. Mr. L. is a Republican. Leehart, C.,far., S. 22 ; Leehart, C, far., S. 27 ; Lindsey, W. 0., far., S. ton. Long, B. M., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. liONG, K., farmer. Sec. 35; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Kent Co., Md., in 1810 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1855 ; since engaged in farming. He married Nancy Clarkson in 1831 ; she was born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 1815; they have nine children — John, Major, Benjamin, William F., Francis, Rich- ard, Martha, Missouri, Joseph. Mr. Long owns 144 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Is a Republican. liOPER, W. R., farmer. Sec. 19; P. 0. Sperry ; was born in Putnam Co., Ind., in 1828 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1837; since engaged in farming. Married Miss Maggie Cornick in 1863; she was born in Des Moines Co. in 1842 ; they have four children — Idora, Mary, Williard, Perry. Mr. Loper owns 200 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. He is a Democrat. Loudmer. C, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Sperry. LYNCH, W., HON., farmer, S. 12 ; P. 0. Kingston ; was born in Mercer Co. in 1824; came to Des Moines Co. in 1849 ; has engaged in firming and carpentering since. Married Miss E. A. Young in 1848; she was born in Nashville, Tenn., in 1825 ; they have five children — Sedgwick J., Chas. U., Mary E., Annie B. and Lilian S. Mr. L. owns 458 acres of land, valued as follows : 258 acres at $30 per acre, and 200 acres at $5 per acre; in 1876, Mr. L. was elected Representative for the Second District ; held the ofiice of County Supervisor two years. Mrs. Lynch is a member of the Presbyterian Church. He is a Democrat. McCANNON, J., laborer; P. 0. Kingston. McClintock,'T., f\ir., S. 4 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. McCrystal, D. A., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Madlanes, A., laborer ; P. 0. Kingston. Malcho, J., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Burlington. Mebuhe, W., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Mellinger, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Burlington. Meyers, J., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Burlington. Mifler, H., far., S. 18 ; P 0. Latty. Miller, R. H., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Mitchell, S., far., S. 4 ; P. O. Kingston. MILLER, W. G., merchant, Kings- ston ; born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1836 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1855. Mar- ried Miss J. E. Deen in 1874 ; she was born in Virginia in 1854 ; they have two children — Edward and Doshia A.; Mr. Miller has four children by a former marriage — Harriet, Laura, Frank and Bertha. Mr. M. owns 126 acres of land, valued at $10 per acre. He keeps a general stock of dry goods, groceries, notions, etc., etc. Republican. Moser, F. A., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Movers, C, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Burlington. MOYERS, S. N., farmer. Sec. 18; P. 0. Sperry ; born in Greene Co., 111., in 1827; came to Des Moines Co. in 1839 ; since been engaged in farming. Married LucindaH. Deen in 1846 ; she was born in Upshur Co., W. Va., in 1824; they had four children, three living — George W., Sarah E., and Jacob N.; Marietta died in 1862. Mr. M. has held the office of School Director eight years. Member of the M. E. Church. Owns 130 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Democrat. Munson, A., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. 'AJ'ELSON, C, blacksmith ; P. 0. King- _LN ston. Nelson, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Burlington. Nelson, M., far., S. 2; P. 0. Kingston. Neris, J., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Burlington. 714 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: OLSP]N, A. F., far., S. 16; P. 0. Burlington. Otto, L., far./S. 11 ; P. 0. Burlington. Orily, P.; far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Burlington. Orr, J. W., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Burlin-ton. PANTHER, F., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. S perry. Paul, D., far.,S. 35; P. O. Burlington. PENNY, _JOHN,/ar.,S. 29; P. 0. Latty Station ; born in Allegheny Co., Peun., in 1802; came to Des Moines Co. in 1844; has since engaged in farm- ing. Married Rebecca Weddell in 1822; she was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1805 ; have seven children livingand two dead; rheliving are Joseph, Thfiunis, Sarah, Phoebe, Lydia, Amanda, and John S.; David died in 1825 ; Me- lissa died in 1844. In 1848, Mr. Penny was elected Representative for Des Moines Co. ; was County Supervisor from 1860 to 1862; has held sev- eral other smaller offices. Owns 127 acres of land, valued at §35 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. P. are members of the Baptist Church, Mr. P. being a Deacon; Democrat. Peterson, \7., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Kinaston. Pflum, J., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Kingston. Pogcmiller, W., far., S. 16 ; P. O. Bur- lington. Poole, R. D., far., S. 33; P. 0. Burling- ton. Poole, T. S., far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. RUMAN, F., far.. Sec. 11; P. 0. Kingston. RICE, j., farmer. Sec. 12; P. 0. Kingston ; was born in Germany in 1832 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1849. Married Harriet Murtz in 1865; she was born in Pennsylvania in 1839 ; they have four children — Isabel, Kate, John and Charles. Mr. R, owns 232 acres, valued at $20 per acre. Demo- crat. Ricpe, H. J., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Burlington. Rogers, G. D., far.,S. 2 ; P. 0. Kingston. Rutter, S.,lab. : P. O. Kingston. OALLADY, J., far., S. 2; P.O. King- lO ston. Sulladay,J. \V., far., S. 3 ; P. O. Kingston. Salladav, M., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Kingston. Schmidt, C, Air., S. 27 ; P. 0. Burlin-ton. Schmidt, H., f.r., S. 22 ; P.O. Burlington. Schrader, B., for., S. 20 ; P. 0. Latty. Schular, J., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Burlinffton. Schuler, M., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Schultz, H., far., S. 11 ; P. O. Kin-ston. SEIBERT, L.., blacksmith. Bottom Road ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Ger- many in 1857 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1873, and has since worked at his trade. Married Caroline Shilknat in 1875 ; she was born in Germany in 1857. They have two children — Ar- nold and Kate. Members of the M. E. Church ; Democrat. Shanefelt, G , far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Short, P., far., S. 2; P.O. Kingston. Shultz, J. A. and F. C, fars.. Sec. 22; P. 0. Burlington. Sickman, F., far., Sec. 15; P. 0. Bur- linaton. Smith, W. T., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Soedenburg, M. F., far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Burlington. Stapleton, J., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Kingston. Steenrod, R., far., Sec. 33; P. 0. Bur- lington. Steingraebcr, W. G., far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Burlington. Stimpson, W. C, laborer; P. 0. Kingston. Swansou, A., far., S. 2; P. 0. Kiniiston. TACKENBURG, H., far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Burlington. Tee, L., flir., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Kingston. Tieman, W., far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Latty. Timmcrmun, F., fin:, S. 31 ; P. 0. Latty. Tininierman, L., flir.. Sec. 8; P.O. Bur- lington. Timmcrman, W., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Tramcr, F., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. O. Sperry. Tutor, S. L., laborer, Kingston. YENGHOUS, H., far., S. 15; P. 0. Burlington. VAN OSI>OL, H., HRS., Sec. 33 ; p. O. Burliniiton ; born in Htnry Co., Ky., in 1819. Married Wm. Van Osdol in 1836 ; he was born in Mercer Co., Ky., in 1816, and died in 1861 ; has ten children — 3lahala, Melissa, l\Lirtha, John W., Melinda, Mary M., Jane, Indiana, Minnetta. Birdie M. Mrs.