/ OUR ANCIENT LANDMARKS. TH E S ERMO N 3r/ DELIVERED IN St. Paul's Church, Albany, Bi-Centennial Commemoration of the city's charter, The Fourthi Sunday after Trinity, 1886. BY THE Rev. MAUNSELL VAN RENSSELAER, D. D., LL. D. Published by Request of the Rector and Vestry of the Church. ALBANY: THE ARGUS COMPANY, PRINTERS. 1886, 7 / $t Paul's (JJiurri ^Elbang. ORDER OF SERVICE. Morning Prayer. The Proper Psalms xliv, 1-9, inclusive ; xlvi and cxiii. The First Lesson, Zech. viii, 1-18. The Second Lesson, St. Luke xii, 18-35. Collect said after the Collect for the Day. Almighty God, who hast in all ages showed forth Thy power and mercy in the wonderful preservation of Thy Church, and in the protection of every nation and people professing Thy Holy and Eternal Truth and putting their trust in Thee, we yield Thee unfeigned thanks and praise for all Thy mercies, and more especially for the gracious manifestation of Thy provi- dence which we commemorate this day. Bless, we pray Thee, the magistrates and citizens of this city. Preserve unto us all rightful liberties, and make us so dutiful and faithful unto Thee that we may come, at the last, to be citizens of that city that hath founda- tions whose builder and maker Thou art. We ask it through Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen. Special Thanksgiving after the General Thanksgiving. Almighty God, who in the former time didst lead our fathers forth into a wealthy place and set their feet in a large room, we yield Thee unfeigned thanks and praise for all Thy mercies, and especially for that Thou hast kept this our city under Thy watchful care. Blessed be Thy name for the increase of its inhabit- ants, the growth of its industries and the advance of its prosperity. Blessed be Thy name for the advance- ment among us of sound learning, sober morality and Christian faith ; defend our liberties, preserve our unity and make us a people mindful of Thy favor and glad to do Thy will. Grant us to be kindly affectioned one toward another with brotherly love ; and keep us in Thy Holy Faith and Fear through Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen. SERMON. Remove not the ancient landmark, which thy fathers HAVE set. — Proverbs xxii, 28. If among the motley ship's company of " The Halve Maan," which brought Hendrick Hudson to our shores in 1609, there chanced to be a Hollander whose memory went back to the year of grace 1567, it must have been stored with "battles, sieges," "moving accidents by flood and field," and " garments rolled in blood. " His had been a strange, abhorrent experience ; for that was the ever-memorable year when Alva began, with rack and thumb- screw, stake and gibbet, and other tender mercies of the Inquisition, his vain attempt to restore the authority of the Roman Pontiff over the Netherlanders, and to reduce them under the absolute dominion of Philip II. The gallant people had first suffered, and then risen and struggled on, under William the Silent and his son Maurice, Princes of Orange, making up for their losses and sufferings on land by great achievements on the ocean. For thirty years the struggle had lasted, without rest or respite, and yet " the United Provinces were then without any rival on the seas. In Europe alone they had 1,200 merchant ships in active service, and upwards of 70,000 sailors constantly employed. They built annually 2,000 vessels."^ The child born in that eventful year had reached the age of forty-two before there came a lull in the tempest ; and when Hudson dropped the anchor of the Half Moon in the quiet waters of our river and set foot on its sandy bank, September 16, 1609, the independence of the United Provinces had been won, and a truce for twelve years ratified. This needed respite was not given up to idleness ; but was employed by the indefatiga- ble Netherlanders in reorganizing their internal affairs, and extending and improving their for- eign possessions. A bank was established at Amsterdam ; a Governor-General was appointed for the Indies ; intercourse was opened with ' Grattan's Hist, of the Netherlands, p. 175. 7 Japan; a large loan was repaid to James I. of England; Batavia in Java was founded; and companies chartered to profit by the dis- coveries of Hudson. Had this been all to be recorded of those years of truce there would have been small cause for sorrow or shame ; but they also witnessed the bitter religious strifes which culminated in the judi- cial murder of the patriot Barneveldt, and the imprisonment of the learped and illustrious Grotius. The earliest attempts of the Dutch West India Company to colonize the New Nether- lands had proved unsuccessful ; " the want of success was beyond expectation."^ While they were formulating a plan to remedy the failure, under the title of " Freedoms and Exemp- tions," "for the benefit of the General West India Company, and the advantage of the Patroons, masters, and private persons," in 1628, an unexpected event off the harbor of Havana gave a great impulse to their plan. This plan proposed to give to any member » N. Y. Holland Doc. i, p. 84. 