/ I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. I ♦| UNITED STATES OF AMEIIICA. I CONTRIBUTIONS TO VITAL STATISTICS: BEING A DEVELOPEMENT OF THE BATE OF MORTALITY AND THE LAWS OF SICKNESS; dFrom ©riBtnal anft C^tcn^tbt liata procnrrH from iFnrnlrlg ^rtrttrfS. SHOWING THE INSTABD^ITY OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES, " ODD FELLOWS," " RECHABITES," &c. WITH AN maUIRY INTO THE INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON HEALTH. ■ {» >vP , BY F.f G* P; NEISON, F.L.S., &c. ACTUARY TO THE MEDICAL IJTVAUD AND GENERAL LIFE OFFICE. READ BEFORE THE STATISTICAL SOCIETY, MARCH 17, 1845. Sfcotttr eutttott. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO. 1846. CONTENTS. Duration of Life in England and Wales 1—12 Table A. — Corrected Enumeration of the Population of England and Wales for 1821 and 1841 ; with the annual rate of Increase during the intermediate period ..... Table B. — Total of the Populations, as calculated for the 31st December, in the years 1838, 1839, 1840 and 30th June, 1841 ; with the sum of the corrected Deaths for the corresponding years, as given in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Reports of the Registrar General, and the Mortality per cent., during that period . . . . . Table C. — England and Wales — Living — Dying — Mortality per cent., and Specific Intensity Table D. — England and Wales — Expectation of whole Population ..... 4 5,6 8 Duration of Life in Various Classes 13—62 Table E.- Table F.- Table G.- Table H.- Table I.- No- 2, No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. -Population — Deaths and Sickness . -Living, Djing, Mortahty per cent., —Trades not Classified — Rural, Town and City Districts — Males- —Trades not Classified — Rural, Town and City Districts — Males- and Specific Intensity ..... —Trades not Classified — Rural, Town and City Districts — Males — Expectation —Expectation of Life — Friendly Societies — Females (Rural, Town and City Districts) — Males (Liver pool) — Peerage — Friendly Societies — 16 Trades Rural Districts — Males, Life Asstirance Offices — Males, Aggregate — Government Males ..... -Rural Districts — Labourers — Males — Living, Dying, Mortality per cent., and Specific Intensity — Rural, Town and City Districts — Males — Living, Dying — Mortality per cent., and Specific Intensity — Clerks .... „ Plumbers Painters and Glaziers „ Bakers ..... „ Miners ..... „ Residue, by abstracting Labourers from Rural Districts b 16—23 25-28 32 36,37 43 44 45 46 47 48 vi CONTENTS. Duration of Life {continued.) Table J.— Expectation of Life— Labourers (Rural Districts)— Clerks (Rural Districts, Towns and Cities)— Plumbers Painters and Glaziers (Rural Districts, Towns and Cities) — Bakers (Rural Districts, Towns and Cities) — Miners (Rural Districts, Towns and Cities) — Rural Districts, after abstracting Labourers ......... 50,51 Table K. — Trades not Classified — Males (Rural Districts, Towns and Cities) — Females — Living, Dying, Mortality per cent., and Specifie Intensity ....... 57 No. 2.— Trades not Classified— Liverpool — Males— Living, Dying, Mortality per cent., and Specific Intensity 5« Duration of Life in Scotland • . . . . . 63 — 90 Table L. — Trades not Classified — Rural, Town and City Districts — Population — Deaths — Sickness . . 64 — 71 Table ]\I. — Rural, Town and City Districts — Living, Dying, Mortality per cent., and Specific Intensity . 73 — 76 Table N. — Expectation — Rural, Town and City Districts ...... 77 Table O. — Population of Glasgow for 1831 and 1841, with the Annual Rate of Increase"during the intermediate period ......... 79 Table P. — Glasgow — Total of the Population, as calculated for the 30th June in each of the years 1832 — 1841 inclusive ; with the Sum of the Deaths for the corresponding years, as given in tlie Mortality Bills, and the Mortality per cent, during the same period . . . .97 Table Q. — Glasgow — Males and Females— Living, Dying, Mortality per cent., and Specific Intensity . 80, 81 Table R. — Expectation — Glasgow and Dundee — Males and Females . . . . .8.3 Table S. — Dundee — Total of the Populations as calculated for the 30th of June in each of the years 1835 — 1844 inclusive, with the sum of the deaths for the corresponding years, as given in the Mortality Bills, and the Mortality per cent, during the same period ..... 85 Table T.— Trades not Classified — Dundee — Males and Females— Living, Dying, Mortality per Cent., and Specific Intensity ........ 87, 88 Table U.— Equation and Expectation of Life, England and Wales— Scotland— and Trades in Friendly Societies (Males) England . . . . . • • . 89, 90 Influence OF Locality on Sickness . . . . . 91 — 110 Table V. — England and Wales, and Scotland — Rural, Town, and City Districts—Average Sickness per Annum to each Person at diiferent Ages ....... 92 Abstract of Table V. . . . . . . . . . .93 Table of Sickness per Annum to each Person, expressed in weeks, as given by Highland Society, Ausell, and Table V . . . ' ..... 96 Table of Comparative Amount of Sickness in various periods of years, according to the Sickness Tables of the Highland Society, AnseU, and the Results of this Inquiry . . . .98 Abstract of the Sickness experienced in the Edinburgh Compositors' Society .... 100 Members of Friendly Societies— Tables of the per-centage of Sick Members during each year— Ratio of Sick Members to every 100 not Sick in every year — Mortality per Cent, among those actually Sick — Sickness per annum among those actually Sick — Total Amount of Sickness to each Death . 105 Rates AND Contributions OF Friendly Societies .... Ill — 139 Table — Value of Annuities— Three per Cent. — Friendly Societies — Males „ Value of Deferred Annuities to commence at age 70 — Three per Cent. — Friendly Societies — Males „ Value of Temporary Annuities to contiime till age 70 — Three per Cent. — Friendly Societies — ^lales „ Single Premium for Sum at Death — Three per Cent. — Friendly Societies — Males „ Annual Premium for Sum at Dcatli — Three per Cent — Friendly Societies — Males . 112 113 114 115 116 — Friendly Societies 117 118 119 120 121 CONTENTS. vii Rates and Contributions of Friendly Societies {continued) Table — Temporary Annual Premium to continue till age 70 for Sum at Death — Three per Cent. — Friendly Societies — Males ..... „ Probability of Living one year — Friendly Societies — Males „ Probability of Dying in one year — Friendly Societies — Males „ Single Premium for Sickness — Three per Cent. — Friendly Societies — Males „ Temporary Annual Premium, for Sickness, to continue till age 70 — Three per Cent — Males ...... „ Annual Premium — Sickness — Highland Society— Ansell's Results—England and Wales, and Scotland — Rural, Town, and City Districts . . . . . . .122 „ Value of Annuities — Single Premium for Sum at Death — Annual Premium for Sum at Death . . 123 Appendix ......:-. 140 144 Note I. Tables — Expectation of Life — CarUsle— Tontine Nominees — France — Equitable Office — Amicable Office — Sweden and Finland — Montpellier— Northampton . . • 140 Note II.— List of Places comprised under the heads " Rural Districts," " Towns," and " Cities," in England and Wales ......... 141—143 Note III. — Same in Scotland ......... 144 DURATION OF LIFE IN ENGLAND AND WALES. The best record of the General Mortality m England and Wales is contained in the Annual Reports of the Registrar General. So far as relates to the number of deaths in the entire community, more complete returns could not be hoped for. The 5th Report of the Registrar General contains a table of the Expectation of Life, calculated on the mortality of the year 1841. The census of the population having been taken in that year, offered a ready means to determine the value of hfe for that period ; but as the results of the mortaUty for several years would undoubtedly form a broader and more satisfactory basis on which to found a measure of the duration of life in this country, it is proposed to calculate a table on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Reports of the Registrar General ; omitting the 1st Report, that any imperfections incidental to the eai-ly manage- ment of the Registers may be avoided. It is evidently necessary to ascertain the exact amount of population living at various ages in the country, during the periods of time to which the returns of deaths relate, befoi-e results can be obtained, showing the ratio of the population dying at the respective ages. Previous to the population being calculated for the mean time of each period embraced in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Reports, it -^vill be necessary to apply a correction to the enumeration of the population at the period of the Census. In 1841, the ages of 35,408 males and 11,472 females, or -456 per cent, of the one, and -141 per cent, of the other, were not given. In the registration of deaths, the ages of a certain proportion are also omitted ; and if the ratio were the same in both cases, those whose ages were not specified might be left out, as the omission of the one would be corrected by the omission of the other ; but it happens that, in the returns of deaths over the entire four years referred to, the number of males whose ages were not specified was only 1,650, or •235.per cent, of the whole; and of females 896, or only -132 B 2 DURATION OF LIFE per cent, of the whole female deaths. Independent corrections ^viU, therefore, have to be applied to each class of results, namely : Let y -j- log. X zz log. of the actual number alive at the period of life .r, provided the age of every person had been ascertained. y ■=. log. h — log. a. a z=. population whose ages were ascertained ; h ■=. total population, and X zr the number enumerated at any particular period of life. This correction having been apphed to the census of the population in 1841, and also to the census in 1821, the results obtained form the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 6th columns of Table A. Table A. Corrected Enumeration of the Population of England and Wales for 1821 and 1841 ; mth the Annual Rate of Increase during the Intermediate Period. Ages. MALES. FEMALES. Ages. Population Population Annual Rate Population Population Annual Rate 1821 1841. of Increase, 1821. 1841. of Increase. Under 5 898324 1047502 1-007711 884866 1057926 1-00897 Under 5 5 — 10 787426 952437 1-00955 779516 951687 1-01002 5 — 10 10 — 15 685011 879732 1-01258 650342 851649 1-01357 10 — 15 15 — 20 578304 780967 1-01513 611741 805090 1-01382 15 — 20 20 — 30 857697 1333088 1-02229 1029526 1498751 1-01895 20 — 30 30 — 40 673718 999000 1-01989 741881 1051505 1-01759 30 — 40 40 — 50 547372 7-i8487 1-01577 572227 777500 1-01544 40 — 50 50 — 60 388.351 496475 1-01235 402245 529274 1-01381 50 — 60 60 — 70 262728 329563 1-01039 284624 369498 1-01313 60 — 70 70 — 80 130544 159551 1-01008 142366 184468 1-01,303 70 — 80 80 — 90 33577 41224 1-01031 41480 53164 1-01248 80 — 90 90 —100 2556 2986 1-00776 3747 4967 1-01420 90 —100 100 and upwards Total 68 82 1-00956 148 167 1-00628 100 and upwards Total. 5845676 7771094 1-01415 6144709 SI 35647 1-01530 The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Reports of the Registrar General gave the number of deaths in the year preceding the 30th June 1839, 1840, and 1841 respectively ; and the 5th Report gave the deaths for the year ending 31st December 1841. The next step required was to determine the population alive at various ages for the mean time of each of the given periods, that is, the population at the various terms of life in England and Wales on the 31st of December 1838, 1839, 1840, and 30th June 1841 ; and the followng method was employed ; IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 3 Let /3 z= the corrected population at a given age on the day of the Census in 1821 ; TT =: the same for 1841 ; e = the period elapsed since 1841. Log. ^ JI ( °' '" p" ^ ) e = log. of the population at the given term of Ufe for the mean time of the period required. The popvdation for each of the periods being obtained in this manner for every term of life, the combined results form columns 2nd and 5th of Table B. It might have been deemed sufficient to have made tlie expression — ^ — III — 5il- represent the rate of increase on the general population for all ages ; but a glance at columns 4 and 7 of Table A will shew the necessity of obtaining an independent value to this expression for each term of life ; for, by adopting — ^ — ^ — £^ — as the rate of increase for every term of life, it would have produced a difference in the male population at ages 20 to 30 of 42108 in Table B, or, in other words, an apparent decrease of mor- tality at that term of life ; and consequently, at some other terms, opposite errors in the results woidd be produced. Corrections, precisely similar to those applied to tlie enumeration of the population, were made on the registration of deaths ; and the final residts for the four years referred to are given in columns 3rd and 6th of Table B. It may be observed here, that as the deaths hapj^ening in the last half of the year forming the fourth period of the Registrar General, and those taking place in the first half of the year forming his fifth period, are identical, they "wiU of course be included tmce in the results now referred to ; Init as the population has also been taken for the mean of both periods or years, the proper relation is maintained between the population and deaths. The preceding step was rendered necessary, from the Registrar Genex'al having changed the period for his Annual Report from the 30th June to the 31st December, without having, at the time of maldng the change, distinguished the deaths belonging to each half year. All the preceding corrections having been appUed to the population and deaths, the combined results form Table B, the 4th and 7th columns of which show the mortality per cent, at the various tenns of life for each sex in England and Wales during the four years referred to, and under that form constitute a complete measure of the value of life, during the same period, in the general population of this countiy. DURATION OF LIFE Table B. England and Wm.es. — Total of the Populations as calculated for the 31st December in tlie years 1838, 1839, 1840, and 30th June 1841 ; with the Sum of the Corrected Deaths for the corresponding years as given in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and .5th Reports of the Registrar General ; and the Mortality per cent, during that period. Ages. MALES. FEMALES. Ages. Population. Deaths, Mortality per Cent. Population. Deaths. Jlortality per Cent. Under 5 5—10 10 — 15 15 — 20 20 — 30 30 — 40 40 — 50 50 — 60 60 — 70 70 — 80 80 — 90 90 —100 100 and upward 4156265 3771901 3473008 3075023 5210180 3914433 2945219 1960445 1302647 631509 1()3089 1 1846 325 292968 36588 18199 22161 5()7()5 13k51 42770 4419() 55491 57449 32461 4282 137 7-048 •970 •524 -730 •974 1-110 1-452 2-254 4-259 9-097 19-904 36-316 42-154 4192129 3767019 3358717 3174272 5878257 4129820 3060397 2086819 1457878 727901 209902 19568 662 254170 35494 19175 26003 56298 47174 10781 10593 54414 60229 38064 6()50 311 6-063 -942 •570 •819 •957 1-142 1-33^ 1-944 3-732 8-274 18-134 33.984 47-277 UndtT .} 5 — 10 10 — 15 15 — 20 20 — 30 30 — 10 40 — 50 50 — ()() 00 — 70 70 — 80 SO — 90 90 —100 100 and upward. Total 30615890 701221 2-290 32063344 679356 2-11!) 1 Total The results now described in columns 4th and 7th of Table B, were made to represent the rate of mortality at the mean age of that period of life opposite to which they are placed ; intermediate terms were then found by the method of third differences, and the whole was subsequently corrected as follows : Let Ai represent the first terai ; A, A3 A„ second ; third ; the n term ; then + A, + A3 + A, + A, _ ^ -j - A3 + A, + A3 + A„ _ ^^ 5 And A. _ 4 + A„ 3 + A„ _ 2 + A, _ I + A„ _ . , The adjusted results thus obtained form columns 4 and 9 of Table C, and may be considered a fair expression of the rate of mortahty at the respective ages opposite to which they are placed in the Table. Columns 2nd and 3rd, 7th and 8th in the same Table, [show m ENGLAND AND WALES. Table C. England and AVales. Ages. MALES. Ages. females. 1 Ai^t-. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 791 •791 126-422 10 100000 792 -792 126-262 10 11 99209 696 ■702 142-501 11 99208 712 -718 139-276 11 12 98513 624 •633 157-978 12 98496 653 -663 150-830 12 13 97889 576 •588 170-068 13 97843 618 ■632 158-223 13 14 97313 555 •570 175-439 14 97225 610 -627 159-490 14 15 96758 562 •581 172-117 15 96615 627 -649 154-583 15 16 96196 598 •622 160-772 16 95988 671 -699 143-061 16 17 95598 636 •665 150-376 17 95317 710 -745 134-228 17 18 94962 673 •709 141-044 18 94607 744 -786 127-226 18 19 94289 706 •749 133-511 19 93863 769 -819 1 22-100 19 20 93583 734 •784 127-551 20 93094 786 •844 118-483 20 21 92849 757 •815 122-699 21 92308 794 •860 116-279 21 22 92092 778 •845 118-343 22 91514 804 -879 113-766 22 23 91314 800 •876 114-155 23 90710 815 -899 111-235 23 24 90514 822 •908 110-132 24 89895 825 -918 108-932 24 25 89692 840 •936 106-838 25 89070 835 -938 106-610 25 26 88852 853 ■960 104-167 26 88235 845 -958 104-384 26 27 87999 S63 •981 101-937 27 87390 854 -977 102-354 27 28 87136 870 •998 100-200 28 86536 863 •997 100-301 28 29 S6266 872 1-011 98-912 29 85673 870 1-016 98-425 29 30 85394 874 1-023 97-752 30 84803 878 1-035 96-618 30 31 84520 876 1-036 96-525 31 83925 884 1-053 94-967 31 32 83644 877 1-049 95-329 32 83041 891 1-073 93-197 32 33 82767 880 1-063 94-073 33 82150 895 1-089 91-827 33 34 81887 883 1-078 92-764 34 81255 900 1-107 90-334 34 35 81004 887 1-095 91-324 35 80355 902 1-123 89-047 35 36 80117 892 1-113 89-847 36 79453 904 1-138 87^873 36 37 79225 898 M34 88-183 37 78549 906 1-153 86-730 37 38 78327 906 1-157 86-430 38 77643 906 1-167 85-690 38 39 77421 917 1-184 84-460 39 76737 906 1-181 84-674 39 40 76504 927 1-212 82-508 40 75831 906 1-194 83-752 40 41 75577 941 1-245 80*321 41 74925 908 1-212 82-508 41 42 74636 955 1-279 1 78-186 42 74017 911 1-231 81-235 42 43 73681 972 1-319 75-815 43 73106 916 1-253 79-808 43 44 72709 990 1-361 73-475 44 72190 923 1-277 78-309 44 45 71719 1009 1-407 71-073 45 71267 931 1-307 76-511 45 46 70710 1028 1-454 68-776 46 70336 940 1-337 74-794 46 47 69682 1049 1-506 66^401 47 69396 953 1-373 72-833 47 48 68633 1071 1-560 64-103 48 68443 966 1-411 70-872 48 49 67562 1095 1-621 6r690 49 67477 982 1-455 68-728 49 50 66467 1120 1-685 59^347 50 66495 999 1-503 66-534 50 51 65347 1151 1-761 56-786 51' 65496 1020 1-558 64-185 51 52 64196 1183 1-842 o4^289 52 64476 1043 1-617 61-843 52 53 63013 1219 1-935 51-680 53 63433 1072 1-690 59172 53 54 61794 1258 2-035 49-140 54 62361 1102 1-768 56-561 54 55 60536 1299 2-146 46-598 55 61259 1143 1-866 53-591 55 56 59237 1339 2-261 44-228 56 60116 1192 1-982 50-454 56 57 57898 1386 2-393 41-789 57 58924 12.37 2-100 47-619 57 58 56512 1429 2-529 39-541 58 57687 1277 2-215 45-147 .-8 DURATIOX OF LIFE Table C continued. England and W^vles. Ages. MALES. Ages. FEMALES. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Living. Dying. Mortaliiy per Cent. Specific Intensity. 59 55083 1478 2-684 37-258 59 56410 1325 2-348 42-590 59 60 53605 1527 2-849 35-100 60 55085 1365 2-479 40-339 60 61 52078 1583 3-040 32-895 61 53720 1410 2-625 38-095 61 62 50495 1637 3-242 30-845 62 52310 1463 2-797 35-753 62 63 48858 1697 3-474 28-785 63 50847 1529 3-008 33-245 63 64 47161 1754 3-720 26-882 64 49318 1594 3-233 30-931 64 65 45407 1815 3-996 25-025 65 47724 1666 3-492 28-637 65 66 43592 1868 4-284 23-343 66 46058 1732 3-761 26-589 66 67 41724 1923 4-608 21-701 67 44326 1801 4-065 24-600 67 68 39801 1969 4-947 20-214 68 42525 1863 4-383 22-815 68 69 37832 2016 5-329 18-765 69 40662 1929 4-744 21-079 69 70 35816 2054 5-735 17-437 70 38733 1985 5-126 19-508 70 71 33762 2092 6-197 16-137 71 36748 2044 5-563 17-976 71 72 31670 2118 6-686 14-957 72 34704 2090 6-022 16-606 72 7:5 29552 2141 7-243 13-806 73 32614 2134 6-543 15-283 73 74 27411 2146 7-828 12-775 74 30480 2161 7-090 14-104 74 75 25265 2148 8-502 11-762 75 28319 2183 7-711 12-968 75 76 23117 2131 9-218 10-848 76 26136 2187 8-368 11-950 76 77 20986 2107 10-041 9-960 77 23949 2180 9-103 10-985 77 78 18879 2062 10-924 9-158 78 21769 2149 9-876 10-126 78 79 16817 2001 11 •880 8-403 79 19620 2105 10-732 9-319 79 80 14816 1910 12-889 7-758 80 17515 2035 11-621 8-606 80 81 12906 1803 13-972 7-158 81 15480 1948 12-588 7-943 81 82 11103 1672 15-055 6-644 82 13532 1838 13-589 7-358 82 83 9431 1528 16-206 6-170 83 11694 1716 14-674 6-817 83 84 7903 1375 17-399 5-747 84 9978 1575 15-789 6-329 84 85 6528 1222 18-716 5-349 85 8403 -1430 17-020 5-875 85 86 5306 1066 20-098 4-975 86 6973 1277 18-312 5-461 86 87 4240 923 21-777 4-591 87 5696 1123 19-708 5-074 87 88 3317 766 23-095 4-330 88 4573 968 21-162 4-726 88 89 2551 630 24-687 4-050 89 3605 819 22-706 4-403 89 90 1921 505 26-277 3-806 90 2786 676 24-268 4-120 90 91 1416 395 27-877 3-589 91 2110 545 25-846 3-868 91 92 1021 302 29-582 3-381 92 1565 429 27-404 3-650 92 93 719 224 31-127 3-212 93 1136 329 28-999 3-450 93 94 495 162 32-817 3-047 91 8(>7 247 30-625 3-266 94 95 333 114 34-297 2-920 95 560 180 32-193 3-107 95 96 219 78 35-572 2-811 96 380 128 33-724 2-966 96 97 141 52 36-644 2-729 97 252 89 35.223 2-839 97 98 89 33 37-482 2-668 98 163 60 36-642 2-729 98 99 56 21 38 066 2-627 99 103 39 37-971 2-634 99 100 35 14 38-650 2-587 100 64 25 39-300 2-544 100 101 21 8 39-234 2-549 101 39 16 40-629 2-461 101 102 13 5 39-818 2-511 102 23 10 41-958 2-384 102 103 8 3 40-402 2-475 103 13 6 43-287 2-310 103 104 5 2 40-986 2-440 104 7 3 44-617 2-241 104 105 3 2 41-570 2-405 105 4 2 45-947 2-177 105 106 1 1 42-1.54 2-372 106 2 1 47-277 2-115 1,06 IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 7 now, out of 100,000 persons attaining the age of ten years, the number living to each subsequent year of life, and also the numbers dying in each successive year of life. Columns 5 and 1 contain the reciprocals of columns 4 and 9, and represent the specific intensity of life at each age. Male and female life wiU each be found to attain its highest specific intensity at the age of 14. It will also be seen that male life possesses a much higher specific intensity than female life up to the age of 25 inclusive ; from that to the age of 38 the difference is very little, but that generally in favour of male life ; and that from 38 upwards to nearly the extreme of life, the scale turns in favour of female life, and the specific intensity is higher throughout. At the age of 50 the two sexes attain their balance, the numbers surviving of each, from the age of 10, being equal. The nature of the specific intensity, in the preceding sense, must be clearly understood to refer to that period of life only to which it is affixed, and not to be any index to the general value of life ; for it wiU be seen that although male life jjossesses a higher specific intensity up to the age of 38, still female life is of a higher absolute value throughout the whole of the same period. Table D exhibits the Expectation of Life as deduced from the data already described ; and Avithout attempting any thing like an elaborate comparison between it and other tables, hitherto regarded as a near approximation to the real measure of life, such observations only will be made as appear to be more intimately connected with the subject of this paper. It is clear that a table formed from the data at present under consideration, vnQ. show the value of life in the country generally ; aU classes of society, from the highest to the lowest, being included ; and it mU therefore serve as a usefid standard of comparison with the measure of life in individual classes of society, provided the rate of mortality in those classes can be determined. In order to convey a general idea of the value of life as represented by Table D, it may be stated that it gives a greater expectation to males throughout the whole range of the table, than is given in the Table at page XIX. of the 5th Report of the Registrar General : At Age 10 the difference is ,, 20 30 40 50 60 „ I 70 80 90 68 of a year. 81 97 92 83 00 44 15 15 [The value DURATION OF LIFE Table D. Expectation — England a^d Wales — Whole Population. Ages. Males. Females. Ages. Males. females. 10 47-7564 48-3826 59 15-1806 16-1552 11 47-1332 47-7648 GO 14-5854 15-5320 12 46-4()26 47-1065 61 13-9983 14-9137 13 45-7555 46-4175 62 13-4215 14-3022 14 45-0234 45-7140 63 12-8544 13-6994 15 44-1781 44-9950 64 12-2990 13-1086 16 43-5342 44-2855 65 11-7545 12-5300 17 42-8034 43-5937 66 11-2230 11-9648 18 42-0862 42-9171 67 10-7026 11-4128 19 41-3830 42-2533 68 10-1954 10-8750 20 40-6910 41-5982 69 9-7000 10-3504 21 40-0092 40-9482 70 9-2176 9-8409 22 39-3339 40-2991 71 8-7480 9-3455 23 38-6652 39-6519 72 8-2927 8-8665 24 38-0025 39-0008 73 7-8510 8-4025 25 37-3457 38-3635 74 7-4251 7-9559 26 36-6946 37-7218 75 7-0131 7.5248 27 36-0455 37-0817 76 6-0184 7-1116 28 35-3975 36-4427 77 6-2395 6-7153 29 34-7494 35-8048 78 5-8802 6-3378 30 34-0990 35-1671 79 5-5361 5-9772 31 33-4466 34-5297 80 5-2160 5-6355 32 32-7916 33-8919 81 4-9094 5-3106 33 32-1337 33-2541 82 4-6253 5-0031 34 31-4736 32-6149 83 4 -.35 07 4-7109 35 30-8120 31-9750 84 4-1025 4-4.351 36 30-1469 31-3312 85 3-8610 4-1726 37 29-4808 30-6867 86 3-6349 3-9258 38 28-8130 30-0390 87 3-4212 3-6938 39 28-1443 29-3877 88 3-2350 3-4781 40 27-4760 28-7330 89 3-0567 3-2778 41 26-8065 28-0742 90 2-8930 3-0944 42 26-1382 27-4125 91 2-7458 2-9256 43 25-4701 26-7479 92 2-6143 2-7703 44 24-8039 26-0809 93 2-4986 2-6276 45 24-1390 25-4120 94 2-3976 2-4950 46 23-4767 24-7420 95 2-3208 2-3750 47 22-8156 24-0703 96 2-2727 2-2G32 48 22-1567 23-3985 97 2-1879 2-1587 49 21-4996 22-7263 98 2-1631 2-0644 50 20-8463 22-0545 99 2-1379 1-9757 51 20-1947 21-3834 100 2-1388 1-8750 52 19-5478 20-7137 101 2-0652 1-7564 53 18-9050 20-5461 102 2 0715 1-6304 54 18-2682 19-3821 103 1-9445 1-5000 55 17-6370 18-7220 104 1-6667 1-3571 56 17-0128 18-0682 105 1-2500 1-0000 57 16-3946 17-4236 106 1-0000 -5000 58 15-7842 16-7865 107 ■5000 IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 9 The value of Female Life, Table D, is also higher than Female Life in the Table of the Registrar General ; the difference of Expectation in the two Tables being — At Age 10 the diflference is •57 of a year. „ 20 )i •79 >» „ 30 >) •92 )) „ 40 )» l-Ol )> „ 50 >» •98 f> „ 60 5> 1-U >) „ 70 >> •81 » „ 80 >» •44 >> „ 90 >» •32 >) A comparison of the expectation of Male Life in Table D with the Carlisle Table, which includes both sexes, wiU shew a higher value of life in the Carlisle Table up to age 54 : At Age 10 the difference is 1^06 of a year. 20 i^ ^77 30 „ -24 40 .. •IS 50 „ -26 and 54 they nearly coincide. Again, from that age up tiU 75 the difference is very little, but that generally against the Carlisle Table ; and at 75 the Carlisle Table again crosses, and maintains a superiority till the extreme of life. The expectation of Female Life, as shewn in Table D, is higher than the expec- tation of the Carlisle Table after 15 years of age : At Age 20 the difference being -14 of a year. 30 .. ^83 40 50 60 70 80 M2 •94 1^18 1-66 •13 higher after that age. 88 they nearly coincide, and the Carlisle Table continues A comparison of the mean of the expectation of Male and Female Life In D 10 DURATION OF LIFE Table D, with the expectation of the Carlisle Table, produces the following results, namely, At Age 10 the difference in favour of the Carlisle Table is -75 of a year. •> -''-' >i It >t 'oil ,, „ 80 the difference in favour of England & Wales is '29 ,, 40 -49 j> "'J )} jj >> '"■* >> J) ^^ ^» 19 5» ' -*■ l> J> ''J >> >> SJ *"^ >> Again at 80 the difference in favour of the Carlisle Table is -09 ,, >) 90 ,, ,, ,, '29 ,, So that the absolute difference throughout the whole course of both Tables is very small, and the near approximation rather remarkable, considering the very different sources from which the data are derived. For a more minute comparison of those results with several of the best recognized Life Tables, reference is made to the Table in the Appendix, Xote I. Much attention has of late been given to the supposed influence of locality on the dura- tion of life ; still no piibHc means have yet been employed to correctly solve the question. For the progress of vital statistics it unfortunately happens, that the public records of this country are kept Avith very little regard to method or unity of plan. The Report of the Census may certainly in itself be regarded as a very complete document ; and perhajjs no other country possesses such excellent Mortuary Registers ; yet for almost every purpose of exact calculation, both documents are nearly useless. No two things should have been more intimately related in design and classification, than the Census of the People and the Registration of Deaths. Still they seem to have been compiled without any regard to each other. For example, if it were required to com- pare any two counties in England — a manufacturing with an agricidtural county — an in- land with a coasting county — in order to determine the relative value of life in the respective populations, it cannot at the present time be done. The Report of the Census Com- missioners gives the population for those counties ; but on reference to the reports of the Registrar General it is found that the deaths are given for quite a different arrangement of districts. Again, if it be required to compare one district of the Registrar General with another, the same kind of difficulty arises ; for, on turning to the Census Report, those dis- tricts are in no way recognised. Precisely the same want in unity of plan is to be re- gretted in respect to the town districts of England, the districts of Census Commissioners constantly differing from those adopted by the Registrar General. Were these difficulties overcome, it would then be easy to detemiine the difference of mortality in various districts, in precisely the same manner that the difference of mortality in male and female life has been found in the preceding Table. Another inquiry at least IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 11 would however still remain, before it could be decided to what extent the difference of mor- tality was owing to the simple influence or peciiliarity of locality itself. At present it is right to assmne, that either employment or occupation — condition in life, or rank in society — poverty or riches — has as direct an influence on the duration of life, as peculiarity of locality or habitation; for the effect of neither one nor the other of the presmned influencing causes has yet been correctly defined. The truth of this assumption may appear more evident thus : — Suppose that the town of Liverpool were compared with some purely agricultural district, and that a much higher rate of mortaHty was found to prevail in the former ; it would be no more right to assign this result wholly, or mdeed any given portion of it, to the badly-conditioned streets and ill-planned houses of Liverpool, than to any other of the supposed causes. In order to determine the sunple influence of locahty, like classes m the respective districts must be compared. In a comparison of districts A and B, if it so happened that in A two elements c and d were found to influence the value of life, while in B one only of those elements existed, the grounds of comparison would evidently be fallacious. Now this is precisely a parallel case to the state of things wliich exists in comparisons that have frequently been made between the manufacturing towns and the rural districts of England, and between one manufacturing town and another. Causes influencing the duration of life, independent of locality itself, frequently exist in the one, and not in the other; by overlooking which, observers are often led to assign excessive mortality to imaginary causes. If simple elements were compared, errors of this kind would be avoided. Keeping this in view, and referring to the preceding case, let c be supposed to represent comfort, and d distress. If, comparing comfort in district A with comfort in district B, a greater mortality were found to prevail in the former than in the latter, it would then be right to assume that the remaining elements — ill-ventilated houses, badly-drained streets, and the like — in district A, were not so favourable to life as in district B ; but it would have been Avi-ong to draw such a conclusion, had Comfort and Distress in the one district been compared with Comfort only in the other. It is evident that, in a comparison of the general mortality of any one place with that of another, such errors could not be avoided. It may happen that the prevalence of a particular kind of employment or occupation in the one, which is not common to the other district — but which employment is of an unhealthy nature, or perhaps subject to great fluctuations in prosperity, or probably both combined — may produce an excessive mortaUty, the cause of which may be attributed to badly -planned dwellings, instead of to poverty and its train of dii'efid consequences. y If it were possible to compare any one class in a given district vnXh. the same class under exactly similar circumstances in another district, the only distinction being the difference of district or locality, then it is plain that the influence of locality, if any, would manifest itself. 12 DURATION OF LIFE IN ENGLAND AND WALES. Again, if diiFerent classes of persons in the same locality were compared — for example, those following diiFerent employments — the only distinction being diiFerence of employment, then the force of that element, if any, on the duration of life would appear., In the present paper it is proposed to enter into this question, and to shew if possible the influence of locality in the manner just described. The effect of employment on health will be treated of, on the present occasion, so far only as may be necessary to solve the question of locality. DURATION OF LIFE IN VARIOUS CLASSES. The data to which this part of the inquiry belongs have been derived from two sources. One portion — that relating to the Friendly Societies in England — has been obtained through the kindness of Mr. J. Tidd Pratt ; and consists of the Quinquennial Returns for 1836-1840, made under the Friendly Societies Act, 10 Greo. IV. c. 56. § 34, as amended by 4 & 5 Wm. IV. c. 40. § 6. And an inspection of the form of schedide given under that Act ■will shew the nature and extent of the information which can be derived from this source. It was considered that Returns from tbe Friendly Societies in Scotland would form a valuable contribution to Vital Statistics, and at the same time be interesting to compare with the results obtained from English Societies; especially as Mr. AnseU's valuable work had given rise to many curious conjectures on the comparative amount of Sickness in the two countries ; the inquiry made by the Highland Society having exliibited a less degree of sickness among the Scotch Societies, than the results of Mr. AnseU's investigation shewed to be prevalent in Societies in England. Accordingly, in 1840, a mmiber of blank schediiles were sent to nearly every parish minister in Scotland, with a note requesting him to use his influence with the neighbouring Friendly Societies, to induce them to fuiTiish the infonnation required ; but the attempt to procure data in this manner proved an almost complete failure. In 1843 another attempt was made, but on this occasion prizes were offered to those making the best and most complete returns ; which had the desired effect of procuring a series of schedules fiUed up evidently with much care ; and although very elaborate, the nicest attention seemed to be given to the minutest detail. These constitute the second source from which the data just referred to are derived. As it is proposed to enter into a few points only of the inquiry, in this paper, a form of the Schedule is given, that an idea may be formed of the extent of the information obtained, as well as the combinations of which the varied character of the data is susceptible- 14 DUEATION OF LIFE Society, Established in the Year, in the Tow7i of_ _County of_ MEMBERS. Date of Birth. Date of Admission into the Society. 