* Van Osdol owns forty acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Member of the M. E. Church. Vennici, I., far., S. 4;-P. 0. Kingston. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 715 Vennici, W. M., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Vixtrum, J., far., Sec. 3; P. 0. Kingston. WALKER, E. S., far.. Sec. 15 ; Bur- ]ino;ton. Walker, I., 'flir., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Walker, J., far., S. 28; P. 0. Burlington. Walker, J. C, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Walker, L. J., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Walker, M., far.. Sec. 3; P. 0. Kingston. Walker, M., flir., S. 28 ; P. 0. Burlington. Wedeman. H., far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Latty. Welch, J.,flir., S. 3; P. 0. Kingston. Welch, J. VV., far.. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Bur- linirton. WENZEIi, KARIi, farmer and wine-maker, S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty ; born in Lobenstein, Austria, in 1821 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1873. Mar- ried Treasa Bronche in 1847 ; she was born in German Lebaugh, Austria, in 1832 ; they have two children — Charles and Eva. Owns 200 acres of land. Mr. W. was in the Austrian army five years; he has an extensive vineyard, and makes a superior quality of wine. Re- publican. Wenzel, T., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty. Weston, F.; P. 0. Kingston. Wishmiers, C, far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. WlINBfENBER^;}, H., farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Sperry; was born in Cnlvorde, Germany, in 1821; came to Des Moines Co. in 1853, and since been engaged in farming. Married Emilie Rehfeld in 1853 ; she was born in Lenzarsigle, Germany, in 1833; they have nine children — Henry, born in 1854; Her- man in 1858; Otto in 1860 ; Fred in 1862; Mary in 1864 ; Alvenia in 1867 ; August in 1869; Emma in 1872; Clara in 1876. Mr. Wunnenberg owns 145 acres of land, valued at $6,000. Mr. and Mrs. W. are members of the Lutheran Church ; Democrat. Wykert, J., laborer ; P. 0. Kingston. YOUNG, J,, farmer. Sec. 22 , P. 0. Burlington. Young, L., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Burlington. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. ALDRICH, G. W., farmer. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. La Vega. Allen, R. J., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Linton. Archer, Henry, far., S. 14; P. 0. Roscoe. Armstrong, David, far., Sec. 24; P. 0. Roscoe. Armstrong, J. M., far.. Sec. 24; P. 0. Roscoe. BARR, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Roscoe. Barr, E. W., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Roscoe. Bomby, C, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. La Vesa. Bowman, Charles, far.. Sec. 30; P. 0. La Vega. Brodie, David, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. La Vega. Brown, David, far., S. 20 ;' P. 0. LaVega. Brown. W. O., fixr., S. 20 : P. 0. LaVei^a. Buchanan, G. W., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. La Vega. Burnett, James, far., S. 27; P.O. LaVega. Bazurth,W. F., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. LaVega. CALDWELL, M. P., far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Linton. Carter, I. S., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. LaVe-a. Caven, H. M., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. LaVega. Caven, M. H., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. LaVega. ChapmRU, E. C. M. D., LaVega. CUne, Henry, far., S. 24; P. 0. LaVega. Cockayne, John B., far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. LaVega. Cone, A. S., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. LaVega. Conklin, John, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. LaVega. Coppas, Peter, far., S. 20 ; P. O. LaVega. Crawford, D. B., far., Sec. 35; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Crocker, Charles, far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Mt. Union. Croson, T. W., far., S. 10; P. 0. La Vega. DARBYSHIRE, T., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. La Vega. ELLIOTT, J^S., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. La Vega. Elliott, R., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. La Vesa. Enkee, Josiah, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. La Vega. Evans, Henry, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Roscoe. 716 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: FETHERLY, W., ftnner, Sec. 9; P. 0. La Vega. Frazier, A., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. La Vega. Funk, Geo., far., S. 29 ; P. O. La Vega. Funk, H-nry, ftm, Sec. 29 ; P. O. La Vega. Funk, Peter, far., S. 32 ; P.O. La Vega. Fye, Henry, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. La Vega. Fye, John, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. La Vega. /S AUTT, URIAH, farmer.. Sec. "12 ; VX P. 0. Linton. Gibbs, E. J. M., far., S. 6; P. 0. Mt. Union. Goudie, Fred, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Roscoe. Green, Cyrus, far.,S. 3; P. 0. La Vega. HARRINGTON, J. D., farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. La Veoa. HALE, BARNARD, farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. La Vega ; owns eighty acres of land; was born in Parke Co., Ind., in 1820; his parents removed to Des Moines Co. from Indiana in 1837. Mr. Hale married in 1854 Susan B. Downer, a native of Pennsylvania; have had seven children, five now living — James R., Angeletta E., Emma S., Elizabeth E. and Willis B.; Emilius died aged 7 years and one died in infancy. Mr. Hale settled on the farm he now owns in 18.57. He is a carpenter by trade. HAI.I., OLIVER, farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Roscoe ; owns 40U acres of land ; was born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., in 1810; came to Des Moines Co. from New York in 1838, and settled on Sec. 8, Franklin Tp.; in 1854, he settled on the farm he now owns. He married in 1837 Marietta R. Whittaker, a native of North Adams, Mass.; they have eight children — Susan F. Talbot, Harriet A. Talbot, William H., Edward J., Charles M., Lincoln C, Margaret C. Williams and Oscar; have lo.st three children — one in infancy ; Gideon, a member of the 39th Regt. I. V. I., died at Jackson, Tenn., Dec. 31, 1862; Rollin died in 1876. Mr. Hall has been County Sur- veyor and Justice of the Peace for many years. He owns a farm of 32U acres in Clark Co., which was in charge of his son Rollin at the time of his death. Hicks, Willis, far., S. 9 ; P. O. La Vega. Higgerson, Wm., I'ar., S. 9 ; P. 0. LaVega. Hoover, J. B.. far., S. 32 ; P. O. LaVega. Hopkins, W. H. far., S. 5 ; P. 0. LaVega. Howard, Wra., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. LaVega. Hudson, John, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. LaVega. Huegins, R. R., far., S. 8; P. 0. Mt. Union. Hutchcroft, Geo., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. La Vega. Hutchinson, John, fiir., S. 12 ; P. 0. La Ve^'a. "TBOTSON, GEO., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. I LaVega. Ibotson, S., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. LaVega. JONES, B. I., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. Jones, W. E., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Roscoe. KREIGER, J., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. LaVega. Kneen, John, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. LaVega. KLINE, ANDREW