8 of the company who was bold enough to risk his fortune and personal safety in establishing colonies in the New Netherlands, the powers and privileges of a feudal baron in his new domain, subject only to the supreme authority of the States General. Just then Hein, their Admiral in the West Indies, sailed into Amsterdam with the captured " Money Fleet " of the Spaniards, and an immense treasure which he had taken in it. This enriched the stockholders of the company, and enabled the bolder and stronger of them to take the hazards, in the prospect of reaping the gains of the projected colonies. The " Colonie of Rensselaerwyck," which was the only permanent patroonship estab- lished under the new charter, in 1630 gave stability and vigor to the little settlement of traders which had grown up around Fort Orange, and laid the foundations for the future city. But it could do no more than that. It was contrary to the spirit of Guel- derlanders, Frieslanders and Hollanders, from whom the fathers of Albany came, for a town 9 to remain under a feudal master. For eight centuries or more, they had had their " Gilden," which grew into town corporations, and had increased to such an extent that corporate towns had become refuges from tyranny, shelters in war, and the guardians of liberty in Holland, as in Italy, England and the other nations in Europe. The cities had " contributed more, perhaps, than any other cause, to introduce regular government, police and arts, and to diffuse them over Europe." " The influence of their institution on govern- ment as well as manners was no less exten- sive than salutary." When Governor Dongan sought from the owners the renunciation of their right to the soil, in order to grant our city's charter, he experienced no obstacle ; for the grantors as well as the grantees had been trained in a school which enforced municipal freedom ; and while securing and consolidat- ing their own possessions, they wisely and liberally aided in carrying out the plans for settling the country which had been begun more than half a century before. lO We inaugurate to-day the ceremonies and the festivities with which we purpose to com- memorate this event of two centuries ago. It was the first, and probably the only, repro- duction on this Continent of a well-established custom in the Middle ages of freeing a town, by giving it a charter, from all claims of feudal service. Sixteen square miles in the heart of the manor were secured by Gov- ernor Thomas Dongan for the city limits, he " judging it not for his Majesty's interest that the second town of the Government, and which brings his Majesty so great a revenue, should be in the hands of any particular men." He was right in his judgment, and experienced no opposition in carrying it out. The appli- cation for the charter was made by the citizens in May ; it was signed July twenty- second ; and on the twenty-sixth it is recorded, " In nomine Domini Jesu Christi, Amen," that Pieter Schuyler, Mayor, and Robert Living- ston, Town Clerk, and the other city officers were duly qualified. The population of the whole county, including the " Colonie " and II the outlying " bouweries," did not amount to 2,200, which would allow a very moderate number for those who lived within the city stockades. But small as it was, it was made up of sturdy, resolute and independent men, and women well endowed with gifts to make homes happy, and to lighten the hardships and perils of a frontier life. The act which invested them with the powers of self-govern- ment had far-reaching effects. It brought to the front very able and distinguished men, who did noble service in trying times ; it established a community which for the greater part of a century, and till the close of the Revolution, held its ground as the bulwark of the British Colonies and of the United States in their struggle for independence ; and it laid the foun- dations of the Capital city of the chief State in the Union. It is ritrht, then, and our most bounden duty, that we should commemorate this event, both for itself and for the goodly fruits which it has produced. It is well for us to rejoice and give our heartiest thanks for it. Without 12 forgetting that the great prophetic words of Isaiah apply only in their fullness to the triumph of the great Prince and Captain of our salvation, Jesus Christ, we would rever- ently and gratefully adapt them to our own humble experience — " Thou hast multiplied the nation, and increased its joy ; they joy before Thee according to the joy in harvest, and as men rejoice when they divide the spoil," But we cannot enter upon such a commemo- ration as this without being impressed with a tender and subduing awe. Every step we take is among the tombs of the departed. On every side of us rise up the forms of those who lived and acted here, as we are doing now, and the fruits of whose labors and sufferings we are enjoying. We are like travelers treading in meditative mood a venerable church in foreign lands, where " The high embowed roof, With antic pillars massy proof And storied windows richly dight, Casting a dim religious light," Invest with a more solemn interest and a softer halo the monuments and relics which 13 perpetuate the memory of those who have gone before us, and " rest from their labors, and their works do follow them." Yet, though solemn and awe-inspiring, it ought not to be sad. It is good to be animated, it is profit- able to be warned by their examples. While mere ancestral pride is a folly and a sin, like all other pride ; and " the only distinction worth having is that which grows by building honor out of one's own virtue, and