3 i§ to < Date of becoming a Free Member. The to AVIiole which amount of the Mcmbc time r has • DEATil. Date at whieli ttie Mcniberccased to belong to the Society: whether from arrears of Contributions, from Kxpulsion, or from any other cause except Death. i c 1 < a 3 Remarks. N;inic. Occupatiou or Trade. been entitled to Aliment, in- cluding Bed-lying, Walking- about, and every other de- scription of Ali'uent; during the Years — The part of that time which he has been entitled to Walking-about Pay only ; during the Years — Oate of Age at Disease or Cause of Period sick before Death. 1831 &c. 1 &c. 1 1842 1831 &c. 6cc. 1842 « 1 M .s 1 a 1 1 a is a M !• 1 a o 1. When anj' particular case of Sickness maj' have commenced in one year, and continued to the following year, care must be taken to ascribe the proper quantity of sickness to each year. 2. Every member's name, or initials, must be entered in the Schedule, whether he may have received aliment at any time, or not. 3. In fillin" up the columns of Sickness, Sundays are meant to be included. If it should be more convenient to exclude them, please to staff tliat you have done so. 4. If the member's correct date of birth, and also his age at admission into the Society, be known, it will be entered as such ; if not, liis present age, his a<;e at death or at expulsion, as the case may be, must be guessed at or approximated to by the person who fiUs up the Schedule, and also by any other person who may know the member in question, and inserted in the colimm headed " Remarks." The age on the preceding birthday should be taken, if not otherwise expressed. 5. If it be the practice of the Society to distinguish between Bed-lyiug and Waliing-about Pay, care must be taken to fill up the respective columns. 6. The column of Deaths, as well as the column of Members who have been expelled, or who have lefl the Society, must be tilled up with much 7. Should it be inconvenient or impossible to fiirnish the information for any particular column, or colmnas, it is hoped that the remaining ones will be filled up with as much accuracy as possible. 8. If it should happen that the information given respecting any particular Member stands in need of any explanation, such is to be given in the column headed " Remarks." 9. If the columns for the whole period of twelve years cannot be filled up, please to fill up as many as possible. 10. It will also be important to have an Abstract of the Society's Income and Expenditure fiUed up in the annexed Form. 11. A Copy of the Society's Printed Rules or Regulations will be useful ; and if such cannot be fomarded, then a written abstract of the terms of Contribution from Members, and of the benefits or aliments afforded them ; with any other information of a useful nature relating to the Society. 12. A Copy of the Return of Sickness and Mortality sent to the Barrister or Advocate appointed to Certify the Rules of Friendly Societies, would be very desirable. 13. Insert, in the column headed " Remarks," how many times the Member may have been sick during the period referred to in the adjoining columns ; for example, a Member may have experienced, in any one or more years, twenty weeks of sickness, which may have been all one attack of iUness, or it may represent three or four different attacks of illness ; and the number of attacks is to be stated, which can always be done by refer- iiig to the Society's books, and seeing the number of applications he has made for sick allowance. 14. It is also to be kept in view, that when a member's death is recorded, it should be stated in the column headed " Disease or Cause of" for what period he was iU in the attack of sickness immediately preceding his death. Abstract of til e Society's Income and Expenditure. Date of balancing in the respective years. Amount of Income during the preceding year, from Amount of Expenditure during the preced- ing year, on account of Amount of Stock in band at each -period of balancing. Contributions not including Arrears. Imerf St of Stock and otlier Sources. Aliment in Sickness. Funeral and other Espc:;ses. 1831 &c. Sec. 1842 Number of Members in tlie Society on the day of 1831 . &c. &c. 1842 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 15 The data were subsequently abstracted on sheets sunilar to the foUomng, and the results of every Society were kept separate from those of every other. The results of every particular trade or emplojTnent were also kept distinct from those of every other occupation. Schedule on ivhich the Original Facts were Abstracted. No. 10 11 &c. &c. &C. &c. 99 100 Remarks. 1 Sickness "Sickness 1 s Sickness c i Sickness u Sickness O Sicknc--; d Sickness a> c5 Sickness i c n s 1 1 1 rid 1 1 1 1 By this arrangement a means was afforded to measure the precise amount of Sickness and Mortahty experienced by any particular Society, the ratio due to each year of life, and also how far its affairs were influenced by the particular trades and occupations of its IMembers. All the Societies having been abstracted in this way, the results were afterwards com- bined in the following manner : — The Societies belonging to the Rural Districts were .placed in one group. The Societies belonging to Town Districts were placed in another group. And a tliird group was formed from those Societies estabhshed in the great Towns or Cities. A hst of the places composing the respective groups of Rural Districts, To-svn Districts, and City Districts, is given in Appendix, Note II. This plan was adopted in preference to a binary arrangement, in order to prevent a purely rural district from being mixed up with some of the smaller townis, and the great city districts with the larger towns. The results of the first group, or Rural Districts, were then combined as follows. The totals of a given trade were placed on one of the Abstract Sheets ; and the totals of the same trade in a second and a third Society, and so forth, were placed next in order on the same sheet, until aU the Societies in the Rural Districts of the first county in alphabetical .order were exhausted. The smns of those totals were then found, which shewed tlie amount of sickness and mortality among a certain number of persons at each age and of a given trade in that county. The same trade was cai-ried through the rural districts of every other county in the same manner ; and the totals for each county being added together, shewed the general result for that trade in the whole of the rural districts combined. The same trade was carried through the second group, or Town Districts, and also the third group, or City Districts, in precisely the same manner, so that an opportunity was thus afforded, of vie-s\ing the comparative degree of health, in the same occupation or employ- [ment, 16 DURATION OF LIFE - Table E. Trades not Classified — Rukal Districts — Males. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. In Period?. In Periods. At Each Age. In Periods. At At Each Age. Each Age . Total. Per Cent. Total. Per Annum. 10 50 50 11-286 11-286 0-2257 10 11 9n "^ 72-572^ 11 12 163 180-572 12 13 254 . 1737 ... > 4 0-2302 255-858 . 1373-861 0-8485 13 14 423 402-144 14 15 806 3. 462-715 15 16 1443^ 10^ 1036.572^ 16 17 2348 20 1870-572 17 18 3826 > 21408 28 ' 159 0-7427 3046-143 > 17913-857 0-8367 18 19 5736 42 4921-428 19 20 8055 59j 7039-142J 20 21 10518' 75^ 9135-856'1 21 22 13081 96 11065-856 22 23 15232 74586 109 550 0-7333 12714-856 > 62783-994 0-8417 23 24 17150 127 14151-713 24 25 18605 143 15715-713 25 26 19836" 153" 17252-713~ 26 27 20791 150 18295-427 27 28 21672 107009 154 760 0-7102 19914-856 > 95782-138 0-8950 28 29 22189 152 20343-428 29 30 22521 151. 19975-714, 30 31 22495^ 154^ 19281-857'^ 31 32 22297 150 18901-000 32 33 21840 110107 153 785 0-7129 18020-142 > 93140-282 0-8459 33 34 21834 159 18192-856 34 35 21641 169 18744-427 35 36 215661 163^ 19461-570" 36 37 21341 21313 169 20218-570 37 38 ■ 103887 163 801 0-7710 20797.999 \ 101701-423 0-9789 38 39 20291 156 20663-999 39 40 19376 150 20559-285^ 40 41 18299" 150^ 19893-570" 41 42 17393 136 19747-141 42 43 .162.32 • 82763 135 692 0-8361 19453-570 > 19322-570 97756-993 1-1811 43 44 15769 141 44 45 15070 130 19340- 142 J 19275-428] 45 46 14639" 132" 46 47 14006 140 18744-143 47 48 13455 . 66447 144 ) > 686 1-0324 17796-571 90544-713 1-3626 48 49 12510 132 17345-857 49 50 11837 138 18382-714 50 51 10980" 133^ 17718-857^ 51 52 10236 139 17994-428 52 53 9485 - 48361 143 ) > 702 1-4515 18670-714 93350-427 1-9302 53 54 9066 146 19254-857 54 55 8594 14lj 19711-571 55 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. Table E continued. Trades not Classified. — Pvui?al Districts. — Males. 17 Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. 1 In Periods. In Periods. At Each Age In Periods. At EachAg At e Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 56 8i5n 145"^ 20159-714" « 56 57 7768 142 20457-571 57 58 7382 36326 141 ) 698 1-9215 21510-714 106070-284 2-9199 58 59 6789 139 21979-428 59 60 6236 13lJ 21962-857 21534-000* 60 61 5692* 122 61 62 5121 123 21917-286 62 63 4613 23677 121 596 2-5172 23708-143 124379-429 5-2531 63 64 4286 116 27106-000 64 65 3965 114 30114-000 65 66 3694* 117* 33347 285* 66 67 3453 130 35968-142 67 68 3188 15781 133 653 4-1378 36220-570 176695-852 11-1967 68 69 2870 132 35701-142 69 70 2576 141 35458-713 70 71 2248* 138* 34905-571* 71 72 1931 1666 116 33618-857 72 73 8602 104 551 6-4054 32508-000 160791-141 18-6922 73 74 1472 101 30863-285 74 75 1285 92 28895-428 75 76 1130^ 85* 26211-142* 76 77 984 73 23605-142 77 78 855 4203 66 333 7-9229 20783-999 100552-281 23-9239 78 79 688 56 16875-856 79 ■ 80 546 53 13076-142 80 81 428* 43* 10298-856* 81 82 339 42 8185-570 82 83 255 1397 35 168 12-0257 6316-428 34925-711 25-0005 83 84 208 31 5376-000 84 85 167 1''^ 4748-857 85 86 139^ 15* 4094-143* 86 87 106 11 3155-715 87 88 84 435 8 45 10-3448 2415-715 > 12497-289 28-7294 88 89 62 6 1733-858 89 90 44 J 5^ 1097-858 90 91 28" 2* 677-001* 91 92 21 483-001 92 93 14 > 82 ... > 2 2-4390 274-715 . 1717-718 20-9477 93 94 11 170-572 94 95 8 ' 112-429 95 96 6* 52-286* 96 97 5 97 98 5 > 25 ... /■ 5228-6 2-0914 98 99 5 99 100 4^ ' ' ' ^ 100 101 3 3 101 706886 8185 1-1579 1372040-9(35 1-9410 18 DURATION OF LIFE Table E continued. Trades not Classified. — Town Districts — Males. Age. Population. DEATHS. sickness. Age. * At Each Age. In Periods. At In Perioih. At E.ich Age. In Periods Ea'-'h Ag e Total. Per Cent. Total. Per Annum. 10 15 15 ^ 19-000 19-000 1-2666 10 11 481 "^ 29-8571 n 12 109 61-571 12 13 206 > 1454 "l > 4 0-2751 160-571 > 1036-712 0-7130 13 14 403 1 270-428 14 15 688 2^ 514-285 15 10 1017"" 7" 727-285" 16 17 1390 8 1070-571 17 18 1826 > 9315 8 > 50 0-5367 1465-571 > 7765-284 0-8336 18 19 2278 13 2041-714 19 20 2804 1^. 2460-143 20 21 3460"" 13" 3099-429" 21 22 4224 19 3837-000 22 23 5076 > 25473 29 > 136 0-5338 4598-286 22731-143 0-8907 23 24 5958 33 5290-000 24 25 6755 42 5906-428 25 26 '7442^ 49" 6300-713" 26 27 8004 53 6524-428 27 28 8422 41592 55 > 286 0-6876 6788-428 34582-425 0-8314 28 29 8720 62 7237-428 29 30 9004 67j 7731-428^ 30 31 9205^ 73" 8066-000' 31 32 9318 75 8458-857 32 33 9381 46837 79 383 0-8177 9080-428 44573-284 0-9516 33 34 9506 80 9288-571 34 35 9427 76 9679-428 35 36 9269" ^n 9938-571" 36 37 9072 81 10061-714 37 38 8815 43221 77 385 0-8907 9653-571 . 47601-997 11013 38 39 8255 78 9144-142 39 40 7810 78 8803-999 8931-284" 40 41 7411" 77i 41 42 7055 66 9543-426 42 43 6710 . 34220 73 . 364 10637 10186-426 51863-133 1-5155 43 44 6588 74 11242-141 44 45 6456 74J 11909-856 45 46 6279^ 81" 12552-428" 46 47 6058 89 13032-857 47 48 5840 ■ 28781 83 > 415 1.4419 13391-857 13637-714 ■ 66420-570 2-3077 48 49 5504 79 49 50 5100 83j 13805-7 14 J 50 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 19 Table E continued. Trades not Classified. — Town Distiucts — Males. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. li Periods. In Periods. At Each Age. In Periods. At Each Ag At Each Age. e Total. Per Cent Total. Per Annum. 51 4704 "^ 78^ 13249-57r 51 52 4341 74 12215-285 52 53 3998 20318 75 ■ 387 1-9047 11786-857 . 59499-141 2-9283 53 54 3748 80 • 11240-000 54 55 3527 9 80 11007-428 55 56 3286'' 88* 11096-428* 56 57 3025 85 11.361-285 57 58 2717 13341 82 73 392 2-9383 10744-856 9769-141 51563-851 3-8650 58 59 2335 59 60 1978 1699* 64J 8592-141 60 61 53 i 7815-570* 61 62 1462 56 7772-428 62 63 1268 6673 51 252 3-7764 8158-428 9176-143 43278-569 6-4856 63 64 1163 46 64 65 1081 46 45* 10356-OOOJ 65 66 978^ 10969-571* 66 67 867 35 10864-285 67 68 782 > 3847 38 207 5-3808 10746-142 > 50466-567 13-1184 68 69 665 43 9632-427 69 70 555 46j 8254-142 70 71 470" 4n 7573-285* 71 72 410 42 7070-142 72 73 354 > 1830 39 > 183 10-0000 6629-714 > 34900-569 19-0713 73 74 315 33 6746-000 74 75 281 28 6881-428 75 76 247 "1 26* 6716-571* 76 77 207 22 6218-428 77 78 170 > 898 17 > 89 9-9109 5596-142 > 28221-140 31-4266 78 79 146 14 5088-142 79 80 128 10 4601-857 80 81 112^ 11* 3899-714* 81 82 101 12 3487-000 82 83 89 > 439 11 > 55 12-5284 3107-000 > 15505-715 35-3205 83 84 76 10 2720-572 84 85 6lJ llj 2291-429 85 86 481 9* 2010-572* 86 87 36 6 1610-715 87 88 27 > 140 6 > 29 20-7142 1189-001 > 6033-575 43-0969 88 89 18 5 754-715 89 90 11 3 468-572 90 91 n \] 256-429 \ 93-286 \ 91 92 2/ 8 3 37-5000 349-715 43-7143 92 '278402 3620 1-3003 566412-390 ! 2-0309 20 DURATION OF LIFE Table E continued. Trades not Classified. — City Districts — Males. Age. l*opulation. DEATHS. sickness. - Age. At Each Age. In Periods. ' 1 In At Periods. At Each Age. In Periods. Each Age Total. Per Cent Total. Per Annum. 10 10 11 "^ 11 12 12 13 ... ^ 10 . • . * 13 14 3 14 15 7 15 16 12^ ^ 16 17 23 17 18 56 > 443 10-000 > 15-3000 0-3453 18 19 113 36-143 19 20 239 106-857 20 21 450^" n 344-571" 21 22 798 5 615-999 22 23 1236 6584 7 > 44 0-6682 975-285 > 5904-709 0-8968 23 24 1798 14 1720-570 24 25 2402 17 2248-284 25 26 3047 ■" 22" 2901-427" 26 27 3717 29 3720-713 27 28 4395 21640 40 ' 196 0-9057 4670-141 ^ 23100-565 1-0674 28 29 4972 47 5390-713 29 30 5509 58 6417-571 30 31 5903' 62" 6851-428" 31 32 6130 57 7087-000 32 33 6248 31086 64 > 330 1-0615 7218-000 \ 36180-285 1-1638 33 34 6380 69 7381-286 34 35 6425 78 Y642-571 35 36 6381" 80" 8072-857" 36 37 6271 81 8102-571 ' 37 38 6146 . 30333 78 > 383 1-2626 8208-714 > 40876-285 1-3475 38 39 5878 74 8262-714 39 40 5657 70 8229-429 40 41 5478" 76l 8144-857" 41 42 5329 84 8645-428 42 43 5097 . 25428 84 409 1-6084 8654-857 41823-427 1-6447 43 44 4907 85 8366-857 44 45 4617 80 8011-428 45 46 4419" 79" 7991-428.") 46 47 4006 74 7752-428 ( 47 48 3758 > 18857 66 332 1-7606 1 7696-285 38926-425 2-0642 48 49 3475 59 7779-142 49 50 3199 54^ 7707-142^ 50 ' 1 I IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 21 Table E continued. Trades not Classified. — City Districts. — Males. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. At Each Age. In Periods. At Each Ag Ir Period?. At Each Age. • In Per iods. e Total. Per Cent. Total. Per Annum. 51 29661 53"! 7567-428- 51 52 2722 54 7303-285 52 53 2460 2247 12452 57 > 275 2-2084 7047-999 > 35632-710 2-8616 53 54 58 6968-999 54 55 2057^ 53 J 6744-999 55 56 1847~ 43 ~ 6308-571- 56 57 1663 39 6149-571 57 58 1494 > 7459 32 > 181 2-4266 6051-428 > 29588-140 3-9667 58 59 1312 30 5772-285 59 60 1143 37j 5306-285 60 61 1004^ 37^ 34 5017-570" 61 62 869 4477-.570 62 63 743 3823 31 } 152 3-9759 3938-713 20236-565 5-2933 63 64 644 29 3471-856 64 65 563 21 3330-856 65 66 490~ 191 3042-142- 66 67 447 23 2789-142 67 68 410 2027 26 > 112 5-5254 2736-142 13813-710 6-8148 68 69 364 23 2645-142 69 70 316 21 2601-142 70 71 278^^ 22-= 2716-428" 71 72 230 17 2890-143 72 73 183 988 13 ' 76 7-6923 2821-286 > 14504-286 14-6804 73 74 157 12 2885-429 74 75 140 12 3191-000 75 76 123" 10" 3461-857" 76 77 116 10 3823-428 77 78 111 } 525 12 )■ 57 10-8571 3913-714 > 17821-427 33-9455 78 79 97 13 3660-428 79 80 981 59l 12 2962-000 80 81 lO' 2225-000" 81 82 40 8 1466-286 82 83 28 } 166 5 > 29 17-4698 1037-000 > 6158-286 37-0981 83 84 21 3 742-000 84 85 18 3 31 - 688-000 85 86 14- 550-000" 86 87 10 2 372-000 87 88 6 )■ 34 2 > 9 26-4705 216-000 - 1258-000 37-0000 ss 89 3 1 112-000 89 &0 ij 1^ 8-000_ 90 161855 2585 1-5971 325977-820 2-0140 22 DURATION or LIFE Table E conthiued. Trades not Classified. — Rural, Town and City Districts. — 3fales. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. 1 In Periods. At In Pe riods. At In At Each Age. Period?. Eai-h Ag - Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 10 65 65 30- 286 30-286 0-4659 10 11 139^ "^ 102 4291 11 12 272 242 143 12 l'^ 460 > 3201 1 > 8 0-2499 416 429 2410-573 0-7530 13 14 829 2 672 572 14 15 1501 5 977 000 15 16 24721 17^ 1763 857"! 16 17 3761 28 2941 143 17 18 5708 > 31166 36 > 209 0-6706 4521 714 ^ 25832-141 0-82^8 18 19 8127 11098 55 6999 285 19 20 73J 9603 142 20 21 14428" 89l 12579 856" 21 22 18103 120 15518 856 22 2.3 21544 > 24906 106743 145 \ 730 0-6838 18288 427^ 91419-850 0-8564 23 24 174 21162 284 24 2.5 27762J 30325" 202 23870 427 25 26 224" 26454 856' 26 27 32512 232 28540 570 27 28 34489 > 35881 170241 249 1242 0-7295 31373 428 153465-139 0-9014 28 29 261 32971 571 29 30 37034 J 276 34124 714j 30 31 37603" 289' 34199 285' 31 32 37745 282 34446 857 32 33 37469 > 37720 37493 188030 296 1498 0-7966 34318 571 ' 173893-855 0-9248 33 34 308 34862 714 34 3.5 323 36066 428j 35 36 37216"" 314' 37473 000" 36 37 36684 331 38382 857 37 38 36274 > 34424- 32843 31188" 177441 318 > 1569 0-8786 38660 285 190179-711 1-0718 38 39 308 38070 856 39 40 298 37592 713 J 40 41 303" 37019 7131 41 42 29777 286 37935 ■998 42 43 28039 . 142411 292 1465 1-0287 38294 856 191443-567 1-3443 43 44 27264 300 38931 571 44 45 26143^ 284 39261 429 45 46 25237" 292' 39819 286" 46 47 24070 303 293 39529 429 47 48 23053 > 21489 201361 18650' 113985 . 1433 1-2571 38884 714^ 195891-714 1-7185 48 49 270 38762 714 1 49 50 275 38895 571J 50 51 264"^ 38535 856"! 51 52 17299 267 37512 999 571 52 53 15943 > i,-;o6i 14178j 81131 275 } 284 1364 1-6812 37505 188482-281 2-3231 53 54 37463 856 54 .^5 274J 37463-999J 55 1 [ 1 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. Table E continued. Trades not Classified — Rltial, Towii and City Disteicts. — Males. 23 Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. 1 Ir Periods. In Periods. At In At At Each Age in Periods. EachAg e Total. Per Cent. Ea<;h Age. Total. Per Annum. 56 132841 276"] 37564-714^ 56 57 12456 266 37968-428 57 58 11593 > 57126 255 ' 1271 2-2249 38306-999 ' 187222-283 3-2773 58 59, 10436 242 37520-857 59 60 9357 8395' 232 35861-285 60 61 212 34367-142' 61 62 7452 213 34167-285 62 63 6624 ■ 34173 203 ■ 1000 2 9262 35805-285 ■ 187894-567 5-4983 63 64 6093 191 39753-999 64 65 5609 I81J 43800-856 65 66 5162^ isr 47358-999' 66 67 4767 188 49621-571 67 68 4380 • 21655 197 ) 972 4-4885 49702-867 ■ 240976-141 11-1279 68 69 3899 198 47978-714 69 70 3447 208 46314-000 70 71 2996°' 201' 45195-285' 71 72 2571 175 43579-142 72 73 2203 11420 156 810 7-0928 41958-999 210195-995 18-4059 73 74 1944 146 40494-713 74 75 1706 I32J 38967-856 75 76 1500* i2r 36.389-571' 76 77 1307 105 33646-999 77 78 1136 5626 95 > 479 8-5140 30293-856 > 146594-853 26-0566 78 79 931 83 25624-428 79 80 752 75) 64 20639-999 80 81 5991 16423-570' 81 82 480 62 13138-856 82 83 372 2002 51 > 252 12-5874 10460-428 > 56589-711 28-2665 83 84 305 44 8838-571 84 85 246 J 31 7728-286_^ 85 86 20 r 271 6654-715 86 87 152 19 5138-429 87 88 117 \ 609 16 > 83 13-6289 3820-714 > 19788-857 32-4940 88 89 83 12 2600-571 89 90 56 9 1574-428 90 91 34' 4' 933-428"" 91 92 23 1 576-286 92 93 14 > 90 ... > 5 5-5555 274-715 > 2067-400 22-9714 93 94 11 170-572. 94 95 8 112-429 95 96 6' 52-286' 96 97 5 97 98 5 ► 25 ... > 52-286 2-0914 98 99 5 99 100 4 100 101 3 3 ... 101 1147143! 14390 1 1 1-2544 2264431-240 1-9740 ! 24 DURAtlON OF LIFE ineiit, ill the three districts referred to; Those three districts were next combined, to give the general results for that trade -wdthout regard to locality. A second trade was taken up in the like manner, and carried through precisely the same steps, and so also were other trades until all were exliausted. The totals of the various trades in the Piural Districts were then combined, giving the general results for that district -without regard to occupation, and so on with each of the other districts ; and the combination of these last three gave of course the general results, Avithout regard to either trade or locality. All the possible combinations of those elements of the data being thus made, the next step was to exliibit the results in a convenient fonn, from which to make useful deductions. Tables were therefore formed, shemng the total number of persons, at every year of life over which the observations extend — the number of deaths among them yearly — and the amount of sickness yearly, expressed in weeks and decimals of a week. In the same Tables are also given the same facts for quinquennial periods of hfe, also the rate of mortality per cent., and the average amount of sickness per annum to each person. As these observations extend over upwards of 400 different trades or occupations, the examination of each under the varied combinations described would involve the considera- tion of so immense a number of Tables, as would evidently pei'plex the present inquiry. Such only will therefore be brotight forward as seem to bear distinctly on the more imme- diate question. What is the influence of Locality on Health and on the Duration of Life? Table E, one of the class just referred to, will be useful in pointing out the distinction in the rates of Moitality in quinquennial periods of life, between the Male Population in the Rural, Town and City Districts, and for minute purposes of detAil vriR no doubt atford many interesting illustrations ; but on the present occasion a moi'e extended and general \\v\y of the results is necessary, and an inspection of Table F -will therefore be of more importance, This Talile is formed from Table E, in precisely the sane manner that Table C was formed from Table B. On inspection of the results under tlie head " Rural Districts," it will be seen that the highest Specific Intensit}" is attained at the youngest ages in the Table, and that it decreases iip to Age 20, from which Age up till 31 it increases, and then decreases gradually till near the extreme of life. A comparison of the Specific Intensity as given in this Tal)le, mth the general result for the Male Population in England and Wales as set forth in Table G, mU shew a higher intensity of life through the -whole range of the Table, mamtaining at the same time a very remarkable parallelism. It will l)e seen that the Specific Intensity At age 20 in Table C is as high as at Age 39 in Table F (Rural Districts) „ 40 „ „ ■ 50 [An approximating IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 25 Table F Trades not Classified — Rural Districts — Males. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 230 •230 434^783 56 69171 1199 1-734 57^676 11 99770 •230 434^783 57 67972 1246 1-833 54-555 12 99541 249 •250 400^000 58 66726 1293 1-937 51-626 13 99292 289 •291 343^643 59 05433 1339 2-046 48-876 It 99003 349 •353 283-286 60 64094 1384 2-160 46-296 \5 98654 429 •435 229-885 61 62710 1429 2-279 43-879 16 98225 527 •537 186-212 62 61281 1495 2-439 41-004 17 97698 005 •619 16h551 63 59786 1578 2-640 37-879 18 97093 060 •680 147^059 64 58208 1678 2-882 34-698 19 96433 694 •720 138^890 65 56530 1789 3-165 31-596 20 95739 708 •739 135-318 66 54741 1910 3-489 28-661 21 95031 700 •737 135^685 67 52831 2028 3-839 26-048 22 94331 692 •734 136^240 68 50803 2141 4-215 23-725 23 93639 685 •731 136^799 69 48662 2246 4-616 21-664 21. 92954 676 •727 137^552 70 46416 2341 5-044 19-825 25 92278 667 •723 138^313 71 44075 2423 5-498 18-188 26 91611 659 •719 139-082 72 41652 2466 5-921 1 0^889 27 90952 650 •715 139-860 73 39186 2474 6-314 15-838 28 90302 643 •712 140^449 74 36712 24.52 6-678 14-974 29 89659 637 •711 140-647 75 34260 2402 7-012 14-261 30 89022 033 •711 140.647 76 31858 2330 7-315 13-670 31 88389 628 •711 140-647 77 29528 2283 7-730 12-936 32 87761 627- •714 140-056 78 27245 2250 8-257 12-111 m 87134 626 •719 139-082 79 24995 2223 8-894 11-243 34 86508 628 •726 137-741 80 22772 2196 9-644 10-369 35 85880 632 •736 135-870 81 20576 2153 10-464 9-560 m 85248 637 •747 1.33-869 82 18423 2035 1 1 -045 9-057 37 84611 642 •759 131-752 83 16388 1866 11-387 8-779 38 83969 648 •772 129-534 84 14522 1669 11-490 8-703 39 83321 Q5S •784 127-551 85 12853 1459 11-353 8-810 40 82668 659 •797 125-470 86 11394 1255 11-017 9-074 41 82009 664 •810 123-457 87 10139 1127 1M15 9-001 42 81345 674 •828 120-773 88 9012 1064 11-809 8-467 43 80671 687 •852 117-371 89 7948 1041 13-100 7-633 44 79984 704 •880 113^636 90 6907 1023 14-809 6-752 45 79280 725 •914 109-409 91 5884 1018 17-314 5-777 46 78555 749 •953 104-931 92 4866 982 20-173 4-958 47 77806 779 1001 99^900 93 3884 912 23-476 4-261 48 77027 816 1-059 94^429 94 2972 821 27-625 3-621 49 76211 857 M25 88^889 65 2151 706 32-826 3-046 50 75354 904 1-200 83-333 96 1445 565 39-132 2-555 51 74450 956 1^284 77-882 97 880 386 47-046 2-125 52 73494 1007 h370 72-993 98 494 285 57-777 1-731 53 72487 1057 1^458 68-587 99 209 138 66-037 1-514 54 71430 1106 h548 64-599 100 71 71 85-000 1-176 55 70324 1153 1-640 60-976 26 DURATION OF LIFE Table F continued. Trades not Classified. — Towxs. — Males. Ages. Living. Dying. Alortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortal ily per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 275 •275 363-636 56 65638 1().j7 2-524 39-620 11 9<)725 274 •275 363^636 57 63981 1712 2-723 36-724 12 99451 283 •285 350^877 58 62239 1815 2-916 31-294 13 99168 303 •306 326-797 59 60424. 1871 3-097 32-289 14 98S65 333 •337 296-736 60 58553 1916 3-273 30-553 15 98532 373 •379 263^852 61 liiiGiil 1948 3-1.10 29-036 16 98159 424 •432 231-481 62 54689 19.90 3-(i39 27-180 17 97735 462 •473 2ir416 6\i 52699 2039 3-8()8 25-853 18 97273 491 •505 198^020 64 50660 2091 4^128 24-225 19 96782 508 •525 190^476 65 48569 2146 4^418 22-635 20 96274 515 •535 186-916 66 46423 2130 4^739 21-101 21 95759 512 •535 186-916 67 44293 2294 5-180 19-305 22 95247 516 •540 185-185 68 41999 2412 5-712 17-415 23 94731 523 •552 18M59 69 39587 25 14 6-125 15-564 24 94208 538 •571 175-131 70 37043 2(i78 7-228 13-835 25 93670 557 •595 168-067 71 34365 2801 8-1.52 12-267 2G 93113 583 •626 159^744 72 31564 2805 8^888 11-251 27 92530 607 •656 152-439 73 28759 2713 9-135 10-599 28 91923 630 •()85 145^985 74 26046 2.J51 9-794 10-210 29 91293 651 •713 140-252 75 23495 2341 9-964 1().0.3{J 30 90612 671 •740 135-135 76 21154 2101 9 946 10.054. 31 89971 689 •766 130-548 77 19050 1912 1 0^037 9-960 32 89282 705 •790 126-582 78 17138 1754 10-235 9-775 m 88577 718 •811 1 23^305 79 15384 1622 10.,542 9-488 34 878.59 729 •830 120-482 80 13762 l,-)08 10-957 9.121 35 87130 738 •84.7 118-064 81 12254 1407 11-181 8.711 36 86392 744 •861 116-141. 82 10847 1326 12-227 8-176 37 85648 754 •880 113.636 83 9521 12.56 13-196 7581 38 84894 766 •902 110.865 84 8265 1189 14-388 6*949 39 81428 782 ■929 107 643 85 7076 1118 15-802 6*329 40 83346 800 •9()0 104-167 86 5958 1036 17-439 5*734 41 82546 821 994 100-603 87 4922 956 19-420 5-149 42 81725 847 r037 96-432 88 3966 864 21-746 4-598 43 8087S 880 1'088 91-912 89 3102 757 24-415 4-097 44 79998 918 n47 87-184 90 2315 643 27-428 3-646 45 79080 959 1"213 82-440 91 1702 524 30-785 3-249 46 78121 1008 r290 77-519 92 1178 396 33-584 2-978 47 77113 10.56 r369 73^046 93 782 280 35-829 2-791 48 76057 1104 r452 68^871 94 502 188 37-518 2-665 49 74953 1152 r537 65^062 95 311 123 39-287 2-545 50 73801 1201 r627 61-463 96 191 78 40-995 2-439 51 72600 1248 1*719 58-174 97 113 49 43-643 2-292 .')2 71352 1309 r835 54-496 98 64 83 50-913 1 -96 1 53 70013 1382 1*973 50-684 99 31 16 51-307 1-948 54 68661 1465 2*134 .1.(rS60 100 15 15 75-000 1-333 55 67196 1.5,58 2-318 43^1M IX VARIOUS CLASSES. 27 Table F continued. Trades not Classieied Cities. — Males. Ages. Lhing. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Ages. Livinf;. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 396 •3961 252-525 56 58620 1371 2-3393 42-753 11 99604 395 •3961 252-525 57 57249 1395 2-4361 41-051 12 99209 401 •4038 247-525 58 55854 1445 2-5863 38-669 13 98808 '414 •4193 238-664 59 54409 1518 2-7896 35-842 14 98394 435 •4426 2-25^734 60 52891 1611 3-0463 32-830 15 97959 464 •4736 210-971 61 51280 1721 3-3561 29-797 16 97495 499 •5123 195-313 62 49559 1817 3-6660 27-278 17 96996 545 •5511 181-488 63 47742 1898 3-9759 25-151 18 96451 569 •5900 169-492 64 45844 1965 4-2858 23-332 19 95882 596 •6212 161-031 65 43879 2017 4-5957 21-758 20 95286 614 •6446 155-039 66 41862 2054 4-9056 20-383 21 94672 627 •6603 151-512 67 39808 2086 5-2402 19-084 22 94045 637 •6777 147-493 68 37722 2112 5^5995 17-860 23 93408 651 •6967 143-472 69 35610 2131 5^9832 16^714 24 92757 673 •7252 137-931 70 33479 2140 6^3921 15^644 25 92084 703 •7632 131-062 71 31339 2139 6^8255 14^652 26 91181 739 •8107 123-305 72 29200 2131 7^2988 13^701 27 90442 770 •8509 117-509 73 27069 2115 7-8120 12-801 28 89672 793 •8839 113-122 74 24954 2087 8-3651 11-954 29 88879 808 •9095 110-011 75 22867 2049 8-9582 11-163 30 88071 817 •9280 107-759 76 20818 1997 9-5911 10-426 31 87254 837 •9591 104-275 77 18821 1950 10-3620 9-652 32 86417 8G1 •9961 100-402 78 16871 1902 11-2708 8-873 33 85556 889 1^0389 96-246 79 14969 1844 12-3175 8-117 34 84667 921 1-0875 91-996 80 13125 1772 13-5021 7-407 35 83746 956 M419 87-564 81 11353 1675 14-8247 6^748 36 82790 979 M821 84-602 82 9678 1572 16-2427 6-158 37 81811 1005 r2281 81-433 83 8106 1439 17-7563 5-631 38 80806 1035 1^2799 78-125 84 6667 1291 19^3654 5-165 39 79771 1067 r3375 74-794 85 5376 1133 21-0700 4-746 40 78704 1103 r4009 71-377 86 4243 970 22-8702 4-373 41 77601 1141 1^4700 68-027 87 3273 812 24-7975 4-032 42 76460 1171 r5314 65-360 88 2461 661 26-8519 3-724 43 75289 1193 1-5851 63-092 89 1800 523 29-0335 3-445 44 74096 1209 1-0310 61-312 90 1277 400 31-3423 3-191 45 72887 1217 ]^6692 59-916 91 877 296 33'7782 2-960 46 71670 1218 1-6997 58-823 92 581 208 35-8437 2-790 47 70452 1227 1-7419 57-405 93 373 140 37-5389 2-664 48 69225 1243 1^7960 55-679 94 233 91 38-8636 » 2-573 49 67982 1266 1^8619 53-706 m 142 57 39-8180 2-511 50 66716 1294 1-9397 51-546 I 96 85 34 40.4020 £-475 51 65422 1328 2-0292 49-285 97 51 22 44-1099 2-267 52 64094 1352 2-1096 47-393 1 98 29 15 51-1463 1-955 53 62742 1368 2-1808 45-851 ! 99 14 8 51-3067 1-949 54 61374 1377 2-2428 44-583 100 6 6 75 '0000 1-333 55 59997 1377 2-2956 43-554 28 DURATION OF LIFE Table F contiiiued. Tkades not Classified. — Rural, Toato and City Districts. — Males. Ages. Living. D^ing:. Moriiilitv. per Cent. Specific. 1 Intensity, j Ages. Living. D\ ing. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 250 •2499 4O0^000 56 66509 1335 2-0074 49-825 11 99750 249 •24.99 400-000 57 65174 1383 2-1224 47-125 12 99501 265 •2667 374^532 58 63791 1131 2-2AS1 44-563 13 99236 298 •3004 ?)S?r333 59 62360 1479 2-3714 42-176 14 98938 347 ■3508 284-900 1 60 60881 1525 2-5054 39-920 15 98591 412 •4181 239-234. ' 61 ^mm 1570 2-6456 37-793 16 98179 493 •5022 199-203 ()2 57786 1630 2-8203 35-401 17 97086 557 •5701 175-439 63 56156 1701 3-0295 33-014 18 97129 604 •0216 160-771 64 54455 1782 3-2730 30^553 19 96525 634 •6568 152^207 65 52673 1871 3-5511 28^161 20 95891 648 •6758 147^929 66 50802 1903 s-mso 25^887 21 95243 64(5 •6785 147^493 67 48839 2060 4-2177 23-708 22 94597 646 •6824 146-628 68 46779 2158 4-6135 21-673 23 93951 646 •6876 145-349 (J9 44621 2254 5-0509 19-798 24 93305 648 •6942 144^092 70 42367 2343 5-5301 18-083 25 92657 650 •7020 142^450 71 40024 2422 6-0510 16-526 26 92007 654 •7112 140^647 72 37602 2453 6-5246 15-326 27 91353 659 •7212 138-696 73 35149 2443 6-9508 14-386 28 90694 664 •7320 136-612 74 32706 2397 7-3296 13-643 29 OOOb'O 670 •7437 134-409 75 30309 2322 7-6612 13-053 30 893(;0 676 •7563 132-275 76 27987 2224 7-9455 12-586 31 88684 683 •7697 129-870 77 25763 2148 8-3358 11-996 32 88001 ()90 •7837 127-551 78 23615 2086 8-8322 11-322 SS 87311 697 •7983 125-313 79 21529 2031 9-4347 10-598 34 86614 705 •8136 122-850 ' 80 19498 1982 10-1433 9-862 35 85909 713 '8294 120-627 ■ 81 17516 1919 10-9580 9-124 SG 85196 721 •8458 118-203 82 15597 1817 11-6514 8-584 37 84475 731 •8649 115-607 83 13780 Hi84 12-2236 8-183 38 83744 743 •8868 1 12-740 84 12096 1533 12-6744 7-893 39 83001 756 •9113 109-769 85 10563 1374 13-0040 7-692 40 82245 772 •9386 106-496 86 9189 1214 13-2123 7-570 41 81473 789 •9686 103-199 87 7975 1118 14-0171 7-138 42 80684 808 hOOlS 99-001 88 6857 1057 15-4183 6-485 43 79876 829 1-0380 96-339 89 5800 1010 17-4160 ^•740 44< 79047 852 10775 92-850 90 4790 958 20-0102 4-997 45 78195 876 M200 89-286 91 3832 889 23-2008 4-310 46 77319 901 M657 85-763 92 2943 783 26-5925 3-7(il 47 76418 932 \-2W2 81-967 93 2160 644 29-8333 3-352 48 75486 967 1^2806 78-064 , 94 1516 501 33-0399 3-289 49 74519 1006 1^3497 74-074 95 1015 369 36-3588 2-750 50 73513 1049 1^4207 70-077 96 64.() 256 39-6498 2-522 51 72164 1095 1^5115 66-137 97 390 176 45-1555 2-215 52 71369 1143 1^6011 62-461 98 214 113 52-9127 l-8i)0 53 70226 1191 1-6955 58-997 1 99 101 62 61-3067 1-631 54 69035 1239 1-7947 55-710 100 39 39 75-0000 1-333 55 6779(i 12S7 1 -8986 52-659 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 29 An approximating value taking place up to about this period, after which they again diverge to near the extreme of life. The population existing at Age 10 in Table C is halved between ages 62-3 ; while in Table F (Rural Districts) the same result is not determined till ages 68-9 ; — shewing under this aspect a superior vitahty of six years. If the results in Table F for the To-wn Districts be now inspected, it will be seen that the Specific intensity decreases in a regular series, from the beginning to the extreme of the Table. It will also appear that the Specific Intensity is higher than Male Life in Table C up to Age 52, and from that to age 76 it is less. From the latter age to the extreme of life, they cross each other. The following are the ages at which 'the corresponding Specific Intensities in both Tables are nearly equal. Age 20 in C corresponds with Age 31 in F (Town Districts) 30 „ „ 41 ?5 40 .50 60 70 80 5) 1) 55 4.5 50 58 68 82 In Table F (Town Districts) it will be seen that half the population disappears between ages 64-5' and it has been shewn that in Table C the same result takes place at ages 62-3. Turning next to the results for the City Districts in Table F, it will be seen that the Specific Intensity decreases from the earliest age to the other extreme of the Table, in a uniform series. In this Table it will also appear, that from the age of 10 to 33 there is a higher Specific Intensity than in Table C ; and from 33 to the extreme of life, the Specific Intensity m the City Districts of Table F is less than in the Male Life of Table C, which represents the general results for England and Wales. The following wiU shew the ages corresponding to equal specific intensities in both Tables : — Age 20 m C corresponds nearly with age 25 m F (City Districts) 30 40 50 60 70 80 33 37 46 59 69 79 Half of the' population, it will be seen in Table F (City Districts), has died oiF between the I 30 DURATION OF LIFE ages of 61 and 62, ■wMle among Males in England and Wales that happened at ages 62 and 63; bemg in this instance one yeai' in favour of the Table for the General Results of the Country. Taking a view of the three Districts respectively, as given in Table F, in conjunction with Table C, it will be seen that there is A higher Specific Intensity in the Rural Districts up to the extreme of life, than in Table C, „ „ To\vn Districts up to the Age of 52 „ » 5j City ,, „ ,, 33 ,, From this it would appear, that the lower the age of equal Specific Intensity, the worse the class of Hves to which it refers. Another comparison of these three classes of results Avith Table C will shew the following series of Differences for the corresponding ages of Equal Specific Intensity: — Age. Rural Districts. Town Districts. City Districts 20 19 11 5 30 17 11 3 40 10 5 3 50 5 4 60 3 — 2 1 70 1 2 1 Sums ofthe series of differences 55 23 5 This arrangement of the rhiferences of corresponding periods of equal Specific Intensity also points out a gradual approximation to lower nmnbers, moving from the Rural to- wards the City Districts. And a third illustration of the same fact wiU be found m comparing the periods at which the equation of fife is found for age 10. It is found in — Table C F— Eural Districts. F— Town Districts. F— City Districts. At Ages 62—3 68—9 64—5 61—2 dilF. 6 years. 