C, mer- chant, LaVega; was born in Pennsyl- vania in 1836 ; he came to Des Moines Co. with his parents in 1852 ; they settled in Franklin Tp., where they re- sided until their death. Mr. Kline came to Yarmouth in March, 1876 ; he began mercantile business in August of that year ; was the first engaged in busi- ness in Yarmouth, except Mr. Shirk, who began the blacksmithing business in June of the same year. Married in 1861 to Kate Scott, a native of Frank- lin Tp., Des Moines Co. ; born in 1840 ; her father, Wm. Scott, was one of the first settlers of Des Moines Co. Mr. Kline has three children — Rufus, Scott and Amy. Kline, W. F., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. La Vega. LEFFORGE, JOHN, far., S. 23 ; P.O. LaVega. Lefforge, L^, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. LaVega. Leiforge, Melville, far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. La Vega. Linder, Isaac, far., S. 17 ; P. O. La Vega. Lines, J. R., Postmaster, La Vega. Lines, Robt., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. La Vega. Long, A. C, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. La Vega. Long, S. P., far., S. 16; P. 0. La Vega. Long, Chas., for., S. 21 ; P. 0. La Vega. Lotspiech, Eden, far,, S. 22 ; P. 0. La Veiia. McCALL, D, far., S. 3; P. 0. La Vega. McClurkin, J. C, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Linton. McClurkin, J. M., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Lin- ton. McElhiny, R. A., far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Liu ton. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 717 McKune, W. A., far., Sec. 34; P. 0. Pleasant Gruve. Mason, Martin, far., Sec. 11 ; P. O. La Vc^a. Michael, Daniel, far., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. La Vega. Miller, E. A., far., Sec. 6; P. 0. Mt. Union. Miller, Marion, far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. La Vega. Miller, M. F., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. La Vega. Miller, S. P., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. La Vega. Montgomery, W. G., far.. Sec. 13; P. 0. Roscoe. Morrison, John, far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. La Vega. Murphy, P., far., S. 15; P. 0. La Vega. Musock, J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. La Vega. OBERMANN, JOHN, far.. Sec. 30; P. 0. La Vega. O'Kell, Frank, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. La Vega. Orchard, A., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. La Vega. PACKWOOD, A., far., S. 15; P. 0. La Vega. PECKHAM, R. M., far., S. 30 ; La Vega ; owns 300 acres ; was born in Washington, D. C, in 1812; removed thence to Columbus, Ohio, in 1834; settled on his present farm in 1855. He married, in 1845, Melviua Webb, who died in 1872 ; has ten children — Emma, Charles, Martha, Ada, Caleb, Hugh, Sarah, Annie, Katie and Richard ; lost two children — Rosabel and Lily. Peel, S. K., for., S. 4 ; P. O. La Vega. Petsimger, John, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. La Vega. Portlock, W. A., far., S. 21; P. 0. La Vega. Pricket, Elias, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. La Vega. Priest, John, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. La Vega. REDFEARN, ISAAC, far., S. 18; P. 0. J.a Vega. Redfearn, John, far., S. 18 ; P. O. La Vega. Reed, David, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Linton. Riffle, John L., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. La Vega. S CHOMP, P. J., far., S. 29; P. 0. La Vega. Selser, Peter, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. La Vega. Shields, M., far.; S, 25 ; P. 0. Roscoe. Smith, Fred., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. La Vega. Smith, F. M., far., S. 26; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Smith, M. C, far., S. 6 ; P. O. La Vega. Starkee, Henry, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. La Vega. Sterrett, D. B., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. La Vega. Sterret, R. E., far., S. 4; P. 0. La Vega. Sterrett, Wm., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. La Vega. T ALBERT, EDWIN, farmer, Sea 14; P. 0. Roscoe. Talbert, L. J., ftir., S. 33 ; P. 0. La Vega. Thomas, T. W., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Roscoe. Tippin, J. R., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. La Vega. Tucker, Abram, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Tucker, J. M., farmer, Sec. 29; P. 0. La Vega. YEGTIC, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. La Vega. WEINRICH, Chas., farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. La Vega. Wilkison, George, far,, S. 26; P. O. La Ve^'a. Welch, H. B.,far., S.28; P. 0. La Vega. Willard, W. P., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. La Vega. Wilson, John, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. La Vega. Williams, T. ()., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Roscoe. Williams, W. W., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. Wilson, J. R., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Linton. Wilson, S. E., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. La Vega. Wright, E., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Linton. Wilson, S. E.,far., S. 13; P. 0. Linton. Wright, J. B., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. La Vega. Wright, S. R., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Roscoe. Wilson, A. M., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Linton. Wright, Wm. L., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. La Vega. YAGER, HENRY, far., S. 33 ; P. 0. La Vega. Yohoe, A. S., for., S. 10 ; P. 0. La Vega. Yohoe, J. C. E., far., S. 10; P. a La Vega. ZION, A., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Zion, George, mer. ; P. 0. La Vega. 718 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: YELLOW SPRINGS TOWNSHIP. ALLISON, JOHiN, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Archer, E. G., far., S. 32; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Armour, K. R., merchant, Liutoii. Antrobus, B., physiciau and surgeon, Kos- suth. BABB, JOHN, far., S. 30; P. 0. Kossuth. Bailey, J. Pt., far., S. 32 , P. 0. Kossuth. Baird, John, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Linton. Baird, J. W., far., S. 10; P. 0. Linton. Baird, S. C, far., S. 16; P. 0. Mediapolis. Barr, Samuel, far., S. 19; P. 0. Koasuth. Bandy, Elijah, far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Bishop, Joseph, far., S. 34; P. 0. Me- diapolis. BLACK, J. H., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Noithfield. Blair, E. li., flir., Sec. 20; P. 0. Kos- suth. BLAIR, M. W.,far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Kossuth. LAIR, THOMAS AND DAVID EVANS, were Western pioneers and early settlers of Iowa ; their father, William Blair, a native of Eastern Pennsylvania, entered the army of the Revolution at the age of 1 (j ; about the close of the war, he married and removed to what is now Bourbon Co., Ky., where most of his children were born ; in the closing year of the last century, he brought his family to Ohio, settling near Chillicothe; there Thomas and David grew to manhood and began life for themselves, and there Thomas married Margaret Job, and David, her sister Sarah, emigrants from Mrginia, and natives of Baltimore, Md. ; in 1819, the two families removed to Rush Co., Ind. ; thence, in 1821, to what is now Cass Co., III., and from there, three years later, to the west side of the Illinois River, near Rushville ; in 1834, they made claims in the " New Pur- chase," and, in 1835, Thomas Blair moved his family over, followed by his brother in 183(5 ; here they reared their families, cultivated their farms, and lived quiet anl useful lives for forty years ; to them is greatly due the character their neighborhood has always borne for at- tention to educational interests, good morals, and hearty support to religious institutions ; in a new country, like grav- itates toward like, and around them gathered men of like feelings, like char- acter, and like purposes. Both were members and office-bearers in the Pres- byterian Churclies here from the begin- ning, and active in all church work ; both were, under the local regulations of early settlement, arbitrators of claims for Louisa County, of which this town- ship was then a part. Thomas Blair was a Representative in the first Wis- consin Legislature, and also in the first Iowa Territorial Legislature ; David Blair was a member of the Iowa Terri- torial Legislature in 1842, and in the first State Legislature. But they now rest from their labors ; their father died in 1840, aged 80, and is probably the only soldier of the Revolution buried in the county; David Blair died in 1874, at the age of 82, and Thomas Blair in 1875, at the age of 86; his wife, Mar- garet, two years later, aged 89 ; Mrs. Sarah Blair, now in her 88th year, still lives at her first Iowa home ; their chil- dren have generally pushed farther west, only Mrs. Lydia Rankin, daugh- ter of T. Blair, and M. W. Blair, son of D. E. Blair, now remaining ; the latter was born near Rushville, 111., but has spent his life in Iowa; under Lincoln's administration he was Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue for his county, but has ever been a farmer and knows no higher calling than the cultivation of his ancestral acres. Braden, J. C.,far.,S. 1 ; P. 0. Northfield. Braden, J. R., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. North- field. Brackley, F., f-ir., S. 32 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Bridwcl'l, K., far., S. 23 ; P. O. Mediapolis. Bridges, John, merchant, Ko.ssuth. Bridges, Vincent, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Bridges, Silas, flir., S. 26 ; P. O. Medi- BROiVN, A. C, dealer in general merchandise, Mediapolis ; born in Cler- mont Co., Ohio, in 1838 ; came to Iowa YELLOW SPRINGS TOWNSHIP. 719 in 1869, and located in this county. Married Hannah Roberts in 1868; she was born in (!!leriuont Co., Ohio, in 1848 ; have four children — Johanna, Bissie, Clifford and Maud. Mr. Brown enlisted in 1861 ; in 1863, was taken prisoner at the battle of Chicamauga and held until the close of the war; spent some tim^ in nearly all the prin- cipal rebel prisons. BRUCE, D. €}., United Presbyterian minister; born in Jefferson Co., Ohio, in 1833 ; came to Iowa in 1873, and located in Mediapolis as Pastor of the U. P. Church. Married Millie Lottain 1868 ; she was born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 1848; have four children — Wm. L., Mary M., Andrew R. and Evron James. Mr. B. enlisted in the 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry in 1862 ; dis- charQ;ed in 1865, Second Lieutenant. BRUCE, JAME^, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Mediapolis; owns 11 () acres of land, valued at S40 per acre ; born in Fred- erick Co., Va., in 1814; came to Iowa in 1837, and located in Yellow Springs Tp. Married Mary H. Rankin in 1839; she was born in Franklin Co., Penn., in 1809 ; have four children — Martha. David R., Jennie and Maggie. Are members of M. E. Church. Mr. Bruce has been a member of the Legislature, and has been County Supervisor six years. Republican Bruce, D. R., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. Burns, Robert, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Lin- ton. /^ARMEAN. D., farmer ; P. 0. North- V_y field. CAU-DWEIiL, SAMUEL L.., Sec. 15; P. 0. Mediapolis; owns 240 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; was born in Hardin Co., Ky., in 1837 ; came to Iowa in 1859, and located in this county. He married Margaret Wilson in 1855 ; she was born in Mus- kingum Co., Ohio, in 1836 ; they have seven children — Emma Elizabeth, Anna Alvira, John Cummings, Mary Jane, Sarah Lilian, Margaret Melletta and Cora Belle. They are members of the U. P. Church. Mr. C. enlisted in the 1st 111. V. C. in 1861 ; was taken pris- oner at Lexington, Mo., and paroled at St. Louis. Carmean, Foster, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. North- field. Carithers, A. F., for., S. 7 ; P. 0. Linton Cartwright, W. H., merchant, Mediapolis. Chambers, Thos., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Linton. Clark, B. W., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Mediap- olis. Clark, W. G., ftir., S. 36 ; P. 0. Mediap- olis. Cline, John, far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Mediap- olis. Cockayne, G. W., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Me- diapol's. Cook, D., far., Sec. 28; P. 0. Mediapolis. Cox, James, Sr., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. North- field. . Cox, Phillip, far.. Sec. 2; P. O. Me- diapolis. Cramer, John, fiir.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Me- diapolis. DARLINGTON, D. W., far., Sec.' 7 ; P. 0. Northfield. Davis, James, retired far. ; P. 0. Kossuth. Deets, William, fiir., S. 27; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Dennison, C. R., far., S., 20; P. 0. Kos- suth. EDMONDS, S., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Eland, Hope, far., Sec. 24; P. 0., Kos- suth. Eland, John, far., S. 12; P. 0. Kossuth. THARRIS, J., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Linton. Farris, Isaiah, for., S. 8 ; P. 0. Linton. Farris, J., iar., S. 21 ; P. O. Linton. FUIiIiENWII>ER, SAMUEL, physician, Kossuth; born in Shelby Co., Ky., Sept. 6, 1804 ; carne to Iowa in 1837, and located at what is known as Yellow Springs. Married Miss Hustin in 1828, a native of Mason Co., Ky.; they have six children — Hustin, Nar- cissa, Catherine A., Samuel E., Orson L. and Thomas B. Mr. F. has been a member of both the State and Terri- torial Senate. Republican. r^ ELDARD, W., miller, Kossuth. HAINES, JOHN, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Linton. Hall, Gideon, for., S. 33; P. 0. Mediap- olis. HALL, R. W., physician and sur- geon, Northfield ; born in Jefierson Co., Va., in 1816; came to Iowa in 1840, 720 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: and located in Huron Tp. ; removed to Northfield in 1867. Married Anna M. Haws in 1870 ; she was born in 1849 ; have one child — Joanna May born Oct. 8, 1878. Are members of the M. E. Church. Mr. Hall has one child by a former wife, Lueretia, now Mrs Wycoff. Hamilton, Jno., cabinet-maker, Kossuth. Harper, H. C, flir., S. 13; P. O. ; Medi- HARPER, JOHIV, farmer, S. 5 ; P. O. Northfield ; born in Ross Co., Ohio, Sept. 7, 1821 ; came to Iowa in 1846, and located in Burlington ; re- moved to Yellow Springs Tp. in 1848, and engaged in farming. Married in 1872 Amanda Torode, a native of Cincin- nati, Ohio ; have four children — Mary Amanda, Kate V., Edna L. and Char- lie ; Mr. H. has eight children by a for- mer wife — Emily J., Laura L., Eliza J., Elizabeth H., Anna V., Jessie F., John H. and Harry H. Are members of the Presbyterian Church. HARPER, WM., Notary Public, Mediapolis ; born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 1819; came to Iowa in 1842, and lo- cated in Yellow Springs Tp. in 1843. He married Harriett Hizer, who is a native of Ross Co., Ohio; have one child — Louisa J., now Mrs. Wm. E. Fuller. HAWS, H., far., S. 17; P. 0. North- field; born in Pennsylvnia, JunelO, 1820; came to Burlington in 1852 ; then moved where he now lives. Married Miss Rachel Peck in 1853 ; born in Penn- sylvania, June 13. 