not by inheriting it from the virtue of others ; " still there is a healthful and invigorating moral influence in the recollection of worthy and virtuous progenitors. No one, whatever may be his state in life, can see his father's name emblazoned on a public monument for a gen- erous or heroic deed, and not shrink from what may dishonor it, even if he be not stimulated to imitate it. There is, indeed, a false devotion to the past, against which King Solomon warns us : " Say not thou, What is the cause that the former days were better than these ? for thou dost not inquire of wisdom concerning this." 14 " Let the dead Past bury its dead," has become an American watchword. Certainly, " let the dead Past bury its dead ; " but the living Past has no dead to bury ; and there has been a Hving Past, which survives in the fruits of its labors, its teachings, its suffer- ings, and its examples. It is the quality of living things to propagate and diffuse them- selves. "Your fathers, where are they?" In the hand of God, as departed out of this life, and *' sleeping in the Lord," as the devout records of your ancient family Bibles phrase it. " They live ! they greatly live a life on earth Unkindled, unconceived." And do they not survive in you, their children ? And do not these centennial celebrations testify the hold they keep on our imaginations, if not on our veneration and gratitude ? The " dead Past " is symbolized by those ruined and empty tombs which one sees along the Appian Way at Rome, the once magnificent resting- places of men whose " inward thought was, that their houses should continue forever, and their 15 dwelling-places to all generations." Unwarned by their history, we are striving at this day to outrival their pride and extravagance in costly tombs and monuments, forgetting that the only worthy and lasting memorial of the dead is that which ministers to the welfare and happiness of the living. But such are the "dead" whom "the dead Past" claims as its own, having buried with them the last vestiges of their names and relics, for they brought forth no " fruit unto God." Such is not the Past which we recall in these ceremonies, or we should not be here to commemorate it, as we do this day. Let us, then, reverently trace back the links of the golden chain that binds us with those who have gone before us, and who have built up for us the goodly heritage which we possess. Even if the two centuries of our city's life have passed without " trailing clouds of glory as they came," yet "The thought of our past years in us should breed Perpetual benediction." i6 If we should forget them, if we should neglect their lessons, we should surely cut ourselves loose from one of the essential ele- ments of true progress. " Past and Future are the wings, On whose support harmoniously conjoined, Moves the great spirit of human knowledge." " The voice that issues from this spirit," says Wordsworth, " is that Vox Populi which the Deity inspires, in sharp contrast with the presumed infallibility in the clamor of that small though loud portion of the community, ever governed by present material interests or factious influence, which, under the name of the Public, passes itself off upon the unthink- ing as the People." Such was the principle which guided our fathers, which they brought from their " dear Fatherland." They acted on the teaching of the Wise King : " Wisdom is as good as an inheritance, yea, better too; and by it there is profit to them that see the sun. The excellency of knowledge is that wisdom giveth life to them that have it." — Eccl., vii, ii, 12. 17 No one can question the justice of Mon- tesquieu's statement, or the illustration of it by our subject : " As degenerate peoples seldom achieve great things; as they have seldom established societies, founded cities, given laws ; and as, on the contrary, most settlements have originated with those whose manners were simple and austere ; so to recall men to the old maxims is ordi- narily to bring them back to virtue." — Esprit des Lois, v, 7. The men and women who set the land- marks of this city came of a race accustomed to hardship and toil ; they themselves had been schooled in suffering and peril, which peculiarly fitted them to be the pioneers in settling a wilderness, in which wild beasts disputed domin- ion with wily and cruel savages. They found them no worse than the brutal soldiers of Alva or their own freebooting countrymen. " The history of the Netherlands is essentially that of a patient and industrious population struggling against every obstacle which nature could oppose to its well- being; and, in this contest, man triumphed most com- pletely over the elements in those places where they offered the greatest resistance. This extraordinary result was due to the hardy stamp of character imprinted by suffering and danger on those who had the ocean for their foe; to the nature of their country, which presented no lure for conquest; and, finally, to the toleration, the 2 justice and the liberty nourished among men left to themselves, and who found resources in their social state which rendered change an object of neither their wants or wishes." "The vital necessity for the construction of dikes to keep back the ocean, had given to the Prison and Flemish population a particular habit of union, good-will and reciprocal justice, because it