2 years. — 1 year. As before stated, the illustrations dra-^i from the Specific Intensity must be understood to have reference to the identical periods only of Hfe at which the comparisons are made, and not to the absolute value of life in any of the classes. It will, how- ever, at all times, be found unportant to keep m view the specific intensity of such Tables, as it affords the readiest means to discover those periods at which any peculiar change or diiFerence in the condition of hfe is taking place. Various chseases have a maximum or minimmn efiect in destroying life at certain periods ; and if a change to a higher specific intensity were found to take place at any given period, the diseases pecuhar to that period should be falling from tlieir maximum towards the minimum. IX VARIOUS CLASSES. 31 In the tliree Districts now under consideration, it was found that in all except one, the Specific Intensity unifonnly decreased from the begmnmg to the end of the Table ; but in the Eural Districts the Specific Intensity was found to increase from ages 20-31. Some change, either in the Rural Districts, or uniformly in the two others, must therefore have taken place in the causes aftecting the duration of life at that period ; and if the nature of this paper led to an examination of the diseases gene- rally prevalent at the same period, the probability is that Consumption and Diseases of the Chest would be found less malignant at that term of life, in relation to the preceding and subsequent periods of life, in the Rural than in either the To-^vn or City Districts. The next arrangement of the data to which reference wiU be made, is the Expec- tation of Life. This mode of expressing the Duration of Life is certainly that wliich is of the most interest to society ; for it points out the average number of years which one member of the community with another participates in the pleasures and cares of life. The Expectation of Life is often confounded with the chance of living an equivalent number of years ; but the distmction will be subsequently explained. In Table G will be found the Expectation of Life for each of the three districts, and also the General Results for those three combined. A comjiarison of the expec- tation under the head " Rural Districts," with the expectation for Males in England and Wales, as given in Table D, will shew a much higher A'alue of life in the Rural Districts throughout the whole range of the Table. At age 10 the diiference is 5-5 years in favor of the Rural Districts, at 30 it is 4'3 years, and at 60 the difference is 2'1 years. The followng arrangement of the results of the two tables, at decennial periods, wiU convey a general idea of their relative values of life : — Age. EXPECTATION. Difference in favour of the Rural District?. Rural Districts. England & Wales. In Years. Per Cent. 20 30 40 50 60 70 45.3550 38.4073 30.9724 23.4700 16.6524 10.9124 40.6910 34.0990 • 27.4760 20.8463 14.5854 9.2176 4.6640 4.3083 3.4964 2.6237 2.0670 1.6918 11.162 11.191 12.725 12.585 14.171 1S..386 A comparison of the results for the Town Districts, will shew a superior ex- pectation up to Age 3.5, after which period the expectation is in favour of Male Life, in the General Talkie for England and Wales. The following Abstract shews the results for decennial periods. [The Expectation 32 DURATION OF LIFE Table G. Expectation — Trabes not Classified. — Males. Rmnl Town City Rural, Town, RuriU Town City I^ural, Town, Ages. Districts, Districts. Districts. ^•CityDistricts Ages, Districts. Districts. Districts. ^CityDistricts 10 53-2581 50-5373 47-9129 51-8097 56 19-2867 16-0651 16-2599 18-2005 11 52-3797 49-6753 47-1014 50-9383 57 18-6181 15-4682 15- 6373 17-5630 12 51-4638 48-8108 46-2870 50-0646 58 17-9163 14-8871 15 0154 16-9330 13 50-6269 47-9486 45-4728 49-1969 59 17-.3014 14-3193 14 4009 16-3101 14 49-7733 47-0<)41 44-6620 48-3436 60 16-6524 13-7608 13 7685 15-6942 15 48-9480 46-2515 43-8482 47-5120 61 16-0089 13-2095 13 2177 15-0845 16 48-1593 45-4254 43-0645 46-7093 62 15-3705 12-6622 12 6593 14-4808 17 47-4163 44-6203 42-28.34 45-9425 63 14-7424 12-1215 12 1221 13-8866 18 46-7086 43-8298 41-5195 45-2031 64 14-1284 11-5892 11 6033 13-3047 19 46-0249 43-0496 40-76.30 44-4828 65 13-53.30 11-0666 11 1005 12-7379 20 45-3550 42-2742 40-0148 43-7736 66 12-9589 10-5551 10 6113 12-1886 21 44-6890 41-4988 39-2711 43-0680 67 12-4093 10-0386 10 1330 11-6585 22 44-0170 40-7192 38-5295 42-3587 68 11-8847 9-5596 9 6657 11-1498 23 43-3385 39-9383 37-7889 41-6465 69 11-3856 9-1116 9 2093 10-6649 24 42-6543 39-1572 37-0506 40-9314 70 10-9124 8-70.30 8 7636 10-2057 25 41-9631 38 5540 36-3177 40-2141 71 10-4654 8-3423 8 3279 9-7739 v26 41-2649 37-6059 35-6725 39-4947 72 10-0451 8 0382 7 9013 9-3712 27 40-5603 36-8396 34-9598 38-7739 73 9-6458 7-7735 7 4840 8-9903 28 39-8486 36-0796 34-2557 38-0520 74 9-2622 7-5311 7 0759 8-6245 29 39-1308 35-3251 33-5569 37-3289 75 8-8893 7-2944 6 6761 8-2670 30 38-4073 34-5753 32-8603 36-6051 76 8-5218 7-0463 6 2840 7-9114 31 37-6787 33-8294 .32-1632 35-8803 77 8-1548 6-7694 5 8977 7-5512 32 36-9448 33-0866 31-4698 35-1549 78 7-7962 6-4688 5 5216 7-1926 33 36-3078 32-3460 30-7815 34-4288 79 7-45.30 6-1493 5 1596 6-8411 34 35-4654 31-6062 30-0995 33-7018 80 7-1317 5-8152 4 8143 6-5016 35 34-7211 .30-8663 29-4251 .32-9742 81 6-8395 5-4693 4 4877 6-1807 36 3 3-9748 30-1259 28-7590 32-2460 82 6-5804 5-1139 4 1778 5-8796 37 33-2268 29-3832 28-0972 31-5170 83 6-3354 4-7565 3 8911 5-5889 38 32-4771 28-6398 27-4404 30-7877 84 6-0853 4-4033 3 6230 5-2975 39 31-7257 27-8960 26-7900 30-0589 85 5-8105 4-0592 3 37.30 4-9937 40 30-9724 27-1530 26-0873 29-3306 86 5-4905 3-7271 3 1401 4-6652 41 30-2173 26-4113 25-5109 28-6037 87 5-1082 3-4063 2 9226 4-2997 42 29-4598 25-6716 24-8841 27-8786 88 4-6845 3-1069 2 7219 39193 43 28-7018 24-9353 24-2634 27-i555 89 4-2447 2-8330 2 5378 3-5424 44 27-9440 24-2041 23-6460 26-4351 90 3-8091 2-5861 2 3724 3-1839 45 27-1880 23-4264 23-0299 25-7177 91 3-3844 2-3743 2 2263 2-8549 46 26-4340 22-7613 22-4125 25-0034 92 2-9879 2-2080 2 1059 2-5663 47 25-6837 22-0523 21-7913 24-2923 93 2-6169 2-0729 2 0013 2-3153 48 24-5489 21-3515 21-1687 23-5860 94 2-2665 1-9502 9034 2-0864 49 24-2000 20-6123 20-5466 22-8856 95 1-9394 1-8184 8028 1-8694 50 23-4700 19-9733 19-9271 22-1920 96 1-6446 1-6675 6765 1-6517 51 22-7485 19-2955 19-3113 21-5060 97 1-3795 1-4734 4607 1-4077 52 22-0379 18-6242 18-7011 20 8282 98 1-0668 1-2187 1896 1-1542 53 21-3371 17-9629 18-0933 20-1591 99 -8476 -9772 9285 •8861 54 206484 17-3144 17-4464 19-4983 100 •5000 •5000 •5000 •5000 55 19-9623 16-6810 16-8753 18-8455 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 33 Age. EXPECTATION. Difference in Favour of Town Districts. 1 England and Wales. Town Districts. England & Wales. In Years- Per Cent. In Years. Per Cent. 20 30 40 50 60 70 42.2742 34.5753 27.1530 19.9733 13.7608 8.7030 40.6910 34.0990 27.4760 20.8463 14.5854 9.2176 1. 5832 0.4763 3.888 1.397 0.3230 0.8730 0.8246 0.5146 1.176 4.188 5.653 .5.582 The Expectation of Life in the City Districts will be found to be less than in Table D, from age 12 upwards. At 20 the difference is '68 years, at 40 it is 1-39 years, and at 60 the difference is "82 years in favour of the general value of Male Life m Table D. The following gives a comparative view of both Tables : — Age. EXPECTATION. Difference in Favour of England & Wales. City Districts. England & Wales. In Years. Per Cent. 20 30 40 50 60 70 40-0148 32-8603 26-0873 19-9271 13-7685 8-7636 40-6910 34-0990 27-4760 20-8463 14-5854 9-2176 0-6762 1-2387 1-3887 0-9192 0-8169 4540 1-664 3-632 5-054 4-409 5-608 4-092 The comparative value of life in the three districts at decennial periods wiU be seen by an inspection of the following Table ; the 6th and 8th columns of which wiR point out the gradual decrease in the value of Life in moving from the Rural to the ToAvn, and from the Town to the City Districts : — Excess in Favour of Rural, ove r Age. EXPECTATION OF LIFE. Town Districts. City Districts. Rural. Town. City. In Years, Per Cent. In Years. Per Cent. 20 45-3550 42-2742 40 0148 3-0808 6-790 5.3402 11-774 30 38-4073 34-5753 32-8603 3-8320 9-977 5-5470 14-442 40 30-9724 27-1530 26-0873 3-8194 12 -.331 4-8851 15-772 50 23-4700 19-9733 19-9271 3-4967 14-900 3-5429 15-100 60 16-6524 13-7608 13-7685 2-8916 17-364 2-8837 17-318 70 10-7124 8-7030 8-7636 2-2094 20-246 2-1488 19-691 Total Excess . 19-.3299 . . 24-3479 The next arrangement of this kind which -wiU be lirought imder notice is the Ex- pectation of Life as deri^^ed from the combination of all the data composing the three Districts now referred to ; and may be understood to represent the general value of 31ale Life as it exists among the Members of the Community composing Friendly K 34 DURATION or LIFE Societies. Throughout the whole range of this Table the Expectation of Life is found to be higher than among the male population of the countiy generally. A glance at the following abridgment of Table G, for the three Districts, vaU shew the difference at the given periods of hfe : — Age. EXPECTATION IN Difference in Favour of the Three Districts. Three Districts. En«iliuid and Wales. In Years. Per Cent. 20 30 40 50 60 70 43-7736 36-6051 29-3306 22-1920 15'6942 10-2057 40-6910 34-0990 27-4760 20-8463 14-5854 9-2176 3-0826 2-5061 1-8546 1-3457 1-1088 0-9881 7-575 7-349 6-750 6-455 7-602 10-720 A very important distinction is here found to prevail between the value of life in the two Tables. The circumstances m which the hmnble and working population of the country is placed, have generally been thought adverse to a prolonged duration of life; but the healthiest Life Tables hitherto formed have not she^\^l any thing so favour- able as the present results, even among what are generally considered the select classes of Society : — It may be well to be understood here, that the persons composing Friendly Societies are ahnost exclusively the hard-working members of the conununity, chiefly occupied in the dnidgeries and toils of the mechanic arts, and consequently exposed to the inclemencies of seasons, excesses of temperature, impure atmospheres, constrained postures, and other conditions usually thought objectionable. Their incomes are very limited, afibrd- ing but the scantiest and sunplest means of support. Their habitations are of an inferior order, being of the cheapest kind, and consequently in the worst streets. The Members of Friendly Societies are therefore generally placed in those circumstances which persons habituated to the luxuries of the upper ranks of society would regard as unfavourable to health and a superior duration of life. In maldng these remarks, however, it is necessary, as wiU hereafter be seen, to make a distinction between them, and the great bulk of the poorer classes of the country. For an individual to remain a Member of a Friendly Society, it is required that he should make his weekly or montlily contribution to its funds ; and although a few pence is all that is needed, it presumes on a certain amount of frugabty and industrial habit, sufficient to separate him from the reckless and improvident person, who is more openly exposed to the \'icissitudes — poverty, distress, destitution and disease — incidental to fluctuations in the demand for labour. The superior value of life among the Members of Friendly Societies is a very remark- able and unportant featui-e in this inquiry, and is a result that generally would not have IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 35 been anticipated ; and the question which naturally foUows is, From what source or class does the excess of mortality, which makes up the general average of the community, arise ? Those persons havmg transactions with the Assurance Companies belong, with a very few exceptions, either to the middle or the higher ranks of society ; and if the value of life, as deduced from observations in those Companies, be admitted as a correct measure for such classes, it will be found that their duration of life is not only less than among the j\Iembers of Friendly Societies, but also less than in the country generally. In T^VBLE H, No. 5, col. 2ud, the Expectation of Life is given as deduced from the aggregate observations of Assurance Companies, and includes both sexes ; but col. 1st (Males d 1) of the same Table relates to Male Lives only, and is consequently that which should be brought into comparison with the results of this inquiry. It may be said, in reply to some of the preceding observations, that the sviperior value of hfe in the ranks of Friendly Societies, above the general coimnunity, is owmg to the effects .of selection ; but a little reflection will shew that the difference must be pro- duced by other causes. Every reasonable means is adopted to test the lives admitted into Assurance Companies, and yet they appear to be of less value than the general average of the country ; and Friendly Societies are kno-\vn not to exercise the same degree of scrutmy. In both, the interest of the applicant for admisssion is opposed to that of the Society ; and, looking at the results, it is not unlikely that the vigilance of the one may be neutraUzed by the interests of the other. Another resrdt brought out by the observations on the lives in Assurance Offices wiU shew how inadequate the means of selection usually resorted to are to raise the standard of life above the average of the country. All other inquiries liitherto made on Male and Female Life have tended to attach a greater value to the latter than to the former; but the results in the Assurance Companies have been reversed, shewing that some other causes, beyond the method of selection, must have interfered to modify the state of health ; for if the means of scrutiny had been adequate to determine the actual character and condition of health, the pre- vailing feature of each sex would have manifested itself, and the anomalous results of ]\Iale Life being of higher absolute value than Female Life not appeared. Assurance Companies, it has been stated, are likely to have proposals most freely from among unhealthy persons for sums payable at death ; but that proposals for annuities, or sums payable during life, will be made on the lives of the most healthy only ; and that the private opinion of the individual being always brought to bear against the Company, the effects of selection under this aspect ought to prevent the results of such observations fi'om bemg regarded as a true exponent of the value of life in the class of society generally to which those persons belong. There exists no published document, so far as Assurance Offices are concerned, to shew whether this opinion is well founded : but there is e\ddence of the same kind — of equal, or perliaps, from its [greater 36 DURATION OF LIFE Table II. FxPECTATinv OF Life. No. 1. No. 2. No. ,3. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Friendly Societies. Friendly Societies. Friendly Societies. Fiiendlv Societies. Ages. Feniales. Wales. Peerage. Ages. Females. Males. Peerage. Rural, Ton-n & City. Liverpool. Rural, Town & City. Liverpool. 10 49-4925 46-0009 56 ■19-9.382 14-0881 14-6308 11 49-1826 45-1818 57 19-2966 13-5449 14-0970 12 48-8685 44 -.3597 58 18-6222 12-9960 13-5737 13 48-5413 43-5377 59 17-9.358 12-4621 13-0637 14 48-1921 42-7188 60 17-2380 11-9626 12-5671 15 47-8130 41-9006 61 16-5294 11-5151 12-1091 16 47-3949 41-1034 62 15-8112 11-1372 11-6080 17 46-9305 40-3122 ... ■ . t 63 15-0965 10-8097 11-1420 18 46-4196 39-5276 64 14-3974 10-5137 10-6830 19 45-8639 38-7437 65 13-7245 10-2321 10-2303 20 45-2640 37-9553 38-4750 66 13-0869 9-9467 9-7857 21 44-6198 37-1574 37-6614 67 12-4924 9-6107 9-.3518 22 43-9342 36-3453 36-9640 68 11-9420 9-3156 8-9.325 23 43-2191 35-5277 36-1016 69 11-4.333 8-9733 8-5321 24 42-4872 34-7124 35-3445 70 10-9750 8-6156 8-1,506 25 41-7504 33-9067 34-5967 71 10-5603 8-2435 7-7873 26 41-0194 33-1189 33-8543 72 10-1940 7-8582 7-4405 27 40-3056 32-3541 .33-1200 73 9-8569 7-4648 7-1102 28 39-6003 31-6069 .32-3912 74 9-5314 7-0681 6-7941 29 38-8956 30-8719 31-6535 75 9-2001 6-6720 6-4866 30 38-1841 30-1437 308760 76 8 -8400 6-2793 6-1883 31 37-4589 29-4175 30-2306 77 8-4525 5-8923 5-8996 32 36-7129 28-6887 29-5153 78 8-0339 5-5159 5-6204 33 35-9540 27-9612 28-8023 79 7-6031 5-1531 5-3506 34 35-1899 27-4392 28-0900 80 7-1725 4-8067 5-0884 35 34-4280 26-5260 27-3790 81 6-7518 4-4792 4-8389 36 33-6748 25-8251 26-6700 82 6-3502 4-1715 4-6016 37 32-9367 25-1392 25-9690 83 5-9622 3-8835 4-3799 38 32-2103 24-4666 25-1590 84 5-5817 3-6138 4-1770 39 31-4929 23-8050 24-5830 85 5-2026 3-3621 3-9958 40 .30-7813 23-1524 24-4500 86 4-8192 3-1255 3-8400 41 .30-0735 22-5069 23-2420 87 4-4232 2-9042 3-7117 42 29-3664 21-8666 22-5921 88 4-0015 2-6978 3-6076 43 28-6606 21-2.331 21-96.35 89 3-5969 2-5047 3-5084 44 27-9567 20-6073 21-3520 90 3-2186 2 -.3524 3-4044 45 27-2551 19-9908 20-9494 91 2-8732 2-1971 3-2729 46 26-5564 19-3839 20-1742 92 2-5662 2-0602 3-1161 47 25-8611 18-6879 19-6039 93 2-3144 1-9423 2-8989 48 25-1717 18-2059 19-0404 94 2-0862 1-8292 2-G338 49 24-490,5 17-6405 18-4803 95 1-8684 1-7062 2-3720 50 23-8200 17-0946 17-9221 96 1-6495 1 -5526 2-1159 51 23-1610 16-5705 17-7590 97 1 -4043 1-3750 1-8689 52 22-5164 16-0706 16-8121 98 1-1.506 1-1469 1-6363 53 21-8795 15-58.34 16-2270 99 •8869 •8750 1-4231 54 21-2445 150975 15-7137 100 -5000 •5000 1-2142 55 20-6060 14-6024 15-1722 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 37 Table H, continued. Expectation of Life. No. 4. No . 5. No. 6. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. Friendly Societies. Life A ^suranc e Friendly Societies. Life Assurance Ages. 16 Trades. Rural Districts. Males. Offices. Government. Ages. 16 Trades. Offices. Government. Males d 1 Aggregate. Males. Males d 1 Aggregate. 10 52-0363 .. 44-2721 56 18-8093 15-66 16 3 15-7971 11 51-1551 .. 43-5540 57 18-1542 15-09 15-6 2 15-2060 12 50-3863 .. .. 42-8244 58 17-5052 14-45 14-98 14-6188 13 49-3939 .. 42-0745 59 16-8639 13-99 14-38 14-0444 14 48-5297 .. 41-3130 60 16-2322 13-47 13-81 13-48.30 15 47-6860 , . .. 40-5612 61 15-6110 12-09 13-24 12-9379 16 46-8692 , , .. 39-8399 62 15-0020 12-46 12-68 12-4099 17 46-0858 .. 39-1568 63 14-4084 11-90 12-09 11-8913 18 45-3321 .. 38-5202 64 13-8333 11-27 11-5 11-3770 19 44-6041 .. 37-9383 65 13-2795 10-87 11-0 3 10-8672 20 43-8978 39-84 40-! ?7 37-4079 66 12-7495 10-38 10-5 1 10-3682 21 43-2102 39-29 40-^ 15 36-9217 67 12-2454 9-93 10-0 3 9-8927 22 42-5377 38-70 39-< )2 36-4565 68 11-7598 9-33 9-4 6 9-4497 23 41-8756 37-98 39-] 8 36-0047 69 11-2856 8-81 8-9 9 9-0381 24 41-2197 37-41 38-^ 54 35-5502 70 10-8160 8-34 8-5 8-6547 25 40-5657 36-63 37 •{ i4 35-0806 71 10-3441 7-88 8-1 3 8-2894 26 39-9096 35-88 37-1 3 34-5912 72 9-8643 7-43 7-7 2 7-9333 27 39-2472 35-23 36-^ 12 34-0772 73 9-3862 6-97 7-2 8 7-5716 28 38-5785 34-63 35-/ 6 33-5421 74 8-9188 6-57 6-8 i 7-1992 29 37-9028 33-96 35 -C )6 32-9896 75 8-4698 6-03 6-4 3 6-8215 30 37-2237 33-17 34-S 5 32-4192 76 8-0465 5-63 6-0 B 6-4411 31 36-5380 32-44 33 -£ 31-8346 77 7-6552 5-48 5-7 7 6-0660 32 35-8464 31-73 32-7 5 31-2315 78 7-2976 5-16 5-3 7 5-7074 33 35-1492 30-92 31-£ 8 30-6097 79 6-9750 4-99 5-0 7 5-3810 34 34-4464 30-21 31 -S 7 29-9689 80 6-6900 4-75 4-7. 5 5-0857 35 33-7378 29-52 30-£ 5 29-3167 81 6-4455 4-8093 36 33-0235 28-87 29-c 28-6648 82 6-2459 4-5293 37 32-3035 28-15 29-2 28-0170 83 6-0681 4-2540 38 31-5766 27-49 28-5 1 27-3846 84 5-8879 3-9906 39 30-8416 26-81 27-7 9 26-7676 85 5-6791 3-7427 40 30-0976 26-06 27-C »7 26-1511 86 5-4152 3-5156 41 29-3439 25-42 26--^ 1 25-5311 87 5-0692 3-3039 42 28-5795 24-70 25-€ 8 24-9037 88 4-6659 3-1203 43 27-8121 24-00 24-f 8 24-2616 89 4-2354 2-9693 44 27-0490 23-34 24 -S 6 23-6006 90 3-8023 2-82.33 45 26-2370 22-63 23-£ 5 22-9172 91 3-3764 2-6531 46 25-5610 21-98 22-E 5 22-2182 92 2-9791 2-4718 47 24-8486 21-24 22-1 2 21-5103 93 2-6054 2-3000 48 24-1539 20-62 21-4 tl 20-8035 94 2-2512 2-0714 49 23-4722 20-08 20-7 9 20-1108 95 1-9194 1-7917 50 22-7993 19-41 20-1 1 19-4414 96 1-6126 1-4375 51 22-1305 18-73 19-4 6 18-7984 97 1-3285 1-0000 52 21-4622 18-05 18-7 9 18-1784 98 1-0655 •5000 53 20-7949 17-40 18-1 6 17-5754 99 •8415 54 20-1302 16-77 17-5 16-9800 100 -5000 55 19-4680 16-21 \Q-h 3 16-3893 1 38 DURATION OF LIFE greater extent, of higher value than any to be drawn from the Assurance Companies ; it turns out, however, that assured hves are of greater instead of less value than those of an- nuitants. The tables calculated by ]\Ir. Finlaison, on the hves among the nominees of the Government Tontines and Annuity schemes, are here alluded to. The facts over which his observations extended possessed almost every advantage that could be desired ; and, con- sidering the acknoAvledged skill and care with which his computations were managed, the Government Table must be entitled to the highest confidence, and the Expectation of Life thence deduced regarded as the true measure of life in that pai'ticular class of society. Table H, No. 6, has been recalculated for the pi-esent paper from the facts given by Mr. Finlaison at page 67 of his Report on Life Annuities hi ]\Iarch 1829 — being the combined results of six different classes of observations on male lives. That usually quoted as the Expectation Table of the Government Annuitants, is the one calculated by Mr. Finlaison in 1825, and differs in some important particulars from his subsequent and revised data in 1829. This table, then, will shew that the male lives selected for the Government Annuities are not only of less duration than the male population of the country generally, and are also of less value than lives in Assurance Companies, but are actually shorter Uved than the members of Friendly Societies in the City Districts. It is evident from those results, that the presumed power of the individual to judge of his o^vn state of health has not she-\vn the remarkable effects anticipated : there is more reason to believe that the natural inclination with which every person is led to look upon his life as good, AviU very much influence any power of discrimination on his own chances of longe- vity. It is, hoAvever, to be kept in view, that persons of decidedly bad health wUl rarely purchase annuities ; and the exclusion of these has, no doubt, aome effect in shghtly raising the standard of the table. A simdar observation is also to lie made with respect to the applicants to Assurance Companies. There is a strong temptation for those in really bad, or at least in indifferent health, to offer themselves for assurance ; and if aU were admitted, no doubt a lower value would be expressed by the results m Table H, No. 5. The known caution, however, usually exercised in these matters, and the medical talent brought to the aid of the Offices, is a protection against the very worst lives of that class ; about 23 per cent, of the applicants being the average number rejected. Friendly Societies, although not equally solicitous, are stdl not A\dthout tests for the admission of Members, and they possess one advantage over Assurance Companies; the ]\Icmbers, and those likely to be candidates, are generally intimately knoAvn in their daily habits andorthnary health to each other; and where evidently bad health exists, admission is refused. A consideration of aU that has been advanced wUl shew that the greater vitality among INIembers of Friendly Societies cannot l)e accounted for by the superior mode in the selection of lives ; for, if that argument were carried out to its full extent. IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 39 it would go to prove that the other classes in question had, in that respect, the advantage. The blessing thus bestowed on the frugal and industrious workmen of the country com- posing Friendly Societies, in having gi*anted them, as appears by the present inquiry, a prolonged duration of hfe, must therefore be regarded as a really tnie and distinctive feature of that class of persons, and is, no doubt, the result of their simple and uniform habits of Hfe, and the more regular and natural physical exercises to which they are habituated. If the nature of the present paper led to a farther investigation of this point, it could be clearly shewn, by tracing the various classes of society in which there exists sufficient means of subsistence, beginning with the most humble, and passing on to the middle and upper classes, that a gradual deterioration in the duration of hfe takes place ; and that just as life, with aU its wealth, pomp, and magnificence, woidd seem to become more valuable and tempting, so are its opportunities and chances of enjoyment lessened. As far as the results of figures admit of judging, this condition would seem to flow directly from the luxuriant and pampered style of hving among the wealthier classes, whose artificial habits interfere with the nature and degree of those physical exercises which, in a simpler class of society, are accompanied with a long life. Tlais far, then, it is plain that the amount of life enjoyed by the middle and upper classes tends rather to depreciate than elevate the standard deduced from the general results of the country. And carrying this out stiU further, and viewing the value of life in the highest ranks of society — namely, the peerage and baronetage — as given in the recent and very interesting paper submitted by Dr. Guy, it will be seen that the Expectation of Life is not only less than in the general coimnunity, but also very much below the measure of life among the Members of Friendly Societies in the City Distkicts. The expectation of life in the peerage wiU be found in Table H, No. 3. It may then be conclusively admitted, that the standard of Hfe in the general community is not elevated in any way by the influence of the middle or upper classes. With regard to the very highest ranks, the opposite conclusion must be come to ; but as the numbers of the nobUity are relatively small, the inferior value of life there shewn is not sufficient to account for the reduction of the scale for the general connnunity so much below the avei'age standard of all classes in Friendly Societies. It hence foUows that the excess of mortality in the general community must fall on the residue of the people ; and although at present there exists no cHrect means of measuring the precise value of Hfe in that portion of the population, it is evident that an inferential one of equal unportance is immediately available. Admitting that the preceding Tables fonn a correct representation of the value of life in the respective classes, it wUl be easy to arrive at the value of Hfe m the remammg class ; for — 40 DURATION OF LIFE Let Table A I'epresent the rate of mortality in the general community — ^n.z. over all Enaland and ^\^ales ; And let 1/ zm rate of mortality in one class — viz. Friendly Societies — and fonning a pai't of A or included in it ; — Also Let c zz rate of mortahty in a second class — ^'\z : the middle and upper classes, and also included in A ; — then it is evident that A — (b + c) =: the rate of mortality in the remaining class, composing the Community. And this latter class includes the improvident and reckless, the poor and the destitute, A\'ho arc exposed to the inclemencies of the seasons, the fluctuations of trade, and fall victims to epidemical and other diseases. Subsequent illustrations yviU more clearly cstaljlish this fact, when the question of large to-\vns or cities is brought under con- sideration. In making the preceding comparisons of the mortahty of the Eural, ToAvn, and City Districts respectively, with the average results for the whole population of England and Wales, no further corrections of the figures than those described were needed ; but before bringing the table representing the combined results of the tliree districts into comparison with the mortahty of the whole population of the countrj', it woidd have been important to be enabled to apply a further correction to the elementary data. An inspection of the arrangement of the data presented in Table E will shew, that if Iv, T, and C, represent the population over wliich the observations in that Table extend, for the Rural, Town, and City Districts re- spectively and r, t, and c represent the number of deaths in the same population for the respective districts at each period of life ; then the mortality per cent., and consequently all subsequent results for the average of the three districts, or rather the three districts combined, as set forth in Table E, is derived from — (r ^ t -\- c) ' 100 R -f T + C This is the usual mode by wliich general averages for various classes of hves have been hitherto determined ; but it is evident that unless R, T, and C, bear the same ratio to each other which the whole population of the districts they represent do to each other, the average results cannot be true. Tliis fact may be rendered more intelligible by the foUoAving hjqiothetical illustra- tion. Suppose at any given age the popidation over which the actual observations extend was 100 for each of the three districts, ^^.z : — IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 41 V District R = 100 Annual Deaths 2 „ T = 100 )5 3 C = 100 )5 4 R + T + C = 300 „ 9 then the average result thus derived would shew a mortality of 3 per cent. ; but if the whole population of those districts had been to each other in any other relation than an equality of numbers — say 100, 50, and 25 — then the number of deaths would have become 2, 1-5, and 1, respectively : consequently the correct average mortality would have been 2*571 per cent, mstead of 3 per cent. The following mode of obtainmg a connect average has also been suggested, but it is obvious that it would involve errors of a more serious nature than the coimnon method employed. rlOO + ^100 + c -100 ~ir "1^ iy~ 3 A single illustration mU be adequate to point out the fallacies of this. At age 40 — 45 the actual mortality of the Rural Districts is •8361 per cent: ,, „ Town Districts 1"0637 ,, „ „ City Districts 1-6084 „ Average for the three 11694 But supposuig the actual population of the whole of each district at that age was in the ratio of 82763, 34220 and 25428, which are the actual numbers in Table E at this term of Ufe, then the correct average mortality of the whole kingdom would be 1'0287 per cent, but the above result was ... ... ... ... ... 1*1694 Difference 0*1407 or an error on the amount of the true result of 13*7766 per cent. Although Table E, for all the Districts combined, is a correct measure of the average mortality of Friendly Societies in England and Wales, being composed of the actual nmnbers in those Districts, and in this respect perfect for the jnirposes of Friendly Societies ; yet, unless the numbers representing, at particular years of age, each of the three Districts in Table E, bear the same ratio to the combined Districts of that Table, at the same ages which the actual population of the country in each of these Districts has to the whole population of the country at those ages, corrections would be required for purposes of comparison with the general mortality of the kingdom. But for the same reasons that the corrections sug- gested would improve the Taljle for comparison Avith the general mortality of the country, Avould they also injure the results for the purpose of Friendly Societies. It would, there- fore, be better to have the facts under both forms. M 42 DURATION OF LIFE As stated in the early part of tHs paper, if the districts of the Census Com- niissoners and Registrar-General had been coincident or coterminous, the labor of de- tennining the population at each tenn of life for the three corresponding Districts would have been well repaid. As already stated, these observations do not in any way affect the Rates of Mortahty as represented in any one District, but affect the combined results for the three Districts only. So far as any individual District is concerned, or the comparison of one District with another, or with the general mortality for the whole kingdom, those objections do not apply, for in respect of locality simple elements only enter into the data of each district. To some it may appear that too much importance has been given to the nature of this error ; bu.t as it so constantly enters, under some aspect or other, into nearly all inquiries into Vital Statistics, frequently producing errors of considerable magnitude, it has been deemed necessary' to allude to it at length. The distinction between the Rates of jNIortality in the three Districts has been already pointed out ; and so far as a single expression of the value of life among those classes, in given Districts, is required, nothmg more is needed ; and the difference between the tables will shew the relative value of hfe in the given Districts. Hitherto it has been thought sufficient to rest at this stage in all inquiries into the influence of locahty on the Duration of Life, and to assign the difference thus appearing in the value of life between the respec- tive Districts to the peculiar influence of To-^ti or City Life. Other causes than locahty will, however, be she-svii to influence the Duration of Life. If the data composing the facts presented in the preceding Tables be analysed, so as to distinguish one emplojonent from another, it will be found that some occupations are much more healthy than others. The first evidence of this to be brought forward will be confined to the Rural Districts. An inspection of Table I, which represents the Mortality of Labourers in the Rural Districts, chiefly agricultural labourers, wiU shew a much higher specific intensity to the age of 80 than the general results for all employments in the Rural Districts ; the specific intensity of Labourers, however, decreases in a gradual and regiUar series from the youngest ages in the Table, following the rule of the general results of the other Districts, and not presenting the apparent anomaly of the general results for the Rural Districts by shewing an increasing specific intensity from twenty to thirty-one years of age. It will be found that the specific intensity of the General Residts for the Rural Districts — . At Age 20 in Table F, is as high as age '41 for Labourers in Table I ; „ 30 „ 41 „ 40 „ 44 „ 50 „ 54 „ „ 60 „ 64 „ „ 70 ■ „ 72 [The Population IN VARIOUS CLASSES. Table I, No. 1. Rural Districts. — Labourers. — Males. 43 Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Ages. Living;. Dyinj;. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 230 •2300 434-783 56 73583 1043 1-4174 70^572 11 99770 229 •2300 434-783 57 72540 1081 1^4904 67^114 12 99541 243 •2438 410-172 58 71459 1110 r5535 64-350 13 99298 270 •2715 368-324 59 70349 1J30 1-6067 62-228 14 99028 310 •3130 319^489 60 69219 1112 1-6501 60-606 15 98718 364 •3684 271-444 61 68077 1146 1-6835 59-382 16 98354 430 •4377 228-467 62 66931 1192 1-7801 56-180 17 97924 486 •4965 201-410 63 65739 1275 1-9399 51-546 18 97438 531 •5448 183-554 64 64464 1394 2-1628 46^232 19 96907 565 •5827 171-615 65 63070 1545 2-4489 40^833 20 96342 588 •6102 163-881 66 61525 1722 2-7981 35-740 21 95754 601 •6273 159-413 67 59803 1894 3-1676 31-566 22 95153 605 •6363 157-159 68 57909 2060 3-5573 28-114 23 94548 602 •6372 156-937 69 55849 2216 3-9673 25-208 24 93946 592 •6302 158-680 70 53633 2359 4-3975 22-738 25 93354 574 •6151 162-575 71 51274 2486 4-8480 20-627 26 92780 549 •5919 168-948 72 48788 2563 5-2532 19-037 27 92231 530 •5746 174-034 73 46225 2595 5-6130 17-816 28 91701 516 •5632 177-557 74 43630 2586 5-9276 16-869 29 91185 508 •5576 179-340 75 41044 2543 6-1967 16-137 30 90677 506 •5578 179-276 76 38501 2472 6-4205 15-574 31 90171 508 •5638 177-368 77 36029 2472 6-8614 14-575 32 89663 511 •5699 175-469 78 33557 2523 7-5194 13-300 33 89152 514 •5761 173^581 79 31034 2605 8-3945 11-912 34 88638 516 •5824 171^703 80 28429 2698 9-4887 10-539 35 88122 519 •5887 169^866 81 25731 2778 10-7980 9-259 36 87603 521 •5950 168-067 82 22953 2691 11-7226 8-532 37 87082 529 •6076 164-582 83 20262 2485 12-2626 8-157 38 86553 542 •6265 159-617 84 17777 2208 12-4180 8 051 39 86011 560 •6515 153-492 85 15569 1897 12^1867 8-203 40 85451 583 •6828 146-456 86 13672 1582 11-5728 8-643 41 84868 596 •7203 138^831 87 12090 1384 11-4485 8-734 42 84272 634 •7522 132^943 88 10706 1282 11-9761 8-347 43 83638 651 •7785 128^452 89 9424 1240 13^1556 7-599 44 82987 663 •7992 125^125 90 8184 1212 14-8092 6-752 45 82324 670 •8143 122-805 91 6972 1207 17-3142 5-777 46 81654 673 •8238 121-389 92 5765 1163 20-1724 4-958 47 80981 684 •8445 118-413 93 4602 1080 23-4758 4-259 48 80297 704 •8762 114-129 94 3522 973 27-6246 3-620 49 79593 732 •9191 108-802 95 2549 837 32-8260 3-046 50 78861 767 •9732 102-754 96 1712 670 39-1324 2-556 51 78094 811 P0383 96-339 97 1042 490 47-0458 2-125 52 77283 856 M070 90-334 98 552 319 57-7774 1-731 53 76427 901 M793 84-818 99 233 154 66-0370 1-514 54 75526 948 \-25a\ 79-681 100 79 79 85 0000 M76 55 ■ 74578 995 V3345 74-906 44 DURATION OF LIFE Table I, No. 2. RuEAL, Town and City Districts. — Clerks. — Males. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 396 •3961 252^402 56 42418 21'22 5^7089 17-516 11 99004 395 •3961 252^462 57 39996 2506 6^2(]l-6 15-962 \2 99209 401 •4038 247^647 58 37490 2464 6^5720 15-216 13 98808 414 •4193 238-493 59 35026 2323 6^6310 15-081 14 98394 435 •4425 225-989 60 32703 2107 6^4 M 6 15-523 15 97959 464 •4735 211-193 61 30596 1837 6-0038 16-656 1(> 97495 499 •5123 195-198 62 28759 1631 5-6(;94 17-640 17 96996 576 •5937 168-435 G?j 27128 1475 5-1385 18-386 18 96420 692 •7180 139-276 61 25653 1362 5-3110 18-829 IS) 95728 847 •8849 113-007 65 24291 1284 5-2870 18-914 20 94881 1039 ]^0946 91-324 6() 23007 1235 5-3665 18-632 21 93842 1264 r3470 74-239 67 21772 1201 5-5167 18-126 22 92578 1464 1-5813 63-251 68 20571 1180 5-7377 17-428 23 91114 1038 r7973 55-648 69 19391 1169 6-0295 16-584 21 89476 1785 r9952 50-125 70 18222 1153 6-3291 15-645 25 87691 1907 2-1749 45-977 71 17069 1165 0-8255 14-650 2(3 85784 2004 2-3365 42-790 72 15904 1161 7-2988 13-701 27 83780 2026 2^4184 4b356 73 14743 1152 7-8120 12^801 28 81754 1979 2-4208 41^305 74 13591 1137 8-3651 11-955 29 79775 1870 2-3436 42-062 75 124.54 1116 8-9582 11-163 30 77905 1704 2-1868 45-725 76 11338 1088 9-,5911 10-426 31 76201 1486 1^9505 51^256 77 10250 1062 10-3620 9-653 32 74715 1317 1 ^7629 56-722 78 9188 1036 1 1 -2708 8-873 'Aii 73398 1192 r6240 61-576 79 8152 1001. 12-3175 8-117 31 72206 1108 r5340 65^189 80 7148 965 13-5021 7 •407 'io 71098 1061 P4927 66^979 81 6183 917 14-8247 6^748 3() 70037 1051 r.5002 66-667 82 5266 855 16-2430 6-158 37 68986 1065 P5431 64-809 83 4411 783 17-7573 5^631 38 67921 1101 1'6215 61-652 84 3628 703 19^3673 5^162 39 66820 1160 P7354 57-637 85 2925 616 2l^0732 4^746 40 65660 1238 P8847 53-050 86 2309 528 22^87.')0 4^371 41 64422 1333 2^0694 48-333 87 1781 442 24^8032 4^032 42 63089 1388 ^•1997 45-455 88 1339 360 26-8580 3-723 43 61701 1401. 2-2754 ^ii-d5Q 89 979 284 29-0393 3^444 44 60297 1385 2-2967 43-535 90 695 218 31-3471 3^190 45 58912 1333 2-2634 44-189 91 477 161 33-7814 2^960 46 57579 1253 2-1756 45^956 92 316 114 36^0243 2^776 47 56326 1215 2-1572 46^361 i 93 202 77 38-0758 2^626 48 55111 1217 2-2083 45^290 ' 94 125 50 39-9359 2^504 49 53894 1255 2-3287 42-937 i 95 75 31 41-6047 2^404 50 52();;9 1326 2-5186 39-698 96 44 19 43-0820 2-321 51 5i;]i3 1426 2-7780 35-997 97 25 12 47-3179 2-113 52 49837 1.570 3-1462 31-786 98 13 7 53-9970 1-852 53 48317 1751 3^6235 27-594 99 6 4 61 •3067 1-631 54 46566 1960 4^2097 23-753 100 2 2 75-0000 1-333 55 44606 2188 4-9048 20^387 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 45 Table I, No. .3. Rtiral, Town and City Districts. — Plibibers, Painters, &c Males. Agei. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 350 •3499 285-796 56 51301 1952 3-8051 26^281 11 99650 349 •3499 285-796 57 49349 19.33 3^9167 25^530 12 99301 416 •4192 238-550 58 47416 1956 4^1240 24^248 13 98885 552 •5579 179-244 59 45460 2021 4^4467 22^487 14 98333 753 •7659 130-565 60 43439 2131 4^9050 20^387 15 97580 1018 1-0432 95-877 61 41308 2263 5^4789 18^252 16 96562 1342 1-3899 71-942 62 39045 2345 6^0046 16-653 17 95220 1538 1-6148 61-920 63 36700 2386 6^5022 15-380 18 93682 1609 1-7179 58-207 64 34314 2385 6^9518 14-384 19 92073 1565 1-6993 58-858 65 31929 2.341 7^3332 13-637 20 90508 1411 1-5588 64-144 66 29588 2268 7^6666 13-043 21 89097 1155 1-2966 77-101 67 27320 2154 7^8836 12-684 22 87942 961 1-0932 91-491 68 25166 2009 7^9844 12-525 23 86981 825 •9485 105-430 69 23157 1845 7-9689 12-549 24 86156 743 •8627 115-915 70 21312 1670 7-8371 12-760 25 85413 714 -8357 119-660 71 19642 1491 7-5890 13-177 26 84699 735 •8674 115-287 72 18151 1352 7-4474 13-428 27 83964 776 •9246 108 155 73 16799 1245 7^4122 13-492 28 83188 838 roo7i 99-305 74 15554 1164 7-4835 13-362 29 82350 918 1-1150 89-686 75 14390 1103 7-6612 13-053 30 81432 1016 1-2482 80-128 76 13287 1061 7-9455 12-585 31 80416 1131 1-4068 71-073 77 12226 1019 8-3358 ir996 32 79285 1195 1-5068 66-357 78 11207 990 8^8322 11^322 33 78090 1209 1-5480 64-599 79 10217 964 9^4.347 10^600 34 76881 1177 1-5306 65-317 80 9353 949 10^1433 9^862 35 75704 1101 1-4546 68-729 81 8404 921 10^9580 9^124 36 74()03 985 1-3198 75-758 82 7483 872 ir6514 8^584 37 73618 908 1-2335 81-103 83 6611 808 12^2236 8^183 38 72710 869 1-1956 83-612 84 5803 736 12-6744 7^893 39 71841 867 1-2062 82-919 85 5067 659 13^0040 7^692 40 70974 898 1-2651 79-051 86 4408 582 13^2123 7^570 41 70076 962 1-3725 72-8.33 87 3826 536 14^0171 7^133 42 69114 987 1-4287 69 979 88 3290 507 15-4183 6^485 43 68127 977 1-4336 69-735 89 2783 485 17^4160 5^741 44 67150 932 1-3874 72-098 90 2298 460 20^0101 4-998 45 66218 854 1-2899 77-519 91 1838 426 23-2007 4-310 46 65364 746 1-1412 87-642 92 1412 373 26-4114 3-786 47 64618 737 1-1411 87-642 93 1039 308 29-6421 3-374 48 63881 824 1-2897 77-519 94 731 240 32-8930 3^040 49 63057 1001 1-5870 63-012 95 491 178 36-1639 2^765 50 62056 1262 2-0329 49-188 ; 96 313 124 39-4548 2^535 51 60794 1597 2-6275 3S-052 i 97 189 85 45-1416 2-215 52 59197 1837 3-1024 32-237 98 104 55 52-9088 1-890 53 57360 1983 3-4576 28-918 99 49 30 61-3067 1-631 54 55377 2045 3^6931 27^078 100 19 19 75^0000 1-333 55 53332 2031 3^8089 26-2.54 . N 46 DURATION OF LIFE Table I, No. 4. Rural, Town and City Districts. — Bakers. — Males. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific 1 Intensity. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 396 •3961 2:2-462 50 55.501 1538 2-7705 36-088 11 9!)()01 395 •3961 252-462 57 53963 1555 2^8822 34-698 1;.' 99209 401 •4038 247-617 58 52408 1500 2^9758 33^602 13 98808 415 •4193 238-493 59 50848 1552 3-0512 32^776 14 98393 435 •4425 225-989 60 49296 1532 3-1085 32^1 65 15 97958 161. •4735 211-193 61 47764 1503 3^1476 3h766 16 97494 499 •5123 1 95^198 62 46261 1513 3-2709 30-572 17 96995 521 •53()8 186-289 GS 44748 1557 3-4783 28-752 18 96471. 528 •5472 182-749 64 43191 1628 3-7699 26-525 19 95946 .521 •5435 183^993 65 41563 1723 4-1456 24-120 20 95425 501 •5255 190-295 66 39840 1835 4^6055 21-711 21 94924 468 •4934 202-675 67 38005 1923 5^060 1 19-763 22 94456 461 •4877 205-044. 68 36082 1988 5^5091 18-152 23 93995 478 •5084 196-096 69 34094 2030 5^9534 16^798 24 93517 519 •5555 180018 70 32064 20.50 0-3921 15^645 25 92998 585 •6290 158-983 71 30014 2049 6^8254. 14^652 26 92413 674 •7289 137-193 72 27965 2041 7^2987 13-701 27 91739 743 •8103 123-411 7.3 25924 2025 7^8119 12-801 28 90996 793 •8733 114-508 74. 23899 1999 8^365 1 11-955 29 90203 828 •9177 108-968 75 21900 1962 8^9581 11-163 30 89375 813 •9437 105-966 76 19938 1912 9^5911 10^4.26 31 88532 842 •9512 105-1.10 77 18026 1868 10^3620 9-653 32 87690 815 •9297 107-562 78 16158 1821 lh2708 8-873 dS 86875 7()4 •8791 113-753 79 14337 1766 12^3175 8-117 34 86111 689 •7996 125-063 80 12571 1697 1 3^5021 7-407 35 85422 590 •691 1 144-697 81 10874 1652 14-8247 6-718 36 84832 470 •5535 180-669 82 9282 1508 16-2430 6-158 37 84362 405 •4804 208-100 83 7774 1381 17-7573 5-631 38 83957 396 •4714 212-134 81 6393 1238 19-3673 5-163 39 83.561 411 •5272 189-681 85 5155 1086 21 0732 4-746 40 83120 538 •6171 154-536 86 4069 931 22-8750 4^370 41 82582 687 •8314 120-279 87 3138 778 24-8032 4032 42 81895 903 1-1026 90-6(52 88 2360 634 26-8580 3^723 43 80992 1183 1-4607 68-146 89 1726 501 29-0393 3^444 44 79809 1518 1-9058 52-466 90 1225 381. 31-3471 3^190 45 78291 1909 2-4377 41-017 91 841 284 33^7814 2^960 46 76382 2335 3^0566 32-712 92 557 201 36^0243 2^776 47 74047 2573 3-4752 28-777 93 35G 136 38^0758 2-626 48 71474 2(!40 3-6934 27-078 94 220 87 39^9359 2-504 49 68834 2555 3^7114 26-947 95 133 55 41 •6047 2-404 50 66279 2339 3-.5290 28-337 96 78 33 43-0820 2-321 51 63910 2012 3^M63 31-786 97 45 21 47-3179 2^113 52 61928 1775 2-8661 34-892 98 24 12 53-9970 b852 5S 60153 I6I7 2^6884 37-202 99 12 8 61-3067 \-GS\ 54 58536 I.5.S0 2-61,33 38-270 100 4. 4 75-0000 1^333 .').") 57006 1.505 2-6106 37-864 Ii\ VARIOUS CLASSES. 47 Table I, No. 5. Rural, Town and Cixr Disteicts Minees. — Males. 10 11 1^ 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 S3 34 S5 36 37 Living 100000 99604 99209 98808 98394 97959 97495 96996 96456 95871 95235 94545 93796 93024 92265 91552 90918 90394 89944 89532 89122 88680 88172 87620 870^16 86472 85919 85407 84911 84405 40 83864 41 83265 42 82586 43 81817 44 80956 45 79997 46 78937 47 77773 48 76519 49 75190 50 73800 51 72362 52 70888 53 69339 54 67751 55 65942 Dyin-. 396 395 401 414 435 464 499 540 585 636 690 749 772 759 713 634 524 450 412 410 442 508 552 574 574 553 512 496 506 541 599 679 769 861 959 1060 1164 1254 1329 1390 1438 1474 1549 1588 1809 1982 Mortality. per Cent. •3961 •3961 •4038 •4193 •4425 •4735 •5123 ■5567 •6070 •6630 •7247 •7922 •8228 •8164 ■7731 •6929 •5758 •4976 •4582 •4577 •4960 •5732 •6262 •6549 ■6594 •6397 •5957 •5813 •5963 •6408 •7147 •8181 -.9308 •0.527 •1840 Specific. Intensity. •4744 •6118 •7.367 •8491 •9490 2-0364 2- 1858 2-3973 2-6707 3^0061 252-462 252-462 247^647 238-493 225-.989 211-193 195-198 179-630 164-745 150-830 137-988 126-231 121-536 122-489 129-349 144-321 173-671 200-965 218-245 218-484 201-613 174-4.59 159-093 152-695 151-653 156-323 167-870 172-028 167-701 156-055 139-919 122-234 107-435 94-967 84-459 75-472 67-843 62-035 57-571 54-083 51-308 49-116 45-746 41-719 37-439 Ages. 5Q 57 58 59 60 61 62 64 65 m 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Living. 63960 61783 59412 56854 54119 51223 48187 45123 42126 39269 36609 34185 31944 29844 27851 25939 24086 22282 20520 18897 17204 15554 13942 12371 10847 9382 7991 6693 5504 4438 3503 2702 2032 1486 1054 724 479 306 189 114 67 38 20 9 3 Dyiny 2177 2371 2558 2896 3036 3064 2997 2857 2660 2424 2241 2100 1993 1912 1853 1804 1762 1723 1693 1650 1612 1571 1524 1465 1391 1298 1189 1066 935 801 670 546 432 330 245 173 117 75 47 29 18 11 6 3 Mortality per Cent. 3-4036 3-8368 4-3057 4-8104 5-3509 5-9271 Q-3515 6-6422 6-7810 6-7740 6-6213 6-5541 6-5726 6-6767 6-8664 7-1417 7-4885 7-9069 8-3967 8-9582 9-5911 10-3620 11-2708 12-3175 13-5021 14-8247 16-2430 17-7573 19-3673 21-0732 22-8750 24-8032 26-8580 29-0393 31-3471 33-7814 36-0243 38-0758 39-9359 41-6047 43-0820 47-3179 53-9970 61-3067 75-0000 Specific Intensity. 29-377 26-062 23-223 20-790 18-688 16-872 15-728 15-0.56 14-747 14-762 15-103 '15-258 15-214 14-977 14.-504 14-002 13-353 12-647 11-909 11-163 10-426 9-6,53 8-873 8-117 7-407 6-748 6-158 5-631 5-163 4-746 4-371 4-032 3-723 3-444 3-190 2-960 2-776 2-626 2-504 2-404 2-321 2-113 1-852 1-631 1-333 48 DURATION OF LIFE Table I, No. 6. PiESIDUE, BY ABSTRACTING LABOURERS FROM RuRAL DISTRICTS. — Males. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specilit: Intensity. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Ct-nt. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 230 •2300 13 1-783 56 65081 1233 r8918 52^770 11 99770 229 •2300 434-783 57 63818 1276 r99S7 50 •025 12 99514 275 •27()1 3(51 ^795 58 62572 1328 2-1231 47 •103 13 992(i() 3()7 •3(;93 270-783 59 61214 1389 2-2(581 44^092 14 98899 503 •5085 19(5.(557 60 59855 1156 2-1336 4b085 15 98396 683 •6913 144-030 61 58399 1529 2-6197 38^1 68 16 97713 905 •92(J4 107-915 62 56870 1609 2-8309 3o-'32?) 17 9(J808 1051 1 •0886 91-827 63 55261 1695 3-0672 32^605 18 95757 1121 M717 85^1 06 61 535(56 1783 3^3286 30^039 19 94633 1126 M908 83-9(53 65 51783 1876 3^6151 27-662 20 93507 1061 M319 88-106 6(5 49907 1959 3-9267 25-465 21 92116 932 1-0070 99-305 67 47918 2039 4-2541 23-507 22 91514 830 •9065 110-314 68 45909 2110 4-5972 21-753 23 90681. 756 •8335 11 9^976 69 43799 2170 4-9562 20-178 24 89928 709 •7880 126-904 70 41629 2219 5-3310 18-758 25 89219 687 •7699 129-887 71 39110 2254 5-7215 17-176 26 88532 690 •7793 128-320 72 37156 2269 6-1079 16-372 27 87812 690 •7852 127-356 73 34887 2264 6-4900 15-408 28 87152 687 •7877 126^9.52 74 32623 2210 6-8680 14-560 29 86165 680 •7867 127-113 75 30383 2200 7-2417 13-808 30 85785 671 •7823 127^828 76 28183 2145 7-6112 13-139 31 85114 659 •7744 129.132 77 26038 2090 8^0283 12.156 32 81455 651 ■7713 129^(551 78 23948 2033 8-4929 11-774 33 83804 618 •7731 129.319 79 21915 1973 9-0051 11-105 34 83156 618 ■7797 128.255 80 19942 1907 9.5649 10155 35 82508 (i5'6 •7912 126^390 81 18035 1830 10.1723 9-833 36 81855 661 .8075 123.839 82 16205 1729 10.6987 9-346 37 81194 666 .8208 121.832 83 14476 1600 11.0564 9-042 38 80528 6t)9 .8312 120.308 84 12876 1445 11-2253 8^905 39 79859 670 .8387 119.232 85 11431 1290 11-2924 8^857 40 79189 6(i8 .8432 118.596 86 10141 1153 11-3768 8^787 41 78521 (i(i3 .8447 118.385 87 8988 1049 11^6788 8^562 42 77858 669 .8589 116-428 88 7939 982 12-3700 8^084 43 77189 684 .8858 112-892 89 6957 948 13-6294 7-337 44 76505 708 .9252 108-085 90 6009 928 15-1410 6-477 45 75797 741 •9773 102-323 91 5081 903 17^7744 5-627 46 75056 782 10421 95-969 92 4178 864 20^6794 4-836' 47 74274 827 1-1128 89-817 93 3314 805 24-2828 4-119 48 73447 871 1-1895 84-034 94 2509 719 28-6461 3-490 49 72573 923 1-2723 78-616 95 1790 609 31^0210 2-939 50 71650 975 1-3610 73-475 96 1181 483 40^8812 2-446 51 70(575 1029 1 -1565 68-634 97 698 339 48^5636 2^059 52 69()1(5 1078 1-5181 64-599 98 359 212 58^9984 l-(595 53 68568 1123 1-6383 61-0.50 99 147 97 66^0;570 \-oU 54 67415 1164 r7261 57-937 100 50 50 85^0000 1-176 55 6(i2Sl 1200 1-8116 55^18S IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 49 The Population in Table F was shewn to be bisected at ages 68-9, while among the Labourers that will be seen to take place at ages 71-2. The sum of the series of differences of the points of equal specific intensity between the Rural, Town, and City Districts respectively, and Table C, were shewn to be 55, 23, and 5 ; but the sum of the same order of differences for Table I is 78 ; so that the difference between Labourers and the General Results for the Rural Disti'icts is more than equivalent to the mean difference between To^vns and Cities and the Rural Districts. It will also be seen that the sum of the series of differences of the points of equal specific intensity in the Rural Districts generally, and the Labourers, is 46, being above the mean of 55 and 23. The difference for the equation of life to Age 10, between Rural and To-^vn Districts, is 4 years. „ „ Town and City ,, 3 ,, and ,, Labourers and Rural ,, 3 „ So that, in this general way of viewing the question, employment produces as wide a dis- tinction as locality. If Table J is now referred to, it wiU be seen that the Expectation of Life among Labourers in the Rural Districts exceeds the Expectation of the Rural Districts generally throughout the whole term of life. At decennial ages the foUoAving is the relative value of life. Age. Rural Di^,t^icts. Difference in JTav our of Labourers. Age. General Results. Labourers. G. J. In Years. Per Cent. 20 45-3550 47-9063 2-5513 5-6251 20 30 38-4073 40-5972 2-1899 5-7017 30 40 30-9724 32-7693 1-7969 5-8016 40 50 23-4700 25-0745 1-6045 6-8500 50 60 16-6524 17-8205 1-1681 7-8146 60 70 10-9124 11-3498 0-4374 4-0072 70 The preceding arrangements, however, do not shew the fall influence of employment on health, or rather that of an individual employment on health ; for, in making com- parisons of classes with any standard, that standard ought not to include the class held in comparison, but be the residue left by abstracting that class from the general results ; other- wise the effect of that class, ki changing the integral expression, will not be seen to its full extent, and the concealment of the real difference will be the greater in proportion to the o [tigh 50 DURATION OF LIFE Table J. Expectation of Life. No. 3. No. 3. No. 1. No. 2. Plumbers, No. 1. No. 2. IMuinbers, Labourers. Clerks. Painters, &c. Labourers. Clerks. Painters, fitc. Ages. Rural Districts. Rural Districts Rural Districts, Ages. Rural Districts. Rural Districts, Rural Districts, Towns & Cities. Towns & Cities. Towns & Cities Towns & Cities. 10 56-0054 39-9856 43-0665 56 20-6469 13-1183 13-9984 11 55-1333 39-1425 42-2160 57 19-8919 12-8824 13-5324 12 54-2590 38-2964 41-3626 58 19-2307 12-7101 13-0637 13 53-3907 37-4498 40-5.345 59 18-5262 12-5691 12-6043 14 52-5348 36-6053 39-7593 60 17-8205 12-4264 12-1675 15 51-6982 35-7656 39-0622 61 17-1110 12-2477 11-7694 16 50-8876 34-9334 38-4688 62 16-3955 11-9981 11-4225 17 50-1089 34-1106 38-0039 63 15-6837 11-6894 11-1204 18 49-3563 33-3113 37-6195 64 14-9839 11-3327 10-8590 19 48-6241 32-5485 37-2682 ' 65 14-3041 10-9401 10-6.327 20 47-9063 31-8347 36-9040 66 13-6508 10-5228 10-4344 21 47-1974 31-1816 36-4805 67 13-0293 10-0913 10-2591 22 46-4923 30-6005 35-9530 68 12-4392 9-6513 10-0944 23 45-7866 30-0841 35-3447 69 11-8796 9-2082 9-9268 24 45-0768 29-6257 34-6785 70 11-3498 8-7668 9-7429 25 44-3595 29-2186 .33-9757 71 10-8489 8-3252 9-5287 26 43-6308 28-8570 33-2580 72 10-3763 7-8984 9-2704 27 42-8876 28-5353 32-5447 73 9-9239 7-4811 8-9762 28 42-1.326 28-2300 31-843(3 74 9-4844 7-0728 8-6547 29 41-3682 27-9180 31-1625 75 9-0505 6-6729 8-3143 30 40-5972 27-5761 30-5082 76 8-6152 6-3805 7-9630 31 39-8221 27-1815 29-8874 77 8-1720 5-8940 7-6107 32 39-0449 26-7122 29-3066 78 7-7372 5-5175 7-2572 33 38-2658 26-1825 28-7474 79 7-32.54. 5-1552 6-9268 34 37-4848 25-6065 28-1916 80 6-9510 4-8090 6-5043 35 36-7014 24-9977 27-6222 81 6-6274 4-4816 6-1823 36 35-9159 24-3689 27-0-224 82 6-3690 4-1749 5-8817 37 35-1278 23-7326 26-3772 83 6-1485 3-8872 5-5915 38 34-3394 23-096S 25-7004 84 5-9381 3-6182 5-3005 39 33-5527 22-4692 25-0052 85 5-7094 3-3677 4-997'' 40 32-7693 21-8573 24-3046 86 5-4321 2-1.327 4-6702 41 31-9909 21-2677 23-6096 87 5-0775 2-9133 4-3045 42 31-2136 20-7065 22-9313 88 4-6692 2-7099 3-9243 43 30-4465 20-1611 22-2563 89 4-2364 2-5225 3-5482 44 29-6814 19-6190 21-5728 90 3-8025 2-3490 3-1915 45 28-9164 19-0684 20-8694 91 3-3766 2-1939 2-8651 46 28-1496 18-4982 20-1808 92 2-9789 2-0570 2-5786 47 27-3793 17-8986 19-3622 93 2-6054 1-9356 2-3248 48 26-6083 17-2822 18-5799 94 2-2510 1-8200 2-0937 49 25-8392 16-6G12 17-8161 95 1-9194 1-7000 1.8727 50 25-0745 lG-0465 17-0955 96 1-6133 1-5455 1 -6534 51 24-3158 15-4482 16-4400 97 1-3291 1-3400 1-4101 52 23-5657 14-8755 15-8700 98 1-0652 1-1153 1-1538 53 22-8241 14-3426 15-3622 99 •8390 •8333 -8878 54 22-0904 13-8631 14-8944 100 -5000 •5000 -5000 55 21-3650 13-4205 14-4464 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 51 Table J, continued. Expectation of Life. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. Rural Districts No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. ' Rural Districts Bakers. Miners. after Bakers. Miner.«. after Ages . Rural Districts , Rural Districts Abstracting Ages. Rural Districts , Rural Districts , Abstracting 3. Labourers. Townsand Cities. Towns & Citie 3. Labourers. Towns & Cities . Towns & Citie 10 47-9816 48-5160 50-7552 56 16-2677 13-7412 18-6229 11 47-1704 4 77069 49-8711 57 15-7171 13-2077 17-9726 12 46-3562 46-8949 48-9847 58 15-1686 12-7149 17-3289 13 45-5423 46-0832 48-1190 59 14-6187 12-2644 16-6938 14 44-7323 45-2750 47-2957 60 14-0632 11-8590 16-0696 15 43-9287 44-4738 46-5349 61 13-4982 11-5012 15-4578 16 43-1353 43-6831 45-8567 62 12-9205 11-1943 14-8599 17 42-3547 42-9052 45-2802 63 12-3405 10-9205 14-2781 18 41-5807 42-1417 44-7722 64 11-7673 10-6619 13-7141 19 40-8068 41-3967 44-2980 65 11-2086 10-4012 13-1690 20 40-0268 40-6700 43-8255 66 10-6718 10-1208 12-6453 21 39-2355 39-9630 43-3227 67 10-1629 9-8028 12-1415 22 38-4274 39-2781 42-7588 68 9-6779 9-4554 11-6585 23 37-6134 38-5999 42-1456 69 9-2130 9-0855 11.1961 24 36-8031 37-9134 41-4957 70 8-7647 8-7000 10-7536 25 36-0057 37-2047 40-8215 71 8-3292 8-3043 10-3310 26 35-2305 36-4607 40-1341 72 7-9028 7-9048 9-9274 27 34-4857 35-6692 39-4457 73 7-4856 7-5043 9-5405 28 33-8398 34-8451 38-7541 74 7-0775 7-1057 9-1679 29 33-0556 34-0032 38-0580 75 6-6637 6-6730 8-8070 30 32-3572 33-1573 37-3557 76 6-2872 6-2805 8-4554 31 31-6605 32-3201 36-6463 77 5-8995 5-8937 8-1108 32 30-9597 31-50.34 35-9283 78 5-5238 5-5174 7-7750 33 30-2455 30-6987 35-20,35 79 5-1618 5-1545 7-4499 34 29-5094 29-8978 34-4739 80 4-8168 4-8085 7 1374 35 28-7434 29-0930 33-7408 81 4-4904 4-4815 6-8539 36 27-9398 28-2770 33-0059 82 4-1749 4-1743 6-5552 37 27-0927 27-4435 32-2706 83 3-8877 3-8868 6-2784 38 26-2210 26-6009 31-5333 84 3-6195 3-6185 5-9964 39 25-3429 25-7574 30-7933 85 3-3687 3-3675 5-6913 40 24-4756 24-9204 30-0496 86 3-1343 3-1329 5-3516 41 23-6309 24-0960 293010 87 2-9159 2-91.34 4-9740 42 22-8249 23-2900 28-5463 88 2-7123 2-7092 4-5651 43 22-0738 22-5042 27-7893 89 2-5249 2-5209 4-1389 44 21-3936 21-7382 27-0333 90 2-.3531 2-3492 3-7130 45 20-7992 20-99.30 26-2812 91 2-1991 2-1920 3-2998 46 20-3060 20-2680 25-5357 92 2-0655 2-0574 2-8994 47 19-9,306 19-5639 24-7993 93 1-9494 1-9379 2-5320 48 19-6301 18-8763 24-0729 94 1-8455 1-8280 2-1839 49 19-3638 18-2011 23 -.3568 95 1-7256 1-7018 1-8603 50 19-0910 17-5.346 22-6512 96 1-5897 1-5448 1-5618 51 18-7710 16-8730 21-9568 97 1-3888 1-3421 1-2965 52 18-3646 16-21.35 21-2738 98 1-1666 1-1000 1-0487 53 17-8918 15-5645 20-6004 99 •8333 •8333 -8401 54 17-3722 14-9176 19-9351 100 -5000 •5000 •5000 55 16-8251 14-3131 19-2764 52 DUEATION OF LIFE high ratio which the numbers of the class compared bear to the total numbers, example : — For Let a 1= 20 per cent, and represent the total results or general average ; and " ~ "^ fPsr cent, and represent classes composing the general average A; 17 C ZZl it) J* then, if either class b or class c were compared with the total result or general average, the apparent difference Avould be only 5 per cent. ; while the actual difference between it and the residue class is 10 per cent. Hence, if any class of results be compared with the general results in wliich that is also included, the apparent difference wiU always be less than the actual difference, whether the effect of that class be to increase or decrease the ratio of the general results. The facts forming Table I No. 1 have therefore been eliminated from the general results for the Rural Districts ia Table E, and the residue formed into another Life Table, from which Table I No. 6 has been deduced ; and it wiU be found that the specific intensity for the Rural Districts generally is as high at Age 20 in Table F Rural Districts as at Age 16 for the Residue. 30 „ „ 16 40 „ „ 35 50 „ „ 48 60 „ „ 58 70 „ „ 69 The corresponding points of equal specific intensity for the Residue at Age 20 in Table I No. 6 is as high as Age 52 for Labourers in Table I, No. 1 ; 30 40 50 60 70 44 48 55 65 72 Half the popvUation dies off at Age 65-66 in the Residue, at Age 68-9 in the General Average, and at Age 71-2 in the Labourers. The great distinction between the value of life among the labouring population in the Rural Districts, and the rest of the Rural Districts, is therefore obvious; and con- clusively shews, that even in the same locahty, in the Rural Districts of the countrj^ where aU the supposed contaminating influences of Ul-ventilated houses, narrow streets, bad sewerage, poisoned air, epidemic town fevers, and factoiy restraints, are absent, there is nevertheless a very great superiority in the value of life in one class over another. In the IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 53 liural Districts recited in the early part of this Paper, very little difference can be supposed to exist between the means of support and the various habits of life of the members of Friendly Societies. In fact, they may be presumed to assimilate as near to each other's condition as any means of classification can suggest, the only diflerence between the individual members being difference of employment or occu.pation ; and therefore, in classifying the various trades, pure elements may be said to be brought into comparison, the only distinction being difference of occupation. It has already been stated that any thing like a complete inquiry into the influence of employment on health is not contemplated in this Paper. A few illustrations only wiU be brought forward to aid the other branch of the inquiry, and by which it will be seen that, independently of locality, difference of employment has a marked effect on the duration of life. If this position can be fairly established, it will follow as a direct consequence, that wherever an excess of unhealthy trades are congregated, there must also be an increased rate of mortality independent of the local influence ; for if the same trades were placed in any other district, there would stiU be an increased rate of mortality simply in virtue of the trade or occupation. At Ages 30-35, the general mortality of the To-wn Districts exceeds that of the Rural by 14.981 per cent, of the whole mortality at that period of life; but if the class design- ated Labourers were abstracted from the Rural Districts, the mortality of the residue would be increased 6.181 per cent, of the original ratio. But suppose a still further change to take place, and that the class named Labourers is not only abstracted from the Rural Districts, but added to the Town Districts ; this arrangement would affect the respective mortalities to such an extent, that instead of the mortality of the To"wn Districts exceeding that of the Rural Districts by 14.981 per cent., it woidd fall short of it by 1.831 per cent, of the whole mortality at that period of life. In like manner also would other periods of life be affected. It is evident, therefore, that the Residue of the population in the Rural Districts has a factitious value assigned to it, from being mixed up Avith the class called Labourers ; and that in any attempt to discover the relative values of life in different localities, unless employment were made an element in the comparison, an undue value would be attached to a great portion of life in the Rural Districts. The nature of the Rural Districts is such, that a great proportion of the upgro-vvn population must consist of Agricultural and other Labourers. In the facts here collected, they amount to 33 per cent. ; and their lives being of higher value than the average lives in the district, it is no more fair to judge of the value of life and the influence of locality on the residue of the population from calculations involving the consideration of all the lives generally, than it would be just to compare the value of life in the Residue in the preceding illustration with Town p 54 DUIIATION OF LIFE life, and draw the conclusion that life in the Rural Districts was of less value than in the To^vn Distiicts ; for in both cases a factitious value is assigned, by being mixed Txp "\\'ith a favourable class. From the preceding remarks it is evident that in particular occupations, even in the Rural Districts, life is of less value than in others. Those occupations cannot be said to be less healthy from the objectionable features peculiar to large Towns and Cities, for they must be supposed under very fixvourable circumstances for prolonged life. In Table H, No. 4, is given the expectation of life in sixteen trades in the Rural Districts, selected at random, -without any pre\'ious knowledge as to whether they were healthy or other- wise. An inspection of this Table -sviU shew, that in those sixteen trades, (namely. Plumbers Painters and Glaziers, Weavers, Butchers, Millwrights, Stonemasons, Cabinet- makers, Prmters, Bakers, Bricklayers, Wheelwrights, Tailors, Cordwainers and Shoemakers, Sawyers, Clerks, Carpenters and Joiners, and Blacksmiths,) the value of hfe is less than the average for the whole Rural Districts ; and Labourers wei'e before shewn to be more healthy than the average results. It is therefore clear, that if a given District were chiefly made up of the class whose lives are above the average value, or of those below it, that the general residts for that District would be of high or low value accordingly. A very small portion of the population in either the Town or City Districts can foUow agricultural pursuits ; and therefore the standard of life in those Districts will be lowered in consequence of that circumstance alone ; but on farther examination it will be found that the comparative value of life in those districts is not only lowered in consequence of the absence of many of the most healthy occupations conunon to the Rural Districts, but that it is still further decreased by the presence of some of the most unhealthy employments, not to be found, or at least to a very limited extent, in the Rural Districts. In other words, the eflfect of the occupations is such, that if the same people were placed in the Rural Districts, no matter over how much surfixce they were spread, in order to avoid the influence supposed to connect itself with the congregation of large luimbers into towns, stiU the mortaUty would be much higher among the people thus conditioned, than among, the average of the rural population in ordinary circumstances. If the view brought forward be correct, that the mortahty of Towns and Cities is increased from the existence of a high proportion of trades which are in themselves unhealthy, independent of the influence of the locality, it should follow that the difference found by a comparison of the rate of mortality of a given numlx-r of trades in one district, with that of the same trades in another district, slioidd be less than the difterence between the rates of mortahty for the general results of the same districts. If the differences of the decennial periods from 10 to 70 in the general results for Rural and ToAvn Districts be taken, the smu of the differences will be found to amount to 19.3299 years ; Init tlie sum of the differences at the coiTCsponding periods for tlie IG Trades formerly referred to is IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 55 only 16.3868 years; being less than the other by about 15 per cent. For alike reason it should follow, that if the diiferences at the same periods between the 16 Trades and the general results of each district be taken, they should amount to less in the Town than in the Rural Districts ; and accordingly in the Rural Districts the sum of the differences is found to be 4.7029 years, while in the Town Districts it is only 1.7598 years. In order to afford stiU further evidence of the effect on the average value of life l)y the prevalence of particular trades, a few other cases will be submitted ; and to render the illustrations more simple, they will be given for the average of the Three Districts, or rather with the Three Districts conjoined; and consequently they must be brought into comparison with the General Results for the Three Districts as given in Tables F and C. An inspection of Table I will shew that the equation of life in Miners is at Ages 6 1-2 ; in Bakers, at Ages 59-60 ; Plumbers Painters and Glaziers, at 56-7 ; and Clerks, at so early a period of life as 51-2. In F, for the Three Districts combined, the same result appeared at Ages 66-7, shewing a difference of 5, 7, 10, and 15 years respectively; and the following Abridgement of Table J will shew the marked difference m the expectation of life in these emplo}Tiients at five decennial periods. Age?. Kural, Town, & City Districts. G. nerks. J, No. 2. Plumber?, Painter?, and Glaziers. J, No. 3. Bakers. J, No. 4. Miners. J, No. .5. 20 30 40 50 60 43-7736 36-6051 29-3306 22-1920 15-6942 31-8347 27-5761 21-8573 16-0465 12-4264 36-9040 30-5082 24-3046 17-0955 12-1675 400268 32-3572 24-4756 19-0910 14-0632 40-6700 33-1573 24-9204 17-5346 11-8590 The very remarkable difference between the above employments and the General Results, cannot fail to occasion some surprise; and at the same time conclusively prove, that any district containing a majority of the above, or other equally unhealthy employ- ments, must shew a very reduced average value of life for the district, independent of the influence of the local situation itself on health. It will no doubt cause some uneasiness in the minds of inquirers to find, that so highly important and industrious a class of men as Clerks should stand lowest in the scale of the above employments ; and that from 20 to 60 their expectation of life should be only 75 per cent, of the general average. The expectation of life among Plumbers Painters and Glaziers in the same period is equal to 81 per cent., Mmers 85 per cent., and Bakers 88 per cent, of the general avei'age. Plumbers Painters and Glaziers will be found next in the scale ; and although much 56 DUEATION OF LIFE below the general average, they are still of considerably higher value than the class designated Clerks. Bakers, as well as the jircceding class, have long been supposed to be unliealtliy : and although no attempt had hitherto been made to ascertain the precise value of their lives, it is thought that the present results will shew a much greater difference than would be generally calculated upon. The class Miners will be found to rank above the three others at the early periods of life, but below them at the latter periods of life. The remark formerly made should be here kept clearly in view, that the diflference found by a comparison of any class with the general results ■\viU always be less than the actual difference ; and therefore the effect which the preceding and other unhealthy employments have in reducing the average rate of mortality, is still greater than what appears by the preceding Table. Some large towns or cities are kno-\\ai to represent a less value of life to their inhabi- tants generally than other towns; and the explanation visually given of this tlifference has been the favourable or unfavourable natvire of the locality, and a change in the san- itary regidations of the place looked forward to as a certain remedy ; but a minute examination of all the external circumstances affecting life will shew, that the great diver- sity in the mortality of certain classes arises from the influence of other agents. In Table H, No. 2, is given the expectation of life calculated from the combined data of all trades in Liverpool ; and a comparison of this mtli the general results for the Rural Districts will shew a much greater difference due to locaUty in the apparent sense, than has hitherto been shown by any other tables of the value of life in different localities ; but at the same time it will be seen that this difference falls much short of the actual difference between different employments. At Age 30 the difference between the expectation of hfe in the Rural Districts and in Liverpool is 8.2636 years ; but the difference between Clerks and Labourers is 13.0211 years ; and so also at other jieriods of life. It ought to be under- stood, that in making this comparison, the influence of employment is shewn to disadvantage ; for, as has been already pouited out, every large town has its average lowered by the influence of certain trades ; and therefore the actual difference in the above comparison between the Rui'al Districts and Liverpool is less than there given : and again, in the comparison between Clei'ks and Labourers, the expectation for Clerks has been for the average of the three districts ; but if it had been taken for the City Districts only, a much greater difference would have been found, and consequently the influence of emplopnents appeared the greater. From Table K, No. 2, it will appear that there is a uniform decrease in the specific in- tensity of life from the conunencement to the end of the table. A comparison will shew that the specific mtensities at ages 30, 40, and 50, correspond with the specific intensities at ages [45, 54, IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 57 Table K, No. 1. ExiRAL, Tow^jJ AND CiTY DISTRICTS. — Trades NOT CLASSIFIED. — Fe7nales. Ages. Living. D>ing. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 1389 1-3888 71-994 56 62073 1061 1-7094 58-514 11 98611 1370 1-3888 71-994 57 61012 1039 1-7021 58-754 12 97241 13.34 1-3715 72-886 58 59973 1020 1-7002 58-824 13 95907 1282 1-3368 74-794 59 58953 1004 1-7037 58-685 14 94625 1216 1-2848 77-821 60 57949 992 1-7126 58-377 15 9.3409 1135 1-2155 82-237 61 56957 984 1-7269 57-904 16 92274 1042 1-1288 88-574 62 55973 1024 1-8294 54-675 17 912.32 951 1-0429 95-877 63 54949 1110 2-0202 49-505 18 90281 865 -9579 104-395 64 53839 1238 2-2991 43-497 19 89416 781 •8736 114-469 65 52601 1403 2-6663 37-509 20 88635 700 •7902 126-550 66 51198 1598 3-1216 32-031 21 87935 622 -7076 141-323 67 49600 1792 3-6120 27-685 22 87313 569 -6521 153-351 68 47808 1978 4-1375 24-166 23 86744 541 -6237 160-3.34 69 45830 2153 4-6980 21-286 24 86203 537 -6224 160-668 70 43677 2312 5-2936 18-889 25 85666 555 -6482 154-273 71 41365 2451 5-9242 16-880 26 85111 597 •7010 142-653 72 38914 2491 6-4013 - 15-623 27 84514 621 -7349 136-073 73 36423 2449 6-7247 14-870 28 83893 629 •7499 133-351 74 33974 2342 6-8945 14-503 29 83264 621 •7462 134-012 75 31632 2186 6-9106 14-470 30 82643 598 •7237 138-179 76 29446 1995 6-7731 14-765 31 82045 560 •6825 146-520 77 27451 1870 6-8123 14-680 32 81485 539 •6618 151-103 78 25581 1797 7-0282 14-229 33 80946 535 -6615 151-172 79 23784 1765 7-4207 13-475 34 80411 548 •6816 146-714 80 . 22019 1759 7-9899 12-516 35 79863 577 •7221 138-485 81 20260 1770 8-7357 11-447 36 79286 621 •78.30 127-714 82 18490 1751 9-4684 10-562 37 78665 658 •8367 119-517 83 16739 1705 10-1880 9-814 38 78007 689 •8833 113-212 84 15034 1637 10-8946 9-183 39 77318 713 •9227 108-378 85 13397 1553 11-5880 8-628 40 76605 732 •9550 104-712 86 11844 1453 12-2683 8-150 41 75873 744 •9800 102-041 87 10391 1.335 12-8507 7-782 42 75129 758 1-0085 99-108 88 9056 1316 14-5351 6-878 43 74371 774 P0402 96-154 89 7740 1294 16-7216 5-981 44 73597 791 1-0754 93-023 90 6446 1251 19-4102 5-152 45 72806 811 1-1139 89-767 91 5195 1174 22-6008 4-425 46 71995 832 1-1557 86-505 92 4021 1009 26-5925 3-759 47 71163 861 1-2095 82-645 93 2952 881 29-8333 3-352 48 70302 897 1-2753 78-431 94 2071 684 33-0399 3-027 49 69405 939 1-3531 73-910 95 1387 504 36-3589 2-750 50 68466 988 1-4428 69-300 96 883 350 396498 2-522 51 67478 1042 1-5444 64-767 97 533 241 45-1555 2-214 52 66436 1078 1-6232 61-614 98 292 155 52-9127 1-890 53 65358 1097 1-6791 59-559 99 137 84 61 -.3067 1-631 54 64261 1100 1-7121 58-411 100 53 53 75-0000 1-333 55 63161 1088 1-7222 58-072 58 DURATION OF LIFE Table K, No. 2. Trades not Classified. — Liverpool. — Hales. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity, Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 396 •3961 252-462 56 53834 1751 3-2529 30^741 11 99604 395 •3961 252-462 57 52083 1741 3-3422 29^922 12 99209 401 •4038 247-647 58 50342 1810 3^5961 27-809 13 98808 414 •4193 238-493 59 48532 1949 4^0148 24-907 14 98394 435 •4425 225-989 60 46583 2142 4^598] 21-749 15 97959 464 •4735 211-193 61 44441 2376 5-3461 18-706 16 97495 499 •5123 195-198 62 42065 2501 5-9445 16-821 17 96996 522 •5379 185-908 63 39564 2529 6-3933 15-G42 18 96474 531 •5506 181-620 64 37035 2479 6^6925 14-943 19 95943 528 •5501 181-785 65 34556 2364 6^8421 14-616 20 95415 512 •5367 186^324 66 32192 2203 6^8421 14^616 21 94903 484 •5101 196-040 67 29989 .2062 6^8761 14^543 22 94419 478 •5061 197-589 68 27927 1939 6-9441 14^401 23 93941 493 •5247 190-585 69 25988 1831 7-0461 14-192 24 93448 529 •5657 176-772 70 24157 1735 7-1821 13-924 25 92919 585 •6294 158-881 71 22422 1649 7-3522 13-602 2G 92334 661 •7155 139-762 72 20773 1582 7-6148 13^132 27 91G73 722 •7872 127-033 73 19191 1530 7-9700 12-547 28 90951 768 •8443 118-441 74 17661 1487 8-4178 11-879 29 90183 800 •8870 112-740 75 16174 1449 8-9582 11-632 30 89383 818 •9151 109-278 76 14725 1412 9-5911 10^426 31 88565 823 •9288 107-666 77 13313 1380 10-3620 9-653 32 87742 840 •9576 104-428 78 11933 1345 11-2708 8-873 33 86902 871 1^0017 99-800 79 10588 1304 12-3175 8-117 34 86031 913 1^0611 94-251 80 9284 1254 13-5021 7-407 35 85118 967 1 •1.356 88-028 81 8030 1190 14-8247 6-748 36 84151 1031 1-2254 81-633 82 6840 1111 16^2427 6-158 37 83120 1090 1-3108 76-278 83 5729 1017 17-7563 5-631 38 82030 1142 1-3918 71-839 84 4712 913 19-3654 5-163 39 80888 1188 1 -4685 68-074 85 3799 800 21^0700 4-746 40 79700 1228 1^5407 64-893 86 2999 686 22-8702 4-373 41 78472 1262 1-6086 62-150 87 2313 574 24-7975 4-032 42 77210 1302 1-6863 59-312 88 1739 467 26-8519 3-724 43 75908 1346 1^7737 56-370 89 1272 ' 378 29-0335 3-445 44 74562 1395 1^8709 53-447 90 894 280 31-3423 3-191 45 73167 1447 1^9778 50-556 91 614 207 33-7782 2-960 46 71720 1502 2-0945 47-733 92 407 147 36-0224 2-776 47 70218 1569 2-2339 44-763 93 260 99 38-0748 2-627 48 68649 1645 2-3960 41-736 94 161 64 39-9356 2-504 49 67004 1729 2-5808 38^745 95 97 40 41-6047 2-404 50 65275 1820 2^7883 35-868 96 57 25 43-0820 2^321 51 63455 1915 3^0185 .33-124 97 32 15 47-3179 2-113 52 61540 1962 3^1876 31-368 98 17 9 53^9970 \-852 53 59578 1964 3^2956 30-340 99 8 5 61-3067 1-631 54 57614 1926 3^3425 29-913 100 3 3 75^0000 1-333 55 55688 1854 3^3282 30-048 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 59 45, 54, and 63 in the Rural Districts ; Ages 38, 49, and 57 in the Towais ; Ages 29, 42, and 59 in the Cities; and at Ages 39, 51, and 61 in the Three Districts combined. A fiirther inspection of the same table wiU shew that half the population dies off between the ages 58-9, — an earher period than in the City Districts of Table F by 3 years. In Table H, No. 2, the expectation of life for aU trades in Liverpool will be found to be lower than the expectation given in Table G for the City Districts generally. The following shews the difference at decennial periods of Life. Ages. City Districts. Table G. Liverpool. Difference. 20 30 40 50 60 40-0148 32-8603 26-0873 19-9271 13-7685 37-9553 301437 23-1524 17-0946 11-9626 2-0595 2-7166 2-9349 2-8325 1-8059 So far as a general inspection of the above results would suffice, it might be inferred that Liverpool is less healthy than the average of the large cities in England ; but it is necessary here again to keep in view the pecuhar aggregation of employments which are in themselves unhealthy, independent of the locality ; for it so happens, that the class of Labourers in large cities is subject to a very high rate of mortahty, and that the peculiar business of Liverpool occasions a great preponderance of that class in the dock, and other employments of that kind, a large proportion of which enters into the above results. It has been shewn ua Table F, for the Three Districts, that the expectation of hfe for Members of Friendly Societies over the country generally, is higher than that for the whole population of England and Wales as given in Table D. In hke manner it will also be found, that the expectation of life among the members of Friendly Societies in Liverpool is also higher than the expectation for the general population of Liverpool. At page XXVII. of the 5th Report of the Registrar General will be found a table of the Expectation of Life for the To^vn of Liverpool ; and assuming that it gives a correct representation of the value of hfe of the whole population, we shall find the comparative value of hfe between the Members of Friendly Societies and the general population in the following Table : — Age. Expectation of Life in Liverpool. Difference in Favour of Friendly Societies in Liverpool. Friendly Societies. Whole Population. In Years, Per Cent. 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 37-9553 33-9067 30-14.37 26-5260 23-1524 19-9908 17-0946 33-0000 30-0000 27-0000 23-0000 21-0000 18-0000 16-0000 4-9553 3-9067 3-1437 3-5260 2-1524 1-9908 1-0946 15-0160 13-0223 11-6433 15-3303 10-2500 11-0600 5-6922 60 DURATION OF LIFE A careful consideration of aU the preceding oljscrvations, it is believed, wiU he suf- ficient to shew that tlie excessive mortality of the general population of Liverpool must be due to some other cause than simply that of locality. The persons over whom the observations in the first column extend, being members of Friendly Societies, and ahnost exclusively workinen and mechanics, of necessity inhabit the inferior class of houses, in the worst conditioned streets ; and it is therefore unpossible that they can escape the contagious effect of the pestilential diseases supposed to be the scourge of unhealthy neighbourhoods : and admitting this, the results given for the Friendly Societies must evidence all the legitimate effects due to locality ; and therefore the excessive mortality of the general population is due to some other cause — such as the poverty and distress which, unhappily, are allowed to remain so much neglected in tlic large manufacturing and commercial towns of the kingdom. If any part of this argument were to be met by the .statement, that the higher expectation of life given for the members of Friendly Societies in Liverpool than for the general community, may be accounted for by the omission of some very unliealthy trades; this would be sufficiently answered by the fact, that 175 employments are included, and, as lias been already shewn, some of them the most unhealthy occupations ; so tliat a fair average may be said to be taken. A similar objection might also seem to apply against the general results for the whole kingdom ; but if it is recollected that upwards of four hundred trades are included, the force of the objection will disappear. It is evident from all that has been said, that the peculiar sanitary condition of large towns has not the remarkable effect Avhich many have supposed in shortening the duration of life ; stUl, it has some effect, and the nature and extent of that influence it is important to understand. l)ut a rude estimate only can be made, imtil the value of life in every important emplopnent, occupation, or trade has been investigated, for the various localities or districts, on some such plan as that given in the present paper ; and then grouping or classifying a given number of these coimnon to different localities : the result arrived at would shew the precise amount of influence which a particular District, City, or ToAvn, has on the duration of life. A partial or limited comparison of a few trades would not be adequate to answer definitely this question, but an accurate combination of a sufficiently large number of trades, to guard against the effect of fluctuation. In the beginning of this Paper it was stated, that to carry out the question in this extended degree, was a task of too imposing a nature on the present occasion ; and that such iUusti-ations would only be brought forward, as Avould be necessary to' solve the more iimnediate question. On the general mortality of large towns especially, little confidence should be placed, even although every other precaution as to distinction of age and other conditions be taken ; for fallacies from two sources are apt to enter : — First, if, in comparisons of large to-wTis, IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 61 precisely the same classes of trades do not exist, errors will arise from that circumstance ; — and in the second place, although the same classes of trades do exist in both places, unless the proportionate niunbers to the whole population be the same, errors in the result must arise. The nature of the error in the first case is plain, from the fact that different trades are in the same place influenced by different rates of mortality ; and if any given trade is wanting, its tendency to alter the general average wUl be lost. The error in the second case is of a like nature ; for if the absence of the whole cl&ss affect the general result, the absence of a fraction of that class must also affect it, although not to the same extent. Illustrations confirmatory of this have already been given when discussing the influence of the class of Labourers, and also the Sixteen Trades combined, on the general averages for the respective Districts ; and a recurrence to those illustrations will be sufficient to shew the truth of the present observations. An inspection of Table K, No. 1, will shew the Rate of Mortality for Female Life among the jMembers of Friendly Societies in England and Wales, for the Rural, Town, and City Districts combined. The Tables for Male and Female Life here given, seem to possess in many respects the same relation as those given for Male and Female Life gene- rally in England and Wales ; the Specific Intensity at the earlier periods being higher for Male than Female Life, crossing each other at the middle periods, and turning in favour of Female Life at the advanced ages. It wiU be seen that the Male Population of Table F for the Three Districts is bisected at 66-7, and that the Female Population in Table K, No. 1, is also bisected at the same period of life. In the general population of the country the same thing takes place a year later among Females than among ]\Iales. The Expectation for Female Life, for the general results of Friendly Societies, vnR be found in Table H, No. 1 ; and the following Abstract wiU shew the relative value of Mah and Female Life in the country generally, as well as in Friendly Societies : — Age. Expectation of Life in England and Wales. Expectation of Life among the Members of I'riendly Societies. Males. Females. Difference. Males. Females. Difference. 20 30 40 50 60 70 40-6910 34-0990 27-4760 20-8463 14-5854 9-2176 41-5982 351671 28-7330 22-0545 15-5230 9-8409 •9072 1-0681 1 -2570 1-2082 -9396 -9376 43-7736 36-6051 29-3306 22-1920 15-6942 10-2057 45-2640 38-1841 30-7813 23-8200 17-2380 10-9750 1-4904 1-5790 1-4507 1-0280 1-5 13S -7693 It -wiU thus be seen, that the distinction between ]\Iale and Female Life among the Members of Friendly Societies, differs very little from that between the sexes in the country generally; and this difference would be considerably reduced if the necessary corrections for employments were made, as the data for Male Life in Friendly Societies K fi2 DURATION OF LIFE IN VARIOUS CLASSES. will be composed of a much higher proportion of uuhealthy trades, in relation to the whole male population of the country, than the data for Female Life in comparison to the whole female population. This coincidence of course tends to strengthen the confi- dence to be reposed in both classes of results, and brings forward an additional argument against the sufficiency of certain inquiries hitherto made, shewing in some instances so wide a distinction between the value of life in the sexes. DUUATION OF LIFE IN SCOTLAND. A SEPARATE set of retums was procured from Societies in Scotland, and the facts em- bodied in them have been combined into a distinct class of tables, to which reference will be presently made. The results thus derived will be of the more importance, as serving to con- firm those obtained from the English Societies ; and their value in this respect is enhanced by the fact, that the Scotch returns extend over a period of twelve years, while those by the English Societies were limited to five years. The Scotch returns were also made under quite different circumstances from those of the English, and they thus act as checks on each other. The nature and extent of the original form in which the information was furnished by the retums from Scotland, have already been referred to. Table L represents the results for the Scotch Societies, in precisely the same manner that Table E did for the English Societies. The places forming the respective Districts in Scotland will be found in the Appendix, Note III. Tables M and N were subsequently formed from Table L, in the same manner in which Tables C and D were formed from B, and Tables F and G from E. An inspection of Table M for the Rural Districts, will shew that the Specific Intensity increases in a uni- form ratio, from the earliest age in the Table to the extreme of life. A comparison with the Eural Districts of England (Table F) will shew a higher Specific Intensity in the Rural Districts of Scotland tiU age 34 ; but from that tiU age 54 it is lower in Scotland, and from 54 to the end of the Tables the Specific Intensity is sometimes higher and sometimes lower. A more general and comprehensive view of the two Tables will be obtained by comparing the Equation of Life : for age 10 it takes place between the ages 67-8 in the Rural Districts in Scotland, but between ages 68-9 in England. Again the Equation for age 30 takes place in both Tables between 70 and 71. Considering the different sources from which the data of the two Tables are derived, and the different periods of years over which the observations extend, the agreement of the Tables in this respect is somewhat remarkable. [In the Town of 64 DURATION OF LIFE Table L. Trades not Classified. — Scotland. — Rural Districts. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. In Periods. At In Pen ods. At In At Each Age, Periods. Eac hAge Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 10 10 11 2^ 11 12 5 12 13 I 33 13 14 14 15 12 37-^ 15 16 1 7-7141 16 17 83 1 48-428 s. 17 18 162 > 906 1 > 6 0-6623 128-714 > 802-713 0-8860 18 19 264 1 > 261-143 19 20 360 3 356-714 20 21 488"] 1== 496-286"^ 21 22 610 5 496-571 22 23 717 > 3573 4 . 24 0-6717 521-428 > 3070-570 0-8594 23 24 804 7 690-714 24 25 954 7 865-571 25 26 1067^ 4^ 964-286' 26 27 1161 10 983-000 27 28 1220 6058 10 41 0-6768 817-000 4645-000 0-7667 28 29 1290 6 862-286 29 30 1320 11 1018-428 911-857' 30 31 1364' in 31 32 1372 8 827-857 32 33 1357 ■ 6770 12 45 0-6647 1037-000 4881-428 0-7210 33 34 1336 5 941-714 34 35 1.341 9 1163-000 35 36 1372^ 14"" 1180-428' 36 37 1360 17 1253-714 37 38 1341 ' 6774 3 ■ 58 0-8562 998-571 5806-855 0-8572 38 39 1362 15 1172-714 39 40 1339 9 1201-428 40 41 1335^ 14"^ 1412-571' 41 42 1277 10 1112-714 42 43 1227 . 6211 10 53 0-8533 1212-286 ■ 6580-428 1-0595 43 44 1191 11 1435-571 44 45 1181 8J 1407-286 45 46 1172'' _ 7' 1519-571' 46 47 1144 "" 20 1653-714 47 48 1128 ■ 5623 12 65 1-1559 1495-857 . 7538-713 1-3407 48 49 1105 11 1414-714 49 50 1074 1 15j 1454-857^ 50 1 1 IN SCOTLAND. Table L, continued. Trades not Classified. Scotland. Rural Districts. 65 Ages. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. At In At In Periods. At In Periods. Each Age. Periods. Each Age Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 51 1015"^ 12^ 2014-714"" 2212-286 51 52 979 13 52 53 914 > 4630 14 > 61 1-3175 1830-857 > 10481-999 2-2639 53 54 888 10 2227-428 54 55 834 12, 2196-714 55 56 79n 16^ 2189-57r 56 57 720 11 2181-000 57 58 709 3543 16 72 2-0322 1918-714 10844-285 3-0608 58 59 681 10 2220-286 59 60 642 J 19J 2334-714 60 61 600^ ir 2125-000" 61 62 552 13 2628-286 62 63 497 2497 23 84 3-3640 2197-428 12585-143 5-0401 63 64 446 18 2788-286 64 65 402 19. 2846-143 • 65 66 3471 ir 3091-428^ 66 67 308 11 3245-286 67 68 282 1418 9 56 3 9490 2786-714 15388-713 10-8525 68 69 260 10 3017-857 69 70 221 15. 3247-428 70 71 199' isi 2679-286' 71 72 164 12 2559-286 72 73 143 759 8 45 5-9289 2680-000 13450-000 17-7207 73 74 126 2 2585-571 74- 75 127J 10. 2945-857 75 76 105 1 61 2560-428' 76 77 98 7 2531-000 77 78 81 432 5 > 26 6-0185 2255-714 > 11611-999 26-8796 78 79 78 5 2180-857 79 80 70j 3 2084-000 80 81 59i 51 1837-714' 81 82 51 11 1547-000 82 83 36 > 187 6 > 6 30 16-0248 1035-143 > 5463-714 29-2123 83 84 25 643-286 84 85 16 2J 400-571 85 86 I4I 3~ 423-428' 86 87 9 2 294-428 87 88 7 > 37 1 > 8 21-6216 236-571 } 1190-713 32-1814 88 89 4 1 143-143 89 90 3 1, 93-143 2-000' 90 91 r r 91 92 ... 92 93 ... \ 1 ... > 1 100-0000 y 2-000 2-0000 93 94 94 95 "k ••■. J 95 ! 49452 675 1-3705 114.344-273 2-3216 G6 DURATION OF LIFE Table L, continued. Trades not Classefied. — Scotland. — Tow^^s. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. Age. In Periods. At In Per .)ds. At In At Each Age. Periods. EiicliA^ e Total. Per Crnt. Eacli Age. Total. Per Annum. 10 7 7 10 11 15"| ^ '2-428 "" 11 12 19 12-000 12 13 17 ) 99 ^ 10-286 29-000 0-2929 13 14 21 14 15 27 4-288 15 16 381 "i" 24-143" 16 17 57 28-714 17 18 86 436 3 0-6881 91-857 345-856 0-7930 18 19 120 1 100-428 19 20 •135 1 100-714 20 21 1/6 2" 157-2861 21 22 206 3 271-571 22 23 243 1154 1 i 0-6066 245-714 1153-999 0-9999 23 24 253 1 187-428 24 25 276 292-OUO 25 26 303 i I" 336-286" 26 27 314 387-286 27 28 334 1629 8 0-4911 421-286 1745-572 1-0716 28 29 243 4 339-000 29 30 SS5 1 261-714 30 31 306" 3" 312-571" 31 32 338 272-428 32 SQ sm 1551 '3 12 0-7737 276-000 ■ 1401-284 0-9035 '^5 34 324 4 351-714 34 35 250 2 288-571 'io iiQ 289" 41 219-714" m 37 268 2 242-000 37 38 253 ) 1230 3 13 1-0569 303-857 1275-285 1-0368 38 39 222 2 266-000 39 40 198 2 243-714 40 41 179" 3" 169-143" 11 42 160 1 174-000 •12 43 150 > 744 ... > 6 0-8064 161-000 . 747-714 1 -0050 43 44 130 1 146-571 44 45 125 1 . 97-000 45 46 120" 5= 163-5711 46 47 99 189-714 47 48 93 - 471 "3 > 10 2-1231 201-000 . 837-285 1-7777 48 49 85 1 151-000 4.9 50 74 1 132-000 50 1 1 •IN SCOTLAND. Table L, continued. Trades not Classieied. Scotland. Towns. 67 Age. Population. ' DE.\TnS. SICIvNESS. Age. At In At In Periods. At In Periods. Each Age Periods. Eac hAg p Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 51 75" -| 74-000" 51 52 69 63 117-000 52 53 319 .. > 2 0-6270 101-000 533-000 1 6708 53 54 57 1 125-000 54 55 55 J 1 116-000 55 56 44" 2" 78-000" 56 57 41 39 000 57 58 42 199 1 > 4 2-0101 28-000 227-000 1-1407 58 59 39 50-000 59 60 33j 1 1 < 32-000 60 61 sr 32-000" 61 62 28 22-000 62 63 24 126 .. > 4 3-1746 53-428 259-428 2-0589 63 64 24 4 57-000 64 65 19 95-000 65 66 16^ 31 127000^ 66 67 16 1 2 > 89-000 59-000 > 67 68 13 64 7 10.9375 461-000 7-2031 68 69 12 1 124-000 69 70 7 » 62-000 70 71 8' < 73-000^ 71 72 7 35 000 72 73 8 > 36 . . > 1 2-7777 140-000 > 474-000 13-1666 73 74 7 1 114-000 74 75 6 112.000 75 76 7] 1" 104-286'' 76 77 7 71-000 77 78 7 > 25 2 > 4 16-0000 109-000 > 353-286 14-1314 78 79 2 1 17-000 79 80 3J 52-000 80 81 2"= ^ 52-000" 81 82 2 52-000 82 83 2 \ 11 V 1 9-0000 > 142-000 12-9090 83 84 3 84 85 2 1 38-000 85 86 1" 52-000" 86 87 1 25-000 87 88 1 > 5 , 52-000 > 233-000 46-6000 88 89 1 52-000 89 90 1 52-000 90 91 n 91 92 1 92 93 ... > 2 93 94 94 95 ■•■. 95 8108 82 1-0113 10218-709 1-2603 6S DURATION OF LIFE Table L, continued. Trades not Classified. Scotland. Cities. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. In Periods. • In Periods. At Each Age. In Periods. Eac At hAg At Each Age. L- Total. Per Cent. Total. Per Annum. 10 ■... 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 ... 15 16 "^ 16 17 1 17 18 1 21 18 19 2 19 20 17j 20 21 39l ^ 23-286" 21 22 76 1 47-714 22 23 128 > 645 4 10 1-5504 166-143 495-285 0-7679 23 24 174 117-714 24 25 228 5 140-428 25 26 288^ 3" 177-714~ 26 27 343 2 262-714 > 27 28 387 \ 1888 4 22 1-1653 366-286 1749-571 0-9267 28 29 424 446 8 515-857 > 29 30 5 427-000 30 31 476^ 6" 430-571" 31 32 494 7 456-714 32 33 515 > 2491 7 37 1-4853 592-143 > 2572-285 1-0326 33 34 500 9 621-286 34 35 506^ 1 ' 471-571 35 36 505] 515-57r 36 37 506 9 444-857 37 38 461 ' 2304 7 > 41 1-7795 402-857 > 2333-427 1-0128 38 39 432 10 502-571 39 40 400 8 467-571 40 41 383'' 8' 477-857' 41 42 353 8 545-143 42 43 320 > 1612 5 \ 32 1-9852 297-714 > 1853-571 1-1499 43 44 291 10 318-714 44 45 2(>5 1 214-143 45 46 262^ 5^ 415-286* 46 47 256 6 455-857 47 48 246 : 1227 9 > 37 3-0155 508-857 > 2682-857 2-1865 48 49 232 9 571-000 49 50 231 8j 731-857^ 50 1 1 IN SCOTLAND. 69 Table L, continued. Trades not Classified. — Scotland. — Cities. Age. Population. deaths. . SICKNESS. . . . . Age. At Each Age In Periods. At EacliAg I. I Periods. At Each Age. In Periods. 3247-571 3-9175 58 59 153 6 608-714 59 60 137J 7j 611-714 60 61 120^ 5~ 658-857^ 61 62 103 ' 7 720-714 62 63 93 462 5 21 4-5455 588-428 . 3065-141 6-8510 63 64 75 531-714 64 65 7lJ 4 565-428 65 66 62^ 5^ 427-57r 66 67 52 1 485-000 67 68 44 234 1 11 4-7009 577-857 > 2361-142 10-0904 68 69 41 2 503-714 69 70 35 J 2 367-000 70 71 301 r 526-286"" 71 72 29 698-286 72 73 26 > 130 2 12 9-2308 654-000 > 3128-572 24-0659 73 74 25 4 695-000 74 75 20 J 5 555-000 , 75 76 151 • r 486-000" 76 77 10 1 300-000 77 78 9 > 49 . . . > 4 8-1632 316-000 ' 1717-714 35-0554 78 79 8 1 320-000 79 80 7 1 295-714 80 81 6^ r 311-000^ 81 82 4 208-000 82 83 4 > 16 2 > 3 18-7500 168-000 > 791-000 49-4375 83 84 1 52-000 84 85 1 52-OOOj 85 86 n < 52-000^ 86 87 1 ... > 52-000 87 88 3 ... \ 0-0000 \- 156-000 52-0000 88 89 89 90 1. 52-000 90 91 r < 52-000" 91 92 1 52-000 92 93 1 > 5 ... )■ 0-0000 52-000 > 260-000 52-0000 93 94 1 52-000 94 95 1 ' ' ' ^ 52-000 95 96 r 1 41-000^ 96 97 97 98 ... > 1 ... /■ 1 100-0000 ... 41000 41-0000 98 99 99 100 •■•, ■••. ... J 100 12982 306 2-3571 J 29699-849 2-2878 70 DURATION OF LIFE Table L, continued. Trades not Classified. — Scotland. — Rukal, Towi^, and City Districts. Age. Population. DKATllS. - SICItNESS. Age. At In At In Periods. At In Periods. Each Age. Periods. KacliAgc Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 10 7 7 10 11 17] 2 '428'] 11 12 24 12-000 12 13 23 > 132 10-286 > 29-000 0-2197 13 U 29 14 15 39j 4-286 15 16 75 i n 31-857^ 16 17 141 1 77-143 17 18 249 > 1363 1 > 9 0-6603 220-571 > 1148-570 0-8427 18 19 386 2 361-571 • 19 20 512J 4 457-428 20 21 703' 3* 676-857 ^ 21 22 892 9 815-857 22 23 1088 > 5372 9 > 8 41 0-7633 933-286 > 4719-857 0-8786 23 24 1231 995-857 24 25 1458 12 1298-000^ 25 26 1658"" si 1478-286* 26 27 1818 12 1633-000 27 28 1941 9575 16 }■ 18 71 0-7415 1604-571 > 8140-143 0-8501 28 29 2057 1717-143 29 30 2101 17J 1707 -143 J 30 31 2146' 20^ 1655-000* 31 32 2204 15 22 > 1557-000 32 33 2205 10812 94 0-8694 1905-143 8855-000 8190 33 34 2160 18 1814-714 34 35 2097 19 1923-143 35 36 2166' - 25^ 1915-714* 36 37 2134 28 1940-571 37 38 2055 10308 13 112 1-0865 1705-286 1941-286 9415-571 0-9134 38 39 2016 27 39 40 1937 19j 1912-714J 40 41 1897* 25 i 2059-571* 41 42 1790 19 1831-857 42 43 1697 > 8567 15 91 1-0622 1671-000 9181-713 1-0717 43 44 1612 22 1900-857 44 45 1571 10 1718-428 45 46 1554* i7i 2098-428* 46 47 1499 26 2299-286 47 48 1467 > 7321 24 . 112 1-5298 2205-714 11058-856 1-5106 48 49 1422 21 2136-714 49 50 1379 24 2318-714, 50 51 1313^ 17* 2835-000" 51 52 1272 21 3098-000 52 53 1188 - 6014 22 100 1-6628 2603-428 14259-714 2-3711 53 54 1156 23 2923-000 54 55 1085 17J 2800-286J 55 1 IN SCOTLAND. 71 Table L, conthmed. Trades not Classified. — Scotlajstd. — Rural, Town, and City Districts. Ages. Population. deaths. SICKNESS. Age. At In At In Periods. In Periods. At Each Age. Periods. EacliAg i Total. Per Cent. Eactj Age. Total. Per Annum. 56 1028' 30' 2981-286^ 56 57 940 19 2936-286 57 58 918 4571 22 > 114 2-4940 2543-85r > 14318-857 3-1325 58 59 873 16 2879-000 59 60 812 27j 2978-428 60 61 75r 683 614 16' 2815-857 1 61 62 20 3371-000 2839-286 > 62 63 3U85 28 > 109 3-5332 15909-714 5-1571 63 64 545 492 J 22 3377-000 64 65 23j 3506-571 65 66 425' 191 3646-000' 66 67 376 13 12 > 3819-286 67 68 339 1716 74 4-3124 3423-571 18210-856 10-6123 68 69 313 13 3645-571 69 70 263 17j 3676-428 70 71 2371 14 ~ 3278-571'' 71 72 200 12 3292-571 72 73 177 \ 925 10 > 7 58 • 6-2703 3474-000 17052-570 18-4352 73 74 158 3394-571 74 75 153 15j 3612-857 75 76 127" 8^ 3150-7141 76 77 115 8 2902-000 2680-714 77 78 97 506 7 > 34 6-7194 13682-999 27-0415 78 79 88 7 2517-857 79 80 79 4 2431-714 80 81 67' 61 2200-714^ 81 82 57 11 I 1807-000 82 83 42 214 8 > 34 15-8879 1202-143 6395-714 29-8865 83 84 29 6 695-286 84 85 19j 3 490-571 85 86 16' 3' 527-428^ 86 87 11 2 371-428 87 88 8 45 1 > 8 17-7777 288-571 1579-713 35-1047 88 89 5 195-143 89 90 5] 197-143 90 91 3^ - < 54-000' 91 92 2 52-000 92 93 1 > 8 ... > 1 12-5000 52-000 > 262-000 32-7500 93 94 52-000 52-000 94 95 95 96 1' 1 ^ 41-000' 96 97 97 98 ... } 1 ... f 1 100-0000 . 41-000 41-0000 98 99 ... 1 99 100 ■ ■ • , ...J ■;: '.'.'.J 100 70542 10G3 1-5069 154261-989 2-1868 72 DURATION OF LIFE In the Tovni Districts of Scotland, half the population dies off at the ages of 65-6 ; hut in the To^^^l Districts in England, the same thing takes place a year earlier. It is in the City Districts of Scotland that the most marked difference is found ; but when it is recollected that the only places included in the list of Scotch Cities are Edinburgh, Glasgow, Paisley, and Aberdeen, and that the observations relate cliiefly to the three first-named places, it will in some measvire account for the very high rate of ]\Iortality. An inspection of the City Districts of Table ]\I will shew a much lower specific intensity for Scotland up to age 60, than even for Liverpool ; but from that age to 80 it is higher than m Liverpool. In the City Districts for Scotland, half the population dies oflf between the ages of 53-4, being eight years earlier than in the City Districts of England, and five years sooner than in Liver- pool, and in fact coming very close on the very worst class of results in England — namely, Clerks — in which half the population was cut off at ages 51-2. But as the numbers over which the observations extend in the City Districts in Scotland are limited, less confidence might reasonably be placed in the results, and the excessive mortality in part assigned to the fluctuation to which small numbers are svibject. On examination, however, of the various groups of results making up tlie whole class for the City Districts, they were, -without exception, found subject to a high rate of mortality, carrying thus evidence of an absolute higher mortality than m the average of English Cities. The results for the Three Districts combined shew a less specific intensity than in England up to age 06 ; and from that age upwards, the Tables cross each other. In the ' general results for Scotland, half of the population dies off between ages 64-65 ; but in the general results for England, that event is prolonged two years beyond that period. Lookin,"- next to the Expectation of Life, as given in Table N, it will be found that in the Rural Districts of Scotland it is less than in England by about half-a-year, from ages 20 to 76 ; but the To-mi Districts of Scotland give a higher Expectation than in England till beyond 70 years of age, and the City Districts of Scotland shew a lower Expectation of Life than Liverpool up tiU alwut 50 years of age. In order to admit of lietter comparison, the general results for the Three Districts in Scotland and England will be arranged as foUows for decennial ages. Age. Expectation of Life in Friendly Societies in Difference in P'avour of England in Years. Scotland. England. 20 30 40 50 GO 70 42-7-18 35-0512 28-0.-G5 21-8122 15-0181 10-1290 43-7730 30-0051 29-3300 22-1920 15-0912 10-2057 1-0518 0-9539 0-()741 0-3798 0-0758 — 0-2239 [From a consideration IN SCOTLAND. 73 Table M. Rural Districts — Scotland. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 230 •2300 434-783 56 69492 1214 1-7463 57'274 11 99770 229 •2300 434-783 57 68278 1307 1-9139 52*247 12 99541 246 •2473 404-367 58 66971 1411 2-1062 47'483 13 99295 280 •2818 354-862 59 65560 1523 2-3232 43'048 14 99015 330 •3337 299-670 60 64037 1643 2-5649 38 '986 15 98685 398 •4029 248-201 61 62394 1767 2-8312 So32'3 16 98287 481 •4893 204-374 62 60627 1860 3-0677 32*594 17 97806 547 •5589 178-923 63 58767 1924 3-2744 30*544 18 97259 595 •6115 163-532 64 56843 1962 3-4511 28*977 19 96664 626 •6472 154-512 65 54881 1975 3-5980 27*793 20 96038 640 •6660 150-150 66 52906 1966 3-7150 26*918 21 95398 637 •6679 149-723 67 50940 1.980 3^8878 25*720 22 94761 635 •6696 149-343 68 48960 2015 4^1164 24*295 23 94126 632 •6712 148-987 69 46945 2066 4-4007 22 '722 24 93494 629 •6724 148-721 70 44879 2132 4^7509 21*048 25 92865 626 •6736 148-456 71 42747 2196 5^1369 19^467 26 92239 622 •6747 148-214 72 40551 2213 5-4573 18^325 27 91617 618 •6750 148-148 73 38338 2186 5-7020 17-538 28 90999 614 •6747 148-214 74 36152 2123 5-8712 17-033 29 90385 609 •6736 148-456 75 34029 2030 5-9647 16-764 30 89776 603 • -6719 148-832 76 31999 1914 5-9826 16-714 31 89173 597 •6695 149-365 77 30085 1925 6-3979 15-630 32 88576 598 •6752 • 148-104 78 28160 2031 7-2106 13-868 33 87978 606 •6891 145-117 79 26129 2200 8-4207 ir875 34 87372 621 •7111 140-627 80 23929 2400 10-0282 9^970 35 86751 643 •7413 134-898 81 21529 2591 12-0330 8^313 36 86108 671 •7796 128-271 82 18938 2625 13-8601 7^215 37 85437 692 •8101 123-442 83 16313 2530 15-5093 6^447 38 84745 706 •8329 120-062 84 13783 2341 16-9807 5-889 39 84039 712 •8478 117-952 85 11442 2091 18-2743 5-473 40 83327 712 •8550 116-959 86 9351 1813 19-3900 5-157 41 82615 706 •8544 117-041 87 7538 1533 20-3326 4-919 42 81909 709 •8655 115-540 88 6005 1267 21-1019 4-739 43 81200 722 •8887 112-524 89 4738 1028 21.6980 4-60S 44 80478 744 •9242 108-202 90 3710 821 22.1209 4-521 45 79734 775 •9719 102-891 91 2889 646 22-3706 4-470 46 78959 815 1-0324 96-899 92 2243 535 23.8316 4-196 47 78144 850 1-0879 91-912 93 1708 453 26.5040 3-774 48 77294 879 1-1377 87-873 94 1255 381 30.3877 3-291 49 76415 903 1-1819 84^602 95 874 310 35.4808 2-818 50 75512 922 1-2205 81-900 96 564 236 41.7892 2-393 51 74590 934 1-2528 79^808 97 328 161 49.1613 2-034 52 73656 963 1.3073 76^511 98 167 98 59.0648 1-693 53 72693 1006 1.3838 72^254 99 69 45 66.0370 1-514 54 71687 1063 1.4825 61 -m 100 24 21 850000 1-176 55 70624 1132 1-6033 62-383 74 DURATION OF LIFE Table M, continued. Towns — Scotland. A<,'es, 1 Living. Dying. Mortality. per Ceni. Specific Intensity. | Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 275 •2750 363^636 56 67829 988 1-4568 68-634 11 99725 274 •2750 363-636 57 66841 1153 1-7247 57-971 12 99451 290 •2915 343-053 58 65688 1303 1-9838 50-403 18 99161 322 •3246 308-072 59 64385 1439 2-2342 41-763 14 98839 370 •3741 267-308 60 62946 1559 2-4759 40-388 15 98469 433 •4402 227-170 61 61387 1663 2-7088 36-914 16 98036 513 •5228 191-278 62 59724 1915 3-2056 31-192 17 97523 571 •5857 170-736 &6 57809 2293 3-9664 25-214 18 96952 610 •6287 159-058 64 55516 2771 4-9911 20-036 19 96312 628 •6520 153-374 65 52745 3312 6-2797 15-924 20 95714 ()27 •6555 152-555 m 49433 3872 7-8323 12-768 21 95087 60S •6392 156-446 67 45561 3986 8-7480 11-131 22 94479 587 •6215 160-901 68 41575 3753 9-0267 11-078 23 93892 566 •6025 165-975 69 37822 3279 8-6686 11-535 24 93326 543 •5821 171-792 70 34543 2651 7^6735 13-031 25 92783 520 •5604 178-444 71 31892 1927 6^0416 16-551 2G 92263 496 •5373 186-116 72 29965 1578 5-2649 18-993 27 91767 486 •5301 188-644 73 28387 1517 5^3435 18-713 28 91281 492 •5389 185-563 74 26870 1687 6-2774 15-931 29 90789 512 •5635 177-462 75 25183 2031 8 0666 12-396 30 90277 545 •6041 165-536 76 23152 24S0 10-7110 9-337 31 89732 593 •6606 151-378 < 1 20672 2623 12-6885 7-880 32 89139 639 •7172 139-431 78 18049 2526 13-9987 7-143 33 88500 685 •7737 129-249 79 15523 2272 14-6378 6-831 34 87815 729 •8303 120-438 80 13251 1936 14-6112 6-845 35 87086 772 •8869 112-752 81 11315 1575 13-9168 7-184 36 86314 814 •9436 105-977 82 9740 1333 13-6887 7-305 37 85500 oO i •9789 102-156 83 8407 1171 13-9270 7-179 38 84663 841 •9928 100-725 84 7236 1059 14-6315 6-835 39 83822 826 •9854 101-482 85 6177 976 15^8024 6-329 40 82996 794 •9567 104-526 86 5201 907 17^4396 5-734 41 82202 745 •9066 110-302 87 4294 827 19^2608 5-192 42 81457 749 •9192 108-790 88 3467 737 21-2660 4-701 43 80708 803 •9944 100-563 89 2730 635 23-2552 4-299 44 79905 905 M324 88-339 90 2095 537 25-6284 3-902 45 79000 1053 1^3;!30 75^019 91 1558 438 28-1856 3-547 46 77947 1244 1-5964 62^657 92 1120 344 30-7328 3-254 47 76703 1 340 1-7472 57-241 93 776 258 33-2701 3^006 48 ibsm 1346 1^7855 55-991 94 518 186 35-9973 2^778 49 74017 1268 1-7133 58-377 95 332 128 38-5147 2^597 50 72749 1107 1-5246 65-574 96 201 83 41-0220 2^438 51 71642 878 h2254 81-633 97 121 55 46-0819 2^1 70 52 70761 737 h04I4 96-061 98 66 35 53-3790 1^873 53 70027 681 •9725 102-828 99 31 19 61-3067 1^631 54 69346 707 1-0188 98-135 100 12 12 75-0000 1-331 ')') 68639 810 M802 84-746 IN SCOTLAXB. 