1823; she came to Burlington in 1844 ; have one child — Mary. Mrs. H. is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. H. has held the office of School Director. Owns 121 acres of land valued at $40 per acre, and is a Republican. Hawthorne, Jno., far., S. 17 ; P. O. Lin- ton. Hawthorne, Samuel, far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Hays, R. A., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Linton. Hidges, R. S., merchant, Kossuth. Hensleigh, Wm., far., S. 15; P. O. Lin- ton. Heizcr. E., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Midiapohs. HEIZER, FREDRICK, retired miller, Ko.ssuth; born in AugustaCo.,Va., in 1807 ; came to Iowa in 1842, and loca- ted in Yellow Springs Tp.,and engaged in farming; in 1858, purchased oue-half interest in the Kossuth Flouring-Mills, and was one of the active members of the firm until 1873, when he was suc- ceeded by Wm. Gedard. Married Elizabeth Bartscher in 1860; she was born in Morgan Co., Ind., in 1825; have two children — Henry and Frank ; Mrs. H. has one son by a former mar- riage, and Mr. Heizer has six children — J. C, J. W., Elizabeth (now Mrs. Leonard, of Iowa City). Mary (now Mrs. Wellington Wright), Su.san, fnow Mrs. Pierce), and Carrie,now Mrs. Rex). Are members of the Presbyterian Church ; Mr. H. has held the office of Justice of the Peace nine years, and was County Supervisor a number of years. Repub- lican. Heizer, Joshua, ret. far.; P. 0. Mediapolis. Heizer, J. S., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Heizer, J. W., far., Sec. 8; P. 0. North- field. Heizer, N., ftir., Sec. 29; P. 0. Kossuth. Henderson, J., far., Se;c. 8; P. 0. Linton. Herman, J., far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. HiAes, Henry, far., Sec. 33; P. 0. Medi- apolis. Houston, John, far.. Sec. 18; P. 0. Lin- ton. HUSTED, WM., Sec. 13; P. O. Mediapolis ; owns 330 acres of land, valued at §40 per acre; born in Cum- berland Co., N. J., in 1831 ; came to Iowa in 1842. Married Nancy Har- per in 1857 ; she was born in Washing- ton Co., Ohio, in 1834; have four children— Wm. S., Ida May, Mary F, and Amanda C. Are members of M. E. Church ; Republican. Ilustin, E., retired far.; P. 0. Kossuth. Hustiii, R., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Linton. Hutchcroft, Job, far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Hutchcroft, John, Sr., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Hutchcroft, John R., for.. Sec. 13; P. 0. Mediapolis. Hutchcroft, Richard, far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Hutchcroft, Thos., far.. Sec. 25; P. 0. Mediapolis. Halcherof, T. S., miller, Kossuth. YELLOW SPRINGS TOWNSHIP. 721 TBBOTSON, JNO., far., Sec. 19 ; P. I 0. Roscoe. IBBOT^ON, GEO., Sec. 30; P. 0. Roscoe ; owns 520 acres of land, valued at S40 per acre ; born in En- gland in 1806; came to America in 1838 ; settled in Iowa in 1841. Married Martha Riggs in 1844 ; she was born in Marion Co., Ky.; have six children — Martha, John, Stephen, Geo., Eliza- beth and Robert; lost two — Isaac and Lincoln. Members of the Missionary Baptist Church ; Republican. JOHNSON, ROBT., farmer and clergy- man ; Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Kossuth. JOHNSON, D. H., retired physi- cian, Sec. 12; P. 0. Mediapolis ; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Hartford Co., Md., in 1798; came to Iowa in 1846, and located in this township; settled on his present farm, known as Rock Spring Farm. Married Sarah Mercer in 1825 ; she was born in Washington Co., Penn., in 1798, and died in 1876; they have four children — Caleb, Sarah, Caroline and Frances. Members of M. E. Church. Mr. J. has been in practice about thirty-five years. JAMISON, W. O., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Kossuth ; born in Muskingum Co., Ohio, in 1823; came to Iowa in 1851, and located in Morning Sun; re- moved to present farm in 1861. Mar- ried Elizabeth Leonard in 1858; she was born in Ohio ; have six children — Ada L., John L., Anna C, Elizabeth M., Mary E. and Katie. Members of Presbyterian Church ; Republican. Jones, David, far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. Jones, John R., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Roscoe. Jay, Eli. far. ; P. 0. Northfield. KELLOUGH, JAMES, former, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Linton. Kilpatrick, D.,far., S. 12; P. 0. Northfield. Kilpatrick, John, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Linton. Kilpatrick, Neal, ftir., S. 10 ; P.O. Linton. Kilpatrick, Wm., flir., S. 10 ; P.O. Linton. Kline, J. B., far., S. 35; P. 0. Mediapolis. LAUDERBACK, E., farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Lee, D., far., Sec. 36; P. 0. Kossuth. liKONARD, HIRAM, retired farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Kossuth ; owns 400 acres of land, valued at §35 per acre ; was born in Washington Co., Penn., in 1809 ; came to Iowa in 1844, and located on his present farm. Mar- ried Elizabeth Patterson in 1832 ; she was born in same county in 1806 ; have five children — Leonard, Nathan R., Elizabeth, William P., Abner C Mem- bers of Presbyterian Church. Mr. L. went out as Captain of Co. K, 14th I. V. I. in 1860, and subsequently pro- moted to Major, and resigned in 1862. Republican. rOCKHART, ROBERT R., livery and feed stable ; was born in Lawrence Co., Penn., in 1842 ; came to Iowa in 1854, and located in this town- ship. Married Nannie V. Paul in 1870 ; she was born in Indiana in 1849 ; have two children — William T. and Bertha M. Mr. L. enlisted in Co. C, 30th I. V. I. in 1862, and discharged in June, 1865. ' Mc BRIDE, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Northfield. McClements, , far., S. 31 ; P.O. Medi- apolis. McClements, Thomas, far.. Sec. 20; P. 0. Mediapolis. McCL-URE,I. N., dlr. in gen'l mdse., Mediapolis ; was born in Des Moineii Co. in ] 844. Married Susan E. Parrett ; she was born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 1844; have three children — Marcus P., lonie M. and Franklin E. Are members of Presbyterian Church. McCRAY, JAIIES B., farmer. Sec. 10; P. 0. Mediapolis; owns 326 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; was born in Fayette Co., Ind., in 1838; came to Iowa in 1852, and located with his parents on his present farm. Mar- ried Mary F. Sheppard in 1862; she was born in Ohio ; have four children — Mary P., William S., Marcus A. and Minor E. Mrs. M. is a member of the M. E. Church. Mr. McCray enlisted in Co. C, 30th I. V. I., Aug. 11, 1862, and was discharged June 18, 1865. His father, James McCray, was born near Dayton, Ohio, in 1809; came to Iowa in 1852, and located on the farm now owned by his son, James B. Married Mary Harland, a native of Indiana ; they had thirteen children, ten now living — five sons and five daughters. 