was neces- sary to make common cause in this great work for their mutual preservation. The nation being thus united, and consequently strong, the efforts of foreign tyrants were shattered by its resistance, as the waves of the sea that broke against the dikes by which it was defied." — Grattans Hist, of the Netherlands, pp. 17, 29, 30. The stern discipline of warfare, waged through two whole generations, had inevita- bly borne its crop of vices and crimes ; but they had learned in it patience, self-control, firmness of purpose, contempt for self-indul- gence and luxury, devotion to duty, a love of justice, a hatred of oppression, confidence in the over-ruling providence of God. It had made them daring and expert sailors and val- iant soldiers, and inspired them with the love of adventure and indifference to danger. And so, while they pursued their own ends patiently, industriously, boldly, and often recklessly and unrighteously, doing many things which we would fain forget, yet God so governed and 19 guided them in the way of His Providence, that they guarded the lot of their inheritance with landmarks which we would never see removed. And the first and chief of these was that reverence for the home life, which character- izes the Teutonic races. The foundation of this is the sanctity, the inviolability, and the permanence of the marriage tie. If not a sacrament with them, it was sacramental. Husband and wife were one in the Lord, and that in no unreal or merely sentimental meaning. " For better for worse, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in health, till death us do part," was understood literally by them. No marriage, birth or death was recorded without an invocation of the Divine blessing. It was not unusual for husband and wife to make a joint will, in token of their per- fect union and mutual confidence. It secured a blessing on the survivor and their descend- ants We, whose privilege it has been to be reared among the older generation, can testify to their unaffected fondness for children, and 20 their solicitude about their careful training. Some of the tenderest recollections of child- hood are associated with the condescending kindness that qualified the awe inspired by their grave and dignified manners. One of the most striking facts in our city's history is the unequaled and enduring influ- ence of its founders and citizens over the Five Nations, the most warlike of the native tribes, who had never been subdued, and held an undisputed sway and dominion far and wide. Every other colony in America had suffered from Indian wars, but Albany. From the set- tlement of Rensselaerwyck to the Revolution, the friendly relations with the Mohawks and their allied tribes were never interrupted, and they stood unmoved a perpetual bulwark against the cruel incursions of the French and Indians of Canada. Hence we stand alone as a border- town that never had an enemy in arms within our defenses, although several well-planned attempts were made against us. This influ- ence could never have been gained over those acute savages without a rare combination of 21 justice and fair-dealing with the highest courage and self-possession. It was largely due to two men of Albany, who have left behind them the landmark of these qualities for our guidance. No man ever had a nobler testimony to his character and conduct than Arent Van Corlaer, Commissary of Rensselaerwyck, who gained such influence over the Mohawks by his just and wise treatment, that the only name which they ever after gave the governors of New York was " Corlaer." And " Quider," which they associated with it, was their testimony to the valor, justice and benevolence of Col. Pieter Schuyler, the first Mayor of this our city of Albany. Another landmark which they planted here was a noble patriotism, derived from their fatherland. It cost them many a pang to sunder the ties that bound them to the homes and graves of their fathers. Often their thoughts and longings would recross the ocean, and their children and children's children cher- ished and recalled their fond traditions of their "beloved Fatherland," as they loved to call it. 22 But that did not interfere with their loyalty to the land of their adoption, nor to the powers that ruled it. So well was this known, and so often had it been tested, that the magistrates and people of Albany were time after time left by their English rulers to spend their own blood and money in emergencies which threatened the very existence of the British rule in America. If they had given way, it is not extravagant to say that it could not have been restored without a vast expenditure of blood and treasure. Nor was it less so in the great struggle of the Revolution, when Albany became the base of resistance to the invasion from Canada under Burgoyne ; her sons, by their valor and exploits at Fort Ann and Fort Stanwix, checked the rapid advance of his columns, giving General Schuyler the needed time to reorganize his army for the decisive struggle at Stillwater ; and the men and women of Albany rivaled each other in their sacrifices to repel the invader, and, when he was captured, in their kindness and hospi- tality to their foes. 23 The United Provinces of the Netherlands formed the original model for the United States of America. The roots of the tallest trees lie out of sight, buried deepest