75 Table M, continued. Cities — Scotlaxd. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Speciiic Intensity. j Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 i 100000 396 •3961 252^462 56 45206 1872 4-1399 24-155 11 99604 395 •3961 252-462 57 43334 1870 4-3159 23-170 12 99209 401 •4038 . 247-647 58 41464 1844 4-4460 22-492 13 98808 414 •4193 238-493 59 39620 1795 4-5302 22075 14 98394 435 •4425 225-989 60 37825 1728 4-5684 21-891 15 97959 464 •4735 211-193 61 36097 1646 4-5608 21-925 16 97495 499 •5123 195-198 62 34451 1571 4-5608 21-925 17 96996 564 •5817 171-910 63 32880 1502 4-5687 21^887 18 96432 657 •6818 146-671 64 31378 1439 4-5843 21-815 19 95775 778 •8126 123-062 65 29939 1379 4-6076 21-701 20 94997 925 •9740 102-669 66 28560 1325 4-6387 21-556 21 94072 1097 1-1661 85-763 67 27235 1320 4-8448 20^640 22 92975 1213 1-3044 76-687 68 25915 1354 5-2258 19-135 23 91762 1275 1-3889 71-994 69 24561 1420 5-7818 17-295 24 90487 1285 1^4195 70-423 70 23141 1507 6-5128 15-354 25 89202 1246 1-3963 71-633 71 21634 1605 7-4188 13-479 26 87956 1160 r3193 75-815 72 20029 1623 8-1009 12-344 27 86796 1103 1^2705 78-678 73 18406 1575 8-5591 11-684 28 85693 1071 r2499 80-000 74 16831 1480 8-7933 11-373 29 84622 1064 1^2575 79-491 75 15351 1351 8-8037 11-358 30 83558 1081 1^2933 77-340 76 14000 1203 8-5902 11-641 31 82477 1119 1^3573 73-692 77 12797 1132 8-8429 11-308 32 81358 1156 r4203 70-423 78 11665 1115 9-5617 10-458 33 80202 1189 1-4822 67-476 79 10550 1134 10-7467 9-302 34 79013 1219 1-5431 64-809 80 9416 1167 12-3979 8-065 35 77794 1247 1^6029 62-383 81 8249 1197 14-5152 6-887 36 76547 1272 1-6618 60-168 82 7052 1165 16-5179 6-053 37 75275 1293 1-7171 58-241 83 5887 1084 18-4060 5-432 38 73982 1309 1-7688 56-529 84 4803 969 20-1794 4-955 39 72673 1321 1^8170 55-036 85 3834 837 21-8382 4-579 40 71352 1328 1^8617 53-706 86 2997 701 23-3823 4-277 41 70024 1333 1-9029 52^549 87 2296 576 25-1048 3-984 42 68691 1358 P9770 50-582 88 1720 465 27-0056 3-702 43 67333 1403 2^0841 47-985 89 1255 365 29-0849 3-439 44 65930 1466 2^2242 44-964 90 890 279 31-3425 3-191 45 64464 1545 2^3973 41^719 91 611 206 33-7784 2-960 46 62919 1638 2^6033 38-417 92 405 146 36-0226 2-776 47 61281 1708 2^7865 35-881 93 259 99 38-0750 2-626 48 59573 1756 2-9469 33-933 94 160 64 39-9357 2-504 49 57817 1783 3-0843 32-425 95 96 40 41-6047 2-404 50 56034 1793 3-1989 31-260 96 56 24 43.0820 2-321 51 54241 1785 3-2907 30-386 97 32 15 47-3179 2-113 52 52456 1788 3-4084 29-343 98 17 9 53-9970 1-852 53 50668 1800 3^5523 28-145 99 8 5 61-3067 1-631 54 48868 1819 3^7221 26-867 100 3 3 75-0000 1-333 55 47049 1843 3^9180 25-523 ! 76 DURATION OF LIFE Table M, continued. RuEAL, Town and City Districts. — Scotland. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 250 •2499 400-160 56 64211 1388 2^1615 46-253 11 99750 249 •2499 400-160 57 62823 1468 2-3360 42-808 n 99501 265 •2663 37.5-516 58 61355 1546 2-5189 39-698 13 99236 297 •2991 334-336 59 59809 1621 2-7101 36-900 14 98939 345 •3484 287-026 60 58188 1693 2-9096 34-364 15 98594 408 •4140 241-546 61 56495 1761 3^1175 32-072 16 98186 487 •4961 201-572 62 54734 1814 3-3 1-49 30-166 17 97699 553 •5659 176-710 63 52920 1853 3-5019 28-555 18 97146 606 •6234 160-411 64. 51067 1879 3-6786 27-181 19 96540 645 •6686 M9-.566 65 49188 1891 3-8448 26-008 20 95895 673 •7015 142-552 66 47297 1892 4-0007 24-994 21 95222 688 •7221 138-485 67 45405 1909 4-2036 23-787 22 94534 697 •7377 135-557 68 43496 1937 4-4538 22-452 23 93837 702 ■7-i83 133-636 69 41559 1975 4-7511 21-048 24 93135 702 •7539 132-644 70 39584 2017 5-0955 19-623 25 92433 697 •7545 132-538 71 37567 2061 5-4871 18-225 26 91736 688 •7502 133-298 72 35506 2066 5-8183 17-188 27 91048 685 •7518 133-014 73 33440 2036 6-0892 16-423 28 90363 686 •7594 131-683 74 31404 1978 6-2997 15-873 29 89677 693 •7730 129-366 75 29426 1898 6-4499 15-504 30 88984 705 •7926 126-167 76 27528 1800 6-5397 15-291 31 88279 722 •8182 122-220 77 25728 1795 6-9783 14^331 32 otoot 742 •8474 118-008 78 23933 1859 7-7657 12-877 33 86815 764 •8801 113-624 79 22074. 1965 8-9019 11-2.33 34 86051 789 •9164 109-123 80 20109 2089 10-3868 9-625 35 85262 815 •9562 104-581 81 18020 2202 12-2205 8-183 36 84447 844 •9996 100-040 82 15818 2177 13-7630 7-267 37 83603 861. 1-0334 96-805 83 13641 2048 15-0144 6-602 38 82739 875 1-0575 94-518 84 11593 1852 15-9747 6-262 39 81864 878 1-0719 93-284 85 9741 1621 16-6438 6-010 40 80986 872 1-0767 92-851 86 8120 1382 17-0217 5-875 41 80114 859 1-0719 93-284 87 6738 1199 17-7963 5-618 42 79255 861 1.0867 91-996 88 5539 1051 18-9674 5-271 43 78394 879 1.1212 89-206 89 4488 922 20-5351 4-869 44 77515 911 M754 85-106 90 3566 802 22-4994 4-444 45 76604 957 1-2492 80-064 91 2764 687 24-8602 4^023 46 75647 1010 1-3427 74-460 92 2077 569 27^4071 3-648 47 74631 1062 1-4229 70-274 93 1508 455 30-1400 3-318 48 73569 1096 1-4896 67-114 94 1053 348 33-0589 3-025 49 72473 1118 1-5430 64-809 95 705 255 36-1639 2-765 50 71355 1130 1-5830 63-171 96 450 178 39-4548 2-535 51 70225 1130 1-6096 62-112 97 272 123 45-1416 2-215 52 69095 1150 1-6641 60-096 98 149 79 52.9088 1-890 53 67945 1187 1-7466 ,57-241 99 70 43 61.3067 1-631 54 66758 1240 1-8.569 53-8.50 100 27 27 750000 1-333 55 65518 1307 1-99.52 50- 125 IN SCOTLAND. Table N. Exi^ECTATiox — Scotland. 77 Rural Town City Rural, Town Rural Town City Rural, Town. Ages Districts. Districts. Districts. ^■CityDistricts Ages Districts. Districts. Districts. .S-CityDistrict; 10 530510 50-7434 42-6373 50-8034 56 18-6111 16-0438 14-8280 17-8953 11 52-1722 49-8830 41-8048 49-9295 57 17-9331 15-2735 14-4469 17-2797 12 51-2911 49-0180 40-9694 49-0532 58 17-2733 14-5329 14-0759 16-6812 13 50-4169 48-1599 40-1335 48-1828 59 16-6343 13-8168 13-7077 16-0994 14 49-5580 47-3152 39-3002 47-3260 60 16-0180 13-1213 13-3345 15-5340 15 48-7221 46-4911 38-4725 46-4898 61 15-4267 12-4418 12-9490 14-9845 16 47-9173 45-6942 37-6533 45-6810 62 14-8617 11-7743 12-5437 14-4506 17 47-1508 44-9319 36-8444 44-9062 63 14-3163 11-1478 12-1192 13-9288 18 46-4129 44-1936 36-0570 44-1590 64 13-7839 10-5876 11-6753 13-4160 19 45-6955 43-4703 35-3008 43-4330 65 13-2588 10-1175 11-2125 12-9094 20 44-9901 42-7522 34-5860 42-7218 66 12-7351 9-7619 10-7297 12-4056 21 44-2886 42-0308 33-9211 42-0201 67 12-2073 9-5491 10-2274 11-9017 22 43-5830 41-2981 ,33-3154 41-3224 68 11-6808 9-4166 9-7229 11-4021 23 42-8736 40-5531 32-7492 40-6255 69 11-1607 9-3014 9-2314 10-9102 24 42-1600 39-7960 32-2036 39-9280 70 10-6514 9-1369 8-7671 10-4296 25 41-4422 39-0260 31-6603 39-2274 71 10-1578 8-8548 8-3430 9-9627 26 40-7201 38-2432 311018 38-5217 72 9-6808 8-3921 7-9715 9-5118 27 39-9931 37-4472 30-5107 37-8090 73 9-2107 7-8.308 7-6303 9-0688 28 39-2613 36-6439 29-8970 37-0919 74 8-7374 7-2447 7-2975 8-6243 29 38-5247 35-8398 29-2690 36-3717 75 8-2513 6-6965 6-9529 8-1705 30 37-7826 35-0397 28-6.354 35-6512 76 7-7431 6-2401 6-5756 7-6993 31 37-0347 .34-2500 28-0042 34-9319 77 7-2039 5-9287 6-1467 7-2030 32 36-2809 33-4745 27-3824 34-2157 78 6-6622 5-7177 5-6947 6-7057 33 35-5241 32-7126 26-7700 33-5040 79 6-1411 5-5667 5-2437 6-2284 34 34-7671 31-9639 26-1653 32-7969 80 5-6598 5-4355 4-8150 5-7882 35 34-0125 31-2272 25-5674 32-0958 81 5-2350 5-2799 4-4254 5-4012 36 33-2626 30-5021 24-9755 31-4008 82 4-8828 5-0529 4-0917 5-0835 37 32-5199 29-7877 24-3893 30-7127 83 4-5880 4-7748 3-8025 4-8149 38 31-7814 29-0772 23-8069 30-0282 84 4:3384 4-4666 3-5479 4-5772 39 31-0442 28-3640 23-2267 29-3438 85 4-1237 4-1466 3-3182 4-3524 40 30-3052 27-6413 22-6474 28-6565 86 3-9341 3-8.309 3-1053 4-1214 41 29-5621 26-9034 22-0675 27-9630 87 3-7600 3-5345 2-9007 3-8642 42 28-8126 26-1449 21-4860 27-2606 88 3-5923 3-2583 2-7047 3-5925 43 28-0598 25-3829 20-8624 26-5545 89 3-4192 3-0029 2-5215 3-3166 44 27-3070 24-6330 20-3436 25-8501 90 3-2280 2-7616 2-3506 3-0449 45 26-5571 23-9095 19-7948 25-1515 91 3-0033 2 -.54 11 2-1956 2-7833 46 25-8129 23-2257 19-2686 24-4633 92 2-7243 2-3393 2-0580 2-5385 47 25-0769 22-5943 18-7703 23-7895 93 2-4210 2-1546 1-9363 2-3077 48 24-3472 21-9871 18-2941 23-1251 94 2-1181 1-9788 1-8250 2-0888 49 23-6215 21-3778 17-8345 22-4679 95 1-8181 1-8072 1-7084 1-8730 50 22-8980 20-7418 17-3861 21-8122 96 1-5426 1-6275 1-5714 1-6511 51 22-1748 20-0545 16-9443 21-1550 97 1-2926 1-4008 1-3750 1-4044 52 21-4497 19-2971 165039 20-4930 98 1-0568 1-1515 1-1471 1-1510 53 20-7272 18-4949 16-0687 19-8312 99 -8478 -8871 -8750 -8857 54 20-0111 17-6717 15-6421 19-1750 100 -5000 ' -5000 -5C00 -5000 55 19-3048 16-8486 15-2275 18-5285 X 78 DURATION OF LIFE From a consideration of those results, it wiU be seen that the Rural Districts of the two countries have shewn the nearest approximation ; and this is precisely what would have been anticipated from a carefiil consideration of the elements entering into the fonnation of the respective Tables. In the Rural Districts of aU countries, the condition of the population, as to occupation and employment, is more nearly the same than in the To'mi or City Districts ; and since employment has been shewn to have so unportant an effect on the Duration of Life, the rates of mortality should differ less in the Rural Districts, where less diversity of employment exists. Before, however, fixing definitely on the Scotch Cities so high a rate of mortality as that she^vn in Table M, it should be kept in view that one very important element of the investigation has not yet been touched upon. In considering the condition of the Enghsh Cities, it was shewn how an accidental combination of certain trades would produce a veiy different result from the ftiir average of the general population ; so also, in the present comparison of the Scotch with the Enghsh Cities, may an excess of particular trades, not common to l^oth Districts, or not existing in both Districts in the same ratio, modify the results. The inquiiy ^vill therefore not be complete till sunilar trades in both Districts be compared. To enter further, however, into that question would, as already stated, be to go beyond the limits assigned to this paper. But as some curiosity may naturally be excited by the marked difference in the value of life, as shewn in the preceding Table, between the Scotch and Enghsh Cities, it has been thought of sufficient importance to form Mortality Tables for the general population of the City of Glasgow, in order to compare the results mth English Cities. These Tables — viz. 0, P, Q, and R — have been formed exactly in the same manner as Tables A, B, C, D. It is therefore not necessary to enter further into that part of the question, than to state that the bases of the Tables are the Mortahty Bills for the City of Glasgow for the ten years 1832-1841, and the population as enmnerated in 1831 and 1841. An inspection of Table Q will shew that of the male population of Glasgow aUve at Age 10, one half is cut off between the ages 48-9, which is 20 years earlier than among Friendly Societies in the Rural Districts of England. 19 „ „ „ „ Scotland. 17 16 13 5 3 of results formerly amved at. If the nature of tliis paper led to a more extended review of aU the facts presented, [many ?) KJ*^\J VLtAllXJL, Town )) ?) England. City 5) 55 Scotland. Clerks, which was the worst class IN SCOTLAND. 79 Table 0. Population of Glasgow for 1831 and 1841 ; with the Annual Rate of Increase durmg the intermediate period. Age. males. FEMALES. Ages. Population 1831. Population 1841. Annual Rate of Increase. Population 1831. Population 1841. Annu.-il Eate of Increase. Under 5 5—10 10 — 15 15 — 20 20 — 30 30 — 40 40 — 50 50 — 60 60 — 70 70 — 80 80 — 90 90 —100 1 00 and upward Total 15422 13127 10491 8489 15177 12179 8685 5549 3228 1090 260 26 1 17840 14552 14252 13677 28304 18890 12047 5991 3364 1282 256 22 1 1-01467 1-01035 1-03111 1-04882 1-06430 1-04487 1-03326 1-00771 1-00413 1-01630 —1-00140 —1-01670 1-00000 14855 12580 10720 12256 23008 14240 9329 6099 3692 1502 385 32 4 17544 14837 14541 16931 32778 20706 12804 7034 4462 1720 447 41 1 1-01677 1-01664 1-03092 1-03281 1-03602 1-03814 1-03220 1-01436 1-01911 1-01365 1-01517 1-02527 —1-14855 Under 5 5—10 10 — 15 15 — 20 20 — 30 30 — 40 40 — 50 50 — 60 60 — 70 70 — 80 80 — 90 90 —100 100 and upward 93724 130478 1-03364 108702 143846 1-02641 Total Ta3LE p. Glasgow — Total of the Population as calculated for the 30th of June in each of the Years 1832-1841, inclusive ; with the Sum of the Deaths for the corresponding years, as given in the Mortahty BiUs ; and the Mortality per Cent, during the same period. Age. males. females. Age. Population. Deaths. Mortality, per Cent. Population. Deaths. Mortality. per Cent. Under 5 5—10 10 — 15 15 — 20 20 — 30 30 — 40 40 — 50 50 — 60 60 — 70 70 — 80 80 — 90 90 —100 100 and upwards 167389 139087 127201 111753 218158 156737 104660 57928 33033 11942 2580 238 10 18846 2331 989 1209 3211 3336 3276 2552 2564 1956 780 92 9 10-6613 1-6759 •7775 1-0818 1-4718 2-1284 3-1301 4-4054 7-7619 16-3791 30-2325 38-6554 90-0000 163155 138056 127512 147340 281626 176405 111731 66086 41084 16212 4190 368 19 16304 2134 973 1147 3292 3228 3001 2628 2651 2244 1012 155 15 9-9929 1-5457 -7630 -7777 1-1689 1-8300 2-6859 3-9766 6-4526 13-8416 24-1527 42-1196 78-9476 Under 5 5—10 10 — 15 15 — 20 20 — 30 30 — 40 40 — 50 50 — 60 60 — 70 70 — 80 80 — 90 90 —100 100 and upwards Total .:.... 1130716 41151 3-6393 1273784 38784 30447 Total. 80 DURATION OF LIFE Table Q. Glasgow. — Males . Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 1316 1-3157 75-988 56 36836 1669 4-5303 22-075 11" 98684 1121 1-1360 88-028 57 35167 1682 4-7827 20-907 12 97563 980 1-0017 99-502 58 33485 1700 5-0768 19-697 13 96583 890 •9214 108-531 59 31785 1720 5-4125 18-474 14 95693 848 •8863 112-829 60 30065 1728 5-7482 17-397 15 94845 853 •8993 111-198 61 28337 1724 6-0838 16-437 16 93992 902 •9601 104-156 62 26613 1708 6-4195 15-576 17 93090 918 1-0186 98-135 63 24905 1682 6-7551 14-804 18 92142 990 1-0746 93-023 61 23223 1617 7-0907 14-102 19 91152 1028 1-1282 88-652 65 21576 1625 7-5315 13-277 20 90124 1063 1-1794 84-818 m 19951 1612 8-0776 12-379 21 89061 1094 1-2282 81-433 67 18339 1601 8-7289 11-156 22 87967 1123 1-2769 78-309 68 16738 1588 9-4854 10-543 23 86844 1151 1-3257 75-415 69 18150 1568 10-3472 9-662 21. 85693 1178 1-3741 72-780 70 13582 1522 11-2089 8-921 25 84515 1206 1-4265 70-077 71 12060 1458 12-0906 8-271 2G 83309 1235 1-4820 67-476 72 10602 1375 12-9723 7-710 27 82074 1265 1-5411 64-893 73 9227 1280 13-8740 7-210 28 80809 1296 1-6036 62-344 74 7917 1171 14-7397 6-784 29 79513 1328 1-6695 59-880 75 6776 1064 15-7061 6-365 30 78185 1357 1-7354 57-637 76 5712 957 16-7573 5-967 31 76828 1384 1-8013 55-525 77 4755 852 17-9132 5-580 32 75444 1409 1 -8669 53-562 78 3903 748 19-1539 5-222 3S 74035 1431 1-9328 51-733 79 3155 648 20-53.53 4-8()9 34 72604 1451 1-9982 50-050 80 2507 550 21-9206 4-562 35 71153 1473 2-0694 48-333 81 1957 456 23-3060 4-290 36 69680 1496 2-1465 46-577 82 1501 371 24-6913 4-050 37 68184 1520 2-2294 44-863 83 1130 295 26-0766 3-834 38 66664 1545 2-3180 43-141 84 835 229 27-4619 3-642 39 65119 1571 2-4128 41-442 85 606 174 28-7386 3-179 40 63548 1594 2-5076 39-872 86 432 129 29-9067 3-343 41 61951 1612 2-6024 38-432 87 303 94 30-9662 3-229 42 60342 1628 2-6972 37-078 88 209 67 31-9770 3-127 43 58714 1639 2-7919 35-817 89 142 47 32-7593 3-053 44 57075 1654 2-8975 31-507 90 95 32 33-6016 2-976 45 55121 1668 3-0096 33-223 91 63 21 34-4439 2-904 46 53753 1682 3-1282 31-969 92 42 14 35-2862 2-834 47 52071 1694 S-'io35 30-731 93 28 10 36-1285 2-768 48 50377 1706 S-3So3 29-542 94 18 6 36-9708 2-705 49 48671 1710 3-5128 28-466 95 12 4 38-6715 2-586 50 46961 1710 3-6104 27-473 96 8 3 41-2307 2-425 51 45251 1705 3-7679 26-539 97 5 2 4=I.-6i'83 2-240 52 43546 1696 3-8954 25-674 98 3 1 48-9244 2-044 53 41850 1684 4-0229 24-857 99 o 1 54-0589 1-8.50 54 40166 1667 41504 24-096 100 T 1 59-1904 1-689 55 38199 1663 4-3195 23-148 IN SCOTLAND. 81 Table Q, continued. Glasgow — Females. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 1433 1-4327 69-784 56 42123 1705 4-0478 24-704 11 98567 1258 1-2761 78-370 57 40418 1717 4-2479 23-540 12 97309 1121 1-1515 86-806 58 38701 1731 4-4718 22-361 13 96188 1018 1-0588 94-429 59 36970 1745 4-7194 21-191 14 95170 950 •9979 100-210 60 35225 1750 4-9670 20-133 15 94220 724 •7687 130-090 61 33475 1746 5-2146 19-175 16 93496 722 •7717 129-584 62 31729 1733 5-4622 18-308 17 92774 727 •7838 127-584 63 29996 1713 5-7098 17-513 18 92047 741 •8051 124-208 64 28283 1685 5-9574 16-787 19 91306 763 •8356 119-675 65 26598 1677 6-3033 15-865 20 90543 793 •8755 114-220 66 24921 1682 6-7474 14-821 21 89750 830 •9244 108-178 67 23239 1694 7-2898 13-717 22 88920 865 •9733 102-743 68 21545 1704 7-9104 12-642 23 88055 900 1-0222 97-847 69 19841 1716 8-6493 11-562 24 87155 934 ro7ii 93-371 70 18125 1702 9-3882 10-652 25 86221 969 M235 88-968 71 16423 1663 10-1271 9-872 26 85252 1005 M793 84-818 72 14760 1604 10-8660 9-200 27 84247 1043 r2385 80-710 73 13156 1529 11-6249 8-606 28 83204 1083 1^3012 76-864 74 11627 1438 12-3638 8-091 29 82121 1123 1^3673 73-153 75 10189 1341 13-1612 7-599 30 80998 1161 1-4334 69-784 76 8848 1240 14-0170 7-133 31 79837 1197 1^4995 66-667 77 7608 1136 14-9312 6^698 32 78640 1231 r5654 63-898 78 6472 1029 15-9039 6-289 33 77409 1263 1-6315 61-275 79 5443 922 16-9350 5-907 34 76146 1293 1-6976 58-893 80 4521 812 17-9661 5-565 35 74853 1323 1^7676 56-561 81 3709 705 18-9972 5-263 36 73530 1354 1-8415 54-289 82 3004 602 20-0283 4-993 37 72176 1386 1-9195 52-083 83 2402 506 21-0594 4-748 38 70790 1417 2-0012 49-975 84 1896 419 22-0905 4-527 39 69373 1448 2-0868 47-916 85 1477 344 23-2747 4-297 40 67925 1476 2-1724 46-041 86 1133 279 24-6121 4-063 41 66449 1500 2-2580 44-287 87 854 223 26-1025 3-831 42 64949 1522 2-3436 42-662 88 631 175 27-7461 3-604 43 63427 1541 2-4292 41-169 89 456 135 29-5428 3-385 44 61886 1556 2-5148 39-761 90 321 101 31-3395 3-191 45 60330 1574 2-6091 38-329 91 220 73 33-1362 3-018 46 58756 1594 2-7120 36-873 92 147 51 34-9329 2-863 47 57162 1614 2-8237 35^411 93 96 35 36-7296 2-723 48 55548 1635 2-9441 33-967 94 61 24 38-5263 2-595 49 53913 1657 3-0732 32-541 95 37 15 40-7002 2-457 50 52256 1673 3-2023 31-230 96 22 9 43-2513 2-312 51 50583 1685 3-3314 30-021 97 13 6 46-1796 2-165 52 48898 1692 3-4605 28-893 98 7 4 49-4852 2-020 53 47206 1695 3-5895 27-855 99 3 2 53-1680 1-881 54 45511 1692 3-7186 26-889 100 1 1 56-8508 1-759 55 43819 1696 3-8709 25-833 82 DURATION OF LIFE many remarkable coincidences would be seen to have taken place, and one among tbese must be already obvious. The general results for Friendly Societies in England and Wales were found to be more favourable to life than the results for the Avhole population of England and Wales, and that in both sexes ; so, also, were the results for the Members of Friendly Societies in Liverpool more favourable than those for the Avholc population of Liverpool ; a)id here it ■will hke-wise be seen that the mortaUty of the general population of Glasgow is greater than among the Members of Friendly Societies in the City Districts of Scotland. The difference between the Equation for Age 10 in ]\Iale and Female Life for the whole popidation of Glasgow is 3-125 years, while in the general population of Eng- liind and Wale.^ it is a httle above one year. This suggests the mention of another feature wliich presents itself in this inquiry. It appears that the higher the absolute value of Life in any class of results, the less distmction will there be found between Male and Female Life. Thus — be c2 o o Friendly Societies in England and"V Females Wales [-Males Total Population of England and^ Females Wales > Males {Females Males Whole Population of Glasgow 56-749 56-408 53-554 52-308 1-249 41-346 38-221 3-125 -341 of a year If comparisons were made between the sexes in the intermediate classes of results, a development of the same feature would be seen. As has already been stated, where the Duration of Life is reduced below its average standard by the prevalence of unhealthy occupations, the influence -\vill be more strongly felt in the male than in the female sex. If the Expectation of Life for the City of Glasgow, as given in Table R, be now referred to, the remarkable depreciation in the duration of life there will appear somewhat startling. No Table of Mortahty hitherto pubhshed has shewn any thing hke so low an estimate. Liverpool has been frequently referred to as an example of the short Duration of Life; but a comparison of the Expectation of Male Life for Liverpool, as given at page 59, with the results in Table R, will shew At Age 30 a higher value by 3-101 years 40 „ 2-548 50 „ 1-535 [The mortahty IN SCOTLAND. 83 Table R. Expectation. Age. Glasgow, whole Population. Males. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Females. Dundee, whole Population. 37-3954 36-8874 36-4055 35-6688 34-9959 34-3043 33-6111 32-9317 32-2656 31-6106 30-9655 30-3291 29-7000 29-0776 28-4615 27-8512 27-2472 26-6496 26-0590 25-4756 24-8998 24-3308 23-7679 23-2108 22-6584 22-1102 21-5670 21-0293 20-4974 19-9718 19-4532 18-9409 18-4335 17-9307 17-4313 16-9366 16-4466 15-9618 15-4817 15-0061 14-5350 14-0654 13-5965 13-1273 12-6567 12-1831 Males. 39-9471 39-4286 38-9319 38-3797 37-7849 37-1609 36-4448 35-7245 35-0027 34-2827 33-5674 32-8596 32-1616 31-4726 30-7228 30-1206 29-4573 28-8027 28-1575 27-5223 26-8970 26-2808 25-6732 25-0735 24-4811 23-8953 23-3163 22-7443 22-1798 21-6227 21-0730 20-5300 19-9925 19-4603 18-93-24 18-4079 17-8875 17-3724 16-8626 16-3589 15-8617 15-3698 14-8822 14-3977 13-9153 13-4.3.33 Females. 43-2973 42-6385 41-9362 41-2102 40-4621 39-7027 38-9405 38-1824 37-4327 36-6930 .35-9632 35-2426 34-5307 33-8269 33-1311 32-4423 31-7601 31-0839 30-8133 29-7478 29-0866 28-4291 27-7754 27-1245 26-4761 25-8297 25-1877 24-5520 23-9248 23-3075 22-7017 22-1068 21-5218 20-9457 20-3775 19-8168 19-2620 18-7129 18-1679 17-6266 17-0891 16-5521 16-0160 15-4795 14-9417 14-4014 Age. 45-8731 45-2353 44-5587 43-8632 43-1501 42-4173 41-6723 40-9205 40-1647 39-4058 38-6541 37-9096 37-1716 36-4398 .35-7138 34-9934 34-2779 33-5677 32-8626 32-1624 31-4666 .30-7754 30-0879 29-4037 28-7225 28-0439 27-3688 26-6987 26-0344 25-3768 24-7270 24-0840 23-4473 22-8162 22-1896 21-5671 20-9498 20-3391 19-7356 19-2264 18-5541 17-9757 17-4041 16-8381 16-2766 15-7186 Glasgow, whole Population Males. 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Females. 11-7116 11-2426 10-7822 10-3322 9-8946 9-4675 9-0485 8-6347 8-2239 7-8135 7-4092 7-0165 6-6398 6-2834 5-9510 5-6390 5-3457 5-0678 4-8035 4-5472 4-3011 4-0661 3-8446 3-6376 3-4485 3-2772 1209 9814 8581 •7491 6551 ■5726 5047 ■4507 2-4158 2-3889 2-3333 2-2500 2-2223 2-0761 1-87.50 1-7000 1-5000 1-0000 •5000 3- 2- 2- 2- 2- 2- 2- 2- Dundee, whole Population. Males. 12-9541 12-4794 12-0109 11-5499 11-0973 10-6513 10-2099 9-7709 9-3324 8-8919 8-4564 8-0322 T-6248 7-2367 6-8745 6-5351 6-2150 5-9118 5-6235 5-3466 5-0812 4-8278 4-5875 4-3602 4-1474 3-9457 3-7547 3-5703 3-3898 3-2096 3-0322 2-8595 2-6933 2-5351 2-3910 2-2591 2-1327 2-0000 1-8606 1-7432 1-5909 1-3461 1-0714 •8333 •5000 Females. 13^8635 13-3322 12-8117 12-3050 11-8155 11-3407 10-8784 10-4266 9-9832 9-5459 9-1174 8-6999 8-2956 7-9057 7-5320 7-1718 6-8216 6-4787 6-1524 5-8006 5-4679 5-1470 4-8427 4-5591 4-3012 4-0706 3-8569 3-6629 3-4867 3-3272 3-1813 3-0488 2-9260 2-8109 2-7034 2-5997 2-5075 2-4022 2-3000 2-1786 2-0179 1-7973 1-5000 1-0000 •5000 15-1653 14-6185 14-0791 13-5480 13-0262 12-5117 12-0027 11-4975 10-9941 10-4907 9-9934 9-5083 9-0400 8-5932 8-1719 7-7724 7-3916 7-0261 6-6730 6-3288 5-9961 5-6777 5^3757 5-0924 4-8305 5872 3604 1473 •9456 -7536 •5712 3-3975 3-2323 3-0758 2-9282 2-7854 2-G492 2-5119 2-3712 2-2192 2-0474 1-8297 1-5508 1-1315 -5000 84 DURATION OF LIFE The moi'tality of a population like that of Glasgow is subject to remarkable fluctua- tions, shemng an extreme difference in some years of about 68 per cent., or a mean fluctuation of about 32 per cent. An inspection of the total male deaths for aU ages, for each of the ten years 1832-1842, ^vill render this evident. Total Deaths in 1832 4811 Total Deaths in 1837 5423 5> 1833 3229 ?5 1838 3490 >5 1834 3255 5) 1839 3898 >J 1835 3726 )? 1840 4470 n 1836 4334 ?» 1841 4514 It will further be seen that those remarkable fluctuations are due chiefly to the mortahty in mature life, and not to the mortality in infancy, as some writers have believed. Year. From Age 20 to 50. In the First Year of Life. Year. From Age 20 to 50. In the First Year of Life. In 1832 1795 332 In 1837 1991 371 1833 902 306 1838 1010 336 1834 923 313 1839 966 318 1835 885 365 1840 1346 404 1836 1279 115 1841 1278 . . 381 The preceding wiU shew, that while the extreme diflerence in the mortality from ages 20 to 50 is 125 per cent., for the first year of life it is only 32 per cent. If the mean fluctuation for ages 20 to 50 be taken, it will be found to be 53 per cent., while that for the first year of life is only 14 per cent. Were the inspection extended to the mortahty of female hfe, similar results would be obtained. Notwithstanding the inferior numbers in infant life, the fluctuation is confined within narrower limits than the mortality of mature life ; and this law is in obedience to the doctruie of probabihty, when apphed to any other subject, as well as to the mortahty of life. For whenever the intensity which determines any result increases — or in other words, when the probabihty of any event approaches unity — 80 also will the fluctuation in a series of events be reduced in amount. It is evident from the preceding results of the Mortahty in Glasgow, that a Table of the Expectation of Life calculated for one period of years — for example, the three years 1833, 1834, 1835 — would differ widely from a Table founded on the results of the suc- ceeding period of three years, and that the next succeeding period of three years would also differ in a marked degree from either of these : it has on that account been thought the better course to embrace the results of the whole ten years. On a previous occasion, a Table of the Expectation of Life for the five years, 1836-1840, had been calculated; and the results were for ages 20 = 27-624 40 = 21-711 50 = 16-590 bringing the Expectation of Life above that given for the whole population of Liverpool, IN SCOTLAND. 85 in the Fifth Report of the Registrar General. It would therefore be rash to conclude that the public health of Glasgow is inferior to that of Livei'pool; for if the same means existed of calculating the mortaUty of Liverpool during the ten years to which the results for Glasgow relate, it might then be found that the Expectation of Life, on an average of that number of years, was overstated by the Registrar General, whose figures were derived from the mortahty of one year only, An inspection of Table R -will shew that Female Life in Glasgow, as elsewhere, is of higher value than Male Life. At Age 30. At Age 40. At Age 50. The Expectation of Females is 26-8970 21-0730 15-8617 And of Males 24-8998 19-4532 14-5350 DiiFerence 1-9972 1-6198 1-3267 Table S. Dundee. — Total of the Populations as calcidated for the 30th of June in each of the Years 1835-1844 inclusive ; with the sum of the Deaths for the Cor- responding Years as given in the Mortality Bills, and the Mortahty per Cent, during the same period. Ages. MALES. FEJLiLES. Age. Population. Deaths exclusiveof Stillborn. Mortality. Population. Deaths exclusiveof Stillborn. Mortality. Under 5 5 — 10 10 — 20 20 — 30 30 — 40 40 — 50 50 — 60 60 — 70 70 — 80 80 — 90 90 —100 100 and upwards 41450 34005 60931 46877 39488 24931 14826 8537 4113 831 67 3328 413 377 481 562 585 485 528 476 204 13 2 8-0289 1-2145 •6187 1-0260 1-4232 2-3464 3-2712 6-1848 11-5730 24-5500 19-4030 41513 32622 67367 67086 46323 31782 18089 12888 5128 1197 155 19 3042 410 366 569 553 585 533 633 552 252 34 2 7-3302 1-2568 •5432 •8481 1-1950 1-8406 2-9465 4-9116 10-7644 21-0526 21-9289 10-5263 Under 5 5 — 10 10 — 20 20 — 30 30 — 40 40 — 50 50 — 60 60 — 70 80 — 80 90 — 90 90 —100 100 and upwards 276056 7454 2-7000 324129 7531 2-3234 86 DURATION OF LIFE The preceding results seem to point out a higher rate of mortality as pervading all the groups of observations brought into comparison from Scotland ; and it is there- fore to be regretted that the Registration Act does not extend to that country, and aiFord a certain means of solving so important a question. The subject, however, in its ]iresent state, has been thought of sufficient importance to warrant the calculation of Mortality Tables for the To^vn of Dundee ; and accordingly Tables S and T have been deduced from the Mortality Bills of that To-\ra for the ten years 1835-1844, and the Census of the Population in 1841, on the principles described for the formation of Tables B and C. The Expectation of Life, as resulting from these Tables, will be found in Table R. An inspection of Table T will skew that in Dundee the Equation of ]\Iale Life for Ao-e 10 takes place at Age 55-6, which is seven years beyond the results obtained in Table Q for the whole population of Glasgow, and even two years higher than the Equa- tion of Life for the Members of Friendly Societies in the average of the Scotch Cities. This result will no doubt be unexpected by some inquirers, as Dundee has usually been held up as the type of unhealthy Cities ; but the present results shew the necessity of extended observations before di-amng any conclusions, the remarks made relative to the fluctuation of IMortality in Glasgow being equally applicable to Dundee. The following Abstract will give the comparative value of Male Life in the gross population of Glasgow, Liverpool, and Dundee. Age. Expectation of Life in Age. Glasgow, Table R. Liverpool, Reg. Gen. page xxvii. 5tli Report. Dundee. Table R. 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 30-9665 27-8512 24-8998 22-1102 19-4532 16-9366 14-5350 33-0000 30-0000 27-0000 23-0000 21-0000 18-0000 16-0000 35-9632 32-4423 29-0866 25-8297 22-7017 19-8168 17-0891 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 The value of Life in Dundee vnR thus be seen to stand higher than in either of the other Cities. If a complete system of Registration existed in Scotland, accurate means would be afforded of can-ying out a satisfactory inquiry as to the relative value of life in different Districts ; but so far as the more imperfect system of Local Registration ^yiB. admit of judging, it does not appear that the Duration of Life in the large Towns of Scotl-and should be regarded as so much below that of Cities in England. [For many purposes IN SCOTLAND. 87 Table T. Trades not Classified — Dundee — Males. Ages. Living:. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Ages. Livinp. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 791 •7910 126-422 50 49251 1669 3-3905 29-490 11 99209 696 •7020 112-450 57 47582 1714 3-6023 27-762 12 98513 647 •6568 1.52-253 58 45868 1767 3-8538 25-947 13 97866 602 •6148 162-655 59 44101 1828 4-1451 24-125 14 97264 582 •5981 167-196 60 42273 1875 4-4365 22-538 15 96682 583 •6034 165-728 61 40398 1909 4^7278 21-151 16 96099 601 •6259 159-770 62 38489 1931 5^0192 19-924 17 95498 630 •6601 151-492 63 36558 1941 5^3106 18-829 18 94868 661. •7003 142-796 64 34617 1939 5-6020 17-851 19 94204 698 •7410 134-953 65 32678 1942 5^9429 16-827 20 93506 731 •7818 127-910 66 30736 1946 0^3332 15-790 21 92775 763 •8225 121-581 67 28790 1950 6"7731 14-765 22 92012 794 •8632 115-848 68 26840 1948 7-2(504 13^774 23 9I2I8 825 •9039 110-632 69 24892 1941 7-8012 12^819 24 90393 854 •9446 105-865 70 22951 1914 8-3400 lh990 25 89539 882 •9851 101-513 71 21037 1867 8-8788 11-263 26 88657 909 r0255 97-466 72 19170 1805 9-4176 10^618 27 87748 935 r0656 93-809 73 17365 1728 9-9564 10-011 28 86813 960 M055 90-416 74 15637 1641 10-4953 9-524 29 85853 983 1-1453 87-336 75 13996 1565 11-1859 8-937 30 84870 1005 M850 84-388 76 12431 1495 12-0283 8-313 31 838(55 1027 r2247 81-633 77 10936 1424 13-0225 7-680 32 82838 1047 1-26U 79-114 78 9512 1347 14-1684 7-057 33 81791 1066 r3041 76-687 79 8165 1262 15-4661 6-464 34 80725 1081 1^3438 74-405 80 6903 1162 16-7638 5-967 35 79641 1110 P3940 71-736 81 5741 1036 18-0615 5-537 36 78531 1142 1-4548 68-729 82 4705 911 19-3592 5-165 37 77389 1181 r5261 65-531 83 3794 784 20-6569 4-840 38 76208 1225 1-6080 62-189 84 3010 661 21-9546 4-556 39 7-1983 1274 P7003 58-824 85 2349 545 23-2132 4-308 40 73709 1321 1-7927 55-772 86 1804 441 24-4327 4-093 41 72388 1364 1-8850 53-050 87 1363 349 25-6131 3-905 42 71024 1404 1-9774 50-582 88 1014 271 26-7544 3-738 43 69620 1440 2-0697 48-309 89 743 207 27-8566 3-589 U 68180 1474 2-1619 46-253 90 536 155 28-9588 3-453 45 66706 1503 2-2542 44-366 91 381 115 30-0010 3-327 , 46 47 65203 1530 2-3465 43-608 92 266 82 31-1632 3-209 63673 1552 2-4388 41-000 93 184 59 32-2654 3-299 48 62121 1572 2-5313 39-510 94 125 41 33-3676 2.997 49 60549 1592 2-6237 38-110 95 84 28 34-4638 2-902 50 58957 1601 2-7162 36-819 96 56 19 35-5071 2-816 51 57356 1611 2-8087 35-600 97 37 13 36-4348 2-745 52 55745 1617 2-9012 34-471 98 24 8 37-2708 2-683 53 54128 1620 2-9937 33-400 99 16 8 38-0000 2.631 54 52508 1620 3-0860 32-404 100 8 8 38-6500 2-587 55 50888 1637 3-2184 31075 88 DURATION OF LIFE Table T, continued. Dundee.— -Females. Ages. LiTing. Dyinp;. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Ages. Living. Dying. Mortality per C. nt. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 792 •7920 126^263 56 54982 1648 2^9980 33-356 11 9920S 712 •7180 139^276 57 5333i 1685 3^]602 31^646 12 98496 676 •6864 145-688 58 51649 1724 3-3395 29^940 13 97820 643 •6578 152-022 59 49925 1765 3-5360 28-281 14 97177 605 •6228 160-565 60 48160 1797 3^7325 26^788 15 96572 584 •()050 165-289 61 46363 1821 3^9290 25^452 1(5 95988 575 •5994 166-834 62 4454-2 1837 4^1255 24-237 17 95413 573 •6010 166-389 63 42705 1845 4-3220 23-137 18 94840 573 •6042 165-508 64 40860 1846 4-5185 22-129 19 94267 598 •6347 157-555 65 39014 1869 4-7928 20-864 20 93669 623 •6652 150-331 66 37145 1911 5-1416 19-436 21 93046 647 •6957 143-740 67 35234 1964 5-5763 17-931 22 92399 671 •7262 137-703 68 33270 2024 6-0859 16-431 23 91728 694 •7567 132-153 69 31246 2085 6-6731 14-986 24 91034 717 •7872 127-033 70 29161 2117 7^2604 13-774 25 90317 739 •8185 122-175 71 27044 2122 7^81.79 12^742 26 89578 762 •8506 117-564 72 24922 2101 8^4332 lh858 27 88816 785 •8836 113-173 73 22821 2058 9^0205 ir085 28 88031 808 •9174 109-004 74 20763 1994 9^6038 10^412 29 87223 830 •9521 105-031 75 18769 1928 10-2758 9^728 30 86393 853 •9868 101-338 76 16841 1858 11-0365 9^058 31 85540 874 1-0215 97-847 77 14983 1780 11^8859 8^410 32 84666 894 h0562 94-697 78 13203 1692 12-8220 7^800 33 83772 914 1 ^0909 91-659 79 11511 1594 13-8.'508 7^220 34 82858 933 M256 88-810 80 9917 1475 14-8796 6-720 35 81925 955 M663 85-763 81 8442 1343 15-9084 6-285 36 80970 982 1-2129 82-440 82 7099 1202 16-9372 5-903 37 75988 1012 1-2655 78-989 83 5897 10.59 17-9660 5-565 38 78976 1015 1-3240 75-929 84 4S3S 919 18-9949 5-266 39 77931 1082 1-3886 71-994 85 3919 787 20-0714 4-983 40 76849 1116 1-1531 68-823 86 3132 664 21-1955 4-717 41 75733 1149 1-5177 65-876 87 2468 552 22-3673 4-470 42 74584 1180 1-5823 63-211 88 1916 452 23-5868 4-239 43 73404 1208 1-6469 60-716 89 1461 364 24-8539 4-024 44 72196 1235 1^7115 58-41 1 90 1100 287 26-1210 3-828 45 70961 1266 1-7852 56.022 91 813 223 27.3882 • 3-651 46 69695 1302 1^8682 53-533 92 590 169 28-6553 3-489 47 68393 1340 1'96()4 51-020 93 421 126 29-9225 3^342 48 67053 1382 2-0617 48-4-97 94 295 92 3M897 3-206 49 65671 1426 2-1723 46.041 95 203 66 32^5032 3^077 50 64245 146() 2-2829 43-082 96 137 46 33-8471 2^954 51 62779 1502 2-3935 41-771 97 91 32 35-2034 2^811 52 61277 1531 2-5041 3,9-<«{; 98 59 21 36-5720 2^734 53 59743 1562 2-6147 38-241 99 38 14 37-9710 2^634 51 58181 1585 2^7253 36-697 100 21 21 39-3000 2-515 55 56596 1614 2^85;]1 35-051 IN SCOTLAND. 