722 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: McDonald, J. W., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Kossuth. McJ:ihinney, G., Air., S. 5 ; P. 0. Linton. McElhinney, J. M., far., Sec. 4; P. 0. Linton. McElhinney, John, far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Linton. McIntyre.J. A., far., S. 18; P.O. Linton. McKee, A. A., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. McKeown, Henry, far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Me- diapolis. McKeown, John, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Me- diapolis. McKeown, M. H., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Me- diapolis. JIcMEEX, J. R., farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Kossuth ; owns eighty acres of land, valued at S50 per acre ; born in Warren Co., Ohio, in 1812; came to Iowa in 1854, and located in this county Married Ann McKell in 1857; she was born in Bahimore, Md. ; have two chil- dren — Edwin R. and Sarah N. Are members of the Presbyterian Church ; Republican. McMillan, Wm., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. Mahaifey, John, far., S. 18; P. 0. Linton. Mahaffey, Wm., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Linton. Mahaffey, Wm. M., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. IVIe- diapolis. Marshall, Thos., far., S. 18 ; P. Linton. Matson, Daniel, far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Messenger, Hiram, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Milligan, Wm., far., S. IG ; P. 0. Linton. MILLER, M. M., flvrmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Mediapolis ; owns 280 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in this county in 1841 ; located on his pres- farm in 1872. Married Jennie S. Shep- pard in 1866 ; she was born in this town.ship ; have seven children — Allen E., Eva, Frank, John S., Mattie and Hattie, twins, and an infant. Are mem- bers of the Baptist Church. Mr. Mil- ler enlisted in Co. C, 30th I. V. I. in 1862 ; was discharged in 1865 ; was in all the battles that regiment participated in. Republican. Montgomery, J. F., retired far. ; P. 0. Linton. Moorhead, W. H., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Myers, Henry, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Medi- apoli.s. MERRILL, J. W., editor Mediap- olis Enterprise, established in 1874; born in Clermont Co., Ohio, in 1833; located in Iowa in 1864. Married Jes- sie Telfer in 1 863 ; she was born in Scotland in 1839 ; have four children — Minerva, Anna, Stephen and Thomas. nVTICHOLS, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 17 ; JlN p. O. Northfield. IVELSUN, jr. A., boot and shoe ma- maker and photographer, Mediapolis ; born in Sweden in 1838 ; came to Iowa in 1868, and located in Chicago ; settled in Mediapolis in 1876. Nordstrom, 0. & G., far. and blacksmiths, Northfield. OGLE, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. Mediapolis ; owns 200 acres of land, valued at S40 per acre ; born in St. Clair Co., 111., in 1810 ; came to Iowa in 1832, and in 1837 lo- cated in Des Moines Co. ; settled on present farm in 1858. Mr. Ogle served in the Black Hawk war two or three months, until the treaty at Rock Island. Married Margaret Garrison in 1839 ; she was born in Indiana ; have five chil- dren — Nancy, James, Catharine, Eliza- beth and Huldah. Mr. Ogle was one of five who made a trip from Rock Island to St. Louis in a canoe in 1832. PIERCE, L. F., nurseryman; P.O. Kossuth. Packerood, M. L., f\ir., S. 3; P. O. Linton. PARROTT, €. H., dealer in hard- ware and farming implements, Mediap- olis ; born in Fayette Co., Ohio, in 1854 ; came to Iowa in 1875, and engaged in his pre.sent business. Paul, 0. A., carpenter, Mediapolis. Pierce, L. B., far. and mfr. of tile, S. 31. Ping, Elijah, far.. Sec. 25; P. 0. Mediap- olis. Ping, Wm., far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Porta, Geo., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Mediap- olis. POWER, L. B., physician and sur- geon, Mediapolis; was born in Knox Co., Ohio, in 1838; came to Iowa in 1 856, and settled in Mt. Pleasant ; located in Mediapolis in 1872, and en- gaged in the practice of medicine. He married Mary E. Rice in 1866 ; she was born in Burlington, Iowa ; they YELLOW SPRINGS TOWNSHIP. 723 have three children — David L. and Al- ma M., and an infimt. Purcell, Juhn, far., Sec. 8; P. 0. North- field. Purcell, R. H., far., Sec. 8 ; P. 0. North- field. RANKIN, D. C, far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Reed, Mathew, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Linton. Rhodes, T. H., merchant, Kossuth. Robb, Robt. G., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Linton. ROBB, T. P., Reformed Presbyterian clergyman, and Pastor of Sharon Church ; was born in Washington Co., Penn.,in 1843 ; came to Iowa in 1874, and located in Linton. He married Catherine Marshall in 1872 ; she was born in Armstrong Co., Penn.; they have one child — Robert Werth, born Jan. 10, 1876. P. 0. Mediapolis. Robinson, R. T., woolen-mills, Northfield. Robinson, Samuel, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Lin- ton. Robinson, W. F., far.; Northfield. Rodo;crs, John, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Kossuth. S(JHENCKS,D. H., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Schrader, Phi!., for., S. 35 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. SCOTT, AliEX., Presbyterian cler- gyman, Kossuth ; born in Jefi'erson Co., Ohio, in 1822; came to Iowa in 1870, and located iu Kossuth as Pastor of the Presbyterian Church. Married Amanda Cliidester in 1855 ; she was born in Wayne Co., Ohio, in 1829; have four children — Virginia L., Mary Emma, Clara Belle and Alice Amanda. Re- publican. Scott, Thomas, merchant, Northfield. Seeds, Harvey, far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Seeds, D. B., for., S. 32 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Seeds, M. J., far., S. 24 ; P. O. Kossuth. Smith, Fry, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Modiapclis. Statham,S. S.,for.. S. 19; P. 0. Kossuth. Stewart, J.seph, far., S. 32; P. 0. Kos- suth. Stewart,- R. H., for., S. 5 ; P. 0. Linton. Storks, J. W.,for. S. 17; P. 0. Kossuth. TALBOTT, GEO., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Talbott, John W., far., S. 27 ; • P. 0. Mediapolis. Thomas, A„ far., S. 31; P.O. Mediapolis. Thomas, Eli, far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Mediap- olis. Thornton, William, far., S. 24; P. 0. Mediapolis. Thornton, N., for., S. 24 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. T"TLRICK, FRED. C, for., S. 11 ; P. LJ 0. Mediapolis. VANICE, JAMES, far., S. 32; P. 0. Kossuth. WADDLE, S. M., for., S. 20 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Walkenshaw, John, for., S. 8 ; P. 0. Linton. Ware, Isaac, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Kossuth. WARE, J. P., proprietor Mediapolis House; born in this county in 1844. Married Anna M. Black in 1870; she was born in Greene Co., Penn., in 1845 ; they have one child — Cora E. Ware, William, far., S. 35; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Watson, Alex., for., S. 2 ; P. 0. Mediapo- lis. Watson, James, far., S. 12; P. 0. North- field. Wilson, David, far., S. 16; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Wilson, John, far., S. 10; P. 0. Linton. Wilson, Robert M., far., S. 29; P. 0. Mediapolis. Wolf, Charles, far., S. 35; P. 0. Mediapo- lis. Wolf, John, for., S. 35 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Woodside, J. H., far., S. 19; P. 0. Kos- suth. Woolsey, J. H., for., S. 20 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Wright, Milton, for., S. 14; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Wycofi", A. C, retired far., Kossuth. Wycofi", A. N., merchant, Northfield. 724 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY HURON TOWNSHIP. AARONSON, C. J., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Abraham, C, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. North- field. Anderson, J. A., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. BARTLEY, C. P., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Huron. BARNES, TRIAH, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Kingston ; was born in Fleming Co., Ky., June 15, 181-i ; came to Des Moines Co. in 18-13; first settled in Benton Tp., where he lived one year, then moved to Hui-on Tp., where he now lives. He married Miss Paulina Barnhill April 27, 1836; she was born in Oldham Co., Ky., Jan. 3, 1818; they have five children — Eliza- beth, Austin, Melvina, Mary and Par- thenia, and three dead — Robert, Sarah and Josiah. Mr. B. owns 40 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. He served eighteen months in the 2d I. V. C. His son Robert was in the 2d I. V. C, and died at St. Louis. Austin was in the 100-day service. Mr. Barnes is a Republican. Barr, Sam, far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Huron. Bergen, C. C, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Blake, Francis, flir., S. 10 ; P. 0. North- field. Blake, L. B., far.. Sec. 10; P. 0. North- field. Blake, Luther, flir.