in the ground. The fact that we do not see them does not diminish their value or their necessity. The obligation of the tree to them for its existence is not in the least impaired by their obscurity. So is it with the principles which form the roots of our civil and religious liberty. They were germinated in one of the smallest and most obscure of the nations of Europe, a mere dependency of the great monarchy of Charles V ; they were transplated here by the smallest colony that emigrated to our shores. But they took root and grew, and in a century and a half had produced so vigorous a tree in these United States, that their humble origin was forgotten under the vigor and vastness of their offspring, until brought to light again by Motley in his great histories. This was one of the landmarks which our fathers set, which we have received in trust, to keep it with 24 jealous and unceasing watchfulness, and to transmit it to our offspring. No one can truly keep this centenary who does not pay reverence to the care with which our fathers set up the great landmark of Religion and Learning. It is matter of his- tory that the common schools of Holland, sup- ported by a public tax, first suggested to John Robinson those of New England ; as he also learned there the custom of registering deeds and titles. No arrangement was made for set- tling the New Netherlands without careful provision for the instruction of the young, especially in the articles of the Christian Faith, and for the due and solemn worship of Almighty God. With the colonist came the schoolmaster ; and God has been confessed and honored here with public worship from the first settlement on our soil. The Calvinistic doc- trines decreed by the Synod of Dordrecht and enforced by the strong hand of the Stadtholder Maurice, never affected the frank cordiality of their nature, nor their hearty and thankful enjoyment of all the gifts of God in their time 25 and place. They held to the Apostles', Nicene and Athanasian creeds ; they professed high doctrine on the grace of the holy Sacraments ; they worshiped with a prescribed Liturgy ; they kept the ancient Christian fasts and festivals ; they maintained a doctrine of Apostolic Succession so uncompromising that for one hundred and fifty years they suf- fered no one to preach or administer the Sacraments who had not been ordained in Holland " with the laying on of the hands of the presbytery."^ A church was built and a learned and godly minister sent over from Holland, at the expense of the first Patroon. The first church built in New Amsterdam owed its existence to the example set at Fort Orange.^ Able and pious pastors left their charges in Holland to encounter the perils of the sea, and the dangers and privations of new colonies surrounded by cruel barbarians, that they might minister to their countrymen in the saving things of the Gospel of Christ. ' Rev. Dr. Rogers' Hist. Discourse, pp. g8-ioa ' Holland Docs, i, 299. 26 The proofs abound of their devotion, their fidelity, and their overflowing charity. The savage border-warfare with Canada brought into the hands of the Indians many hapless Frenchmen, whom they were wont to torture and slay with aggravating cruelties, as their manner was. Jesuit missionaries were the especial objects of their hatred and vengeance. Frequent rescues of these helpless sufferers from the hands of their captors, either by influence or by persuasion or by artifice, as the case might require, without consideration of nationality or difference in religious faith, fill many a pleasing page, and give a sweet and grateful flavor to the rude annals of the early days of our venerable town. Often the rescuers welcomed them to their homes, and concealed them at the risk of their own lives. Nothing is more moving as an illustration of the truest charity than the rescue and enter- tainment of Father Jogues by Dominie Mega- polensis, the first pastor of " the Colonie " and " Beverwyck." The missionary spirit animated them, and 27 the hapless " Wilden," slaves of ignorance, superstition, cruelty and lust, claimed their pity and evangelizing labors. They strove to master their rude and difficult languages in order that they might preach to them the unsearchable riches of Christ. Dominies Megapolensis and Dellius were especially for- ward in the conversion of the Mohawks; — a work in which Col. Pieter Schuyler and his family took an active and peculiar part. So early as 1628, Dominie Michaelius sketched a plan for the conversion of the Indians, which corresponds to that pursued by our own mis- sionaries at this day : "We must obtain the children, in order to place them under the instruction of some experienced and godly schoolmaster, where they may be instructed not only to speak, read and write in our language, but also especially in the fundamentals of our Christian religion, and where, besides, they will see nothing but good examples and virtuous lives ; but they must speak their native tongue sometimes among themselves in order not to forget it, as being evidently a principal means of spreading the knowledge of Religion through the whole nation. In the meantime it must not be forgotten to pray to the Lord, with ardent and continual prayers, for His blessing, who can make things which are unseen to be quickly and conveniently seen, who gives life to 28 the dead, calls as nothing that which is, and being rich in mercy has pity on whom He will ; as He has com- passionated our people to be His people, when we before were not pitied and were not His people ; and has washed us clean, sanctified us and justified us, when we were covered all over with all manner of corruption, calling us to the blessed knowledge of His Son, and from the power of darkness to His marvelous light. And this I regard so much the more necessary as the wrath and malediction of God, which have been found to rest upon this miserable people hitherto, are the more severe. May God have mercy on them finally, that the fullness of the heathen may be gradually accomplished, and the salvation of God may be here also seen among these wild and savage men." — Holland Docs, ii, 767, 768. Albany was the centre of the English mis- sions to the Indians. Church missionaries were sent to them carrying the Prayer-book trans- lated into the Mohawk tongue at the beginning of the last century by the devoted Freeman ; and they " were greatly affected by the Litany." Queen Anne testified her interest in them by gifts of service-books and sacramental plate, which still survive in this city and in the Mohawk settlements in Canada. Henry Bar- clay, rector of St. Peter's, took up the good work of his father in this field, and he had a congregation of "five hundred Indians, with 29 eighty regular communicants." When they came down from their castles and farms for the Easter celebration they gathered in the little chapel under the fort in State street in the early morning, and in their sonorous native tongue poured forth the Te Deum and the Benedictus, pronounced the creeds, responded in the Litany, and sang the Easter hymns, receiving with tears of penitence and solemn reverence the Blessed Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ. Such seem to me to be the chief land- marks which our fathers have set for us, and which, through the good providence of our God, stand for us to-day. We have received more to make us watchful than boastful, lest we dim the brightness of our inheritance. We have done worthy things in the past ; let us take heed that we do not mar them in the future. It was a citizen of Albany, Philip Schuyler, whose genius and enterprise origin- ated the great system of internal navigation which made our State the highway from the West to the Atlantic. It was another, Stephen 30 Van Rensselaer, who founded and endowed our first Polytechnic school. Another, Romeyn Beck, first opened the public mind to the vast stores of native minerals adapted to the useful arts ; aroused it to the proper treatment of the insane, and the education of mutes ; and is " known over the civilized world as the author and founder of Medical Juris- prudence, a science which he substantially created, ranking, wherever law and justice are administered, with Blackstone and Bacon, Grotius and D'Aguessau." ^ Another, Joseph Henry, first made the great discoveries in ' Discourse at Semi-Centennial of Albany Academy, by Hon. A. W. Bradford. LL. D. "In 1823, Dr. Beck published his work, entitled 'Elements of Medical Jurisprudence,' in two volumes, octavo, which, at the time, attracted great attention, and has since continued a standing work on the subject of which it treats. * * * Although deeply studied in Italy, France and Germany, this science had scarcely attracted any attention, either in this country or in England, previous to the pub- lication of the work of Dr. Beck. To him certainly is due the high credit, not merely of arousing public attention to an important and neglected subject, but also of presenting a work upon it which will probably never be entirely superseded. In foreign countries its merits have been duly appreciated and magnanimously acknowledged." " In his native language his work is as yet without a parallel." — [Dr. Frank H. Hamilton's Eulogium before the New York State Medical Society and Senate and Assembly, February, 1856. 31 electro-magnetism which Morse applied to teleg- raphy, and which will soon be utilized in motors. In the long list of the worthies of Albany there are none more illustrious than Beck and Henry ; whose rare ability, untiring industry, and profound learning were only equaled by their simplicity and purity of character, their unaffected modesty, and their disinterested devotion to the welfare of their fellow-men. Leaders in scientific research and discovery, they only claimed to be the inter- preters of the works of God ; holding their great gifts and acquirements as His trustees for the benefit of His creatures ; ever refer- ring all to Him as the one Source of light and blessing.^ May they rest in peace in His light whom they served ! As we retrace the landmarks which our fathers have set, we read this moral : " Through wisdom is a house builded, and by understand- ing it is established ; and by knowledge shall ' It is related of Henry that when entering on a crucial experi- ment he said to his assistant : " Take off your hat ; God is here, and I am about to put a question to Him," 32 the chambers be filled with all precious and pleasant riches." " Not by might, nor by power, but by My Spirit, saith the Lord of Hosts." And " let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter ; " " Remove not the ancient LANDMARK, WHICH THY FATHERS HAVE SET." OUR ANCIENT LANDMARKS. LElVly'lO