89 For many purposes, the mode of representing the value of life at various ages, under the expression " Expectation of Life," will be found inadequate. The method by which that value is obtained for a given age, involves the consideration of the decrements of life at every superior age ; and therefore, in any Table, the Expectation of Life, even at younger ages, will be effected by the irregularities of mortality at the older ages. It consequently sometimes happens that a comparison of different Tables, especially at the younger and middle periods of Ufe, may shew an equal or nearly equal Expectation while there are in reality very different chances under the two Tables of hving a given number of years ; and again. Expectation Tables may shew very different values for the same age, when according to the nature of the data there are equal chances of living the same number of years. From what has been said it wlQ be seen, that although the " Expectation of Life " expresses the true average duration in years of a certain number of individuals at a given age, yet it does not represent the chances of surviving an equivalent number of years ; and consequently, for medical and other purposes, in which it is required to determine the relative value, improvement, or other change which may have taken place within a given period of life, another expression must be found. The Equation of Life, which repre- sents a term of years for which there is an equal probability of living, appears to be the best mode to determine the comparative value of life in different Classes or different Dis- tricts, within the same period of years, as the expression is affected by the mortality within those ages only. In order to shew the relation which the Equation of Life bears to the Expectation of Life, the expression under each form, corresponding to the decennial ages, are given for various classes of results in Table U. Equation of Life — England and Wales. Ages. 10 England and Wales. Friendly Societies (Msles) Females. Age. Males. Females. Rural Districts. Town Districts. City Di ^tricts. Kural.Toivn&City. liural, Town & City. Equation. Expectation Equation. Expectation Equation. Expectation Equation Expectation Equation. Expectation liquation. Expectation Equation. Expectation 52-305 47 756 53-554 48-383 58-375 53-258 54-315 50-537 51-743 47-913 56-408 51-810 56-749 49-493 10 20 44-212 40-691 43-706 41-598 49-353 45355 45-201 42-274 43 052 40-015 47-434 43-774 49-702 45-264 20 30 36-482 34-099 38-066 35-167 40-813 38-407 36-517 34-575 34-920 32-860 38-972 36-605 41-017 38-184 30 40 28-790 27-476 30-412 28-733 32-129 30-972 28135 27-153 27-218 26-087 30-531 29-331 32-248 30-781 40 50 21-255 20-846 22-697 22-055 23609 23-470 20-053 19-973 20-056 19-927 22-344 22-192 23-894 23-820 50 60 14-285 14-585 15-355 15-523 15-923 16-6.52 12-815 13 761 13-295 13-769 14-945 15-694 16-236 17-238 60 Scotland. — Friendly Societies. — Males. Ages. Rural Distriets. Town Districts, City Districts. Rural, TowTi, and City. Ages. Equation. Expectation. Equation. Expectation. Equation. Expectation. Equation. Expectation. 10 20 30 40 50 60 57-474 48-467 39-995 31-493 23-266 15-990 53-051 44-990 37-783 30-305 22-898 16-018 55-828 46-407 37-106 28-020 19-441 11-217 50-743 42-752 35-040 27-641 20-742 13-121 43-371 34-753 27-831 21-255 16-409 12/688 42-637 34-586 28-635 22-647 17-386 13-335 54-567 45-656 37-478 29-539 21-917 15-174 50-803 42-722 .35-651 28-657 21-812 15-018 10 20 30 40 50 60 A A 90 DURATION OF LIFE IN SCOTLAND. Trades in Friendly Societies (Males) England. Plumbers, Painters, Liibourers. Clerks. and Glaziers. Bakers. M iners. Age. Rural Districts. Rural, Town and City. Rural, Town and City. Rural, Town and City. Rur.-il, Town, and City. Age. Equation. Expectation. Equation. Expectation Equation. Expectation. E uation. Expectation. Equation. Expectation. 10 61-512 50-005 41-920 39-985 46-666 43-066 49-546 47-982 51-402 48-516 10 20 52-240 47-906 33-500 31-835 39-101 36-904 41-034 40-027 42-186 40-670 20 30 43-341 40-597 27-416 27-576 31-262 30-508 33-039 32-357 33-187 33-157 30 40 34-349 32-769 19-945 21-857 23-508 24-305 25-001 24-476 24-067 24-920 40 50 25-634 25-075 13-548 16-046 15-384 17-096 19-470 19-091 15-890 17-;-35 50 60 17-574 17-821 11-616 12-426 9-779 12-168 13-630 14-063 10-414 11-859 60 The terms in the respective columns headed Equation, were determined as follows : — Let E^ z= the number alive in the columns headed " Living " in Tables C, F, I, &c., &c., at the given age ^_ Then -~- zz the number alive at an advanced age, ^ -|- „ which will always be intermediate between the proximate years of age t+ „ _ *, and ^ + „ + ^ ~ *, the fraction * of which is determined as foUows : X (e, + „_ Districts. Districts. Districts. iCitjDJstricts %CityDi^t^ict8 Districts. Districts. Distri'cts. &CityDiitric!.- tCity Districts 10 •2257 1-2666 •3453 •4659 •2197 56 2-5240 3-4903 3^5246 2-8956 2-8279 11 •4233 1-0820 •3453 •5616 •2197 57 2-7756 3-7450 3^7545 3-1371 3-0307 12 •5969 •9392 •3453 •6412 •2446 58 3-0811 4-0670 3^9932 3-4293 3-2841 13 •7205 •8382 •3453 •7046 •2945 59 3-4402 4-4564 4^2408 3-7722 3-5879 14 •8041 •7788 •3453 •7520 •3692 60 3-8531 4-9132 4-4973 4-1657 3-9423 15 •8437 •7612 •3453 •7833 •4689 61 4^3198 5-4373 4-7626 4-6099 4-3472 16 •8414 •7853 •3453 •7984 •5935 62 4-9.S08 6-1219 5-0357 5-1904 4-8894 17 •8397 •8069 •3674 •8117 •6946 63 5-6863 6-9670 5-3167 5-9073 5^5687 18 •8387 •8259 •4115 •8230 •7722 64 6-5862 7-9726 5-6054 6-7605 6^3853 19 •8384 •8424 •4777 •8324 •8264 65 7-6305 9-1387 5-9019 7-7501 7-3391 20 •8387 •8564 •5659 •8398 •8570 66 8-8192 10-4652 6-2062 8-8760 8-4302 21 •8397 •8678 •6762 •8453 •8642 67 10-0700 11-7646 6-7643 10-0679 9-6159 22 •8426 •8746 •7713 •8515 •8688 68 11-3829 13-0368 7-5761 11-3257 10-8964 23 •8475 •8767 •8511 •8585 •8709 69 12-7579 14-2817 8-6417 12-6494 12-2715 24 •8542 •8741 •9157 •8661 •8703 70 14-1919 15-4995 9-9610 14-0391 13-7414 25 •8630 •8649 •9650 •8744 •8672 71 15-6940 16-6901 11-5.341 15-4947 15-3060 26 •8736 •8551 •9991 •8834 •8615 72 17-1025 18-1368 13-5632 16-9652 16-9019 27 •8802 •8504 1-0303 •8915 •8557 73 18-4205 19-8395 16-0483 18-4506 18-5292 28 •8827 •8529 1-0584 •8988 •8498 74 19-6479 21-7984 18-9894 19-9509 20-1877 29 •8810 •8626 1-0837 •9052 •8437 75 20-7848 24-0134 22-3864 21-4661 21-8777 30 •8753 •8794 1-1059 •9107 •8376 76 21-8312 26-4844 26-2394 22-9963 23-5989 31 •8655 •9035 1-1252 •9154 -8314 77 22-7113 28-6170 29-4479 24-3088 25-0897 32 •8630 •9287 M480 •9250 -8302 78 23-4252 30-4112 32-0120 25-4036 26-3501 33 •8677 •9551 M742 •9396 -8340 79 23-9730 31-8669 33-9315 26-2809 27-3800 34 •8798 •9827 r2040 •9591 •8429 80 24-3545 32-9841 35-2065 26-9405 28^1795 35 •8991 roii4 r2372 •9836 •8567 81 24-5698 33-7629 35-8370 27-3825 28^7485 36 •9257 1^0414 r2740 roiso •8756 82 24-8912 34-6970 36-3375 27-9052 29^4124 37 •9551 1^0819 1-3152 1-0474 •8970 83 25-3187 35^7864 36-7080 28-5086 30-1713 38 •9872 1^1330 1-3611 1-0869 •9210 84 25-8523 37^0310 36-9484 29-1927 31-0250 39 r0221 M947 1-4114 M313 •9476 85 26-4920 38-4310 37-0588 29-9575 31-9737 40 1^0677 r2669 1-4G63 M808 •9767 86 27-2378 39-9863 37-0392 30-8030 33-0174 41 M002 1-3498 1-5258 r2353 r0083 87 27-5232 4h0552 37-0235 31-0985 33-7581 42 M398 1-4477 1-5901 1-2939 1-0512 88 27^3481 41^8378 37-0118 30-8440 34-1959 43 1-1786 1-5608 1-6593 1-3565 1-1053 89 26^7126 42^3340 37-0039 30-0394 34-3308 44 1-2166 1-6890 1-7335 1-4232 1-1707 90 25^6167 42 •5438 37-0000 28-6849 .34-1628 45 1^2537 1-8323 1-8125 1-4939 1-2472 91 24^0603 42-6673 37-0000 26-7804 33-6918 46 1-2900 1-9908 1-8964 1-5688 1-3350 92 22^0610 42^9661 37-0000 24-4216 33-6451 47 1-3417 2-1423 1-9954 1-6528 1-4397 93 19-6187 43-2402 37-0000 21-6085 34-0225 48 1-4089 2-2.S71 2-1095 1-7461 1-5612 94 16-7334 43-4896 37^0000 18^3411 34-8242 49 1-4915 2-4249 2-2388 1-8486 1-6996 95 13-4051 43-7143 37^0000 14^6194 36-0500 50 1 -5896 2-5559 2-3831 1-9603 1-8548 96 9-6.339 43-7143 37^0000 10^4434 37-7000 51 1-7031 2-6800 2-5426 2-0812 2-0269 97 6^6169 43-7143 37^0000 7^1026 39-0200 52 1-8335 2-8168 2-7144 2-2161 2-1950 98 4^3541 43-7143 37-0000 4^5970 40-0100 53 1-9808 2-9662 2-8985 2-3650 2-3592 99 2-0914 43-7143 37-0000 2-0914 41-0000 54 2-1450 3-1280 3-0949 2-5279 2-5194 100 2-0914 43^7143 37-0000 2-0914 41-0000 55 2-3260 3-3029 3-3036 2-7047 2-6756 ON SICKNESS. 93 An examination of the Rates of Sickness as given for the Rural Districts will shew that it fluctuates up to the age of 32, and that from that age up to 87 there is a uniform and gradual increase. In the To-mti Districts the rate of Sickness will be found subject to a similar increase from the age of 27 upwards; and in the City Districts the rate increases through- out the whole range of the Table. A comparison will shew a higher rate of sickness in the Town than in the Rural Districts, throughout the whole period of life. The rate oi' Sickness in the City Districts will also be found higher than in the Rural Districts, from 23 to 63 years of age ; it then continues at a lower rate up to the age of 75, when it again rises, and continues higher tiU the end of life. In the City Districts, from the age of 24 to 44, the Sickness ia also higher than in the Town Districts; but from 45 to 57 the rate in both Districts differs but little. After 57 years of age, to the end of life, there is a much higher rate of Sickness in the Town than in the City Districts. The follow- ing Abstract of Table V will give a general view of the relative amount of Sickness in the various Districts. Ages. Average Sickness per Annum to each Person — expressed in Weeks. f Rural Districts. Town Districts. City Districts. The Three Districts combined. 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 -8387 ■8630 -8753 -8991 1-0677 1-2537 1-5896 2-3260 3-8531 7-6305 14-1949 20-7848 24-3545 •8564 -8649 -8794 1.0114 1-2669 1-8323 2-5559 3^3029 4-9132 9-1387 15-4995 24-0134 32-9841 •5659 •9650 1-1059 1-2372 1^4663 1-8125 2-3831 3-3036 4'4973 5-9019 9-9610 22-3864 35-2065 •8398 •8744 •9107 •9836 1-1808 1-4939 1-9603 2-7047 4-1657 7-7501 14-0391 21-4661 26-9405 Sickness will be found to follow to some extent the same law with regard to the influence of Locality, that was observed to connect itself with Mortality; being least in the Rural Districts, and increasing in amount in the other Districts ; but it wiU be observed that the relation of cause and eflbct generally supposed to exist between Sickness and Mortality is not here manifested — in fact, the highest ratio of Sickness is sometimes foimd associated with a favourable rate of Mortality. In order to show, however, the merits of this hypothesis for the general results of the Three Districts, a Table is subjoined shewing the increase per cent, in the rate of Mortality in the Town and City Districts above the Rural, also the increased rate of Sickness in the same Districts at the corre- sponding ages. B B 94 INFLUENCE Of LOCALITY Increased Mortality per Cent. abo»e the Rural Districts in the Increased Sickness per Cent, above the Rural Districts in the Ages. Ages. Town Districts, City Districts. Town Districts. City Districts. 20 30 40 50 60 70 27-6008 5-4852 20-4517 35-5833 51-5277 43-2990 12-7200 30-5204 75-7842 61-6666 41-0185 26-7248 2-1104 0-4684 18-6560 60-7220 27-5130 9-1906 32-7650 26-3338 37-3419 49-9182 16-7200 29-8191 20 30 40 50 60 70 Abundant evidence in addition to this is furnished out of the present materials illus- trative of this point ; for example, Labourers, although influenced by the most favourable rate of mortality, are found to be subject to as high an amount of Sickness as the general average ; and so also are some other occupations, in which the rate of mortality is also favourable, found subject to a rate of sickness much above the average. Again, the Sickness among the Sixteen Trades formerly referred to is less than the general average, although, as has been she^vn, they experience a greater Mortality. Bakers also, at the early and middle periods of hfe, are less subject to sickness than the general average, and among them there is likewise a higher Mortality. The class Butchers seem to experience a very high rate of Mortahty, although not subject to above the average amount of Sickness. In applying the test of Mortality to various localities and employments there is no difiiculty, but the case is very difierent in ^aewing Sickness as an index to the sanitary condition of any trade or of any locality. What constitutes Sickness in one case, is often a very different thing from that in another. The standard seems too indefinite and capricious ; and although the results as obtained may be con- sidered perfect for aU the purposes of Friendly Societies, a careful inquiry AviU shew their vague nature for medical and other scientific purposes, unless carried further than the mere amount of Sickness, without regard to the circumstances under which it has taken place, and the causes producing it. Taking two occupations — Tailors and Clerks — which happen to be of readiest reference, they are found subject to a very high rate of Mortality ; stUl they do not seem, particularly Clerks, to be subject to so much as the average amoimt of Sickness ; and on consideration of the nature of those employments, it wiU immediately suggest itself, that the same trivial circmnstances which would be sufiicient to disable Sawyers, and also Colliers and Miners, would have httle effect on those following quiet occupations. Sawyers, CoUiers, and Miners are subject to accidents and various injuries which cannot be considered constitutional disease or sickness ; yet it entitles them to relief from Benefit Societies, and they will of course be returned on the sick Ust. Tailors and Clerks are less subject to those accidents, and accordingly their Sickness is also less ; the other classes, particularly Colliers and Miners, being much above the average. ON SICKNESS. 95 But the most striking refutation of the theory, that Sickness and Mortality bear the relation to each other of cause and effect, will perhaps be derived from a comparison of the General Results of Mortality in Friendly Societies in England for all Districts combined, as given in Table F, with that for Scotland in Table M. The result of this comparison will be, that the rate of mortality in Scotland among the members of Friendly Societies is much higher than among the same class ia England ; and if the theory just recited were to hold good, there should also be found a greater amount of Sickness in Scotland ; but an inspection of Table V will shew that such is not the case, and that instead of there bemg ati increased ratio of Sickness, the ratio is actually below that in England. Nothing further need, therefore, be said on this part of the subject ; but the argument may be rendered more obvious by an inspection of the following Abstract, in which it will be seen that wliile the excess of mortality is uniformly against Scotland, the excess of Sickness is as constantly against England. Age. Mortality per Cent, in Excess of Mor- tality in Scotland per Cent. Average Sickness yearly in Excess of Sick- ness in England per Cent. England. Scotland. England. Scotland. 30 40 50 60 •7563 •9386 1^4267 2-5054 •7926 1-0767 1-5830 2-9096 4-7997 14-7134 10-9538 16-1331 •9107 M808 1-9603 4-1657 •8376 -9767 1-8548 3-9423 8-0268 17-2849 5-3818 5-3628 The nature of the information on the Schedules relating to the Societies in Scotland would evidently satisfy many speculations as to the Cause, Duration, and Mortality of Sickness and Disease ; but as it is proposed to give in this Paper a simple representation of the amoimt of Sickness only in the different Districts, aU inquiries, however interesting and instructive, as to the ratio of Sickness to Mortality, under the various circumstances which present themselves of Employment and Disease, must for the present remain untouched. The next part of the subject naturally arising in this Paper is, the Relation which the Average Amount of Sickness, as developed by this inquiry, bears to the amount of Sickness as hitherto shewn in other Sickness Tables. The only Tables to which it is deemed necessary to make reference, are those con- tained in the Highland Society's Report for 1824, and the Tables given in the highly valuable Work by Mr. AnseU on Friendly Societies, and published in 1835 under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. The follomng wiU shew the relative amount of Sickness per annum to each person at given ages according to those Tables, and also according to the results of this mquiry. 96 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY. Sickness per Annum to Each Person — expressed in Weeks. Age. Highland Society. AnseU. Three Districts Combined, Table V. Age. Highland Society. AnseU. Three Districts Combined, Table V. 21 •575 •780 •8453 46 1-032 1-411 1-5688 22 •576 •785 -8515 47 1-108 1-475 1-6528 23 •578 •791 •8585 48 M86 1^544 1-7461 24 •581 •798 •8661 49 r272 P619 1-8486 25 •585 ■806 •8744 50 1^361 r701 1^9603 26 •590 •815 •8834 51 1^451 r791 2-0812 27 ■596 •825 •8915 52 1-541 1-890 2-2161 28 •603 •836 •8988 53 1-633 1-999 2^3650 29 •611 •848 •9052 54 1-726 2-120 2-5279 30 •621 •861 •9107 55 1-821 2 256 2-7047 31 •631 •876 •9154 56 r918 2-410 2-8956 32 •641 •893 •9250 57 2-018 2-586 3-1371 33 •652 •912 •9396 58 2-122 2-788 3-4293 34 •663 •933 •9591 59 2-230 3-021 3-7722 35 •675 ■956 •9836 60 2-346 3-292 4-1657 36 •688 •981 1^0130 61 2-500 3-611 4-6099 37 •702 1-009 b0474 62 2-736 3-991 5-1904 38 •718 b040 1-0869 63 3-100 4-448 5-9073 39 •737 1-074 1-1313 64 3-700 5-001 6-7605 40 •758 Mil 1-1808 65 4-400 5-672 7-7501 41 •784 M51 1-2353 66 5-400 6-486 8^8760 42 •814 M95 1-2939 67 6-600 7-471 10^0679 43 •852 1-243 1^3565 68 7-900 8-659 11^3257 44 •902 1-295 . r4232 69 9-300 10^086 12^6494 45 •962 1-351 1-4939 70 10-701 11-793 14-0391 ^ For the sake of a more convenient and general view of the relative merits of those diiferent results, the following Abstract is giyen. Age. Annual Amount of £ ickness to Each Person- — Expressed in Weeks. Average of all Excess per Cent, above Excess per Cent. Highland Society. Ansell. Districts, Table V. Highland Society. above Ansell. 20 -575 -776 -840 31-5476 7-6190 30 -621 -861 -911 3r8331 5-4884 40 -758 1-111 1-181 35-8171 5-9272 50 1-361 1-701 1-960 30-5612 13-2142 60 2-346 3-292 4-l()6 43-6869 20-9798 70 10-701 11-793 14039 23-7766 23-0636 The remarkable increase in the amount of Sickness, as she^vn by the present results, be- yond the two other Tables, wiU no doubt appear very startling to those not intimately ferailiar with the condition of Friendly Societies throughout the country. The rate of Sickness as given in the Table of the Highland Society has been long and generally acknowledged to ox SICKNESS. 97 be much below the actual average, and even so tar back as 1825 it was thought unfavour- ably of by a Committee of the House of Commons. It is unnecessary to enter into the objections against the nature and source from which the data for the Highland Society's Table were obtained, as that subject has been amply discussed elsewhere. For some time after Mr. Ansell's work appeared, it was thought that contributions calculated according to the increased amount of Sickness shewn in his Tables would render Friendly Societies pei'fectly safe ; but instances occur almost daily of Societies breaking doAvn, whose contri- butions approximate to those Tables ; and recently the increased amount of Sickness has become so apparent to the members of some of the best regulated Societies, that Meetings have been held, and Eeports of a veiy clear and apposite kind published, pointing to the increased amount of Sickness as the cause of their falling condition. A knowledge of circumstances of this kind first led to the present inquiry, the original object of which was simply to answer the question, Wliether Friendly Societies actually were subject to a higher rate of Sickness. Mr. Ansell's data had reference to the five years 1823-1827; and it is difiicult to account for the difference between his Tables and the present results, unless it be consi- dered that the imperfect manner in which the affairs of Friendly Societies at that period were managed, did not allow of so accurate information being then obtained as now, when required by Act of Parliament to make quinquennial returns. In Scotland, at the time even of collecting the data for tliis inquiry, it was found that quadruple the Societies would have filled up Schedules in competition for the prizes offered, but were prevented doing so by the incomplete system in which their books were kept. It is not improbable that the difference of the two classes of results may be partially accounted for by the smallness of the numbers over which his observations extended, as in the aggregate they amounted to 24323 years of life only, or about 5000 persons for a period of five years. If this fact is considered, and at the same time the irregularities which peculiarity of employment and other circumstances have been shewn to produce, it ^viU not be difficult to account for the discrepancy. If the nature of Mr. Ansell's Treatise had required an enumeration of these features, it would have been interesting to have traced the cause. It is not believed that the mere fact of small numbers would, of itself, be sufficient to account for the difference, without at the same time a pecufiarity in the combination of the employments of the persons composmg those numbers ; for not the least remark- able feature which has appeared in the present inquiry is, the uniformity of the results as to sickness, mth even smaller numbers than those included in Mr. Ansell's state- ment, when aU the facts recorded were under similar circumstances as to locality and emplojTnent. c c 98 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY In order to give a still further and more comprehensive view of the several Tables over periods of years, the following arrangement may be useful. Comparative amount of Sickness in various periods of Years according to the Sickness Tables of the Highland Society, the Tables by Mr. Ansell, and the Results of this Inquiry. Frnm Age Amount of Sickness in e:ich period of Years , expressed in W eeks. Highland Society. Ansell. Average for the Three Districts. Excess perCent. over Highland Society. Excess per Cent. over Ansell. 20 — 30 5-870 8-060 8-7145 .32-6410 7-5100 30 — 40 6-728 9-535 9-9120 32-1227 3-8035 40 — 50 9-670 13-395 14-7999 34-6617 9-4926 50 — 60 17-827 22-562 27-0894 34-1920 1 16-7120 60 — 70 47-982 58-717 77-3029 37-9290 24-0420 70 20 — 80 — 40 205-3562 18-6265 12-598 17-595 32-3652 5-5378 30 — 50 16-398 22-930 24-7119 32-8775 7-2107 40 — 60 27-491 35-957 41-8893 34-3723 14-1618 50 — 70 65-803 81-279 104-3923 36-9650 22.1100 60 20 — 80 — 50 282-6591 33-4264 22-268 30-990 33-.3820 7-2888 30 — 60 34-219 45-492 51-8013 33-9416 12-1798 40 — 70 75-473 94-674 119-1922 36-6796 20-5703 50 20 — 80 — 60 309-7485 60-5158 40-089 53-552 33-7545 11 -.5074 30 — 70 82-201 104-209 129-1042 28 5841 19-2831 40 20 — 80 — 70 324-5484 137-8187 88-071 112-269 36-0965 18-5386 30 20 — 80 — 80 334-4604 343-1749 ] An inspection of the fourth and fifth columns of the above Table wiU afford the most conclusive e-vidence of the increased ratio of Sickness above that set forth in previous Tables. To those interested in the progress of Friendly Societies the results are highly important, as they will demonstrate the impossibility of permanence in those institutions on their present foundations. Considering the immense number of those Societies which have broken do-\vn, it is lamentable to think that so little should have been done to ascer- tain the real nature and extent of the risks to which they are subject. It is stiU more remarkable that so many legislative enactments shoiild have occupied the attention of the ON SICKNESS. 99 Government of the country from time to time, and that Committees also of the House of Commons should have had the condition of those Societies for several years under con- sideration, without any practical measure being carried out for collecting and arranging data in a proper shape to point out the true character of tlie liabilities to which they are subject. In fact, the encouragement given to the formation of those Societies by some recent Acts of Parliament should be regarded as an evil rather than as a benefit to the worldng classes. An immense number of Societies were formed in a very short period, and their contributions regulated by the most delusive and inadequate data, so that at the present time very few are to be found calculated to survive many years. Under a scientific and amply developed system, those Societies would be calculated, at no distant period, to completely remove the cause of nearly aU that poverty, distress, and misery, which haunt our manu- facturing towns, and fill our workhouses with the working classes of the country ; but OAving to the imjjerfect and unstable foundation on which they are at present built, instead of being a help and a suj)port to a poor man, they involve him in those ditficulties for which he might otherwise have provided. On becoming a member of such a Society, he reasonably looks forward to it as a support for his declining years, and a protection during periods of sickness and disease ; but ultimately, at the very time when assistance is required, he discovers that the Society has been formed on a ruinous plan, that the in- creasuig years and infirmities of its members have absoi"bed aU its funds, and that those surviving must be thrown destitute on the parish as a public charity. It is thus, by the most iU conceived of all proceedings, the legislation of the Government has hitherto tended. Every facility and encouragement are given to the formation of Societies, without any help or information for their management or guidance. The ship is cast upon the waves witli- out a rudder or a compass, and the safety of the vessel left to accident and chance. As stated, a Committee of the House of Commons reported, in 1825, unfavourably of the Talile of Sickness furnished in the preceding year by the Highland Society ; still no other data were supplied on which any more confidence could be placed : the consequence was, that Societies were formed, and continued to be managed, on calculations resulting from the same data ; and, even up tiLL the present time, thousands of those Societies are conducted either on those terms, or terms still less adequate to carry out the purposes contemplated. An inspection of Column 4 of the preceding Table will show that, in the decennial periods of life for 20-70, the Friendly Societies in England and Wales experience an excess of Sickness of from 32 to 37 per cent, above that indicated in the Table of the Highland Society, or an average increase of sickness over the whole of that period of fifty years of 36'096 per cent.; or, in other words, Friendly Societies actually experience about 138 weeks' sickness in that fifty years, while the Highland Society Table would lead them to expect eighty-eight weeks' only. 100 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY Till.' ruin of any Society, under such conditions, is inevitable. There are many other errors in the Rules of Friendly Societies, connected -svith the various benefits wliich they hold out, calculated to ruin their schemes ; but if it were necessary here to cite instances in which Societies have suffered from the simple feature of excessive sickness, abundant instances could be pointed out ; but the internal evidence contained in this Paper, of the actual rate of sickness experienced by Societies in the aggregate, must also prove that individual societies have been sufferers. In illustration of this point, it is impossible to avoid quoting a passage from a very able Report, dated 8th of February, 1841, submitted to the Edinburgh Compositors' Society, by a Committee appointed to revise the laws. They state, in their Report, that the contributions and benefits of the Society were regu- lated by the data of the Highland Society ; and, in order to discover whether the experience of the Society has harmonized with the original data from which their calculations resulted, an investigation of the actual sickness in the Society was made, of which the foUoAnng is an Alistract : — It vfill thus be seen that the actual Sickness experienced by this Society has exceeded that contemplated by the Highland Societ}- Tables by no less an amount tlian 1 1 2 per cent. The foUoTA-ing gives the amount of Sickness as exjierienced by this Society, and also accoi'ding to the results of various Tables, Amount of Sickness in Compositors' Society Ditto, Highland Society Tables .... Ditto, Ansell's Table ...... Jiesultsasgivenin this Paper, City Districts, Tabled' Results as developed in f Printers this investigation. (Colliers and Miners ness in Compositors' Society than among Colliex's and Miners. Weeks. 2047 Days. 1 Excess ol" Sickness in Compositors' Society. Weeks. Days. 965 2 1081 5 1357 690 1 1748 299 1 2000 47 1 2146 — 98 SlessSick- ON SICKNESS.- 101 It will thus appear, that while there was in the Society an excess of 112 per cent. above the Highland Society's Table, and also an excess of 51 per cent, above Mr. Ansell's Table, there is an excess of only 17 per cent, above the results obtained in the present inquiry, for the average of aU trades in the City Districts, and of 2 per cent, above the general class Printers, which includes both Compositors and Pressmen ; })ut there is at the same time also actually less sickness than among Colliers and Miners by nearly 5 per cent. It has been shewn that particular Trades and Employments are subject to different degrees of Sickness and Mortahty, and the importance of this element in considering the Health of Towns, and the influence of Locality on the Duration of Life, has already been pointed out ; but in vie-\ving the condition of Friendly Societies, the necessity of consider- ing the peculiar eff^ect of certain Trades and Occupations must appear to be of vital importance. A most remarkable disparity exists between the Rates of Sickness prevalent in different places and in different employments, and Societies may run the greatest hazard by incautiously adopting each other's Regulations or Tables ; for so great is the distinction which obtains between the Habilities incurred from Members of different Trades, that what would be sufficiently safe for one Society might completely ruin another. It may seem to some that the excessive Amount of Sickness experienced by the Compositors' Society may be accounted for by the fluctuation in small numbers, but on reference to the Report itself such will not be found to be the case. The facts extend over a term of sixteen years, and the results for the various periods are pretty uniform, and cannot be looked upon as the result of any accident, luit must be regarded as a distinctive and proper feature of that trade to which the JMembers of the Society belong. In calcvdating Tables for the guidance of such a Society, it would evidently not be safe to assume the results for the general average of the Country or a given Disti'ict as a sufficient basis to proceed upon ; for, allowing such to be the case, and adopting even the present results as a standard of calculation, there would still be 17 per cent, of the Sickness in the above Society unprovided for. As remarked in respect of the Rates of Mortahty in different Trades and Occupations, so also may it be said of Sickness, the present inquiry cannot therefore be regarded as complete till the results for the various employments are pubhshed. Other Societies in Edinburgh, it will be seen from a following quotation from the Report in question, have also experienced an increased amount of Sickness beyond the rates of the Plighland Society's Table, although the Sickness m those Societies has not equalled in amount that of the Compositors' Society. It is stated that the Sickness in those Societies amounted " on an average to no less than 87 per cent, niore than the Highland Society's rate." Considering this statement, from the correctness of detail in other parts of the same Repoxt, to be correct, it seems to be a very remarkable coincidence, that in the City D D 102 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY Districts, being that with which those Societies should be brought into comparison, there is, according to the results of this investigation, at the same term of life also exactly 87 per cent, more Sickness than given in the Highland Society's Table. From 20 to G() years of age, according to the Highland Society's Table, (see page 98,) there is forty weeks' Sickness to each person ; but according to the City Districts, Table V, there is seventy- five weeks' Sickness, or 87 per cent, more than given in the Highland Society's Table. The practical advantage of thus recognising particular districts and occupations is obvious; for had either of the preceding questions been tested by the results for the general average, no satisfactory solution could have been offered. Hence the reason why some Friendly Societies go on prospering, wliile others, under apparently the same ma- nagement and scheme, survive but for a short term of years, to ultimately involve their Members, when most in need of support, in ruin. The following Extract from the Report of the Committee in question is important : — " Tlie average amiual sickness to an individual is as follows : — From 20 to 30 years of age, Compositors' Weeks. Davs, 1 2 Society. . Hours. 1 Highland Society. Weeks. Days. Hours. 4 3 „ 30 to 40 1 2 22 4 19 „ 40 to 50 1 3 3 1 4 „ 50 to 60 1 17 1 6 3 " From a comparison of these two rates, it wiU be seen that the Sickness experienced by tliis Society has been more than double that given by the Highland Society. Since ascertaining this result, the Coimnittee have made various inquiries in order to ascertain how far this increase coiTesponded with the experience of other Societies estabUshed on similar principles ; and they have to report as the result of these inquiries, that in Heriot's Benefit Society, the School of Arts, the Goldsmiths' Equitable, the Journejonen Goldsmiths' and in the Cabinet and Chairmakers' Societies, a very great increase had also been expe- rienced, amounting, on an average of these Societies, to no less than 87 per cent, more than the Higliland Society's rate. Great, however, as tliis increase appears, it is easy to be accounted for when the state of Societies is considered during the period embraced by the Highland Society's inquiry. It is well known that up till the period of the pubUcation of the Higliland Society's Report, Societies generally partook very much of a charitable character, no member bemg entitled to benefits unless he was in indigent circumstances. Now, when it is considered that the Highland Society's rate of sickness was deduced from the amount of sickness experienced by the 79 Societies above mentioned, during a period ox SICKNESS. 