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. North- field. Blake, W. S., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. North- field. i^ CARLSON, AUG., far.. Sec. 26 ; P. \J O. Kossuth. Carlson, J. IL, far.. Sec. 33: P. 0. Kos- suth. Carter, Henry, fiir.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Huron. Charlson, S., far., S. 34 ; I^. (). Kingston. Christ, J., far., S. 36 ; P. O. Kingston. Crutchfield, S., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Kings- ton. Crites, B. F., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Kingston. DAHLSTADT, A. P., far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Kingston. DAUNOLD, J. A.,f\ir.,S.14; P.O. Huron ; was born in Madison Co., Va., Sept. 7, 1833 ; when 15 years of age, was bound as an apprentice to a wagon- maker ; at 20 years of age, he com- pleted his trade ; came to Burlington in 1855, and engaged with J. Bennett, where he worked at his trade ; he re- turned to Virginia, and came again to Des Moines Co., bringing his parents with him. He married Miss Abby Graham March 1, 1858; she was born in Pickaway Co., Ohio, Jan. 13, 1838 ; they have seven children — Hattie L., Mattie E., Ida R., Chas. J., Jake, Ed- gar E. and Stella E. Mr. 1). has held the offices of Township Clerk and Jus- tice of the Peace ; he owns 300 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. Is a Republican. Davis, Alex, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Huron. DAVIS, S., far., S. 9 ; P 0. North- field ; born in Ireland March 10, 1804 ; came to America in 1832 ; first to Philadelphia ; then went to Ohio, and while there married Miss Eliza J. McMullen in 1837 ; born in Highland Co., Ohio, Dec. 15, 1819; have seven children — Andrew, Mary, Thomas, James, Lay ton, Oscar and Minnie, and three dead — Nancy, William and Lor- ena. Owner of sixteen acres, valued at $40 per acre. Members of Presbyterian Church ; Mr. D. is a Democrat. Davis, Thomas, far., S. 4 ; P.O. Northfiold. Davis, T. F., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Donaldson, C. P., far., S. 36 ; P. O. King- ston. Doran, Chas., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Huron. Driskell, J. 0., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Kin-jston. EKDAL, A., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. King- ston. Elston, Joseph, far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Kossuth. FISHTHORN, SOL., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Kossuth. F A U S A N I> E R, N., Pastor of the Lutheran Swedish Church, designated the Kingston Church ; born in Sweden Sept. li, 1846; graduated at the Uni- versity of Lund, Sweden, in 1870, and came to Paxton, 111., the same year, where he was assistant teacher in the seminary two years ; went to Sagetown, 111., and served as Pastor two years; thence came to Huron Tp., where he is located as Pastor of Kingston Church ; HURON TOWNSHIP. 725 the congregation was organized in 1868, and, in 1872, built a church and parson- age, which are free from debt ; they have 195 members. Mr. Farsander married Miss Charlotte Farsander in 1875; born in Sweden Aug. 4, 1852. Mr. F. is a Republican. Foster, K., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Kingston. Fullen wider, H., far.. Sec. 11; P. 0. Huron. alBSON, a. R., far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Huron. Gibson, Jas., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Gustafson, A. F., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. HAMILTON, A. T., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Huron. HEDGED, JOSHUA, far.,. Sec. 14 ; P. O. Huron ; born in Pickaway Co., Ohio, Oct. 5, 1831 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1838 ; his parents were among the first settlers of Huron Tp. ; Mr. H. is living at the old homestead, Married Miss America Swank April 27, 1876 ; born in Floyd Co., Ind., Feb. 9, 1844; have one child — Bertha M.,born May 3, 1878. Owns 420 acres, valued at $40 per acre. He is a Democrat. Heizer, Henry, far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. North- field. Holcroft, B., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Hudson, D. W., far., S. 35-; P. 0. Kings- ton. TIOJIS, WM., farmer and stock- _L raiser. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Huron ; born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., June 23, 1818 ; went to Ripley Co., Ind., in 1820 ; thence to Cincinnati, where he followed the cooper's trade one year, then went to Jefferson Co., Ind., and married Miss Elizabeth Wilkie Nov. 5, 1840; born in Edinburgh, Scotland, June 20, 1820, and came to Switzerland Co., Ind., in 1822 ; her parents were early settlers of the county; in 1843, Mr. Innis moved to Louisville, Ky., and superin- tended the city prison for three years ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1848, and settled in Huron Tp., where he now lives ; has two daughters — Emeline, now Mrs. Thornton, and Isabelle Dobson. Mrs. Lis a member of the M.E. Church. Mr. I. has served as Justice of the Peace eight years ; owns 320 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre. He is a Republican. JACKSON ISAAC, far., Sec. 15; P. 0. Northfield. Johnson, A. E., far., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Kingston. Johnson, C. A., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Johnson, Gust., far.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Johnson, J. A., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Kings- ton. Johnson, J. P., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. North- field. Johnson, John, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Huron. Johnson, Lewis, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. ^ERR, ROBT., far., Sec. 15; P. 0. _ X Kossuth. ARSDATTER, ULRICK, far.. Sec. j 34 ; P. 0. Kingston. Larson, J., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Kingston. Lett, Chas., far.. Sec. 27; P. 0. Kos- suth. lilNDQUIST, GUST., far., Sec. 27 ; P. O. Kossuth ; born in Sweden March 15, 1836 ; came to Burlington in 1868; first settled five miles west, and lived there till he came to Huron Tp., where he now lives. Married Miss Johanna Johnson in 1860 ; born in Sweden June 25, 1831 ; have three children — John A., Frank G. and Lennia 0. Mr. L. owns 120 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. Members of the Lutheran Church; Mr. Lind- ({uist is a Republican. Loper, L., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Kingston. Loper, W. H., far., S. 26 ; P. O.Kossuth. L.UCKINBlLIi, B., nurseryman and farmer, S. 23 ; P. 0. Huron ; born in Berks Co., Penn., Dec. 5,1814; went to Ohio, where he worked at the trade of stone-mason and bricklayer ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1840, and settled in Huron Tp. Married Miss Mary Myers in 1836 ; born in Berks Co., Penn., Jan. 30, 1816; have seven children — Cath- erine, Mary J., Bailey, Elvina, Thomas F., Eber B. and David H. Mr. L. held the office of Township Clerk and As- sessor. Owns 360 acres, valued at $30 per acre. Mrs. L. is member of the Presbyterian Church; Mr. L. is a Dem- ocrat. Luckinbill,D. H.,far.,S. 14 ; P. 0. Huron. Luckinbill, T. F., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Huron. Lugn, G., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 72t) DIRECTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY: MELLBRANDT, P, far., S. 10; P. 0. Northficld. Mertz, C, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Kingston. Mills, T. J. B., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Huron. Moore, Robt., far., S. 9 ; P.O. Northfield. Moyers, J. N., for., S. 25 ; P. 0. Kingston. Munson, C. N., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. North- field. Munson, P. A., far., S. 16 ; P.O. Kossuth. Murphy, J., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Kossuth. VTOYLAN, J., farmer. Sec. 35 P. 0. xN Kossuth. NIliSON, A., farmer, S. 34 ; P. 0. Kingston; born in Sweden, Aug. 21, 1825 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1868, and located m Huron Tp. Married Miss Greta Johnson in 1850 ; she was born in Sweden Dec. 5, 1828 ; have six children — John, born April 4, 1852 ; Anna C, Jan. 6, 1855 ; Emma C, March 28, 1859; John A., Dec. 21, 1865 ; Matilda, Oct. 3, 1868 ; Sarah H., Aug. 12, 1872. Mr. Nilson owns forty acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. N. are members of the Lutheran Church ; Republican. PEARSON, A. P., far., S. 21; P. 0. Kossuth. Peck, M. L., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Peterson, Charles, far.,S. 22 ; P. 0. Huron. Peterson, J. A., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Peterson, J. D., far., S. 9 ; P O. North- field. Peterson,^ Lewis,] far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Prearson, C, far., S. 35 ; P. O. Kingston. PRIXDLE, A. H., farmer, Sec. 12 ; P. O. Huron ; was born in Vermont Jan. 20, 1847; came to Des Moines Co. in 1863, and settled in Huron Tp., where he now lives ; he owns 320 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. He is amember of the I. 0. 0. V. Republican . Prindle, C. M., far., S. 13; P. 0. Huron. RANKIN, A., far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Kossuth. RANKIN, JAMES C, far.,S. 22 ; P. 0. Kossuth ; was born in Centre Co., Penn., Jan. 8, 1817 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1846, and settled in Hu- ron Tp. He married Miss Catherine Waddle June 1, 1848 ; she was born in Fayette Co., Ohio, Jan. 17, 1813 ; they have one child — Jeremiah H. Mr. R. owns 220 acres of land, valued at S35 per acre ; he has served as Supervisor three years, and as Township Clerk. Members of the Presbyterian Church. He is a Greenbacker. Rankin, J. H., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Rhodes, L., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Kossuth. RUSSELI., !>., far., S. 3 ; P.O. North- field ; was born in Adams Co., Tenn., Aug. 6, 1808 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1835. He married Miss Mary A. Smith in 1833; she was born in Ohio Feb. 16, 1813; they have seven chil- dren — Elizabeth, William S., Francis, Ellen, Robert C, Cassie and Harriet A., and two dead — Mary J. and Louisa. Mr. R. owns 195 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre, on which he made all the improvements. He was a Demo- crat till the war, but since the war, has voted the Republican ticket. RrSSEIijL, ROBERT C, was born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, July 31, 1851. He married Miss Mary Rodgers March 21, 1875 ; she was born in Des Moines Co. July 10, 1858 ; they have one child. Mr. R. is a Republican. Ryker, J. F., far., S. 34; P. 0. Kossuth. SHERIDAN, J., far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Northfield. SHERIDAN, JOHN AND TH03I AS, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. North- field ; John was born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, Aug. 20, 1849. Thomas was born in Des Moines Co. Oct. 30, 1854. Their father came to Des Moines Co. in 1841 ; he was born in Indiana in 1811, and died in Des Moines Co. Jan. 5, 1871. He married Miss Eliza Latta Aug. 20, 1843 ; she was born in Ohio March 8, 1817 ; they left four children — John, Thomas, David and Paul. The estate owns 1,180 acres of land. John is a member of A., F. & A. M., No. 226, and is a Republican. Shultz, Adrian, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Kings- ton. Shutt, A., far., Sec. 10 ; P. Sockerson, Gust., far., S. 9 ; Staige, Jas. E., far., S. 23 ; Stewart, Wm., far., S. 16 ; field. Stromburg, A. M., far., S. 34 suth. Swarson, Lewis, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Kings- ton. Swank, C, far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Kingston. 0. Northfield. P. 0. Huron. P. 0. Huron. P. 0. North - P. 0. Kos- JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 727 Swank, J. B., far., S. 11 ; P. O. Huron. Swank, L. J., far., S. 30; P. 0. Kingston. Swank, W. T., far., S. 13; P. 0. Huron. Swanson, J. A., far., S. 34; P. 0. Kings- ton. Synnerholm, S., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. THORNTON, A. L. C, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Kingston. YANNICE, W. S., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Vorhecs, William, far., S. 35; P. 0. Kingston. WADDLE, SAMUEL, far., S. 28; P. O. Kossuth. WADDLE, JOHX, far., S. 28; P. O. Kossuth ; born in Fayette Co., Ohio, Feb. 14, 1817 ; came to Des Moines Co., 1838; first settled in Yel- low Springs Tp. ; then moved to Huron Tp., and settled where he now lives. Married Miss Mary A. Howery, 1844; born in Butler Co., Ohio, May 17, 1827 ; has nine children — Catherine J., Eobert C, Samuel M., John W., Mary B., David, Sarah E., Ellen and Susan A. Mr. and Mrs. W. are members of the Presbyterian Church. He owns 100 acres, valued at $45 per acre. A Republican. Walker, F. A., tar., S. 3 ; P. 0. North- field. Wallace, J. P., far., S. 4 ; P. O. North- field. Wilke, Thomas, far., S. 8; P. 0. Huron. Wilson, R. W., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Huron. WILLIAMS, W. B., for., S. 18 ; P.O. Huron; born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, Sept. 9, 1851. Married Miss Amelia Chandler Feb. 20, 1873; born Jan. 7, 1856 ; have four children — J. W., Carrie E., Herrick and Fannie E. Mr, Williams owns 240 acres of land, valued at $10 per acre. Republican. WILLIAMS, J. WILSON, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Huron ; born in Ver- mont in 1816 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1838. ■ Married Miss Julia A. Robi- son in 1847; she was born in Ohio in 1822 ; her parents were early settlers of Hancock Co., 111., in 1828. They have four children — Herrick, Wilson B., Eliza and Minnie. Mrs. W. is a mem- ber of Episcopal Church of Burlington. Mr. W. owns 1,800 acres of land ; was Representative of Des Moines Co. in 1853, 1857, 1866, 1874 and 1876 ; was appointed U. S. Deputy Surveyor in 1854. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. BAILEY, F. Kinsston. A., tar.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Brown, C. H., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. E^MMONS, W. A., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. I Burlington. FITCHTHORN, WM., far.. Sec. 18; P. 0. Kingston. KELLOGG, A., far.. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Burlington. McLENNON, Sr., far., S. 17; P.O. Kingston. nSTTEW, A., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. O. Kings- SMITH, S., farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. Burlington ; was born in Greene Co., Ill, in 1832 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1833 ; owns 530 acres of land in Jackson Tp., and 16 acres and 12 town lots in Burlington Tp. ; Mr. Smith has held most of the township offices. Is a Democrat. WRIGHT, J. C, farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. Kingston ; was born in Des Moines Co. in 1852 ; owns 920 acres of land, valued at $15 per acre. Is a Democrat. 'r>