103 when they were formed upon this charitable principle, it is not to be "wondered at that now, when they are estabKshed upon strictly insurance pi'inciples, and when, in consequence, each member claims to the utmost extent of the benefits, the sickness should be found to be so much greater than was at first supposed. This, the Committee conceive, is quite sufficient to account for the great disparity between the rate of sickness given by the Highland Society, and that now found to occur among Societies." The preceding comparisons did not extend beyond 60 years of age ; but, as will appear from subsequent illustrations to be given in this Paper, the claims to be made by members after passing their sixtieth year become generally so alarming, as to be the usual means of awakening Societies to the danger of tlieir position. For example, although in the Compositors' Society all the members were under 60 years of age, still there was a large amount of what is called I^ermanent Sickness. At page 6 of the Report in ques- tion, it will be seen that of the members actually sick, 91 '0 per cent, had 7| weeks' sickness each; o'o „ 69 ,, ,, And 5-5 „ 246 It win thus appear, that the Amount of Sickness among 5 "5 per cent, of the Members was actually more than double that ex|3erienced by 91 per cent, of another class of the same Society. Wlien the subject of Permanent Sickness is brought forward, its relation to age, its effect on the funds of a Society, and the methods by which the future liabi- lities of a Society may thereby be determined, wiU be amply discussed. Having entered so fully into the characteristic features of the Highland Society's Table, in relation to the results of this inquiry, a simple inspection of the Table at page 98 will be sufficient to shew to what extent Mr. AnseU's Table is liable to the same objections. At the decennial periods of life from 30-70, it will be seen that there is an excess of Sickness in the Friendly Societies in England and Wales over Mr. Ansell's Table, varying from 4 to 24 per cent., or a mean difference over the whole of that period of forty years of 19-283 per cent. This excess of Sickness, as well as all the other results in page 98, are derived from making Table V the standard of comparison ; but if Mr. AnseU's Table were taken as the standard of comparison, the deficiency in amount of Sickness over that period of years would be 23 instead of 19 per cent., and at ages 60-70 the deficiency would be 31 instead of 24 per cent., as given at page 98, or a deficiency of nearly one-third. But the madequacy of his Table as a general guide for Friendly Societies, wiU instantly appear by making it bear on the results of Table V for the City Districts, in which, as already stated, 104 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY the amount of Sickness tVom 21-60 years of age is seventy-five weeks, being an excess over ^Ir. Ansell's Table, for that period of life, of no less than 41 per cent. The greatest care and discrimination should therefore be exercised, in established Friendly Societies, not to adopt general results for the guidance of particular classes. The laws of Sickness and Mortality ai"e under peculiar modifications in each class, and must be developed l)efore any safe practical conclusions can be arrived at, deserving of public confidence. The fallowing are the results of a combination of the elementary data of some interest, in a form not hitherto attempted, and from which some useful conclusions may be dra-\vn. In tlie preceding Tables the Rate of Mortality has invariably been regarded in relation to every member of the Society or Societies, at the given ages ; but in Column 1 of the foUomns: Table vnll be found the resvilts of a difl'erent combination. All the members at every year of life, or rather all the members of exactly the same age, being placed into one group, it was then observed how many of these had actually experienced Sickness during the course of that year of life. And these being abstracted from the total number of members of the same age, column 1 was deduced, expressing for quinquennial periods of life the per-centage of members that are actually sick in the course of one year ; lor example, out of every hundred members aged 31-35 in a Society, twenty-one will be on the Sick List during some part of the year ; but of the same number of members aged 61-G5, at least thirty-five niembers would be sick during some period or other of the year. An inspection of Column 1 will shew, that from the younger ages up to the period 31-35, the ratio or chance for any given member to be sick diminishes; but that from that period of life upwards, the tendency for any given member to be sick increases in a uniform and regular series. No table of this kind has hitherto existed ; and it is believed, that in addition to the more general purposes of Vital Statistics, it mil be practically useful to Benefit Societies, in enabhng them to determine whether the numbers on their Sick List be greater or less than the average. Table V will aiFord a means to determine whether the total amount of sickness in a Society be greater than the average ; but the present Table simply points out the proportion of members to be expected on the Sick List, and is perhaps more important than the other, as a test to the means of selec- tion adopted for the admission of members. Column 2 is simply a modification of Colunm 1, and needs no explanation further than to state, that it will aftbrd a ready means of testing the relation of the sick ON SICKNESS. 105 to the non-sick members in any one year, when placed in separate groups, as is generally done in Benefit Societies. Ratio of Sick Mortality Sickness Per-Centa2;e of Members to every per Cent. per Annum Total Amount Age, Members Sick 100 not Sick among those among those of Sickness Age. during each Year. in every Year. Actually Sick. Actually Sick. to each Death. 11 — 15 21-9565 28-1337 •9901 4-1231 416-4290 11 — 15 16 — 20 22-0743 28-3273 2-8571 3-5887 125-6032 16 — 20 21 — 25 22-0386 28-2686 3-0539 3-8518 126-1271 21 — 25 26 — 30 21-6997 27-7134 3-3271 4-1921 125-9977 26 — 30 31 — 35 21-0147 26-6058 3-7592 4-3585 115-9411 31 — 35 36 — 40 21-5471 27-4650 4-0686 4-9463 121-5732 36 — 40 41 — 45 22-9858 29-8463 4-5306 5-9418 131-1468 41 — 45 46 — 50 24-6042 32-6333 5-1657 6-8556 132-7123 46 — 50 51 — 55 27-G422 38-2022 6-2401 8-5104 136-3839 51 — 55 56 — 60 30-2424 43-3535 7-2732 10-9261 150-2235 56 — 60 61 — 65 35-5676 55-2015 8-6163 15-1975 176-3808 61 — 65 66 — 70 46-8493 88-1443 9-6004 24-2217 252-2988 66 — 70 71 — 75 58-3750 140-2400 12-1306 32-6275 268-9679 71 — 75 76 — 80 73-5916 278-6667 11-3636 36-2367 318-8876 76 — 80 81 — 85 74-4624 291-5790 18-4116 37-7633 205-1064 81 — 85 86 — 90 79-4872 387-5000 17-2043 410829 238-7943 86 — 90 91 96 — 95 —100 50-0000 100-0000 39-2450 91 9fi — 95 —100 In Tables E, F, and C, &c., the rate of mortality was given for the general population of Friendly Societies ; but in the third column of the preceding Table will be found the mortality per cent, among those persons actually sick. The mortality among the population generally has been shewn to increase with age ; so also does the mortality among those persons actually sick increase with age. In the quinquennial period of life 21-25, the mortahty among those sick is 3-0539 per cent.; but in the advanced period of life 66-70, the mortality is increased to 9-6004 per cent., or more than three times that of the other period. An inspection of this column win shew that there is a uniform and gradual rate of increase of mortality. Tables of this kind are calculated to throw important hght on the subject of Altai Statistics. A chronological series would point out any change or modification that may have taken place in the intensity and severity of disease. By the aid of the infor- mation given in colmnn 3, premiums may easily be determined for the assurance of lives while actually sick ; but as the results in that column do not distinguish Sickness under particular diseases, a knowledge of the disease under which the patient might be sufiering would be of no assistance to parties undertaking the risk: but if particidar diseases, "svith the Sickness and Mortahty mider each, were given in separate classes, E E 106 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY then the results would apply to given diseases, in the same manner in which the above results will apply to Sickness in general, irrespective of disease. An application of columns 1st and 3rd will afford the means of measuring the exact liabilities of a Friendly Society ; and if the same means were available to an Assurance Company of ascertaining the ratio of its members sick, the principles of determining the liabilities in those Companies would undergo an important change. Suppose that in any particular Society containing 3647 Members, equally distributed over the ten quinquennial terms of life from 20 to 70 years of age, one thousand of those should be found on the Sick List in the course of a year, and of one thousand persons found sick, fifty-sLs deaths would take place in that year ; but if in the actual result the balance of those numbers Avas in any way disturbed, that circumstance would tend to shew whether the selection of lives in the Society was of a favourable or unfavourable character. The results in column 3 were obtained by direct observation ; but it is evident that if m is made to represent the rate of mortality per cent, as given in Tables E and F, and a the results in column 1, then m X 100 10 zz colunm 6. a It is obvious that in applpng the results in this Table to any practical purpose, independent calculations must be made for each term of years, otherwise errors of the same nature to those pointed out at page 41 would alFect the result. Column 4th of the same Table wiU be found to represent the amount of sickness per annum among those actually sick. From the age of 15 upwards, the amount of siclmess "will be found to increase in a regular and uninterrupted series. At the tei*m of life 21-25, there is 3*8518 weeks' sickness in a year to each person, but at the term 66-70 there is 24'2217 weeks' to each person actually sick. Without any further inquiry on this point, the manner in which it wiU bear on what is called Permanent Sickness in Friendly Societies is obvious. It will thus be seen, that not only has advanced years a greater liability to sickness, but that, once on the Sick List, its duration receives a most remarkable increase. It will also be fui'ther seen, that at the two terms of life 21-25 and 66-70, the relative chances of being sick are in the ratio of 220 to 468, while the mortality at the same terms of life is in the ratio of 31 to 96 among those actually sick; and that the amount of sickness to those persons at the respective ages, shews the remarkable disparity of 39 to 242. The cares, anxiety, and suffering mth which the decline of life is thus beset, appear to fonn a most striking contrast to the improvident carelessness with which ON SICKNESS. 107 in youth any provision for those calamities is regarded. " If any man will not work, neither shall he eat ;" and as " the time cometh when no man can work," it is in the summer of life that abundant provision must be made for the vicissitudes of that ^vinter which incapacitates for labour; but how mortifying must be the disappointment which falls on the hopes of those patient contributors to Friendly Societies, who, after thirty or forty years' experience, find in the decline of life, when thrown by their infirmities on those Societies for support, no brighter prospect than the severe and harassing privations of pauperism, or the consolations of the workliouse. The results in column 4 may be obtained in the same manner as that just described for coliiimi 3, viz. : — Let 5 represent the Average Sickness per Annum, as given in Tables E and V, and a the results in column 1 ; then s X 100 , . zz coimiui 4. It must be kept in view, that the results in this column, as well as those given in the whole of the same Table, will be much influenced by local circumstances and pecu- liarity of employment, and that it is not to be thought that they can be applied with safety to all Societies promiscuously. Considerable experience and discrimination will always be required, to determine on the due apphcation of many of the most important practical results here produced. Perhaps the most curious and interestmg part of the preceding Table is column 5, as it presents some remarkable and novel features connected with Vital Statistics. A careful survey of the figures presented will shew, that although, as age advances, the human constitution has a greater tendency to decay, and greater liability to Sickness, stiU it presents the apparent anomaly of having in advanced life a greater power of endiu'- ing Siclaiess than in younger life ; and yet, although there is less power to resist the approach of disease, there is a higher capability of sustaining its insidious and destroying agency. At the period of life 31-35, it will be seen that for every 116 weeks of sickness there is one death ; but at the term of life 66-70, there is only one death for 252 weeks of sickness ; or in other words, a gi^eater amount of Sickness is required to destroy life at advanced ages than at younger ages. This pecuhar feature, which seems to have been unexpected by those giving attention to such subjects, may be explained in several ways. ]\Iany of the diseases prevalent in younger life disappear in after years; and, in passing fi'om the diseases pecuhar to youth, other diseases ensue, which, although not so acute in their nature, are yet fatal in their results ; and thus the change from the acute to the more chronic form of 108 INFLUEKCE OF LOCALITY disease wll impart increased duration, but not severity, to the sick-list of a Society. Again, many fatal diseases of youth, such as Consumption and other Diseases of the Chest, do not to any great extent incapacitate from labour ; and in those diseases the mortahty may be high, while the amount of sickness is small. Nothing hke a proper enumeration of aU the practical appUcations of the preceding Table is here contemplated ; but it may not he out of place to refer to a few of the more obvious uses to which it may be applied. Li Friendly Societies, a correct record of the amount of siclaiess among the members will afford a means of predicting the number of deaths to be looked forward to, as well as the class of members among which such deaths are most to be expected. Investigations into the affairs of a Society Avill also be much aided by a skilful survey of the relative amount of sickness to the deaths among the mem- bers. Provided that, over a sufficiently long period, an unusually large amount of sickness was found to prevail in relation to the number of deaths, it might be safely inferred that some peculiar element affected the results; but if both sickness and mortality should show a marked augmentation beyond the calculated numbers, then such a feature might be regarded as evidence of an inferior condition of health among the members of that Society. For the more important purposes of Medical Science, the residts in column ,5 are easily available. Perhaps no simpler numerical test could be offered of the efficiency of particular modes of treatment; but to apply the results here given with much success, the figures shoidd have been classified according to the Sickness and Mortahty of particular diseases. A portion of the elementary data wiU admit of such a classifi- cation ; and it is intended to publish the results on some future occasion. Suppose a ]\ledical I'ractitiouer to have within the circle of his patients one thousand persons, whose ages vaiy from 21 to 70 years, and equally spread over that term of life; according to the results here given, he ought to expect 274 of them to be on liis Sick List during the course of a year — that they would experience 2430 weeks' sickness hi the aggregate — and that there would be about sixteen deaths out of that number in the same time ; and presummg that he were to visit each patient everj" alternate day, it would produce 8505 visits in the course of a year, or about 23 visits daily. Societies and many other public bodies adopt a practice of paying an annual sum for medical attendance and advice ; and it mU thus be seen that means are available by which to calculate the pro- bable amount of labour and tune that may be required for the discharge of such engagements. It may at this place be again stated, that in applying the preceding results to indi- vidual classes, or in a few instances only, it should not be expected that they -will in every case be confirmed. Nothing short of a refined classification is calculated to meet the peculiar aspect of aU the cases presenting themselves. A re\-iew of Table Y -will ON SICKNESS. 109 shew the wide distinction which prevails between the ratio of Sickness in the Eural, Town, and City Districts ; and in particular trades or occvipations the sickness sometimes is double in amount that in other employments. In Sickness therefore, as well as in Mortality, it is obvious that general results can be but of little practical value. Suppose it were attempted to conduct Societies in Liverpool, or any other large City in England, on the same terms that would be adequate for Societies in the Rural Districts of Kent and Essex — it is manifest that they could not be of long duration. Here it may be also well to state, that if in any pubUc inquiry it should be attempted to ascribe the increased amount of sickness in the To-svn Districts to the less healthy nature of the districts, or their pecuhar local influence on health, the conclusion would cei'tainly be fallacious. Precisely similar arguments to those made use of in refex'ence to the ]\Iortality of those Districts, will explain the differences in the ratio of Sickness in the same places ; and it is therefore to be inferred, that whatever sanitary regulations may be carried out for promoting the health of Towns, the -wide distmction between the rates of Sickness and Mortality in particular districts wiU still not disappear. The cause of that difference is beyond the reach of any sanitary measure ; and unless a change were to take place in the character and macliinery of the manufactures of a town, by which the workmen would be habituated to less restrained but more natural and complete physical exercises, no improvement in the state of health is to be looked for. The evils, so far as relates to health, represented to exist by some writers to so frightful an extent, and to connect themselves with inferior sewerage, filthy streets, and ill-planned houses, are certainly overstated by them. The data brought forward have generally been of the most indefinite and insufficient nature; and when, in connection with this, the erro- neous methods employed, and the promiscuous manner in which their figui-es are generally combined, are kept in view, it must seem surprising that the thinking and intelligent portion of the community should have given their opinions any credence, or believed their conclusions entitled to so much weight. Perhaps no statistical fiicts are better estabhshed than the duration of life among the middle and upper classes of this country ; and if the data brought forward in this Paper be received as of sufficient merit to represent the duration of life among the working classes, it will then appear clear that any important change to be hoped for in the value of life in the Town Districts, must be effected through other means than sanitarj'- regulations. Those persons purchasing Government Annuities, and having dealings with As- surance Companies, are certainly beyond the reach of any improvements to be in- troduced by local regulations ; and if cleanhness of habit, comfort of dwellings, and fresh air, be of themselves powerful elements in raising the standard of life, their influence should be felt among that class of persons. But what are the actual results ? F F no INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. The poor worlancn inhabiting the miserable streets of our large towns, aiid inhaling their supposed noxious vapours, arc actually longer lived than the affluent and upper classes, whose easy circumstances enable them to inhabit comparatively the palaces of the kingdom. It is evident, from the great disparity in the value of life among different classes of workmen, whose conditions as to whatever is within the scope of pubhc sanitary measures are the same, that other elements must exist having a powerful influence on the Duration of Life. It would further appear, by viewing the various classes of society more in con- nexion with the physical exercises to which they are habituated, than in connection Avith their moral position and rank in society, and consequently with their sanitary condition, that a better clue wiU be found to the differences in the Duration of Life. It is not to be expected that any arrangements whatever as to the drainage and planning of streets are likely to add to the longevity of a Tailor ; but if it were possible to give his frame the physical exercises of a Ploughman, 20 per cent would be added to the duration of his life. Neither is it to be thought that the Plumber Painter and Glazier is to be reheved from the poison of the metallic emanations to which he is subject ; nor that the Clerk can inhale the fresh air, and indulge in those exercises necessary to develope liis physical constitution, wliile he follows the drudgeries of the counting-house. It is an aggregation of these, and other emplo}Tnents similarly conditioned, which make up the excessive mortality of our large towns ; and since it has been shewn in the preceding pages, that this class of lives is also less healthy even in the Country Districts, and that the ToAvn Popula- tions are chiefly made up of persons following such occupations, the legitimate result to be expected is a shorter Duration of Life in Towns, independent of any local influence on health. If improvements and changes are to be efifected in tlie sanitary regTilations of our large Towns and Cities, let them at once be carried out — ^not upon the necessity of such municipal innovations to avert a pestilential havoc in human life — but on the time merits of the question — the comforts, conveniences, and elevation of taste and moral purity, thence arising. RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. The influence of the preceding results on the Rates and Contributions of Friendly Societies, is perhaps that which generally most concerns the members of those institutions, and it is proposed to add a few remai-ks bearing on this subject. The first point to which attention will be directed is the Table at page 112, ,being the Values of Annuities, according to the Kates of Mortality, as developed in this inquiry, for Friendly Societies in the Rural, Town, and City Districts of England and Wales — for the average of these Districts combined — and also for Friendly Societies in Scotland. The rate of Interest assmned in the following calculations is 3 per cent, per annum. In almost every other calculation extant for the pui-poses of Friendly Societies, a higher rate of interest has been adopted ; but a careful investigation of the returns on this point, as given m the Schedules referred to at page 14 of this Paper, has shewn that in practice a liigher rate of Interest is not reahsed by Societies. The Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt have hitherto allowed Friendly Societies £3 IGs. Ohd. per cent. ; but even in the cases where this mode of investment has been taken advantage of, the difficulty of collecting all the funds at the moment they faU. due, and of immediately employing them in the Government Stock, together with the comparatively large balance to the whole amount of the Societies' funds usually kept in hand to meet approachmg Habihties, render it difficult to make much beyond 3 per cent. It is intended on another occasion to publish an account of the Money Transactions of those Societies ; this and some other points of interest wiU then be more fiiUy entered on. 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OS '-H 1~ G< CO GO »0 •-- »0 ■— 1 C5 CO '^ '^ >0 lO C^ P 7^ r>S^S^^l.'oSo-*CCO^O^COC:i--HCCr)C«0 1.0--HC!5GM5^CO^-COO-^G!~So'--^'O^COOCO-^OCOO'*CO — CO'CCOCOCOCOICS-O'-C^ ^§M§O?0 — C2l2«,^Lc5§CO^G?COCOCO^GOC07^COCpeppcp»pGjq5CpGOpt;.^'r»r'fr^'?P»^ I '^0!r"4G>G>GJGJ-^'^-^'^'^OcboCOOOCiciiC5C^d^(»C»obcOl^l^l^l^COCOCOL^ G^GJc5jGiG!GJG-i'-<'-H'— -Hr-c-i,— ,-.— 1 — M-^^ — r-H— .^.^^r-,.^,-*,-.,-.,-,.— <1 o--G!Go-#oot-oo<:iO'--iG?GO-^i-ocoi-ooc;0'-GjGOTf „ Dying in One Yeai- . 119 „ Premiums for Sickness . 120 — 122 List of Places comprised under the Head of 144 Scotland — Table of Population, Deaths, and Sickness . 68, 69 Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and Specific Intensity . . .75 Table of Expectation . . .77 Average Sickness per annum to cacli person in 92 List of Places comprised under the head of . . . .144 DISTRICTS, Rural, Town, and City (combined) — England and Wales. Table of Population, Deaths, and Sickness. Trades not Classified (Males) . . 22, 23 Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and Specific Intensity, Trades not Classified, (Males) . . . .28 Tables of Expectation . . .32,50 Table of Decrements, Mor-T tality per Cent., and Spe- > Clerks . 44 cific Intensity among J „ plumbers, Painters and Glaziers . 45 „ Bakers . . 46 „ Miners . . 47 „ Females, Trades not Classified . 57 Table of Value of Annuities in . 112—114,123 „ Premiums for Assuring sums at Death in . . . 115—117 „ the Probability of living one year . 118 !» „ dying in one year . 119 „ Premiums for Sickness . 120 — 122 DISTRICTS— (fon/i/iuerf.) Scotland. Tables of Population, Deaths, and Sickness .70, 71 Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and Specific Intensity . . .76 Table of Expectation . . .77 Table of Value of Annuities in . 112 114 „ Premiums for Assuring Sums at Death in . . . 115—117 „ the Probability of living one year . 118 „ „ dying in one year . 119 „ Premium for Sickness . * 120 — 122 DUNDEE— Table of Expectation — Males and Females 83 Table of the Populations in 1835 to 1844, with sum of Deaths and Mortality per cent. . 85 Mortality Tables calculated for . . 86 Value of Life in, compared with Liverpool and Glasgow . . .86 Table of Decrements, Mortality' per Cent., and Specific Intensity — Males — Trades not Classified . . . ^87 Same among Females . . .88 ERRORS— In mode of obtaining results in Vital Statistics 40 — 12 EMPLOYMENT— Influence of, on Life . 49, 53 — 55, 60, 82, 101 ENGLAND AND WALES— Duration of Life in . . . 1 — 12 Expectation of Life in. Table of . .8 Comparison between Table in page 8, and the E.xpcctation of Life among Friendly Societies in Rural, Town, and City Districts . 34 Equation and Expectation of Life in, compared 89 Average Sickness per annum to each person in 92 Tables of the Value of Annuities and Pre- miums for Assuring Sums at Death . 123 EDINBURGU . . . .72 Edinburgh Compositors' Society, its Report 100 EXPECTATION OF LIFE— &e "Life." FORESTERS— Society of . . . .139 FORMdL/E— The Correction applied to the Census of the Population in 1821 and 1841 . . 2, 3 The mode of obtaining the Rate of Mortality per Cent, at individual ages, in the j-ears 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841 . . 4 The mode of obtaining the Rate of Mortality among the lowest classes . . 40 The mode of obtaining tlie correct Average Mortality of the whole kingdom . 40, 41 The mode of comparing any class of results with general results in which that class is included . . . .52 The mode of obtaining the Terms in the Equation Table . . .90 The mode of obtaining the Mortality per cent. among those actually sick . . 106 The mode of obtaining the Sickness per annum among those actually sick , .107 INDEX. 147 FORMULAE— (coH&werf) The mode of calculating the Table of Single Premiums for an Allowance during Sickness 128 The mode of obtaining the Annual Premium to secure a Deferred Annuity . .131 FRIENDLY SOCIETIES— Value of Life among the members of 33 — 39 Table of Expectation of Life among Females in Rural, Town and City Districts . 36 Same among Males in Liverpool . . 36 Same among ISIales of Sixteen Trades in Rtiral Districts . . . .36 Comparison between the Registrar General's Table of Expectation for Liverpool, and that of the Expectation of Members of Friendly Societies in Liverpool . .59 Equation and Expectation of Life among Trades in Friendly Societies compared . 90 Instability of Societies founded on the data given in Ansell . . 97—103, 126 How to ascertain the amount of Remuneration due to Medical Advisers of Friendly Societies 108 Rates and Contributions to . Ill — 139 Tables for the guidance of . 112 — !23 Present Condition of . . 132—134 GOVERNMENT— Table of Expectation (Males) . . 37 GLASGOW— . . . .72 Formation of Mortality Tables for . 78 Tables of Population, Deaths, and Mortality per cent, in . . .79 Tables of Decrements, Mortality per cent., and Specific Intensitj- among males and females 80, 81 Remarkable Depreciation of Life in . 82 Comparison between the Liverpool and Glas- gow Expectation . . 82 — 84 Table of Expectation — Males and Females . 83 Fluctuation of Deaths in . .84 Higher Value of Female than Male Life in . 85 Value of Male Life in, compared with Liver- pool and Dundee . . .86 HIGHLAND SOCIETY— Report of . . . 95—103 INTENSITY, SPECIFIC— Nature of . . . . 7, 30 Tables of 5, 6, 25—28, 43 — 18, 57, 58, 73—76, 80, 81, 87, 88 Comparisons of . . 42, 49, 52, 72 LABOURERS— RuEAL Districts — Mai.es. Table of Decrements, Mortality per cent., and Specific Intensity . . 43 Expectation of Life among . . 50 LIVERPOOL— Expectation of Life among Friendly Societies in . . . .36 Table of Decrements, Mortality per cent. among Males, Trades not Classified . 58 Employments in . . .59 Table of E.xpectation of Life in Liverpool compared . . . .59 Excessive Mortality in, not due to Locality merely : . . .60 LIFE, DURATION OF— In Various Classes Influence of Locality on Influence of Employment on In Scotland . 13—62 10— la, 42 12—62 03-90 LIFE, EQUATION OF— In Rural, Town and City Districts . 49 Among Miners, Bakers, Plumbers Painters and Glaziers, and Clerks, in Rural, Town and City Districts . . .55 Among Rural Districts in Scotland, and England . . . .63 Comparisons between, in Glasgow, England and Wales, and Friendly Societies . 82 Same between, Dundee, Glasgow, and Friendly Societies . . . .86 Nature of . . . .89 Tables of, in England and Wales, Scotland, and Friendly Societies . . .89, 90 Comparisons between Equation and Expecta- tion of Life . . . S9, 90 LIFE, FEMALE— Difference in value of, as shewn in the Regis- trar General's Table, the Carlisle Table, and Table D of this Volume . . 9 Rate of Mortality among Females, Members of Friendly Societies . . .01,62 Comparison between values of Male and Fe- male Life . . . .61 Higher value of Female than Male Life in Glasgow . . . .85 LIFE, MALE— The value of, among Members of Friendly Societies . . . . 33, 34 Comparison between Male and Female Life . 61 Value of, compared, in Dundee, Glasgow, and Liverpool . . . .86 LIFE, EXPECTATION OF— Difference in value between that given in Table D, and that in Fifth Report of the Registrar General . . .7 Table of, in England and Wales . . 8 Comparison between Carlisle Table and Table D . . . .9 Comparison of Diff'erences in Tables . 31 — 34 Table of Expectation in Rural, Town and City Districts (Males) in Trades not Clas- fied . . . .32 Table of Expectation in Rural, Town and City Districts among Females in Friendly Societies . . . .36 Table of Expectation in Liverpool among Males in Friendly Societies . . 36 Table of Expectation among Members of the Peerage . . . .36 Same among Males of Sixteen Trades in Friendly Societies — Rural Districts . 37 Among Members of Life Assurance Offices . 37 And same among Government Males . 37 Comparison of, among Labourers in Rural Dis- tricts and the Rural Districts generally . 49 Table of Expectation among Labourers, Clerks, Plumbers Painters and Glaziers . 50 148 INDEX. LIFE, EXPECTATION OF (continued) Among Bakers, Miners, and Rural Districts after abstracting Labourers . .51 Comparison between tlie Table of Expectation for Liverpool, as given in the Fifth Regis- trar General's Report, and that of the Mem- bers of Friendly Societies in Liverpool . 59 Comparison of; among Members of Friendly Societies in England and Scotland . 72 Table of. Expectation in Scotland— Rural, Town, and City Districts . . "7 Comparison of, in Liverpool, Glasgow, and Dundee .... 82 — 86 Table of, Dundee and Glasgow . . 83 Comparison between Expectation and Equa- tion Tables . . . .89 Comparison between Tables of Annuities and Tables of Expectation of Life . r2-l— 126 Various Tables of Expectation . .140 LIFE, VALUE OF— Among the Members of Friendly Societies 33-35, 38, 39 „ Peerage . . .39 „ Lowest Classes . , 39, 40 „ Males and Females . . 61 Insufficiency of Inquu-ies respecting the rela- tive values of Male and Female Life . 62 LOCALITY, INFLUENCE OF— On the Duration of Life . Means of Determining On Health On Sickness 10 11, 12, 24, 60 24 91—110 MINERS— Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and Specific Intensity . . .47 Expectation of Life among . .51 Value of life among . . .55, 56 MORTALITY— Refutation of the theory, that Sickness and Mortality stand in relation to each other of cause and effect . . .95 Rate of, per cent, during the .years 1838, 1839, 1840, and 1841 in England and Wales . 4 Correct and Erroneous Modes of obtaining the average Mortality through the whole Kingdom .... 40—42 Rate of Mortality per cent, higher in Scotch than in English Cities . . .72 Tables of the rate of, 5, 6, 25—28, 43—48, 57, 58, 73—76, 80, 81, 87, 88 ODD-FELLOW SOCIETIES— Their Importance, Initiation Money, Contribu- tions, and Instability . 132, 139 PAISLEY . . . . .72 PEERAGE, MEMBERS OF— Table of Expectation of Life among . 36 Habits of, and Value of Life among . 39 PLUMBERS, PAINTERS AND GLAZIERS— Table of Decrements, Mortality per cent., and Specific Intensity . . .45 PLUMBERS, kc— (continued.) Expectation of Life among . . 50 Value of Life among . . .55 England and Wales. Census of the Population, and corrected Enu- * meratiou and Annual Rate of Increase . 1 — 4 Tables of . . . 16—23 Scotland. Tables of the Population . 64 — 71 Population of Glasgow for 1831 and 1841, with the Annual Rate of Increase during the intermediate period, with the sum of Deaths and Mortality per cent. . . 79 Populations of Dundee for the years 1835 to 1844, with the sum of the Deaths and Mor- tality per cent. . . .85 PREMIUMS, TABLES OF— For assuring Sum at Death . 115 — 117 For allowance during Sickness . 120 — 122 RECHABITE SOCIETIES— Their Character, Contributions, and Insta- bility . . . 138, 139 REPORTS— Of the Registrar General . 1,2, 7 1 1 SICKNESS— Forms of Schedule for the collection of data 14, 1-5 Tables of, in Rural Districts (England) „ Town „ City „ 16—23 „ Rural (Scotland) „ Town „ City „ 64—71 . Influence of Locality on . . 91 — 110 Average Amount of, per Annum, for each Per- son in England and Wales, and Scotland . 92 Amount of, compared, in Rural, Town, and City Districts . . .93, 94 Refutation of the theory that Sickness and Mor- tality stand in relation to each other of cause and effect . . . .95 Comparison of Tables from AnscU, Highland Society, and Table V of this Work . 96 Further comparison of Tables . . 98 Tables of Experience at different ages . 105 „ Premiums for Sickness . 120 — 122 Remarks on the Tables . 127—131 STATISTICS, VITAL— The frequent Errors in mode of inquiring as to . . . .42 Cautions as to conducting inquiries . 60, 61 SCOTLAND— Duration of Life in . . 63—90 Among Friendly Societies in, compared with those in England . . .72 Non-extension of Registration Act to Scot- land — cause of regret . . .86 Equation and Expectation of Life in, com- pared . . . .89 Average Sickness per annum to each person in 92 WALES — See " England and Wales." Thomas Hatxon. Peintee, 37 King Street, Covent Garden. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS