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 CICERO. 
 
 From a bronze medal struck by tbe town of Magnesia in Lydia. 
 
 Fbontispiecb 
 
SELECT ORATIONS 
 
 OF 
 
 MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO, 
 
 WITH 
 
 EXPIAMTORY NOTES, AND A SPECIAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 BY 
 
 ALBERT HARKNESS, LL. D. 
 
 PBOFESSOB IX BBOWX UXrVEBSlTY. 
 
 ADAPTED TO THE A TTTHOR'S REVISED STA1TDARD GRAMMAR. 
 
 NEW YOKK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO: 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, 
 
LIBRARY of 30N3RESS 
 Two Copies rtewjfvs>u 
 
 JUL 25 lyui) 
 
 q Coi»fijiiu ciiiry 
 kmss O^ AAC, Nw 
 
 COPY B. 
 
 E-iiii mil——— 
 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by 
 
 ALBERT HAEKNE88, 
 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1877, by 
 ALBERT HARKNESS, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by 
 
 ALBERT HARKNESS, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Copyright, 1905, by ALBERT HARKNESS. 
 W. P. II 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO THE REVISED EDITION 
 
 The first edition of this work was published with- 
 out a Vocabulary, as the editor deemed it desirable to 
 encourage the student to use a general dictionary. At 
 the request, however, of numerous teachers, a special 
 vocabulary is now added for the benefit of those who 
 take only a limited course of Latin study. 
 
 In this edition, as in the former, I have been greatly 
 aided by my friend, Mr. Edward H. Cutler, of the 
 Providence High School. 
 
 Brown University, July, 1877. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This edition of Cicero's Select Orations has been 
 prepared expressly for school use. The ten orations 
 which it contains are fine specimens of Roman elo- 
 quence in its various departments — forensic, senatorial, 
 and judicial. They are arranged in the order in which, 
 it is thought, they can be read to the best advantage. 
 
 The Notes to each oration are preceded by an in- 
 troduction and by an analysis of the argument. They 
 are arranged topically in such a manner as to keep the 
 general scope of thought as constantly as possible be- 
 fore the mind of the student. It is hoped that this 
 feature of the work will aid the instructor in his efforts 
 to interest his pupils, and to develop in them habits of 
 thought and of critical study. 
 
 It is the aim of the Notes to give the faithful stu- 
 dent the key to all really difficult passages, and, at the 
 same time, to furnish him such collateral information 
 upon Roman manners and customs, upon Roman his- 
 tory and life, as will enable him to understand, appre- 
 ciate, and enjoy these masterpieces of Roman oratory. 
 [n carrying out this purpose, however, care has been 
 taken not to interfere with that course of direct instruc- 
 tion and illustration which belongs exclusively to the 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 living teacher, but rather to prepare the way for it, and 
 to give efficiency to it. 
 
 In the preparation of the Notes, important aid has 
 been derived from the excellent editions of Cicero's 
 Orations by Halm, Klotz, Crusius, Long, and others. 
 
 The Text is the result of a careful collation of the 
 several editions most approved by European scholars. 
 It is based, however, chiefly upon the critical labors of 
 Halm and Klotz. 
 
 The' Illustrations, taken from Forsyth's "Life of 
 Cicero," will, it is hoped, be found both interesting and 
 instructive. 
 
 In this connection I am happy to acknowledge my 
 obligations to my esteemed friend, Mr. Edward H. Cut- 
 ler, the accomplished Principal of the Classical Depart- 
 ment of the Providence High-School. He has gener- 
 ously given me the benefit of his accurate scholar- 
 ship and large professional experience, by placing at 
 my disposal a valuable collection of notes, suggestions, 
 and other materials, which have been of great service 
 to me in the preparation of this work. 
 
 In conclusion, I desire to make my grateful ac- 
 knowledgments to the classical instructors throughout 
 the country who have received my previous works with 
 such marked favor, and have used them with such fidel- 
 ity and skill. To their hands this volume is now re- 
 spectfully committed. 
 
 A. Hakkness. 
 
 Brown University, July, 1873. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 FAGB 
 
 Table of Cicero's Life vi 
 
 ORATIONS. 
 
 In Catilinam I. 1 
 
 In Catilinam II 13 
 
 In Catilinam III 25 
 
 In Catilinam IV 37 
 
 Pro Archia Poeta 48 
 
 De Imperio Pompeii 60 
 
 Pro Marcello 84 
 
 Pro Ligario 94 
 
 Pro Rege Deiotaro 106 
 
 In Antonium Philippica I. 120 
 
 INTRODUCTIONS AND NOTJ2S. 
 
 To the First Oration against Catiline . . . . 137 
 " Second Oration against Catiline . . . .163 
 
 " Third Oration against Catiline 182 
 
 " Fourth Oration against Catiline .... 199 
 
 " Oration for the Poet Archias .... 214 
 
 " Oration for the Manilian Law 232 
 
 " Oration for Marcellus 262 
 
 " Oration for Ligaritts ....... 271 
 
 " Oration for King Deiotarus 282 
 
 " First Philippic 291 
 
 Dictionary . • -301 
 
TABLE OF CICERO'S LIFE. 
 
 Year of 
 
 Cicero's 
 
 age. 
 
 1-16 
 
 17-25 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 19 
 
 CICERO'S BOYHOOD : From the first to the six- 
 teenth year of his age ; from 106 to 91 B. C. 
 
 Cioeeo was born on the 3d of January, 106 B. C, 
 at Arpinum, in Latium. He was sent at an 
 early age to Eome to be educated. He studied 
 under the ablest teachers. 
 
 Birth of On. Pompey. 
 
 Victory of Marius over the Teutones, and of M. 
 Antonius, the orator, over the pirates. 
 
 The poet Archias, the instructor of Cicero, cams 
 to Rome. See Introduction, p. 214. 
 
 Victory of Marius and Catulus over the CimbrL 
 
 Birth of 0. Julius Caesar. 
 
 CICERO'S YOUTH: From the seventeenth to 
 the twenty-fifth year of his age ; 90 to 82 B. C. 
 
 Cicero devoted himself especially to the study of 
 elocution, rhetoric, philosophy, and law. He 
 was a diligent student of Greek literature, and 
 an attentive listener in the courts of justice 
 and in the Forum. 
 
 Cicero assumed the toga, and was placed under 
 the instruction of Q. Mucius Scaevola, the 
 augur. 
 
 Beginning of the Social "War. 
 
 Cicero served under Cn. Pompeius Strabo. 
 
 Cicero studied philosophy under Philo, from the 
 Academy of Athens. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 106-91 
 
 106 
 102 
 
 101 
 100 
 
 90-82 
 
 90 
 
 89 
 88 
 
 
TABLE OF CICEKO'S LIFE. 
 
 IX 
 
 B.C. 
 
 End of the Social War. Beginning of the Mith- 
 ridatic "War. Beginning of the Civil War be- 
 tween Marius and Sulla. 
 
 Death of Marius. Birth of Sallust, the historian. 
 
 Sulla made perpetual Dictator. 
 
 CICERO AT THE BAB : From the twenty-sixth 
 to the thirty-first year of his age; from 81 to 
 76 B. C. 
 
 Cicero's first appearance as an advocate. He de- 
 fended P. Quintius in the course of the year. 
 
 He distinguished himself by the defence of Sex. 
 Roscius. 
 
 He visited Athens, studied philosophy under An- 
 tiochus of Ascalon, elocution and rhetoric un- 
 der Demetrius, the Syrian. 
 
 Sulla resigned the dictatorship. 
 
 Cicero visited Asia Minor. At Ehodes he heard 
 Molo, the rhetorician, and Posidonius, the phi- 
 losopher. 
 
 He returned to Rome, married Terentia, and re- 
 sumed the practice of the law. 
 
 He defended Q. Roscius. 
 
 CICEBO'S POLITICAL CABEEB : From the 
 thirty-second to the forty-fourth year of his 
 age; from 75 to 63 B. C. 
 
 Cicero, Quaestor in Sicily. He distinguished him- 
 self by his fidelity and integrity. 
 
 He returned to Rome and resumed the practice 
 of his profession. 
 
 L. Lucullus took command against Mithridates. 
 
 Consulship of Cn. Pompey and M. Crassus. 
 
 Cicero distinguished himself in the prosecution 
 of Verves for extortion. 
 
 Birth of Virgil, the poet. 
 
 Cicero, Curule Aedile. 
 
TABLE OF CICERO'S LIFE. 
 
 Year of 
 C.'s age. 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 On. Pompey was appointed commander in the 
 war against the pirates. 
 
 Cicero, Praetor Urbanus. He delivered his Ora- 
 tion for the Manilian Law. See Introduction, 
 p. 232. 
 
 Cicero declined a provincial government. 
 
 Birth of Horace, the poet. 
 
 Cicero, consul, with C. Antonius as his colleague. 
 He delivered his four Orations against Cati- 
 line, suppressed the conspiracy, and was hailed 
 Father of his Country. See Introduction, p. 
 137. He opposed the Agrarian Law, and de- 
 fended L. Murena, the consul-elect. 
 
 Death of Mithridates. 
 
 CICERO AS EX-CONSTJL: From the forty-fifth 
 year of his age to his death in his sixty-fourth 
 year ; from 62 to 43 B. C. 
 
 Cicero delivered his Oration for the Poet Ar- 
 chias. See Introduction, p. 214. He also de- 
 fended P. Sulla, charged with complicity in 
 the conspiracy of Catiline. 
 
 Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, formed for mutual 
 support the coalition known as the first trium- 
 virate. 
 
 Consulship of Caesar and Bibulus. Cicero de- 
 fended L. Flaccus. 
 
 Birth of Livy, the historian. 
 
 Caesar went to Gaul with a commission as pro- 
 consul for five years. 
 
 Cicero was driven into exile under a bill pro- 
 posed by his personal foe, P. Clodius. He 
 went to Macedonia. 
 
 He was recalled from exile in August by a vote 
 of the people. 
 
 He defended P. Sestius and M. Gaelius. 
 
 Cicero wrote his Be Oratore, in three books. 
 
TABLE OF CICERO'S LIFE. xi 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Caesar's command in Gaul was extended for a 
 
 second period of five years. 
 Cicero wrote his De Republican in six books. 
 Cicero was elected augur. 
 Cicero defended Milo, charged with the murder 
 
 of P. Clodius, and wrote his De Zegibus, prob 
 
 ably during the year. 
 
 Cicero, Proconsul of Cilicia. He administered 
 the government well, and gained some glory in 
 the field. He was hailed Imperator. 
 
 Cicero returned to Rome on the 4th of January, 
 but did not enter the city, as he hoped to re- 
 ceive the honor of a triumph for his victories 
 in Cilicia. Civil war was already imminent. 
 Soon after, Caesar marched upon Rome, and 
 the senatorial party, panic-stricken, fled from 
 the city. At first, Cicero attempted to remain 
 neutral, but at length, in June, he joined Pom- 
 pey in Greece. 
 
 Caesar was made Dictator. 
 
 August 9th, Caesar defeated Pompey in the 
 memorable battle of Pharsalia. Soon after 
 this, Cicero, who had not been present in the 
 battle, returned to Italy. Pompey fled to 
 Egypt, where he was put to death. 
 
 Caesar engaged in the Alexandrine TVar. 
 
 Caesar having brought the Alexandrine War to 
 a close, returned to Italy, pardoned Cicero at 
 Brundisium, and allowed him to return to 
 Rome. 
 
 Caesar gained the victory of Thapsus, in Africa, 
 April 6th. 
 
 Cicero wrote his Brutus and his Orator. He 
 also delivered his Oration for Marcellus, and 
 his Oration for Ligarius. See Introductions, 
 pp. 262 and 271. 
 
 55 
 
 54 
 53 
 52 
 
 51 
 
 49 
 
 48 
 
 47 
 
 46 
 
xii TABLE OF CICERO'S LIFE. 
 
 Year of 
 C.'s age. 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 Caesar was made consul for ten years, dictator 
 and censor for life. 
 
 Cicero delivered his Oration for King Beiotarus. 
 See Introduction, p. 282. He also completed 
 several works, as Be Finibus, Be Consolatione, 
 Academicae Quaestiones, and probably the Tus- 
 culan Bisputations. 
 
 Caesar was assassinated on the 15th of March. 
 Cicero wrote several works, as Be Natura Beo- 
 rum, Be Officiis, Be Bivinatione, Be Senectute, 
 Be Amicitia. He delivered his First Philip- 
 pic against Antony on the 2d of September. 
 See Introduction, p. 291. He also wrote the 
 Second Philippic (never delivered), and de- 
 livered the Third and Fourth. 
 
 Cicero delivered the ten remaining Philippics. 
 
 Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian, formed the 
 second triumvirate. A general proscription fol- 
 lowed, and, on the 7th of December, Cicero 
 was put to death by order of Antony. 
 
 B.C. 
 45 
 
 44 
 
 43 
 
M. TULLII CICERONIS 
 
 L. CAT I L I NAM 
 
 OEATIO PEIMA, 
 
 HABITA IN SENATU. 
 
 L Qtjotjsqfe tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nos* 
 tra? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus eludet? Quem ad 
 finem sese effrenata jactabit audacia? Nihilne te noc- 
 turnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor 
 populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hie mu- 5 
 nitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque 
 moverunt? Patere tua consilia non sentis? Constrictam 
 omnium horum scientia teneri conjurationem tuam non 
 vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi 
 fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nos- 10 
 trum ignorare arbitraris ? 
 
 O tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intelligit, con- 
 sul videt : hie tamen vivit. Vivit ? Immo vero etiam 
 in senatum venit, fit publici consilii particeps, notat et 
 designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos 15 
 autem, viri fortes, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius 
 furorem ac tela vitemus. 
 
 Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jam pridem 
 oportebat, in te conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos 
 machinaris. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex 20 
 maximus, Ti. Gracchum, mediocriter labefactantem statum 
 
2 IN CATILINAM ORATIO PRIMA. 
 
 rei publicae, privatus interfecit ; Catilinam, orbem terrae 
 caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos oonsules per- 
 feremus ? Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Ser- 
 vilius Ahala Sp. Maelium, novis rebus studentem, manu 
 5 sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica 
 virtus, ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum 
 quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatus 
 consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave; non deest 
 rei publicae consilium neque auctoritas hujus ordinis : nos, 
 
 10 nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. 
 
 II. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul 
 videret ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet : nox nulla 
 intercessit; interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum 
 suspiciones 0. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, majoribus ; 
 
 15 occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili sena- 
 tus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permis- 
 sa res publica. Num unum diem postea L. Saturninum 
 tribunum plebis et G. Servilium praetorem mors ac rei pub- 
 licae poena remorata est? At vero nos vicesimum jam 
 
 20 diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. Habe- 
 mus enim hujus modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum 
 in tabulis, tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus 
 consulto confestim interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. 
 Vivis, et vivis non ad deponendam, sed ad confirmandam 
 
 25 audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me esse clementem, 
 cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum vi 
 deri, sed jam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. 
 
 Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etru- 
 riae faucibus collocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium nu- 
 
 30 merus ; eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque 
 hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus intesi 
 nam aliquam quotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. 
 Si te jam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici jussero, credo, 
 erit verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius a 
 
 35 me quam quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat. Verum 
 ego hoc, quod jam pride m factum esse oportuit, certa de 
 
IN CATILINAM 0RAT10 PRIMA. 3 
 
 causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Turn denique inter- 
 ficiere, cum jam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam 
 tui similis inveniri poterit, qui id non jure factum esse fa- 
 teatur. Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, 
 vives, sed vivos ita, ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis 5 
 oppressus, ne commovere te contra rem publicam possis. 
 Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut ad- 
 huc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient. 
 
 III. Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius ex- 
 spectes, si ne*que nox tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios 10 
 neque privata domus parietibus continere voces conjura- 
 tionis tuae potest? si illustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? 
 Muta jam istam mentem, mihi crede : obliviscere caedis 
 atque incendiorum. Teneris undique; luce sunt clariora 
 nobis tua consilia omnia, quae jam mecum licet reco- 15 
 gnoscas. Meministine me ante diem xn. Kalendas Novem- 
 bres dicere in senatu, fore in armis certo die, qui dies fu- 
 turus esset ante diem yi. Kalendas* Novembres, C. Man- 
 Hum, audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae? Num 
 me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, tam atrox tamque 20 
 incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis est admirandum, 
 dies ? Dixi ego idem in senatu, caedem te optimatium con- 
 tulisse in ante diem v. Kalendas Novembres, turn cum 
 multi principes civitatis Roma non tam sui conservandi 
 quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profuge- 25 
 runt. Num infitiari potes te illo die meis praesidiis, mea 
 diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem publicam 
 non potuisse, cum te discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui 
 remansissemus, caede contentum esse dicebas ? 
 
 Quid ? cum tu te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembri- 30 
 bus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres, sensis- 
 tine illam coloniam meo jussu meis praesidiis, custodiis 
 vigiliisque esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil 
 cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam 
 planeque sentiam. 35 
 
 IV. Recognosce mecum tandem noctem illam superi- 
 
4 IN CATILINAM ORATIO PRIMA. 
 
 orem : jam intelliges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem 
 quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te priore nocte 
 venisse inter falcarios — non agam obscure — in M. Laecae 
 domum; convenisse eodem complures ejusdem amentiae 
 5 scelerisque socios. Num negare audes ? Quid taces ? Con- 
 vincam, si negas ; video enim esse hie in senatu quosdam, 
 qui tecum una fuerunt. 
 
 O dii immortales ! ubinam gentium sumus ? quam rem 
 publicam habemus ? in qua urbe vivimus ? Hie, hie sunt in 
 
 10 nostro numero, patres conscripti, in hoc orbis terrae sanc- 
 tissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro omnium inter- 
 itu, qui de hujus urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio 
 cogitent. Hosce ego video et de re publica sententiam 
 rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce 
 
 15 vulnero. Fuisti igitur apud Laecam ilia nocte, Catilina ; 
 distribuisti partes Italiae ; statuisti quo quemque proficisci 
 placeret; delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos tecum 
 educeres ; discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia ; confirmasti 
 te ipsum jam esse exiturum ; dixisti paululum tibi esse 
 
 20 etiam nunc morae, quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt duo 
 equites Romani, qui te ista cura liberarent et sese ilia ipsa 
 nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo interfecturos esse 
 pollicerentur. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu vestrc 
 dimisso, comperi ; domum meam majoribus praesidiis mu- 
 
 25 nivi atque firmavi ; exclusi eos, quos tu ad me salutatum 
 mane miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos ego jam multis 
 ac sum mis viris ad me id temporis venturos praedixeram. 
 
 V. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti 
 egredere aliquando ex urbe ; patent portae : proficiscere, 
 
 30 Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra de- 
 siderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos ; si minus, quam 
 plurimos ; purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum 
 modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari 
 jam diutius non potes : non feram, non patiar, non sinam. 
 
 35 Magna diis immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi Jovi 
 Statori, antiquissimo custodi hujus urbis, gratia, quod hanc 
 
IN CATILINAH ORATIO PRIMA. 5 
 
 tarn taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei pubiicae 
 pestem toties jam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno 
 homine summa salus periclitanda rei pubiicae. Quam diu 
 mini, consuli designate, Catilina, insidiatus es, non publico 
 me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. Cum proxi- 5 
 mis comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo et compe- 
 titores tuos interficere voluisti, compressi conatus tuos ne- 
 farios amicorum praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice 
 concitato ; denique, quotiescumque me petisti, per me tibi 
 obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna 10 
 calamitate rei pubiicae esse conjunctam. Nunc jam aperte 
 rem publicam universam petis ; templa deorum immor- 
 talium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique 
 totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. 
 
 Quare quoniam id, quod est primum et quod hujus 15 
 imperii disciplinaeque majorum proprium est, facere non- 
 dum audeo, faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad 
 communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, resi- 
 debit in re publica reliqua conjuratorum manus : sin tu, 
 quod te jam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe 20 
 tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei pubiicae. 
 Quid est, Catilina ? Num dubitas id imperante me facere, 
 quod jam tua sponte faciebas ? Exire ex urbe jubet consul 
 hostem. Interrogas me: num in exsilium? Non jubeo, 
 sed, si me consulis, suadeo. 25 
 
 VI. Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te jam in hac urbe 
 deleetare possit, in qua nemo est extra istam conjurationem 
 perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo qui non 
 oderit? Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta 
 vitae tuae est ? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non 30 
 haeret in fama ? Quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a 
 manibus unquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore abfuit ? 
 Cui tu adolescentulo, quem corruptelarum illecebris irretis- 
 ses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem 
 praetulisti ? Quid vero ? Nuper, cum morte superioris 35 
 uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio 
 
6 IN CATIL1NAM ORATIO PRIMA. 
 
 incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti ? Quod ego prae- 
 termitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac civitate tanti 
 facinoris immanitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse 
 videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas 
 5 omnes impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties: ad ilia 
 venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, 
 non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed 
 ad summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam 
 salutemque pertinent. 
 
 10 Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli spiritus 
 esse jucundus, cum scias esse horum neminem qui nesciat, 
 te pridie Kalendas Januarias Lepido et Tullo consulibus 
 stetisse in comitio cum telo ? manum consulum et princi- 
 pum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse ? sceleri ac 
 
 15 furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed 
 fortunam populi Romani obstitisse ? Ac jam ilia omitto — 
 neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa 
 postea — quoties tu me designatum, quoties consulem 
 interficere voluisti ! Quot ego tuas petitiones ita conjectas, 
 
 20 ut vitari posse non viderentur, par-va quadam declinatione 
 et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi ! Nihil assequeris, neque tamen 
 conari ac velle desistis. Quoties tibi jam extorta est sica 
 ista de manibus ! quoties excidit aliquo casu et elapsa est ! 
 Quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit, 
 
 25 nescio, quod earn necesse putas esse in consulis corpore 
 defigere. 
 
 VII. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita ? Sic enim jam 
 tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, 
 sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paulo 
 
 30 ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia, tot ex 
 tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit ? Si hoc post hominum 
 memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, 
 cum sis gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis oppressus ? Quid, 
 quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt? Quod 
 
 35 omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti 
 fuerunt, simul atque assedisti, partem istam subselliorum 
 
IN CATILINAM ORATIO PRIMA. "Jf 
 
 nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo hoc 
 tibi ferendum putas ? Servi mehercule mei si me isto pacto 
 metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam 
 relinquendam putarem ; tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ? et, 
 si me meis civibus injuria suspectum tam graviter atque 5 
 offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis 
 oculis omnium conspici mallem: tu, cum conscientia 
 scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium justum et jam 
 diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum mentes sensusque vul- 
 neras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare ? Si te pa- 10 
 rentes timerent atque odissent tui nee eos ulla ratione 
 placare posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes : 
 nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, 
 odit ac metuit et jam diu nihil te judicat nisi de parricidio 
 suo cogitare : hujus tu neque auctoritatem verebere nee 15 
 judicium sequere nee vim pertimesces? Quae tecum, Cati- 
 lina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur : " Nullum 
 jam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagi- 
 tium sine te ; tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio 
 direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera ; tu non solum 20 
 ad negligendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad ever- 
 tendas perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora ilia, quam- 
 quam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potui, tuli : nunc vero 
 me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quidquid incre- 
 puerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium 25 
 iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. 
 Quam ob rem discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe ; si 
 est verus, ne opprimar; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando 
 timere desinam." 
 
 VIII. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne 30 
 impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? Quid, 
 quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti ? quod vitandae suspi- 
 cions causa ad M\ Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti ? 
 A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es atque ut 
 domi meae te asservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id 35 
 responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse iisdem parietibus 
 
8 IN CATILINAM ORATIO PRIMA. 
 
 tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, quod iisdem 
 moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem venisti. 
 A quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, M. 
 Metellum demigrasti, quern tu videlicet et ad custodiendum 
 5 diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad 
 vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe 
 videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse 
 jam dignum custodia judicarit ? 
 
 Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo 
 
 10 animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam, 
 multis suppliciis justis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitu- 
 dinique mandare ? " Refer " inquis " ad senatum ; " id 
 enim postulas,* et, si hie ordo sibi placere decreverit te ire 
 in exsilium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam, 
 
 15 id quod abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intel- 
 ligas, quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, 
 libera rem publicam metu, in exsilium, si hanc vocem ex- 
 spectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina ? Ecquid attendis, 
 ecquid animadvertis horum silentium ? Patiuntur, tacent. 
 
 20 Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum volunta- 
 tern tacitorum perspicis ? 
 
 At si hoc idem huic adolescenti optimo, P. Sestio, si 
 fortissimo viro M. Marcello dixissem, jam mihi consuli hoc 
 ipso in templo jure optimo senatus vim et manus intulisset. 
 
 25 De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant, cum pa- 
 tiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant ; neque hi solum, 
 quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed 
 etiam illi equites Romani, honestissimi atque optimi viri, 
 ceterique fortissimi cives, qui sfcant circum senatum, quorum 
 
 30 tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo 
 ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu 
 manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam ut te haec, 
 quae jam pridem vastare studes relinquentem usque ad 
 portas prosequantur. 
 
 85 IX. Quamquam quid loquor ? Te ut ulla res frangat ? 
 tu ut unquam te corrigas ? tu ut ullam fugam meditere ? tu 
 
IN CATILJNAM ORATIO PRIMA. 9 
 
 ut exsilium cogites ? Utinam tibi istam mentem dii immor- 
 tales duint ! etsi video, si inea voce perterritus ire in ex- 
 silium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, 
 si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum 
 tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, dum 5 
 modo ista sit privata calamitas et a rei publicae periculis 
 sejungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis commoveare, ut legum 
 poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae cedas, non 
 est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut 
 pudor uuquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio 10 
 a furore revocaverit. Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam dixi, 
 proficiscere, ac, si mini inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare 
 vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium : vix feram sermones 
 hominum, si id feceris, vix molem istius invidiae, si in ex- 
 silium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servire 15 
 meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna scele- 
 ratorum manu; confer te ad Manlium; concita perditos 
 cives ; secerne te a bonis ; infer patriae bellum ; exsulta 
 impio latrocinio, ut a me non ejectus ad alienos, sed invi- 
 tatus ad tuos esse videaris. 20 
 
 Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo jam sciam esse 
 praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur 
 armati ? cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem ? 
 a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis 
 omnibus perniciosam esse confido ac funestam futuram, cui 25 
 domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, 
 sciam esse praemissam ? Tu ut ilia diutius carere possis, 
 quam venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cujus 
 altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium 
 transtulisti ? 30 
 
 X. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista tua 
 cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi 
 haec res affert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup- 
 tatem. Ad banc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas 
 exercuit, fortuna servavit. Nunquam tu non modo otium, 35 
 sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. Nactus es 
 
10 IN CAT1LINAM ORATIO PRIMA. 
 
 ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam 
 spe derelictis conflatam improborum manum. 
 
 Hie tu qua laetitia perfruere ! quibus gaudiis exsultabis 1 
 quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tan to numero 
 5 tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquatn neque 
 videbis ! Ad hujus vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui 
 feruntur labores tui, jacere humi non solum ad obsidendum 
 stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non 
 solum insidiantem somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis 
 
 10 otiosorum. Habes, ubi ostentes illam tuam praeclaram 
 patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus 
 te brevi tempore confectum sen ties. Tan turn profeci turn, 
 cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius tentare quam 
 consul vexare rem publicam posses, atque ut id, quod est 
 
 15 abs te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum 
 nominaretur. 
 
 XI. Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope 
 justam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, 
 quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris 
 
 20 mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mini 
 vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res 
 publica sic loquatur : " M. Tulli, quid agis ? Tune eum, 
 quern esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum 
 vides, quem exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium 
 
 25 sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem con jura tionis, evocato- 
 rem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te 
 non emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur ? 
 Nonne hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non sum- 
 mo supplicio mactari imperabis ? Quid tandem te impedit ? 
 
 30 Mosne majorum ? At persaepe etiam privati in hac re 
 publica perniciosos cives morte multarunt. An leges, quae 
 de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At nun- 
 quam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium jura 
 tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? Praeclaram 
 
 35 vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, hominem per 
 te cognitum, nulla commendatione majorum tarn mature ad 
 
IN CATILINAM ORATIO PRIMA. 11 
 
 summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si 
 propter invidiam aut alicujus periculi metum salutem 
 civium tuorum negligis. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, 
 num est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia 
 quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda ? An cum 5 
 bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, 
 turn te non existitnas invidiae incendio conflagraturum ? " 
 
 XII. His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum 
 hominum, qui hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca responde- 
 bo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu judicarem, patres conscripti, 10 
 Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram horae gladiatori isti 
 ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si sum mi viri et cla- 
 rissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum 
 complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed 
 etiam honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid 15 
 hoc parricida civium interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem 
 redundaret. Quod si ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen 
 hoc animo semper fui, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, 
 non invidiam putarem. 
 
 Quamquam nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae 20 
 imminent non videant, aut ea quae vident dissimulent: 
 qui spem Catilinae mollibus sententiis aluerunt conjura- 
 tionemque nascentem non credendo corroboraverunt ; quo- 
 rum auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi, verum 
 etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et 25 
 regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc intelligo, si iste, quo 
 intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tarn 
 stultum fore qui non videat conjurationem esse factam, 
 neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno 
 interfecto, intelligo hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper 30 
 reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quod si se 
 ejecerit secumque suos eduxerit et eodem ceteros undique 
 collectos naufragos aggregaverit, exstinguetur atque de- 
 lebitur non modo haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum 
 etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium. 36 
 
 XIII, Etenim jam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis 
 
12 IN CATILINAM ORATIO PRIMA. 
 
 conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto 
 omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in 
 nostri consulatus tempus erupit. Quod si ex tanto latro- 
 cinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam 
 5 tempus cura et metu esse relevati, periculum autem resi- 
 debit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in visceribus 
 rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum 
 aestu febrique jactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo 
 relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque 
 
 10 afflictantur, sic hie morbus, qui est in re publica, relevatus 
 istius poena, vehementius vivis reliquis ingravescet. 
 
 Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, unum in 
 locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe jam dixi, 
 discernantur a nobis; desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, 
 
 15 circumstare tribunal praetoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis 
 curiam, malleolos et faces ad inflammandam urbem com- 
 parare : sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius cujusque. 
 quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, patres con- 
 script!, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam 
 
 20 in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtu- 
 tem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae 
 profectione omnia patefacta, illustrata, oppressa, vindicata 
 esse videatis. 
 
 Hisce ommibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae salute, 
 
 25 cum tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum 
 omni scelere parricidioque junxerunt, proficiscere ad impi- 
 um bellum ac nefarium. Turn tu, Juppiter, qui iisdem qui- 
 bus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es constitutus, quem 
 Statorem hujus urbis atque imperii vere nominamus, hunc 
 
 SO et hujus socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis 
 ac moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium arcebis, et homines | 
 bonorum inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum 
 foedere inter se ac nefaria societate conjunctos, aeternis 
 suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. 
 
M. TULLII CICERONIS 
 
 IN 
 
 L. CATILINAM 
 
 OEATIO SECUNDA, 
 
 AD QUIRITES. 
 
 I. Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam, furentem 
 audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molien- 
 tem, vobis atque liuic urbi ferro flamraaque minitantem, ex 
 urbe vel ejecimus vel eraisimus vel ipsum egredientem ver- 
 bis prosecuti sumus. Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla 5 
 jam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis 
 intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unura 
 hujus belli domestici ducem sine controversia vicimus. 
 Non enim jam inter latera nostra sica ilia versabitur ; non 
 in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique intra do- 10 
 mesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco ille motus est, 
 cum ex urbe est expulsus. Palam jam cum hoste nullo 
 impediente bellum geremus. Sine dubio perdidimus homi- 
 nem magnificeque vicimus, cum ilium ex occultis in- 
 sidiis in apertum latrocinium conjecimus. Quod vero non 15 
 cruentum mucronem, ut voluit, extulit, quod vivis nobis 
 egressus est, quod ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod 
 nncolumes cives, quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto tan- 
 dem ilium maerore esse afflictum et profligatum putatis ? 
 ! Jacet ille nunc prostratusque est, et se perculsum atque 20 
 abjectum esse sentit, et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad 
 
 
14 IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 
 
 hanc urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget : quae 
 quidem laetari mihi videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit 
 forasque projecerit. 
 
 II. Ac si quis est talis, quales omnes esse oportebat, 
 5 qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me x 
 yehementer accuset, quod tarn capitalem hostem non com= 
 prehenderim potius quam emiserim, non est ista mea culpa, 
 sed temporura. Iuterfectum esse L. Catilinam et gravissimo 
 supplicio affectum jam pridem oportebat, idque a me et 
 
 10 mos majorum et hujus imperii severitas et res publica 
 postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse putatis, qui quae ego 
 deferrem non crederent, quam multos, qui etiam defende- 
 rent ? Ac si> illo sublato depelli a vobis omne periculum 
 judicarem, jam pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae 
 
 15 meae, verum etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. Sed cum 
 viderem, ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam turn probata, 
 si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, fore ut ejus 
 socios invidia oppressus persequi non possem, rem hue 
 deduxi, ut turn palam pugnare possetis, cum hostem aperte 
 
 20 videretis. 
 
 Quern quidem ego hostem, Quirites, quam vehementer 
 foris esse timendum putem, licet hinc intelligatis, quod 
 etiam moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. 
 Utinam ille omnes secum copias suas eduxisset! Ton- 
 
 25 gilium mihi eduxit, quern amare in praetexta coeperat, 
 Publicium et Munatium, quorum aes alienum contractum in 
 popina nullum rei publicae motum afferre poterat : reliquit 
 quos viros ! quanto aere alieno, quam valentes, quam no- 
 biles ! 
 
 30 III. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanis legioni- 
 bus et hoc delectu, quern in agro Piceno et Gallico Q. 
 Metellus habuit, et his copiis, quae a nobis quotidie com- 
 parantur, magno opere contemno, collectum ex senibus de- 
 speratis, ex agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex iis, 
 
 35 qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum maluerunt : 
 •« quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitus nostri, verum etiam 
 
IN CATILIXAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 15 
 
 si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. Hos, quos video 
 volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiaui in senatum 
 venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpura, mallera 
 secum suos milites eduxisset: qui si hie permanent, me- 
 mentote non tarn exercitum ilium esse nobis quam hos, qui 5 
 exercitum deseruerimt, pertimescendos. Atque hoc etiam 
 sunt timendi magis, quod quid cogitent me scire sentiunt, 
 neque tamen permoventur. Video, cui sit Apulia attributa, 
 quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, 
 quis sibi has urbanas insidias caedis atque incendiorum 10 
 depoposcerit. Omnia superioris noctis coDsilia ad me 
 delata esse sentiunt ; patefeci in senatu hesterno die ; Cati- 
 lina ipse pertimuit, profugit. Hi quid exspectant ? Ne illi 
 vehementer errant, si illam meam pristinam lenitatem per- 
 petuam sperant futuram. 15 
 
 IV. Quod exspectavi, jam sum assecutus, ut vos omnes 
 factam esse aperte conjurationem contra rem publicam 
 videretis : nisi vero si quis est, qui Catilinae similes cum 
 Catilina sentire non putet. Non est jam lenitati locus ; 
 severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc concedam : 9,0 
 exeant, proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam 
 miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia via pro- 
 fectus est ; si accelerare volent, ad vesperam consequentur. 
 O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem hanc sentinam ur- 
 bis ejecerit ! Uno mehercule Catilina exhausto, relevata 25 
 mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut 
 sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest, quod non ille conceperit ? 
 Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis 
 sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum subjector, quis 
 circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae 30 
 mulier infamis, quis corruptor juventutis, quis corruptus, 
 quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum Catilina non fa- 
 miliarissime vixisse fateatur ? Quae caedes per hosce annos 
 sine illo facta est, quod nefarium stuprum non per ilium ? 
 Jam vero quae tanta unquam in ullo homine juventutis 35 
 illecebra fuit, quanta in illo ? qui alios amabat ipse tur- 
 
16 IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 
 
 pissime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat, aliis fruc- 
 tum libidinum, aliis mortem parentum non modo impellen- 
 do, verum etiam adjuvando pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam 
 subito. non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem 
 5 numerum perditorum hominum collegerat ! Nemo non 
 modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae 
 oppressus aere alieno fuit, quern non ad hoc incredibile 
 sceleris foedus adsciverit. 
 
 V. Atque ut ejus diversa studia in dissimili ratione 
 
 10 perspicere possitis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo ad 
 facinus audacior, qui se non intimum Catilinae, nemo in 
 scaena levior et nequior, qui se non ejusdem prope sodalem 
 fuisse commemoret. Atque idem tamen, stuprorum et 
 scelerum exercitatione assuefactus frigore et fame ac siti et 
 
 15 vigiliis perferendis, fortis ab istis praedicabatur, cum in- 
 dustriae subsidia atque instrumenta virtutis in libidine au- 
 daciaque consumer entur. 
 
 Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe exi- 
 erint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, o nos beatos, 
 
 20 o rem publicam fortunatam, o praeclaram laudem consula- 
 tus mei ! Non enim jam sunt mediocres hominum libidines, 
 non bumanae ac tolerandae audaciae ; nihil cogitant nisi 
 caedes, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. Patrimonia sua pro- 
 fuderunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt, res eos jam pridem, 
 
 25 fides nuper deficere coepit : eadem tamen ilia, quae erat in 
 abundantia, libido manet. Quod si in vino et alea comis- 
 sationes solum et scorta quaererent, essent illi quidem 
 desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi. Hoc vero quis ferre 
 possit, inertes homines fortissimis viris insidiari, stultissimos 
 
 30 prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientes vigilantibus ? 
 qui accubantes in conviviis, complexi mulieres impudicas, 
 vino languidi, conferti cibo, sertis redimiti, unguentis obliti, 
 debilitati stupris, eructant sermonibus suis caedem bono- 
 rum atque urbis incendia. 
 
 35 Quibus ego confido impendere latum aliquod, et poenam 
 jam diu improbitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini debitam aut 
 
IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 1? 
 
 instare jam plane aut certe appropinquare. Quos si meus 
 consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, non breve 
 nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula propagarit rei pub- 
 licae. Nulla est enim natio, quani pertimescamus, nullus 
 rex, qui bellum populo Romano facere possit ; omnia sunt 5 
 externa unius virtute terra marique pacata: domesticum 
 bellum manet, intus insidiae sunt, intus inclusum periculum 
 est, intus est hostis : cum luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum 
 scelere certandum est. Huic ego me bello ducem profiteor, 
 Quirites ; suscipio inimicitias hominum perditorum. Quae 10 
 sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione sanabo ; quae resecanda 
 erunt, non patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Proinde 
 aut exeant aut quiescant aut, si et in urbe et in eadem 
 mente permanent, ea quae merentur exspectent. 
 
 VI. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in exsilium 15 
 ejectum esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo assequi possem, 
 istos ipsos ejicerem, qui haec loquuntur. Homo enim vi- 
 delicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem consulis ferre 
 non potuit ; simul atque ire in exsilium jussus est, paruit 
 atque ivit. 20 
 
 Hesterno die, cum domi meae paene interfectus essem, 
 
 senatum in aedem Jovis Statoris vocavi, rem omnem ad 
 
 patres conscriptos detuli : quo cum Catilina venisset, quis 
 
 eum senator appellavit ? quis salutavit ? quis denique ita 
 
 aspexit ut perditum civem, ac non potius ut importunissi- 25 
 
 • mum hostem ? Quin etiam principes ejus ordinis partem 
 
 illam subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, nudam atque 
 
 inanem reliquerunt. Hie ego vehemens ille consul, qui 
 
 1 verbo cives in exsilium ejicio, quaesivi a Catilina, in noc- 
 
 ; turno conventu apud M. Laecam fuisset necne. Cum ille, 30 
 
 , homo audacissimus, conscientia convictus primo reticuisset, 
 
 patefeci cetera : quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam 
 
 constituisset, quern ad modum esset ei ratio totius belli de- 
 
 scripta, edocui. Cum haesitaret, cum teneretur, quaesivi, 
 
 quid dubitaret proficisci eo, quo jam pridem pararet, cum 35 
 
 ' arma, cum secures, cum fasces, cum tubas, cum signa 
 
18 IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 
 
 militaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam, cui ille etiam sa- 
 crarium domi suae fecerat, scirem esse praemissam. In 
 exsilium ejiciebam, quern jam ingressum esse in bellum vi- 
 debam? Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro 
 5 Faesulano castra posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine 
 indixit, et ilia castra nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant, 
 et ille ejectus in exsilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in 
 haec castra conferet. 
 
 VII. O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae, 
 
 10 verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! Nunc si L. Cati- 
 lina consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis circumclusus ac de- 
 bilitatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam mutaverit, de- 
 seruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi abjecerit, ex hoc 
 cursu sceleris et belli iter ad fugam atque in exsilium con- 
 
 15 verterit, non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non ob- 
 stupefactus ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe cona- 
 tuque depulsus, sed indemnatus innocens in exsilium ejec- 
 tus a consule vi et minis dicetur ; et erunt qui ilium, si hoc 
 fecerit, non improbum, sed miserum, me non diligentissimum 
 
 20 consulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannum existimari velint. 
 Est mihi tanti, Quirites, hujus invidiae falsae atque iniquae 
 tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis hujus horribilis belli 
 ac nefarii periculum depellatur. Dicatur sane ejectus esse 
 a me, dum modo eat in exsilium : sed, mihi credite, non est 
 
 25 iturus. Nunquam ego a diis immortalibus optabo, Quirites, 
 invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. Catilinam ducere exer- 
 citum hostium atque in armis volitare audiatis, sed triduo 
 tamen audietis ; multoque magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit 
 invidiosum aliquando, quod ilium emiserim potius quam 
 
 BO quod ejecerim. Sed cum sint homines, qui ilium, cum 
 profectus sit, ejectum esse dicant, iidem. si interfectus 
 esset, quid dicerent? 
 
 Quamquam isti, qui Catilinam Massiliam ire dictitant, 
 non tam hoc queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est istorum 
 
 35 tam misericors, qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massili- 
 enses ire malit. Ille autem, si mehercule hoc quod agit 
 
IX CATILIXAU ORATIO SECUNDA. 19 
 
 nunquam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici 
 mallet quam exsulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum.ei nihil 
 adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem cogitationemque accident, 
 nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus est, optemus potius ut 
 eat in exsilium quam queramur. 5 
 
 VIII. Sed cur tain diu de uno hoste loquimur, et de eo 
 hoste, qui jam fatetur se esse hostem, et quern, quia, quod 
 semper volui, murus interest, non timeo : de his, qui dis- 
 simulant, qui Romae remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, nihil 
 dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri possit, non 10 
 tarn ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei pub- 
 licae ; neque id quare fieri non possit, si me audire volent, 
 intelligo. Exponam enim vobis, Quhites, ex quibus ge- 
 neribus hominum istae copiae comparentur ; deinde singulis 
 medicinam consilii atque orationis meae, si quam potero, 15 
 afferam. 
 
 Unum genus est eorum, qui magno in aere alieno ma- 
 jores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore adducti 
 dissolvi nullo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est 
 honestissima — sunt enim locupletes — voluntas vero et 2C 
 causa impudentissima. Tu agris, tu aedificiis, tu argento, 
 tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et 
 dubites de possession e detrahere, acquirere ad fidem ? 
 Quid enim exspectas ? Bellum ? Quid ergo, in vastatione 
 omnium tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas ? An 2£ 
 tabulas novas ? Errant qui istas a Catilina exspectant : 
 meo beneficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctiona- 
 riae ; neque enim isti, qui possessiones habent, alia ratione 
 ulla salvi esse possunt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent 
 neque, id quod stultissimum est, certare cum usuris fructi- 30 
 bus praediorum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus 
 uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescen- 
 dos, quod aut deduci de sententia possunt aut, si permane- 
 bunt, magis mihi videntur vota facturi contra rem publicam 
 quam arm a laturi. • 35 
 
 IX. Alterum genus est eorum, qui, quamquam pre- 
 
20 IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 
 
 muntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rcrum 
 potiri volunt, honores, quos quieta re publica desperant, 
 perturbata consequi se posse arbitrantur. Quibus hoc 
 praecipiendum videtur, unum scilicet et idem quod reliquis 
 f- omnibus, ut desperent se id quod conantur consequi posse : 
 prirnum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, providere rei 
 publicae ; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis viris, magnam 
 concordiam in maxima multitudine, magnas praeterea co- 
 pias militum ; deos denique immortales huic invicto populo, 
 
 10 clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi contra tantam vim 
 sceleris praesentes auxilium esse laturos. Quod si jam sint 
 id, quod summo furore cupiunt, adepti, num illi in cinere 
 urbis et in sanguine civium, quae mente scelerata ac nefaria 
 concupiverunt, se consules aut dictatores aut etiam reges 
 
 15 sperant futuros? Non vident id se cupere, quod si adepti 
 sint, fugitivo alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit necesse. 
 
 Tertium genus est aetate jam affectum, sed tamen exer- 
 citatione robustum, quo ex genere est ipse Manlius, cui 
 nunc Catilina succedit. Sunt homines ex iis coloniis, quas 
 
 20 Sulla constituit : quas ego universas civium esse optimorum 
 et fortissimorum virorum sentio, sed tamen ii sunt coloni, 
 qui se in insperatis ac repentinis pecuniis sumptuosius in- 
 solentiusque jactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam beati, 
 dum praediis, lecticis, familiis magnis, conviviis apparatis 
 
 25 delectantur, in tantum aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si salvi 
 esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus : qui etiam 
 nonnullos agrestes homines tenues atque egentes in eandem 
 illam spem rapinarum veterum impulerunt. Quos ego, 
 Quirites, in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque 
 
 $0 pono, sed eos hoc moneo : desinant furere et proscriptiones 
 et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim illorum temporum 
 dolor inustus est civitati, ut jam ista non modo homines, 
 sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse videantur. 
 
 X. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et turbu- 
 
 36 lentum ; qui jam pridem premuntur, qui nunquam emergunt ; 
 qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo negotio, partim 
 
IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 21 
 
 etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant ; qui vadi- 
 moniis, judiciis, proscriptionibus bonorum defatigati, per- 
 multi et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia castra conferee di- 
 cuntur. Hosce ego non tarn milites acres quam infitiatores 
 lentos esse arbitror. Qui homines quam primum, si stare 5 
 non possunt, corruant, sed ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne 
 vicini quidem proximi sentiant. Nam illud non intelligo, 
 quam ob rem, si vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter 
 relint, aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, quam 
 si soli pereant, arbitrentur. 10 
 
 Quintum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, denique 
 omnium facinorosorum : quos ego a Catilina non revoco ; 
 nam neque divelli ab eo possunt et pereant sane in latro- 
 cinio, quoniam sunt ita multi, ut eos career capere non 
 possit. 15 
 
 Postremum autem genus est, non solum numero, verum 
 etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod proprium Catilinae est, 
 de ejus delectu, immo vero de complexu ejus ac sinu, quos 
 pexo capillo, nitidos, aut imberbes aut bene barbatos 
 videtis, manicatis et talaribus tunicis, velis amictos, non 20 
 togis ; quorum omnis industria vitae et vigilandi labor in 
 antelucanis cenis expromitur. In his gregibus omnes alea- 
 tores, omnes adulteri, omnes impuri impudicique versantur. 
 Hi pueri tarn lepidi ac delicati non solum amare et amari, 
 neque cantare et saltare, sed etiam sicas vibrare et spar- 25 
 gere venena didicerunt: qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, 
 etiam si Catilina perierit, scitote hoc in re publica semina- 
 rium Catilinarum futurum. Verum tamen quid sibi isti 
 miseri volunt ? Num suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra 
 ducturi? Quem ad modum autem illis carere poterunt, his 30 
 praesertim jam noctibus ? Quo autem pacto illi Appenni- 
 num atque illas pruinas ac nives perferent ? nisi idcirco se 
 facilius hiemem toleraturos putant, quod nudi in conviviis 
 saltare didicerunt. 
 
 XI. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum 35 
 hanc sit habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem praetoriam ! 
 
22 IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 
 
 Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tam praeclaras Catilinae 
 copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus : et primum 
 gladiatori illi confecto et saucio consules imperatoresque 
 vestros opponite ; deinde contra illam naufragorum ejectam 
 5 ac debilitatam manum florem totius Italiae ac robur educite. 
 Jam vero urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum respondebunt 
 Catilinae tumulis silvestribus. Neque ego ceteras copias, 
 ornamenta, praesidia vestra cum illius latronis inopia atque 
 egestate conferre debeo. Sed si, omissis his rebus, quibus 
 
 10 nos suppeditamur, eget ille, senatu, equitibus Romanis, 
 urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cuncta Italia, provinciis omni- 
 bus, exteris nationibus ; si, his rebus omissis, causas ipsas, 
 quae inter se confligunt, contendere velimus, ex eo ipso, 
 quam valde illi jaceant, intelligere possumus. Ex hac 
 
 15 enim parte pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia ; hinc pudicitia, 
 illinc stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio; hinc pietas, 
 illinc scelus ; hinc constantia, illinc furor ; hinc honestas, 
 illinc turpitudo ; hinc continentia, illinc libido ; denique 
 aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, virtutes omnes 
 
 20 certant cum iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum 
 vitiis omnibus ; postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio 
 cum perdita, mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes 
 cum omnium rerum desperatione confligit. In ejus modi 
 certamine ac proelio nonne, etiam si hominum studia de- 
 
 25 ficiant, dii ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis 
 virtutibus tot et tanta vitia superari ? 
 
 XII. Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quem ad mo- 
 dum jam antea dixi, vestra tecta vigiliis custodiisque de- 
 fendite : mihi, ut urbi sine vestro motu ac sine ullo tu- 
 
 30 multu satis esset praesidii, consultum atque provisum est. 
 Coloni omnes municipesque vestri, certiores a me facti de 
 hac nocturna excursione Catilinae, facile urbes suas fines- 
 que defendent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certis- 
 simam fore putavit, quamquam animo meliore sunt quam 
 
 35 pars patriciorum, potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. 
 Q. Metellus, quem ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum 
 
IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 23 
 
 Piccnuraque praemisi, aut opprimet hominem aut omnes 
 ejus motus conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autem de 
 rebus constituendis, maturandis, agendis jam ad senatum 
 referemus, quern vocari videtis. 
 
 Nunc illos, qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui 5 
 contra urbis salutem omniumque nostrum in urbe a Catilina 
 relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia sunt cives, 
 monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas adhuc si cui 
 solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id quod latebat 
 erumperet. Quod reliquum est, jam non possum oblivisci, 10 
 meam hanc esse patriam, me horum esse consulem, mihi 
 aut cum his vivendum aut pro his esse moriendum. Nullus 
 est portis custos, nullus insidiator viae ; si qui exire volunt, 
 conivere possum : qui vero se in urbe commoverit, cujus 
 ego non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve 15 
 contra patriam deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse con- 
 sules vigilantes, esse magistratus egregios, esse forte m 
 senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, quem vindicem nefari- 
 orum ac manifestorum scelerum majores nostri esse volu- 
 erunt. 20 
 
 XIII. Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut maxi- 
 mae res minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tumultu, bel- 
 lum intestinum ac domesticum post hominum memoriam 
 crudelissimum et maximum me uno togato duce et impe- 
 ratore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si 25 
 ullo modo fieri poterit, ne improbus quidem quisquam in 
 hac urbe poenam sui sceleris sufferat. Sed si vis manifes- 
 tae audaciae, si impendens patriae periculum me necessa- 
 rio de hac animi lenitate deduxerit, illud profecto perficiam, 
 quod in tanto et tarn insidioso bello vix optandum videtur, 30 
 ut neque bonus quisquam intereat paucorumque poena vos 
 jam omnes salvi esse possitis. 
 
 Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque humanis 
 consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, Quirites, sed multis et non 
 dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus ego 35 
 ducibus in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus ; qui jam 
 
24 IN CATILINAM ORATIO SECUNDA. 
 
 non procul, ut quondam solebant, ab externo hoste atque 
 longinquo, sed hie praesentes suo numine atque auxilio sua 
 tenipla atque urbis tecta defendent. Quos vos, Quirites, 
 precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem pul- 
 5 cherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, hanc, omnibus 
 hostium copiis terra marique superatis, a perditissimorum 
 civium nefario scelere defendant. 
 
M. TULLII CICERONIS 
 
 IN 
 
 L. CAT I L I IAM 
 
 ORATIO TEETIA, 
 
 AD QUIRITES. 
 
 I. Rem publicam, Quirites, vitamque omnium vestrum, 
 bona, fortunas, conjuges liberosque vestros atque hoc domi- 
 ciliuin clarissimi imperii, fortunatissimam pulcherrimamque 
 urbem, hodierno die deorum immortalium summo erga vos 
 amore, laborious, consiliis, periculis meis e flamma atque 5 
 ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis conserva- 
 tam ac restitutam videtis. Et, si non minus nobis jucundi 
 atque illustres sunt ii dies, quibus conservamur, quam illi, 
 quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa laetitia est, nascendi 
 incerta condicio, et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum volup- 10 
 tate servamur, profecto, quoniam ilium, qui hanc urbem 
 condidit, ad deos immortales benevolentia famaque sustuli- 
 mus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit 
 is, qui eandem banc urbem conditam amplificatamque ser- 
 vavit. Nam toti urbi, templis, delubris, tectis ac moenibus 15 
 subjectos prope jam ignes circumdatosque restinximus, 
 iidemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos rettudimus mu- 
 cronesque eorum a jugulis vestris dejecimus. Quae quo- 
 niam in senatu illustrata, patefacta, comperta sunt per me, 
 vobis jam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut et quanta et quam 20 
 manifesta, et qua ratione investigata et comprehensa sint, 
 Vos, qui ignoratis et exspectatis, scire possitis. 
 
26 IN CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. 
 
 Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, 
 
 cum sceleris sui socios, hujusce nefarii belli acerrimos 
 
 duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et providi, Qui- 
 
 rites, quern ad modum in tantis et tam absconditis insidiis 
 
 5 salvi esse possemus. 
 
 II. Nam turn, cum ex urbe Catilinam ejiciebam — non 
 enim ja*n vereor hujus verbi invidiam, cum ilia magis sit 
 timenda, quod vivus exierit — sed turn, cum ilium exter- 
 minari volebam, aut reliquam conjuratorum manum simul 
 
 10 exituram aut eos, qui restitissent, iirfirmos sine illo ac 
 debiles fore putabam. Atque ego, ut vidi, quos maximo 
 furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam, eos nobiscum 
 esse et Romae remansisse, in ec omnes dies noctesque con- 
 sumpsi, ut, quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem ac vide- 
 
 15 rem, ut, quoniam auribus vestris propter incredibilem mag- 
 nitudinem sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, rem 
 ita eomprehenderem, ut turn demum animis saluti vestrae 
 provideretis, cum oculis maleficium ipsum videretis. 
 Itaque ut comperi legatos Allobrogum belli transalpini et 
 
 20 tumultus Gallici excitandi causa a P. Lentulo esse sollici- 
 tatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos cives eodemque itinere 
 cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam esse missos, comi- 
 temque iis adjunctum esse T. Volturcium atque huic ad 
 Catilinam esse datas litteras, facultatem mihi oblatam pu- 
 
 25 tavi, ut, quod erat difficillimum quodque ego semper opta- 
 bam ab diis immortalibus, tota res non solum a me, sed 
 etiam a senatu et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. 
 
 Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum prae- 
 tores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rei publicae viros, ad 
 
 30 me vocavi, rem exposui, quid fieri placeret ostendi. Illi 
 autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia 
 sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora negotium 
 susceperunt et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem 
 Mulvium pervenerunt atque ibi in proximis villis ita bipar- 
 
 35 tito fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem 
 autcm et ipsi sine cujusquam suspicione multos fortes viros 
 
IN CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. 27 
 
 eduxerant, et ego ex praefectura Reatina complures de- 
 lectos adolescentes, quorum opera utor assidue in rei publi- 
 cae praesidio, cum gladiis miseram. Interim tertia fere 
 vigilia exacta, cum jam pontem magno comitatu legati 
 Allobrogum ingredi inciperent unaque Volturcius, fit in eos 5 
 impetus ; educuntur et ab illis gladii et a nostris. Res 
 praetoribus erat nota solis, ignorabatur a ceteris. 
 
 III. Turn interventu Pomptini atque Flacci pugna, quae 
 erat commissa, sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in eo 
 comitatu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur ; ipsi com- 10 
 prehensi ad me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur. At- 
 que horum omnium scelerum improbissimum machinatorem 
 Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me, nibildum suspicantem, 
 vocavi ; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius et post eum 
 C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo quod 15 
 in litteris dandis praeter consuetudinem proxima nocte 
 vigilarat. Cum summis et clarissimis hujus civitatis viris, 
 qui audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant, litteras 
 
 a me prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferri placeret, ne, si 
 nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus injectus 20 
 civitati videretur, negavi me esse facturum ut de periculo 
 publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram deferrem. 
 Etenim, Quirites, si ea, quae erant ad me delata, reperta 
 non essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar in tantis rei publicae 
 periculis esse mihi nimiam diligentiam pertimescendam. 25 
 Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vidistis, coegi. Atque 
 interea statim admonitu Allobrogum C. Sulpicium praeto- 
 rem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus Cethegi, si quid te- 
 lorum esset, efferret, ex quibus ille maximum sicarum nu- 
 merum et gladiorum extulit. so 
 
 IV. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis ; fidem publicam 
 jussu senatus dedi; hortatus sum ut ea quae sciret sine 
 timore indicaret. Turn ille dixit, cum vix se ex magno 
 timore recreasset, a P. Lentulo se habere ad Catilinam 
 mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut ad 35 
 urbem quam primum cum exercitu accederet ; id autem eo 
 
28 IN CATILINAM ORATIO TERT1A. 
 
 consilio, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus, quern ad 
 modum descriptum distributumque erat, incendissent cae- 
 demque infiiiitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui et. 
 fugientes exoiperet et se cum his urbanis ducibus conjunge- 
 5 ret. Introducti autem Galli jus jurandum sibi et litteras 
 ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse 
 dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse prae- 
 scriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitterent ; 
 pedestres sibi copias non defuturas ; Lentulum autem sibi 
 
 10 confirmasse ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspicumque responsis, se 
 esse ilium tertium Cornelium, ad quem regnum hujus urbis 
 atque imperium pervenire esset necesse ; Cinnam ante se 
 et Sullam fuisse; eundemque dixisse fatalem nunc esse 
 annum ad interitum hujus urbis atque imperii, qui esset 
 
 15 annus decimus post virginum absolutionem, post Capitolii 
 autem incensionem vicesimus. Hanc autem Cethego cum 
 ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et aliis 
 Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem incendi placeret, 
 Cethego nimium id longum videretur. 
 
 20 V. Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri jussi- 
 mus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primo ostendimus 
 Cethego signum : cognovit. Nos linum incidimus ; legi- 
 mus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui et 
 populo, sese quae eorum legatis confirmasset facturum esse ; 
 
 25 orare ut item illi facerent quae sibi legati eorum recepis- 
 sent. Turn Cethegus, qui paulo ante aliquid tamen de 
 gladiis ac sicis, quae apud ipsum erant deprehensa, respon- 
 disset dixissetque se semper bonorum ferramentorum stu- 
 diosum fuisse, recitatis litteris debilitatus atque abjectus 
 
 «0 conscientia repente conticuit. 
 
 Introductus est Statilius ; cognovit et signum et ma- 
 num suam. Recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere senten- 
 tiam ; confessus est. Turn ostendi tabellas Lentulo et 
 quaesivi, cognosceretne signum. Annuit. "Est vero," 
 
 35 inquam, " notum quidem signum, imago avi tui, olarissimi 
 viri, qui amavit unioe patriam et cives suos; quae quidem 
 
IN CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. £{, 
 
 te a tanto scelere etiam muta revocare debuit." Leguntur 
 eadem ratione ad senatum Allobrogum populumque litterae. 
 Si quid de his rebus dicere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque 
 ille prime- quidem negavit ; post autem aliquanto, toto jam 
 indicio exposito atque edito, surrexit, quaesivit a Gallis, 
 quid sibi esset cum iis, quam ob rem domum suam venissent, 
 itemque a Yolturcio. Qui cum illi breviter constanterque 
 respondissent, per quem ad eum quotiesque venissent, quae- 
 sissentque ab eo, nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis 
 locutus, turn ille subito scelere demens, quanta conscientiae lv 
 vis esset ostendit: nam cum id posset infitiari, repente 
 praeter opinionem omnium confessus est. Ita eum non 
 modo ingenium illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper 
 valuit, sed etiam propter vim manifest! atque deprehensi 
 sceleris impudentia, qua superabat omnes, improbitasque 15 
 defecit. 
 
 Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri atque aperiri 
 jubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam datas esse dicebat. 
 Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus tamen et 
 signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem sine 20 
 nomine, sed ita : " Quis sim, scies ex hoc, quem ad te misi. 
 Cura ut vir sis et cogita quem in locum sis progressus : 
 vide, quid jam tibi sit necesse, et cura ut omnium tibi au- 
 xilia adjungas, etiam infimorum." Gabinius deinde intro- 
 ductus, cum primo impudenter respondere coepisset, ad 25 
 extremum nihil ex iis, quae Galli insimulabant, negavit. 
 Ac mihi quidem, Quirites, cum ilia certissima visa sunt 
 argumenta atque indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, manus, 
 denique unius cujusque confessio, turn multo certiora ilia, 
 color, oculi, vultus, taciturnitas. Sic enim obstupuerant, 30 
 sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim nonnunquam inter se 
 aspiciebant, ut non jam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se 
 ipsi viderentur. 
 
 VI. Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, senatum 
 consului, de summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae 35 
 sunt a principibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, 
 
30 IN CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. 
 
 quas senatus sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et quoniam 
 nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria 
 vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. Primum 
 mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod virtute, con- 
 6 silio, providentia mea res publica maximis periculis sit 
 liberata; deinde L. Flaccus et C Pomptinus praetores, 
 quod eorum opera forti fidelique usus essem, merito ac jure 
 laudantur ; atque etiam viro forti, collegae meo, laus im- 
 pertitur, quod eos, qui hujus conjurationis participes fuis- 
 
 10 sent, a suis et rei publicae consiliis removisset. Atque ita 
 censuerunt, ut P. Lentulus, cum se praetura abdicasset, 
 in custodiam traderetur ; item que uti C. Cethegus, L. Sta- 
 tilius, P. Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in custo- 
 diam traderentur ; atque idem hoc decretum est in L. Cas- 
 
 15 sium, qui sibi procurationem incendendae urbis depoposce- 
 rat ; in M. Ceparium, cui ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam 
 attributam esse erat indicatum ; in P. Furium, qui est de 
 iis colonis, quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit ; in Q. Annium 
 Chilonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac Allob- 
 
 20 rogum sollicitatione versatus ; in P. Umbrenum, libertinum 
 hominem, a quo primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos 
 esse constabat. Atque ea lenitate senatus usus est, Qui- 
 rites, ut ex tanta conjuratione tantaque hac multitudine 
 domesticorum hostium novem hominum perditissimorum 
 
 25 poena re publica conservata, reliquorum mentes sanari 
 posse arbitraretur. 
 
 Atque etiam supplicatio diis immortalibus pro singulari 
 eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum 
 post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, et his verbis 
 
 30 decreta est : quod urbem incendiis, caede cives, Italiam 
 hello liberassem. Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris supplica- 
 tionibus conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, 
 haec una conservata re publica constituta est. Atque illud, 
 quod faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. 
 
 85 Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam, patefactus indiciis et con- 
 fessiombus suis, judicio senatus non modo praetoris jus, 
 
IN CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. 31 
 
 verum etiam civis amiserat, tamen magistratu se abdicavit, 
 ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non fuerat quo 
 minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat decretum, 
 praetorem occideret, ea nos religione in privato P. Lentulo 
 puniendo liberaremur. 5 
 
 VII. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi peri- 
 culosissimique belli nefarios duces captos jam et compre- 
 hensos tenetis, existimare debetis, omnes Catilinae copias, 
 omnes spes atque opes, his depulsis urbis periculis, con- 
 ciclisse. Quern quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc 10 
 providebam animo, Quirites, remoto Catilina non mihi esse 
 P. Lentuli somnum nee L. Cassii adipes nee C. Cethegi 
 furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. Ille erat unus 
 timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tarn diu, dum urbis moeni- 
 bus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat; 15 
 appellare, tentare, sollicitare poterat, audebat ; erat ei con- 
 silium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem neque lingua neque 
 manus deerat. Jam ad certas res conficiendas certos homi- 
 nes delectos ac descriptos habebat. Neque vero, cum 
 aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat : nihil erat quod non 20 
 ipse obiret, occurreret, vigilaret, laboraret: frigus, sitim, 
 famem ferre poterat. 
 
 Hunc ego hominem tam acrem, tam audacem, tarn para- 
 tum, tam callidum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in perdi- 
 tis rebus diligentem nisi ex domesticis insidiis in castrense 25 
 latrocinium compulissem, dicam id quod sentio, Quirites, 
 non facile hanc tantam molem mali a vestris cervicibus 
 depulissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituisset neque 
 tanto ante exitii ac fati diem rei publicae denuntiavisset, 
 neque commisisset ut signum, ut litterae suae testes mani- 30 
 festi sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae nunc illo absente sic 
 gesta sunt, ut nullum in privata domo furtum unquam sit 
 tam palam inventum, quam haec tanta in re publica conju- 
 ratio manifesto inventa atque deprehensa est. Quod si 
 Catilina in urbe ad hanc diem remansisset, quamquam, 35 
 quoad fuit, omnibus ejus consiliis occurri atque obstiti, 
 
$2 IN CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. 
 
 tamen, ut levissime dicam, dimicandum nobis cum illo fuis- 
 set, neque nos unquam, dum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis 
 periculis rem publicam tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio 
 liberassemus. 
 5 VIII. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a me 
 administrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consilio 
 et gesta et provisa esse videantur ; idque cum conjectura 
 consequi possumus, quod vix videtur humani consilii tanta- 
 rum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, turn vero ita praesentes 
 
 10 his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, ut eos 
 paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut ilia omittam, visas 
 nocturno tempore ab occidente faces ardoremque caeli, ut 
 fulminum jactus, ut terrae motus relinquam, ut omittam 
 cetera, quae ita multa nobis consulibus facta sunt, ut haec, 
 
 15 quae nuncfiunt, canere dii immortales viderentur, hoc certe, 
 quod sum dicturus, neque praetermittendum neque relin- 
 quendum est. Nam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et 
 Torquato consulibus complures in Capitolio res de caelo 
 esse percussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt et 
 
 20 statuae veterum hominum dejectae et legum aera liquefacta 
 et tactus etiam ille, qui hanc urbem condidit, Romulus, 
 quern inauratum in Capitolio parvum atque lactantem, 
 uberibus lupinis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo quidem 
 tempore cum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenissent, 
 
 25 caedes atque incendia et legum interitum et bellum civile 
 ac domesticum et totius urbis atque imperii occasum appro' 
 pinquare dixerunt, nisi dii immortales omni ratione placati 
 suo numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 
 
 Itaque illorum responsis turn et ludi per dies decern 
 
 30 facti sunt, neque res ulla, quae ad placandos deos perti- 
 neret, praetermissa est : iidemque jusserunt simulacrum 
 Jovis facere majus et in excelso collocare et contra, atque 
 ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere ; ac se sperare dixe- 
 runt, si illud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et forum 
 
 85 curiamque conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia, quae clam essent 
 inita contra salutem urbis atque imperii, illustrarentur, ut 
 
IN CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. 33 
 
 a senatu populoque Romano perspici possent. Atque illud 
 signum collocandum consules illi locaverunt, sed tanta fuit 
 operis tarditas, ut neque superioribus consulibus neque no- 
 bis ante hodiernum diem collocaretur. 
 
 IX. Hie qnis potest esse, Quirites, tarn aversus a vero, 5 
 tam praeceps, tarn mente captus, qui neget haec omnia, 
 quae videmus, praecipueque hanc urbem deorum immortali- 
 um nutu ac potestate administrari ? Etenim cum esset 
 ita responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei publicae com- 
 parari, et ea per cives ; quae turn propter magnitudinem 10 
 scelerum nonnullis incredibilia videbantur, ea non modo 
 cogitata a nefariis civibus, verum etiam suscepta sensistis. 
 Illud vero nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu Jo vis Optimi 
 Maximi factum esse videatur, ut, cum hodiemo die mane 
 per forum meo jussu et conjurati et eorum indices in aedem 15 
 Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum statuere- 
 tur? Quo collocato atque ad vos senatumque converso, 
 omnia, quae erant cogitata contra salutem omnium, illus- 
 trata et patefacta vidistis. 
 
 Quo etiam majore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni, qui 20 
 non solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam deorum 
 templis atque delubris sunt funestos ac nefarios ignes inferre 
 conati. Quibus ego si me restitisse dicam, nimium mihi 
 sumam et non sim ferendus. Ille, ille Juppiter restitit ; 
 ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, ille cunctam urbem, ille 25 
 vos omnes salvos esse voluit. Diis ego immortalibus duci- 
 bus hanc mentem voluntatemque suscepi atque ad haec 
 tanta indicia perveni. Jam vero ab Lentulo ceterisque do- 
 mesticis hostibus tam dementer tantae res creditae et igno* 
 tis et barbaris commissaeque litterae nunquam essent pro- 30 
 fecto, nisi ab diis immortalibus huic tantae audaciae con- 
 silium esset ereptum. Quid vero? ut homines Galli ex 
 civitate male pacata, quae gens una restat, quae bellum 
 populo Romano facere posse et non nolle videatur, spem 
 imperii ac rerum amplissimarum ultro sibi a patriciis ho- 35 
 minibus oblatam negligerent vestramque salutem suis opi- 
 
34 IN CATIL1NAM OllATiO TERTIA. 
 
 bus anteponerent, id non divioitus factum esse putatis, prae-* 
 sertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo superare potue- 
 rint? 
 
 X. Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pulvina- 
 5 ria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum con- 
 jugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe honores diis 
 immortalibus justi habiti sunt ac debiti, sed profecto jus- 
 tiores nunquam. Erepti enim estis ex cruielissimo ac mi- 
 serrimo interitu : sine caede, sine sanguine, sine exercitu, 
 
 10 sine dimicatione togati me uno togato duce et imperatore 
 vicistis. Etenim recordamini, Quirites, omnes civiles dis- 
 sensiones, non solum eas, quas audistis, sed eas, quas vos- 
 met ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P. Sulpicium 
 oppressit : C. Marium, custodem hujus urbis, multosque 
 
 15 fortes viros partim ejecit ex civitate, partim interemit. Cn. 
 Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe collegam : omnis hio 
 locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit. Su- 
 peravit postea Cinna cum Mario : turn vero, clarissimis viris 
 interfectis, lumina civitatis exstincta sunt. Ultus est hujus 
 
 20 victoriae crudelitatem postea Sulla, ne dici quidem opus 
 est, quanta deminutione civium et quanta calamitate rei 
 publicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus a clarissimo ac fortissimo 
 viro Q. Catulo : attulit non tarn ipsius interitus rei publicae 
 luctum quam ceterorum. 
 
 25 Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quae non ad de- 
 lendam, sed ad commutandam rem publicam pertinebant — 
 non illi nullam esse rem publicam, sed in ea, quae esset, se 
 esse principes, neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac 
 urbe florere voluerunt — ejus modi fuerunt, ut non reconcili- 
 
 80 atione concordiae, sed internecione civium dijudicatae sint. 
 In hoc autem uno post hominum memoriam maximo cru- 
 delissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla unquam barbaria cum 
 sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, Cati- 
 lina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut omnes, qui salva urbe 
 
 15 salvi esse possent, in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me 
 gessi, Quirites, ut omnes salvi conservaremini ; et, cum 
 
IN CATILINAM ORATIO TERTIA. 35 
 
 hostes vestri tantum civium superfuturum putasseut, quan- 
 tum infinitae caedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis, quantum 
 flaimna obire non potuisset, et urbem et cives integros 
 incolumesque servavi. 
 
 XI. Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a 5 
 vobis praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, nullum 
 monument um laudis postulo praeterquam hujus diei memo- 
 riam sempiternam. In animis ego vestris omnes triumphos 
 meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monumenta gloriae, laudis 
 insignia condi et collocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest de- 10 
 lectare, nihil taciturn, nihil denique ejus modi, quod etiam 
 minus digni assequi possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, res 
 nostrae alentur, sermonibus crescent, litterarum monumen- 
 tis inveterascent et corroborabuntur ; eandemque diemintel- 
 ligo, quam spero aeternam fore, propagatam esse et ad 15 
 salutem urbis et ad memoriam consulatus mei, unoque 
 tempore in hac re publica duos cives exstitisse, quorum 
 alter fines vestri imperii non terrae, sed caeli regionibus 
 terminaret, alter ejusdem imperii domicilium sedesque 
 servaret. 20 
 
 XII. Sed quoniam earum rerum, quas ego gessi, non 
 eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum, qui externa 
 bella gesserunt, quod mihi' cum iis vivendum est, quos vici 
 ac subegi, illi hostes aut interfectos aut oppressos relique- 
 runt, vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte pro- 25 
 sunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes enim 
 hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne vobis 
 nocere possent, ego providi : ne mihi noceant, vestrum est 
 providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quid em ipsi nihil 
 ab istis jam noceri potest. Magnum enim est in bonis SO 
 praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est, 
 magna in re publica dignitas, quae me semper tacita defen- 
 det, magna vis conscientiae, quam qui negligunt, cum me 
 violare volent, se indicabunt. 
 
 Est etiam in nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo 35 
 nullius audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnes improbos ultro 
 
36 IN C ATI LIN AM ORATIO TERTIA. 
 
 semper lacessamus. Quod si omnis impetus domesticorum 
 hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me unum converterit, vobis 
 erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos esse ve- 
 litis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae periculis- 
 6 que omnibus : mihi quidem ipsi quid est, quod jam ad vitae 
 fructum possit acquiri, cum praesertim neque in honore 
 vestro neque in gloria virtutis quidquam videam altius, 
 quo mihi libeat ascendere ? Illud profecto perficiam, Qui- 
 rites, ut ea, quae gessi in consulatu, privatus tuear atque 
 
 10 ornem, ut, si qua est invidia conservanda re publica sus- 
 cepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita 
 me in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae 
 gesserim, curemque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse 
 videantur. 
 
 15 Vos, Quirites, quoniam jam nox est, venerati Jovem 
 ilium, custodem hujus urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta 
 discedite et ea, quamquam jam est periculum depulsum, 
 tarn en aeque ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque defendite. 
 Id ne vobis diutius faciendum sit atque ut in perpetua 
 
 20 pace esse possitis, providebo. 
 
M. TULLII CICERONIS 
 
 m 
 
 L. CAT I L I NAM 
 
 OKATIO QUARTA, 
 
 HABITA IN SExXATU. 
 
 I. Video, patres conscripti, in me omnium vestrum ora 
 atque oculos esse conversos ; video vos non solum de vestro 
 ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de meo 
 periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi jucunda in malis et grata 
 in dolore vestra erga me voluntas, sed earn, per deos im- 5 
 mortales, deponite atque obliti salutis meae de vobis ac de 
 vestris cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data 
 est, ut oinnes acerbitates, omnes dolores cruciatusque per- 
 ferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, 
 dum modo meis laboribus vobis populoque Romano digni- 10 
 tas salusque pariatur. 
 
 Ego sum ille consul, patres conscripti, cui non forum, 
 in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non campus, consulari- 
 bus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, summum auxilium 
 omnium gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non 15 
 lectus ad quietem datus, non denique baec sedes honoris 
 unquam vacua mortis periculo atque insidiis fuit. Ego 
 multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo quo- 
 dam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. Nunc si hunc exitum 
 consulatus mei dii immortales esse voluerunt, ut vos popu- 20 
 lumque Romanum ex caede miserrima, conjuges liberosque 
 
38 IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUART A. 
 
 vestros virginesque Vestales ex acerbissima vexatione, 
 templa atque delubra, hanc pulcherrimam patriam omnium 
 nostrum ex foedissima flarama, totam Italiam ex bello et 
 vastitate eriperem, quaecumque mihi uni proponetur for- 
 5 tuna, subeatur. Etenim si P. Lentulus suum nomen in- 
 ductus a vatibus fatale ad perniciem rei publicae f Dre pu- 
 tavit, our ego non laeter meum consulatum ad Falutem 
 populi Romani prope fatalem exstitisse ? 
 
 II. Quare, patres conscripti, consulite vobis, prospicite 
 
 10 patriae, conservate vos, conjuges, liberos fortunasque 
 vestras, populi Romani nomen salutemque defendite ; mihi 
 parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo 
 sperare, omnes deos, qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo mihi 
 ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam: deinde, si quid obtigerit, 
 
 15 aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque turpis mors 
 forti viro potest accidere neque immatura consulari neque 
 misera sapienti. Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fra- 
 tris carissimi et amantissimi praesentis maerore non mo- 
 vear horumque omnium lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum 
 
 20 videtis. Neque meam mentem non domum saepe revocat 
 exanimata uxor et abjecta metu filia et par v urns filius, 
 quem mihi videtur amplecti res publica tamquam obsidem 
 consulatus mei, neque ille, qui exspectans hujus exitum 
 diei stat in conspectu meo, gener. Moveor his rebus omni- 
 
 25 bus, sed in earn partem, uti salvi sint vobiscum omnes, 
 etiam si me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius quam et illi et 
 nos una rei publicae peste pereamus. 
 
 Quare, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem rei pub- 
 licae ; circumspicite omnes procellas, quae impendent, 
 
 80 nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus 
 plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios concitare 
 conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium occidit, 
 in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae severitatis judicium j 
 adducitur : tenentur ii, qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram ! 
 
 35 omnium caedem, ad Catilinam accipiendum Romae restite- i 
 runt; tenentur litterae, signa, maims, denique unius cujus- 
 
IN CATILINAM 0RAT10 QUARTA. 39 
 
 que confessio ; sollicitantur Allobroges, servitia excitantur, 
 Oatilina arcessitur; id est initum consilium, ut interfectis 
 omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi Romani 
 nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperii calamitatem 
 relinquatur. 5 
 
 III. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt, 
 vos multis jam judiciis judicavistis ; primum quod mibi 
 gratias egistis singularibus verbis et mea virtute atque 
 diligentia perditorum bominum conjurationem patefactam 
 esse decrevistis; deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare 10 
 praetura coegistis ; turn quod eum et ceteros, de quibus 
 judicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis, maximeque 
 quod meo nomine supplication em decrevistis, qui honos 
 togato habitus ante me est nemini ; postremo hesterno die 
 praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistis am- 15 
 plissima. Quae sunt omnia ejus modi, ut ii, qui in custo- 
 diam nominatim dati sunt, sine ulla dubitatione a vobis 
 damnati esse videantur. 
 
 Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres con scrip ti, tam- 
 quam integrum, et de facto quid judicetis, et de poena 20 
 quid censeatis. Ilia praedicam, quae sunt consulis. Ego 
 magnum in re publica versari furorem et nova quaedam 
 misceri et concitari mala jam pridem videbam, sed hanc 
 tantam, tam exitiosam haberi conjurationem a civibus nun- 
 quam putavi. Nunc quidquid est, quocumque vestrae 25 
 mentes inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante 
 noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit, videtis. 
 Huic si paucos putatis affines esse, vehementer erratis. 
 Latius opinione disseminatum est hoc malum: manavit 
 non solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpes et 30 
 obscure serpens multas jam provincias occupavit. Id op- 
 primi sustentando et prolatando nullo pacto potest : qua- 
 cumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. 
 
 IV. Video adhuc duas esse sententias : unam D. Silani, 
 qui censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esse 35 
 multandos ; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam remo- 
 
40 IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA. 
 
 vet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnes acerbitates amplectitur. 
 Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum magnitudine in 
 summa severitate versatur. Alter eos, qui nos omnes vita 
 privare conati sunt, qui delere imperium, qui populi Ro- 
 5 mani nomen exstinguere, punctum teraporis frui vita et 
 hoc communi spiritu non putat oportere, atque hoc genus 
 poenae saepe in improbos cives in hac re publica esse 
 usurpatum recordatur. Alter intelligit mortem ab diis im- 
 mortalibus non esse supplicii causa constitutam, sed aut 
 
 10 necessitatem naturae aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem. 
 Itaque earn sapientes nunquam inviti, fortes saepe etiam 
 libenter oppetiverunt. Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna, 
 certe ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt 
 Municipiis dispertiri jubet. Habere videtur ista res in- 
 
 15 iquitatem, si imperare velis ; difficultatem, si rogare : decer- 
 natur tamen, si placet. Ego enim suscipiam, et, ut spero, 
 reperiam, qui id, quod salutis omnium causa statueritis. 
 non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare. Adjungit gra- 
 vem poenam municipiis, si quis eorum vincula ruperit; 
 
 20 horribiles custodias circumdat et dignas scelere hominum 
 perditorum. Sancit ne quis eorum poenam, quos con- 
 demnat, aut per senatum aut per populum possit levare : 
 eripit etiam spem, quae sola homines in miseriis consolari 
 solet. Bona praeterea publicari jubet: vitam solam re- 
 
 25 linquit nefariis hominibus, quam si eripuisset, multas uno 
 dolore animi atque corporis aerumnas et omnes scelerum 
 poenas ademisset. Itaque ut aliqua in vita formido impro- 
 bis esset posita, apud inferos ejus modi quaedam illi an- 
 tiqui supplicia impiis constituta esse voluerunt, quod vi- 
 
 30 delicet intelligebant iis remotis non esse mortem ipsam 
 pertimescendam. 
 
 V. Nunc ego, patres conscripti, mea video quid inter- 
 sit. Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam hanc 
 is in re publica viam, quae popularis habetur, secutus est, 
 
 35 fortasse minus erunt, hoc auctore et cognitore hujusce sen- 
 tentiae, mihi populares impetus pertimescendi : sin illara 
 
IN CATIL1NAM ORATIO QUARTA. 41 
 
 alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negotii contrahatur. Sed 
 tamen meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei publicae 
 vincat. Habeinus enim a Caesare, sicut ipsius dignitas et 
 majorum ejus amplitude- postulabat, sententiam tamquam 
 obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. Intellec- 5 
 turn est, quid interesset inter levitatem contionatorum et 
 animum vere popularem, saluti populi consulentem. 
 
 Video de istis, qui se populares haberi volunt, abesse 
 non neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum 
 sententiam ferat. Is et nudius tertius in custodiam cives 10 
 Romanos dedit et supplicationem mihi decrevit et indices 
 hesterno die maximis praemiis affecit. Jam hoc nemini 
 dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesitori gratulationem, 
 indici praemium decrerit, quid de tota re et causa judicarit. 
 At vero C. Caesar intelligit, legem Semproniam esse de 15 
 civibus Romanis constitutam; qui autem rei publicae sit 
 hostis, eum civem nullo modo esse posse ; denique ipsum 
 latorem Semproniae legis injussu populi poenas rei publicae 
 dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum, largitorem et prodi- 
 gum, non putat, cum de pernicie populi Romani, exitio 20 
 hujus urbis tarn acerbe, tarn crudeliter cogitarit, etiam 
 appellari posse popularem. Itaque homo mitissimus atque 
 lenissimus non dubitat P. Lentulum aeternis tenebris vincu- 
 lisque mandare, et sancit in posterum, ne quis hujus sup- 
 plicio levando se jactare et in perniciem populi Romani 25 
 posthac popularis esse possit : adjungit etiam publicationem 
 bonorum, ut omnes animi cruciatus et corporis etiam egestas 
 ac mendicitas consequatur. 
 
 VI. Quam ob rem sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi 
 comitem ad contionem populo carum atque jucundum, sive 30 
 Silani sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me atque vos 
 crudelitatis vituperatione populus Romanus exsolvet, atque 
 obtinebo earn multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, patres 
 conscript!, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris immanitate 
 pimienda crudelitas? Ego enim de meo sensu judico. 35 
 Nam ita mihi salva re publica vobiscum perfrui liceat, ut 
 
i'Z IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA. 
 
 ego, quod in hac causa vehementior sum, non atrocitate 
 animi moveor — quis est enim me mitior ? — sed singulari 
 quadam humanitate et misericordia. Videor enim mihi 
 videre banc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque arcem 
 5 omnium gentium, subito uno incendio concidentem ; cerno 
 animo sepulta in patria miseros atque insepultos acervos 
 civium ; versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi et 
 furor in vestra caede bacchantis. Cum vero mihi proposui 
 regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse se sperare ex fatis confessus 
 
 10 est, purpuratum esse huic Gabinium, cum exercitu venisse 
 Catilinam, turn lamentationem matrum familias, turn fugam 
 virginum atque puerorum ac vexationem virginum Ves- 
 talium perhorresco ; et quia mihi vehementer haec videntur 
 misera atque miseranda, idcirco in eos, qui ea perficere 
 
 15 voluerunt, me severum vehementemque praebeo. Etenim 
 quaero, si quis pater familias, liberis suis a servo interfectis, 
 uxore occisa, incensa domo, supplicium de servo non quam 
 acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is clemens ac misericors an 
 inhumanissimus et crudelissimus esse videatur ? Mihi 
 
 20 vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non dolore et cruciatu 
 nocentis suum dolorem cruciatumque lenierit. Sic nos in 
 his hominibus, qui nos, qui conjuges, qui liberos nostros 
 trucidare voluerunt, qui singulas unius cujusque nostrum 
 domos et hoc universum rei publicae domicilium delere 
 
 25 conati sunt, qui id egerunt, ut gent em Allobrogum in 
 vestigiis hujus urbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperii 
 oollocarent, si vehementissimi fuerimus, misericordes ha- 
 bebimur: sin remissiores esse voluerimus, summae nobis 
 crudelitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama subeunda 
 
 30 est. Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et aman- 
 tissimus rei publicae, crudelior nudius tertius visus est, 
 cum sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem 
 et audientem vita privandum esse dixit, cum avum suum 
 jussu consulis interfectum filiumque ejus impuberem, lega- 
 
 35 turn a patre missum, in carcere necatum esse dixit. Quo- 
 rum quod simile factum ? quod initum delendae rei pub- 
 
 _ 
 
IN OATTLINAM ORATIO QUART A. 43 
 
 licae consilium? Largitionis voluntas turn in re publica 
 versa ta est et partium quaedam contentio. Atque eo 
 tempore hujus avus Lentuli, vir clarissimus, armatus Grac- 
 chum est persecutus. Hie etiam grave turn vulnus accepit, 
 ne quid de summa re publica deminueretur : hie ad ever- 5 
 tenda fundamenta rei publicae Gallos arcessit, servitia 
 concitat, Catilinam vocat, attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego 
 et ceteros cives interticiendos Gabinio, urbem inflamman- 
 dam Cassio, Italiam totam vastandam diripiendamque 
 Catilinae. Vereamini, censeo, ne in hoc scelere tarn im- 10 
 mani ac tarn nefando nimis aliquid severe statuisse vide- 
 amini : multo magis est verendum, ne remissione poenae 
 crudeliores in patriam, quam ne severitate animadversionis 
 nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostes fuisse videamini. 
 
 VII. Sed ea, quae exaudio, patres conscripti, dissimu- 15 
 lare non possum. Jaciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt ad 
 aures meas, eorum qui vereri videntur, ne non habeam satis 
 praesidii ad ea, quae vos statueritis hodierno die, transi- 
 gunda. Omnia et provisa et parata et constituta sunt, 
 patres conscripti, cum mea summa cura atque diligentia, 20 
 turn etiam multo majore populi Romani ad summum impe- 
 rium retinendum et ad communes fortunas conservandas 
 voluntate. Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, 
 omnium generum, omnium denique aetatum; plenum est 
 forum, plena templa circum forum, pleni omnes aditus hujus 25 
 loci ac templi. Causa est enim post urbem conditam haec 
 inventa sola, in qua omnes sentirent unum atque idem, 
 praeter eos, qui cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum 
 omnibus potius quam soli perire voluerunt. Hosce ego 
 homines excipio et secerno libenter ; neque enim in impro- 30 
 borum civium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium numero 
 habendos puto. Ceteri vero, dii immortales, qua frequen- 
 tia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem digni- 
 tatemque consentiunt ! Quid ego hie equites Romanos 
 commemorem ? qui vobis ita summam ordinis consiliique 35 
 concedunt, ut vobiscum de amore rei publicae certent ; 
 
44. IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA. 
 
 quos ex multorum anno rum dissensione hujus ordinis ad 
 societatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus dies vobis- 
 cum atque haec causa conjungit. Quam si conjunctionem, 
 confirmatam in consulatu meo, perpetuam in re publica 
 5 tenuerimus, confirmo vobis nullum posthac malum civile ac 
 domesticum ad ullam rei publicae partem esse venfurum. 
 Pari studio defendendae rei publicae convenisse video 
 tribunos aerarios, fortissimos viros ; scribas item universos, 
 quos cum casu hie dies ad aerarium frequentasset, video 
 
 10 ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem communem esse con- 
 versos. Omnis ingenuorum adest multitudo, etiam tenuis- 
 simorum. Quis enim est, cui non haec templa, aspectus 
 urbis, possessio libertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et hoc 
 commune patriae solum cum sit carum, turn vero dulce 
 
 15 atque jucundum ? 
 
 VIII. Operae pretium est, patres conscripti, libertino- 
 rum hominum studia cognoscere, qui sua virtute fortunam 
 hujus civitatis consecuti hanc suam patriam judicant, quam 
 quidam hie nati et summo loco nati non patriam suam, sed 
 
 20 urbem hostium esse judicaverunt. Sed quid ego hosce 
 homines ordinesque commemoro, quos privatae fortunae, 
 quos communis res publica, quos denique libertas, ea quae 
 dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae defendendam excitavit ? 
 Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione sit servi- 
 
 25 tutis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat, qui non haec 
 stare cupiat, qui non tantum, quantum audet et quantum 
 potest, conferat ad communem salutem voluntatis. 
 
 Quare si quern vestrum forte commovet hoc, quod audi- 
 tum est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare circum 
 
 30 tabernas, pretio sperare posse sollicitari animos egentium 
 atque imperitorum, est id quidem coeptum atque tentatum, 
 sed nulli sunt inventi tarn aut fortuna miseri aut voluntate 
 perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus 
 quotidiani locum, qui non cubile atque lectulum suum, qui 
 
 35 denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae salvum esse 
 vclint, Multo vero maxima pars eorum, qui in tabernis 
 
IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA. 45 
 
 sunt, immo vero — id enim potius est dicendum — genus hoc 
 universum amantissimum est otii. Etenim omne instiu- 
 mentum, omnis opera atque quaestus frequentia civium 
 sustentatur, alitur otio : quorum si quaestus occlusis taber- 
 nis minui solet, quid tandem incensis futurum fuit ? 5 
 
 IX. Quae cum ita sint, patres conscripti, vobis populi 
 Romani praesidia non desunt: vos ne populo Romano 
 deesse videamini, providete. Habetis consulem ex pluri- 
 mis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte non ad vitam 
 suam, sed ad salutem vesfcram reservatum ; omnes ordines 10 
 ad conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate, studio, 
 virtute, voce consentiunt ; obsessa facibus et telis impiae 
 conjurationis vobis supplex manus tendit patria communis ; 
 vobis se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis arcem et Capi- 
 tolium, vobis aras Penatium, vobis ignem ilium Vestae 15 
 sempiternum, vobis omnium deorum templa atque delubra, 
 vobis muros atque urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de 
 vestra vita, de conjugum vestrarum atque liberorum anima, 
 de fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focis vestris hodierno 
 die vobis judicandum est. 20 
 
 Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum sui, quae non 
 semper facultas datur; habetis omnes ordines, omnes 
 homines, universum populum Romanum, id quod in civili 
 causa hodierno die primum videmus, unum atque idem sen- 
 tientem. Cogitate, quantis laboribus fundatum imperium, 25 
 quanta virtute stabilitam libertatem, quanta deorum benig- 
 nitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas una nox paene 
 delerit. Id ne unquam posthac non modo confici, sed ne 
 cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die providendum 
 est. Atque haec, non ut vos, qui mihi studio paene prae- 30 
 curritis, excitarem, locutus sum, sed ut mea vox, quae 
 debet esse in re publica princeps, officio functa consulari 
 videretur. 
 
 X. Nunc antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca 
 dicam. Ego, quanta manus est conjuratorum, quam videtis 35 
 esse permagnam. tantam me inimicorum multitudinem sus- 
 
46 IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUART A. 
 
 cepisse video ; sed earn judico esse turpem et infirmam et 
 contemptam et abjectam. Quod si aliquando alicujus fu- 
 rore et scelere concitata manus ista plus valuerit quam ves- 
 tra ac rei publicae dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum 
 5 atque consiliorum nunquam, patres conscript!, paenitebit. 
 Etenim mors, quam illi mihi fortasse minitantur, omnibus 
 est parata : vitae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestris de- 
 cretis honestastis, nemo est assecutus. Ceteris enim bene 
 gestae, mihi uni conservatae rei publicae gratulationem 
 
 10 decrevistis. 
 
 Sit Scipio clarus ille, cujus consilio atque virtute Han- 
 nibal in Africam redire atque ex Italia decedere coactus 
 est ; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbes 
 liuic imperio^ infestissimas, Karthaginem Numantiamque, 
 
 15 delevit ; habeatur vir egregius Paullus ille, cujus currum 
 rex potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses hones- 
 tavit ; sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione 
 et metu servitutis liberavit: anteponatur omnibus Pom- 
 peius, cujus res gestae atque virtutes iisdem, quibus solis 
 
 20 cursus, regionibus ac terminis continentur : erit profecto 
 inter horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte 
 majus est patefacere nobis provincias, quo exire possimus, 
 quam curare, ut etiam illi, qui absunt, habeant quo victores 
 revertantur. 
 
 25 Quamquam est uno loco condicio melior externae vic- 
 toriae quam domesticae, quia hostes alienigenae aut op- 
 pressi serviunt aut recepti in amicitiam beneficio se obli- 
 gates putant ; qui autem ex numero civium, dementia 
 aliqua depravati, hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos 
 
 30 cum a pernicie rei publicae reppuleris, nee vi coercere nee 
 beneficio placare possis. Quare mihi cum perditis civibus 
 aeternurn bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro 
 bonorumque omnium auxilio memoriaque tantorum pericu- 
 lorum, quae non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus est, sed 
 
 35 in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper hae- 
 rebit, a me atque a meis facile prcpulsari posse confido. 
 
IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA. 47 
 
 I Neque ulla profecto tanta vis reperietur, quae conjunctio- 
 nem vestram equitumque Romanorum et tantam conspira- 
 tionem bonorum omnium confringere et labefactare possit. 
 
 XI. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro 
 provincia, quam neglexi, pro triumpho ceterisque laudis 5 
 insignibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salutis 
 custodiam repudiata, pro clieirtelis hospitiisque provinci- 
 alibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore tueor 
 quam comparo, pro bis igitur omnibus rebus et pro meis in 
 vos singularibus studiis et pro hac, quam perspicitis, ad 10 
 conservandam rem publicam diligentia nihil a vobis nisi 
 hujus temporis totiusque mei consulatus memoriam postulo: 
 quae dum erit in vestris fixa mentibus, tutissimo me muro 
 saeptum esse arbitrabor. Quod si raeam spem vis impro- 
 borum fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo vobis meum 15 
 parvum filium, cui profecto satis erit praesidii non solum 
 ad salutem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, si ejus, qui haec 
 omnia suo solius periculo conservaverit, ilium filium esse 
 memineritis. 
 
 Quapropter de summa salute vestra populique Romani, 20 
 de vestris conjugibus ac liberis, de aris ac focis, de fanis 
 ac templis, de totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio ac 
 libertate, de salute Italiae, de universa re publica decernite 
 diligenter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum con- 
 sulem, qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet et ea quae 25 
 statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum prae- 
 stare possit 
 
M. TULLII CICERONIS 
 
 PEO 
 
 A. LICIKtO ARCHIA POETA 
 
 ORATIO AD JUDICES. 
 
 I. Si quid est in me ingenii, judices, quod sentio quam sit 
 exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me non 
 infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si hujusce rei ratio 
 aliqua ab optimarum artium studiis ac disciplina profecta, a 
 5 qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus abhorruisse ; 
 earum rerum omnium vel in primis hie A. Licinius fructum 
 a me repetere prope suo jure debet* Nam quoad longis- 
 sime potest mens mea respicere spatium praeteriti temporis 
 et pueritiae memoriam recordari ultimam, inde usque repe- 
 
 1C tens hunc video mihi principem et ad suscipiendam et ad 
 ingrediendam ration em horum studiorum exstitisse. Quod 
 si haec vox hujus hortatu praeceptisque conformata nonnul- 
 lis aliquando saluti fuit, a quo id accepimus, quo ceteris 
 opitulari et alios servare possemus, huic profecto ipsi, quan- 
 
 15 turn est situm in nobis, et opem et salutem ferre debemus. 
 
 Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, quod alia 
 
 quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingenii neque haec dicendi ratio 
 
 aut disciplina, ne nos quidem huic uni studio penitus un- 
 
 quam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes artes, quae ad humani- 
 
 20 tatem pertinent, habent quoddam commune vinculum et 
 quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur. 
 
 IT. Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur, me in 
 
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 49 
 
 quaestione legitima et in judicio publico, cum res agatur 
 apud praetorem populi Romani, lectissimum virum, et apud 
 severissimos judices, tanto conventu homiimm ac frequentia 
 hoc uti genere dicendi, quod non modo a consuetudine 
 judiciorum, verum etiam a forensi sermone abhorreat ; 5 
 quaeso a vobis ut in hac causa mihi detis banc veniam, 
 accommodatam huic reo, vobis, quern ad modum spero, 
 non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque eruditissimo 
 homine dicentem, hoc concursu hominum litteratissimorum, 
 hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique praetore exercente ju- 10 
 dicium, patiamini de studiis humanitatis ac litterarum paulo 
 loqui liberius et in ejus modi persona, quae propter otium 
 ac studium minime in judiciis periculisque tractata est, uti 
 prope novo quodam et inusitato genere dicendi. Quod si 
 mihi a vobis tribui concedique sentiam, perficiam profecto 15 
 ut hunc A. Licinium non modo non segregandum, cum 
 sit civis, a numero civium, verum etiam, si non esset, pute- 
 tis adsciscendum fuisse. 
 
 III. Nam ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias atque 
 ab iis artibus, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem infor- 20 
 mari solet, se ad scribendi studium contulit, primum Anti- 
 ochiae — nam ibi natus est loco nobili — celebri quondam 
 urbe et copiosa atque eruditissimis hominibus liberalissi- 
 misque studiis affluenti, celeriter antecellere omnibus inge- 
 nii gloria contigit. Post in ceteris Asiae partibus cuncta- 25 
 que Graecia sic ejus adventus celebrabantur, ut famam 
 ingenii exspectatio hominis, exspectationem ipsius adven- 
 tus admiratioque superaret. Erat Italia turn plena Graeca- 
 rum artium ac disciplinarum, studiaque haec et in Latio 
 vehementius turn colebantur, quam nunc iisdem in oppidis, 30 
 et hie Romae propter tranquillitatem rei publicae non neg- 
 ligebantur. Itaque hunc et Tarentini et Regini et Neapo- 
 litani civitate ceterisque praemiis donarunt ; et omnes, qui 
 aiiquid de ingeniis poterant judicare, cognitione atque hos- 
 pitio dignum existimarunt. 35 
 
 Hac tanta celebritate famae cum esset jam absentibus 
 
50 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 
 
 
 notus, Romam venit Mario consule et Catulo. Nactus est 
 primuni consules eos, quorum alter res ad scribendum maxi- 
 mas, alter cum res gestas, turn etiam studium atque aures 
 adhibere posset. Statim Luculli, cum praetextatus etiam 
 5 turn Archias esset, eum domum suam receperunt. Sed jam 
 hoc non solum ingenii ac litterarum, verum etiam naturae 
 atque virtutis, ut domus, quae hujus adolescentiae proxima 
 fuit, eadem esset familiarissima senectuti. Erat tempori- 
 bus illis jucundus Q. Metello illi Numidico et ejus Pio filio ; 
 
 10 audiebatur a M. Aemilio, vivebat cum Q. Catulo et patre 
 et filio, a L. Crasso colebatur ; Lucullos vero et Drusum et 
 Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensiorum domum de- 
 vinctam consuetudine cum teneret, afnciebatur summo 
 honore, quod, eum non solum colebant, qui aliquid percipere 
 
 15 atque audire studebant, verum etiam si qui forte simula- 
 bant. 
 
 IV. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum M. 
 Lucullo in Siciliam profectus et cum ex ea provincia cum 
 eodem Lucullo decederet, venit Heracliam. Quae cum 
 
 20 esset civitas aequissimo jure ac foedere, ascribi se in earn 
 civitatem voluit ; idque, cum ipse per se dignus putaretur, 
 turn auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus impe- 
 travit. Data est civitas Silvani lege et Carbonis : si qui 
 foederatis civitatibus ascripti fuissent, si turn, cum lex 
 
 25ferebatur, in Italia domicilium habuissent et si sexaginta 
 diebus apud praetor em essent prqfessi. Cum hie domicili- 
 um Romae multos jam annos haberet, professus est apud 
 praetorem Q. Metellum, familiarissimum suum. 
 
 Si nihil aliud nisi de civitate ac lege dicimus, nihil dico 
 
 30 amplius ; causa dicta est. Quid enim horum infirmari, 
 Grati, potest ? Heracliaene esse tu eum ascriptum nega- 
 bis ? Adest vir summa auctoritate et religione et fide, M. 
 Lucullus, qui se non opinari sed scire, non audivisse sed vi- 
 disse, non interfuisse sed egisse dicit. Adsunt Heraclien- 
 
 35 ses legati, nobilissimi homines, hujus judicii causa cum 
 mandatis et cum publico testimonio venerunt, qui hunc 
 
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 51 
 
 iscriptum Heracliensem dicunt. Hie tu tabulas desideras 
 Heracliensium publicas, quas Italico bello incenso tabulario 
 interisse scimus omnes. Est ridiculum ad ea, quae habe- 
 mus, nihil dicere, requirere, quae habere non possumus, et 
 de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum memoriara flagitare ; 5 
 et cum habeas amplissimi viri religionem, integerrimi 
 municipii jus jurandum fidemque, ea, quae depravari nullo 
 mo-do possunt, repudiare, tabulas, quas idem dicis solere 
 corrumpi, desiderare. An domicilium Romae non habuit is 
 qui tot annis ante civitatem datam sedem omnium rerum 10 
 ac fortunarum suarum Romae collocavit ? An non est pro- 
 fessus ? Immo vero iis tabulis professus, quae solae ex ilia 
 professione collegioque praetorum obtinent publicarum 
 tabularum auctoritatem. 
 
 V. Nam cum Appii tabulae negligentius asservatae 15 
 dicerentur, Gabinii, quam diu incolumis fuit, levitas, post 
 damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem resignas- 
 set, Metellus, homo sanctissimus modestissimusque om- 
 nium, tanta diligentia fuit, ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem 
 et ad judices venerit et unius nominis litura se commotum 20 
 esse dixerit. His igitur tabulis nullam lituram in nomine 
 . A. Licinii videtis. 
 
 Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate du- 
 bitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque in civitatibus fuerit 
 ascriptus ? Etenim cum mediocribus multis et aut nulla 25 
 aut humili aliqua arte praeditis civitatem in Graecia homi- 
 nes impertiebant, Reginos credo aut Locrenses aut Nea- 
 politanos aut Tarentinos, quod scaenicis artificibus largiri 
 solebant, id huic, summa ingenii praedito gloria, noluisse. 
 Quid, cum ceteri non modo post civitatem datam, sed 30 
 etiam post legem Papiam aliquo modo in eorum municipi- 
 orum tabulas irrepserint, hie, qui ne utitur quidem illis, 
 in quibus est scriptus, quod semper se Heracliensem esse 
 . voluit, rejicietur ? 
 
 Census nostros requiris. Scilicet ; est enim obscurum 35 
 proximis censorious hunc cum clarissimo imperatore L. Lu- 
 
52 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 
 
 cullo apud exercitum fuisse ; superioribus cum eodem quaes- 
 tore fuisse in Asia ; primis, Julio et Crasso, nullam populi 
 partem esse censam. Sed quoniam census non jus civitatis 
 confirmat ac tantum modo indicat, eum, qui sit census, ita 
 5 se jam turn gessisse pro cive, iis temporibus, quem tu crimi- 
 naris ne ipsius quidem judicio in civium Romanorum jure 
 esse versatum, et testamentum saepe fecit nostris legibus et 
 adiit hereditates civium Romanorum et in beneficiis ad aera- 
 rium delatus est a L. Lucullo pro consule. Quaere argu- 
 
 10 menta, si quae potes ; nunquam enim hie neque suo neque 
 amicorum judicio revincetur. 
 
 VI. Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cur tanto opere hoc homine 
 delectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis, ubi et animus ex hoc 
 forensi strepitu reficiatur et aures convicio defessae conqui- 
 
 L5 escant. An tu existimas aut suppetere nobis posse, quod 
 quotidie dicamus in tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos nos- 
 tros doctrina excolamus, aut ferre animos tantam posse 
 contentionem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus ? Ego 
 vero fateor me his studiis esse deditum : ceteros pudeat, si 
 
 20 qui ita se litteris abdiderunt, ut nihil possint ex iis neque 
 ad communem afferre fructum neque in aspectum lucemque 
 proferre ; me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita vivo, 
 judices, ut a nullius unquam me tempore aut commodo aut 
 otium meum abstraxerit aut voluptas avocarit aut denique 
 
 25 somnus retardarit ? 
 
 Quare quis tandem me reprehendat aut quis mihi jure 
 succenseat, si quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, quan- 
 tum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum ad alias 
 voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animi et corporis concedi- 
 
 30 tur temporum, quantum alii tribuunt tempestivis conviviis, 
 quantum denique alveolo, quantum pilae, tantum mihi ego- 
 met ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero ? Atque hoc eo 
 mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his studiis haec quo- 
 que crescit oratio et facultas, quae, quantacumque in me 
 
 35 est, nunquam amicorum periculis defuit. Quae si cui levior 
 videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa sunt, ex quo fonte 
 
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 53 
 
 hauriam sentio. Nam nisi multorum praeceptis multisque 
 litteris mihi ab adolescentia suasissem, nihil esse in vita 
 magno opere expetendum nisi laudem atque honestatem, in 
 ea autem persequenda omnes cruciatus corporis, omnia 
 pericula mortis atque exsilii parvi esse ducenda, nunquam 5 
 me pro salute vestra in tot ac tantas dimicationes atque in 
 hos profligatorum hominum quotidianos impetus objecissem. 
 Sed pleni omnes sunt libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena 
 exemplorum vetustas : quae jacerent in tenebris omnia, nisi 
 litterarum lumen accederet. Quam multas nobis imagines 10 
 non solum ad intuendum, verum etiam ad imitandum fortis- 
 simorum virorum expressas scriptores et Graeci et Latini 
 reliqueruut ; quas ego mihi semper in administranda re 
 publica proponens animum et mentem meam ipsa cogita- 
 tione hominum excellentium conformabam. 15 
 
 VIE. Quaeret quispiam : " Quid ? illi ipsi summi viri, 
 quorum virtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doctrina, quam 
 tu effers laudibus, eruditi fuerunt ? " Difficile est hoc de 
 omnibus confirmare, sed tamen est certum, quod respondeam. 
 Ego multos homines excellenti animo ac virtute fuisse sine 20 
 doctrina, et naturae ipsius habitu prope divino per se ipsos 
 et moderatos et graves exstitisse fateor ; etiam illud ad- 
 jungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem naturam sine 
 doctrina quam sine natura valuisse doctrinam. Atque idem 
 ego hoc contendo, cum ad naturam eximiam atque illus- 25 
 trem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque doctrinae, 
 turn illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere exsis- 
 tere : ex hoc esse hunc numero, quem patres nostri vide- 
 runt, divinum hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C. Laelium, 
 L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et continentissimos ; 30 
 ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis temporibus doctissimum, 
 M. Catonem ilium senem : qui profecto, si nihil ad percipi- 
 endam colendamque virtutem litteris adjuvarentur, nunquam 
 se ad earum studium contulissent. 
 
 Quod si non hie tantus fructus ostenderetur et si ex his 35 
 feudiis delectatio sola peteretur, tamen, ut opinor, hanc ani- 
 
54 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 
 
 mi remissionem humanissimam ac liberalissimam judicaretis. 
 Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt neque aetatum omnium 
 neque locorum : at haec studia adolescentiam alunt, senec- 
 tutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium 
 5 ac solacium praebent ; delectant domi, non impediunt foris, 
 pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur. 
 
 VIII. Quod si ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu 
 nostro gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, etiam 
 cum in aliis videremus. Quis nostrum animo tam agresti 
 
 10 ac duro fuit, ut Roscii morte nuper non commoveretur ? 
 qui cum esset senex mortuus, tamen propter excellentem 
 artem ac venustatem videbatur omnino mori non debuisse. 
 Ergo ille corporis motu tantum amorem sibi conciliarat a 
 nobis omnibus.; nos animorum incredibiles motus celerita- 
 
 15 temque ingeniorum negligemus ? Quoties ego hunc Archi- 
 am vidi, judices — utar enim vestra benignitate, quoniam 
 me in hoc novo genere dicendi tam diligenter attenditis — 
 quoties ego hunc vidi, cum litteram scripsisset nullam, 
 magnum numerum optimorum versuum de iis ipsis rebus, 
 
 20 quae turn agerentur, dicere ex tempore ! quoties revocatum 
 eandem rem dicere commutatis verbis atque sententiis ! 
 Quae vero accurate cogitateque scripsisset, ea sic vidi pro- 
 bari, ut ad veterum scriptorum laudem perveniret. Hunc 
 ego non diligam ? non admirer ? non omni ratione defen- 
 
 25 dendum putem ? Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditis- 
 simisque accepimus, ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina et 
 praeceptis et arte constare ; poetam natura ipsa valere et 
 mentis viribus excitari et quasi divino quodam spiritu in- 
 flari. Quare suo jure noster ille Ennius sanctos appellat 
 
 30 poetas, quod quasi deorum aliquo dono atque munere com- 
 mendati nobis esse videantur. 
 
 Sit igitur, judices, sanctum apud vos, humanissimos 
 homines, hoc poetae nomen, quod nulla unquam barbaria vio- 
 lavit. Saxa et solitudines voci respondent, bestiae saepe 
 
 85 immanes cantu flectuntur atque consistunt : nos instituti 
 rebus optimis non poetarum voce moveamur ? Homerum 
 
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 55 
 
 Colophonii civem esse dicunt suum, Chii suura vindicant, 
 Salaminii repetunt, Smyrnaei vero suum esse confirmant, 
 itaque etiam delubrum ejus in oppido dedicaverunt ; per- 
 multi alii praeterea pugnant inter se atque contendunt. 
 
 IX. Ergo illi alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mortem eti- 5 
 am expetunt : nos hunc vivum, qui et voluntate et legibus 
 noster est, repudiabimus ? praesertim cum omne olim stu- 
 dium atque omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad populi 
 Romani gloriam laudemque celebrandam. Nam et Cimbri- 
 cas res adolescens attigit et ipsi illi C. Mario, qui durior ad 10 
 haec studia videbatur, jucundus fuit. Neque enim quis- 
 quam est tam aversus a Musis, qui non mandari versibus 
 aeternum suorum laborum praeconium facile patiatur. The- 
 mistoclem ilium, summum Athenis virum, dixisse aiunt, 
 cum ex eo quaereretur, quod acroama aut cujus vocem 15 
 libentissime audiret : ejus, a quo sua virtus optime prae- 
 dicaretur. Ttaque ille Marius item eximie L. Plotium di- 
 lexit, cujus ingenio putabat ea quae gesserit posse cele- 
 brari. 
 
 Mithridaticum vero bellum, magnum atque difficile et in 20 
 multa varietate terra marique versatum, totum ab hoc ex- 
 pressum est ; qui libri non modo L. Lucullum, fortissimum 
 et clarissimum virum, verum etiam populi Romani nomen 
 illustrant. Populus enim Romanus aperuit Lucullo im- 
 perante Pontum, et regiis quondam opibus et ipsa natura 25 
 et regione vallatum ; populi Romani exercitus eodem duce 
 non maxima manu innumerabiles Armeniorum copias fudit ; 
 populi Romani laus est, urbem amicissimam Cyzicenorum 
 ejusdem consilio ex omni impetu regio atque e totius belli 
 ore ac faucibus ereptam esse atque servatam ; nostra semper 30 
 feretur et praedicabitur L. Lucullo dimicante, cum inter- 
 fectis ducibus depressa hostium classis est, incredibilis apud 
 Tenedum pugna ilia navalis ; nostra sunt tropaea, nostra 
 monumenta, nostri triumphi : quae quorum ingeniis efferun- 
 tur, ab iis populi Romani fama celebratur. Carus fuit Afri- 35 
 cano superior! noster Ennius, itaque etiam in sepulcro 
 
56 -PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 
 
 Scipionum putatur is esse constitutus ex marmore ; cujus 
 laudibus certe non solum ipse, qui laudatur, sed etiam populi 
 Romani nomen ornatur. In caelum hujus proavus Cato 
 tollitur ; magnus honos populi Romani rebus adjungitur. 
 6 Omnes denique illi Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii non sine com- 
 muni omnium nostrum laude decorantur. 
 
 X. Ergo ilium, qui haec fecerat, Rudinum hominem, 
 majores nostri in civitatem receperunt ; nos hunc Heracli- 
 ensem, multis civitatibus expetitum, in hac autem legibus 
 
 10 constitutum, de nostra civitate ejiciemus ? 
 
 Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Graecis 
 versibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehementer errat, prop- 
 terea quod Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus, Lati- 
 na suis finibus^ exiguis sane, continentur. Quare si res eae, 
 
 15 quas gessimus, orbis terrae regionibus definiuntur, cupere 
 debemus, quo manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint, eodem 
 gloriam famamque penetrare, quod cum ipsis populis, de 
 quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, turn iis certe, qui 
 de vita gloriae causa dimicant, hoc maximum et periculorum 
 
 20 in cit amentum est et laborum. 
 
 Quam multos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alex- 
 ander secum habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, cum in 
 Sigeo ad Achillis tumulum adstitisset, " O fortunate " in- 
 quit " adolescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeconem 
 
 25 inveneris ! " Et vere : nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem 
 tumulus, qui corpus ejus contexerat, nomen etiam obruisset. 
 Quid ? noster hie Magnus, qui cum virtute fortunam adae- 
 quavit, nonne Theophanem Mitylenaeum, scriptorem rerum 
 suarum, in contione militum civitate donavit ; et nostri illi 
 
 30 fortes viri, sed rustici ac milites, dulcedine quadam gloriae 
 commoti, quasi participes ejusdem laudis, magno illud cla- 
 more approbaverunt ? 
 
 Itaque, credo, si civis Romanus Archias legibus non 
 esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretur, perficere 
 
 35 non potuit. Sulla cum Hispanos et Gallos donaret, credo, 
 hunc petentem repudiasset : quern nos in contione vidimus, 
 
PRO ARCHIA POET A ORATIO. 57 
 
 cum ei libellum malus poeta de populo subjecisset, quod 
 epigramma in eum fecisset tantum modo alternis versibus 
 longiusculis, statim ex iis rebus, quas turn vendebat, jubere 
 ei praemium tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scribe- 
 ret. Qui sedulitatem mali poetae duxerit aliquo tamen 5 
 praemio dignam, hujus ingenium et virtutem in scribendo 
 et copiam non expetisset ? Quid, a Q. Metello Pio, familia- 
 rissimo suo, qui civitate multos donavit, neque per se neque 
 per Lucullos impetravisset ? qui praesertim usque eo de 
 suis rebus scribi cuperet, ut etiara Cordubae natis poetis, 10 
 pingue quiddam sonantibus atque peregrinum, tamen aures 
 suas dederit. 
 
 XI. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscurari 
 non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum ; trahimur omnes studio 
 laudis et optimus quisque maxim e gloria ducitur. Ipsi illi 15 
 philosophi etiam in illis libellis, quos de contemnenda gloria 
 scribunt, nomen suum inscribunt ; in eo ipso, in quo prae- 
 dicationem nobilitatemque despiciunt, praedicari de se ac 
 nominari volunt. Decimus quidem Brutus, summus vir. et 
 imperator, Attii, amicissimi sui, carminibus templorum ac 20 
 monumentorum aditus exornavit suorum. Jam vero ille, 
 qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit, Fulvius, non dubita- 
 vit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. Quare, in qua urbe 
 imperatores prope armati poetarum nomen et Musarum de- 
 lubra coluerunt, in ea non debent togati judices a Musarum 25 
 honore et a poetarum salute abhorrere. 
 
 Atque ut id libentius faciatis, jam me vobis, judices, in- 
 dicabo et de meo quodam amore gloriae, nimis acri fortasse, 
 verum tamen honesto, vobis confitebor. Nam quas res nos 
 in consulatu nostro vobiscum simul pro salute hujus urbis 30 
 atque imperii et pro vita civium proque universa re publica 
 gessimus, attigit hie versibus atque inchoavit : quibus audi- 
 tis, quod mini magna res et jucunda visa est, hunc ad per- 
 ficiendum adhortatus sum. Nullam enim virtus aliam mer- 
 cedem laborum periculorumque desiderat praeter hanc lau- 35 
 dis et gloriae : qua quidem detracta, judices, quid est quod 
 
58 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 
 
 in hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo et tarn brevi tantis nos in 
 laboribus exerceamus ? 
 
 Certe, si nihil animus praesentiret in posterum, et s: 
 quibus region ibus vitae spatium circumscriptum est, eisdeni 
 5 omnes cogitationes terminaret suas, nee tantis se laboribus 
 frangeret neque tot curis vigiliisque angeretur nee toties de 
 ipsa vita dimicaret. Nunc insidet quaedam in optimo quo- 
 que virtus, quae noctes ac dies animum gloriae stimulis con- 
 citat atque admonet, non cum vitae tempore esse dimetien- 
 
 10 dam commemorationem nominis nostri, sed cum omni pos- 
 teritate adaequandam. 
 
 XII. An vero tam parvi animi videamur esse omnes, 
 qui in re publica atque in his vitae periculis laboribusque 
 versamur, ut, ■ cum usque ad extremum spatium nullum 
 
 15 tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum duxerimus, nobiscum 
 simul moritura omnia arbitremur ? An statuas et imagines, 
 non animorum simulacra, sed corporum, studiose multi sum- 
 mi homines reliquerunt ; consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum 
 nostrarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus, summis in- 
 
 20 geniis expressam et politam ? Ego vero omnia, quae gere- 
 bam, jam turn in gerendo spargere me ac disseminare arbi- 
 trabar in orbis terrae memoriam sempiternam. Haec vero 
 sive a meo sensu post mortem abfutura est, sive, ut sapien- 
 tissimi homines putaverunt, ad aliquam mei partem pertine- 
 
 25 bit, nunc quidem certe cogitatione quadam speque delector. 
 
 Quare conservate, judices, hominem pudore eo, quern 
 
 amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate turn etiam 
 
 vetustate ; ingenio autem tanto, quantum id convenit ex- 
 
 istimari, quod summorum hominum ingeniis expetitum esse 
 
 30 videatis ; causa vero ejus modi, quae beneficio legis, auctori- 
 tate municipii, testimonio Luculli, tabulis Metelli compro- 
 betur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus a vobis, judices, si 
 qua non modo humana, verum etiam divina in tantis ingeniis 
 commendatio debet esse, ut eum, qui vos, qui vestros in> 
 
 35 peratores, qui populi Romani res gestas semper ornavit, 
 qui etiam his recentibus nostris vestrisque domesticis pericu- 
 
PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO. 59 
 
 lis aeternum se testimonium laudis daturum esse profite- 
 tur, estque ex eo numero, qui semper apud omnes sancti 
 sunt habiti itaque dicti, sic in vestram accipiatis fidem, ut 
 humanitate vestra levatus potius quam acerbitate violatus 
 esse videatur. Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine brevi- 5 
 ter simpliciterque dixi, judices, ea confide- probata esse 
 omnibus : quae a forensi aliena judicialique consuetudine 
 et de hominis ingenio et communiter de ipsius studio locu- 
 tus sum, ea, judices, a vobis spero esse in bonam partem 
 accepta, ab eo, qui judicium exercet, certo scio. 10 
 
M. TULLII CTCERONIS 
 
 DE 
 
 IMPERIO CI. POMPEII 
 
 SIYE 
 PRO LEGE MANILIA 
 
 OEATIO AD QUIRITES. 
 
 I. Qttamqttam mihi semper frequens conspectus vester 
 multo jucundissimus, hie autem locus ad agendum amplissi- 
 mus, ad dicendum ornatissimus est visus, Quirites, tamen 
 hoc aditu laudis, qui semper optimo cuique maxim e patuit, 
 5 non mea me voluntas adhuc, sed vitae meae rationes ab 
 ineunte aetate susceptae prohibuerunt. Nam cum antea 
 per aetatem nondum hujus auctoritatem loci attingere aude- 
 rem statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum ingenio, elabora- 
 tum industria afferri oportere, omne meum tempus amicorum 
 
 10 temporibus trans mitt endum putavi. Ita neque hie locus 
 vacuus unquam fuit ab iis, qui vestram causam defenderent, 
 et meus labor, in privatorum periculis caste integreque ver- 
 satus, ex vestro judicio fructum est amplissimum consecu- 
 tus. Nam cum propter dilationem comitiorum ter prae- 
 
 15 tor primus centuriis cunctis renuntiatus sum, facile intellexi, 
 Quirites, et quid de me judicaretis et quid aliis praescribere- 
 tis. Nunc, cum et auctoritatis in me tan turn sit, quantum 
 vos honoribus mandandis esse voluistis, et ad agendum facul- 
 tatis tantum, quantum homini vigilanti ex forensi usu 
 
 20 prope quotidiana dicendi exercitatio potuit afferre, certe et 
 
DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 61 
 
 si quid auctoritatis in me est, apud eos utar, qui eain rnihi 
 dederunt, et si quid in dicendo consequi possum, iis osten- 
 dam potissimum, qui ei quoque rei fructum suo judicio tribu- 
 endum esse duxerunt. Atque illud in primis mihi laetan- 
 dum jure esse video, quod in hac insolita mihi ex hoc loco 5 
 ratione dicendi causa tahs oblata est, in qua oratio deesse 
 nemini possit. Dicendum est enim de Cn. Pompeii singu- 
 lari eximiaque virtute ; hujus autem oratioms difficilius est 
 exitum quam principium in venire. Ita mihi non tarn copia 
 quam modus in dicendo quaerendus est. 10 
 
 II. Atque ut hide oratio mea proficiscatur, unde haec 
 omnis causa ducitur, bellum grave et periculosum vestris 
 vectigalibus ac sociis a duobus potentissimis regibus infer- 
 tur, Mithridate et Tigrane, quorum alter relictus, alter la- 
 cessitus occasionem sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam 15 
 esse arbitrantur. Equitibus Romanis, honestissimis viris, 
 afferuntur ex Asia quotidie litterae, quorum magnae res 
 aguntur, in vestris vectigalibus exercendis occupatae ; qui 
 ad me pro necessitudine, quae mihi est cum illo ordine, 
 causam rei publicae periculaque rerum suarum detulerunt ; 20 
 Bithyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos exustos 
 esse complures ; regnum Ariobarzanis, quod nnitimum est 
 vestris vectigalibus, totum esse in hostium potestate ; L. 
 Lucullum magnis rebus gestis ab eo bello discedere ; huic 
 qui successerit non satis esse paratum ad tantum bellum 25 
 administrandum ; unum ab omnibus sociis et civibus ad id 
 bellum imperatorem deposci atque expeti, eundem hunc 
 unum ab hostibus metui, praeterea neminem. 
 
 Causa quae sit videtis : nunc quid agendum sit conside- 
 rate. Primum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde de mag- 30 
 nitudine, turn de imperatore deligendo esse dicendum. Ge- 
 nus est belli ejus modi, quod maxime vestros animos excitare 
 atque inflammare ad persequendi studium debeat ; in quo 
 agitur populi Romani gloria, quae vobis a majoribus cum 
 magna in omnibus rebus, turn summa in re militari tradita 35 
 est ; agitur salus sociorum atque amicorum, pro qua multa 
 
62. DE IMPERIO CN. TOMPEII ORATIO. 
 
 majores vestri magna et gravia bella gesserunt ; aguntui 
 certissima populi Romani vectigalia et maxima, quibus 
 amissis et pacis ornamenta et subsidia belli requiretis ; 
 aguntur bona multorum civium, quibus est a vobis et ip- 
 5 sorum et rei publicae causa consulendum. 
 
 III. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter cete- 
 ras gentes atque avidi laudis fuistis, delenda est vobis ilia 
 macula Mithridatico bello superiore concepta, quae penitus 
 jam insedit ac nimis inveteravit in populi Romani nomine ; 
 
 10 quod is, qui uno die tota in Asia, tot in civitatibus, uno 
 nuntio atque una significatione litterarum cives Romanos 
 necandos trucidandosque denotavit, non modo adhuc poe- 
 nam nullam suo dignam scelere suscepit, sed ab illo tem- 
 pore annum jam tertium et vicesimum regnat, et ita regnat, 
 
 15 ut se non Ponti neque Cappadociae latebris occultare velit, 
 sed emergere ex patrio regno atque in vestris vectigalibus, 
 hoc est in Asiae luce versari. Etenim adhuc ita nostri cum 
 illo rege contenderunt imperatores, ut ab illo insignia vic- 
 toriae, non victoriam reportarent. Triumphavit L. Sulla, 
 
 10 triumphavit L. Murena de Mithridate, duo fortissimi viri et 
 summi imperatores; sed ita triumpharunt, ut ille pulsus 
 superatusque regnaret. Verum tamen illis imperatoribus 
 laus est tribuenda, quod egerunt, venia dan da, quod reli- 
 querunt ; propterea quod ab eo bello Sullam in Italiam res 
 
 25 publica, Murenam Sulla revocavit. 
 
 IV. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non ad 
 oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi con- 
 tulit : qui postea quam maximas aedificasset ornassetque 
 classes exercitusque permagnos quibuscumque ex gentibus 
 
 30 posset comparasset et se Bosporanis, finitimis suis, bellum 
 inferre simularet, usque in Hispaniam legatos ac litteras 
 misit ad eos duces, quibuscum turn bellum gerebamus, ut, 
 cum duobus in locis disjunctissimis maximeque diversis 
 uno consilio a binis hostium copiis bellum terra marique 
 
 35 gereretur, vos ancipiti contentione districti de imperio dimi- 
 caretis. 
 
DE IMPERIO CX. POMPEII OKATIO. 63 
 
 Sed tamen alterius partis periculum, Sertorianae atque 
 Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firraamenti ac roboris habe- 
 bat, Cn. Pompeii divino consilio ac singulari virtute depul- 
 suni est ; in altera parte ita res a L. Lucullo, summo viro, 
 est administrata, ut initia ilia rerum gestarum magna atque 5 
 praeclara non felicitati ejus, sed virtuti, haec autem ex- 
 trema, quae nuper acciderunt, non culpae, sed fortunae tribu- 
 enda esse videantur. Sed de Lucullo dicam alio loco, et 
 ita dicam, Quirites, ut neque vera laus ei detracta oratione 
 mea neque falsa afficta esse videatur. De vestri imperii 10 
 dignitate atque gloria, quoniam is est exorsus oratiouis 
 meae, videte quern vobis animum suscipiendum putetis. 
 
 V. Majores nostri saepe, mercatoribus aut naviculariis 
 nostris injuriosius tractatis, bella gesserunt ; vos, tot mili- 
 bus civium Romanorum uno nuntio atque uno tempore ne- 15 
 catis, quo tandem animo esse debetis ? Legati quod erant 
 appellati superbius, Corinthum patres vestri, totius Graeciae 
 lumen, exstinctum esse voluerunt : vos eum regem inultum 
 esse patiemini, qui legatum populi Romani consularem vin- 
 culis ac verberibus atque omni supplicio excruciatum ne- 20 
 cavit ? Illi libertatem civium Romanorum imminutam non 
 tulerunt : vos vitam ereptam negligetis ? Jus legationis 
 verbo violatum illi persecuti sunt : vos legatum omni sup- 
 plicio interfectum relinquetis ? Videte ne, ut illis pulcherri- 
 mum fuit tantam vobis imperii gloriam tradere, sic vobis 25 
 turpissimum sit id quod accepistis tueri et conservare non 
 posse. 
 
 Quid ? quod salus sociorum summum in periculum ac 
 discrimen vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis ? Reg- 
 no est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius populi Romani at- 30 
 que amicus ; imminent duo reges toti Asiae, non solum 
 vobis inimicissimi, sed etiam vestris sociis atque amicis ; 
 civitates autem omnes, cuncta Asia atque Graecia, vestrum 
 auxilium exspectare propter periculi magnitudinem cogun- 
 tur ; imperatorem a vobis certum deposcere, cum praeser- 35 
 tim vos alium miseritis,. neque audent neque se id facere 
 
64 DE IMPEPJO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 
 
 sine sumrao periculo posse arbitrantur. Vident et sentiunt 
 hoc idem quod vos, unum virum esse, in quo summa sint 
 omnia, et eum propter esse, quo etiam carent aegrius : cujus 
 adventu ipso atque nomine, tametsi ille ad maritimum bel- 
 5 lum venerit, tamen impetus hostium repressos esse intelli- 
 gunt ac retardatos. Hi vos, quoniam libere loqui non licet, 
 tacite rogant, ut se quoque, sicut ceterarum provinciarum 
 socios, dignos existimetis quorum salutem tali viro com- 
 mendetis ; atque hoc etiam magis, quod ceteros in provin- 
 
 10 ciam ejus modi homines cum imperio mittimus, ut, etiam 
 si ab hoste defendant, tamen ipsorum adventus in urbes 
 sociorum non multum ab hostili expugnatione differant. 
 Hunc audiebant antea, nunc praesentem vident tanta 
 temperantia, tanta mansuetudine, tanta humanitate, ut ii 
 
 15 beatissimi esse videantur, apud quos ille diutissime com- 
 moratur. 
 
 VI. Quare, si propter socios, nulla ipsi injuria lacessiti, 
 majores nostri cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, cum Aetolis, 
 cum Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto vos studio convenit, 
 
 20 injuriis provocatos, sociorum salutem una cum imperii vestri 
 dignitate defendere, praesertim cum de maximis vestris 
 vectigalibus agatur ? Nam ceterarum provinciarum vecti- 
 galia, Quirites, tanta sunt, ut iis ad ipsas provincias tutan- 
 das vix contenti esse possimus : Asia vero tarn opima est 
 
 25 ac fertilis, ut et ubertate agrorum et varietate fructuum et 
 magnitudine pastionis et multitudine earum rerum, quae 
 exportantur, facile omnibus terris antecellat. Itaque haec 
 vobis provincia, Quirites, si et belli utilitatem et pacis dig- 
 nitatem retinere vultis, non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a 
 
 30 metu calamitatis est defendenda. Nam in ceteris rebus, 
 cum venit calaraitas, turn detrimentum accipitur : at in 
 vectigalibus non solum adventus mali, sed etiam metus ipse 
 affert calamitatem. Nam cum hostium copiae non longe 
 absunt, etiam si irruptio nulla facta est, tamen pecua relin- 
 
 35 quuntur, agri cultura deseritur, mercatorum navigatio con- 
 (jwiescit, Tta neque ex portu neque ex clecumis neque <-x 
 
DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 65 
 
 scriptura vectigal conservari potest : quare saepe totius anni 
 fructus uno rumore periculi atque uno belli terrore amittitur. 
 
 Quo tandem animo esse existimatis aut eos, qui vecti- 
 galia nobis pensitant, aut eos, qui exercent atque exigunt, 
 cum duo reges cum maximis copiis propter adsint ? cum 5 
 una excursio equitatus perbrevi tempore totius anni vectigal 
 auferre possit ? cum publicani familias maximas, quas in 
 saltibus habent, quas in agris, quas in portubus atque cus- 
 todiis, magno periculo se habere arbitrentur ? Putatisne 
 vos illis rebus frui posse, nisi eos, qui vobis fructui sunt, 10 
 conservaritis, non solum, ut ante dixi, calamitate, sed etiam 
 calamitatis formidine liberatos ? 
 
 VII. Ac ne illud quid em vobis negligendum est, quod 
 mini ego extremum proposueram, cum essem de belli 
 genere dicturus, quod ad multorum bona civium Romanorum if 
 pertinet : quorum vobis pro vestra sapientia, Quirites, ha- 
 benda est ratio diligenter. Nam et publicani, homines 
 honestissimi atque ornatissimi, suas rationes et copias in 
 illam provinciam contulerunt, quorum ipsorum per se res et 
 fortunae vobis curae esse debent ; etenim si vectigalia ner- 20 
 vos esse rei publicae semper duximus, eum certe ordinem, 
 qui exercet ilia, firmamentum ceterorum ordinum recte esse 
 dicemus. 
 
 Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavi atque in- 
 dustrii partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos absenti- 25 
 bus consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia pe- 
 cunias magnas collocatas habent. Erit igitur humanitatis 
 vestrae magnum numerum eorum civium calamitate pro- 
 hibere, sapientiae videre, multorum civium calamitatem a 
 re publica sejunctam esse non posse. Etenim primum illud 3G 
 parvi refert, nos publicanis amissis vectigalia postea victoria 
 recuperare ; neque enim iisdem redimendi facultas erit prop- 
 ter calamitatem neque aliis voluntas propter timorem. 
 
 Deinde, quod nos eadem Asia atque idem iste Mithri- 
 dates initio belli Asiatici docuit, id quidem certe calamitate 35 
 docti memoria retinere debemus. Nam turn, cum in Asia 
 
66 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 
 
 res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae solutione 
 impedita fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una in civi- 
 tate multi rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures secum in 
 eandem trahant calamitatem. A quo periculo prohibete 
 5 rem publicam, et mihi credite, id quod ipsi videtis : haec 
 fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in 
 foro versatur, implicata est cum illis pecuniis Asiaticis et 
 cohaeret. Ruere ilia non possunt, ut haec non eodem labe- 
 facta motu concidant. Quare videte num dubitandum vobis 
 
 10 sit omni studio ad id bellum incumbere, in quo gloria nomi- 
 nis vestri, salus sociorum, vectigalia maxima, fortunae pluri- 
 morum civium conjunctae cum re publica defendantur. 
 
 VIII. Quoniam de genere belli dixi, nunc de magnitu- 
 dine pauca dicam. Potest enim hoc dici ; belli genus esse 
 
 15 ita necessarium, ut sit gerendum, non esse ita magnum, ut 
 sit pertimescendum. In quo maxime laborandum est, ne 
 forte ea vobis, quae diligentissime providenda sunt, contem* 
 nenda esse videantur. Atque ut omnes intelligant me L. 
 Lucullo tantum impertire laudis, quantum forti viro et sa- 
 
 20 pienti homini et magno imperatori debeatur, dico ejus ad- 
 ventu maximas Mithridatis copias omnibus rebus ornatas 
 atque instructas fuisse urbemque Asiae clarissimam nobis- 
 que amicissimam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam esse ab ipso rege 
 maxima multitudine et oppugnatam vehementissime, quam 
 
 25 L. Lucullus virtute, assiduitate, consilio summis obsidionis 
 periculis liberavit : ab eodem imperatore classem magnam 
 et ornatam, quae ducibus Sertorianis ad Italiam studio in- 
 flammata raperetur, superatam esse atque depressam ; mag- 
 nas hostium praeterea copias multis proeliis esse deletas 
 
 30 patefactumque nostris legionibus esse Pontum, qui antea 
 populo Romano ex omni aditu clausus fuisset ; Sinopen 
 atque Amisum, quibus in oppidis erant domicilia regis, 
 omnibus rebus ornatas atque refertas, cetera sque urbes 
 Ponti et Cappadociae permultas uno aditu adventuque esse 
 
 36 captas ; regem spoliatum regno patrio atque avito ad alios 
 se reges atque ad alias gentes supplicem contulisse : atque 
 
DE IHPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 67 
 
 haec omnia salvis populi Romani sociis atque integris vecti 
 galibus esse gesta. Satis opinor haec esse laudis, atque ita, 
 Quirites, ut hoc vos intelligatis, a nullo istorum, qui huic 
 obtrectant legi atque causae, L. Lucullum similiter ex hoc 
 loco esse laudatum. 5 
 
 IX. Requiretur fortasse nunc, quern ad modum, cum 
 haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellum. Cog- 
 noscite, Quirites ; non enim hoc sine causa quaeri videtur. 
 Primum ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit, ut ex eodem 
 Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur, quam prae- 10 
 dicant in fuga fratris sui membra in iis locis, qua se parens 
 persequeretur, dissipavisse, ut eorum collectio dispersa mae- 
 rorque patrius celeritatem persequendi retardaret. Sic 
 Mithridates fugiens maximam vim auri atque argenti pul- 
 cherrimarumque rerum omnium, quas et a majoribus accepe- 15 
 rat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum 
 regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem reliquit. Haec dum 
 nostri colligunt omnia diligentius, rex ipse e manibus eflu- 
 git. Ita ilium in persequendi studio maeror, hos laetitia 
 tarda vit. Hunc in illo timore et fuga Tigranes, rex Arme- 20 
 nius, excepit diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit et afflic- 
 tum erexit perditumque recreavit. Qujus in regnum postea- 
 quam L. Lucullus cum exercitu venit, plures etiam gentes 
 contra imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt. Erat enim 
 metus injectus iis nationibus, quas nunquam populus Ro- 25 
 manus neque lacessendas bello neque tentandas putavit. 
 Erat etiam aha gravis atque vehemens opinio, quae animos 
 gentium barbararum pervaserat, fani locupletissimi et re- 
 ligiosissimi diripiendi causa in eas oras nostrum esse exer- 
 citum adductum. Ita nationes multae atque magnae novo 30 
 quodam terrore ac metu concitabantur. Noster autem ex- 
 ercitus tametsi urbem ex Tigranis regno ceperat et proeliis 
 usus erat secundis, tamen nimia longinquitate locorum ac 
 desiderio suorum commovebatur. 
 
 Hie jam plura non dicam ; fuit enim illud extremum, ut 35 
 ex iis locis a militibus nostris reditus magis maturus quam 
 
(58 DE IMPEKIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 
 
 processio longior quaereretur. Mithridates autem et suam 
 manum jam confirmarat, eorum, qui se ex ejus regno college- 
 rant, et magnis adventiciis auxiliis multorum regum et 
 nationum juvabatur. Nam hoc fere sic fieri solere accepi- 
 5 mus, ut regum afflictae fortunae facile multorum opes al- 
 liciant ad misericordiam maximeque eorum, qui aut reges 
 sunt aut vivunt in regno, ut iis nomen regale magnum et 
 sanctum esse videatur. Itaque tantum victus efficere potu- 
 it, quantum incolumis nunquam est ausus optare. Nam 
 
 10 cum se in regnum suum recepisset, non fuit eo contentus, 
 quod ei praeter spem acciderat, ut illam, posteaquam pulsus 
 erat, terram unquam attingeret, sed in exercitum nostrum, 
 clarum atque victorem, impetum fecit. 
 
 Sinite hoc loco, Quirites, sicut poetae solent, qui res 
 
 15 Romanas scribunt, praeterire me nostram calamitatem, quae 
 tanta fuit, ut earn ad aures imperatoris non ex proelio nun- 
 tius, sed ex sermone rumor afferret. Hie in illo ipso malo 
 gravissimaque belli offensione L. Lucullus, qui tamen aliqua 
 ex parte iis incommodis mederi fortasse potuisset, vestro 
 
 20 jussu coactus, quod imperii diuturnitati modum statuendum 
 vetere exemplo putavistis, partem militum, qui jam stipen- 
 diis confectis erant, diiacrisit, partem M\ Glabrioni tradidit. 
 Multa praetereo consulto, sed ea vos conjectura perspicite, 
 quantum illud bellum factum putetis, quod conjungant reges 
 
 25 potentissimi, renovent agitatae nationes, suscipiant inte- 
 grae gentes, novus imperator noster accipiat vetere exer* 
 citu pulso. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, quare 
 esset hoc bellum gen ere ipso necessarium, magnitudine 
 periculosum : restat ut de imperatore ad id bellum deli- 
 
 30 gendo ac tantis rebus praeficiendo dicendum esse videatur. 
 
 X. Utinam, Quirites, virorum fortium atque innocen- 
 
 tium copiam tantam haberetis, ut haec vobis deliberatio 
 
 difficilis esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac tanto 
 
 bello praeficiendum putaretis ! Nunc vero cum sit unus 
 
 35 Cn. Pompeius, qui non modo eorum hominum, qui nunc 
 sunt, gloriam, sed etiam antiquitatis memoriam virtu te su- 
 
DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 69 
 
 peravit, quae res est quae cujusquam animum in hac causa 
 dubium facere possit ? Ego enim sic existimo, in summo 
 imperatore quattuor has res inesse oportere : scientiam rei 
 militaris, virtutem, auctoritatem, felicitatem. Quis igitur 
 hoc homine scientior unquam aut fuit aut esse debuit ? qui 5 
 e ludo atque pueritiae disciplinis, bello maximo atque acer- 
 rimis hostibus, ad patris exercitum atque in militiae dis- 
 ciplinam profectus est ; qui extrema pueritia miles in exer- 
 citu fuit summi imperatoris, ineunte adolescentia maximi 
 ipse exercitus imperator ; qui saepius cum hoste conflixit 10 
 quam quisquam cum inimico concertavit, plura bella gessit 
 quam ceteri legerunt, plures provincias confecit quam alii 
 concupiverunt ; cujus adolescentia ad scientiam rei militaris 
 non alienis praeceptis sed suis imperiis, non offensionibus 
 belli sed victoriis, non stipendiis sed triumphis est erudita. 15 
 Quod denique genus esse belli potest, in quo ilium non ex- 
 ercuerit fortuna rei publicae ? Civile, Africanum, Trans- 
 alpinum, Hispaniense, mixtum ex civitatibus atque ex 
 bellicosissimis nationibus, servile, navale bellum, varia et 
 diversa genera et bellorum et hostium, non solum gesta ab 20 
 hoc uno, sed etiam confecta, nullam rem esse declarant in 
 usu positam militari, quae hujus viri scientiam fugere 
 possit. 
 
 XI. Jam vero virtuti Cn. Pompeii quae potest oratio par 
 inveniri ? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo dignum aut 25 
 vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit afferre ? Neque 
 enim illae sunt solae virtutes imperatoriae, quae vulgo 
 existimantur, labor in negotiis, fortitudo in periculis, indus- 
 tria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, consilium in pro- 
 videndo ; quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta in omnibus 30 
 reliquis imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus aut audivimus, non 
 fuerunt. 
 
 Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla hujus 
 virtute et subsidio confessus est liberatam. Testis est 
 Sicilia, quam multis undique cinctam periculis non terrore 35 
 belli, sed consilii celeritate explicavit. Testis est Africa, 
 
70 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII OKATIO. 
 
 quae magnis oppressa hostium copiis eorum ipsorum sam 
 guine redundavit. Testis est Gallia, per quam legionibus 
 nostris iter in Hispaniam Gallorum internicione patefactum 
 est. Testis est Hispania, quae saepissime plurimos hostes 
 5 ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit. Testis est iterum 
 et saepius Italia, quae cum servili bello taetro periculoso- 
 que premeretur, ab hoc auxilium abseute expetivit ; quod 
 bellum exspectatione ejus attenuatum atque imminutum est, 
 adventu sublatum ac sepultum. Testes nunc vero jam om- 
 
 10 nes orae atque omnes exterae gentes ac nationes, denique 
 maria omnia, cum uni versa, turn in singulis oris omnes 
 sinus atque portus. Quis enim toto mari locus per hos an- 
 nos aut tarn firmum habuit praesidium, ut tutus esset, aut 
 tarn fuit abdittis, ut lateret ? Quis navigavit, qui non se 
 
 15 aut mortis aut servitutis periculo committeret, cum aut 
 hieme aut referto praedonum mari navigaret ? Hoc tantum 
 bellum, tarn turpe, tarn vetus, tam late divisum atque dis- 
 persum, quis unquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus impera- 
 toribus uno anno aut omnibus annis ab uno imperatore con- 
 
 20 fici posse ? Quam provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus libe- 
 ram per hosce annos ? quod vectigal vobis tutum fuit ? 
 quern socium defendistis ? cui praesidio classibus vestris 
 fuistis ? Quam multas existimatis insulas esse desertas ? 
 quam multas aut metu relictas aut a praedonibus captas 
 
 25 urbes esse sociorum ? 
 
 XII. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro ? Fuit hoc 
 quondam, fuit proprium populi Romani, longe a domo bel- 
 lare et propugnaculis imperii sociorum fortunas, non sua 
 tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostris mare per hosce annos 
 
 30 clausum fuisse dicam, cum exercitus vestri nunquam a 
 Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint ? Qui ad vos 
 ab exteris nationibus venirent, captos querar, cum legati 
 populi Romani redempti sint ? Mercatoribus tutum mare non 
 fuisse dicam, cum duodecim secures in praedonum potes- 
 
 35 tatem pervenerint ? Cnidum aut Colophonem aut Samum, 
 nobilissimas urbes, innumerabilesque alias captas esse com- 
 
DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 71 
 
 memorem, cum vestros portus atque eos portus, quibus 
 vitam et spiritum ducitis, in praedonum fuisse potestate 
 sciatis ? An vero ignoratis portum Cajetae celeberrimum 
 ac plenissimum navium inspectante praetore a praedonibus 
 esse direptum ? ex Miseno autem ejus ipsius liberos, qui 5 
 cum praedonibus antea ibi bellum gesserat, a praedonibus 
 esse sublatos ? Nam quid ego Ostiense incommodum at- 
 que illam labem atque ignominiam rei publicae querar, cum 
 prope inspectantibus vobis classis ea, cui consul populi Ro- 
 mani praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta atque oppressa 10 
 est ? Pro dii immortales ! tantamne unius hominis incre- 
 dibilis ac divina virtus tarn brevi tempore lucem afferre rei 
 publicae potuit, ut vos, qui modo ante ostium Tiberinum 
 classem hostium videbatis, nunc nullam intra Oceani ostium 
 praedonum navem esse audiatis ? Atque haec qua celeri- 15 
 tate gesta sint, quamquam videtis, tamen a me in dicendo 
 praetereunda non sunt. Quis enim unquam aut obeundi 
 negotii aut consequendi quaestus studio tarn brevi tempore 
 tot loca adire, tantos cursus conficere potuit, quam celeriter 
 Cn. Pompeio duce tanti belli impetus navigavit ? qui non- 20 
 dum tempestivo ad navigandum mari Siciliam adiit, Afri- 
 cam exploravit, in Sardiniam cum classe venit, atque haec 
 tria frumentaria subsidia rei publicae firmissimis praesidiis 
 classibusque munivit. Inde cum se in Italiam recepisset, 
 duabus Hispaniis et Gallia transalpina praesidiis ac navibus 25 
 confirmata, missis item in oram Illyrici maris et in Achaiam 
 omnemque Graeciam navibus Italiae duo maria maximis 
 classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit ; ipse autem, 
 ut Brundisio profectus est, undequinquagesimo die totam 
 ad imperium populi Romani Ciliciam adjunxit : omnes, qui 30 
 ubique praedones fuerunt, partim capti interfectique sunt, 
 partim unius hujus se imperio ac potestati dediderunt. 
 Idem Cretensibus, cum ad eum usque in Pamphyliam lega- 
 tes deprecatoresque misissent, spem deditionis non ademit 
 obsidesque imperavit. Ita tantum bellum, tam diuturnum, 35 
 tam longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac 
 
72 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 
 
 
 nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme appa« 
 ravit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit. 
 
 XIII. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus impera- 
 toris. Quid ? ceterae, quas paulo ante cornmemorare coepe- 
 5 ram, quantae atque quam multae sunt ! Non enim bel- 
 landi virtus solum in summo ac perfecto imperatore quae- 
 renda est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae hujus administrae 
 comitesque virtutis. Ac primum quanta innocentia debent 
 esse imperatores ! quanta deinde in omnibus rebus tempe- 
 
 10 rantia ! quanta fide, quanta facilitate, quanto ingenio, quan- 
 ta humanitate ! Quae breviter qualia sint in Cn. Pompeio 
 consideremus ; summa enim omnia sunt, Quirites, sed ea 
 magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa per sese cognosci 
 atque intelligi possunt. 
 
 15 Quern enim imperatorem possumus ullo in numero pu- 
 tare, cujus in exercitu centuriatus veneant atque venierint ? 
 Quid hunc hominem magnum aut amplum de re publica 
 cogitare, qui pecuniam ex aerario depromptam ad bellum 
 administrandum aut propter cupiditatem provinciae magis* 
 
 20 tratibus diviserit aut propter avaritiam Romae in quaestu 
 reliquerit ? Vestra admurmuratio facit, Quirites, ut agnos- 
 cere videamini, qui haec fecerint : ego autem nomino nemi- 
 nem ; quare irasci mihi nemo poterit, nisi qui ante de se 
 voluerit confiteri. Itaque propter banc avaritiam impera- 
 
 25 torum quantas calamitates, quocumque ventum est, nostri 
 exercitus ferant, quis ignorat? Itinera, quae per hosce 
 annos in Italia per agros atque oppida civium Romanorum 
 nostri imperatores fecerint, recordamini : turn facilius statu- 
 etis quid apud exteras nationes fieri existimetis. Utrum 
 
 30 plures arbitramini per hosce annos militum vestrorum armis 
 hostium urbes an hibernis sociorum civitates esse deletas ? 
 Neque enim potest exercitum is continere imperator, qui 
 se ipse non continet, neque severus esse in judicando, qui 
 alios in se severos esse judices non vult. 
 
 35 Hie miramur hunc hominem tantum excellere ceteris, 
 cujus legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint, ut non modo ma- 
 
DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 73 
 
 nus tanti exercitus, sed ne vestigium quidem cuiquam 
 pacato nocuisse dicatur. Jam vero quern ad modum milites 
 hibernent, quotidie sermones ac litterae perferuntur. Non 
 modo ut sumptum faciat iu militem iiemini vis affertur, sed 
 ue cupienti quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis enim, 5 
 non avaritiae perfugium majores nostri in sociorum atque 
 amicorum tectis esse voluerunt. 
 
 XIV. Age vero ceteris in rebus qua ille sit temperan- 
 tia, considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tarn 
 incredibilem cursum inventum putatis ? Non enim ilium 10 
 eximia vis remigum aut ars inaudita quaedam gubernandi 
 aut venti aliqui novi tarn celeriter in ultimas terras pertu- 
 lerunt, sed eae res, quae ceteros remorari solent, non retar- 
 darunt : non avaritia ab institute cursu ad praedam aliquam 
 devocavit, non libido ad voluptatem, non amoenitas ad 15 
 delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, non 
 denique labor ipse ad quietem ; postremo signa et tabulas 
 ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri 
 tollenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem ex- 
 istimavit. Itaque omnes nunc in iis locis Cn. Pompeium 20 
 sicut aliquem non ex hac urbe missum, sed de caelo delap- 
 sum intuentur ; nunc denique incipiunt credere, fuisse homi- 
 nes Romanos hac quondam continentia, quod jam nation- 
 ibus exteris incredibile ac falso memoriae proditum videba- 
 tur. Nunc imperii vestri splendor illis gentibus lucem 25 
 afferre coepit ; nunc intelligunt non sine causa majores suos 
 turn, cum ea temperantia magistrates habebamus, servire 
 populo Romano quam imperare aliis maluisse. 
 
 Jam vero ita faciles aditus ad eum privatorum, ita liberae 
 querimoniae de aliorum injuriis esse dicuntur, ut is, qui dig- 30 
 nitate principibus excellit, facilitate infimis par esse videatur. 
 Jam quantum consilio, quantum dicendi gravitate et copia 
 valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam dignitas imperatoria, vos, 
 Quirites, hoc ipso ex loco saepe cognovistis. Fidem vero 
 ejus quantam inter socios existimari putatis, quam hostes 35 
 omnes omnium gonerum sanctissimam judicarint ? Humani- 
 
74 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 
 
 tate jam tanta est, ut difficile dictu sit, utrum hostes magis 
 virtutem ejus pugnantes timuerint an mansuetudinem victi 
 dilexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit quin huic hoc tantum bel- 
 lum transmittendum sit, qui ad omnia nostrae memoriae bella 
 5 conficienda divino quodam consilio natus esse videatur ? 
 
 XV. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis adminis- 
 trandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, certe nemi- 
 ni dubium est quin ea re idem ille imperator plurimum 
 possit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella adminis- 
 
 10 tranda, quid hostes, quid socii de imperatoribus nostris ex- 
 istiment, quis ignorat, cum sciamus homines in tantis 
 rebus, ut aut contemnant aut metuant, aut oderint aut 
 ament, opinione non minus et fama quam aliqua ratione 
 certa commoVeri? Quod igitur nomen unquam in orbe 
 
 15 terrarum clarius fuit ? Cujus res gestae pares ? De quo 
 homine vos, id quod maxime facit auctoritatem, tanta et tam 
 praeclara judicia fecistis? An vero ullam usquam esse 
 oram tam desertam putatis, quo non illius diei fama perva- 
 serit, cum universus populus Romanus referto foro com- 
 
 20 pletisque omnibus templis, ex quibus hie locus conspici 
 potest, unum sibi ad commune omnium gentium bellum Cn. 
 Pompeium imperatorem depoposcit ? Itaque, ut plura non 
 dicam neque aliorum exemplis confirmem, quantum auctori- 
 tas valeat in bello, ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum 
 
 25 egregiarum exempla sumantur : qui quo die a vobis mariti- 
 mo bello praepositus est imperator, tanta repente vilitas 
 annonae ex summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae con- 
 secuta est unius hominis spe ac nomine, quantam vix in 
 summa ubertate agrorum diuturna pax efficere potuisset. 
 
 30 Jam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio, de quo vos 
 paulo ante invitus admonui, cum socii pertimuissent, nos- 
 trum opes animique crevissent, satis firmum praesidium 
 provincia non haberet, amisissetis Asiam, Quirites, nisi ad 
 ipsum discrimen ejus temporis divinitus Cn. Pompeium ad 
 
 35 eas regiones fortuna populi Roman i attulisset. Hujus ad- 
 ventus et Mithridatem insolita inflatum victoria continuit 
 
DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 75 
 
 et Tigranem magnis copiis minitantem Asiae retardavit. 
 Et quisquam dubitabit, quid virtute perfecturus sit, qui 
 tantum auctoritate perfecerit? aut quam facile imperio 
 atque exercitu socios et vectigalia conservaturus sit, qui 
 ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit ? 5 
 
 XVI. Age vero ilia res quantam declarat ejusdem homi- 
 nis apud hostes populi Romani auctoritatem, quod ex 
 locis tam longinquis tamque diversis tam brevi tempore 
 omnes huic se uni dediderunt : quod Cretensium legati, 
 cum in eorum insula noster imperator exercitusque esset, 10 
 ad Cn. Pompeium in ultimas prope terras venerunt eique 
 se omnes Cretensium civitates dedere velle dixerunt! 
 Quid ? idem iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem Cn. Pom- 
 peium legatum usque in Hispaniam misit? eum quern 
 Pompeius legatum semper judicavit, ii, quibus erat moles- 15 
 turn ad eum potissimum esse missum, speculatorem quam 
 legatum judicari maluerunt, Potestis igitur jam constitu- 
 ere, Quirites, hanc auctoritatem, multis postea rebus ges- 
 tis magnisque vestris judiciis amplificatam, quantum apud 
 illos reges, quantum apud exteras nationes valituram esse 20 
 existimetis. 
 
 Reliquum est ut de felicitate, quam praestare de se ipso 
 nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero possu- 
 mus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate deorum, timide 
 et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sic existimo : Maximo, Mar- 25 
 cello, Scipioni, Mario et ceteris magnis imperatoribus non 
 solum propter virtutem, sed etiam propter fortunam saepius 
 imperia mandata atque exercitus esse commissos. Fuit 
 enim profecto quibusdam sum mis viris quaedam ad ampli- 
 tudinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene gerendas di- 30 
 vinitus adjuncta fortuna. De hujus autem hominis felici- 
 tate, de quo nunc agimus, hac utar moderatione dicendi, 
 non ut in illius potestate fortunam positam esse dicam, 
 sed ut praeterita meminisse, reliqua sperare videamur, ne 
 aut invisa diis immortalibus oratio nostra ant ingrata esse 35 
 videatur, 
 
76 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 
 
 1 
 
 Itaque non sum praedicaturus, quantas ille res domi mi- 
 litiae, terra marique, quantaque felicitate gesserit, ut ejus 
 semper voluntatibus non modo cives assenserint, socii ob- 
 temperarint, hc-stes obedierint, sed etiam venti tempesta- 
 5 tesque obsecundarint. Hoc brevissime dicam, neminem 
 unquam tam impudent em fuisse, qui ab diis immortalibus 
 tot et tantas res tacitus auderet optare, quot et quantas dii 
 immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut illi 
 proprium ac perpetuum sit, Quirites, cum communis salu- 
 
 10 tis atque imperii, turn ipsius hominis causa, sicuti facitis, 
 velle et optare debetis. 
 
 Quare cum et bellum sit ita necessarium, ut negligi 
 non possit, ita magnum, ut accuratissime sit administran- 
 dum, et cum ei imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit 
 
 15 eximia belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima auctori- 
 tas, egregia fortuna, dubitatis, Quirites, quin hoc tantum 
 boni, quod vobis ab diis immortalibus oblatum et datum 
 est, in rem publicam conservandam atque amplificandam 
 conferatis ? 
 
 20 XVII. Quod si Romae On. Pompeius privatus esset 
 hoc tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus 
 atque mittendus. Nunc, cum ad ceteras summas utili- 
 tates haec quoque opportunitas adjungatur, ut in iis ipsis 
 locis adsit, ut habeat exercitum, ut ab iis qui habent accipe- 
 
 25 re statim possit, quid exspectamus ? aut cur non ducibus 
 diis immortalibus eidem, cui cetera summa cum salute rei 
 publicae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum regium com- 
 mittamus ? 
 
 At enim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rei publicae, ves- 
 
 30 tris beneficiis amplissimis affectus, Q. Catulus, itemque 
 summis ornamentis honoris, fortunae, virtutis, ingenii prae- 
 ditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac ratione dissentiunt : quorum 
 ego auctoritatem apud vos multis locis plurimum valuisse 
 et valere oportere confiteor, sed in hac causa, tametsi cog- 
 
 35 noscetis auctoritates contrarias virorum fortissimorum et 
 clarissimorum, tamen omissis auctoritatibus ipsa re ac ra- 
 
DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. ?"} 
 
 tione exquirere possuinus veritatem; atque hoc facilius, 
 quod ea omnia, quae a me adhuc dicta sunt, iidem isti vera 
 esse concedunt, et necessarium bellum esse et magnum et 
 in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia. 
 
 Quid igitur ait Hortensius ? Si uni omnia tribuenda 5 
 sint, unum dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad unum ta- 
 men omnia deferri non oportere. Obsolevit jam ista oratio, 
 re multo magis quam verbis refutata. Nam tu idem, Q. 
 Hortensi, multa pro tua summa copia ac singulari facultate 
 dicendi et in senatu contra virum fortem, A. Gabinium, lfl 
 graviter ornateque dixisti, cum is de uno imperatore con- 
 tra praedones constituendo legem promulgasset, et ex hoc 
 ipso loco permulta item contra earn legem verba fecisti. 
 Quid? turn, per deos immortales, si plus apud populum 
 Romanum auctoritas tua quam ipsius populi Romani salus 15 
 et vera causa valuisset, hodie hanc gloriam atque hoc orbis 
 terrae imperium teneremus ? An tibi turn imperium hoc 
 esse videbatur, cum populi Romani legati, quaestores 
 praetoresque capiebantur? cum ex omnibus provinciis 
 commeatu et privato et publico prohibebamur ? cum ita 20 
 clausa nobis erant maria omnia, ut neque privatam rem 
 transmarinam neque publicam jam obire possemus ? 
 
 XVIII. Quae civitas antea unquam fuit — non dico Athe- 
 niensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenuisse dicitur, 
 non Karthaginiensium, qui permultum classe ac maritimis 25 
 rebus valuerunt, non Rhodiorum, quorum usque ad nostram 
 memoriam disciplina navalis et gloria remansit — quae civi- 
 tas unquam antea tarn tenuis, quae tarn parva insula fuit, 
 quae non portus suos et agros et aliquam partem regionis 
 atque orae maritimae per se ipsa defenderet ? At hercule 30 
 aliquot annos continuos ante legem Gabiniam ille populus 
 Romanus, cujus usque ad nostram memoriam nomen invic- 
 tum in navalibus pugnis permanserit, magna ac multo maxi- 
 ma parte non modo utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperii 
 caruit. Nos, quorum majores Antiochum regem classe Per- 35 
 semque superarunt omnibusque navalibus pugnis Kartha- 
 
78 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 
 
 ginienses, homines in maritimis rebus exercitatissimos para« 
 tissimosque, vicerunt, ii nullo in loco jam praedonibus pares 
 esse poteramus. Nos, qui antea non modo Italiam tutam 
 habebamus, sed omnes socios in ultimis oris auctoritate nos- 
 
 5 tri imperii salvos praestare poteramus, turn, cum insula 
 Delos, tam procul a nobis in Aegaeo mari posita, quo om- 
 nes undique cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, re- 
 ferta divitiis, parva, sine muro, nihil timebat, iidem non 
 modo provinciis atque oris Italiae maritimis ac portubus 
 
 10 nostris, sed etiam Appia jam via carebamus. Et iis tem- 
 
 poribus non pudebat magistratus populi Romani in hunc 
 
 ipsum locum escendere, cum eum nobis majores nostri 
 
 exuviis nauticis et classium spoliis ornatum reliquissent. 
 
 XIX. Bono te animo turn, Q. Hortensi, populus Ro- 
 
 15 manus et ceteros, qui erant in eadem sententia, dicere exis- 
 timavit ea quae sentiebatis ; sed tam en in salute communi 
 idem populus Romanus dolori suo maluit quam auctoritati 
 vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, unus vir, unus annus 
 non modo nos ilia miseria ac turpitudine liberavit, sed etiam 
 
 20 effecit, ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus gentibus ac 
 nationibus terra marique imperare. Quo mihi etiam indig- 
 nius videtur obtrectatum esse adhuc, Gabinio dicam anne 
 Pompeio an utrique, id quod est verius, ne legaretur A. 
 Gabinius Cn. Pompeio expetenti ac postulanti. Utrum ille, 
 
 25 qui postulat ad tantum bellum legatum quern velit, idoneus 
 non est qui impetret, cum ceteri ad expilandos socios di- 
 ripiendasque provincias quos voluerunt legatos eduxerint ; 
 an ipse, cujus lege salus ac dignitas populo Romano atque 
 omnibus gentibus constituta est, expers esse debet gloriae 
 
 30 ejus imperatoris atque ejus exercitus, qui consilio ipsius ac 
 periculo est constitutus ? An C. Falcidius, Q. Metellus, 
 Q. Caelius Latiniensis, Cn. Lentulus, quos omnes honoris 
 causa nomino, cum tribuni plebis fuissent, anno proximo 
 legati esse potuerunt ; in uno Gabinio sunt tam diligentes, 
 
 35 qui in hoc bello, quod lege Gabinia geritur, in hoc impera- 
 tore atque exercitu, quern per vos ipse constituit, etiam 
 
DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 79 
 
 praecipuo jure esse deberet ? De quo legando consules 
 spero ad senatum relaturos. Qui si dubitabunt aut grava- 
 buntur, ego me profiteor relaturum, neque me impediet 
 cujusquam inimicum edictum, quo minus fretus vobis ves- 
 trum jus beneficiumque defendam, neque praeter interces- 5 
 sionem quidquam audiam ; de qua, ut arbitror, isti ipsi, qui 
 minantur, etiam atque etiam quid liceat considerabunt. 
 Mea quidem sententia, Quirites, unus A. Gabinius belli 
 maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn. Pompeio socius adscribi- 
 tur, propterea quod alter uni illud bellum suscipiendum 10 
 vestris suffragiis detulit, alter delatum susceptumque con- 
 fecit. 
 
 XX. Reliquum est ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et sen- 
 tentia dicendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis quaere- 
 ret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo 15 
 factum esset, in quo spem essetis habituri, cepit magnum 
 suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum omnes una prope 
 voce in ipso vos spem habituros esse dixistis. Etenim talis 
 est vir, ut nulla res tanta sit ac tarn difficilis, quam ille non 
 et consilio regere et integritate tueri et virtute conficere 20 
 possit. Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime dissentio, 
 quod, quo minus certa est hominum ac minus diuturna vita, 
 hoc magis res publica, dum per deos immortales licet, frui 
 debet summi viri vita atque virtute. 
 
 At enim ne quid novi fiat contra exempla atque instituta 25 
 majorum. Non dicam hoc loco, majores nostros semper in 
 pace consuetudini, in bello utilitati paruisse, semper ad 
 novos casus temporum novorum consiliorum ration es accom- 
 modasse ; non dicam, duo bella maxima, Punicum atque 
 Hispaniense, ab uno imperatore esse confecta duasque urbes 30 
 potentissimas, quae huic imperio maxime minitabantur, 
 Karthaginem atque Numantiam, ab eodem Scipione esse 
 deletas; non commemorabo, nuper ita vobis patribusque 
 vestris esse visum, ut in uno C. Mario spes imperii ponere- 
 tur, ut idem cum Jugurtha, idem cum Cimbris, idem cum 85 
 Teutonis bellum administraret. In ipso Cn. Pompeio, in 
 
80 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 
 
 quo novi constitui nihil vult Q. Catulus, quam multa sint 
 nova summa Q. Catuli voluntate constituta recordamini. 
 
 XXI. Quid tarn novum quam adolescentulum privatum 
 exercitum dimcili rei publicae tempore conficere ? Confecit. 
 
 5 Huic praeesse ? Praefuit. Rem optime ductu suo gerere ? 
 Gessit. Quid tam praeter consuetudinem quam homini 
 peradolescenti, cujus aetas a senatorio gradu longe abesset, 
 imperium atque exercitum dari, Siciliam permitti atque 
 Africam bellumque in ea provincia administrandum ? Fuit 
 
 10 in his provinciis singulari innocentia, gravitate, virtute ; 
 bellum in Africa maximum confecit, victorem exercitum 
 deportavit. Quid vero tam inauditum quam equitem Ro- 
 man um triumphare ? At earn quoque rem populus Roma- 
 nus non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio visendam et 
 
 15 concelebrandam putavit. Quid tam inusitatum quam, cum 
 duo consules clarissimi fortissimique essent, ut eques Ro- 
 manus ad bellum maximum formidolosissimumque pro con- 
 sule mitteretur ? Missus est. Quo quidem tempore cum 
 esset non nemo in senatu qui diceret, non oportere mitti 
 
 20 hominem privatum pro consule, L. Philippus dixisse dici- 
 tur, non se ilium sua sententia pro co?isule, sed pro co?v- 
 sulibus mittere. Tanta in eo rei publicae bene gerendae 
 spes constituebatur, ut duorum consulum munus unius ado- 
 lescentis virtuti com mitteretur. Quid tam singulare, quam 
 
 25 ut ex senatus consulto legibus solutus consul ante fieret, 
 quam ullum alium magistratum per leges capere licuisset ? 
 quid tam incredibile, quam ut iteram eques Romanus ex 
 senatus consulto triumpharet ? Quae in omnibus homini 
 bus nova post hominum memoriam constituta sunt, ea tam 
 
 30 multa non sunt quam haec, quae in hoc uno homine vide- 
 mus. Atque haec tot exempla, tanta ac tam nova, profecta 
 sunt in eundem hominem a Q. Catuli atque a ceterorum 
 ejusdem dignitatis amplissimorum hominum auctoritate. 
 
 XXII. Quare videant, ne sit periniquum et non feren- 
 35 dum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompeii dignitate a vobis 
 
 comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab iJlis de eodem honii* 
 
DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 81 
 
 ne judicium populique Romani auctoritatem improbari ; 
 praesertim cum jam suo jure populus Romanus in hoc 
 homine suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt 
 possit defendere ; propterea quod iisdem istis reclamantibus 
 vos unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis, quern bello prae- 5 
 donum praeponeretis. Hoc si vos temere fecistis et rei 
 publicae parum consuluistis, recte isti studia vestra suis 
 consiliis regere conantur ; sin autem vos plus turn in re 
 publica vidistis, vos his repugnantibus per vosmet ipsos 
 dignitatem huic imperio, salutem orbi terrarum attulistis, 10 
 aliquando isti principes et sibi et ceteris populi Romani 
 universi auctoritati parendum esse fateantur. 
 
 Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum militaris 
 ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae quo- 
 que virtutes animi magnae et rnultae requiruntur. Diffici- 15 
 le est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria regnisque interiorum nationum 
 ita versari nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil aliud nisi de hoste 
 ac de laude cogitet. Deinde etiam si qui sunt pudore ac 
 temperantia moderatiores, tamen eos esse tales propter 
 multitudinem cupidorum hominum nemo arbitratur. Dif- 20 
 ficile est dictu, Quirites, quanto in odio simus apud exteras 
 nationes propter eorum, quos ad eas per hos annos cum im- 
 perio misimus, libidines et injurias. Quod enim fanum 
 putatis in illis terris nostris magistratibus religiosum, quam 
 civitatem sanctam, quam domum satis clausam ac munitam 25 
 fuisse ? Urbes jam locupletes et copiosae requiruntur, qui- 
 bus causa belli propter diripiendi cupiditatem inferatur. 
 Libenter haec coram cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio, sum- 
 mis et clarissimis viris, disputarem ; noverunt enim sociorum 
 vulnera, vident eorum calamitates, querimonias audiunt. 30 
 Pro sociis vos contra hostes exercitum mittere putatis, an 
 hostium simulatione contra socios atque amicos ? Quae 
 ,ci vitas est in Asia, quae non modo imperatoris aut legati, 
 sed unius tribuni militum animos ac spiritus capere possit ? 
 
 XXITI. Quare etiam si quern habetis, qui collatis signis 35 
 iexercitus regios superare posse videatur, tamen, nisi erit 
 
82 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 
 
 idem, qui se a pecuniis sociorum, qui ab eorum conjugibus 
 ac liberis, qui ab ornamentis fanorum atque oppidorum, qui 
 ab auro gazaque regia manus, oculos, animum cohibere pos- 
 sit, non erit idoneus qui ad bellum Asiaticum regiumque 
 5 mittatur. Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse, quae 
 locuples sit? ecquam esse locupletem, quae istis pacata 
 esse videatur ? Ora maritima, Quirites, Cn. Pompeium non 
 solum propter rei militaris gloriam, sed etiam propter animi 
 continentiam requisivit. Videbat enim praetores locuple- 
 
 10 tari quotannis pecunia publica praeter paucos, neque eos 
 quidquam aliud assequi classium nomine, nisi ut detriments 
 accipiendis majore affici turpitudine videremur. Nunc qua 
 cupiditate homines in provincias et quibus jacturis, quibus 
 condicionibus proficiscantur, ignorant videlicet isti, qui ad 
 
 15 unum deferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur ; quasi vero 
 Cn. Pompeium non cum suis virtutibus, turn etiam alienis 
 vitiis magnum esse videamus. Quare nolite dubitare quin 
 huic uni credatis omnia, qui inter tot annos unus inventus 
 sit, quem socii in urbes suas cum exercitu venisse gaudeant. 
 
 20 Quod si auctoritatibus hanc causam, Quirites, confirman- 
 dam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum omnium maxi- 
 marumque rerum peritissimus, P. Servilius, cujus tantae res 
 gestae terra marique exstiterunt, ut, cum de bello delibe- 
 retis, auctor vobis gravior nemo esse debeat ; est C. Curio, 
 
 25 summis vestris beneficiis maximisque rebus gestis, summo 
 ingenio et prudentia praeditus ; est Cn. Lentulus, in quo 
 omnes pro amplissimis vestris honoribus summum consilium, 
 summam gravitatem esse cognovistis ; est C. Cassius, in- 
 tegritate, virtute, constantia singulari. Quare videte, ho- 
 
 30 rumne auctoritatibus illorum oration i, qui dissentiunt, re- 
 spondere posse videamur. 
 
 XXIV. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manili, primum istam 
 tuam et legem et voluntatem et sententiam laudo vehe- 
 mentissimeque comprobo ; deinde te hortor ut auctore popu 
 
 35 lo Romano maneas in sententia neve cujusquam vim aut 
 minas pertimescas. Primum in te satis esse animi perseve- i 
 
DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEII ORATIO. 83 
 
 f rantiaeque arbitror ; deinde cum tantani multitudinem cum 
 ! tanto studio adesse videamus, quantam itemm nunc in 
 i eodem homine praeficiendo videmus, quid est quod aut de 
 I re aut de perficiendi facultate dubitemus ? Ego autem, 
 
 quidquid est in me studii, consilii, laboris, ingenii, quidquid 5 
 
 I hoc beneficio populi Romani atque liac potestate praetoria, 
 
 quidquid auctoritate, fide, constantia possum, id omne ad 
 
 1 banc rem conficiendam tibi et populo Romano polliceor ac 
 
 ' defero ; testorque omnes deos et eos maxime, qui huic loco 
 
 : temploque praesident, qui omnium mentes eorum qui ad ic 
 
 - rem publicam adeunt maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque 
 
 rogatu facere cujusquam, neque quo Cn. Pompeii gratiam 
 
 mihi per hanc causam conciliari putem, neque quo mihi ex 
 
 ' cujusquam amplitudine aut praesidia periculis aut adju- 
 
 menta honoribus quaeram ; propterea quod pericula facile, 15 
 ; ut hominem praestare oportet, innocentia tecti repellemus, 
 honorem autem neque ab uno neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem 
 ilia nostra laboriosissima ratione vitae, si vestra voluntas 
 feret, consequemur. 
 
 Quam ob rem, quidquid in hac causa mihi susceptum 20 
 est, Quirites, id omne ego me rei publicae causa suscepisse 
 confirmo, tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi bonam gratiam 
 quaesisse videar, ut multas me etiam simultates partim 
 obscuras, partim apertas intelligam, mihi non necessarias, 
 vobis non inutiles suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc honore prae- 23 
 ditum, tantis vestris beneficiis affectum statui, Quirites, ves- 
 tram voluntatem et rei publicae dignitatem et salutem pro- 
 vinciarum atque sociorum meis omnibus commodis et ra- 
 tionibus praeferre oportere. 
 
M. TULLII CICERONIS 
 
 PEO 
 
 M. MARCELLO 
 
 OEATIO AD CAESAREM. 
 
 I. Diuturni silentii, patres coDscripti, quo eram his tern- 
 poribus usus, non timore aliquo, sed partim dolore, partim 
 verecundia, finem liodiernus dies attulit, idemque initium 
 quae vellem quaeque sentirem meo pristino more dicendi. 
 5 Tantam enim mansuetudinem, tarn inusitatam inauditamque 
 clementiam, tan turn in summa potestate re rum omnium mo- 
 dum, tarn denique incredibilem sapientiam ac paene divi- 
 nam tacitus nullo modo praeterire possum. M. enim Mar- 
 cello vobis, patres conscripti, reique publicae reddito, non 
 
 10 solum illius, sed meam etiam vocem et auctoritatem et vo- 
 bis et rei publicae conservatam ac restitutam puto. 
 
 Dolebam enim, patres conscripti, et vehementer ange- 
 bar virum talem, cum in eadem causa, in qua ego, fuisset, 
 non in eadem esse fortuna ; nee mihi persuadere poterana 
 
 15 nee fas esse ducebam versari me in nostro veteri curriculo, 
 illo aemulo atque imitatore studiorum ac laborum meorum 
 quasi quodam socio a me et comite distracto. Ergo et mihi 
 meae pristinae vitae consuetudinem, C. Caesar, interclusam 
 aperuisti et his omnibus ad bene de omni re publica spe- 
 
 20 randum, quasi signum aliquod sustulisti. Intellectum est 
 enim mihi quidem in multis et maxime in me ipso, sed paulo 
 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 85 
 
 ante omnibus, cum M. Marcellum senatui populoque Eo- 
 mano concessisti, commemoratis praesertim offensionibus, 
 te auctoritatem hujus ordinis dignitatem que rei publicae 
 tuis vel doloribus vel suspicionibus anteferre. 
 
 Ille quidem fructum omnis ante actae vitae hodierno die 5 
 maximum cepit, cum summo consensu senatus, turn ju- 
 dicio tuo gravissimo et maximo. Ex quo profecto intelli- 
 gis, quanta in dato beneficio sit laus, cum in accepto tanta 
 sit gloria. Est vero fortunatus ille, cujus ex salute non 
 minor paene ad omnes, quam ad ipsum ventura sit, laetitia 10 
 pervenerit. Quod quidem ei merito atque optimo jure 
 contigit. Quis enim est illo aut nobilitate aut probitate 
 aut optimarum artium studio aut innocentia aut ullo genere 
 laudis praestantior ? 
 
 II. Nullius tantum flumen est ingenii, nullius dicendi 15 
 aut scribendi tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dicam exor- 
 nare, sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas possit. Ta- 
 men affirmo, et hoc pace dicam tua, nullam in his esse lau- 
 dem ampliorem quam earn quam hodierno die consecutus 
 es. Soleo saepe ante oculos ponere, idque libenter crebris 20 
 usurpare sermonibus, omnes nostrorum imperatorum, omnes 
 exterarum gentium potentissimorumque populorum, omnes 
 clarissimorum regum res gestas cum tuis nee contentionum 
 magnitudine nee numero proeliorum nee varietate regionum 
 nee celeritate conficiendi nee dissimilitudine bellorum posse 25 
 conferri ; nee vero disjunctissimas terras citius passibus 
 eujusquam potuisse peragrari, quam tuis non dicam cursi- 
 bus, sed victoriis lustratae sunt. 
 
 Quae quidem ego nisi ita magna esse fatear, ut ea vix 
 eujusquam mens aut cogitatio capere possit, amens sim ; 30 
 sed tamen sunt alia majora. Nam bellicas laudes solent 
 quidam extenuare verbis easque detrahere ducibus, com- 
 municare cum multis, ne propriae sint imperatorum. Et 
 certe in armis militum virtus, locorum opportunitas, auxilia 
 sociorum, classes, commeatus multum juvant ; maximam 35 
 vero partem quasi suo jure fortuna sibi vindicat ; et quid- 
 
36 PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 
 
 quid prospere gestum est, id paene omne ducit suum. At 
 vero hujus gloriae, C. Caesar, quam es paulo ante adeptus, 
 socium habes neminem. Totum hoc, quantumcumque est, 
 quod certe maximum est, totum est, inquam, tuum. Nihil 
 5 sibi ex ista laude centurio, nihil praefectus, nihil cohors, 
 nihil turma decerpit. Quin etiam ilia ipsa rerum humana- 
 rum domina, Fortuna, in istius se societatem gloriae non 
 offert, tibi cedit, tuam esse totam et propriam fatetur. 
 Nunquam enim temeritas cum sapientia commiscetur, nee 
 
 10 ad consilium casus admittitur. 
 
 III. Domuisti gentes immanitate barbaras, multitudine 
 innumerabiles, locis infinitas, omni copiarum genere abun- 
 dantes ; sed tamen ea vicisti, quae naturam et condicionem, 
 ut vinci posseht, habebant : nulla est enim tanta vis, quae 
 
 15 non ferro ac viribus debilitari frangique possit. Animum 
 vincere, iracundiam cohibere, victoriam temperare, adversa- 
 rium nobilitate, ingenio, virtute praestantem non modo ex- 
 tollere jacentem, sed etiam amplificare ejus pristinam dig- 
 nitatem ; haec qui faciat, non ego eum cum summis viris 
 
 20 comparo, sed simillimum deo judico. 
 
 Itaque, C. Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur 
 illae quidem non solum nostris, sed paene omnium gentium 
 litteris atque Unguis ; nee ulla unquam aetas de tuis laudi- 
 bus conticescet ; sed tamen ejus modi res nescio quo modo, 
 
 25 etiam cum leguntur, obstrepi clamore militum videntur et 
 tubarum sono. At vero cum aliquid clementer, mansuete, 
 juste, moderate, sapienter factum, in iracundia praesertim, 
 quae est inimica consilio, et in victoria, quae natura inso- 
 lens et superba est, audimus aut legimus, quo studio incen- 
 
 30 dimur, non modo in gestis rebus, sed etiam in fictis, ut eos 
 saepe, quos nunquam vidimus, diligamus ! Te vero, quem 
 praesentem intuemur, cujus mentem sensusque et os cerni- 
 mus, ut quidquid belli fortuna reliquum rei publicae fecerit, 
 id esse salvum velis, quibus laudibus efferemus ? quibus 
 
 35 studiis prosequemur ? qua benevolentia complectemur ? 
 Parietes, medius fidius, ut mihi videntur, hujus curiae tibi 
 
PRO M. HARCELLO ORATIO. 8? 
 
 gratias agere gestiunt, quod brevi tempore futura sit ilia 
 auctoritas in his majorum suorum et suis sedibus. 
 
 IV. Equidem quum C. Marcelli, viri optimi et commemo- 
 rabili pietate praediti, lacrimas modo vobiscum viderem, 
 omnium Marcellorum meum pectus memoria obfudit ; qui- 5 
 bus tu etiam mortuis M. Marcello conservato dignitatem 
 suam reddidisti, nobilissimamque familiam jam ad paucos 
 redactam paene ab interitu vindicasti. Hunc tu igitur diem 
 tuis maximis et innumerabilibus gratulationibus jure ante- 
 pones. Haec enim res unius est propria Caesaris ; ceterae 10 
 duce te gestae magnae illae quidem, sed tamen multo mag- 
 noque comitatu. Hujus autem rei tu idem et dux es et 
 comes ; quae quidem tanta est, ut tropaeis monumentisque 
 tuis allatura finem sit aetas — nihil est enim opere aut manu 
 factum, quod non aliquando conficiat et consumat vetustas 16 
 — at haec tua justitia et lenitas animi florescet quotidie 
 magis, ita ut, quantum operibus tuis diuturnitas detrahet, 
 tantum afferat laudibus. Et ceteros quidem omnes victores 
 bellorum civilium jam ante aequitate et misericordia viceras : 
 hodierno vero die te ipsum vicisti. Vereor ut hoc quod 20 
 dicam perinde intelligi possit audi turn atque ipse cogitans 
 sentio. Ipsam victoriam vicisse videris, cum ea quae ilia 
 erat adepta victis remisisti. Nam cum ipsius victoriae 
 condicione jure omnes victi occidissemus, clementiae tuae 
 judicio conservati sumus. Recte igitur unus invictus es, a 25 
 quo etiam ipsius victoriae condicio visque devicta est. 
 
 V. Atque hoc C. Caesaris judicium, patres conscripti, 
 quam late pateat, attendite : omnes enim, qui ad ilia arma 
 fato sumus nescio quo rei publicae misero funestoque com- 
 pulsi, etsi aliqua culpa tenemur erroris humani, a scelere 30 
 certe liberati sumus. Nam cum M. Marcellum deprecan- 
 tibus vobis rei publicae conservavit, me et mihi et item rei 
 publicae nullo deprecante, reliquos amplissimos viros et 
 sibi ipsos et patriae reddidit, quorum et frequentiam et dig- 
 nitatem hoc ipso in consessu videtis, non ille hostes induxit 35 
 in curiam, sed judicavit a plerisque ignoratione potius et 
 
88 PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 
 
 falso atque inani metu quam cupiditate aut crudelitate bel« 
 lum esse susceptum. Quo quidem in belle- semper de pace 
 audiendum putavi, semperque dolui non modo pacem, sed 
 orationem etiam civium pacem flagitantium repudiari. Ne- 
 5 que enim ego ilia nee ulla unquam secutus sum arma ci- 
 vilia, semperque mea consilia pacis et togae socia, non belli 
 atque armorum fuerunt. Hominem sum secutus private 
 officio, non publico ; tantumque apud me grati animi fidelis 
 memoria valuit, ut nulla non modo cupiditate, sed ne spe 
 
 10 quidem prudens et sciens tamquam ad interitum ruerem 
 voluntarium. 
 
 Quod quidem meum consilium minime obscurum fuit. 
 Nam et in hoc ordine integra re multa de pace dixi, et in 
 ipso bello eadem etiam cum capitis mei periculo sensi. Ex 
 
 15 quo jam nemo erit tarn injustus rerum existimator, qui du- 
 bitet quae Caesaris voluntas de bello fuerit, cum pacis 
 auctores conservandos statim censuerit, ceteris fuerit iratior. 
 Atque id minus mirum fortasse turn, cum esset incertus 
 exitus et anceps fortuna belli : qui vero victor pacis auc- 
 
 20 tores diligit, is profecto declarat se maluisse non dimicare 
 quam vincere. 
 
 VI. Atque hujus quidem rei M. Marcello sum testis. 
 Nostri enim sensus, ut in pace semper, sic turn etiam in 
 bello congruebant. Quoties ego eum et quanto cum dolore 
 
 25 vidi, cum insolentiam certorum hominum turn etiam ipsius 
 victoriae ferocitatem extimescentem ! Quo gratior tua 
 liberalitas, C. Caesar, nobis, qui ilia vidimus, debet esse. 
 Non enim jam causae sunt inter se, sed victoriae comparan- 
 dae. Vidimus tuam victoriam praeliorum exitu termina- 
 
 30 tam : gladium vagina vacuum in urbe non vidimus. Quos 
 amisimus cives, eos Martis vis perculit, non ira victoriae ; 
 ut dubitare debeat nemo, quin multos, si fieri posset, C. 
 Caesar ab inferis excitaret, quoriiam ex eadem acie conser- 
 vat quos potest. Alterius vero partis, nihil amplius dicam 
 
 35 quam id quod omnes verebamur, nimis iracundam futuram 
 fuisse victoriam. Quidam enim non modo armatis, sed in- 
 
TKO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 89 
 
 terdum etiam otiosis minabantur, nee quid quisque sensis- 
 set, sed ubi fuisset, cogitandum esse dicebant ; ut mihi qui- 
 dem videantur dii immortales, etiam si poenas a populo 
 Romano ob aliquod delictum expetiverunt, qui civile bellum 
 tantum et tarn luctuosum excitaverunt, vel placati jam vel 5 
 satiati aliquando, ouinem spem salutis ad clementiam vic- 
 toris et sapientiam contulisse. 
 
 Quare gaude tuo isto tarn excellenti bono, et fruere 
 cum fortuna et gloria, turn etiam natura et moribus tuis ; 
 ex quo quidem maxim us est fructus jucunditasque sapienti. 10 
 Cetera cum tua recordabere, etsi persaepe virtuti, tamen 
 plerumque felicitati tuae gratulabere. De nobis, quos in 
 re publica tecum simul salvos esse voluisti, quoties cogita- 
 bis, toties de maximis tuis beneficiis, toties de incredibili 
 liberalitate, toties de singulari sapientia tua cogitabis ; 15 
 quae non modo summa bona, sed nimirum audebo vel sola 
 dicere. Tantus est enim splendor in laude vera, tanta in 
 magnitudine animi et consilii dignitas, ut haec a virtute 
 donata, cetera a fortuna commodata esse videantur. Noli 
 igitur in conservandis bonis viris defatigari, non cupiditate 20 
 praesertim aliqua aut pravitate lapsis, sed opinione officii 
 stulta fortasse, certe non improba, et specie quadam rei 
 publicae ; non enim tua ulla culpa est, si te aliqui timue- 
 runt, contraque summa laus, quod minime timendum fuisse 
 senserunt. 25 
 
 VII. Nunc venio ad gravissimam querelam et atrocissi- 
 mam suspicionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsi magis quam 
 cum omnibus civibus, turn maxime nobis, qui a te conser- 
 vati sumus, providenda est : quam etsi spero esse falsam, 
 nunquam tamen extenuabo. Tua enim cautio nostra cautio 30 
 est ; ut, si in alterutro peccandum sit, malim videri nimis 
 timidus quam parum prudens. Sed quisnam est iste tarn 
 demens ? De tuisne ? tametsi qui magis sunt tui quam 
 quibus tu salutem insperantibus reddidisti ? an ex eo nume- 
 ro qui una tecum fuerunt ? Non est credibilis tantus in 35 
 ullo furor, ut, quo duce omnia summa sit adeptus, hujus 
 
90 PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 
 
 vitam non anteponat suae. An si tui nihil cogitant sceleris, 
 cavendum est, ne quid inimici ? Qui ? Omnes enim, qui 
 fuerunt, aut sua pertinacia vitam amiserunt aut tua miseri- 
 cordia retinuerunt, ut aut nulli supersint de inimicis, aut 
 5 qui superfuerunt sint amicissimi. 
 
 Sed tamen cum in animis hominum tantae latebrae 
 sint et tanti recessus, augeamus sane suspicionem tuam : 
 simul enim augebimus diligentiam. Nam quis est omnium 
 tam ignarus rerum, tam rudis in re publica, tarn nihil un- 
 
 10 quam nee de sua nee de communi salute cogitans, qui non 
 intelligat tua salute contineri suam, et ex unius tua vita 
 pendere omnium ? Equidem de te dies noctesque, ut de- 
 beo, cogitans, casus dumtaxat humanos et incertos eventus 
 vaietudinis et naturae communis fragilitatem extimesco, 
 
 15 doleoque, cum res publica immortalis esse debeat, earn in 
 unius mortalis anima consistere. Si vero ad humanos ca- 
 sus incertosque eventus vaietudinis, sceleris etiam acce- 
 dat insidiarumque consensio, quern deum, si cupiat, posse 
 opitulari rei publicae credamus ? 
 
 20 VIII. Omnia sunt excitanda tibi, C. Caesar, uni, quae 
 jacere sentis belli ipsius impetu, quod necesse fuit, perculsa 
 atque prostrata ; constituenda judicia, revocanda fides, com- 
 primendae libidines, propaganda suboles, omnia, quae di- 
 lapsa jam difnuxerunt, severis legibus vincienda sunt. Non 
 
 25 fuit recusandum in tanto civili bello tantoque animorum 
 ardore et armorum, quin quassata res publica, quicumque 
 belli eventus fuisset, multa perderet et ornamenta dignita- 
 tis et praesidia stabilitatis suae, multaque uterque dux face- 
 ret armatus, quae idem togatus fieri prohibuisset. Quae 
 
 30 quidem tibi nunc omnia belli vulnera sananda sunt, quibua 
 praeter te mederi nemo potest. 
 
 Itaque illam tuam praeclarissimam et sapientissimam 
 vocem invitus audivi : " Satis diu vel naturae vixi vel glo- 
 riae." Satis, si ita vis, fortasse naturae ; addo etiam, si 
 
 85 placet, gloriae ; at, quod maximum est, patriae certe parum. 
 Quare omitte is tam, quaeso, doctorum hominum in contenv 
 
 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 91 
 
 nenda morte prudentiam : noli nostro periculo esse sapiens. 
 Saepe enim venit ad aures meas, te idem istud nimis crebro 
 dicere, tibi satis te vixisse. t Credo, sed turn id audirem, si 
 tibi soli viveres aut si tibi etiam soli natus esses. Omnium 
 salutem civium cunctamque rem publicam res tuae gestae 5 
 complexae sunt ; tantum abes a perfectione maximorum 
 operum, ut fundamenta nondum quae cogitas jeceris. Hie 
 tu modum vitae tuae non salute rei publicae, sed aequitate 
 animi definies ? Quid, si istud ne gloria e tuae quidem satis 
 est ? cujus te esse avidissimum, quamvis sis sapiens, non 10 
 negabis. 
 
 Parumne igitur, inquies, gloriam magnam relinquemus ? 
 Immo vero aliis quamvis multis satis ; tibi uni parum. 
 Quidquid est enim, quamvis amplum sit, id est parum turn, 
 cum est aliquid amplius. Quod si rerum tuarum immor- 15 
 talium, C. Caesar, hie exitus futurus fuit, ut devictis adver- 
 sariis rem publicam in eo statu relinqueres, in quo nunc est, 
 vide, quaeso, ne tua divina virtus admirationis plus sit habi- 
 tura quam gloriae ; si quidem gloria est illustris ac per- 
 vagata magnorum vel in suos vel in patriam vel in omne 20 
 genus hominum fama meritorum. 
 
 IX. Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars est, hie restat actus, in 
 hoc elaborandum est, ut rem publicam constituas, eaque tu 
 in primis cum summa tranquillitate et otio perfruare : turn 
 te, si voles, cum et patriae quod debes solveris et naturam 25 
 ipsam expleveris satietate vivendi, satis diu vixisse dicito. 
 Quid est enim hoc ipsum diu, in quo est aliquid extremum ? 
 quod cum venit, omnis voluptas praeterita pro nihilo est, 
 quia postea nulla est futura. Quamquam iste tuus animus 
 nunquam his angustiis, quas natura nobis ad vivendum 30 
 dedit, contentus fuit, semper immortalitatis a more flagravit. 
 
 Nee vero haec tua vita ducenda est, quae corpore et 
 spiritu continetur. Ilia, inquam, ilia vita est tua, quae 
 vigebit memoria saeculorum omnium, quam posteritas alet, 
 quam ipsa aeternitas semper tuebitur. Huic tu inservias, 35 
 huic te ostentes oportet ; quae quidem quae miretur jam 
 
92 PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 
 
 pridem multa habet, nunc etiam quae laudet exspeotat 
 Obstupescent posteri certe imperia, provincias, Rhenum, 
 Oceanum, Nilum, pugnas innumerabiles, incredibiles vic- 
 torias, mormmenta, munera, triumphos audientes et legen- 
 5 tes tuos. Sed nisi haec urbs stabilita tuis consiliis et in- 
 stitutis erit, vagabitur modo nomen tuum longe atque late, 
 sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non habebit. Erit 
 inter eos etiam qui nascentur, sicut inter nos fuit, magna 
 dissensio, cum alii laudibus ad caelum res tuas gestas effe- 
 
 10 rent, alii fortasse aliquid requirent, idque vel maximum, 
 nisi belli civilis incendium salute patriae restinxeris, ut illud 
 fati fuisse videatur, hoc consilii. Servi igitur iis etiam ju- 
 dicious, qui multis post saeculis de te judicabunt, et quidem 
 haud scio an incorruptius quam nos ; nam et sine amore et 
 
 15 sine cupiditate, et rursus sine odio et sine invidia judica- 
 bunt. Id autem etiam si turn ad te, ut quidam falso putant, 
 non pertinebit ; nunc certe pertinet esse te talem, ut tuas 
 laudes obscuratura nulla unquam sit oblivio. 
 
 X. Diversae voluntates civium fuerunt distractaeque 
 
 20 sententiae ; non enim consiliis solum et studiis, sed armis 
 etiam et castris dissidebamus. Erat autem obscuritas quae- 
 dam, erat certamen inter clarissimos duces : multi dubita- 
 bant quid optimum esset ; multi quid sibi expediret ; multi 
 quid deceret ; nonnulli etiam quid liceret. Perfuncta res 
 
 25 publica est hoc misero fatalique bello : vicit is, qui non for- 
 tuna inflammaret odium suum, sed bonitate leniret ; nee 
 qui omnes, quibus iratus esset, eosdem etiam exsilio aut 
 morte dignos judicaret. Arma ab aliis posita, ab aliis erep- 
 ta sunt. Ingratus est injustusque civis, qui armorum pericu- 
 
 30 lo liberatus animum tamen retinet armatum, ut etiam ille 
 melior sit, qui in acie cecidit, qui in causa animam profudit. 
 Quae enim pertinacia quibusdam, eadem aliis constantia 
 videri potest. Sed jam omnis fracta dissensio est armis, et 
 exstincta aequitate victoris : restat ut omnes unum velint, 
 
 35 qui modo habent aliquid non solum sapientiae, sed etiam 
 sanitatis. Nisi te, C. Caesar, salvo et in ista sententia qua 
 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO. 93 
 
 cum antea, turn liorlie vel maxime usus es, manente, salvi 
 esse non possumus. Quare omnes te, qui haec salva esse 
 volumus, et hortamur et obsecramus, ut vitae tuae et salu- 
 ti consulas, omnesque tibi, ut pro aliis etiam loquar quod 
 de me ipse sentio, quoniam subesse aliquid putas quod 5 
 cavendum sit, non modo excubias et custodias, sed etiam 
 laterum nostrorum oppositus et corporum pollicemur. 
 
 XI. Sed ut, unde est orsa, in eodem terminetur oratio, 
 maximas tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Caesar, majores 
 etiam babemus. Nam omnes idem sentiunt, quod ex omni- 10 
 urn precibus et lacrimis sentire potuisti ; sed quia non est 
 omnibus stantibus necesse dicere, a me certe dici volunt, 
 cui necesse est quodam modo ; et quod fieri decet M. Mar- 
 cello a te huic ordini populoque Romano et rei publicae 
 reddito, fieri id intelligo ; nam laetari omnes non de unius 15 
 solum, sed de communi omnium salute sentio. Quod autem 
 summae benevolentiae est — quae mea erga ilium omnibus 
 semper nota fuit, ut vix C. Marcello, optimo et amantissimo 
 fratri, praeter eum quidem cederem nemini — cum id sollici- 
 tudine, cura, labore tarn diu praestiterim, quam diu est de 20 
 illius salute dubitatum, certe boc tempore magnis curis, 
 molestiis, doloribus tiberatus praestare debeo. Itaque, C. 
 Caesar, sic tibi gratias ago, ut omnibus me rebus a te non 
 conservato solum, sed etiam ornato, tamen ad tua in me 
 unum innumerabilia merita, quod fieri jam posse non arbi- 25 
 trabar, maximus hoc tuo facto cumulus accesserit. 
 
M. TULLII CICERONIS 
 
 PEO 
 
 QUINTO LIGARIO 
 
 ORATIO AD CAESAKEM. 
 
 I. Novum crimen, C. Caesar, et ante hunc diem non 
 auditum propinquus meus ad te Q. Tubero detulit, Q. Liga- 
 rium in Africa fuisse ; idque C. Pansa, praestanti vir inge- 
 nio, fretus fortasse familiaritate ea, quae est ei tecum, ausus 
 5 est confiteri : itaque quo me vertam nescio. Paratus enim 
 veneram, cum tu id neque per te scires neque audire ali- 
 unde potuisses, ut ignoratione tua ad hominis miseri salu- 
 tem abuterer. Sed quoniam diligentia inimici investigatum 
 est quod latebat, confitendum est, ut opinor, praesertim 
 
 10 cum meus necessarius C. Pansa fecerit ut id integrum jam 
 non esset, omissaque controversia omnis oratio ad miseri- 
 cordiam tuam conferenda est, qua plurimi sunt conservati, 
 cum a te non liberationem culpae, sed errati veniam impe- 
 travissent. Habes igitur, Tubero, quod est accusatori maxi- 
 
 15 me optandum, confitentem reum, sed tamen hoc confiten- 
 tem, se in ea parte fuisse, qua te, qua virum omni laude 
 dignum, patrem tuum. Itaque prius de vestro delicto con- 
 fiteamini necesse est, quam Ligarii ullam culpam reprehen- 
 datis. 
 
 20 Q. enim Ligarius, cum esset nulla belli suspicio, lega- 
 tus in Africam cum C. Considio profectus est ; qua in lega- 
 tione et civibus et sociis ita se probavit, ut decedens Con- 
 
 
PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 95 
 
 sidius provincia satis facere hominibus non posset, si quem- 
 quam alium provinciae praefecisset. Itaque Ligarius, cum 
 diu recusans nihil profecisset, provinciam accepit invitus, 
 cui sic praefuit in pace, ut et civibus et sociis gratissima 
 esset ejus integritas ac fides. Bellum subito exarsit, quod 5 
 qui erant in Africa ante audierunt geri quam parari. Quo 
 audito partim cupiditate inconsiderata, partim caeco quo- 
 dam timore, primo salutis, post etiam studii sui quaerebant 
 aliquem ducem, 'cum Ligarius domum spectans, ad suos 
 redire cupiens, nullo se implicari negotio passus est. Inte- 10 
 rim P. Attius Varus, qui praetor Africam obtinuerat, Uti- 
 cam venit. Ad eum statim concursum est. Atque ille'non 
 mediocri cupiditate arripuit imperium, si illud imperium 
 esse potuit, quod ad privatum clamore multitudinis impe- 
 ritae, nullo publico consilio deferebatur. Itaque Ligarius, 15 
 qui omne tale negotium cuperet effugere, paulum adventu 
 Vari conquievit. 
 
 II. Adhuc, C. Caesar, Q. Ligarius omni culpa vacat. 
 Domo est egressus non modo nullum ad bellum, sed ne ad 
 minimam quidem suspicionem belli ; legatus in pace pro- 20 
 fectus in provincia pacatissima ita se gessit, ut ei pacem 
 esse expediret. Profectio certe animum tuum non debet 
 offendere. Num igitur remansio ? Multo minus ; nam pro- 
 fectio voluntatem habuit non turpem, remansio necessitatem 
 etiam honestam. Ergo haec duo tempora carent crimine ; 25 
 unum, cum est legatus profectus, alterum, cum efflagita- 
 tus a provincia praepositus Africae est. Tertium tempus 
 est, quod post adventum Vari in Africa restitit, quod si est 
 criminosum, necessitatis crimen est, non voluntatis. An 
 ille, si potuisset ullo modo evadere, Uticae quam Romae, 30 
 cum P. Attio quam cum concordissimis fratribus, cum alie- 
 nis esse quam cum suis maluisset ? Cum ipsa legatio 
 plena desiderii ac sollicitudinis fuisset propter incredibilem 
 quendam fratrum amorem, hie aequo animo esse potuit, 
 belli discidio distractus a fratribus ? 35 
 
 Nullum igitur habes, Caesar, adhuc in Q. Ligario signum 
 
96 PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 
 
 alienae a te voluntatis : cujus ego causam animadverte, 
 quaeso, qua fide defendam : prodo meam. O clementiam 
 admirabilem atque omnium laude, praedicatione, litteris 
 monumentisque decorandam ! Cum M. Cicero apud te 
 5 defendit, alium in ea voluntate non fuisse, in qua se ipsum 
 confitetur fuisse, nee tuas tacitas cogitationes extimescit, 
 nee, quid tibi de alio audienti de se ipso occurrat, reformi- 
 dat. 
 
 III. Vide, quam non reformidem ; vide, quanta lux 
 
 10 liberalitatis et sapientiae tuae mihi apud te dicenti oboria- 
 tur. Quantum potero, voce contendam, ut populus hoc 
 Romanus exaudiat : Suscepto bello, Caesar, gesto etiam ex 
 parte magna, nulla vi coactus, judicio ac voluntate ad ea 
 arma profectus sum, quae erant sumpta contra te. Apud 
 
 15 quern igitur hoc dico ? Nempe apud eum, qui cum hoc 
 sciret, tamen me, antequam vidit, rei publicae reddidit ; 
 qui ad me ex Aegypto litteras misit, ut essem idem qui 
 fuissem ; qui, cum ipse imperator in toto imperio populi 
 Romani unus esset, esse me alterum passus est ; a quo, hoc 
 
 20 ipso C. Pansa mihi nuntium perferente, concessos fasces 
 laureatos tenui, quoad tenendos putavi ; qui mihi turn deni- 
 que se salutem putavit dare, si earn nullis spoliatam orna- 
 mentis dedisset. 
 
 Vide, quaeso, Tubero, ut, qui de meo facto non dubi- 
 
 25 tem, de Ligarii non audeam confiteri. Atque haec prop- 
 terea de me dixi, ut mihi Tubero, cum de se eadem dice- 
 rem, ignosceret : cujus ego industriae gloriaeque faveo vel 
 propter propinquam cognationem, vel quod ejus ingenio 
 studiisque delector, vel quod laudem adolescentis propinqui 
 
 30 existimo etiam ad meum aliquem fructum redundare. Sed 
 hoc quaero : Quis putat esse crimen fuisse in Africa ? Nem- 
 pe is, qui et ipse in eadem Africa esse voluit et prohibitum 
 se a Ligario queritur et certe contra ipsum Caesarem est 
 congressus armatus. Quid enim tuus ille, Tubero, destric- 
 
 S5 tus in acie Pharsalica gladius agebat ? cujus latus ille mu- 
 cro petebat ? qui sensus erat armorum tuorum ? quae tua 
 
PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 97 
 
 mens, oculi, manus, ardor animi ? Quid cupiebas ? quid 
 optabas ? Nimis urgeo, commoveri videtur adolescens — ad 
 me revertar. Iisdem in armis fui. 
 
 IV. Quid autem aliud egimus, Tubero, nisi ut, quod bic 
 potest, nos possemus? Quorum igitur impunitas, Caesar, 5 
 tuae clementiae laus est, eorum ipsorum ad crudelitatem 
 te acuet oratio? Atque in hac causa nonnihil equidem, 
 Tubero, etiam tuam, sed multo magis patris tui prudentiam 
 desidero, quod homo cum ingenio turn etiam doctrina ex- 
 cellens, genus hoc causae quod esset, non viderit; nam si 10 
 vidisset, quovis profecto quam isto modo a te agi maluisset. 
 
 Arguis fatentem ; non est satis : accusas eum, qui cau- 
 sam habet aut, ut ego dico, meliorem quam tu, aut, ut tu 
 vis, parem. Haec admirabilia, sed prodigii simile est quod 
 dicam. Non habet earn vim ista accusatio, ut Q. Ligarius 15 
 condemnetur, sed ut necetur. Hoc egit civis Romanus 
 ante te nemo : externi isti mores, usque ad sanguinem in- 
 citari odio, aut levium Graecorum aut immanium barbaro- 
 rum. Nam quid agis aliud ? Romae ne sit ? ut domo ca- 
 reat ? ne cum optimis fratribus, ne cum hoc T. Broccho 20 
 avunculo, ne cum ejus filio, consobrino suo, ne nobiscum 
 vivat? ne sit in patria? Num est? num potest magis 
 carere his omnibus quam caret ? Italia prohibetur, exsu- 
 lat. Non tu ergo hunc patria privare, qua caret, sed vita 
 vis. At istud ne apud eum quidem dictatorem, qui oranes 25 
 quos oderat morte multabat, quisquam egit isto modo. 
 Ipse jubebat occidi nullo postulante, praemiis etiam in vita- 
 bat ; quae tamen crudelitas ab hoc eodem aliquot annis 
 post, quem tu nunc crudelem esse vis, vindicata est. 
 
 V. Ego vero istud non postulo, inquies. Ita meher- 30 
 cule existimo, Tubero ; novi enim te, novi patrem, novi 
 domum nomenque vestrum ; studia generis ac familiae ves- 
 trae virtutis, humanitatis, doctrinae, plurimarum artium 
 atque optimarum nota mihi sunt omnia. Itaque certo scio 
 vos non petere sanguinem, sed parum attenditis ; res enim 35 
 eo spectat, ut ea poena, in qua adhuc Q. Ligarius est, non 
 
98 PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 
 
 videamini esse contenti. Quae est igitur alia praeter mor- 
 tem ? Si enim est in exsilio, sicuti est, quid amplius postu- 
 latis ? An ne ignoscatur ? Hoc vero multo acerbius mul- 
 toque est durius. Quod nos petimus precibus, lacrimis, 
 5 strati ad pedes, non tarn nostrae causae fidentes quam hujus 
 humanitati, id ne impetremus oppugnabis et in nostrum 
 fletum irrumpes et nos jacentes ad pedes supplicum voce 
 prohibebis ? Si, cum hoc domi faceremus, quod et feci- 
 mus et, ut spero, non frustra fecimus, tu repente irruisses 
 
 10 et clamare coepisses : " Caesar, cave ignoscas, cave te fra- 
 trum pro fratris salute obsecrantium misereat," nonne om- 
 nem humanitatem exuisses ? Quanto hoc durius, quod nos 
 domi petimus, id te in foro oppugnare et in tali miseria 
 multorum perfugium misericordiae tollere ! 
 
 15 Dicam plane, Caesar, quod sentio. Si in hac tanta tua 
 fortuna lenitas tanta non esset, quam tu per te, per te, in- 
 quam, obtines — intelligo quid loquar — acerbissimo luctu 
 redundaret ista victoria. Quam multi enim essent de vic- 
 toribus, qui te crudelem esse vellent, cum etiam de victis 
 
 20 reperiantur ! quam multi, qui cum a te ignosci nemini vel- 
 lent, impedirent clementiam tuam, cum etiam hi, quibus 
 ipse ignovisti, nolint te esse in alios misericordem ! Quod 
 si probare Caesari possemus, in Africa Ligarium omnino 
 non fuisse, si honesto et misericordi mendacio saluti civi 
 
 25 calamitoso esse vellemus, tamen hominis non esset in tanto 
 discrimine et periculo civis refellere et redarguere nostrum 
 mendacium, et, si esset alicujus, ejus certe non esset, qui 
 in eadem causa et fortuna fuisset. Sed tamen aliud est 
 errare Caesarem nolle, aliud nolle misereri. Tunc diceres : 
 
 30 " Caesar, cave credas ; fuit in Africa, tulit arma contra te." 
 
 Nunc quid dicis ? " Cave ignoscas." Haec nee hominis 
 
 nee ad hominem vox est, qua qui apud te, C. Caesar, utitur, 
 
 suam citius abjiciet humanitatem quam extorquebit tuam. 
 
 VI. Ac primus aditus et postulatio Tuberonis haec, ut 
 
 35 opinor, fuit, velle se de Q. Ligarii scelere dicere. Non du- 
 bito quin admiratus sis, vel quod de nullo alio, vel quod is, 
 
PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 99 
 
 qui in eadem causa fuisset, vel quidnam npvi afferret. Sce- 
 ius tu illud vocas, Tubero ? Cur ? Isto enim nomine ilia 
 adhuc causa caruit. Alii errorem appellant, alii timorem ; 
 qui durius, spem, cupiditatem, odium, pertinaciam ; qui 
 gravissime, temeritatem ; scelus praeter* te adhuc nemo. 5 
 Ac mihi quidem, si proprium et verum nomen nostri mali 
 quaeritur, fatalis quaedam calamitas incidisse videtur et 
 improvidas hominum mentes occupavisse, ut nemo mirari 
 debeat humana consilia divina necessitate esse superata. 
 Liceat esse miseros ; quamquam hoc victore esse non possu- 10 
 mus, sed non loquor de nobis, de illis loquor, qui occiderunt. 
 Fuerint cupidi, fuerint irati, fuerint pertinaces, sceleris vero 
 crimine, furoris, parricidii liceat Cn. Pompeio mortuo, liceat 
 multis aliis carere. Quando hoc quisquam ex te, Caesar, 
 audivit, aut tua quid aliud arma voluerunt nisi a te con- 15 
 tumeliam propulsare ? Quid egit tuus invictus exercitus, 
 nisi ut suum jus tueretur et dignitatem tuam? Quid? tu 
 cum pacem esse cupiebas, idne agebas ut tibi cum scele- 
 ratis, an ut cum bonis civibus conveniret ? 
 
 Mihi vero, Caesar, tua in me maxima merita tanta certe 20 
 non viderentur, si me ut sceleratum a te conservatum puta- 
 rem. Quo modo autem tu de re publica bene meritus esses, 
 cum tot sceleratos incolumi dignitate esse voluisses? Se- 
 cessionem tu illam existimavisti, Caesar, initio, non bellum, 
 neque hostile odium, sed civile discidium, utrisque cupien- 25 
 tibus rem publicam salvam, sed partim consiliis, partim 
 studiis a communi utilitate aberrantibus. Principum dig- 
 nitas erat paene par, non par fortasse eorum, qui sequeban- 
 tur; causa turn dubia, quod erat aliquid in utraque parte, 
 quod probari posset ; nunc melior ea judicanda est, quam 30 
 etiam dii adjuverunt. Cognita vero dementia tua quis non 
 earn victoriam probet, in qua occiderit nemo nisi armatus ? 
 
 VII. Sed, ut omittam communem causam, veniamus ad 
 nostram. Utrum tandem existimas facilius fuisse, Tubero, 
 Ligarium ex Africa exire an vos in Africam non venire ? 35 
 " Poteramusne," inquies, " cum senatus censuisset?" Si 
 
 LdFC. 
 
100 PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 
 
 me consulis, nullo modo ; sed tamen Ligarium senatus idem 
 legaverat. Atque ille eo tempore paruit, cum parere 
 senatui necesse erat : vos tunc paruistis, cum paruit nemo 
 qui noluit. Reprehendo igitur ? Minime vero ; neque 
 5 enim licuit aliter vestro generi, nomini, familiae, disciplinae. 
 Sed hoc non concedo, ut, quibus rebus gloriemini in vobis, 
 easdem in aliis reprehendatis. Tuberonis sors conjecta est 
 ex senatus consulto, cum ipse non adesset, morbo etiam 
 impediretur ; statuerat excusare. Haec ego novi propter 
 
 10 omnes necessitudines, quae mihi sunt cum L. Tuberone : 
 domi una eruditi, militiae contubernales, post affines, in 
 omni denique vita familiares ; magnum etiam vinculum, 
 quod iisdem studiis semper usi sumus. Scio igitur Tubero- 
 nem domi manere voluisse ; sed ita quidam agebat, ita rei 
 
 15 publicae sanctissimum nomen opponebat, ut, etiam si aliter 
 sentiret, verborum tamen ipsorum pondus sustinere non 
 posset. Cessit auctoritati amplissimi viri vel potius paruit. 
 Una est profectus cum iis, quorum erat una causa. Tar- 
 dius iter fecit, itaque in Africam venit jam occupatam. 
 
 20 Hinc in Ligarium crimen oritur vel ira potius. Nam si cri- 
 men est voluisse, non minus magnum est, vos Africam, 
 arcem omnium provinciarum, natam ad bellum contra banc 
 urbem gerendum, obtinere voluisse quam aliquem se malu- 
 isse. Atque is tamen aliquis Ligarius non fuit. Varus 
 
 25 imperium se habere dicebat ; fasces certe habebat. Sed 
 quoquo modo illud se habet, haec querela vestra quid valet ? 
 " Recepti in provinciam non sumus." Quid, si essetis ? 
 Caesarine earn tradituri fuistis an contra Caesarem reten- 
 turi? 
 
 30 VIII. Vide, quid licentiae, Caesar, nobis tua liberalitas 
 det vel potius audaciae. Si respondent Tubero, Africam, 
 quo senatus eum sorsque miserat, tibi patrem suum tradi- 
 turum fuisse, non dubitabo apud ipsum te, cujus id eum 
 facere interfuit, gravissimis verbis ejus consilium reprehen- 
 
 35 dere. Non enim, si tibi ea res grata fuisset, esset etiam 
 probata. Sed jam hoc totum omitto, non tarn ne offendam 
 
PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 101 
 
 tuas patientissimas aures, quam ne Tubero, quod nunquam 
 
 cogitavit, facturus fuisse videatur. Veniebatis igitur in 
 
 Africam, provinciam unam ex omnibus huic victoriae maxi- 
 
 me infestam, in qua erat rex potentissimus inimicus huic 
 
 causae, aliena voluntas conventus firmi atque magni. Quae- 5 
 
 ro : Quid facturi fuistis ? Quamquam, quid facturi fueri- 
 
 tis, dubitem, cum videam, quid feceritis ? Probibiti estis 
 
 in provincia vestra pedem ponere, et prohibiti summa cum 
 
 injuria. Quo modo id tulistis ? acceptae injuriae querelam 
 
 ad quem detulistis ? Nempe ad eum, cujus auctoritatem 10 
 
 secuti in societatem belli veneratis. Quod si Caesaris causa 
 
 in provinciam veniebatis, ad eum profecto exclusi provincia 
 
 venissetis. Venistis ad Pompeium. Quae est ergo apud 
 
 Caesarem querela, cum eum accusetis, a quo queramini 
 
 prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum ? At- 15 
 
 que in hoc quidem vel cum mendacio, si vultis, gloriemini 
 
 per me licet, vos provinciam fuisse Caesari tradituros. 
 
 Etiam si a Varo et a quibusdam aliis prohibiti estis, ego 
 
 tamen confitebor culpam esse Ligarii, qui vos tantae laudis 
 
 occasione privaverit. 20 
 
 IX. Sed vide, quaeso, Caesar, constantiam ornatissimi 
 
 viri, Tuberonis, quam ego, quamvis ipse probarem, ut probo, 
 
 | tamen non commemorarem, nisi a te cognovissem in primis 
 
 i earn virtutem solere laudari. Quae fuit igitur unquam in 
 
 ullo homine tanta constantia ? Constantiam dico ? nescio 25 
 
 an melius patientiam possim dicere. Quotus enim istud 
 
 J quisque fecisset, ut, a quibus partibus in dissensione civili 
 
 non esset receptus, esset etiam cum crudelitate rejectus, ad 
 
 eos ipsos rediret ? Magni cujusdam animi atque ejus viri 
 
 est, quem de suscepta causa propositaque sententia nulla 30 
 
 contumelia, nulla vis, nullum periculum possit depellere. 
 
 Ut enim cetera paria Tuberoni cum Varo fuissent, honos, 
 
 I nobilitas, splendor, ingenium, quae nequaquam fuerunt, hoc 
 
 , certe praecipuum Tuberonis fuit, quod justo cum imperio 
 
 , ex senatus consulto in provinciam suam venerat. Hinc 35 
 
 prohibitum non ad Caesarem, ne iratus, non domum, ne 
 8 
 
102 PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 
 
 iners, non in aliquarn regionem, ne condemnare causam 
 illam, quam secutus erat, videretur : in Macedonian! ad Cn. 
 Pompeii castra venit, in earn ipsam causam, a qua erat re- 
 jectus injuria. Quid ? cum ista res nihil commovisset ejus 
 6 animum, ad quern veneratis, languidiore, credo, studio in 
 causa fuistis ; tantummodo in praesidiis eratis, animi vero 
 a causa abhorrebant : an, ut fit in civilibus bellis — nee in 
 vobis magis quam in reliquis, omnes enim vincendi studio 
 tenebamur. Pacis equidem semper auctor fui, sed turn 
 
 10 sero ; erat enim amentis, cum aciem videres, pacem cogi- 
 tare. — Omnes, inquam, vincere volebamus, tu certe prae- 
 cipue, qui in eum locum veneras, ubi tibi esset pereundum, 
 nisi vicisses. - Quamquam, ut nunc se res habet, non dubito 
 quin hanc salutem anteponas illi victoriae. 
 
 15 X. Haec ego non dicerem, Tubero, si aut vos constantiae 
 vestrae aut Caesarem beneficii sui paeniteret. Nunc quaero, 
 utrum vestras injurias an rei publicae persequamini. Si rei 
 publicae, quid de vestra in ilia causa perseverantia respon- 
 debitis ? Si vestras, videte ne erretis, qui Caesarem vestris 
 
 20 inimicis iratum fore putetis, cum ignoverit suis. 
 
 Itaque num tibi videor in causa Ligarii esse occupatus ? 
 num de ejus facto dicere ? Quidquid dixi, ad unam sum- 
 mam referri volo vel humanitatis vel clementiae vel miseri- 
 cordiae. Causas, Caesar, egi multas equidem tecum, dum 
 
 25 te in foro tenuit ratio honorum tuorum, certe nunquam hoc 
 modo : " Ignoscite, judices : erravit, lapsus est, non puta- 
 vit ; si unquam posthac." Ad parentem sic agi solet, ad 
 judices : " Non fecit, non cogitavit ; falsi testes, fictum 
 crimen." Die te, Caesar, de facto Ligarii judicem esse ; 
 
 30 quibus in praesidiis fuerit, quaere : taceo, ne haec quidem 
 colligo, quae fortasse valerent etiam apud judicem : " Lega- 
 tus ante bellum profectus, relictus in pace, bello oppressus, 
 in eo ipso non acerbus, jam est totus animo ac studio tuus." 
 Ad judicem sic agi solet, sed ego apud parentem loquor • 
 
 85 " Erravit, temere fecit, paenitet ; ad clementiam tuam con- 
 fugio, delicti veniam peto, ut ignoscatur oro." Si nemo 
 
PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 103 
 
 impetravit, arroganter ; si plurimi, tu idem fer opem, qui 
 spem dedisti. An sperandi Ligario causa non sit, cum 
 mihi apud te locus sit etiam pro altero deprecandi ? Quam- 
 quam nee in hac oratione spes est posita causae nee in 
 eorum studiis, qui a te pro Ligario petunt, tui necessarii. 5 
 
 XL Vidi enim et cognovi, quid maxime spectares, cum 
 pro alicujus salute multi laborarent : causas apud te rogan- 
 tium gratiosiores esse quam vultus, neque te spectare, quam 
 tuus esset necessarius is, qui te oraret, sed quam illius, pro 
 quo laboraret. Itaque tribuis tu quidem tuis ita multa, ut 10 
 mihi beatiores illi videantur interdum, qui tua liberalitate 
 fruuntur, quam tu ipse, qui illis tam multa concedas ; sed 
 video tamen apud te causas, ut dixi, valere plus quam 
 preces, ab iisque te moveri maxime, quorum justissimum 
 videas dolorem in petendo. 15 
 
 In Q. Ligario conservando multi s tu quidem gratum 
 facies necessariis tuis, sed hoc, quaeso, considera, quod 
 soles. Possum fortissimos viros, Sabinos, tibi probatissimos, 
 totumque agrum Sabinum, florem Italia e ac robur rei pub- 
 licae, proponere ; nosti optimos homines. Animadverte 20 
 horum omnium maestitiam et dolorem : hujus T. Brocchi, 
 de quo non dubito quid existimes, lacrimas squaloremque 
 ipsius et frlii vides. Quid de fratribus dicam ? Noli, Cae- 
 sar, putare de unius capite nos agere : aut tres tibi Ligarii 
 retinendi in civitate sunt aut tres ex civitate extermioandi. 25 
 Nam quodvis exsilium his est optatius quam patria, quam 
 domus, quam dii penates, uno illo exsulante. Si fraterne, 
 si pie, si cum dolore faciunt, moveant te horum lacrimae, 
 moveat pietas, moveat germanitas ; valeat tua vox ilia, quae 
 vicit. Te enim dicere audiebamus, nos omnes adversaries 30 
 putare, nisi qui nobiscum essent, te omnes, qui contra te 
 non essent, tuos. Videsne igitur hunc splendorem omnium, 
 hanc Brocchorum domum, hunc L. Marcium, C. Caesetium, 
 L. Corfidium, hos omnes equites Romanos, qui adsunt veste 
 mutata, non solum notos tibi, verum etiam probatos viros, 35 
 qui tecum fuerunt ? Atque his irascebamur, hos require- 
 
104 PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO 
 
 bamus, his nonnulli etiam minabantur. Conserva igitur 
 tuis suos, ut, quem ad modum cetera, quae- dicta sunt a te, 
 sic hoc verissimum reperiatur. 
 
 XII. Quod si penitus perspicere posses concordiam Li- 
 5 gariorum, omnes fratres tecum judicares fuisse. An potest 
 quisquam dubitare quin, si Q. Ligarius in Italia esse potu- 
 isset, in eadem sententia fuerit futurus, in qua fratres fue- 
 runt ? Quis est qui horum consensum conspirantem et 
 paene conflatum in hac prope aequalitate fraterna noverit, 
 
 10 qui hoc non sentiat, quidvis prius futurum fuisse, quam ut 
 hi fratres diversas sententias fortunasque sequerentur ? 
 Voluntate igitur omnes tecum fuerunt, tempestate abreptus 
 est unus : qui si consilio id fecisset, esset eorum similis, 
 quos tu tameh salvos esse voluisti. Sed ierit ad bellum, 
 
 15 dissenserit non a te solum, verum etiam a fratribus : hi te 
 orant tui. Equidem, cum tuis omnibus negotiis interes- 
 sem, memoria teneo, qualis T. Ligarius quaestor urbanus 
 fuerit erga te et dignitatem fcuam. Sed parum est me hoc 
 meminisse ; spero etiam te, qui oblivisci nihil soles nisi 
 
 20 injurias, quoniam hoc est animi, quoniam etiam ingenii tui, 
 te aliquid de hujus illo quaestorio officio, etiam de aliis qui- 
 busdam quaestoribus reminiscentem, recordari. Hie igitur 
 T. Ligarius, qui turn nihil egit aliud — neque enim haec 
 divinabat — nisi ut tui eum studiosum et bonum virum judi- 
 
 25 cares, nunc a te supplex fratris salutem petit. Quam hujus 
 admonitus officio cum utrisque his dederis, tres fratres 
 optimos et integerrimos non solum sibi ipsos neque his tot 
 ac talibus viris neque nobis necessariis suis, sed etiam rei 
 publicae condonaveris. 
 
 30 Fac igitur, quod de homine nobilissimo et clarissimo 
 fecisti nuper in curia, nunc idem in foro de optimis et huic 
 omni frequentiae probatissimis fratribus. Ut concessisti 
 ilium senatui, sic da hunc populo, cujus voluntatem caris- 
 simam semper habuisti, et, si ille dies tibi gloriosissimus, 
 
 35 populo Romano gratissimus fuit, noli, obsecro, dubitare, 
 C. Caesar, similem illi gloriae laudem quam saepissime 
 
PRO Q. LIGARIO ORATIO. 105 
 
 quaerere. Nihil est tarn populare quam bonitas, nulla de 
 virtutibus tuis plurimis nee admirabilior nee gratior miseri- 
 cordia est. Homines enim ad deos nulla re propius acce- 
 dunt quam salutem hominibus dando. Nihil habet nee for- 
 tuna tua majus, quam ut possis, nee natura melius, quam 5 
 ut velis servare quam plurimos. Longiorem orationem 
 causa forsitan postularit, tua certe natura breviorem. Quare, 
 cum utilius esse arbitrer te ipsum quam me aut quemquam 
 loqui tecum, finem jam faciam : tantum te admonebo, si 
 illi absenti salutem dederis, praesentibus his omnibus c'a- 10 
 turum. 
 
M. TULLII CICERONIS 
 
 PEO 
 
 REGE DEIOTARO 
 
 ORATIO AD CAESAREM. 
 
 I. Cum in omnibus causis gravioribus, C. Caesar, initio 
 dicendi commoveri soleam vehementius, quam videtur vel 
 usus vel aetas mea postulare, turn in hac causa ita me 
 multa perturbant, ut, quantum mea fides studii mihi afferat 
 5 ad salutem regis Deiotari defendendam, tantum facultatis 
 timor detrahat. Primum dico pro capite fortunisque regis, 
 quod ipsum etsi non iniquum est in tuo dumtaxat periculo, 
 tamen est ita inusitatum regem reum capitis esse, ut ante 
 hoc tempus non sit auditum. Deinde eum regem, quem 
 
 10 ornare antea cuncto cum senatu solebam pro perpetuis ejus 
 in nostram rem publicam meritis, nunc contra atrocissimum 
 crimen cogor defendere. Accedit ut accusatorum alterius 
 crudelitate, alterius indignitate conturber. Crudelem Cas- 
 torem, ne dicam sceleratum et impium, qui nepos avum in 
 
 15 capitis discrimen adduxerit adolescentiaeque suae terrorem 
 intulerit ei, cujus senectutem tueri et tegere debebat, com- 
 mendationemque ineuntis aetatis ab impietate et scelere 
 duxerit ; avi servum corruptum praemiis ad accusandum 
 dominum impulerit, a legatorum pedibus abduxerit. Fugi- 
 
 20 tivi autem dominum accusantis, et dominum absentem et 
 dominum amicissimum nostrae rei publicae, cum os vide 
 
PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 107 
 
 bam, cum verba audiebam, non tarn afflictam regiam con- 
 dicionem dolebam quam de fortunis communibus extimesce- 
 bam. Nam cum more majorum de servo in dominum ne 
 tormentis quidem quaeri liceat, in qua quaestione dolor 
 elicere veram vocem possit etiam ab invito, exortus est ser- 5 
 vus, qui, quem in eculeo appellare non posset, eum accuset 
 solutus. 
 
 II. Perturbat me, C. Caesar, etiam illud interdum, quod 
 tamen, cum te penitus recognovi, timere desino ; re enim 
 iniquum est, sed tua sapientia fit aequissimum. Nam dicere 10 
 apud eum de facinore, contra cujus vitam consilium facino- 
 ris inisse arguare, cum per se ipsum consideres, grave 
 est ; nemo enim fere est, qui sui periculi judex non sibi se 
 aequiorem quam reo praebeat : sed tua, Caesar, praestans 
 singularisque natura hunc mihi metum minuit. Non enim 15 
 tarn timeo, quid tu de rege Deiotaro, quam intelligo, quid 
 de te ceteros velis judicare. Moveor etiam loci ipsius inso- 
 lentia, quod tantam causam, quanta nulla unquam in dis- 
 ceptatione versata est, dico intra domesticos parietes, dico 
 extra conventum et earn frequentiam, in qua oratorum studia 20 
 niti solent : in tuis oculis, in tuo ore vultuque acquiesco, 
 te unum intueor, ad te unum omnis mea spectat oratio : 
 quae mihi ad spem obtinendae veritatis gravissima sunt, ad 
 motum animi et ad omnem impetum dicendi contentionem- 
 que leviora. 25 
 
 Hanc enim causam, C. Caesar, si in foro dicerem, eodem 
 audiente et disceptante te, quantam mihi alacritatem populi 
 Romani concursus afferret ! Quis enim civis ei regi non 
 faveret, cujus omnem aetatem in populi Romani bellis con- 
 sumptam esse meminisset ? Spectarem curiam, intuerer 30 
 forum, caelum denique testarer ipsum. Sic, cum et deo- 
 rum immortalium et populi Romani et senatus beneficia in 
 regem Deiotarum recordarer, nullo modo mihi deesse posset 
 oratio. Quae quoniam angustiora parietes faciunt actioque 
 maximae cd^ae debilitatur loco, tuum est, Caesar, qui pro 35 
 multis saepe dixisti, quid mihi nunc animi sit, ad te ipsum 
 
;08 PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 
 
 referre, quo facilius cum aequitas tua, turn audiendi diii- 
 gentia minuat hanc perturbationem meam. 
 
 Sed atitequam de accusatione ipsa dico, de accusatorum 
 spe pauca dicam : qui cum videantur nee ingenio nee usu 
 5 atque exercitatione rerum valere, tamen ad hanc causam 
 non sine aliqua spe et cogitatione venerunt. 
 
 II L Iratum te regi Deiotaro fuisse non erant nescii ; 
 affectum ilium quibusdam incommodis et detrimentis prop- 
 ter offensionem animi tui meminerant ; teque cum huic 
 
 10 iratum, turn sibi amicum esse cognoverant ; cumque apud 
 ipsum te de tuo periculo dicerent, fore putabant ut in exul- 
 cerato animo facile fictum crimen insideret. Quam ob rem 
 hoc nos primum metu, Caesar, per fidem et constantiam et 
 clementiam tuam libera, ne residere in te ullam partem ira- 
 
 15 cundiae suspicemur. Per dexteram istam te oro, quam regi 
 Deiotaro hospes hospiti porrexisti, istam, inquam, dexteram, 
 non tam in bellis neque in proeliis quam in promissis et fide 
 firmiorem. Tu illius domum inire, tu vetus hospitium reno- 
 vare voluisti ; te ejus dii penates acceperunt, te amicum et 
 
 20 placatum Deictari regis arae focique viderunt. 
 
 Cum facile orari, Caesar, turn semel exorari soles. 
 Nemo unquam te placavit inimicus, qui ullas resedisse in 
 te simultatis reliquias senserit. Quamquam cui sunt inau- 
 ditae cum Deiotaro querelae tuae ? Nunquam tu ilium 
 
 25 accusavisti ut hostem, sed ut amicum officio parum functum, 
 quod propensior in Cn. Pompeii amicitiam fuisset quam in 
 tuam ; cui tamen ipsi rei veniam te daturum fuisse dicebas, 
 si turn auxilia Pompeio vel si etiam filium misisset, ipse 
 aetatis excusatione usus esset. Ita cum maximis eum 
 
 30 rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas. 
 Itaque non solum in eum non animadvertisti, sed omni metu 
 liberavisti, hospitem agnovisti, regem reliquisti. Neque 
 enim ille odio tui progressus, sed errore com muni lapsus 
 est. Is rex, quern senatus hoc nomine saepe honorificentis- 
 
 35 simis decretis appellavisset quique ilium ordinal ab adoles- 
 cent ia gravissimum sanctissimumque duxisset, iisdem rebu? 
 
PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 109 
 
 est perturbatus, homo longinquus et alienigena, quibus nos 
 in media re publica nati semperque versati. 
 
 IV. Cum audiret senatus consentientis auctoritate arma 
 sumpta, consulibus, praetoribus, tribunis plebis, nobis im- 
 peratoribus rem publicam defendendam datam, movebatur 5 
 animo, et vir huic imperio amicissimus de salute populi Ro- 
 mani extimescebat, in qua etiam suam esse inclusam vide- 
 bat. In sum mo tamen timore quiescendum sibi esse arbi- 
 trabatur. Maxime vero perturbatus est, ut audivit consules 
 ex Italia profugisse omnesque consulares — sic enim ei nun- 10 
 tiabatur — cunctum senatum, totam Italiam esse effusam ; 
 talibus enim nuntiis et rumoribus patebat ad orientem via 
 nee ulli veri subsequebantur. Nihil ille de condicionibus 
 tuis, nihil de studio concordiae et pacis, nihil de conspira- 
 tione audiebat certorum hominum contra dignitatem tuam. 15 
 Qaae cum ita essent, tamen usque eo se tenuit, quoad a 
 On. Pompeio ad eum legati litteraeque venerunt. 
 
 Ignosce, ignosce, Caesar, si ejus viri auctoritati rex 
 Deiotarus cessit, quem nos omnes secuti sumus ; in quem 
 cum dii atque homines omnia ornamenta congessissent, 20 
 turn tu ipse plurima et maxima. Neque enim, si tuae res 
 gestae ceterorum laudibus obscuritatem attulerunt, idcirco 
 On. Pompeii memoriam amisimus. Quantum nomen ejus 
 fuerit, quantae opes, quanta in omni genere bellorum glo- 
 ria, quanti honores populi Romani, quanti senatus, quan- 25 
 ti tui, quis ignorat ? Tanto ille superiores vicerat gloria, 
 quanto tu omnibus praestitisti. Itaque Cn. Pompeii bella, 
 victorias, triumphos, consulatus admirantes numerabamus, 
 tuos enumerare non possumus. 
 
 V. Ad eum igitur rex Deiotarus venit hoc misero fatali- 30 
 que bello, quem antea justis hostilibusque bellis adjuverat, 
 quocum erat non hospitio solum, verum etiam familiaritate 
 conjunctus, et venit vel rogatus ut amicus, vel arcessitus 
 ut socius, vel evocatus ut is, qui senatui parere didicisset ; 
 postremo venit ut ad fugientem, non ut ad insequentem, id 35 
 est ad periculi, non ad victbriae societatem. Itaque Phar- 
 
HO PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 
 
 salico proelio facto a Pompeio discessit, spem infinitam 
 persequi noluit ; vel officio, si quid debuerat, vel errori, si 
 quid nescierat, satis factum esse duxit : domum se contulit 
 teque Alexandrinum bellum gerente utilitatibus tuis paruit. 
 5 Ille exercitum Cn. Domitii, amplissimi viri, suis tectis et 
 copiis sustentavit ; ille Ephesum ad eum, quem tu ex tuis 
 fidelissimum et probatissimum omnibus delegisti, pecuniam 
 misit ; ille iterum, ille tertio auctionibus factis pecuniam 
 dedit, qua ad bellum uterere ; ille corpus suum periculo 
 
 10 objecit tecumque in acie contra Pharnacem fuit tuumque 
 hostem esse duxit suum. Quae quidem a te in earn partem 
 accepta sunt, Caesar, ut eum amplissimo regis honore et 
 nomine affeceris. 
 
 Is igitur/non modo a te periculo liberatus, sed etiam 
 
 15 honore amplissimo ornatus, arguitur domi te suae interficere 
 voluisse : quod tu, nisi eum furiosissimum judicas, profecto 
 suspicari non potes. Ut enim omittam, cujus tanti sceleris 
 fuerit in conspectu deorum penatium necare hospitem, cujus 
 tantae importunitatis omnium gentium atque omnis memo- 
 
 20 riae clarissimum lumen exstinguere, cujus tantae ferocitatis 
 victorem orbis terrarum non extimescere, cujus tam inhu- 
 mani et ingrati animi, a quo rex appellatus esset, in eo 
 tyrannum inveniri : ut haec omittam, cujus tanti furoris 
 fuit omnes reges, quorum multi erant finitimi, omnes liberos 
 
 25 populos, omnes socios, omnes provincias, omnia denique 
 omnium arma contra se unum excitare ! Quonam ille modo 
 cum regno, cum domo, cum conjuge, cum carissimo filio 
 distractus esset, tanto scelere non modo perfecto, sed etiam 
 cogitato ! 
 
 30 VI. At, credo, haec homo inconsultus et temerarius non 
 videbat. Quis consideratior illo ? quis tectior ? quis pru- 
 dentior ? Quamquam hoc loco Deiotarum non tam ingenio 
 et prudentia quam fide et religione vitae defendendum puto. 
 Nota tibi est hominis probitas, C. Caesar, noti mores, nota 
 
 35 constantia. Cui porro, qui modo populi Romani nomen 
 audivit, Deiotari integritas, gravitas, virtus, fides non au- 
 
PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. HI 
 
 dita est ? Quod igitur facinus nee in hominem impruden- 
 tem caderet propter metum praesentis exitii, nee in facino- 
 rosum, nisi esset idem amentissimus, id vos et a viro optimo 
 et ab homine minime stulto cogitatum esse confingitis ? 
 At quam non modo non credibiliter, sed ne suspiciose qui- 5 
 dem ! " Cum," inquit, " in castellum Peium venisses et 
 domum regis, hospitis tui, devertisses, locus erat quidam, in 
 quo erant ea composita, quibus te rex munerare constitu- 
 erat. Hue te e balneo, priusquam accumberes, ducere 
 volebat ; erant enira armati, qui te interficerent, in eo ipso 10 
 loco collocati." En crimen, en causa, cur regem fugitivus, 
 dominum servus accuset ! Ego mehercules, Caesar, initio, 
 cum est ad me ista causa delata, Phidippum medicum, 
 servum regium, qui cum legatis missus esset, ab isto 
 adolescente esse corruptum, hac sum suspicione percussus: 15 
 " Medicum iodicem subornavit ; finget videlicet aliquod cri- 
 men veneni." Etsi a veritate longe, tamen a consuetudine 
 criminandi non multum res abhorrebat. 
 
 Quid ait medicus ? Nihil de veueno. At id fieri potuit 
 primum occultius in potione, in cibo ; deinde etiam impu- 2© 
 nius fit, quod cum est factum, negari potest. Si palam te 
 interemisset, omnium in se gentium non solum odia, sed 
 etiam arma convertisset ; si veneno, Jovis ille quidem hos- 
 pitalis numen nunquam celare potuisset, homines fortasse 
 celasset. Quod igitur et conari occultius et effieere cautius 25 
 potuit, id tibi, et medico callido et servo, ut putabat, fideli, 
 non credidit ; de arm is, de ferro, de insidiis celare te noluit ? 
 At quam festive crimen contexitur ! " Tua te," inquit, 
 " eadem quae semper fortuna servavit : negavisti turn te 
 inspicere velle." 30 
 
 VII. Quid postea ? An Deiotarus re illo tempore non 
 perfecta continuo dimisit exercitum ? Nullus erat alius 
 insidiandi locus ? At eodem te, cum cenavisses, reditu- 
 rum dixeras, itaque fecisti. Horam unam aut duas eodem 
 loco armatos, ut collocati fuerant, retinere magnum fuit ? 35 
 Cum in convivio comiter et jucunde fuisses, turn illuc isti, 
 
112 PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 
 
 ut dixeras. Quo in loco Deiotarum talem erga te cogno- 
 visti, qualis rex Attalus in P. Africanum fuit, cui magnifi- 
 centissima dona, ut scriptum legimus, usque ad Numantiam 
 misit ex Asia, quae African us inspectante exercitu accepit. 
 5 Quod cum praesens Deiotarus regio et animo et more fe- 
 cisset, tu in cubiculum discessisti. 
 
 Obsecro, Caesar, repete illius temporis memoriam, pone 
 ilium ante oculos diem, vultus hominum te intuentium atque 
 admirantium recordare. Num quae trepidatio ? num qui 
 
 10 tumultus ? num quid nisi moderate, nisi quiete, nisi ex 
 hominis gravissimi et sanctissimi disciplina ? Quid igitur 
 causae excogitari potest, cur te lotum voluerit, cenatum 
 noluerit occidere ? " In posterum," inquit, " diem distulit, 
 ut, cum in castellum Blucium ventum esset, ibi cogitata 
 
 15 perficeret." Non video causam mutandi loci, sed tamen 
 acta res criminose est. " Cum," inquit, " vomere post 
 cenam te velle dixisses, in balneum te ducere coeperunt \ 
 ibi enim erant insidiae. At te ilia tua fortuna servavit : 
 in cubiculo malle dixisti." Dii te perduint, fugitive ! ita 
 
 20 non modo nequam et improbus, sed etiam fatuus et amens 
 es. Quid ? ille signa aenea in insidiis posuerat, quae e 
 balneo in cubiculum transferri non possent ? 
 
 Habes crimina insidiarum ; nihil enim dixit amplius. 
 " Horum," inquit, " eram conscius." Quid turn ? Ita ille 
 
 25 demens erat, ut eum, quem conscium tanti sceleris haberet, 
 a se dimitteret ? Romam etiam mitteret, ubi et inimicis- 
 simum sciret esse nepotem suum et C. Caesarem, cui fecis- 
 set insidias, praesertim cum is unus esset, qui posset de 
 absente se indicare ? " Et fratres meos," inquit, " quod 
 
 30 erant conscii, in vincula conjecit." Cum igitur eos vin- 
 ciret, quos secum habebat, te solutum Romam mittebat, 
 qui eadem scires, quae illos scire dicis ? 
 
 VIII. Reliqua pars accusationis duplex fuit : una, regem 
 in speculis fuisse semper, cum a te animo esset alieno, 
 
 35 altera, exercitum eum contra te magnum comparasse. De 
 exercitu dicam breviter, ut cetera. Nunquam eas copias 
 
PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 113 
 
 rex Deiotarus babuit, quibus inferre bellum populo Romano 
 posset, sed quibus fines suos ab excursionibus et latrociniis 
 tueretur et imperatoribus nostris auxilia mitteret. Atque 
 antea quidem majores copias alere poterat, nunc exiguas 
 vix tueri potest. At misit ad Caecilium nescio quern, sed 5 
 eos, quos misit, quod ire noluerunt, in vincula conjecit. 
 Non quaero, quam veri simile sit aut non habuisse regem 
 quos mitteret, aut eos, quos misisset, non paruisse, aut, qui 
 dicto audientes in tanta re non fuissent, eos vinctos potius 
 quam necatos. Sed tamen cum ad Caecilium mittebat, 10 
 utrum causam illam victam esse nesciebat an Caecilium 
 istum magnum hominem putabat ? quern profecto is, qui 
 optime nostros homines novit, vel quia non nosset, vel si 
 nosset, contemneret. i\ddit etiam illud, equites non op- 
 cimos misisse. Credo, Caesar, nihil ad tuum equitatum, 15 
 sed misit ex iis, quos habuit, electos. Ait nescio quern ex 
 eo numero servum judicatum. Non arbitror, non audivi ; 
 sed in eo, etiam si accidisset, culpam regis nullam fuisse 
 arbitrarer. 
 
 IX. Alieno autem a te animo quo modo fuit ? Speravit, 20 
 credo, difficiles tibi Alexandriae fore exitus propter regio- 
 num naturam et fluminis. At eo tempore ipso pecuniam 
 dedit, exercitum aluit, ei, quem Asiae praefeceras, in nulla 
 re defuit : tibi victori non solum ad hospitium, sed ad pericu- 
 lum etiam atque ad aciem praesto fuit. Secutum est bel- 25 
 lum Africanum : graves de te rumores, qui etiam furiosum 
 ilium Caecilium excitaverunt. Quo turn rex animo fuit ? 
 qui auctionatus sit seseque spoliare maluerit quam tibi pe- 
 cuniam non subministrare. At eo, inquit, tempore ipso 
 Nicaeam Ephesumque mittebat, qui rumores Africanos ex- 30 
 ciperent et celeriter ad se referrent. Itaque cum esset ei 
 nuntiatum Domitium naufragio perisse, te in castello cir- 
 cumsederi, de Domitio dixit versum Graecum eadem sen- 
 tentia, qua nos habemus Latinum : 
 
 " Pereant araici, dum ininrici una intercidant : " 35 
 
 quod ille, si esset tibi inimicissimus, nunquam tamen dixis- 
 
U4 PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 
 
 set ; ipse enim mansuetus, versus immanis. Qui autem 
 Domitio poterat esse amicus, qui tibi esset inimicus ? Tibi 
 porro inimicus cur esset, a quo cum vel interfici belli 
 lege potuisset, regem et se et filium suum constitutes esse 
 5 meminisset ? 
 
 Quid deinde ? Furcifer quo progeditur ? Ait hac 
 laetitia Deiotarum elatum vino se obruisse in convivioque 
 nudum saltavisse. Quae crux huic fugitivo potest satis sup- 
 plied afferre ? Deiotarum saltantem quisquam aut ebrium 
 
 10 vidit unquam ? Omnes in illo sunt regiae virtutes, quod te, 
 Caesar, ignorare non arbitror, sed praecipue singularis et 
 admiranda frugalitas ; etsi hoc verbo scio laudari regem non 
 solere. Frugi hominem dici non multum habet laudis in 
 rege : fortem, justum, severum, gravem, magnanimum, lar- 
 
 15 gum, beneficum, liberalem, hae sunt regiae laudes, ilia pri- 
 vata est. Ut volet quisque, accipiat ; ego tamen frugalita- 
 tem, id est modestiam et temperantiam, virtutem maximam 
 judico. Haec in illo est ab ineunte aetate cum a cuncta 
 Asia, cum a magistratibus legatisque nostris, turn ab 
 
 20 equitibus Romanis, qui in Asia negotiati sunt, perspecta et 
 cognita. Multis ille quidem gradibus officiorum erga rem 
 publicam nostram ad hoc regium nomen ascendit ; sed ta- 
 men quidquid a bellis populi Romani vacabat, cum homini- 
 bus nostris consuetudines, amicitias, res rationesque junge- 
 
 25 bat, ut non solum tetrarches nobilis, sed etiam optimus 
 pater familias et diligentissimus agricola et pecuarius habe- 
 retur. Qui igitur adolescens, nondum tanta gloria prae- 
 ditus, nihil unquam nisi severissime et gravissime fecerit, 
 is ea existimatione eaque aetate saltavit ? 
 
 30 X. Imitari, Castor, potius avi mores disciplinamque de- 
 bebas quam optimo et clarissimo viro fugitivi ore male dice- 
 re. Quod si saltatorem avum habuisses neque eum virum, 
 unde pudoris pudicitiaeque exempla peterentur, tamen hoc 
 maledictum minime in illam aetatem conveniret. Quibus 
 
 35 ille studiis ab ineunte aetate se imbuerat, non saltandi, sed 
 bene ut armis, optime ut equis uteretur, ea tamen ilium 
 
PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 115 
 
 cuncta jam exacta aetate defecerant. Itaque Deiotarum 
 cum plures in equum sustulissent, quod haerere in eo 
 senex posset, admirari solebamus. Hie vero adolescens, 
 qui meus in Cilicia miles, in Graecia commilito fuit, cum 
 in illo nostro exercitu equitaret cum suis delectis equitibus, 5 
 quos una cum eo ad Pompeium pater miserat, quos concur- 
 sus facere solebat, quam se jactare, quam ostentare, quam 
 nemini in ilia causa studio et cupiditate concedere ! cum 
 vero exercitu amisso ego, qui pacis semper auctor fui, post 
 Pkarsalicum proelium suasor fuissem armorum non depo- 10 
 nendorum, sed abjiciendorum, hunc ad meam auctoritatem 
 non potui adducere, quod et ipse ardebat studio illius belli 
 et patri satis faciendum esse arbitrabatur. Felix ista do- 
 mus, quae non impunitatem solum adepta sit, sed accusandi 
 etiam licentiam : calamitosus Deiotarus, qui quod in iisdem 15 
 castris fuerit, non modo apud te, sed etiam a suis accusetur ! 
 Vos vestra secunda fortuna, Castor, non potestis sine pro- 
 pinquorum calamitate esse contenti ? 
 
 XI. Sint sane inimicitiae, quae esse non debebant — rex 
 enim Deiotarus vestram familiam abjectam et obscuram e 20 
 tenebris in lucem evocavit : quis tuum patrem an tea, quis 
 esset, quam cujus gener esset, audivit ? — sed quamvis in- 
 grate et impie necessitudinis nomen repudiaretis, tamen 
 inimicitias hominum more gerere poteratis, non ficto crimine 
 insectari, non expetere vitam, non capitis arcessere. Esto, 25 
 concedatur haec quoque acerbitas et odii magnitudo : ade- 
 one, ut omnia vitae salutisque communis atque etiam hu- 
 manitatis jura violentur ? Servum sollicitare verbis, spe 
 promissisque corrumpere, abducere domum, contra dominum 
 armare, hoc est non uni propinquo, sed omnibus familiis 30 
 nefarium bellum indicere. Nam ista corruptela servi si non 
 modo impunita fuerit, sed etiam a tanta auctoritate appro- 
 bata, nulli parietes nostram salutem, nullae leges, nulla 
 jura custodient. Ubi enim id, quod intus est atque nostrum, 
 impune evolare potest contraque nos pugnare, fit in domi- 35 
 natu servitus, in servitute dominatus. 
 
116 PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 
 
 O tempora ! O mores ! Cn. Domitius ille, quern nos 
 pueri consulem, censorem, pontificem maximum vidimus, 
 cum tribunus plebis M. Scaurum, principem civitatis, in 
 judicium populi vocavisset Scaurique servus ad eum clam 
 5 domum venisset et crimina in dominum delaturum se esse 
 dixisset, prehendi hominem jussit ad Scaurumque deduci. 
 Vide quid intersit, etsi inique Castorem cum Domitio com- 
 pare- ; sed tamen ille inimico servum remisit, tu ab avo ab- 
 duxisti : ille incorruptum audire noluit, tu corrupisti ; ille 
 
 10 adjutorem servum contra dominum repudiavit, tu etiam 
 accusatorem adhibuisti. 
 
 At semel iste est corruptus a vobis. Nonne, cum esset 
 productus et cum tecum fuisset, refugit ad legatos ? Non- 
 ne ad hunc Cn. Domitium venit ? Nonne audiente hoc Ser. 
 
 15 Sulpicio, clarissimo viro, qui turn casu apud Domitium cena- 
 
 bat, et hoc T. Torquato, optimo adolescente, se a te corrup- 
 
 tum, tuis promissis in fraudem impulsum esse confessus est ? 
 
 XII. Quae est ista tarn impotens, tarn crudelis, tam im- 
 
 moderata inhumanitas ? Idcirco in hanc urbem venisti, ut 
 
 20 hujus urbis jura et exempla corrumperes domesticaque im« 
 manitate nostrae civitatis humanitatem inquinares ? 
 
 At quam acute collecta crimina ! " Blesamius," inquit 
 — ejus enim nomine, optimi viri nee tibi ignoti, male dice- 
 bat tibi — " ad regem scribere solebat, te in invidia esse, 
 
 25 tyrannum existimari, statua inter reges posita animos homi- 
 num vehementer offensos, plaudi tibi non solere." Nonne 
 intelligis, Caesar, ex urbanis malevolorum sermunculis haec 
 ab istis esse collecta ? Blesamius tyrannum Caesarem scribe- 
 ret ? Multorum enim capita civium viderat, multos jussu 
 
 30 Caesaris vexatos, verberatos, necatos, multas afflictas et 
 eversas domos, armatis militibus refertum forum. Quae 
 semper in civili victoria sensimus, ea te victore non vidi- 
 mus. Solus, inquam, es, C. Caesar, cujus in victoria ce- 
 ciderit nemo nisi armatus. Et quern nos liberi, in summa 
 
 35 populi Romani libertate nati, non modo non tyrannum, sed 
 etiam clementissimum in victoria ducem vidimus, is Blesa' 
 
FKO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 117 
 
 mio, qui vivat in regno, tyrannus videri potest ? Nam 
 de statua quis queritur, una praesertim, cum tam multas 
 videat ? Yalde enim invidendum est ejus statuis, cujus tro- 
 paeis non invidemus ! Nam si locus affert invidiam, nullus 
 locus est ad statuam quidem rostris clarior. De plausu 5 
 autem quid respondeam ? qui nee desideratus unquam a te 
 est et nonnunquam obstupefactis hominibus ipsa admira- 
 tione compressus est et fortasse eo praetermissus, quia 
 nihil vulgare te dignum videri potest. 
 
 XIII. Nihil a me arbitror praeteritum, sed aliquid ad 10 
 extremum causae reservatum. Id autem quid est ? Te ut 
 plane Deiotaro reconciliet oratio mea. Non enim jam 
 metuo ne tu illi succenseas, illud vereor ne tibi ilium succen- 
 sere aliquid suspicere : quod abest longissime, mihi crede, 
 Caesar. Quid enim retineat per te meminit, non quid amise- 15 
 rit, neque se a te multatum arbitratur, sed, cum existi- 
 mares multis tibi multa esse tribuenda, quo minus a se, qui 
 in altera parte fuisset, ea sumeres non recusavit. Etenim 
 si Antiochus Magnus ille, rex Asiae, cum posteaquam a 
 L. Scipione devictus est, Tauro tenus regnare jussus esset 20 
 omnemque hanc Asiam, quae est nunc nostra provincia, 
 amisisset, dicere est solitus benigne sibi a populo Romano 
 esse factum, quod minis magna procuratione liberatus modi- 
 cis regni terminis uteretur, potest multo facilius se Deiota- 
 rus consolari. Ille enim furoris multam sustulerat, hie 25 
 erroris. Omnia tu Deiotaro, Caesar, tribuisti, cum et ipsi 
 et filio nomen regium concessisti. Hoc nomine retento at- 
 que servato nullum beneflcium populi Romani, nullum ju- 
 dicium de se senatus imminutum putat. Magno animo et 
 erecto est, nee unquam succumbet inimicis, ne fortunae 30 
 quidem. Multa se arbitratur et peperisse ante factis et ha- 
 bere in animo atque virtute, quae nullo modo possit amit- 
 tere. Quae enim fortuna aut quis casus aut quae tanta 
 possit injuria omnium imperatorum de Deiotaro decreta 
 delere ? Ab omnibus enim est ornatus, qui, posteaquam 35 
 in castris esse potuit per aetatem, in Asia, Cappadocia, 
 
118 PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 
 
 Ponto, Cilicia, Syria bella gesserunt. Senatus vero judicia 
 de illo tarn multa tamque honorifica, quae publicis populi 
 Romani litteris monumentisque consignata sunt, quae un- 
 quam vetustas obruet aut quae tanta delebit oblivio ? Quid 
 5 de virtute ejus dicam ? de magnitudine animi, gravitate, 
 constantia ? quae omnes docti atque sapientes summa, qui- 
 dam etiam sola bona esse dixerunt, hisque non modo ad 
 bene, sed etiam ad beate vivendum contentam esse virtu- 
 tem. Haec ille reputans et dies noctesque cogitans non 
 
 10 modo tibi non succenset — esset enim non solum ingratus, 
 sed etiam amens — verum omnem tranquillitatem et quietem 
 senectutis acoeptam refert clementiae tuae. 
 
 XIV. Quo.quidem animo cum antea fuit, turn non du- 
 bito quin tuis litteris, quarum exemplum legi, quas ad eum 
 
 15 Tarracone huic Blesamio dedisti, se magis etiam erexerit 
 ab omnique sollioitudine abstraxerit. Jubes enim eum bene 
 sperare et bono esse animo, quod scio te non frustra scribere 
 solere. Memini enim iisdem fere verbis ad me te scribere 
 meque tuis litteris bene sperare non frustra esse jussum. 
 
 20 Laboro equidem regis Deiotari causa, quocum mihi ami- 
 citiam res publica conciliavit, hospitium voluntas utriusque 
 conjunxit, familiaritatem consuetudo attulit, summam vero 
 necessitudinem magna ejus officia in me et in exercitum 
 meum effecerunt : sed cum de.illo laboro, turn de multis 
 
 25 amplissimis viris, quibus semel ignotum a te esse oportet, 
 nee beneficium tuum in dubium vocari, nee haerere in ani- 
 mis hominum sollicitudinem sempiternam, nee accidere ut 
 quisquam te timere incipiat eorum, qui sint semel a te libe- 
 rati timore. Non debeo, C. Caesar, quod fieri solet in tan- 
 
 30 tis periculis, tentare, quonam modo dicendo misericordiam 
 tuam commovere possim. Nihil opus est. Occurrere solet 
 ipsa supplicibus et calamitosis, nullius oratione evocata. 
 Propone tibi duos reges et id animo contemplare, quod, 
 oculis non potes. Dabis profecto id misericordiae, quod 
 
 35 iracundiae denegasti. Multa sunt monumenta tuae clemem 
 tiae, sed maxima eorum incolumitates, quibus salutem de- 
 
PRO REGE DEIOTARO ORATIO. 119 
 
 disti. Quae si in privatis gloriosa sunt, multo magis com- 
 memorabuntur in regibus. Semper regium nomen in hac 
 civitate sanctum fait, sociorum vero regum et amicorum 
 sanctissimum. 
 
 XV. Quod nomen hi reges ne amitterent te victore 5 
 timuerunt : retentum vero et a te confirmatum posteris 
 etiam suis tradituros se esse confidunt. Corpora sua pro 
 salute regum suorum hi legati tibi regii tradunt, Hieras et 
 Blesamius et Antigonus, tibi nobisque omnibus jam diu 
 noti, eademque fide et virtute praeditus Dorylaus, qui nuper 10 
 cum Hiera legatus est ad te missus, cum regum amicis- 
 simi, turn tibi etiam, ut spero, probati. Exquire de Blesa- 
 mio, num quid ad regem contra dignitatem tuam scripserit. 
 Hieras quidem causam omnem suscipit et criminibus illis 
 pro rege se supponit reum : memoriam tuam implorat, qua 15 
 vales plurimum : negat unquam se a te in Deiotari tetrar- 
 chia pedem discessisse ; in primis finibus tibi se praesto 
 fuisse dicit, usque ad ultimos prosecutum ; cum e balneo 
 exisses, tecum se fuisse, cum ilia munera inspexisses cena- 
 tus, cum in cubiculo recubuisses, eandemque assiduitatem 20 
 tibi se praebuisse postridie. Quam ob rem si quid eorum, 
 quae objecta sunt, cogitatum sit, non recusat quin id suum 
 facinus judices. Quocirca, C. Caesar, velim existimes hodi- 
 erno die sententiam tuam aut cum summo dedecore miser- 
 rimam pestem importaturam esse regibus aut incolumem 25 
 famam cum salute : quorum alterum opt are illorum crudeli- 
 tatis est, alterum conservare clementiae tuae. 
 
M. TULLII CICERONIS 
 
 IN 
 
 M. ANTONIUM 
 
 OEATIO PHILIPPICA PPvIMA 
 
 I. Ante quam de re publica, patres conscripti, dicam ea, 
 quae dicenda hoc tempore arbitror, exponam vobis breviter 
 consilium et profectionis et reversionis meae. Ego cum 
 sperarem aliquando ad vestrum consilium auctoritatemque 
 5 rem publicam esse revocatam, manendum mihi statuebam 
 quasi in vigilia quadam consulari ac senatoria. Nee vero 
 usquam discedebam nee a re publica dejiciebam oculos ex 
 eo die, quo in aedem Telluris convocati sumus. In quo 
 templo, quantum in me fuit, jeci fundamenta pacis Athe- 
 
 10 niensiumque renovavi vetus ex em plum ; Graecum etiam 
 verbum usurpavi, quo turn in sedandis discordiis usa erat 
 civitas ilia, atque omnem memoriam discordiarum oblivione 
 sempiterna delendam censui. 
 
 Praeclara turn oratio M. Antonii, egregia etiam volun- 
 
 15 tas ; pax denique per eum et per liberos ejus cum praestan- 
 tissimis civibus confirmata est. Atque his principiis reli- 
 qua consentiebant. Ad deliberationes eas, quas habebat 
 domi de re publica, principes civitatis adhibebat ; ad hunc 
 ordinem res optimas deferebat ; nihil turn, nisi quod erat 
 
 20 notum omnibus, in C. Caesaris commentariis reperiebatur ; 
 summa constantia ad ea, quae quaesita eraut, responde- 
 
IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 121 
 
 bat. Num qui exsules restituti ? Unum aiebat, praeterea 
 neminem. Num immunitates datae? Nullae, respondebat. 
 Assentiri etiam nos Ser. Sulpicio, clarissimo viro, voluit, ne 
 qua tabula post Idus Martias ullius decreti Caesaris aut 
 beneficii figeretur. Multa praetereo eaque praeclara; ad 5 
 singulare enim M. Antonii factum festinat oratio. Dicta- 
 turam, quae jam vim regiae potestatis obsederat, funditus 
 ex re publica sustulit, de qua ne sententias quidem dixi- 
 mus : scriptum senatus consultum, quod fieri vellet, attulit, 
 quo recitato auctoritatem ejus summo studio secuti sumus 10 
 eique amplissimis verbis per senatus consultum gratias 
 egimus. 
 
 II. Lux quaedam videbatur oblata, non modo regno, 
 quod pertuleramus, sed etiam regni timore sublato, mag- 
 numque pignus ab eo rei publicae datum, se liberam civi- 15 
 tatem esse velle, cum dictatoris nomen, quod saepe jus- 
 tum fuisset, propter perpetuae dictaturae recentem memo- 
 riam funditus ex re publica sustulisset. Libera tus periculo 
 caedis paucis post diebus senatus ; uncus impactus est 
 fugitive illi, qui in Marii nomen invaserat. Atque haec 20 
 omnia communiter cum collega ; alia porro propria P. Dola- 
 bellae, quae, nisi collega abfuisset, credo iis futura fuisse 
 communia. Nam cum serperet in urbem infinitum malum 
 idque manaret in dies latius, iidemque bustum in foro 
 facerent, qui illam insepultam sepulturam effecerant, et 25 
 quotidie magis magisque perditi homines cum sui similibus 
 servis tectis ac templis urbis minitarentur, talis animad- 
 versio fuit Dolabellae cum in audaces sceleratosque ser- 
 vos, turn in impuros et nefarios liberos, talisque eversio 
 illius exsecratae columnae, ut mihi mirum videatur tarn 30 
 valde reliquum tempus ab illo uno die dissensisse. 
 
 Ecce enim Kalendis Juniis, quibus ut adessemus edix- 
 erant, mutata omnia : nihil per senatum, multa et magna 
 per populum, et absente populo et invito. Consules desig- 
 nati negabant se audere in senatum venire ; patriae libera- 35 
 tores urbe carebant ea, cujus a cervicibus jugum servile 
 
122 IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 
 
 dejecerant, quos tamen ipsi consules in contionibus et in 
 omni sermone laudabant ; veterani qui appellabantur, qui- 
 bus hie ordo diligentissime caverat, non ad conservationem 
 earum rerum, quas habebant, sed ad spem novarum prae- 
 5 darum incitabantur. Quae cum audire mallem qv 
 videre haberemque jus legationis liberum, ea mente dis- 
 cessi, ut adessem Kalendis Januariis, quod initium senatus 
 cogendi fore videbatur. 
 
 III. Exposui, patres conscripti, profectionis consilium ; 
 
 10 nunc reversionis, quae plus admirationis habet, breviter 
 exponam. Cum Brundisium iterque illud, quod tritum in 
 Graeciam est, non sine causa vitavissem, Kalendis Sextili- 
 bus veni Syracusas, quod ab ea urbe transmissio in Grae- 
 ciam laudabatur; quae tamen urbs mihi conjunctissima 
 
 15 plus una me nocte cupiens retinere non potuit. Veritus 
 sum ne meus repentinus ad meos necessarios adventus sus- 
 picions aliquid afferret, si essem commoratus. Cum 
 autem me ex Sicilia ad Leucopetram, quod est promonto- 
 rium agri Regini, venti detulissent, ab eo loco conscendi, 
 
 20 ut transmitterem ; nee ita multum provectus rejectus austro 
 sum in eum ipsum locum, unde conscenderam. Cumque 
 intempesta nox esset mansissemque in villa P. Valerii, 
 comitis et familiaris mei, postridieque apud eundem ven- 
 tum exspectans manerem, municipes Regini complures ad 
 
 25 me venerunt, ex iis quidam Roma recentes ; a quibus pri- 
 mum accipio M. Antonii contionem, quae mihi ita placuit, 
 ut ea lecta de reversione primum coeperim cogitare. Nee 
 ita multo post edictum Bruti affertur et Cassii, quod quidem 
 mihi, fortasse quod eos plus etiam rei publicae quam fami- 
 
 30 liaritatis gratia diligo, plenum aequitatis videbatur. Ad- 
 debant praeterea — fit enim plerumque ut ii, qui boni quid 
 volunt afferre afimgant aliquid, quo faciant id quod nun- 
 tiant laetius — rem conventuram ; Kalendis senatum fre- 
 quentem fore; Antonium repudiatis malis suasoribus, re- 
 
 35 missis provinciis Galliis, ad auctoritatem senatus esse redi- 
 turum. 
 
IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 123 
 
 IV. Turn vero tanta sum cupiditate incensus ad reditum, 
 ut mihi nulli neque remi neque venti satis facerent, non 
 quo me ad tempus occursurum non putarem, sed ne tardius 
 quam cuperem rei publicae gratularer. Atque ego celeri- 
 ter Veliam devectus Brutum vidi ; quanto meo dolore, non 5 
 dico. Turpe mihi ipsi videbatur in earn urbem me audere 
 reverti, ex qua Brutus cederet, et ibi velle tuto esse, ubi 
 ille non posset. Neque vero ilium similiter atque ipse 
 eram commotum esse vidi : erectus enim maximi ac pul- 
 cherrimi facti sui consoientia nihil de suo casu, multa de 10 
 vestro querebatur. Exque eo primum cognovi quae Ka- 
 lendis Sextilibus in senatu fuisset L. Pisonis oratio: qui 
 quamquam parum erat, id enim ipsum a Bruto audieram, a 
 quibus debuerat adjutus, tamen et Bruti testimonio — quo 
 quid potest esse gravius ? — et omnium praedicatione, quos 15 
 postea vidi, magnam mihi videbatur gloriam consecutus. 
 Hunc igitur ut sequerer properavi, quern praesentes non 
 sunt secuti ; non ut proficerem aliquid, nee enim sperabam 
 
 id nee praestare poteram, sed ut, si quid mihi humanitus 
 accidisset — multa autem impendere videntur praeter natu- 20 
 ram etiam praeterque fatum — hujus tamen diei vocem 
 testem rei publicae relinquerem meae perpetuae erga se 
 voluntatis. 
 
 Quoniam utriusque consilii causam, patres conscripti, 
 probatam vobis esse confido, prius quam de re publica 25 
 dicere incipio, paucaquerar de hesterna M. Anton ii injuria : 
 cui sum amicus, idque me nonnullo ejus officio debere esse 
 prae me semper tuli. 
 
 V. Quid tandem erat causae cur in senatum hesterno 
 die tam acerbe cogerer ? Solusne aberam ? an non saepe 30 
 minus frequentes fuistis ? an ea res agebatur, ut etiam 
 aegrotos deferri oporteret ? Hannibal, credo, erat ad por- 
 tas, aut de Pyrrhi pace agebatur, ad quam causam etiam 
 Appium ilium, et caecum et senem, delatum esse memoriae 
 proditum est. De supplicationibus referebatur, quo in 35 
 genere senatores deesse non solent. Coguntur enim non 
 
124 IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 
 
 pignoribus, sed eorum, de quorum honore agitur, gratia | 
 quod idem fit, cum de triumpho refertur. Ita sine cura 
 consules sunt, ut paene liberum sit senatori non adesse. 
 Qui cum mihi mos notus esset cumque e via languerem 
 5 et mihimet displicerem, misi pro amicitia qui hoc ei diceret. 
 At ille vobis audientibus cum fabris se domum meam ven- 
 turum esse dixit. Nimis iracunde hoc quidem et valde in- 
 temperanter. Cujus enim maleficii tanta ista poena est, ut 
 dicere in hoc ordine auderet se publicis operis disturbatu- 
 
 10 rum publice ex senatus sententia aedificatam domum ? 
 Quis autem unquam tanto damno senatorem coegit? aut 
 quid est ultra pignus aut multam ? Quod si scisset quam 
 sententiam dieturus essem, remisisset aliquid profecto de 
 severitate cogendi. 
 
 15 VI. An me censetis, patres conscripti, quod vos inviti 
 secuti estis, decreturum fuisse, ut parentalia cum supplica- 
 tionibus miscerentur? ut inexpiabiles religiones in rem 
 publicam inducerentur ? ut decernerentur supplicationes 
 mortuo ? Nihil dico cui. Fuerit ille Brutus, qui et ipse 
 
 20 domina,tu regio rem publicam liberavit et ad similem 
 virtutem et simile factum stirpem jam prope in quingen- 
 tesimum annum propagavit, adduci tamen non possem ut 
 quemquam mortuum conjungerem cum immortalium religi- 
 one, ut, cujus sepulchrum usquam exstet ubi parentetur, 
 
 25 ei publice supplicetur. 
 
 Ego vero earn sententiam dixissem, ut me ad versus 
 populum Romanum, si qui accidisset gravior rei publicae 
 casus, si bellum, si morbus, si fames, facile possem defen- 
 dere ; quae partim jam sunt, partim timeo ne impendeant. 
 
 30 Sed hoc ignoscant dii immortales velim et populo Romano, 
 qui id non probat, et huic ordini, qui decrevit invitus. 
 Quid ? de reliquis rei publicae malis licetne dicere ? Mihi 
 vero licet et semper licebit dignitatem tueri, mortem con- 
 temnere. Potestas modo veniendi in hunc locum sit : di- 
 
 35 cendi periculum non recuso. Atque utinam, patres con- 
 scripti, Kalendis Sextilibus adesse potuissem ! non quo 
 
IN AXTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 125 
 
 profici potuerit aliquid, sed ne unus modo consularis, quod 
 turn accidit, dignus illo honore, dignus re publica invenire- 
 tur. Qua quidem ex re magnum accipio dolorem, homines 
 amplissimis populi Romani beneficiis usos L. Pisonem 
 ducem optimae sententiae non secutos. Idcircone nos 5 
 populus Romanus consules fecit, ut in altissimo gradu dig- 
 nitatis locati rem publicam pro nihilo haberemus? Non 
 modo voce nemo L. Pisoni consularis, sed ne vultu quidem 
 assensus est. Quae, malum ! est ista voluntaria servitus ? 
 Fuerit quaedam necessaria ; neque ego hoc ab omnibus iis 10 
 desidero, qui sententiam consulari loco dicunt : alia causa 
 est eorum, quorum silentio ignosco, alia eorum, quorum 
 vocem requiro: quos quidem doleo'in suspicionem populo 
 Romano venire non modo metus, quod ipsum esset turpe, 
 sed alium alia de causa deesse dignitati suae. 15 
 
 VII. Quare primum maximas gratias et ago et habeo 
 Pisoni, qui non quid efficere posset in re publica cogitavit, 
 sed quid facere ipse deberet: deinde a vobis, patres con- 
 scripti, peto ut, etiam si sequi minus audebitis orationem 
 atque auctoritatem meam, benigne me tamen, ut adhuc 20 
 fecistis, audiatis. 
 
 Primum igitur acta Caesaris servanda censeo, non quo 
 probem — quis enim id quidem potest ? — sed quia rationem 
 habendam maxime arbitror pacis atque otii. Vellem ades- 
 set M. Antonius, modo sine adrocatis — sed, ut opinor, licet 25 
 ei minus valere, quod mihi heri per ilium non licuit — 
 doceret me vel potius vos, patres conscripti, quern ad 
 modum ipse Caesaris acta defenderet. An in commenta- 
 riolis et chirographis et libellis se uno auctore prolatis, ac 
 ne prolatis quidem, sed tantum modo dictis, acta Caesaris 30 
 firma erunt; quae ille in aes incidit, in quo populi jussa 
 perpetuasque leges esse voluit, pro nihilo habebuntur ? 
 Equidem existimo nihil tarn esse in actis Caesaris quam 
 leges Caesaris. An, si cui quid ille promisit, id erit fixum, 
 quod idem non facere potuit ? ut multis multa promissa 35 
 non fecit : quae tamen multo plura illo mortuo reperta 
 
126 IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 
 
 sunt, quam a vivo beneficia per omnes annos tributa et 
 data. 
 
 Sed ea non muto, non moveo ; summo studio illius prae- 
 clara acta defendo. Pecunia utinam ad Opis maneret! 
 5^ cruenta ilia quidem, sed his temporibus, quoniam iis, quo- 
 rum est, non redditur, necessaria : quamquam ea quoque 
 sit effusa, si ita in actis fuit. Ecquid est quod tam proprie 
 dici possit actum ejus, qui togatus in re publica cum potes- 
 tate imperioque versatus sit, quam lex ? Quaere acta 
 
 10 Gracchi, leges Semproniae proferentur: quaere Sullae, 
 Corneliae. Quid? Pompeii tertius consulatus in quibus 
 actis constitit ? Nempe in legibus. De Caesare ipso si 
 quaereres, quidnam egisset in urbe et in toga, leges multas 
 respond eret se et praeclaras tulisse ; chirographa vero aut 
 
 15 mutaret aut non daret aut, si dedisset, non istas res in actis 
 suis duceret. Sed haec ipsa concedo, quibusdam etiam in 
 rebus coniveo : in maximis vero rebus, id est legibus, acta 
 Caesaris dissolvi ferendum non puto. 
 
 VIII. Quae lex melior, utilior, optima etiam re publica 
 
 20 saepius flagitata, quam ne praetoriae provinciae plus quam 
 annum neve plus quam biennium consulares obtinerentur ? 
 Hac lege sublata videnturne vobis posse Caesaris acta ser- 
 vari ? Quid ? lege, quae promulgata est de tertia decuria 
 nonne omnes judiciariae leges Caesaris dissolvuntur ? Et 
 
 25 vos acta Caesaris defenditis, qui leges ejus evertitis ? nisi 
 forte, si quid memoriae causa rettulit in libellum, id nume- 
 rabitur in actis et, quamvis iniquum et inutile sit, defen- 
 detur, quod ad populum centuriatis comitiis tulit, id in actis 
 Caesaris non habebitur. At quae est ista tertia decuria ? 
 
 30 " Centurionum," inquit. Quid ? isti ordini judicatus lege 
 Julia, etiam ante Pompeia, Aurelia non patebat ? " Cen- 
 sus praefiniebatur," inquit. Non centurioni quidem solum, 
 sed equiti etiam Romano : itaque viri fortissimi atque hon- 
 estissimi, qui ordines duxerunt, res et judicant et judica- 
 
 35 verunt. "Non quaero" inquit "istos: quicumque ordi- 
 nem duxit, judicet." At si ferretis, quicumque equo meru- 
 
IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 127 
 
 isset, quod est lautius, nemini probaretis ; in judice enim 
 spectari et fortuna debet et dignitas. " Non quaero " in- 
 quit "ista: addo etiam judices manipulares ex legione 
 Alaudarum ; aliter enim nostri negant posse se salvos esse." 
 O contumeliosum honorem iis, quos ad judicandum nee opi- 5 
 nantes vocatis ! hie enim est legis index, ut ii res in tertia 
 decuria judicent, qui libere judicare non audeant. In quo 
 quantus error est, dii immortales, eorum, qui istam legem 
 excogitaverunt ! Ut enim quisque sordidissimus videbitur, 
 ita libentissime severitate judicandi sordes suas eluet labora- 10 
 bitque ut honestis decuriis potius dignus videatur quam in 
 turpem jure conjectus. 
 
 IX. Altera promulgata lex est, ut et de vi et majestatis 
 damnati ad populum provocent, si velint. Haec utrum tan- 
 dem lex est an legum omnium dissolutio ? Quis est enim 15 
 hodie, cujus intersit istam legem manere ? Nemo reus est 
 legibus illis, nemo quem futurum putemus; armis enim 
 gesta uunquam profecto in judicium vocabuntur. At res 
 popularis. Utinam quidem aliquid velletis esse populare ! 
 omnes enim jam cives de rei publicae salute una et mente 20 
 et voce consentiunt. 
 
 Quae est igitur ista cupiditas legis ejus ferendae, quae 
 turpitudinem summam habeat, gratiam nullam? Quid 
 enim turpius quam qui majestatem populi Romani minuerit 
 per vim, eum damnatum judicio ad earn ipsam vim reverti, 25 
 propter quam sit jure damnatus ? Sed quid plura de lege 
 disputo ? quasi vero id agatur ut quisquam provocet : id 
 agitur, id fertur, ne quis omnino unquam istis legibus reus 
 fiat. Quis enim aut accusator tarn amens reperietur, qui 
 reo condemnato objicere se multitudini conductae velit, aut 30 
 judex, qui reum damnare audeat, ut ipse ad operas mer- 
 cennarias statim protrahatur ? Non igitur provocatio ista 
 lege datur, sed duae maxime salutares leges quaestionesque 
 tolluntur. Quid est aliud hortari adolescentes, ut turbu- 
 lenti, ut seditiosi, ut perniciosi cives velint esse ? Quam 35 
 autem ad pestem furor tribunicius impelli non poterit his 
 
128 IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 
 
 duabus quaestionibus de vi et majestatis sublatis ? Quid, 
 quod obrogatur legibus Caesaris, quae jubent ei, qui de vi, 
 itemque ei, qui majestatis damnatus sit, aqua et igni inter- 
 dici ? Quibus cum provocatio datur, nonne acta Caesaris 
 5 rescinduntur ? Quae quidem ego, patres conscripti, qui 
 ilia nunquam pfobavi, tamen ita conservanda concordiae 
 causa arbitratus sum, ut nou modo, quas vivus leges Caesar 
 tulisset, infirmandas hoc tempore non putarem, sed ne illas 
 quidem, quas pest mortem Caesaris prolatas esse et fixas 
 
 10 videtis. 
 
 X. De exsilio reducti a mortuo ; civitas data non solum 
 singulis, sed nationibus et provinciis universis a mortuo; 
 immunitatibus infinitis sublata vectigalia a mortuo. Ergo 
 haec uno, verum optimo auctore domo prolata defendimus : 
 
 15 eas leges, quas ipse nobis inspectantibus recitavit, pro- 
 nuntiavit, tulit, quibus latis gloriabatur eisque legibus rem 
 publicam contineri putabat, de provinciis, de judiciis, eas, 
 inquam, Caesaris leges nos, qui defendimus acta Caesaris, 
 evertendas putamus? 
 
 20 Ac de his tamen legibus, quae promulgatae sunt, sal- 
 tern queri possumus : de iis, quae jam latae dicuntur, ne 
 id quidem licuit : illae enim sine ulla promulgatione latae 
 sunt ante quam scriptae. Quaero autem, quid sit cur aut 
 ego aut quisquam vestrum, patres conscripti, bonis tribunis 
 
 25 pie bis leges malas metuat. Paratos habemus qui interce- 
 dant, paratos qui rem publicam religione defendant; vacui 
 metu esse debemus. " Quas tu mihi," inquit, " intercessi- 
 ones? quas religiones ?" Eas scilicet, quibus rei publicae 
 salus continetur. "Negligimus ista et nimis antiqua ac 
 
 30 stulta ducimus : forum saepietur, omnes claudentur aditus, 
 armati in praesidiis multis locis collocabuntur." Quid 
 turn ? Quod ita erit gestum, id lex erit ? et in aes incidi 
 jubebitis, credo, ilia legitima : " Consules populum jure 
 rogaverunt " — hocine a majoribus accepimus jus rogandi ? 
 
 36 — " populusque jure scivit." Qui populus ? isne, qui 
 exclusus est ? Quo jure ? an eo, quod vi et armis omne 
 
LN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 129 
 
 sublatum est ? Atque haec dico de futuris, quod est ami- 
 corum ante dicere ea, quae vitari possint : quae si facta non 
 erunt, refelletur oratio mea. Loquor de legibus promulga- 
 tis, de quibus est integrum vobis. Demonstro vitia ; tol- 
 lite ! Denuntio vim, arma ; removete ! 5 
 
 XI. Irasci quidem vos mihi, Dolabella, pro re publica 
 dicenti non oportebit. Quamquam te quidem id facturum 
 non arbitror, novi facilitatem tuam : collegam tuum aiunt 
 in hac sua fortuna, quae bona ipsi videtur — mihi, ne gravius 
 quippiam dicam, avorum et avunculi sui consulatum si imi- 10 
 taretur, fortunatior videretur — sed eum iracundum audio 
 esse factum. Video autem quam sit odiosum habere eun- 
 dem iratum et armatum, cum tanta praesertim gladiorum 
 sit impunitas, sed proponam jus, ut opinor, aequum, quod 
 M. Antonium non arbitror repudiaturum. Ego, si quid in 15 
 vitam ejus aut in mores cum contumelia dixero, quo minus 
 mihi inimicissimus sit, non recusabo : sin consuetudinem 
 meam tenuero, id est, si libere quae sentiam de re publica 
 dixero, primum deprecor ne irascatur, deinde, si hoc non 
 impetro, peto ut sic irascatur ut civi. 20 
 
 Armis utatur, si ita necesse est, ut dicit, sui defendendi 
 causa : iis, qui pro re publica quae ipsis visa erunt dixerint, 
 ista arma ne noceant. Quid hac postulatione dici potest 
 aequius ? Quod si, ut mihi a quibusdam ejus familiaribus 
 dictum est, omnis eum quae habetur contra voluntatem 25 
 ejus oratio graviter offendit, etiam si nulla inest contumelia, 
 feremus amici naturam. Sed iidem illi ita mecum loquun- 
 tur : " Non idem tibi, adversario Caesaris, licebit, quod 
 Pisoni socero," et simul admonent quiddam, quod cavebi- 
 mus ; nee erit justior in senatum non veniendi morbi causa 30 
 quam mortis. 
 
 XII. Sed per deos immortales — te enim intuens, Dola- 
 bella, non possum utriusque vestrum errorem reticere — 
 credo enim vos, nobiles homines magna quaedam spec- 
 tantes, non pecuniam, ut quidam nimis creduli suspicantur, 35 
 quae semper ab amplissimo quoque clarissimoque con- 
 
X30 IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 
 
 tempta est, non opes violentas et populo Romano minime 
 ferendam potentiam, sed caritatem civium et gloriam con- 
 cupivisse. Est autem gloria laus recte factorum magno- 
 rumque in rem publicam meritorum, quae cum optimi 
 5 cujusque, turn etiam multitudinis testimonio comprobatur. 
 Dicerem, Dolabella, qui recte factorum fructus esset, 
 nisi te praeter ceteros paulisper esse expertum viderem. 
 Quem potes recordari in vita illuxisse tibi diem laetiorem 
 quam cum expiato foro, dissipato concursu impiorum, 
 
 10 principibus sceleris poena affectis, te domum recepisti? 
 Cujus ordinis, cujus generis, cujus denique fortunae studia 
 turn laudi et gratulationi tuae se non obtulerunt? Quin 
 mihi etiam, quo auctore te in his rebus uti arbitrabantur, 
 et gratias boni viri agebant et tuo nomine gratulabantur. 
 
 15 Recordare, quaeso, Dolabella, consensum ilium theatri, 
 cum omnes earum rerum obliti, propter quas fuerant tibi 
 offensi, significarent se beneficio novo memoriam veteris 
 doloris abjecisse. Hanc tu, P. Dolabella — magno loquor 
 cum dolore — hanc tu, inquam, potuisti aequo animo tantam 
 
 20 dignitatem deponere ? 
 
 XIII. Tu autem, M. Antoni, absentem enim appello, 
 unum ilium diem, quo in aede Telluris senatus fuit, non 
 omnibus his mensibus, quibus te quidam multum a me dis- 
 sentientes beatum putant, anteponis ? Quae fuit oratio de 
 
 25 concordia ! quanto metu senatus, quanta sollicitudine civi- 
 tas turn a te liberata est, cum collegam tuum depositis 
 inimicitiis, oblitus auspiciorum a te ipso augure populi Ro- 
 mani nuntiatorum, illo primum die collegam tibi esse volu- 
 isti, tuus parvus filius in Capitolium a te missus pacis obses 
 
 30 fuit ! Quo senatus die laetior ? quo populus Romanus ? 
 qui quidem nulla in contione unquam frequentior fuit. 
 Turn denique liberati per viros fortissimos videbamur, quia, 
 ut illi voluerant, libertatem pax consequebatur. Proximo, 
 altero, tertio, denique reliquis consecutis diebus non inter- 
 
 35 mittebas quasi donum aliquod quotidie afferre rei publicae, 
 maximum autem illud, quod dictaturae nomen sustulisti. 
 
IN ANTONIUM OKATIO PRIMA. 131 
 
 Haec inusta est a te, a te, inquam, mortuo Caesari nota ad 
 ignomiuiam sempiternam. Ut enim propter unius M. Man- 
 lii scelus decreto gentis Manliae neminem patricium Man- 
 lium Marcum vocari licet, sic tu propter unius dictatoris 
 odium nomen dictatoris funditus sustulisti. 5 
 
 Num te, cum haec pro salute rei publicae tanta gessis- 
 ses, fortunae tuae, num amplitudinis, num claritatis paeni- 
 tebat ? Unde igitur subito tanta ista mutatio ? Non pos- 
 sum adduci ut suspicer te pecunia captum : licet quod 
 euique libet loquatur, credere non est necesse ; nihil enim 10 
 unquam in te sordidum, nihil humile cognovi. Quamquam 
 solent domestici depravare nonnunquam, sed novi firmita- 
 tem tuam. Atque utinam ut culpam, sic etiam suspicionem 
 vitare potuisses ! 
 
 XIV. Illud magis vereor, ne ignorans verum iter glo- 15 
 riae gloriosum putes plus te unum posse quam omnes et 
 metui a civibus tuis. Quod si ita putas, totam ignoras 
 viam gloriae. Carum esse civem, bene de re publica me- 
 reri, laudari, coli, diligi gloriosum est : metui vero et in 
 odio esse invidiosum, detestabile, imbecillum, caducum. 20 
 Quod videmus etiam in fabula illi ipsi, qui " oderint, dum 
 metuant " dixerit, perniciosum fuisse. Utinam, M. Antoni, 
 avum tuum meminisses ! de quo tamen audisti multa ex 
 me eaque saepissime. Putasne ilium immortalitatem me- 
 reri voluisse, ut propter armorum habendorum licentiam 25 
 metueretur? Ilia erat vita, ilia secunda fortuna, libertate 
 esse parem ceteris, principem dignitate. Itaque, ut omit- 
 tam res avi tui prosperas, acerbissimum ejus supremum 
 diem malim quam L. Cinnae dominatum, a quo ille crude- 
 lissime est interfectus. 30 
 
 Sed quid oratione te nectam ? Si enim exitus C. 
 Caesaris efficere non potest ut malis carus esse quam 
 metui, nihil cujusquam proficiet nee valebit oratio. Quem 
 qui beatum fuisse putant, miseri ipsi sunt. Beatus est 
 nemo, qui ea lege vivit, ut non modo impune, sed etiam 35 
 cum summa interfectoris gloria interfici possit. Quare 
 
132 IN ANTONIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 
 
 
 flecte te, quaeso, et majores tuos respice atque ita guberna 
 rem publicam, ut natum esse te cives tui gaudeant, sine 
 quo nee beatus nee clarus nee tutus quisquam esse omnino 
 potest. 
 5 XV. Populi quidem Romani judicia multa ambo habe- 
 tis, quibus vos non satis moveri permoleste fero. Quid 
 enim gladiatoribus clamores innumerabilium civium ? quid 
 populi versus ? quid Pompeii statuae plausus infiniti ? 
 quid duobus tribunis plebis, qui vobis adversantur ? Pa 
 
 10 rumne haec significant incredibiliter consentientem popul 
 Romani universi voluntatem ? Quid ? Apollinarium lu 
 dorum plausus vel testimonia potius et judicia populi Ro 
 mani parum magna vobis videbantur ? O beatos illos 
 qui, cum adesse ipsis propter vim armorum non licebat, 
 
 15 aderant tamen et in medullis populi Romani ac visceribus 
 haerebant ! nisi forte Attio turn plaudi et sexagesimo post 
 anno palmam dari, non Bruto putabatis, qui ludis suis ita 
 caruit, ut in illo apparatissimo spectaculo studium populus 
 Romanus tribueret absenti, desiderium liberatoris sui per- 
 
 20 petuo plausu et clamore leniret. 
 
 Equidem is sum qui istos plausus, cum a populi parte 
 civibus tribuerentur, semper contempserim ; idemque, cum 
 a summis, mediis, infimis, cum denique ab universis hoc 
 idem fit, cumque ii, qui ante sequi populi consensum sole- 
 
 25 bant, fugiunt, non plausum ilium, sed judicium puto. Sin 
 haec leviora vobis videntur, quae sunt gravissima, num 
 etiam hoc contemnitis, quod sensistis, tarn caram populo 
 Romano vitam A. Hirtii fuisse ? Satis erat enim probatum 
 ilium esse populo Romano, ut est, jucundum amicis, in quo 
 
 30 vincit omnes, carum suis, quibus est ipse carissimus ; tan-. 
 tarn tamen sollicitudinem bonorum, tan turn timorem in quo 
 meminimus ? Certe in nullo. Quid igitur ? Hoc vos, 
 per deos immortales, quale sit non interpretamini ? Quid ? 
 eos de vestra vita cogitare non censetis, quibus eorum, qucs 
 
 85 sperant rei publicae consulturos, vita tarn cara sit ? 
 
 Cepi fructum, patres conscripti, reversionis meae, quo- 
 
IN ANTOJSTIUM ORATIO PRIMA. 13*3 
 
 niam et ea dixi, ut quicuraque casus consecutus esset, ex- 
 staret constantiae meae testimonium, et sum a vobis be- 
 nigne ac diligenter auditus. Quae potestas si mihi saepius 
 sine meo vestroque periculo net, utar ; si minus, quantum 
 potero, non tarn mihi me quam rei publicae reservabo. 6 
 Mihi fere satis est quod vixi vel ad aetatem vel ad glori- 
 am : hue si quid accesserit, non tarn mihi quam vobis reique 
 publicae accesserit. 
 
NOTES 
 
REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Numerals with " G." refer to the author's Latin Grammar; with " L. C." 
 or "Lat. Comp.," to his Introduction to Latin Composition; with "p." or 
 " pp.," to pages in this work. The following abbreviations also occur: 
 
 A Oration for Archias. 
 
 abbr abbreviation. 
 
 abl ablative. 
 
 absol absolute. 
 
 ace accusative. 
 
 adj adjective. 
 
 adtf adverb. 
 
 C. or Cat. . . . Catiline, 
 i. C First Oration against 
 
 Catiline, 
 ii. C Second Oration against 
 
 Catiline, 
 hi. C Third Oration against 
 
 Catiline, 
 iv. C Fourth Oration against 
 
 Catiline. 
 
 comp comparative. 
 
 conj conjunction. 
 
 D. Oration for Deiotarus. 
 
 dat dative. 
 
 deel declension. 
 
 def. defective. 
 
 dem demonstrative. 
 
 dep deponent. 
 
 dim diminutive. 
 
 distrib distributive. 
 
 e. g., exempli \ 
 
 > . for example. 
 gratia ) 
 
 etc. , et cetera . . and so forth. 
 
 f feminine. 
 
 freq frequentative. 
 
 gen genitive. 
 
 i. e., id est . . . that is. 
 
 imperat imperative. 
 
 irnpers impersonal. 
 
 incep inceptive. 
 
 indeel indeclinable. 
 
 indef. indefinite. 
 
 inf infinitive. 
 
 interj interjection. 
 
 intr intransitive. 
 
 L Oration for Ligarius. 
 
 1 line. 
 
 lit literally. 
 
 M Oration for Marcellus. 
 
 M. L Oration for the Ma- 
 
 nilian Law. 
 
 m masculine. 
 
 n neuter. 
 
 nom nominative. 
 
 num numeral. 
 
 obs obsolete. 
 
 P the First Philippic. 
 
 part participle. 
 
 pass passive. 
 
 perf. perfect. 
 
 pi plural. 
 
 poss possessive. 
 
 prep preposition. 
 
 pres present. 
 
 pron pronoun. 
 
 Sail Sallust. 
 
 sc, scilicet . . . namely, understood, 
 semi-dep. . . . semi-deponent. 
 
 sing singular. 
 
 subj subjunctive. 
 
 sup superlative. 
 
 syn synonymea. 
 
 tr transitive. 
 
 v verb. 
 
 136 
 
NOTES. 
 
 OKATIONS AGAINST CATILINE. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 L. Seegws Catiline, against whom these orations were deliv- 
 ered, belonged to a patrician family which had become greatly 
 impoverished. He was, therefore, the heir to a noble name, but 
 to no large estates. Unprincipled and reckless, he early perverted 
 to the basest uses the remarkable powers of body and mind 
 with which he had been endowed by nature. As a zealous 
 partisan of Sulla, he acted a conspicuous part in the bloody pro- 
 scriptions which followed the triumph of the dictator. Among 
 the victims who perished at his hands was his own brother-in-law 
 Quintus Caecilius. 
 
 Catiline held the office of praetor in the year 68 B. C, was 
 governor of Africa in 67, and returned to Rome in 66 to canvass 
 for the consulship, but was compelled to relinquish his suit by an 
 impeachment for maladministration in his province. Burning 
 with rage and unable to brook disappointment, he at once entered 
 into an alliance with Cn. Calpurnius Piso, a young but profligate 
 patrician, and P. Autronios Paetus, who, having been convicted 
 of bribery, was disqualified from entering upon the duties of the 
 consulship to which he had been elected. The plan of. the con- 
 spirators was to murder the consuls on the first of January, during 
 the ceremonies of inauguration, after which Catiline and Autro- 
 nius were to seize the consular power, and Piso to take possession 
 of the Spanish provinces. The execution of the plan was, how- 
 ever, subsequently deferred to the fifth of February, when it was 
 
138 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 fortunately frustrated by a mistake on the part of Catiline, who 
 gave the signal before his accomplices were ready for action. 
 
 In June, 64 B. C, Catiline resumed his revolutionary schemes 
 on a larger scale and with renewed energy. Eome at that time 
 furnished him abundant materials for such a work in the throngs 
 of luxurious spendthrifts, desperate insolvents, and reckless ad- 
 venturers, who filled her streets. He soon numbered among his 
 accomplices eleven senators, four members of the equestrian order, 
 and several men of position and influence in the provincial towns. 
 Thus strengthened, he boldly presented himself as a candidate for 
 the consulship, but defeat awaited bim. Marcus Cicero Jie ora- 
 tor and Caius Antonius were elected consuls, the former by an 
 overwhelming majority. 
 
 This was a severe disappointment for Catiline, but it only 
 rendered him more reckless than ever in his revolutionary designs. 
 He had entered upon a desperate game, and he resolved to hazard 
 every thing, to win or die. He established the headquarters of 
 his movement at Faesnlae, in Etruria, under the command of 
 Gaius Manlius, an insolvent and revolutionist, who had served 
 as a centurion under Sulla. He raised money upon his own 
 credit and that of his friends, collected stores of arms at conven- 
 ient centres in different portions of Italy, and endeavored to en- 
 list in his cause the desperate and abandoned of both sexes and 
 of all ranks. His audacity aimed at nothing less than the over- 
 throw of the government. He proposed to seize all the offices 
 of trust and emolument, to cancel debts, to confiscate the prop- 
 erty of the rich, and, in fine, to reenact the bloody scenes of 
 Sulla's proscriptions. 
 
 It was at such a crisis, that on the first of January in that 
 memorable year, 63 B. C, Cicero, the accomplished orator and 
 scholar, entered upon the arduous and perilous duties of the con- 
 sulship. A base and nefarious conspiracy against the government 
 was rapidly consummating its work, a bloody revolution was im- 
 minent, and even his own colleague in the consulship, Gaius An- 
 tonius, was supposed to be more or less in sympathy with the 
 treasonable movement. But Cicero proved himself equal to the 
 emergency. He secured the passive cooperation of Antonius by 
 offering, at the outset, to transfer . to him the rich province of 
 Macedonia at the expiration of his term of office. He, moreover, 
 
ORATIONS AGAINST CATILINE. 139 
 
 opened communication with Quintus Curius, one of the accom- 
 plices of Catiline, and, by means of large promises, engaged him 
 to keep the government informed in regard to all the movements 
 of the conspirators. Ourins proved a faithful and trustworthy 
 agent. 
 
 When the consular election for 62 B. C. approached, Catiline, 
 once more a candidate, determined not to suffer another defeat. 
 He accordingly adopted the bold project of murdering the pre- 
 siding consul, and, if need be, the rival candidates, and of carry- 
 ing the election by force of arms. In view of these dangers, the 
 election was deferred until the twenty-first of October, and, after- 
 wards, until the twenty-eighth. On the twenty-first of that month 
 the senate assembled to consider the state of the nation, and at 
 that session Cicero, in the presence of Catiline, exposed the revo- 
 lutionary designs of the conspirators, whereupon the senate 
 clothed the consuls with dictatorial powers for the safety of the 
 republic. On the twenty-eighth, the comitia met according 
 to appointment; Cicero appeared in the Campus Martius, sur- 
 rounded by a strong body-guard of armed men. The resolute 
 bearing of the consul and his formidable guard so overawed the 
 conspirators that no disturbance was made. Catiline was again 
 defeated ; Decimus Silanus and Lucius Murena were elected con- 
 suls for the ensuing year. 
 
 In the mean time, civil war had already commenced ; Manlius 
 was in arms against the republic. On the night of the fifth ot 
 November, Catiline met the most prominent of his partisans at 
 the house of Marcus Laeca. He announced his purpose to join 
 the army at the earliest possible date, assigned to the leaders 
 their several parts in the work of the conspiracy, and urged upon 
 them the importance of taking the life of Cicero. Two of his 
 agents at once promised to call upon the consul the next morning 
 and assassinate him in his own house ; but Cicero, forewarned in 
 regard to their purpose, refused to admit them. 
 
 On the seventh of November, the senate met, for greater se- 
 curity, in the Temple of Jupiter Stator, which was guarded by 
 Roman knights. Catiline, contrary to the expectation of all, had 
 the effrontery to present himself at the meeting, but no greeting 
 welcomed him to his accustomed place ; the seats in his vicinity 
 were instantly vacated ; the traitor sat alone, an object of scorn 
 and contempt. It was then that Cicero, the consul, giving utter- 
 
140 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ance to his indignation in a torrent of invective, pronounced his 
 First Oration against Catiline. 
 
 The effect was perfectly electrical. Catiline was for the mo- 
 ment paralyzed, but, quickly recovering his self-possession 
 and assuming the tone of injured innocence, he implored the 
 senate not to trust the base slanders which the consul had heaped 
 upon him ; he even ventured upon harsh and abusive language 
 against Cicero, but his voice was at once drowned with cries of 
 "Enemy," "Traitor," from the whole assembly. That night he 
 left the city. 
 
 On the following day, the eighth of November, Cicero deliv- 
 ered his Second Oration against Catiline before the people in the 
 Forum. His object was to justify the course which he had pur- 
 sued in relation to the conspiracy, to allay the general excite- 
 ment, and to intimidate the conspirators who had not yet left the 
 city. 
 
 In the mean time, Catiline had repaired to the camp of Man- 
 lius, and had assumed the fasces and other insignia of consular 
 power. The senate accordingly declared him an outlaw, ordered 
 new levies of troops, and dispatched able leaders to different 
 parts of the country where danger was apprehended. Cicero 
 was directed to guard the city, and Antonius was appointed to 
 the command of the array destined against Catiline. 
 
 According to the plan which Catiline unfolded to his associ- 
 ates before his departure, Cethegus was to assassinate the consul 
 Cicero, the praetor Lentulus was charged with the general man- 
 agement of the affairs of the conspiracy in the capital, Gabinius 
 and Statilius were to fire the city, and, in the midst of the gen- 
 eral confusion attendant upon the conflagration, the conspira- 
 tors were to open communication with Catiline. But, while the 
 execution of the bloody plot was delayed, a deputation from the 
 Allobroges in Ganl, visited Rome to present certain complaints 
 against the provincial government. Lentulus, taking advantage 
 of their disaffection, endeavored to interest them in the conspir- 
 acy, but Cicero finally succeeded in securing their cooperation, 
 and, seeing that they could be made very useful to the govern- 
 ment, encouraged them to continue their negotiations with the 
 conspirators, and obtain from them a written statement of the 
 proposition which they were to make to their people. The ex- 
 periment was perfectly successful. The required statement, bear- 
 
ORATIONS AGAINST CATILINE. 141 
 
 ing the signatures of Lentulus, Cethegus, and Statilius, was read- 
 ly obtained. The Gallic ambassadors, having finished their work, 
 eft Rome on the night of the second of December, accompanied 
 by Titus Volturcius, the bearer of dispatches for Catiline, but they 
 Lad proceeded only a short distance beyond the city gate when 
 rhey fell into the hands of an armed force in the employ of the 
 government. Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and Gabinius, were 
 arrested the next morning. Later in the day, the prisoners were 
 all brought before the bar of the senate, then assembled in the 
 Temple of Concord. The evidence of their guilt was overwhelm- 
 ing, and was finally confirmed by their own confessions. 
 
 After the adjournment of the senate, Cicero addressed the 
 -people on the great events of the day in his Third Oration 
 against Catiline. The indignation against the conspirators be- 
 came almost ungovernable ; execrations were heaped upon Cati- 
 line; Cicero was the hero of the hour. 
 
 On the fifth of December, the senate met in the Temple of 
 Concord, to decide the fate of the prisoners. D. Junius Silanus, 
 consul-elect, recommended the punishment of death, but C. Julius 
 Caesar, praetor-elect, objected to capital punishment as illegal, and 
 recommended imprisonment for life. It was in the course of this 
 debate that Cicero pronounced his Fourth Oration against Cati- 
 line. The sentence of death was decreed by the senate, and ex- 
 ecuted that very night, under the direction of the consul himself. 
 
 In the mean time, Catiline was in Etruria at the head of a 
 formidable force, where, in the ensuing spring, he was defeated 
 in a desperate contest, and fell in the thickest of the fight. 
 
142 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 1 
 
 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE, DELIVERED BEFORE THE 
 SENATE IN THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER STATOR, ON THE 
 SEVENTH OF NOVEMBER, 63 B. C. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION. I. 
 
 II. Catiline deserves the Punishment of Death in Accordance 
 "With the Laws and Precedents of Rome. II. 
 
 III. Exposure of the Movements and Plans of the Conspira- 
 tors. III., IV. 
 
 IV. Exhortation to Catiline to leave the City with his Ac- 
 complices. V.— X. 
 
 V. Reasons for allowing such a Criminal to leave the City. 
 XI., XII. 
 
 VI. Conclusion. XIII. 
 
 I. Introduction. The Audacity of Catiline in appearing 
 in the Senate. His Crime merits Death. 
 
 1. Quousque . . . nostra. Observe the abrupt and impassioned be- 
 ginning of the oration, explained by the fact that Catiline the conspirator 
 had just taken his place in the senate. See Introduction, p. 139. — 
 Tandem, pray. This idiomatic use of tandem, expressive of impatience 
 and surprise, is not uncommon in Cicero's orations. — Catilina ; G. 569, 
 VI. — Patientia; G. 421, 1. 
 
 2. Quam diu, quern ad finem; synonymes with quousque, refer- 
 ring to time, — quam diu, how long, giving pi*ominence to the duration 
 of the action, quern ad finem, like quousque, how long, lit., to what ena, 
 limit, calling attention to the end of the action. — Etiam = et jam, even 
 now = still. Quam diu etiam, how long still, i. e., how much longer. — 
 Iste tuus, that of yours. G. 450. — Eludet, display its mockery, syno- 
 nyme with sesejactabit, in the next line. 
 
 3. Nihilne; G. 378, 2; 457, 3. Observe the difference between 
 nihilne (not at all ?) and nonne (not ?). —Nihilne, nihil (line 4), nihil 
 (line 5) ; a fine example of the figure anaphora. G. 636, III., 3. — Noctur- 
 num, nightly, i. e., by night, not, night after night. 
 
 4. Praesidium Palatii. The Palatine Hill, south of the Forum, 
 was a veiy commanding position, and was accordingly guarded in times of 
 public alarm. — Timor. See Syn. L. C. 305. 
 
 5. Munitissimus locus. The senate was convened in the temple 
 of Jupiter Stator, situated on the ascent to the Palatine. The temple was 
 
FIKST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 145 
 
 PAGE 
 
 probably guarded, though it was also under the protection of the force 1 
 upon the Palatine; hence munitissimas. 
 
 6. Habendi senatus ; G. 543 ; 565, 2. — Ora vultusque. Ob- 
 serve the difference of meaning — ora referring to the features, the face ; 
 vultus, to the expression of the face, the looks. The looks of surprise and 
 indignation with which the senate received Catiline as he took his seat in 
 that body are here meant. 
 
 7. Non sentis, non vides (line 8); G. 351, 3. — Constrictam 
 teneri, is held in check. 
 
 9. Proxima, superiore nocte, last night, the night before ; Abl. 
 of Time. One of the events to which Cicero here refers is the meeting 
 at the house of Laeca, which took place on the night before the last 
 
 • {superiore nocte) , the other is probably the attempt upon the life of Cicero 
 which may not have been actually made until the next night after the 
 meeting, though Catiline's agents offered to make it that very night. It is, 
 however, entirely possible that Cicero here refers to some other movement 
 on the part of Catiline. For an account of the meeting at the house of 
 Laeca, and of the attempt upon the life of Cicero, see p. 4, and Introduc- 
 tion, p. 139. — Egeris ; G. 529, 1. 
 
 10. Quid consilii = quod consilium ; G. 438, 5 ; 397, 3. —Nostrum ; 
 G. 446, note 3. 
 
 11. Ignorare. Give object; G. 529, 5, 1). — Arbitraris. Object? 
 G. 371, IV. 
 
 12. O tempora ! G. 381. — Consul. To whom does Cicero refer ? 
 Who was the other consul? See Introduction, p. 138. The consuls, it 
 will be remembered, were the two chief magistrates, or joint presidents 
 of the commonwealth. 
 
 LJ 13. Immo . . . etiam. Observe the accumulation of particles, with 
 the force of each. Immo, nay more, strengthening the previous state- 
 ment, which contained only a part of the truth. 
 
 14. Publlci . . . particeps. Catiline, notwithstanding the active 
 part which he had taken in the conspiracy, had the effrontery to take his 
 seat in the senate. —Consilii. G. 399, 1., 3. 
 
 15. Nos ; expressed because emphatic. G. 446. 
 
 16. Viri fortes. In irony. — Rei publicae ; G. 385, II., note 3. — 
 Videmur = nobis videmur, seem to ourselves, i. e., think, imagine. — Si 
 Vitemus; Subjunctive in an Indirect Clause. The conclusion is satis 
 facere, not videmur. G. 529, II.— Istius ; G. 450, 1, note. 
 
 18. Jussu consulis, by the order of the consul, i. e., of Cicero. 
 This could be done by virtue of a decree of the senate passed on the 
 twenty-first of October, which clothed the consuls with dictatorial powers 
 for the safety of the republic. See Introduction, p. 139. —Jam pridem 
 QDortebat. Observe the force of the TrnnftrJect. <*• 4tiiL ii- 2. 
 
PAGE 
 
 1 20. An vero, or did indeed. Observe the ellipsis, readily supplied 
 
 from the preceding sentence: Is not this sof — P. Scipio. P. Scipio 
 Nasica Serapio, consul in 138 B. C. ; in 133, the leader in the movement 
 against Ti. Gracchus, the famous Tribune, who in the interest of the 
 poorer classes revived the Agrarian laws for the distribution of the public 
 lands. 
 
 21. Mediocriter, in a moderate degree, i. e., in comparison with the 
 treasonable plot of Catiline. 
 
 i 1. Privatus, though a private citizen, i. e., the high-priest was a 
 
 private citizen, as he held no civil office, or magistracy. G. 363, 3. 
 
 3. Ilia nimis antiqua, those well-known cases, as too ancient. G. 
 450, 4 ; 442. The plural ilia implies that Cicero had in mind a class of 
 cases of which he gives that of Ahala as an example. — Quod, that, or 
 namely that. The clause is in apposition with ilia. G. 363, 5. 
 
 4. Ahala', Maelium. Servilius Ahala, master of the horse under 
 the dictator Cincinnatus, was sent in the year 439 B. C. to arrest Spurius 
 Maelius, who was suspected of aiming at regal power. Maelius refused to 
 obey the summons of the dictator, and was accordingly slain on the spot. 
 It is, however, by no means certain that the suspicions against Maelius 
 were well founded. By distributing grain among the poorer classes at a 
 time of great scarcity, he made himself the idol of the Plebeians, but an 
 object of hatred and suspicion to -he Patricians. It is, accordingly, im- 
 possible to say whether he fell as a traitor to his country, or as a martyr to 
 his own generosity, Cicero, doubtless, believed him guilty. — Novis 
 rebus, revolution ; lit., new things. G. 384. 
 
 5. Fuit, fuit. An emphatic repetition, to mark the contrast between 
 the past and the present. G. 471, II., 1, 2). 
 
 7. Hostem. G. 417, 1. — Coercerent. Subj. of Result. G. 500, 
 II. — Senatus consultum. This refers to the decree passed on the 
 twenty-first of October. See note on jussu consulis, p. 1, line 18. 
 
 9. Rei publicae. Dative with deest. G. 386. — Neque; G. 553, 2. 
 — Hujus ordinis, of this order, i. e., of the senate. This genitive limits 
 both consilium and auctoritas. The senate had discharged its duty, the 
 executive alone was remiss. 
 
 II. The Forbearance of the Consul in Contrast with the 
 Usual Policy of the Roman government. The Reason 
 for this. 
 
 11. Quondam. This was in the year 121 B. C. L. Opimius was 
 at that time consul, and was clothed with dictatorial powers for the 
 safety of the state. His colleague in the consulship was not included in 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 145 
 
 PAGE 
 
 the decree, as he was at the time absent from Rome, commanding in the % 
 Gallic province. — Ut videret; Object Clause; G. 498, I. TJt consul 
 (coDsules) videret (viderent) ne quid res publico, detrimenti cnperet was 
 the regular formula by which, in times of great public danger, extraordi- 
 nary powers were conferred upon one, or both, of the consuls. 
 
 12. Ne caperet; G. 498, II. — Quid detrimenti; G. 397, 3. 
 
 14. C. Gracchus. Gaius Gracchus, the brother of Tiberius Grac- 
 chus (see p. 1, line 21), by his bold reforms in the interest of the people 
 incurred the enmity of the senate and patricians. — Clarissimo patre, 
 avo; Abl. of Characteristic. G. 419, II. The father, Ti. Sempronius 
 Gracchus, had not only held the offices of censor and consul, but had 
 twice enjoyed the honor of a triumph. The maternal grandfather was 
 the celebrated Scipio Africanus the elder, the conqueror of Hannibal. 
 
 15. M. FulviuSo M. Fulvius Flaccus, a partisan of C. Gracchus, 
 consul in the year 125 B. C., put to death with his sons by order of L. 
 Opimius. 
 
 16. C Mario; Dative. The occasion here referred to was the 
 consular election in the year 100 B. C, when the agents of Saturninus 
 and Servilius sought to secure the election of Servilius by assassinating 
 his rival C. Memmius. 
 
 17. Num. What answer is expected ? G. 351, 1, note 3. 
 
 18. Tribunum plebis. The tribunes of the people were officers 
 appointed to defend the rights of the people against the nobles. They 
 were at this time ten in number. By their power of veto, they might at 
 any time arrest the action of the magistrates, and even of the senate. — 
 Praetorem. The praetors were officers next in rank to the consuls. 
 They were eight in number. — Rei publicae poena, the punishment 
 imposed by the republic, lit., of the republic Rei publicae; Subjective 
 Genitive. G. 396, H. 
 
 19. Remorata est, reprieve, or permit to live, lit., detain, cause to 
 wait. — Nos ; emphatic, in contrast with the consuls mentioned above. — 
 Vicesimum diem. Cicero here speaks in round numbers. It was 
 only the eighteenth day since the decree was passed. 
 
 20. Hebescere aciem. Observe the figurative language in which 
 the decree of the senate is spoken of as a sword. See also below in 
 vagina reconditum. 
 
 21. Hujus modi, of this kind, i. e., of the same kind as those 
 under which the consuls, Opimius, Marius, and Valerius, had acted. 
 
 22. In tabulis, in the records, i. e., of the doings of the senate.— 
 Quo ex senatus consulto. See Lat. Comp. 189, 2. 
 
 23. Interfectum esse convenit. Convenit is in the Perfect 
 Instead of interfectum esse, interfici could have been used, as duel 
 
146 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 2 is used p. 1, line 18; duci oportebat ; but interfectum esse makes the 
 completion of the action and its result more prominent; you ought to have 
 been put to death, i. e., the work should have been finished. G. 537, 2. 
 
 24. Ad deponendam . . . confirmandam audaciam ; G. 544, 
 1 ; 544, 2, note 2. 
 
 25. Cupio, cupio. Observe the repetition of cupio and the omis- 
 sion of the conjunction autem, or vero. G. 636, 1., 1; 636, III., 1. — Patres 
 conscripti, conscript fathers, i. e., senators. The senators were origi 
 nally called patres, fathers, afterwards patres conscripti, i. e., the enrolled 
 fathers, enrolled in the lists of the senate. Some think upon the 
 authority of Livy II., 1, that the address patres conscripti was originally 
 patres et conscripti, fathers and those who were enrolled with them, and 
 that conscripti was applied to the new members added to the senate on 
 the establishment of the commonwealth. — Me esse clementem. The 
 more simple, but less expressive form would be esse clemens. 
 
 26. Dissolutum, remiss; a synonyme with negligens, negligent; 
 dissolutus, very, or especially negligent, remiss. 
 
 27. Me inertiae; G. 409, II. ; 452, 1. — Inertiae, nequitiae, in- 
 action, remissness, synonymes of which the latter is the stronger. 
 
 28. Castra. This is the camp of Manlius at Faesulae in Etruria, 
 the headquarters of the conspiracy. See Introduction, p, 138. For dif- 
 ference of meaning between castrum and castra, see G. 132. 
 
 29. Faucibus, defiles. —In dies singulos. See Syn. L. C. 399. 
 
 30. Eorum; construe with castrorum, of that camp. — Impera- 
 torem, ducem, i. e., Catiline. See Syn. L. C. 145. 
 
 31. Hostium, moenia. See Syn. L. C. 344; 377.— Atque adeo, 
 and even. G. 554, 1., 4. 
 
 32. Rei publicae; Dative. — Molientem ; G. 535, 1., 4. 
 
 33. Jam, at once, — Jussero; Fut. Perfect, because the future ac- 
 tion denoted by it, must, in point of fact, precede the future action de- 
 noted by erit verendum. The Latin in the use of tenses is much more 
 exact than the English. — Credo. In irony. — Credo, erit verendum 
 mini, I shall have occasion to fear, I suppose, i. e., I shall have no occa- 
 sion to fear. Observe that credo is parenthetical, and does not, there- 
 fore influence the construction of erit verendum, 
 
 34. Ne non omnes boni ; supply dicant from dicat below, that all 
 the good may not say. G. 498, III., note 2. — Serius, too late. G. 444, 1. 
 
 36. Ego; Emphatic. G. 446.— Hoc; object of faciam. It refers 
 to si te . . . jussero above. — Factum esse oportuit. See note on in- 
 ierfectum esse convenit, line 23 above. — Certa de causa. The reason is 
 given in the next two sentences. He evidently desired to wait until the 
 Dublic sentinjp.nt of his feJJnw-eitizens would fully sustain him in the act 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 147 
 
 PAGE 
 
 3. Tui similis, like you, i. e., in character. G. 391, II., 4, (2) and 3 
 foot-note 2. — Qui fateatur. Subjunctive of Result. G.500; 500, note 
 
 1. — Id, this, i. e., the execution of Catiline. 
 
 4. Quiaudeat; G. 503, I. 
 
 6. Ne possis ; Negative Purpose. G. 497, II. — Commovere te 
 contra, to move in hostility to, lit. to move yourself against. A transitive 
 verb with a reflexive pronoun is sometimes best rendered into English by 
 an intransitive verb. 
 
 8. Fecerunt, have done, i. e., have watched and guarded. Observe 
 this special use oifacio, like the English verb to do. 
 
 III., IV. Exhortation to Catiline to abandon his Purpose, 
 as his Movements and Plans are all knoion. Attempt 
 upon the Life of the Consul. 
 
 9. Etenim, for. — Quod exspectes ; G. 503, 1. 
 
 11. Privata domus. The house of Marcus Laeca, where, two 
 days before, Catiline met the most prominent of his partisans, is here 
 meant. The meeting was held at night; hence the significance of the 
 language in the preceding line — nox tenebris obscurare. — Parietibus. 
 See Syn. L. C 377. — Conjurationis = conjuratorum, the abstract for 
 the concrete. 
 
 12. Illustrantur, are brought to light, opposed to tenebris obscurare. 
 Erumpunt, burst forth, i. e., come forth to public gaze, opposed to 
 parietibus continere. 
 
 13. Istam; G. 450. — Mini crede, believe me, i. e., believe what I 
 say and take my advice. — Caedis ; G. 406, II. 
 
 14. Luce; G. 417. 
 
 15. Quae ; object of recognoscas. — Recognoscas. Ut is omitted. 
 G. 501, L, 1 ; 502, 1. 
 
 16. Meministine. G. 351, 1, note 1.— Ante diem XII . . . No- 
 vembres, on the twelfth day before the calends of November, i. c, on the 
 twenty-first of October. For the method of obtaining the English date, 
 see G. 644, II. Ante diem XII. Kalendas = die duodecimo ante Kalen- 
 das, on the twelfth day before, etc. G. 642, III., 3. But the whole expres- 
 sion may be regarded as an indeclinable noun in the Ablative of Time. 
 G. 642, III., 4; 429. — Novembres; adjective agreeing with Kalendas. 
 G. 642, III., 2. 
 
 17. Dicere. The present is here used after meministi in accordance 
 with Latin usage, because the memory recalls the past action and con- 
 templates it as present. G. 537. 1. — Fore. The subject is Manlium 
 
148 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 3 below. — Qui dies ; G. 445, 8. — Futurus esset ; Indirect Discourse. 
 G. 524. 
 
 18. Ante diem . . . Novembres ; indeclinable noun, predicate nom- 
 inative after futurus esset. G. 642, III., 4. — C. Manlius. See note on 
 castra, p. 2, line 28. 
 
 19. Num me fefellit, non modo res . . . verum . . . dies, did, not 
 to say the fact, hut the day escape me ? Cicero had ascertained not onlj 
 the plans of the conspirators, but the very day upon which those plans 
 were to be carried into execution. — Non modo, lit., not only, may some- 
 times be best rendered not to say, as in this instance. 
 
 21. Id quod, that which, i. e., the fact that not even the day had 
 escaped his notice. G. 445, 7. 
 
 22. Dixi ego idem, I said also. G. 451, 3. Idem agrees with ego. 
 The object of dixi is the clause, caedem te . . . Novembres. — Contulisse 
 in . . . Novembres, had appointed for the fifth day before the Calends of 
 November, i. e., for the twenty-eighth of October, the day to which the 
 consular election had been deferred. See Introduction, p. 139. Ante 
 diem . . . Novembres is an indeclinable noun in the accusative with the 
 preposition in. G. 642, III., 4. 
 
 23. Turn cum, when, lit., then when. 
 
 24. Roma ; G. 412, II. — Non tarn — quam, not so much — as. — 
 Sui conservandi ; construe with causa, for the purpose of preserving 
 themselves. On the form conservandi, see G. 542, 1., note 1. Observe the 
 irony with which Cicero excuses this cowardly flight. 
 
 28. Discessu ceterorum, notwithstanding the departure of the 
 others. Discessu may be treated as the ablative of time, though, as op- 
 posed to tamen, it also involves a concession. — Nostra, qui remansis- 
 semus, of us who had remained. The antecedent of qui is nostri, im- 
 plied in nostra. G. 445, 6. 
 
 29. Remansissemus ; G. 524. — Caede ; G. 421,111. — Dicebas, 
 said repeatedly. Observe the force of the Imperfect. G. 469, II. 
 
 30. Quid ? what t An exclamatory interrogative. It may be 
 treated either as an accusative in exclamations or as the object of a verb 
 to be supplied, as ais or censes. G. 381.— Cum confideres; G. 521, 
 II., 2. — Praeneste, Praeneste, now Palestrina, a strongly-fortified town 
 in Latium, sonth-east of Rome. 
 
 32. Jussu ; Ablative of Cause. — Praesidiis ; Abl. of Means. — 
 Praesidiis, custodiis, vigiliis. Observe the difference of meaning, 
 garrisons, guards, watches. 
 
 36. Tandem, I pray. See note, p. 1 , line 1.— Noctem illam 
 superiorem, that former night, i. e., the night before the last, called ou 
 *hc next page, line 2, priore node. 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 141* 
 
 FAGl 
 
 2. Quam te; G. 535, 1., 5. — Dico. Observe its emphatic position 4 
 G. 561, 1. 
 
 3. Inter falcarios, into the street of the scythe-makers, lit., among 
 the scythe-makers. — In domum, into the house. Domum alone would 
 be less definite, to the house. 
 
 5. Socios ; Subject of convenisse. 
 
 8. Ubinani gentium, where in the world. G. 397, 4. 
 
 10. In hoc consilio, in this council, i. e., the senate. 
 
 11. Nostro omnium interitu, the destruction of us all. Omnium 
 agrees with the genitive nostri implied in nostro. G. 398, 3. Instead of 
 nostro, the genitive nostrum might have been used. 
 
 13. Cogitent; Subj. of Result. G. 503, I. — Hosce. Observe 
 the force of ce, these before me, these here. G. 186, 1. — Sententiam 
 rogo, / ask their opinion, i. e., I invite them in common with other 
 senators to participate in the discussion. This was the usual formula in 
 calling for the opinion of senators upon any question under discussion. 
 G. 374. 
 
 15. Igitur, then, i. e., to resume. The orator here resumes the 
 topic which was interrupted by the exclamation, O dii immortales ! 
 
 16. Distribuisti, you assigned, i. e., to your several accomplices. — 
 Quo . . . placeret ; Indirect Question, object of statuisti. G. 529, I. ; 
 529, 5> 1). 
 
 17. Romae; G. 425, II. — Relinqueres ; Potential Subjunctive. 
 G. 485. 
 
 20. Etiam nunc, even now, i. e., at the time of the remark. These 
 words of the direct discourse (paululum mihi est etiam nunc morae) are 
 retained in the indirect, instead of being changed to etiam turn, which 
 might have been used. — Morae ; Partitive Genitive depending upon 
 paululum, which is the subject of esse. — Quod ego viverem; in 
 apposition with pauhdum. G. 363, 5. On Mood, see G. 524. — Duo 
 equites, two knights, i. e., meinbers of the equestrian order, C. Cornelius 
 and L. Vargunteius, according to Sallust, though he calls the latter a sen- 
 ator. See Sail. Cat. 28. 
 
 21. Qui liberarent. Explain Mood. G. 503, I. — Tecura. Con- 
 struction ? G. 414, 1. — Ilia ipsa nocte. They offered to do it that very 
 night, but whether the attempt was actually made on that night, or on the 
 following, is still an unsettled question. 
 
 23. Vixdum etiam, scarcely yet. See note on etiam, p. 1, line 2. 
 — Coetu. Construction ? G. 431. 
 
 24. Comperi. He obtained his information from Curius. See 
 Introduction, p. 138. 
 
 25. Salutatum; G. 546. Distinguished Romans and magistrates 
 
150 NOTES, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 4 were in the habit of receiving visits at a very early hour, especially from 
 their clients. 
 
 26. Cum venissent ; G. 521, IT., 2. — Multis ac summis, many 
 most eminent G. 440, 1, note. 
 
 27. Id temporis = eo tempore; G. 438, 5 ; 378, 2. 
 
 V. An Exhortation to Catiline to leave the City. 
 
 28. Cum sint ; G. 517. — Coepisti. Supply pergere. 
 
 30. Ilia, that, i. e., the one already mentioned. See note on castra, 
 p. 2, line 28. 
 
 31. Educ ; G. 238, note 2. — Si minus, if not all, lit., if less, i. e., 
 less than all. G. 552, 3. Supply omnes educis. — Quam plurimos ; G. 
 170,2, (2). Supply educ. 
 
 32. Metu ; G. 414, I. 
 
 33. Me atque te. This is the usual Latin order in the arrangement 
 of pronouns, the first person preceding the second, and the second the 
 third. — Murus; See Syn. L. C. 377. — Inter sit ; G. 513, 1. 
 
 34. Feram, patiar, sinam. These three synonymes, to bear, 
 suffer, permit, form a climax. The first expresses simply endurance with- 
 out assuming any authority, the second endurance with authority, the third 
 authority emphatically; I will not permit it. 
 
 35. Habenda est gratia, gratitude is due, lit., is to be had, i. e., 
 felt, entertained. See Syn. L. C. 548. — Atque, and especially. G. 554, 
 I., 2. — Huic ipsi Jovi, this very Jupiter, i. e., this Jupiter in whose 
 temple we are assembled. — Jovi Statori, Jupiter Stator, i. e., Jupiter 
 the stayer, so called, according to Livy, because he was supposed to have 
 stayed the flight of the Romans under Romulus in their struggle with the 
 Sabines. 
 
 1. Rei publicae pestem, a curse to the republic, lit., of. G. 393, 
 note ; 396, III. 
 
 2. Toties. Catiline commenced his revolutionary schemes three 
 years before. See Introduction, p. 137. — In uno homine, in the case of 
 one man, i. e., Catiline, though some suppose Cicero is meant. 
 
 5. Proximis comitiis consularibus, at the last consular election. 
 Abl. of Time ; G. 429. This election was held on the 28th of October. 
 See Introduction, p. 139. 
 
 6. Campo. The Campus Martius, where the elections were held, is 
 meant. Supply Martio. — Competitores tuos. These were D. Junius 
 Silanus, L. Licinius Murena, and Servius Sulpicius. Silanus and Murena 
 were elected. 
 
 9. Me petisti, aimed at me, i. e., at me and not at the state. — Per 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 151 
 
 PAGE 
 
 me, by my own efforts, i. e., without seeking or employing the aid of the 5 
 state.— Tibi; G. 386. 
 
 11. Rei publicae, to the republic ; Objective Genitive. G. 393, note ; 
 396, III. — Esse conjunctam, was joined. The perfect participle with 
 sum, is sometimes thus used to denote the result of a completed action; it 
 had been joined with, and as a result remained connected icith. G. 550, 
 :aote 2. — Nunc jam, now already. 
 
 12. Universam. Universus denotes the whole as embracing all the 
 parts ; totus the whole as a unit without any reference to its parts. See 
 totam, line 14 below. 
 
 13. Vitam, the lives. Here the Latin uses the singular, though the 
 English requires the plural. 
 
 14. Ad exitium vocas, you doom to destruction, lit., call, etc. 
 
 15. Quod est primum, which is first, i. e., the first and most ob- 
 vious thing to do, viz., to put Catiline to death. 
 
 16. Hujus imperii, of this authority, i. e., which I possess, refer- 
 ring not merely to the consular authority, but also to the extraordinary 
 powers recently conferred upon him by the senate for the safety of the 
 state. For construction, see G. 391, II., 4. 
 
 17. Ad, as to, in point of. 
 
 20. Quod ; this pronoun refers to the act of leaving the city, as ex- 
 pressed by exieris. For construction, see G. 375. — Jam dudum hortor ; 
 G. 467, 2. 
 
 21. Tuorum comitum sentina rei publicae, the dregs of the 
 republic (consisting of) your companions. On the use of two genitives 
 with the same noun, see G. 398, 2. Comitum is an Appositional Genitive, 
 and may be rendered like an Appositive. G. 396, VI. 
 
 23. Quod faciebas, which you were doing, i. e., were preparing to 
 do, viz., to leave the city. See p. 4, line 18 ; confirmasti te ipsum jam 
 esse exiturum. — Tua sponte ; G. 416 . — Jubet . consul hostem ; a 
 much more forcible and emphatic command than te jubeo, as it sets forlh 
 on the one hand the authority of Cicero, and on the other the guilt of 
 Catiline. 
 
 VI. — VIII. Reasons why Catiline should go into Exile, 
 
 26. Enim,/or, introducing the reasons for the advice which Cicero 
 gives. — Quod possit ; G. 503, 1. 
 
 27. Extra, outside of. 
 
 29. Inusta, burned into; a figurative expression, taken, perhaps, 
 from the branding of vicious slaves. 
 
 30. Vitae tuae; G. 386. — Privatarum rerum dedecus, dis- 
 grace resting upon (lit., of) your private life. Privatae is more compre- 
 
152 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 5 hensive than do?nesticae, iised in the line above. Privatae res embraces tiflt, 
 whole private life, while domeslicae res is confined to that part of it which 
 directly affects the family. 
 
 31. Libido, facinus, flagitium. Observe the force of the words 
 in this climax. 
 
 33. Quern irretisses, whom you had ensnared. G. 503, 1. 
 
 34. Ad libidinem facem, a torch for his lust. In the streets of 
 Rome a slave usually carried a torch before his master at night, to light 
 him on his way. The allusion in the text is doubtless to this custom. 
 Catiline, Cicero means to say, is leading the young into scenes of debauch- 
 ery and crime. 
 
 35. Cum vacuefecisses ; G. 521, II., 2. — Morte, by the death ; 
 Abl. of Means, not Time, implying that Catiline murdered her. 
 
 36. Nuptiis. ; Dative. — Alio incredibili scelere, i. e., the mur 
 der of his son. 
 
 g 1. Quod; object of praetermitto and subject of sileri. 
 
 2. Nevideatur; Negative Purpose. 
 
 4. Praetermitto . . . omnes, / pass by the complete ruin of your 
 fortunes, which. Omnes, though agreeing with quas, really belongs in sense 
 to the antecedent. G. 453, 5. 
 
 5. Proximis Idibus, upon the next Ides, i. e., in six days. This 
 oration was delivered on the seventh of November, accordingly the next 
 Ides would be the thirteenth of the same month. Catiline was heavily in 
 debt, and would be called upon on the Ides either to pay at once, or, at the 
 latest, on the Calends {i. e., the first) of the following month. 
 
 6. Quae. Subject of pertinent. 
 
 7. Domesticam difficultatem, domestic difficulty, i. e., pecuniary 
 embarrassment. 
 
 8. Summam rem publicam, the highest public welfare. 
 
 10. Spiritus, breath. 
 
 11. Jucundus. See Syn. L. C. 216. — Horum, of these, i. e., of the 
 senators. — Qui nesciat. The Subjunctive would be required even in 
 the direct discourse. G. 503, 1. 
 
 12. Pridie Kalendas; G. 437, 1. — Lepido et Tullo consult 
 bus ; Manius Lepidus and Volcatius Tullus, consuls in the year 66 B. C. 
 
 13. Stetisse cum telo, stood armed. He and his accomplices had 
 formed the design of assassinating Cotta and Torquatus, the consuls-elect. 
 See Introduction, p. 138. —In comitio. The comitium was a part of the 
 Roman forum. 
 
 15. Non mentem . . . tuum, no intention or fear on your part. The 
 plan failed in consequence of a mistake on the part of Catiline, who gave 
 the signal before his accomplices were ready for action. 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 106 
 
 PAGI 
 
 17. Commissa; subject of sunt, with obscura and non multa as (j 
 predicate, neither obscure nor few. — Non multa, not many =few. G. 
 637, VIII. 
 
 18. Designatum. Supply consulem. 
 
 19. Petitiones, thrusts, the technical term for the thrusts of the 
 gladiator. 
 
 20. Ut . . . viderentur, that it seemed impossible to avoid them, lit., 
 that they seemed not to be able to be avoided. — Declinatione et corpore 
 — declinatione corporis, technical language drawn from fencing or from 
 the gladiatorial combats. The technical character of the language is 
 also shown by the words, ut aiunt. 
 
 22. Tibi de manibus ; Latin idiom instead of de manibus tuts. G. 
 384, 4, note 2. 
 
 23. Excidit et elapsa est; G. 636, V., 2. 
 
 24. Quae, this ; G. 453. — Abs te ; G. 434, note 2. — Devota sit ; 
 Indirect Question. Among the ancients, weapons were sometimes thus 
 set apart for some definite use by solemn vows and rites. 
 
 25. Necesse; Predicate adjective with esse, whose subject is de~ 
 figere. 
 
 27. Nunc vero, now indeed, in view of what has been said. — Enim, 
 for. The impassioned oratory of the preceding chapter now gives place 
 to a more calm and argumentative style. 
 
 28. Ut videar; G. 500. — Permotus esse. Why not permotum 
 esse ? G. 536, 2, note. — Quo debeo. Supply permotus esse. 
 
 29. Ut misericordia. Supply permotus esse videar. — Quae 
 nulla. Quae nulla, more forcible than quae non, may be rendered, none 
 of which, or which not at all. G. 457, 3. — Paulo ante, a little while 
 ago, just now. 
 
 30. Ex hac tanta frequentia, out of this so large assembly, i. e M 
 of senators. 
 
 31. Hoc, this, i. e., to receive no greeting. — Post memoriam, 
 within the recollection, lit., after, since. 
 
 32. Vocis contumeliam, the disgrace of an expressed rebuke, lit., 
 of the voice. 
 
 33. Judicio taciturnitatis. This refers to the fact that no greet- 
 ing welcomed him to his accustomed place in the senate. Observe the 
 arrangement of the words : vocis contumeliam, judicio taciturnitatis. G. 
 562.— Cum sis oppressus; G. 517.— Quid, quod, what of the 
 fact that ? 
 
 34. Ista subsellia, the seats near you ; G. 450. The seats of the 
 senators are called subsellia, low seats, in contrast with the high curule 
 chair of the consul. — Quod omnes . . . putas. Begin with the interrog- 
 
154 NOTES, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 6 ative^wo: With what feeling, pray? The clauses with quod are in ap- 
 position with hoc, p. 7, line 1. G. 363, 5. 
 
 35. Tibi ; G. 388, foot-note 1. — Constituti fuerunt. Kevefuerunt 
 is used instead of the more common sunt, to suggest that these plans of 
 Catiline have been defeated. G. 471, II., 1, 2). 
 
 36. Simul atque, as soon as. G. 554, I., 2, note. 
 
 7 2. Tibi ferendum- Supply esse. G. 388, foot-note 1. — -Servi mei 
 Why placed before si f G. 569, III., 1. — Si metuerent ; G. 510. — Isto 
 pacto ; more forcible than ita ; Abl. of Manner. — Isto pacto ut, as. 
 
 4. Tibi urbem. Supply relinquendam esse. 
 
 5. Civibus ; dependent upon suspectum and offensum. G. 391. — 
 Injuria, unjustly ; Abl. of Manner. 
 
 6. Carere aspectu, to be removed from (lit., to be without} the sight. 
 — Aspectu; G.414, I. 
 
 7. Conscientia^'om the consciousness ; Abl. of Cause. 
 
 8. Agnoscas ; G. 517. — Justum, as just, predicate adjective. 
 
 11. Odissent. Why Pluperfect? G. 510; 297, L, 2.— Nec = e* 
 non. G. 554, L, 2. 
 
 12. Aliquo, to someplace ; adv. 
 
 13. Nunc. Here Cicero sets forth the real case which, it will be 
 observed, is stronger even than the hypothetical one given above. 
 
 14. Jam diu judicat; G. 467, 2. — Nihil; the object of cogitare, 
 of which te is the subject. — Parricidio suo, her destruction. The term 
 parricidium is chosen, because the country is here personified as the 
 parent of us all, parens omnium nostrum. 
 
 15. Hujus auctoritatem, her authority. Hujus = patriae. 
 
 16. Quae, she. G. 453. 
 
 17. Agit, pleads. The country personified is thus represented as 
 pleading with Catiline. — Tacita, though silent. G. 442. 
 
 18. Aliquot annis, for some years. G. 429. — Per te, sine te. 
 Observe the difference in meaning. 
 
 19. Tibi; dependent upon impunita. G. 391. — Multorum civi= 
 um neces. Catiline was a zealous partisan of Sulla during his bloody 
 proscriptions. — Vexatio direptioque sociorum ; •*. e., while governoi 
 of Africa in the year 67 B.C. See Introduction, p. 137. 
 
 21. Ad negligendas leges valuisti, you have been able to disre 
 gard the laws. — Quaestiones, prosecutions. 
 
 22. Superiora ilia, those former deeds, in contrast with the present 
 conspiracy. 
 
 24. Me totam, that I, the whole state, in contrast with unum te. 
 This and the two following infinitive clauses form the subject of est fe- 
 rendum. G. 538. — Qtiidquid increpuerit, whatever may have made a 
 
 
FIRST ORATIOX AGAIXST CATILINE 155 
 
 PAGE 
 
 noise, i. e., whenever any noise is heard; hence, on every alarm, however 7 
 slight ; a proverbial expression. — Increpuerit ; Subjunctive in Indirect 
 Discourse. G. 524. 
 
 26. Abhorreat, is free from. G. 503, 1. 
 
 27. Mini; G. 384, II. ; 386, 2. 
 
 28. Verus, well grounded. Supply timor. 
 
 30. Loquatur, debeat; G. 509. 
 
 31. Impetrare, to obtain her request, expressed above in disced*, 
 tripe, etc. — Quid, quod, what of the fact that? Lat. Comp. 482. 
 
 32. In eustodiam dedisti. Persons suspected of treasonable 
 designs sometimes placed themselves thus voluntarily in the custody 
 of some influential citizen until their guilt or innocence could be estab- 
 lished. 
 
 33. Ad 31'. Lepidum, at the house of Manius Lepidus. The usual 
 preposition in this sense is apud. Manius Lepidus was consul with Vol- 
 catius Tullus in the year 66 B. C. See p. 6, line 12. 
 
 35. Domi meae ; G. 426, 2. — Cum tulisses ; G. 521, 
 II., 2. 
 
 36. Me nullo . . . contineremur ; in apposition with responsum. 
 G. 363, 5 ; 539, II. — Iisdem parietibus, in the same house, lit., by the 
 s\me house-walls. G. 420. — Parietibus, moenibus. See Syn. L. C. 
 377. 
 
 1. Qui essem ; G. 517. 3 
 
 2. Contineremur; G. 524. — Q. Metellum. Quintus Metellus 
 Celer is meant. He subsequently took an active part in the military prepa- 
 rations made against Catiline. See p. 14, line 31. He was consul in the 
 year 60 B. C. 
 
 3. Virum optimum. In irony. — M. 3Ietellum; Marcus Metel- 
 lus, probably the brother of Q. Metellus Creticus, a friend of Ven-es, praetor 
 69 B. C. 
 
 4. Quern tu videlicet . . . putasti. In irony. 
 
 7. Videtur. The subject is the pronoun is, the omitted antecedent 
 of qui. G. 445, 6. — Qui judicarit ; G. 503, I. 
 
 8. Custodia; G. 421, III. 
 
 9. Emori, to die, as justice demands. 
 
 11. Multis justis debitisque; Lat. Comp. 166, 3. — Suppliciis; 
 Dative ; G. 386, 2. 
 
 12. Refer ad senatum, refer the question to the senate, the usual 
 technical expression for the action of the consul in bringing a subject to 
 tne notice of the senate. — Id, this, i. e., that the subject be laid before 
 the senate. 
 
 13. Hie ordo; 1. e., the senate. — Sibi placere, that it is their 
 
156 NOTES. 
 
 FAGE 
 
 8 pleasure, lit., pleases them, a common technical expression in the decrees 
 of the senate. — Decreverit; Perf. Subj. for Fut. Perf. Ind. of the direct 
 discourse. G. 525, 2. 
 
 15. Id quod; G. 445, 7. — Abhorret a meis moribus; i. e., I 
 am too merciful, implying that if the question were referred to the senate 
 a decree of banishment would be passed, whereas, without it, Catiline may 
 go into voluntary exile. — Ut intelligas ; Object Clause after faciam 
 G. 498. 
 
 16. Quid sentiant ; Indirect Question. — Hi, i. c, the senators. 
 
 17. Metu; G. 414, I. — Hanc vocem; i. e., exsilium. 
 
 18. Quid est; uttered after a short pause, during which the silence 
 of the senate shows their approval of the consul's course. — Ecquid, at 
 all; interrogative adv. 
 
 20. Auctoritatem loquentium, the spoken decree, lit., the authori- 
 ty (command) of those speaking. — Loquentium ; this agrees with eorum, 
 the omitted antecedent of quorum. 
 
 22. Hoc idem, this same thing, i. e., in exsilium profciscere. — 'P 
 Sestio; Publius Sestius, the quaestor, subsequently veiy active in pro 
 curing the recall of Cicero from exile. — Si dixissem, intulisset 
 G. 510. 
 
 23. M. Marcello. Marcus Marcellus, consul 51 B. C, a bitter op- 
 ponent of Caesar, by whom he was pardoned in 46 B. C, upon which 
 occasion Cicero delivered his Oration for Marcellus, contained in this 
 volume. See p. 84. — Consuli, though consul. 
 
 24. Vim et manus, violent hands, lit., violence and hands. Her- 
 diadys; G. 636, III., 2. 
 
 26. Hi, equites Romani, ceterique cives ; subjects of probant, 
 decernunt, clamant, understood. Observe that the orator specifies the 
 three classes of Roman citizens, those of the senatorial rank (hi, quorum), 
 those of the equestrian rank (equites), and the ordinary citizens (ceteri 
 cives) i. e., the Senate, the Knights, and the People. 
 
 27. Videlicet cara. In irony. 
 
 30. Studia, manifestations of zeal. G. 130, 2 ; Lat. Comp. 412. « 
 Voces, voices, doubtless in approval of the sentiments of the orator.- 
 Paulo ante. Perhaps at the words in exsilium proficiscere. 
 
 31. Quorum ego, etc. Begin with the antecedent clause, Eosdem 
 facile, etc. — Abs te ; G. 434, note 2. — Jam diu contineo ; G. 467, 2. 
 
 32. Manus ac tela. These words, refer, doubtless, to the armed 
 guards stationed by the consul, as private citizens Avere not allowed to 
 carry arms. — Ut te prosequantur, to escort you. Citizens going into 
 voluntary exile were usually escorted to the city gates by their relatives 
 and friends. Cicero sarcastically offers Catiline an armed escort.— 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 157 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Haec, these things, i. e., all these things which we see, buildings, temples, $ 
 and, in fine, the city and state itself. 
 
 IX., X. — Catiline is incorrigible. He will go, not into 
 JEJxile, but to the Camp of Manlius. 
 
 35. Quamquam, and yet, indicating a sudden transition in the 
 course of thought. G. 515, III., note 2. — Ut frangat ; G. 486, II., note. 
 — Ulla; G. 457. 
 
 36. Tu ut corrigas. Observe the emphatic position of the pronoun. 
 G. 446; 569, III., 1. 
 
 1. Utinam duint; G. 240, 3; 483, 1 and 2. — Istam mentem, 9 
 such a purpose, i. e., to go into exile. 
 
 3. Animum induxeris, you should determine. Induxeris, Perf. Subj. 
 from Fut. Perf. G. 525,2. — Quanta . . . impendeat ; Indirect Question, 
 depending upon video. G. 529, 1.— Tempestas invidae, a storm of hatred ; 
 a figurative expression by no means uncommon. — Nobis ; G. 446, note 2. 
 
 4. Si minus, if not. G. 552, 3. — Recenti memoria, from the 
 fresh recollection. Abl. of Cause. G. 416. 
 
 5. At, yet. — In posteritatem, for the future. — Est tanti, it is 
 worth so much, i. e., the end in view, the safety of the state, is worth all 
 this sacrifice. 
 
 6. Sit privata, may be confined to myself, lit., private, personal. G. 
 513, 1. — Privata; Pred. Adj. 
 
 7. Ut commoveare ; Subject Clause with est postulandum. 
 
 8. Temporibus, the exigencies. 
 
 9. Utrevocaverit; G. 500; 492, 2. 
 
 10. Pudor, metus, ratio. These words correspond respectively 
 . to ut commoveare (that you should be moved, i. e., with shame), ut perti- 
 
 mescas, and ut cedas, in the preceding sentence. 
 
 12. Inimico, ut praedicas, tuo, your enemy as you call me. 
 Why inimico rather than hosti ? Lat. Comp. 344. 
 
 14. Si id feceris, if you do this, i. e., go into exile, lit., if you shall 
 have done this, Fut. Perf. to denote a future action completed before an- 
 other future action, viz., that expressed byferam. See note on fecerunt, 
 p. 3, line 8. — Istius, that, i. e., that incurred in consequence of my con- 
 nection with you. 
 
 15. Servire, subserve. 
 
 18. Secerne te a bonis. In such cases the preposition is necessary 
 before the Ablative of Separation denoting persons. 
 
 19. Impio latrocinio, impious robbery; G. 416. — Ad alienos, 
 J ad tuos, to strayigers, to friends. G. 441, 1. 
 
158 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 9 20o Videaris. Is videor usually personal or impersonal ? G. 534,1. 
 note 1, (1). 
 
 21. Quid invitem, why should I invite. G. 486, II. — A quo 
 sciam, by whom I know ; Relative clause assigning a Reason, since 1 
 know that by you. G. 517. 
 
 22. Qui praestolarentur ; G. 445, 6; 497.— Ad, near. G. 380, 
 1. — Forum Aurelium ; a small market town on the Aurelian Way. 
 
 23. Cui; G. 388, 1. Perhaps cui is here used to avoid the frequent 
 repetition of a quo. 
 
 24. Aquilam illam argenteam, that silver eagle ; i. e., the well- 
 known eagle which C. Marius is said to have had in the Cimbrian War. 
 See Sallust Cat. 59. The silver eagle was the standard of the legion. 
 
 25. Esse; construe with. futuram. — Confido, constitutum fuit. 
 Why not in the Subj. ? G. 524, 2, 1) . — Cui,/or which, referring to aquilam. 
 
 26. Domi tuae; G. 426, 2. — Sacrarium scelerum tuorum, 
 the sanctuary of your crimes. The standard of the legion was kept in a 
 small chapel near the tent of the commander. The eagle here mentioned 
 was kept by Catiline in his own house, and, as it was to be used for 
 criminal purposes, the place where it was kept is called the sanctuary of 
 crimes. 
 
 27. Tu ut possis ; G. 486, 2, note.— Ilia, i. e., aquila; G. 414, 1. 
 
 28. A cujus altaribus,_/rom whose altar; altaribus, singular in 
 sense. 
 
 33. Haec res, this fact, i. e., his departure to the camp of Manlius, 
 as the signal of civil war. — Quandam ; G. 456, 2. 
 
 35. Nunquam . . . modo otium concupisti, not only have you 
 never desired peace. 
 
 36. Nactus es, etc. Construe : Nactus es manum improborum con- 
 fiatam ex perditis atque derelictis {those utterly forsaken) ab omni non 
 modo fortuna, verum etiam spe. 
 
 10 1- Ab fortuna, spe; G. 415, 1., 2. 
 
 3. Hie ; i. e., in the camp of Manlius with your congenial associates 
 and followers {improborum manum). — Laetitia ; G. 421, 1. — Gaudiis : 
 Abl. of Cause. 
 
 4. Cum, when. G. 521, 1. 
 
 6. Ad hujus vitae studium, for the pursuit of such a life. — 
 Meditati sunt, were designed ; Passive. — Qui feruntur, which art 
 reported. 
 
 7. Jacere, vigilare ; in apposition with labor es. 
 
 9. Insidiantem; agrees with te, the omitted subject of vigilare. 
 Insidiantem somno maritorum illustrates ad obsidendum stuprum, and in 
 sidiantem bonis otiosorum illustrates ad facinus obeundum. 
 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 15 iJ 
 
 PAGB 
 
 10. Habes, ubi ostentes, you have an opportunity to show, lit., 10 
 where you may shoio. G. 503, I., note 2. 
 
 11. Quibus; refers to /amis, frigoris, inopiae. 
 
 12. Tempore; G. 429. — Turn cum, at the time when. 
 
 13. A consulatu. Why not e consulatu? Because he was kept 
 from (a, ab) the consulship, but was not turned out of (e, ex) it, as he 
 was never in it. — Reppuli; the approved form instead of repuli. For 
 an account of Cicero's resolute bearing at the consular election, see In- 
 troduction, p. 139. — Ut posses; Subjunctive of Result after tantum. — 
 Exsul, consul, as exile, as consul, in apposition with the omitted subject 
 of posses. G. 363, 2 and 3. 
 
 XL, XII. — Reasons for allowing Catiline to leave the City, 
 though his Crimes deserve Death. 
 
 17. Nunc, patres conscripti. Cicero now addresses the senate. 
 — Ut a me detester ac deprecer, that I may solemnly refute and avert 
 from myself. Querimoniam detestari is to answer a complaint by solemn- 
 ly calling the gods to witness our innocence and the truth of our state- 
 ment, while querimoniam deprecari is to pray earnestly that the complaint 
 may no longer be made. 
 
 19. Quaeso ; old form for quaero, chiefly used parenthetically, as in 
 this instance. — Quae dicam. Supply ea as the antecedent of quae, 
 G. 503, 1. — Animis, mentibus. See Syn. L. C. 355. 
 
 20. Etenim. This properly belongs to the conclusion of this con- 
 ditional sentence, but as the condition with the quotation which it con- 
 tains extends to the end of the chapter, that which would otherwise have 
 been the conclusion is made an independent sentence at the beginning 
 
 ] of the next chapter : His . . . respondebo. This personification of the 
 country, calling her servant Cicero to account for his doings, has been 
 much admired. 
 
 21. Vita mea multo ; G. 417 ; 423. 
 
 22. Loquatur; G. 509.— Tulli; G. 51, 5.— Tune; tu subject of 
 patiere, ne interrogative particle. 
 
 25. Evocatorem servorum. Catiline seems at first to have in- 
 tended to enlist the slaves in his cause, but he subsequently abandoned 
 the plan. 
 
 27. Immissus in urbem; because he may be expected to return 
 to the city with an armed force. 
 
 29. Mactari, to be visited, punished. After impero, Cicero uses the 
 infinitive only in the passive. The common construction is the Subjunc- 
 tive with ut, ne, etc. 
 
160 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 10 30. Mosne majorum ? Supply te impedit. The country personi 
 
 fied proceeds to consider the three excuses which the consul might urge 
 for not having put Catiline to death : the custom of his ancestors, the 
 laws, and the dread of unpopularity. — At . . . multarunt. The answer 
 to the first ground of defence. — Persaepe privati. We have undoubt- 
 edly a rhetorical exaggeration in the use of persaepe and of the plurai 
 privati. The only illustration which Cicero gives us is P. Scipio, pontifex 
 maximus. See p. 1, line 20. 
 
 31. An leges. The second ground of defence, that the laws — the 
 Valerian, the Porcian, and the Sempronian — forbade that a Roman citizen 
 should be put to death without the sanction of the people. — Quae ro- 
 gatae sunt, which have been enacted. Legem rogare is the common for- 
 mula in putting the question on the passage of a law : hence to enact a 
 law. 
 
 32. At nunquam. The answer to the second ground of defence.- 
 "But," says the country, "those who have withdrawn their allegiance 
 from the state are no longer citizens." 
 
 34. Praeclaram vero . . . gratiam, remarkable gratitude in truth 
 you show ; in irony. See Syn. L. C. 548, 3. 
 
 35. Per te cognitum, known by yourself alone, i. e., by your own 
 exertions, instead of being recommended to popular favor by illustrious 
 ancestiy. Cicero was the first of his family who attained any of the 
 higher offices of state. 
 
 36. Tarn mature, so early. Cicero was elected to the consulship 
 at the age of forty- two, the earliest age at which any citizen was eligible 
 to that high office. 
 
 H 1. Summum imperium ; i. e., the consulship. — Per omnes 
 
 gradus ; i. e„ the quaestorship, aedileship, praetorship, and consulship 
 4. Severitatis invidia, unpopularity incurred by severity ; lit., q/ 
 severity. 
 
 7. Invidiae incendio conflagraturum. A figurative expression 
 suggested by tecta ardebunt. 
 
 8. His . . . respondebo. See note on etenim, p. 10, line 20. — Eo 
 rum mentibus, the thoughts of those. 
 
 9. Hoc idem ; f. e., that Catiline ought to be put to death. 
 
 10. Optimum factu, the best thing to do. — Optimum ; G. 373, 1 
 note 2. — Factu; G. 547.— Judicarem, non dedissem, if I judged, 
 (both then and now), / should not have given. The Imperfect is used in the 
 condition, in preference to the Pluperfect, to show that his judgment still 
 remains unchanged. G. 510; 510, note 1. 
 
 11. Catilinam . . . multari; in apposition with hoc. — Gladia ll( 
 tori ; a term of reproach. 
 
FIEST ORATION AGAINST CATILIXE. 161 
 
 PAGE 
 
 13. Saturnini et Graccliorum. See p. 1, line 21, and p. 2, lines 11 
 M and 17; also notes on P. Scipio, p. 1, line 20; on C. Gracchus, p. 2, 
 line 1-i; and C. Mario, p. 2, line 16. — Flacci. See note on M. Fulfills, 
 
 p. 2, line 15. — Superiorum eomplurium, of many men of former 
 times. 
 
 14. Sed etiam honestarunt, but even distinguished themselves. 
 
 15. A'erendum . . . erat, I had no reason to fear. G. 388. 
 
 16. Parrieida; Abl. Absol. — Invidiae ; Partitive Genitive with 
 quid. 
 
 17. Quod si, but if. G. 453, 6. — Ea ; ». e., invidia. — "Si impen- 
 deret. Observe that hoc animo semper fui is only in appearance the con- 
 clusion from this condition ; the real conclusion is hoc animo essem, readily 
 supplied from it. 
 
 18. Hoc animo; Abl. of Characteristic. — Ut invidiam . . . pu- 
 tarem, to regard (that I regarded) unpopularity incurred by virtue as 
 glory, not unpopularity. 
 
 20. Qui videant. G. 503, I. 
 
 22. Qui aluerunt, and these have confirmed, an independent state- 
 ment with the Indicative, and not, like qui videant, a mere relative clause 
 
 letining an indefinite antecedent. G. 453. 
 
 23. Xon credendo, by not believing, i. e., by not crediting the 
 :harges against Catiline. 
 
 24. Xon solum improbi . . . imperiti, not only the bad, but also 
 *he ignorant. Improbi and imperiti, used substantively, are in apposition 
 nrith multi. G. 361. 
 
 25. Si in nunc animadvertissem, if I had punished him, a com- 
 mon technical expression, lit., had turned my attention to (against) him. 
 Here the condition {animadvoiissem) relates to past time, but the conclu- 
 sion {dicerent) belongs to the present. G. 510, note 1. 
 
 26. Regie, tyrannically. The Eomans under the commonwealth, 
 .vith their traditional hatred of kings, often used the term in this sense. — 
 Quo intendit. Supply pervenire. — Quo, ichither, i. e.> in Manlianm 
 \wstra. 
 
 27. Pervenerit. Mood and Tense? What would be used in th« 
 Direct Discourse ? G. 525, 2. 
 
 29. Hoc uno; i. e., Catiline. 
 
 30. Hanc pestem; i. e., the conspiracy. — Paulisper reprimi 
 . . comprimi posse ; may be checked for a short time, not suppressed 
 
 forever. 
 
 31. Se ejecerit. Supply ear urbe. — Ejeeerit; Put Perf., because 
 he action is to be completed at the time denoted by exstinguetur. 
 
 33. Xaufraaos, ruined followers, lit.. &hxau*r*>jiluxL 
 
1G2 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 11 
 
 XIII. Conclusion. 
 
 36. Jam diu; *. e., from the time when Catiline, three years before 
 
 presented himself as a candidate for the consulship. 
 
 12 1. Nescio quo pacto, in some way. This modifies erupit, the prin 
 
 cipal verb. G. 529, II., 5, 3). 
 
 2. Omnium scelerum maturitas, the full development of al 
 crimes. 
 
 3. Ex tanto latrocinio,/rom so large a band of robbers ; the at 
 stract for the concrete. 
 
 5. Cura, metu. Abl. of Separation. 
 
 6. In venis atque in visceribus, in the veins and in the vitals. 
 By a natural metaphor, the state is here represented as a human bodj 
 Observe the repetition of the preposition in, which has nearly the same 
 effect as in English. 
 
 7. Aegri morbo gravi, sick with a severe disease. G. 416. 
 
 10. Hie morbus, qui est, etc. Why not hie morbus in re public 
 as in English ? Lat. Comp. 417 ; 420. 
 
 11. Vivis reliquis, if the rest (of the conspirators) remain alive. 
 Abl.Absol. G.431,2. 
 
 12. Secedant; Subj. of Desire. G. 483. — A bonis. See note on 
 secerne te a bonis, p. 9, line 18. 
 
 13. Id quod . . . dixi, as (lit., that which) I have already often said. 
 Id is in apposition with the clause, muro denique discernantur a nobis. 
 G. 445, 7. 
 
 15. Circumstare . * . praetoris urbani; i.e., to intimidate him in 
 the discharge of his duties. The praetor urbanus had jurisdiction in ju- 
 dicial questions between citizens, while cases in which one or both of the 
 parties were foreigners were referred to the praetor peregrinus. 
 
 16. Malleolos, fire-darts. In form these weapons resembled ham- 
 mers, hence the name. They were made up largely of pitch and tow, and 
 were set on fire before they were hurled. 
 
 17. Sit inscriptum, let it be written ; Subj. of Desire. Here the at- 
 tention is directed, not so much to the act of writing, as to the result of 
 that act, hence the Perfect tense. The subject of sit inscriptum is the 
 Indirect Question, quid . . . sentiat. G. 529, 5, 1). 
 
 19. Tantam . . . fore diligentiam ; in apposition with hoc. 
 
 24. Hisce ominibus, with these omens, i. e., with such prospects as 
 those indicated in the last sentence. 
 
 25. Cum tua . . . pernicie, with your own ruin and destruction(mre), 
 27. Tu, Juppiter. As this oration was delivered in the temple of 
 
 Jupiter Stator, these words were doubtless addressed to the statue of 
 
IflllSiliiiil 
 
 ±LM& 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 163 
 
 PAGE 
 
 that goct — Qui es constitutes, tohose ivorship was established, lit., who 12 
 wast established. Haec urbs is the subject of constituta est, to be supplied. 
 -Ilsdem . . . auspieiis, with the same auspices icith ichich this city was 
 founded. During a fierce battle with the Sabines, Eomulus is said to have 
 rowed a temple to Jupiter, under the title of Jupiter Stator, if he would 
 stay the flight of the Romans. 
 
 29. Statorem, the stay, or defender, au application of one the names 
 of the god, Jupiter Stator. — Huno, this one, i. e., Catiline. 
 
 31. Homines ; object of mactabis. 
 
 32. Inimicos, hostes. How do these words differ in meaning? 
 Lat. Cornp. 314. 
 
 34. Vivos inortuosque. Observe that a future existence is as- 
 sumed as certain. 
 
 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE, DELIVERED BEFORE THE 
 PEOPLE IN THE FORUM, ON THE EIGHTH OF NOVEMBER, 
 63 B. C* 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 I. Introduction. I. 
 n. Cicero's Defence: 
 
 1. Against the Charge of too Great Leniency in having 
 allowed Catiline to leave the City. II. — V. 
 
 2. Against the Charge of too Great Severity in haying 
 driven Catiline into Exile. VL, VII. 
 
 m. The Forces of Catiline. VIII. — X. 
 
 rv. The Forces of the Republic in Contrast with these. XI. 
 V. Conclusion. XII., XIII. 
 
 I, Introduction. Cicero congratulates the People on the 
 Departure of Catiline. 
 
 1. Quirites, citizens. This term designates Roman citizens in then 
 civil capacity. 
 
 4. Vel ejecimus, vel . . . vel. G. 554, II., 2. The orator speaks as 
 If in doubt how to designate the part which he has acted in bringing 
 about the departure of Catiline. Ejicio is to drive away, emitto to allow 
 to go ; while ipsum egredientem verbis prosequor is not only to allow to 
 
 * See also Introduction, p. 140. 
 
164 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 13 go, but to escort to the gate. See note on Ut te prosequantur, p. 8, line 
 32. But, instead of the usual kind farewell, the words (verbis) here re- 
 ferred to are words of execration. Perhaps verbis refers to the closing 
 paragraph in the first oration ; Hisce o minibus, etc. — Ipsum egredien- 
 tem, going of his own accord, lit., going himself. 
 
 5. Abiit . . . erupit. A climax expressive of exultant joy. The 
 asyndeton adds to the effect. G. 636, I., 1. Abeo, to go away, gives the 
 simple idea of departure, excedo, to withdraw, adds the idea of escape, 
 evadere, to escape, is used especially of flight by night, or in secret, and 
 erumpere, to break away, involves the use of violent or forcible means. 
 
 6. A monstro illo, by that monster, i. e., by Catiline. — Moenibus 
 ipsis, against the city itself. Moenia, properly designating the walls of a 
 city, is sometimes used of the city itself. 
 
 8. Sine controversia, without doubt. 
 
 9. Non jam, no longer, lit., not note, i. e., as before. — Sica ilia. 
 Mentioned on p. 6, line 22 ; Quoties tibijam extorta est sica ista de mani- 
 bus. 
 
 10. In canipo ; i. e., in the Campus Martins. See p. 5, line 6. — In 
 foro. See p. 6, line 12 ; te pridie Kalendas Januarias stetisse in comitio 
 cum telo. The comitium, it must be remembered, was a part of the 
 Forum. — In curia. See p. 12, line 15 ; Desinant obsidere cum gladiis 
 curiam. — Intra domesticos parietes, within the walls of our houses, 
 referring to the plot to assassinate Cicero in his own house. See p. 4, 
 line 22. 
 
 11. Pertimescemus ; intransitive. — Loco motus est, was dis- 
 lodged from his position, i. e., from the strong position which he held be- 
 fore ; a military expression. G. 414, II. 
 
 12. Nullo impediente; Abl. Absol. Why is nullus used instead 
 of nemo f G. 457, 2. 
 
 14. Ex occultis . . . latrocinium, from secret plots into open rob- 
 bery. Occultis with insidiis is nearly or quite pleonastic, but is used to 
 balance apertum. See Lat. Comp. 615 ; 615, V. 
 
 15. Quod vero. Vero (but) is the general connective of the whole 
 sentence, while quod (because or that) only connects its own clause to esse 
 afflictum et profligatum. Construe thus ; Vero quanto . . . putatis, quod 
 non . . . extidit, quod . . ,. egressus est, etc. — Quod non . . . extulit, be- 
 cause he did not carry away his dagger bloody, i. e., because he had not 
 made it bloody by assassinating Cicero. Observe the emphatic position of 
 omentum, which has the force of a predicate adjective. The same remark 
 also applies to vivis, incolumes, and stantem. 
 
 16. Vivis nobis; Abl. Absol. 
 
 17. Ei e manibus. See note on tibi de manibus, p. 6, line 22. 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 165 
 
 PAGE 
 
 18. Incolumes. See Syn. L. C. 321. 13 
 
 21. Retorquet oculos, e faucibus ereptam. Catiline is here 
 
 compared to a wild beast which looks wishfully back at the prey which 
 
 has been rescued from it. 
 
 1. Quam . . . ereptam esse, whose rescue from his jaws he mottrns, 14 
 lit., tchich to have been snatched from his jaws he mourns. The clause 
 cannot, of course, be literally rendered ; we may, however, say, which he 
 mourns to see snatched from his jaws. — Quae quidem laetari mini 
 videtur ; contrasted with quam e . . . luget. — Quae ; i. e., haec urbs. 
 
 2. Quod evomuerit. The city's reason for rejoicing. Hence the 
 Subj. G. 516, II. 
 
 II. — V. Cicero's Defence against the Charge of too Great 
 Leniency in having allowed Catiline to leave the City. 
 
 4. Quales . . . oportebat. This remark, though parenthetical, is 
 very significant. The force of the Imperfect should be especially no- 
 ticed, as expressing an obligation belonging both to the past and to the 
 present; as all ought to have been, i. e., during the whole time. By this 
 remark, Cicero suggests the first point in his defence, because, had all 
 been such, Catiline's arrest and execution would have been an easy 
 matter. The great difficulty in the case was the fact that the senators 
 were divided in opinion on that question. 
 
 5. In hoc ipso, in this very thing, explained by quod . . . emiserim. 
 
 6. Quod . . . comprehenderim. Upon whose authority is this 
 reason assigned ? G. 516, II. "What would be the force of the Indica- 
 tive? G. 516. 
 
 7. Non . . . mea culpa. By a common ellipsis, admissible both in 
 Latin and in English, this appears as the conclusion of the condition, si 
 gut's, etc. The real conclusion, however, is something like this : My 
 defence is this, or I reply. — Culpa ; Predicate noun. 
 
 8. Temporum. Supply culpa.— Interfectum esse . . . affectum ; 
 G. 636, V., 2. 
 
 9. Idque, and this, i. e., the execution of Catiline. — A me. Why 
 not the Accus. ? G. 374, note 4. 
 
 10. Hujus imperii. See note on hujus imperii, p. 5, line 15. — Res 
 publica, the public weal. 
 
 11. Postulabat ; G. 463, 1. —Qui . . . non crederent, who did not 
 believe. See p. 11, lines 20 to 25. G. 503, 1. 
 
 12. Defenderent. Supply ea. 
 
 13. Illo sublato; Abl. Absol. ; by his (Catiline's) removal. 
 
 14. Non modo invidiae . . . periculo. not onlu at th* ->*»".«& nf*.m 
 
ICjQ notes. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 li popularity, but at the peril of life. Observe that with invidiae, pcricul: 
 should be rendered risk, but with vitae, peril. — Invidiae meae, ?it., my 
 unpopularity, may be rendered unpopularity to me, or simply as above, 
 unpopularity. — Periculo ; Abl. of Manner. 
 
 16. Ne vobis quidem , . probata, as the fact (i. e., the existence 
 of a conspiracy) even then was not proved to all even of you (to you all) — 
 Ne vobis quidem ; G. 569, III., 2. — Re probata ; Abl. Absol. 
 
 17 o Si morte multassem, if I should punish with death. Multas- 
 sem, changed from the Fut. Perf. of the Direct Discourse. G. 525, 2. — 
 Pore ut non possem. Why is this circumlocution here used ? G. 
 537, 3, note 1. 
 
 18. Rem hue deduxi, / brought the matter to this point. 
 
 21. Quern quidem . . . putem, and indeed how greatly 1 think this 
 enemy, etc. Indirect Question, object of intelligatis. — Quam vehe- 
 menter. Ironical. — Putem. See Syn. L. C. 576. 
 
 22. Intelligatis ; Subjunctive in a Subject Clause, with ut omitted, 
 subject of licet, the leading verb of the sentence. — Hinc, from this, viz., 
 quod etiam moleste fero. 
 
 23. Quod exierit. The Subjunctive rests the statement upon re- 
 port, and not upon the authority of the speaker. — Parum comitatus, 
 too little attended, or more freely, with too fexo attendants. According to 
 Plutarch, Catiline went to the camp of Manlius with a force of three 
 hundred armed men, but this estimate probably includes those who were 
 to meet him at Forum Aurelium. See p. 9, line 22. 
 
 24. Utinam eduxisset; G. 483, 1 and 2. — Tongilium, Publi- 
 cium, Munatium. These men are known only as worthless characters, 
 and as the companions of Catiline. 
 
 25. Mini ; Ethical Dative, here used in sarcastic irony. G. 389. — 
 In praetexta, in boyhood, i. e., in the boyhood of Tongilius. The toga 
 praetexta was the gown worn by boys until they assumed the toga virilis 
 at the age of seventeen. 
 
 26. Aes alienum, debt, lit., copper (i. e., copper money) belonging tc 
 another. 
 
 27 o Nullum rei „ . . motum . . . poterat. The petty debts of thes. 
 men would not make them reckless and desperate. — Reliquit quos 
 viros ! Catiline left his best men in Rome. Many of them were over- 
 whelmed in debt (quanto aere alieno) and therefore reckless. Many were 
 also influential (valentes) and of noble birth (nobiles). — Rei publicae; 
 Indirect object of afferre. 
 
 28. Aere alieno; Abl. of Characteristic. G. 419, II.— Nobilen 
 jgoe Syn. L. C. 233. 
 
 SOo n^ercitum ; Object of contemno. — Prae Gallicanis legio 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 167 
 
 PAGB 
 
 nibus, in comparison icith our Gallic legions, i. e., our legions in Cisalpine 14 
 Gaul. G. 331, note 1. Construe in this order: Itaque prae Gallicanis 
 legionibus . . . comparantur, ego magno opere contemno ilium exercitum 
 collectum, etc. 
 
 31. Quern Q. Metellus habuit, which Q. Metelhis made, lit., had 
 held. Quintus Metellus Celer, the praetor, had been recently sent ink. 
 Picenum and the Gallic province to levy troops. The Gallic province 
 acre referred to was situated on the Adriatic Sea, between Cisalpine 
 Gaul and Picenum. 
 
 33. Magno opere, greatly, also written as one word, magnopere. 
 
 34. Ex agresti luxuria, from rustic luxury, for from luxurious 
 rustics ; the abstract for the concrete. 
 
 35. Vadimonia deserere . . . exercitum, to forfeit their bail 
 rather than to leave that army. Vadimonia deserere is to fail to appear in 
 court on the appointed day of trial, and thus to forfeit bail. 
 
 36. Quibus ego . * . si = qui . . . si Us ego. — Non modo aciem, 
 not to say the array. 
 
 I. Edictum praetoris, the edict of the praetor. The praetor urba- \% 
 nus, on entering upon the duties of his office, ordinarily issued a decree 
 setting forth the principles which would govern him in his decisions. 
 This edict would naturally set forth the consequences of forfeiting bail. 
 
 — Hos ; Object of eduxisset. 
 
 3. Qui fulgent purpura, who shine in purple ; i. e., senators and 
 knights. The toga of the former was distinguished by a broad purple 
 stripe or border {clavus latics) ; that of the latter by a narrow stripe 
 {clavus angustus) . —Zlallcm. . . . eduxisset, I toould wish (lit., prefer) 
 that he had taken loith hi::y as his soldiers. G. 499, 2. 
 
 8. Esse nobis. Supply pertimescendum. G. 388. 
 
 6o Hoc, on this account ; Abl. of Cause, explained by the clause, 
 quod . . . sentiunt. 
 
 7. Cogitent, scire, sentiunt. What is the direct object of each 
 of these verbs ? — Sentiunt. See Syn. L. C. 576. 
 
 8. Cui oit Apulia attributa. According to Sallust, Catilino 
 assigned Apulia to C. Julius. But see Third Oration, p„ 30, line 16. 
 
 9. Quis habeat Etruriam ; i. e., Manlius. — Quis agrum Pice- 
 awm; i. e., a certain Septimius of Umbria, according to Sallusto We arc 
 not told to whom the Gallic district was assigned. 
 
 10. Quis . . . insidias caedis . . .depoposcerit. Cicero probably 
 has L. Cassius in mind. See Third Oration, p. 30, lines 14 and 15 ; L. Cas- 
 sium, qui sibi procurationem incendendae urbis depoposcerat. Sallust, how- 
 ever, names three in this connection — Cethegus, Gabinius, aud Statilius. 
 
 II. Superioris noctis ; i. c, the night on which the meeting was 
 
168 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 15 held at the house of Laeca, called also in the First Oration noctem Ulan 
 superiorem. See p. 3, line 36 ; also p. 4, lines 15 to 27. 
 
 12. Patefeci. Supply ea, referring to consilia. 
 
 13. Hi quid. Observe the emphatic position of hi before the in- 
 terrogative quid. — Ne, indeed, truly ; the approved form for nae. 
 
 15. Futuram. Supply esse. 
 
 16. Quod exspectavi, that for which I have been waiting. The an 
 tecedent of quod is ut vos . . . videretis. — Ut videretis ; Object Clause. 
 G. 498, II. ; 495, 1. — Vos omnes. Why not vestrum omnes t G. 397, 2, 
 note. 
 
 18. Nisi si, except if, render unless. — Catilinae similes, those like 
 Catiline. G. 391, II., 4. 
 
 19. Putet; G. 503, I. — Lenitati; Dative of Possessor. 
 
 21. Exeant ; Subj. of Desire. This line explains unum in the pre • 
 ceding line. — Desiderio sui, with grief at their absence. Lesiderium m 
 a longing for, mingled with grief at the loss or absence of. Desiderio, Abl. 
 of Cause; sui, Objective Genitive, referring to the subject oipatiantur. 
 
 22. Miserum tabescere, to pine away in misery. Miserum, though 
 an adjective agreeing with Catilinam, may be thus rendered like an ad- 
 verb. G. 443, note 1, (1). — Iter, via. See Syn. L. C. 156. — Aurelia 
 via; Abl. of Means. This road led along the coast of Etruria to Pisa. 
 Catiline went by this x-oute to the camp of Manlius. 
 
 24. Rem publicam ; G. 381. — Si quidemejecerit; Subjunctive 
 in Conditional Sentence. G. 509 ; 507, 3, note 2. 
 
 25. Exhausto. This word is appropriate in connection with the 
 figure contained in sentinam. 
 
 28. Quis veneficus, what poisoner. Quis, though more commonly 
 used substantively, may be used adjectively, when, as in this case, the in- 
 quiry relates, not to the character of the person or thing, but to the per- 
 son or thing itself. Thus quis veneficus is not what kind of a poisoner, 
 but what poisoner, i. e., which one. Secret poisoning was by no means 
 uncommon at Rome. — Tota Italia; G. 425, II., 2. 
 
 30. Circumscriptor, defrauder, especially one who deceives and 
 defrauds the young. 
 
 32. Se cum Catilina familiarissime vixisse, that he has lived 
 on most intimate terms with Catiline.— 'Son ; construe with fateatur. 
 
 33o Per hosce annos, during these years, i. e., for a few years paac, 
 Eosce restricts the period to the years which are now passing, or have 
 just passed. 
 
 34. Per ilium, through his agency. G. 415, I., note 1. 
 
 35. Jam vero, hct again = moreover. — Juventutis illecelta-a 
 power of alluring the young, i. e., to ruin. 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINF. 16 ( J 
 
 PAGE 
 
 36. Alios, aliorum, some, of others. — Amabat ; G. 469, II. 15 
 
 1» ALUs, aliis; Indirect object of pollicebatur. — Fructum, the 1Q 
 
 gratification. 
 
 2. Impellendo, by inciting them, i. e., by inciting the children to 
 murder their parents for the property. In English, the thought may be 
 better expressed by participles : not only urging them on, but also aiding 
 them. 
 
 4o Ex? agris, from the country. See Syn. L. C. 245. 
 
 7. Opressus; Participle limiting nemo. 
 
 8. Adsciverit ; G. 503, 1. ; 495, VI. 
 
 9. Ut possitis. This Subjunctive expresses the purpose of an ac- 
 tion readily supplied, as hoc dicam, I will say this, viz., nemo est, etc. — 
 In dissimili ratione, in different relations in life, i. e., in different 
 spheres or situations in life. 
 
 10. Nemo in ludo gladiatorio = nullus gladiator. In the gladi- 
 atorial schools, slaves were trained under the direction of professional 
 masters for the gladiatorial contests. — Paulo audacior, a little more 
 audacious than zisual. G. 444, 1. 
 
 11. Intimum Catilinae, a most intimate friend of Catiline. G. 
 441, 1. — Nemo in scaena. Actors in Rome were generally freedmen 
 or slaves. 
 
 12. Sodalem, boon companion. This is more specific than intimum, 
 and refers especially to companionship in pleasure and enjoyment. 
 
 14. Exercitatione, by the practice ; Abl. of Means. — Frigore . . . 
 perferendis, to endure cold, etc., lit., accustomed (assuefactus), trained in 
 enduring cold, etc. Abl. of Specification. In such cases, however, the 
 Latin admits the Dat., or the Ace. with ad, instead of the Abl. 
 
 15. Ab istis ; i. e., by the companions and admirers of Catiline. G. 
 450, 1, note. — Cum consumerento*; Subj. of Concession. — Indus- 
 trial subsidia . . . virtutis, aids of industry and means of virtue, i. e., 
 this power of endurance, referred to in frigore et fame . . . perferendis, 
 which might have been so useful in an active (industriae) and virtuous 
 (virtutis) life, was utterly wasted (consumerentur) . 
 
 18» Hunc vero. With these words Cicero resumes the thought 
 from which he digressed on page 15, line 26, to characterize Catiline. — 
 Secuti erunt; G. 473, 2. — Sui comites; i. e., his associates and ac- 
 complices who remained in Rome after the departure of Catiline. 
 
 19. O nos beatos. This exclamation, it will be observed, is the 
 conclusion of the condition si . . . comites, si . „ . greges, and is much more 
 emphatic than the declarative form, enmus beati, would have been. On 
 the construction of nos, see G. 381. 
 
 21. Hominum, of the me r ,, } i. e., the men referred to in sui comitts* 
 
170 
 
 PAGE 
 
 16 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 22. Audaciae, audacity. Cicero uses the plural because he is 
 speaking of the audacity, not of one man, but of many men, as shown by 
 hominum in the preceding line. — Nisi caedes, except (lit., if not) mur- 
 ders* Caedes is the object of cogitant, to be supplied. 
 
 24. Obligaverunt, they have mortgaged. — Res, property. 
 
 25. Fides, credit. — Quae . . . abundantia, which they had while 
 in affluence, i. e., before tbey wasted their property. With erat supply Us, 
 was to them = had. — Nuper, lately, i. e., since Catiline's recent defeat at 
 the consular election. 
 
 26. Alea. Games of chance were forbidden at Rome, except during 
 the festival of the Saturnalia. — Si . , . comissationes solum . . . quae- 
 rerent ; i. e., if they aimed only at revelling and debauchery, and did not 
 also aim at the overthrow of the state. 
 
 27. Illi quidem ; G. 450, 4, note 2. 
 
 28. Desperandi, sed tamen ferendi, hopelessly lost, but yet en- 
 durable, i. e., they would, indeed, be beyond hope of reformation, but yet 
 endurable, because not dangerous to the state. 
 
 29. Possit; Potential Subjunctive ; G. 485. — Inertes, listless, con- 
 trasted with, fortissimis, as homines is contrasted with viris. See Syn. L. 
 C. 239, II. — Inertes . . . insidiari ; in apposition with hoc. 
 
 30. Prudentissimis ; used substantively as the Indirect Object of 
 insidiari, to be supplied, of which stultissimos is the subject. 
 
 31. Accubantes, reclining. The Eomans did not sit at table, but 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 9! 
 
 
 3 
 
 A 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 • 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 B 
 
 reclined upon elevated couches, resting the weight of t'ao body in pari 
 upon the left c 1 bow. These couches occupied three sides of a square 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 17] 
 
 PAGE 
 
 table, and were intended each to accommodate three persons The l(j 
 waiters served at the fourth side of the table. The diagram on the pre- 
 ceding page represents the Roman table M, on three sides of which are 
 placed the couches A, B, and C, each accommodating three persons. 
 
 32. Sertis, unguentis. Cicero doubtless, intends to speak of the 
 excessive use of garlands and perfumes as indicating luxury and indul- 
 gence. — Obliti ; from oblino. 
 
 33. Eructant, talk of, lit., belch forth, i. e., make known when in- 
 toxicated ; an appropriate term in connection with vino languidi, conferti 
 cibo. 
 
 35. Quibus, them. G. 453 ; 386. 
 
 2. Sanare. Supply eos. — Non breve nescio quod tempus, not 17 
 some brief period. — Nescio quod tempus = quoddam tempus, some 
 time. G. 529, 5, 3). 
 
 3. Propagarit. Observe the force of the Fut. Perf. G. 473, 1. 
 
 5. Omnia externa, all things abroad. — Sunt; construe with pacata. 
 
 6. Unius, of one man, i. e., Cn. Pompey, whose campaigns against 
 the pirates, and against Mithridates and Tigranes, had been crowned with 
 signal success. — Terra marique; G. 425, II. , 2. 
 
 7. Intus. Observe its emphatic position in contrast with externa. 
 
 8. Hostis, the enemy, not an enemy. — Nobis certandum est, we 
 must contend, lit., it is to us to be contended. G. 234 ; 301, 2 ; 383. 
 
 10. Inimicitias. See note on audaciae, p. 16, line 22. 
 
 11. Quacumque ratione ; supply fieri potest, in whatever way it 
 can be done, i. e., in every possible way. —Quae resecanda erunt, which 
 it shall be necessary to remove, lit., lohich shall be to be cut off. 
 
 14. Permanent. This verb is here used literally with in urbe, but 
 figuratively with in eadem mente. — Ea quae merentur ; i. e. 9 capital 
 punishment. G. 529, II., note 1, 2)» 
 
 VI., VII. Cicero's Defence against the Charge of too 
 Great Severity in having driven Catiline into Exile. 
 
 15. A me, Catilinam. Observe position. G. 561, 1, and II. 
 
 16. Quod ego si . . . possem, if 1 were able to accomplish this by a 
 juord, i. e., by a mere word or threat. — Quod, this, lit., which, i. e., to 
 drive into exile. G. 453. Observe the force of the Imperf. Subj. in possem 
 and ejicerem. G. 510, note 1. 
 
 17. Videlicet. Ironical. The irony extends, indeed, to the whole 
 sentence. 
 
 18. Permodestus, very modest, with perhaps the accessory idea of 
 docile, yieldi?ig. 
 
172 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 17 19. Simulatque, as soon as. G. 554, 1. ,2, note.— Ireinexsilium 
 
 jussus est. See p. 8, line 17. . , 
 
 21. Hesterno die. Cicero proceeds to give an account of the oc- 
 currences which led to the departure of Catiline. — Cum paene inter- 
 fectus essem, when I had narrowly escaped being killed. G. 521, II., 2, 
 See also p. 4, lines 20 to 27. 
 
 22. Aedem. Difference in meaning between the singular and the 
 plural? G. 132. — Jovis Statoris. See note on Jovi Statori, p. 4, line 
 35. — Rem omnem . . . detuli ; i.e., in the First Oration against Cati- 
 line. That oration was delivered, it will be remembered, in the Temple 
 of Jupiter Stator. See note on rmmitissimus locus, p. 1, line 5. 
 
 23. Quo cum . . . venisset, when Catiline came in, lit., whither 
 had come. — Quo, whither or thither = in aedem. 
 
 24. Appellavit, addressed. See Syn. L. C. 184, 1.— Ita ut, as, lit., 
 thus, as. Ita is explained by ut perditum civem. 
 
 26. Ejus ordinis, of that order, i.e., of the senate. See p. 6, lines 
 33 to 36. 
 
 28. Hie, hereupon. — Vehemens ille consul. In irony. See 
 line 15 above. 
 
 30. Fuisset. Is the interrogative particle expressed or omitted ? 
 G. 353, 2.— Necne, or not. G. 353, 2, note 3. 
 
 31. Homo audacissimus, though a most audacious man; an ap- 
 positive with a concessive force. 
 
 32. Quid . . . egisset ; Indirect Question, object of edocui. — 
 Quid in proximam constituisset. This refers probably to the 
 intended murder of Cicero. 
 
 33. Quern ad modum, into hat manner; often written quemadmo- 
 dum. — Ei, by him. G. 388, 1. 
 
 34. Cum teneretur, when he stood speechless, lit., was held, i.e., 
 was so overwhelmed by the fact that his plans were known to the consul, 
 that he was completely powerless. 
 
 35. Eo quo . . . pararet, to that place to which he had long been 
 preparing to go. In the Direct Discourse, eo quo . . . paras would have 
 been used. G. 467, 2. Why is paras changed to pararet? G. 493, 1 ; 
 524, 526. 
 
 36. Secures, fasces. These were among the insignia of consular 
 authority which Catiline was preparing to assume. The consul, when 
 in command of an army, was attended by twelve Lictors bearing the 
 fasces, which were bundles of rods, containing each an axe (securis). 
 
 18 1. Aquilam i 11am argenteam, etc. See p. 9, lines 24 to 27.— 
 Sacrarium. See note on sacrarium scelerum tuorum, p. 9, line 26. 
 
 2. Praemissam. The participle here agrees with the nearest noun 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 173 
 
 PAG-*J 
 
 tquilam, while praemissa is to be supplied with arma and signa, praemis- 18 
 sas with secures and tubas, and praemissos ^'\\h fasces. G. 439. — In ex- 
 s ilium ejiciebam, teas I attempting to drive into exile? G. 351, 3; 
 469, 1. 
 
 4. Etenim, credo. In irony. — In agro Faesulano, in the dis- 
 trict of Faesulae. This was in Etruria. See in Etruriae faucibus, p» 2, 
 line 28. 
 
 7. MassiliauQ, Marseilles. Catiline and his friends reported that h« 
 was going to Marseilles. — Ut aiunt, as they say. See sunt qui dicant, p. 
 17, line 15. 
 
 5. Haee castra, this camp. The same camp which is called ilia 
 castra above, lino C, is here called haec castra, thi3 camp, because it has 
 just been mentioned. G. £50, 
 
 10o 3* periimuerit; Fut. Perf. where we use the Future. G. 
 473,2. 
 
 £2. Periculis meis, by my perils, i. e,, the perils incurred by Cicero 
 ill his attempts to suppress the conspiracy. 
 
 14 o Ster ; Object of conveHerit. 
 
 IB. Non ille. Here begins me conclusion. Me is tho subject of 
 dicciui'. — SiQOliatus. Supply esse, as also with obstupef actus, per territus, 
 etc 
 
 18. A. consulc Vi et miiais. Why is the preposition used with 
 consule, and not with vi and minis ? Gc 420 ; 415, I. — Si hoc fe- 
 cerifc, if he shall do this, i. e., pertimzc&rit, mutaverit, etc. The conclusion 
 is crunt qui, etc. 
 
 21c Est mini tanti, it is worth r.vy while. The subject of est is the 
 clause hujus invidiac . . . set&Vv. — Tanti; Genitive of Price. G. 404, 
 note 1. 
 
 22. Dum modo depellatnr $ G. 513, 1. — A vobis, from you. 
 
 23. Dicatur; Subj. of Desire. G. 484, H. 
 
 26. Invidiae . . . causa, for the sake of lightening my unpopularity. 
 — Ut Li. Catilinam . , . audiatis. This would prove the correctness 
 of Cicero's accusations, and thus, by justifying his course, diminish his 
 unpopularity. — Ut audiatis ; Subjunctive in an Object Clause after 
 optabo. G. 498, 1. 
 
 27. Triduo; G. 429. 
 
 28. Ne mini sit, etc., that it maybe a source of unpopularity to me. 
 The clause expresses purpose, and is yet in apposition with Mud. G. 499, 3. 
 
 29. Quod ilium emiserim, that I allowed him to go ; subject of sit 
 in the preceding line. — Emiserim; Subj. in an Indirect Clause, G. 
 829, n. 
 
 30. Cum profectus sit, now that he has departed. G. 529, II. 
 
174 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 18 31. lidem; Subject of dicerent. — Si interfectus osset, G. 51Q, 
 
 note 1. 
 
 33. Ire, is going, i. e., is on his way. — IMctitant, are continualhj 
 saying. Observe the force of the frequentative form. G. 336. 
 
 34. Hoc, this, i. e., that Catiline is on his way to Marseilles. — Quo* 
 runtur quam verentur. The complaint that Catiline had been un 
 justly driven into exile is mere pretence. Their real feeling is that of joy 
 at his departure, as they believe that he is on his way to the camp ot 
 Manlius, and yet they have some little fear that he may, after all, aban- 
 don his revolutionary schemes, and go into exile. Hence their real feel- 
 ing is not so much that of complaint as of fear. 
 
 35. Tarn misericors, so compassionate, i. e., so much interested Id 
 the welfare of Catiline. If they were really interested in his welfare, 
 they would prefer that he should go to Marseilles, where he would be 
 safe, rather than that he should encounter all the horrors of civil war by 
 joining Manlius. — Qui non malit = ut is non malit, as not to prefer 
 G. 500. —Ad Massilienses = ad Massiliam, the citizens for the city\ 
 perhaps to bring the expression into harmony with ad Manlium. 
 
 36. Hoc quod agit, that which he is now doing, referring to his rev 
 olutionary movement. 
 
 H§> 4. Vivis nobis, while I am alive; Abl. Absol. G. 431; 446, note 
 
 2. — Roma; G. 412, II. — Optemus, let us desire ,- because if he does 
 not go into exile, he will surely make war upon his country. — Optemus, 
 qii@ram.ur ; Subj. of Desire ; G. 484, II. 
 
 VIII.' — X, Character of the Forces of Catiline. Six 
 Classes. 
 
 6. Sed. Cicero proceeds in the next place to speak of the partisans 
 and followers of Catiline who have not yet left the city. He divide,; 
 them into six classes. 
 
 7. Fatetur se esse hostem. It is here assumed that Catiline har 
 gone to the camp of Manlius. — Quia nrarus interest, because there it 
 a wall between us. — Quod semper volui, as I have always wished, lit., 
 which I have, etc. — Quod refers to murus interest. 
 
 9. Romae; G. 425, II. —Nihil dicimus, but say nothing. Observe 
 the omission of the conjunction. G. 636, 1., 1. The interrogative is still cur. 
 
 10. Si fieri possit, if it can be done. The subject of possit is the 
 clause sanare sibi . . . pubUcae. 
 
 11. Sanare sibi ipsos, to restore them to themselves, i. e., to reason 
 
 13. Intelligo. What is the object of this verb ? G. 529, II., 5, 1). 
 
 14. Singulis, to them one by one, referring to these classes, generibus 
 

 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 175 
 
 15. Consilli atque orationis meae; Appositional Genitive, 19 
 of my advice and discourse, i. e., of the advice contained in my oration, 
 an instance of hendiadys. G- 636, III., 2. — Si quam ; supply meditinam 
 aferre. 
 
 17. Unum genus. Cicero characterizes the first class of the con- 
 spirators as debtors who are possessed of property, and not therefore 
 :-eally insolvent. — Est eorum, consists of those, lit., is of those. — Eorum ; 
 Predicate Gen. G. 401. — Magno in aere alieno, though deeply in debt. 
 
 19. Dissolvi, to be set free, i. e., from debt. Otbers render, to be 
 separated from them, i. e., from their possessions. Perhaps Cicero selected 
 an ambiguous term for the purpose of suggesting to his hearers both in- 
 terpretations. — Species, the external appearance, referring doubtless to 
 their wealth and social position. 
 
 21. Tu . . . tu . . . sis, et dubites, can you be . . . and hesitate ? Ob- 
 serve the repetition of tu ; G. 636, III., 3. — Agris; G. 421, II. — Sis, 
 dubites ; Potential Subj. G. 485. 
 
 22. Familia, with a retinue of servants. 
 
 23. Acquirere ad fidem, to add to your credit, i. e., by paying your 
 debts. 
 
 25. Omnium, of all things ; Objective Gen. \;\th vastatione. G. 396, 
 III. — An tabulas novas, or new accounts. Supply exspectac. Laws 
 were sometimes passed reducing all debts in a uniform ratio, as by one- 
 fourth or one-half. The Valerian Law, enacted in the year 86 B. C., re- 
 duced all debts to one-fourth of their previous amount. The debts thus 
 reduced were entered upon new tables {tabulae novae). Catiline had 
 promised his followers such a relief from the weight of indebtedness with 
 which so many of them were overwhelmed. 
 
 27 o Tabulae novae . . . verum auetionariae, new tables, but those 
 of the auction. There is in this passage a play upon the word tabulae. 
 Cicero says debts shall be reduced, not indeed by any new law, but by the 
 public sale of the property of the debtor. 
 
 29 o Quod, this, i. e., to sell their property, as is implied in auctie- 
 Tuiriae. 
 
 30. Neque, and not. — Id; in apposition with the clause certare, etc. 
 — Certare . . . praediorum, to struggle to meet the interest by means oj 
 ihe produce of their estates. 
 
 31. Et locupletioribus . . . uteremur, we should find (lit., use) 
 them both richer and better citizens. — Civibus ; Predicate Noun after utc 
 remur, agreeing with his. 
 
 33. Permanebunt. Supply in sententia. 
 
 36. Alterum genus. The second class consists of insolvent debt- 
 ors who are ambitious of power. 
 
176 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 20 1. Rerum potiri volunt, they wish to become masters of affairs. 
 
 G. 410, V., 3. 
 
 2„ Honores; Object of consequi. — Quos; Object of desperant. G, 
 371, III., note 1. — Quieta re publica, in a peaceful condition of the state. 
 
 3. Perturbata. Supply re publica. — Quibus hoc . . . videtur, to 
 *hese it seems proper that this admonition should be given • lit., to whom thi& 
 seems to deserve to be prescribed. Here the Latin employs the personal 
 construction, and the English the impersonal. Hoc is the subject of vi- 
 detur. With praecipiendum supply esse. 
 
 4. Unum et idem ; in apposition with hoc. — Quod reliquis om- 
 nibus. Supply praecipiendum esse videtur. 
 
 5. Ut desperent ; Substantive Clause ; in apposition with hoc, yet ex- 
 pressing the purpose of praecipiendum. 
 
 6. Omnium ; Partitive Gen. after primum. G. 397, 3. — Me ipsum 
 vigilare, etc. These infinitive clauses depend upon a verb of saying im- 
 plied in praecipiendum. G. 523, 1., note. 
 
 8. In maxima multitudine. Another reading is maximam mul- 
 titudinem. 
 
 11. Praesentes, in person. — Quod si . . . adepti, but if they should 
 at once attain, etc. 
 
 12. Illi ; Subject of sperant. 
 
 13. Quae, a state of things -which, lit., which things. It refers to 
 cin^re and sanguine, or, at least, to a state of things suggested by those 
 words. G. 445, 3, note 1 ; 439, 3. 
 
 15. Id se cupere, quod si, etc., that if they should attain that 
 which they desire, lit., that they desire that which if they should attain. In 
 rendering into English, the antecedent and relative often change places. 
 
 16. Fugitive aut gladiatori. If the conspiracy should succeed, 
 Catiline and his reckless followers would place themselves at the head of 
 affairs. 
 
 17. Tertium genus. The third class consists largely of aged and 
 reckless spendthrifts, who formerly served under Sulla. 
 
 18. Manlius. See Introduction, p. 138. — Cui . . . succedit, whom 
 Catiline now succeeds, i. e., in command. 
 
 19. Quas Sulla constituit. At the close of the civil wars between 
 Marius and Sulla, the latter established colonies for his soldiers in Etruria 
 and other parts of Italy. Not a few of these colonists, having squandered 
 all they had, espoused the cause of Catiline in the hope of new spoils and 
 booty. 
 
 20. Quas universas, which as a class, i. e , taken as a whole, or 
 collectively. Cicero does not mean to pass censure upon these colonies 
 in general, but only upon those members of them who have joined Cati 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 177 
 
 PAGE 
 
 line. Universas is contrasted with ii. — Civium; Predicate Gen. with §0 
 esse. G. 401. , 
 
 21. Sed tamen ii . . . qui, but yet there are (i. e., among them) those 
 colonists who. 
 
 22. Se sumptuosius . . . jactarunt, have conducted themselves too 
 extravagantly and haughtily. Cicero here refers especially to their ostenta- 
 tious and extravagant mode of life. 
 
 23. Tamquam beati, as if wealthy. 
 
 24. Conviviis apparatis, sumptuous feasts. G. 416. 
 
 26. Velint; Subj. in an Indirect Clause. —Sulla sit . . . excitan- 
 dus, Sulla must be summoned by them from the dead, i. e., nothing short 
 of the spoils of another bloody revolution like that of Sulla can save them. 
 — lis; G.388. 
 
 27. Tenues, of slender means. — Eandem illam spem ; i. e., the 
 hope that the scenes of Sulla's bloody proscriptions will be repeated under 
 Catiline. 
 
 28. Quos, these, including both the colonists (coloni, line 21) and the 
 peasants (agrestes, line 27). 
 
 30. Eos hoc uioneo, I give them this advice. G. 375. — Proscrip- 
 tions et dictaturas ; i. e., such a state of things as they had witnessed 
 under the dictator Sulla. 
 
 31. Tantus illorum . . . dolor, such a painful recollection of those 
 times, lit., so great pain of etc. 
 
 32. Ut jam . . . homines . . . videantur, that now not only do not 
 men appear to me inclined to permit (lit., about to permit) these things, but 
 not even brutes seem thus inclined. In rendering this passage it is impossi- 
 ble to follow the Latin closely. — Non modo ; G. 552, 2. 
 
 34. Quartum genus. The fourth class is a miscellaneous collec- 
 tion of ruined bankrupts. — Turbulentum. This seems to be used as a 
 synonyme with varium an^ mixtum in the sense of confused, miscellaneous, 
 rather than in that of turbulent, restless. 
 
 35. Qui= eorum qui, consisting of those ivho.— Premuntur. Supply 
 zcre alieno. — Emergunt, emerge from it, i. e., from their indebtedness. 
 
 36. Quipartim . . . partim, some of tvhom . . . others, lit., who partly 
 . . partly. — Male gerendo negotio, by the bad management of affairs. 
 
 II. In vetere aere alieno vacillant, are staggering under a load 2 1 
 of long-standing debt.— Qui permulti, who in great numbers, lit., who 
 very many. Permulti agrees with qui. — Vadimoniis, judiciis, pro- 
 scriptionibus. These terms designate the three steps in the judicial 
 procedure against debtors. First, the debtor gives bail (vadimonium) for 
 1 his appearance in court ; secondly, the decision {judicium) of the court, 
 if adverse, places the creditor in possession of certain property for se- 
 
 1 
 
178 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 21 curity; and, thirdly, if the property is not redeemed within a specified 
 time, it is proscribed (proscriptio), i. e., is sold to pay the debt. 
 
 4. Infitiatores lentos, dilatory debtors, strictly those who endeavor 
 to escape payment by denying the debt. 
 
 5. Qui homines, these men. G. 453. — Quam primum, as soon 
 as possible. G. 444, 3. — Si stare . . . corruant; referring to vacillani 
 line 1 above. 
 
 6. Non modo. Supply non. G. 552, 2. 
 
 8. Quam ob rem . . . velint ; Indirect Question, in apposition with 
 Ulud. — Turpiter, basely, i. e., in making war upon their country. 
 
 11. Quiii turn genus. The fifth class consists of parricides and 
 criminals. 
 
 13. Pereant; Subj. of Desire. 
 
 16. Postremum genus. The sixth and last class consists of ef- 
 feminate and dissolute young men. — Postremum . . . non solum . . . 
 Catilinae est, but the last class, not only in number, but also . . . is that 
 which is peculiarly Catiline's. — Postremum, last, but in the double 
 sense of last and lowest, as shown by genere ipso atque vita. — Numero ', 
 G. 424. 
 
 17o Catilinae; G. 391, II., 4. 
 
 18. De complexu ejus ac sinu, his bosom friends, lit., of his em- 
 brace and bosom. Originally the language was doubtless applied to those 
 who reclined together at table. See note on accubantes, p. 16, line 31. 
 
 19. Pexo capillo ; Abl. of Characteristic. G. 419, II. — Benebar- 
 batos, well bearded. It was deemed foppish at this time to wear a long 
 beard. 
 
 20. Manicatis et talaribus tunicis. These were a mark of ef- 
 feminacy. The ordinary tunics were much shorter and were without 
 sleeves. — Velis, non togis, with veils, not togas, i. e., with loose flowing 
 garments which resemble veils. The toga, the ordinary outer garment 
 of a Roman citizen, was a large shawl, semicircular in form. As usually 
 worn, it covered the left shoulder and arm, passed across the back, undei 
 the right arm, across the breast, and again over the left shoulder. 
 
 21 In antelucanis cenis, in banquets prolonged till morning. 
 24 o Lepidi, effeminate. 
 
 25. Neque, not only. Solum is to be supplied from the precedes 
 line. 
 
 26. Qui nisi exeunt, and unless they depart. 
 
 27 '« Perierit ; Fut. Perf. — Scitote. G. 487, note. — Seminarir.ia 
 Catilinarum, a nursery of Catilines. 
 
 28. Quid sibi . . . volunt, what do those wretches propose to ikenv 
 $ G 389, note 2. 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 179 
 
 PAGE 
 
 30- Illis ; Feminine, referring to mulierculas. G. 414, 1. — His noc- 21 
 tibus ; Abl. of Time. 
 
 32. Illas ; G. 450, 4. — Idcirco . . . quod,/or this reason . . . because. 
 
 33. Toleraturos. Supply esse. — Nudi; G. 536, 2, 1). 
 
 XL Contrast between the Forces of Catiline and those 
 of the State. 
 
 35. Magno opere pertimescendum ; Ironical. Magno opere, also 
 written magnopere ; Abl. of Manner. — Cum sit habiturus ; G. 496, 
 note 2 ; 515, III. — Scortorum, of prostitutes, referring not so much to 
 mulierculas as to omnes impuri impudicique, line 23 above. — Cohortem 
 praetoriam. The select band which attended the person of the com- 
 mander as his staff or body-guard, was called the praetorian cohort. 
 
 1. Instruite nunc, marshal now, i. e., in imagination. — Prae 
 claras ; Ironical. 
 
 2. Praesidia, exercitus. The former refers to the means of de- 
 fensive warfare, the latter of offensive. 
 
 3. Gladiatori illi ; i. <?., Catiline. 
 
 4. Illam naufragorum . . . manum, that stranded (ejectam) and 
 helpless band of shipwrecked men ; a favorite figure with Cicero. 
 
 6o Jam vero, nay in truth. The contrast is now extended from the 
 forces themselves to the positions which they occupy. — Urbes colo- 
 niarum ac municipiorum, the cities of our colonies and municipal- 
 ities. The municipia were states, or towns, which were governed by their 
 own laws, but were required to render military service to Rome. — Re- 
 spondebunt, will be a match for. 
 
 7. Tumulis silvestribus, the wooded heights, referring to the lurk- 
 ing-places of Catiline's forces. — Copias, ornamenta, praesidia, re- 
 sources, equipments, defences. 
 
 9. Quibus ; construe with suppeditamur and eget. G.421, II ; 414, 1. 
 
 10. Eget ille, but which he needs. Observe the ellipsis of the con- 
 junction. G. 636, I., !. — Senatu, equitibus, etc.; in apposition with 
 rebus, 
 
 12. Exteris Tiditiombxis, foreign nations, i. e., foreign allies. — Si, 
 ilis rebus omissis ; repeated from line 9 above. 
 
 13. Contendere, to compare. — Ex eo ipso, from this very thing, 
 i. e„, from this very comparison. 
 
 14. Quam valde . . . jaceant, how prostrate they lie, — Ex hac 
 parte = hinc, illinc = ex ilia parte, on (lit., from) this side, on that. 
 
 19. Aequitas • . prudentia. These are the four cardinal virtues 
 
180 NOTES . 
 
 PACE 
 
 22 recognized by the Greek philosophers. — Virtu tes omnes; correspond- 
 ing to vitiis omnibus. 
 
 21. Bona ratio cum perdita ; supply ratione, sound reason with 
 folly, lit., with ruined reason. 
 
 23. Cum . . . desperatione, with despair in regard to (lit., of) ad 
 things, i. e., utter despair. 
 
 25. Ab his virtutibus ; G. 415, I., 2. 
 
 • XII., XIII. Conclusion. 
 
 27. Vos ; expressed for emphasis in contrast with mihi below. — 
 Quern ad modum . . . dixi, as I have already said, referring, it is sup- 
 posed, to Instruite nunc, Quirites, in the first line on this page. 
 
 29. Mihi consultum atque provisum est, measures have been 
 initiated and provision made by me. G. 388, I. — Urbi, to the city, i. e., as 
 a whole. G. 387. The consul provides for the safety of the city as a 
 whole, while each citizen is expected to look especially to the safety of his 
 own house. -Sine vestro motu, without disturbance to you, i. e., with- 
 out disturbing you. 
 
 30. Esset; G. 495, I. — Praesidii ; Partitive Genitive with satis, 
 the subject of esset. 
 
 32. Hac nocturna . . . Catilinae ; i. e., Catiline's departure the 
 preceding night to the camp of Manlius. 
 
 33. Quam manum, a force which, lit., which force. Lat. Comp. 
 477, 2. — Certissimam, most faithful. 
 
 34. Quamquam animo . . . patriciorum, however they are better 
 disposed (lit., of better mind) than a portion of the patricians. This is only 
 a parenthetical remark. 
 
 35. Potestate tamen . . . continebuntur, yet will be retained in 
 our power, i. e., even the gladiators, who, Catiline thought, would be 
 faithful to him, will yet (i. e., notwithstanding his expectations) be re- 
 tained by us. Tamen, it will be observed, does not refer back to quam- 
 quam in the parenthetical clause, but to the concessive idea contained. in. 
 the clause quam . . .putavit. For greater security, the gladiators had been 
 distributed among the municipal tov/ns. 
 
 3fi. Q. Metellus, agrum Gallicum, etc. See note on quern Q. 
 Metetius habuit, p. 14, line 31. — Hoc, this, i. e., the present posture of 
 affairs. 
 S3 1. Hominem ; i. e„ Catiline. 
 
 4. Quern vocari videtis, which you see is convoked (lit., to be con- 
 voiced). Perhaps the senators were already beginning to assemble in the 
 ••enate-house near by. 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 181 
 
 PAGB 
 
 5. Atque adeo, and even = or rather. 28 
 
 8. Monitos etiam atque etiam, to be admonished again and 
 zgain. Supply esse. The subject accusative is illos in line 5 above. 
 
 9« Solutior, excessive, lit., too unrestricted. — Hoc exspectavit, it 
 has had this object. Hoc is explained by the clause ut id . . . erumperet. 
 
 10. Quod reliquum est; for the future, lit., as to what remains; 
 here in a temporal sense, as to the time which remains =for the futurt, 
 apposed to adhuc, line 8 above. 
 
 13. Portis, viae; Datives of Possessor, the gates have no keeper, 
 etc. 
 
 14. Conivere; the approved form instead of connivere. — Comma- 
 verit, deprehendero. Fut. Perf. denoting actions which will be com- 
 pleted at the time of sentiet. — Cujus non modo factum, etc., of whom 
 I shall detect not to say an act but any beginning or attempt, etc. 
 
 16. Sentiet. The subject is the omitted antecedent of qui. 
 
 18. Quem vindicem . . . voluerunt, which our ancestors intended 
 as a place of punishment (lit., as the punisher) of, etc. 
 
 21. Maximae res. Supply sedentur, from sedetur below. 
 
 24. Me uno . . . imperatore, Abl. Absol., while I alone clad in the 
 toga am your leader and commander. — Togato, clad in the toga, the dress 
 of the peaceful citizen as opposed to paludamentum, the military cloak of 
 the commander. Cicero engages, therefore, to bring the war to a close 
 without resorting to military force. See note on velis, non togis, p. 21, 
 line 20. 
 
 28. Impemdens patriae periculum, the danger which threatens 
 the country. 
 
 30. Vix optandum, scarcely to be hoped for. 
 
 31. Ut neque bonus quisquam . . . que, that no good man , . . and 
 that. — Neque = et non, of which et is the correlative of que. G. 554, 1., 5. — 
 Ut neque . . . possitis ; in apposition with illud above. 
 
 33. Prudentia, consiliis, etc. ; G. 425, 1, note. 
 
 34. Multis et non dubiis significationibiis, on the many sure 
 tokens. G. 440, 1, note ; 637, VIII. 
 
 35. Quibus ducibus, under whose guidance. Abl. Absol. Qitibus 
 refers to deorum. 
 
 1. Non procul, ut . . . solebant, not at a distance, as they were wont §4 
 to do. Cicero thus refers to the protection which the Romans had received 
 from the gods in foreign wars, to awaken in his hearers an expectation of 
 special divine interposition in defence of the temples and shrines of the 
 city itself. 
 
 4o Precari, venerari, implorare, to beseech, supplicate, implore ; 
 an accumulation of syuonymes to add emphasis to the expression. — Ut; 
 
182 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 24 construe with defendant. — Quam urbem, hane; construe, hano urbem 
 quam. 
 
 5. Omnibus hostium . . . superatis, now that all the forces of ow 
 enemies (i. e., foreign enemies) have been conquered, etc. — Hostium (ene- 
 mies) is contrasted with perditissimorum civium (most abandoned citi 
 zens) . 
 
 6. Terra marique ; G. 425, 2. 
 
 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE, DELIVERED BEFORE THE 
 PEOPLE IN THE FORUM, ON THE THIRD OF DECEMBER, 
 63 B. C* 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 I. Introduction. I. 
 
 II. An Account of the Means and Events by which the Con- 
 spiracy WAS DISCOVERED AND EXPOSED. DECREE OF THE SENATE, 
 
 II. — VI. 
 
 III. The Signal Success already attained to be ascribed to 
 two Principal Causes : 
 
 1. To the Policy of the Consul in driving Catiline 
 
 from the City. VII. 
 
 2. To the Divine Interposition in Behalf of the State. 
 
 VIIL, IX. 
 
 IV. The People are exhorted to render Gratitude to the Gods 
 
 AND TO RETAIN A GRATEFUL RECOLLECTION OF THE SERVICES OF THEIR 
 
 Consul. X., XL 
 
 V. Conclusion. XII. 
 
 2, Introduction. Cicero announces the Exposure and 
 Failure of the Conspiracy. The State is safe. 
 
 ^*j lo &em publicam ; object of videhs, line 7. 
 
 &. Urbem ; in apposition with domicilium. Rome is thus repre- 
 sented as the home or abode of the government, i. e„, the scat of govern- 
 ment. 
 
 5. Meis ; construe with laboribus and consiliis, as well as vath th - 
 nearest noun periculis. 
 
 Introduction, D. 141. 
 
■ 
 
 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE, 183 
 
 6. Ereptam ; Participle. Esse is not to be supplied. 25 
 
 7o Et, si . . . servavit. This sentence is a fine specimen of a full 
 V/atin period, as is also the preceding. G. 573. — Si . . . sunt . . . debebit. 
 For the force of the Indicative, see G. 508. Cicero refers to the fact 
 that the Romans were accustomed to celebrate with joy and festivity the 
 anniversary of their escape from any great danger. See Horace, Odes, 
 
 m. s 8. 
 
 8. Hlustres, bright, festive. — Quibus ; Abl. of Time. 
 
 9. Salutis laetitia, the joy derived from preservation from danger, 
 lit., the joy of preservation. — Nascendi incerta condicio, the condi- 
 tion (i. e. } the condition in life, whether one of joy or of sorrow) to which 
 tee are born (bit., of being born) is uncertain. 
 
 10. Sine sensu, without consciousness, i. e., unconsciously. 
 
 11. Profecto; construe with debebit. — Qui . . . condidit; i. e^ 
 Romulus, who is reported to have founded Rome 753 B. C. 
 
 12. Ad deos . . . sustulimus. Romulus was deified as Quirinus, in 
 whose honor the festival of the Quirinalia was annually celebrated on 
 the seventeenth of February. — Benevolentia famaque, by our grati- 
 tude and by the glory which we ascribe to him ; lit., by good-will and glory « 
 
 13. Debebit, will deserve. 
 
 15. Urbi; G. 386. — Delubris, shrines. 
 
 17. Iidemque; G. 451, 3. — Rettudimus, we have thncst back, not 
 have blunted. 
 
 19. Per me, through my agency. G. 415, 1., 1, note 1. 
 
 20. Exponam. Supply ea.—Ut ; construe with possitis.— Quanta | 
 supply sent, how important they are. 
 
 22. Exspectatis, are waiting, i. e., are in anxious exspectation, 
 waiting to be informed by the consul. 
 
 1. Ut, ever since, lit., as, as soon as, i. e., as soon as he left, I began to QQ 
 watch, etc. — Paucis ante diebus, a few days ago. G. 430, note 3. 
 
 It was, in fact, already twenty-five days, but Cicero, to excuse his own 
 tardiness, speaks of the period as short. 
 
 2, Cum reliquisset, when he left = having left or leaving, lit. 
 -jchen he had left. G. 521, II., 2. 
 
 H. Leniulus, one of the Conspirators, tampers loith the 
 AUobroges. The latter are seized by the Agents of 
 Cicero, 
 
 G* Ejiciebam. Observe the force of the Imperfect, 
 7. Hujus verbi; i.e., of the word ejiciebam, — Ilia ; i. e. 9 ilia in 
 vidia. 
 
184 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 26 8. Quod vivus exierit. This clause explains ilia, since that (un- 
 
 popularity) arising from the fact that he went forth alive, etc. — Exierit; 
 Subj. in an Indirect Clause. G. 529, II. — Sed turn, but at that time, or 
 more freely, at that time, I say. Sed here resumes the thought with 
 which the chapter opens, turn, quum ex urbe, etc. In such cases it may 
 be rendered, but, now, I say, etc. — Exterminari, to be driven into 
 exile. Observe the etymology of the word. 
 
 10. Restitissent. Explain mood and tense. What mood and 
 tense would be used in the Direct Discourse ? G. 525, 2. 
 
 11. Atque ego ut vidi, and so when I saw ; lit., and I, as I saw. 
 Ego is the subject of consumpsi below. Atque, as a particle of transition, 
 may often be rendered by but, now, and so. 
 
 13. Esse, remansisse. Observe the force of each tense. What 
 is the real time here denoted by each ? G. 537, note. — In eo, in this, i. e., 
 in this endeavor, 'explained by the clause ut quid agerent . . . viderem; G. 
 501, III. 
 
 15. Ut rem ita comprehenderem, that I might so grasp the sub- 
 ject, i. e., get so complete possession of all the facts in the case. This 
 clause should not be treated as an appositive to eo, but as a clause ex- 
 pressing the purpose of sentirem ac viderem. — Auribus vestris mino- 
 rem . . . mea, my words found too little credence in your ears, lit., to your 
 ears. — Auribus ; Dative of Indirect Object with faceret, which is in the 
 Potential Subjunctive. 
 
 17. Ut provideretis ; Subjunctive of Result. — Animis, with 
 your minds ; emphatic in contrast with oculis. See Syn. L. C. 355. — 
 Saluti; G. 385, 1. 
 
 19. Allobrogum. The Allobroges were a warlike people of Gaul, 
 who had been conquered by the Romans more than half a centuiy be- 
 fore. The deputation here spoken of came to Rome to present certain 
 complaints against the provincial government — Belli ; Genitive depend- 
 ing upon causa. G. 544, 1. — Transalpini, Transalpine, i. e., in Trans- 
 alpine Gaul, or in Gaul beyond the Alps. 
 
 20. Tumultus Gallici, a Gallic revolt or war. Tumultus, as dis- 
 tinguished from bellum, is applied especially to a commotion or war in 
 Italy or in Cisalpine Gaul. Gallici, Gallic, as here distinguished from 
 transalpini, means in Cisalpine Gaul. — P. Lentulo. Publius Corne- 
 lius Lentulus, a partisan of Catiline, was at this time praetor. He had 
 been consul, but was subsequently expelled from the senate on account 
 of his scandalous life. His election to the office of praetor restored him 
 to the senate. — Esse sollicitatos, had been tampered with, i. e., Len- 
 tulus, taking advantage of their dissatisfaction, had endeavored to intes* 
 est them in the conspiracy. 
 
• 
 
 THIKD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 185 
 
 21. Eodemque itinere, and on the same journey. As their home- 26 
 ward route lay through Etruria, they could easily visit Catiline at the camp 
 
 of Manlius. 
 
 22. Comitem, as a companion. This is a Predicate Accusative after 
 adjunctum esse. 
 
 23. T. Volturcium. Titus Volturcius, of whom little is known, 
 except that he was a native of Crotona, in Italy, and a partisan of Catiline. 
 — Ad Catilinam; construe with litter as, a letter to Catiline. 
 
 24. Oblatam. Supply esse. 
 
 25. Ut, so that. — Quod erat . . . quodque, which was a very dif- 
 ficult matter, and one which. 
 
 28. L. Flaccum et C Pomptinum. Lucius Flaccus and Gaius 
 Fomptinus were praetors under Cicero. They had both seen service in 
 previous wars. At the close of the praetorship, Flaccus became governor 
 of the province of Asia, and Pomptinus of Gallia Narbonensis. — Prae- 
 tores. The praetors, eight in number, were Roman magistrates, charged 
 with the administration of justice. See note on circumstare . . . praetoris 
 17-bani, p. 12, line 15. 
 
 29. Fortissimos . e . rei publicae. Two most important qualifi- 
 dons in those to whom great public trusts are to be committed — courage 
 
 »uu patriotism. — Rei publicae; G. 399, II. 
 
 30. Quid placeret; G. 529, 1. 
 
 31. Qui sentirent ; Relative clause denoting a reason, as they enter' 
 tained all noble and excellent sentiments, etc. G. 517. %. 
 
 33. Cum advesperasceret ; G. 300 ; 521, II., 2. — Pontem Mul- 
 vium. This was one of the bridges over the Tiber. It was on the road 
 to Faesulae, and was three miles from the Roman Forum. 
 
 35. Interesset; G. 463, 3. 
 
 1. Praefectura Reatina, the prefecture of Reate, a Sabine town 27 
 of which Cicero was the patron. Originally the prefectures had neither 
 laws nor magistrates of their own, but were governed by a Roman prefect. 
 Subsequently some of these towns, among which was Reate, obtained 
 from Rome the rights of citizenship. 
 
 2. Opera; G. 421, 1. 
 
 3. Tertia fere vigilia exacta ; i. e., about three o'clock in the 
 morning. The Romans divided the night into four watches of three hours 
 each. 
 
 4. Cum inciperent. Observe that this clause defines the time of 
 the attack. For the difference between the Indicative and the Subjunctive 
 in the Imperfect and Pluperfect tenses in Temporal Clauses, see G. 521, 
 II. — Magno comitatii, with a large retinue. G 419, 1, 1). 
 
 6. Res, the thing, i. e., the cause of the attack. 
 
186 NOTES. 
 
 III. The Letters and Documents obtained from Voltur- 
 cius and the Allobroges are brought to Cicero. Ga- 
 binius and others are arrested. The Senate is con- 
 vened. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 27 8. Interventu; Abl. of Cause. As the object of the attack had 
 
 been obtained, there was no need of continuing the battle. 
 
 10. Integris signis, with unbroken seals ; Abl. Absol. The waxen 
 tablets on which letters were usually written, were tied together with a 
 string, the knot of which was sealed. — Ipsi, the men themselves, in dis- 
 tinction from the letters. 
 
 13. Cimbrum Gabinium. One of the cbief conspirators, called 
 also Publius Gabinius (p. 30, line 13), and, by Sallust, Publius Gabinius 
 Capito. He was of equestrian rank. — Nihildum suspicantem, as yet 
 suspecting nothing. 
 
 14. Li. Statilius, C. Cethegus. These were both leading con- 
 spirators. The former was of equestrian rank, the latter of senatorial. — 
 Lentulus. See note on P. Lentulo, p. 26, line 20. — Credo quod . . . 
 vigilarat. Observe the sarcasm and irony. Lentulus was notoriously 
 dilatory and indolent. 
 
 17. Cum placeret, though it pleased, i. e., seemed best. — Viris; 
 Indirect Object of placeret. 
 
 18. Frequentes, in great numbers. — Litteras aperiri; Subject 
 of placeret. 
 
 19. Deferri ; with litteras to be supplied ; in the same construction 
 as litteras aperiri. G. 417, 1 ; 535, 1., 6. — Si esset inventum ; Fut. Perf. 
 in Direct Discourse. G. 525, 2. 
 
 21. Negavi . . . ut non rem integram deferrem, / said that 1 
 would not so act as not to refer the whole subject. Negavi = dixi non. — Ut 
 deferrem; G. 498, II. 
 
 22. Ad consilium publicum, to the public council, i. e., the 
 senate. 
 
 23. Si reperta essent ; G. 510, note 1. -- Quae erant delata ; G. 
 524,2,2). 
 
 27. Admonitu ; G. 416. — C. Sulpicium. Of Gaius Sulpicius we 
 know only what Cicero here tells us. 
 
 28. Qui efferret, to bring, lit., who should bring ; Subj. of Purpose. 
 G. 497. — Aedibus ; G. 132. — Si quid telorum esset, if there should 
 be any weapons (lit., any thing of weapons) there, i. e., whatever weapon* 
 were there. G. 397, 3. 
 
 29. Ex quibus,, from tohich, i. e., from the house of Cethegus. 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 187 
 
 IV. Testimony of Volturcius. PAGE 
 
 31. Introduxi; i. e., into the senate, which was then assembled in 27 
 the Temple of Jupiter Stator. — Gallis = legatis Allobrogum. — Fidem 
 publicam dedi, I pledged to him the protection of the state ; i. e., I 
 promised him pardon in case he would reveal whatever he knew of the 
 plot. 
 
 33. Timore. See Syn. L. C. 305. — Cum vix se recreasset, 
 when he had scarcely recovered. G. 521, II., 2. 
 
 35. Ut servorum . . . uteretur, advising him to employ the assist- 
 ance of slaves. This clause explains mandata et litter as, with which it is in 
 apposition. In translating, supply the words advising him. G. 501, III. 
 
 36. Id . . . consilio, and that he should do this (i. e., approach the 
 city) with this design. Id is the object oifaceret, to be supplied. 
 
 1. Ut; construe with esset below. —Ex omnibus partibus, in all 28 
 parts, lit., from all parts ; a common Latin idiom, using a, ab, e or ex, 
 where we use at, in, on, on the side of, or some similar expression. 
 
 3. Ille, he, i. e., Catiline. — Qui fugientes exciperet, to intercept 
 thefugitives. 
 
 14. His ducibus, i. e., those leaders mentioned directly below. 
 5. Jus jurandum, an oath. This was in writing, and was to be 
 communicated to the Allobroges in ratification of the compact which the 
 conspiratoi-s wished to make with them. 
 
 6. Data esse ; G. 439, 3. 
 
 7. Ita, ut, that, lit., thus, viz., that. — L. Cassio. L. Cassius, an 
 influential patrician and senator, was one of the most prominent of the 
 conspirators. 
 
 9. Defuturas. Supply esse. The infinitive depends upon a verb 
 of saying implied in esse praescriptum. G. 523, I., note. — Lentulum 
 sibi confirmasse, thai Lentulus had assured them. 
 
 10. Ex fatis Sibyllinis, from the Sibylline predictions. These 
 predictions were not taken from the three famous Sibylline books said to 
 
 », have been purchased by King Tarquin, for those had been destroyed 
 twenty years before, at the time of the burning of the capitol. Various 
 other Sibylline books were, however, soon after collected from different 
 portions of Italy and Greece. In one of these was found a prediction 
 which was interpreted to mean that three members of the Cornelian gens 
 should rule Rome. In the opinion of Lentulus, the three Cornelii were 
 Publius Cornelius Cinna, notorious for his tyranny and cruelty, Lucius 
 Cornelius Sulla, the famous dictator, and himself, Publius Cornelius 
 Lentulus. 
 
188 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 28 11. Ilium; G. 450,4. 
 
 12. Esset necesse, was destined. 
 
 13. Eundemque dixisse, and that he had also said. G. 451, 8. — 
 Fatalem ad, destined for. 
 
 14. Qui esset, since it was. G. 517. 
 
 15. Post virginum absolutionem, since the acquittal of che 
 virgins, i. e., of the Vestal virgins, the virgin priestesses of Vesta, who 
 guarded the perpetual fire in the temple of that goddess. Of the trial 
 itself, nothing further is known. — Capitolii incensionem. From 
 some unknown cause, the capitol, i. e., the temple of Jupiter on the 
 Capitoline Hill, was burned 83 B. C. 
 
 16. Hanc controversiam, a controversy on this point, lit., this con- 
 troversy. 
 
 18. Saturnalibus, on the Saturnalia, the festival of Saturn, cele- 
 brated with general festivity and merriment on the nineteenth of De- 
 cember. 
 
 19. Nimium longum, too long, i. e., too long to wait, too long a 
 postponement. 
 
 Y. The Conviction and Confession of the Prisoners. 
 
 20. Ne longum sit, not to he tedious. This clause does not express 
 the purpose of jussimus, but of some verb or expression which may be 
 readily supplied, as, I proceed at once to state, etc. G. 499, 2, foot-note 2. 
 — Tabellas ; i. e., the waxen tablets on which the letters were written. 
 
 21. A quoque; construe with da'ae ; supply esse. G. 534, note. 
 
 22. Signum. The seal was placed upon the knot of the string 
 {linum) with which the tablets were secured. — Nos linum incidimus, 
 we cut the string ; the usual way of opening a Roman letter. 
 
 25. Orare; like sese. ..facturum esse, subject of erat scriptum,that 
 he asked. — Sibi recepissent, had promised him, more literally, had un^ 
 dertaken for him. — Sibi refers, not to the ambassadors, but to the writer 
 of the letter, Cethegus. 
 
 26. Qui aliquid tamen respondisset, who had yet (*. e., not- 
 withstanding his manifest guilt) made some reply = though he had, etc. ; 
 Relative of Concession. G. 515, III. 
 
 28. Ferramentorum ; G. 399. 
 
 32. In eandem fere sententiam, to nearly the same purport. 
 
 34. Cognosceretne ; G. 529, 1. 
 
 35. Imago avi tui, the image of your grandfather. The head of 
 some ancestor was not an uncommon device upon a Roman seal. The 
 grandfather was Publius Cornelius Lentulus, who was consul 162 B. C- 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 189 
 
 PAGE 
 
 He also aided L. Opimius, the consul in the year 121 B. C., against Gaius 28 
 Gracchus. See p. 2, lines 11 to 15. 
 
 36. Quae quidem etiam muta (this, andi. e., imago) indeed, even 
 though speechless. 
 
 2. Eadem ratione, of the same character, i. e., of the same tenor 29 
 and purport as the letters already read. Abl. of Characteristic. Some 
 critics treat ratione as Abl. of Manner, and render, in like manner. 
 
 3. Si . . . veUet. This conditional sentence, with its omitted conclu- 
 sion implied in feci potestatem, is of the nature of Indirect Discourse, 
 thus : I gave him permission to speak (i. e., I told him he might speak), if 
 he wished, etc. Hence vellet, Imperf. Subj. G. 524; 493, 1. 
 
 5. Edito, recorded. The testimony was at once put in writing. 
 
 6. Quid sibi . . . iis, what he had to do with them, lit., what there 
 teas to him with them. G. 387. — Domum ; G. 380, II., 2, 1). 
 
 7. Itemque a Volturcio. Supply quaesivit. — Cum respondis- 
 sent; G. 521, II., 2. 
 
 8. Per quern, through xohose agency. Lat. Comp. 231, VI. Quern 
 refers to the freedman, P. Umbrenus, whom Lentulus employed for this 
 purpose. 
 
 10. Subito scelere demens, suddenly bereft of reason through 
 guilt, i. e., the consciousness of guilt. 
 
 11. Cum id . . . infitiari, though he might havedeniedit. G. 515, 
 HI. ; 537, 1. 
 
 15. Qua superabat omnes, in which he surpassed all, i. e., all 
 others. Qua, Abl. of Specification. 
 
 19. Vehementissime perturbatus, though most violently agitated. 
 G. 549, 2. 
 
 20. Erant sine nomine, it was without a signature, i. e., anony- 
 mous. 
 
 122. Quern in locum, into tchat a position, referring to the fact that 
 he was already committed to the work. 
 
 24. Etiam infimorum, even of the lowest, with special reference to 
 slaves. 
 
 25. Cum primo, though at first. — Coepisset; G. 515, III. 
 27. Cum tlla, while those things. Ilia, which is explained by 
 
 tabellae, signa, manus, and confessio, in apposition with it, is the subject 
 of visa sunt. — Certissima, very certain. 
 
 29. Turn multo certiora Ula, those are much more certain. Turn 
 is the correlative of quum above, line 27, G. 554, I., 5, and may not im- 
 
 ■ properly be omitted in translating. 
 
 30. Obstupuerant, were so stupefied, lit., had become so stupefied. 
 
 31. Inter se aspieiebant, looked at one another. G. 448, note. 
 
190 NOTES. 
 
 VI. The Action of the Senate. 
 
 PAGE u 
 
 29 35. De summa re pubUca, in regard to the highest welfare of the 
 state. — Quid . . . placeret; Indirect Question, serving as a second 
 Accus. after consului. G. 375. 
 
 36. A principibus, the leading men. The term is applied especially 
 to the chief of the senate, the consuls-elect, and the ex-consuls. Ac- 
 cording to Roman custom, they had a right to be heard before the other 
 senators. 
 
 30 1. Sine ulla varietate, without a dissenting voice, i. e., unani- 
 mously. 
 
 2. Nondum est perscriptum. The decrees of the senate were 
 usually engraved upon brazen tablets. 
 
 3. Censuerit. See Syn. L. C. 576. 
 
 4. Gratiae aguntur. See Syn. L. C. 548.— Quod ... sit liberata. 
 Observe the force of the Subj., showing that the reason was assigned by the 
 senate, not by Cicero. G. 516, II. 
 
 7. Usus essem; Pluperfect, as the Historical Present laudantur is 
 here treated as an Historical tense, but, above, aguntur is treated as a 
 Principal tense. Hence the Perfect sit liberata. G. 495, II. 
 
 8. Collegae meo, my colleague, i. e., in the consulship. C. Anto- 
 nius, the colleague here referred to, was at first supposed to be more or less 
 in sympathy with Catiline, but Cicero soon succeeded in winning him to 
 the cause of the republic. See Introduction, p. 138. 
 
 9. Conjurationis ; G. 399, 1., 3. 
 
 10. A suis . . . consiliis, from his own counsels and those of the re' 
 public. — Ita ut, that. 
 
 11. Cum . . . abdicasset, when he had abdicated the praetorship- 
 This clause in the decree was absolutely essential, as no Roman magis- 
 trate could be punished so long as he held office. G. 414, 1. 
 
 12. In custodiam. See note on in custodiam dedisti, p. 7, line 32. 
 14. Idem hoc ; i. e., ut in custodiam traderetur. 
 
 16. M. Ceparium. Marcus Ceparius was a native of Terracina 
 He fled from Rome on the discovery of the conspiracy, but was afterward 
 arrested and executed. — Cui ; Indirect object of attributam esse. — Apu- 
 liain attributam esse ; subject of erat indicatum. 
 
 17. P. Furium; Q. Annium Chilonem. In regard to these 
 men, little is known. They were active partisans of Catiline. The 
 former was one of the veterans of Sulla ; the latter a senator. — De iis 
 eolonis, one of those colonists. See note on ouas Stdla constitute, p. 20 f 
 line 19. 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 191 
 
 PAGE 
 
 18. Faesulas ; G. 380, II. 30 
 
 19. In hac . . . sollicitatione, in this tampering with (lit., solicita- 
 tion of) the Allobroges. — Allobrogum; Objective Gen. G. 396, III. 
 
 20. P. Umbrenum. A freedman who had resided in Gaul. 
 
 22. Ea lenitate usus est, exercised such leniency. G. 421, 1. 
 
 23. Ut ; construe with arbitraretur. G. 500. — Ex tanta conjura 
 itione, out of so great a conspiracy ; construe with novem hominum. 
 
 24. Novem hominum ; i. e., of the nine conspirators just men- 
 tioned — Lentulus, Cethegus, etc. Only five were, however, actually pun- 
 ished, as Cassius, Furius, Chilo, and Umbrenus escaped by flight. 
 
 25. Poena, by the punishment. — Re publica conservata; Abl. 
 Absol. 
 
 27. Supplicatio, a thanksgiving. 
 
 28. Quod mini primum toga to contigit, an honor which has 
 been conferred upon me first in civil life, i. e., an honor which was never 
 before conferred upon any one in civil life, but only upon generals. — 
 Quod, which, i. e., an honor which, referring to the honor of thanks- 
 giving. — Togato, clad in the toga, i. e., in civil life as opposed to military 
 service. See note on togato, p. 23, line 24. 
 
 30. Quod liberassein; G. 516, II.— Urbem incendiis; G. 
 414, 1. 
 
 31. Quae supplicatio si, if this thanksgiving. 
 
 32. Hoc interest, there is this difference. G. 408, II.; 511.— 
 Ceterae. Supply supplicationes constitutae sunt. — Bene gesta; sup- 
 ply re publica, for managing the public interests successfully, i. e., 
 in war ; hence, for military successes, lit., the republic having been, well 
 managed. 
 
 33. Haec una. Supply supplicatio. — Illud quod faciendum, 
 etc. This does not seem to refer to any one thing in particular, 
 but is probably to be taken in a general sense ; that which = whatever. 
 The meaning is that every thing has been done legally and constitution- 
 ally. 
 
 2. Ut liberaremur, that we might be freed from. — Quae religio 81 
 C. Mario, etc., which scruple had not prevented C. Marius . . .from putting 
 
 to death C. Glaucia, the praetor, etc. In general, the person of a 
 magistrate, while in office, was inviolable. Hence Lentulus is compelled 
 to lay down his office that he may be punished as a private citizen. — 
 Mario non fuerat quo minus, lit., had not been to Marius by which 
 the less, i.e., had not prevented him from. — Quo minus occideret; 
 G. 497, n., 2. 
 
 3. C. Glauciam ; called C. Servilium, p. 2, line 18. The full name 
 is C. Scrvilius Glaucia. See note on C. Mario, p. 2, line 16. 
 
Vd2 NOTES. 
 
 VII. The Signal Success already attained largely due to 
 the Absence of Catiline from the City. 
 
 31 9. Opes, supports. 
 
 10. Quern, him ; object ofpellebam. — Quidem ego ; G. 446, note 
 1. — Hoc providebam animo, I foresaw this in my mind. Hoc is ex- 
 plained by the following infinitive clause, esse . . . pertimescendam, in appo- 
 sition with it. 
 
 12. Lentuli somnum, the drowsiness of Lentulus, i. e., Lentulus 
 with his drowsiness. — Adipes, corpulence. 
 
 13. Ille, he, i. e., Catiline. 
 
 14. Tarn diu, dum, as long as, i. e., only as long as, lit., as long as, 
 while. 
 
 15. Norat; G. 235, 2. Why in the Pluperfect? G. 297, I., 2.— 
 Omnium aditus tenebat, he was acquainted with the means of access 
 to all men, i. e., he knew how to approach them in such a way as to 
 win them to his cause. — Omnium ; Objective Genitive. — Tenebat; 
 here used as a synonyme of norat, was acquainted with, held in his 
 knowledge. 
 
 16. Appellare, tentare . . . audebat. G. 554, I., 6. — Erat ei 
 consilium . . . aptum, he had the ability capable of planning crime, lit., 
 adapted to crime. 
 
 17. Consilio, lingua, manus; i. e., to this ability to form plans 
 was added the ability to advocate and execute them. 
 
 18. Jam, moreover. 
 
 19. Descriptos, assigned. 
 
 20. Confectum putabat, did he consider it accomplished. Confec- 
 turn agrees with id as a predicate accusative. — Quod . . . occurreret, 
 which he did not attend to, engage in. G. 503, I. The case of quod is de- 
 termined by the nearest verb obiret. Occurreret would govern the Dative. 
 Obeo and occurro, as synonymes, differ from each other only as the sim- 
 ple verbs, eo and curro, differ. 
 
 23. Ego hominem. Ego is the subject of compulissem, of which 
 hominem is the object. In construing, begin with nisi. G. 569, III., 1. — 
 Paratum, ready, i. e., prepared for every emergency. 
 
 24. In perditis rebus, in criminal enterprises. 
 
 25. In castrense latrocinium, into open robbery, lit., robbery per- 
 taining to a camp, i. e., carried on by means of an army. Cicero speaks 
 of Catiline's military movements not as warfare, but as robbery. 
 
 28. Non ille . . . Saturnalia, etc.; i. e., he would have appointed 
 an earlier day for the execution of his plans, and would not have made 
 
TEMPLE OP JUPITER CAPITOLINUS. 
 
 (Eestored by Cav, Canina.) 
 
 p. 193. 
 
THIRD OEATION AGAINST CATILINE. 193 
 
 PAGE 
 
 the various mistakes which his accomplices have made since he left the 31 
 city. See note on Saturnalibus, p. 28, line 18. 
 
 29. Tanto ante, so long in advance. — Rei publicae; construe 
 svith exitii acfati. 
 
 30. Neque commisisset, nor have permitted. — Testes, as wit- 
 nesses ; Predicate Nominative. 
 
 34. Quod si; G. 453, 6. 
 
 36. Quoad fuit ; supply in urbe, as long as he was here. — Occurri 
 atque obstiti, / opposed and defeated. Observe the fitness of atque, as 
 obstiti implies successful opposition. G. 554, 1., 2. 
 
 I. Ut levissinie dicam, to sag the least. G. 499, 2, note. 32 
 
 VJ1L, IX. The Suppression of the Conspiracy kH'gely 
 due to Divine Interposition. 
 
 6. Nutu atque consilio, in accordance with the will and purpose. 
 
 7. Conjectura consequi, to infer, lit., to attain bg conjecture. — 
 Cum, turn vero, not onlg, but in truth. 
 
 8. Humani consilii esse, to be within the reach of human wisdom. 
 G. 403. 
 
 9. Ita praesentes, so visiblg present. 
 
 10. His temporibus, in these times, i. e., at this crisis ; Abl. of 
 Time. 
 
 II. Ilia; explained by the appositives, visas faces ardoremque caeli, 
 referring to certain unusual phenomena in the heavens, perhaps some re- 
 markable manifestations of the aurora borealis, attended with brilliant 
 meteors. Cicero also mentions these prodigies in his poem " De Con- 
 sulate" 
 
 12. Ab occidente, in the west ; the quarter in which unfavorable 
 omens appeared. — Ut fulminum, etc. Supply omittam. Cicero doubt- 
 less here refers to the thunder said to have been heard at this time from 
 a clear sky. 
 
 14. Ita multa facta sunt, have happened in such numbers, lit., so 
 mang. 
 
 15= Canere, to predict, lit., to sing. The secondary meaning is de- 
 rived from the fact that oracular responses were given in verse. 
 
 16. Praetermittendum, relinquendum. The former means to 
 overlook unintentionally, the latter to omit intentionally. 
 
 17. Cotta et Torquato consulibus; *. e., in the year 65 B. C. } 
 when L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus were consuls. 
 
 18. In Capitolio, in the Capitol, i. e., in the Temple of Jupiter on 
 the Capitoline Hill. — De eaelo,/rom heaven, i. e., with lightning. 
 
194 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 32 20. Legum aera, the brazen tablets of the laws, i. e., the tablets on 
 
 which the laws were engraved. 
 
 21. Tactus, was struck. Supply est. — Ille Romulus, the statue 
 of that Romulus. 
 
 22. Quern inauratum . . . meministis, which (lit., whom) you re- 
 member to have been in the Capitol, a gilded statue of a slicking infant 
 (lit., gilded, small, and sucking), opening his mouth for the dugs of a toolf 
 Legend represented Romulus as having been nursed in infancy by 
 a she-wolf. The famous Bronze "Wolf in the modern Capitol at Rome 
 is supposed by many to be the identical statue of which Cicero here 
 speaks. 
 
 24. Haruspices ex tota Etruria. On extraordinary occasions, 
 soothsayers were sometimes invited to Rome from Etruria, as the 
 Romans originally derived all their knowledge of divination from that 
 countiy. 
 
 25. Caedes ; subject of appropinquare. 
 
 28. Flexissent. Mood and Tense in the Direct Discourse ? G. 525, 2. 
 
 29. Illorum responsis, in accordance with their responses. G. 416. 
 
 31. Iidemque, they also, i. e.,the soothsayers. — Simulacrum; ob- 
 ject offacere, whose subject is to be supplied, perhaps nos. 
 
 32. Majus, larger, i. e., larger than the one which was struck by 
 lightning. — Contra atque ante fuerat, a direction opposite to that in 
 which the former statue had stood. That faced towards the west, this 
 towards the east. 
 
 34. Illud signum quod videtis, that statue which you behold. It 
 ■was just finished. 
 
 35. Fore ut, it would come to pass that. G. 537, 3. 
 
 36- Ut possent, so that they could ; Subj. of Result after illustra- 
 rentur. 
 3g 1. Illud signum collocandum locaverunt, contracted to have 
 
 that statue placed, i. e., made and placed as described {in excelso). 
 
 3. Neque superioribus . . . nobis, neither in the preceding consul- 
 ships («. e., those of the two preceding years) nor in ours. With nobis 
 supply coyisulibus ; Abl. Absol. 
 
 6. Mente captus, bereft of reason, lit., captured (fettered, helpless) 
 in mind. — Mente, Abl. of Specification. — Qui neget, as to deny; Rela- 
 tive of Result. 
 
 8. Cum esset ita responsum, i. e., by the soothsayers. G. 521, 
 II., 2. Ita is explained by caedes . . . comparari, and may be omitted in 
 rendering. 
 
 10. Et ea, and that too. G. 451, 2. Ea is the subject of comparari, 
 to be supplied. 
 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 195 
 
 PAGE 
 
 13. Illud; explained by ut, cum . . . ducerentur. — Ita praesens, 33 
 so clearly divine, i. e., showing the divine presence. 
 
 14. Cum ducerentur; G. 529, II. 
 
 15. Eorum indices, the witnesses against them. — Eorum, Objective 
 Genitive. — Aedem Concordiae; situated on the slope of the Capitoline 
 Hill, near the Forum. 
 
 20. Quo, for this reason; i. e., because they are opposing the gods; 
 Abl. of Cause. —Odio; G. 421, III. — Qui sunt conati. Observe the 
 force of the Indicative, who have (actually) attempted. 
 
 23. Quibus ; referring to isti qui. — Si dicam ; G. 509. 
 
 24. Et non sim ferendus, and should be unendurable, i. e., insuffer- 
 ably arrogant. — Hie, ille Juppiter, that, that Jupiter, pointing to the 
 statue just erected. 
 
 26. Diis immortaHbus ducibus, under the guidance of the im- 
 mortal gods. G. 431, 2. — Ego hanc mentem . . . suscepi, I conceived 
 this purpose and desire. Ego, empbatic, in contrast with diis. 
 
 29. Creditae. Nunquam essent belongs to creditae, as well as to 
 commissae. — Et ignotis et barbaris, to those who were both strangers 
 and barbarians, i. e., to the ambassadors of tbe Allobroges. 
 
 30. Commissaeque . . . essent, and letters icould never have been 
 committed to them. Supply lis referring to ignotis et barbaris. 
 
 31. Huic tantae audaciae, from this so great audacity , i. e., 
 from this so audacious conspiracy ; the abstract for the concrete. G. 
 386,2. 
 
 32. Ut homines GaHi. In rendering begin with id non . . . putatis, 
 p. 34, line 1. — Ut . . . negligerent . . . anteponerent ; Substantive Clause 
 in apposition with id. G. 501, III. — Ex civitate male pacata, from a 
 state scarcely subjugated. 
 
 33. Quae videatur; G. 503, II., 1. 
 
 34. Posse et non noUe, to be able and not unwilling. Retain the 
 Litotes. G.637,VIH. 
 
 35. Rerum amplissimarum, of the greatest advantages. — A pa- 
 triciis hominibus, by patricians, i. e., among the conspirators, as Len- 
 tulus, Cethegus, and others. 
 
 36. Suis opibus, to their own interests. G. 386. 
 
 2. Qui superare potuerint, since they might have conquered. G. 34 
 517. — Tacendo ; i. e., by not revealing the conspiracy. 
 
 X. The People are exhorted to give Thanhs to the Gods. 
 
 4. Ad omnia pulvinaria, at all the altars. The pulvinaria are 
 couches arranged around tables spread with viands for the gods. On 
 
196 NOTES. 
 
 PAGfi 
 
 34 festive occasions of this kind, the statues of the gods were placed upon 
 these couches as if to partake of the offerings made to them. 
 
 5. Celebratote ; G. 487, 2, 1). — Illos dies; i. e., the several days 
 of thanksgiving. 
 
 7. Habiti sunt, have been rendered. 
 
 10. Togati, in the garb of peace. It agrees with vos, understood. — 
 Me uno . . . impef atore. See p. 23, line 24. 
 
 11. Recordamini ; Imperative. 
 
 13. Li. Sulla, etc. The events here referred to belong to the year 
 88 B. C. The tribune, P. Sulpicius, proposed a law transferring the com- 
 mand in the Mithridatic War from Sulla to Marius ; whereupon Sulla, who 
 had not yet left Italy, marched with his legions to Rome, put Sulpicius to 
 death, and banished Marius and others. 
 
 14. Custodem hujus urbis. Marius is so called because he saved 
 Rome from invasion by the Cimbri and Teutones, 102 and 101 B. C. 
 
 15. Partim, partim, either, or; i. e., he banished some and slew 
 others. — Cn. Octavius. In the year 87 B. C, Cn. Octavius, a partisan 
 of Sulla, drove his own colleague, Cinna, out of the city ; but, before the 
 close of the year, Cinna and Marius returned, became masters of Rome, 
 and were elected consuls for the ensuing year. 
 
 16. Hie locus ; i. e., the Forum. 
 
 19. Lumina civitatis. Among these were Cn. Octavius, the con- 
 sal, M. Antonius, the orator, and Q. Lutatius Catulus, the victor in the 
 Cimbrian War. — Ultus est . . . Sulla. This was in the year 82 B. C. 
 The bloody proscriptions of Sulla were terrible. 
 
 20. Dici opus est; G. 414, note 4, 2). 
 
 21. Quanta deminutione. One writer says upwards of 70,00(T 
 citizens were put to death. — Deminutione and ealamitate limit ultus sit, to 
 be supplied. 
 
 22. M. Lepidus. Marcus Lepidus, consul 78 B. C, attempted to 
 rescind Sulla's laws, but was opposed by his colleague, Quintus Catulus. 
 He was compelled to flee, and died in exile. He was not, however, very 
 much lamented. As Cicero says : " Attulit non tarn ipsius interitus rei 
 publicae luctum quam ceteronim. ,s 
 
 23. Ipsius; i. e., of Lepidus. — Rei publicae; Dative. 
 
 25. Atque tamen, and yet ; i. e., though they aimed merely to 
 Change the constitution, yet. 
 
 27. Illi, they ; i. e., the leaders in these dissensions. 
 
 28. Hanc urbem. Subject of conflagrare. 
 
 29. Reconciliatione, by the restoration. 
 
 31. Uno maximo, without exception the greatest, lit., alone the 
 greatest. 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 1 D 7 
 
 PACK 
 
 33. Sua gente, icith its oivn race, i. e., with barbarians. — Haec 34 
 lex. Explained by ut omnes qui . . . ducerentur. — Lentulo, Cethego, 
 Cassio. See notes on P. Lentulo, p. 26, line 20 ; C. Cethegus, p. 27, line 
 
 15; and L. Cassio, p. 28, line 7. 
 
 34. Salva urbe ; Abl. Absol. 
 36. Cum, though. 
 
 1. Tantuni eivium, as many citizens, i. e., only as many, lit., as 35 
 much of citizens. Cicium, Partitive Genitive. — Quantum restitisset, 
 
 as should hare tvithstood. The Future Perfect would have been used in 
 the Direct Discourse. 
 
 2. Tantum. Supply superfuturum esse. 
 
 3. Integros incolumesque, untouched (whole) and unharmed. See 
 Syn. L. C. 321. 
 
 XI. Cicero asks no other Reward than the Grateful 
 Recollection, on the Part of the People, of his Consul- 
 ship. 
 
 5. Rebus, services. 
 
 8. In animis vestris ; construe with condi et collocari. Why at the 
 beginning of the sentence ? G. 561, I. 
 
 10. Nihil mutum, nothing mute, i. e., no dumb and lifeless memo- 
 rial or statue. 
 
 11. Quod possint ; G. 503, I. 
 
 12. Minus digni, the less worthy. G. 441, 1. — Memoria vestra, 
 in your memory, lit., by means of, etc. ; Abl. of Means. — Res nostrae 
 alentur, my (lit., our) deeds will be kept alive. 
 
 13. Ldtterarum. See Lat. Comp. 440, 2. 
 
 14. Eandemque diem intelligo propagatam, etc., I feel as- 
 sured that the same duration has been granted both to, etc. ; i. e., as long as 
 the state endures, so long will the recollection of my consulship be cher- 
 ished. 
 
 18. Alter, alter, the one, the other ; the former referring to Pompey, 
 who had just won such glory in the Mithridatic War ; tbe latter, to Cicero, 
 who had just crushed this terrible conspiracy against the life of the state. 
 — Non terrae . . . regionibus, by the boundaries not of the earth, but 
 of the heavens ; an exaggeration somewhat extravagant. 
 
 XII. Conclusion. 
 
 21. Earum rerum . . . fortuna, quae illorum; G. 562. 
 
 22. Eadem, quae, the same, as. G. 451, 5. — Est; G. 463, 3.— 
 
198 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 35 Illorum, that of those. Illorum depends upon fortuna and condicio un- 
 derstood. G. 398, 1, note 1. 
 
 25. Vestrum est, it is your duty. G. 401, note 3. — The subject of 
 est is providere. 
 
 26. Mea; *. e., facta mea. Subject of obsint. — Ne obsint; G. 498, 
 II. — Mentes, designs. Subject of possent. 
 
 28. Ne mihi noceant . . . providere. This the Roman people 
 failed to do. Accordingly, five years afterward, Cicero was compelled to 
 go into exile in consequence of his treatment of the conspirators. — Ves- 
 trum. Predicate Adjective agreeing with the subject providere. 
 
 29. Mihi ipsi nihil noceri potest, / myself cannot be injured at 
 all. G. 301, 1. Nihil ; Accus. of Specification. 
 
 32. Dignitas, authority. 
 
 33. Quam qui negligunt, and those who disregard this, lit., which 
 who disregard. G. 453, 3. The antecedent of quam is vis, that of qui is 
 omitted. G. 445/6. 
 
 35. Nobi§ ; G. 446, note 2. 
 
 36. Nullius ; G. 457, 2. 
 
 86 2. Converterit ; Fut. Perf. — Vobis ; G. p. 203, foot-note 1. 
 
 5. Quod possit; G. 503, I. —Ad vitae fructum, as the reward 
 of life, lit., to or for the, etc. Fructum here does not mean enjoyment, but 
 that which is produced, the fruit, reward, result. 
 
 6. In honore vestro, among the honors in your gift, lit., in your 
 honor, i. e., honor conferred by you. Vestro is equivalent to the Subjective 
 Genitive. G. 396, II., note. Cicero had already attained the very highest 
 of all these honors, the consulship. He had reached the summit of a 
 Roman's ambition. 
 
 8. Illud. Explained by ut ea quae gessi . . . ornem. 
 
 9. Ut tuear atque ornem, to maintain and adorn. Cicero means 
 that in future life it will be his aim to maintain and illustrate the very 
 principles which have controlled his conduct during his consulship. 
 
 10. Conservanda re publica, in preserving the republic, lit., by, 
 etc. ; Abl. of Means. 
 
 11. Mihi valeat ad gloriam, may redound to my glory, lit., may 
 avail to me for glory. 
 
 12. Meminerim. Explain Mood and Tense. G. 500; 297, 1., 2. 
 
 13. Gesserim. Subjunctive in an Indirect Clause. — Ea. Subject 
 of videantur. 
 
 15. Jovem ilium. See note on ille, ille Juppiter, p. 33, line 24. 
 
 18. Aeque ac priore nocte, in the same manner as last night. G 
 654, 1., 2, note. 
 
 19. Id, this; explained by ea custodiis vigiliisque defendite. 
 
TEMPLE OF CONCORD. 
 
 (Eestored by Cav. Canina.) 
 
FO 
 
 FOURTH ORATION aGAINST CATILINE. 199 
 
 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE, DELIVERED IN THE SEN- 
 ATE, LN THE TEMPLE OF CONCORD, ON THE FIFTH OF DECEM- 
 BER, 63 B. C* 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION". L, II. 
 
 H. Statement of the Case. Two Different Measures proposed 
 for the Disposition of the Prisoners. III., IV. 
 
 IH. The Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of these two 
 Measures. V. — VIII. 
 
 IV. The Duty of the Senate to the State and to the Consul. 
 IX., X. 
 
 V. Conclusion. XI. 
 
 , I., II. Introduction. Cicero thanks the Senate for their 
 hind Solicitude in his Behalf but begs them to considt 
 only the Public Welfare. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 1. In me . . . conversos. The eyes of all are turned to the consul, 37 
 not only in anxious expectation of the part he is to take in this important 
 debate, but also in deep solicitude for his personal safety. 
 
 2. Vestro. With vestro and rei publicae, supply periculo from line 4. 
 
 3. Si id depulsum sit, if that (your danger) should be warded off, 
 i. e., by the execution of the conspirators now in custody. 
 
 4. Jucunda, grata. See Syn. L. C. 216. 
 
 5. Voluntas, kind solicitude, not merely good-will, as the word gen- 
 erally means, since in that sense Cicero would scarcely say earn deponite. 
 
 6. Salutis; G. 406, II. 
 
 17. Vestris, yours ; i. e., your families. G. 441, 1. — Mini si . . . 
 data est, if the consulship was given me on this condition, lit., if this con," 
 iition of the consulship, etc. 
 
 10. Dum modo . . . pariatur ; G. 513, I. 
 
 12. Cui non forum. Observe that the predicate unquam vacua 
 (vacuum) mortis periculo atque insidiis, is expressed only with the last of 
 
 1 the several subjects. See note on inforo, p. 13, line 10. 
 
 13. In quo . . . continetur. The Forum was the place where 
 justice was administered. — Campus ; i. e., the Campus Martius, in 
 which the consular elections were held. — Consularibus auspiciis, by 
 
 * See Introduction, p. 141. 
 
200 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 37 the consular auspices, i. e., by the auspices which were always taken on 
 the occasion of an election. 
 
 14. Summum auxilium, the highest refuge ; because in the senate- 
 house were heard the causes of all nations in alliance with Rome. 
 
 16. Haec sed.es honoris ; i. e., the curule chair, the official chair 
 of the consul. 
 
 17. Periculo; G. 414, III. 
 
 18. Multa tacui. Cicero had ascertained many facts in regard tc 
 the conspiracy, perhaps implicating- prominent citizens, which he had not 
 deemed it wise to make public. — Multa . . . dolore sanavi, / have 
 remedied many things with some pain to myself. — Meo, to myself, lit., my. 
 G. 398, 3. 
 
 20. Ut . . . eriperem. In apposition with exitum. G. 501, III. — 
 Vos, Object of eriperem. 
 
 38 1. Virginesque Vestales. See note on post virginum absolutionem, 
 p. 28, line 15. ' 
 
 5. Subeatur, let it be endured; Subj. of Desire. The subject is ea, 
 understood, referring to fortuna. — Suum nomen; i. e., Cornelius. See 
 note on exfatis Sibyllinis, p. 28, line 10. 
 
 6. Vatibus ; i. e., haruspicibus. See p. 28, lines 9 to 12 : Lentulum 
 . . . exfatis Sibyllinis haruspicumque responsis, se esse . . . necesse. 
 
 7. Laeter; Potential Subj. — Ad salutem prope fatalem, ap- 
 pointed by fate to secure the safety, lit., to the safety. Fatalem is here 
 used out of its ordinary signification as shown in fatale ad perniciem, 
 fated carrying with it the idea of doom, destruction ; in using it here in a 
 good sense, Cicero thei-efore qualifies it by the addition of prope, show- 
 ing that he does not take the full meaning of the word, but only as 
 much of it as the context requires, viz., appointed by fate. 
 
 9. Vobis; G. 385, II., 1. 
 
 11. Mini parcere desinite. Cicero begs the senate not to be de- 
 terred from adopting vigorous measures by any fear of the consequences 
 to himself. 
 
 13. Pro eo ac mereor, in proportion as I deserve, lit., in proportion 
 to that (pro eo), viz., as I deserve (ac mereor). 
 
 14. Relaturos esse gratiam, will recompense. See Syn. L. C. 548, 
 3. — Obtigerit. Cicero uses this word in preference to accident, to im- 
 ply that danger and death have no terrors for him. 
 
 15. Aequo animo paratoque, with equanimity and readiness, lit., 
 with an even and prepared mind. G. 564, II. — Neque turpis mors 
 forti viro, etc. Because to die bravely was, in the opinion of the Ro- 
 mans, an honor. 
 
 16. Neque immatura consular!. Because be who had attained 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 201 
 
 PAGB 
 
 me consulship had already reached the goal of a Roman's ambition. 38 
 Immatura agrees with mors, understood, and consulari with viro. — 
 Neque misera sapienti. Because the icise taught that death was no 
 evil, and must always be met with perfect calmness and composure. 
 
 17. Ille ferreus, qui non movear, that iron-hearted man who is 
 not moved = so iron-hearted as not to be moved. — Fratris; i. e., of his 
 orother Quintus. 
 
 19. Horum omnium; i. e., Cicero's personal friends. 
 
 20. Neque non saepe, and often. The two negatives cancel each 
 other. G. 553. 
 
 21. Uxor; i. e., his wife Terentia. — Filia; his daughter Tullia. — . 
 Parvulus Alius ; his little son Marcus, two years old. 
 
 22. Tamquam obsidem. Because parental affection would cause 
 him to put forth all his strength to save the state. 
 
 23. Ille gener ; i. e., his son-in-law, C. Calpurnius Piso, the husband 
 of Tullia. He was not a senator, but was present as a spectator. 
 
 24. In conspectu meo. Perhaps at the door of the temple in 
 which the senate met. — Moveor. Observe its emphatic position. 
 
 25. In earn partem, uti, to the end that, lit., into this part, that. 
 Partem is explained by the clause, uti salvi sint, etc. 
 
 26. Quam pereamus ; G. 502, 2. 
 
 27. Una peste, in (lit., by) one common destruction. 
 
 30. Non Ti. Gracchus. Here introduce the predicate, in discrimen 
 . . . adducitur, before quod. — Iterum tribunus. G. 536, 2, 1). He 
 wished to be reelected for the next year, which was illegal. See note on 
 P. Scipio, p. 1, line 20. 
 
 31. C. Gracchus. See note on C. Gracchus, p. 2, line 14. — Agra- 
 rios, the supporters of the agrarian laws. See note on P. Scipio, p. 1, 
 line 20. 
 
 32. Li. Saturninus. See p. 2, line 17 ; also note on O. Mario, p. 
 2, line 16. 
 
 33. Discrimen, critical situation, crisis. — In vestrae . . .judici- 
 um adducitur, is brought to trial before your stem tribunal. In 
 judicium adducere is to bring befo)-e a judge. 
 
 34. Tenentur, are held, i. e., in custody. — Vestram omnium 
 caedem; G. 398, 3. 
 
 36. Tenentur, are in our possession. 
 
 2. Ut nemo ne . . . quidem relinquatur, that no one may be left 39 
 even to deplore. On nemo ne quidem, see G. 553, 2 ; and on relinquatur, 
 
 G. 501, III. 
 
 3. Deplorandum; Gerundive agreeing with nomen, not Gerund 
 b. 544, 1. 
 
202 NOTES. 
 
 III. Statement of the Case before the Senate, 
 
 PAGE ^ " 
 
 39 6. Rei; from reus. 
 
 7. Vos . . . judicavistis, you have already pronounced judgment in 
 many decisions, i. e., by your previous decrees in regard to the conspiracy 
 you are already committed to vigorous measures. These several decrees 
 are specified in the clauses introduced by quod, as primum quod, deinde 
 quod, etc. 
 
 8. Singularibus verbis, in remarkably strong terms. 
 
 13. Qui honos, an honor which, lit., which honor. Lat. Comp. 
 477, 2. 
 
 14. Habitus est nemini, has been conferred upon no one. 
 
 15. Praemia amplissima. Observe the emphatic position of 
 amplissima. It is not known in what these rewards consisted, probably 
 in money. The senate had previously offered to any one who would give 
 the requisite information in regard to the conspiracy, a large reward in 
 money, with freedom, if a slave, and with full pardon, if himself impli 
 cated in it. 
 
 16. Ejus modi ; Predicate Genitive. 
 
 19. Referre ad vos, tamquam integrum, to refer to you the 
 whole question anew, lit., to refer it to you as if whole, i. e., untouched, 
 new. — Tamquam, as if is used to remind the senators that the ques- 
 tion is not new, but one upon which they are already virtually com- 
 mitted. 
 
 20. De facto, de poena. The two points to be settled — the fact 
 of the guilt or innocence of the prisoners, and the punishment to be 
 inflicted. 
 
 21. Praedicam, I will first state. Observe the force of prae. — 
 Consulis ; Predicate Genitive. 
 
 22. Versari, was prevalent. 
 
 23. Misceri et concitari, were devised and produced, lit., to be 
 stirred up and excited. These words are here used to denote the disorder 
 and confusion which are the ordinary attendants of these evils, if not es- 
 sential elements in them. — Jam pridem videbam ; G. 469, II., 2. 
 
 24. Haberi, was fostered. 
 
 25. Quidquid est. This general statement, however the case stands, 
 is explained and amplified in quocumque . . . sententiae. On Mood, see G. 
 476, 3. 
 
 26. Ante noctem. Because the case required prompt action, and 
 because no decree could be passed after sunset. 
 
 27. I>elatum sit, has been reported. Observe the difference in 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 203 
 
 PAGE 
 
 meaning between defero, as here used, and refero, line 19, above. Defero 39 
 is to report or state the case, s. e., give information in regard to it, while 
 refero is to refer the case to another's decision. 
 
 28. Huic afflnes, concerned in this. G. 391. 
 
 29. L-atius opinione, more widely than is generally supposed. G. 
 117, 1, note 5. 
 
 31. Serpens ; Participle. 
 
 32. Sustentando et prolatando, by forbearing and delaying. 
 
 IV. Two Different Measures proposed for the Disposi- 
 tion of the Prisoners. 
 
 34. Unam; i. e., sententiam. — D. Silani. Decimus Silanus was 
 consul-elect. 
 
 35. Haec. See note on haec, p. 8, line 32. 
 
 36. C. Caesaris. Gains Julias Caesar, then praetor-elect, afterward 
 dictator. — Removet, ampleetitur, rejects, but includes, i. <?., in his 
 lecommendation. Observe the asyndeton. G. 636, I., 1. 
 
 2. Pro rerum magnitudine, in accordance icith the greatness of 40 
 Jie crisis. — In . . . versatnr, insists upon, etc. 
 
 3. Alter, the one, i. e., Silanus; subject of putat. — Vita; Abl. of 
 Separation. 
 
 5. Punctum; G. 379.— Vita; G. 421,1. 
 
 8. Recordatur, he remembers. Cicero assumes this. Some inter- 
 preters take recordatur in the sense of conimemorat, a meaning which it 
 seldom, if ever, has in classical writers. — Alter, the other, i. e., Caesar. 
 — Intelligit, thinks. 
 
 10. Laborum quietem, as a rest from labors. G. 393, note. 
 Quietem ; Predicate Accus. after esse constitutam. 
 
 11. Itaque earn . . . inventa sunt. These are Cicero's words, 
 ulopting Caesar's recommendation and carrying it out to its final 
 
 ( issue, to show how great severity it really involves. — Sapientes, the 
 rise, i. e., those technically so called, philosophers, especially the Stoics, 
 vho professed to regard death with perfect indifference. — Inviti ; G. 
 143. 
 
 12. Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna, bid imprisonment, and that 
 for life, lit., bonds and those, etc. G. 451, 2. 
 
 14. Munieipiis dispertiri, that they (the prisoners) should be dis- 
 
 ' tributed among the free tovms, i. e., to be held by them in confinement. 
 
 ; These towns, enjoying, indeed, the rights of Roman citizenship, were so 
 
 ' far free that they *vere governed by their own laws. — Munieipiis, Dative 
 
 after dispertin. — Ista res, that plan of yours ; addressed to Caesar. G. 
 
204 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 4:0 450. — Iniquitatem, si . . . velis. Because Ave have no right to impose 
 such a burden upon them. — Si velis ; G. 511, I. 
 
 15. Difficultatem, si rogare. Because they would probably 
 refuse. 
 
 16. Ego suscipiam, / will undertake it, i.e., the task of carrying 
 out your decree. 
 
 17. Reperiam, qui non putent . . . recusare, / shall find those 
 who will not think it consistent with their dignity to refuse. Dignitatis, 
 Predicate Gen. after esse, whose subject is recusare. 
 
 18. Adjungit gravem. Observe that Cicero is giving a running 
 commentary upon the proposition of Caesar. The several items con- 
 tained in that proposition are stated separately, and each one is imme- 
 diately followed by the comments of Cicero upon it. Thus, Municipiis 
 dispertiri jubet is Caesar's proposition ; Habere videtur . . . recusare, Ci- 
 cero's comment ; Adjungit gravem . . . ruperit, Caesar's proposition again ; 
 Horribiles custodias . . . perditorum, Cicero's comment. 
 
 19. Eorum vincula, their bonds, lit., of them, i. e., of the prisoners. 
 
 20. Scelere; G. 421, III. 
 
 21. Eorum ; construe with poenam. 
 
 22. Per senatum, through the agency of the senate, i. e., by procur- 
 ing a decree of the senate to that effect. 
 
 25. Multas uno . . . aerumnas, he would have removed by a single 
 pang all the sufferings of mind and body. 
 
 27. In vita, in life, i. e., during this life. 
 
 28. Ejus modi quaedam supplicia, some such punishments, i. e., 
 such as to answer the purpose, ut aliqua . . . esset posita. 
 
 29. Voluerunt, assumed, lit., wished, i. e., would have it, insisted 
 upon it. 
 
 30. lis ; i. e., suppliciis. 
 
 V. Remarks upon Caesar's Opinion. 
 
 32. Mea quid intersit; viz., to favor Caesar's measure. G. 408, 
 I., 2; 408,11. 
 
 34. Quae popularis habetur, which is regarded as the popular 
 one, i. e., in the interest of the people. Caesar belonged to the peopled 
 party. 
 
 35. Hoc auctore et cognitore, with him as the author and advo 
 cote; Abl. Absol. 
 
 36. Illam alteram, that other opinion, i. e., that of Silanus. Sup- 
 ply sententiam eritis secuti. 
 
 41 1. Nescio an . . . contrahatur, / am inclined to think more trouble 
 
 may be brought upon me. G. 529, 3, note 2. — Contrahatur; G. 529, I. 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 205 
 
 PAGE 
 
 2. Meorum . . . rationes, considerations of my dangers. 41 
 
 4. Majorum ejus. The Julian gens, to which Caesar belonged, had 
 long been illustrious. 
 
 5. Intellectual est, it xcas perceived, i. e., as he spoke; Perfect 
 Indefinite. 
 
 7. Saluti populi consulentem. These words are added to de- 
 3ne the term vere popularem. The learner must not fail to notice the 
 different senses in which this term is used. Coming as it does from 
 populus, its primary signification is belonging to, or relating to, the people. 
 With this general meaning it has three principal applications : 1. Belong- 
 ing to the party of the people, a political application ; 2. Devoted to the in- 
 terests of the people, as in this instance and in line 22; 3. Having the 
 favor of the people, popular in the usual sense of the term, as in line 26. 
 Caesar belonged politically to the party of the people ; the term popu- 
 laris was, therefore, applicable to him in the first sense, and Cicero here 
 pays him the flattering compliment of applying it to him in the second 
 sense. 
 
 9. Non neminem, some one. Observe the difference between non 
 nemo and nemo non. G. 553, 1. It is not known who this senator 
 was. — De capite. Questions which thus involved the life of a Ro- 
 man citizen could be tried only before the Centuriate Assembly. The 
 senate, therefore, had no legal right to condemn the conspirators to 
 death. 
 
 10. Nudius tertius; also written as one word = nunc dies tertius, 
 the day before yesterday. 
 
 12. Jam, now ; i. e., in view of these facts, marking a connection 
 of thought, not mere time. — Hoc, this, explained by quid de tota . . .ju- 
 dicarit, which should be construed before qui reo, etc. 
 
 13. Qui, hetoho. The omitted antecedent of qui is the pronoun?*, 
 the subject of judicarit. — Quaesitori gratulationem, a thanksgiving 
 in honor of (lit., to) the investigating officer, referring to Cicero, who con- 
 ducted in person the investigation in the senate two days before. 
 
 15. At vero C. Caesar; in contrast with the senator just men- 
 tioned. — Legem Semproniam. Caesar, in opposing the sentence of 
 capital punishment, had appealed to certain statutes, among which was 
 the Sempronian law, which provided that the punishment of death should 
 not be inflicted upon a Roman citizen without the vote of the people. 
 To this Cicero replies that the enemies of the state are not citizens, and, 
 therefore, not protected by this law. 
 
 17. Civem ; Predicate Actus. — Ipsum latorem . . . dependisse; 
 i. e., C. Gracchus, the very author of this law, was put to death as a 
 public enemy, without trial before the people. Hence Catiline and other 
 
206 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 41 public enemies may be treated in tbe same way. See note on C. Grac- 
 chus, p. 2, line 14. 
 
 18. Poenas rei publicae dependisse, paid the penalty to the 
 state. Rei publicae, Dative. 
 
 19. Idem ; i, e., Caesar. — Largitorem et prodigum, though lib- 
 eral and prodigal. This lavish expenditure of money for party purposes 
 would tend to make him popular in certain quarters. 
 
 21. Cogitarit; G. 517. — Etiam, still; i. e., longer. 
 
 22. Popularem, a friend of the people. — Homo mitissimus, 
 although a very merciful man ; in apposition with the omitted subject is, 
 referring - to Caesar. 
 
 23. Aeternis, perpetual, i. e., for life. 
 
 24. Ne quis . . . esse possit; Object Clause after sancit. Hujus 
 supplicio . . . se jactare, to attract attention (lit., to display himself) 
 by mitigating his punishment. 
 
 25. In perniciem, to the ruin. 
 
 VI. Remarhs upon the Opinion of Silanus. 
 
 29. Hoc, this course, i. e., the one just mentioned, as recommended 
 by Caesar. — Statueritis, dederitis ; Fut. Perf. to mark the completion 
 of the action, though the English idiom requires the Future. 
 
 30. Comitem; i. e., Caesar. — Ad contionem, for the assembly ; 
 i. e., for the assembly of the people, to which he will communicate the 
 decision of the senate. Caesar, the people's favorite, could readily ob- 
 tain their approval of the bill of which he was himself the mover. Ob- 
 serve that contio is an informal assembly convened to listen to addresses 
 and receive communications, but with no power to transact public busi 
 ness. The assembly of the people for the transaction of business was 
 called comitia. 
 
 32. Vituperatione, from the charge. G. 413, note 1. — Exsolvet, 
 Why not Fut. Perf. like dederitis ? Because the action will not be com- 
 pleted at the time of malueritis, but will be subsequent to it. 
 
 33. Obtinebo, I shall show, lit., obtain, i. e., obtain the assent of the 
 people to my proposition, viz., earn multo lenioremfuisse. 
 
 34. In immanitate punienda, in punishing the enormity. 
 
 36. Ita mihi . . . perfrui liceat, ut ego moveor, as I hope to 
 enjoy ... 7 am actuated, i. e., as true as it is that I hope to enjoy . . so true 
 is it that I am actuated, lit., may it be permitted me to enjoy . . .so as I am 
 actuated, i. e., only in case I am actuated. It is a form of emphatic as- 
 sertion and asseveration. G. 483. — Re publica; G. 421, 1. 
 #2 1. Vehementior; G. 444, 1. 
 
FOURTH ORATIOX AGAINST CATILINE. 207 
 
 PAGE 
 
 2. Memitior; G. 417. 42 
 
 5. Subito ; Adverb. — Cerno. See Syn. L. C. 592. 
 
 6. Animo, in imagination, lit., by the mind ; Abl. of Means. — Inse- 
 pultos. This word renders the picture peculiarly shocking when we 
 consider the importance which the ancients attached to the rite of burial, 
 as essential to the peace of the soul in the lower world. 
 
 7. Mibi ante oculos, before my eyes. G. 384, 4, note 2. 
 
 8. Bacchantis, revelling, agreeing with Cethegi. 
 
 9. Regnantem. Cicero purposely selects an offensive term to give 
 effect to his picture. So purpuratum, suggestive of oriental despotism. 
 G. 535, 4. —Ex fatis; i. e. } exfatis Sibyllinis. See p. 28, line 10. 
 
 10. Purpuratum . . . Gabinium, that Gabinius is his prime min- 
 ister ; lit., clad in purple. 
 
 13. Vehementer . . . misera; G. 561, HI. 
 
 17. De servo non suinpserit, should not inflict upon the servant, 
 lit., take from, with the idea of taking satisfaction from. — Quam acer- 
 bissimum ; G. 170, 2, 2). 
 
 18* An = an potius, or rather. 
 
 19. Mini vero. Supply videatur. 
 
 20. Importunus, unfeeling. — Qui non lenierit, if he would not 
 assuage. Qui = si is. G. 507, II.; 507, 2. This language, adopted for 
 present effect, does great injustice to Cicero's own philosophy. 
 
 21. Sic nos. Nos is the subject of habebimur, line 27. — In his 
 hominibus, in the case of these men, i. e., of the conspirators. 
 
 25. Id egerunt, ut coUocarent, attempted to place, lit., pursued 
 this (viz.) that they might place. Id is explained by ut coUocarent. — In 
 vestigiis, in the ruins. 
 
 28. Nobis fama subeunda est, toe must endure the infamy. 
 
 30. Niso vero ; G. 507, note 1. — Li. Caesar. Lucius Caesar, who 
 had been consul during the preceding year. His sister Julia had married 
 Lentulus as her second husband. 
 
 31. Rei publicae ; G. 399, H. 
 
 32. Sororis, of his sister > i. e. t Julia. — Virum, the husband, i. e., 
 Lentulus the conspirator. 
 
 33. Vita; Abl. of Separation.— Cum avum . . . dixit. Lucius 
 Caesar mentioned these instances merely to show that it was by no 
 means an unprecedented thing to punish the enemies of the state with 
 death. — Avum suum, his grandfather, M. Fulvius Flaccus, mentioned 
 in the first oration, p. 2, line 15, as M. Fulvius consularis, consul 125 
 B. C, put to death as a partisan of C. Gracchus by order of the consul 
 L. Opimius. See note on M. Fulvius, p. 2, line 15. 
 
 34. Filiumque ejus. Why not suum instead of ejus? Because 
 
208 NOTES. 
 
 [•AGS 
 
 42 the reference is to avum, not to Caesar. Suum would mean his = 
 Caesar's. — Impuberem. He was eighteen years old. — Legatum a 
 patre missum, though sent by his father as an ambassador, i. <?., to ask 
 terms of settlement from the consul. The imprisonment and execution 
 of this youth must be regarded as cruel and inexcusable. 
 
 35. Quorum quod simile factum, what act of theirs was similar f 
 i. e., to this of the conspirators. Quorum depends upon factum. 
 
 43 1« Largitionis voluntas, a spirit of bribery y lit., the desire of 
 giving, i. e., of giving for the purpose of securing popularity, referring 
 especially to the distribution of grain among the poorer classes, in ac- 
 cordance with the lex frumentaria of C. Gracchus. 
 
 3. Avus Lentuli. See note on imago avi tui, p. 28, line 35. 
 
 4. Est persecutus, proceeded against. He was one of the party 
 under the consul Opimius which made the attack upon C. Gracchus. — 
 Ille, he, the grandfather. 
 
 5. Ne quid'. . . deminueretur, that the highest public welfare might 
 suffer no detriment, lit., that nothing should be, etc 
 
 7. Nos, us, the consul aud senators. — Trucidandos. G. 544, note 2. 
 10. Vereamini; Potential Subj. — Censeo; in irony. G. 637, V. 
 — Ne videamini; G. 498, III., note 1. 
 
 VII., VIII. The Government is fully prepared to execute 
 any Decree which the Senate may be pleased to pass. 
 
 15. Quae exaudio, which I hear. Exaudio is to hear from a dis- 
 tance, to overhear. The reference in ea quae is probably to remarks made 
 by senators among themselves. 
 
 17. Satis praesidii, sufficient force. G. 397, 4. 
 
 20. Cum, turn, not only, but also. 
 
 21. Majore ; construe with voluntate. — Ad summum . . . retinen- 
 dum, for maintaining the highest welfare of the empire. 
 
 26. Templi; i. e., the Temple of Concord. 
 
 27. Sentirent unum atque idem, entertained one and the same, 
 sentiment. G. 503, II., 1 ; 495, 1. 
 
 29. Soli; G. 536, 2. — Hosce homines; i. e., those referred to in 
 eos qui, in the preceding sentence. 
 
 35. Ita concedunt, ut certent, they so yield as to vie ; i. e., they 
 yield in one particular only to vie in another. — Summam ordinis con- 
 siliique, precedence in (lit., of) rank and counsel. 
 44 1. Ex dissensione hujus ordinis revocatos, restored after (lit., 
 
 out of ) a quarrel of many years with this body. Construe hujus ordinis, 
 *=a£> (or cum) hoc ordine, with dissensione. In the year 122 B. C. the 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 209 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sempronian law transferred the judicial power from the senate to the 44 
 knights. This was the cause of the quarrel, which continued until the 
 Aiu-elian law, 70 B. C, conferred the judicial power jointly upon the 
 senate, the knights, and the tribunes of the treasury. The reconciliation 
 partially effected by this compromise, was completed by the presence of 
 a common foe in this reckless conspiracy. 
 
 3. Si perpetuam tenuerimus, if we shall retain forever , lit., per- 
 petual. Perpetuam agrees with conjunction em. 
 
 8. Tribunos aerarios, tribunes of the treasury. These tribunes, 
 employed originally to collect the tribute, had been recently raised by the 
 Aurelian law to the rank of a distinct order in the state. — Scribas, the 
 public clerks. These were employed as registers and secretaries in the 
 various departments of the state service. As a class, they formed a dis- 
 tinct order. 
 
 9. Casu, by chance. The chance consisted simply in the fact that it 
 happened to be the fifth of December (the Nones), the day on which the 
 most important clerkships were distributed among the clerks by lot. — 
 Aerarium, the treasury. This was in the Temple of Saturn, near the 
 Temple of Concord, in which the senate was assembled. — Frequentas- 
 set, had brought in great numbers. 
 
 10. Sortis, of the lot, i. e., of the lot by which the clerkships were 
 distributed. 
 
 11. Ingenuorum, offreebom citizens. 
 
 16. Operae pretium est cognoscere, it is worth while to ob- 
 
 17. Studia, the zeal ; plural, because in connection with the plural 
 hominum. — Fortunam hujus civitatis, the privilege of citizenship in 
 this state, lit., of this citizenship. 
 
 19. Summo loco nati, born in the highest rank. G. 425, 2. 
 
 24. Servus est nemo, there is no slave. Servus is emphatic in con- 
 trast with hosce homines above. Even the slaves who have no fortunes, 
 no political rights, no freedom, now evince true devotion to countiy. 
 JHemo is here used as an adjective. — Qui modo . . . sit servitutis, pro- 
 vided only he be in a tolerable condition of servitude. G. 513, I. — Tole- 
 rabili condicione ; Abl. of Characteristic. 
 
 26. Tantum ; construe with voluntatis, as much good-will. — Quan- 
 tum audeat, as he dares, intimating that his master's relation to the 
 conspiracy may be such as to render it somewhat perilous for him to 
 show his good-will to the state. 
 
 28. Si quern, etc. The real conclusion is omitted, viz., I will say 
 this, i. e., est id quidem, etc. — Hoc, this, explained by the clause lenonem 
 Lentuli . . . imperitorum, in apposition with :t. 
 
210 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 44 30. Tabernas, the shops, i. e., the shops or stalls of the artisans 
 and of the small traders. 
 
 32. Fortuna miseri, wretched in their condition. G. 424. — Volun- 
 tate perditi, abandoned in feeling, i. e., in their feelings of good-will to 
 the state. 
 
 33. Qui non velint, as not to wish. G. 500. 
 
 35. Hunc, this, i.e., that which he enjoys at this time. 
 
 45 2. Otii; G. 399, L, l.-Omne instrumentum, every means; L e~ P 
 of gaining a livelihood. 
 
 4. Quorum ; i. e., eorum qui in tabernis sunt. 
 
 5. Quid tandem . . . fuit, what, pray, would have been the result, if 
 they had been burned ? lit., they having been burned. G. 511, 2. See note 
 on tandem, p. 1, line 1. 
 
 IX. Prompt and Decisive Action on the Part of the Sen- 
 ate demanded by the Exigencies of the Case. 
 
 7. Praesidia. This refers to the readiness with which all classes 
 of citizens united for the defence of the state. 
 
 9. Ex media morte, from the midst of death ; referring to the at- 
 tempt made to assassinate him in his own house. G. 440, note 1. 
 
 12. Obsessa facibus et telis, beset by the fire-brands and weapons. 
 These words commence a beautiful personification of country. 
 
 14. Vitam, the lives. Observe the use of the singular where our 
 idiom requires the plural. See also vita and anima, line 18 below. 
 
 15. Aras Penatium. These altars stood in the atrium, a lavge 
 and important apartment in the central portion of the house. — Ignem 
 ilium Vestae sempiternum, that perpetual fire of Vesta, i. e., the 
 sacred fire which was kept burning day and night in the Temple of Vesta. 
 G. 450, 4. 
 
 17. Praeterea de vestra vita . . . judicandum est. Cicero 
 would impress upon the senate the vast importance of the decision about 
 to be made. Every thing which a Roman holds dear depends upon it. 
 
 19. Focis. The focus {fireplace, hearth) was a square platform of 
 stone, or brick, raised a few inches above the level of the floor. It was 
 in the atrium. 
 
 21. Sui; G. 406, II. — Quae facultas, an advantage which, lit., 
 which advantage. Lat. Comp. 477, 2. 
 
 23. Id quod, a state of things which, lit., that which. Id is in appo- 
 sition with the general idea contained in populum Romanum unum atque 
 idem sentientem. — In civili causa, upon a political question, lit, in a 
 civil cause, as opposed to a foreign war. 
 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 211 
 
 PAGE 
 
 25. Cogitate quantis . . . imperium uaa . . . delerit. This is a 45 
 good illustration of the vigor and precision which often characterize an 
 abridged Latin sentence. The full form would be as follows : Cogitate 
 quantis laboribus imperium fundatum sit quod una nox paene delevit. By 
 the use of the participle for the verb fundatum sit, the relative quod be- 
 came unnecessary, and was accordingly omitted, and the verb delevit 
 being thus brought into an indirect question after quantis, was changed 
 co the subjunctive delerit=deleverit. Render either according to the 
 full form, or as follows : Consider how nearly one night destroyed (or how 
 one night well nigh destroyed) our empire founded by how great labors, etc. 
 
 27. L T na nox; i. e., the night of the second of December, when the 
 ambassadors of the Allobroges were captured at the Mulvian bridge. 
 See Oration III., Chap. II. 
 
 28. Id ne unquam . . . possit, that it may never be possible that thu 
 should be, not to say (non modo) accomplished, but even thought of. 
 
 30. Studio ; Abl. of Specification. 
 
 31. Excitarem; G. 495, I. 
 
 32. Princeps, foremost. — Officio consulari, Its duty, as that of 
 the consul. 
 
 X. Cicero, with a Full Appreciation of the Dangers 
 which threaten him personally, assures the Senate that 
 he can never regret the Measures which he has adopted 
 to save his Country. 
 
 34. Antequam ad sententiam redeo, before 1 resume asking 
 your opinions, lit., return to the opinion to be ashed- With sententiam 
 supply rogandam. The consul, as the presiding officer, called in suc- 
 cession upon the senators for the expression of their opinion Several 
 had already been called upon when Cicero pronounced the present ora- 
 tion. He is now about to close, and will then resume his duties as pre- 
 siding officer ; hence ad sententiam {rogandam) redeo. 
 
 4. Me factorum ; G. 410, IV. 46 
 
 6. Quam mini minitantur, with ivhich they threaten me, lit., which 
 ihey threaten to me. 
 
 7. Vitae tantam laudem, so great glory during life, lit., of life, in 
 contrast with mors. — Quanta vos me honestastis, as you have hon- 
 ored me with. Quanta, Abl. agreeing with laude understood. 
 
 8. Nemo, no one, i. e., no one else. 
 
 9. Conservatae rei publicae, for the preservation of the state, lit, 
 ef the state preserved. G. 393, note; 549, note 2. 
 
 11. Sit; Subj. of Desire. — Scipio ; i.e., P. Cornelius Scipio Africa- 
 
212 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 46 nus Major, who brought the second Punic War to a close by a signal vie 
 tory over Hannibal at the battle of Zama, 202 B. C. 
 
 13. Alter Africanus, the second Africanus. This was P. Cornelius 
 Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, who brought the third Punic War to 
 a close by the destruction of Carthage, 146 B. C, and took Numantia, in 
 Spain, 133 B. C. He was the son of L. Aemilius Paullus, mentioned in 
 line 15, and the grandson, by adoption, of Scipio Africanus Major, the 
 conqueror of Hannibal. 
 
 15. Paullus ille. L. Aemilius Paullus, who conquered Perses 
 King of Macedonia, 168 B. C. — Cujus currum Perses honestavit. 
 Perses graced the triumphal procession of Paullus by being led as a cap- 
 tive king before his chariot. 
 
 16. Quondam ; G. 564, II. — Nobilissimus ; construe with rex. — 
 Perses. The form Perseus is used in Livy. 
 
 17. Sit aeterna gloria Marius, let Marius be held in eternal glory. 
 G. 419, 2, 4).— Marius, qui bis, etc. Gains Marius, who conquered 
 the Teutones 102 B. C, and the Cimbri 101 B. C. 
 
 18. Pompeius. Gnaeus Pompey. See p. 35, line 17 ; quorum alter 
 fines vestri imperii non terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret. Also note on 
 alter, alter, p. 35, line 18. 
 
 19. Cujus res gestae . . . continentur ; i. e., the fame of whose 
 deeds fills the world. — Res gestae, deeds. — lisdem quibus . . . regi- 
 onibus ac terminis, by the same boundaries and limits as. G. 451, 5. 
 
 21. Aliquid loci ; G 438, 5.— Nisi forte, unless perchance ; in irony. 
 
 22. Majus, a greater thing, u e. t a greater and more important 
 achievement. 
 
 23. Ut illi, qui absunt, habeant, etc.; i. e., even those who are 
 absent making conquests and opening provinces, like Pompey, need a 
 home to which they may return in triumph. — Habeant quo, may have 
 a country to which, lit., may have whither. — Victores, as victors ; in appo- 
 sition with the omitted subject of revertantur. G. 363, 2. 
 
 25. Quamquam, and yet; i. e., notwithstanding the priceless value 
 of a victory over domestic foes. — Uno loco, in one respect ; Abl. of 
 Specification. 
 
 27. Beneficio obligatos, placed under obligation by the favor. 
 
 28. Qui autem, etc. Begin with autem, followed by the antecedent 
 clause : quum eos . . . reppuleris. — Ex numero civium, out of the num- 
 ber (body) of citizens, in contrast with hostes patriae ; i. e., have ceased to 
 be citizens, and have become enemies of their country. 
 
 31. Mini susceptum esse, that I have undertaken. G. 388, 1. 
 
 32. Id, this ; subject of posse. 
 
 47 1. Tanta quae possit, so great as to be able. — Conjunctionem 
 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 213 
 
 PAGE 
 
 vestram . • . Romanorum, your union with the Roman knights. Ves- 47 
 tram = vestri, the union of you a?id the Roman knights. This union was, 
 however, of short duration. 
 
 2. Conspirationem, unanimity. 
 
 XL Conclusion. 
 
 4. Pro imperio . . insignibus. Each consul at the expiration of 
 his term of office, was usually appointed proconsul, or governor, of a 
 province, with the command {pro imperio) of the army {pro exercitu) in 
 the province. The rich province of Macedonia fell to the lot of Cicero, 
 but he transferred this to his colleague, Antonius, to secure his cooperation, 
 and received in return the province of Cisalpine Gaul, which he afterward 
 resigned, that he might the better guard his country. 
 
 5. Pro triumpho ; i. e. t the triumph which he might have secured 
 as proconsul of Macedonia. 
 
 6. Urbis ; construe with salutis. 
 
 7 . Pro clientelis hospitiisque, for the clientships and friend- 
 ships. As proconsul, Cicero would have had an opportunity of establishing 
 numerous friendly relations with prominent citizens in his province. Even 
 towns and cities not unfrequently made the proconsul their patron. 
 
 8. Quae, relations which. Quae, though referring grammatically to 
 clientelis hospitiisque, refers logically to the connections which he had 
 actually made, and not to those which he might have made as proconsul. 
 Thus, Cicero was the patron of the Sicilians, and, as such, conducted in 
 their behalf the important prosecution against Verres. The efforts which 
 he makes to retain these relations shoAV how highly he prizes them, 
 though for his country's sake he cheerfully waives the privilege of form- 
 ing new ones. — Urbanis opibus, by my influence in the city. 
 
 9. Igitur This resumes the thought, like our then, or / say. 
 
 10. Studiis, zealous efforts, instances in which I have shown my zeal. 
 Lat. Comp. 411. 
 
 16. Cui erit. who toill have. Cui, Dat. of Possessor. 
 
 18. Suo solius periculo, by his peril alone. G. 398, 3. — Conser- 
 vaverit; Subj. in an Indirect Clause. G. 529, II. 
 
 21. Aris ac focis. See notes on aras Penatium, p. 45, line 15, and 
 focis, p. 45, line 19. Observe that the synonymes are arranged in pairs ; 
 aris ac focis, fanis ac templis, tectis ac sedibus. — Fanis. Fanum is a con- 
 secrated place, used especially of the chapels consecrated to inferior gods. 
 
 24. Ut instituistis, as you have begun to do ; i. e., in the opinions 
 already expressed by senators during this spirited debate. 
 
 26. Quoad vivit , G. 519. I. — Per se ipsum praestare, to carry 
 into effect by his own efforts* 
 
OKATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS, 
 
 DELIVERED IN COURT BEFORE THE PRAETOR, 
 QUINTUS CICERO, IN THE YEAR 62 B. C. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The poet, A. Licinius Archias, whom Cicero here defends, 
 was a native of Antioch, in Syria. He early acquired a reputa- 
 tion among his fellow-citizens by his poetical gifts and his ready 
 wit, and subsequently during an extended course of travel 
 through various parts of Asia Minor, Greece, and Southern 
 Italy, he became a general favorite with the refined and culti- 
 vated, was welcomed to the best society, and loaded with 
 honors. Cities and states attested their appreciation of his 
 rare gifts by conferring upon him the rights of citizenship. 
 
 In the year 102 B. C, in the consulship of Marius and Catu- 
 lus, Archias, still a young man, came to Rome, where he made 
 the acquaintance of many distinguished and influential citizens, 
 and became the special favorite of the Luculli. He afterward 
 accompanied Marcus Lucullus to Sicily, and, on his way back 
 to Rome, visited Heraclea, in Lucania, where he was honored 
 with the right of citizenship. 
 
 In the year 89 B. C, a law was enacted extending the 
 Roman franchise to all residents in Italy who were already 
 enrolled as citizens in any allied town, provided they presented 
 their names to the praetor within sixty days. Archias at once 
 availed himself of the provisions of this law by presenting his 
 name for registration to the praetor, Quintus Metellus. When, 
 however, the Roman census was next taken, in the year 86 
 B. C, and again in 70 B. C, he was absent from Rome in the 
 retinue of Lucullus, and accordingly was not enrolled in the 
 censor's lists. Taking advantage of this fact, a certain Gratius 
 brought an action against him on the charge of having illegally 
 assumed the franchise, and demanded that the Papian law, 
 which required the removal of all foreigners from Rome, 
 should be enforced against him. 
 
 Cicero, who appears to have been both the friend and the 
 
ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 215 
 
 pupil of Archias, at once undertook the defence. He proved 
 that his client was in the strictest sense a Roman citizen, as the 
 three conditions specified in the law had all been fulfilled : 1. He 
 had been enrolled as a citizen of Heraclea, as was proved by 
 the testimony of her citizens and of Lucullus, though the 
 archives of the town could not be produced in proof, as they 
 had been destroyed by fire ; 2. He resided in Italy when the 
 law was enacted; 3. He presented his name within the pre- 
 scribed time to the praetor, as the record of the transaction 
 itself showed. 
 
 Having rhus completed the directly argumentative portion 
 of the defence, the orator proceeded in the second place to set 
 forth the praises of poetry and letters, to enlarge upon the 
 value of a life devoted to polite and learned pursuits, and thus 
 to show that the presence of Archias in Rome was a public 
 blessing, and that even if he were not already a citizen, it 
 would be the best and wisest course for the state to confer the 
 franchise upon him, rather than lose the society and services 
 of so valuable a man and so gifted a poet. 
 
 The result of the trial is not known, though there seem to 
 be good reasons for the opinion that the defence was successful. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 I. Introduction. I., II. 
 
 II. Brief Outline of the Early Life of Archias. HI. 
 HI. Proof of the Citizenship of Archias. IV., V. 
 IV. The Value of Poetry and Letters. The Presence of 
 Archias in Pome a Public Blessing. VI. — XI. 
 V. Conclusion. XH. 
 
 I., II. Introduction. Cicero acknowledges his Indebted- 
 ness to Archias as his Teacher and Friend ; proposes 
 to conduct the Suit in a someiohat novel way, and 
 states the Two -Points which he intends to establish. mA „„ 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. Ingenii, exercitatio, ratio. Cicero here mentions the three 48 
 ^requisites essential for the profession of the orator — talent, a theoretical 
 hioicledge (ratio) of the art, and the skill derived from practice (exercita- 
 
 * 
 
216 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 48 tio). He places the theoretical knowledge (ratio) last, because he wishes 
 to call special attention to it, as he had derived it largely from his teacher, 
 Archias. — Judices. This wou is usually rendered judges, but the duties 
 of the judices were not the same as hose of the judges with us, but rather 
 those of our jurors. In this trial the judices do not preside, but the praetor, 
 Quintus Tullius Cicero. — Quod sentio . . . exiguum, and I perceive 
 how small it is. Quod, subject of nt. G. 529, 1. 
 
 3. Mediocriter versatum, moderately well versed. — Hujusce rei 
 —dicendi; i. e., of oratory. 
 
 4. Ab profecta, derived from. — Optimarum artium ; *. e., phi- 
 losophy, histoiy, grammar, rhetoric, and poetry. — A qua, from which, 
 i. e., from the study or pursuit of it. Qua refers to ratione. 
 
 5. Abhorruisse, has been free. Cicero was ever a diligent student. 
 During the busiest periods of his life, he devoted his leisure hours to 
 reading and study. 
 
 6. Earum rerum ; i. e., the three requisites mentioned above. — A. 
 Licinius ; i. e., A. Licinius Archias. — Fructum a me . . . debet. Cice- 
 ro thinks that his teacher, Archias, is fairly entitled to share the fruit of 
 the instructions which he had imparted to him in youth. 
 
 7. Repetere, to demand in return ; i. e., for his instructions. — Prope 
 SUO jure, as almost his own by right, lit., almost in (by) his own right. 
 Prope is added, as suojure without such qualification would be too strong. 
 — Quoad longissime . . . respicere, as far back as my mind can possi- 
 bly review. 
 
 9. Ultimam, the earliest. — Inde usque repetens, recalling even |j 
 from that period. Archias came to Kome when Cicero was only five 
 years of age. 
 
 10. Hunc mihi principem exstitisse, that he was my chief 
 guide. 
 
 11. Rationem . . . studiorum, this course of study (studies). 
 
 12. Conformata, trained. — Nonnullis saluti; G. 390. 
 
 13. A quo. The antecedent is huic ipsi t which with the antecedent 
 clause is best rendered first. — Quo, by which, referring to id. — Ceteris, 
 alios. Ceteris means the others, the rest, i. e., all except Archias; but 
 alios means others, i. e., others in contrast with Archias; not, however, 
 all others, but some others. 
 
 16. Hoc ita. Ita is added only for emphasis. The thought would 
 be complete without :t. — Quod sit; G. 516, II. 
 
 17. In hoc, in this man, i. e., in Archias. — Neque haec dicendi 
 ratio, and not this knowledge of oratory. As Archias was a poet, and not 
 an orator, some might wonder that Cicero should feel so much indebted 
 to him. 
 
ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 217 
 
 PAGE 
 
 18. Ne nos quidem. In rendering, supply the ellipsis be/ore these 48 
 words, as I state, or, let me tell you. — Huic uni studio penitus, exclu- 
 sively to this one study, i. e., to oratory. Cicero had also tried his hand at 
 poetry. 
 
 la>. Humanitatem, a liberal education. 
 
 21. Quasi cognatione quadam, by a kind of relationship. 
 
 22. M«. Subject of uti, line 4, next page. —In quaestione legiti 
 ilia, in a legal question. 
 
 1. In judicio publico, in a state trial. Judicium publicum is a 49 
 trial to which the state is a party, while judicium privatum is a trial 
 between individuals. — Cum res agatur, when a case is tned. G. 
 517. 
 
 2. Praetorem; i. c, Quintus Tullius Cicero, the orator's brother, 
 then praetor. 
 
 3. Tanto conventu, with so great an assemblage ; Abl. of Manner, 
 giving the attendant circumstaitces, though it may be explained as Abl. 
 
 . Absolute. 
 
 4. Hoc genere quod abhorreat, such a hind as differs. G. 421, 1. 
 Hoc = tali. 
 
 7. Vobis; construe with molestam. — Quern ad niodum ; also 
 written as one word. 
 
 8. Ut . . . patiamini. In apposition with hanc veniam. 
 
 10. Hac vestra humanitate, with such liberal culture among you. 
 
 — Hoc praetore. The praetor, the brother of the orator, was himself a 
 man of refinement and culture, a poet and an historian. — Exercente 
 judicium, conducting the trial, i. e., as the presiding officer. 
 
 12. Liberius, more freely than usual. — In ejus modi persona, in 
 the case of a character of this kind, i. e., of such a kind as that of Archias. 
 
 — Propter otium ac studium, on account of his retired life and literary 
 pursuits. 
 
 13. Minimein .... tractata est, has been very seldom flit,, very 
 . little) presented in courts and t?ials. 
 
 15. Perficiam, ut putetis, I shall cause you to think, lit., that you 
 
 Rmay think, i. e., I shall convince you. 
 17. Si non esset; G. 527, III. The conclusion is adsciscendum 
 fuuse, which in the Direct Discourse would have been adsciscendus erat, 
 or fuit. G. 511, 2. 
 
 III. Brief Outline of the Early Life of Archias. 
 
 19. Nam ut primum, now as soon as. Nam {for ovnoiv) refers to 
 the preceding sentence. — Ex pueris excessit, emerged from boyhood, 
 
218 NOTES. 
 
 . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 49 i> e., at the age of fifteen, the recognized limit of boyhood in Gree 
 though not at Rome. See Lat. Comp. 408. 
 
 20. Ab . . . artibus; construe with contulit. — Aetas puerilis v 
 boyhood. 
 
 21. Scribendi, of composition, especially of poetic composition.— 
 Primum, first. The correlative is post in line 25. — Antiochiae, at 
 Antioch, an important city on the river Orontes, in Syria. G. 425, II. 
 
 22. Loco nobili, of a noble family. G. 425, 2. — Celebri urbe; 
 G. 363, 4, 2). 
 
 24. Affluenti, rich, abounding. 
 
 25. Contigit; supply ei; it was his good fortune, lit., it happened to 
 him. — Asiae; i. e., Asia Minor, the usual meaning of the word in Latin 
 writers, sometimes including Syria, as in this instance. 
 
 26. Sic ejus . . . celebrabantur, his coming was so much talked of, 
 i. e., excited such interest. — Adventus. Observe the plural, referring to 
 the various instances of his coming, where we use the singular. — Fa- 
 mam. Object of superaret. 
 
 27. Exspectatio hominis, the anticipation in regard to the man.— 
 Ipsius adventus admiratioque, his arrival itself and the admiration 
 he excited. 
 
 28. Italia. Italia, as distinguished from Latium, the country of the 
 Latin tongue, means Southern Italy, also called Magna Graecia. 
 
 29. Disciplinarum, learning. G. 399, 1., 3. 
 
 31. Propter tranquillitatem ; i. e., from the death of C. Grac- 
 chus, 121 B. C, to the commencement of the Social War, 90 B. C. 
 
 32. Hunc civitate, praemiis donarunt; G. 384, 2. — Taren- 
 tiui, Regini, Neapolitani. Tarentum, Begium, and Neapolis, were 
 Greek towns in Southern Italy. 
 
 34. Aliquid judicare, to form any correct judgment. Aliguid, lit., 
 any thing, often means any thing of value and importance. — Cognitione, 
 acquaintance. G. 421, III. 
 
 36. Absentibus, to those at a distance, i. e., his reputation extended 
 abroad, even to those who had never seen him. 
 
 50 1« Mario . . . Catulo ; i. e., 102 B. C. This was the fourth consul 
 ship of Marius. 
 
 2. Eos, such. — Quorum posset; G. 500. — Alter, the one; i. e., 
 Marius, whose victories over the Cimbri and the Teutones furnished Ar- 
 chias a stirring theme for his muse. 
 
 3. Alter, the other ; i. e., Q. Lutatius Catulus, who was both a soldier 
 and a man of letters. He shared with Marius the victory over the Cimbri ; 
 hence res gestas. — Studium atque aures, taste (i.e., a fondness for 
 literary studies) and an appreciative ear. 
 
ORATION FOR THE POET ARC HI AS. 219 
 
 PAGE 
 
 4» Luculli. Cicevo refers, doubtless, to the family of L. Licinius 50 
 Lucullus, especially to the two sons, Lucius, who afterward commanded 
 against Mithridates, and Marcus, who triumphed over the Dardanians of 
 Macedonia, 71 B. C. — Praetextatus, a youth : lit., clad in the togaprae- 
 texta, which was worn by Roman boys till tbey reached the age of seven- 
 teen. Here the word must not be taken literally, because, as Archias 
 vas a foreigner, he would not be allowed to assume the Roman dress. 
 
 5. Sed jam hoc . . . ingenii, but this again (jam) icas the result not 
 only of his genius, lit., teas of. — Hoc, this, viz., ut domus . . . senectuti. — 
 Ingenii; Predicate Genitive fStcvfuit understood. G. 403. 
 
 8. Naturae, of his natural disposition. 
 
 7. Domus ; viz., that of the Luculli. — Hujus adolescentiae, 
 senectuti, to him in youth, in old age ; lit., to his youth, to his old age. 
 
 8. Eadem; G. 451, 3. 
 
 9. Q. Metello Numidico. A celebrated warrior and a generous 
 patron of letters, surnamed JVumidicus from his victories over Jugurtha, 
 King of Numidia. — Pio filio. The son, Quintus Metellus, was surnamed 
 Pius on account of his efforts in behalf of bis exiled father. 
 
 10. 31. Aemilio. Marcus Aerailius Scaurus, a statesman and ora- 
 tor. — Vivebat cum, he associated with. — Q. Catulo et patre et filio. 
 The father was the Catulus mentioned in line 1. See also note on alter, 
 line 3. The son was a prominent politician, consul 78 B. C. 
 
 11. Li. Crasso. The celebrated orator, consul 95 B. C. — Lueullos. 
 See note on Luculli, line 4. — Drusuin. M. Livius Drusus, an active 
 tribune of the people. 
 
 12. Octavios. Cn. Octavius, consul 87 B. C, his sen Lucius, con- 
 sul 75 B. C, and a second Cn. Octavius, consul 76 B. C. — Catonem. 
 Probably M. Porcius Cato, a tribune of the people, grandson of Cato the 
 Censor, and father of Cato Uticensis. — Hortensiorum. Of this illustri- 
 ous family, by far the most distinguished was Q. Hortensius, the orator. — 
 Devinctam consuetudine, bound to him by ties of friendly intercourse. 
 
 13. Afficiebatur summo honore, he tvas most highly honored, not 
 merely by those mentioned above, but by others who gathered about him, 
 
 I because he had been noticed by such distinguished men. 
 
 15. Si qui forte, any who, lit., if perchance any. — Simuiabant. 
 , iupply se studere. 
 
 IV., V. Proof of the Citizenship of Archias. 
 
 17. Satis longo intervaUo, after a somewhat long interval. G. 431. 
 'i —Cum M. Lucullo. See note on Luculli, line 4. The object of this 
 journey on the part of Lucullus is not known. 
 
220 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 50 19. Decederet. Observe the force of the Imperfect, was returning, 
 
 lit., was departing. — Heracliam. A city of Lucania, on the Bay of Ta- 
 rentum. G. 380, II. 
 
 20. Aequissimo jure ac foedere, with very favorable privileges 
 and treat} T -rights. G. 419, II. This city, having been in close alliance 
 with Rome for upwards of two centuries, enjoyed unusual rights and 
 privileges. — Ascribi se in, to be enrolled in, lit., into. 
 
 21. Cum . . . turn auctoritate, both because . . . and through the 
 influence. 
 
 23. Civitas; i. e., Roman citizenship, the Roman franchise. — Sil- 
 van! lege et Carbonis. This law, proposed by M. Plautius Silvanus 
 and C. Papirius Carbo, tribunes of the people, was passed in the year 89 
 B. C. — Si qui = iis qui, to those who, lit., if any. lis, thus implied in si 
 qui, is the Indirect Object of data est. —Si qui . . . professi. Cicero 
 here gives, in the form of the Oratio Obliqua, the three conditions upon 
 which citizenship was conferred under this law. See Introduction, p. 
 214. 
 
 25. Ferebatur ; G. 529, II., note 1,2). — Sexaginta diebus, within 
 sixty days, i. e., after the passage of the law. 
 
 26. Essent professi, should enter their names. 
 
 28. Q. Metellum. This was Q. Metellus Pius, mentioned above in 
 line 9 ; ejus Piofilio. He was praetor in the year 89 B. C. 
 29.' De civitate, of his citizenship, i. e., in Rome. 
 
 30. Causa dicta est, the defence is finished. 
 
 31. Grati; G. 51, 5. This suit was brought by a certain Gratius, 
 of whom nothing further is known. 
 
 34. Sed egisse, but that he accomplished it. See line 22 above ; auc- 
 toritate et gratia Luculli, etc. 
 
 36. Publico testimonio, official proof . 
 c.j 1. Hie, under these circumstances, i. e., although you thus have the 
 
 most ample proof. — Tabulas publicas, the state records. Gratius de- 
 nied that Archias was a citizen of Heraclea, and challenged Cicero to 
 prove it from the recoi'ds of that city. But, unfortunately, those records 
 had been destroyed by fire during the Social War. 
 
 2. Italico bello. Called, also, the Social, or the Marsian War. 
 
 5. Litterarum, of the records, referring to tabulas publicas. 
 
 6. Cum, although. — Viri ; i.e., of Lucullus. — Religionem, the 
 testimony, called religio because given under oath. — Integ^rrimi muni- 
 cipii; i. e., Heraclea. This city received the Roman franchise and be- 
 came a municipium under the Julian law in the year 90 B. C. It was pre- 
 viously a free city in alliance with Rome. It is called integerrimi because it 
 remained loyal during the Social War. 
 
ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 221 
 
 PAGE 
 
 8. Quas idem dicis, ichich you also say ; a remark which Gratius 51 
 seems to have made in regard to the records of Q. Metellus, as may be in- 
 ferred from the following chapter. 
 
 10. Tot annis ; G. p. 230, foot-note 3. — Ante civitatem datam; 
 G. 549, note 2. 
 
 12. Quae solae ex ilia, etc., which alone of that registration and 
 board of praetors have the authority of public records ; i. e., of all the 
 records made at that time by the different praetors, those of Metellus alone 
 were trustworthy. 
 
 15. Cum, though, or while ; concessive. — Appii tabulae. Cice- 
 ro proceeds to contrast the records made by Metellus in which the name 
 of Archias appears, with those made by his associates, Appius Claudius 
 and Q. Gabinius. Those of Appius were not properly taken care of. Forge- 
 ries might have been introduced into them. The recklessness of Gabinius, 
 and his condemnation on the charge of extortion, destroyed the value of 
 his register ; but the records of Metellus were executed and preserved with 
 the most scrupulous care. 
 
 16. Quam diu incolumis fuit; *. e., before he was tried, in con- 
 trast with post damnationem. Gabinius was tried and condemned on the 
 charge of extortion. 
 
 17. Kesignasset, had destroyed. The subject is levitas and calami- 
 fas, taken separately. 
 
 18. Modestissimus, most scrupulous. 
 
 20. Venerit ; G. 495, VI. — Unius nominis litura. This anecdote 
 is told simply to show the scrupulous accuracy of the man. 
 23. Quid est quod . . . dubitetis ; G. 503, I., note 2. 
 
 26. Arte; G. 421, II. — Graecia; i. e., Magna Graecia, Southern 
 Italy. 
 
 27. Reginos, Neapolitanos, etc. See note on p. 49, line 32. — 
 Credo. In irony. When thus used, it is usually introduced into the 
 
 , sentence parenthetically, without any influence upon the construction. — 
 Locrenses, the Locrians, in Southern Italy. 
 
 28. Scaenicis artificibus, actors, lit., stage artists. The profes- 
 sion of the actor was deemed unworthy of freemen. 
 
 30. Cum irrepserint; G. 515, III.— Cum, while. — Post 
 civitatem datam ; i. e., after the franchise was given to the allied cities 
 by the Julian law, in the year 90 B. C. 
 
 31. Post legem Papiam. See Introduction, p. 214. After the 
 passage of this law, some foreigners got their names inserted surrep- 
 
 !titiously in the registers of the towns. — Eorum municipiorum. 
 Regium, Locri, Neapolis, and Tarentum, became munieipia under the Ju- 
 lian law. 
 
222 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 51 32. Illis; i. e., tabulis. 
 
 35. Census, the census-rolls. — Scilicet. In irony. — Obscurum, 
 not generally known. 
 
 36. Proximis censoribus, at the last census; lit., at the time of 
 the last censors ; viz., L. Gellius and Cn. Lentulus, 70 B. C. — Censoribus ; 
 G. 429. —Cum L/. Lucullo ; i. e., in the Mithridatic War. See note on 
 Luculli, p. 50, line 4. 
 
 52 1. Apud exercitum; not in exercitu, because Arch i as was not in 
 service, but only in attendance upon the general. — Superioribus ; sup- 
 ply censoribus. This was in the year 86 B. C, when L. Marcius Philippus 
 and M. Perperna were censors. From 86 B. C. to 70 B. C, the census was 
 not taken. — Cum eodem quaes tore, toith the same man (i. e., Lucullus) 
 then quaestor. Lucullus was at the time quaestor under Sulla in the Mith- 
 ridatic War. 
 
 2. Primis ; supply censoribus. This was in the year 89 B. C, when 
 L. Julius Caesar and P. Licinius Crassus were censors. — Primis, the % 
 first, i. e., after Archias became a Roman citizen. The census was 
 usually taken once in five years, but was sometimes omitted, and some- 
 times taken at irregular intervals. Thus it was omitted in 89 B. C, 
 was taken three years afterward, in 86 B. C, and then omitted till 70 
 B.C. 
 
 3. Esse censam, was rated. 
 
 4. Tantum modo ; also written tantummodo. — Ita, thus, i. e., by 
 the fact of enrolment. 
 
 5. lis temporibus . . . criminaris, at those very times when you 
 allege that he. — lis temporibus ; Abl. of Time ; construe with fecit. 
 There is some doubt in regard to the correctness of the text. We should 
 expect, Us temporibus quibus eum tu criminaris, etc. 
 
 7. Testamentum . . . Romanorum. This is a proof that Archias 
 considered himself a Roman citizen, as no others could either make wills 
 or become heirs of Roman citizens. — Legibus ; G. 416. 
 
 8. Hereditates . . . Romanorum, inheritances left himby (lit., of) 
 Roman citizens. — In beneficiis . . . delatus est, was reported to the 
 treasury among those recommended to favor. It was customary for mili- 
 tary governors to report the names of those under their command who had 
 shown themselves to be especially meritorious. 
 
 9. Pro consule; also written proconsule ; as proconsul, or military 
 governor. 
 
 10. Nunquam neque; G. 553, 2. — Suo judicio, by his own opin- 
 ion, i. e., by any facts adduced to prove that he did not regard himself as 
 a citizen. See above, line 5 ; quern tu criminaris ne ipsius quidem judi- 
 cio, etc. 
 
ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 223 
 
 VI., VII. The Value of Poetry and Letters. pAGB 
 
 12. Tanto opere; also written tantopere ; Abl. of Manner. 52 
 
 13. Suppeditat ubi, he furnishes that with which, i. e., his poetry. 
 — Ubi, wherewith, with which, = quo with the antecedent omitted. 
 
 14. Convicio. This refers to the noisy wrangling of the court- 
 room. 
 
 18. Contentionem, tension. The figure is taken from the bending 
 of a bow. Hence relaxemus, lit., unbend. 
 
 20. Se litteris abdiderunt, have buried themselves in books. Lit' 
 teris, Abl. of Means. 
 
 22. Vivo, have lived ; G. 467, 2. 
 
 23. Ut a nullius . . . abstraxerit, that my desire for leisure has 
 never kept me aloof from any one's peril or advantage ; i. e., he has ever 
 been ready to defend those who were unjustly accused, and to protect them 
 in their rights. 
 
 26. Tandem. See note on tandem, p. 1, line 1. — Reprehendat; 
 Q. 486, II. 
 
 27. Quantum temporum, as much time as. Temporum is placed 
 at the end of the clause for emphasis. — Ceteris, alii. These words are 
 both in contrast with egomet. Observe the difference in meaning. See 
 note on ceteris, alios, p. 48, line 13. 
 
 30. Tempestivis conviviis, to protracted banquets. Tempestiva 
 convivia were banquets which began early and closed late. 
 
 32. Eo, on this account ; explained by quod . . .facultas. 
 
 34. Oratio et facultas, oratorical ability. G. 636, III., 2. — Quan- 
 tacumque est, such as it is. 
 
 35. Quae si, if this, i. e., this ability. 
 
 36. Ilia quae summa sunt, those things which are of the highest 
 impoHance ; i. e., philosophical principles and maxims of practical use in 
 life ; a second advantage derived from literary studies. 
 
 1. Hauriam ; Indirect Question. G. 529, 1. 53 
 
 2. Litteris, literary works. G. 132. 
 
 3. Magno opere; also written magnopere. — In ea persequenda, 
 in endeavoring to attain these. Ea, this, singular, refers to laudem atque 
 honestatem, taken as a whole. 
 
 5. Parvi esse ducenda, should be regarded as of little consequence. 
 G. 404. The infinitive depends upon suasissem. 
 
 7. Profligfatorum hominum. Subjective Genitive, referring to 
 Catiline and his accomplices. G. 396, II. 
 
 8. Pleni sunt, are full of this, i. e., of the truth stated in nihil esse 
 
224 notes. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 53 in vita . . . esse ducenda. — Voces, the precepts, sayings. — Plena ex em 
 plorum vetustas, antiquity is full of examples of it. 
 
 9. Nisi litterarum lumen accederet, if the light of literature 
 were not applied to them ; i. e., these examples have been preserved only 
 by history and literature. 
 
 10. Imagines, portraitures. 
 
 11. Non solum ad intuendum ; construe with expressas, drawn 
 not only, etc. 
 
 13. Mini; construe with proponens. 
 
 14. Ipsa cogitatione . . . excellentium, by the very thought of, 
 etc. ; i. e.f by reflecting - upon their characters. 
 
 17. Litteris, in (by) literary works ; Abl. of Means. 
 
 19. Est certum quod respondeam, it is certain what I am to re- 
 ply, i. e., I am not at a loss for an answer. 
 
 20. Animo; Abl. of Characteristic. 
 
 21. Naturae ipsius . . . divino, by the almost divine character of 
 their natural gifts themselves, lit., of nature itself. 
 
 2.2. Moderatos et graves, men of prudence and character. 
 
 23. Ad laudem valuisse, has been effectual in attaining glory. 
 
 24. Atque idem ego, and yet I. G. 451, 3. 
 
 26. Ratio quaedam . . . doctrinae, a certain systematic training 
 and moulding of the powers through learning, lit., of learning. 
 
 27. Illud nescio quid . . . singulare, that certain extraordinary 
 and peculiar excellence. — Nescio quid = aliquid, or quiddam, implies 
 that Cicero knows not what to call it. 
 
 28. Ex hoc numero, of this number ; i. e., of the number of those 
 who illustrate the value of rare natural gifts developed by culture. 
 
 29. Africanum. Scipio Africanus, the younger, the conqueror of 
 Carthage. See note on alter Africanus, p. 46, line 13. — C. Laelium. 
 Gaius Laelius, surnamed the Wise, the well-known friend of Scipio Afri- 
 canus, the younger. 
 
 30. It. Furium. Lucius Furius Philus, distinguished for his love 
 of letters. 
 
 31. Illis temporibus doctissimum,/or(lit., in) those times very 
 learned. 
 
 32. M. Catonem. Marcus Porcius Cato, the famous Censor, who 
 commenced the study of Greek literature in extreme old age. He is here 
 called ille senex, that well-known old man, because he attained the re- 
 markable age of eighty -five, and yet was very prominent and active in the 
 latter years of his life. — Qui profecto, they doubtless. — Ad percipi- 
 endam . . . virtutem, in comprehending and practising virtue, lit., to the 
 comprehending, etc. 
 
OKATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 225 
 
 PAGE 
 
 33. Adjuvarentur ; G. 485, note 1 ; 510, note 2. The Imperfect is 5& 
 nsed to denote' that the truth is a general one; that the aid received then 
 would be received now under the same circumstances. 
 
 1. Remissionem, relaxation. 54 
 
 2. Ceterae. Supply remissiones, recreations. — Neque tempor um 
 sunt, are not adapted to all times ; lit., are not of, etc. Omnium belongs 
 to each of the three genitives. 
 
 4. Secundas res, adversis ; G. 440, note 4. 
 
 6. Rusticantur, they are with us at our country seats, i. e., they 
 there furnish us recreation and intellectual enjoyment. The wealthy 
 Romans usually passed the hot season at their villas in the country. 
 
 VIII. The Remarhable Poetical Talents of Archias. 
 
 7. Haec attingere, to prosecute these studies. 
 
 10. Roscii. Quintus Roscius, the most celebrated comic actor of 
 his time. 
 
 14. Celeritatem, the rapid action. 
 
 17. Novo genere dicendi. See Chap. II. 
 
 18. Cum litteram scripsisset nullam, when he had not written 
 a single letter. G. 132; 521, II., 2. 
 
 20. Turn agerentur, were then under discussion. G. 529, II., note 
 1, 1). — Revocatum, when requested to repeat, lit., called back. 
 
 21. Commutatis . . . sententiis, with a complete change of words 
 and thoughts. 
 
 23. Ut ad . . . perveniret, that he attained to the praise, etc. This 
 is extravagant language. By veterum scriptorum, Cicero means the cele- 
 brated Greek poets and authors. 
 
 25. Sic; G. 636, III., 7. 
 
 26. Doctrina constare, depends upon learning. G. 416. 
 
 27. Natura ipsa valere, derives his power from Nature herself lit., 
 is strong by means of Nature herself. 
 
 28. Quasi quodam ; G. 456, 2. 
 
 29. Suo jure, in his own right ; as he was himself a poet. — Noster 
 ille Ennius, our well-known Ennius. Ennius, the father of Roman 
 poetry, was born in Calabria, 239 B. C. 
 
 30. Quod videantur ; G. 516, II. — Dono atque munere, gift 
 and endowment. 
 
 32. Humanissimos homines, men of the highest culture ; in con- 
 trast with barbaria. 
 
 33. Poetae; G. 396, VI. 
 
 34. Voci respondent, respond to his voice, i. e., to the poet's voice. 
 
226 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 54 The allusion is probably to the fable of Orpheus, whom the poets feign not 
 only to have charmed wild beasts, but even to have moved trees and rocks 
 by the power of his music. 
 
 36. Moveamur; Potential Subj.— Homer urn. Homer, the cele- 
 brated Epic poet of Greece. Seven different cities claimed the honor of 
 being his birthplace. 
 
 55 1. Colophonii. The citizens of Colophon, a city of Ionia, in Asia 
 Minor. — Chii. The citizens of Chios, now Scio, an island in the Aegean 
 Sea, with a city of the same name. 
 
 2. Salaminii. The citizens of Salamis, an island in the Saronic 
 Gulf, with a city of the same name. — Smyrnaei. The citizens of Smyr- 
 na, in Ionia. 
 
 3. Permulti alii. The three other cities generally mentioned in 
 this connection are Athens, Rhodes, and Argos. 
 
 4. Pugnant inter se; i. e., for the honor of being regarded as his 
 birthplace. 
 
 IX. Archias is entitled to Gratitude for having cd& 
 brated Roman Victories in his Verse, 
 
 5. Alienum, a foreigner. 
 
 7. Noster, our countryman. — Olim, already for a long time. 
 
 9. Cimbricas res attigit, he attempted the subject of the Cimbrian 
 War, i. e., the victories of Marius over the Cimbri. See note on custodem 
 hujus urbis, p. 34, line 14. — Adolescens; G. 363, 3. 
 
 10. Durior ad, somewhat insensible to, i. e., incapable of appre- 
 ciating. 
 
 13. Praeconium, the heralding. — Themistoclem. Themistocles, 
 the celebrated Athenian statesman and general. 
 
 14. Athenis ; G. 425, II. 
 
 15. Quod . . . audiret; Indirect Question. 
 
 16. Ejus. Supply vocem. — Ejus a quo . . . praedicaretur ; Ob« 
 ject of dixisse. 
 
 17. L. Plotium. Lucius Plotius, a Roman orator and rhetorician. 
 
 20. Mithridaticum bellum, the Mithridatic War, waged by the 
 Romans against Mithridates, King of Pontus. — In multa varietate, 
 with many vicissitudes, lit., in much variety, i. e., of fortune. 
 
 21. Totum. This seems to be a rhetorical exaggeration, as the 
 poem of Archias is said to have described only that part of the war 
 when Lucius Lucullus was in command, from 73 B. C, to 66 B. C. The 
 entire war occupied twenty-six years. — Ab hoc, by him, lit., this one, 
 i. e., Archias. 
 
ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 227 
 
 PAGE 
 
 22. Qui libri, these books ; i. e., the several books into which the 55 
 poem was divided. 
 
 24. Lucullo imperante, with Lucullus as their commander ; Abl. 
 Absol. 
 
 25. Pontum. An important country in Asia Minor, south of the 
 Euxine Sea. — Ipsa natura. Pontns had the Euxine Sea upon the north, 
 and was enclosed upon the other sides by mountains. It was also guarded 
 by seventy-five fortresses. 
 
 27. Armeniorum . . . fudit. In the year 69 B. C, in the battle 
 before Tigranocerta, the capital of Armenia, southeast of Pontus, Lucul- 
 lus, with a small force of eleven or twelve thousand, defeated King Ti- 
 granes with a force twenty times as large. 
 
 28. Urbem Cyzieenorum. Cyzicus, a city of Mysia, on the 
 Propontis, was besieged by Mithridates 73 B. C, but was relieved by Lu- 
 cullus. 
 
 30. Nostra feretur et praedicabitur, icill be reported and cele- 
 brated as ours. — Nostra agrees with pugna, the subject of feretur and 
 praedicabitur. 
 
 33. Tenedum, Tenedus ; an island on the coast of Asia Minor, near 
 which Lucullus gained a signal naval victory, 73 B. C. 
 
 34. Quae quorum . . . efferuntur, by ichose genius these deeds (lit., 
 xchich things) are celebrated. The antecedent of quorum is lis, in the next 
 line. In rendering, begin with the antecedent clause. 
 
 35. Africano superiori, to Africanus the elder. See note on 
 Scipio, p. 46, line 11. 
 
 36. Noster Ennius. See note on noster ille Ennius, p. 54, line 29. 
 — In sepulcro, on the sepulchre. 
 
 1. Esse constitutus ex marmore, to have been sculptured in mar- 56 
 ble. Livy speaks of three statues upon the tomb of the Scipios, one of 
 which was supposed to be that of Ennius ; but, when the tomb was dis- 
 covered in 1780, no such statues were found. — Cujus laudlbus; i. e., 
 I by the praises bestowed by Ennius upon the elder Africanus, whose eulogy 
 he is said to have written. 
 
 3. Hujus proavus Cato, Cato, the great-grandfather of this Cato ; 
 i. e., of Cato the younger. Hujus may be applied to him as a contem- 
 oorarv, or may denote that he was present in court. Proavus Cato is Cato 
 the Censor. See note on M. Catonem, p. 53, line 32. 
 
 4. Tollitur; i. e., by the praises of Ennius. 
 
 5. Maximi, Mareelli, Fulvii. These are all illustrious names in 
 the history of the second Punic War. Q. Fabius Maximus baffled Han- 
 nibal by delay; M. Claudius Marcellus took Syracuse ; Q. Fulvius Flaccus 
 recovered Capua, 
 
228 NOTES. 
 
 X., XI. As other Writers have been honored and re- 
 warded by Generals and States, so ought Archias to 
 be honored and rewarded by us. 
 
 PAGE " 
 
 56 7. Rudinum hominem ; i. <?., Ennius, a native of Rudiae, in Ca- 
 
 labria. 
 
 8. In civitatem receperunt, admitted to citizenship. 
 
 9. Inhac; i.e.,civitate. 
 
 11. Nam si quis, etc. A reason for the negative answer which the 
 preceding question requires. — Graecis versibus. Archias wrote in 
 Greek, and Ennius in Latin. 
 
 13. Graeca, Greek works. 
 
 14. Exiguis. These limits would include Latium and the Roman 
 colonies. Greek was spoken in Southern Italy; Tuscan or Gallic, in 
 Northern. 
 
 16. Pervenerint ; Subj. in an Indirect Clause. G. 529, II., note 1, 1). 
 
 18. Haec, these things ; i. e., to have one's deeds celebrated in lit- 
 erary works, and thus published to the world. — Ampla, honorable. 
 
 19. De vita, at the peril of life. — Periculorum incitamentum, 
 inducement to encounter perils , lit., of perils. 
 
 21. Multos scrip tores. Among these may be mentioned Aristo- 
 bulus, Ptolemaeus, Anaximenes, Callisthenes, and Clitarchus. Their 
 works are, however, all lost; but those of Aristobulus and Ptolemaeus 
 were extant in the second century of the Christian era, and furnished the 
 materials for Arrian's history of the campaigns of Alexander. — Magnus 
 ille Alexander. Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia, and con- 
 queror of the world. 
 
 22. Cum adstitisset ; G. 521, II., 2. 
 
 23. Sigeo; a promontory on the coast of Troy. — Achillis, of 
 Achilles, the hero of the Iliad of Homer. 
 
 24. Qui inveneris ; G. 517. — Vere. Supply inquit or dixit. 
 
 26. Obruisset ; G- 510, note 1. 
 
 27. Noster hie Magnus. Hie, in distinction from ille, in magnus 
 ille Alexander above. Cn. Pompey, surnamed the Great {Magnus), is 
 meant. See note on Pompeius, p. 46, line 18. In rendering, begin with 
 nonne. 
 
 28. Theophanem. Theophanes, a learned Greek of Mitylene, on 
 the island of Lesbos, accompanied Pompey on his expeditions in the East, 
 and wrote a history of his campaigns. 
 
 29. Civitate donavit; G. 384, 2, (2). 
 
 30. Rustici, uncultivated, lit., from the country, rustic. 
 
ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 229 
 
 PAGE 
 
 31. Ejusdem laudis. This refers to the praise bestowed by The- 56 
 ophanes upon Pompey and his army. 
 
 33. Credo. In irony. 
 
 34. Ut donaretur ; G. 498, II. 
 
 35. Potuit; G. 511, 1, note 3. — Sulla. L. Cornelius Sulla, a cele- 
 brated Roman general, conspicuous in the civil war with Marius. See 
 note on quas Sulla constituit, p. 20, line 19. 
 
 36. Petentem repudiasset; G. 549, 2; 510. — Quern, the man 
 whom, i. e., Sulla. 
 
 1. Libellum> a petition; strictly, any short composition. — Poeta 57 
 de populo, a poet from among the common people ; i. e., obscure, un- 
 known. 
 
 2. In eum, upon him ; i. e., in his praise. — Tantum modo . . . lon- 
 giusculis, only with alternate verses somewhat long; i. e., it was in the Ele- 
 giac Distich, composed of alternate hexameters and pentameters, and 
 this was its only merit. Cicero does not mean to criticise the verse, 
 
 ] but simply to say that the epigram was mere verse, and not poetry. 
 G. 615. 
 
 3. Ex iis rebus . . . vendebat; i. e., from the confiscated property 
 of proscribed citizens, which he was then selling. It will be observed 
 that the dictator was entirely unscrupulous in the use of this prop- 
 erty. 
 
 5. Qui. The antecedent is the pronoun is, the omitted subject of 
 expetisset. — Tamen, yet; i. e., notwithstanding the quality of the poetry. 
 
 6. Hujus, of this one, i. e., of Archias. — Virtutem, excellence. — In 
 scribendo. These words belong to copiam, as well as to virtutem. G. 
 €64, II. 
 
 7. Q. Metello Pio. See notes on Q. Metello Numidico and Pio 
 filio, p. 50, line 9. 
 
 8. Civitate multos donavit; G. 384, 2, (2). 
 
 9. Lucullos. See note on Luculli, p. 50, line 4. — Impetravisset. 
 Potential Subj. Supply civitatem. — Qui . . .usque eo cuperet, especial- 
 ly since he (Metellus) so much desired. 
 
 10. Cordubae natis, born at Cordova, a town in Spain. Who 
 these poets were is not known. Afterward, Cordova gave birth to the 
 poet Lucan, and the two Senecas. 
 
 11. Pingue quiddam . . . peregrinum, though uttering something 
 rude and provincial. 
 
 13. Hoc, this, i. e., our love of fame, as stated in trahimur omnet 
 ttudio laudis, etc. 
 
 14. Prae nobis ferendum, must be openly acknowledged. 
 15 Optimus quisque ; G. 458, 1. 
 
230 NOTES. 
 
 t>AGE 
 
 57 17. In eo ipso, in that very instance. 
 
 18. Despiciunt, state their contempt for, lit., despise. — Praedicarl 
 de se ac nominari, to be spoken of and named, lit., that mention should 
 be made of them, etc. — Praedicari is here used impersonally. 
 
 19. Decimus Brutus. Decimus Brutus, one of the most distin- 
 guished generals of his age, is said to have erected temples and other 
 public edifices from the spoils of war. He was consul 138 B. C. 
 
 20. Attii. L. Attius, a Roman tragic poet, born 170 B. C, an inti- 
 mate friend of Decimus Brutus. 
 
 21. Ille Fulvius. M. Fulvius Nobilior, consul 183 B. C. He sub- 
 jugated Aetolia, in Greece. The poet Ennius accompanied him upon this 
 expedition. 
 
 23. Martis, of Mars, the god of war, put by metonymy for belli. 
 G. 637, III. — Musis. Fulvius erected a temple in Rome to Hercules and 
 the Muses, and > adorned it with the spoils brought from Greece. Among 
 these spoils was the celebrated painting of the Muses, by Zeuxis. 
 
 24. Prope armati, almost with arms still in their hands, i. e., imme- 
 diately after their return from war. 
 
 25. Togati, in the garb of peace ; contrasted with armati. — A . . . 
 honore . . . abhorrere, to disregard the honor. 
 
 27. Id, this ; i. e., what is implied in non a Musarum. . . abhorrere. — 
 Me indicabo, J will reveal my own feelings, lit., myself. 
 
 28. Quodam amore gloriae. Quodam is here used to soften the 
 expression amore gloriae, which would otherwise be very strong. 
 
 30. Vobiscum simul, together with yon. The judges, as the repre- 
 sentatives of the conservative party, are here addressed as those who bad 
 aided and supported him in his consulship. 
 
 32. Attigit hie versibus, he (Archias) has undertaken to celebrate 
 in verse. The undertaking was, however, never consummated. — Quibus. 
 This refers to versibus ; i. e., the verses already composed, as implied in 
 inchoavit. 
 
 35. Hanc, this, i. e., the one just described. — Laudis ; Appo- 
 sitional Genitive. G. 396, VI. 
 
 36. Quid est quod exerceamus ; G. 503, 1., note 2. 
 
 58 3. Si nihil ... in posterum, if the soul did not look forward into 
 the future ; i. e., had no anticipations of the future. 
 
 4. Eisdem, *. e., regionibus, by the same limits. 
 
 6. Frangeret, exhaust. — Angeretur; G. 465. 
 
 7. Nunc, now indeed, marking the transition from the supposition, si 
 nihil animus, etc., to the actual state of the case. 
 
 8. Virtus, power, or principle. — Noctes ac dies; Lat. Comp. 
 411, 2. 
 
ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 231 
 
 PAGE 
 
 9. Non cum vitae . . . dimetiendam, ought not to terminate with, 58 
 etc., lit., to be measured off with. 
 
 XII. Conclusion. 
 
 12. Tarn parvi animi, of so narrow a mind ; Predicate Genitive. 
 14. Usque ad extremum spatium, even to the last moment, i. e. $ 
 of life. 
 
 19. Noune debemus, and ought not zve. Supply and in English to 
 connect the two members of the question. 
 
 20. Expressam et politam, accurately drawn and nicely finished ; 
 i. e., such an accurate and finished delineation as Archias is capable of 
 giving. — Omnia. Object of spargere and disseminare, of which me is 
 the subject. It refers to his public acts as consul. 
 
 22. Haec, this ; referring to memoriam sempiternam. 
 
 23. A meo sensu abfutura est, will be beyond the reach of my con- 
 " sciousness. — Sapientissimi homines ; i. e., the philosophers who be- 
 lieved in the immortality of the soul, as Pythagoras, Socrates, and others. 
 
 25. Nunc quidem certe, now at all events. — Cogitatione qua- 
 dara speque, by some anticipation and hope of it. 
 
 26. Pudore eo, of such modest worth; Abl. of Characteristic. — 
 Quern. This refers to pudore. 
 
 28. Vetustate, by their long-continued intimacy. 
 
 30. Causa ejus modi, with such a cause. Causa ; Abl. of Charac- 
 teristic, like pudore and ingenio. — Beneficio legis, by the favor of the 
 
 • law, referring to the law of Silvanus and Carbo, which conferred the 
 privilege of citizenship on certain conditions. See p. 50, lines 23 to 26. — 
 Auctoritate municipii ; i.e., of Heraclea. See p. 50, line 34. 
 
 31. Testimonio Luculli. See p. 50, line 32. — Tabulis Metel- 
 li. See p. 51, lines 12 to 22. 
 
 32. Si qua . . . debet esse, if. . . ought to be of any weight. 
 
 33. Divina commendatio. Poets are represented as under the 
 protection of the gods. See p. 54, line 30. 
 
 34. Eum : Object of accipiatis, p. 59, line 3. 
 
 35. Ornavit, has celebrated, i. e., in his works. 
 
 36. His recentibus . . . periculis . . . esse; i. e., by his proposed 
 poem on the consulship of Cicero. Recentibus periculis refers to Cati- 
 line's conspiracy, suppressed the preceding year. 
 
 7. Omnibus ; G. 388, 1.— Communiter de ipsius studio, con- 59 
 1 cerning his pursuit in general; i. e., concerning the profession of a poet. 
 
 10. Qui judicium exercet, who conducts the trial, i. e., who pre- 
 sides over it, viz., the praetor, Quintus Cicero, the brother of the orator. 
 
 / 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW, 
 
 DELIVERED IN THE FORUM BEFORE THE ROMAN 
 PEOPLE, IN THE YEAR 66 B. C. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In this oration, Cicero appeared for the first time upon the 
 Rostra before the Roman people. He was already forty-one 
 years of age, and held the important office of praetor. He spoke 
 in support of a bill, proposed by the tribune Manilius, conferring 
 upon Pompey the sole command in the war against Mithridates, 
 King of Pontus. 
 
 Gnaeus Pompey, upon whom it was proposed to confer such 
 extraordinary powers, had already greatly distinguished him- 
 self in the field, and was rapidly becoming the favorite of the 
 people. His career had been in many respects very remark- 
 able. At the early age of twenty-five he was permitted, con- 
 trary to all precedent, to celebrate his victories in Sicily and 
 Africa with the proud pageant of a triumph. Ten years later, 
 his victories in Spain secured him the same honor a second time. 
 He entered the city in triumphal procession on the thirty-first 
 of December, 71 B. C, and, on the following day, entered upon 
 the duties of the consulship to which he had been elected, 
 though legally ineligible, as he had never filled the lower offices 
 of quaestor and praetor. His administration was marked by 
 several bold reforms in the interest of the people. 
 
 Three years later, having been appointed under the Gabinian 
 law to the sole command in the war against the pirates, he en- 
 tered upon a vigorous campaign which, in the brief period of 
 ninety days, was crowned with complete success. 
 
 But the Romans were still engaged in another war which re- 
 quired in its leader the rarest gifts and powers. Upwards of 
 twenty years before, Mithridates, King of Pontus, having allied 
 himself with Tigranes, King of Armenia, by giving him his 
 daughter in marriage, formed the bold design of expelling the 
 

 POMPEY THE GREAT. 
 
 p. 282. 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 233 
 
 Romans from their extensive possessions in Asia Minor. For a 
 time, brilliant success seemed likely to crown the undertaking. 
 City after city threw open its gates and welcomed the victor as a 
 deliverer from the Roman yoke. Elated by these early suc- 
 cesses, he issued an order almost unparalleled in cruelty, for a 
 general massacre of Roman citizens in Asia, an order which 
 was executed with relentless severity. One Roman general 
 after another was sent against him, some of whom achieved 
 great and important results, but still the struggle continued. 
 At length, in the year 74 B. C, Lucullus was appointed com- 
 mander of the Roman armies in Asia. For seven years he 
 prosecuted the war with great vigor and success ; he conquered 
 Mithridates, took the greater part of Pontus, invaded Armenia, 
 defeated Tigranes, and took the Armenian capital; but this 
 brilliant career of conquest was finally checked by the disaffec- 
 tion of his soldiers. Accordingly, in the year 67 B. C, he was 
 superseded by Glabrio, who proved to be a very inefficient 
 commander. Mithridates and Tigranes promptly availed them- 
 selves of the opportunity thus offered them of recovering the 
 territory and power which they had lost. It was at this crisis 
 in the Roman affairs in the East, that the tribune Gains Manil- 
 ius, in the spring of 66 B. C, moved that Pompey, who had 
 just achieved such signal success in the war against the pirates, 
 and who was still in Asia at the head of a large and victorious 
 army, should be intrusted with the chief command in the war 
 against Mithridates and Tigranes. The bill, generally known 
 as the Manilian law, proposed to clothe Pompey with almost 
 unlimited power, and accordingly met with violent opposition 
 from Catulus and Hortensius, on the ground that it would be 
 perilous to the best interests of the republic to place such ex- 
 traordinary powers in the hands of any one man. It was, how- 
 ever, warmly advocated by Caesar and Cicero, and was carried 
 by acclamation. 
 
 Pompey, on receiving this appointment, hastened to encoun- 
 ter Mithridates, over whom he soon gained a signal victory. 
 The vanquished king barely escaped with his life, and, unable 
 to find shelter in Armenia, the dominions of his own son-in-law, 
 he made his way through the rugged defiles of the Caucasian 
 Mountains to the Crimea, where he finally terminated his life 
 with his own hand. The kin";dom of Pontus became a Roman 
 
234- NOTES. 
 
 province, Tigranes submitted without a blow, and the king of 
 the Parthians offered his alliance to the victorious general. 
 Pompey, on his return to Rome after an absence of seven years, 
 celebrated his triamph with great pomp and display. The im- 
 posing pageant occupied two entire days. . 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 I. Introduction. I., II. 
 II. The Character of the War against Mithridates. III. —VII 
 
 III. The Greatness and Importance of the War. VIII. , IX. 
 
 IV. The Appointment of a Commander to conduct it : 
 
 1. Pompey alone has the Requisite Qualifications. X.— XVI. 
 
 2. Reply to the Objections of Hortensius and Catulus. 
 
 XVII.— XXIII. 
 V. Conclusion. XXIV. 
 
 PAGU 
 
 I. Cicero, in his Introduction to this, his First Effort 
 before the People, states the Reasons which have hith- 
 erto deterred him from appearing before them. He 
 thanks them for the Praetor ship to which he has just 
 been elected, and promises to use his Influence for the 
 Welfare of the State. 
 
 60 1. Frequens conspectus vester, the sight of your crowded assem- 
 
 bly. 
 
 2. Hie locus, this place; i. e., the Rostra or platform in the 
 Forum, from which the orator addressed the people. It was called 
 Rostra (beaks) because it was adorned with beaks of ships captured from 
 the enemy. — Autem ; repeat guamquam, and though. — Ad agendum. 
 Supply vobiscum or cum populo,for treating with you, i. e., for proposing 
 measures for the action of the people. Only magistrates had the right of 
 thus submitting questions to the vote of the people (agere cum populo), 
 but private citizens might address the people by permission from the pre- 
 siding magistrate. — Amplissimus, the most dignified, as belonging to 
 magistrates. 
 
 3. Ornatissimus, most honorable. 
 
 4. Hoc aditu laudis, from this avenue to fame, i. e., the Rostra 
 G. 414. —Optimo cuique; G. 458, 1. 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 235 
 
 PAGE 
 
 5. Vitae ineae rationes, my plans of life. — Ab ineunte aetate, 60 
 
 from the commencement of active life. 
 
 10. Temporibus, exigencies, referring- to their suits in court. — Ita 
 neque . . . unquam fuit, and thus . . . has never been. Construe non, in- 
 volved in neque — et non, with unquam, never. Ita refers to the course 
 which Cicero has pursued. He tells them that they have lost nothing 
 thereby, as others have ever been ready to advocate their cause. 
 
 12. Periculis, suits, laicsuits. — Caste integreque, honestly and 
 justly, with an indirect allusion perhaps to the Cincian law, which forbade 
 an advocate to accept presents from his client. 
 
 13. Fructum amplissimum, a most ample reward, i. e., the prae- 
 torship to which he had just been elected. 
 
 14. Dilationem comitiorum, the adjournment of the comitia, i. e. y 
 of the assembly of the people. In times of great political excitement, the 
 comitia were sometimes adjourned through the influence of one party, to 
 prevent or delay the consummation of the measures proposed by the other 
 party. The interposition of a tribune, an unfavorable omen, or any 
 informality in the proceedings, was at any time a sufficient reason for 
 adjournment. During the recent election, the comitia had been twice 
 adjourned in consequence of the popular excitement in relation to certain 
 bills then pending. — Praetor primus ; not first in rank, as no such 
 distinction is here recognized, but the one first elected. 
 
 15. Centuriis cunctis, by all the centuries; i. e., by the people 
 voting in companies called centuries. The whole assembly consisted of 
 one hundred and ninety-four such centuries. Each century cast one vote, 
 which was first determined by the majority of the individual voters in it. 
 This was the popular assembly of Rome, and yet the whole power was in 
 the hands of the wealthy, as they controlled one hundred out of the one 
 hundred and ninety-four votes. 
 
 IS. Quid praescriberetis ; i. e., to follow Cicero's example. 
 
 17. Quantum vos . . . voluistis, as you have shown a desire that 
 .there shoidd be by conferring honors upon me, i. e., as much as you have 
 been pleased to confer upon me by electing me to the praetorship. 
 
 19. Ex forensi usu,from practice at the bar, lit., forensic, i. e., in 
 the Forum. 
 
 3. Ei quoque rei, for this also ,• i. e., for oratorical ability, as im- 61 
 plied in dicendo. 
 
 4. IUud. Explained by quod in hac . . . nemini possit. 
 
 6. In qua possit ; G. 500. 
 8. Virtu te, worth, merits. 
 
 U9. Mini; G. 388. — Copia . . . modus, abundance of materials . . . 
 yper limit. 
 
236 NOTES, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 II. Statement of the Case. Plan of the Oration. 
 
 61 11. Ut proficiscatur ; G. 499, 2, note. — Inde, unde, at the point 
 
 from which. 
 
 13. Vectigalibus, tributaries; construe with infertur. 
 
 14. Mithridate et Tigrane. See Introduction, p. 232. — Alter 
 relictus ; i, e., Mithridates. Six years before the delivery of this ora- 
 tion, he was utterly defeated by Lucullus, but finally escaped to Armenia, 
 and placed himself under the protection of Tigranes, his son-in-law. In 
 the mean time, the Roman army, occupied with the rich spoils of Pontus, 
 abandoned the pursuit. Thus Mithridates was left (relictus) undis- 
 turbed in his retreat. — Alter lacessitus; i. e., Tigranes, who had been 
 greatly exasperated (lacessitus) by the loss of his capital. See Introduc- 
 tion, p. 233. 
 
 15. Occasionem . . . oblatam esse. The disaffection in the Ro- 
 man army, the recall of Lucullus, and the inefficiency of Glabrio, his 
 successor, had furnished them such an opportunity. See Introduction, p. 
 233. — Asiam; i. e., the Roman province in Asia, embracing the western 
 portion of Asia Minor. 
 
 16. Arbitrantur. The subject is alter, alter. — Equitibus Ro- 
 manis. The Roman knights were the capitalists of Rome, and formed a 
 distinct order, an aristocracy of wealth. They monopolized all lucrative 
 enterprises and all commercial pursuits. Individually, or in companies, 
 they usually bought up the public revenues. 
 
 18. In vestris vectigalibus . . . occupatae, invested in farming 
 your revenues. 
 
 19. Pro necessitudine, on account of the connection. By birth, 
 Cicero belonged to the equestrian order. — Mihi; Dative of Possessor. 
 G. 387. 
 
 21. Bithyniae. Bithynia, a country south of the Euxine Sea, was 
 bequeathed to the Roman people by King Nicomecles III., in the year 74 
 B. C. — Vicos exustos esse, etc. ; the import of the letters ; dependent 
 upon a verb of saying implied in afferuntur litterae. G. 523, I., note. 
 
 22. Regnum Ariobarzanis ; i. e., Cappadocia, south of Pontus. 
 
 23. L. Lucullum. See Introduction, p. 233. 
 
 24. Huic qui successerit, he who has succeeded him ; i. e., his suc- 
 cessor in command, M\ Acilius Glabrio, consul the preceding year. G. 
 453, 2, note 2 ; 524. 
 
 26. Unum; i. e., Pompey. By speaking in this way, Cicero inti 
 mates that Pompey does not need to be named. 
 
 27. Imp era tor em, as commander ; Predicate Accusative. 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 237 
 
 PAGE 
 
 28. Neminem. Subject of metui, to be supplied. gj 
 
 30. De genere belli; construe with esse dicendum. 
 
 31. De imperatore deligendo ; G. 544, 2. 
 
 32. Ejus modi; also written ejusmodi. Predicate Genitive; G. 
 186, 4, note; 403. — Quod debeat; G. 500. 
 
 33. Ad persequendi studium, to zeal in (lit., of) prosecuting it. — 
 Cn quo ; G. 453. 
 
 34. Ainajoribus; construe with tradita est. — Cum, turn; G. 
 554, 1., 5. 
 
 2. Quibus amissis, if these are lost. G. 431, 2. 62 
 
 3. Pacis ornamenta, the ornaments of peace, i. e., whatever is re- 
 quisite in time of peace, the comforts and luxuries of life. — Subsidia 
 belli, the sinews of icar, i. e., means of prosecuting war. — Requiretis, 
 you tcill seek for in vain. 
 
 4. 3Iultorum clvium. Especially of the farmers of the revenues. 
 See preceding page, line 17 ; quorum magnae res aguntur, in vestris vecti- 
 galibtis exercendis occupatae. — A vobis ; instead of the Dative, to dis- 
 tinguish the agent from the Indirect Object quibus. G. 388, note. 
 
 III. — V. The Glory of the Roman Kame and the Wel- 
 fare of the Roman AUies are in Danger. 
 
 8. Macula. This refers to the great massacre of Roman citizens in 
 Asia, in the early part of the Mithridatic War. It is explained by the 
 clause quod is qui uno die . . . denotamt. See Introduction, p. 233. — 
 Mithridatico bello ; i. e., in the year 88 B. C. G. 429. — Penitus jam 
 insedit, has already become deep-seated. 
 
 10. Quod is, qui, that he who, i. e., Mithridates. 
 
 11. Una significatlone litterarum, by the import of a single 
 letter. The messenger bore a written order from King Mithridates to all 
 his satraps and governors in Asia Minor, to put to death on a certain 
 day all persons of Roman or Italian descent found in their dominions. 
 
 ' Eighty thousand lives are said to have been sacrificed upon that memorable 
 I day. 
 
 13. Scelere; G. 421, HI. 
 
 14. Annum ; G. 379. — Annum jam . . . regnat. G. 467, 2 ; Lat. 
 Comp. 276, IV. 
 
 15. Latebris, in the retirement, referring to the remote and retired 
 situation of Pontus and Cappadocia. 
 
 (16. In vestris vectigalibus ; construe with versari. 
 17. In Asiae luce, in the full light of Asia; i. e., in our province 
 of Asia, where he can find no hiding-place, but is exposed to the eyes 
 
238 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 62 of all. — In luce versari is, of course, in contrast with latebris occultare. 
 Mithridates, taking advantage of the recall of Lucullus, had speedily re- 
 covered his lost possessions, and was even threatening the allies and 
 tributaries of the Roman people. 
 
 19. L. Sulla. L. Cornelius Sulla, afterward the famous dictator, 
 commanded in what is called the first Mithridatic War, i. e., from 87 to 84 
 B.C. 
 
 20. Ij. Murena. L. Licinius Murena commanded in the second 
 Mithridatic War, from 83 to 81 B. C. 
 
 21. Pulsus; G. 549, 2. 
 
 23. Quod egerunt . . . quod reliquerunt,/or what they did . . .for 
 what they left undone. Propter id may be supplied before quod. Some 
 critics, regarding quod as a conjunction, translate, because they were active 
 . . . because they left the work unfinished. 
 
 24. Sullam res publica revocavit. Sulla was in haste to return 
 to Rome to reestablish his authority, as his old rivals of the Marian faction 
 were masters of the city. He left his legate, L. Murena, in command in 
 Asia. 
 
 26. Reliquum tempus ; *. e., after the recall of Murena. — Non 
 ad oblivionem veteris belli, not in allowing the former war to be for- 
 gotten ; i. e., by abstaining from all acts of hostility. 
 
 28. Postea quam aedificasset; G. 518, 1, note. 
 
 29. Quibuscumque ex gentibus posset, from whatever races he 
 could. 
 
 30. Et simularet, and all the while was pretending. Observe the 
 force of the Imperfect, denoting the continuance of the action. — Bos- 
 poranis, the Bosporani, a people dwelling on the Cimmerian Bosporus, 
 between the Black Sea and the Azof. 
 
 32. Ad eos duces ; i. e., to Sertorius and his associates, then com- 
 manding in Spain in the interest of the Marian faction. 
 
 33. Duobus in locis ; i. e., in Asia and in Spain. — Disjunctissi- 
 mis maximeque diversis, most widely separated and in directly oppo 
 site parts of the world; i. e., in the East and in the West. Maxime diver- 
 sis, lit., most opposite ; G. 170. 
 
 34. A binis copiis, by two armies (forces). Why not duabus in- 
 stead of binis ? G. 174, 2, 3) . — Terra marique ; G. 425, 2. 
 
 35. De imperio^or the very existence of the empire. 
 
 03 1. Alterius partis . . . Hispaniensis, the danger in the one direc- 
 
 tion, that of Sertorius and Spain. 
 
 3. Pompeii. The war was prosecuted by Pompey for four years 
 with varying success, but the assassination of Sertorius brought it to a 
 pudden conclusion. 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 239 
 
 PAGE 
 
 6. Felicitati ; Indirect Object of tribuenda esse. — Haec extrema, 63 
 these last events, i. e., his recent reverses. 
 
 7. Fortunae, to his misfortune. 
 
 8. Alio loco ; G. 425, 2. See Chap. VIII., p. 66. 
 
 9. Ei ; G. 386. — Detracta. Supply esse. 
 
 11. Quoniam is est exorsus, since this (i. e., glory) is the begin- 
 ning, i. e., the first topic. See p. 61, line 34, and p. 62, line 6. Is is at- 
 tracted to agree with the predicate noun exorsus. G. 445, 4. 
 
 12. Suscipiendum. Supply esse. — Putetis ; G. 529, 1. 
 
 14. Injuriosius ; G. 444, 1. — Tot milibus. See note on una sig- 
 nificatione litterarum, p. 62, line 11. 
 
 16. Quo animo; Abl. of Characteristic. G. 419, 2, 4). — Legati 
 . . . appellati superbius. This seems to be a very mild statement of 
 the offence. The Roman ambassadors at Corinth, according to Polybius, 
 attempted to address the meeting of the Achaean League, but were in- 
 sulted and driven from the assembly. The war which followed resulted 
 in the destruction of Corinth and the complete conquest of Greece by the 
 Romans in the year 146 B. C. 
 
 17. Corinthum. The celebrated city of Corinth, in Greece. Co- 
 rinthum is the subject of exstinctum esse, though the participle agrees with 
 the appositive lumen, and not with the subject Corinthum. G. 462. 
 
 18. Eum regem; i. e., Mithridates. 
 
 19. Legatum consularem. This was Manius Aquilius, consul 
 101 B. C, sent into Asia 90 B. C, to restore the Kings Ariobarzanes and 
 Nicomedes, who had been dethroned by Mithridates. 
 
 20. Excruciatum necavit; G. 549, 5. 
 
 21. Libertatem imminutam, an encroachment upon the liberty, 
 lit, the liberty diminished. G. 549, 5, note 2. 
 
 22. Vitam ereptam, the talcing of life. — Jus violatum, the in- 
 fringement of the right. 
 
 23. Persecuti sunt, avenged. — Legatum interfectum, the mur- 
 der of an ambassador. G. 549, 5, note 2. 
 
 24. Ut illis pulcherrimum fuit, as it was most honorable for them. 
 28. Quod salus . . . vocatur. This clause is the object oiferre. — 
 
 In periculum vocatur, is exposed to danger. 
 
 30. Ariobarzanes. See note on regnum Ariobarzanis, p. 61, line 
 22. — Socius . . . atque amicus. An honorary title conferred by a de- 
 cree of the senate. 
 
 31. Duo reges. See p. 61, lines 12 to 16. — Toti Asiae ; G. 385, II. 
 33. Cuncta Asia, in all Asia. G. 425, 2, note 2. 
 
 35. Imperatorem certum ; i. e., any one in particular. — De- 
 poscere ; construe with audent. 
 
240 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 63 36. Alium ; i. e., Manius Acilius Glabrio. See Introduction, p. 233. 
 
 64 2. Unum virum; i. e., Pornpey. — In quo sint; G. 503, II., 1. 
 
 3. Propter, near, i. e., in their vicinity. Pompey had just achieved 
 the most signal success 'in the war against the pirates, and was still in Asia 
 at the head of a large and victorious array. — Quo, for which reason ; Abl, 
 of Cause. — Carent aegrius, they feel the need of him more keenly. 
 
 4. Maritimum bellum ; i. e., the war against the pirates who in. 
 fested the Mediterranean Sea. See Introduction, p. 232. 
 
 7. Ut existimetis ; G. 498, II. 
 
 8. Dignos quorum salutem . . . commendetis, worthy of having 
 their safety intrusted to such a man, lit., worthy whose safety you would in- 
 trust, etc., i. e., so worthy that you would, etc. G. 503, II., 2. 
 
 9. Hoc, on this account ; explained by quod ceteros . . . differant. — 
 Ceteros ejus modi homines mittimus, the other men whom we send 
 are of such a character, lit., we send the other men of such a character. In 
 Chapters XXII. and XXIII. , Cicero contrasts the character of Pompey 
 with that of the other Roman commanders. 
 
 11. Adventus. Plural, because of its connection with the plural 
 ipsorum. 
 
 13. Antea. The fame of his previous military achievements in 
 Italy, Africa, Gaul, and Spain, had already reached them. 
 
 VI., VII. The Revenues of the State and the Fortunes 
 of Roman Citizens are in Danger. 
 
 V7 . Propter socios. In behalf of their allies in Greece, the Ro* 
 mans waged war against the Aetolians, and Antiochus, King of Syria, 
 from 192 to 189 B. C. The Roman arms were crowned with signal success. 
 ^ The war with Philip V., King of Macedonia, was undertaken 200 B. C. in 
 behalf of the Athenians, and ended in the humiliation of Philip 196 B. C. 
 The first Punic War, from 264 to 241 B. C, was undertaken in the interest 
 of the town of Messana, in Sicily; the second, from 218 to 202 B. C, grew 
 out of the capture of Saguntum, in Spain; and the third, from 150 tc 
 146 B. C, was undertaken in support of the Numidian king Massinissa 
 It resulted in the destruction of Carthage. 
 
 21. Cum de . . . agatur, since your most important revenues are at 
 stake, lit., since it is staked in regard to, etc. Agatur is impersonal. How 
 would this clause read if expressed personally ? See p. 62, lines 1 and 2. 
 
 23. Tanta sunt, are so inconsiderable, lit., so great, i. e., only so 
 great. — lis; G. 421, III. 
 
 25. Ubertate agrorum, magnitudine pastionis, multitu- 
 dine, etc. Cicero here specifies the three chief sources of revenue — 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 241 
 
 PAGE 
 
 me tithes (decumae) for the use of the public lands under cultivation, the 04 
 rents (scriptura) for the use of the public pastures, and the duties (por- 
 torium) on imports and exports. 
 
 27. Facile, unquestionably. — Omnibus terris, all other lands, lit., 
 all lands. G. 386. 
 
 28. Belli utilitatem, what is useful in war. 
 
 1. Scriptura. So called from the record (writing) kept of all cattle 65 
 pastured upon the public lands. See note on ubertate agrorum, etc. p. 64, 
 line 25. 
 
 3. Quo tandem animo. See p. 63, line 16. — Qui nobis . . . pen- 
 sitant, who pay us tribute, and accordingly have a right to expect protec- 
 tion from us. 
 
 4. Qui exercent atque exigunt; i. e., the Roman knights and 
 those who have taken contracts under them, or are in their employ. See 
 p. 61, lines 16 to 20. 
 
 7. Pamilias maximas, the very numerous households of servants ; 
 object of habere. — In saltibus, in the pasture-grounds. 
 
 8. Custodiis, custom-houses. 
 
 10. Illis rebus ; i. e., the revenues. G. 421, 1. — Qui vobis fruc- 
 tui sunt, who secure the enjoyment for you ; i. e., both those who pay the 
 J revenue and those who farm it. G. 390. 
 
 13. Illud quod, that which ; explained by quod ad multorum . . .per- 
 tinet. 
 
 14. Extremum, as the last topic. See p. 62, line 4 ; aguntur bona, 
 etc. Observe, also, the four topics embraced under the general division 
 of the Character of the War (genus belli), as presented in the latter part 
 of Chapter II.: 1. Agitur gloria; 2. Agitur salus ; 3. Aguntur vecti- 
 galia ; 4. Aguntur bona. Cicero, having completed the discussion of the 
 first three points, now takes up the last. — Cum essem dicturus; G. 
 496, note 2. 
 
 15. Quod pertinet, that it (the war) pertains. Quod seems to be 
 the conjunction, rather than the relative. 
 
 16. Quorum habenda est ratio, whose interests ought to be re- 
 garded. 
 
 17. Et publican!. The et finds its correlative in deinde in the next 
 paragraph. Omit it in translating. 
 
 18. Rationes, business, plans for business. 
 
 19. Per se, of themselves. 
 
 22. Recte ; construe with dicemus. 
 
 24. Ex ceteris ordinibus, of the other classes ; i. e., of all classes 
 except the publicani just mentioned. See line 17 above. Here ordinibus 
 seems not to be used in its technical sense to denote the three orders in 
 
242 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 65 the state — the senate, the knights, and the people — but in a more general 
 sense to denote the various classes and professions. 
 
 25. Partim, partim, some, others. — Ipsi, themselves, i. e., in per- 
 son, in distinction from those who remained in Rome, and only sent their 
 money into the province. 
 
 27. Collocatas, invested. — Humanitatis. G. 402. 
 
 28. Magnum . . . civium, this large number of citizens. 
 
 29. A re publica,//om that of the republic. G. 398, 1, note 1. 
 
 30. Primum, in the first place, correlative of deinde below. — Illud 
 parvi refert ; G. 408, II. and III. Illud is explained by nos . . . recuperare. 
 
 81. Publicanis amissis, when the farmers of the revenue are 
 ruined. Publicanis amissis is at best doubtful Latin. The text is prob- 
 ably corrupt. 
 
 32. Redimendi facultas, the means of contracting for them. 
 
 34. Quod. The antecedent is id in the next line. 
 
 35. Initio belli Asiatici, in the beginning of the Asiatic War, i. e. t 
 of the Mithridatic War, 88 B. C. G. 429. 
 
 36. Memoria, in memory ; Abl. of Means. 
 
 66 1. Romae; G. 425, II. — Solutione impedita, etc., credit fell in 
 consequence of a suspension of payment. Capitalists in Rome were so in- 
 volved in the heavy losses sustained in Asia that they could not meet their 
 payments. 
 
 3. Ut non trahant, without drawing, lit., so as not to draw. G. 500. 
 Instead of ut non, quin might have been used. G. 504, 3. 
 
 5. Id quod ipsi videtis,, as you yourselves see, lit., that which. Id 
 represents the statement which follows : haec fides atque . . . et cohaeret. 
 
 6. Haec ratio pecuniarum, this system of banking. 
 
 8. Ilia, the latter, lit., those things, referring to pecuniis Asiaticis. G. 
 450, 1. On gender, see G. 445, 5. 
 
 10. Gloria, salus, vectigalia, fortunae. Recapitulation of the 
 four topics which comprise the first general division, viz., that on the 
 Character of the War. See note on extremum, p. 65, line 14. 
 
 12. Conjunctae cum re publica, joined with the public weal. 
 
 VIII., IX. The Extent and Importance of the War. 
 
 14. Hoc, this ; explained by belli genus esse ita . . . pertimescendum. 
 17. Vobis contemnenda, unworthy of your attention, lit., deserv- 
 ing to be despised by you. 
 
 19. Viro, homini. See Syn. L. C. 239, II. 
 
 20. Debeatur; Subj. in an Indirect Clause. — Adventu ; G. 429 
 This was in the year 74 B. C. 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 243 
 
 PAGE 
 
 21. Ornatas fuisse . . . obsessam esse. Direct Discourse would 66 
 
 be ornatae erant . . . obsidebatur. 
 
 23. Cyzicenorum. See note on urbem Cyzicenorum, p. 55, line 28. 
 
 24. Quam L. LucuUus liberavit, but L. Lucullus delivered it. 
 G. 521,2, 2). 
 
 26. Classem magnam . . . depressam. This naval victory is 
 evidently the same as that mentioned on p. 55, lines 30 to 33. 
 
 27. Ducibus Sertorianis, under commanders sent by Sertorius; 
 1 Abl. Absol. It will be remembered that Sertorius, then commanding in 
 
 Spain in the interest of the Marian faction, was in correspondence with 
 Mithridates. See p. 62, lines 30 to 36 ; also note on ad eos duces, p. 62, line 
 32. — Studio, by party -strife. 
 
 30. Legionibus; Dative. 
 
 31. Ex omni aditu, at every avenue of approach. 1 — Sinopen atque 
 Amisum ; cities on the Euxine. 
 
 34. Perinultas ; construe with ceteras urbes. — Uno aditu, by his 
 mere approach, lit., by his approach only, i. e., without any actual at- 
 tack. 
 
 35. Alios reges . . . gentes. He went first to Tigranes, king of the 
 Armenians, and afterward to Arsaces, king of the Parthians. 
 
 1. Integris vectigalibus, the revenues unimpaired ; Abl. Absolute. 67 
 
 2. Laudis; Partitive Genitive with satis. — Atque ita, and so be- 
 stowed, i. e., so liberally, lit., and in such a manner. Perhaps dicta or 
 some similar participle is to be supplied. 
 
 3. Hoe, this, i. e., a nulla . . . esse laudatum. — NuIlo; G. 457, 2. — 
 Istorum. This refers especially to Catulus and Hortensius. See Intro- 
 duction, p. 233. 
 
 7. Reliquum beUum, what remains of the tear, or the remaining 
 paH of the war. G. 440, note 1. 
 
 10. 3Iedea. Medea, daughter of Aeetes, King of Colchis, eloped 
 i with Jason, the leader of the Ai'gonautic expedition. Being pursued by 
 
 her father, she resorted to the expedient described in the text. Colchis, 
 though not strictly a part of Pontus, is here included under that general 
 name; hence ex eodem Ponto. 
 
 11. Fratris. The name of her brother was Apsyrtus or Absyrtus. 
 
 12. Eorum coUectio dispersa, the collection of them thus scat- 
 tered. G. 438, 7. 
 
 14. Maximam vim omnem, the whole of the very great quantity ; 
 object of reliquit. 
 
 16. Bello superiore. See p. 62, line 8. 
 
 19. IUum, the former; i. e., Aeetes, the father of Medea. — Hos, 
 the latter : i. e., Roman soldiers. 
 
244 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 67 20. Hunc; i. e., Mithridates. — Tigranes. The son-in-law of 
 Mithridates. 
 
 21. Rebus suis ; G. 385, II. 
 
 23. Plures gentes. Among these were the Medes, the Albanians, 
 the Arabians, and the Iberians. 
 
 26. Neque lacessendas . . . tentandas, should be either provoked 
 by attack (war) or disturbed. G. 553, 2. 
 
 27. Gravis atque vehemens, painful and exciting. 
 
 28. Gentium barbararum; i. e., in Asia. — Fani. Mommsen, 
 the historian, thinks that Cicero refers to the rich and magnificent temple 
 of the Persian goddess Nanaea, in Elmais. 
 
 30. Multae atque magnae; G. 440, 1, note. — Novo quodam 
 terrore. Fears are now excited upon a religious subject. 
 
 32. Urbem, a city ; i. e., Tigranocerta, the Armenian capital. 
 
 34. Desiderio suorum, by the desire to see their friends. See note 
 on desiderio sut, p. 15, line 21. 
 
 35. Fuit enim illud ex tremum, for the result (last thing) was. 
 Illud merely represents the clause, ut ex Us locis . . . quaereretur. 
 
 68 2. Eorum, consisting of those ; Gen. of Specification after manum. 
 
 4. Fere, almost invariably. 
 
 5. Ut alliciant; G. 501, III. 
 
 7. Ut . . . videatur ; the Result of qui ant reges sunt . . . regno. — Ut, 
 so that. — Nomen regale, the name of king. 
 
 9. Incolumis ; i. e., before his defeat. 
 
 10. Eo, quod, with that which ; explained by ut illam . . . attingeret. 
 
 11. Acciderat; Lat. Comp. 624. 
 
 12. In exercitum . . . fecit. In the year 68 B. C, while Lucullus 
 was occupied in Mesopotamia, Mithridates, who had returned to Pontus, 
 defeated the Roman forces under M. Fabius, and in the following year 
 under C. Triarius. 
 
 14. Hoc loco; G. 425, 2. — Poetae, qui . . . scribunt. Cn. 
 Naevius, who wrote on the first Punic War, and Q. Ennius, who wrote 
 the Roman Annals, are doubtless meant. 
 
 15. Calamitatem ; i. e., the defeat of Triarius. 
 
 16. Imperatoris ; i. e., of Lucullus. 
 
 17. Ex sermone rumor, the common talk, lit., rumor from conver- 
 sation. — Hie, here. — In malo ; G. 429, 1. 
 
 18. Offensione, disaster. 
 
 19. lncommodis ; G. 385, note 3.— Potuisset; Potential Sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 20. Modum statuendum, that a limit should be set. 
 
 21. Vetere exemplo; G. 416. The true reason for the recall of 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 245 
 
 PA*5E 
 
 Lucullus, the disaffection in his army and the intrigues of his enemies, is 08 
 purposely omitted. — Stipendiis confectis erant, had completed their 
 term of service; lit , were with completed services. G. 419, 2, 4). 
 
 22. Glabrioni. See Introduction, p. 233. 
 
 23. Ea, them, referring to multa, but explained by quantum illud . . . 
 putetis. — Conjectura, by inference, i. e., from what he has said, they 
 must infer the i-est. 
 
 24. Factum, has become. Supply esse. — Putetis = putare debeatis. 
 — Quod conjungant . . . renovent . . . suscipiant . . . accipiat. Re- 
 capitulation of the points, showing the greatness and importance of the 
 war. — Conjungant, ivage conjointly. 
 
 25. Integrae gentes, fres h races; i.e., those not previously en- 
 gaged. 
 
 26. Novus imperator ; *. e., Glabrio. 
 
 27. Quare, why ; i. e., to show why. 
 
 28. Esset, is ; G. 495, 1. 
 
 30. Rebus; Ind. Obj. of praeficiendo. — Dicendum esse videa- 
 tur = dicendum sit ; a somewhat favorite pleonasm with Cicero. G. 636, III. 
 
 X. The Appointment of a Commander. Qualifications 
 of Pompey. His Knowledge of Military Affairs. 
 
 31. Utinam haberetis ; G. 483 ; 483, 1 and 2. 
 
 36. Antiquitatis memoriam, the records of antiquity ; i. e., the 
 glory of the ancients. 
 
 2. Sic ; G. 636, III., 7. —In summo imperatore, in a consummate 69 
 commander. 
 
 4. Quis igitur, icho then ? This question introduces the discussion 
 of the first of the four topics just mentioned, scientiam rei militaris. 
 
 5. Hoc nomine; i. e., Pompey. G. 417. — Scientior ; i. e., rei 
 .militaris. 
 
 6. Acerrimis hostibus ; Ablative Absolute. 
 
 7. Ad patris exercitum. Pompey commenced his military career 
 under his father, Cn. Pompeius Strabo, in the Social War, 89 B. C. He 
 was then seventeen years of age. 
 
 8. Extrema pueritia; G. 440, note 1. 
 
 9. Summi imperatoris ; i. e., of his father. 
 
 10. Ipse imperator. At the age of twenty -three, Pompey raised 
 three legions of volunteers in Picenum, and, at the head of this force, 
 
 I proffered his services to Sulla, who saluted him with the title of Imperator. 
 
 I— Hoste, inimico. See Syn. L. C. 344. 
 12. Confecit, has subdued. 
 I 
 
246 NOTES, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 13. Ad scientiam est erudita, has been trained to the knowledge, 
 
 14. Suis imperiis, by his experience in command. 
 
 15. Triumphis. Pompey had already twice enjoyed the honor of 
 a triumph — in the year 81 B. C, at the age of twenty-five, for his victories 
 in Africa, and, ten years later, for his victories in Spain. 
 
 17. Civile. The Civil War in Italy, waged by Sulla against the 
 Marian faction. — Africanum. The African War in which Pompey con- 
 quered, in the year 81, B. C, a remnant of the Marian faction which had 
 fled for protection to Hiarbas, King of Numidia. — Transalpinum. 
 The war waged by Pompey against the Transalpine Gauls on his march 
 into Spain, 76 B. C. 
 
 18. Hispaniense. The war in Spain against Sertorius. See notes 
 on ad eos duces, p. 62, line 32, and on Pompeii, p. 63, line 3. — Mixtum 
 ex . . . nationibus, made-up of states, etc., i.e., one in which states, etc., 
 were involved; These words are explanatory of Hispaniense bellum, but 
 the text is doubtful. 
 
 19. Servile. The war against Spartacus, aided by gladiators and 
 slaves, 71 B. C. — Navale. The war against the pirates, 67 B. C, also 
 called maritimum bellum, p. 64, line 4. See note on the same. 
 
 21. In usu . . . militari, in the range of military experience; lit. 
 placed in. 
 
 XL, XII. Pompey 1 s Second Qualification — Valor, as 
 shown in the Various Wars in which he has com- 
 manded. 
 
 %4t. Virtuti, valor. G. 391, I. Virtus, in the discussion of this 
 topic, with the leading idea of valor, is used in a very comprehensive 
 sense, embracing the natural endowments which are essential in a great 
 commander, the military gift, ability in war. 
 
 26. Cuiquam inauditum ; G. 391. — Neque enim . . . solae vir- 
 tutes, for those are not the only qualifications. The others are mentioned 
 in Chap. XIII. 
 
 27. Quae . . . existimantur, which are usually so regarded. 
 
 30. Quae tanta sunt quanta non fuerunt, and these qualities 
 are greater, lit., as great as they have not been. 
 
 33. Italia; i. e., in the Civil War. See note on civile, line 17, 
 above. 
 
 35. Sicilia. In the year 82 B. C, Pompey was sent by Sulla into 
 Sicily to subdue the remnant of the Marian faction which had taken refuge 
 in that island. 
 
 36. Africa. See note on Africanum, line 17, above. 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 247 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. Eorum ipsorum sanguine, with the blood of those very enemies. 70 
 Out of a force of 20,000, according to Plutarch, only 3,000 survived the 
 battle. 
 
 2. Gallia. See note on Transalpinum, p. 69, line 17. 
 
 4. Hispania. See note on Hispaniense, p. 69, line 18. 
 
 5. Iterum et saepius, again and again. 
 
 6. Cum premeretur ; G. 521, II., 2. — Taetro, disgraceful, be- 
 cause waged against gladiators and slaves. 
 
 7. Absente; i. e., in Spain. 
 
 9. Adventu . . . sepultum. This is extravagant and undeserved 
 praise. Pompey, arriving from Spain just after Spartacus and his whole 
 army had been defeated by Marcus Crassus, gained an easy victory over 
 5,000 fugitives who had escaped from the battle-field. 
 
 11. Maria omnia; i. e., the different seas composing the Mediter- 
 ranean, or connected with it, as the Adriatic, the Aegean, etc. Cicero 
 here refers to the war against the pirates. — Cum universa, turn, not 
 only all the seas, bid also. 
 
 12. Quis; G. 454, 1. — Toto mari; G. 425, 2. 
 
 16. Hieme, in winter, when there was less danger from pirates, but 
 moi-e from storm and shipwreck. — Referto mari; Abl. Absol. — Prae- 
 donum; G. 399, I., 3. 
 
 17. Tam vetus. The war against the pirates extended through a 
 period of upwards of twenty years. — Tam late divisum, so widely ex- 
 tended. 
 
 18. Arbitraretur ; G. 485, note 1. 
 
 22. Cui praesidio f uistis, whom have you protected ? G. 390. 
 
 24. Quam multas captas urbes. The number is said to have 
 reached four hundred. The pirates had at one time one thousand vessels 
 under their command. 
 
 26. Fuit; G. 471, 1,2). 
 
 27. Populi; G. 391, II., 4. 
 
 28. Propugnaculis imperii, with the bulwarks of their power, i.e., 
 with their army and navy. — Sua, their own, referring to populi Romani. 
 
 31. Brundisio. A tow .a on the eastern coast of Italy, the usual 
 port of embarkation for the East. — Hieme summa, in midwinter. 
 
 132. Captos. Supply esse. The subject is eos, the omitted antece- 
 dent of qui. — Legati . . . redempti sint. It is not known to what 
 Cicero here refers. 
 
 34. Duodecim secures, two praetors, lit., twelve axes ; the symbols 
 of office, by metonymy for the officers. G. 637, III. In the provinces, 
 each praetor was attended by six lictors with the fasces. Plutarch men- 
 tions these praetors under the names of Sextilms and Bellinus. 
 
248 notes. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 70 35. Cnidum. A city in Caria. — Colophonem. A city in Lydia 
 
 — Samum. A city on the island of Saraus, on the coast of Asia Minor. 
 
 36. Innumerabiles. See note on quam multas, etc., line 24. 
 
 71 2. Vitam . . . ducitis, you derive life and breath ; i. e., the grain 
 with which to support life. 
 
 3. Cajetae. A town and harbor on the coast of Latium, now Gaeta, 
 
 — Celeberrimum, very much frequented. 
 
 4. Inspectante praetore. It is not known who this praetor was. 
 
 5. Miseno. A town and harbor on the coast of Campania. — Ejus 
 ipsius liberos qui, the child of that very one who. Plutarch says that 
 a daughter of Antonius was carried off by the pirates. This is undoubt- 
 edly the case to which Cicero refers, as liberos may mean either child or 
 children. It is, however, uncertain whether this Antonius was M. Anto- 
 nius, the orator, or his son M. Antonius, the father of the triumvir. 
 
 7. Ostiense, of ov at Ostia, the port of Rome at the mouth of the 
 Tiber. G. 395, note 2. The pirates are said even to have burnt the ships 
 in the harbor of Ostia. 
 
 9. Cui consul praepositus esset. Relative clause denoting Re, 
 suit ; a fleet so important as to be commanded by a consul. G. 503, 1. 
 Who the consul was is not known. 
 
 14. Oceani ostium, the Straits of Gibraltar, called Oceani Ostium, 
 the mouth of the ocean, to harmonize with ostium Tiberinum. 
 
 18. Tarn brevi tempore. About ninety days. See note on unde- 
 quinquagesimo die, line 29, below ; also Introduction, p. 232. 
 
 19. Quam celeriter, as speedily as. 
 
 20. Tauti belli impetus, the so vast military expedition, lit., the 
 onset (impetuous movement) of so great a war ; a figure at once bold and 
 poetic, but difficult to reproduce in English. — Nondum tempestivo . . . 
 mari ; i. e., very early in the Spring. G. 431. 
 
 22. Sardiniam. The large island of Sardinia, west of Italy, was 
 one of the principal granaries of Rome. 
 
 23. Frumentaria subsidia, granaries. 
 
 25. Duabus Hispaniis; i. e., Hispania exterior and Hispania ul- 
 terior, separated by the river Iberus, now the Ebro. With Hispaniis sup« 
 ply confirmatis. 
 
 26. Illyrici maris; i. e., the part of the Adriatic bordering upon 
 IHyria. — Achaiam. Achaia here denotes the Peloponnesus. 
 
 27. Italiae duo maria; i. e., the Adriatic on the east, and the 
 Tuscan on the west. 
 
 28. Adornavit, supplied. 
 
 29. Ut, after. — Brundisio ; G. 412, II. — Undequinquagesimo 
 die. According to Plutarch, the earlier operations of the >yar, prior to the 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 249 
 
 PAGE 
 
 embarkation from Brundisinm, occupied forty days, making in all about ?1 
 ninety days. 
 
 30. Ciliciam. Cilicia, upon the northeastern coast of the Mediter- 
 ranean, was the stronghold of the pirates. 
 
 31. Partim, partim, either, or. 
 
 33. Cretensibus ; Indirect object oiademit and imperavit. G. 385, 
 2. The Cretans, after the subjugation of the island was substantially 
 effected by Quintus Metellus, proposed to surrender to Pompey, then in 
 Pamphylia, in the hope of thus obtaiuing easier terms. He accepted the 
 offer, and sent envoys to Metellus to inform him of the fact. But Metel- 
 lus, who had been charged with the prosecution of this Avar, disregarding 
 the command of Pompey, compelled the whole island to surrender to 
 himself. — Pamphyliam. In Asia Minor, on the north of the Mediter- 
 i-anean. 
 
 35. Obsidesque. Here our idiom requires that que after the nega- 
 tive (non) should be rendered but. 
 
 XIH.j XIV. Pompey possesses not only Valor, but many 
 Kindred Qualities of Great Value in a Commander. 
 
 3. Est haec, this is ; i. e., such is, referring to the description just 72 
 given. — Imperatoris, as a commander ; in apposition with ejus, under- 
 stood, lit., of him (as) commander. 
 
 4. Quas paulo ante. See note on neque enim . . . solae virtutes, p. 
 69, line 26. 
 
 5. Non enim bellandi . . . quaerenda est. This is only a repeti- 
 tion of neque enim illae . . .providendo, p. 69, line 26, here completed by sed 
 multae . . . virtutis. 
 
 7. Artes eximiae, excellent qualities. — Hujus ; construe with vir- 
 tutis. 
 
 8. Innocentia, blamelessness, uprightness ; especially in this instance 
 freedom from avarice. G. 419, II. For the exact sense in which this and 
 the accompanying ablatives are here used, see the discussion which follows. 
 The treatment of innocentia occupies the remainder of this chapter. Tem- 
 perantia, self-control, is treated in the first paragraph of the next chapter ; 
 facilitas, affability, ingenium, native talent, ability, fides, good faith, 
 trustworthiness, and humanitas, kindness, humanity, in the last paragraph 
 of that chapter. 
 
 11. Quae, these. G. 445, 3, note 1 ; 453. 
 
 12. Summa, of the highest order, i. e., in Pompey. 
 
 13. Magis, better. — Aliorum contentione, by a comparison with 
 others ,* i. e. t by comparing them with the qualities fousd in other men. — 
 
250 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE % 
 
 7 2 Ipsa ; construe with ea, they can themselves. — Cognosci atque intel- 
 ligi. Cognosce* means to perceive, learn, by the senses or from external 
 sources ; intelligo, to understand, comprehend, by the mind. 
 
 15. Ullo in numero putare, to regard in any sense as a command- 
 er, lit., in any number or enumeration, i. e., of commanders. 
 
 16. Centuriatus veneant. The allusion may be to Glabrio, now 
 in command against Mithridates, or it may be more general, as Cicero 
 afterward uses the plural, qui haecfecerint, line 22, below. 
 
 18. Cogitare. Supply possumus putare from the preceding sentence. 
 
 19. Cupiditatem provinciae, a desire to retain his province, lit., 
 a desire of his province. Money was sometimes given to influential magis- 
 trates to secure their cooperation in preventing the recall of generals. 
 
 20. In quaestu, at interest. 
 
 21. Tacit ut . . . videamini, shoios that you recognize, lit., makes 
 that you appear, etc., i. e., causes you to appear, etc. 
 
 23. Nisi qui voluerit, unless he shall choose, lit., if not he who shall 
 choose. Supply is as the antecedent of qui. 
 
 25. Quocumque ventum est, wherever they have gone. G. 301, 1. 
 
 26. Ferant, carry with them, cause. — Itinera, quae . . . Italia; 
 i. e., the various Italian wars. 
 
 29. Existimetis. See note onputetis, p. 68, line 24. 
 
 30. Plures ; construe with urbes, and repeat with civitates. 
 
 31. Hibernis, by their winter quarters, i. e., by the soldiers in wi»- 
 ter quarters. 
 
 33. Ipse; G. 452, 1. 
 
 35. Hie, in this state of things, lit., here. —Ceteris ; G. 386, 2. 
 
 36. Cujus . . . pervenerint; G. 517.— In Asiam; i. e., when led 
 thither by Pompey in the war against the pirates. — Non modo manus, 
 not only no hand. G. 552, 2. 
 
 73 3. Hibernent, are passing the winter ; i. e., under Pompey, on the 
 
 border of Cilicia. 
 
 4. Ut sumptum . . . militem, to expend money on the soldiery. 
 
 5. Hiemis ; construe with perfugium, a refuge from the winter. G. 
 393, note. 
 
 6. Avaritiae perfugium, a resort for avarice; i. e., for the gratifi> 
 cation of avarice. 
 
 10. Cursum, progress. — Inventum, was achieved. Supply esse. 
 
 15. Non amoenitas ad delectationem, no delightful scenery to 
 the enjoyment of it. Here non, lit., not, belonging to the verb, may be 
 rendered no. 
 
 16. Non nobilitas urbis, no renowned city, lit., not the renown of a 
 city. Even in Athens he remained only a few hours. 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 251 
 
 PAGE 
 
 17. Signa, statues. — Tabulas, paintings. 73 
 19. Tollenda esse. Rome was already rich in works of art which 
 
 her commanders had taken from Grecian cities. — Ea, these; in apposi- 
 tion with signa, etc. 
 
 23. Hac quondam eontinentia, of this self-control once common, 
 or which once existed. Observe the position of quondam, implying that 
 this self-control is a characteristic of the past rather than of the present. 
 — Quod. The antecedent is the clause fuisse homines . . . eontinentia. — 
 Jam videbatur, teas already beginning to appear. 
 
 29. Liberae,/ree?y allowed. 
 
 30. Querimoniae. Querimonia is properly a complaint which seeks 
 redress, and is, therefore, more than querela, which may be only the ex- 
 pression of a momentaiy feeling. — Aliorum injuriis, injuries from 
 others. 
 
 33. Imperatoria, appropriate for a commander. 
 
 34. Hoc ipso ex loco ; i. e. } the Rostra from which he had often 
 addressed the people. 
 
 36. Sanctissimam, most inviolable. 
 
 I. Dictu; G. 547. 74 
 3. Quin transmittendum sit; G. 504, 3, 2). 
 
 5. Quodam; G. 456, 1. 
 
 XV., XVI. Pompey 1 s other Qualifications. He is a Man 
 not only of Great Personal Influence and Authority, 
 but also of Rare Good Fortune and Success. 
 
 6. Quouiam valet. A reason for introducing the topic, but not a 
 reason for ceHe nemini dubium est. — Auctoritas. This word seems to 
 be here used in a veiy comprehensive sense, including not only influence 
 and authority, but also reputation. 
 
 9. Pertinere. This infinitive, with its subject, quid hostes . . . existi- 
 ment, depends upon ignorat. 
 
 II. Homines. Subject of commoveri, which, in rendering, should 
 be brought in directly before ut aut contemnant . . . anient, as that clause 
 expresses the result of commoveri. 
 
 16. Id quod, that which. — Id is in apposition with vos tanta . . ,fe- 
 i cistis. G. 445, 7. — Tanta . . . judicia. This refers to the extraordinary 
 honors which had been conferred upon Pompey, and the important com- 
 mands with which he had been intrusted. See Introduction, p. 232. 
 
 18. Quo =ut eo. Hence the Subj. of Result, pervaserit. G. 500, I. 
 • — Illius diei; i. e., the day when Pompey was appointed commander in 
 ' the war against the pirates. 
 
252 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 7 4 22. Ut plura non dicam ; G. 499, 1. 
 
 25. Sumantur, may be taken ; Potential Subj. — Qui quo die, on 
 
 the day upon which. G. 453, 3. 
 
 27. Ex summainopia, immediately after the greatest scarcity. Ex, 
 lit., out of, denoting a sudden change. The depredations of the pirates 
 had so embarrassed commerce that grain in Rome had become very scarce 
 and dear. 
 
 28. Urdus hominis spe, through the hope reposed in one man, i. e., 
 in Pompey. The price of grain fell because the grain-markets of the world 
 would be open to Roman commerce as soon as the pirates should be 
 subdued. 
 
 30. Jam, moreover. — Calamitate . . . paulo ante admonui. 
 See note on in exercitum . . .fecit, p. 68, line 12. 
 
 32. Crevissent, haberet; construe with quum. G. 521, II., 2. 
 
 33. Amisissetis, nisi attulisset ; G. 510. 
 
 34. Ipsum discrimen . . . temporis, at the very crisis of that 
 period. — Ad eas regiones; i. e., into Pamphylia and Cilicia in quest 
 of the pirates. 
 
 75 2. Perfecturus sit; G. 496, note 2. 
 
 6. Ilia res, the following fact, explained by quod . . . dediderunt and 
 quod . . . dixerunt. G. 450, 3. 
 
 7. Auc tor ita tern. Subject of esse to be supplied. 
 
 8. Tempore ; G. 429. 
 
 9. Cretensium. See note on Cretensibus, p. 71, line 33. 
 
 10. Noster imperator. Quintus Metellus. 
 
 11. In ultimas terras; i. e., Pamphylia. See note on Pamphyli- 
 am, p. 71, line 33. Ultimas seems to have been here used for effect. It 
 may, indeed, be true of Pamphylia in respect to Pome, but not in respect to 
 Crete. 
 
 14. Eum quern, one whom. 
 
 15. Ii quibus erat molestum. The reference is to the party of 
 Q. Metellus Pius, the other commander in the war against Sertorius, to 
 whom it would be, of course, somewhat annoying that an ambassador 
 should be sent to Pompey rather than to Metellus. The real facts in the 
 cise, however, are not known. According to the common account, Mithri* 
 dates negotiated neither with Pompey nor with Metellus, but with Sertorius. 
 
 18. Auctoritatem. Subject of valituram esse. 
 
 21. Existimetis. See note on putetis, p. 68, line 24. 
 
 22. Reliquum est ut dicamus; G. 501, L, 2. -De felicitate. 
 The last of the four qualifications of a general. See p. 69, lines 3 and 
 4. — ■ Quam praestare nemo potest, which no one can guarantee ; be 
 cause it is purely a gift from the gods. 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 253 
 
 PAGE 
 
 23. Possumus, but which we may. Supply the omitted conjunction. 75 
 G. 636, I., 1. 
 
 24. Sicut, as, referring to timide et pauca. — Homines. Subject of 
 dicere to be supplied. — De potestate deorum, concerning the power of 
 the gods.; i. e., concerning a matter which is entirely in the power of the 
 gods. — Timide, cautiously. 
 
 25. Maximo, Marcello. See note on Maximi, Marcelli, p. 56, 
 line 5. 
 
 26. Scipioni. Probably Scipio Africanus Minor. See note on alter 
 Africa?ius, p. 46, line 13. — Mario. See note on Marius qui bis, etc., p. 
 46, line 17. 
 
 27. Saepius, repeatedly. 
 
 28. Mandata. Esse with commissos belongs also with mandata. — 
 Fuit quibusdam summis viris, some very eminent men have had. 
 Viris, Dative of Possessor. 
 
 31. Adjuncta, granted to them ; a participle. 
 
 32. Hac, such. 
 
 34. Reliqua, the future, lit., the rest. 
 
 35. Invisa, offensive. 
 
 2. Terra marique; G. 425, 2. — Ut . . . assenserint; Indirect 76 
 Question. — Ut, how. 
 
 3. Voluntatibus ; Indirect Object of each of the four following 
 verbs. 
 
 7. Tacitus ; G. 443. — Quot et quantas, as. 
 
 8. Quod ut sit, that this may be; Purpose of velle et optare. Quod 
 refers to the success mentioned in the preceding sentence. 
 
 12. Quare cum, etc. Cicero here gives a summary of the several 
 points already discussed. In the next chapter he enters upon the consider- 
 ation of objections. 
 
 16. Quin conferatis, to employ. 
 
 XVII. — XIX. Reply to the Objection of Hortensiits. 
 
 20. Si esset, erat deligendus ; G. 511, 2. 
 
 23. Opportunitas, fortunate circumstance. 
 
 24. Ab iis qui habent ; i. e., from Lucullus and Glabrio. 
 
 26. Cetera; i. e., cetera bella. — Summa; construe with salute. 
 
 27. Bellum regium, war with kings ; i. e., with Mithridates and 
 Tigranes, lit., royal war. 
 
 30. Affectus, honored. — Q. Catulus. Quintus Lutatius Catulus, 
 a distinguished member and leader of the Roman aristocracy, consul 78 
 B. C. Hence vestris beneficiis amplissiynis affectus- 
 
254 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 76 32. Q. Hortensius. Quintus Hortensius, a distinguished orator 
 and advocate, a man of great wealth and influence, consul 69 B. C. — 
 Ratione, plan, or view. 
 
 33. Multis locis, on many points. G. 425, 2. 
 
 34. Tametsi cognoscetis . . . contrarias, although you will see 
 authorities on the other side, i. e., opposed to Catulus and Hortensius. 
 Those authorities are given on p. 82, lines 20 to 31. 
 
 36. Ipsa re ac ratione, from the nature of the case ; lit., from the 
 thing itself and its nature or condition. G. 636, III., 2. 
 
 77 !• Hoc, on this account ; Ablative of Cause. 
 
 7. Obsolevit ista oratio, such language has lost its force ; because 
 he had used it before in opposing the appointment of Pompey to the 
 command against the pirates, and the result had shown the wisdom of the 
 appointment. 
 
 8. Tu idem; G. 451, 3. — Q. Hortensi; G. 51, 5. 
 
 10. A. Gabinium. The author of the Gabinian law, by which 
 Pompey was placed in command against the pirates. The law did not, 
 indeed, name Pompey, but it was plain to all from the very outset that no 
 other commander could be appointed under it. 
 
 14. Turn si valuisset, hodie teneremus ; G. 510, note 1. 
 
 16. Vera causa, the true interests. 
 
 18. Cum capiebantur ; G. 469, II. — Legati . . . praetoresque. 
 See Chap. XII., p. 70, especially lines 31 to 36. 
 
 20. Commeatu, from supplies. G. 414. 
 
 21. Rem transmarinam, business beyond the sea. 
 
 23. Non dico Atheniensium, / do not speak of that of the Athe- 
 nians. Supply civitatem. Athens was one of the most celebrated of the 
 Grecian cities. For upwards of half a century its naval power was very 
 great. 
 
 25. Karthaginiensium. The Carthaginians in Northern Africa, 
 with whom the Romans waged the Punic Wars, once controlled the Medi- 
 terranean. — Maritimis rebus, naval resources. 
 
 26. Rhodiorum. The Rhodians, inhabiting the island of Rhodes, 
 in the Aegean Sea, were distinguished for their maritime power. 
 
 27. Quae civitas unquam. These words resume the question 
 interrupted by the parenthetical clause non dico . . . remansit. 
 
 29. Regionis . . . maritimae, of the maritime territory and coast. 
 31. Ille, the renowned. 
 
 34. Utilitatis, of their interests. 
 
 35. Nos, quorum majores, ii, we, the people (lit., those), whose an- 
 cestors. Ii, in apposition with nos, becomes in effect the antecedent of 
 quorum. — Autiochum. See note on propter socios, p. 61, line 17 — 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 255 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Persemque. Perses, the last King of Macedonia, was conquered by 7 7 
 L. Aemilius Paullus, 168 B. C. He, however, escaped with a small force 
 to the island of Samothrace, where he was blockaded by the Roman ad- 
 miral Cn. Octavius, to whom he was compelled to surrender. See note on 
 Paullus ille, p. 46, line 15. 
 
 36. Omnibus navalibus pugnis; i. e., in the first Punic War. 
 See note on propter socios, p. 64, line 17. 
 
 3. Tutam, salvos. See Syn. L. C. 321. 78 
 
 5. Praestare, to keep or preserve. — Turn cum, at the time when, 
 introducing an illustration of socios . . . praestare poteramus = as we were 
 at the time (turn) when (quum). 
 
 6. Delos. After the fall of Corinth, 146 B. C, Delos became an im- 
 portant centre of trade. — Aegaeo mari, the Aegean Sea ; i. e., the part 
 of the Mediterranean between Greece and Asia Minor. 
 
 7. Oneribus, freights. 
 
 8. Nihil timebat. Because it was under the protection of Rome. 
 
 10. Appia via. The Appian Way, the most celebrated of the Ro- 
 man roads, extended from Rome to the port of Bruudisium. The portion 
 near the sea was often visited by the corsairs. 
 
 12. Cum reliquissent ; G. 515, III. 
 
 13. Exuviis nauticis, etc., with naval trophies, etc. Hence the 
 name Rostra, beaks. See note on hie locus, p. 60, line 2. 
 
 14. Bono animo, with a good intention. 
 
 17. Dolori suo, their own feelings, occasioned by the depredations 
 of the pirates. 
 
 18. Una lex. The Gabinian law. See p. 77, lines 10 to 12. 
 
 20. Effecit ut aliquando videremur, caused us to appear (lit., 
 that we should appear) at length. G. 498, II. 
 
 21. Quo, wherefore. 
 
 22. Obtrectatum . . . adhuc, that opposition has thus far been 
 made. G. 301, 1. — Gabinio, Pompeio ; Indirect Object of obtrectatum 
 esse. — Gabinio . . . anne, shall I say to Gabinius or. 
 
 23. Id. Nominative in apposition with obtrectatum esse adhuc 
 utrique. — Ne legaretur . . . Pompeio, that A. Gabinius might not be 
 appointed lieutenant to Cn. Pompey. According to Roman law, no one 
 could receive an appointment under a statute proposed by himself. Hence 
 Gabinius could not be a lieutenant under the Gabinian law, but Pompey 
 now asks that he may be so appointed under the Manilian law, which Cicero 
 is now advocating. 
 
 25. Legatum quern velit, such a lieutenant as he wishes. G. 503, 1. 
 
 26. Qui impetret, to obtain his request. G. 503, II., 2. — Cum 
 ceteri, since our other generals. 
 
256 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 78 29. Expers gloriae. G. 399, 3. 
 
 31. Periculo, at his peril. If the law had worked badly, Gabinius 
 would have been held responsible for the i-esult. — An ; G. 353, 2, note 4. 
 — Falcidius, Metellus, etc. These are mentioned, not because they 
 were men of note, but simply because they had served as lieutenants the 
 year after they had been tribunes of the people. The objection, how- 
 ever, to the appointment of Gabinius as lieutenant to Pompey in the war 
 against the pirates, was not that he had just been tribune of the people, but 
 that he was himself the author of the law under which alone such appoint- 
 ment could be made. 
 
 32. Honoris causa, with respect ; lit., because of honor. 
 
 33. Cum . . . fuissent, after they had been tribunes of the people. 
 G. 521, II., 2. 
 
 34. Sunt tarn diligentes, are they (people) so scrupulous. 
 
 79 1. Esse deberet. Supply legatus. — De quo legando, the question 
 of his appointment as lieutenant. 
 
 3. Me relaturum, that I will present the subject. This Cicero had a 
 right to do as praetor, unless forbidden by the express command (inimicum 
 edictum) of the consuls. 
 
 4. Quo minus defendam ; G. 497, II., 2. — Vestrum jus bene- 
 ficiumque, your right and favor, referring probably to the right and 
 privilege conferred upon Pompey of appointing his own lieutenants. 
 
 5. Praeter intercessionem, except the veto of the tribune, to which 
 all must submit. 
 
 7. Quid liceat, what is lawful. The veto of the tribune must be 
 used only in the interest of the people. 
 
 9. Pompeio socius adscribitur, is assigned (i. e., in public esti- 
 mation) to Pompey as his associate. 
 
 10. Uni, to one commander. 
 
 XX., XXI. Reply to the Objection of Catulus. 
 
 13. Q. Catuli. See note on Q. Catulus, p. 76, line 30. 
 
 14. Dicendum esse videatur. See note on the same words, p. 68, 
 line 30. 
 
 15. Si poneretis, si factum esset. In a conditional sentence 
 with two conditional clauses, the force of the Latin is usually best shown 
 by rendering the conclusion (in quo . . . habituri) after the first condition 
 (si . . . poneretis) . — Si quid eo factum esset, if any thing should 
 happen to him, more literally, become of him. G. 415, III., note 1. 
 
 18. In ipso, in him; i. e., in Catulus. The incident here related 
 occurred the preceding year, during the discussion upon the Gabinian law. 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 257 
 
 PAGE 
 
 19. Quam possit = ut earn possit. G. 500. 7 9 
 
 21. In hoc ipso, upon this particular point ; i. e., upon the pro- 
 priety of investing Poinpey with the sole command. 
 
 22. Quo minus certa ac minus diuturna, hoc magis, the less 
 certain and lasting, the more. — Quo, hoc, the, the ; lit,, by which, by this, 
 or by as much as, by so much. Abl. of Difference. G. 423. 
 
 25. At enim, but indeed; introducing the main objection of Catu- 
 lus, that the proposed measure is at variance with Roman custom. — 
 Quid novi, any thing new. Novi, adjective used substantively (G. 441, 
 2) ; Partitive Gen. after quid. G. 397, 3. 
 
 28. Novorum consiliorum rationes, new measures ; a circum- 
 locution for nova consilia, as the latter would not accord well in form with 
 novos casus temporum. 
 
 29. Punicum. The third Punic War, from 150 to 146 B. C. 
 
 30. Hispaniense. The Spanish War, from 149 B. C. to the fall of 
 Numantia, 133 B. C. — Ab uno imperatore; i. e., by Scipio Africanus 
 Minor. See note on alter Africanus, p. 46, line 13. 
 
 34. C. Mario. Gaius Marius conquered Jugurtha, King of Nu- 
 midia, 105 B. C, the Teutones, 102 B. C, and the Cimbri, 101 B. C. The 
 Cimbri and the Teutones were warlike tribes from the north. 
 
 1. Novi nihil. See note on quid novi, p. 79, line 25. 80 
 
 2. Summa voluntate, with the full consent. 
 
 3. Adolescentulum . . . conficere. Subject of est, understood. G. 
 538, 1, (1). See note on ipse imperator, p. 69, line 10. 
 
 4. Conficere, should raise. 
 
 5. Ductu suo, under his own command ; i. e., with an independent 
 command. 
 
 7. Peradolescenti. Pompey was at the time twenty- four years 
 of age. — Senatorio gradu. The earliest age at which a Roman might 
 at this time attain the senatorial rank was probably twenty-seven ; some 
 authorities say thirty. 
 
 8. Sicilian! atque Africam. After the defeat of the Marian 
 party in Italy, 82 B. C, Pompey was sent against the remnant of that 
 faction in Sicily and Africa. See note on Africanum, p. 69, line 17. 
 
 12. Equitem Romanum triumphare. According to Roman 
 custom, the honor of a triumph could be granted to no one who had not 
 held the office of consul or of praetor. That honor was, however, granted 
 to Pompey before he had held either office. See note on triumphis, p. 69, 
 line 15. 
 
 16. Duo consules. The consuls of the year 77 B. C, Mam. Ae- 
 milius Lepidus and D. Junius Brutus, not particularly distinguished. Cla- 
 rissimifortissimique are here only complimentary terms- — Ut eques . . . 
 
258 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 80 mitteretur. Subject of est, understood. G. 501, I., 2. Instead of ut 
 with the subjunctive, the infinitive might have been used as in conficere in 
 the fourth line above : quam adolescentulum . . . conficere. 
 
 17. Bellum maximum. The war against Sertorius in Spain. 
 See notes on ad eos duces, p. 62, line 32, and on Pompeii, p. 63, line 3. 
 
 19. Non nemo. What would nemo non mean ? G. 553, 1. 
 
 20. Pro consule, as proconsul, lit., instead of a consul. The con- 
 suls, at the expiration of their term of office, were usually appointed 
 governors of provinces, with the title of proconsul.' — Ij. Philippus. 
 L. Marcius Philippus, a friend of Pompey, and an eloquent orator, consul 
 91 B. C. 
 
 21. Non pro consule . . . consulibus, with the power, not of a con- 
 sul, but of the consuls, a witticism which Cicero quotes to glorify Pompey. 
 
 22. Rei publicae, the public trust, i. e., the war. 
 
 25. Liegibus solutus, released from the laws ; i. e., from those laws 
 which made him ineligible to the consulship, by requiring that the candi- 
 date should be at least foi'ty-two years of age, and that he should have 
 held the offices of quaestor and praetor. Pompey was only thirty-five, 
 and had never been either quaestor or praetor. — Ante ; construe with 
 quam. 
 
 26. Ullum alium magistratum ; i. e., any of the higher or curule 
 offices. To hold the lowest of these, viz., that of the curule aedile, one 
 must be at least thirty-six years of age. — Per leges licuisset, would 
 have been lawful; Potential Subjunctive. 
 
 27. Iterum triumpharet ; i. e., for his victories in Spain. See 
 note on triumphis, p. 69, line 15. 
 
 28. Quae nova, the new measures, which. 
 
 31. Profecta sunt a auctoritate, have been conferred by the au- 
 thority, lit., have proceeded from, etc. 
 
 XXII., XXIII. Contrast between Pompey and other Bo- 
 man Commanders. Authorities in Favor of the Bill. 
 
 34. Videant, let them take care. 
 
 81 2. Suo jure, in their own right ; i. e., with perfect propriety, as they 
 had done so in the case of the Gabinian law, with the most important re- 
 sults to the state. 
 
 3. Vel, even. 
 
 8. Plus in re publica vidistis, saw more clearly the public inter- 
 ests ; lit., saw more (farther) in (in regard to) the public interests. 
 
 9. Vos, if you. The condition continues, though the conjunction is 
 omitted. 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 259 
 
 PAGE 
 
 11. Isti principes, those leaders ; i. e., leaders though they are, they §1 
 must obey the Roman people. — Sibi, auctoritati; G. 388; 385, I. 
 
 13. Bello . . . regio. See notes on belli Asiatici, p. 65, line 35, and 
 on bellum regium, p. 76, line 27. 
 
 15. Difficile est. Because of the great temptations to selfishness 
 and avarice which those distant countries presented. 
 
 16. Asia. See note on Asiam, p. 61, line 15. — Cilicia. A district 
 of Asia Minor, on the northern shores of the Mediterranean. — Syria. 
 A country on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. 
 
 17. Ita versari, so to conduct himself. — Nihil aliud nisi, nothing 
 except. G. 555, III., 1. 
 
 18. Pudore . . . moderatiores, of greater self-control (i. e., less law- 
 less) from their regard for decency and moderation. 
 
 26. Jam requiruntur, are already becoming scarce; i. e., they have 
 been already plundered. 
 
 27. Causa belli, a pretext for war. — Inferatur. Potential Sub- 
 junctive. G. 486, III. 
 
 28. Coram, face to face ; render in private. 
 
 29. Noverunt; G. 297, I., 2. 
 
 32. Hostium simulatione, under the pretence of acting against the 
 enemy. 
 
 33. Non modo, sed, not to say, but. 
 
 34. Tribuni militum. Each Roman legion had six military tri- 
 bunes. — Animos . . . capere, to satisfy the desires and demands. 
 
 35. Collatis signis, in battle ; lit., the standards having been brought 
 together ; i. e., in an engagement. 
 
 4. Qui mittatur ; G. 503, II., 2. 82 
 
 6. Istis pacata esse videatur. If a city is wealthy, these avari- 
 cious generals will easily find a pretext for plundering it. 
 
 7. Ora maritima . . . requisivit: i. e., in the war against the 
 pirates. — Ora maritima, the sea-coast ; i. e. , its inhabitants. 
 
 9. Praetores, etc. Among others, M. Antonius Creticus, who was 
 sent against the pirates 74 B. C, richly deserved the severe censure hei-e 
 pronounced against the Roman commanders. 
 
 10. Praeter paucos. Among the few noble exceptions, Cicero 
 doubtless had P. Seiwilius Vatia especially in mind, as he was present, 
 favored the proposed law, and had himself commanded with great success 
 In the war against the pirates. 
 
 11. Classium nomine, with their so-called fleets, lit., with the name 
 of fleets. 
 
 13. Quibus jacturis, with what expenditure of money; i. e., in 
 bribery to secure an appointment. — Quibus condicionibus, upon what 
 
260 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 82 terms, referring doubtless to engagements made with those who aided 
 them in securing the appointment. 
 
 14. Ignorant videlicet. Sarcastic and ironical. They pretend to 
 be ignorant, or at least act as if they were. 
 
 15. Quasi videamus ; G. 513, II. 
 
 17. Nolite dubitare; G. 489, 1). 
 
 18. Huic uni, to this one man (Pompey) ; i. e., instead of dividing 
 the command among several generals. — Qui unus, the only one who. G. 
 453, 5. — Inventus sit, gaudeant; Subjunctive of Result. 
 
 19. Queni venisse gaudeant, whom they rejoice to see come, lit., to 
 have come. 
 
 20. Auctoritatibus confirmandam. See note on tametsi cog- 
 noscetis . . . contrarias, p. 76, line 34. 
 
 21. Est vobis auctor, you have the authority of, or more lit., you 
 have as an adviser. 
 
 22. P. Servilius. P. Servilius Vatia, surnamed Isauricus from his 
 famous victory over the Isaurians. He had already spoken in favor of the 
 Manilian law. He was consul 79 B. C., and commanded with great success 
 against the pirates from 78 to 75 B. C. — Tantae exstiterunt, have been 
 so great. 
 
 24. Est C. Curio. Supply vobis auctor. C. Scribonius Curio, a 
 Roman general and orator, consul 76 B. C. He commanded in Macedo- 
 nia from 75 to 73 B. C., and triumphed over the Dardanians and Thra- 
 cians, 71 B. C. 
 
 26. Praeditus. With beneficiis and rebus, render distinguished. — 
 Cn. Lentulus. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, consul 72 B. C, a 
 lieutenant of Pompey in the war against the pirates. 
 
 27. Pro, in accordance with, or as shown by. 
 
 28. C. Cassius. C. Cassius Varus, consul 73 B. C, defeated by 
 Spartacus in the Servile War, 72 B. C. 
 
 29. Videte, horumne, etc., observe whether, etc. 
 
 30. Illorum ; i. e., of Catulus and Hortensius. 
 
 XXIV. Conclusion. 
 
 32. C. Manili. Gaius Manilius, the tribune of the people and the 
 author of the Manilian law. G. 51, 5. 
 
 34. Auctore populo Romano, with the support of the Roman 
 people. G. 431. 
 
 35. Neve, and not. G. 497, 1, note. 
 
 83 2. Iterum, a second time. They had witnessed a similar scene during 
 
 the discussion of the Gabinian law. 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 261 
 
 PAGE 
 
 3. Quid est quod dubitemus, what reason is there why we should 83 
 doubt ? G. 503, I., note 2. 
 
 4. De perficiendi facultate, in regard to our ability to accomplish 
 it, i. e., to secure the appointment of Pompey. 
 
 5. Quidquid possum, whatever influence I possess. G. 378, 2. 
 
 6. Hoc beneficio, through (by) this favor, i. e., through his office as 
 praetor, as explained by hac potestate praetoria. 
 
 9. Eos maxime, qui. Cicero refers, doubtless, to those gods 
 whose temples were in the immediate vicinity of the Forum, as Jupiter, 
 Castor, Venus, Concord, and others. — Huic loco temploque, this con- 
 secrated place; i. e., the Rostra. Templum, which often means not a 
 temple, but a consecrated place, is simply explanatory of loco. 
 
 10. Qui ad rem publicam adeunt, who apply themselves to public 
 affairs. 
 
 12. Neque quo putem ; G. 516, 2. 
 
 14. Praesidia periculis . . . honoribus, defence against perils and 
 aid in securing ho?iors. G. 392. The consulship was the only remaining 
 object of Cicero's ambition. 
 
 16. Ut hominem . . . oportet, as far as it is proper for a man to 
 promise this, implying that such security comes only from the gods. — 
 Repellemus ; G. 446, note 2. 
 
 17. Eadem ilia . . . vitae; i. e., from the practice of his profession 
 at the bar. 
 
 19. Feret, shall permit. 
 
 20. Mini; 388, 1. 
 
 22. Tantumque abest ut . . . videar, ut intelligam, and so far 
 am I from appearing . . . that I knoio. G. 502, 3. — Ut . . . videar ; Sub- 
 ject of abest. 
 
 25. Vobis non inutiles, not useless to you. By metonymy, the effect 
 for the cause. Strictly, it is Cicero's course of action, not the enmities 
 incurred thereby, which will be advantageous to the state. G. 637, III. — 
 Hoc honore ; i. e., the praetorship. 
 
 28. Rationibus, personal interests. 
 
ORATION FOR MARCELLUS, 
 
 DELIVERED IN THE SENATE BEFORE CAESAR, IN 
 THE YEAR 46 B. C. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Marcus Claudius Marcellus belonged to the ancient and 
 illustrious Claudian gens, which had produced a long line of 
 distinguished statesmen and generals. He was the intimate 
 friend of Cicero, was an orator of some repute, was consul in 
 the year 51 B. C, and, while in office, incurred the displeasure 
 of Caesar, then commanding in Gaul, by proposing that he 
 should be recalled from his province. At the opening of the 
 Civil War, he betook himself to the camp of Pompey, but, after 
 the battle of Pharsalia, he retired to Mitylene, where he 
 devoted himself to the study of philosophy and oratory. Here 
 he repeatedly received letters from his friend Cicero, urging 
 him, both for his own sake and for the sake of his country, to 
 return to Rome and receive pardon from Caesar. This, how- 
 ever, he persistently refused to do. 
 
 Thus the case stood when, in the summer of 46 B. C, Lucius 
 Piso, Caesar's father-in-law, mentioned Marcellus in the senate 
 as a suitable subject for clemency. Gains Marcellus, the 
 brother of the exile, instantly threw himself at Caesar's feet, 
 while the whole senate attested their sympathy and interest by 
 gathering about the Dictator in the attitude of suppliants. 
 Caesar, whose policy to his opponents had from the first been 
 marked by great clemency, said that he would not refuse the 
 request of the senate, though he clearly foresaw the peril which 
 would attend the recall of implacable opponents and foes. 
 Cicero, who had for a long time been living in comparative 
 seclusion, was so overjoyed at this announcement that he deliv- 
 ered upon the spot a spirited oration eulogizing in the strongest 
 262 
 
JULIUS CAESAR- 
 
 p. 262 
 
ORATION FOR MARCELLUS. 263 
 
 terms the magnanimity of the Dictator, and thanking him for 
 this exercise of his accustomed clemency and mercy. 
 
 Marcellus, being thus honorably recalled and restored in 
 full to all the rights of Roman citizenship, could no longer re- 
 fuse to comply with the earnest entreaties of his friend Cicero 
 to return to his native land. Accordingly, after some delay, he 
 started upon his homeward journey, but he had proceeded only 
 as far as Athens when he was assassinated by one of his attend- 
 ants. His body was burned in the Academy, and a marble 
 monument was erected to his memory. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 I. Introduction. I. 
 
 II. Eulogy upon the Clemency and Magnanimity of C^esab. 
 II. — VI. 
 
 III. Reply to the Opinion of Caesar that he has lived long 
 
 ENOUGH. VII.— X. 
 
 IV. Conclusion. XL 
 
 I. Introduction. Cicero, in view of the Clemency of 
 Caesar, is unable longer to remain silent. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. Diuturni silentii. This silence had continued for several years. §4 
 Cicero left Rome with the title of proconsul, in the year 51 B. C, to take 
 charge of the province of Cilicia. In the Civil War he espoused the cause 
 
 zf Pompey, but, after the disastrous battle of Pharsalia, he returned to 
 Italy, where he was finally pardoned by Caesar in the year 47 B. C. He 
 took no part, however, in the discussions of the senate until the magnanim- 
 ity of Caesar in pardoning his friend Marcellus called forth the present 
 oration. — Eram usus, had observed ; i. e., before the pardon of Marcel- 
 lus ; hence Pluperfect. 
 
 2. Dolore, from sorrow; explained by dolebam enim, etc., line 12, 
 below. 
 
 3. Verecundia, from a sense of propriety ; explained by nee fas 
 esse, etc., line 15, below. 
 
 4. Vellem; G. 495, 1. 
 
 (8. Clemenilaiu •. ».„ *_> the olemencv of Caesar in t>a.vdonin°r. Mar- 
 
264 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 84r cellus. — Rerum omnium ; construe with potestale. — Modum, modera- 
 tion. 
 
 8. Tacitus; G. 443. — M. enim Marcello. See Introduction, p. 
 262. On the position of enim, see G. 569, III. 
 
 10. Illius. This depends upon vocem and auctoritatem. 
 
 13. Oum fuisset; G. 515, III. — In eadem causa; i. <?., in the 
 party of Pompey. 
 
 16. Studiorum ; construe with aemulo atqae imitatore. Marcellus 
 was an orator. 
 
 17. Quasi quodam ; G. 456, 2. — Socio, comite; Appositives ; G. 
 363. 3. 
 
 18. Interclusam, closed ; i. e., long since laid aside. 
 
 19. His omnibus; i. e., the senators; Indirect Object ofsustulit. 
 
 20. Signum sustulisti, you have raised the standard ; a metaphor 
 from military life. 
 
 21. In multis, in the case of many persons ; i. <?., of those whom 
 Caesar had pardoned. 
 
 85 1. Omnibus. Dative. 
 
 2. Commemoratis offensionibus. Caesar had just spoken of the 
 implacable hostility of Marcellus. 
 
 8. Dato beneficio . . . accepto ; G. 549, note 2. 
 
 9. Cujus . . • pervenerit; G. 503, 1. 
 
 II. — IV. Caesar has icon Great Glory by his Valor and 
 Military Achievements, but still greater by his Remark- 
 able Magnanimity and Clemency. 
 
 15. Nullius, no man's; G. 457, 2. This genitive depends upon flu- 
 men. G. 398, 2. — Tantum ; predicate adjective. — Flumen ingenii. 
 A bold figure. 
 
 18. Pace tua, with your permission. 
 
 20. Idque usurpare, and to make (use) this statement, viz., omnes 
 . . . res gestas . . . conferri. 
 
 24. Numero proeliorum. Pliny says that Caesar fought fifty bat- 
 tles. According to Plutarch, he stormed more than eight hundred cities. 
 — Varietate regionum. Caesar fought in Gaul, Britain, Germany, 
 Spain, Italy, Epirus, Thessaly, Africa, and Asia Minor. 
 
 25. Dissimilitudine bellorum, in diversity of modes of warfare. 
 
 27. Cursibus, marches. 
 
 28. Lustratae sunt, they have been traversed. This verb means to 
 traverse and explore somewhat fully, while peragro is simply to go 
 through. 
 
ORATION FOR MARCELLUS. 265 
 
 PAGE 
 
 30. 3Iens, cogitatio. Mens, the mind, the thinking faculty; cogi- 85 
 tatio, the exercise of that faculty. — Capere, to comprehend, grasp. 
 
 31. Alia majora. Cicero refers to Caesar's forbearance and mag- 
 nanimity. 
 
 32. Ducibus; G. 386. 
 
 33. Cum multis, with many ; i. e., with many others. — Impera- 
 toruin; G. 391, II., 4. 
 
 1. Ducit. The subject is a pronoun referring to fortuna. 86 
 
 2. Hujus gloriae ; i. e., the glory derived from pardoning Marcel- 
 ins. 
 
 7. In societatem,/or a share; i. e., to share. 
 
 9. Nunquam enim. Cicero here adds, in a style somewhat rhetori- 
 cal, but not very precise, the reason why fortune can claim no share in the 
 glory derived from an act of generosity; because in such acts rashness 
 (temeritas) and chance (casus) have no part. 
 
 11. Gentes . . . barbaras ; as the Germans, Gauls, and Britons. — 
 Multitudine innumerabiles ; as the Gauls and Egyptians. 
 
 12. Locis infinitas, with vast extent of territory ; lit., unlimited in 
 places ; i. e., in territory. 
 
 13. Naturam et condicionem, ut, such a nature and character, 
 that. 
 
 16. Vincere, cohibere, etc In apposition with haec, line 19, below 
 i — Adversarium ; Marcellus. 
 
 18. Amplificare . . . pristinam dignitatem. This language im- 
 plies that this act of Caesar confers new honor and dignity upon Mar- 
 cellus. 
 
 24. Ejus modi res; i. e., praises for military achievements. 
 
 25. Obstrepi videntur, seemed to be drowned. G. 534, note 1, (1.) 
 
 30. In fictis, in fiction; lit., in fictitious things. 
 
 31. Te. Object of efferemus. 
 
 33. Ut velis, so that you desire ; i. e., we know from the expression 
 of your countenance (os cernimus) that you desire. Subjunctive of Re- 
 sult. 
 
 36. Medius fidius; also written mediusfidius, and me dius fidius ; 
 used in emphatic asseverations and oaths ; most truly, certainly, indeed. 
 j The original form was probably me Dius Fidius juvet, may the true God 
 help me ! 
 
 1. Ilia auctoritas, the authority of that man ; t. e., of Marcellus, 87 
 lit., that authority, referring, doubtless, to the senatorial rank and influ- 
 ence. 
 
 3. C. Marcelli. The brother of Marcus Marcellus, the exile. See 
 Introduction, p. 262. 
 
266 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 87 4. Pieta,te, fraternal affection. 
 
 6. Marcello conservato ; G. 549, note 2. 
 
 7. Ad paucos. There remained at the time, so far as is known, onfy 
 three surviving members of the family. 
 
 9. Gratulationibus, congratulations ; by metonymy for successes, 
 achievements, occasions for joy and congratulations. 
 
 11. Multo . . . comitatu; i. e., with a large number of officers and 
 men to share the honor. 
 
 12. Tu idem es, you are at once; lit., you the same one are. 
 
 13. Quae quidem, etc. In this sentence there is an anacoluthon 
 after the parenthetical clause, nihil . . . vetustas. G. 636, IV., 6. Other- 
 wise the clause, at haec tua . . . laudibus, would depend upon ut. The 
 general thought is this : Which is in truth so great, that time may indeed 
 destroy your trophies, but will only enhance the glory derived from this act. 
 
 16. Quotidie. The usual distinction between quotidle and in dies 
 would here require the latter. 
 
 17. Quantum operibus, etc. Construe thus; diuturnitas tantum 
 afferat laudibus quantum, etc. 
 
 20. Ut possit; G. 498, III., note 1. 
 
 21. Periude atque, exactly as. G. 554, 1., 2, note. 
 
 22. Quae ilia . . . adepta, which it (victory) had secured, referring 
 especially to the power which it gave him over his political opponents. 
 
 V., VI. The Significance and Influence of this Act of 
 Mercy, Caesar's Present Course contrasted with the 
 Plans of his Opponents. 
 
 27. Hoc judicium . . . attendite; G. 529, 2. 
 29. Fato nescio quo, by I know not what destiny. 
 
 34. Reddidit; like conservavit, dependent upon quum. 
 
 35. Non ille, etc. Here begins the leading clause of the sentence. 
 
 36. A plerisque; i. e., by most of the pai'tisans of Pompey. Cice- 
 ro is interested in excusing the party as much as possible, not only because 
 he had himself belonged to it, but also because he desires to procure the 
 pardon of still other members of it. — Ignoratione ; i. e., through igno- 
 rance of the intentions of Caesar. — Potius ; construe with quam in the 
 next line. 
 
 88 1. Bellum; i. e., the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey. 
 
 2. De pace audiendum, that proposals of peace should be listened 
 to. This statement is literally true, as is shown by his letters. From the 
 vei-y beginning of the struggle between Pompey and Caesar he labored to 
 effect a reconciliation, hoping thus to avert the horrors of civil wai\ 
 
ORATION FOR MARCELLUS. 267 
 
 PAGE 
 
 5. Ilia; construe with arma civilia. 8$ 
 
 6. Pacis; G. 399. — Togae, the toga; the garb of peace, added to 
 pads as a synonyrne. 
 
 7. Privato officio, non publico, from a sense of personal obli- 
 gation, not of duty to the state ; i. e., his personal obligations to Pompey 
 were so great that he could not desert him. Tbis is, however, but a poor 
 Bxcuse, if he thought Pompey in the wrong. 
 
 8. Grati . . . memoria, grateful recollections , lit. , a faithful recollec- 
 tion of grateful feelings (mind). 
 
 13. Integra re, before the outbreak of the war; Abl. Absolute. 
 
 14. Capitis periculo ; i. e., from Pompey's party, who would listen 
 to no compromise. — Ex quo, wherefore. 
 
 22. Hujus rei; i. e., that he too favored peace. 
 
 2o. Certoruni ; i. e., of certain persons who might be named ; re- 
 ferring, perhaps, to Lentulus, Domitius, and others among the more vio- 
 lent members of his own party. 
 
 3-4. Partis ; construe with victonam. Pompey's party is of course 
 meant. 
 
 35. Futuram fuisse victoriam. In apposition with id, and thus 
 dependent upon dicam. 
 
 36. Arniatis, those in arms agai?ist them ; i. e., the party of Caesar. 
 G. 385, II. 
 
 1. Otiosis, peaceable citizens ; i. e., those who were neutral. 89 
 
 4. Expetiverunt, exeitaverunt ; G. 508; 529, II., note 1, 2). 
 
 8. Bono, endowment ; referring especially to clementiam et sapientiam, 
 above. G. 416. 
 
 10. Ex quo, from which ; referring especially to bono, which is, how- 
 ever, more fully explained by fortuna et gloria and natura et moribus. 
 
 16. Quae. Object of dicere. For gender, see G. 445, 3, note 1. 
 
 18. A virtute; G. 415, I., 2. 
 
 19. Conimodata, loaned ; thus delicately reminding Caesar of the 
 uncertain tenure by which he holds them. 
 
 22. Specie . . . publicae, by some apparent public benefit, lit., ap- 
 pearance of, etc. 
 
 24. Fuisse, that you toere; i. e., when they feared you. They have 
 eow learned their mistake. 
 
 VII. Reply to the Opinion of Caesar that his Life is in 
 Danger. 
 
 26. Nunc venio.etc. With these words commences the second 
 general division of the oration. — Atrocissimam suspicionem tuam, 
 
268 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 89 the most atrocious crime which you suspect, lit., your most atrocious suspi- 
 cion. Suspicionem is here used by metonymy for the thing suspected, i. e., 
 the suspected crime ; hence atrocissimam ; hence also quae providenda 
 est, which is not at all applicable to the suspicion, but only to the crime to 
 which that suspicion relates. 
 
 28. Civibus, nobis ; G. 417, 1. 
 
 31. In alterutro, on one side or the other. 
 
 32. Iste, that one; i. e., the one to whom you refer. — Tarn de- 
 m ens ; i. e., as to plot against your life. 
 
 33. Quam quibus. After quam supply ii, the omitted antecedent 
 of quibus. 
 
 34. Eo numero <i\ii = numero eorum qui. 
 
 36. Quo duce, hujus vitam, the life of this man, under whose com- 
 mand. 
 
 90 2. Qui fuerunt. Supply inimici. 
 
 9. Tain nihil cogitans, so thoughtless 
 
 10. Nee, nee ; G. 553, 2. 
 
 11. Unius tua; G. 398, 3. 
 
 12. Omnium. Supply vitam.— Dies noctesque ; Lat. Comp. 411, 2 
 18. Consensio, a conspiracy. 
 
 VIII., IX. Caesar has a Great Work yet to accomplish 
 — a Work indispensable alike to the Welfare of the 
 State and to his own Fame. 
 
 20. Sunt excitanda, must be raised up, restored ; opposed to jacere, 
 in the next line. 
 
 21. Quod. This refers to the clause quae jacere belli . . .prostrata. 
 
 23. Propaganda suboles, population must be increased. It had 
 been greatly reduced by the carnage of the civil wars. 
 
 24. Diffluxerunt, have gone to ruin. — Vincienda sunt, must be 
 secured, recovered. — N on fuit recusandum, it was unavoidable, lit., 
 was not to be refused. 
 
 29. Togatus, clad in the toga, i. e., in time of peace. 
 
 32. Sapientissimam. The remark of Caesar is so called because 
 it shows a philosophic contempt of death. 
 
 33. Invitus, with regret. G. 443. — Naturae vixi. Caesar was 
 probably fifty-four years old. 
 
 91 1. Prudentiam, philosophy. — Periculo; G. 419, III. 
 3. Id audirem, I would assent to it. 
 
 9. Istud, that ; i. e., the measure of life designated in the preceding 
 sentence —Gloriae; Dative. 
 
OKATION FOR MARCELLUS. 269 
 
 PAGi 
 
 19. Pervagata, wide-spread, well known ; construe with fama. 91 
 
 20. Magnorum ; construe with meritorum. 
 
 22. Pars, actus, part, act, i. e., of the drama of life. 
 
 23. Eaque. Ea refers to rem publicam. G. 421, 1. 
 
 25. Te. Subject of vixisse. — Voles ; G. 470, 2. 
 
 26. Dicito; G. 487, 2; 487, 2, 1). 
 
 27. Hoc ipsum diu. Diu is here used substantively, referring 
 back to diu vixisse. G. 42, note. — Aliquid extremum, an end. 
 
 31. Fuit, flagravit; G. 636, 1., 1. 
 33. Continetur, consists of. 
 
 35. Huic. This refers to aeternitas, which, however, includes pos- 
 teritas and memoria saeculorum omnium. — Inservias; G. 502, 1. 
 
 36. Quae miretur; G. 503, I. The antecedent is multa. — Jam 
 pridem habet; G. 467, 2. 
 
 2. Imperia. Object of audientes and legentes. — Rhenum; i. e., 92 
 Caesar's achievements in the vicinity of the Rhine, referring- to his victo- 
 ries over the Gauls and the Germans. 
 
 3. Oceanum. This refers to the invasion of Britain. — Nilum ; 
 e. e. t Caesar's military achievements in Egypt. 
 
 4. 'Munera, festivals, games ; so called because they were regarded 
 as presents from the magistrates to the people. Caesar had recently given 
 such festivals. 
 
 10. Aliquid requirent, will find some defect in them. 
 
 11. Illud, hoc, the former, the latter. Illud refers to incendium; hoc t 
 to incendium restinxisse. 
 
 12. Consilii; Predicate Genitive. — Servi, regard. 
 
 15. Cupiditate, affection ; a synonym of amore. 
 
 16. Turn ; i. e., multis post saeculis. — Quidam ; i. e., the Epicureans, 
 who did not believe in a future existence. 
 
 X. The Disse?isio?is of Civil War are happily termi- 
 nated. The Safety of the /State depends upon the 
 Sajety of Caesar. 
 
 19. Diversae voluntates. Cicero now returns to the dissensions 
 of the recent Civil War. 
 
 21. Obscuritas, uncertainty ; i. e., in regard to the merits ol the 
 case. 
 
 22. Clarissimos duces. Caesar and Pompey. 
 
 24. Perfuncta est, has reached the close of. 
 
 25. Qui inflammaret ; Subjunctive of Result. 
 
 28. Ab aliis, ab aliis, by some, from others. 
 
270 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 92 30. Liberatus. Concessive. G. 549, 2. 
 
 34. Unum velint, should have one desire. 
 
 35. Non solum, not to say. 
 
 36. Nisi te salvo et manente; G. 431, 3. 
 
 93 2. Haec, these things; i. e., the city and state. 
 4. Tibi ; Indirect object of pollicemur. 
 
 6. Excubias, custodias. Of these two synonymes, the former 
 gives prominence to the idea of ivatching, the latter to that of guarding. 
 
 XL Conclusion. 
 
 8. Uncle est orsa, etc. ; i. <?., in the expression of thanks, the main 
 object of the oration. 
 
 9. Majores. Supply gratias. With habeo, the singular is more 
 common, but the plural is here retained from gratias agimus. See Syn. 
 L. C. 548. 
 
 11. Precibus et lacrimis. See Introduction, p. 262. 
 
 12. Stantibus dicere, to rise and say so. 
 
 13. Quod decet, id; i. e., laetari omnes, etc., as explained in the 
 next clause. 
 
 16. Quod autem . . . est, cum id, etc., but since by my solicitude, 
 etc., I showed proof (marks, lit., that which is of ) of the strongest affection, 
 etc. The antecedent of quod is id, line 19, from which it is separated by 
 the long parenthetical clause, quae . . . nemini. 
 
 17. Quae mea erga ilium, and this feeling of mine towards him. 
 G. 453. 
 
 19. Fratri, brother. See Introduction. Some render it, cousin. 
 
 23. Ut maximus cumulus accesserit ; briefly expressed for ut 
 maximum cumulum accessisse confitear, as to admit that, etc. — Omnibus 
 rebus. Ablative. 
 
 24. Tamen. The correlative is implied in the Abl. Absol., me con,- 
 servato, ornato. 
 
 25. Quod. The antecedent is implied in the clause, maximus , . .ac 
 
 
ORATION FOR LIGARIUS, 
 
 DELIVERED IN THE EORUM, BEFORE THE DIC- 
 TATOR CAESAR, IN THE YEAR 46 B. C. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Quintus Ligarius, in whose behalf this interesting and 
 beautiful oration was delivered, had been an active partisan of 
 Ponipey in the Civil War. 
 
 In the year 50 B. C, Ligarius, who was then lieutenant 
 under Gaius Considius, governor of Africa, was left in charge 
 of that province when the governor himself returned to Rome 
 to sue for the consulship. At the opening of the Civil War, a 
 few months later, he was importuned by the friends of Pompey 
 in Africa, to put himself at their head, and thus secure the 
 province for their party, but this he positively refused to do. 
 About this time, however, P. Attius Varus, who had com- 
 manded for Pompey in Picenum, but had been deserted by his 
 troops, arrived in Africa and assumed the command. Ligarius 
 readily consented to serve under him, and thus united his for- 
 tunes with the cause of Pompey. He was finally taken pris- 
 oner at Adrumetum, where his life was spared through the 
 clemency of Caesar, though he was not permitted to return to 
 Rome. An effort was, however, soon after made by his friends 
 to secure his recall from exile, but Quintus Tubero, who had 
 himself been a partisan of Pompey, but had been pardoned by 
 the Dictator, sought to defeat this movement in his behalf by 
 preferring a formal charge against him as one who had borne 
 arms in Africa against Caesar. Cicero replied in defence, 
 praying that the clemency which the Dictator had shown to 
 him and to Tubero might not be refused to Ligarius in his mis- 
 fortune and exile. The appeal was successful, and Ligarius 
 
 271 
 
272 NOTES 
 
 was pardoned, but he still remained implacable, and, two years 
 after, became one of the assassins of Caesar. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 I. Introduction. I. 
 
 II. Reply to the Charge of the Accuser. IE.— IX 
 III. Appeal to Caesar's Clemency. X.— XII. 
 
 I. Introduction. Cicero ridicules the Charge brought 
 against Ligarius, and gives a Brief Statement of the 
 Case. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 94- 1. Novum crimen, etc. The first ten lines of this oration furnish 
 
 us a specimen of well-sustained irony and ridicule. 
 
 2. Propinquus meus. The exact relationship is not known, but 
 Lucius Tubero, the father of the accuser, is supposed to have married 
 into the Tullian gens, to which Cicero belonged. — Tubero, Ligarium. 
 See Introduction, p. 271. 
 
 3. In Africa fuisse. To make the accusation appear as ludicrous 
 as possible, the orator artfully omits the essential part of it, viz., that while 
 in Africa Ligarius bore arms against Caesar. — C. Pansa. C. Vibius 
 Pansa, a friend of Caesar, afterward consul, 43 B. C. 
 
 4. Fretus . . . ausus est confiteri. Observe the irony. Pansa 
 had already interceded in behalf of Ligarius. 
 
 6. Cum neque scires, since you would not know, i. e., as I sup- 
 posed. The whole subject is presented in as ludicrous a light as possible. 
 Of course Caesar could not be ignorant of the fact that Ligarius had been 
 in Africa. 
 
 7. Ut abuterer, to tale advantage of; the Purpose of paratus 
 veneram. 
 
 10. Integrum, an open question. 
 
 11. Omissaque controversia, etc. Cicero drops the irony for the 
 present. 
 
 13. Libera tionem, veniam, acquittal, pardon. 
 
 14. Habes igitur, etc. Cicero now turns to Tubero, the accuser. 
 — Quod. The antecedent is id, understood, with which confitentem reum 
 is in apposition. 
 
 16. In ea parte; i. e., in the party of Pompey. — Qua te. The 
 
ORATION FOR LIGARIUS. 273 
 
 PAGE 
 
 preposition in is readily supplied from in ea parte, — Te. Subject of 94 
 fuisse. G. 524, 1, 1). 
 
 17. Patrem. Lucius Tubero, who also belonged to Pompey's party. 
 
 — Confiteamini; G. 502, 1. 
 
 21. C. Considio. See Introduction, p. 271. In the Civil War, 
 Considius espoused the cause of Pompey. 
 
 22. Civibus ; i. e., to the Roman citizens residing in Africa. 
 
 3. Invitus ; G. 443. 95 
 
 8. Salutis ; construe with ducem, a leader to secure their safety. 
 
 9. Ad suos. His family remained neutral. 
 
 11. P. Attius Varus. See Introduction, p. 271. — Praetor. The 
 term praetor, or propraetor, was a common title for a Roman governor. — 
 Africam obtinuerat; i. e., a few years before. — Uticam, to Utica; 
 then the chief city of the province. G. 380, II. 
 
 15. Nullo publico consilio, without any legal authority. 
 
 16. Qui cuperet ; G. 517. — Paul um conquievit, obtained a little 
 rest, i. e., rest for a short time. He was compelled, however, soon after 
 to take part in the war. 
 
 II. Review of the Conduct of Ligarius in Africa. 
 
 21. Ei,/or it, i. e., for the province — Pacem esse, that there should 
 be peace, i. e. , that peace should continue. Pacem esse is the subject of 
 expediret. 
 
 24. Habuit, heed as its motive. 
 
 28. Quod, during which. G. 379. — Quod si, and if this. G. 453. 
 
 31. Fratribus ; i. e., his two brothers, who remained neutral. 
 
 34. Hie, under these circumstances 
 
 5. Defendit, asserts in the defence. 9(j 
 
 7. De alio audienti; i. e., while listening to his defence of Liga- 
 rius. — De se ipso, in regard to himself, i. e., Cicero. 
 
 III. Panegyric upon the Clemency of Caesar in pardon- 
 ing Cicero and Tubero. 
 
 9. Quam non reformidem, how entirely free I am from fear. 
 
 — Lux liberalitatis . . . oboriatur. Observe the figurative character 
 of the expression. 
 
 10. Sapientiae. Cicero here suggests that clemency is a mark of 
 wisdom. 
 
 11. Voce eontendam ut, i" tvill raise my voice (lit., strive with my 
 voice) so that. 
 
274 NOTES. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 96 12. Gesto etiam ex parte magna. After the opening of the 
 Civil War, Cicero hesitated for months, but finally espoused the cause of 
 Pompey. See note on diuturni silentii, p. 84, line 1. 
 
 16. Antequam vidit. Caesar was then prosecuting the war in 
 Egypt, and had not seen Cicero since his return to Italy. 
 
 19. Alterum. Supply imperatortm. Cicero had recently received 
 the title of imperator for his military successes in Cilicia. — A quo ecu 
 cessos, by whose permission, lit., by whom granted. 
 
 20. Fasces laureatos. These were the insignia of victory. Cicerc 
 was very proud of them, and retained them for a long time in the hope of 
 ultimately obtaining the honor of a triumph. 
 
 21. Tuin denique, si, only if, lit., then finally, if; i. e., then, and 
 then only. 
 
 24. Ut audeam. Indirect Question. Cicero implies that he would 
 not dare to say that Ligarius had voluntarily taken up arms against Caesar 
 as he himself had done, because it would not be true. The expression 
 may, however, be explained as ironical. 
 
 25. De Ligarii; G. 398, 1. 
 
 27. Industriae; i. e., his application to his profession as an orator. 
 
 32. Prohibitum se . . . queritur. Soon after Varus had assumed 
 the command in Africa, L. Aelius Tubero, who had just been appointed 
 governor of the province, arrived in the harbor of Utica, accompanied by 
 his son Quintus. Varus at once issued an order that neither father noi 
 son should be allowed to land. Ligarius is supposed to have executed the 
 order. 
 
 35. In acie Pharsalica, in the battle of Pharsalia, or Pharsalus; 
 the decisive battle, fought 48 B. C, near Pharsalus, in Thessaly. Pompey 
 was defeated, and Caesar became master of Rome. 
 
 36. Qui sensus . . . tuorum, what were the sentiments of your arms; 
 i. «., with what feelings and purpose did you take up arms ? The oratory 
 in this passage, it will be observed, becomes impassioned and highly 
 figurative. 
 
 97 1. Cupiebas, optabas. Synonymes, of which the former expresses 
 a stronger desire, the latter a more calm determination. 
 
 3. Iisdem in armis. Not, indeed, in the same battle, but on the 
 same side in the war. 
 
 IV., V, The Accusation against Ligarius is cruel and 
 inhuman. 
 
 4. Egimus, did we aim at ? — Nisi ut . . . possemus, except that we 
 might have the power which Caesar (lit., this one) now possesses- 
 
ORATION FOR LIGARITJS. 275 
 
 PAGE 
 
 5. Quorum impunitas, ivhose pardon ; referring to the pardon of 97 
 TuDero. 
 
 7. Nonnihil desidero, I miss somewhat. 
 
 11. Agi. The subject is earn, understood, referring to causam. 
 
 15. Vim, effect, purpose. 
 
 17. Mores. Supply sunt. — Usque . . . incitari odio. In Appo- 
 sition with mores. 
 
 18. Levium, impulsive. — Graecorum. Predicate Genitive, ex- 
 plaining the Predicate Adjective externi. 
 
 20. Hoc T. Broccho, Titus Brocchus here present. He was the 
 brother of the mother of Ligarius. 
 
 21. Ejus, his, referring to Brocchus.— Suo, his, referring to Ligarius. 
 
 22. Num est, is that it? i. e., is that your object t referring to quid 
 | ugis, line 19, above. 
 
 25. Eum dictatorem ; i. e., L. Cornelius Sulla, during whose ter- 
 rible proscriptions thousands of Roman citizens were put to death. 
 
 27. Praemiis. Sulla offered a reward of two talents for the head 
 of any proscribed person. 
 
 28. Ab hoc eodem, by this same man, i. e., by Caesar, who, in the 
 year 64 B. C, seventeen years after (aliquot annis post) the events just 
 mentioned, brought prosecutions against the unprincipled agents of Sulla. 
 
 32. Generis, virtutis ; G. 398, 2. Tubero belonged to the Aelian 
 gens, which had produced many illustrious names. 
 
 35. Parum attenditis, you do not sufficiently consider, i. e. t the 
 consequences of your prosecution. 
 
 36. Eo. Explained by ut . . . videamini esse contenti. 
 
 5. Ad pedes, at his feet; i. e., at the feet of Caesar. — Causae 98 
 fidentes ; Lat. Comp. 238, 4. 
 
 7. Supplicum voce; i. e., from the privilege of making suppli- 
 cation. 
 
 8. Domi; i. «., at the house of Caesar. 
 
 10. Cave ignoscas ; G. 489, 2) ; 499, 2. — Te fratrum misereat ; 
 G. 410, IV. 
 
 12. Hoc ; i.e., id te oppugnare et . . . tollere. — Quod. The antece- 
 | dent is id, not hoc. 
 
 14. Perfugium misericordiae j i. «., the refuge derived from 
 Caesar's mercy and clemency. 
 
 16. Per te obtines, possess by nature. 
 
 18. De victoribus, de victis. De with the Abl. to avoid the am« 
 biguity of the genitives victorum, victorum. G» 397, note 3. 
 
 20. Ignosci nemini, no one to be pardoned. G. 301 } 1. 
 
 21. Etiam hi ; i. e. s the Tuberos, father and son. 
 
276 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 98 24. Saluti civi ; G. 390. — Saluti esse, to defend; used of an ad- 
 vocate. 
 
 29. Tunc, then; i. e., in the case just supposed. 
 
 32. Qua qui utitur, and he who employs it. G. 453, 3. 
 
 VI. The Charge of Crime against Ligarius is unreason, 
 able and absurd. 
 
 34. Primus aditus, the first step, i. e. , in approaching the subject. 
 — Postulatio, request; referring to the application which Tubero made 
 to Caesar, in accordance with Roman law, for permission to institute a 
 prosecution. 
 
 36. Vel quod, vel quod. Supply dicere vellet. 
 
 99 2. Ilia causa; i. e., the cause of Pompey. 
 
 4. Qui durius, who call it by a severer name. Supply appellant, 
 
 6. Nostri mali, of our misforUme ; i. e. s of the Civil War. 
 
 10. Liceat esse miseros, may we be allowed to be (i. e., be regard- 
 
 ed as) unfortunate; i. e., unfortunate {miseros) rather than wicked {scele- 
 
 ratos). 
 
 12. Fuerint, they may have been. — Sceleris crimine carere, to 
 be free from the imputation of crime. 
 
 13. Parricidii, of treason. 
 
 15. Contumeliam. Cicero refers, doubtless, to the decree of the 
 senate, passed 49 B. C, requiring Caesar to resign the governorship of 
 Gaul and disband his army. 
 
 18. Ut tibi cum — conveniret, to make an agreement with, etc. 
 
 23. Cum voluisses, since you would have wished; i. e. if Tubero's 
 view is correct. 
 
 24. IUam; G. 445, 4. 
 
 25. Utrisque cupientibus, aberrantibus ; Abl. Absol. On 
 utrisque, see G. 459, 4. 
 
 27. Principum; i. e., of Caesar and Pompey. 
 
 28. Non par . . . sequebantur. In rank, the party of Pompey, 
 which was also the senatorial party, was greatly superior. 
 
 VII. — IX. The Course of Ligarius in the Civil War 
 
 contrasted with that of Tubero. 
 
 34. Utrum. Subject oifuisse; explained by the clauses, Ligarium 
 . . . exire, and vos . . . venire, in apposition with it. 
 
 36. Poteramusne. Supply in Africam non venire from the pre- 
 ceding line. 
 
ORATIOX FOR LIGARIUS. 277 
 
 PAGB 
 
 1. Xullo modo. This is Cicero's answer. 100 
 
 2. Cum parere . . . erat; i. e., before the Civil "War began. 
 
 5. Aliter, otherwise, i. e., to act otherwise. — Disciplinae, training, 
 education. 
 
 6. Quibus rebus gloriemini, in which you glory, i. e., obedience 
 to the senate. 
 
 7. Tuberonis sors . . . est. Provinces were assigned by lot. Lu- 
 cius Tubero, the father of Quintus, is meant. 
 
 9. Excusare, to excuse himself, i. e., from accepting a province. 
 
 11. Militiae eontubernales. In the Social or Marsian War, 88 
 B. C. — Post affines. By Tubero's marriage into the Tullian gens. 
 
 14. Quidam. This refers, doubtless, to some one still living, some 
 prominent partisan of Pompey. — Ita opponebat, so presented. 
 
 18. Quorum erat una causa, whose cause was the same ; referring 
 to the praetors who had received provinces. 
 
 19. Jam occupatam; i. e., by Varus. See p. 95, lines 10 to 15; 
 also note on prohibitum se . . . queritur, p. 96, line 32. 
 
 20. Si crimen est voluisse, if it is a crime to have wished ; i. «., 
 to have wished to get possession of Africa. 
 
 23. Quam . . . maluisse, than that some one {i. e. % Varus) preferred 
 to retain it. — Se. Subject of obtinere to be supplied. 
 
 26. Quoquo modo . . . habet, however that is, 
 
 27. Essetis. Supply recepti. 
 
 28. Tradituri fuistis ; G. 511, 2. 
 
 33. Cujus interfuit, whose interest it was. 
 
 35. Non esset probata, would not have been approved, i. e.,by you, 
 because it would have been a dishonorable act. 
 
 2. Veniebatis. Addressed to Tubero, in the plural, to include both 101 
 father and son. For the force of the tense, see G. 469, II., 1. — Igitur, 
 
 , then ; resuming the main subject. G. 554, IV., 3. 
 
 3. Unam ex omnibus, of all loithovt exception. — Huic victoriae, 
 t to the success of this cause ; i. e., of Caesar's cause. 
 
 4. Rex. Juba, King of Numidia, a firm friend of Pompey. 
 
 5. Aliena, averse to it; Predicate Adj. with erat, understood.— 
 Conventus ; Genitive. Conventus here denotes an association, or corpo- 
 
 ' ration, consisting of Roman citizens residing in a province. The powerful 
 association here mentioned espoused the cause of Pompey. 
 7. Dubitem; G. 486, II. 
 
 11. Si veniebatis, venissetis. Mixed form of a conditional sen- 
 tence. The Indicative in the condition admits for the moment, for ths 
 '• sake of the argument, the supposed defence of Tubero : If you were going 
 etc. , to assume for the moment this line of defence for you. 
 
 19 
 
278 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 101 16. In hoc; explained by vos . . . Caesari tradituros. — Gloriemini 
 per me licet, you may boast so far as I am concerned. Supply ut. 
 
 21. Sed vide, etc. A vein of sarcasm and irony, commencing a* 
 this point, extends to line 7 on the next page. The satire in constantiam 
 is heightened by the fact that Tubero had contrasted his own early aban 
 donment of the cause of Pompey with the persistent obstinacy of liga 
 rius in defending that cause. 
 
 22. Quamvis probarem, however much I might approve it. 
 
 25. Nescio an possim ; G. 529, 3, note 2. 
 
 26. Quotus quisque, how many ? implying that the number is 
 small. 
 
 27. A quibus partibus, ad eos ipsos ; G. 445, 5. 
 
 28. Cum crudelitate. He was not even permitted to place his sick 
 son on shore. 
 
 29. Cujusdam, a, lit., a certain. — Ejus viri, quern, of a man 
 whom, or of such a man as. G. 402. 
 
 32. Ut cetera fuissent, even if (grant that) other things had been. 
 G. 515, III. The Pluperfect has the same force here as in conditional 
 sentences. 
 
 33. Quae nequaquam fuerunt. Tubero was far superior, not 
 only in birth and station, but also in talent and culture. He belonged to 
 the Aelian gens, which was of much higher rank than the Attian, to which 
 Varus belonged. 
 
 34. Praecipuum, special advantage. — Justo cum imperio, with 
 a regular command, i. e., with a command which had been regularly con- 
 ferred upon him by the senate, though their action had not been ratified 
 by the people. 
 
 lti% 1. Aliquam, any other. 
 
 4. Ista res ; i. e., your treatment. — Nihil commovisset, etc. As 
 Varus was not removed from the command. 
 
 6. In praesidiis, within his lines, i. e., on his side, indeed, but with- 
 out participating in his cause. 
 
 7. An, ut fit, etc. We have here an anacoluthon. The question 
 introduced by an is interrupted by the long parenthesis, nee in . . . 
 pacem cogitare, after which the thought is resumed in the declarative 
 form. The question would probably have been as follows: an vincere 
 volebatis t 
 
 9. Turn sero. Cicero, on his return from Cilicia, found the Civil 
 War virtually begun. See note on diuturni silentii, p. 84, line 1. 
 
 12. In eum locum, ubi, into a position where. — Tibi esset . . . vl 
 cisses ; i. e., in your opinion. Vicisses, attracted from the Fut. Perf. 
 
 14. Hanc salutem; i.e., the security which we all now enjoy.— 
 
ORATION FOR LIGARIUS. 279 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Illi victoriae, to that victory ; i. e. t to the victory which you then de- 102 
 sired. 
 
 X. — XII. Appeal to Caesar's Clemency, 
 
 15. Vos constantiae ; G. 409, III. 
 
 19. Qui putetis, since you think = \n thinking. G. 517. 
 
 21. Itaque, then, or accordingly. The connection of thought is as 
 follows : In view of Caesar's willingness to forgive, as suggested by igno- 
 verit, in the line above, it is not necessary to defend Ligarius, but merely 
 co commend him to clemency. This thought is, however, expressed inter- 
 rogatively ; num tibi . . . occupatus ? — Tibi ; i. e., to Caesar. — In causa, 
 in a legal defence. 
 
 22. Ad. unam summam, to one principal point. 
 
 23. Vel humanitatis vel, whether we call it your humanity, or, lit., 
 whether of your humanity, or. On vel, vel, see G. 554, II., 2. Humani- 
 tatis is an Appositional Genitive. G. 396, VI. 
 
 25. Te in foro tenuit. Caesar was for many years a prominent 
 orator and advocate. At the early age of twenty-three, he distinguished 
 himself in the prosecutions against Dolabella and other influential parti- 
 san leaders, for crimes committed under the administration of the Dicta- 
 tor Sulla. — Ratio honorum, the pursuit of honors. The profession of 
 law and of oratory opened to ambitious Romans the most direct road to 
 positions of honor and influence. 
 
 26. Non putavit ; si unquam posthac, he did not think, if ever 
 hereafter, i. e., if he should ever do it again ; the language of a child 
 pleading before his father in behalf of a brother. 
 
 28. Nbn cogitavit. Observe the difference in meaning between 
 non putavit, he did not think, i. e., he did it without thinking (thought- 
 lessly) , and non cogitavit, he had no thought of it, i. e., not only did not 
 do it, but had no thought of doing it. 
 
 29. Die . . . quaere, taceo ; G. 487, 3. Cicero professes to make 
 no defence before Caesar as a judge, but to appeal to him as a father. 
 
 31. Legatus ante bellum . . . tuus. A skilful enumeration of the 
 very arguments in regard to which he had just remarked, ne haec quidem 
 cclligo. 
 
 32. Bello oppressus, overtaken by the war; i. e., by the Civil "War. 
 36. Ignoscatur. Supply ei. G. 301, 1. 
 
 1. Arroganter. Supply oro. — Plurimi. Supply impetraverunt. 103 
 7. Causas . . . quam vultus ; i. e., Caesar regards not so much the 
 persons {vultus, faces) of the petitioners, as the grounds or reasons 
 
280 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 103 9. Quam illius, to what extent he teas the friend of him. Supply 
 necessarius. 
 
 10. Itaque . . . quidem . . . tamen, accordingly, though you do in* 
 deed give, etc., yet I see. Itaque introduces the whole sentence, of which 
 the leading member begins with sed video, while tribuis tu quidem . . 
 concedas is virtually a concessive clause. 
 
 14. Quorum . . . dolorem, whose sorrow you see to be most g ermine % 
 i. «., who are interceding in behalf of those whose wrongs and suffering:? 
 awaken genuine sympathy. 
 
 17. Hoc quod soles; i. e., causas rogantium. 
 
 18. Possum. ..Sabinos. Ligarius was himself of Sabine origin. 
 The Sabines here mentioned are his relatives and friends present at the 
 trial. 
 
 19. Totumque agrum Sabinum. This is only a rhetorical exag- 
 geration. The Sabines were a valiant people dwelling in the highlands of 
 Central Italy. 
 
 21. T. Brocchi. See note on hoc T. Broccho, p. 97, line 20. 
 
 22. Squalorem, the mourning garb, referring to the neglected and 
 soiled garments worn in mourning. 
 
 29. Tua vox ilia; explained in the next sentence, te enim dicere, 
 etc. — Quae vicit, which gained you the victory, i. e., in the Civil War, 
 implying that Caesar's success was due to his generous policy. 
 
 32. Tuos, as your friends ; G. 441, 1. — Hunc splendorem om- 
 nium = hos splendidos omnes. Splendor and splendidus are the usual 
 titles of honor in speaking of Roman knights, as amplitudo, amplus, 
 and amplissimus, are applied to senators, and honestus to ordinary citi- 
 zens. 
 
 34. Li. Corfidium. By a strange oversight, Cicero inserted this 
 name in preparing the oration for publication, although Corfidius died 
 before the oration was delivered. Cicero subsequently discovered his error, 
 and attempted to have the name erased from every copy then in exist- 
 ence, but he did not succeed. — Veste mutata; i. e., in the garb of 
 mourning. 
 
 36. Qui tecum fuerunt; i. e., had not joined Pompey in the Civil 
 War. 
 !0£ !• Conserva tuis suos, to your friends preserve their friends. G. 
 449, 4. The connection of thought is this : The parties mentioned are your 
 friends ; Ligarius is their friend ; therefore preserve him for them. 
 
 3. Hoc, this ; i. e., Caesar's remark, quoted above, p. 103, line 31, tt 
 trmnes, qui contra te non essent, tuos putare. 
 
 6. Potuisset; G. 527, III. 
 
 7. Fuerit futurus; Subjunctive after quin. G. 511, 2, note. 
 
OEATIOX FOR LIGARIUS. 281 
 
 PAGE 
 
 8. Horum eonsensum . . . eonflatum, their sentiments in har- 104 
 mony and in almost perfect unison. 
 
 9. Prope aequalitate=_prq/)e aequalibus naturis. Some critics 
 make it refer to age, and take it in the sense of prope aequali aetate. 
 
 10. Ut . . . sequerentur ; Subject of futurumfuisse. G. 501, L, 1 ; 
 535, 1., 5. 
 
 12. Tempestate . . . unus, one {%. e., Quintus) teas carried aicayby 
 the storm, i. e., of war. The figure is that of a vessel driven from its 
 course by the violence of the tempest. 
 
 13. Consilio, e^ne^.-Eoram; G. 391, II., 4, (2). 
 
 14. Sed ierit, but he may have gone ; i. e., admit that he went. 
 
 17. Qualis T. Ligarius . . . tuam. Cicero probably refers to the 
 service which Ligarius rendered Caesar in the year 56 B. C, when the 
 latter obtained an appropriation for his Gallic campaigns. Cicero favored 
 the appropriation; hence the significance of his remark, quum tuis om- 
 nibus negotiis interessem. — Quaestor urbanus. This officer had charge 
 of the public treasury. 
 
 20. Hoc; i. e., oblivisci nihil, etc. — Aninii, ingenii. Here animi 
 refers to Caesar's kind feelings, aud ingenii, to his good judgment. 
 
 21. Te ; repeated from line 19, above. — De aliis . . . quaestoribus ; 
 referring probably to quaestors who had been less obliging than Ligarius. 
 
 23. Nihil egit aliud, had no other object. — Haec ; i. e., the pres- 
 ent state of affairs. 
 
 25. Quani. This refers to salutem, and is the object of dederis. — 
 Hujus ; construe with officio. It refers to T. Ligarius. 
 
 26. Utrisque his, to these tico parties, i. c, to Quintus Ligarius the 
 exile, on the one hand, and to his two brothers on the other. 
 
 29. Condonaveris, you will have presented, i. e., restored. 
 
 30. Fac idem, do the same. — De, in the case of. — Homine nobi- 
 lissimo; i. e., Marcus Marcellus, recently pardoned by Caesar. See the 
 
 | preceding oration, p. 84. 
 
 1. Populare, acceptable to the people. — Nulla de, no one of — 105 
 Nulla, nee, nee ; G. 553, 2. 
 
 5. Ut possis, your ability, lit., that you may be able. 
 
 8. Te ipsuni loqui tecum ; i. e. t that you should reflect upon die 
 subject 
 
ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS, 
 
 DELIVERED BEFORE CAESAR, IN HIS OWN HOUSE, 
 IN THE YEAR 45 B. C 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Deiotarus, in whose defence this oration was delivered, 
 was tetrarch of Galatia, in Asia Minor. In the Mithridatic 
 War he supported the Roman cause so warmly that the senate, 
 in recognition of his services, added Armenia Minor to his 
 dominions, and conferred upon him the title of king. In the 
 Civil War he espoused the cause of Pompey, and was present 
 with him in the disastrous battle of Pharsalia ; but soon after 
 that defeat he returned to Galatia, and at once availed himself 
 of every means in his power to effect a reconciliation with 
 Caesar. Accordingly, at the close of the African War, when 
 that victorious commander, already sole master of Rome, ap- 
 peared in Asia, Deiotarus, divesting himself of his royal robes, 
 and assuming the garb of a suppliant, presented himself before 
 him and implored pardon for the part which he had taken in 
 the Civil War. Caesar not only granted his petition, but also 
 restored to him his kingly title and his royal robes. 
 
 In the year 45 B. C, Deiotarus was accused by his own 
 grandson, Castor, of having, two years before, formed the de- 
 sign of assassinating Caesar, who was at that time his guest. 
 The accuser, moreover, alleged that his grandfather had, from 
 the first, been at heart the foe of the Dictator, and that he had 
 shown his hostility on several occasions. Deiotarus at once 
 sent an embassy to Rome to reply to these charges. Phidippus, 
 his physician and slave, accompanied the embassy, but was 
 finally won over by Castor, and joined in the accusation. The 
 case was tried before Caesar himself, in his own house. Cicero 
 282 
 
ORATION FOR' KING DEIOTARUS. 283 
 
 undertook the defence, and pronounced the oration now before 
 ns. The result of the trial is not known. It is probable that 
 no decision was made. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 L Introduction. I., II. 
 n. The Hopes of the Accusers. HI. — V. 
 HI. Refutation of the Charges. VI.— XII, 
 IV. Conclusion. XIII. — XV. 
 
 I., II. Introduction. Cicero calls Attention to the Diffi* 
 cutties under which he speaks. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. Cum . . . turn, xchile . . . especially. Here qaum involves con- 106 
 cession ; hence the Subjunctive soleam. 
 
 3. Aetas. Cicero was in his sixty-second year. 
 
 4. Fides, fidelity, i. e., fidelity to his client. 
 10. Pro perpetuis ejus . . . meritis. See Introduction, p. 282. 
 
 12. Alterius, alterius. The former refers to Castor, the latter to 
 Phidippus. See Introduction. 
 
 13. Crudelem Castorem ; G. 381. 
 
 15. Adolescentiae . . . intulerit, in his youth has occasioned terror. 
 In Rome ambitious young men often sought to bring themselves into notice 
 by prosecuting magistrates and prominent citizens. 
 
 19. A legatorum pedibus,/>ora the service of the ambassadors. 
 iThe reference is to the ambassadors whom Deiotarus sent to Rome to 
 took after the defence. Phidippus accompanied them, but he finally 
 .yielded to the solicitations of Castor, and testified against his master. — 
 Fugitivi. Phidippus is so called because he deserted the cause of his 
 master. 
 
 1. Regiam = re^s. 107 
 
 2. De fortunis . . . extimescebam. Cicero intimates his alarm for 
 :he public safety, if slaves should be allowed to testify against their 
 masters. 
 
 3. Ne tormentis quidam, not even by torture. Though the rack 
 jkvas supposed to be very effective in eliciting truth, yet a slave could not 
 2ven upon the rack testify against his master. 
 
284 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 107 7. Solutus, voluntarily, lit., free, without compulsion, in contrast 
 with in eculeo. 
 
 8. Illud ; explained in the next sentence.. 
 
 12. Arguare. The second person is often thus used of an indefinite 
 subject, you, i. e., any one, one. Lat. Comp. 500, 1. 
 
 17. De te ceteros . . . judicare. Cicero thus delicately reminds 
 the Dictator that even he cannot disregard public opinion. 
 
 18. In disceptatione versata est, has been tried. 
 
 26. Eodem . . . te. Cicero adds this to show Caesar that he does 
 not object to the judge. 
 
 31. Deorum, populi, senatus. These words correspond in an in- 
 verse order to curiam, forum, caelum. 
 
 34. Quae angustiora faciunt, restrict these things, i. e., restrict 
 me in these respects. 
 
 35. Qui pro multis saepe dixisti. It will be remembered that 
 Caesar was himself for many years an advocate in the Roman courts. 
 See note on te inforo tenuit, p. 102, line 25. Observe the combination pro 
 multis saepe, on many occasions, and in behalf of many persons, but not 
 in behalf of many persons at any one time. 
 
 36. Ad te ipsum referre, to judge from yourself, lit., to refer to 
 yourself. 
 
 III. — V. The Hopes of the Accusers. The Conduct of 
 Deiotarus during the Civil War. 
 
 108 8. Affectum ilium . . . detrimentis. In settling affairs at the 
 close of his brilliant campaign in Asia, Caesar deprived Deiotarus of Ar- 
 menia Minor and a portion of his other possessions. 
 
 16. Deiotaro hospes hospiti, a guest to Deiotarus, your host. At 
 the close of his campaign in Asia, Caesar was for a short time the guest 
 of Deiotarus. 
 
 17. Non tarn in . . . quam firmiorem, not so sure (trustworthy) 
 in . • . as. The form of the expression is a very unusual one, resulting; 
 perhaps, from a combination of non tamfirmam quam, and non firmiorem 
 quam. 
 
 21. Semel, once for all ; explained by nemo unquam te . . . senserit. 
 25. Officio parum functum, who had not properly discharged his 
 
 27. Cui tamen ipsi rei, and yet for this very thing. 
 
 28. Ipse aetatis . . . esset, but had himself presented the excuse of 
 age ; i. e., had availed himself of this excuse for not joining Pompey in 
 person. 
 
ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 285 
 
 PACK 
 
 30. Amicitiaeculpam, neglect of friendship, i. e., remissness in 108 
 the discharge of its duties. 
 
 33. Errore communi lapsus est. Cicero says Deiotarus only 
 made the mistake which so many others made. 
 
 1. Est perturbatus, toas embarrassed; hence misled. 109 
 4. Nobis imperatoribus. Cicero, it will be remembered, had the 
 
 title of Imperator. See note on alterum, p. 96, line 19. 
 
 9. Ut audivit consules . . . effusam. This is the exaggerated 
 report which, according to Cicero, reached Deiotarus after the opening of 
 the Civil War; but perhaps the report contained almost as much fact as 
 fiction. The whole senatorial party, panic-stricken, had fled from Italy, 
 and joined Pompey in Greece. 
 
 13. Ulli veri. Supply nuntii et rumores. — De condicionibus. 
 This refers to the terms of settlement which Caesar proposed in the hope 
 of averting the Civil War. 
 
 15. Certorum hominum. The most prominent were C. Claudius 
 Marcellus and L. Cornelius Lentulus, the consuls, and P. Scipio, M. Cato, 
 L. Domitius, and M. Bibulus. 
 
 16. Usque eo, quoad, even until. 
 
 21. Tu ipse . . . maxima. Caesar procured the ratification of Pom- 
 pey 's acts in Asia. 
 
 25. Populi Romani, conferred by the Roman people ; Subjective 
 Genitive. 
 
 35. Fugientem. Pompey fled to Greece when Caesar crossed the 
 Rubicon and advanced upon Rome. 
 
 36. Pharsalico proelio. This was the celebrated battle of Phar- 
 salus, or Pharsalia, in which Pompey was utterly defeated, on the ninth of 
 August, 48 B. C. 
 
 2. Errori, si quid . . . factum esse, that he had gone far enough HO 
 in error, if he had acted ignorantly. 
 
 4. Alexandrinum bellum. Caesar having pursued Pompey into 
 Egypt, espoused the cause of Cleopatra against her brother Ptolemy, and 
 thus became involved in a war with the Alexandrians. 
 
 5. Cn. Domitii. Cn. Domitius Calvinus, who was then command- 
 ing in Asia for Caesar. 
 
 6. Ephesum, to Ephesus y a celebrated city of Ionia. — Eum. It is 
 not known to whom Cicero refers. 
 
 9. Qua uterere,/or you to use. G. 497, 1. 
 
 10. Pharnacem. Pharnaces, the son of Mithridates, was king of 
 the Bosporus. 
 
 15. Domi suae; G. 426, 2. 
 
 17. Cujus tauti seeleris fuerit, what a great crime it tvould have 
 
286 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 HO been! G. 402; 529, I. In the Direct Discourse, fuerit would have been 
 fuit, as in line 24, below. G. 476, 5. 
 
 22. In eo tyrannum inveniri, to be found a tyrant in the case of 
 him. 
 
 2,1 . Cum regno distractus esset, would have been involved in 
 strife with his realm. 
 
 28. Non modo, not to say. 
 
 VI., VII. Reply to the Specific Charge that Deiotarus* 
 had designed to assassinate Caesar. 
 
 30. Credo. Ironical. 
 
 111 1. Nee in . . . caderet, could be committed neither by ; more literally, 
 could occur neither to. 
 
 4. Confingitis. This is addressed to the accusers. 
 
 5. At quam . . . quidem. Supply confingitis. — Suspiciose, in a 
 manner to awaken suspicion, i. e., against Deiotarus. 
 
 6. Inquit. The subject is the omitted pronoun referring to Phidip- 
 pus. See Introduction, p. 282. — Castellum Peium. One of the cas- 
 tles of Deiotarus. 
 
 9. Priusquam aecumberes, before you dined. See note on accu- 
 bantes, p. 16, line 31. 
 
 13. Phidippum „ . . corruptum. This is in apposition with cau*a, 
 which may be here rendered fact or report. It is called causa rather than 
 res, because it forms an element in the case (causa). 
 
 14. Isto adolescente. Castor. 
 
 17 . A consuetudine criminandi, from the usual accusation, i. e., 
 the charge of poisoning was not uncommon. 
 
 18. Res, the thing, i. e., Cicero's conjecture. 
 
 23. Hospitalis, the god of hospitality. 
 
 27. De armis celare te; G. 374, note 1, (1). 
 
 30. Inspicere. Supply munera, implied in quibus te rex munerare 
 constituerat. See line 8, above. 
 
 32. Dimisit exercitum. Cicero adopts this expression to ridicule 
 the absurd charge. 
 
 34. Itaque fecisti, and you did so. 
 
 36. Cum in convivio . . . fuisses, when you had feasted affably 
 and jovially. — Isti ; for ivisti. 
 
 112 2. Attalus. Attalus III., King of Pergamus. Livy makes a similar 
 statement in regard to Antiochus, King of Syria. Cicero may have mis- 
 taken the name. — P. Africanum. See note on alter Africanus, p. 46, 
 line 13. 
 
ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 287 
 
 PAGB 
 
 10. Num quid. Supply factum est. — Ex disciplina, in accord- 112 
 9-nce with the usage. 
 
 16. Acta res criminose est, the thing done furnishes matter for 
 an accusation ; Ironical. — Vomere. With epicures, this was the usual 
 method of avoiding the effects of an imprudent gratification of the appe- 
 tite. 
 
 19. Perduint; G. 240, 3. — Fugitive. Phidippus is meant. . 
 
 24. Ille, he, i. e., Deiotarus. 
 
 26. Mitteret. Supply ut eum. 
 
 VIII. — XII. Reply to the other Allegations against 
 Deiotarus. 
 
 34. In speculis, on the watch. — Animo alieno ; G. 419, II. 
 
 4. Antea; i. e., before Caesar deprived him of a part of his realm. 113 
 
 5. Misit, attempted to send. — Caecilium nescio quern, one Cae- 
 cilius. Q. Caecilius Bassus, a partisan of Pompey, is meant. 
 
 11. Causani illam, that cause, i. e., the cause of Pompey. 
 
 14. Addit. Castor adds, as a separate charge, that Deiotarus, when 
 he aided Caesar against Pharnaces, did not send his best cavalry. 
 21. Alexandriae. Alexandria was the capital of Egypt. 
 
 23. Ei quern . . . praefeceras. Cn. Domitius. See note on the 
 same, p. 110, line 5. 
 
 24. Ad periculum, etc. This refers to the expedition against 
 Pharnaces. 
 
 25. Secutum . . . Afrieanum. This war, which began 47 B. C, 
 was brought to a close by Caesar's victory at Thapsus, on the sixth of April 
 of the following year. 
 
 30. Nicaeam Ephesumque, to Nicaea and Ephesus; the former 
 a city in Bithynia, the latter in Ionia. 
 
 32. Domitium. Cn. Domitius, mentioned in line 23 as quern Asiae 
 •praefeceras. The report that he had perished at sea was false. — Te in 
 castello circumsederi. In the winter of 47 and 46 B. C, Caesar was 
 
 j obliged to intrench himself, and to act only on the defensive. 
 
 33. Eadem sententia; Abl. of Characteristic ; so also qua. 
 
 35. Pereant, etc. The authorship both of the original Greek and 
 of the Latin version is unknown. — Amici. In the application of this 
 ?erse, amici refers to Domitius, and mimici to Caesar. 
 
 1. Qui; G. 188, n., 2. 114 
 
 6. Furcifer, the culprit, i. e., Phidippus. Slaves were often com- 
 pelled to bear upon their necks the furca, an instrument of punishment in 
 the form of the letter V. 
 
288 z NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 114 7. Vino se obruisse, surfeited himself with wine. 
 
 8. Nudum, in his tunic, i. e., having thrown off his outer garment. 
 For the host, or for any of his guests, thus to dance at a feast, was at least 
 exceedingly undignified. 
 
 14. Fortem, etc. Supply diet. 
 
 20. Equitibus Romanis. The equestrian order, it will be remenv 
 bered, included the bankers, the merchants, the farmers of the revenue 
 and, in fine, the business men of the Roman world. 
 
 22. Regium nomen, the title of king* 
 
 23. Quidquid a . . . vacabat, when he was not occupied in. G. 379. 
 
 24. Res rationesque = rerum rationes, business relations. 
 
 25. Tetrarches, tetrarch, his official title, before the Romans made 
 him king. 
 
 27. Qui. The antecedent is the pronoun is. — Adolescens. G. 
 363, 3. 
 
 34. Illam aetatem, his advanced age. — Quibus studiis, ea = 
 ea studia quibus. 
 
 36. Ut uteretur. Utendi might have been used. 
 
 115 3. Adolescens. Castor. Cicero here takes occasion to rally him a 
 little for his ostentatious display of skill in horsemanship. He served 
 under Cicero when the latter was Proconsul of Cilicia, in Asia Minor. 
 
 4. Commilito. Cicero and Castor were both with Pompey in 
 Greece. 
 
 6. Pater. The father was Castor Saocondarius, who had married 
 the daughter of Deiotarus. — Quos coneursus, what crowds, i. e., of 
 spectators. 
 
 13. Ista domus, that family of yours, addressed to Castor. 
 
 19. Sint inimicitiae, grant that there is enmity, i. e., between your- 
 self and Deiotarus. 
 
 21. Antea; construe with quam. 
 
 24. Gerere poteratis, non, you might have conducted, and not. 
 
 26. Adeone, ut, is it, moreover, to be conceded that ? Supply conce- 
 daiur. 
 
 29. Domum, to your house. G. 380, 2, 1). 
 
 32. A tanta auctoritate, by so high authority, i. e., by Caesar. 
 
 34. Id, quod intus est. Cicero refers thus contemptuously to the 
 slave Phidippus. 
 
 35. Fit in dominatu, etc., the slave becomes the master, the master 
 the slave. 
 
 116 1. Cn. Domitius. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, tribune of the peo- 
 ple 104 B. C, consul 96 B. C. 
 
 3. M. Scaurum. M. Scaurus Aerailius, consul 115 B. C — In ju- 
 
ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 289 
 
 PAGE 
 
 dieium populi, to trial before the people. Scaurus was accused of hav- 1 10 
 ing neglected certain religious rites. 
 
 6. Ad Scaurumque; G. 569, III., 4. 
 
 12. At, but, it may be said. — Semel, only once. — Esset productus, 
 he had been brought forioard, i. «., as a witness. 
 
 14. Cn. Doinitium. Cn. Domitius Calvinus, already mentioned. 
 See p. 110, line 5. Hunc implies that he is present at the trial. — Ser. 
 Sulpicio. Servius Sulpicius Rufus, one of the most learned jurists of 
 the age. 
 
 16. T. Torquato. Who this young man was is not known. 
 
 20. Domestiea immanitate, with the ferocity characteristic of 
 your own home, i. e., of a barbarian land, in contrast with Rome (nostrae 
 civitatis). 
 
 22. Quam acute, etc. This is addressed to Caesar. Notice the 
 irony. — Blesamius. One of the ambassadors of Deiotarus. 
 
 25. Statua inter reges posita. By the decree of the senate, 
 Caesar's statue was placed among those of the seven kings of Rome. 
 
 26. Plauditibi; G. 301, 1. 
 
 29. Multorum enim, etc. Ironical. 
 
 4. Si locus affert invidiam . . . clarior. Here Cicero touches 117 
 the real objection, but answers it only in part. The objection was not so 
 much to the statue itself, or to its conspicuous position, as to the fact that 
 it stood among the statues of the kings {inter reges). Caesar had two 
 statues also upon the Rostra. 
 
 XIII. — XV. Conclusion, 
 
 16. Multatum. Caesar had taken some of the possessions of Dei- 
 otarus and given them to his own followers. 
 
 17. Multis tibi . . . tribuenda; i. e., that you must reward your 
 numerous followers. Multis, Indirect Object ; tibi, Dative of Agent. 
 
 19. Antiochus. Antiochus III., surnamed the Great. He reigned 
 from 223 to 187 B. C. — Rex Asiae. This was his title before he was 
 conquered, 190 B. C, by Scipio, and deprived of his possessions west of 
 Mount Taurus. He was afterward called King of Syria. 
 
 20. Li. Scipione. Lucius Scipio, the brother of Scipio Africanus 
 Major. — Tauro. Mount Taurus, in the southeastern part of Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 21. Asiam, quae . . . provincia. See note on Asiam, p. 61, line 15. 
 25. Multam sustulerat, had suffered punishment. Multam, and 
 
 not poenam, is used, because the punishment consisted in the loss of a 
 portion of his empire. 
 
290 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 117 31. Habere in . . . virtute ; i. e., that he has in himself, in his own 
 mind and character, a possession which cannot be taken from him. 
 
 36. Asia, Cappadocia . . . Syria. These countries were the scene 
 of the bloody wars which the Romans had so long been waging in Asia. 
 In this list, Cicero uses the term Asia simply of the Roman province of 
 that name, which did not include Cappadocia, Pontus, Cilicia, and Syria. 
 
 118 6. Summa . . . sola bona. The former was the doctrine of the 
 Peripatetics, the latter of the Stoics. 
 
 15. Tarracone, at Tarraco, a city in Spain. 
 
 21. Res publica, public service, explained by magna ejus officia . . . 
 meum, which refers to the service which Deiotarus rendered Cicero during 
 the proconsulship of the latter in Cilicia. 
 
 25. Quibus semel ignotum esse oportet, to whom pardon should 
 have been granted once for all, i. e., the pardon which has been granted 
 should be valid forever. 
 
 32. Ipsa; i. e., misericordia tua. 
 
 33. Duos reges. King Deiotarus and his son are meant. See p. 
 117, line 26. 
 
 34. Id quo&fthat influence which, i. e., though he had refused to be 
 influenced by anger, he will yield to a feeling of compassion. 
 
 119 3. Sociorum regum et amicorum, of kings who are our allies 
 and friends. 
 
 11. Regum amicissimi, most faithful friends of the kings, i. e., of 
 these two kings. 
 
 12. Exquire de Blesamio, ascertain in regard to Blesamius. See 
 p. 116, lines 22 to 28. 
 
 26. Alterum, alterum, the one, i. e , sententiam . . . pestem impor- 
 taturam esse regibus, the other, i. e., sententisMn . . . famam cum salute 
 importatui'am, etc. — Illorum, of those men, t. «., of the accusers, C«stoi 
 and Phidippus. 
 
THE FIRST PHILIPPIC, 
 
 DELIVERED BEFORE THE SENATE, IN THE TEMPLE 
 OF CONCORD, IN THE YEAR 44 B. C. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Caesar was assassinated on the fifteenth of March, in the 
 year 44 B. C. Mark Antony, his colleague in the consulship, 
 at once sought safety in concealment, while the conspirators, 
 but feebly supported by the people, fled to the capitol for 
 shelter. For a time, general consternation prevailed, but a 
 compromise was speedily effected. On the seventeenth of 
 March the senate decreed a general amnesty, appointed a 
 public funeral for Caesar, and confirmed all his acts. Quiet 
 was happily restored, but it was destined to be of short dura- 
 tion. The funeral oration pronounced by Antony over the body 
 of Caesar so wrought upon the feelings of the people that, re- 
 fusing to allow the remains to be removed to the Campus 
 Martins, they proceeded to burn them with funeral honors in 
 the Forum itself. The wildest excitement prevailed; party 
 spirit was again aroused. Antony, not yet prepared to defy the 
 senate, adopted conciliatory measures, and even proposed the 
 abolition of the dictatorship. In the mean time he was care- 
 fully maturing his ambitious designs. He was already in 
 | possession of Caesar's papers, and, professing to carry out the 
 measures which he found in them, he began to remit taxes, 
 distribute honors, and recall exiles. In all this he was sup- 
 ported by his colleague, P. Cornelius Dolabella, who had 
 succeeded to the consulship made vacant by the death of 
 Caesar. 
 
 In the mean time Cicero, in deep despondency, had left 
 Rome. The bright visions of the restored republic which 
 gladdened his heart on the Ides of March had forever van- 
 ished. For the next few months he remained comparatively 
 inactive, and at length- embarked for Greece by way of 
 
292 NOTES. 
 
 Syracuse ; but having been driven back by unfavorable winds 
 to Leucopetra, on the southern coast of Italy, he was informed 
 that favorable tidings had recently been received from Rome, 
 that there was a prospect of a complete reconciliation of 
 parties, and that the state needed his presence and counsel. 
 Accordingly, abandoning his contemplated visit to Greece, he 
 hastened to Rome, where he arrived on the thirty-first of 
 August. But his expectations were again disappointed- 
 Antony, whose power was still unchecked, had summoned the 
 senate to meet on the following day, to decree new honors to 
 Caesar's memory. Cicero excused himself from attending on 
 the ground of fatigue and ill-health; but Antony, losing his 
 self-possession, rose in his place and assailed the absent senator 
 with a tirade of abuse. On the following day, the senate was 
 again in session, but Antony found it convenient to be absent. 
 Cicero was present, and, in the course of the debate, delivered 
 his First Philippic* It was a masterly effort. With calm 
 dignity and perfect self-possession, he explained his own 
 course, stated his views of the duties of the hour, and exposed 
 the ambitious designs of Antony. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 I. Introduction. I. — VI. 
 II. Ratification of Caesar's Acts. VII.— X. 
 III. Dangers of the Present Policy of the Consuls. XI.— XV. 
 
 I. — VI. Introduction. Cicero explains his recent Move- 
 ments. He had planned a Journey to Greece, hut had 
 returned to Rome without accomplishing it. He re- 
 plies to the Threats of Antony. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 120 *** Fmfectikmiis et reversionis. See Introduction, p. 291. Re- 
 versio is the appropriate word, as Cicero returned without attaining the 
 object of his journey. 
 
 *So called from the Philippics of Demosthenes pronounced against 
 Philip of Macedou. 
 
THE FIRST PHILIPPIC. 293 
 
 PAGE 
 
 4. Aliquando; i. e., after the assassination of Caesar on the Ides 120 
 of March. 
 
 8. Eo die. This was the seventeenth of March. — Aedem Tellu- 
 ris. This was probably situated on the western slope of the Esquiline 
 Hill. The senate met in this temple because the senate-house was too near 
 the capitol, which was held by the conspirators. 
 
 9. Atheniensium . . . exemplum. The allusion is to the general 
 amnesty proclaimed after the overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants, 403 B. C. 
 The Greek word which Cicero is said to have used was duvrjcria, equiva- 
 lent to the Latin oblivio. 
 
 15. Per liberos=jjer filium. Antony treated with Brutus and the 
 other conspirators in the capitol, and sent them his son as a hostage. 
 
 19. Res optimas deferebat, he reported most excellent measures. 
 This refers probably to the purport of documents found among Caesar's 
 papers. — Nihil turn . . . reperiebatur. Subsequently Antony pretend- 
 ed to find many things of a very different character. 
 
 1. Num qui, etc. Num immunitates, etc. These inquiries re- 121 
 • late to the purport of Caesar's papers. — Unum. This was probably Sex. 
 Clodius, the unprincipled agent of the notorius Publius Clodius. 
 
 3. Ser. Sulpicio. See note on the same, p. 116, line 14. — Ne qua 
 tabula. Laws were engraved upon brazen tablets, which were for a 
 time exposed to public view, and then deposited in the treasury. 
 
 8. De qua . . . diximus ; i. e., the proposition was adopted without 
 debate. 
 
 16. Quod saepejustum. Originally dictators were appointed only 
 in times of great danger. They were invested with almost unlimited 
 power, but only for a period of six months. Sulla, in the year 82 B. C, 
 
 ! was the first to make himself perpetual dictator. 
 
 18. Liberatus. The energetic measures adopted by Antony prom- 
 ised peace and security. 
 
 19. Uncus . . . fugitivo, etc. Uncus was the hook by which the 
 bodies of executed criminals were dragged away and thrown into the 
 Tiber. The allusion is to the pretender Amatius, who, claiming to be 
 
 i the grandson of C. Marius, Caesar's uncle, attempted to raise a disturbance, 
 ; but was put to death by Antony. 
 
 21. Cum collega. P. Cornelius Dolabella became the colleague of 
 Antony in the consulship after the death of Caesar. 
 
 22. Abfuisset. Antony was absent from the city during a part of 
 April and May. — lis ; i. e., to Antony and Dolabella. 
 
 24. Bustum, a monument ; called in line 30, below, columna. 
 
 25. IUam insepultam sepulturam, that irregular burial; refer- 
 ring to the burning of Caesar's body, contrary to custom, in the Forum. 
 
294 NOTES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 121 32. Ut . . . edixerant. They had called a meeting of the senate. 
 
 33. Nihil per senatum, etc. Supply fecit. Antony procured the 
 ratification of his measures by the comitia, but, according to Cicero, few 
 respectable citizens were present. 
 
 34. Consules designati. C. Pansa and A. Hirtius. 
 
 122 2. Veterani . . . caverat. The senate had assigned lands to these 
 veterans in various parts of Italy. 
 
 6. Jus . . . liberum. Dolabella had given him a commission as his 
 lieutenant for his province of Syria. He calls it liberum, because he could 
 use it or not at pleasure, at any time within a period of five years. 
 
 7. Kalendis Januariis . . . videbatur. Because upon that day 
 the government would be organized under the new consuls. 
 
 11. Brundisium, etc. Brundisium, on the southeastern coast of 
 Italy, the usual port of embarkation for Greece, was under the control of 
 the partisans of Antony. 
 
 13. Syracusas, to Syracuse ; an important city in Sicily. 
 
 19. Regini. See note on Regini, p. 49, line 32. 
 
 22. Intempesta nox, late at night, the dead of night. 
 
 26. Contionem. Of this speech we know only what we can gather 
 from this passage. 
 
 28. Edictum Bruti et Cassii. This was probably the farewell 
 proclamation which they issued on leaving Italy. Brutus and Cassius, it 
 will be remembered, were leading conspirators. 
 
 31. Boni quid, something good, i. e., some good news. 
 
 33. Rem conventuram, that an arrangement would be effected, i. e., 
 between opposing parties. 
 
 34. Remissis . . . Galliis. Antony endeavored to secure the prov- 
 ince of Cisalpine Gaul for himself, although it had been assigned to D. 
 Brutus. It was, moreover, at one time reported that he intended also to 
 claim Transalpine Gaul. 
 
 123 3. Ad tempus; i. e., in time for the meeting of the senate on the 
 first of September. — Sed ne. Supply timebam before ne. 
 
 5. Veliam, to Velia, a town in Lucania, in Southern Italy. 
 7. Ex qua Brutus, etc. Brutus, the conspirator, was going into 
 voluntary exile. 
 
 12. I*. Pisonis oratio. Piso, Caesar's father-in-law, advocated the 
 authority of the senate. 
 
 13. Id ipsum, this fact itself. 
 
 17. Hunc ut sequerer, to support him. 
 
 22. Erga se, towards herself; i. e., to the state. Se rather than earn 
 is used to give prominence to rei publicae, as if he had said ut res pub 
 iica haberet> 
 
THE FIRST PHILIPPIC. 295 
 
 PAGE 
 
 24. Utriusque consilii= prof ectio?iis et reversionis. 123 
 
 26. Antonii injuria. This refers to the threats of Antony in con- 
 sequence of the absence of Cicero from his place in the senate. See In- 
 troduction, p. 291. 
 
 27. Idque me debere esse, and that I ought to be so, lit., this, i. e., 
 a friend. 
 
 31. Ea res, ut, such a subject that. 
 
 32. Hannibal, Pyrrhi. Hannibal was the celebrated Carthagin- 
 ian general with whom the Romans waged the Second Punic War, 219 to 
 201 B. C. Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, invaded Italy 280 B. C. Observe the 
 irony in this passage. 
 
 34. Appium. Appius Claudius persuaded the senate to reject the 
 terms proposed by Pyrrhus. 
 
 35. De supplicationibus, etc. When a thanksgiving was decreed 
 in honor of a victorious general, senators were ordinarily very ready to 
 show their interest in the subject by attending. The proposition of An- 
 tony, however, seems to have been that, at all future thanksgivings, honor 
 should be paid to Caesar as a deified hero. 
 
 1. Pignoribus. The consuls had a right to demand pledges of sen- 124 
 ators as security for their attendance. 
 
 6. Cum fabris . . . venturum esse, i. e., for the purpose of demol- 
 ishing it. 
 
 10. Publice ; construe with aedificatam. Cicero's house, which was 
 destroyed by Clodius, was rebuilt at the public expense. 
 
 12. Quam sententiam dicturus essem. Cicero would, of course, 
 have opposed the measure recommended by Antony. 
 
 16. Parentalia,y<?s£u - a£s in honor of deceased relatives. 
 
 17. Inexpiabiles religiones, unpardonable rites. 
 
 19. Brutus. L. Junius Brutus, who, five hundred years before, 
 aided in expelling King Tarquin. He is here represented as the ancestor 
 of M. Brutus, Caesar's assassin. 
 
 26. Earn, ut possem, such that I might. 
 
 29. Quae partim . . . partim, some of which . . . others. 
 
 1. Ne unus niodo, that not one only ; referring to Piso. See p. 123, 1 25 
 line 12. 
 
 9. Quae, malum ! est ista, etc., what, the mischief means that, 
 etc. G. 557. 
 
 10. Fuerit quaedam necessaria, some of it may have been com- 
 pidsory. It was so, of course, on the part of the followers of Antony. — 
 Hoc, this, i.e., that one should express one's own convictions and main- 
 tain the right. 
 
 15. Aliuni deesse. This depends upon suspicionem. 
 
296 NOTES. 
 
 VII. — X. Cicero favors the Ratification of the Acts of 
 
 Caesar, but protests against Certain Measures which 
 Antony professed to have found in the Dictators 
 Private Papers. 
 
 PAGE ■* 
 
 125 25. Sine advocatis, without his assistants ; referring to the soldiers 
 who attended him the day before. 
 
 27. Doceret; construe, like adesset, with vellem. 
 34. Promisit; i. e., in his memoranda. 
 
 126 4. Pecunia utinam, etc. The public money in the Temple of Ops 
 amounted, at the death of Caesar, to almost $30,000,000. Antony took 
 possession of this money. The Temple of Ops stood on the Capitoline 
 Hill. — Ad Opis; G. 398, 1. 
 
 5. Cruenta, blood-stained, so called because of the manner in which 
 it was collected -by Caesar. 
 
 10. Gracchi. C. Sempronius Gracchus, who, as tribune for the 
 years 123 and 122 B. C, made many reforms in the interest of the people. 
 His laws embodying these reforms are called the Sempronian Laws, from 
 Sempronius, as laws and ordinances were usually called after the middle 
 name (nomen) of the proposer. — Sullae. L. Cornelius Sulla, the well- 
 known Dictator. His measures, embodied in the Cornelian Laws, were 
 in the interest of the senate and the aristocracy. 
 
 19. Optima re publica, in the best period of the republic. 
 
 20. Ne praetoriae . . . obtinerentur. This is the purport of one 
 of Caesar's own laws, the Julia Lex de Provinciis. Provinces were called 
 praetorian or consular, accordingly as they were governed by praetors or 
 by consuls. 
 
 23. De tertia decuria, in regard to the third decury, or class, i. e., 
 of judges. The Aurelian Law, 70 B. C, established three classes (decu- 
 riae) of judges; one to be selected from senators, one from knights, and 
 one fi'om the tribunes of the treasury. Caesar, by his Lex Julia, abolished 
 the last class, but Antony put in its place a third class consisting chiefly of 
 centurions and soldiers. See note on ex dissensione, etc., p. 44, line 1 ; 
 also on judices, p. 48, line 1. 
 
 28. Quod, id, but that which. G. 636, I., 1. — Centuriatis 
 comitiis. See note on centuriis, p. 60, line 15. 
 
 30. Isti ordini . . . lege Julia, etc. Under those laws, a Roman 
 citizen who held the office of centurion had just as good prospects of an 
 appointment as judge, as he would have had if not a centurion, but no 
 better. 
 
 31. Julia, Aurelia. See note on de tertia. centuria. line 28. above. 
 
THE FIRST PHILIPPIC. 297 
 
 PAGE 
 
 *-Pompeia. The Pompeian Law, passed 55 B. C, imposed a property 126 
 qualification ; hence census praefiniebatur. 
 
 34. Qui ordines duxerunt, who have led the companies, i.e., have 
 been centurions. 
 
 1. Quod est lautius. A position in the cavalry was more highly 127 
 esteemed than one in the infantry. 
 
 3. Legione Alaudarum. This was one of the legions which 
 Caesar raised in Gaul. 
 
 6. Legis index, the purport of the law. 
 
 10. Sordes, low birth. 
 
 13. De vi et majestatis,/or violence and treason. G. 410, II., 3. 
 
 25. Ad earn ipsam vim reverti. The appeal to the people would 
 be made for the sole purpose of resisting the authority of the court, and of 
 preventing the decision from being put into execution. 
 
 34. Quid est aliud hortari, what is this but exhorting, lit., to ex- 
 hort is what else. 
 
 1. Quid quod obrogatur, etc., what of the fact that a change is 128 
 made in, etc. Lat. Comp. 482. Obrogatur is impersonal; legibus is in 
 
 the Dative. G. 301, 1. 
 
 2. Ei aqua . . . interdici. Practically, this was equivalent to a 
 sentence of banishment, which could not be pronounced against a Roman 
 citizen except in this indirect manner. 
 
 9. Fixas, published, more literally, posted up ; i. e., in some public 
 
 place. See note on ne qua tabula, p. 121, line 3. 
 
 11. A mortuo ; i. e., by Caesar. 
 
 14. Uno auctore. Antony is meant. 
 
 16. Quibus latis; G. 549, note 2. — Eisque; G. 453, 2, (3). 
 
 21. Ne id quidem, not even this, i. e., to object to them. The peo- 
 ple had no opportunity to object to the passage of these laws, as they were 
 never proposed for their consideration. 
 
 27. Quas tu. Supply tiarras, or memoras. 
 
 33. IUa legitima, those words prescribed by law, referring to the 
 words consules populum, etc., the usual preamble in such cases. 
 
 34. Rogaverunt. See note on quae rogatae sunt, p. 10, line 31. 
 
 3. Promulgatis, proposed, not yet enacted, so that the question of 129 
 cheir passage is still an open one (est integrum vobis). 
 
 XI. — XV. The Evils and Dangers of the Course which 
 the Consuls are pursuing. 
 
 6. Vos, you, i. e., Dolabella and his absent colleague, Antony. 
 
 10. Avorum et avunculi. The allusion is to his paternal grand- 
 
298 notes. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 129 father, M. Antonius, the orator, consul 99 B. C. ; to his maternal grand- 
 father, L. Julius Caesar, consul 90 B. C. ; and to his maternal uncle, L. 
 Julius Caesar, consul 64 B. C. 
 
 11. Sed eum . . . audio. These words resume the thought inter- 
 rupted by the long parenthesis. Eum and audio virtually repeat collegam 
 and aiunt. 
 
 14. Proponam jus aequum, / will make a fair proposition. It 
 is contained in the next sentence : Ego si, etc. — Opinor, arbitror. See 
 Syn. L. C. 576. 
 
 27. Feremus amici naturam, ice will bear with a friend's natural 
 dispositio?i. 
 
 29. Quod cavebimus. These words are not to be regarded as a 
 part of the warning, but as expressing Cicero's intention to guard against 
 the danger. 
 
 31. Quam mortis, than that of death, i. e., the danger or fear of 
 death. Cicero. seems to intimate that he does not intend to appear in the 
 senate in future at the risk of his life. If sickness is a valid excuse for 
 absence from the senate, the danger of death is surely no less so. 
 
 130 9. Expiato foro . . . impiorum. Dolabella removed the column 
 which had been erected in the Forum in honor of Caesar, and dispersed 
 the rabble. See p. 121, lines 24 to 31. 
 
 13. Quo auctore, by whose advice, lit., whom as an adviser. 
 
 15. Consensum ilium theatri, that unanimity of the whole au- 
 dience in the theatre, referring to the applause with which he was greeted 
 in the theatre after he had thrown down Caesar's column. 
 
 16. Tibi offensi. Dolabella had made himself very unpopular while 
 tribune of the people. 
 
 22. In aede Telluris. See p. 120, lines 9 and 14: also note on 
 aedem Telluris, p. 120, line 8. — Non ; G. 351, 3. 
 
 25. Senatus. Subject ofliberatus est, understood. 
 
 27. Auspiciorum a te, etc. Antony at first attempted to invali- 
 date the election of Dolabella by declaring the omens unfavorable. 
 
 29. In Capitolium. The conspirators had taken refuge in the 
 capitol. Antony sealed the compact which he made with them by sending 
 them his own son as a hostage. 
 
 36. Dictaturae nomen sustulisti. See Introduction, p. 291. 
 \ gj 2. M. Manlii. This was Marcus Manlius, who saved the capitol 
 from the Gauls, 390 B. C, but was afterward put to death on a charge of 
 aiming at royal power. 
 
 3. Manlium Marcum. These names are not to be construed to- 
 gether. Manlium is the subject of vocari, Marcum the predicate after it. 
 
 9. Ijieet quod . . . loquatur, every one may say what he nhases, lit., 
 
THE FIRST PHILIPPIC. 299 
 
 PAGB 
 
 what pleases every one. The subject of loquatur is qitisque, to be supplied 131 
 from cuique. 
 
 12. Domestici. Cicero doubtless refers especially to Antony's wife 
 Fulvia, who was notoriously avaricious. 
 
 21. Quod, this, i. e., metui, etc. Quod is the subject of fuisse. — 
 Illi ipsi, to that very o?ie, i. e., to Atreus, in the tra^edv of that name, by 
 Ittius. 
 
 23. Aviim tuum. M. Antonius, the orator. See note on avorum, 
 p. 129, line 10. 
 
 25. Ut metueretur, in such a way as to be feared. 
 
 29. L. Cinnae. L. Cinna, the famous leader of the popular party, 
 colleague of Marius in the consulship, 86 B. C." 
 
 7. Gladiatoribus, at the gladiatorial contests. Supply significant 1*12 
 from line 10, below. 
 
 8. Statuae ; Dative, depending upon dati, or some similar word to 
 be supplied. 
 
 9. Tribunis plebis. Probably Ti. Canutius and L. Cassius. 
 
 11. Apollinarium ludorum. These games were celebrated on 
 the seventh of July, with great pomp and display. Brutus, the conspirator, 
 is praetor urbanus, defrayed the expenses. Cicero represents the applause 
 of the people as an approval of the course of the conspirators. 
 
 14. Ipsis . . . non licebat. The leading conspirators had deemed 
 (t prudent to leave the city. 
 
 16. Attio. The tragic poet, whose Tereus was acted at these games. 
 <— Sexagesimo post anno ; i. e., sixty years after his tragedy was first 
 brought upon the stage. 
 
 17. Ludis suis caruit, loas not permitted to attend his own games. 
 Brutus, as praetor urbanus, had charge of these games : hence ludis suis. 
 
 28. A. Hirtii. A. Hirtius, consul-elect, whose illness had cause© 
 great solicitude. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 For Explanation of References and Abbreviations, see page 136. 
 
 A— AC 
 
 A. Abbr. for Aulus. 
 
 a, ab, abs, prep, withabl. G. 434, 
 
 L From, away from, on tbe side of, 
 in tbe direction of, on, in ; ab Occi- 
 dent e, in the west ; from, after ; from, 
 by, by means of. 
 
 ab-dico, are, act, atum, v. tr. 
 (dico, to proclaim). To abdicate, 
 resign. 
 
 abditus, a, tim, pai*t. and adj. 
 (abdo). Hidden, concealed. 
 
 ab-do, dere, dldi, dltum, v. tr. (do, 
 to place, found only in compounds) . 
 To remove, put away ; to conceal ; 
 se abdere, to hide one's self, bury 
 one's self. 
 
 ab-diico, ere, duxi, ductum, v. tr. 
 To lead away, take away, withdraw. 
 
 ab-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. intr. To 
 go away, depart. 
 
 ab-erro, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 To go astray, deviate, depart, L. 6. 
 
 ab-horreo, ere, ui, v. intr. (hor- 
 reo, to shrink from). To be free 
 from, be at variance or discordant 
 with, disregard, differ from. 
 
 abii. See dbeo. 
 
 ab-jicio, ere, jeci, jectum, v. tr. 
 (judo) . To throw away, cast from, 
 
 cast off, cast out, cast down, throw 
 clown ; to hurl ; to renounce. 
 
 ablatus, a, um, part, from aufero. 
 
 ab-ripio, ere, ripui, reptum, v. tr. 
 (rdpio) . To snatch away,take away by 
 violence, tear off or away, carry away. 
 
 abs. See a. 
 
 absconditus, a, um, adj. (abs- 
 condo, to hide). Hidden, concealed, 
 secret. 
 
 absens, entis, part, (absum) . Ab- 
 sent, being away ; at a distance ; illo 
 absente, in his absence, iii. C. 7. 
 
 absolutio, onis,f. (ab-solvo). Ac- 
 quittal, iii. C. 4. 
 
 abs-traho, ere, traxi, tractum, v. 
 tr. To draw or drag away ; to keep 
 aloof; to relieve. 
 
 abstiili. See aufero. 
 
 absum, esse, fui, v. intr. To be 
 absent or away from; to be distant 
 from ; to be beyond the reach of. 
 
 abundantia, ae, f. (abundans, 
 from abundo) . Abundance, affluence. 
 
 ab-undo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (imda, a wave) . To flow over, abound 
 in, abound. 
 
 ab-utor, i, iisus sum, v. dep. To 
 abuse, misuse ; to take advantage of, 
 L.l. 
 
 ac, conj. See atque. 
 (301) 
 
302 
 
 ACCEDO— ADDUCO 
 
 accedo, ere, cessi, cessnm, v. intr. 
 (ad, cedo) . To go near to, approach ; 
 to be applied, be added. 
 
 accelero, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (ad, celero, to quicken). 
 To hasten ; to make haste, ii. C. 4. 
 
 acceptus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (accipio) . Agreeable, welcome. 
 
 accldo, ere, cidi, v. intr. (ad, 
 eddo). To fall, fall upon; to befall, 
 occur, happen. 
 
 accipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
 (ad, cdpio) . To receive, gain, accept ; 
 to attain, get, experience ; to learn. 
 
 accommodatus, a, um, part, and 
 adj. (accommodo). Suitable, fitted. 
 
 accommodo, are, dvi, atum, y.tr. 
 (ad, commddo, to adjust). To adjust, 
 adapt, fit, put on, arrange, accommo- 
 date. 
 
 acciibo, are, ui, itum, v. intr. (ad, 
 cubo, to lie). To lie near; to recline, 
 ii. C. 5. 
 
 accumbo, ere, cubui, cubitum, v. 
 intr. (ad, cumbo, obs., to lie). To re- 
 cline at table, dine, D. 6. 
 
 accurate, adv. (accurdtus, accu- 
 rate, exact) . Accurately, with care, 
 carefully. 
 
 accusatio, onis, f. (accuso). A 
 charge, accusation. 
 
 accusator, oris, m. (accuso). An 
 accuser, L. 1. 
 
 accuso, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. (ad, 
 causa) . To accuse, blame, reproach, 
 censure, find fault with. 
 
 acer, dcris, acre, adj. Sharp, keen, 
 pungent; disagreeable, violent, se- 
 vere ; active, energetic. 
 
 acerbe, adv. (acerbus). Roughly, 
 bitterly, harshly, cruelly, sharply. 
 
 acerbitas, atis, f. (acerbus). 
 Harshness, sour or disagreeable taste ; 
 severity, rigor, unkindness ; bitter- 
 ness ; sorrow, trouble, calamity, hard- 
 ship, bitter fate. 
 
 acerbus, a, um, adj. Sour, disa- 
 greeable; bitter, severe, hard. 
 
 acervus, i, m. A heap, pile, 
 collection. 
 
 Achaia, ae, f. A country in the 
 northern part of the Peloponnesus; 
 the Peloponnesus, M. L. 12. 
 
 Achilles, is, m. The hero of the 
 Iliad of Homer, A. 10. 
 
 acies, ei, f. An edge ; a line of 
 battle, array ; a battle. 
 
 acquiesco, ere, quievi, quietum, 
 v. intr. (ad, quiesco). To repose, 
 rest, D. 2. 
 
 acqulro, ere, quisivi, quisitum, v. 
 tr. (ad, quaero). To procure, get, 
 obtain, acquire, add. 
 
 acriter, acrius, dcerrime, adv. 
 (deer) . Sharpty, vigorous^, eagerly, 
 violently, courageously, zealously, 
 vigilantly. 
 
 acroama, atis, n. (a Greek word) . 
 Anything heard, an entertainment, 
 as music or reading, A. 9. 
 
 actio, dais, f. (ago). A pleading, 
 management of a suit, D. 2. 
 
 actum, i, n. (ago). A transac- 
 tion, measure, act, P. 7. 
 
 actus, a, um, part, from ago. 
 
 actus, us, m. (ago). An act, ac- 
 tion, M. 9. 
 
 acuo, ere, dcui, utum, v. tr. To 
 sharpen, incite, L. 4. 
 
 acute, adv. (acutus, sharp) . Acute- 
 ly, sagaciously, D. 12. 
 
 ad, prep, with accus. I. Of space : 
 to, towards, in the direction of, in, at, 
 near, among, at the house of. II. Op 
 TIME : towards, to, till, at ; ad tem- 
 pus, in time, P. 4. III. Of other 
 relations : 1) With numerals : to- 
 wards, about. 2) Of purpose: to, 
 for; ad deponendam audaciam, i. C. 
 2. 3) In respect to, for, in, according 
 to, as to, in point of, after, in con- 
 formity with. 
 
 ad-aequo, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
 (aequo, to make equal). To make 
 equal. 
 
 ad -do, ere, didi, ditum, v. tr. (do, 
 to place, found only in compounds). 
 To add, join to. 
 
 ad-duco, ere, duxi, ductum, v. tr. 
 To lead or conduct to, bring, convey 
 
ADEMI— ADVEXTICIUS 
 
 303 
 
 to, draw toward'?; to induce, lead, 
 influence. 
 
 ademi. Se ddimo. 
 
 ad-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. tr. and intr. 
 To go to, approach ; to enter upon ; 
 to visit. 
 
 ad-eo, adv. To that point, so far, 
 to such a degree, so much ; even. 
 
 adeps, ipis, rn. and f. Fat, cor- 
 pulence, iii. C. 7. 
 
 adeptus, a, urn, part, from adipis- 
 cor. 
 
 ad-hibeo, ere, id, Itum, v. tr. 
 (hdbeo). To bring to, summon, in- 
 vite, admit, receive, bring, call in ; to 
 use, employ ; to furnish. 
 
 ad-hortor, on, atus sum, v. dep. 
 To encourage, incite, exhort, urge. 
 
 ad-huc, adv. Up to this time, 
 hitherto, thus far, as yet, still. 
 
 adii. See adeo. 
 
 ad-imo, ere, emi, emptum, v. tr. 
 (emo, to acquire). To take away, 
 deprive of, remove. 
 
 ad-ipiscor, i, eptus sum, v. dep. 
 (apiscor, to seize). To obtain, get, 
 acquire, secure, attain. 
 
 ad ire. See adeo. 
 
 aditus, us, m. (adeo). An ap- 
 proach, avenue, step ; access, admit- 
 tance ; permission to approach, right 
 of access or interview. 
 
 adjumeiitum, i, n. (adjiivo). \ 
 Help, aid, assistance, support,M.L.24. I 
 
 ad-juiisjo, ere.junxi, junction, v. | 
 tr. To join to, add, grant, bind to, I 
 annex, unite. 
 
 adjutor, oris,m. (adjiivo). Help- ! 
 er, aid, assistant. 
 
 ad-juvo, are, jiivi, jutum, v. tr. 
 To help, assist, aid; to avail, profit, 
 be of use. 
 
 ad-minister, tri, m. (minister, a 
 servant). A servant, assistant, at- 
 tendant. 
 
 ad-ministra, ae, f. {mi?iistra, a | 
 maid-servant). A handmaid, maid 
 servant, assistant, M . L. 13. 
 
 ad-mlnistro, are, avi, atum, v.tr 
 (ministro, to serve). To be at hand 
 
 assist, serve ; to take in hand, man- 
 age, guide, direct, administer. 
 
 admirabilis, e, adj. (admiror). 
 "Wonderful, remarkable, admirable. 
 
 admirandus, a, um, adj. (admi- 
 ror). Admirable, wonderful. 
 
 admiratio, onis, f. (admiror). 
 Admiration, A. 3. 
 
 ad-miror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 To wonder at, admire. 
 
 ad-niitto, ere, misi, mission, v. tr. 
 To admit, allow. 
 
 ad-moueo, ere, ui, itum, v. tr. 
 To admonish, warn, advise ; to re- 
 mind, suggest ; to urge. 
 
 admoiiitu, m., only in abl. sing. 
 (admoneo). At the advice, sugges- 
 tion, admonition, exhortation. 
 
 admurmuratio, onis, f. {admur- 
 miiro, to murmur at). A murmuring. 
 
 adolescens, entis, m. (adolesco). 
 A youth, young man. 
 
 adolescentia, ae, f. (adolescens) . 
 Youthful age, youth. 
 
 adoleseeiitiilus, /, m. G. 321, 1. 
 (adolescens). A very young man. 
 
 adolesco, ere, olevi, uUum, v. intr. 
 incep. (adoleo, to increase). To grow 
 up, come to maturity. 
 
 ad-oruo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 furnish, supply, M. L. 12. 
 
 ad-scisco, ere, scivi, scitum, v. tr. 
 (scisco, to seek to know) . To take, 
 receive, admit, join to. 
 
 ad-scribo. See ascribo. 
 
 ad-sisto, ere, stiti, v. intr. (sisto, 
 to stand) . To stand by or near, be 
 present. 
 
 ad-sto, are, stiti, statum or stitum, 
 v. intr. To stand at, by, or near, be 
 present at, A. 10. 
 
 ad-sum, esse,adfui ovaffui, v. intr. 
 To be present or at hand ; to aid, as- 
 sist. 
 
 adulter, eri, m. An adulterer. 
 
 adultus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (adolesco). Mature, ripe, fully de- 
 veloped, i. C. 12. 
 
 adveuticius, a, um, adj. (advew 
 tus). Foreign, M. L. 9. 
 
304 
 
 ADVENTUS— AFFLIGO 
 
 adventus, us, m. (advenio, to ar- 
 rive). Arrival, approach, coming. 
 
 adversarius, ii, m. (adversus). 
 An opponent, adversary, enemy. 
 
 adversor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (adversus) . To resist, oppose, with- 
 stand, P. 15. 
 
 adversus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (adverto) . Turned to, opposite, over 
 against; unfavorable; res adversae, 
 unfavorable circumstances, adversity. 
 
 adversus, prep, with ace. (ad- 
 verto). Against, opposite to. 
 
 ad-vesp^rascit, ere, vesperdvit, 
 v. imper. (vesperasco, to become 
 evening). Evening or twilight is 
 coming on, it is growing dark, iii.C. 2. 
 
 advocatus, i, m. (ad-voco). An 
 assistant, P. 7. 
 
 aedes, is, f. A temple, ii. C. 6 ; 
 pi., a house. 
 
 aedificium, ii, n. (aedifico). An 
 edifice, building. 
 
 aedifico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (aedes, facio). To build, construct, 
 make. 
 
 Aegaeus, a, um, adj. Aegean; 
 Aegaeum mare, the Aegean Sea, the 
 part of the Mediterranean between 
 Greece and Asia Minor, M. L. 18. 
 
 aeger, gra, grum, adj. Sick, in- 
 disposed, feeble, suffering, faint. 
 
 aegre, aegrius, aegerrime, adv. 
 (aeger) . With difficulty ; ill. 
 
 aegrotus, a, um, adj. (aeger). 
 Sick, ill. 
 
 Aegyptus, i, f. Egypt, L. 3. 
 
 Aemilius, ii. m. M. Aemilius 
 Scaurus, a statesman and orator, A. 3. 
 
 aemiilus, i, m. One who vies 
 with another, a rival, M. 1. 
 
 aeneus, a, um, adj. (aes). Bra- 
 zen, bronze, D. 7. 
 
 aequalltas, atis, f. (aequdlis, 
 equal). Equality, L. 12. 
 
 aeque, adv. (aequus). Equally; 
 aeque ac, in the same manner as, iii. 
 C. 12. 
 
 aequitas, atis, f. (aequus). Equal- 
 ity ; justice, equity, impartiality. 
 
 aequus, a, um, adj. Even, level ; 
 favorable, suitable ; equal, like ; just, 
 right, honorable, reasonable; calm, 
 composed; aequus animus, equa- 
 nimity. 
 
 aerarium, ii, n. (aerarius). The 
 treasury, ii. C. 11. 
 
 aerarius, a, um, adj. (aes). Re- 
 lating to the treasury, of the treasury. 
 
 aerumna, ae, f. Trouble, suffer- 
 ing, distress, iv. C. 4. 
 
 aes, aeris, n. Brass, copper ; aera, 
 brazen tablets, iii. C. 8; money, as 
 the first Roman coins were made of 
 copper ; aes alienum, debt. 
 
 aestas, atis, f. Summer. 
 
 aestus, us, m. Heat, burning heat. 
 
 aetas, atis, f. (aevum, age). Pe- 
 riod of life, age ; old age. 
 
 aeternitas, atis, f. (aeternus). 
 Eternity, M. 9. 
 
 aeternus, a, um, adj. (aevum, 
 age). Everlasting, eternal, perpetual. 
 
 Aetoli, drum, m. pi. The Aetoli- 
 ans, inhabitants of Aetolia, a country 
 in Central Greece, A. 11 ; M. L. 6. 
 
 affero, ferre, attuli, allatum, v. tr. 
 (ad, fero). To bring to, apply, im- 
 part, offer, present, add; to con- 
 tribute, afford; to occasion, cause, 
 effect, produce. 
 
 afficio, ere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
 (ad, f&cio). To affect, influence, 
 treat, visit; poena, supplicio, to pun- 
 ish. 
 
 affigo, ere,fixi, fixum, v. tr. (ad, 
 figo). To fix, fasten upon, attach to. 
 
 affingo, ere, finxi, fietum, v. tr. 
 (ad, Jingo) . To assert falsely, add 
 falsely ; to add. 
 
 affinis, e, adj. (ad, finis). Con- 
 nected, related; concerned in, con- 
 nected with, iv. C. 3. 
 
 affirmo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ad, 
 firmo) . To affirm, assert, M. 2. 
 
 afflicto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 (affligo). To agitate, toss, trouble, 
 vex, afflict. 
 
 affligo, ere, fiixi, flictum, v. tr. 
 (ad, fiigo, to strike). To striko or 
 
AFFLUENS— ALIUS 
 
 305 
 
 dash against ; to cast down, prostrate, 
 afflict. 
 
 afflueiis, entis, adj. (affluo, to 
 abound). Abounding, rich in, A. 3. 
 
 Africa, ae, f. Africa. 
 
 Africanus, a, um, adj. (Africa). 
 African; bellum Africanum, the Af- 
 rican TTar in which Pompev con- 
 quered the remnant of the Marian 
 faction in Numidia, 81 B. c, M. L. 10 ; 
 the war between Caesar and the par- 
 tisans of Pompey in Africa, 47 b. c, 
 D. 9. 
 
 Africanus, i, m. A cognomen of 
 two of the Scipios, iv. C. 10; A. 7; 
 A. 9; D. 7. See Sctpio. 
 
 age, interj. (imperat. of ago). 
 Come ! M. L. 14. 
 
 ager, gri, m. Land, territory, 
 field, country, district; agri, pi., the 
 country. 
 
 aggrego, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ad, grex). To collect, assemble. 
 
 agito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 (ago). To put in motion, drive; to 
 disturb, excite ; to agitate, discuss. 
 
 agnosco, ere, novi, nltum, v. tr. 
 (ad, gnosco = nosco) . To recognize, 
 i. C. 7. 
 
 ago, ere, egi, actum, v. tr. I. To 
 put in motion, drive. 1. To drive 
 away, carry off, convey away. 2. To 
 drive before one's self, pursue. II. 
 To pursue a course of action. 1. To 
 express, state ; gratias, to give thanks. 
 
 2. To perform, accomplish, manage, 
 pursue, transact, do ; id agere ut, to 
 attempt to ; res agitur, a case is tried. 
 
 3. To plead, discuss. 4. To pass, 
 spend. Agi, pass, to be at stake, M. 
 L. 2. Intr., to act, proceed. 
 
 agrarius, a, Km, adj. (ager). Re- 
 lating to lands, agrarian ; agrarii, in. 
 pi., the supporters of the agrarian 
 laws, which related to the division of 
 the public lands. 
 
 agrestic, e, adj. (ager). Rustic. 
 
 agrlcola, ae, m. (ager, cola). A 
 farmer, husbandman, D. 9. 
 
 Ahala ae, m. C. Servilius Ahala, 
 
 master of the horse under the dicta- 
 tor Cincinnatus, i. C. 1. 
 
 aio, v. tr. def. G. 297, II. 1. To 
 say. 
 
 alacritas, atis, f. (al&cer, lively). 
 Liveliness, ardor, zeal, eagerness, 
 promptness. 
 
 Alaudae, arum, f. pi. The Alau- 
 dae, the name of a legion raised by 
 Caesar in Gaul, P. 8. 
 
 alea, ae, f. A game of dice, gam- 
 ing, gambling, ii. C. 5. 
 
 aleator, oris, m. (alea). A gam- 
 bler, gamester, ii. C. 10. 
 
 Alexander, dri, m. Alexander 
 the Great, King of Macedonia and 
 conqueror of the world, A. 10. 
 
 Alexandria, ae, f. (Alexander). 
 Alexandria, the capital of Egypt, 
 D. 9. 
 
 Alexandrinus, a, um, adj. (Al- 
 exandria). Alexandrian; bellum Al- 
 exandrinum, the war between Caesar 
 and the Alexandrians, D. 5. 
 
 alienigena, ae, m. adj. and subs. 
 (alienus, gigno, to beget) . Of foreign 
 birth, foreign ; a foreigner. 
 
 alienus, a, um, adj. (alius). Be- 
 longing to another, foreign to, averse ; 
 aes alienum, debt; unfavorable, un- 
 friendly ; alienus, i, m., a stranger, 
 foreigner, A. 9. 
 
 aliquando, adv. (dliquis). Some 
 time or other, at some time, at length. 
 
 aliquanto, adv. (alius, quantus). 
 A little, somewhat. 
 
 aiiquis or allqui, qua, quid or 
 quod, pron. indef. (alius, quis). Some 
 one, any one, some, any, anything. 
 
 aliquo, adv. (aliquis). To some 
 place, somewhere, i. C. 7. 
 
 aliquot, indef. num. indecl. (alius, 
 quot) . Some, several, a few. 
 
 aliter, adv. (alius). Otherwise, 
 in a different manner. 
 
 aliunde, adv. (alius, unde). From 
 some other source, from another per- 
 son, place, or thing, L. 1. 
 
 alius, a, ud, adj. G. 151. Other, 
 another; alius . . . alius, one . . . 
 
306 
 
 ALLATUS-ANIMADVERSIO 
 
 another ; alii . . . alii, some . . . oth- 
 ers. 
 
 allatus, a, um, part, from affSro. 
 
 allicio, ere, lexi, ledum, v. tr. 
 (ad, lacio, to entice) . To attract, al- 
 lure, entice. 
 
 Allobroges, um, m. (sing. Al- 
 lobrox, ogis). A people of Gaul, 
 iii. C. 2. 
 
 alo, ere, alui, dlitum and altum, 
 v. tr. To nourish, support, sustain, 
 maintain, foster, confirm. 
 
 Alpes, ium, f. pi. The Alps. 
 
 altaria, ium, n. pi. (altus) . An 
 altar, i. C. 9. 
 
 alter, era, erum, adj. G. 151. One 
 of two, the other ; alter . . . alter, the. 
 one . . . the other ; alteri . . . alteri, 
 the one party . . . the other; the sec- 
 ond. 
 
 alternus, a, um, adj. (alter) . One 
 after another, by turns, alternate. 
 
 alter-uter, alterUtra or altera utra, 
 alteriXtrum or alterum utrum, adj. G. 
 151, note 2. (uter, which of the two). 
 One of two; in alterutro, on one 
 side or the other, M. 7. 
 
 altus, a, um, adj. (alo). High, 
 tall, lofty. 
 
 alveolus, i, m. G. 321, 2. (alveus, 
 a hollow). A gaming-board. 
 
 amans, antis, part, and adj. 
 (amo). Loving, fond of, attached 
 to, devoted to. 
 
 ambo, ae, o, num. adj. G. 175, 
 note 2. Both. 
 
 aniens, entis, adj. (a, mens). 
 Mad, frantic. 
 
 amentia, ae, f. (amens). Mad- 
 ness, folly, want of reason. 
 
 amicio, ire, icui or ixi, ictum, v. 
 tr. (am, around, jaeio). To throw 
 around, to clothe, ii. C. 10. 
 
 amicitia, ae, f. (amicus) . Friend- 
 ship, alliance. 
 
 amictus, a, um, part, from am- 
 icio. 
 
 amicus, a, um, adj. (amo) . Friend- 
 ly, well-disposed; amicus, i, m., a 
 friend, an ally. 
 
 Amisus, i, f. A city of Pontns 
 on the Euxine, M. L. 8. 
 
 a-mitto, ere, misi, missum, v. tr. 
 To send away, dismiss; to lose, let 
 pass ; to ruin, M. L: 7. 
 
 amo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 love. 
 
 amoenitas, atis, f. (amoenus, 
 pleasant). Pleasantness, agreeable 
 scenery, M. L. 14. 
 
 amor, oris, m. (amo). Love, af- 
 fection. 
 
 ample, adv. (amplus). Abun- 
 dantly, copiously, generously ; am- 
 pllus, comp., further, more. 
 
 amplector, i, plextis sum, v. dep. 
 (am, around, plecto, to bend). To 
 embrace, hold, include, iv. C. 2. 
 
 amplifico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (amplus, facio). To enlarge, ex- 
 tend, increase. 
 
 amplitudo, inis, f. (amplus). 
 Size, greatness, dignity, grandeur, 
 consequence, advancement. 
 
 amplus, a, um, adj. (am, around, 
 pleo, to fill). Of large extent, great, 
 spacious; abundant, ample; mag 
 nificent, noble, illustrious, renowned, 
 honorable, dignified. 
 
 an, conj. Whether, or. G. 353, 
 with notes. 
 
 anceps, cipitis, adj. (an=amb, 
 two, double, caput). Having two 
 heads ; double, twofold ; doubtful. 
 
 ango, ere, anxi, v. tr. To vex, 
 distress, A. 11. 
 
 angiilus, i, m. Corner, angle, 
 nook. 
 
 angustiae, arum, f. pi. (angus- 
 his). Narrow space, defile, narrow^ 
 ness, narrow limits. 
 
 angustus, a, um, adj. (ango). 
 Narrow, strait, contracted, restricted. 
 
 anhelo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
 intr. (am, around, halo, to breathe). 
 To breathe forth, ii. C. 1; to pant, 
 gasp. 
 
 anlma, ae, f. Breath; life, exist- 
 ence ; the soul, spirit. 
 
 animadversio, onis, f. (animad- 
 
AXIMADVERTO — ARBITROR 
 
 307 
 
 verto). The act of noticing; chas- 
 tisement, punishment, iv. C. 6 ; P. 2. 
 
 animadverto, ere, verti, version, 
 v. tr. (animus, ad, verto). To turn 
 one's attention to, attend, take heed, 
 notice, observe, perceive ; to punish. 
 
 animus, i, m. The mind, soul, 
 intellect ; the attention ; the thoughts, 
 imagination, will, purpose, desire, 
 design; animum inducere, to deter- 
 mine, i. C. 9 ; inclination, disposition ; 
 regard, affection ; feeling, anger, 
 courage, spirit. 
 
 an-ne, conj. Or, M. L. 19. 
 
 Ann ius, ii, m. The name of a 
 Roman gens, hi. C. 6 ; see Chilo. 
 
 an non a, ae, f. (annus). The 
 produce of the year, corn, provisions. 
 
 annuo, ere, nui, v. intr. (ad, nuo, 
 to nod). To nod assent; to assent. 
 
 annus, i, m. A year. 
 
 ante. I. Prep, with accus. Before, 
 BOTH OF space and time ; ante diem, 
 see note on p. 3, 1. 16. II. Adv. 
 Before, in advance ; previously, ago. 
 
 antea, adv. (a?ite, is). Formerly, 
 before. 
 
 ante-cello, ere, v. intr. (cello, to 
 urge) . To surpass, excel. 
 
 ante-f ero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. tr. 
 To bear before, place before, prefer. 
 
 ante-lucanus, a, um, adj. (lux). 
 Continued until daybreak, prolonged 
 till morning, ii. C. 10. 
 
 aute-pono, ere, pcsui, position, 
 v. tr. To place before, give the pref- 
 erence to, prefer. 
 
 ante-quam, conj. Sooner than, 
 before. 
 
 AntigSnus, i, m. Antigonus, an 
 ambassador of Deiotarus, D. 15. 
 
 Antiochia, ae, f. (Antiochus). 
 Antioch, an important city of Syria. 
 
 Antiochus, i, m. Antiochus, sur- 
 named the Great, King of Syria, 223 
 to 187 b. c, M. L. 6; D. 13. 
 
 antiquitas, dtis, f. (antiquus). 
 The past, antiquity, M. L. 10. 
 
 antiquus, a,um, adj. (ante). An- 
 cient, old, olden. 
 
 Antonius, ii, m. M. Antonius, 
 Mark Antony, the distinguished tri- 
 umvir and enemy of Cicero ; see the 
 First Philippic. 
 
 aperio, ire, perui, pertum, v. tr. 
 To open. 
 
 aperte, adv. (apertus). Openly, 
 publicly. 
 
 apertus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (aperio). Open, exposed, uncovered, 
 naked, undisguised. 
 
 Apollinaris, e, adj. (Apollo). 
 Apollinarian, in honor of Apollo. 
 
 apparatus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (apparo) . Prepared ; magnificent, 
 sumptuous, ii. C. 9 ; P. 15. 
 
 apparo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ad, 
 paro). To prepare, make ready, put 
 in order. 
 
 appello, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ad, 
 petto). To accost, address; to name, 
 call. 
 
 Appenninus^', m. TheApennine 
 range of mountains, the Apennines, 
 ii. C. 10. 
 
 appetens, entis, adj. (ad-peto). 
 Desirous, eager for, M. L. 3. 
 
 Appius, ii, m. A Roman prae- 
 nomen, A. 5; P. 5. 
 
 Appius, a, um, adj. (Appius). 
 Appian ; Appia via, the Appian Way, 
 extending from Rome to Brundisium, 
 M. L. 18. 
 
 apprdbo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ad, probo). To approve, commend. 
 
 appropinquo, are, avi, atum, v. 
 intr. (ad, propinquo, to approach). 
 To approach, draw near. 
 
 aptus, a, um, adj. (obsol. apo, to 
 seize). Fit for, suitable, adapted. 
 
 apud, prep, with ace. At, by, 
 near, before, in the presence of ; with, 
 among, at the house of. 
 
 Apulia, ae, f. A country in 
 Southern Italy. 
 
 aqua, ae, f. Water. 
 
 aqulla, ae, f. The eagle, the 
 standard of the Roman legion. 
 
 ara, ae, f. An altar. 
 
 arbltror, art, atus sum, v. dep. 
 
308 
 
 ARCEO - ATTALUS 
 
 {arbiter, a judge). To judge, think, 
 consider. 
 
 arceo, ere, cut, v. tr. To keep 
 off; to hinder. 
 
 arcesso, ere, cessivi, cessitum, v. 
 tr. To cause to approach; to call, 
 send for, summon, invite. 
 
 Archias, ae, m. A. Licinias Ar- 
 chias ; see Introduction to the Oration 
 for Archias. 
 
 ardeo, ere, arsi, arsum, v. intr. 
 To burn, be on fire ; to be inflamed, 
 be excited, burn. 
 
 ardor, oris, m. (ardeo) . A glow- 
 ing, brightness, iii. C. 8; heat, ex- 
 citement. 
 
 argenteus,a, um, a,dj.(argenttim) . 
 Of silver, silver, i. C. 9. 
 
 argentum, i, n. Silver; silver 
 ware. 
 
 argumentum, i, n. (arguo). An 
 argument, proof. 
 
 arguo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. To 
 accuse, charge. 
 
 Aridbarzanes, is, m. A king of 
 Cappadocia, M. L. 2. 
 
 arma, drum, n. pi. Arms, wea- 
 pons; war. 
 
 Armenius, ii, m. (Armenia), 
 An Armenian, an inhabitant of Ar- 
 menia in Asia, A. 9. 
 
 armo, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. To 
 arm, equip ; of ships : to fit out, fur- 
 nish. 
 
 arripio, ere, rlpui, reptum, v. tr. 
 (ad, rdpio). To seize, lay hold of. 
 
 arrdganter, adv. (arrogans, arro- 
 gant). Arrogantly, insolently. 
 
 ars, artis, f. Skill, art, faculty; 
 science, knowledge, method; qual- 
 ity, M. L. 13. 
 
 artifex, icis, m. and f. (ars, fa- 
 cio). An artist, A. 5. 
 
 arx, arcis, f. (arceo). A fortified 
 height; a citadel, fortress, strong- 
 hold. 
 
 ascendo, Sre, di, sum, v. intr. 
 (ad, scando, to climb). To ascend, 
 go up, mount. 
 
 ascribo, ere, psi, ptum, v. tr. (ad, 
 
 scribo) . To enroll, A. 4 ; to assign, 
 ascribe, M. L. 19. 
 
 Asia, ae, f. Asia; Asia Minor; 
 sometimes including Syria, A. 3; the 
 Roman province in Asia, embracing 
 the western part of Asia Minor. 
 
 Asiatlcus, a, um, adj. (Asia). 
 Asiatic ; bellum Asiaticum, the Mith- 
 ridatic War, M. L. 7. 
 
 aspectus, us, m. (asplcio). The 
 sight; the appearance, looks, pres- 
 ence, countenance. 
 
 aspicio, ere, spexi, spectum, v. tr. 
 (ad, specio, to look). To look upon, 
 behold, look at. 
 
 assentio, ire, sensi, sensum, v. intr. 
 
 assentior, iri, sensus sum, v. dep. 
 (ad, sentio) . To assent, give assent, 
 approve. 
 
 assequor, i, secutus sum, v. dep. 
 (ad, sequor). To overtake, secure, 
 attain ; to accomplish. 
 
 asservo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ad, 
 servo). To keep, preserve. 
 
 assldeo, ere, sedi, sessum, v. intr. 
 (ad, sedeo, to sit). To sit by or near, 
 sit, sit down, i. C. 7. 
 
 assldue, adv. (assiduus, from as- 
 sldeo). Constantly, continually. 
 
 assiduitas, atis, f. (assiduus, from 
 assldeo). Continuance, unremitted 
 exertion, perseverance, M. L. 8 ; con- 
 stant attendance, or attention, D. 15. 
 
 assuefacio, ere, feci, factum, v. 
 tr. (assuesco, to accustom, facio). 
 To accustom, inure, habituate. 
 
 at, conj. But, yet, still ; but at least. 
 
 Athenae, arum, f. pi. Athens. 
 
 Athenienses, ium, m. pi. (Athe- 
 nae). The Athenians, P. 1. 
 
 atque or ac, conj. G. 554, I. 2. 
 (ad, que). And, and also, and espe- 
 cially; in comparisons : than, from, 
 as ; aliter ac, otherwise than. 
 
 atrocltas, atis, f. (dtrox). Fierce- 
 ness, atrocity, cruelty, iv. C. 6. 
 
 atrox, ocis, adj. Terrible, cruel, 
 horrible, atrocious. 
 
 Attalus, i, m. Attains III., King 
 of Pcrgamus, D. 7. 
 
ATTENDO —BALNEUM 
 
 309 
 
 attendo, ere, tendi, tentum, v. tr. 
 (ad, tendv). To attend to, observe, 
 consider. 
 
 atteiiuo. are, avi, at urn, v. tr. (ad, 
 tenuo, from tenuis). To reduce, les- 
 sen, diminish, M. L. 11. 
 
 attingo, ere, tlgi, tatxum, v. tr. 
 (ad, tango). To touch, come in con- 
 tact with ; to arrive at, reach, attain ; 
 to attempt. 
 
 Attius, it, m. L.Attius, a Boman 
 tragic poet, born 170 b. c, A. 11 ; 
 P. Attius Varus, a praetor in Africa 
 during the war between Caesar and 
 Pompey, L. 1. 
 
 attrlbno, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. (ad, 
 tribito). To attribute, assign, bestow ; 
 to give in charge, appoint over. 
 
 attuli. See affero. 
 
 auctio, onis, f. {augeo) . A public 
 sale, auction, D. 5. 
 
 auction arius, a, um, adj. (auc- 
 tio). Pertaining to an auction, of the 
 auction, ii. C. 8. 
 
 auctionor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (auctio). To put up property at 
 public sale, sell one's property at 
 auction, D. 9. 
 
 auctor, oris, m. (augeo) . Creator, 
 author, maker, producer, inventor, 
 originator; leader, director; promo- 
 ter, approver, adviser, counsellor. 
 
 auctorltas, atis, f. [auctor). Au- 
 thority, power, influence ; standing, 
 reputation, dignity ; authorization, 
 command, order, will. 
 
 auctus, a, ton, part, from augeo. 
 
 audacia, ae, f. (audax). Bold- 
 ness, daring; insolence, audacity, 
 presumption. 
 
 audax, acis, adj. (audeo). Daring, 
 bold, audacious, ii. C. 5. 
 
 audeo, ere, ausus sum, v. semi- 
 dep. To dare, venture ; to undertake, 
 attempt. 
 
 audio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
 To hear, listen to, perceive ; to hear 
 of; to obey, give heed to ; dicto audi- 
 ens, obedient to. 
 
 auf ero, ferre, abstfdi, ablation, y. 
 
 tr. (ab,fcro). To carry off, sweep 
 away, destroy. 
 
 augeo, ere, auxi, auction, v. tr. 
 To increase, enlarge, augment; to 
 enrich, advance, promote. 
 
 augur, uris, m. and f. An augur, 
 diviner, soothsayer, P. 13. 
 
 Aulus, i, m. A Boman praeno- 
 men. 
 
 Aurelius, a, um, adj. (AureHus, 
 name of a Boman gens). Aurelian; 
 Aurelia via, the Aurelian Way, ex- 
 tending from Borne to Pisa, ii. C. 4 ; 
 leges Aureliae, laws with reference 
 to the judiciary, proposed by L. Au- 
 relius Cotta, P. 8. 
 
 auris, is, f. The ear. 
 
 aurum, i, n. Gold, M. L. 9. 
 
 ausplcium, ii, n. (auspex, a di- 
 viner). Auspice, sign, omen, i. C. 13. 
 
 auster, tri, m. The south wind. 
 
 aut, conj. Or; aut . . . aut, either 
 . . . or. G. 554, II. 2. 
 
 autem, conj. But; moreover. 
 
 auxilium, u, n. (augeo). Help, 
 aid, assistance; remedy, resource, 
 refuge, support; pi., auxiliary troops. 
 
 avarltia, ae, f. (avarus, avari- 
 cious). Avarice, covetousness. 
 
 aversus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (a-verto) . Turned away ; averse, dis- 
 inclined. 
 
 avidus, a, ion, adj. (dveo, to long 
 for). Greedy, eager, desirous, M.L.3. 
 
 avitus, a, um, adj. (dvus). Of, 
 belonging to, or derived from a grand- 
 father, ancestral. 
 
 a-voco, are, aci, dtum, v. tr. To 
 call away, withdraw, remove, A. 6. 
 
 avunculus, i, m. (avus). A moth- 
 er's brother, maternal uncle, uncle. 
 
 avus, i, m. A grandfather. 
 
 B. - 
 
 bacchor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (Bacchus) . To revel, i. C. 10 ; iv.C.6. 
 
 balneum, i, n., pi. balnea, drum, 
 n., or balneae, arum, f. A bath, D. 6. 
 
310 
 
 BARBABI A — CAECUS 
 
 barbaria, ae, f. (barbdrus). A 
 foreign country ; a savage, barbarous 
 nation, iii. C. 10. 
 
 barbarus, a, um, adj. Foreign, 
 strange ; barbarous, wild, savage, 
 uncivilized; barbarus, i, m., a for- 
 eigner. 
 
 barbatus, a, um, adj. (barba, 
 beard). Bearded, ii. C. 10. 
 
 beate, adv. (beatus). Happily. 
 
 beatus, a, um, adj. {beo, to bless). 
 Happy ; prosperous, opulent, wealthy, 
 rich. 
 
 bellicosus, a, », adj. (belllcus). 
 Warlike, fierce in war. 
 
 belllcus, a, um, adj. (bellum). 
 Of or pertaining to war, warlike. 
 
 bello, are, avi, atum, v. intr. (bel- 
 lum). To wage or carry on war. 
 
 bellum, i, n. (duellum, from duo). 
 War, warfare. 
 
 bene, melius, optlme, adv. (bonus). 
 Well, rightly, favorably, happily, suc- 
 cessfully. 
 
 benef icium, ii, n. {benef icus). 
 Kindness, favor, good deed, benefit, 
 service. 
 
 bene-ficus, a, um, adj. (fdcio). 
 Generous, liberal, beneficent, D. 9. 
 
 benevolentia, ae, f (benevdlens, 
 from bene, volo). Friendly disposi- 
 tion, good will, inclination, friend- 
 ship, affection ; gratitude. 
 
 benigne, adv. (benignus, kind). 
 In a friendly manner, kindly, D. 13. 
 
 benignitas, atis, f. (benignus, 
 kind). Kindness, benignity, iv. C. 9. 
 
 bestia, ae, f. A beast, A. 8. 
 
 bibo, ere, bibi, v. tr. To drink. 
 
 biennium, ii, n. (Ms,- annus). 
 The space of two years, two years. 
 
 blni, ae, a, num. distrib. (Ms). 
 Two by two, two each, two. 
 
 bipartlto, adv. (bis, pars). In 
 two divisions, in two parties. 
 
 bis, num. adv. (duis, from dtio). 
 Twice. 
 
 BIthynia, ae, f. A district of 
 Asia Minor south of the Euxine. 
 
 Blesamius, ii, m. An ambassa- 
 dor of Deiotarus, D. 12. 
 
 Blucium, ii, n. The name of a 
 castle of Deiotarus, D. 7. 
 
 bdnitas, atis, f. (bonus). Good- 
 ness, excellence. 
 
 bonum, i, n. (bonus). A good 
 thing, benefit, advantage, good en- 
 dowment; bona, drum, n. pi., prop- 
 erty, goods. 
 
 bonus, a, um, melior, opiimus, adj. 
 Good, excellent, sound. 
 
 Bospoianus, i, m. (Bosporus). 
 A dweller on the Cimmerian Bospo- 
 rus, between the Black Sea and the 
 Azof, M. L. 4. 
 
 brevis, e, adj. Short, brief, of 
 short duration. 
 
 brevlter, adv. (brevis). Shortly, 
 briefly, with few words. 
 
 Brocchus, i, m. A Roman cog- 
 nomen; T. Brocchus, uncle of Q. 
 Ligarius, L. 4. 
 
 Brundisium, ii, n. A town on 
 the eastern coast of Italy, now Brin- 
 disi. 
 
 Brutus, i, m. L. Junius Brutus, 
 the deliverer of Borne from regal do- 
 minion, P. 6; D.Brutus, a distin- 
 guished general, consul 138 b. c, A. 
 11 ; M. Junius Brutus, an intimate 
 friend of Cicero, and the murderer 
 of Caesar, P. 3 ; P. 4 ; P. 15. 
 
 bustum, i, n. (buro = tiro, to 
 burn). A tomb, monument, P. 2. 
 
 c. 
 
 C. Abbr. for Caius, or Gdius. 
 
 cado, ere, cScidi, casum, v. intr. 
 To fall; to occur to; to perisb, die. 
 
 caducus, a, um, adj. (cado). Fall- 
 ing, frail, perishable ; characteristic 
 of decay, P. 14. 
 
 Caecllius, ii, m. Q. Caecilius 
 Bassus, a partisan of Pompey, D. 8. 
 
 caecus, a,um, adj. Blind; blind- 
 ed, ignorant, unreasonable, L. I. 
 

 CAEDES — CAUSA 
 caedes, is, f. (cacdo, to cut). A 
 
 311 
 
 cutting clown, slaughter, murder, 
 massacre. 
 
 Caelius, ii, m. The name of a 
 Roman gens, M. L. 19. 
 
 caelum, i, n. The sky, heaven, 
 iii. C. 8; the air, atmosphere, i. C. 6. 
 
 Caesar, dris, m. C. Julius Caesar, 
 the distinguished general, orator, 
 statesman, and author, slain by Bru- 
 tus and Cassius 44 B. C. 
 
 Caesetins, ii, m. The name of 
 a Roman gens, L. 11. 
 
 Caius, better written Gains, ii, 
 m. A Roman praenomen. 
 
 Cajeta, ae, f. A town and harbor 
 on the coast of Latium, now Gaeta. 
 
 ealamitas, atis, f. Calamity, 
 misfortune, loss, disaster, damage. 
 
 calamitosus, a, urn, adj. {ealam- 
 itas). Unfortunate, unhappy, L. 5. 
 
 callidus, a, tan, adj. (ealleo, to be 
 wise). Skilful, shrewd, cunning. 
 
 campus, i, m. A plain ; the Cam- 
 pus Martins, i. C. 5. 
 
 ca.no, ere, ceclni, cantum, v. tr. 
 and intr. To sing; to predict. 
 
 canto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
 intr. freq., {cano). To sing, ii. C. 10. 
 
 cantus, us, m. {cano). Singing, 
 song, A. 8. 
 
 capillus, i, m. {caput). The hair. 
 
 capio, ere, cepi, caption, v. tr. 
 To take, receive, contain, lay hold of, 
 grasp, comprehend, seize, capture ; 
 to occupy, gain, reach; consilium 
 capere, to form the design, i. C. 1 ; 
 mente captus,beveft of reason, iii.C.9. 
 
 capitalis, e, adj. {caput). Cap- 
 ital, destructive, dangerous, deadly. 
 
 Capitolium, ii, n. (caput). The 
 Capitol, the Temple of Jupiter at 
 Rome on the Capitoline Hill, iii. C. 4. 
 
 Cappadocia, ae, f. Cappadocia, 
 a country in the eastern part of Asia 
 Minor, M. L. 3. 
 
 caput, itis, n. The head ; a cap- 
 ital charge or question ; life, civil or 
 political life, including liberty and 
 citizenship, iv. C 5. 
 
 Carbo, onis, m. C. Papirius Car- 
 bo, tribune of the people, A. 4. 
 
 career, era, m. A prison; im- 
 prisonment. 
 
 careo, ere, td, Uum, v. intr. To be 
 without ; to want, be in want of, lack ; 
 to be deprived of. 
 
 caritas, atis, f. (carus). Affec- 
 tion, esteem, love, P. 12 ; dearness, 
 scarcity, M. L. 15. 
 
 carmen, mis, n. A poem, poetry ; 
 verse, A. 11. 
 
 carus, a, urn, adj. Dear, beloved, 
 highly prized. 
 
 Cassius, ii, m. L. Cassius, a sen- 
 ator, a confederate of Catiline, iii. C. 
 4 ; C. Cassius Varus, consul 73 b. c, 
 M. L. 23 ; C. Cassius, one of the mur- 
 derers of Caesar, P. 3. 
 
 caste, adv. {castus, pure). Hon- 
 estly, uprightly, M. L. 1. 
 
 castellum, i, n. G. 315, 3. (cas- 
 trum). A castle, fort, citadel, strong- 
 hold. 
 
 Castor, dris, m. A grandson of 
 Dciotarus and his accuser before 
 Caesar, D. 1. 
 
 castrensis, e, adj. {castra). Per- 
 taining to a camp; organized, open, 
 iii. C. 7. 
 
 castrum, i, n. A fortified place, 
 a fort; castra, drum, n. pi., a camp, 
 encampment. 
 
 casus, us, m. (ccido). That which 
 comes to pass, an event, occurrence ; 
 misfortune, calamity; chance, acci- 
 dent. 
 
 Catilina, ae, m. L. Sergius Cat- 
 iline; see Introduction to the Ora- 
 tions against Catiline. 
 
 Cato, onis, in. M. Porcius Cato, 
 the famous Censor, A. 7 ; A. 9 ; M. 
 Porcius Cato, grandson of the Cen- 
 sor, A. 3. 
 
 Catulus, ?', m. Q. Lutatius Catu- 
 lus, consul 102 B.C., A. 3; Q. Lu- 
 tatius Catulus, son of the above, 
 consul 78 b. c, iii. C. 10 ; A. 3. 
 
 causa, ae, f. Reason, ground, 
 motive, cause; causa, for the sake 
 
312 
 
 CAUTE — CHILO 
 
 of, on account of, for the purpose of; 
 mi conservandi causa, for the purpose 
 of preserving themselves, i. C. 3 ; an 
 alleged reason, pretence, pretext; 
 cause, interest ; as a legalterm, cause ; 
 causam dicere, to plead a cause. 
 
 caute, adv. {cautus, careful). 
 Cautiously, with prudence. 
 
 cautio, onis, f. {caveo). Caution, 
 M. 7. 
 
 caveo, ere, cavi, cautum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To be on one's guard ; to take 
 care, beware, guard against. 
 
 cecidi. See cddo. 
 
 ceclni. See cdno. 
 
 cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. intr. 
 To go, go forth, go away; to yield, 
 retire. 
 
 celeber, bris, bre, adj. Much 
 frequented, populous ; celebrated, fa- 
 mous. 
 
 celebritas, atis, f. {celeber). 
 Fame, renown, celebrity, A. 3. 
 
 celebro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 {ceUber). To attend in great num- 
 bers, celebrate, iii. C. 10; to praise, 
 celebrate. 
 
 celeritas, atis, f. {celer, swift). 
 Rapidity, quickness, celerity, speed, 
 rapid action, A. 8. 
 
 celeriter, adv. {celer, swift). 
 Swiftly, quickly, rapidly, speedily. 
 
 celo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 conceal, hide, keep secret. 
 
 cena, ae, f. The principal meal 
 of the day, dinner, D. 7 ; a banquet, 
 ii. C. 10. 
 
 ceno, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 {cena). To dine; cenatus, a, um, 
 pass. part, with act. meaning, D. 7. 
 
 censeo, ere, censui, censum, v. tr. 
 To be of opinion ; to judge, deter- 
 mine, decree, resolve, ordain; to rate, 
 enumerate, assess; to be in favor of, 
 vote for. 
 
 censor, oris, m. {censeo). A cen- 
 sor, one of the two Roman magis- 
 trates who had charge of enrolling 
 the people according to rank and 
 property. 
 
 census, us, m. {censeo). A census, 
 enumeration, registration ; a census 
 roll, A. 5 ; registered property, prop- 
 erty. 
 
 centiiria, ae, f. {centum). One 
 of the 193 divisions of the Roman 
 people, a century, M. L. 1. 
 
 centuriatus, a, um, part, from 
 centurio, are. Lit. : divided into 
 centuries ; centuriata comitia, an as- 
 sembly in which the people voted by 
 centuries, each centuria or century 
 having a single vote, P. 8. 
 
 centuriatus, us, m. {centurio). 
 The office of centurion, centurion- 
 ship, M. L. 13. 
 
 centurio, onis, m. {centiiria). A 
 centurion, the commander of the di- 
 vision of troops called the century. 
 
 Ceparius, ii, m. M. Ceparius, a 
 confederate of Catiline, iii. C 6. 
 
 cepi. See cdpio. 
 
 cerno, ere, crevi, cretum, v. tr. 
 To separate, distinguish ; to see, per- 
 ceive ; to decide, decree, resolve. 
 
 certamen, inis, n. {certo). A 
 contest, strife, engagement, battle. 
 
 certe, adv. {certus). Certainly, 
 surely ; at all events, at least. 
 
 certo, adv. {certus). Certainly, 
 for certain, A. 12. 
 
 certo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. To 
 struggle, contend, strive, vie. 
 
 certus, a, um, adj. {cerno). Cer- 
 tain, definite, particular, fixed, es- 
 tablished, sure ; faithful ; certiorem 
 facere, to inform. 
 
 cervix, icis, f. The neck, iii.C7. 
 
 cessi. See cedo. 
 
 ceterus, a, um, adj. (nom. sing., 
 m. not used, sing. rare). The rest, 
 the remainder, the other. 
 
 Cethegus, i, m. C. Cornelius 
 Cethegus, a senator, a confederate of 
 Catiline, iii. C. 3. 
 
 Chii, drum, m. pi. {Chios). The 
 inhabitants of Chios, now Scio, an 
 island in the Aegean Sea, with a city 
 of the same name, A. 8. 
 
 Chilo, onis, m. Q. Annius Chilo, 
 

 CHIROGRAPHUM — COEPTUS 
 
 313 
 
 a senator, a partisan of Catiline, 
 iii. C. 6. 
 
 chlrdgraphum, i, n. (a Greek 
 word). Manuscript, memorandum, 
 note. 
 
 cibus, i, m. Pood. 
 
 Cicero, onis, m. M. Tullius 
 Cicero, the famous orator. 
 
 Cillcia, ae, f. A country of Asia 
 Minor on the north-eastern coast of 
 the Mediterranean, M. L. 12. 
 
 Cimber, bri, m. Cimber Gabin- 
 ius, see Gdbinius, iii. C. 3. 
 
 Cimbri, drum, m. pi. A people 
 of Northern Germany, conquered by 
 Marius 101 b. c, M. L. 20. 
 
 Cimbricus, a, um, adj. (Cimbri). 
 Pertaining to the Cimbri, Cimbrian. 
 
 cingo, ere, nxi, nctum, v. tr. To 
 surround, encompass, enclose, encir- 
 cle, invest. 
 
 cinis, eris, m. Ashes, ii. C. 9. 
 
 Cinna, ae, m. L. Cornelius Cin- 
 na, consul with Marius 86 b. c, iii. 
 C. 4; P. 14. 
 
 circum (circus, a circle). 1. adv. 
 Around, about, all around. 2. prep, 
 with ace. Around, about, in the en- 
 virons of, near. 
 
 circum-cludo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. 
 (claudo). To shut in, enclose, sur- 
 round, hem in. 
 
 circum-do, are, dedi, datum, v.tr. 
 (do, to place, found only in com- 
 pounds). To put, set, or place 
 around; to encompass, encircle, sur- 
 round. 
 
 circum-scribo, ere, psi, ptum, v. 
 tr. To circumscribe, enclose, con- 
 fine, limit, A. 11; to cheat, circum- 
 vent. 
 
 circumscriptor, oris, m. (cir- 
 cumscribo). A defrauder, a cheat. 
 
 circum-sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum, 
 v. tr. To invest, besiege, D. 9; to 
 surround, iv. C. 2; to circumscribe, 
 limit. 
 
 circum-spicio, ere, spexi, spec- 
 turn, v. intr. and tr. (specio, to look). 
 To look around, gaze about ; to view 
 
 on all sides ; to look out for ; to con- 
 sider, ponder. 
 
 circum-sto, are, steti, v. tr. and 
 intr. To stand around ; to surround. 
 
 cito, citius, cUissime, adv. (citus, 
 quick). Quickly, rapidly. 
 
 civilis, e, adj. (civis). Pertaining 
 to citizens, civil, civic, iii. C. 8 ; ci- 
 vilis causa, a political question, iv. C. 
 9; civile bellum, the Civil War in 
 Italy waged by Sulla against the 
 Marian faction, M. L. 10. 
 
 civis, is, m. and f. A citizen; a 
 countryman. 
 
 civitas, atis, f. (civis). A body 
 of citizens, state; citizenship. 
 
 clam, adv. (celo). Secretly, in 
 private. 
 
 clamo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. and 
 tr. (cdlo, to call) . To cry out, shout ; 
 to speak emphatically, i. C. 8. 
 
 clamor, oris, m. (clamo). A loud 
 cry, shout. 
 
 clams, a, um, adj. Clear, disr 
 tinct ; renowned, famous. 
 
 classis, is, f. A fleet. 
 
 claudo, ere, clausi, clausum, v. tr. 
 To close, shut up. 
 
 clausus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (claudo). Closed, shut up, M. L. 22. 
 
 Clemens, entis, adj. Mild, clem- 
 ent, forbearing, merciful, i. C. 2. 
 
 clementer, adv. (clemens). With 
 clemency, mercifully, kindly, M. 3. 
 
 dementia, ae, f. (clemens). Mod 
 eration, mildness, forbearance, clem- 
 ency, mercy, kindness. 
 
 clientela, ae, f. (cliens, a client). 
 Clientship, alliance. 
 
 Cn. Abbr. for Cnaeus, or Gnaeus, 
 Cnaeus, better written Gnaeus, 
 i, m. A Roman praenomen. 
 
 Cnidus, *, f. A city in Caria, 
 M. L. 12. 
 
 coactus, a, um, part, from cogo. 
 
 coegi. See cogo. 
 
 coepi, coepisse, v. tr. G. 297, I. 
 To begin, commence. 
 
 coeptus, us, m. (coepi). An un- 
 dertaking:, i. C 3. 
 
314 
 
 COERCEO - COMMEMORATIO 
 
 coerceo, ere, ercui, ercttum, v. tr. 
 (cum, arced). To enclose on all 
 sides; to restrain, confine; to keep 
 back, check ; to correct, punish. 
 
 coetus, us, m. (coeo, to go togeth- 
 er) . A meeting, gathering, assembly. 
 
 cogitate, adv. (cogitatus, from 
 cogito). Thoughtfully, deliberately. 
 
 cogitatio, onis, i. (cogito). Think- 
 ing, thought, reflection ; anticipation ; 
 design, plan. 
 
 cogito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (cum, 
 dgito). To consider, reflect upon, 
 meditate, weigh; to design, plan, in- 
 tend. 
 
 cognatio, onis, f. (cognatus, akin). 
 Relationship. 
 
 eognitio, onis, f. (cognoscd). Ac- 
 quaintance, A. 3 ; examination. 
 
 cognitor, oris, m. (cognosco). An 
 advocate, defender, iv. C. 5. 
 
 cognosco, ere, novi, nitum, v. tr. 
 (cum, gnosco=nosco). To know; 
 to observe, perceive, see, ascertain, 
 learn, discover ; to recognize ; to ex- 
 amine, investigate, consider. 
 
 cogo, ere, coeji, coactum, v. tr. 
 (cum, dgo). To drive together, col- 
 lect, assemble; to force, constrain, 
 compel. 
 
 cohaereo, ere, haesi, haesum, v. 
 intr. (cum, haereo). To be connected, 
 be united, cleave to, M. L. 7. 
 
 cohibeo, ere, hibui, hibitum, v. tr. 
 (cum, hdbeo). To restrain, check, 
 repress, M. L. 23. 
 
 cohors, ortis, f. A cohort, the 
 tenth part of a legion ; praetoria co- 
 hors, the commander's body-guard. 
 
 collatus, a, um, part, from confero. 
 
 collectio, onis, f. (colligo). A 
 collecting together, act of collecting, 
 collection, M. L. 9. 
 
 collega, ae, m. (cum, lego). A 
 partner in office, colleague, iii. C. 6. 
 
 collegium, it, n. (collega). A 
 company of associates, board, A. 4. 
 
 colligo, ere, legi, ledum, v. tr. 
 (cum, lego) . To collect, assemble ; 
 to adduce. 
 
 colloco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cum, loco). To lay, put, place; to 
 invest; to set up, erect; to station, 
 quarter ; to arrange. 
 
 colo, ere, cdlui, cultum, v. tr. To 
 till, cultivate ; to practise ; to honor, 
 revere, cherish. 
 
 colonia, ae, f. (colonus). A col- 
 ony. 
 
 colonus, i, m. (colo). An inhab- 
 itant of a colonial town, a colonist. 
 
 Colophon, onis, f. A city in 
 Lydia, M. L. 12. 
 
 Colophonii, drum, m. pi. (Col-, 
 ophon). The inhabitants of Colo- 
 phon, Colophonians, A. 8. 
 
 color, oris, m. Color, hue, com- 
 plexion. 
 
 cdlumna, ae, f. A column, pillar. 
 
 conies, Itis, m. and f. (cum, eo). 
 One who goes with another, a com- 
 panion, comrade, associate. 
 
 comissatio, onis, f. (comissor, to 
 revel) . A Bacchanalian revel, drink- 
 ing bout, revelry, ii. C. 5. 
 
 comitatus, a, um, part, from 
 comitor with pass, meaning. At- 
 tended, accompanied, ii. C. 2. 
 
 comitatus, us, m. (comes). Ret- 
 inue, attendance, train, iii. C. 2. 
 
 comiter, adv. (comis, courteous). 
 Affably, courteously, pleasantly, D. 7. 
 
 comitium, ii, n. (cum, eo). The 
 comitium, a portion of the Roman 
 Forum; comUia, drum, pi., the as- 
 sembly in the comitium for electing 
 magistrates ; election ; proximis co- 
 mitiis, at the last election, i. C. 5. 
 
 comitor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (comes). To accompany, attend, 
 follow. 
 
 commeatus, us, m. (commeo). A 
 passage, trip; supplies, provisions, 
 M. L. 17. 
 
 commemorabilis, e, adj. (com- 
 memdro). Noteworthy, remarkable, 
 memorable, M. 4. 
 
 commemoratio, onis, f. (com- 
 memoro). A mentioning, mention; 
 recollection, A. 11. 
 
(cum, memoro, iroui memor). To 
 bring to mind, call to mind, remind; 
 to recount, relate, mention. 
 
 commeiidatio, onis, f. (commen- 
 do). Recommendation, commenda- 
 tion, i.C. 11; A. 12. 
 
 commeiido, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cum, mando). To commit to, en- 
 trust, commend. 
 
 commeiitariolum, i, n. (com- 
 tnentarius) . A memorandum, P. 7. 
 
 commentarius, ii, m. {com men- 
 tor, to consider). A commentary, 
 memoir, paper, P. 1. 
 
 commeo, arc, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (cum, meo, to go). To go back and 
 forth, resort to, visit. 
 
 commllito, onis, m. (cum, milis). 
 A fellow-soldier, comrade, D. 10. 
 
 commisceo, ere, miscui, mixtum 
 or mistum, v. tr. (cum, misceo)- To 
 mingle, unite, M. 2. 
 
 committo, ere, mm, missum, v.tr. 
 (cum, mitto). To join, connect; 
 proelium committere, to engage in 
 battle, commence battle ; to entrust, 
 commit, allow, permit, risk ; to com- 
 mit (as a crime or offence) . 
 
 commddo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (commodus, from cum, modus). To 
 loan, lend, M. 6. 
 
 commodum, i, n. (commodus, 
 from cum, modus). Advantage, 
 profit, gain, utility, convenience. 
 
 commoror, ari, dtus stim, v. dep. 
 (cum, moror, to tarry). To stop, 
 linger, stay, sojourn, tarry. 
 
 commotus, a, um, part, from 
 commoveo. 
 
 (commoveo, ere, movi, motum, v. 
 tr. (cum, moveo). To move; to af- 
 fect, excite; se commovere, to move, 
 stir. 
 
 eonimtiiiico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (communis). To make common, 
 share with, communicate, impart. 
 
 communis, e, adj. (cum, munis, 
 serving). Common, general, public, 
 ordinary. 
 
 COMMEMORO — COXATUS 
 
 315 
 
 commuiuter, adv. (communis). 
 In common, together, jointly, P. 2 ; 
 in general, A. 12. 
 
 commuto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cum, muto). To change, alter. 
 
 comparatio, onis, f. (comparo). 
 A comparison ; preparation, M. L. 4. 
 
 comparo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (compar, like). To place in com- 
 parison, compare. 
 
 comparo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cum, pdro). To prepare, make 
 ready ; to procure, acquire, gain, se- 
 cure. 
 
 compello, ere, puli, pidsum, v. tr. 
 (cum, pello). To drive together; to 
 compel, drive. 
 
 comperio, ire, peri, pertum, v. tr. 
 To get knowledge of, ascertain, learn, 
 discover ; to make known. 
 
 competitor, oris, m. (competo, 
 from cum, peto) . xl rival, competitor, 
 rival candidate. 
 
 complector, i, plexus sum, v. dep. 
 (cum, plecto, to bend). To embrace, 
 surround, enclose, encircle. 
 
 compleo, ere, evi, etum, v. tr. 
 (cum, pleo, to fill). To fill, make 
 full ; to complete. 
 
 complexus, us, m. (complector). 
 An embrace, ii. C. 10. 
 
 complures, a and ia, adj. (cum, 
 plures). Several, many, very many. 
 
 compono, ere, pdsid, position, v. 
 tr. (cum, pono). To put or place 
 together ; to compose, arrange ; to 
 allay, settle. 
 
 comprehendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
 (cum, prehendo) . To take hold of, 
 seize, apprehend, grasp ; to catch, 
 take captive, arrest. 
 
 comprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, 
 v. tr. (cum, premo). To press to- 
 gether, compress ; to restrain, check, 
 repress, suppress. 
 
 comprobo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cum, probo). To approve; to sanc- 
 tion ; to attest, prove. 
 
 conatus, us, m. (cdnor). An 
 attempt, undertaking. 
 
316 
 
 CONCEDO - CONTX AGRO 
 
 concedo, ere, cessi, cession, v. tr. 
 and intr. {cum, cedo). To go away, 
 retire, withdraw ; to yield, grant ; to 
 permit, allow, concede. 
 
 concelebro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 {cum, celebro) . To celebi-ate, M.L.21. 
 
 concerto, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 {cum, certo). To contend, dispute. 
 
 concessus, a, urn, part, from 
 concedo. 
 
 concido, ere, cldi, v. intr. {cum, 
 ccido) . To fall ; to perish ; (sc. am- 
 mo} to lose one's courage. 
 
 concilio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 {concilium, a meeting). To bring 
 together, unite ; to gain the favor of, 
 win, conciliate ; to obtain, gain, pro- 
 cure. 
 
 conclpio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
 {cum, cdpio). To take, receive; to 
 incur; to conceive, imagine, under- 
 stand, comprehend. 
 
 conclto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 {concieo, to rouse). To move vio- 
 lently, excite, arouse, stir up, incite, 
 instigate, provoke ; to produce. 
 
 concordia, ae, f. {concors). Har- 
 mony, unanimity, concord, agree- 
 ment. 
 
 Concordia, ae, f., the goddess of 
 concord, hi. C. 9. 
 
 concors, ordis, adj. {cum, cor, the 
 heart). Harmonious, agreeing, L. 2. 
 
 conciipisco, ere, pivi or pii, 
 pitum, v. tr. incep. {cum, cupio). 
 To desire, covet, long for, i. C. 10. 
 
 concurro, ere, curri, cur sum, v. 
 intr. {cum, curro, to run). To rush 
 together ; to hasten to, run to. 
 
 concurso, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 {cum, curso, to run to and fro). To 
 run to and fro, run about. 
 
 concursus, us, m. {concurro). A 
 running to and fro; a concourse, as- 
 semblage, crowd ; an onset, conflict. 
 
 condemno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 {cum, damno). To charge, accuse, 
 condemn. 
 
 condicio, onis, f. {condo). Con- 
 dition, situation, state, nature, quality, 
 
 character; stipulation, terms, agree- 
 ment, provisions. 
 
 condo, ere, didi, dltum, v. tr. 
 {cum, do, to place, found only in 
 compounds) . To found, establish. 
 
 condon o, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 {cum, dono). To present, give; to 
 forgive. 
 
 conduco, ere, duxi, ductum, v. tr. 
 {cum, duco) . To lead, bring, or draw 
 together ; to hire, P. 9. 
 
 confercio, ire, fersi, fertum, v.tr. 
 {cum, farcio, to stuff). To press to- 
 gether, crowd ; to stuff. 
 
 conf 6ro, ferre, tuli, collatum,Y.tv. 
 {ctim, fero). To bring or bear to- 
 gether, contribute, bring, collect, 
 cany ; to direct, devote, employ ; to 
 refer ; to compare ; to ascribe, attri- 
 bute; to defer, fix, appoint; se con- 
 ferred to betake one's self; collatis 
 signis, in battle, M. L. 23. 
 
 confertus, a, um, part, from con- 
 fercio. 
 
 confessio, onis, f. {conftteor). 
 Confession, acknowledgment, iii. C.5. 
 
 confestim, adv. {cum, fero). Im- 
 mediately, speedily, without delay. 
 
 conf icio, ere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
 {cum, fdcio) . To prepare, compose, 
 execute, finish, complete, accomplish, 
 bring to pass; to exhaust, weaken, 
 subdue, destroy, kill ; to collect, pro> 
 cure, furnish, raise. 
 
 conf ido, Sre, fisus sum, v. semi-, 
 dep. {cum, fido) . To trust, rely upon, 
 believe, hope. 
 
 confingo, ere,finxi, fictum, v. tr. 
 {cum,fingo). To make up, fabricate, 
 pretend, D. 6. 
 
 confirmo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 {cum, firmus). To establish, render 
 firm, strengthen, cement ; to encour- 
 age, console ; to assure, assert. 
 
 confisus, a, um, part, from con- 
 fido. 
 
 confiteor, eri,fessus sum,v.dep. 
 {cum, fdteor). To confess, admit, 
 concede, acknowledge. 
 
 conflagro, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 
CONFLIGO — CONSENTIENS 
 
 317 
 
 (cum, flagro) . To burn up, burn, be 
 destroyed or perish by fire. 
 
 confligo, ere, flixi, fiictum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (cum,fiigo, to strike). To 
 strike together; to be in conflict, 
 fight, engage in combat with, con- 
 tend. 
 
 conflo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (cum, 
 fio, to blow). To inflame, excite, 
 produce, i. C. 9 ; to fuse together, 
 unite, L. 12. 
 
 conformatio, onis, f. (conformo) . 
 A fashioning, moulding, A. 7. 
 
 conformo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cum, formo, to shape). To form, 
 mould, train. 
 
 confringo, ire, fregi, fractum, 
 v. tr. (cum, frango) . To break in 
 pieces, break down, shatter, destroy. 
 
 conf ugio, ere,fugi, v. intr. (cum, 
 fugio) . To flee for refuge, have re- 
 course to. 
 
 congero, ere, gessi, gestum, v. tr. 
 (cum, gero). To bear, carry, or 
 bring together, collect, heap up; to 
 confer. 
 
 congredior, i, gressus sum, v. 
 dep. (cum, gradior, to step). To go, 
 come, or meet with ; to unite with ; 
 to fight, contend, engage. 
 
 congrego, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cum, grego, from grex) . To collect, 
 assemble, unite, i. C. 13. 
 
 congruo, ere, grui, v. intr. To 
 agree, M. 6. 
 
 conlveo, ere, nivi or nixi, v. intr. 
 (cum, niveo, to wink). To leave un- 
 noticed, connive or wink at, over- 
 look. 
 
 conjectiira, ae, f. (conjtcio). Con- 
 jecture, supposition, conclusion, in- 
 fei'ence ; conjecturd consequi, to infer, 
 hi. C. 8. 
 
 conjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, v. tr. 
 (cum,jacio), To cast or throw to- 
 gether; to hurl, throw, send, cast, 
 put, aim; to ascribe; to infer, con- 
 jecture. 
 
 conjunctio, o?iis, f. (conjungo). 
 Union, connection, iv. C. 7. 
 
 conjunctus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (conjungo). Joined together, inti- 
 mate, friendly, P. 3. 
 
 conjungo, ere, nxi, nctum, v. tr. 
 (cum,jimgo) . To join together, join, 
 connect, unite, associate ; {helium) to 
 wage conjointly or together, M. L. 9. 
 
 conjurati, drum, m. pi. (conjuro, 
 to combine). Conspirators, i. C. 5. 
 
 conjuratio, onis, f. (conjuro, to 
 combine). A conspiracy, plot, com- 
 bination. 
 
 conjux, iXgis, m. and f. (conjungo). 
 Spouse, husband, wife. 
 
 conor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. To 
 undertake, attempt, try, venture. 
 
 conquiesco, ere, evi, etum,\. intr. 
 (cum, quiesco) . To take rest, repose ; 
 to cease. 
 
 consceleratus, a, um, adj. (con- 
 sceUro, to stain with guilt) . Wicked, 
 depraved, criminal, villanous. 
 
 conscendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (cum, scando, to climb). 
 To go on board, embark. 
 
 conscientia, ae, f. (conscio, to be 
 conscious). Consciousness, knowl- 
 edge, feeling, sense ; conscience. 
 
 conscius, a, um, adj. (cum, scio). 
 Conscious, aware, cognizant, privy 
 to, participant in, accomplice, witness 
 of. 
 
 conscribo, Sre, scripsi, scriptum, 
 v. tr. (cum., scribo). To write to- 
 gether; to write; to enroll, enlist, 
 levy. 
 
 conscriptus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (conscribo) . Enrolled, conscript ; 
 patres conscripti, conscript fathers, 
 the customary appellation of the sen- 
 ators, i. C. 2. 
 
 consecro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cum, sdcro, to consecrate) . To make 
 sacred, to consecrate. 
 
 consensio, onis, f. (consentio). 
 Agreement, unanimity, harmony ; 
 conspiracy, M. 7. 
 
 consensus, us, m. (consentio). 
 Agreement, unanimity; consent. 
 
 consentiens, entis, adj. (consen- 
 
318 
 
 CONSENTIO — CONSULTUM 
 
 tio). Agreeing, accordant, unani- 
 mous, D. 4. 
 
 consentio, ire, sensi, sensum, v. 
 intr. (cum, sentio). To agree, ac- 
 cord, be of the same mind. 
 
 consequor, i, secutus sum, v. dep. 
 {cum, sequor). To follow, go after, 
 accompany; to pursue; to reach, 
 overtake; to gain, obtain, acquire, 
 secure. 
 
 conservatio, onis, f. (conservo). 
 Preservation, retaining, keeping, P. 2. 
 
 conservo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cum, servo) . To preserve, keep safe 
 or unharmed. 
 
 consessus, us, m. (consido, to sit 
 together). An assembly, assemblage. 
 
 consideratus, a, um, adj. (consid- 
 ero). Considerate, thoughtful, pru- 
 dent, circumspect, D. 6. 
 
 considero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To consider, inspect, examine, ob- 
 serve, M. L. 2 ; M. L. 13. 
 
 consigno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cum, signo, to mark) . To seal ; to 
 attest, certify, vouch for, D. 13. 
 
 consilium, ii, n. Deliberation, 
 consultation ; counsel, advice, author- 
 ity ; plan, purpose, design, intention ; 
 wisdom, understanding, judgment, 
 penetration, prudence, ability; a 
 council. 
 
 consisto, ere, stiti, stitum, v. intr. 
 (cum, sisto, to stand). To stand still, 
 remain standing ; to consist of or in, 
 depend upon. 
 
 consdbrinus, i, m. (cum, sobri- 
 nus, cousin) . The son of a mother's 
 sister, cousin. 
 
 consolor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (cum, solor, to comfort) . To console, 
 comfort, encourage, cheer, animate. 
 
 conspectus, us, m. (conspicio). 
 Sight, view, D. 5. 
 
 conspicio, ere, spexi, spectum,y. 
 tr. (cum, specio, to look). To view, 
 observe, see, look at, perceive, be- 
 hold. 
 
 conspiratio, onis, f. (conspiro). 
 Unanimity, concord, agreement. 
 
 conspiro, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (cum, spiro, to breathe) . To agree ; 
 to combine, conspire. 
 
 constanter, adv. (constans, from 
 const o) . Firmly, steadily ; uniformly, 
 consistently, constantly. 
 
 constant! a, ae, f . (constans, from 
 consto). Firmness, steadiness, con- 
 stancy, perseverance, resolution, con- 
 sistency. 
 
 constituo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. 
 (cum, stcituo). To put, place, es- 
 tablish; to station; to set in order; 
 to erect, construct ; to arrange, regu- 
 late, settle, constitute, found, form ; 
 to appoint; to determine, fix, agree 
 upon ; to decree, resolve. 
 
 consto, are, stiti, statum, v. intr. 
 (cum, sto). To stand still, remain 
 firm, remain unchanged; to consist 
 in, depend upon; constat, impers., it 
 is evident, an acknowledged fact. 
 
 constringo, ere, nxi, ctum, v. tr. 
 (cum, stringo, to bind). To bind, 
 fetter, restrain; constrictum tenere, 
 to hold in check, i. C. 1. 
 
 consuetudo, inis, f. (consuesco, 
 to accustom). Custom, habit, use, 
 usage ; intimacy, friendly intercourse. 
 
 consul, ulis, m. A consul, one of 
 the two presiding magistrates of the 
 Roman commonwealth. 
 
 consiilaris, e, adj. (consul). Of 
 or pertaining to a consul, consular, 
 i. C. 5 ; consularis provincia, a prov- 
 ince governed by a consul, P. 8 ; con- 
 sularis, is, m., one of consular rank, 
 an ex-consul. 
 
 consfilatus, us, m. (consul). Con- 
 sulship, consulate. 
 
 consulo, ere, ui, ultum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To consult; to take counsel, 
 deliberate, consider ; to initiate meas- 
 ures; to consult for, take care for, 
 have regard for. 
 
 consulto, adv. (consiXlo). De- 
 signedly, with deliberation, on pur- 
 pose, purposely. 
 
 consultum, i, n. (consulo). A 
 decree, deliberation, decision. 
 
CONSUMO— CONVENIO 
 
 319 
 
 con sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, 
 v. tr. (cum, sumo). To take ; to con- 
 sume, devour, waste, destroy, use ; 
 to pass, spend. 
 
 contamino, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To defile, pollute, contaminate, sully, 
 dishonor. 
 
 contego, ere, text, tectum, v. tr. 
 {cum, tego). To cover, cover over, 
 conceal. 
 
 con tern no, ere, tempsi, temptum, 
 v. tr. (cum, temno, to slight). To de- 
 spise, scorn, esteem lightly, hold in 
 contempt. 
 
 contemplor, art, atas sum, v. dep. 
 (cum, tern plum). To contemplate, 
 view, consider, D. 14. 
 
 contemptus, a, um, adj. (con- 
 temno). Contemptible, despicable, 
 abject, iv. C. 10. 
 
 contendo, ere, di, turn, v. tr. and 
 intr. (cum, tendo). To strive for, 
 maintain; to contend; to compare. 
 
 contentio, onis, f. (contendo). 
 Tension, strain; contest, exertion, 
 struggle, dispute, controversy, strife ; 
 comparison. 
 
 contentus, a, um, adj. (contlneo). 
 Content, satisfied. 
 
 contexo, ere, texui, textum, v. tr. 
 (cum, texo, to weave). To weave, 
 entwine, join together, unite, con- 
 nect; to contrive. 
 
 conticesco, ere, ticui, v. intr. in- 
 cept, (contlceo, to be silent) . To be- 
 come silent, be silent, iii. C. 5. 
 
 contlnens, entis, adj. (contineo). 
 Continent, temperate, self-controlled. 
 
 contirientia, ae, f. (contineo). 
 Temperance, self-control, modera- 
 tion. 
 
 contineo, ere, ui, tentum, v. tr. 
 (cum, teneo). To hold together, 
 bind; to guard, restrain; to bound, 
 confine ; to embrace, occupy, enclose ; 
 to hold back, check ; sc continere, to 
 restrain one's self ; contineri, pass., to 
 consist of, M. 9. 
 
 contingo, §rc, tlgi, factum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (cum, tango). To touch, 
 
 border upon, extend to; to happen, 
 fall to one's lot, be one's good fortune. 
 
 continuo, adv. (continuus). Im- 
 mediately, directly, without delay. 
 
 continuus, a,um, adj. (contineo). 
 Successive, consecutive, uninter- 
 rupted. 
 
 contio, onis, f. (convSnio). An 
 assembly, especially of the people or 
 of an army, meeting ; an harangue, 
 discourse, speech, P. 2. 
 
 contionator, oris, m. (contionor, 
 to harangue) . An haranguer, a dem- 
 agogue, iv. C. 5. 
 
 contra, prep, and adv. 1. Prep. 
 with ace. Over against, opposite to, 
 contrary to, against, in hostility to. 
 2. Adv. On the contrary, differently, 
 on the other hand ; contra atque, oth- 
 erwise than, in an opposite direction. 
 
 contraho, ere, traxi, tractum, v. 
 tr. (cum, traho) . To draw together, 
 collect, unite ; to occasion ; to make 
 smaller, contract; aes alienum con- 
 trahere, to contract a debt. 
 
 contrarius, a, um, adj. (contra). 
 Opposite, opposed, contrary, on the 
 other side. 
 
 controversia, ae, f. (controver- 
 sus, disputed). Strife, controversy, 
 dispute ; sine controversia, without 
 doubt, doubtless. 
 
 contubernalis, is, m. and f. (cum, 
 tdberna). One occupying the same 
 tent, a comrade, L. 7. 
 
 contumelia, ae, f. Abuse, insult, 
 affront, disgrace, ignominy. 
 
 contumeliosus, a, um, adj. (con- 
 tumelia). Reproachful, ignominious. 
 
 conturbo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cum, turbo, to disturb). To disturb, 
 confuse, disquiet, D. 1. 
 
 convenio, ire, veni, tentum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (cum, venio). To come 
 together, assemble ; to go or come to, 
 arrive; to speak to, address, accost; 
 to be agreed upon; convenit, impers., 
 it is fit, suitable, proper, agreed upon ; 
 mihi convenit cum aliquo, I make »n 
 agreement with, L. 6. 
 
320 
 
 CONVENTUS — CRUDELITAS 
 
 conventus, us, m. (convenio). A 
 meeting, assembly, assemblage; an 
 association, corporation, L. 8. 
 
 converto, ere, ti, sum, v. tr. and 
 intr. {cum, verto). To turn; to turn 
 back ; to cbange, alter, transform ; to 
 turn, direct. 
 
 couvlcium, ii, n. Wrangling, 
 altercation, disputation, strife, A. 6. 
 
 convinco, ere, vici, victum, v. tr. 
 {cum, vinco). To overcome ; to con- 
 vict, show clearly, prove, convince. 
 
 convivium, ii, n. {cum, vivo). A 
 banquet, feast, entertainment, ii. C. 5. 
 
 convoco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 {cum, voco). To call together, sum- 
 mon, convoke. 
 
 copia, ae, f. {cum, ops). Plenty, 
 abundance, fulness, copiousness ; 
 means, riches, resources ; provisions ; 
 number, multitude ; cdpiae ,ipl., gener- 
 ally, military forces, troops, an army. 
 
 copiosus, a, um, adj. {copia). 
 Well supplied, rich, well stocked, 
 copiously provided with. 
 
 coram, adv. Face to face; in 
 private, M. L. 22. 
 
 Cordfiba, ae, f. Cordova, a town 
 in Spain, A. 10. 
 
 Corfidius, ii, m. L. Corfidius, a 
 friend of Ligarius, L. 11. 
 
 Corinthus, i, f. Corinth, a cele- 
 brated city of Greece, M. L. 5. 
 
 Cornelius, ii, m. The name of a 
 Roman gens, iii. C. 4. 
 
 Cornelius, a, um, adj. {Corne- 
 lius). Cornelian; leges Corneliae, 
 laws in the interest of the aristocracy 
 proposed by L. Cornelius Sulla, P. 7. 
 
 corpus, oris, n. The body, corpse, 
 person. 
 
 corrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, v. tr. 
 (cum, rego). To correct, amend, 
 improve, i. C. 9. 
 
 corroboro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cum, roboro, from robur). To 
 strengthen, support, i. C. 12 ; iii. C. 11. 
 
 cor rum po, ere, rupi, rvptum,\. tr. 
 (cum, rumpo). To break, destroy, 
 damage, injure, corrupt, ii. C. 4. 
 
 corruo, Sre, rui, v. intr. (cum, 
 ruo). To fall together, fall, ii. C. 10. 
 
 corruptela, ae, f. (corrumpo). 
 Corruption, seduction, seductive arts, 
 i. C. 6 ; bribery. 
 
 corruptor, oris, m. (corrumpo). 
 A corrupter, misleader, seducer. 
 
 Cotta, ae, m. L. Aurelius Cottd, 
 consul 65 b. c, iii. C. 8. 
 
 Crassus, i, m. L. Crassus, a cel- 
 ebrated orator, consul 95 b. c, A. 3 ; 
 P. Licinius Crassus, censor 89 b. c, 
 A. 5. 
 
 creber, bra, brum, adj. Frequent, 
 numerous, crowded. 
 
 crebro, adv. (creber). Frequently, 
 often. 
 
 credibilis, e, adj. (credo). Credi- 
 ble, M, 7. 
 
 credibillter, adv. (credibilis). 
 Credibly, D. 6. 
 
 credo, ere, didi, ditum, v. intr. 
 and tr. To believe, trust, rely upon ; 
 to think, imagine; to entrust, com- 
 mit, consign. 
 
 credulus, a, um, adj. (credo). 
 Credulous, P. 12. 
 
 cresco, ere, crevi, cretum, v. intr. 
 To grow, increase, augment. 
 
 Cretenses, ium, m. pi. (Creta, 
 Crete). The Cretans, inhabitants of 
 the island of Crete or Candia, M. L.12. 
 
 crevi, perf. from cerno ; also from 
 cresco. 
 
 crimen, inis, n. A charge, accu- 
 sation, imputation; crime, offence, 
 fault. 
 
 crlminor, ari, dtus sum, v. dep. 
 (crimen). To accuse ; to allege. 
 
 crlminose, adv. (crimindsus) . By 
 way of accusation, reproachfully. 
 
 crimindsus, a, um, adj. (crimen). 
 Criminating, criminal, involving 
 crime or censure, L. 2. 
 
 cruciatus, us, m. (crucio, to cru- 
 cify). Torment, torture, pain, suf- 
 fering, anguish. 
 
 crudelis, e, adj. Cruel, unmer- 
 ciful. 
 
 crudelitas, atis, f. (crudelis). 
 
CRUDELITER— DEBITUS 
 
 321 
 
 Cruelty, severity, barbarity. 
 
 crudeliter, adv. (crudelis). In a 
 cruel manner, cruelly. 
 
 cruentus, a, um, adj. Bloody, 
 blood-stained. 
 
 .crux, cruris, f. A cross, D. 9. 
 
 ciibiculum, i, n. (ciibo, to lie 
 down). A sleeping-room, bed-room. 
 
 ciiblle, is, n. (cubo, to lie down). 
 A bed, couch. 
 
 culpa, ae, f . Fault, guilt, blame, 
 crime. 
 
 cultura, ae, f. (colo). Cultiva- 
 tion, culture ; agri cultura, agricul- 
 ture, M. L. 6. 
 
 cum, prep, with abl. G. 184, 6. 
 With, together with, among ; at the 
 same time with. 
 
 cum, conj. G. 517. When, as, 
 after, as soon as, while ; because, 
 siuce ; although ; cum . . . turn, 
 while ... so also ; not only . . . 
 but also : cum primum, as soon as. 
 
 cumiilo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cumulus). To increase, augment, 
 add to, i. C. 6. 
 
 cumulus, i, m. A heap ; addi- 
 tion, increase, M. 11, 
 
 cunctus, a, .m, adj. (=conjunc- 
 tus). All together, all, whole. 
 
 cupiditas, dtis, f . (cupidus). De- 
 sire, wish, longing ; affection ; en- 
 thusiasm, party-spirit ; avarice. 
 
 cupidus, a, um, adj. (cupio). 
 Desirous, eager, fond ; avaricious. 
 
 cupio, ere, Ivi or %%, Hum, v. tr. 
 To desire, wish, long for. 
 
 cur, adv. Why ? wherefore ? for 
 what purpose ? 
 
 cura, ae, f. (quaero). Care, atten- 
 tion, diligence, anxiety ; solicitude. 
 
 curia, ae, f. The senate-house. 
 
 Curio, onis, m. C. Scribonius 
 Curio, consul 76 B.C., M. L. 23. 
 
 euro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (cura). 
 To care for, provide for, attend to, 
 take care ; with Gerundive, to order, 
 cause to be done. 
 
 curriculum, i, n. (curro, to run). 
 A career, course, A. 11. 
 
 currus, us, m. (curro, to run). 
 A car, chariot. 
 
 cursus, us, m. (curro, to run). 
 Running, speed ; course, march, 
 progress, career. 
 
 custodia, ae, f. (citstodio). A 
 watching, guard, care, custody, 
 charge; a custom-house, M.L.6; cus- 
 todiae, pi., guards; custom-houses. 
 
 custodio, Ire, ivi or ii, Hum, v. tr. 
 (cusios). To guard, keep watch over, 
 secure. 
 
 custos, bdis, m. and f. A guard, 
 watch, keeper, attendant. 
 
 Cyzlceui, drum, m. pi. (Cyzi- 
 cum). The Cyzicenians, inhabit- 
 ants of Cyzicum or Cyzicus, a city 
 of Mysia, on the Propontis, A. 9. 
 
 D. Abbr. for Decimus. 
 
 damnatio, onis, f. (damno). 
 Condemnation, A. 5. 
 
 damno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (damnum). To condemn, doom, 
 sentence. 
 
 damnum, i, n. A penalty. 
 
 datus, a,r<m,part,.from ^o.iii.C.2. 
 
 de, prep, with abl. 1. Of space: 
 from, away from; de populo, from 
 among the people. 2. Or time: di- 
 rectly after, in, by, in the course of, 
 during; de tertia vigilia, in the third 
 watch. 3. Of other relations : 
 from, of, concerning, in regard to, 
 in respect to, for, on account of, by ; 
 de vita, at peril of life. 
 
 debeo, ere, ui, Hum, v. tr. (de, 
 habeo). To owe; toith inf., to be in 
 duty bound ; to deserve ; to have 
 good reason, iii. C. 7; debeo, I ought; 
 pass., to be due. 
 
 debllis, e, adj. (de, habilis, man- 
 ageable). Feeble, weak, impotent. 
 
 debilito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (debilis). To debilitate, weaken; to 
 impair, embarrass, D. 2. 
 
 debitus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (debeo). Due, deserved, merited. 
 
322 
 
 DECEDO - DELECTO 
 
 de-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. intr. 
 To go from, depart, withdraw. 
 
 decern, num. adj. Ten. 
 
 de-cerno, ere, crevi, cretum,v.tv. 
 To think, judge, conclude, deliberate, 
 resolve,determine,decide, pronounce, 
 settle; to decree, vote, appoint; to 
 fight, contend. 
 
 de-cerpo, ere, psi, ptum, v. tr. 
 (carpo, to pick). To take away, de- 
 tract from, M. 2. 
 
 decet, ere, dScuit, v. impers. It 
 is becoming, fitting, suitable, M. 10. 
 
 decimus, a, tint, adj. (decern). 
 Tenth. 
 
 Decimus, i, m. A Roman prae- 
 nomen. 
 
 de-claro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cldro, to make clear). To make 
 clear, declare, announce. 
 
 declinatio, dnis, f. (declino, to 
 bend off). A bending or turning 
 aside, \. C. 6. 
 
 decoctor, oris, m. (deedquo, to 
 become bankrupt). A bankrupt; a 
 spendthrift, ii. C. 3. 
 
 decoro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (decus, ornament) . To grace, honor. 
 
 decretum, i, n. (decerno). A de- 
 cree, resolution, decision, resolve. 
 
 decuma, ae, f. (=decima). The 
 tenth part, tithe, M. L. 6. 
 
 decuria, ae, f. (decern). A dec- 
 uiy, class, P. 8. 
 
 de-decus, oris, n. (decus, orna- 
 ment). Disgrace, dishonor, infamy, 
 shame. 
 
 dedi. See do. 
 
 de-dico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (di- 
 co, to dedicate) . To dedicate, conse- 
 crate, A. 8. 
 
 deditio, dnis, f. (dedo). Surren- 
 der, capitulation. 
 
 deditus, a, urn, part, and adj. 
 {dedo). Devoted. 
 
 de-do, Sre, didi, ditum, v. tr. (do, 
 to place, found only in compounds). 
 To give up, yield, surrender, deliver ; 
 to consign, devote. 
 
 de-duco, $re, duxi, ductum, v. tr. 
 
 To lead or bring away; to lead or 
 bring down ; to convey, conduct, re- 
 move, withdraw, lead out, bring ; to 
 induce, lead, influence. 
 
 de-fatlgo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (fatigo, to weary) . To make weary, 
 tire out, fatigue, exhaust. 
 
 defendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. To 
 ward off, repel, keep off; to defend, 
 protect. 
 
 de-f ero, ferre, tali, latum, v. tr. 
 To bear or bring away, carry, convey ; 
 to tell, inform, report; to produce, 
 offer, present, bring in, bring for- 
 ward, state, report; to confer upon, 
 bestow. 
 
 defessus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (defetiscor, to grow weary). Wea- 
 ried, tired out, fatigued, exhausted. 
 
 de-ficio, ere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (facio). To fail, fall away 
 from, separate from, revolt. 
 
 de-figo, ere,fixi,fixum, v. tr. To 
 drive down, fasten, fix, plant. 
 
 de-f in io, ire, ivi or ii, Itum, v. tr. 
 (finio, to limit) . To set bounds to, 
 define, determine, restrict. 
 
 de-flagro, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 and tr. To be burned up, burn, be 
 consumed or perish by fire ; to burn 
 up, consume, iv. C. 6. 
 
 de-inde, adv. Then, afterwards, 
 next. 
 
 Deiotarus, i. m. See Introduc- 
 tion to the Oration for Deiotarus. 
 
 de-jicio, ere, jeci, jectum, v. tr. 
 (jacio) . To throw down, cast down, 
 cast off, dislodge, drive, turn aside ; 
 to precipitate ; to destroy, kill ; to de- 
 prive of, disappoint. 
 
 de-labor, i, lapsus sum, v. dep. 
 To come down, descend, M. L. 14. 
 
 delatus, a, um, part, from defero. 
 
 delectatio, dnis, f. (delecto). 
 Amusement, entertainment, A. 7 ; en- 
 joyment. 
 
 delecto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 (delicio, to entice) . To allure, please, 
 delight; pass., to delight in, find 
 pleasure in. 
 
DELECTUS — DESERTUS 
 
 323 
 
 delectus, a, um, part, from deligo. 
 
 delectus, us, m. (dehgo). A 
 choice, selection ; a levy of soldiers. 
 
 deleo, ere, evi, etum, v. tr. To de- 
 stroy, blot out, erase, overthrow. 
 
 deliberatio, onis, f. (delibero). 
 Deliberation, consideration, M. L. 10. 
 
 delibero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (libra, to poise). To ponder, con- 
 sider, deliberate. 
 
 dellcatus, a, um, adj. (dellciae, 
 delight). Luxurious, voluptuous, 
 wanton, ii. C. 10. 
 
 delictum, i, n. (delinquo, to fail). 
 A crime, offence, fault. 
 
 de-ligo, ere, legi, ledum, v. tr. 
 (lego). To select, choose; to levy; 
 to detail. 
 
 Delos, i, f. An island in the 
 Aegean Sea, M. L. 18. 
 
 delubrum, i, n. (deluo, to wash). 
 A shrine, temple. 
 
 de-mens, entis, adj. Demented, 
 bereft of reason, crazy, insane, fool- 
 ish. 
 
 dementer, adv. (demens). Fool- 
 ishly, madly, iii. C. 9. 
 
 dementia, ae, f. (demens). Mad- 
 ness, folly, want of reason. 
 
 de-migro, are, aci, atum, v. intr. 
 (migro, to remove). To move from, 
 remove, go away, depart, withdraw. 
 
 de-mlnuo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. 
 To diminish, lessen; to take away 
 from, weaken, impair. 
 
 deminutio, onis, f. (deminuo). 
 A diminution, loss, iii. C. 10. 
 
 de-monstro, are, aci, atum, v. tr. 
 (monstro, to show). To point out, 
 show, demonstrate; to name, desig- 
 nate ; to declare, state, mention. 
 
 denium, adv. At length, at last, 
 finally. 
 
 de-nego, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 deny, refuse. 
 
 denique, adv. And then ; at last, 
 at length, finally; in short. 
 
 de-noto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 mark out, point out, M. L. 3. 
 
 de-nuntio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 
 To announce, declare, intimate ; to 
 menace, threaten. 
 
 de-pello, ere, puli, pulsum, v. tr. 
 To drive out or away ; to remove, re- 
 pel, dislodge ; to ward off, avert, over- 
 throw. 
 
 de-pendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
 (pendo, to weigh) . To weigh out, pay. 
 
 de-ploro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ploro, to wail). To deplore, bewail, 
 lament, iv. C. 2. 
 
 de-pono, ere, posui,pdsitum, v. tr. 
 To lay aside, put away ; to place, de- 
 posit ; to lay down, give up. 
 
 de-porto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (porto, to carry). To carry off, con- 
 vey away, bring off. 
 
 de-posco, ere, poposci, v. tr. (pos- 
 co, to demand) . To demand, require, 
 request. 
 
 deposltus, a, um, part, from de- 
 pono. 
 
 de-pravo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (pravus, perverse). To pervert, se- 
 duce, corrupt, lead astray. 
 
 deprecator, oris, m. (deprecor). 
 An intercessor, mediator, agent. 
 
 de-precor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
 To avert by pra)-er, avert, pray for 
 deliverance from ; to beseech, im- 
 plore, intercede. 
 
 de-prehendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
 To seize, capture ; to discover, find ; 
 to surprise, detect, grasp. 
 
 de-primo, ere, pressi, pressum, v. 
 tr. (premo). To sink ; to depress. 
 
 de-promo, ere, mpsi, mptum,v. tr. 
 (promo, to take). To draw out, take 
 from, draw. 
 
 depulsus, a, um, part, from de- 
 pello. 
 
 de-relinquo, ere, liqui, lictum, v. 
 tr. To forsake, abandon, i. C. 10. 
 
 de-scribo, ere, psi, ptum, v. tr. 
 To mark out, divide ; to assign, ap- 
 point. 
 
 de-sero, ere, send, sertum, v. tr. 
 (scro, to join). To leave, forsake, 
 abandon, desert, forfeit. 
 
 desertus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 
324 
 
 DESIDERIUM — DII 
 
 (desero). Deserted; solitary, unin- 
 habited, desert, remote. 
 
 desiderium, ii, n. (desidero). A 
 longing for, grief for the loss or ab- 
 sence of, desire to see ; grief, regret. 
 
 desidero, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
 To long for, desire ; to miss, feel the 
 want of; to lose. 
 
 de-signo, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
 (signo, to mark). To mark out, des- 
 ignate ; to appoint, choose ; consul 
 designatus, consul elect. 
 
 de-slno, ere, ivi ovii, Mum, v. intr. 
 To cease, desist, i. C. 7. 
 
 de-sisto, ere, stiti, stitum, v. intr. 
 (sisto, to stand) . To leave off, desist, 
 cease. 
 
 desperatio, onis, f. (despero). 
 Despair, desperation. 
 
 desperatus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (despero). Despaired of, desperate. 
 
 de-spero, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
 and intr. To despair, despair of, 
 despond, lose confidence in. 
 
 de-stringo, ere, strinxi, strictum, 
 v. tr. (stringo, to draw). To strip 
 off; to unsheathe, draw. 
 
 de-sum, esse, fid, v. intr. To be 
 wanting, fail, be absent. 
 
 detestabilis, e, adj. (detestor). 
 Execrable, abominable, detestable. 
 
 de-testor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
 To imprecate ; to deprecate, refute. 
 
 de-traho, ere, traxi, tractum, v.tr. 
 To draw off, remove ; to take from 
 or away, withdraw ; to refuse, detract. 
 
 detrimental!!, i, n. (detero, to di- 
 minish). Loss, damage, injury, det- 
 riment; defeat, overthrow. 
 
 detiili. See defero. 
 
 deus, i, m. G. 52, 2. A god, deity. 
 
 devectus, a, um, part, from de- 
 veho. 
 
 de-veho, Sre, vexi, vectum, v. tr. 
 (veho, to carry). To carry or convey 
 away ; to carry, convey. 
 
 de-verto, ere, ti, sum, v. intr. To 
 turn aside, betake one's self, D. G. 
 
 de-vineio, ire, vinxi, vinctum, v. 
 tr- To bind, attach, connect, A. 3. 
 
 de-vinco, ere, vici, victum, v. tr. 
 To conquer, subdue, subjugate, over- 
 come. 
 
 devinctus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (devincio) . Bound to, devoted. 
 
 de-vdeo, are, dvi, dtum y v. tr. To 
 call away, call aside. 
 
 de-voveo, ere, vovi, votum, v. tr, 
 (voveo, to vow). To vow, devote. 
 
 dextera, ae, f. (dexter, right). 
 The right hand. 
 
 di, dis, insep. prep. G. 308. 
 
 dico, ere, dixi, dictum, v. tr. To 
 say, tell, mention; to speak; to ap- 
 point, name; to pronounce, deliver; 
 causam dicere, to make a defence,A.4. 
 
 dictator, oris, m. (dicto, from 
 dico). A dictator. 
 
 dictatura, ae, f. (dicto, from dico). 
 The office of dictator, dictatorship. 
 
 dictito, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 (dicto, from dico). To say continu- 
 ally, often, or emphatically; to de- 
 clare, maintain, assert, ii. C. 7. 
 
 dictum, i, n. (dico). A word, 
 saying, command; dicto audientes 
 esse, to be obedient, D. 8. 
 
 didlci. See disco. 
 
 dies, ei, m. and f. G. 123. A day; 
 time, duration ; in dies, from day to 
 day, daily, clay after clay. 
 
 differo, ferre, distuli, dildtum, v. 
 tr. and intr. (dis, fero). To put off, 
 defer ; to differ. 
 
 difflcllis, e, adj. G. 163, 2. (dis, 
 facilis). Difficult, troublesome. 
 
 difficultas, dtis, f. (difficllis). 
 Difficulty, trouble, perplexity. 
 
 diffido, ere, fisus sum, v. semi- 
 dep. (dis, fi do). To distrust, despair 
 of; to despond. 
 
 diffluo, ere, fluxi, v. intr. (dis, 
 fiuo, to flow). To dissolve, go to 
 ruin, M. 8. 
 
 dignitas, dtis, f. (dignus). Dig- 
 nity, merit, worth, authority, rank, 
 office, position. 
 
 dignus, a, um, adj. Worthy, de- 
 serving, suitable. 
 
 dii. See deus. G. 51, 6. 
 
DIJUDICO — DISSIMILIS 
 
 325 
 
 di-judico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To judge, decide, determine. 
 
 ill-labor, i, lapsus sum, v. dep. 
 To fall asunder, M. 8. 
 
 ililatio, onis, f. {differo). A de- 
 ferring, adjournment, M. L. 1. 
 
 dilatus, a, tint, part, from differo. 
 
 dillgens, entis, adj. {diligo). 
 Careful, assiduous, diligent ; accurate, 
 scrupulous. 
 
 dlllgenter, adv. {dillgens). With 
 care, carefully, attentively, punctu- 
 ally, accurately. 
 
 dlligentia, ae, f. {dillgens') . Care- 
 fulness, attentiveness, diligence. 
 
 di-ligo, ere, lexi, ledum, v. tr. 
 {lego). To value, esteem; to love. 
 
 dilucesco, ere, luxi, v. intr. incep. 
 {diluceo, to be light). To grow light ; 
 impers., day dawns, iii. C. 3. 
 
 di-metior, iri, mensus sum, v. dep. 
 To measure otf, terminate. 
 
 dimicatio, onis, f. {dimico). A 
 combat, contest, struggle. 
 
 di-mico, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 {mico, to move quickly). To fight, 
 struggle, contend. 
 
 dl-mitto, ere, misi, missum, v. tr. 
 To send away, send forth, send out; 
 to dismiss, let go; to discharge, re- 
 lease. 
 
 direptio, onis, f. {diripio). A 
 plundering, pillaging, i. C. 7. 
 
 direptor, oris, m. {diripio). A 
 plunderer, pillager, ii. C. 9. 
 
 direptus, a, urn, part, from diripio. 
 
 dl-ripio, ere, ripui, reptum, v. tr. 
 {rdpio). To tear asunder; to lay 
 waste, ravage, plunder, pillage. 
 
 dis, di, insep. prep. G. 308. 
 
 dis-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. 
 Jntr. To go apart; to depart, go 
 away, march from, withdraw. 
 
 disceptatio, onis, f. {discepto). 
 Debate, discussion, D. 2. 
 
 dis-cepto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 and intr. {capto, from capio). To de- 
 cide, determine, D. 2. 
 
 dis-cerno, ere, crevi, cretum, v.tr. 
 To distinguish ; to separate. 
 
 22 
 
 discessus, us, m. {discedo). Sep- 
 aration ; departure. 
 
 discldium, ii, n. (discindo, to di- 
 vide). A parting, separation; dissen- 
 sion. 
 
 disciplina, ae, f. {discipUlus, a 
 learner). Instruction, learning, 
 knowledge, science ; discipline, usage, 
 system, training. 
 
 disco, ere, didici, v. tr. To learn, 
 study, become acquainted with. 
 
 discordia, ae, f. {discors, discor- 
 dant). Disagreement, dissension, 
 discord, P. 1. 
 
 di-scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptum, 
 v. tr. To mark out, divide ; to as- 
 sign, appoint. 
 
 discrlmeii, inis, n. Separation, 
 distinction; a decisive point, critical 
 moment or situation, crisis ; danger, 
 risk, hazard, peril. 
 
 disjunctus, a, urn, part, and adj. 
 {dis-jungo). Widely separated, dis- 
 tant, remote, M. L. 4. 
 
 di-spergo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. 
 (spargo) . To scatter about, scatter. 
 
 dis-pertio, ire, ivi or ii, Uum, v. tr. 
 (partio, to part). To distribute, di- 
 vide, iv. C. 4. 
 
 dis-][diceo, ere, id, Uum, v. intr. 
 (pldcco). To displease; sibi displi- 
 eere, to be dissatisfied or vexed with 
 one's self, P. 5. 
 
 dis-puto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To discuss, debate, argue. 
 
 dis-semlno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 {semino, to sow). To disseminate, 
 scatter, spread abroad, iv. C 3 ; A.12. 
 
 dissensio, onis, f. {dissentio). 
 Difference of opinion, disagreement, 
 dissension, dispute, discord, strife, 
 quarrel. 
 
 dis-sentio, ire, sensi, sensum, v. 
 intr. To differ in opinion ; to disagi-ee, 
 dissent, differ ; to dispute. 
 
 dis-sideo, ere, sedi, sessum, v. intr. 
 {sedeo, to sit). To be at variance, 
 disagree, M. 10. 
 
 dis-similis, e, adj. Unlike, dif- 
 ferent, dissimilar, ii. C. 5. 
 
326 
 
 DISSIMILITUDO — DOMO 
 
 dissimilitude, inis, f. (dissim- 
 ilis). Diversity, unlikeness, M. 1. 
 
 dis-simulo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (si'rowfo, to make like). To dissem- 
 ble, disguise ; to hide, conceal. 
 
 dissipo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 scatter, disperse. 
 
 dissolutio, onis, f. (dissolvo). A 
 destroying - , abrogation, annulling. 
 
 dissolutus, a,um, adj. [dissolvo). 
 Remiss, lax, negligent. 
 
 dis-solvo, ere, solvi, solutum, v. tr. 
 To destroy, annul, abrogate, P. 7 ; 
 dissolvi, pass., to be set free or to free 
 one's self from debt, ii. C. 8. 
 
 dis-traho, ere, traxi, tr actum, v.tr. 
 To draw asunder, separate, divide, 
 disjoin ; to involve in strife. 
 
 dis-tribuo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. 
 To distribute, divide ; to assign. 
 
 di-stringo, ere, nxi, ctum, v. tr. 
 (stringo, to bind). To occupy, en- 
 gage, employ, distract, M. L. 4. 
 
 distuli. See differo. 
 
 dis-turbo, are, avi, atum, v- tr. 
 {turbo, to disturb). To disturb, de- 
 molish, destroy, P. 5. 
 
 diu, diutius, diutissime, adv. (dies). 
 For a long time, a long time, long ; 
 quam diu, as long as. 
 
 diuturnitas, atis, f. (diuturnus). 
 Long continuance, length of time. 
 
 diuturnus, a, um, adj. (diu). Of 
 long duration, lasting, long. 
 
 di-vello, ere, velli, vulsum, v. tr. 
 (vello, to pluck). To tear away, sep- 
 arate, ii. C. 10. 
 
 dlversus, a, um, adj. (di-verto). 
 Turned different ways, separated, op- 
 posite ; unlike, different, diverse, re- 
 mote. 
 
 divido, ere, visi, visum, v. tr. To 
 divide. 
 
 diviiutus, adv. (divinus). By 
 divine providence, direction, or influ- 
 ence, providentially. 
 
 divino, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (di- 
 vinus). To divine, foresee, L. 12. 
 
 divinus, a, um, adj. (divus, di- 
 vine). Divine, godlike. 
 
 divisus, a, um, pai't. and adj 
 (divido). Divided, separated, ex- 
 tended, M. L. 11. 
 
 divitiae, arum, f. pi. (dives, rich) . 
 Riches, wealth, M. L. 18. 
 
 do, are, dedi, datum, v. tr. To 
 give, give up; to grant, present, 
 offer; to occasion, furnish, bestow; 
 aures dare, to listen, pay attention to. 
 
 doceo, ere, ui, turn, v. tr. To 
 teach, instruct, show, indicate, in- 
 form, tell. 
 
 doctrina, ae, f. (ddceo). Learn- 
 ing, knowledge ; study, A. 6. 
 
 doctus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (doceo). Instructed, learned, A. 7. 
 
 Dolabella, ae, m. P. Cornelius 
 Dolabella, colleague of Antony in 
 the consulship after the death of 
 Caesar, P. 2. 
 
 doleo, ere, ui, itum, v.tr. and intr. 
 To grieve, deplore, lament, regret. 
 
 dolor, oris, m. (doleo). Grief, 
 sorrow, pain, distress, anguish, trou- 
 ble, vexation, mortification. 
 
 domesticus, a, um, adj. (ddmus). 
 Domestic, familiar, private, civil; 
 domestici parietes, the walls of a pri- 
 vate house, D. 2; ddmestici, drum, 
 m. pi., those of one's family or house- 
 hold. P. 13. 
 
 domicilium, ii, n. (ddmus). A 
 dwelling, habitation, abode, resi- 
 dence, home. 
 
 domlna, ae, f. (ddmus). A mis- 
 tress, ruler, M. 2. 
 
 dominatio, onis, f. (dominor, 
 from dominus). Rule, dominion; 
 power, ii. C. 9. 
 
 domlnatus, us, m. (dominor, from 
 dominus). The position of master, 
 D. 11 ; rule, tyranny, P. 6; P. 14. 
 
 dominus, i, m. (ddmus). A mas- 
 ter. 
 
 Domitius, ii, m. Cn. Domitius 
 Ahenobarbus, consul 96 B. C, D. 11 ; 
 Cn. Domitius Calvinus, a commander 
 in Asia for Caesar, D. 5 ; D. 9 ; D. 11. 
 
 domo, are, ui, itum, v. tr. To 
 subdue, vanquish, overcome, M. 3. 
 
DOMUS — EFFLAGITO 
 
 327 
 
 domus,us audi, f. G. 119, 1. A 
 house, home ; a family ; domi, at 
 home ; domum, homeward, to one's 
 home ; dumo, from home. 
 
 ddno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (do- 
 num). To present, bestow, grant, 
 confer, ^ive. 
 
 donum, i, n. (do). A gift, present. 
 
 dormiens, entis, adj. (dormio). 
 Sleepy, inactive, dull, ii. C. 5. 
 
 dormio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. intr. 
 To sleep. 
 
 Dorylaus, i, m. Dorylaus, an 
 ambassador of Deiotarus, D. 15. 
 
 Drusus, i,m. M. Livius Drusus, 
 a tribune of the people, A. 3. 
 
 dubltatio, onis, f. (dublto). 
 Doubt, uncertainty, hesitation, hesi- 
 tancy. 
 
 dublto, are, avi, atum, v. intr. To 
 doubt, hesitate, delay. 
 
 dubiiis, a, um, adj. (duo). Doubt- 
 ful, uncertain; dubium, ii, n. used 
 substantively, sine dubio, without 
 doubt, doubtless, indisputably, cer- 
 tainly, ii. C. 1 ; in dubium vocare, to 
 call in question, D. 14. 
 
 duco, ere, duxi, ductum, v. tr. To 
 lead, conduct, bring, draw ; to derive ; 
 to consider, think, regard. 
 
 ductus, us, m. (duco). The lead, 
 generalship, command. 
 
 dudum, adv. (diu, dum). Be- 
 fore, formerly ; jam dudum, for a 
 long time, long since, long ago. 
 
 duint, pres. subj. 3 plur. from do. 
 G. 240, 3 ; i. C. 9. 
 
 dulcedo, inis, f. (dulcis). Sweet- 
 ness, A. 10. 
 
 dulcis, e, adj. Sweet, agreeable, 
 delightful, iv. C. 7. 
 
 dum, conj. "While, as long as, 
 until ; provided, if. 
 
 dumtaxat, adv. Only, simply, 
 merely, M. 7. 
 
 duo, ap, o, num. adj. G. 175. Two. 
 
 dud-decim, num. adj. (decern). 
 Twelve. 
 
 duo-declmus, a, um, num. adj. 
 Twelfth. 
 
 duplex, icis, adj. (duo, pllco, to 
 fold). Twofold, double. 
 
 durus, a, um, adj. Hard, rough, 
 severe ; rude, unfeeling, insensible. 
 
 dux, dilcis, m. and f. (duco). A 
 leader, commander, general. 
 
 E. 
 
 e or ex, prep, with abl. See ex. 
 
 ebriosus, a, um, adj. (ebrius). 
 Drunken, sottish, given to drunken- 
 ness, ii. C. 5. 
 
 ebrius, a, um, adj. Drunk, drunk- 
 en, intoxicated, D. 9. 
 
 ecce, interj. Lo ! behold ! 
 
 ecqui, quae or qua, quod, adj. in- 
 terrog. Any ? M. L. 23. 
 
 ecquid, adv. interrog. (ecquis, 
 whether any ?) G. 188, II. 3. At 
 all ? i. C. 8. 
 
 eculeus, i, m. (equus). A rack. 
 
 e-dico, ere, dixi, dictum, v. tr. 
 To declare, make known ; to order, 
 command ; to publish or issue an edict. 
 
 edictum, i, n. (edico). An edict, 
 proclamation, ordinance, ii. C. 3. 
 
 edltus, a, um, part, from edo. 
 
 e-do, ere, didi, ditum, v. tr. (do, 
 to place, found only in compounds) . 
 To give out, make known, publish ; 
 to exhibit ; to record. 
 
 e-doceo, ere, ui, turn, v. tr. To 
 teach, instruct; to inform; to make 
 known, tell. 
 
 e-duco, ere, duxi, ductum, v. tr. 
 To lead forth, draw out ; to take. 
 
 effero, ferre, extuli, elatum, v. tr. 
 (ex, fero) . To bear or carry out ; to 
 bring forth, produce, bear, bring ; to 
 extol, celebrate ; to set forth, publish. 
 
 effieio, ere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
 (ex, facio) . To bring to pass, effect, 
 execute ; to make, construct, produce, 
 accomplish ; to cause, render, occa- 
 sion. 
 
 effigies, ei, f. (effingo, to form). 
 A likeness, portrait, A. 12. 
 
 effiaglto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 
328 
 
 EFFKENATUS — ERIPIO 
 
 (ex, flagtto) . To demand or ask ur- 
 gently, to request earnestly, L. 2. 
 
 effrenatus, a, um, adj. (effreno, to 
 unbridle). Unbridled, unrestrained. 
 
 effugio, ere,fugi, fugltum, v. intr. 
 and tr. (ex, fugio). To flee away, 
 escape ; to avoid, shun. 
 
 effundo, ere, fudi, fusum, v. tr. 
 (ex, /undo). To pour forth; to 
 squander, lavish, waste, P. 7 ; pass, 
 with reflexive force, to pour forth, 
 pour or rush out, D. 4. 
 
 egens, entis, adj. (egeo). Needy, 
 in want, poor. 
 
 egeo, ere, ui, v. intr. To be in 
 need ; to be without, lack, be destitute 
 of, need. 
 
 egestas, atis, f. (egeo). Want, 
 poverty, need. 
 
 egi. See ago. 
 
 ego, mei, pers. pron. I ; egomet, 
 I myself. G. 184, 3. 
 
 e-gredior, i, gressus sum, v. dep. 
 (gradior, to step). To go out from ; 
 to march forth, depart from, leave, 
 go forth, depart. 
 
 e-gregius, a, um, adj. (grex). 
 Distinguished, excellent, admirable, 
 eminent, remarkable. 
 
 e-jlcio, ere, jeci, jectum, v. tr. 
 (jacio). To cast out, drive out or 
 away, drive, banish, expel ; to strand ; 
 se ejicere, to remove one's self. 
 
 e-labor, i, lapsus sum, v. dep. To 
 slip away, slip, escape, get clear. 
 
 e-laboro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To labor, exert one's self, take 
 pains ; to work out, elaborate. 
 
 elatus, a, um, part, from effero. 
 
 e-llcio, ere, ui, itum, v. tr. (lacio, 
 to entice) . To bring out, elicit. 
 
 e-ligo, ere, lexi, tectum, v. tr. 
 (lego). To pick out, select, choose. 
 
 e-ludo, ere, si, sum, v. intr. (ludo, 
 to sport). To sport, jeer, display 
 mockery. 
 
 e-luo, ere, lui, lutum, v. tr. (luo, to 
 wash). To wash out, efface, remove, 
 get rid of, P. 8. 
 
 e-mergo, ere, mersi, mersum, v. 
 
 intr. (mergo, to dip). To extricate 
 one's self, come forth, emerge, get 
 clear, ii. C. 10. 
 
 e-mitto, ere, mist, missum, v. tr. 
 To send out, send forth ; to let out, 
 let go, allow to go. 
 
 e-morior, i, mortuus sum, v. dep. 
 To die, i. C. 8. 
 
 en, interj. Lo ! behold ! D. 6. 
 
 e-narro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (narro, to tell). To narrate, detail. 
 
 enim, conj. For; in fact, indeed. 
 
 Ennius, ii, m. Q. Ennius, the 
 father of Roman poetry, born in Ca- 
 labria 239 b. c. 
 
 e-numero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To reckon up, enumerate, count, 
 number, D. 4. 
 
 eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. intr. To 
 go, march, proceed ; to pass. 
 
 eo, adv. (is). To that place, thith- 
 er, there ; to such a degi-ee, to such 
 an extent ; to the end, to the purpose. 
 
 eodem, adv. (idem). To the 
 same tiling, to the same place, to this. 
 
 Ephesus, i, f. Ephesus, a city 
 of Ionia, D. 5. 
 
 epigramma, atis, n. (a Greek 
 word). An epigram, A. 10. 
 
 eques, ttis, m. (eguus). A rider, 
 horseman ; a knight, one of the order 
 of equites or knights, holding a rank 
 between the senators and the ple- 
 beians. 
 
 equldem, adv. Verily, indeed. 
 
 equitatus,ws, m. (equito). A body 
 of horsemen, cavalry, horsemen. 
 
 equito, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (eques). To ride on horseback; to 
 ride, D. 10. 
 
 equus, i, m. A horse. 
 
 erectus, a, um, part, and adj. (er- 
 igo). Elevated, high, upright, lofty. 
 
 erga, prep, with ace. Towards. 
 
 ergo, conj. Therefore, then. 
 
 e-rigo, ere, rexi, rectum, v. tr. 
 (rego). To set up, raise, erect, ani- 
 mate, encourage. 
 
 e-rlpio, ere, ripui, reptum, v. tr. 
 (rdpio) . To snatch o\it or away, tear 
 
ERRATUM — EXCITO 
 
 329 
 
 iway, rescue, liberate, free ; to take 
 iway, take. 
 
 erratum, i, n. {erro). An error, 
 
 tistake, L. 1. 
 
 erro, are, avi, atum, v. intr. To 
 
 inder, stray ; to wander from the 
 
 ith, err, mistake. 
 
 error, oris, m. (erro). An error, 
 mistake, M. 5. 
 
 e-ructo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ructo, to belch). To belch forth, 
 talk of, ii. C. 5. 
 
 e-riidio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
 (rUdis). To instruct, teach, train. 
 
 eruditus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (erudio). Instructed, accomplished, 
 learned, A. 2. 
 
 e-rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum,Y. intr. 
 To burst forth, break forth or away. 
 
 e-scendo, ere, di, sum, v. intr. 
 (scando, to climb). To mount up, 
 ascend, M. L. 18. 
 
 et, conj. And, also, even; et . . . 
 et, both . . . and, not only . . . but 
 also. 
 
 et-enim, conj. For. 
 
 etiam, conj. and adv. (et,jam). 
 And also, also, furthermore, likewise, 
 besides; even, yet, still, indeed; 
 etiam atque etiam, again and again. 
 
 Etriiria, ae, f. Etruria, a country 
 of Italy. 
 
 et-si, conj. Even if, although. 
 
 e-vado, ere, si, sum, v. intr. (vado, 
 to go). To go from, escape, getaway. 
 
 eventus, us, m. (e-venio). An 
 occurrence, event, result, issue, fate. 
 
 eversio, onis, f. (everto). An 
 overthrowing, destruction, P. 2. 
 
 e-verto, ere, ti, sum, v. tr. To 
 overturn, overthrow, subvert, ruin, 
 destroy, i. C. 7. 
 
 evocator, oris, m. (evoco). One 
 who calls or incites to arms, an insti- 
 gator, i. C. 11. 
 
 e-voco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 call out, call forth ; to draw, entice ; 
 to summon, invite ; to invite to mili- 
 tary service. 
 
 e-vdlo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 
 (volo, to fly). To fly forth ; to rush 
 out. 
 
 e-vomo, ere, ui, itum, v. tr. To 
 vomit forth, cast out, throw up, ii. C.l. 
 
 ex or e, prep, with abl. G. 434, 3. 
 I. Of space : out of, from, away 
 from, down from ; ex hac parte, on 
 this side. II. Of time: immediately 
 after, directly after, after. III. Of 
 other relations : because, on ac- 
 count of, by, through, according to, 
 in accordance with, of, from, out of; 
 ex tempore, extemporaneously; ex 
 parte magna, in great measure. 
 
 exactus, a, um, part, from exigo. 
 
 ex-aggero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (aggero, to heap up). To heap up, 
 amass, accumulate, iv. C. 9. 
 
 exanimo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 {exanimis, lifeless). To deprive of 
 life, kill, destroy ; pass., to be ex- 
 hausted, be weakened ; to faint. 
 
 ex-ardesco, ere, arsi, arsum, v. 
 intr. (ardesco, to kindle). To kin- 
 dle, take fire ; to be inflamed, break 
 out. 
 
 ex-audio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
 To hear from a distance, overhear; 
 to hear, perceive, listen to. 
 
 ex-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. intr. 
 To go out, go away, depart, withdraw, 
 retire ; to emerge. 
 
 excellens, entis, adj. (excello). 
 Excellent, distinguished, surpassing. 
 
 ex-cello, ere, ui, v. intr. To be 
 eminent, surpass, excel. 
 
 excelsus, a, um, adj. {excello). 
 High, lofty, elevated. 
 
 ex-cido, ere, cidi, v. intr. (eddo). 
 To fall out or from, to fall, i. C. 6. 
 
 ex-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
 (cdpio) . To take out, except ; to take 
 up, receive ; to incur, meet ; to sus- 
 tain, undergo ; to surprise, intercept, 
 take captive, capture. 
 
 ex-cito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cito, to incite). To call forth, call 
 up, arouse, summon, excite ; to ani- 
 mate, incite, stimulate, impel ; to raise 
 up, restore- 
 
330 
 
 EXCLUDO — EXPLICO 
 
 ex-cludo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. 
 (claudo). To shut out, exclude. 
 
 ex-cdgito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To find out by thinking, think out, 
 think of; to contrive, devise. 
 
 ex-cdlo, ere, colui, cultum, v. tr. 
 To cultivate, improve, A. 6. 
 
 ex-criieio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 {crucio, to crucify). To torture, tor- 
 ment. 
 
 excubiae, arum, f. pi. (excubo, to 
 lie out of doors). A watch, guard. 
 
 excursio, onis,i. (excurro, to run 
 out). An excursion, sally, attack, 
 invasion. 
 
 excusatio, dnis, f. (excuso). An 
 excuse, apology, defence. 
 
 excuso, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ex, 
 causa). To excuse one's self. 
 
 exegi. See exigo. 
 
 exemplum, i, n. (exlmo, to take 
 out). An example, instance. 
 
 ex-eo, ire, ii, Uum, v. intr. To go 
 out or forth, go away, depart, with- 
 draw. 
 
 ex-erceo, ere, ui, Uum, v. tr. 
 {arced). To exercise, occupy, prac- 
 tise, train, employ; to conduct; of 
 the public revenues, to farm. 
 
 exercitatio, dnis, f. (exercito, to 
 exercise). Exercise, practice, use; 
 skill. 
 
 exercltatus, a, um, adj. (exercito, 
 to exercise). Exercised, trained, 
 practised, skilled, versed. 
 
 exercitus, us, m. (exerceo). An 
 army. 
 
 ex-haurio, ire, hausi, haustum, v. 
 tr. To draw out, take away, take 
 out, remove. 
 
 ex-Igo, ere, egi, actum, v. tr. (cLgo). 
 To complete, finish; to spend, pass; 
 to exact, collect. 
 
 exiguus, a, um, adj. (exigo). 
 Scanty, small, short, meagi'e, slight, 
 brief, limited. 
 
 exii. See exeo. 
 
 eximie, adv. (eximius). Exceed- 
 ingly, greatly, remarkably, A. 9. 
 
 eximius, a, um, adj. (exlmo, to 
 
 take out). Select, distinguished, re- 
 markable, excellent. 
 
 existlmatio, dnis, f. (existlmo). 
 Opinion, judgment, belief, reputation, 
 estimation. 
 
 existlmator, oris, m. (existlmo). 
 A judge. 
 
 ex-istlmo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (aesilmo, to value) . To judge, think, 
 suppose, consider, esteem, regard. 
 
 exitiosus, a, um, adj. (exitium). 
 Destructive, dangerous, deadly. 
 
 exitium, ii, n. (exeo). Destruc- 
 tion, ruin. 
 
 exitus, us, m. (exeo). A going 
 out, departure ; the issue, result, end, 
 conclusion. 
 
 ex-drior, iri, ortus sum, v. dep. 
 (orior, to rise). To start up, rise, 
 appear, D. 1. 
 
 ex-orno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To adorn, embellish, A. 11. 
 
 ex-6ro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 move, prevail upon, or persuade by 
 entreaty, D. 3. 
 
 exorsus, us, m. (ex-ordior). A 
 beginning, commencement, M. L. 4. 
 
 expedio, ire, ivi or ii, Uum, v. tr. 
 (ex, pes). To free, extricate, disen- 
 gage ; expedit, it is expedient, advan- 
 tageous, serviceable, profitable, use- 
 ful, M. 10. 
 
 ex-pello, ere, pilli, pulsum, v. tr. 
 To drive out or away, expel, eject, 
 remove. 
 
 experior, iri, pertus sum, v. dep. 
 To put to the test, experience, learn 
 or know by experience, P. 12. 
 
 ex-pers, ertis, adj. (pars). With' 
 out a part or share in, M. L. 19. 
 
 ex-peto, ere, petivi or petit, peti* 
 turn, v. tr. To seek out, seek ; to claim. 
 
 ex-pilo, are, avi, atum, v. tv.(pilo, 
 to plunder). To pillage, rob, plun- 
 der, M. L. 19. 
 
 ex-pio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (pio. 
 to appease) . To purify, P. 12. 
 
 ex-pleo, ere, evi, etum, v. tr. (pleo, 
 to fill). To fill up, fill, satisfy, M. 9. 
 
 ex-plieo, arc, avi or ui, atum or 
 
EXPLORO — FABULA 
 
 331 
 
 Hum, v. fa", (plico, to fold). To ex- 
 tricate, liberate, set free, M. L. 11. 
 
 ex-ploro, are, aci, atum, v. tr. 
 To search out, explore. 
 
 ex-pdno, ere,posui, pbsitum, v. tr. 
 To put or set out; to explain, set 
 forth. 
 
 ex-porto, are, aci, atum, v. tr. 
 (porto, to carry). To carry out, con- 
 vey away, export. 
 
 ex-primo, ere, pressl, pressum, v. 
 tr. (premo). To press out; to set 
 forth, express, describe ; to draw. 
 
 ex-promo, ere, prompsi, promp- 
 tu/n, v. tr. {promo, to set forth). To 
 manifest, exhibit, display, ii. C. 10. 
 
 expugnatio, onis, f. (ex-pugno). 
 The taking by storm, storming, cap- 
 ture. 
 
 ex-quiro, ere, qulsivi, quisitum, 
 v. tr. (quaero). To seek for ; to ascer- 
 tain ; to inquire into, investigate ; to 
 ask. 
 
 exsecratus, a, um, adj. (exsecror, 
 to execrate). Accursed, execrable, 
 detestable, P. 2. 
 
 exsilium, ii, n. (exsul). Exile, 
 banishment, i. C. 5. 
 
 ex-sisto, ere, stlti, stltum, v. intr. 
 (sisto, to stand). To stand forth, 
 emerge, appear ; to proceed, arise ; to 
 be, exist. 
 
 ex-solvo, ere, sold, solutiim, v. tr. 
 To absolve, acquit, release, free. 
 
 exspectatio, onis, f. (exspecto). 
 A waiting, expectation ; anticipation. 
 
 ex-specto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To look for, await, expect, wait for ; 
 to desire, long for. 
 
 ex-stinguo, ere, stinxi, stinctum, 
 v. tr. (stinqvo, to quench). To put 
 out, extinguish, quench ; to destroy, 
 annihilate. 
 
 ex-sto, are, stlti, v. intr. To ap- 
 pear, be visible, exist. 
 
 ex-sul, iilis, m. and f. (solum). 
 An exile. 
 
 exsulo, are, act, atum, v. intr. 
 (exsul) . To be or live in exile, be an 
 exile, L. 4. 
 
 exsulto, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 freq. (exsilio, to spring out). To ex- 
 ult, revel; to be exultant, boast. 
 
 ex-tenuo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (tenuo, from tenuis). To diminish; 
 to disparage, M. 2. 
 
 exter or exterus, a, um, (rare in 
 sing.), exterior, extremus or extimus, 
 adj. (ex). On the outside, outer, for- 
 eign ; extremus, the outermost, ex 
 treme, last, most remote ; extrema 
 hieme, at the end of winter. 
 
 extermlno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ex-terminus). To drive into exile, 
 expel, exile, banish, iii. C. 2. 
 
 externus, a, um, adj. (exter). 
 Outward, foreign, abroad, ii. C. 5. 
 
 ex-tlmesco, ere, timui, v. intr. 
 and tr. (timesco, from timeo). To 
 fear, dread, await with fear ; to man- 
 ifest or express dread or apprehension 
 in regard to, M. 6. 
 
 ex-tollo, ere, v. tr. To lift, raise, 
 elevate, M. 3. 
 
 ex-torqueo, ere, torsi, tortum, v. 
 tr. To Avrest, obtain by force, extort, 
 wrest away. 
 
 extra, prep, with ace. (exter). Out 
 of, outside of; beside, except. 
 
 extremum, i, n. (extremus). An 
 end, close. 
 
 extremus, a, um. See exter. 
 
 extuli. See effero. 
 
 ex-ulcero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ulcero, to make sore). To exasperate. 
 
 exuo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. ■ To strip 
 off, put off, lay aside. 
 
 ex-uro, ere, ussi, ustum, v. tr. 
 (uro, to burn) . To burn up, consume 
 by fire. 
 
 exuviae, arum, f. pi. (exuo). 
 Spoils; a trophy, M. L. 18. 
 
 F. 
 
 faber, bri, m. (facio). An arti- 
 san, mechanic, workman. 
 
 fabula, ae, f. (fari, to speak) . A 
 drama, play, P. 14. 
 
332 
 
 FACILE - FEROCITAS 
 
 facile, adv. G. 163, 2 ; 306, 2.( fa- 
 cilis). Easily, without difficulty, 
 readily, well ; unquestionably. 
 
 facllis, e, adj. G. 163, 2. {facio). 
 Easy to do, easy. 
 
 facilitas, dtis, f. {facllis). Fa- 
 cility, readiness; affability, courte- 
 ousness ; good-nature. 
 
 facinorosus, a, um, adj. {/aci- 
 nus). Criminal, vicious, ii. C. 10. 
 
 f acinus, dm, n. {facio). A bad 
 deed, crime. 
 
 facio, ere, feci, factum, v. tr. and 
 intr. G. 271, 2. To make, do ; to 
 act, commit ; to construct, prepare ; 
 to cause, render; verba facere, to 
 utter words, M. L. 17 ; facta recte, 
 good deeds, iii. C. 12. 
 
 factum, i, n. {facio). A deed, 
 act, operation. 
 
 facultas, dtis, f. {facilis). Abil- 
 ity, opportunity, means, advantage. 
 
 Faesulae, arum, f. pi. A city of 
 Etruria, now Fiesole. 
 
 Faesiilaiius, a, um, adj. {Fae- 
 sulae). Of Faesulae, Faesulan. 
 
 falcarius, ii, m. {falx, a scythe). 
 A scythe-maker, sickle-maker, i. C.4. 
 
 Falcidius, ii, m. C. Falcidius, a 
 tribune of the people, M. L. 19. 
 
 fallo, ere, fefclli, falsum, v. tr. 
 To deceive, cheat; to disappoint; to 
 escape notice, elude observation, es- 
 cape. 
 
 falso, adv. {falsus). Falsely, 
 without reason, erroneously, M. L.14. 
 
 falsus, a, um, adj. {fallo). False, 
 untrue, unfounded, mistaken, unjust. 
 
 fama, ae, f. {fari). Rumor, re- 
 port ; fame, reputation, renown, glo- 
 ry ; infamy. 
 
 fames, is, f. Hunger, famine. 
 
 f amilia, ae, f. G. 49, 1. {famulus, 
 a servant). A household, family; 
 servants, vassals, retinue. 
 
 familiaris, e, adj. {f amilia). Be- 
 longing to the family, domestic, pri- 
 vate ; familiar ; res familiaris, private 
 property ; familiaris, is, m. and f. ; a 
 familiar acquaintance, friend. 
 
 familiaritas, dtis, f. {familia- 
 ris). Intimacy, friendship, acquaint- 
 ance. 
 
 familiariter, adv. {familiaris). 
 Familiarly, intimately, on intimate 
 terms. 
 
 fanum, i, n. {fari, to speak). A 
 sanctuary, fane, temple, iv. C. 11. 
 
 fas, n. inclecl. The right, that 
 which accords with divine law, the 
 divine will. 
 
 fascis, is, m. A bundle ; fasces, 
 ium, pi., the fasces, a bundle of rods 
 containing an axe, carried by the lie- 
 tors before certain magistrates, ii.C.6. 
 
 f atalis, e, adj. {fdtum) . Appointed 
 or ordained by fate, destined, decreed, 
 fated, iii. C. 4. 
 
 fateor, eri, fassus sum, v. dep. 
 {fari, to speak) . To confess, admit, 
 own, acknowledge. 
 
 fatum, i, n. {fari, to speak). 
 What is ordained, fate, destiny, doom ; 
 fata, pi., predictions. 
 
 f atuus, a, um, adj. Foolish, silly. 
 
 fauces, ium, f. pi. The throat; 
 the jaws ; a defile, pass. 
 
 f aveo, ere, fdvi, fautum, v. intr. 
 To favor, look upon with favor. 
 
 fax, fdcis, f. A torch, fire-brand; 
 a light. 
 
 febris, t«, f. Fever, i. C. 13. 
 
 feci. See facio. 
 
 f efelli. See fallo. 
 
 felicitas, dtis, f. {felix). Hap- 
 piness, felicity, success, good fortune. 
 
 felix, icis, adj. Prosperous, foi\ 
 tunate, happy, D. 10. 
 
 f em in a, ae, f. A woman. 
 
 fere, adv. {fero). Nearly, almost, 
 about, generally ; for the most part, 
 almost invariably, M. L. 9. 
 
 fero, ferre, ttili, latum, v. tr. G. 
 j 292. To bear, carry, bring ; to move, 
 lead ; to endure, bear, suffer, permit ; 
 to produce, cause; to report; to re- 
 ceive ; legem ferre, to propose a law ; 
 prae se ferre, to acknowledge openly, 
 i ferocitas, dtis, f. {ferox, fierce). 
 i Ferocity, fierceness, violence, M. 6. 
 
FERR AMENTUM — FOEDUS 
 
 333 
 
 ferramentum, >', n. (ferrum). A 
 
 «ool, implement. 
 
 ferreus, a, um, adj. {ferrum). Of 
 iron, iron ; iron-hearted, iv. C. 2. 
 
 ferrum, i, n. Iron; an iron in- 
 -n ument, the sword. 
 
 fertilis, e, adj. (fero). Fruitful, 
 productive, fertile. 
 
 festino, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 To hasten, P. 1. 
 
 festive, adv. (festivus, festive). 
 Delightfully, facetiously, wittily, 
 finely, D. 6. 
 
 festus, a, um, adj. Festive, festal, 
 solemn, A. 6. 
 
 fictus, a, wm, part, and adj. (fin- 
 go). Invented, fabricated ; fictitious, 
 false, D. 3; ficta, n. pi., fictitious 
 things, fiction. 
 
 fidelis, e, adj. (fides). Faithful, 
 true, trustworthy, sure. 
 
 fides, ei, f. (fldo). Trust, faith, 
 confidence, reliance, belief, credence ; 
 security, protection, credit; pledge, 
 promise, word ; fidelity, honor, good 
 faith, trustworthiness ; fidem dare, 
 to give a pledge or promise, pledge 
 protection ; in fidem accipere, to re- 
 ceive under one's protection, A. 12. 
 
 Fidius, ii, m. A surname of Ju- 
 piter ; see medius fidius, M. 3. 
 
 fldo, ere, fisus sum, v. semi-dep. 
 To trust, L. 5. 
 
 fieri. See flo. 
 
 figo, ere, fixi, fixum, v. tr. To 
 fix, fasten ; to post up, expose to pub- 
 lic view. 
 
 f ilia, ae, f. G. 49, 4. A daughter. 
 
 filius, ii, m. G. 51, 5, A son. 
 
 fingo, ere, nxi, ctum, v. tr. To 
 form, fashion, shape, make ; to ar- 
 range ; to devise, contrive, invent, 
 fabricate. 
 
 finis, is, m. Limit, boundary; 
 territory; end, conclusion. 
 
 finltimus, a, um, adj. (finis). 
 Bordering upon, adjoining, adjacent, 
 neighboring; finitimi, drum, m. pi., 
 neighbors. 
 
 flo. fieri, /actus sum, v. intr. 
 
 G. 294. To be made, become; to 
 arise, occur, happen; certior fieri, to 
 be informed. 
 
 firmamentum, i, n. (firmo). A 
 support, prop, stay. 
 
 firmltas, atis, f. (firmus). Firm- 
 ness, strength, constancy. 
 
 firmo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (fir- 
 mus). To strengthen, confirm, es- 
 tablish. 
 
 firmus, a, um, adj. Firm, stead- 
 fast, sure, strong, durable, lasting; 
 valiant. 
 
 fisus, a, um, part, from fldo. 
 
 fixus, a,um, part, and adj. (flgo). 
 Established, fixed, determined, P. 7. 
 
 Flaccus, i, m. M. Fulvius Flac- 
 cus, a partisan of C. Gracchus, i. C. 
 12 ; L. Flaccus, a praetor under 
 Cicero, iii. C. 2. 
 
 flagitiose, adv. (flagitidsus). 
 Shamefully, basely, disgracefully, 
 infamously, ii. C. 4. 
 
 flagitiosus, a, um, adj. (flagiti- 
 um). Shameful, base, disgraceful, 
 infamous, flagitious, ii C. 5. 
 
 fiagitium, ii, n. (flagito). A 
 shameful or disgraceful act, i. C. 6. 
 
 flagito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 solicit, importune, demand. 
 
 flagro, are, avi, atum, v. intr. To 
 burn, be on fire, be inflamed, glow. 
 
 flamma, ae, f. Flame. 
 
 flecto, ere,fiexi,flexum, v. tr. To 
 bend, turn, direct, guide. 
 
 fletus, lis, m. (fleo, to weep). 
 "Weeping, lamentation. 
 
 florens, entis, part, and adj. (fio- 
 reo). Flourishing, prosperous. 
 
 floreo, ere, ui, v. intr. (flos). To 
 flourish, be eminent or conspicuous. 
 
 floresco, ere, v. intr. incep. (flo- 
 reo). To flourish, grow in repute. 
 
 flos, floris, m. A flower. 
 
 flumen, tnis, n. (fiuo, to flow). A 
 river, current, stream, flow. 
 
 focus, i, m. A fireplace, hearth. 
 
 foederatus, a, um, adj. (foedus, 
 eris) . Confederate, allied, A. 4. 
 
 foedus. a. um. adi. Foul, un. 
 
334 
 
 FOEDUS — FUGIO 
 
 seemly, detestable, abominable, sac- 
 rilegious, iv. C. 1. 
 
 foedus, eris, n. A league, treaty, 
 compact, alliance. 
 
 fons, fontis, m. A fountain, 
 source. 
 
 fdras, adv. Out of doors, fortb, 
 out, ii. C. 1. 
 
 for em, ftire, = essem, futurus 
 esse. G. 204, 2. 
 
 forensis, e, adj. {fdrum). Per- 
 taining to the forum or the courts of 
 law, at the bar, forensic. 
 
 f oris, adv. Without, out of doors, 
 outside, away. 
 
 formido, inis, f. Dread, fear, 
 terror, iv. C. 4. 
 
 formldolosus, a, um, adj. {for- 
 mido). Formidable, fearful, dreadful. 
 
 fors, fortis, f. \fero). Chance, 
 fortune ; forte, by chance, by acci- 
 dent; perchance. 
 
 forsitan, adv. {fors sit, an). Per- 
 haps, L. 12. 
 
 fortasse, adv. {fors). Perhaps, 
 possibly. 
 
 fdrtis, e, adj. {fero). Strong, 
 brave, valiant, bold, fearless. 
 
 fortlter, adv. {fortis). Bravely, 
 courageously, valiantly, firmly. 
 
 fortltudo, inis, f. {'fortis). 
 Bravery, courage, fortitude. 
 
 fortuna, ae, f. {fors). Chance, 
 fortune, condition, favor, privilege ; 
 fate, lot, destiny ; misfortune, M. L. 
 4 ; Fortuna, the goddess of fortune, 
 Fortune ; fortunae, pi., gifts of for- 
 tune, property, estate, possessions, i 
 fortunes. 
 
 fortunatns, a, um, adj. {fortuna). 
 Prosperous, fortunate, happy ; well 
 off, rich. 
 
 fdrum, if n. A public place, 
 market-place, forum. 
 
 Forum Aurelium, Fdri Aurelii, 
 n. A small market-town near Pome, 
 on the Aurelian Way, i. C. 9. 
 
 fragilltas, atis, 1". {fragilis, frail). 
 Frailty, weakness, M. 7. 
 
 frango, err, fregi, fraction, v. tr. 
 
 To break, shatter, subdue, weaken, 
 exhaust, dishearten, discourage, over- 
 come. 
 
 frater, tris, m. Brother. 
 
 fraterne, adv. {fraternus). Fra- 
 ternally, L. 11. 
 
 fraternus, a, um, adj. {frater). 
 Brotherly, fraternal. 
 
 fraudatio, onis, f. {fraudo, to 
 cheat). Fraud, deceit, ii. C. 11. 
 
 fraus, fraudis, f. Deceit, impo- 
 sition, fraud, treachery. 
 
 fregi. See frango. 
 
 frequens, entis, adj. Repeated, 
 frequent; in great numbers, numer- 
 ous, crowded, full. 
 
 frequentia, ae, f. {frequens). 
 Large assembly, numbers, numerous 
 attendance, throng. 
 
 frequento, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
 {frequens) . To frequent ; to visit in 
 great numbers; to bring together in 
 great numbers. 
 
 fretus, a, um, adj. Relying upon, 
 depending on, trusting to. 
 
 frigus, dris, n. Cold, frost, cold 
 weather. 
 
 frons, frontis, f. The forehead, 
 brow, front. 
 
 fructus, us, m. {fruor). The use, 
 employment, enjoyment ; profit, fruit, 
 produce, income, advantage, gratifi- 
 cation, reward ; effect, result. 
 
 frugalltas, atis, f. {frugalis, fru- 
 gal). Economy, temperance, fru- 
 gality, D. 9. 
 
 frugi, adj. indecl. Economical, 
 discreet, temperate, frugal, D. 9. 
 
 frumehtarius, a, um, adj. {fru~ 
 mentum, grain). Of or belonging 
 to grain or provisions ; res frumen- 
 taria, grain, supplies; frumentarium 
 subsidium, a granary, M. L. 12. 
 
 fruor, i, fruitus or fructus sum, 
 v. dcp. To enjoy. 
 
 frustra, adv. Without effect, in 
 vain, to no purpose. 
 
 fudi. See fun do, ere. 
 
 fuga, ae, t. Flight. 
 
 f ugio, ere, fugi, fugitum, v. tr 
 
FUGITIVUS — GERO 
 
 335 
 
 And intr. To flee, escape, avoid, 
 shun. 
 
 fugltlvus, i, m. (filgio). A de- 
 serter, fugitive, runaway. 
 
 fulgeo, ere, fulsi, v. intr. To 
 shine, glitter, gleam, ii. C. 3. 
 
 fulmen, inis, n. {fulgeo). Light- 
 ning, a thunderbolt, iii. C. 8. 
 
 Fulvius, k, m. Q. Fulvius Flaccus, 
 the Roman general who recovered 
 Capua in the Second Punic War, A.9 ; 
 M. Fulvius Xobilior, consul 183 b. c, 
 A. 11; M. Fulvius Flaccus, a parti- 
 san of C. Gracchus, consul 125 b. o., 
 i. C. 2. 
 
 fundamentum, i, n. (fundo, 
 are). The foundation, basis, iv. C. 6. 
 
 fundltus, adv. (fundus, the bot- 
 tom). Completely, utterly, entirely, 
 totally, F. 1. 
 
 fundo, are, aci, atum, v. tr. {fun- 
 dus, the bottom). To found, estab- 
 lish, iv. C. 9. 
 
 fundo, ere, fudi, fusum, v. tr. 
 To pour out ; to prostrate, vanquish, 
 rout. 
 
 funestus, a, um, adj. (funus, a 
 funeral). Fatal, destructive, deadly, 
 calamitous, i. C. 9. 
 
 fungor, i, functus sum, v. dep. To 
 perform, execute, discharge, fulfil. 
 
 furcifer, eri, in. (furca, a fork, an 
 instrument of punishment, fero). A 
 culprit, rogue, rascal, scoundrel, D. 9. 
 
 furiosus, a, um, adj. (furia.e, 
 rage). Mad, furious, frenzied, ra- 
 ging, i. C. 10. 
 
 Furius, ii, m. L. Furius, a dis- 
 tinguished literary character, A. 7; 
 P. Furius, a partisan of Catiline. 
 
 furo, ere, fiirui, v. intr. To rage, 
 rave, be mad, ii. C. 1. 
 
 furor, oris, m. (fiiro). Madness, 
 rage, frenzy. 
 
 furtim, adv. (fur, a thief ). Fur- 
 tively, by stealth, secretly, iii. C. 5. 
 
 furtum, i, n. (furor, to steal). 
 Theft. 
 
 fusus, a, um, part, from fundo, 
 ere. 
 
 Gk 
 
 Gabinius, ii, m. A. Gabinius, a 
 tribune of the people, M. L. 17 ; Cim- 
 
 ber Gabinius or P. Gabinius, a knight, 
 one of the chief conspirators with 
 Catiline, iii. C. 3; Q. Gabinius, a 
 praetor, A. 5. 
 
 Gabinius, a, um, adj. (Gabinius). 
 Of Gabinius, Gabinian; lex Gabinia, 
 the bill proposed by A. Gabinius, giv- 
 ing Pompey sole charge of the war 
 against the pirates, M. L. 18. 
 
 Gallia, ae, f. (Gallus). Gaul. 
 1. Gallia Citerior or Cisalpina, Hither 
 Gaul, Gaul south of the Alps. 2. Gal- 
 lia Ulterior or Transalpine, Farther 
 Gaul, Gaul beyond the Alps ; pro- 
 vinciae Galliae, the Gallic provinces. 
 
 Gallicanus, a, um, adj. (Gallus). 
 Situated in Cisalpine Gaul, Gallic. 
 
 Gallicus, a, um, adj. (Gallus). 
 Gallic, belonging to the Gauls. 
 
 Gallus, i, m. A Gaul, an inhabi- 
 tant of Gaul. 
 
 ganeo, onis, m. (ganea, an eating- 
 house) . A glutton, debauchee, ii. C.4. 
 
 gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum, v. semi- 
 dep. To rejoice, be glad or pleased. 
 
 gaudiiim, ii, n. (gaudeo). Joy, 
 gladness, i. C. 10. 
 
 gavisus, a, um, part, from gaudeo. 
 
 gaza, ae, f. Treasure, riches, 
 wealth, M. L. 23. 
 
 gelidus, a, um, adj. (gelu, frost). 
 Cold, i. C. 13. 
 
 gener, eri, m. A son-in-law. 
 
 gens, gentis, f. (gigno, to beget). 
 A tribe, race, nation ; ubinam gen- 
 tium, where in the world ? i. C. 4. 
 
 genus, eris, n. Birth, descent; 
 race, people; class; kind, manner, 
 style, nature. 
 
 germanitas, atis, f. (germdnus, 
 brother). Brotherhood, fraternal af- 
 fection, L. 11. 
 
 gero, ere, gessi, gestum, v. tr. To 
 bear, carry ; to administer, manage, 
 
336 
 
 GESTIO — IIAEEEO 
 
 cany on, wage ; to conduct, perform ; 
 res gestae, deeds, exploits, achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 gestio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
 (gestus, gesture). To desire, long, 
 be eager, M. 3. 
 
 gestus, a, um, part, from gero. 
 
 Glabrio, onis, m. M'. Glabrio, a 
 Roman commander in the Mithri- 
 datic War, 67 b. c, M. L. 9. 
 
 gladiator, oris, m. (glddius). A 
 gladiator, i. C. 12; gladiatores, pi., 
 a gladiatorial show or contest, P. 15. 
 
 gladiatorius, a, um, adj. {gladi- 
 ator). Gladiatorial, ii. C. 5. 
 
 gladius, ii, m. A sword. 
 
 Glaucia, ae, m. C. Servilius 
 Glaucia, praetor 100 B.C., iii. C. 6. 
 
 gloria, ae, f. . Glory, renown, 
 fame, reputation. 
 
 glorior, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (gloria). To glory, boast, pride 
 one's self. 
 
 gloriosus, a, um, adj. (gloria). 
 Glorious, L. 12. 
 
 gn#vus, a, um, adj. Diligent, 
 active, M. L. 7. 
 
 Gracchus, i, m. C. Sempronius 
 Gracchus, tribune 123 B. c. ; Ti. Sem- | 
 pronius Gracchus, bi'Other of Caius, : 
 the famous tribune who revived the 
 Agrarian laws, 133 B. C. 
 
 gradus, us, m. (gradior, to step). 
 A step, grade, degree ; limit. 
 
 Graecia, ae, f. (Graecus, a Greek). 
 Greece ; sc. Magna, Southern Italy. 
 
 Graecus, a, um, adj. (Graecus, a 
 Greek). Greek, Grecian. 
 
 gratia, ae, f. (gratus). Favor, 
 esteem, regard, influence, friendship, 
 popularity; gratitude, acknowledg- 
 ment, return ; thanks ; gratias agere, 
 to give thanks ; gratiam referre, to 
 return or recompense a favor; gratia, 
 for the sake of. 
 
 gratiosus, a, um, adj. (gratia). 
 In favor, regarded, L. 11. 
 
 Gratius, ii, m. Gratius, the pros- 
 ecutor of Archias. 
 
 gratulatio, onis, f. (gratiilor). 
 
 Joy, rejoicing, congratulation-, 
 thanksgiving. 
 
 gratiilor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (gratus). To congratulate, wish joy ; 
 to thank. 
 
 gratus, a, um, adj. Pleasing, ac- 
 ceptable, agreeable ; thankful, grate- 
 ful. 
 
 gravis, e, adj. Heavy, weighty; 
 important, grave, dignified; violent, 
 unpleasant, severe; oppressive, diffi- 
 cult, grievous, painful. 
 
 gra vitas, atis, L( gravis). Weight, 
 importance, power, influence, force, 
 dignity. 
 
 graviter, adv. (gravis). Violent- 
 ly, strongly, severely, grievously ; 
 with force, forcibly, with dignity; 
 unwillingly, with displeasure ; seri- 
 ously. 
 
 gravo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (gra- 
 vis). To Aveigh down, oppress; 
 pass., to be vexed or annoyed, feel 
 displeasure ; to be reluctant, hesitate. 
 
 grex, gregis, m. A flock, herd, 
 drove ; company, troop, band, ii. C. 5. 
 
 gubernatio, onis, f. (guberno). 
 Direction, management, iii. C. 8. 
 
 guberno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 steer, pilot, M. L. 14; to govern, di- 
 rect, manage. 
 
 gusto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 taste, partake of; to appreciate. 
 
 H. 
 
 habeo, ere, ui, Hum, v. tr. To 
 have, possess, hold, keep ; to consider, 
 esteem, regard, know; to make, pre- 
 pare ; to entertain, foster ; gratiam 
 habere, to be grateful ; gratia haben- 
 da est, gratitude is due, i. C. 5 ; habere 
 orationem, to deliver an oration. 
 
 habito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
 intr. freq. (Jiabeo). To inhabit; to 
 dwell, live, reside, abide. 
 
 habitus, us, m. (habeo). Quality, 
 character, disposition, A. 7. 
 
 haereo, ere, haesi, haesum, v. intr. 
 
HAESITO — HORTENSIUS 
 
 337 
 
 To cleave, be fixed, remain fast, re- 
 main, abide, retain one's position. 
 
 haesito, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 freq. (haereo) . To stick fast ; to hes- 
 itate. 
 
 Hannibal, cllis, m. Tlie leader 
 of the Carthaginians in tbe Second 
 Punic War. 
 
 haruspex, ids, m. A soothsayer, 
 diviner, iii. C. 4. 
 
 haud, adv. Xot. 
 
 haurio, ire, hausi, haustum, v. tr. 
 To draw, take, derive, A. 6. 
 
 hebesco, ere, v. intr. incep. (hebeo, 
 to be blunt). To grow dull or blunt. 
 
 Heraclia, ae, f. A city on the 
 coast of Lucania in Southern Italy, 
 A. 4. 
 
 Heraclieusis, e, adj. (Heraclvi). 
 Pertaining to Heraclia, Heraclean ; 
 Heraclienses, ium, the Heracleans, 
 inhabitants of Heraclia. 
 
 herciile, adv. {Herciiles). By 
 Hercules ! in truth, M. L. 18. 
 
 hereditas, at is. f. (heres, an heir). 
 An inheritance. 
 
 heri, adv. Yesterday, P. 7. 
 
 hesternus, a, um, adj. Of yester- 
 day, yesterday's ; hesternus dies, yes- 
 terday. 
 
 hiberna, drum, n. pi. (hiems). 
 Winter-quarters. 
 
 hiberno, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (hibernus, wintry). To pass the 
 winter, M. L. 13. 
 
 hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron. 
 This, it; the latter; such; hoc, abl., 
 on this account, therefore. 
 
 hie, adv. (hie). Here, in this 
 place, at this point, hereupon. 
 
 hiems, ends, f. "Winter. 
 
 Hieras, ae, m. Hieras, an am- 
 bassador of Deiotarus, D. 15. 
 
 hinc. adv. (hie). From this place, 
 hence, from this, on this side. 
 
 Hirtius, ii, in. A. Hirtius, consul 
 43 b. c, P. 15. 
 
 Hispani, drum, in. pi. The 
 Spaniards. 
 
 Hispania, ae, f. (Hispani). Spain, 
 
 comprising two provinces : Hispania 
 Citerior, north of the river Iberus, 
 now the Ebro, and Hispania Ulterior, 
 south of that river ; hence duae His- 
 paniae, M. L. 12. 
 
 Hispaniensis, e, adj. (Hispani). 
 \ Belonging to Spain, Spanish, M. L. 4 ; 
 bellum Hispaniense, the Avar waged 
 in Spain by the elder Scipio Africanus 
 against the Carthaginians and their 
 allies, M. L. 20 ; the war waged in 
 Spain by Pompev against Sertorius, 
 M. L. 10. 
 
 hodie, adv. (hie, dies). To-day, 
 this day. 
 
 hodiernus, a, um, adj. (hodie). 
 Of to-day, of this day, to-day's ; hodi- 
 ernus dies, to-day, this day. 
 
 Homer us, i, m. Homer, the cel- 
 ebrated Greek poet, A. 8. 
 
 homo, iiiis, m. and f. A man, 
 human being, person. 
 
 honestas, atis, f. (honesties). 
 Honor, honesty, integrity, virtue. 
 
 honeste.adv. (honestus). Honor- 
 ably, ii. C. 10. 
 
 honesto, are, avi, atum, v. tr 
 (honestus). To honor, dignify; se 
 '' honestare, to distinguish one's self, 
 i. C. 12; to grace, embellish. 
 
 honestus, a, um, adj. (honos)- 
 Honored, respected, distinguished, 
 noble ; worthy, respectable, honora- 
 ble, eminent. 
 
 honorlficus, a, um, adj. G. 164. 
 (honor, fdcio). Honorable, confer- 
 ring honor. 
 
 honos or honor, oris, m. Honor, 
 i repute, esteem ; a post of honor, pub- 
 ; lie office ; honoris causa, out of re- 
 J spect. 
 
 hora, ae, f. An hour. G. 645; 
 | 645, 2. 
 
 horrlbllis, e, adj. (horreo, to 
 | shudder). Terrible, horrible, dread- 
 j fill. 
 
 hortatus, us, m. (hortor). Exhor- 
 ! tation, advice, encouragement, A. 1. 
 
 Hortensius, ii, m. The name 
 of an illustrious Roman family, A. 3 ; 
 
338 
 
 IIORTOR— ILLYRICUS 
 
 the most distinguished was the ora- 
 tor, Q. Hortensius, eonsul 69 B.C., 
 M. L. 17. 
 
 hortor, ari, atus sum, v. dcp. To 
 incite, instigate ; to encourage, ex- 
 hort, urge. 
 
 hospes, itis, m. and f. A guest; 
 a host. 
 
 hospltalis, e, adj. (hospes). Pre- 
 siding over hospitality, D. 6 ; hospi- 
 table. 
 
 hospltium, ii, n. (hospes) . Friend- 
 ship, hospitality. 
 
 hostilis, e, adj. (hostis). Per- 
 taining to the enemy, hostile ; hostilis 
 expugnatio, a capture by the enemy, 
 M. L. 5. 
 
 hostis, is, m. and f. An enemy, 
 a public enemy. 
 
 hue, adv. (hie). Hither, to this 
 place, to this point, so far. 
 
 humanltas, dtis, f. (humanus). 
 Humanity, kindness ; culture, liberal 
 education, refinement. 
 
 human itus, adv. (humanus). Af- 
 ter the manner of men, in the course 
 of human events, P. 4. 
 
 humanus, a, um, adj. (homo). 
 Human ; of refined culture, polished, 
 cultivated. 
 
 hum it is, e, adj. (humus). Low, 
 humble, poor, weak, insignificant, ig- 
 noble. 
 
 humus, i, f. The earth, "round ; 
 humi, on the ground. G. 426, 2 ; i. 
 C. 10. 
 
 Ibi, adv. There, in that place. 
 id-circo, adv. (circa,}, around). 
 
 On that account, for that reason, 
 therefore. 
 
 Idem, eddem, idem, dem. pron. 
 (is, dem). The same; ego idem, I 
 also, i. C 3. 
 
 Iddneus, rc, ton, adj. Fit, suitable, 
 meet, proper. 
 
 Idus, uum, f. pi. The ides, the 
 
 15th day of March, May, July, and 
 October; the 13th of other months. 
 
 Igltur, conj. Therefore, accord- 
 ingly, consequently ; then, to resume, 
 as I was saying, 1 say. 
 
 ignarus, a, um, adj. (in, gnarus, 
 knowing). Ignorant, inexperienced. 
 
 ignavia, ae, f. (ignavus, inactive). 
 Cowardice, listlessness, inactivity. 
 
 ignis, is, m. Fire. 
 
 ignominia, ae, f. (in, nomen). 
 Disgrace, dishonor, ignominy. 
 
 ignoratio, onis, f. (ignoro). Ig- 
 norance, M. 5. 
 
 ignoro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ig- 
 navus). Not to know, to be ignorant 
 of. 
 
 ignosco, ere, novi, notum, v. tr. 
 (in, nosco). To pardon, forgive, ex- 
 cuse. 
 
 ignotus, a, um, adj. (in, notus, 
 known). Unknown; ignotus, i, in., 
 a stranger. 
 
 Ilias,adt's, f. (Ilium, Troy). The 
 Iliad, Homer's celebrated epic poem 
 on the Trojan War, A. 10. 
 
 Hiatus, a, um, part, from infero. 
 
 ille, ilia, ill ud, dem. pron. That ; 
 he, she, it ; hie . . . ille, this one . . . 
 that one. 
 
 illecebra, ae, f. (illicio, to entice). 
 Enticement, attraction, allurement, 
 power of alluring. 
 
 illinc, adv. (ille). From that 
 place, thence, on that side, ii. C. 11. 
 
 illuc, adv. (ille). To that place, 
 thither, D. 7. 
 
 illucesco, ere, luxi, v. intr. (in, 
 lucesco, to grow light). To dawn. 
 
 illustris, c, adj. (in, lustro). 
 Bright, clear ; illustrious, distin- 
 guished, honorable ; remarkable, im- 
 portant ; festive. 
 
 it lustro, are, aci, atum, v. tr. (il- 
 lustris). To bring to light, make 
 plain; to illustrate, honor, adorn. 
 
 Illyricus, a,um, adj. (Illyrii, the 
 I llyrians) . Illyrian ; Illyricum mare, 
 the part of the Adriatic bordering 
 upon Illyria, M. L. 12. 
 
IMAGO — IMPORTUXITAS 
 
 339 
 
 imago, inis, f. An image, like- 
 ness, portraiture. 
 
 imbecillus, a, um, adj. G. 163,2. 
 Weak, feeble, characterized by weak- 
 ness, P. 14. 
 
 imberbis, e, adj. (in, barba, 
 beard). Beardless, ii. C. 10. 
 
 imbuo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. To 
 fill ; to imbue, accustom, inure, D. 10. 
 
 imitator, oris, m. (imltor). An 
 imitator, one who follows the same 
 pursuits, M. 1. 
 
 imltor, ari, ahis sum, v. dep. To 
 copy, imitate. 
 
 immailis, e, adj. Immense, enor- 
 mous, va>t; monstrous, savage. 
 
 immauitas, atis, f. (immanis). 
 Enormity, heinousness ; savageness, 
 barbarism, cruelty. 
 
 immaturus, a, um, adj. (in, ma- 
 turus). Untimely, premature, iv. C.2. 
 
 immineo, ere, v. intr. (in, min- 
 eo, to project). To project over, 
 overhang ; to be near, impend, 
 threaten. 
 
 imminuo, ere,ui, utum, v. tr. (in, 
 mlnuo). To diminish; to encroach 
 upon, impair, injure, M. L. 5. 
 
 immitto, ere, misi, misstim, v. tr. 
 (in, mitto). To send into, throw 
 into ; to send or dispatch against. 
 
 immo, adv. Nay rather, nay 
 more, i. C. 1. 
 
 immoderatus, a, um, adj. (in, 
 moderattis) . Immoderate, excessive. 
 
 immoi talis, e, adj. (in, mortalis). 
 Immortal, eternal. 
 
 immortalltas, atis, f. (immor- 
 talis). Immortality, M. 9. 
 
 immunitas, atis, f. (immunis, ex- 
 empt). Exemption from public ser- 
 vice or burdens, immunity, P. 1. 
 
 impedio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
 (in, pes). To entangle; to hinder, 
 detain, suspend, obstruct, impede, 
 embarrass. 
 
 impello, ere, puli, pulsum, v. tr. 
 (in, pello). To drive against; to 
 urge, urge on, impel ; to incite, move, 
 persuade, induce. 
 
 impendeo, ere, v. intr. (in, pen- 
 deo). To overhang; to be near, im- 
 pend, threaten. 
 
 imperator, oris, m. (impero). A 
 commander, general. 
 
 imperatorius, a, um, adj. (im- 
 perator). Appropriate to a com- 
 mander, of a commander, M. L. 11. 
 
 imperitus, a, um, adj. (in, peri- 
 tus). Inexperienced, unskilled, ig- 
 norant, unacquainted with. 
 
 imperium, ii, n. (impero). Com- 
 mand, order, direction; authority, 
 power, sway, dominion ; empire, gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 impero, are, art, atum, v. tr. (in, 
 pdro). To command, order. 
 
 impertio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
 (in, partio, to share). To bestow, 
 impart, iii. C. 6. 
 
 impetro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (in, patro, to perform). To accom- 
 plish, effect ; to obtain, secure, pro- 
 cure; to obtain by request. 
 
 impetus, tis, m. (impeto, to as- 
 sail). An attack, assault, onset; 
 violence, fury, force. 
 
 impie, adv. (impius). Unduti- 
 fully, wickedly, D. 11. 
 
 impietas, atis, f. (impius). Im- 
 piety ; unnatural conduct, undutiful- 
 ness, D. 1. 
 
 impingo, ere, pegi, pactum, v. tr. 
 (in, pango, to fasten) . To drive into, 
 thrust into, P. 2. 
 
 impius, a, um, adj. (in, pius, 
 pious). Irreverent, ungodly, im- 
 pious. 
 
 implico, are, avi or ui, atum or 
 itum, v. tr. (in, plico, to fold). To 
 entangle, involve ; to interlace, unite. 
 
 impldro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (in, 
 ploro, to cry out). To entreat, be- 
 seech, implore. 
 
 importo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (in, 
 porto, to carry) . To import ; to bring 
 about, occasion, cause, D. 15. 
 
 importuuitas, atis, f. (importu- 
 nus) . Shamelessness, unfeeling con- 
 duct, heinousness, D. 5. 
 
340 
 
 IMPOPTUNUS - INCLINO 
 
 importunus, a, um, adj. "Wicked, 
 unfeeling, wanton, savage. 
 
 impotens, entis, adj. (in, jjotens) . 
 Powerless ; uncontrolled, violent, fu- 
 rious, D. 12. 
 
 improbltas, atis, f. (improbus). 
 Wickedness, depravity; impudence, 
 boldness, audacity. 
 
 improbo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (in, probo) . To disapprove, M. L. 22. 
 
 improbus, a, um, adj. (in, probus, 
 upright). Bad, wicked, depraved, 
 base; seditious, violent; shameless, 
 bold, impudent. 
 
 improvldus, a, um, adj. (in, pro- 
 vidus, cautious) . Inconsiderate, im- 
 provident, not foreseeing or antici- 
 pating, L. 6. 
 
 imprudens, entis, adj. (in, pru- 
 dens). Not foreseeing, not antici- 
 pating or expecting, unaware, igno- 
 rant, inconsiderate, imprudent. 
 
 impubes, eris, adj. (in, pubes, 
 adult). Not having reached manhood, 
 youthful. 
 
 impiidens, entis, adj. (in,pudens, 
 modest) . Shameful, shameless, bold, 
 impudent. 
 
 impiidenter, adv. (impiidens). 
 Impudently, shamelessly, iii. C. 5. 
 
 iinpudentia, ae, f. (impiidens). 
 Impudence, shamclessness, iii. C. 5. 
 
 impudicus, a, um, adj. (in, pudi- 
 cus, chaste). Unchaste, shameless, 
 lewd, ii. C. 5. 
 
 impune, adv. (impunis, unpun- 
 ished). Without punishment, with 
 impunity. 
 
 impunltas, atis, f. (impunis, un- 
 punished). Exemption from punish- 
 ment, impunity, pardon. 
 
 impunitus, a, um, adj. (in, punt- 
 tus). Unpunished, i. C. 7. 
 
 impurus, a, um, adj. (in, purus, 
 pure). Impure, infamous, vile. 
 
 lmus, a, um. See inferus. 
 
 In, prep, with ace. and abl. I. With 
 ACC, in answer to the question whith- 
 er? 1) Of space : into, to, anions, 
 against, towards, in, upon. 2) Of 
 
 time: up to, till, into, for. 3) Of 
 other relations : on, about, respecting, 
 towards, against, for, as, in, into. 
 II. With abl., in answer to the 
 question where f 1) Of space : in, 
 amid, upon, over, among, at, within. 
 2) Of time : in, during, at, in the 
 course of. 3) Of other relations : in, 
 on, upon, in the case of. 
 
 In, insep. prep. Un-, im-, in-, not. 
 G. 308. 
 
 Inanis, e, adj. Empty ; vain, use- 
 less, idle, groundless. 
 
 In-auditus, a, um, adj. Unheard 
 of, unusual, strange, M. L. 11. 
 
 Inauratus, a, um, adj. (inauro, to 
 gild). Gilded, iii. C. 8. 
 
 incendiam, ii, n. (incendo). A 
 fire, conflagration, burning. 
 
 incendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. To 
 set fire to, set on fire, kindle, burn ; 
 to inflame, arouse, stir up, excite. 
 
 incensio, onis, f. (incendo). A 
 burning, iii. C. 4. 
 
 inceptum, i, n. (incipio). An 
 undertaking, attempt, beginning. 
 
 in-certus, a, um, adj. Uncertain, 
 indefinite, doubtful. 
 
 inchoo, are, avi, dtitm, v. tr. 
 and intr. To begin, make a begin- 
 ning, A. 11. 
 
 in-cido, ere, cidi, casum, v. intr- 
 (cado). To fall upon, come upon 
 unexpectedly ; to fall into ; to occur, 
 happen. 
 
 in-cido, Sre, cidi, cisum, v. tr. 
 (caedo, to cut). To cut into, cut; to 
 carve, engrave, P. 7. 
 
 in-clpio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (eclpio). To seize upon, lay 
 hold of; to begin, commence. 
 
 incltamentum, i, n. (incito). An 
 inducement, incentive, A. 10. 
 
 in-clto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (cito, 
 to rouse). To set in motion, urge 
 forward ; to incite, spur on, encour- 
 age, stimulate, rouse. 
 
 in-clino, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
 intr. (clino, obs., to bend). To turn, 
 incline, iv. C. 3 
 
INCLUDO — INFIPMUS 
 
 341 
 
 in-cludo, ere, si, sum,\. tr. (clau- 
 do). To inclose, confine, wrap up. 
 
 in-columis, e, ailj. {columis, safe) . 
 Unimpaired, uninjured, unharmed, 
 safe, entire. 
 
 incolumltas, atis, f. {incolumis) . 
 Uninjured state or condition, safety. 
 
 incommddum, i, n. {incommodus, 
 inconvenient) . Inconvenience, trou- 
 ble, detriment, injury, misfortune; 
 defeat, loss. 
 
 in-consideratus, a, um, adj. Un- 
 advised, inconsiderate, thoughtless, 
 heedless, L. 1. 
 
 in-consultus, a, um, adj. {con- 
 sillo). Inconsiderate, indiscreet. 
 
 incorrupte, adv. (incorrnptus) . 
 UncoiTuptly, justly, without preju- 
 dice, M. 9. 
 
 in -corrupts, a, um, adj. Un- 
 corrupted, not bribed, not seduced. 
 
 in-credibilis, e, adj. Incredible, 
 extraordinary, unparalleled. 
 
 incredibiliter, adv. (incredibilis). 
 Incredibly, unusually, extraordina- 
 rily, P. 15. 
 
 in-crepo, are, id, itum, v. intr. 
 {crepo, to rattle). To make a noise. 
 
 incumbo, ere, cubui, ciibitum, v. 
 intr. {inciibo, to lie) . To lean upon ; 
 to apply one's self to, exert one's 
 self, devote one's self to, attend to. 
 
 inde, adv. {is). From that place, 
 thence. 
 
 in-demnatus, a, um, adj. {dam- 
 natus). Uncondemnned, unsentenced. 
 
 index, ids, m. and f. (indico). 
 An informer, witness, iii. C. 9 ; legis 
 index, the purport of the law, P. 8. 
 
 indicium, ii, n. {index). Infor- 
 mation, discovery, disclosure, evi- 
 dence, proof, testimony, indication. 
 
 in-dico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 {dico, to proclaim). To indicate ; to 
 expose, reveal, betray. 
 
 in-dleo, ere, dixi, dictum, v. tr. 
 To declare publicly, proclaim, an- 
 nounce, declare ; to appoint, fix, en- 
 join. 
 
 indigne, adv. {indignus). Unde- 
 23 
 
 servedly ; unworthily, dishonorably, 
 shamefully. 
 
 indignitas, atis, f. {indignus)- 
 Unworthiness, shameful conduct, in- 
 dignity. 
 
 in-dignus, a, um, adj. Unworthy. 
 
 in-diico, ere, duxi, ductum, v. tr. 
 To bring, conduct, or lead in, to in- 
 troduce ; to move, excite, influence, 
 persuade; animum inducere, to de- 
 termine, i. C. 9. 
 
 industria, ae, f. {industrius) . In- 
 dustry, application, diligence, activ- 
 ity, assiduity. 
 
 industrius, a, um, adj. Indus- 
 trious, active, diligent, assiduous. 
 
 In-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. tr. and intr. 
 To go into, enter ; to enter upon, be- 
 gin, commence, initiate. 
 
 In-ers, ertis, adj. {ars). Indolent, 
 sluggish, slothful, listless, unmanly. 
 
 Inertia, ae, f. {iners). Inaction, 
 inactivity. 
 
 In-expiabllis, e, adj. {expio). Un- 
 pardonable, P. 6. 
 
 in-famis, e, adj. {fama). Infa- 
 mous, disreputable, ii. C. 4. 
 
 in-f ero, ferre, tuli, illatum, v. tr. 
 To bear, convey, or throw into; to 
 occasion, cause, produce, inflict; to 
 place or lay upon ; bellum inferre, to 
 make or wage war. 
 
 inferus, a, um, adj. G. 163, 3. 
 Situated below or underneath, low ; 
 inferi, pi., those in the under-world, 
 the dead; inferior, us, comp., lower, 
 inferior ; infimus, a, um, sup., lowest ; 
 last, deepest, humblest; imus, a,um, 
 sup., lowest, the lowest part. 
 
 infestus, a, um, adj. Unsafe, inse- 
 cure ; hostile, troublesome,dangerous. 
 
 infimus, a, um. See inferus. 
 
 in-finitus, a, um, adj. {finitus, 
 limited). Unbounded, boundless, 
 unlimited, indefinite, vast. 
 
 infirmo, are, am, atum, v. tr. (m- 
 firmus). To weaken, invalidate, im- 
 pair ; to disprove, refute. 
 
 in-firmus, a, um, adj. Weak, fee- 
 ble, powerless. 
 
342 
 
 INFIX! ATOR — INSERVIO 
 
 infltiator, oris, m. (infitior). A 
 denier; one who denies a debt; a 
 debtor, ii. C. 10. 
 
 infitior, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (infitiae, denial). Not to confess; 
 to deny, disown. 
 
 in-flammo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (flarnmo, to inflame). To set on fire, 
 fire ; to inflame, excite. 
 
 in-flo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (fio, 
 to blow). To inspirit, animate, A. 8; 
 to inflate, puff up, M. L. 15. 
 
 in-formo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (formo, to form). To mould, form, 
 train, educate, A. 3. 
 
 ingenium, ii, n. {in,gigno, to be- 
 get). Native talent, talent, ability, 
 genius. 
 
 iii-gens, entis, adj. Vast, enor- 
 mous, very great, huge. 
 
 ingenuus, a, um, adj. (ingeno, to 
 implant) . Born of free parents, free- 
 born, iv. C. 7. 
 
 ingrate, adv. (in gr atus). Un- 
 gratefully, unthankfully, D. 11. 
 
 in-gratus, a, um, adj. Unwel- 
 come, disagreeable, unpleasant, un- 
 acceptable ; ungrateful. 
 
 in-gravesco, ere, v. intr. (graves- 
 co, to become heavy). To increase, 
 grow worse, i. C. 13. 
 
 in-gredior, i, gressus sum, v. dep. 
 (gradior, to step). To go into, enter ; 
 to enter upon, begin, engage in. 
 
 In-hio, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (hio, to open). To open the mouth 
 for or upon, iii. C. 8. 
 
 Inhumanltas, atis, f. (inhuma- 
 nus). Inhumanity, unnatural con- 
 duct, D. 12. 
 
 In-humanus, a, um, adj. Inhu- 
 man, savage, iv. C. 6. 
 
 inii. See ineo. 
 
 Inlmicltia, ae, f. (inimicus). En- 
 mity, hostility. 
 
 In-Imicus, a, um, adj. (amicus). 
 Unfriendly, hostile, inimical; inimi- 
 cus, i, m., a foe, personal enemy. 
 
 Inique,adv. (iniquus). Unjustly, 
 unfairly, D. 11. 
 
 InTquItas, atis, f. (iniquus). Un- 
 evenness; injustice, unfairness. 
 
 In-iquus, a, um, adj. (aequus). 
 Unequal, uneven; unjust, unreason- 
 able. 
 
 Inire. See ineo. 
 
 initio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (in- 
 itium). To consecrate, dedicate. 
 
 milium, ii, n. (ineo). A begin- 
 ning, origin, commencement. 
 
 in-jicio, ere, jeci, jectum, v. tr. 
 (jcicio) . To throw or cast into ; to 
 put or lay upon; to inspire, cause, 
 occasion. 
 
 injuria, ae, f. (injurius, injurious) . 
 Injury, wrong, violence, injustice, 
 damage, harm, insult; injuria, un- 
 justly. 
 
 injiiriose, adv. (injuria). Wrong- 
 fully, unjustly, unlawfully, M. L. 5. 
 
 in-jussu, m. (only in abl. sing.) 
 Without the command. 
 
 in-justus, a, um, adj. Unjust. 
 
 in-noceus, entis, adj. Harmless 
 blameless, innocent. 
 
 innocentia, ae, f. (innocens). In 
 nocence ; blamelessness, uprightness 
 integrity. 
 
 in-numerabilis, e, adj. (numer- 
 abilis, numerable) . Innumerable 
 countless, A. 9. 
 
 Iiiopia, ae, f. (inops, needy) 
 Want, need, scarcity, destitution. 
 
 inquam, v. def. G. 297, II. 2 
 To say. 
 
 inquino, are, avi, atum, v. tr 
 To corrupt, pollute, contaminate. 
 
 in-scribo, ere, psi, ptum, v. tr. To 
 write upon, write, inscribe. 
 
 in-sector, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (sector, from sequor) . To pursue, as- 
 sail, D. 11. 
 
 in-sepultus, a, i<m,adj. Unburied, 
 iv. C. G ; insepulta sepultura, a burial 
 without the usual rites, an irregular 
 burial, P. 2. 
 
 in-sequor, *, seciitus sum, v. dep. 
 To follow ; to pursue, press upon. 
 
 in-servio, ire, ivi or h, Hum, v. 
 intr. To endeavor to please, pay 
 
IXSIDEO— INTER 
 
 attention to, act with regard for or 
 reference to, M. 9. 
 in-sideo, ere,sedi, sessttm, v. intr. 
 
 (sedeo, to sit). To reside, become 
 seated ; to fix or establish one's self, 
 obtain a footing or position. 
 
 insidiae, drum, f. pi. (insideo). 
 An ambush, ambuscade ; stratagem, 
 artifice; treachery, plot. 
 
 insidiator, oris, m. (insidior). 
 One lying in ambush or in wait, a 
 waylayer, ii. C. 12. 
 
 insidior, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (insidiae). To lie in ambush, lie in 
 wait, form- an ambuscade ; to plot 
 against. 
 
 insidiosus, a, wm, adj. (insidiae). 
 Dangerous, insidious, ii. C. 13. 
 
 insigne, is, n. (insignis). A dis- 
 tinctive mark, badge, mark, sign. 
 
 in-signis, e, adj. (signum). Re- 
 markable, distinguished. 
 
 in-simulo, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
 To charge, blame, accuse, allege. 
 
 in-sdlens, entis, adj. (soleo). Ar- 
 rogant, haughty, insolent. 
 
 insoleuter, adv. (insdlens). In 
 an unusual manner ; immoderately, 
 haughtily, insolently. 
 
 insolentia, ae, f. (insdlens). 
 Strangeness^ unfamiliarity, D. 2; 
 haughtiness, arrogance, insolence, 
 M. 6. 
 
 in-solltus, a, ton, adj. (soleo). 
 Unwonted, unusual, uncommon. 
 
 inspeeto, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
 freq. (inspicio). To look at, view, 
 behold ; inspectante praetore, in the 
 sight of the praetor, M. L. 12. 
 
 in-sperans, antis, adj. (spew). 
 Not hoping or expecting, M. 7. 
 
 in-speratns, a, um, adj. (spero). 
 Unhoped for, unexpected, ii. C. 9. 
 
 in-splcio, ere, spexi, spectum, v. 
 tr. (specio, to look) . To inspect, ex- 
 amine, look at, D. 6. 
 
 in-stituo, ere, ui, ictum, v. tr. 
 (stdtuo). To put or place into; to 
 begin, commence ; to determine, fix 
 upon ; to train up, educate. 
 
 instltiitum, i, n. (instltuo). Mode 
 I of life, habit, observance, custom, in- 
 stitution. 
 in-sto, are, stiti, statum, v. intr. 
 j To stand upon ; to draw near, ap- 
 | proach, be at hand ; to press upon, 
 pursue, threaten. 
 
 instructus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (instruo) . Equipped, provided, fur- 
 nished; instructed, taught, versed, 
 trained. 
 
 iiistrumentum, i, n. (instruo). 
 Utensil, tool, instrument, implement ; 
 means. 
 
 in-struo, ere, struxi, structum, v. 
 I tr. (struo, to build) . To build into ; 
 to arrange in order, array, marshal ; 
 i to instruct. 
 
 insula, ae, f. An island. 
 in-sum, esse, fui, v. intr. To be 
 i or exist in, to reside. 
 
 in-teger, gra, grum, adj. (tango). 
 Untouched, unimpaired, undimin- 
 j ished, unbroken, whole ; fresh, vig- 
 , orous, not exhausted ; loyal ; pure, 
 upright ; re Integra, before anything 
 ! was done, at the outset ; integrum 
 | esse, to be an open question, P. 10. 
 
 integre, adv. (integer). Wholly; 
 j justly, irreproachably, honestly, 
 j M. L. 1. 
 
 integritas, dtis, f. (integer). In- 
 tegrity, blamelessness, M. L. 20. 
 
 intelllgo, ere, lexi, lection, v. tr. 
 (inter, lego). To understand, per- 
 ceive, know, comprehend, feel as- 
 sured, observe. 
 
 in-temperauter, adv. (tempero). 
 Intemperately, P. 5. 
 
 in-tempestus, a, um, adj. (tem- 
 jms) . Unseasonable ; intempesta 
 nox, late at night, the dead of night, 
 P. 3. 
 
 in-tendo, ere, di, turn or sum, v. tr. 
 To stretch out, direct towards; to 
 exert one's self, strive ; to intend. 
 
 inter, prep, with ace. (in). 1. Of 
 space : between, among, with ; inter 
 falcarios, into the street of the 
 scythe-makers, i. C. 4 ; inter se, to- 
 
344 
 
 INTERCEDO — INVICTUS 
 
 gether. G. 448, note. 2. Of time: 
 during, in the course of. 
 
 inter-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. 
 tr. To go between, interpose, be or 
 lie between, exist between ; to inter- 
 vene. 
 
 intercessio, onis, f. (inter cedo) . 
 An intervention, interposition, pro- 
 test, P. 10 ; the veto of the tribune, 
 M. L. 19. 
 
 inter-cido, ere, di, v. intr. (cddo). 
 To fall, be lost, perish, D. 9. 
 
 inter-cludo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. 
 (claudo) . To close, interrupt. 
 
 inter-dico, ere, dixi, dictum, v.tr. 
 and intr. To forbid, prohibit, ex- 
 clude ; aqua atque igni interdicere, to 
 forbid the use of fire and water, i. e., 
 to proscribe or banish, P. 9. 
 
 inter-dum, adv. Sometimes, oc- 
 casionally, now and then, at times. 
 
 inter-ea, adv. (is). Meanwhile, 
 in the mean time. 
 
 inter-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. intr. To 
 be lost, perish, go to ruin. 
 
 interfector, oris, m. (interflcio) . 
 A slayer, murderer, P. 14. 
 
 inter-ficio, ere, feci, fectum, v.tr. 
 (facto). To destroy, kill, slay, mur- 
 der. 
 
 inter-im, adv. (is). Meanwhile, 
 in the mean time. 
 
 inter-imo, ere, emi,emptum, v. tr. 
 (emo, to take). To kill, slay, de- 
 stroy, put to death, D. 6. 
 
 interior, us, sup. intimus, adj. 
 G. 166. Inner, interior. 
 
 interltus, us, m. (intereo). De- 
 struction, death, ruin. 
 
 inter-mitto, ere, misi, missum, 
 v. tr. and intr. To omit, let pass, 
 neglect ; to cease, discontinue. 
 
 internecio, onis, f. G. 100, 3. 
 (inter, neco). A massacre, slaughter, 
 destruction, extermination. 
 
 interpreter, art, dtus sum, v. dep. 
 (interpres, an interpreter). To inter- 
 pret. 
 
 ititer-rogo, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
 To ask, question, inquire. 
 
 inter-sum, esse, fui, v. intr. To 
 be between; hoc interest, there is 
 this difference; to be present, take 
 part in; to attend to; interest, im- 
 pers., it concerns, is important. 
 
 inter-vallum, i, n. (vallum, a 
 wall). An interval, distance. 
 
 interventus, us, m. (inter-venio). 
 Intervention, interposition, aid. 
 
 intestinus, a, um, adj. (intus). 
 Intestine, civil, domestic. 
 
 intimus, a, um, adj., sup. of inte- 
 rior ; intimus, i, m., a most intimate 
 or verv close friend, a bosom-friend, 
 ii. C. 5. 
 
 intra, prep, with ace. 1. Of 
 space : within, in. 2. Of time : with- 
 in, in, during. 
 
 intro-duco, ere, duxi, ductum, v. 
 tr. (intro, within). To lead or con- 
 duct within, to introduce. 
 
 in-tueor, eri, tultus sum, v. dep. 
 To look at, look or gaze upon. 
 
 intiili. See infero. 
 
 intus, adv. (in). On the inside, 
 within. 
 
 In-ultus, a,um, adj. Unpunished. 
 
 In-uro, ere, ussi, ustum, v. tr. (uro, 
 to burn) . To burn into, brand upon, 
 brand ; to stamp, impress, imprint. 
 
 In-usitatus, a, um, adj. (usitdtus, 
 usual). Unusual, uncommon, strange, 
 extraordinary. 
 
 In-utllis, e, adj. Unserviceable, 
 useless, unprofitable. 
 
 in-vado, ere, si, sum, v. intr. (va- 
 do, to go) . To go into, to fall upon ; 
 Avith in, to assume, usurp, P. 2. 
 
 in-venio, ire, veni, ventum, v. tr. 
 To come upon; to find, meet with, 
 discover, find out ; to achieve. 
 
 in-vestigo, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
 (vestigo, to track). To investigate, 
 trace out, find out. 
 
 in-veterasco, ere, avi, dtum, v. 
 intr. incep. (vetus). To grow old; to 
 become established. 
 
 in-victus, a, um, adj. (vinco). 
 Unconquered, invincible, unconquer- 
 able. 
 
IXYIDEO — JUBEO 
 
 345 
 
 in-Video, ere, ridi, visum, v. iutr. 
 To look upon with envy ; to envy. 
 
 invidia, ae, f. (invtdits). Envy, 
 jealousy, hatred, unpopularity, mal- 
 ice. 
 
 invidiosus, a, um, adj. (invidia). 
 Occasioning or producing' unpopu- 
 larity, hatred, or odium, ii. C. 7; odi- 
 ous, detestable, P. 14. 
 
 invidus, a, um, adj. (invideo). 
 Malignant, envious, iii. C. 12. 
 
 invisus, a, um, adj. (invideo). 
 Odious, offensive, hated, detested. 
 
 invito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 invite, summon. 
 
 invitns, a, um, adj. Unwilling, 
 reluctant, with regret. 
 
 ipse, a, urn, dem. pron. G. 186, V. 
 Himself, herself, itself; he, she, it; 
 just, exactly, very, precisely. 
 
 ira, ae, f. Anger, wrath, M. 6. 
 
 iracunde, adv. (iracundus). Pas- 
 sionately, angrily, wrathfully, P. 5. 
 
 iracundia, ae, f. (iracundus). A 
 hasty temper, anger, rage, passion. 
 
 iracundus, a, um, adj. (ira). 
 Passionate, excited. 
 
 irascor, i, v. dep. (ira). To be 
 angry or offended, M. L. 13. 
 
 iratus,<7, ion, adj. (irascor). An- 
 gry, incensed against. 
 
 irrepo, ere, psi, v. intr. (in, repo, 
 to creep) . To creep in, get in, gain 
 admittance, A. 5. 
 
 irretio, ire, ivi or ii, Hum, v. tr. 
 (in, rete, a net). To ensnare, entan- 
 gle, involve, i. C. 6. 
 
 irrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, v. in- 
 tr. (in, rumpo). To break or rush 
 into, force one's way into, burst upon. 
 
 irruo, ere, rui, v. intr. (in, ruo). 
 To rush in, force one's way into. 
 
 irruptio, onis, f. (irrumpo). A 
 breaking into, invasion, attack. 
 
 is, ea, id, dem. pron. He, she, it; 
 this, that ; such ; id temporis, at that 
 time, i. C. 4 ; eo, on this account ; eo, 
 quod, on this account, because; eo 
 with the comparative may often be 
 rendered bv the. 
 
 iste, a, nd, dem. pron. (is). This, 
 that, that of yours. G. 450. 
 
 ita, adv. (is). So, thus, to such 
 a degree, in this manner, in such a 
 manner; ita nt, just as, i. C. 2. 
 
 Italia, ae, f. Italy ; as distin- 
 guished from Latium, Southern Italy, 
 called also Magna. Graecia, A. 3. 
 
 Italicus, a, um, adj. (Italia). Ital- 
 ian ; Italicum bellum, the Social or 
 Marsian War, A. 4. 
 
 ita-que, conj. And so, therefore ; 
 accordingly, hence, then. 
 
 item, adv. (is). In like manner, 
 ■ likewise, also. 
 
 iter, itineris, n. (eo). A journey, 
 march ; way, route, road. 
 
 iterum, adv. (is). Again, a sec- 
 ond time ; iterum et saepius, again 
 and again. 
 
 Iturus, a, um, part, from eo. 
 
 ivi. See eo. 
 
 jaceo, ere, ui, itum, v. intr. To 
 he ; to lie dead ; to have fallen. 
 
 jacio, ere, jeci, jactum, v. tr. To 
 throw, throw out, hurl ; to lay. 
 
 jacto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 (jacio). To throw, cast ; to discuss, 
 talk about ; to toss about ; to display ; 
 se jactare, to display one's self, at- 
 tract attention; with an adverb, to 
 behave, conduct. 
 
 jactura, ae, f. (jacio). A throw- 
 ing away ; loss, sacrifice, damage ; 
 expenditure. 
 
 jactus, us, m. (jacio). A throw- 
 ing, hurling, casting, iii. C. 8. 
 
 jam, adv. (is). Now, already, at 
 once ; indeed, truly, moreover, again ; 
 jam pridem, jam dudum, long since; 
 non jam, no longer, ii. C. 1. 
 
 Jaiiuarius,<7,?/m,adj. Of January. 
 
 jeci. Seejdcio. 
 
 jiibeo, h'e, jussi, jussum, v. tr. 
 To command, order, direct, give or- 
 ders. 
 
346 
 
 JUCUNDE — LABORIOSUS 
 
 jucunde, adv. (jucundus). Jovi- 
 ally, pleasantly, D. 7. 
 
 jucunditas, atis, f. (Jucundus). 
 Gratification, delight, enjoyment. 
 
 jucundus, a, um, adj. Pleasant, 
 agreeable, delightful, pleasing. 
 
 judex, icis, in. (judico) . A judge, 
 juror. 
 
 judicatus, ws, m. {judico). Judi- 
 cature ; the office of judge. 
 
 judicial is, e, adj. (judicium). Of 
 or belonging to the courts of justice, 
 judicial, A. 12. 
 
 judiciarius, a, um, adj. (judici- 
 um). Judiciary, relating to judges 
 or courts, P. 8. 
 
 judicium, ii, n. (judex) . A judg- 
 ment ; trial ; sentence, opinion, de- 
 cision ; the power of judgment, dis- 
 cernment, choice, purpose. 
 
 judico, arc, avi, atum, v. tr. (jus, 
 dico). To pronounce a sentence or 
 judgment; to judge, adjudge; to 
 pronounce, declare ; to determine, 
 conclude, resolve ; to consider, think, 
 decide. 
 
 jugulum, i, n. (jungo). The 
 throat. 
 
 jugum, i, n. (jungo). A yoke; a 
 yoke as a symbol of submission or 
 servitude. 
 
 Jugurtha, ae, m. A king of Nu- 
 midia, conquered by C. Marius, 105 
 
 B. c, M. L. 20. 
 
 Julius, ii, in. L. Julius Caesar, 
 censor 89 b. c, A. 5. 
 
 Julius, a, um, adj. (Julius). Ju- 
 lian ; leges Juliae, laws proposed by 
 
 C. Julius Caesar. 
 
 jungo, ere, junxi, junctum, v. tr. 
 To join, bind or connect together, 
 fasten together. 
 
 Junius, a, um, adj. Of June. 
 
 Juppiter, Jovis, m. Jupiter, the 
 supreme god among the Romans. 
 
 jura ud inn, i, n. (juro, to swear). 
 See jus. 
 
 jus, juris, n. Right, privilege, 
 law, justice ; power, authority ; jus 
 belli, tbe right or rule of war ; jure, 
 
 by right, justly ; jus jur and um, juris 
 jurandi, n., G. 126, an oath. 
 
 jussi. Seojilbeo. 
 
 jussu, m., used only in abl. sing, 
 (juheo). By or with the command 
 or order. 
 
 jussum, i, n. (jiibeo). An order, 
 command. 
 
 juste, adv. (Justus). Justly, with 
 justice, M. 3. 
 
 justitia, ae, f. (Justus). Justice, 
 fair dealing, uprightness. 
 
 Justus, a, um, adj. (jus). Just, 
 right, fair, proper, appropriate, reg- 
 ular, genuine. 
 
 juventus, utis, f. (juvenis, young) . 
 The age of youth, youth ; young per- 
 sons, the youth, the young, young 
 men. 
 
 juvo, are, juvi, jutum, v. tr. To 
 help, aid, assist. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kalendae, arum, f. pi. The Cal- 
 ends, the first day of the month. 
 
 Karth agin ien sis, is, m. (Kar- 
 thago). A Carthaginian, M. L. 18. 
 
 Karthago, inis, f. Carthage. 
 
 L. 
 
 L. Abbr. for Lucius. 
 
 labef acio, ere, feci, factum, v. tr. 
 (labo, to totter, fdcio). To shake, 
 disturb, overthrow, M. L. 7. 
 
 labefacto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 freq. (labef acio). To overthrow, de- 
 stroy ; to disturb. 
 
 labes, is, f. (labor) . A stain, blot, 
 disgrace, M. L. 12. 
 
 labor, i, lapsus sum, v. dep. To 
 fall, slip down; to fail in duty; to 
 err, mistake, commit a fault. 
 
 labor, oris, m. Labor, toil, hard- 
 ship, fatigue, effort, exertion, work. 
 
 laboriosus, a, um, adj» (labor) 
 Laborious, toilsome, M. L. 24. 
 
LABORO — LEGITIMUS 
 
 347 
 
 laboro, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 and tr. (labor). To toil, labor, exert 
 one J s self, strive ; to labor for. 
 
 lacesso, ere, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
 To excite, provoke, exasperate; to 
 attack, assail. 
 
 lacrima, ae, f. A tear. 
 
 lacto, are, avi, atum, v. intr. (lac, 
 milk). To suckle, suck, iii. C. 8. 
 
 Laeca, ae, m. M. Porcius Laeca, 
 a confederate of Catiline, i. C. 4. 
 
 laedo, ere, laesi, laesum, v. tr. To 
 strike; to injure, barm. 
 
 Laelius, ii, m. C. Laelius, called 
 the Wise, A. 7. 
 
 laetitia, ae, f. (laetus) . Joy, glad- 
 ness, delight, exultation. 
 
 laetor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (lae- 
 tus). To rejoice, exult, ii. C. 1. 
 
 laetus, a, urn, adj. Joyful, glad. 
 
 lamentatio, onis, f. (lamentor). 
 Lamentation, wailing, weeping, la- 
 menting. 
 
 lamentor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (lamentum, bewailing). To lament, 
 bewail, weep over, iv. C. 2. 
 
 langueo, ere, langui, v. intr. To 
 be fatigued or exhausted, P. 5. 
 
 languldus, a, Mm, adj. (langueo). 
 Faint, weak, sluggish, dull, inactive, 
 languid, spiritless. 
 
 lapsus, a, um, part, from labor. 
 
 largior, iri, itus sum, v. dep. 
 (largus). To give bountifully, be- 
 stow, supply. 
 
 largitio, onis, f. (largior) . A giv- 
 ing, bestowal; bribery, corruption. 
 
 largltor, mis, m. (largior). One 
 who gives largely, a liberal person. 
 
 largus, a, um, adj. Bountiful, 
 liberal, generous, D. 9. 
 
 late, adv. (lotus, broad). Widely, 
 extensively; longe lateque, far and 
 wide, M. L. 12. 
 
 latebra, ae, f. (lateo). A hiding- 
 place, lurking-place, covert, retreat. 
 
 lateo, ere, ui, v. intr. To be con- 
 cealed, lie hidden; to lurk; to remain 
 unnoticed. 
 
 Latlniensis, is, m. Q. Caelius 
 
 Latiniensis, a tribune of the people, 
 M. L. 19. 
 
 Latlnus, a, um, adj. (Ldtium). 
 Latin, in the Latin language, A. 6. 
 
 Latium, ii, n. Thf, country of 
 Italy in which Rome was situated. 
 
 lator, oris, m. (fero). A mover 
 or proposer (of a law) , iv. C. 5. 
 
 latro, onis, m. A robber, bandit, 
 brigand ; pirate, corsair. 
 
 latroclnium, ii, n. (latrocinor) . 
 Robbery, plundering ; a band of rob- 
 bers, i. C. 13. 
 
 latrocinor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (latro). To engage in robbery, ii. C7. 
 
 latus, ens, n. The side. 
 
 latus, a, um, part, from fero. 
 
 laiido, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (laus). 
 To praise, commend. 
 
 laureatus, a, um, adj. (laurea, 
 laurel). Adorned or wreathed with 
 laurel, L. 8. 
 
 laus, laudis, f. Praise, glory, re- 
 nown, fame, commendation, honor, 
 reputation ; worth, prowess. 
 
 lautus, a, um, adj. (lavo). Neat, 
 elegant; honorable, distinguished, P. 8. 
 
 lavo, are, lavavi or lad, lavatum, 
 lautum or lotum, v. tr. To bathe, 
 wash ; pass., to bathe one's self, bathe. 
 
 lectica, ae, f. (lectus, i). A litter, 
 sedan chair, ii. C. 9. 
 
 lectulus, i, m. G. 321, 1. (lectus, 
 i). A couch, bed, i. C. 4. 
 
 lectus, a, um, part, and adj. (lego). 
 Chosen, select, excellent, iv. C. 6. 
 
 lectus, i, m. (lego). A couch, 
 bed, iv. C. 1. 
 
 legatio, onis, f. (lego). An em- 
 bassy ; the office of lieutenant, lieu- 
 tenancy. 
 
 legatus, i, m. (lego). An ambas- 
 sador, legate, envoy; lieutenant. 
 
 legio, onis, f. (lego). A legion, 
 a body of soldiers consisting of ten 
 cohorts and a division of cavalry ; the 
 legions were designated by numbers, 
 prima, secunda, etc. 
 
 legltimus, a, um, adj. (lex). Le- 
 gal, A. 2 ; prescribed by law, P. 10. 
 
348 
 
 LEGO-LIGAPJUS 
 
 lego, are, a>-i, atum, v. tr. To 
 send on an embassy ; to appoint lieu- 
 tenant. 
 
 lego, ere, legi, ledum, v. tr. To 
 bring together, collect; to choose, 
 select; to read. 
 
 lenio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
 (lenis). To assuage, mitigate, alle- 
 viate, iv. C. 6. 
 
 lenis, e, adj. Gentle, mild, lenient. 
 
 lenitas, atis, f. (lenis). Gentle- 
 ness, softness, lenity. 
 
 leno, onis, m. (lenio). A pander, 
 an agent, iv. C. 8. 
 
 Lentulus, i, m. Cn. Lentulus, a 
 tribune of the people, M. L. 19 ; P. 
 Cornelius Lentulus, a partisan of Cat- 
 iline, iii. C. 2 ; L. Lentulus, a prae- 
 tor, A. 5. 
 
 lentus, a, um, adj. Pliant, tough ; 
 dilatory, slow. 
 
 lepidus, a, um, adj. Elegant, ef- 
 feminate, ii. C. 10. 
 
 Lepidus, i, m. M. Lepidus, con- 
 sul 78 B.C., iii. C. 10; M'. Lepidus, 
 consul 66 b. c, i. C. 6. 
 
 Leucdpetra, ae, f. A promon- 
 tory of Southern Italy, near Regium, 
 P. 3. 
 
 levis, e, adj. Light ; unimportant, 
 trifling, trivial, slight, worthless ; ca- 
 pricious, fickle, impulsive. 
 
 le vitas, atis,f. (lecis). Lightness; 
 fickleness, inconstancy, capacious- 
 ness, worthlessness. 
 
 leviter, adv. (levis). Lightly, 
 slightly ; ut levissime dicam, to say 
 the least, iii. C. 7. 
 
 levo, are, am, atum, v. tr. (levis). 
 To make light, lighten, diminish ; to 
 relieve, alleviate, mitigate; to aid, 
 assist. 
 
 lex, leyis, f. (lego). A law, ordi- 
 nance, decree, statute, bill. 
 
 libellus, i, m. G. 321, 4. (liber). 
 A short composition ; a book, A. 11 ; 
 a note-book, P. 7; a petition, memo- 
 rial, A. 10. 
 
 llbenter, adv. (libeus, from, libet). 
 Willingly, cheerfully, gladly. 
 
 liber, era, erum, adj. Free, un- 
 restrained, independent; jus legatio- 
 nis liberum, a free commission as 
 lieutenant, P. 2. See note on the 
 same. Legotio libera is usually ap- 
 plied to a commission which confers 
 the honors and privileges of a legatus 
 without imposing any duties. 
 
 liber, bri, m. A book, work, trea- 
 tise, A. 6. 
 
 liberalis, e, adj. (liber). Liberal, 
 noble, generous. 
 
 liberalitas, atis, f. (liberalis). 
 Generosity, liberality ; kindness, mu- 
 nificence. 
 
 Ilberatio, onis, f. (libero). Ac- 
 quittal, discharge, L. 1. 
 
 liberator, oris, m. (lib&ro). A 
 liberator, deliverer, P. 2. 
 
 Ilbere, adv. (liber). Freely, un- 
 reservedly, boldly. 
 
 llberi, drum, m. pi. (liber). Chil- 
 dren ; a child, M. L. 12 ; P. 1. 
 
 libero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (libe?'). 
 To free, liberate, release, extricate, 
 deliver, acquit. 
 
 Iibertas, atis, f. (liber). Free- 
 dom, liberty. 
 
 libertinus, a, um, adj. (libertus, 
 a freedman). Of or belonging to a 
 frcedman; libertinus homo, a freed- 
 man, iii. C. 6 ; libertinus, i, m., a 
 freedman. 
 
 libet, ere, libuit or libitum est, v. 
 impers. It pleases, is pleasing or 
 agreeable, iii. C. 12. 
 
 libido, inis, f. (libet). Lust, de- 
 sire, passion, wantonness, i. C. 6. 
 
 licentia, ae, f. (licet). License, 
 freedom. 
 
 licet, ere, lleuit or licitum est, v. 
 impers. It is lawful, allowable, per- 
 mitted ; one may or can. 
 
 Licinius, ii, m. A. Licinius Ar- 
 chias, see Introduction to the Oration 
 for Archias. 
 
 Ligarius, ii, m. Q. Ligarius, see 
 Introduction to the Oration for Liga- 
 rius ; T. Ligarius, brother of Quintus, 
 L. 12. 
 

 LINGUA — MAESTITIA 
 
 349 
 
 lingua, ae, f. The tongue ; speech, 
 language. 
 
 linum,?, n. Flax; linen; a string, 
 thread, line. 
 
 Iique-f acio, ere, feci, factum, v. 
 tr. {liqueo, to be fluid). To melt, li- 
 quefy, iii. C. 8. 
 
 littera, ae, f. A letter of the al- 
 phabet ; litterae, arum, pi., letters of 
 the alphabet; an epistle, letter, de- 
 spatches; records; literature, books, 
 literary works. 
 
 litteratus, a, um, adj. {littera). 
 Educated, learned, A. 2. 
 
 lit in a, ae, f. {lino, to besmear). 
 An erasure, blotting out, correction. 
 
 loco, are, an, atum, v. tr. {locus). 
 To place, set, P. 6 ; xoith gerundive, 
 to contract (to have done) ; collocau- 
 dum locare, to contract to have placed, 
 m. C. 8. 
 
 Locrenses, him, m. pi. The Lo- 
 crians, a people of Southern Italy. 
 
 lociiples, etls, adj. Rich, wealthy, 
 opulent, li. C. 8. 
 
 Iccupleto, are, an, atum, v. tr. 
 {lociiples). To enrich; pass., to en- 
 rich one's self, to become or grow 
 rich, M. L. 23. 
 
 locus, i, m., plur. loci, m., and 
 Idea, n. A place, spot, region, local- 
 ity, point, position ; occasion, oppor- 
 tunity ; condition, rank, station. 
 
 Idcutus, a, um, part, from loquor. 
 
 longe, adv. {longus). At a dis- 
 tance, far off, far away ; widely, great- 
 ly, far ; for a long time, long ; longe 
 lateqne, far and wide, M. L. 12. 
 
 longinquitas, atis, f. {longin- 
 quus). Distance, remoteness, M. L.9. 
 
 longinquus, a, um, adj. {longas). 
 Long; far, distant, remote. 
 
 longiusculus, a, um, adj. G. 332, 
 note 2 {longus). Rather long, some- 
 what long, A. 10. 
 
 longus, a, um, adj. Long, of long 
 duration, tedious ; distant. 
 
 loquor, i, Idcutus sum, v. dcp. To 
 speak, say, tell, declare. 
 
 lotus, a, um, part, from laco. 
 
 Lucius, ii, m. A Roman praeno- 
 men. 
 
 luctuosus, a, um, adj. {luctus). 
 Sad, woful, M. 6. 
 
 luctus, us, m. {lugeo). Grief, 
 woe, sorrow. 
 
 Lucullus, i, m. The name of a 
 prominent Roman family ; M. Lucul- 
 lus, a Roman general who triumphed 
 over the Dardanians, A. 4 ; L. Lucul- 
 lus, a general in the war against 
 Mithridates, A. 5 ; M. L. 2. 
 
 ludus, i, m. A play, game; a 
 school, ii. C. 5; ludi, pi., public 
 games, plays, spectacles. 
 
 lugeo, ere, luxi, luctum, v. tr. To 
 mourn, lament, ii. C. 1. 
 
 lumen, inis, n. {luceo, to shine). 
 Light, luminary, iii. C. 10. 
 
 lupin us, a, um, adj. {lupus, a 
 wolf) . Of or belonging to a wolf. 
 
 lustro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {lus- 
 trum, an offering). To purify; to 
 traverse, M. 2. 
 
 lux, lucis, f. Light, daylight; relief. 
 
 luxuria, ae, f. {luxus, excess). 
 Extravagance, luxury, excess. 
 
 M. 
 
 3f . Abbr. for Marcus. 
 
 M\ Abbr. for Manius. 
 
 Macedonia, ae, f. Macedonia, a 
 country north of Greece, L. 9. 
 
 machinator, oris, m. {machinor). 
 A contriver, inventor, iii. C. 3. 
 
 machinor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 {machina, a device). To contrive, 
 devise, design, plot, i. C. 1. 
 
 macto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 punish, visit, afflict, i. C. 11. 
 
 macula, ae, f. A blot, stain. 
 
 Maelius, ii, m. Sp. Maelius, 
 slain by Servilius Ahala, 439 b. c, 
 i. C. 1. 
 
 maeror, oris, m. {maereo, to 
 mourn). Grief, sorrow, mourning, 
 sadness, lamentation, ii. C. 1. 
 
 maestitia, ae, f. {maestus, sad). 
 
350 
 
 MAGIS — MANSUETUDO 
 
 Sadness, sorrow, grief, dejection, 
 melancholy, L. 11. 
 
 magis, maxlme, adv. More, in 
 a higher degree, rather, better. 
 
 magistratus, us, m. (magister, a 
 master) . A magisterial office, magis- 
 tracy ; a magistrate, officer. 
 
 magnanimus, a, um, adj. (mag- 
 nus, animus). High-spirited, noble. 
 
 magnifice, adv. (magnificus). 
 Grandly, gloriously, ii. C. 1. 
 magnificus,«,t<m,adj.G.164.(ma#- 
 nus, fdcio). Splendid, magnificent. 
 
 magnltudo, inis, f. {magnus). 
 Greatness, size, magnitude. 
 
 magnus, a, um, major, maxlmus, 
 adj. Great, large, much, numerous, 
 important, mighty, powerful; major, 
 maxlmus, with or without natu, older, 
 elder; oldest, eldest; majores, pi., 
 ancestors. 
 
 Magnus, i, m. A Eoman cogno- 
 men, the Great ; Cn. Pompeius Mag- 
 nus, see Pompeius, A. 10; Antiochus 
 Magnus, see Antiochus, D. 13. 
 
 majestas, atis, f. Greatness, dig- 
 nity, majesty ; quaestio majestatis, a 
 prosecution for treason ; majestatis 
 damnare, to condemn for treason. 
 
 major, us. See magnus. 
 
 male, pejus, pessime, adv. (mdlus). 
 Badly, ill; unsuccessfully, unfortu- 
 nately ; scarcely ; male dicere, to 
 malign, slander, asperse, D. 10. 
 
 male-dictum, i, n. A foul accu- 
 sation, slanderous story, reproach. 
 
 male-ficium, ii, n. (fdcio). An 
 evil deed ; mischief, damage, harm. 
 
 male-volus, i, m. (volo). An ill- 
 wisher, enemy, foe, D. 12. 
 
 malleolus, i, m. G. 321, 2. (mal- 
 leus, a hammer) . A fire-dart, i. C. 13. 
 
 malo, matte, malui, v. tr. G. 293. 
 (volo). To choose rather, prefer. 
 
 malum, i, n. (mdlus). An evil, 
 misfortune, calamity ; malum! as in- 
 terj., the mischief! P. 6. 
 
 mains, a, um, pejor, pesslmus, 
 adj. Bad, evil, injurious, destructive ; j 
 poor, A. 10. 
 
 man datum, i, n. (mando). A 
 charge, order, commission, message ; 
 injunction, command. 
 
 mando, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (pla- 
 nus, do) . To commit to one's charge, 
 consign, confer; to commission; to 
 order, command, bid. 
 
 inane, adv. In the morning, early 
 in the morning. 
 
 maneo, ere, si, sum, v. iutr. To 
 remain, stay; to continue, last; with 
 in, to abide by, adhere to. 
 
 manicatus, a, um, adj. (manicae, 
 sleeves). Provided or furnished with 
 long sleeves, ii. C. 10. 
 
 manifesto, adv. (manifestus) . 
 Plainly, clearly, evidently, mani- 
 festly. 
 
 manifestus, a, um, adj. Mani- 
 fest, detected, clear, plain, evident. 
 
 M an Iliu s, ii, m. C. Manilius, 
 tribune of the people, author of the 
 Manilian Law, M. L. 24. 
 
 Manilius, a, um, adj. (Manilius). 
 Of Manilius, Manilian; lex Manilla, 
 the bill which made Pompey sole 
 commander in the war against Mith- 
 ridates. 
 
 manipuiaris, e, adj. (manipulus, 
 a maniple) . Belonging to a maniple 
 or company; mdnipHldres, pi., com- 
 mon soldiers, P. 8. 
 
 Manius, ii, m. A Roman prae- 
 nomen. 
 
 Manlianus, a, um, ^.(Manlius). 
 Of Manlius, Manlian, i. C. 5. 
 
 Manlius, ii, m. M. Manlius, ex- 
 ecuted in the fourth century B. c. on 
 a charge of aiming at regal power, 
 P. 13 ; C. Manlius, a prominent par- 
 tisan and agent of Catiline, i. C. 3. 
 
 Manlius, a, um, adj. (Manlius). 
 Pertaining to the family of the Man- 
 lii, Manlian, P. 13. 
 
 mano, are, avi, atum, v. intr. To 
 spread, flow, diffuse or extend itself. 
 
 mansuete, adv. (mansuetus). 
 Kindly, with gentleness, M. 3. 
 
 mans ue tudo, inis, L(mansuetus). 
 Mildness, gentleness, clemency. 
 
mausuetus, a, urn, adj. (mansues- 
 co, to tame). Mild, gentle, D. 9. 
 manubiae, drum, f. pi. (mdnus). 
 
 Spoils, booty, A. 11. 
 
 maims, us, f. A hand ; art ; an 
 armed body, force, band. 
 
 Marcellus, i, m. The name of a 
 distinguished Roman family; M. 
 Claudius Marcellus, the Roman gen- 
 eral who took Syracuse in the Second 
 Punic War, A. 9 ; M. Claudius Mar- 
 cellus, consul 51 b. c, see Introduction 
 to the Oration for Marcellus, i. C. 8. 
 
 Marcius, ii, m. L. Marcius, a 
 friend of Q. Ligarius, L. 11. 
 
 Marcus, f, m. A Roman praeno- 
 men. 
 
 mare, is, n. The sea. 
 
 maritimus, a, ion, adj. {mare). 
 Maritime; naval; bordering upon 
 the sea, lying on the sea-coast. 
 
 maritus, i, m. [mas, a male). A 
 husband, married man, i. C. 10. 
 
 Marius, ii, m. C. Marius, a cel- 
 eoratcd Roman general, i. C. 2 ; A. 9. 
 
 marmot , drts. n. Marble, A. 9. 
 
 Mars, Martis, m. The god of war ; 
 war, battle. 
 
 Martius, a, urn, adj. (Mars). Of 
 Mars; of March, P. 1. 
 
 Massilia, ae, f. Marseilles. 
 
 Massllieuses, mm, m. pi. (Mas- 
 siha ) . The inhabitants of Marseilles, 
 Massilians, ii. C. 7. 
 
 mater, tris, f. A mother, matron ; 
 mater familias, G. 49, 1, the mother 
 of a family, a matron. 
 
 mature, adv. G. 168, 1, note. 
 (maturus); seasonably, soon, early, 
 speedily, quickly, rapidly. 
 
 maturitas, dtis, f. (maturus). 
 Full development, ripeness, maturity. 
 
 maturo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
 intr. (maturus). To hasten, make 
 haste ; to mature. 
 
 maturus, a, urn, adj. G. 163, 1. 
 Ripe, mature, early, speedy. 
 
 maxlme, adv., sup. of magis. 
 Very greatly ; especially, principally, 
 mainly. 
 
 MANSUETUS — MENDACIUM 
 
 351 
 
 maximus, a, urn. See magnus. 
 
 Maximus, i, m. Q. Fabius Max- 
 imus, the Roman general who baffled 
 Hannibal by delay, A. 9. 
 
 Medea, ae, f. The daughter of 
 Aeetes, King of Colchis, who eloped 
 with Jason the leader of the Argo- 
 nautic expedition, M. L. 9. 
 
 medeor, ere", v. dcp. To remedy, 
 heal. 
 
 medicina, ae, f. (medlcus). A 
 remedy, ii. C. 8. 
 
 medicus, i, m. (medeor). A phy- 
 sician, D. 6. 
 
 mediocris, e, adj. (medius). Mid- 
 dling, moderate, ordinary. 
 
 mediocriter, adv. (mediocris). 
 Moderately, in a moderate degree. 
 
 meditor, art, atus sum, v. dep. 
 To meditate, contemplate, i. C. 9; 
 pass., to be designed, i. C. 10. 
 
 medius, a, um, adj. In the middle 
 or midst, in the middle of; medii, pi., 
 men of the middle class, P. 15. 
 
 medius fidius, adv. (=me Dius 
 Fidius juvet, may the true God help 
 me). Most truly, certainly, indeed. 
 
 medulla, ae, f. (medius). The 
 marrow; the innermost feelings, P. 
 15. 
 
 mehercule, meherciiles, adv. 
 (Hercules) . In very truth ; assuredly, 
 indeed. 
 
 melior, zis. See bonus. 
 
 melius. See bene. 
 
 membrum, i, n. A member, 
 limb. 
 
 memiui, isse, v. tr. G. 297, 1. To 
 remember, recollect, bear in mind. 
 
 Memmius, ii, m. C. Memmius, 
 a candidate for the consulship 100 
 B.C., iv. C. 2. 
 
 memor, oris, adj. (memini). 
 Mindful. 
 
 memoria, ae, f. (memor). Mem- 
 ory, recollection, remembrance ; rec- 
 ords; the period of recollection, 
 memory, time. 
 
 meudacium, ii, n. (mendax, ly- 
 ing). A falsehood. 
 
352 
 
 MENDICITAS — MITHPJDATES 
 
 mendlcltas, atis, f. (mendicus, a 
 beggar). Beggary, indigence. 
 
 mens, mentis, f. The mind, soul, 
 disposition ; the intellectual faculties, 
 understanding, reason, thought, judg- 
 ment, discernment ; design, intention, 
 purpose. 
 
 mensis, is, m. A month. 
 
 mercator, oris, m. (merx). A 
 trader, merchant. 
 
 mercennarius, a, um, adj. (mer- 
 ccs). Hired, P. 9. 
 
 merces, edis, f.(merx, cedo). Hire, 
 pay, wages, reward. 
 
 mereo, ere, ui, Hum, v. tr. ; also, 
 mereor, eri, itus sum, v. dep. To 
 deserve, merit, be worthy of; to earn, 
 gain, acquire ; equo merere, to serve 
 in the cavalry, P. 8. 
 
 merlto, adv. (meritum). Accord- 
 ing to desert, deservedly, justly. 
 
 meritum, i, n. (mereo). Desert, 
 merit, service ; favor, kindness, ben- 
 efit. 
 
 merx, mercis, f. (mereo). "Wares, 
 goods, merchandise, M. L. 18. 
 
 Metellus, i, m. A Roman cog- 
 nomen ; Q. Caecilius Metellus, sur- 
 named Numidicus for his victories 
 over Jugurtha, A. 3; Q. Metellus 
 Pius, son of the above, A. 10; Q. 
 Metellus Celer, praetor G3 B.C., i. C8 ; 
 ii. C. 3; ii. C. 12; M, Metellus, a 
 friend of Catiline, i. C. 8. 
 
 metuo, ere, ui, v. tr, (tnetus). To 
 fear, dread, i C. 6. 
 
 metus, us, m. Fear, dread, terror. 
 
 mens, a, um, poss. pron. G. 185, 
 1. (me). My, mine. 
 
 miles, itis, m. and f. A soldier; 
 soldiery, M. L. 13. 
 
 milltaris, e, adj. (miles). Of or 
 belonging to a soldier, military, war- 
 like ; res milltaris, military affairs. 
 
 militia, ae, f. (miles). Military 
 service, warfare; militiae, G. 426, 2, 
 in the field. 
 
 mille, subs, and adj. G. 178. A 
 thousand ; pi. millia ovmilia, turn, n., 
 M. L. 5. 
 
 minae, arum, f. pi. (mineo, to jut). 
 Threats, menaces, ii. C. 7. 
 
 mlnlme, adv., sup. of pdrum. 
 Least of all, least, by no means. 
 
 minimus, a, um. See parvus. 
 
 mlnltor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 freq. (minor, ari). To threaten, 
 menace, ii. C. 1. 
 
 minor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. To 
 threaten, menace. 
 
 minor, us. See parvus. 
 
 mlnuo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. To 
 make less, diminish, lessen ; to weak- 
 en, impair. 
 
 minus, adv., comp. of pdrum. 
 Less ; not ; si minus, if not. 
 
 miror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. To 
 wonder or marvel at, be astonished 
 at. 
 
 mirus, a, wm,adj. (miror). "Won- 
 derful, marvellous, extraordinary, 
 strange. 
 
 misceo, ere, miscui, mistum or 
 mixtum, v. tr. To mix, mingle, 
 blend ; to stir up, devise, prepare. 
 
 Misenum, i, n. Misenum, a town 
 and harbor on the coast of Campania, 
 M. L. 12. 
 
 miser, era, erum, adj. Wretched, 
 pitiable, unfortunate, lamentable. 
 
 mlserandus, a, um, part, and 
 adj. (miseror). Lamentable, deplor- 
 able, pitiable. 
 
 mlsereor, eri, itus sum, v. dep. 
 (miser) . To pity, L. 5. 
 
 mlseret, ere, miseritum est, v. im- 
 pers. (miser). It distresses, excites 
 pity ; me miseret, I pity, L. 5. 
 
 mlseria, ae, f. (miser). Misery, 
 wretchedness, woe, iv. C. 4. 
 
 mlserlcortlia, ae, f. (misericors). 
 Pity, compassion, mercy, clemency. 
 
 misericors, cordis, adj. (misereor, 
 cor, heart). Compassionate, pitiful, 
 merciful, ii. C. 7. 
 
 miseror, art, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (miser) . To lament, bewail, deplore ; 
 to commiserate, pity. 
 
 missus, a, um, part, from mitto. 
 
 Mithrldates, is, m. Mithridates, 
 
MITHRIDATICUS — MULTITS 
 
 353 
 
 a king of Pontus conquered bv Pom- 
 pey, M. L. 2. 
 
 JMithrldaticus, a, um, adj (Mdh- 
 riddtes). Pertaining to Mithridates, 
 Mithridatic; Mithridoticum bellum, 
 the Mithridatic War waged by tbe 
 Romans against Mithridates. 
 
 mitis, e, adj. Mild, merciful, 
 gentle, iv. C. 5. 
 
 mitto, ere, mlsi, missum, v. tr. To 
 send, dispatch. 
 
 Mityleiiaeus, a, um, adj. (Mity- 
 lene). Belonging to Mitylene on tbe 
 island of Lesbos. 
 
 mixtus, a, um, part, and adj. (mis- 
 ceo) . Mixed, miscellaneous, ii. C. 10. 
 
 moderate, adv. {moderdtus) . 
 With moderation, calmly, moder- 
 ately. 
 
 moderatio, onis, f. (moderor, to 
 moderate). Moderation, M. L. 16. 
 
 mdderatus, a, um, adj. (moderor, 
 to moderate). Prudent, of self-con- 
 trol. 
 
 modestia, ae,f. (modestus). Mod- 
 eration, modesty. 
 
 modestus, a, um, adj. (modus). 
 Discreet, scrupulous, A. 5. 
 
 mddicus, a, um, adj. (modus). 
 Of moderate size or extent, D. 13. 
 
 mddo, adv. (modus). Only, but; 
 just, even, merely ; just now, recent- 
 ly; non modo . . . sed etiam, verum 
 etiam, not only . . . but also ; non 
 modo . . . verum, not to say . . . but. 
 
 modus, /, m. Measure, extent, 
 quantity ; limit, moderation ; manner, 
 way, style, mode, kind. 
 
 moenia, ium, n. pi. Defensive 
 walls, tbe walls of a town ; a city. 
 
 moles, is, f. A huge, massive 
 structure ; mass, burden. 
 
 moleste, adv. (molestus). With 
 trouble or difficulty ; mokste ferre, to 
 take it ill, be annoyed, be vexed. 
 
 molestia, ae, f. (molestus) . Trou- 
 ble, annoyance, vexation. 
 
 molestus, a, um, adj. Trouble- 
 some, disagreeable, annoying, objec- 
 tionable. 
 
 molior, iri, Uus sum, v. dep. 
 (moles). To endeavor, attempt, un- 
 dertake ; to contrive, plot, devise. 
 
 mollis, e, adj. (tnoveo). Gentle, 
 lenient, easy; weak, feeble. 
 
 moneo, ere, id, itum, v. tr. To 
 admonish, advise, warn; to instruct, 
 counsel. 
 
 monstrum, i, n. (moneo). An 
 omen, an evil portent; a monster, 
 ii. C. 1. 
 
 montimeiitum, i, n. (moneo). A 
 monument, memorial ; record. 
 
 mora, ae, f. A delay, hindrance, 
 obstacle. 
 
 morbus, i, m. Sickness, disease, 
 illness. 
 
 morior, i, mortuus sum, v. dep. 
 To die. 
 
 mors, mortis, f. (morior). Death. 
 
 mortalis, is, m. (mors). A mor- 
 tal, a human being. 
 
 mortuus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (morior). Dead, i. C. 13. 
 
 mos, moris, m. Manner, custom, 
 usage, practice ; j9/.,cbaracter, morals. 
 
 motus, us, m. (moveo). A move- 
 ment, action; a political movement, 
 tumult, commotion, excitement, dis- 
 turbance. 
 
 mSveo, ere, movi, motum, v. tr. 
 To move, set in motion, actuate; to 
 dislodge ; to excite, affect, influence. 
 
 mucro, onis, m. A dagger, 
 sword, ii. C. 1. 
 
 mulier, eris, f. A woman. 
 
 muliercula, ae, f. G. 321, 1. 
 J (midier) . A little woman, a woman. 
 
 multa, ae, f. A fine, penalty, pun- 
 ishment, loss, D. 13. 
 
 multitudo, inis, f. (midtus). A 
 great number, multitude, crowd, 
 I number. 
 
 multo, adv. (multus). By far, 
 much. 
 
 multo, are, ami, dtum, v. tr. (mul- 
 ta). To fine, punish. 
 
 multum, plus, plurimum, adv. 
 (multus). Much, very, greatly. 
 
 multus, a, um,plus,plurimus, adj. 
 
354 
 
 MULVIUS — NECESSE 
 
 G. 165, 1. Much, many, numerous, 
 frequent ; ita multi, so many, in such 
 numbers. 
 
 Mulvius, a, ww, adj. Mulvian; 
 pons Mulvius, the bridge above Eome 
 by which the Flaminian Way crossed 
 the Tiber, iii. C. 2. 
 
 Munatius, ii, m. Munatius, a 
 companion of Catiline, ii. C. 2. 
 
 munero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 {munus). To present, D. 6. 
 
 municeps, ipls, in. and f. {munia, 
 duties, cdpio). A citizen of a muni- 
 cipium or free town, citizen. 
 
 municipium, ii, n. {municeps). 
 A free town, municipality, ii. C. 11. 
 
 munio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
 ( moenia) . To defend, protect, cover, 
 secure. 
 
 munitus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 {munio). Fortified, protected, secure, 
 defended. 
 
 munus, eris, n. Service, office, 
 function ; favor, present, gift, endow- 
 ment ; munera, pi., festivals, games, 
 M. 9. 
 
 Murena, a, m. L. LiciniusMu- 
 rena, Roman commander in the Sec- 
 ond Mithridatic War from 83 to 81 
 B.C., M. L. 3. 
 
 mums, i, m. A wall, rampart. 
 
 Musa, ae, f. A muse, one of the 
 nine goddesses who presided over the 
 liberal arts, A. 9. 
 
 mutatio, onis, f. {muto) . Change, 
 alteration, P. 13. 
 
 muto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (md- 
 veo) . To cbange, alter. 
 
 miitus, a, um, adj. Mute, speech- 
 less, dumb, iii. C. 5. 
 
 N. 
 
 n actus, a, um, part, from nancis- 
 cor. 
 
 nam, conj. For; now. 
 
 nanciscor, i, nactus sum, v. dep. 
 To get, obtain, acquire ; to meet with, 
 find, 
 
 nascor, i, natus sum, v. dep. To 
 be born, arise, proceed, rise. 
 
 natio, onis, f. {nascor). A race, 
 nation, people. 
 
 natura, ae, f. {nascor). Nature; 
 natural disposition, character, incli- 
 nation. 
 
 natus, a, um, part, and adj. {nas- 
 cor) . Born ; destined, constituted by 
 nature, L. 7. 
 
 naufragium, ii, n. {navis, fran- 
 go). Shipwreck, D. 9. 
 
 naufragus, a, um, adj. {navis, 
 frango). Shipwrecked; ruined. 
 
 nautlcus, a, am, adj. Of or be- 
 longing to sailors, nautical, naval. 
 
 navalis, e, adj. {navis). Of or 
 belonging to ships, naval ; navale hel- 
 ium, the war against the pirates, 67 
 B. c, M. L. 10. 
 
 navlcularius, ii, m. {navis). A 
 shipmaster, ship-owner, M. L. 5. 
 
 navigatio, onis, f. {navigo). Sail- 
 ing, navigation ; commerce. 
 
 navigo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 {navis, ago). To sail, go by ship, 
 navigate ; to set sail. 
 
 navis, is, f. A ship, vessel. 
 
 ne, adv. and conj. Not, so that 
 not, lest, in order that not; ne . . . 
 quidem, not even. 
 
 ne, inter, particle, enclitic. G. 
 351, 1, note 1. Whether. 
 
 ne, interj. Indeed, truly, ii. C. 3. 
 
 Neapolitani, drum, m. pi. {Ne- 
 apolis). The inhabitants of Neapolis 
 or Naples. 
 
 nee, conj. See nSque. 
 
 necessario, adv. {necessarius) . 
 By necessity, of necessity, necessa- 
 rily. 
 
 necessarius, a, um, adj. {necesse). 
 Necessary, needful, indispensable ; 
 unavoidable ; critical, pressing ; neces- 
 sarius, u, m., a relative, kinsman, 
 friend. 
 
 necesse, adj., used only in nom. 
 and ace. n. sing, {ne, not, cedo). 
 Necessary, unavoidable, indispensa- 
 ble. 
 
NECESSITAS — XOCEXS 
 
 355 
 
 necessitas, atis, f. {necesse) . Xe- 
 eessity, need. 
 
 necessitudo, inis, f. {necesse). 
 Relationship, intimacy, alliance, con- 
 nection. 
 
 nec-ne, adv. Or not. 
 
 lieco, are, act, at urn, v. tr. To 
 kill, put to death. 
 
 ne-fandus, a, um, adj. (we, not, 
 fari, to speak). Wicked, heinous, 
 abominable, execrable, iv. C. 6. 
 
 nefarie, adv. (nefarius). Wick- 
 edly, execrably, abominably, hei- 
 nously, ii. C. 1. 
 
 nefarius, a, um, adj. (we, not, 
 fas). Impious, abominable, wicked. 
 
 negligenter,adv. {neghgens, from 
 negligo). Xegligently, carelessly. 
 
 negligo, ere, lexi, ledum, v. tr. 
 {nee, lego). Xot to heed ; to neglect, 
 disregard, slight. 
 
 nego, are, act, atum, v. tr. To 
 refuse, deny, decline; to say no or 
 not, declare not. 
 
 negotior, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 {negotium). To trade, traffic, carry 
 on business. 
 
 negdtium, ii, n. (nee, otiurn). 
 Business, occupation, affair ; difficulty, 
 trouble, labor. 
 
 nemo, inis, m. and f. G. 457, 2. 
 (we, not, homo). Xo one, nobody. 
 
 nempe, conj. (warn). Forsooth, 
 namely, L. 3. 
 
 nepos, btis, m. A grandson; a 
 spendthrift, prodigal, ii. C. 4. 
 
 nequam, adj. indecl. G. 159, I. ; 
 165, 2. (ne, guis). Worthless, vile. 
 
 ne-quaquam, adv. {quisquam). 
 By no means, not at all. 
 
 ne-que or nee, conj. and adv. (we, 
 not) . And not, also not, but not, nor ; 
 neque . . . neque, nee . . . nee, neither 
 . . . nor. 
 
 nequitia, ae, f. {nequam). Re- 
 missness, negligence ; worthlessness, 
 vileness, villany, ii. C. 5. 
 
 nervus, i, m. A nerve, sinew ; j 
 force, power, strength. 
 
 ne-scio, ire, in or ii, itum,\.Xv. 
 
 (we, not). Xot to know, to be igno- 
 rant; nescio an (lit., I know not 
 whether), perhaps, I am inclined to 
 think ; nescio quis or qui, quae, quid 
 or quod, some one, somebody, some- 
 thing ; nescio quo modo, somehow 
 or other, in some way. 
 
 nescius, a, um, adj. (we, not, scio). 
 Ignorant, unaware, D. 3. 
 
 ne-ve, conj. (we, not, ve, or). And 
 not, nor. 
 
 nex, necis, f. G. 133, 5. (weco). A 
 violent death, murder, slaughter, 
 death. 
 
 Xicaea, ae, f. A city in Bithyn- 
 ia, Xice, D. 9. 
 
 nihil, n. indecl., and nihil um, i, 
 n. Xothing ; not, in no respect, not 
 at all. 
 
 nihil-d um, adv. Xot at all as yet, 
 not yet, as yet not, iii. C. 3. 
 
 nihilum, i, n. See nihil. 
 
 Xilus, i, m. The river Xile, M. 9. 
 
 ni-mirum, adv. {ni=ne, not). 
 Without doubt, indisputably, doubt- 
 less, M. 6. 
 
 nimis, adv. Too much, too. 
 
 nimium, adv. {nimius). Too, 
 too much. 
 
 nimius, a, um, adj. Beyond meas- 
 ure, excessive, too great, too much. 
 
 ni- si, conj. {ni= ne, not). If not, 
 unless, except. 
 
 nisus, a, um, part, from nitor. 
 
 niteo, ere, ui, v. intr. To shine, 
 be brilliant, ii. 0. 3. 
 
 nitidus, a, um, adj. {niteo). Sleek, 
 neat, spruce, ii. C. 10. 
 
 nitor, i, nisus ovnixussum, v. dep. 
 To rest upon, rely upon. 
 
 nix, nivis, f. Snow. 
 
 nixus, a, um, part, from nitor. 
 
 nobilis, e, adj. (wosco). Known, 
 distinguished, noted; high-born, of 
 noble birth, noble. 
 
 nobilitas, atis, f. {nobilis). Ce- 
 lebrity, renown 
 
 noeens, entis, part, and adj. {no- 
 ceo). Injuring, guilty; subs., an of- 
 fender, evil-doer. 
 
356 
 
 NOCEO — OBIRE 
 
 ndceo, ere, ui, itum, v. intr. To 
 harm, hurt, injure. 
 
 nocturnus, a, um, adj. (nox). By 
 night, nightly, in the night, nocturnal. 
 
 nolo, nolle, nolui, v. tr. and intr. 
 G. 293. (ne, not, volo). To be unwill- 
 ing ; not to wish ; to refuse, object. 
 
 n omen, Inis, n. (nosco). A name, 
 title, designation ; suo nomine, on his 
 own account, in his own name ; sine 
 nomine, without signature. 
 
 nominatim, adv. (nomino). By 
 name, expressly. 
 
 nomino, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (nomen). To name, call, call by 
 name, mention. 
 
 non, adv. Not, no; non nemo, 
 some one. 
 
 non-dum, adv.. Not yet. 
 
 non-ne, inter, particle. G.351, 1, 
 note 2. Not ? 
 
 non -nihil, adv. Somewhat. 
 
 non-nullus, a, um, adj. Some, a 
 few, several. 
 
 non-nunquam,adv. Sometimes, 
 at times. 
 
 nosco, ere, novi, notum, v. tr. G. 
 297, I. 2. To know, learn, under- 
 stand, become acquainted with. 
 
 noster, tra, tmm, poss. pron. 
 (nos). Our, ours. 
 
 not a, ae, f. (nosco). A mark, 
 brand, stamp ; reproach, disgrace. 
 
 noto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (iiota). 
 To mark, designate, note, i. C. 1. 
 
 notus, a, um, part, and adj. (nos- 
 co) . Known, familiar, manifest. 
 
 novem, num. adj. indecl. Nine. 
 
 November, bris, adj. (novem). 
 Of November. 
 
 novi. See nosco. 
 
 novus, a, um, adj. New, strange, 
 uncommon ; novae res, a revolution, 
 i. C. 1. 
 
 nox, noctis, f. Night. 
 
 nudius tertius, adv. (nunc dies). 
 Day before yesterday. 
 
 nudus, a, um, adj. Naked, un- 
 covered, bare ; unprotected, exposed ; 
 without an outer garment. 
 
 nullus, a, um, adj. G. 151. (ne, 
 not, ullus). Not any, no, none, with- 
 out any. 
 
 num, inter, particle. G, 351, 1, 
 note 3. Whether. 
 
 Numantia, ae, f. A city in Spain 
 captured by the younger Scipio Afri- 
 canus, M. L. 20. 
 
 numen, inis, n. (nuo, to nod). 
 The divine will, power. 
 
 numero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (numerus) . To count, reckon, num- 
 ber, account, recount. 
 
 numerus, i, m. A number; rank, 
 position ; enumeration. 
 
 Numldicus, i, m. (Numida, a 
 Numidian) . A cognomen of Q. Cae- 
 cilius Metellus, given him for victo- 
 ries over the Numidians, A. 3. 
 
 nunc, adv. Now, at present. 
 
 nunquam, adv. (ne, not, unquam). 
 Never, at no time. 
 
 nuntio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (nun- 
 tivs). To announce, report, make 
 known. 
 
 nuntius, ii, m. A messenger, 
 courier ; message, news, tidings ; an 
 order. 
 
 ntiper, adv. (ndvus). Newly, re- 
 cently, not long ago. 
 
 nuptiae, arum, f. pi. (nubo, to 
 marry). Marriage, wedding, nup- 
 tials, i. C. 6. 
 
 nutus, us, m. (nuo, to nod). A 
 nod, will, pleasure, command. 
 
 o. 
 
 O, interj. O ! oh ! 
 
 6b, prep, with ace. On account of, 
 in consideration of, for. 
 
 6b-edio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. intr. 
 (audio). To obey, M. L. 16. 
 
 ob-eo, ire, ii, Itum, v. intr. To go 
 to or around ; to attend to ; to per- 
 form, execute, do, accomplish. 
 
 ob-fundo, ere, fudi, fusum, v. tr. 
 To overspread, flood, fill, M. 4. 
 
 obire. See dbeo. 
 
ob-jicio, ere, jeci, jectum, v. tr. 
 (jacio). To throw, place, or set 
 against ; to place in the way, offer, 
 present. 
 
 oblatus, a, um, part, from offero. 
 
 ob-lecto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (Jacto, to entice). To delight, please. 
 
 ob-ligo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ligo, 
 to bind). To oblige, place under ob- 
 ligation ; to pledge, mortgage, ii. C. 5. 
 
 ob-lino, ere, lew, lit ion, v. tr. (li- 
 no, to smear). To besmear, bedaub, 
 cover, ii. C. 5. 
 
 oblitus, a, um, part, from obllno. 
 
 oblitns,o,«m, part.from obllciscor. 
 
 obllvio, onis, {.(obliviscor). For- 
 getfulness, oblivion. 
 
 obliviscor, i, oblitus sum , v. dep. 
 To forget, lose all recollection of. 
 
 db-6rior, iri, ortus sum, v. dep. 
 G. 288, 2. (orior, to rise). To arise, 
 spring up, appear, fall or shine upon. 
 
 ob-ro?o, are, civi, atum, v. intr. 
 To change, annul, invalidate, P. 9. 
 
 ob-ruo, ere, mi, riitum, v. tr. To 
 overwhelm, bury, hide, A. 10 ; se ob- 
 ruere, to surfeit one's self, D. 9. 
 
 obscure, adv. (obscurus). Ob- 
 scurely, indistinctly, i. C. f . 
 
 obscurltas. atis, f. (obscurus). 
 Uncertainty, obscurity. 
 
 obscuro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (obscurus). To hide, conceal, ob- 
 scure, cover. 
 
 obscurus, a, um, adj. Obscure, 
 unknown, secret, not generally 
 known. 
 
 ob-secro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (scicro, to devote) . To implore, be- 
 seech ; to entreat, conjure, supplicate. 
 
 ob-secundo, are, an', atum, v. 
 infer, (secundo, from secundus). To 
 comply with, M. L. 16. 
 
 obses, Id is, m. and f. (obsideo). A 
 hostage, surety, pledge. 
 
 ob-sideo, ere, sedi, sessum, v. tr. 
 (sedfo, to sit). To sit down before, 
 besiege, invest, blockade, beset; to 
 watch for an opportunity, i. C. 10; 
 to acquire. 
 24 
 
 OBJICIO — OCCIDO 
 
 357 
 
 obsidio, onis, f. (obsideo). A 
 siege, investment, blockade. 
 
 ob-sisto, ere, stlti, stltum, v. intr. 
 (sisto, to place, stand). To set one's 
 self against ; to oppose, resist, with- 
 stand ; to defeat. 
 
 obsolesco, ere, dlevi, oletum, v. 
 intr. incep. (obsoleo, to grow old) . To 
 wear out, decay, grow obsolete, lose 
 force, M. L. 17. 
 
 ob-sto, are, stlti, statum, v. intr. 
 To withstand, thwart, hinder, op- 
 pose, check. 
 
 ob-strepo, ere, id, itum, v. tr. 
 (strcpo, to rattle). To resound 
 against, (of sounds) to drown, M. 3. 
 
 obstupefacio, ere, feci, factum, 
 v. tr. (obstiipesco, facio) . To stupefy, 
 overpower, astound, amaze. 
 
 ob-stupesco, ere, stupid, v. intr. 
 (stupesco, to become astonished) . To 
 be or become stupefied, amazed, over- 
 powered. 
 
 ob-sum, esse, fid, v. intr. To be 
 prejudicial; to injure, iii. C. 12. 
 
 ob-tempero, are, avi, atum, v. 
 intr. To comply with, conform to, 
 submit to, obey. 
 
 ob-tlueo, ere, id, tentum, v. tr. 
 (teneo) . To hold, possess, retain ; to 
 maintain, show ; to gain, acquire, ob- 
 tain. 
 
 ob-tingo, ere, tigi, v. intr. (tango) . 
 To fall to one's lot, befall, happen, 
 take place, occur, iv. C. 2. 
 
 ob-trecto, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (tracto). To oppose, decry, M. L. S. 
 
 obtuli. See offero. 
 
 occasio, onis, f. (occldo). An 
 occasion, opportunity, favorable mo- 
 ment. 
 
 occasus, us, m. (occldo). A fall, 
 downfall. 
 
 occideus, entis, m. (part, from 
 occldo, sc. sol). The west. 
 
 occldo, ere, cldi, cisum, x. tr. (o6, 
 caedo, to cut) . To cut down, kill, slay. 
 
 occldo, ere, cldi, casum, v. intr. 
 (ob, cddo). To fall or go down; to 
 perish, die, be lost. 
 
358 
 
 OCCLUDO — OPPUGNO 
 
 occludo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. (ob, 
 claudo). To close, shut, iv. C. 8. 
 
 occulte, adv. (occultus). Secretly, 
 privatfly. 
 
 occulto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 (occiilo, to hide). To hide, conceal, 
 secrete. 
 
 occultus, a, um, adj. (occiilo, to 
 hide). Hidden, concealed, secret. 
 
 occupo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ob, cdpio). To take possession of, 
 seize, occupy ; to invade, invest. 
 
 occurro, ere, curri, cursum,v.mt\\ 
 (ob, curro, to run). To run to meet; 
 to meet, come to, go to, arrive; to 
 engage in; to oppose, counteract; to 
 occur, present itself. 
 
 Oceanus, i, m. The ocean. 
 
 Octavius, ii, m. The name of a 
 distinguished Roman family, A. 3 ; 
 Cn. Octavius, consul 87 b. c, iii. C.10. 
 
 oculus, i, m. An eye. 
 
 odi, odisse, v. tr. G. 297, 1. To 
 hate, detest. 
 
 odiosus, a, um, adj. (odium). 
 Odious, unpleasant, vexatious, trou- 
 blesome, P. 11. 
 
 odium, ii, n. (odi). Hatred, an- 
 imosity, enmity, displeasure. 
 
 offendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To offend, err, give offence ; to 
 hurt, harm, wound. 
 
 offensio, onis, f. (offendo). An 
 offence ; displeasure, aversion ; dis- 
 aster. 
 
 offensus, a, um, pai't. and adj. 
 (offendo). Offended, displeased, P. 
 12; offensive, displeasing, odious, 
 i. C. 7. 
 
 off ero, ferre, obtilli, oblatum, v. tr. 
 (ob, fero) . To bring before, present, 
 offer. 
 
 officium, ii, n. A service, kind- 
 ness, favor ; office, employment, bus- 
 iness, duty, obligation. 
 
 oliui, adv. Formerly, long ago, 
 already for a long time, A. 9. 
 
 omen, Inis, a. An omen, i. C. 13. 
 
 dmitto, ere, misi, missum, v. tr. 
 (ob, mitto). To let go, ict fall; to 
 
 lay aside, not to use ; to neglect, dis- 
 regard. 
 
 omnlno, adv. (omnis). Altogeth- 
 er, at all, entirely, wholly, utterly. 
 
 omnis, e, adj. All, every, the 
 whole, complete. 
 
 onus, eris, n. A load, burden, 
 freight, cargo. 
 
 opera, ae, f. (dpus, eris). Pains, 
 exertion, labor; operae pretium est, 
 it is worth while ; care, attention ; aid, 
 service, means, agency; operae, pi., 
 workmen, P. 5. 
 
 Opimius, ii, m. L. Opimius, con- 
 sul and dictator, 121 B.C., i. C. 2. 
 
 opimus, a, um, adj. (ops). Rich, 
 fruitful, fertile, M. L. 6. 
 
 opinio, onis, f. (opinor). Opinion, 
 supposition, belief, conjecture ; expec- 
 tation. 
 
 opinor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. To 
 think, suppose, imagine, conjecture. 
 
 opitulor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
 (ops, tulo = fero). To aid, help, as- 
 sist, succor, A. 1. 
 
 oportet, ere, uit, v. impers. It is 
 necessary, needful, proper, becom- 
 ing ; one must, ought. 
 
 oppeto, ere, ivi or ii, Uum, v. tr. 
 fob, peto). To meet, encounter. 
 
 oppidum, i, n. A town, walled 
 town. 
 
 oppono, ere, pdsui, pdsitum, v. tr. 
 (ob, pond). To set or place against ; 
 to oppose, place opposite ; to present. 
 
 opportiinltas, dtis, f. (opportu- 
 nus). Fitness, convenience ; favora- 
 ble situation, fortunate circumstance, 
 advantage. 
 
 opportunus, a, um, adj. Fit, suit- 
 able. 
 
 oppdsitus, ms, m. (oppono). A 
 placing before, opposing, interposi- 
 tion, protection, M. 10. 
 
 opprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, v. 
 tr. (ob, premo). To pi*ess against, 
 press down ; to oppress, overpower, 
 crush, distress ; to surprise, fall upon, 
 seize, overtake. 
 
 oppugno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 
OPS— PACO 
 
 339 
 
 (ob, pugno). To fight against, op- 
 pose, resist; to attack, assault, be- 
 siege, storin. 
 
 ops, opis, f. G. 133, 1. Power, 
 strength, aid, assistance, help; dpes, 
 pi., means, wealth, resources, sup- 
 ports, interests ; authority, influence. 
 
 Ops, Opis, f. (ops). The goddess 
 of riches, P. 7. 
 
 optatus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (opto). "Wished, desired, agreeable, 
 pleasant, dear, desirable. 
 
 optimas, atis, m. and f. (opti- 
 mus) . One of the best men, an aris- 
 tocrat; pi, the chief men, the aris- 
 tocracy, i. C. 3. 
 
 optlme, adv., sup. of bene. Best, 
 most excellently, in the best manner, 
 very well. 
 
 optimus, a, um, adj., sup. of bonus. 
 Very good, best, most excellent. 
 
 opto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To se- 
 lect, choose ; to desire, hope, wish. 
 
 opus, en's, n. Work, labor; art; 
 a military work or structure ; a deed, 
 action, performance ; mag no opere, 
 greatly ; quanto opere, how greatly, 
 how much ; tanto opere, so greatly. 
 
 opus, n. indecl. Need, necessity ; 
 opus est, it is necessary. 
 
 ora, ae, f. The margin, coast, 
 border ; ora maritima, the sea-coast. 
 
 oratio, onis, f. (oro) . A speaking, 
 speech, language, harangue, oration, 
 words. 
 
 orator, oris,m. (oro). A speaker, 
 orator. 
 
 orbis, is, m. A circle ; orbis ter- 
 rae or terrarum, the world, the,earth, 
 i. C. 1. 
 
 ordior, iri, orsus sum, v. dep. To 
 begin, set about, commence, M. 11. 
 
 ordo, inis, m. A row or series, 
 order; rank, class, degree, body. 
 
 oriens, entis, m. (part, from orior, 
 to rise, sc. sol). The quarter where 
 the sun rises, the east, iii. C. 8. 
 
 ornamentum, i, n. (orno). An 
 ornament, decoration, distinction, 
 honor; equipment. 
 
 ornate, adv. (ornatus). Grace- 
 fully, elegantly, M. L. 17. 
 
 ornatus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (orno). Furnished, equipped, fitted 
 out, possessed of, provided with ; 
 honorable. 
 
 orno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To fit 
 out, furnish, equip ; to adorn, honor, 
 distinguish, celebrate. 
 
 oro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (os). To 
 speak, beseech, entreat, implore, pray, 
 beg. 
 
 orsus, a, um, part, from ordior. 
 
 ortus, us, m. (orior, to rise). The 
 rising. 
 
 6s, oris, n. The mouth ; the face, 
 countenance, feature. 
 
 ostendo, ere, di, sum and turn, 
 v. tr. (ob, tendo). To show, disclose, 
 exhibit, manifest, prove ; to tell, de- 
 clare, make known, say. 
 
 ostento, are, avi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 (ostendo). To show freqxiently, ex- 
 hibit, show, display, make a show or 
 demonstration of. 
 
 Ostiensis, e, adj. (Ostia). Of or 
 at Ostia, the port of Rome at the 
 mouth of the Tiber, M. L. 12. 
 
 ostium, ii, n. (os). A mouth, en- 
 trance ; Oceani ostium, the Straits of 
 Gibraltar, M. L. 12. 
 
 otidsus, a, um, adj. (otium). At 
 peace, quiet, peaceful, peaceable, off 
 one's guard, i. C. 10. 
 
 otium, ii, n. Leisure, rest, repose, 
 tranquillity, quiet, retired life. 
 
 P. 
 
 P. Abbr. for Publius. 
 
 pacatus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (paco). Pacified, peaceful, subdued, 
 reduced to subjection, quiet, calm. 
 
 paciscor, i, pactus sum, v. dep. 
 To covenant, agree upon, appoint. 
 
 paco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (pax). 
 To bring into a state of peace and 
 tranquillity, tranquillize; to pacify; 
 +o «ubdue, subjugate. 
 
360 
 
 PACTUM -PATIOR 
 
 pactum, i, n. (pdciscor). An 
 agreement, compact ; manner, way. 
 
 pactus, a, um, part, from pango ; 
 also from pdciscor. 
 
 paene, adv. Almost, nearly. 
 
 paenitet, ere, uit, v. impers. ( pu- 
 nio ) . It causes regret, makes repent ; 
 me paenitet, I repent. 
 
 palam, adv. Openly, publicly. 
 
 Palatium, ii, n. The Palatium, 
 or Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills 
 of Rome, i. C. 1. 
 
 palma, ae, f. The palm, token 
 of victory or superiority ; glory, hon- 
 or, P. 15. 
 
 Pamphylia, ae, f. Pamphylia, a 
 country of Asia Minor north of the 
 Mediterranean, M. L. 12. 
 
 pango, ere, pepigi, pactum, v. tr. 
 To fix, determine, agree upon, i. C. 9. 
 
 Pansa, ae, m. C. Vibius Pansa, 
 consul 43 b. c, L. 1. 
 
 Papius, a,um, adj. (Papius). Of 
 or belonging to a Papius, Papian ; 
 lex Papia, the law originated by the 
 tribune C. Papius, which required 
 the removal of all foreigners from 
 Rome, A. 5. 
 
 par, pdris, adj. Equal, like, sim- 
 ilar. 
 
 paratus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (paro). Prepared, equipped, pro- 
 vided, furnished ; ready, willing. 
 
 parco, ere, peperci or parsi, par- 
 citum or parsum, v. intr. (parens, 
 sparing). To spare, not to injure; to 
 preserve. 
 
 parens, entis, m. and f. (pdrio). 
 A father or a mother, parent. 
 
 parentalia, ivm, n. pi. (parens). 
 Festivals in honor of deceased rela- 
 tives, P. 6. 
 
 parento, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (parens) . To make offerings in honor 
 of the dead; impers. pass., P. 6. 
 
 pareo, ere, ui, itum, v. intr. To 
 obey, comply with, submit to. 
 
 paries, pdrietis, m. A wall, wall 
 of a house, house-wall. 
 
 pario, ere, p'eperi, partum, v. tr. 
 
 To bring forth, bear ; to gain, acquh-e, 
 procure ; to accomplish, occasion. 
 
 paro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 prepare, provide, furnish. 
 
 parrlcida, ae, m. and f. A parri- 
 cide, murderer, assassin, i. C. 12. 
 
 parricldium, ii, n. (parricida). 
 Murder, destruction; treason, l'ebel- 
 lion. 
 
 pars, partis, f. A part, portion, 
 share ; place, direction, region ; party, 
 side. 
 
 partlceps, ipis, m. and f. (pars, 
 cdpio). A participant, sharer. 
 
 partim, adv. (pars.) Partly, in 
 part ; partim . . . partim, either . . . 
 or, some . . . others. 
 
 partus, a, um, part, from pdrio. 
 
 par urn, minus, minime,a,dv. Lit 
 tie, too little, not enough. 
 
 parvulus, a, um, adj. G. 332 • 
 (parvus). Small, slight, unimpor- 
 tant, little, young. 
 
 parvus, a, um, minor, minimus, 
 adj. Small, slight, insignificant, un- 
 important, narrow. 
 
 passus, a, um, part, from pdtior. 
 
 passus, us, m. (panclo, to spread). 
 A step, pace. 
 
 pastio, dnis, f. (pasco, to feed). 
 Pasture, pasturage, M. L. 6. 
 
 pastor, oris, m. (pasco, to feed). 
 A shepherd, iii. C. 6. 
 
 pate-f acio, ere, feci, factum, v. 
 tr. (pateo). To throw open, open; 
 to make known, disclose, bring to 
 light. 
 
 pateo, ere, ui, v. intr. To be 
 open, exposed. 
 
 pater, tris, m. A father; pater 
 familias, G. 126, the father of a fam- 
 ily, father; pdtres, pi., fathers, fore- 
 fathers, ancestors ; patres conscripti, 
 conscript fathers, the customary ap- 
 pellation of the senators. 
 
 patiens, entis, adj. (potior). Pa- 
 tient, L. 8. 
 
 patientia, ae, f. (patior). Pa- 
 tience, endurance. 
 
 patior, i, passus sum, v. dep. To 
 
P ATRIA — PEliCUTIO 
 
 361 
 
 suffer, support, bear, endure ; to al- 
 low, permit. 
 
 patria, ae, f. (patrius). Native 
 country, country, one's country, i.C. 7. 
 
 patricius, a, um, adj. (patres). 
 Pertaining to the patres or senators, 
 patrician ; patricius, ii, in., a patri- 
 cian, a person of senatorial rank, one 
 of the "Roman nobility, ii. C. 12. 
 
 patrlmonium, ii, n. (pater). 
 Patrimony, ancestral estate, inher- 
 itance, ii. C. 5. 
 
 patrius, a, um, adj. (pater). 
 Fatherly, ancestral, paternal. 
 
 pauci, ae, a, adj. Pew, not many. 
 
 paulisper, adv. (paulus, little, 
 per) . For a little while, for a short 
 time. 
 
 PauIIus, i, m. L. Aemilius Paul- 
 lus, who conquered, 16S B.C., Perses, 
 King of Macedonia, iv. C. 10. 
 
 paulo, adv. (paulus, little). A 
 little, somewhat. 
 
 paululum, i, n. (paululus, little). 
 A little, a very little. 
 
 pallium, adv. (paulus, little). A 
 little, somewhat. 
 
 pax, pads, f. G. 133, 5. Peace, 
 tranquillity, quiet; pace tua, with 
 your permission. 
 
 pecco, are, avi, atum, v. infer. To 
 transgress, err, offend, do injustice. 
 
 pecto, ere, pexi, pexum,x. tr. To 
 comb, ii. (J. 10. 
 
 pectus, oris, n. The breast; the 
 mind. 
 
 pecu, dat. pecia, n. (gen. sing. 
 not used). G 116. Cattle; a 
 herd, flock, M. L. 6. 
 
 pecuarius, it, m. {pecu). A 
 breeder of cattle, grazier, D. 9. 
 
 pecunia, ae, f. ( pecus) . Property, 
 riches; money, a sum of money; 
 banking, M. L. 7. 
 
 pecus, iidis, f. A single head of 
 cattle ; a brute. 
 
 pedester, tris, tre, adj. (pes) . On 
 foot ; pedestres copiae, infantry,iii.C 4. 
 
 Peium, ii, n. The name of a cas- 
 tle of Deiotarus, D. 6. 
 
 pejor, us, adj., comp. of tyidlus. 
 Worse. 
 
 pejus, adv., comp. of male. 
 Worse. 
 
 pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum, v. tr. 
 To drive out or away, expel ; to rout, 
 drive back, discomfit ; to overpower, 
 conquer. 
 
 Penates, ium, m. pi. The Pena- 
 tes, guardian deities of the household 
 and of the state, iv. C. 9 ; dii penates, 
 the Penates, household gods, D. 3. 
 
 pendeo, ere, pependi, v. infer. To 
 hang, rest, or depend upon, M. 7. 
 
 penetro, are, art, atum, v. tr. and 
 infer. To enter, penetrate, reach. 
 
 penltus, adv. Deeply, far within, 
 inmost ; exclusively. 
 
 pensito, are, art, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 (penso, to weigh). To pay, M. L. 6. 
 
 pependi. See pendeo. 
 
 peperci. See parco. 
 
 peperi. See pario. 
 
 pepuli. See pello. 
 
 per, prep, with ace. Through. 
 I. Of space : through, over, through 
 the midst of. II. Of time : during, 
 through, throughout, for the space of. 
 III. Of other relations : through, 
 by means of, by, through the agency 
 of ; per me, by my own efforts, i. C. 5 ; 
 so far as I am concerned, L. 8 ; in 
 imprecations, by; per deos, by the 
 gods ! in composition, frequently, 
 very, exceedingly. 
 
 per-adolescens, entis, adj. Very 
 young. 
 
 per-agro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (dger) . To go through,travel through, 
 M. 2. 
 
 per-brevis, e, adj. Very brief, 
 very short, M. L. 6. 
 
 per-cello, ere, cicli, culsum, v. tr. 
 (cello, to impel). To smite, cast 
 down, overthrow, ruin, destroy. 
 
 per-clpio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
 (capio). To take fully, receive, ac- 
 quire, obtain; to perceive, learn, 
 hear, hear of, comprehend. 
 
 per-cutio, ere, cussi, cussum, v. 
 
362 
 
 PERDITUS — PEPNICIOSUS 
 
 tr. (qudtio, to shake). To strike 
 through, strike. 
 
 perditus, a, um, adj. (perdo). 
 Lost, abandoned, bad, ruined ; per- 
 ditae res, criminal enterprises, iii. 
 C. 7. 
 
 perdo, ere, didi, ditum, v. tr. To 
 destroy, ruin ; to lose. 
 
 per-duco, ere, duxi, ductum, v. tr. 
 To lead, bring, or conduct through ; 
 to convey, lead, bring. 
 
 perduint, pres. subj. 3 pi. from 
 perdo. G. 240, 3 ; D. 7. 
 
 peregrlnor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
 (peregrinus). To go abroad, travel. 
 
 peregrinus, a, urn, adj. (pereger, 
 abroad). Foreign, provincial, A. 10. 
 
 per-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. intr. To 
 pass away, perish, be destroyed or 
 lost. 
 
 perfectio, onis, f. (perficio). A 
 completion, perfecting, accomplish- 
 ment, M. 8. 
 
 perfectus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (perficio). Finished, perfect, com- 
 plete, excellent, M. L. 13. 
 
 per-fero, fcrre, tiili, latum, v. tr. 
 To bear or carry through ; to bring, 
 convey; to endure, suffer, undergo, 
 bear. 
 
 per-ficio, ere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
 (fdcio) . To finish, execute, achieve, 
 complete, perfect; to bring to pass, 
 accomplish, cause, effect. 
 
 per-fringo, ere, fregi, fr actum, 
 v. tr. (frango). To break through, 
 burst through, force one's way 
 through. 
 
 per-fruor, i, fructus sum, v. dep. 
 To enjoy, enjoy fully. 
 
 perfugium, ii, n. (per-fugio). A 
 place of refuge, shelter, refuge, re- 
 sort. 
 
 per-fungor, i, functus sum, v. 
 dep. To fulfil, perform ; to endure, 
 go through with, reach the close of, 
 M. 10. 
 
 per-go, ere, perrexi, perrectum, 
 v. intr. (rego). To go on, continue, 
 proceed, advance. 
 
 per-horresco, ere, horrui, v. tr. 
 (horresco, to shudder). To shudder 
 at, contemplate with horror, iv. C. 6. 
 
 periclltor, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
 (periculum) . To make a trial of; to 
 be in peril, be exposed to danger. 
 
 perlciilosus, a, um, adj. (peric- 
 alum). Full of danger, dangerous, 
 perilous, hazardous. 
 
 periculum, i, n. A trial, attempt, 
 experiment; risk, danger, peril, haz- 
 ard ; a case, trial in court, suit, law- 
 suit. 
 
 per-inde, adv. Exactly, in the 
 same manner, just as, M. 4. 
 
 per-Iniquus, a, um, adj. Very 
 unfair, very unjust, M. L. 22. 
 
 perltus, a, um, adj. Experienced, 
 skilled, acquainted with. 
 
 per-magnus, a, um, adj. Very 
 great. 
 
 per-maneo, ere, mansi, mansum, 
 v. intr. To remain, stay, continue, 
 endure, persist. 
 
 per-mitto, ere, misi, missum, v. 
 tr. To send through, cast, hui'l ; to 
 give up, concede, surrender; to in- 
 trust, commit; to allow, suffer, per- 
 mit. 
 
 per-modestus, a, um, adj. Very 
 modest, ii. C. 6. 
 
 permoleste, adv. (per-molestus) . 
 With much trouble or difficulty ; per- 
 moleste ferre, to be much vexed or 
 disturbed at, P. 15. 
 
 per-moveo, ere, movi, motum, v. 
 tr. To move deeply, stir up, excite ; 
 to induce, influence, persuade, prevail 
 upon ; to arouse, affect. 
 
 permultum, adv. (permultus). 
 Very much, M. L. 18. 
 
 per-multus, a, um, adj. Very 
 much, very many, in great numbers, 
 ii. C. 10. 
 
 pernicies, ei, f. (per-neco). De- 
 struction, ruin, disaster, calamity, 
 mischief. 
 
 perniciosus, a, um, adj. (per- 
 nicies). Dangerous, traitorous; de- 
 structive, ruinous, baneful. 
 
PERNOCTO — PICENUS 
 
 363 
 
 per-nocto, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (nox) . To pass the night, A. 7. 
 
 per-parvus, a, um, adj. Veiy 
 small, slight, D. 3. 
 
 perpetuus, a, um, adj. Constant, 
 uninterrupted, perpetual, continual, 
 continuous ; in perpetuum, forever. 
 
 per-saepe, adv. Very often, very 
 frequently, i. C. 7. 
 
 pei -scribo, ere, psi, ptimx, v. tr. 
 To write out, record, describe, report. 
 
 per-sequor, i, secutus sum, v. dep. 
 To follow perseveriugly, follow up ; 
 to pursue, press upon; to proceed 
 against, prosecute, punish ; to avenge ; 
 to perform, execute, accomplish. 
 
 Perses, ae (ace. Persem, M. L.18), 
 m. The last king of Macedonia, iv. 
 C. 10 ; M. L. 18. 
 
 perseverantia, ae, f. (persevero, 
 to persevere). Perseverance, stead- 
 fastness, constancy, M. L. 24. 
 
 persona, ae, f. A person, char- 
 acter, A. 2. 
 
 per-splcio, ere, spexi, spectum, 
 v. tr. (specio, to look). To see or 
 look through; to examine, inspect; 
 to perceive, obseiwe, behold, ascer- 
 tain. 
 
 per-suadeo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. 
 To convince, persuade, prevail upon. 
 
 per-terreo, ere, ui, ttum, v. tr. 
 (terreo, to frighten). To frighten 
 greatly, terrify. 
 
 pertimesco, ere, timid, v. intr. 
 mcep.(per-timeo) . To become great- 
 ly alarmed, to fear greatly. 
 
 pertinacia,«e,f. (pertinax). Ob- 
 stinacy, pertinacity. 
 
 per-tlnax, acts, adj. (teneo). Ob- 
 stinate, pertinacious, stubborn, L. 6. 
 
 per-tlneo, ere, ui, tentum, v. intr. 
 (teneo). To stretch out; to extend 
 to, reach ; to aim at, tend ; to pertain 
 to, concern, relate, belong to. 
 
 perturbatio, dms, f. (perturbo). 
 Confusion, embarrassment, disturb- 
 ance. 
 
 per-turbo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (turbo, to disturb). To throw into 
 
 confusion or disorder, agitate ; to con- 
 fuse, mislead, disturb, discompose, 
 embarrass. 
 
 per-vado, ere, si, sum , v. tr. and 
 intr. (vado, to go). To spread 
 through, penetrate, pervade ; to reach, 
 arrive at. 
 
 pervagatus, a, um, adj. (per-va- 
 gor). Wide-spread, well-known. 
 
 per-venio, ire, vent, ventum, v. 
 intr. To come to, arrive at, reach, 
 attain. 
 
 pes, pedis, m. The foot; a foot 
 (as a measure) ; a pedibus, from the 
 service of, D. 1. 
 
 pessime. See male. 
 
 pessimus, a, um. See malus. 
 
 pestis, is t f. Destruction, ruin, 
 death ; a pest, curse, bane. 
 
 petitio, onis, f. (peto). A thrust, 
 blow, attack, i. C. 6. 
 
 peto, ere, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. To 
 repair to, go to, direct one's course 
 to ; to attack, assail ; to aim at, ask, 
 seek, demand, solicit; to seek to ob- 
 tain, strive after. 
 
 petulantia, ae, f. (petulans, wan- 
 ton) . Wantonness, boldness, vicious- 
 ness, ii. C. 11. 
 
 pexus, a, um, part, from pecto. 
 
 Pharnaces, is, m. The son of 
 Mithridates, and King of the Bospo- 
 rus, D. 5. 
 
 Pharsallcus, a, um, adj. (Phar- 
 salus). Of Pharsalus, a city of Thes- 
 saly whei-e Caesar defeated Pompey, 
 Pharsalian, L. 3. 
 
 Phldippus, i, m. Phidippus, a 
 slave, physician of Deiotarus, D. 6. 
 
 Philippicus, a, um, adj. (Philip- 
 pus). Of or belonging to Philip, 
 Philippic ; oratio Philippica, see foot- 
 note, p. 292. 
 
 Philippus, i, m. Philip V., King 
 of Macedonia, conquered by the Ro- 
 mans 196 B. c, M. L. 6 ; L. Marcius 
 Philippus, consul 91 b. c, M. L. 21. 
 
 philosophic, i, m. A philosc 
 pher, A. 11. 
 
 Picenus, a, um, adj. (Picenunx). 
 
364 
 
 PIE — PORRO 
 
 Picene, of Picenum, a district in the 
 eastern part of Italy, ii. C. 3. 
 
 pie, adv. {plus, dutiful). Duti- 
 fully, loyally, affectionately, L. 11. 
 
 pietas, atis, f. (pins, dutiful). 
 Dutiful conduct, piety, devotion; loy- 
 alty ; fraternal affection, M. 4. 
 
 pignus, oris, n. A pledge, P. 2. 
 
 pila, ae, f. A ball; ball-playing, 
 the game of ball, A. 6. 
 
 pinguis, e, adj. Fat; rude, dull, 
 gross, A. 10. 
 
 Piso, onis, hi. L. Calpurnius Piso, 
 father-in-law of Caesar, P. 4. 
 
 Pius, ii, in. The surname of 
 Q. Caecilius Metellus, the son of Q. 
 Caecilius Metellus Nuniidicus, A. 3. 
 
 placeo, ere, ui, itum, v. intr. To 
 please, be acceptable to, satisfy; to 
 seem good, be resolved on, be ordered, 
 be decided. 
 
 placo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 appease, reconcile, propitiate, please. 
 
 plane, adv. ( planus, plain) . Plain- 
 ly, clearly, distinctly, undisguisedly ; 
 entirely, completely. 
 
 plaudo, ere, si, sum, v. intr. To 
 applaud, greet with applause, D. 12. 
 
 plausus, us, m. (plaudo). Ap- 
 plause, D. 12. 
 
 plebs, plebis, f. The commons or 
 common people, as distinguished from 
 the patricians, those of senatorial 
 rank, and from the knights. 
 
 plenus, a, um, adj. (pleo, to fill). 
 Pull, entire, complete, whole. 
 
 jtlerumque, adv. (plerusque). For 
 the most part, mostly, commonly, 
 very often. 
 
 plerusque, tique, umque, adj., rare 
 in sing, (plerus, very many). The 
 most, very - many, a great part. 
 
 Plotius, ii, m. L. Plotius, a Ro- 
 man orator and rhetorician, A. 9. 
 
 plurimum, adv., sup. of multum. 
 Very much, especially, exceedingly. 
 
 plurimus, a, um, adj., sup. of 
 multus, rare in sing. The most, the 
 greatest number, very many ; quam 
 plurimi, as many as possible, i. C. 5. 
 
 plus, pluris, adj., oomp. of multus. 
 G. 165, 1. More; several. 
 
 plus, adv., comp. of multum. 
 More. 
 
 poena, ae, f. A fine, punishment, 
 penalty, satisfaction, expiation. 
 
 Poeni, drum, m. pi. The Cartha- 
 ginians, M. L. 6. 
 
 poeta, ae, m. (a Greek word). A 
 poet. 
 
 polio, Ire, ivi or ii, Itum, v. tr. 
 To polish, finish nicely, A. 12. 
 
 pdlitus, a, um, part, from polio. 
 
 polliceor, eri, itus sum, v. dep. 
 To promise, offer. 
 
 Pompeius, ii, m. Cn. Pompeius 
 Magnus, the celebrated Roman gen- 
 eral and statesman ; Pompey. 
 
 Pompeius, a, um, adj. (Pompe- 
 ius). Of Pompey, Pompeian; leges 
 Pompeiae, laws proposed by Pompey. 
 
 Pomptinus, i, m. C. Pomptinus, 
 a praetor under Cicero, iii. C. 2. 
 
 pondus, eris, n. (pendo, to weigh). 
 Weight, burden. 
 
 pono, ere, posui, posUum, v. tr. 
 To put, place, set, lay, repose ; castra 
 ponere, to pitch a camp, encamp ; to 
 take off, lay aside, lay down. 
 
 pons, pontis, m. A bridge. 
 
 pontifex, icis, m. A high priest, 
 pontiff; their chief or president was 
 called pontifex maxlmus, i. C. 1. 
 
 Pontus, i, m. An important 
 country in Asia Minor, south of the 
 Euxine Sea. 
 
 popina, ae, f. An eating-house, 
 cook-shop, ii. C. 2. 
 
 popularis, e, adj. (popUlus). Pop- 
 ular, devoted to the people, acceptable 
 to the people ; belonging or pertain- 
 ing to the populares or democratic 
 party ; see note on p. 41, 1. 7. 
 
 popiilus, i, m. A people, nation ; 
 the common people, A. 10. 
 
 porrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, v. tr. 
 {pro, rego). To stretch out, reach 
 out, extend ; to offer. 
 
 porro, adv. Furthermore, more- 
 over. 
 
PORTA — PRAEC QRRO 
 
 365 
 
 porta, ae, f. A gate, entrance, 
 passage. 
 
 portus, us, m. A harbor, port; 
 the place at which import duties are 
 paid; hence, import duties, M. L. 6. 
 
 positus, a, urn, part, and adj. 
 (pono). Situated, placed, lying. 
 
 possessio, onis, f. (possideo, to 
 possess). A possessing, possession; 
 property, estate. 
 
 possum, posse, potui, v. intr. G. 
 290, n. (potis, able, sum). To be 
 able, can ; to have influence or power ; 
 to avail, be able to accomplish ; plu- 
 rimum posse, to be -very powerful, 
 have very great influence, M. L. 15. 
 
 post, adv. After, afterwards ; post 
 quam, after that, after. 
 
 post, prep, with aec. After, both 
 of space and time ; behind ; since. 
 
 post-ea, adv. (is). Afterwards, 
 after this, later, subsequently ; postea 
 quam, after that, after. 
 
 postea-quam, adv. After that, 
 after. 
 
 posteritas, atis, f. (posterus). 
 Posterity, futurity, the future ; in 
 posteritatem, for the future, i. C. 9. 
 
 posterus, a, urn, adj. G. 163, 3. 
 (post). Coming after, following, 
 next ensuing ; posterum, i, n., the 
 future ; in posterum, for the future, 
 into the future; posteri, drum, m. 
 pi., coming generations, descendants, 
 posterity. 
 
 post-hac, adv. {hie). Hereafter, 
 after this, in future. 
 
 postremo, adv. (postremus). At 
 last, finally. 
 
 postremus, a, um, adj., sup. of 
 posterus. The last, in the rear, hind- 
 most. 
 
 postridie, adv. ( = postero die). 
 On the following day, the day after, 
 the next day. 
 
 postulatio, onis, f. (postulo). A 
 demand, request, L. 6. 
 
 postulo, are, art, atum, v. tr. To 
 demand, ask, request. 
 
 posui. See pono. 
 
 poteus, entis, adj.( possum). Able, 
 powerful, influential, mighty, strong. 
 
 poteutia, ae, f. (potens) . Power, 
 ability, might, influence, authority, 
 political power. 
 
 potestas, atis, f. (possum). Abil- 
 ity, power, legal power, right ; leave, 
 permission. 
 
 potio, onis, f. (poto, to drink). 
 Drink, draught, D. 6. 
 
 potior, Iri, itussum, v. dep. (potis, 
 able) . To become master of, acquire, 
 gain, get, obtain. 
 
 potius, comp., sup. potissime and 
 potissimum, adv. (potis, able) . Rath- 
 er, in preference, sooner. 
 
 potui. See possum. 
 
 prae, prep, with abl. Before ; 
 prae seferre, to acknowledge openly ; 
 in comparison with ; for, on account 
 of, because of, by reason of. 
 
 prae-beo, ere, ui, Uum, v. tr. 
 (liabeo). To hold forth, reach out; 
 to offer, extend, present; to show, 
 exhibit ; to give, furnish, supply, af- 
 ford. 
 
 prae-ceps, cipitis, adj. (caput). 
 Head foremost, headlong, hasty, 
 precipitate ; headstrong, obstinate. 
 
 praeceptum, i, n. (praectpio). 
 An order, direction, command; ad- 
 vice, counsel, precept. 
 
 prae-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
 (capio). To take beforehand; to 
 give orders, prescribe, admonish, ad- 
 vise, direct, instruct. 
 
 praeclpue, adv. (praecipuus). 
 Especially, principally, chiefly. 
 
 praecipuus, a, um, adj. (prae- 
 cipio). Particular, especial, extraor- 
 dinary, peculiar. 
 
 prae-clarus, a, um, adj. Remark- 
 able, extraordinary, excellent, distin- 
 guished. 
 
 praeco, onis, m. A herald. 
 
 praeconium, it, n. (praeco). A 
 heralding, publishing, proclaiming, 
 celebrating, A. 9. 
 
 prae-curro, ere, ciXcurri or curri, 
 cur sum, v. intr. (curro, to run) . To 
 
366 
 
 PRAEDA - PRAETEREO 
 
 ran before, hasten ; to surpass, excel, 
 outstrip. 
 
 praeda, ae, f. Property taken in 
 war, booty, plunder, spoil. 
 
 praedator, oris, m. {praeda). A 
 robber, plunderer, ii. C. 9. 
 
 praedicatio, onis, f. {praedico). 
 Mention, assertion, statement; praise, 
 commendation. 
 
 prae-dico, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 {dlco, to proclaim) . To make known, 
 proclaim, declare, say, tell, affirm, 
 report, protest ; to call ; to celebrate, 
 speak of; to vaunt, boast. 
 
 prae-dico, ere, dixi, dictum, v. tr. 
 To say or state first or beforehand, to 
 premise, iv. C. 3 ; to foretell, predict, 
 i. C. 4. 
 
 prae-ditus, a, urn, adj. {do) . En- 
 dowed, gifted, or provided with, pos- 
 sessed of, A. 5. 
 
 praedium, ii, n. An estate, ii.C8. 
 
 praedo, onis, m. {praeda). A 
 robber; a pirate, corsair, M. L. 11. 
 
 praefectura, ae, f. {praefectus) . 
 An Italian city governed by a Roman 
 prefect {praefectus), a prefecture, 
 iii. C. 2. 
 
 praefectus, /, m. ( praeficio) . An 
 overseer, leader, commander, prefect. 
 
 prae-fero, ferre, tali, latum, v. 
 tr. To bear before ; to prefer, choose 
 rather, esteem more. 
 
 prae-ficio, ere, feci, fectum, v. 
 tr. {fdcio). To set over; to place in 
 authority over, appoint to the com- 
 mand of. 
 
 prae-flnio, ire, lei or ii, itum, 
 v. tr. {finis) . To determine, fix, ap- 
 point, prescribe, P. 8. 
 
 prae-mitto, ere, misi, missum, v. 
 tr. To send before, send ahead or in 
 advance. 
 
 praemium, ii, n. {prae, emo, to 
 take). Profit, advantage; reward, 
 distinction. 
 
 Praeneste, is, n. and f. Prae- 
 neste, a town in Latium south-east 
 of Rome, now Palestrina. 
 
 prae-pono, ere, posui, posltum, 
 
 v. tr. To put or set before ; to place 
 in command of, appoint over. 
 
 prae-scribo, ere, psi, ptum, v. tr. 
 To write before, place before in writ- 
 ing; to direct, order, appoint, com- 
 mand, prescribe. 
 
 praesens, entis, adj. {praesum). 
 Present, in person. 
 
 praesentia, ae, f. {praesens). 
 The present ; presence. 
 
 prae-sentio, ire, sensi, sensum, 
 v. tr. To feel or perceive before- 
 hand, foresee, observe, look forward. 
 
 praesertim, adv. {prae, sero, 
 to join). Especially, particularly, 
 chiefly. 
 
 prae-sideo, ere, sedi, sessum, v. 
 intr. {sedeo, to sit). To preside over ; 
 to guard, protect, defend, iv. C. 2. 
 
 praesidium, ii, n. {praesideo). 
 A defence, protection, help, assist- 
 ance, support, aid, security ; a guard, 
 garrison, force. 
 
 praestans, antis, part, and adj. 
 {praesto, are). Standing before, ex- 
 celling ; eminent, conspicuous, pre- 
 eminent, superior, excellent, distin- 
 guished, extraordinary. 
 
 praesto, adv. Present, at hand, 
 ready. 
 
 prae-sto, are, stiti, stitum and 
 statum, v. tr. and intr. To stand 
 before, surpass, excel, be superior to ; 
 to discharge, accomplish, perform, 
 carry into effect; to show, exhibit, 
 evince, manifest ; to keep, preserve ; 
 to guarantee, vouch for. 
 
 praestdlor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 {praesto, adv.) To await, wait for. 
 
 prae-sum, esse, fui, v. intr. To 
 be before, be in command of, have 
 the charge of, preside over. 
 
 praeter, prep, with ace. {prae). 
 Past, by, beyond ; except, beside ; 
 contrary to, against. 
 
 praeter-ea, adv. {is). Besides, 
 beyond this, moreover. 
 
 praeter-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. tr. 
 To go or pass by, omit, pass over, 
 neglect. 
 
PRAETER1TUS — PROBITAS 
 
 367 
 
 praeterltus, a, um, adj. {prae- 
 tereo). Past, gone by, departed. 
 
 praeter-mitto, ere, misi, missum, 
 v. tr. To let go, pass over, omit, 
 make no mention of, pass by, over- 
 look. 
 
 praeter-quam, adv. Beyond, be- 
 sides, except. 
 
 praetexta, ae, f. {praetexo, to 
 border). The toga praetexta or toga 
 bordered with purple, the garment 
 worn by children; in praetexta, in 
 boyhood, ii. C 2. 
 
 praetextatus, a, um, adj. {prae- 
 texta). Clad in the toga praetexta; 
 a youth, A. 3. 
 
 praetor, oris, m. {prae,eo). A 
 praetor, a magistrate next in rank to 
 the consul. 
 
 praetorius, a, um, adj. {praetor). 
 Relating to the praetor, praetorian; 
 praetoria provincia, a province gov- 
 erned by a praetor, P. 8. 
 
 praetiira, ae, f. {praetor). The 
 office of praetor, praetorship, iii. C. 6. 
 
 pravltas, atis, f. {pravus, per- 
 verse). Depravity, pervcrscness. 
 
 preces, um, f. pi., rare in sing. 
 Requests, prayers, entreaties, impre- 
 cations. 
 
 precor, art, atus sum, v. dep. 
 {preces). To ask, beg, pray, be- 
 seech, entreat, supplicate, invoke. 
 
 prehendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. To 
 seize, lay hold of, grasp. 
 
 premo, ere, pressi, pressum, v. tr. 
 To press, press hard upon, press 
 down; to burden, load; to harass, 
 annoy, distress ; to overpower. 
 
 pretium, ii, n. Worth, value, 
 price ; operae pretium est, it is worth 
 while. 
 
 prex. See preces. 
 
 prldem, adv. A long time ago, 
 long since, long ago. 
 
 pridie, adv. On the day before. 
 
 primo, adv. {primus). At first, 
 in the first place. 
 
 prim urn, adv. {primus). First, 
 at first, in the first place, in the be- 
 
 ginning ; ut or cum primum, as 
 soon as; quam primum, as soon as 
 possible. 
 
 primus, a, um, adj., sup. of prior. 
 The first, the first part of, the begin- 
 ning of; the foremost, principal, most 
 influential ; in primis, especially. 
 
 princeps, ipis, adj. and substan- 
 tive, m. and f. {primus, capio). The 
 first in order or rank, foremost, chief, 
 most eminent ; a leading man, leader, 
 chief, head, author. 
 
 principio, adv. {principium). In 
 the first place, at first, at the begin- 
 ning, iii. C. 1. 
 
 principium, ii, n. {princeps). 
 The beginning, commencement, or- 
 igin. ^ 
 
 prior, us, comp., sup. primus, adj. 
 G. 166. Former, previous; prior 
 nox, last night, iii. C. 12. 
 
 pristmus, a, um, adj. Former, 
 early, primitive, pristine. 
 
 prius, comp., sup. primum, adv. 
 Before, sooner, previously. 
 
 prius-quam, adv. Before, sooner 
 than. 
 
 privatus, a, um, adj. {privo). Be- 
 longing to an individual, private, per- 
 sonal; res privatae, private affairs, 
 private life, i. C. 6 ; privatus, i, m., a 
 private citizen, one who holds no 
 public office. 
 
 privo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {pri- 
 vus, separate) . To deprive, iv. C. 4. 
 
 pro, prep, with abl. Before, in 
 front of; for, for the advantage of, 
 for the protection of, in behalf of; in 
 proportion to, in comparison with, 
 according to ; as, for ; pro consule, as 
 proconsul. 
 
 pro, interj. ! Ah ! M. L. 12. 
 
 pro-avus, i, m. A great-grand- 
 father, A. 9. 
 
 prdbatus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 {prodo). Tried, tested, proved ; good, 
 excellent. 
 
 probitas, atis, f. {probus, up- 
 right). Integrity, uprightness, good- 
 ness, worth, M. 1. 
 
368 
 
 PROBO — PROPE 
 
 probo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (prd- 
 bus, upright). To test, examine; to 
 approve, be satisfied with; to prove, 
 show, demonstrate. 
 
 procella, ae, f. (procello, to drive 
 forth). A storm, tempest, iv. C. 2. 
 
 processio, onis, f. (pro-cedo). 
 An advance, M. L. 9. 
 
 prdcul, adv. (procello, to drive 
 forth). Afar off, far, in the distance, 
 at a distance, from afar. 
 
 procuratio, onis, f. (pro-curd). 
 The care, charge, superintendence. 
 
 prddigium, ii, n. A prodigy, a 
 monster, ii. C. 1. 
 
 prodigus, a, um, adj. Prodigal, 
 lavish, profuse, iv. C. 5. 
 
 pro-do, ere, didi, dttum, v. tr. 
 (do, to place, found only in com- 
 pounds). To give forth, publish, 
 make known ; to hand down, trans- 
 mit, bequeath; to give up, betray, 
 surrender, abandon. 
 
 pro-duco, ere, duxi, ductum, v. tr. 
 To lead forth, bring out, bring forth. 
 
 proelium, ii, n. A battle, com- 
 bat, engagement. 
 
 piofectio, onis, f. (proficiscor). 
 A going away, departure. 
 
 profecto, adv. (=pro facto). 
 Actually, certainly, in truth, assur- 
 edly, doubtless. 
 
 profectus, a, um, part, from pro- 
 ficiscor. 
 
 pro-fero, ferre, tali, latum, v. tr. 
 To bear forth, bring out, produce, 
 bring forward. 
 
 professio, onis, f. (profxteor). A 
 public declaration, registration, A. 4. 
 
 pro-ficio, ere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (fdcio). To make progress, 
 advance ; to accomplish, effect, ob- 
 tain. 
 
 proficiscor, i, fectus sum, v. dep. 
 (pro, fdcio). To put one's self for- 
 ward ; to set out, go, march, travel, 
 depart, proceed. 
 
 prd-flteor, eri, fessus sum,v . dep. 
 (fdteor). To declare publicly, con- 
 fess openly, acknowledge, avow; to 
 
 enter one's name, A. 4 ; to profess ; 
 to offer freely, propose, promise. 
 
 profligatus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (profligo). Vile, abandoned, profli- 
 gate, A. 6. 
 
 prd-fligo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (fligo, to strike). To strike to the 
 ground, overthrow, conquer, defeat, 
 overcome, rout, destroy. 
 
 pro-fugio, ere, fugi, fiXgXtum, v. 
 intr. To flee before or from, flee, 
 escape ; to take refuge, flee for ref- 
 uge. 
 
 pro-fundo, ere, fudi, fusum, v. 
 tr. To pour forth, sacrifice ; to squan- 
 der, lavish, dissipate. 
 
 pro-gredior, i, gressus sum, v. 
 dep. (gradior, to step). To go for- 
 ward, advance, proceed. 
 
 pro-hibeo, ere, ui, Xtum, v. tr. 
 (hdbeo). To hold back, check, re- 
 strain, prevent, debar, keep from ; to 
 save from, protect, preserve. 
 
 pro inde, adv. Hence, therefore, 
 accordingly. 
 
 pro-jicio, ere, jeci, jectum, v. tr. 
 (jdcio) . To throw forth, cast away, 
 cast out; to give up, renounce, re- 
 ject, fling away, lay clown. 
 
 prdlato, are, avi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 (prbfero). To delay, put off, defer. 
 
 prolatus, a, um, part, from pro- 
 fero. 
 
 promissum, i, n. (promitto)- A 
 promise, D. 3. 
 
 pro-mitto, ere, mist, missum, v. 
 tr. To promise. 
 
 pro-montorium, ii, n. (mons, a 
 mountain) . A headland, promontory. 
 
 promulgatio, onis, f. (promuU 
 go). A publishing, promulgation. 
 
 prom ul go, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To publish, promulgate ; to propose. 
 
 pro-nuntio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To make known, proclaim, announce, 
 tell, narrate, pronounce, report. 
 
 propago, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To extend, enlarge, increase, add to ; 
 to prolong, continue. 
 
 prope, propius, proxXme, adv. 
 
PROPEXSUS — PUBLICE 
 
 369 
 
 Near, close to; nearly, almost, well- 
 nigh. 
 
 propeusus, a, um, adj. (pro-pen- 
 dec). Inclined, disposed, prone, fa- 
 vorable, D. 3. 
 
 propero, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (properus, quick). To hasten, make 
 haste. 
 
 prdpinquus, a, um, adj. (prdpe). 
 Near, neighboring; nearly related, 
 akin ; as substantive, a relative, kins- 
 man. 
 
 propior, us, comp., sup. proxXmus, 
 adj. Nearer. 
 
 pro-poiio, ere, pdsui, positum, v. 
 tr. To set before ; to set forth, ex- 
 pose to view, present, display ; to 
 propose, purpose, design, resolve, de- 
 termine. 
 
 prdprie, adv. (proprius). Prop- 
 erly, appropriately, peculiarly, P. 7. 
 
 proprius, a, um, adj. Peculiar, 
 one's own, specially characteristic, 
 in accordance with. 
 
 propter, adv. (prdpe). Near, at 
 hand, near by, M. L. 5. 
 
 propter, prep, with ace. (prdpe). 
 Near, near by; on account of, by 
 reason of. 
 
 propter-ea, adv. (is). There- 
 fore, for that reason, on that account. 
 
 prdpugnacuium, i, n. (pro-pug- 
 no). A bulwark, protection, de- 
 fence, M. L. 12. 
 
 propulso, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 freq. (pro-pello). To drive back, 
 keep off, ward off, repulse. 
 
 proscriptio, onis, f. (pro-scribo) . 
 A proscription, confiscation, ii. C. 9. 
 
 prd-sequor, i, secutus su?n,\. dep. 
 To follow, accompany, attend, escort; 
 to pursue. 
 
 pro-sper or pro-sperus, a, um, 
 adj. (spes). Favorable, fortunate, 
 prosperous ; res prosperae, prosperi- 
 ty, P. 14. 
 
 prosper e, adv. (prosper). Pros- 
 perously, successfully, fortunately. 
 
 pro-spicio, ere, spexi, spectwn, 
 v. tr. (specio, to look). To look for- 
 
 ward; to provide for, take care of, 
 consult for. 
 
 pro-sterno, ere, stravi, stratum, 
 v. tr. To prostrate, overthrow, de- 
 stroy. 
 
 pro-sum, prodesse, profui, v. intr. 
 G. 290, III. To be useful, be of ser- 
 vice, benefit, profit ; to avail, conduce. 
 
 pro-traho, ere, traxi, tr actum, v. 
 tr. To drag forth, P. 9. 
 
 pf 6-veho, ere, vexi, vectum, v. tr. 
 (veho, to carry). To carry, bear, or 
 drive forward. 
 
 prdvidentia, ae, f. (provided). 
 Foresight, forethought, iii. C. 6. 
 
 pro-video, ere, vidi, vfcum, v. tr. 
 To foresee ; to discern ; to make pro- 
 vision for, provide for, take care of, 
 look out for. 
 
 provincia, ae, f. A province, a 
 conquered territory under a military 
 governor. 
 
 prdvincialis, e, adj. (provincia). 
 Relating to a province, provincial. 
 
 provocatio, onis, f. (provdeo). 
 An appeal, P. 9. 
 
 prd-voco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To call forth or out, provoke, incite, 
 M. L. 6 ; to appeal, P. 9. 
 
 proxime, adv., sup. of prdpe. 
 Very near, very recently, last. 
 
 proxlmus, a, um, adj., sup. of 
 propior. Nearest, next, adjacent; 
 most familiar, most intimate ; follow- 
 ing, ensuing ; previous, last, i. C. 1. 
 
 prudens, entis, adj. (provideo). 
 Foreseeing, foreknowing, with one's 
 eyes open, M. 5 ; prudent, sagacious, 
 discreet, judicious. 
 
 prudentia, ae, f. (prudens). Sa- 
 gacity, foresight, wisdom, prudence, 
 discretion, philosophy. 
 
 pruma, ae, f. Hoar-frost, frost. 
 
 publicauus, i, m. (publicus). A 
 farmer of the public revenue. 
 
 publicatio, onis, f. (publico). 
 Confiscation. 
 
 publice, adv. (publicus). Pub- 
 licly; by public authority; at the 
 public expense, P. 5. 
 
370 
 
 PUBLICIUS — QUANTUM 
 
 Publicius, ii, m. Publicius, a 
 companion of Catiline, ii. C. 2. 
 
 publico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 {publicus) . To make public property ; 
 to confiscate. 
 
 publicus, a, um, adj. {populus). 
 Of or belonging to the state, public, 
 common ; official, legal ; judicium 
 publicum, a state trial. 
 
 Publius, ii, m. A Roman prae- 
 nomen. 
 
 ptidet, ere, uit or pizdttum est, v. 
 impers. To be ashamed. 
 
 pudicitia, ae, f.{pudicus, modest). 
 Modesty, chastity, virtue. 
 
 piidor, oris, m. {piXdet). The 
 feeling of shame, respect, regard, 
 decency; modest worth, A. 12; a 
 cause for shame, disgrace, ignominy. 
 
 puer, Sri, m. A boy, lad, child ; 
 ex puero, from boyhood. 
 
 puerilis, e, adj. {puer). Boyish, 
 childish, youthful. 
 
 pueritia, ae, f. {puer). Boyhood. 
 
 pugna, ae, f. A battle, combat, 
 contest, action, engagement. 
 
 pugno, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 {pugna). To fight, contend, give 
 battle, engage. 
 
 pulcher, chra, chrum, adj. Beau- 
 tiful, noble, excellent, glorious, hon- 
 orable. 
 
 pulsus, a, um, part, from pello. 
 
 pulvinar, aris, n. {pulvlnus, a 
 cushion). A couch or seat of the 
 gods, altar, iii. C. 10. 
 
 punctum, i, n. {pungo, to prick). 
 A point, moment, iv. C. 4. 
 
 Punicus, a, um, adj. {Poeni). 
 Punic, Carthaginian; helium Puni- 
 cum, Punic War, war against Car- 
 thage, M. L. 20. 
 
 punio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
 {poena). To punish, iii. C. 6. 
 
 purgo, are, avi, dtum,\. tr. {purus, 
 pure, ago) . To cleanse, purge. 
 
 purpura, ae, f. Purple ; the pur- 
 ple badge of senatorial or equestrian 
 rank, ii. C. 3. 
 
 purpuratus, i, m. {purpura). 
 
 One clad in purple, a high officer at 
 court, prime minister, iv. C. 6. 
 
 puto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 reckon, consider, esteem, account; 
 to think, believe ; to decide, judge. 
 
 Pyrrhus, i, m. A king of Epiru&, 
 who invaded Italy 280 b. c, P. 5. 
 
 Q. Abbr. for Quintus. 
 
 qua, adv. {qui). In which place, 
 where. 
 
 quaero, ere, sivi or sii, situm, v. 
 tr. To seek, search for, procure, 
 obtain; to ask, inquire, demand; to 
 examine into, investigate. 
 
 quaesitor, oris, m. {quaero). An 
 investigator, investigating officer. 
 
 quaeso, ere, ivi or ii, v. tr. (old 
 form for quaero) . To ask, beg. 
 
 quaestio, onis, f. {quaero). An 
 investigation, prosecution, i. C. 7. 
 
 quaestor, oris, m. {quaero). 
 Quaestor, an officer intrusted with 
 the care of the public money, a pay- 
 master, treasurer. 
 
 quaestorius, a, um, adj. {quaes- 
 tor). Quaes torian, pertaining to the 
 office of quaestor, L. 12. 
 
 quaestus, us, m. {quaero). A 
 gaining, gain, acquisition ; in quaestu, 
 at interest, M. L. 13. 
 
 qualis, e, adj. {quis). Of what 
 sort or kind, of what nature ; as, such 
 as. 
 
 quam, adv. and conj. {qui). In 
 what manner, how ; as, than ; with 
 superlatives, possible, as possible; 
 quam plurimi, as many as possible. 
 
 quam- vis, adv. {volo). As much 
 as you wish, however much, however. 
 
 quando, adv. When; siquando, 
 if ever. 
 
 quau quam, conj. {quam, quam). 
 Although, though, albeit; and yet, 
 however. 
 
 quantum, adv. {quantus). How 
 much ? M. L. 14 ; as much as, A. 1. 
 
QUANTUS — QUISQUIS 
 
 371 
 
 qnantus, a, um, adj {quam). How 
 great, how much, how important; 
 ■with or without tantus, as, such as, 
 as great as, as much as. 
 
 <\xxa.\\tus-cxim<iue,tacumque,tum- 
 cunque, adj. (cumque, however). Of 
 what extent soever, however great, 
 however little. 
 
 qua-propter, adv. ( qui) . Where- 
 fore, on which account, why. 
 
 qua-re, adv. {res). From what 
 cause, wherefore, why ; for which rea- 
 son, therefore. 
 
 quartus, a, um, num. adj. (quat- 
 tuor) . Fourth. 
 
 quasi, adv. As if, just as if, as it 
 were, as though. 
 
 quassatus, a, um, part, from 
 quasso. 
 
 quasso, are, avi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 {qudtio, to shake). To shake, M. 8. 
 
 quattuor, num. adj. indecl. Four. 
 
 que, conj. enclitic. And. 
 
 querela, ae, f. {queror). A com- 
 plaint, M. 7. 
 
 quermionia, ae, f. {queror). A 
 complaint. 
 
 queror, i, questus sum, v. dep. To 
 complain, lament, bewail. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, rel. pron. Who, 
 which, what, that ; idem . . . qui, the 
 same ... as. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, interrog. pron. 
 adj. Who ? which ? what ? what 
 sort or kind of a ? 
 
 qui, quae or qua, quod, indef. 
 pron. adj. G. 190, 1. Any, any one. 
 
 qui, adv. interrog. {qui). How? in 
 what way ? D. 9. 
 
 quia, conj. {qui). Because. 
 
 qui-cumque, quaecumque, quod- 
 cumque, indei*. pron. {cum que, how- 
 ever). Whoever, whichever, what- 
 ever, whatsoever, every possible, all. 
 
 quid am, quaedam, quoddam or 
 quiddam, indef. pron. G. 190, 2, 
 {qui). Certain, a certain one, some 
 one, somebody, something; some- 
 what ; a sort of, a kind of, as it were. 
 G. 4-56, 1 and 2. 
 
 quidem, adv. Indeed, truly, at 
 
 least, certainly ; ne . . . quidem, not 
 even. 
 
 quies, etis, f. Rest, quiet, repose. 
 
 quiesco, ere, quievi, quietum, v. 
 intr. {quies). To keep quiet or still, 
 be silent. 
 
 quiete, adv. {quietus). Quietly. 
 
 quietus, a, um, adj. {quiesco). At 
 rest, calm, quiet, peaceful, undis- 
 turbed. 
 
 quln, conj. {qui, ne, not). That 
 not, that; quin etiam, nay even, 
 moreover. 
 
 qul-nam, quaenam, quodnam, in- 
 terrog. pron. adj. Who, which, or 
 what, pray ? 
 
 quingentesimus, a, um, num. 
 adj. {quingenti, five hundred) . Five 
 hundredth, P. 6. 
 
 quintus, a, um, num. adj. {quin- 
 que, five). The fifth. 
 
 Quintus, i, m. A Roman prae- 
 nomen. 
 
 Quir? les, turn or um, m. pi. Qui- 
 rites, Romans, Roman citizens, ii. C.l. 
 
 quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron. 
 Who ? which ? what ? — quid (in ex- 
 clamations), what ! how ! — (in ques- 
 tions) , why ? 
 
 quis, quae or qua, quid, indef. 
 pron. G. 190, 1. Any, some, any 
 one, some one, anything, something. 
 
 quis-nam, quaenam, quid?iam,in- 
 terrog. pron. Who, which, or what, 
 pray ? 
 
 quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam 
 or quippiam, indef. pron. G. 190, 2 
 {quis or qui) . Any, some, any one, 
 some one, anything, something. 
 
 quis-quam, quaequam, quidquam 
 or quicquam, indef. pron. Any, some, 
 any one, anything. 
 
 quis-que, quaeque, quodque or 
 quidque, indef. pron. G. 190, 2. 
 Whatever it be, each, every, what- 
 ever, any, all. 
 
 quis-quis, quaequae, quidquid, 
 quicquid or quodquod, indef. pron. 
 G. 3.SV Whoever, whosoever, 
 
372 
 
 QUIYIS — RECONCILIO 
 
 whatever, whatsoever, every one 
 each, every, all. 
 
 qui-vis, quaevis, quidvis or quod- 
 vis, indef. pron. G. 191, 1. (v&lo). 
 Who or what you please, any what- 
 ever, any one, anything, every one, 
 everything. 
 
 quo, adv. (qui). Where, wherein; 
 to which, whither; after si, to any 
 place, anywhere ; to what end or for 
 what purpose, wherefore, why, on 
 which account, how far. 
 
 quo, couj. (qui). That, in order 
 that, that by this means ; quo minus, 
 that not, from. 
 
 quo-ad, adv. So long as, as far 
 as; until, till. 
 
 quo-circa, conj. (circa, about). 
 Wherefore, for which reason, D. 15. 
 
 qud-cumque, adv. (cumque, 
 however). Whithersoever, in what 
 way soever, iv. C. 3. 
 
 quod, conj. (qui). That, ir. that; 
 because; in so far as, as touching 
 that, as to this; now; qv. I si, but 
 if, now if, if therefore, if then. 
 
 quo-minus, con j. Thatnot,from. 
 
 quondam, adv. (cum). Once, 
 formerly, i. 0. 1. 
 
 quoniam,conj. (cumjam). Since 
 now, because, whereas, since. 
 
 quoque, conj. Also, likewise. 
 
 quoquo, adv. (quisquis). To 
 whatever place, whithersoever. 
 
 quot, indecl. adj. How many, as 
 many, as. 
 
 quot-annis, adv. (cmnws). Every 
 year, yearly. 
 
 qudtidianus (or better cdtidia- 
 nus), a, urn, adj. (quotidie or cotidie). 
 Daily, every day. 
 
 quotidie (cStidie), adv. (quot, 
 dies). Daily, every day. 
 
 quoties, adv. (quot). How often, 
 how many times, as often as. 
 
 quSties-cumque, adv. (cumque, 
 however). As often soever as, as 
 often as, i. C. 5. 
 
 quotus,,o, um,&<\i.(quot). Which 
 or what in number or order? how 
 
 many? quotusquisque, how many? 
 L. 9. 
 
 quo-usque, adv. Until what 
 time? till when? how long? i. C 1 
 
 B. 
 
 rapina, ae, f. (rdpio). Robbery, 
 plundering, pillage. 
 
 rapio, ere, ui, ptum, v. tr. To 
 carry or hurry away, lead on in haste. 
 
 ratio, orris, f. (reor, to think). A 
 reckoning, account, calculation, com- 
 putation ; transaction, affair ; respect, 
 regard, concern, consideration, care, 
 view; judgment, understanding, rea- 
 son; plan, method, system, course, 
 way, direction, conduct; manner, 
 nature, sort, kind, character, condi- 
 tion, relation; science, knowledge, 
 theoretical knowledge; rdtiones, pi., 
 plans for business, business ; interests. 
 
 re or red, insep. prep. G. 308. 
 
 Reatinus, a, vm, adj. (Reate). Of 
 Reate, a town of the Sabines, iii, C. 2. 
 
 recens, entis, adj. New, recent, 
 fresh. 
 
 recessus, us, m. (re-cedo). A re- 
 treat, recess. 
 
 re-clpio, Sre, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
 (capio) . To take back, get back, re- 
 gain, recover ; to receive, accept, ad- 
 mit, allow ; to undertake, promise ; 
 se recipere, to betake one's self, with- 
 draw, retire ; to recover, collect one's 
 self. 
 
 re-cito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (cito, 
 to name) . To read aloud. 
 
 re-clamo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 To cry out or exclaim against. 
 
 re-cognosco, ere, novi, nltum, v. 
 tr. To review, recognize, consider, 
 recollect, recall to mind. 
 
 re-cdlo, ere, cdlui, cultum, v. tr. 
 To exercise or practise again, resume, 
 renew, review, A. 6. 
 
 reconciliatio, onis, f. (recon- 
 cilio). A restoration, renewal, re- 
 establishmeut, iii. C. 10. 
 
 re-concilio, are, avi, atum, v. tr- 
 To reunite, reconcile, D. 13. 
 
RECOXDO — REGREDIOR 
 
 373 
 
 rS-condo, ire, condtdi, condttum, 
 v. tr. To put away ; to hide, conceal. 
 
 re-cordor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (cor, heart) . To call to mind, recall, 
 recollect, remember, hi. C. 10. 
 
 r€-creo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (creo, to produce). To refresh, rein- 
 vigorate, recover, recruit, ii. C. 4. 
 
 recta, adv. (re" go). Straightway, 
 directly, i. C. 9. 
 
 recte, adv. (rego). In a straight 
 line; lightly, correctly, well, duly, 
 properly. 
 
 recumbo, ere, cubui, v. intr. To 
 lie down, go to bed, D. 15. 
 
 re-cupero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cdpio) . To regain, recover. 
 
 recusatio, onis, f. (recuso). An 
 objection, iii. C. 2. 
 
 re-cuso, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (causa). To refuse, reject, decline, 
 object. 
 
 red-arguo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. 
 To disprove, refute, confute, L. 5. 
 
 red-do, ere, didi, ditum, v. tr. 
 To give back, restore, return. 
 
 red-eo, ire, ii, Hum, v. intr. To 
 go or turn back, return. 
 
 red-igo, ere, egi, actum, v. tr. 
 (dgo). To drive or bring back; to 
 reduce, render, make. 
 
 redimio, ire, ii, Uum, v. tr. To 
 wreathe, encircle, crown, ii. C. 5. 
 
 r€d-imo, ere, emi, emptum, v. tr. 
 (emo, to buy). To buy back; to 
 ransom, release, redeem ; to buy up, 
 undertake by contract, contract for, 
 farm. 
 
 redltus, us, m. (redeo) . A return. 
 
 re-duco, ere, duxi, ductum, v. tr. 
 To lead, conduct, bring, or convey 
 back. 
 
 red-undo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 {undo, to surge). To overtlow, be 
 full of; to redound, accrue. 
 
 re-fello, ere, felli, v. tr. (fallo). 
 To refute, disprove, rebut, L. 5. 
 
 re-fercio, ire,fersi,fertum, v. tr. 
 (farcio, to stuff). To till, stuff, 
 crowd. 
 
 25 
 
 re-f Sro, referre, rUHli or rettUli, 
 relatum, v. tr. To bear or bring 
 back ; to bring, convey, cany ; to re- 
 store, return, pay back; to report, 
 announce, refer, present; to note 
 down, enter, inscribe, P. 8 ; gratiam 
 referre, to show gratitude, recom- 
 pense a favor. 
 
 refert, referre, retUlit, v. impers. 
 (res, fero). It is for one's advan- 
 tage, it profits, avails; parvi refert, 
 it avails little. G. 408, 3. 
 
 refertus, a, um, part, from re- 
 fercio. 
 
 re-ficio, 8re, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
 (facio). To make again or anew; 
 to restore, repair, rebuild; to invig- 
 orate, refresh, cause to rest. 
 
 re-formido, are, atum, v. tr. (for~ 
 mido, to fear) . To dread, fear. 
 
 re-fugio, ere, fugi, ftigltum, v. 
 intr. To flee back, run away, go 
 back. 
 
 refuto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 refute, confute, rebut, disprove. 
 
 regalis, e, adj. (rex). Kingly, 
 regal, royal, M. L. 9. 
 
 regie, adv. (regius). Tyrannically, 
 despotically, i. C. 12. 
 
 Reginus, a, um, adj. (Regium). 
 Of or belonging to Regium, a town 
 in southern Italy, P. 3 ; Regini, arum, 
 m. pi., the inhabitants of Regium, 
 A. 3. 
 
 regio, onis, f. (rego). Direction, 
 line; a boundary, limit; a region, 
 district, territory, country. 
 
 regius, a, um, adj. (rex). Royal, 
 regal, kingly, of a king or kings. 
 
 regno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
 intr. (regnum ) . To have royal power, 
 rule, reign, govern, be king. 
 
 regnum, i, n. (rego). Kingly 
 government, royal power; kingdom, 
 dominion, sovereignty. 
 
 rego, ere, rexi, rectum, v. tr. To 
 keep straight ; to guide, conduct, di- 
 rect, sway, control, govern. 
 
 re-gr6dior, i, gressus sum, v. dep, 
 (gradior, to step) . To go back, return- 
 
574 
 
 REJICIO — RES 
 
 re-jicio, Sre, jeci, jectum, v. tr. 
 [jdcio ) . To throw back or away ; to 
 drive back, reject, cast off. 
 
 relatus, a, um, part, from refero. 
 
 re-laxo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 ( laxo, to unloose) . To unbend, relax. 
 
 re-levo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 relieve, ease, deliver, i. C. 13. 
 
 rlligio, onis, f. Reverence for 
 the gods, piety, religion; scruple; 
 :onscientiousness, scrupulousness ; 
 testimony; rellgiones, pi., religious 
 observances, rites. 
 
 rdllgiosus, a, um, adj. (religio). 
 Religious, sacred, holy, M. L. 9. 
 
 re-linquo, ere, liqui, lictum, v. tr. 
 (linquo, to leave). To leave behind, 
 abandon ; to omit, leave. 
 
 reliquiae, arum, f. pi. (relinquo). 
 The remains, remnant, rest. 
 
 reliquus, a, um, adj. (relinquo). 
 Remaining, the rest; future, subse- 
 quent; the remainder of, the rest of; 
 reliquum facere, to leave, M. 3 ; 
 reliquum, i, n., the remainder, the 
 rest. 
 
 re-man eo, ere, mansi, mansum, 
 v. intr. To remain behind, stay. 
 
 remansio, onis, f. (remaneo). A 
 stay, remaining, L. 2. 
 
 remex, igis, m. (remus, ago). A 
 rower. 
 
 reminiscor, i, v. dep. To recall 
 to mind, recollect, remember. 
 
 rgmissio, onis, f. (r&mitto). Re- 
 laxation, recreation ; remissness, 
 slackness, laxness, iv. C. 6. 
 
 remissus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (remitto). Relaxed, not rigid or 
 hard, gentle, mild. 
 
 re-mitto, Sre, misi, missum, v. tr. 
 To send back ; to slacken, relax, re- 
 lieve, abate ; to remit ; to give up, 
 sui render, sacrifice, resign. 
 
 re-moror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (moror, to tarry). To detain, cause 
 to wait, delay, retard. 
 
 r6-moveo, ere, movi, motum, v. tr. 
 To move back, remove, reject, with- 
 draw, take away. 
 
 remus, i, m„ An oar, 
 
 re-novo, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 (ndvus). To renew, revive. 
 
 re-nuntio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To bring or carry back word, report, 
 announce, declare, proclaim; to de 
 clare elected, return. 
 
 re-pello, ere, re-puli or reppUli, 
 repulsum, v. tr. To drive back, repel, 
 repulse, remove. 
 
 repente, adv. (rSpens, sudden). 
 Suddenly, unexpectedly. 
 
 repentinus, a, um, adj. (ripens, 
 sudden). Sudden, unexpected, un- 
 looked for. 
 
 re-perio, ire, reperi or repperi, 
 repertum, v. tr. (pario). To procure 
 or find again ; to find, meet with ; to 
 discover, ascertain, learn, perceive; 
 to obtain, find out, invent, devise. 
 
 re-peto, ere, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
 To demand back, ask again, demand ; 
 to claim in return ; to recall. 
 
 re-porto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (porto, to carry). To bring or con- 
 vey back ; to bring off, win. 
 
 reppuli. See repello. 
 
 re-piehendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
 To check, restrain ; to blame, censure, 
 reprove, rebuke, find fault with. 
 
 re-primo, Sre, pressi, pressum, v. 
 tr. (premo). To press back, keep 
 back, check, restrain, hinder, prevent, 
 repress. 
 
 repudio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (repudium, repudiation). To reject, 
 refuse, decline, disregard. 
 
 re-pugno, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 To fight or contend against, oppose. 
 
 re-puto, are, aci, atum, v. tr. To 
 think over, ponder, reflect upon, con- 
 sider, D. 13. 
 
 re-quies, eft's, f. G. 137, 1. Rest, 
 repose, A. 6. 
 
 re-quiro, ere, sivi or sii, situm, v. 
 tr. (quaero). To seek again ; to look 
 after, search for, ask for ; to require, 
 demand, ask; to miss, look for in 
 vain ; to seek with hostile intent. 
 
 res, rei, f. A thing, object, sub- 
 
RESCINDO — ROMA 
 
 375 
 
 joct, matter; affair, event, occur- 
 rence; cause, reason, ground; ben- 
 efit, profit, advantage ; act, measure ; 
 property; res militaris, military mat- 
 ters, the art 01 warfare ; res publico,, 
 the common weal, the state, republic, 
 public trust ; summa res pu))lico, the 
 highest welfare of the state ; res ad- 
 versoe, adversity; res gestae, deeds, 
 exploits, achievements ; maritimae 
 res, naval resources, M. L. 18 ; res 
 novae, a revolution; privatae res, 
 private affairs, private life, i. C. 6; 
 prosperae res, res secundae, pros- 
 perity. 
 
 re-scindo, Sre, scidi, scissum, v. 
 tr. (scindo, to cut). To destroy, re- 
 scind, annul. 
 
 re-seco, are, sSctd, sectum, v. tr. 
 (seco, to cut). To cut ofi', curtail. 
 
 re-servo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To keep back, reserve ; to preserve. 
 
 re-sideo, ere, sedi, session, v. intr. 
 'sedeo, to sit). To be left, to remain. 
 
 re-sido, ere, sedi, sessum, v. intr. 
 (sido, to settle). To settle down, 
 remain. 
 
 re-signo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (signum). To annul, destroy, A. 5. 
 
 re-sisto, ere, stiti, stltum, v. intr 
 (sisto, to place). To remain behind ; 
 to withstand, resist, oppose, hold out 
 against, iii. C. 9. 
 
 re-spicio, ere, spexi, spectum, v. 
 tr. (specio, to look). To look back, 
 iook upon ; to have a care for ; to re- 
 gard, consider ; to review. 
 
 re-spondeo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
 (spondeo, to promise). To promise 
 In return ; to reply, answer ; to be a 
 match for, respond. 
 
 responsum, i, n. (respondeo). An 
 answer, reply, response. 
 
 re-stinguo, ere, nxi, nctum, v. tr. 
 (stinguo, to quench). To extinguish, 
 put out, quench. 
 
 re-stltno, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. 
 (statuo). To place back, replace ; to 
 build again, repair, renew; to give 
 ^ack, restore. 
 
 re-sto, are, sttti, v. intr. To re- 
 main, be left, stay behind, iii. C. 9. 
 
 re-tardo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 retard, delay, detain, A. 6. 
 
 re-ticeo, ere, ui, v. intr. and tr. 
 (tdceo). To be silent, keep silence, 
 ii. C. 6 ; to keep secret, conceal, leave 
 unmentioned, pass over in silence, 
 P. 12. 
 
 re-tineo, ere, ui, tentum, v. tr. 
 (teneo). To hold back, detain, hin- 
 der, prevent; to retain, keep, pre- 
 serve ; to maintain, hold. 
 
 re-torqueo, ere, torsi, tortum, v. 
 tr. To turn back, turn, ii. C. 1. 
 
 rettuli. See refero. 
 
 re-tun do, ere, retudi or rettudi, 
 retusum, v. tr. (tundo, to beat) . To 
 strike or thrust back, check, iii. C. 1. 
 
 reus, i, m. (res) . An accused per- 
 son, defendant, culprit, iv. C. 5. 
 
 reversio, onis, f. (reverto). A 
 turning back, return, P. 1. 
 
 re-verto, ere, ti, sum, v. intr. and 
 reverter, i, versus sum, v. dep. G. 
 272, 3. To turn back, come back, 
 return. 
 
 re-vinco, ere, vici, victum, v. tr. 
 To convict, A. 5. 
 
 re-voco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 call back, recall ; to re-establish, re- 
 store ; to withdraw. 
 
 rex, regis, m. (rego). A king, 
 sovereign, monarch. 
 
 Khenus, i, m. The river Rhine. 
 
 Rhddii, drum, m. pi. The inhab- 
 itants of Rhodes, an island in the 
 Aegean Sea. 
 
 ridlculus, a, urn, adj. (rideo, to 
 laugh). Ridiculous, absurd, A. 4. 
 
 robur, oris, n. Strength, power. 
 
 robustus, a, urn, adj. (robur). 
 Strong, robust, ii. C 9. 
 
 rogatu, m., only in abl. sing. 
 (rogo) . A request, entreaty, M. L. 24. 
 
 rogo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 ask, demand, request, beg, solicit ; to 
 j inquire; legem rogare, to enact a law, 
 i. C. 11. • 
 I Roma, ae, f. Rome. 
 
376 
 
 ROMANUS — SAPIENS 
 
 Romauus, a, um, adj. (Roma). 
 Roman. 
 
 Romulus, i, m. The legendary 
 founder and first king of Rome, i. 
 C. 13. 
 
 Roscius, ii, m. Q. Roscius, a 
 celebrated actor, A. 8. 
 
 rostrum, i, n. (rddo, to gnaw). 
 The beak of a ship ; rostra, pi., the 
 rostra from which the orators spoke 
 in the Forum, D. 12. It was adorned 
 with the beaks of captured ships. 
 
 Rudinus, a, um, adj. (Rudiae). 
 Belonging to Rudiae, a town in Cala- 
 bria, A. 10. 
 
 rudis, e, adj. Unskilled, igno- 
 rant, unacquainted with, inexperi- 
 enced in, M. 7. 
 
 ruina, ae, f. (ruo). Downfall, 
 fall, ruin, overthrow, destruction. 
 
 rumor, oris, m. A rumor, report, 
 common talk, hearsay. 
 
 rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, v. tr. 
 To break, burst, tear, rend, iv. C. 4. 
 
 ruo, ere, rut, rutum, v. intr. To 
 fall, fall down, M. L. 7; to rush, 
 dash, hurry, hasten, M. 5. 
 
 rupi. See rumpo. 
 
 ruptus, a, um, part, from rumpo. 
 
 rursus, adv. (reverto). Turned 
 back ; again, anew, in turn. 
 
 rustlcor, art, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (rusticus). To stay in the country. 
 
 rusticus, a, um, adj. (rus, the 
 country). Belonging to the country, 
 rustic, countiy, ii. C. 3 ; uncultivated. 
 
 Sablni, drum, m. pi. The Sabines, 
 a people of Central Italy, L. 11. 
 
 Sablnus, a, um, adj. (Sablni). Of 
 the Sabines, Sabine, L. 11. 
 
 sacrarium, ii, n. (sacrum, a holy 
 thing). A sanctuary, shrine, i. C. 9. 
 
 sacrosanctus, a, um, adj. (sa- 
 crum, a rite, sancio). Sacred, invio- 
 late, inviolable, ii. C 8. 
 
 sacrum, i, n. (s&cer). A religious 
 solemnity or act, rite, ceremony. | 
 
 saecijlum, i, n. (sScus, sex). An 
 age, ii. C. 5. 
 
 saepe, adv. (saepis, frequent). 
 Often, frequently, many times. 
 
 saepio, ire, psi, ptum, v. tr. (slo- 
 pes, a hedge) . To inclose, surround, 
 encompass. 
 
 sagax, acts, adj. (s&gio, to per 
 ceive). Sagacious, shrewd, i. C. 8. 
 
 Salaminii, drum, m. pi. (Sala- 
 mis). The citizens of Salamis, an 
 island in the Saronic gulf with a city 
 of the same name, A. 8. 
 
 saltator,5m,m. (salto) . A dancer. 
 
 saltern, adv. (salvus). At least, 
 at all events, anyhow, P. 10. 
 
 salto, are, avi, atum, v. intr. freq. 
 (salio, to leap). To dance, ii. C. 10. 
 
 saltus, us, m. Pasture-ground. 
 
 salus, utis, f. (salvus). Safety, 
 security, health, welfare, prosperity, 
 preservation, deliverance. 
 
 salutaris, e, adj. (stilus)* Salu- 
 tary, beneficial, P. 9. 
 
 saluto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (sfc 
 lus). To salute, greet, i. C. 4. 
 
 salvus, a, um, adj. Safe, saved, 
 preserved, unharmed, ii. C. 8. 
 
 Sam us, i, f. A city on the island 
 of Samus on the coast of Asia Minor, 
 M. L. 12. 
 
 sancio, ire, nxi, nctum, v. tr. To 
 render sacred or inviolable ; to sanc- 
 tion, ordain, enact. 
 
 sanctus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (sancio). Sacred, holy, inviolable; 
 pious, just, conscientious, scrupulous. 
 
 sane, adv. (sanus). By all means, 
 surely, certainly, ii. C. 7; very, quite, 
 well, right, indeed. 
 
 sanguis, inis, m. Blood. 
 
 sanitas, atis, f. (sanus). Sound- 
 ness, good sense, reason, discretion, 
 sanity. 
 
 sano, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (sanus). 
 To heal, cure, restore, remedy; to 
 repair. 
 
 sanus, a, um, adj. Sound, sensi- 
 ble, discreet, reasonable. 
 
 sapiens, entis, adj. (sapio, to be 
 
SAPIENTER - SECURIS 
 
 377 
 
 wise). Wise, sensible, judicious ; as 
 substantive, a wise man, philosopher, 
 sage, iv. C. 2. 
 
 sapienter, adv. (sapiens) . Wise- 
 ly, with wisdom, sensibly, judiciously. 
 
 sapientia, ae, f. (sapiens). Wis- 
 dom, good sense, discretion, M. L. 7. 
 
 Sardinia, ae, f. A large island 
 west of Italy. 
 
 satelles, itis, m. and f. An at- 
 tendant, accomplice, partner, i. C. 3. 
 
 satietas, atis, f. (satis). Satiety, 
 sufficiency, M. 9. 
 
 sat io, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. (satis) . 
 To fill, satisfy, satiate, M. 6. 
 
 satis, adv. Enough, sufficiently, 
 quite, pretty, somewhat ; with parti- 
 tive gen., sufficient; satis praesidii, 
 sufficient force ; satis facere, to give 
 satisfaction, to do enough for, to 
 satisfy. 
 
 Saturnalia, turn, n. pi. (Satumtis, 
 Saturn). A festival in honor of 
 Saturn, beginning on the 17th of De- 
 cember ; the Saturnalia, iii. C. 4. 
 
 Saturninus, i, m. L. Appuleius 
 Saturninus, tribune of the people 100 
 B.C., i. C. 2; i.C. 12. 
 
 saucius, a, um, adj. Wounded. 
 
 saxum, i, n. A rock. 
 
 scaena, ae, f. The stage (of a 
 theatre), ii. C. 5. 
 
 scaenlcus, a, um, adj. Belonging 
 to the stage ; stage ; scaenici artifices, 
 players, actors, A. 5. 
 
 Scaarus, i, m. M. Scaurus Ae- 
 milius, consul 96 B. c, D. 11. 
 
 scelerate, adv. (sceleratus). 
 Wickedly, impiously, i. C. 10. 
 
 sceleratus, a, um, adj. (scelus). 
 Bad, impious, wicked, accursed, in- 
 famous, vicious, flagitious; scelera- 
 tus, i, m., a wretch, miscreant. 
 
 scelus, eris, n. An evil deed, 
 wicked or heinous action, crime, 
 enormity, villany, guilt. 
 
 sciens, entis, adj. (scio). Know- 
 ingly, wittingly, purposely, inten- 
 tionally, M. 5; skilful, skilled, ex- 
 pert, M. L. 10. 
 
 scientia, ae, f. (sciens). Knowl- 
 edge, skill, expertness, science. 
 
 scilicet, adv. ( = scire licet). In- 
 deed, forsooth, of course, evidently, 
 undoubtedly. 
 
 scio, ire, ivi or ii, Uum, v. tr. To 
 know, understand. 
 
 Scipio, onis, m. The name of a 
 celebrated Roman family ; P. Corne- 
 lius Scipio Africanus Major, who 
 ended the second Punic War by the 
 victoiy at Zama, 202 B.C., iv. C. 10; 
 L. Scipio, his brother, D. 13 ; P. Cor- 
 nelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus 
 Minor, who ended the third Punic 
 War by the destruction of Carthage, 
 146 B.C., M. L. 20; P. Scipio Na- 
 sica Serapio, consul 138 B. c, i. C. 1. 
 
 scisco, ere, scivi, scitum, v. tr. 
 incept, (scio) , To seek to know; to 
 accept, approve, assent to ; to appoint, 
 enact, decree, ordain, P. 10. 
 
 scortum, i, n. A harlot, prosti- 
 tute; debauchery, licentiousness, ii. 
 C.5. 
 
 scriba, ae,m. (scribo). A public 
 clerk, secretary, iv. C. 7. 
 
 scribo, ere, psi, ptum, v. tr. To 
 write, write down ; to enroll ; to com- 
 municate by writing ; to compose. 
 
 scriptor, oris, m. (scribo). A 
 writer, author, A. 6. 
 
 scriptura, ae, f. (scribo). A tax 
 on public pastures; the public pas- 
 tures, registered pasturage, M. L. 6. 
 
 se, sed, insep. prep. G. 308. 
 
 se-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. intr. 
 To withdraw, go away, i. C. 13. 
 
 se-cerno, ere, crevi, cretum, v. tr. 
 To set apart, separate, i. C. 9. 
 
 secessio, onis, f. (secedo) . A sep- 
 aration, secession, L. 6. 
 
 secundus, a, um, adj. (sSquor). 
 Following, next; the second; favor- 
 able, successful, fortunate, prosper- 
 ous ; secundae res, prosperity. 
 
 s6curis, is, f. (seco, to cut). A 
 hatchet, axe ; the axe in the fasces 
 was the symbol of power borne before 
 magistrates ; a praetor in the provin- 
 
378 
 
 SECUTUS- SERTORIANUS 
 
 ces was entitled to six, hence, duode- 
 cim secures, two praetors, M. L. 12. 
 
 secutus, a, um, part, from sequor. 
 
 sed, conj. But, but yet, neverthe- 
 less ; now, I say ; non solum . . . sed 
 etiam, not only . . . but also. 
 
 sedes, is, f. {sedeo, to sit) . A seat, 
 dwelling-place, residence, habitation, 
 abode, home. 
 
 sedltio, mis, f. A going aside; 
 an insurrection, dissension, civil dis- 
 cord, strife, sedition. 
 
 sedltiosus, a, um, adj. (seditio). 
 Full of discord, factious, turbulent, 
 seditious, treasonable. 
 
 sedo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To set- 
 tle, quiet, end, stop. 
 
 sedtilitas, atis, f. {sedulus, offi- 
 cious). Officiousness, attention. 
 
 se-grego, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (grex). To set aside, put away, re- 
 move, separate, A. 2. 
 
 se-jungo, ere, nxi, nctum, v. tr. 
 To separate, sever, part, i. C. 9. 
 
 sella, ae, f. {sedeo, to sit). A 
 work-stool, work-bench, iv. C. 8. 
 
 semel, adv. Once, once for all. 
 
 semen, %nis, n. {sero, to sow). 
 Seed; origin, occasion, ground, 
 cause. 
 
 seminarium, ii, n. {semen). A 
 nursery, seminary, ii. C. 10. 
 
 semper, adv. Always, continually. 
 
 semplternus, a, um, adj. {sem- 
 per) . Everlasting, perpetual, contin- 
 ual, eternal ; vincula sempiterna, im- 
 prisonment for life, iv. C. 4. 
 
 Sempronius, a, um, adj. {Sem- 
 ■pronius). Of a Sempronius, Sem- 
 pronian ; lex Sempronia, a law carried 
 by C. Sempronius Gracchus, forbid- 
 ding capital punishment of a Roman 
 citizen without the order of the peo- 
 ple, iv. C. 5 ; leges Semproniae, laws 
 in the interest of the people carried 
 by the same, P. 7. 
 
 senator, oris, m. {senex). A sen- 
 ator. 
 
 senatorius, a, ^<m,a<lj. {senator). 
 Of a senator, senatorial, M. L. 21 
 
 senatus, us, m. {senex). The 
 senate, the Roman senate. 
 
 senectus, utis, f. {senex), Old 
 age. 
 
 senex, senis, adj. G. 168, 4. 
 {sSneo, to be old). Old, aged; as 
 substantive, an old man. 
 
 sensus, us, m. {sentio). Feeling, 
 sense, understanding, sentiment, 
 consciousness. 
 
 sententia, ae, f. {sentio). An 
 opinion, thought ; purpose, intention, 
 determination, design, purport; de- 
 cision, judgment, resolution. 
 
 sentina, ae, f. Dregs, refuse, 
 rabble, i. C. 5. 
 
 sentio, ire, nsi, nsum, v. tr. To 
 discern by the senses ; to perceive, 
 feel, observe, notice, hear, find out, 
 ascertain, learn ; to think, judge, sup- 
 pose, imagine, believe. 
 
 sepelio, ire, ivi or ii, sSpultum, 
 v. tr. To bury, inter ; to put an end 
 to, suppress, put out of sight. 
 
 sepulcrum, i, n. {sepSlio). A 
 sepulchre, tomb, A. 9. 
 
 sepultura, ae, f. {sgpSlio) . Burial, 
 interment. 
 
 sepultus, a, um , part, from sSpSlio. 
 
 sequor, i, secutus sum, v. dep. To 
 follow, accompany, attend ; to pursue, 
 seek to gain, follow up, aim at, at- 
 tain ; to second, support, P. 4. 
 
 Ser. Abbr. for Servius. 
 
 sermo, onis, m. {sero, to join). 
 Discourse, speech, conversation, talk, 
 remark. 
 
 sermunciilus, i, m. G. 321, 1. 
 {sermo). Common talk, report. 
 
 sero, serius, serissime, adv. {serus, 
 late) . Late, too late. 
 
 serpo, ere, psi, ptum,v. intr. To 
 creep, glide; to spread, increase, 
 iv. C. 3. 
 
 serta, drum, n. pi. {sSro, to join). 
 Garlands, wreaths of flowers, ii. C. 5. 
 
 Sertorianus, a, um, adj. {Serto- 
 rius). Sertorian, pertaining to Ser- 
 torius, a Roman general under Ma- 
 rius, who, after the death of Marius, 
 
SERYILIS — SIMULTAS 
 
 379 
 
 continued the war in Spain against 
 Sulla. 
 
 servllis, e, adj. (semis). Of or 
 pertaining to a slave, servile ; servile 
 bellum, the war against Spartacus, 71 
 b. c, M. L. 10. 
 
 Servilius, ii, m. C. Servilius 
 Ahala, master of the horse 439 B.C., 
 i. C. 1 ; C. Servilius Glaucia, praetor 
 100 b. c, i. C. 2 ; P. Servilius Vatia 
 Isauricus, consul 79 B. c, M. L. 23. 
 
 servio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. intr. 
 (servus) . To serve, be or become a 
 slave to, be subservient to, subserve, 
 regard, pay attention to, give heed to, 
 busy one's self with. 
 
 servltium, ii, n. (servus). Sla- 
 very ; slaves, iv. C. 2. 
 
 servltus, utis, f. (servus). Slavery, 
 bondage, servitude. 
 
 Servius, ii, m. A Roman prae- 
 nomen. 
 
 servo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 save, keep, preseiwe, maintain. 
 
 servus, i, m. A slave, bondman, 
 servant. 
 
 Sestius, ii, m. P. Sestius, a 
 quaestor, a friend of Cicero, i. C. 8. 
 
 severe, adv. (serenes). Severely, 
 gravely, seriously, austerely. 
 
 severitas, atis, f. (severus). 
 Harshness, rigor, severity, sternness, 
 strictness. 
 
 severus, a, um, adj. Severe, 
 strict, steru, serious. 
 
 sexagesimus, a, um, adj. (sexa- 
 ginta). Sixtieth, P. 15. 
 
 sexaginta, num. adj. indecl. 
 Sixty. 
 
 Sextilis, e, adj. (sextus). Of Au- 
 gust, P. 3, 
 
 sextus, a, um, num. adj. (sex, six). 
 The sixth. 
 
 si, conj. If; whether; si minus, 
 if not. 
 
 Sibyllinus, a, um, adj. (Sibylla, 
 a Sibyl) . Sibylline, iii. C. 4. 
 
 sic, adv. So, thus, in such a man- 
 ner ; sic . . . ut, so . . . that. 
 
 slca, ae, f. A dagger, poniard. 
 
 slcarius, ii, m. (sica). An assas- 
 sin, murderer, ii. C. 4. 
 
 Sicilia, ae, f. The island of Sicily. 
 
 slc-ut, adv. Just as, as. 
 
 SIgeum, i, n. A promontory on 
 the coast of Troy, A. 10. 
 
 signlficatio, mis, f. (significo). 
 Intimation, declaration, notice, to- 
 ken ; import. 
 
 significo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (signum, facio). To give or convey 
 an intimation; to signify, indicate, 
 show, declare. 
 
 signum, i, n. A sign, mark, to- 
 ken; a standard, ensign; a statue, 
 image ; a seal, signet. 
 
 Silanus, i, m. D. Junius Silanus, 
 consul 62 b. c, iv. C. 4. 
 
 silentium, ii, n. (sileo). Stillness, 
 silence, quiet. 
 
 sileo, ere, ui, v. intr. and tr. To 
 be still or silent, keep silence ; not to 
 speak of, to keep silent respecting, 
 pass over in silence, leave unmen- 
 tioned, i. C. 6. 
 
 Silvanus, i, m. M. Plautius Sil- 
 vanus, tribune of the people 89 B. c, 
 A. 4. 
 
 silvestris, e, adj. (silva, a wood). 
 Woody, overgrown with woods, 
 wooded. 
 
 slmilis, e, adj. Resembling, like, 
 similar ; veri similis, likely, probable. 
 
 similiter, adv. (similis) . In like 
 manner, similarly. 
 
 simpliciter, adv. (simplex, sim- 
 ple). Simply, plainly, straightfor- 
 wardly, A. 12. 
 
 simul, adv. Together, at once, at 
 the same time. 
 
 simulacrum, i, n. (siniiilo). An 
 image, likeness, figure, effigy, statue. 
 
 slmulatio, onis, f. (simillo). An 
 assumed appearance, a false show; 
 pretence, deceit, disguise, seeming. 
 
 simulo, are, avi, atum,v. tr. (sim- 
 ilis) . To feign, pretend, assume the 
 appearance of, counterfeit. 
 
 simultas, atis, f. (simul). En- 
 mity, resentment, hatred, animosity. 
 
380 
 
 SIN — SPECTACULUM 
 
 sin, conj. ( — si-ne). But if, if 
 however. 
 
 sine, prep, with abl. Without. 
 
 singularis, e, adj. (singuli). One 
 only, unique, singular, matchless, 
 extraordinary, remarkable, unparal- 
 leled, remarkably strong. 
 
 singiili, ae, a, num. adj. One 
 each, separate, single, individual, 
 one by one, each, every. 
 
 sino, ere, slvi, situm, v. tr. To 
 place ; to let, permit, allow, suffer. 
 
 Sinope, es and ae, f. Sinope, a 
 city on the Euxine, M. L. 8. 
 
 sinus, us, m. The bosom, ii. C. 
 10 ; a bay, gulf. 
 
 sitis, is, f. Thirst, ii. C. 5. 
 
 situs, a, um, part, and adj. (sino). 
 Placed, situated ; situm esse in ali- 
 quo, to rest with, depend upon, be in 
 one's power, A. 1. 
 
 si-ve, conj. (ve, or). Or if, and if, 
 or ; whether ; sive . . . sive, if . . . or 
 if, whether ... or. 
 
 Smyrnaei, orum,m. ^..(Smyrna). 
 The citizens of Smyrna, a city in 
 Ionia, A. 8. 
 
 sobrius, a, um, adj. (se, ebrius). 
 Sober, temperate, ii. C. 5. 
 
 sScer, eri, m. A father-in-law. 
 
 societas, atis, f. (socius). Fel- 
 lowship, union, communion, society ; 
 league, alliance, confederacy ; a share. 
 
 socius, ii, m. An ally, confeder- 
 ate; companion, associate. 
 
 socius, a, um, adj. (socms). Par- 
 ticipating in, sharing, joining ; united, 
 joined, associated, friendly. 
 
 sodalis, is, m. and f. A boon 
 companion, comrade. 
 
 sol, solis, m. G. 133, 5. The sun. 
 
 solacium, ii, n. (solor, to con- 
 sole) . Comfort, relief, solace, conso- 
 lation. 
 
 soleo, ere, solitus sum, v. semi- 
 dep. To be accustomed, be wont. 
 
 solitudo, inis, f. (solus). Lone- 
 liness, solitude ; a lonely place, desert, 
 wilderness. 
 
 sollicitatio, dnis, f. (sollicUo). 
 
 Solicitation, tampering with, instiga- 
 tion, iii. C. 6. 
 
 sollicito, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 (sollicUus) . To move, stir up, rouse, 
 instigate, incite, provoke, tempt, tam- 
 per with; to urge to rebellion; to 
 induce, persuade. 
 
 sollicitudo, mis, f. (sollicUus). 
 Disquiet, anxiety, care, concern, so- 
 licitude. 
 
 sollicitus, a,um, adj. Anxious, 
 solicitous, iv. C. 1. 
 
 solum, i, n. The ground, bottom, 
 base ; soil, land, country, region. 
 
 solum, adv. (solus). Only. 
 
 solus, a, um, adj. G. 151. Only, 
 alone, single, sole, merely. 
 
 solutio, dnis, f. (solvo) . Payment. 
 
 solutus, a, um, part, and adj. (sol- 
 vo). Unrestricted, lax, heedless, re- 
 miss, slack, ii. C. 12; voluntarily, 
 free, without compulsion, D. 1. 
 
 solvo, Sre, solvi, solutum, v. tr. 
 To loose, untie, unbind ; to release ; to 
 pay. 
 
 somnus, i, m. Sleep ; drowsiness. 
 
 sono, are, sonui, sdnUum, v. tr. To 
 utter, give utterance to, A. 10. 
 
 sonus, i, m. (sono). A noise, 
 sound. 
 
 sordes, is, f. (sordeo, to be base). 
 Low birth, meanness of rank or con- 
 dition, P. 8. 
 
 sordidus, a, um, adj. (sordeo, to 
 be base). Base, low-born, P. 8. 
 
 soror, oris, f. A sister. 
 
 sors, sortis, f. A lot, fate, destiny, 
 fortune, chance. 
 
 Sp. Abbr. for Sp&rius. 
 
 spargo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. To 
 scatter, spread ; to report. 
 
 spatium, ii, n. Space, distance, 
 extent ; a space of time, period. 
 
 species, ei, f. (specio, to look). A 
 seeing, look, sight; the external ap- 
 pearance, appearance, shape, form, 
 figure; show, semblance, pretence, 
 cloak. 
 
 spectaculum, i, n. (specto). A 
 public show, spectacle, P. 15. 
 
SPECTO — SUBEO 
 
 381 
 
 specto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 (specio, to look). To look or gaze 
 at, watch, observe ; to look ; to regard, 
 respect, care for, have in view. 
 
 specula, ae, f. (specio, to look.) A 
 look-out, watch-tower; in speculis, 
 on the watch, D. 8. 
 
 speculator, oris, in. (speculor). 
 A spy. 
 
 speculor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (specula). To spy out, watch, ex- 
 plore, observe. 
 
 spero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 hope, trust, expect, look for, long for. 
 
 spes, spei, f. Hope, expectation. 
 
 spiritus, us, m. (spiro, to breathe). 
 A breath ; spirit, soul ; haughtiness, 
 pride, arrogance. 
 
 splendor, oris, m. (splendeo, to 
 shine). Splendor, brilliancy, mag- 
 nificence, honor, dignity, M. L. 14. 
 
 spolio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (spo- 
 lium) . To strip, rob, plunder, pillage ; 
 to deprive, despoil. 
 
 spolium, ii, n. Spoil, plunder. 
 
 sponte, abl., spontis, gen., f., other 
 cases wanting (spondeo, to promise) . 
 Of free will, of one's own accord, 
 voluntarily, willingly, freely ; by one's 
 self, without the aid of others. 
 
 Spurius, ii, m. A Roman prae- 
 nomen. 
 
 squalor, oris, m. (squaleo, to be 
 in mourning) . Mourning garb. 
 
 stabilio, ire, ivi or ii, Hum, v. tr. 
 (stabilis) . To make firm, fix, make 
 steadfast, establish. 
 
 stabilis, e, adj. (sto). Firm, sta- 
 ble, steadfast, enduring, M. 9. 
 
 stabilltas, atis, f .(stabilis) . Firm- 
 ness, stability, steadfastness, strength. 
 
 Statilius, ii, m. L. Statilius, a 
 fellow-conspirator with Catiline, iii. 
 C. 3 and 6. 
 
 statim, adv. (sto). On the spot, 
 * forthwith, straightway, immediately, 
 at once. 
 
 stator, oris, m. (sto). Stay, de- 
 fender; one of the appellations of 
 Jupiter, i. C. 5. 
 
 statua, ae, f. (stdtuo). A statue, 
 image, iii. C. 8. 
 
 statuo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. (status). 
 To put, place, set, set up, establish; 
 to fix, decide, determine, conclude. 
 
 status, ms, m. (sto). Standing, 
 position; condition, situation, state, 
 posture. 
 
 stern o, ere, stravi, stratum, v. tr. 
 To prostrate, cast down, throw down, 
 overthrow. 
 
 stimulus, i, m. A goad, spur, 
 incentive, stimulus. 
 
 stipendium, ii, n. (stips, a contri- 
 bution, pendo, to pay). A tribute, 
 pay ; paid service, service, campaign. 
 
 stirps, stirpis, f. The trunk of a 
 tree ; a stem, stock. 
 
 sto, are, steti, stdtum, v. intr. To 
 stand. 
 
 stratus, a, um, part, from sterno. 
 
 strepitus, us, m. (strepo, to make 
 a noise). A noise, din, confusion, 
 tumult. 
 
 stiideo, ere, ui, v. intr. To be 
 eager or zealous, apply one's self to, 
 attend to, cultivate ; to devote one's 
 self to, pay particular attention to ; to 
 be eager for, desire, wish, strive for. 
 
 stfididse, adv. (studiosus) . Eager- 
 ly, zealously, carefully, attentively. 
 
 studiosus, a, um, adj. (studium). 
 Fond of, devoted to. 
 
 studium, ii, n. (stiideo) . Assidu- 
 ity, zeal, eagerness ; fondness, taste, 
 inclination, desire; attachment, de- 
 votion, good will ; exertion, pursuit, 
 endeavor ; party strife, M. L. 8. 
 
 stultus, a, um, adj. Foolish, sim- 
 ple, silly, i. C. 12. 
 
 stuprum, i, n. Debauchery. 
 
 suadeo, ere, suasi, suasum, v. tr. 
 and intr. To advise, recommend, 
 persuade. 
 
 suasor, oris, m. (suadeo). An 
 adviser, counsellor, advocate, D. 10. 
 
 sub, prep, with ace. and abl. G. 
 435, 1. Under. 
 
 sub-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. intr. and 
 tr. To go or come under ; to under- 
 
382 
 
 SUBIGO - SUPERIOR 
 
 go, submit to, sustain, endure, suffer, 
 encounter. 
 
 siib-igo, ere, egi, actum, v. tr. 
 {ago). To drive under; to put 
 down, conquer, subjugate, subdue, 
 compel, constrain, reduce. 
 
 subito, adv. {subitus). Quickly, 
 suddenly, unexpectedly, speedily, on 
 a sudden. 
 
 subitus, a, um, adj. {stibeo). Sud- 
 den, unexpected. 
 
 subjector, oris, m. (subjicio). One 
 who substitutes, a forger, ii. C. 4. 
 
 sub-jicio, ere, jeci, jectum, v. tr. 
 {jacio). To throw or cast from be- 
 neath ; to place under ; to present. 
 
 sublatus, a, um, part, from suf- 
 fero ; also from tollo. 
 
 sub-ministro, are, avi, atum, v. 
 tr. {ministro, to furnish) . To furnish, 
 supply, afford, give. 
 
 siib-oles, is, f. {olesco, to grow). 
 Offspring ; population, M. 8. 
 
 sub-orno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To suborn, bribe, D. 6. 
 
 sub-sellium, ii, n. {sella). A 
 bench, seat, i. C. 7. 
 
 sub-sequor, i, seciitus sum, v. dep. 
 To follow. 
 
 sub-sidium, ii, n. {sedeo, to sit). 
 Support, aid, assistance ; subsidia 
 belli, the sinews of Avar. 
 
 sub-sum, esse, fui, v. intr. To be 
 under, be concealed; to be near at 
 hand, be close to ; to approach. 
 
 suecedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. 
 intr. and tr. {sub, cedo). To go un- 
 der ; to go towards, approach ; to 
 follow, follow or come after, take the 
 plaee of, succeed. 
 
 succenseo, ere, sui, sum, v. intr. 
 {sub, censeo) . To be angry, irritated, 
 indignant, A. 6. 
 
 succumbo, ere, cubui, cubitum, 
 v. intr. To lie down or sink down 
 under; to yield, succumb, be over- 
 come. 
 
 suffero, ferre, sustuli, sublattim, 
 v. tr. {sub, fero). To suffer, bear, 
 endure. 
 
 suffragium, ii, n. Voting ; a vote, 
 voice, suffrage. 
 
 sui, pers. pron. Of himself, her- 
 self, itself, themselves. 
 
 Sulla, ae, m. L. Cornelius Sulla, 
 the Dictator and the opponent of Ma- 
 rius. 
 
 Sulpicius, ii, m. P. Sulpicius, 
 tribune 88 B.C., hi. C. 10; C. Sul- 
 picius, praetor 63 B. C, iii. C. 3 ; Ser. 
 Sulpicius Rufus, a learned jurist con- 
 temporary with Cicero, D. 11. 
 
 siim, esse, fui, v. intr. To be, ex- 
 ist, be present, stay, abide ; with pred- 
 icate gen., to pertain, belong, be the 
 part, property, nature, mark, sign, 
 duty, custom of; with two datives, to 
 serve, afford, contribute ; with dat. of 
 possessor, to have ; with abl. of char- 
 acteristic, to possess, be of, have, iv. 
 CIO. 
 
 summa, ae, f. { = summa res). 
 The principal point ; precedence, pre- 
 eminence ; the sum, aggregate, whole. 
 
 summus, a, um, sup. of siiperus, 
 adj. The highest, greatest, very 
 great, supreme, chief; most impor- 
 tant, consummate, most eminent, of 
 the highest order; the top or summit 
 of; summa hiems, midwinter. 
 
 sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, v. tr. 
 To take, take away ; to take to one's 
 self, assume, arrogate ; supplicium 
 sumere, to inflict punishment. 
 
 sumptuose, adv. {sumptus). Ex- 
 travagantly, expensively, ii. C. 9. 
 
 sumptus, us, va.{sumo). Expense, 
 cost, charge ; expenditure ; extrava- 
 gance. 
 
 super, prep, with ace. and abl. G. 
 435, 1. Upon, above, over. 
 
 superbe, adv. {super-bus). Proud- 
 ly, haughtily, arrogantly, insolently. 
 
 superbus, a, um, adj. {super). 
 Proud, haughty, arrogant, insolent. 
 
 superior, us, comp. of siiperus, 
 adj. 1. Of space: higher, upper, 
 above. 2. Of time : previous, ear- 
 lier, former, past, elder, of past times, 
 preceding; superior nox, the night 
 
SUPERO — TAETER 
 
 383 
 
 before last, i. C. 1. 3. Of other re- 
 lations : more distinguished, great- 
 er, superior, stronger, more powerful. 
 
 siipero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (super). To go over, overtop; to 
 surpass, excel, exceed, outstrip; to 
 overcome, conquer, subdue ; to pre- 
 vail. 
 
 super-sum, esse, fui, v. intr. To 
 be over and above, be left, remain ; 
 to survive. 
 
 superus, a, um, adj. G. 163, 3. 
 (super). Above, over; upper. 
 
 suppedito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To furnish, supply, ii. C. 11. 
 
 suppeto, ere, ivi or ii, itum,\. intr. 
 (sub, peto). To be at hand, be pres- 
 ent, be in store. 
 
 supplex, tcis, adj. Beseeching, 
 entreating, imploring; suppliant. 
 
 suppllcatio, onis, f. (supplico) . A 
 religious solemnity, festival or re- 
 joicing ; a thanksgiving. 
 
 suppllcium, ii, n. (supplex). Pun- 
 ishment, torture, penalty, torment, 
 pain, distress. 
 
 supplico, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (supplex). To address prayer, offer 
 worship, P. 6. . 
 
 suppono, ere, posui, positum, v. 
 tr. (sub, pono). To place, set, sub- 
 stitute, D. 15. 
 
 supremus, a, um, adj., sup. of 
 superus. Last, latest, extreme, final, 
 closing, dying, P. 14. 
 
 surgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum, v. 
 intr. (sub, rego). To rise, arise. 
 
 susclpio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
 (sub, capio). To take or lift up, sus- 
 tain; to undertake, take upon one's 
 self, receive, incur; to enter upon, 
 engage in ; to conceive. 
 
 suspectus, a, um, adj. (suspicio, 
 to suspect). Distrusted, suspected; 
 an object of suspicion. 
 
 suspicio, onis, f. Suspicion. 
 
 susplcidse, adv. (suspiciosus, sus- 
 picious). Suspiciously, in a manner 
 to awaken suspicion, D. 0. 
 
 susplcor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 
 (suspicio, to suspect). To suspect, 
 distrust, mistrust ; to surmise, appre- 
 hend, believe. 
 
 sustento, are, avi, atum,v. tr. frcq. 
 (sustineo). To hold up, sustain, 
 support, maintain; to endure, suffer, 
 forbear. 
 
 sustlneo, ere, ui, tentum, v. tr. 
 (sub, teneo). To hold up, sustain, 
 support; to hold out against, check, 
 retard, withstand. 
 
 susttili, perf. from suffero ; also 
 from tollo. 
 
 suus, a, um, poss. pron. (sui) . His, 
 her, its, their ; one's own. 
 
 Syracusae, arum, f. pi. Syracuse, 
 an important city in Sicily, P. 3. 
 
 Syria, ae, f. A country of Asia, 
 on the eastern coast of the Mediter- 
 ranean, M. L. 22. 
 
 T. Abbr. for Titus. 
 
 tabella, ae, f. (tabula). A writing, 
 document, iii. C. 5. 
 
 taberna, ae, f. A shop, stall, 
 workshop, iv. C. 8. 
 
 tabesco, ere, tabui, v. intr. incep. 
 (tabeo, to waste away). To pine or 
 waste away ; to languish, pine, ii. 0. 4. 
 
 tabula, ae, f. A board ; writing- 
 tablet; record, document, account, 
 table ; a painting, picture, M. L. 14. 
 
 tabularium, ii, n. (tabula). A 
 record-office, A. 4. 
 
 taceo, ere, ui, Hum, v. intr. and tr. 
 To keep silent, be silent, say nothing ; 
 to pass over in silence. 
 
 taelte, adv. (tacitus). Silently, 
 in silence, M. L. 5. 
 
 taclturnltas, atis, f. (tacitus). 
 Silence, i. C. 7. 
 
 tacitus, a, um, adj. (taceo). Silent, 
 mute, saying nothing. 
 
 tactus, a, um, part, from tango. 
 
 taeter, tra, trum, adj. Disgrace- 
 ful, shameful, foul, shocking, horrid, 
 hideous, abominable. 
 
384 
 
 TALARIS — TENEDUS 
 
 talaris, e, adj. {talus, the ankle). 
 Reaching to the ankles, long, ii. CIO. 
 
 talis, e, adj. Such, of such a kind, 
 nature, quality, character; like. 
 
 tam, adv. So, so far, so very, to 
 such a degree ; non tam . . . quam, 
 not so much ... as, i. C. 3. 
 
 tamen, conj. Notwithstanding, 
 nevertheless, however ; yet, still. 
 
 tametsi, conj. {tamen, etsi). Not- 
 withstanding, although, though ; with 
 tamen following, M. L. 5. 
 
 tam-quam, adv. As if, as it 
 were, so to speak. 
 
 tandem, adv. {tam). At last, at 
 length, finally ; pray, pray now, then ; 
 quousque tandem, how long, pray ? 
 
 tango, ere, tetigi, tactum, v. tr. 
 To touch; to strike.' 
 
 tantum, adv. {tantus). So far, 
 much, or greatly ; only so much, only 
 so far, only, merely; tantum modo, 
 only, but, merely. 
 
 tantum-modo, adv. Only, but, 
 merely. 
 
 tantus, a, um, adj. {tam). Of such 
 size or measure, so great, so large, 
 so numerous ; so mighty, so power- 
 ful; such, so small, so trivial, so 
 slight; tanti esse, to be of so great 
 value, worth so much ; tanto, n. abl., 
 with comparatives, G. 423, by so 
 much, so much the, the ; tanto ante, 
 so long in advance, iii. C. 7. 
 
 tarde, adv. {tardus, slow). Slowly, 
 tardily, late. 
 
 tarditas, atis, f. {tardus, slow). 
 Slowness, delay, iii. C. 8. 
 
 tardo, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. {tar- 
 dus, slow). To delay, check, stop, 
 hinder, retard, impede. 
 
 Tarentini, drum, m. pi. ( Tdren- 
 tum) . The inhabitants of Tarentum, 
 a town of southern Italy, the Taren- 
 tines, A. 3. 
 
 Tarraco, onis, f. Tarraco, a town 
 in Spain, D. 14. 
 
 Taurus, i, m. A mountain range 
 in the south-eastern part of Asia 
 Minor, D. 13. 
 
 tectum, i, n. {tego). A roof; 
 house, dwelling, abode. 
 
 tectus, a, um, part, and adj. {tego). 
 Cautious, guarded, D. 6. 
 
 tego, ere, texi, tectum, v. tr. To 
 cover, hide, conceal ; to defend, pro- 
 tect. 
 
 tell us, uris, f. The earth, globe ; 
 earth, land. 
 
 Tellus, uris, f. Tellus, Earth, a 
 divinity, P. 1. 
 
 telum, i, n. A dart, spear, jave- 
 lin ; a weapon. 
 
 temerarius, a, um, adj. {temere). 
 Rash, thoughtless, headstrong, incon- 
 siderate, imprudent. 
 
 temere, adv. Rashly, inconsid- 
 erately, heedlessly, thoughtlessly, 
 without reason. 
 
 temeritas, atis, f. {temere) . Rash- 
 ness, heedlessness, indiscretion, fool- 
 hardiness, temerity. 
 
 temperantia, ae, f. {tempero). 
 Moderation, sobriety, self-control, 
 discreetness. 
 
 tempero, are, avi, atum, v.tr. and 
 intr. {tempas). To temper, moder- 
 ate, restrain. 
 
 tempestas, atis,f. {tempus). A 
 space of time, period, season ; weath- 
 er, state of the weather ; a storm. 
 
 tempestivus, a, um, adj. {tempes- 
 tas). Seasonable, fitting, suitable, 
 M. L. 12 ; early, protracted, A. 6. 
 
 templum, i, n. A consecrated 
 place, sanctuary, temple. 
 
 tempus, oris, n. A portion or 
 period of time, time; ex tempore, 
 extemporaneously ; exigency, peril, a 
 critical moment, condition, circum- 
 stances ; the fitting time, proper pe- 
 riod ; tempora, pi., the times, circum- 
 stances, i. C. 1. 
 
 tendo, ere, tStendi, tensum and 
 tcntum, v. tr. To stretch, stretch 
 out, extend ; to travel, march. 
 
 tenebrae, arum, f. pi. Darkness, 
 obscurity. 
 
 Tenedus, i, f. Tenedus, an island 
 on the coast of Asia Minor, A. 9. 
 
TENEO — TORQUATUS 
 
 385 
 
 tSneo, ere, ui, turn, v. tr. To 
 hold, occupy, have, possess, pre- 
 serve, keep, retain ; to hold firm ; se 
 tenere, to keep one's self, remain. 
 
 tento, are, avi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 (tendo). To tiy, attempt, prove, put 
 to the test ; to tiy to gain, tamper with ; 
 to make an attack upon, make an at- 
 tempt against, disturb. 
 
 tenuis, e, adj. Thin, slender, 
 slight ; humble, of slender means. 
 
 ten us, prep, with abl. G. 434, 4. 
 (tenus, a cord) . As far as, up to, to. 
 
 ter, num. adv. (tres). Three 
 times, thrice. 
 
 termlno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (terminus) . To set bounds to, bound, 
 limit, circumscribe ; to close, finish, 
 end, terminate. 
 
 terminus, i, m. A limit, boun- 
 dary, bound, iv. C. 10. 
 
 terra, ae, f. The earth ; orhis ter- 
 rae or t err arum, the globe, the world, 
 i.C. 1 ; the land ; country, region, 
 district. 
 
 terror, oris, m. (terreo, to fright- 
 en). Fear, terror, alarm, dread, ap- 
 prehension. 
 
 tertio, adv. (tertius). For the 
 third time. 
 
 tertius, a, um, num. adj. {ter). 
 The third. 
 
 testamentum, i, n. (testor). A 
 will. 
 
 testimonium, u,n. (testor). Wit- 
 ness, evidence, testimony, proof. 
 
 testis, is, m. and f. A witness. 
 
 testor, ari, atus sum, v. clep. (tes- 
 tis) . To call or invoke to witness. 
 
 tetendi. See tendo. 
 
 tetigi. Sec tango. 
 
 tetrarches, ae, m.(a Greek word). 
 A subordinate ruler, tetrarch, D. 9. 
 
 tetrarchia, ae, f. (a Greek word). 
 The realms of a tetrarch, a tetrarchy. 
 
 Teutoni, drum, m. pi. A Ger- 
 manic people on the shores of the 
 Baltic, M. L. 20. 
 
 theatrum, i, n. (a Greek word). 
 A theatre, P. 12. 
 
 Themistocles, i and is, m. G. 
 
 68, 1. The celebrated Athenian 
 statesman and general, A. 9. 
 
 Theophanes, is, m. A learned 
 Greek of Mitylene on the island of 
 Lesbos, historian of the campaigns 
 of Pompey, A. 10. 
 
 Ti. Abbr. for Tiberius. 
 
 Tiberlnus, a, um, adj. (Tiberis) 
 Of the Tiber, M. L. 12. 
 
 Tiberis, is, m. The river Tiber 
 on which Rome is situated, iii. C. 2. 
 
 Tiberius, ii, m. A Roman prae 
 nomen. 
 
 Tigranes, is, m. A king of Ar 
 menia, son-in-law of Mithriclates, M 
 L. 2. 
 
 timeo, ere, ui, v. tr. and intr. To 
 fear, be afraid of, dread ; to be afraid 
 be in fear, be anxious or apprehen 
 sive. 
 
 timid e, adv. (timidus). Fearfully 
 timidly, cautiously. 
 
 timidus, a, um, adj. (timeo) 
 Fearful, timid, afraid, cowardly. 
 
 timor, oris, m. (timeo). Fear, 
 timidity, dread, alarm, anxiety, ap- 
 prehension. 
 
 Titus, i,m. A Roman praenomen 
 
 toga, ae, f. (tego). The toga, the 
 ordinary outer garment of a Roman 
 in time of peace, ii. C. 10. 
 
 togatus, a, um, adj. (toga). Clad 
 in the toga ; in the garb of peace, in 
 civil life. 
 
 tolerabilis, e, adj. (tolero). Tol- 
 erable, supportable, endurable. 
 
 tolero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 bear, endure. 
 
 tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatum, v. tr. 
 To lift up, raise ; to exalt ; to take 
 away, remove, convey away. 
 
 Tongilius, ii, m. A companion 
 of Catiline, ii. C. 2. 
 
 tormentum, i, n. (torqueo). Suf- 
 fering, pain, torture. 
 
 Torquatus, i, m. L. Manlius 
 Torquatus, consul 65 B.C., iii. C. 8; 
 T. Torquatus, a contemporary of 
 Cicero, D. 11. 
 
386 
 
 TORQUEO — TUNC 
 
 torqueo, ere, torsi, tortum, v. tr. 
 To twist, turn. 
 
 tot, adj. inclecl. So many. 
 
 toties, adv. (tot). So often, so 
 many times. 
 
 totus, a, um, adj. G. 151. The 
 whole, all, entire ; the whole of. 
 
 tracto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 (traho). To draw forward, present, 
 A. 2 ; to treat, use ; se tractare, to 
 conduct one's self, iii. C. 12. 
 
 trado, ere, dldi, dltum, v. tr. 
 (trans, do). To give up, surrender, 
 deliver, hand over. 
 
 traho, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. To 
 draw, drag 1 , lead, influence. 
 
 trail quillltas, atis, f. (tranquil- 
 las) . Quiet, stillness, rest, calmness, 
 tranquillity. 
 
 tranquility, a, um, adj. Calm, 
 tranquil, quiet, A. 12. 
 
 trans, prep, with ace. Across, 
 over, beyond, on the farther side of. 
 
 Trans-alplnus, a, um, adj. Situ- 
 ated or lying beyond or north of the 
 Alps, Transalpine; Transalpinum 
 bellum, the war waged by Pompey 
 against the Transalpine Gauls, 76 
 b. c, M. L. 10. 
 
 transcendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
 (trans, scando, to climb). To climb, 
 pass over, cross. 
 
 trail s-fero, ftrre, tuli, latum, v. 
 tr. To bear or carry over or across ; 
 to transfer, carry. 
 
 trans-Igo, ere, egi, actum, v. tr. 
 (ago). To carry through, finish, 
 complete, conclude, perform, accom- 
 plish, transact, dispatch. 
 
 trans-marinus, a, um, adj. 
 (mare). Beyond the sea, foreign, 
 transmarine. 
 
 transmissio, onis, f. (transmitto). 
 A passage, crossing, P. 3. 
 
 trans-mitto, ere, mist, missum,y. 
 tr. and intr. To send over or across ; 
 to entrust ; to give over, devote ; to 
 cross, P. 3. 
 
 trepldatio, onis, f. (trepido, to be 
 in confusion). Confusion, agitation. 
 
 tres, tria, num. adj. Three. 
 
 tribunal, alis, n. (tribunus). A 
 judgment-seat, tribunal, i. C. 13. 
 
 tribunicius, a, um, adj. (tribu- 
 nus). Of the tribune or tribunes. 
 
 tribunus, i, m. (tribus, a tribe). 
 A tribune ; tribunus plebis, a tribune 
 of the people. 
 
 tribuo, ere, tci, utum, v. tr. To 
 impart, assign, give, distribute, pre- 
 sent ; to show, render, pay, manifest ; 
 to grant, concede, allow ; to ascribe, 
 attribute. 
 
 triduum, i, n. (tres, dies). The 
 space of three days, three days. 
 
 tritus, a, um, adj. (tero, to fre- 
 quent) . Frequented, common, usual, 
 P. 3. 
 
 triunipho, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (triumphus). To enjoy the honor 
 of a triumphal pageant, to triumph, 
 M. L. 3 ; to be exultant or triumphant. 
 
 triumphus, i, m. A triumphal 
 procession, triumph, iii. C. 11. 
 
 tropaeum, i, n. (a Greek word). 
 A trophy, A. 9. 
 
 trucido, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (trux, fierce, caedo, to kill). To 
 slaughter, butcher, massacre. 
 
 tu, tni, pers. pron. Thou, you. 
 
 tuba, ae, f. A trumpet. 
 
 Tubero, onis, m. Q. Aelius 
 Tubero, the accuser of Ligarius, L. 1. 
 
 tueor, eri, tuitus or tutus sum, v. 
 clep. To see, look at, gaze at; to 
 care for, maintain, preserve, defend, 
 protect. 
 
 tuli. See fero. 
 
 Tullius, ii, m. See Cicero. 
 
 Tuli us, i, m. L. Volcatius Tullus, 
 consul 66 B.C., i. C. 6. 
 
 turn, adv. Then, at that time. 
 
 tumultus, us, m. (tumeo, to swell). 
 An uproar, bustle, disturbance, com- 
 motion ; a revolt, war. 
 
 tumulus, /, m. (tUmeo, to swell). 
 A heap of earth, mound, hillock, 
 height ; a tomb. 
 
 tunc, adv. (turn). Then, at that 
 time. 
 
TUNICA — USQUAM 
 
 387 
 
 tunica, ae,f. An under-garmcnt 
 worn by the Romans, tunic, ii. C. 10. 
 
 turbulentus, a, um, adj. (turba, 
 turmoil). Turbulent, restless, con- 
 fused; miscellaneous; troublesome, 
 factious, seditious, P. 9. 
 
 tnrma, ae, f. A division, squad- 
 ron, or troop of horsemen. 
 
 turpis, e, adj. Unseemly, shame- 
 ful, base, disgraceful, infamous, dis- 
 honorable. 
 
 turplter, adv. (turpis). In an 
 unseemly manner, shamefully, base- 
 ly, dishonorably, disgracefully. 
 
 turpitudo, Inis, f. (turpis) . Dis- 
 grace, shame. 
 
 tuto, adv. (tutus) . Safely, securely, 
 without danger, in safety. 
 
 tutor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (tutus). 
 To guard, keep, protect, defend. 
 
 tutus, a, um, adj. (tueor). Safe, 
 secure, free from danger, protected. 
 
 tuus, a, um, poss. pron. (tu) . Thy, 
 thine, your, yours. 
 
 tyrannus, i, m. (a Greek word). 
 A tyrant, despot, ii. C. 7. 
 
 u. 
 
 fiber, eris, n. A teat, dug, udder. 
 
 uber, eris, adj. Fruitful. 
 
 iibertas, dtis, f. (uber). Fruitful- 
 ness, productiveness, fertility, M.L.6. 
 
 ubi, adv. Where, in which place ; 
 when. 
 
 ubinam, adv. (ubi). Where? 
 ubinam gentium, where in the world ? 
 i. C. 4. 
 
 ubi-que, adv. Anywhere, every- 
 where. 
 
 ulciscor, i, ultus sum, v. dep. To 
 avenge one's self upon, take ven- 
 geance on ; to avenge ; to punish, 
 chastise. 
 
 ullus, a,um, adj. G. 151. (unus). 
 Any, any one. 
 
 ulterior, us, adj., comp. G. 166. 
 (uls, beyond). Farther, on the far- 
 ther side, beyond ; the. more remote. 
 
 ultlmus, a, um, adj., sup. of ulte- 
 rior. The farthest, remotest, most 
 distant; the earliest. 
 
 ultra, adv. and prep, with ace. 
 Beyond, farther, on the farther side 
 of, past. 
 
 ultro, adv. Of one's own accord, 
 voluntarily, spontaneously, unpro- 
 voked. 
 
 ultus, a, um, part, from ulciscor. 
 
 Umbrenus, i, m. P. Umbrenus, 
 a frcedman, an associate of Catiline, 
 hi. C. 6. 
 
 una, adv. (units). At the same 
 time, together with. 
 
 uncus, i, m. (a Greek word). A 
 hook, P. 2. 
 
 unde, adv. From which place, 
 whence. 
 
 undequinquagesimus, a, um, 
 num. adj. (unus, de, quinquaginta). 
 The forty-ninth. 
 
 undique, adv. (unde, que). From 
 all parts, on all sides, everywhere. 
 
 unguentum, i, n. (unguento, to 
 anoint) . An ointment, unguent, per- 
 fume, ii. C. 3. 
 
 unice, adv. (unus). In an un- 
 precedented, unparalleled, or extraor- 
 dinary degree, hi. C. 5. 
 
 universus, a, um, adj. (unus, ver- 
 to). All, all collectively, whole, en- 
 tire. 
 
 unquam, adv. (Units, quam). At 
 any time, ever. 
 
 unus, a, um, num. adj. G. 175. 
 One; one and the same, common; 
 only, alone, merely ; the same ; with 
 superlatives, without exception; unus 
 maximus, without exception the 
 greatest ; unus quisque, each one. 
 
 urbanus, a, um, adj. (urbs). Of 
 or relating to the city, in the city. 
 
 urbs, urbis, f. A city ; the city of 
 Pome, i. C. 1. 
 
 urgeo, ere, ursi, v. tr. To press 
 upon, oppress; to drive, push back, 
 press hard. 
 
 usquam, adv. At or in any place, 
 anywhere, M. L. 15. 
 
388 
 
 USQUE — VEHEMENTER 
 
 usque, adv. Even, as far as ; us- 
 que eo, so much, A. 10. 
 
 usura, ae, f. (utor). Use, enjoy- 
 ment ; interest (on money lent) . 
 
 usurpo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (usus, rapid) . To make use of, use, 
 employ, iv. C. 4. 
 
 usus, a, um, part, from utor. 
 
 usus, us, m. (utor). Use, practice, 
 skill, experience. 
 
 ut or uti, adv. and conj. As, just 
 as, like, how; when, as, after, ever 
 since, as soon as ; that, in order that ; 
 so that, so as to ; though, although, 
 even if; after verbs of fearing, that 
 not. G. 498, III. note 1. 
 
 uter-que, trdque, trumque, adj. 
 G. 151. (uter, which of the two). 
 Each one of the two, both, each. 
 
 Utica, ae, f. A town in the Ro- 
 man province of Africa, L. 1. 
 
 utllis, e, adj. (iitor). Useful, ben- 
 eficial, advantageous, serviceable, 
 profitable. 
 
 utilitas, dtis, f. (utilis). Useful- 
 ness, profit, advantage, service, in- 
 terest, benefit, expediency. 
 
 uti-nam, interj. O, that! would 
 that ! i. C. 9. 
 
 utor, i, usus sum, v. clep. To use, 
 make use of, avail one's self of, em- 
 ploy, exercise, manage; to practise, 
 adopt, have, observe. 
 
 utrum, adv. (titer, which of the 
 two). Whether; in double questions 
 followed by an, or necne. G. 353. 
 
 uxor, oris, f. A wife. 
 
 vacillo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 To stagger, totter, ii. C. 10. 
 
 vaco, are, avi, atum, v. intr. To 
 be unoccupied; to be free from. 
 
 vacuefacio, ere, feci, factum, 
 v. tr. (vacuus, facto). To make 
 empty or vacant, to clear, i. C. 6. 
 
 vacuus, a, um, adj. (vaco). Emp- 
 ty, free from, stripped of, destitute 
 
 of, vacant, wanting ; vagina vacuus, 
 unsheathed, M. 6. 
 
 vadimonium, ii, n. (vas, bail). 
 Bail, security, recognizance, ii. C. 3. 
 
 vagina, ae,f. A scabbard, sheath. 
 
 vagor, ari, dtus sum, v. dep. (va- 
 gus, roaming). To wander, roam, 
 range. 
 
 valde, adv. (valeo). Very, very 
 much, exceedingly, completely. 
 
 valens, entis, part, and adj. (valeo). 
 Strong, powerful, active, ii. C. 2. 
 
 valeo, ere, ui, itum, v. intr. To 
 be well, be in good health, P. 7 ; to 
 be strong or powerful, have strength 
 or force ; to avail, be able, have 
 weight or influence, be effectual, re- 
 dound. 
 
 Valerius, ii, m. L. Valerius Flac- 
 cus, consul 100 B.C., i. C. 2; P. Va- 
 lerius, a friend of Cicero, P. 3. 
 
 valetiido, mis, f. (valeo). The 
 state or condition of the body, health 
 (good or bad). 
 
 vallo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (val- 
 lum, a wall) . To wall in, intrench, 
 fortify, defend, protect, A. 9. 
 
 varietas, dtis, f. (varius). Di- 
 versity, variety, clifference,vicissitude. 
 
 varius, a, um, adj. Diverse, man- 
 ifold, various, changing, varying. 
 
 Varus, i, m. P. Attius Varus, a 
 prominent partisan of Pompey, L. 1. 
 
 vastatio, onis, f. (vasto). Devas- 
 tation, ravaging, ii. C. 8. 
 
 vastitas, dtis, f. (vastus, waste). 
 Devastation, desolation, i. C. 5. 
 
 vasto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (vas- 
 tus, waste) . To lay waste, devastate, 
 ravage, destroy. 
 
 vates, is, m. and f. A soothsayer. 
 
 vectigal, dlis, n. (veho, to carry). 
 A tax, toll, impost, tribute ; revenue, 
 income. 
 
 vectigalis, e, adj. (vectigal). Tax- 
 able, tributary. 
 
 vehemens, entis, adj. Eager, 
 violent, impetuous, vehement; forci- 
 ble, strong, exciting. 
 
 vehementer, adv. (vehemens). 
 
VEL — VICESIMUS 
 
 389 
 
 Violently, forcibly, exceedingly, 
 greatly, very much, strongly, ex- 
 tremely. 
 
 vel, conj. Or, or indeed; even; 
 vel . . . vel, either . . . or. 
 
 Velia, ae, f. A town in Lucania 
 in southern Italy, P. 4. 
 
 velle. See volo. 
 
 velum, i, n. A yeil. 
 
 vena, ae, f. A vein, i. C. 13. 
 
 vendo, ere, didi, ditum, v. tr. 
 (venum, sale, do). To sell, expose 
 for sale. 
 
 veneficus, •', m. (venenum, faciei) . 
 A poisoner ; a sorcerer, wizard. 
 
 venenum, i, n. Poison, ii. C. 10. 
 
 veneo, ire, hi or ii, Uum, v. intr. 
 (venum, sale, eo). To be sold. 
 
 vengror, Sri, atus sum, v. dep. To 
 worship, adore, i. C. 9 ; to supplicate, 
 beseech, implore, entreat. 
 
 venia, ae, f. Indulgence, favor, 
 forbearance, kindness, forgiveness, 
 pardon. 
 
 venio, ire, veni, ventwn, v. intr. 
 To come, arrive at; in the passive 
 impersonally, ventam est, M. L. 13. 
 
 ventus, i, m. The wind. 
 
 Venus, eris, f. The goddess Ve- 
 nus. 
 
 venustas, atis, f. (Vemis). Grace, 
 gracefulness, A. 8. 
 
 ver, veris, n. The spring. 
 
 verber, eris, n., rare in sing. A 
 lashing, scourging, M. L. 5. 
 
 verbero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 {verier) . To scourge, flog, beat. 
 
 verbum, i, n. A word. 
 
 vere, adv. (verus). Truly, in 
 truth, with good reason, really, in 
 fact, i. C. 13. 
 
 verecundia, ae, f. (vereor) . Re- 
 spect, a sense of propriety, M. 1. 
 
 vereor, eri, Veritas sum, v. dep. 
 To stand in aAve of; to respect; to 
 fear, dread, be afraid of. 
 
 Veritas, atis, f. (verus). The 
 truth, reality, M. L. 17. 
 
 vero, adv. and conj. (vents). In 
 truth, truly, assuredly, in fact; but. 
 26 
 
 verso, are, avi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 (verto). To turn, put in motion; to 
 carry on; in passive with reflexive 
 force, to move about, conduct one's 
 self; to frequent, dwell, live, be; to 
 be prevalent ; to occupy one's self 
 with, be engaged in, be busy, be 
 versed in, be possessed of; to insist 
 upon, iv. C. 4. 
 
 versus, us, m. (verto). A verse, 
 line. 
 
 verto, ere, ti, sum, v. tr. To turn. 
 
 verum, i, n. (verus). The truth, 
 reality, fact, iii. C. 9. 
 
 verum, conj. (vents). But. 
 
 verus, a, um, adj. True, actual, 
 real, well grounded ; right, reasona- 
 ble, consistent. 
 
 vespera, ae, f. The evening. 
 
 Vesta, ae, f. Vesta, the goddess 
 of the household. 
 
 Vestalis, e, adj. ( Vesta) . Pertain- 
 ing to Vesta, sacred to Vesta; vir- 
 gines Vestales, Vestal virgins, priest- 
 esses of Vesta. 
 
 vester, tra, trum, poss. pron. 
 (vos). Your, yours. 
 
 vestigium, ii, n.(vestigo, to track). 
 A footstep, footprint, track, trace ; 
 vestigia, pi., the traces, remains, 
 ruins. 
 
 vestis, is, f. Clothing, garments, 
 garb. 
 
 veteranus, a, um, adj. (vetus). 
 Old, tried,' practised, veteran. 
 
 vetus, ens, adj. G. 167, 2. Old, 
 long-standing, ancient. 
 
 vetustas, atis, f. (vetus). Anti- 
 quity, age, long continuance or dura- 
 tion. 
 
 vex alio, onis, f. (vexo). Harass- 
 ing, outrage. 
 
 vexo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. freq. 
 (veho, to carry). To disturb, annoy, 
 vex, trouble, molest, harass. 
 
 via, ae, f. A way, road, passage. 
 
 vibro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 brandish, ii. C. 10. 
 
 vicesimus, a, um, num. adj. (vi- 
 ginti, twenty). The twentieth. 
 
390 
 
 VICI-VIXDUM 
 
 vici. See vinco. 
 
 vicinus, i, m. (vicus). A neigh- 
 bor, ii. C. 10. 
 
 victor, oris, m. (vinco). A con- 
 queror, victor ; as adj., victorious. 
 
 victoria, ae, f. (victor). Victory, 
 success. 
 
 victus, a, um, part, from vinco. 
 
 vicus, i, m. A village, hamlet. 
 
 videlicet, adv. (— videre licet). 
 Manifestly, clearly, plainly, evident- 
 ly ; of course, forsooth, with ironical 
 sense, i. C. 8. 
 
 video, ere, vidi, visum, v. tr. To 
 see, behold, observe, look at, per- 
 ceive; to understand, comprehend, 
 learn ; to take care, see to it, provide, 
 i. C. 2; in passive as dep., to seem, 
 appear ; to seem to one's self, think, 
 imagine, i. C. 1 ; impersonal, it seems 
 good or proper, M. L. 20. 
 
 vlgeo, ere, v. intr. To thrive, 
 flourish, be in repute or esteem, M.9. 
 
 vlgllans, antis, part, and adj. 
 (vigilo). Vigilant, watchful, atten- 
 tive, careful. 
 
 vlgllia, ae, f. (vigilo). A keeping 
 awake, wakefulness, sleeplessness ; a 
 watching, watch, guard; a watch, 
 one of the four divisions of the 
 night, G. 645, 1. 
 
 vigilo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (vigil, awake). To watch, keep 
 awake, resist sleep, i. C. 10 ; to be 
 watchful or vigilant. 
 
 vilis, e, adj. Cbeap, of trifling 
 value, worthless, i. C. 8. 
 
 villtas, atis, f. (vilis). Cheapness, 
 M. L. 15. 
 
 villa, ae, f. A farm, country-seat, 
 villa, iii. C. 2. 
 
 vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctum, v. tr. 
 To bind, secure ; to recover. 
 
 vinco, ere, vici, victum, v. tr. To 
 conquer, be superior to, subdue, van- 
 quish, overcome. 
 
 vinculum, /, n. (vincio). A bond, 
 chain, fetters ; imprisonment. 
 
 vindex, icis, m. and f. (vindico). 
 A punishcr, avenger, ii. C. 12. 
 
 vindico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 claim, lay claim to ; to free, liberate, 
 deliver, rescue ; to avenge, revenge, 
 punish. 
 
 vlnum, i, n. Wine ; drunkenness, 
 revelry. 
 
 violentus, a, um, adj. (vis). Ac- 
 quired by violence, P. 12. 
 
 violo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (vis). 
 To treat with violence ; to injure, do 
 violence to, harm ; to infringe. 
 
 vir, viri, m. A man ; husband. 
 
 vires, ium. See vis. 
 
 virgo, inis, f. (vireo, to be fresh). 
 A maid, maiden, virgin; virgines 
 VestaJes, the Vestal virgins, priest- 
 esses of Vesta. 
 
 virtus, utis, f. (vir). Manliness; 
 strength, power, principle; courage, 
 valor, bravery; virtue, goodness, 
 worth, merit, qualification; ability, 
 excellence ; energy, vigor, fortitude. 
 
 vis, vis, f. G. 66. Violence, 
 strength, force, power, vigor, energy ; 
 effect, influence, purpose ; multitude, 
 quantity, amount; vires, pi., power, 
 strength, might. 
 
 viscus, eris, n., rare in sing. ; pi. 
 viscera, um. The vitals, i. C. 13. 
 
 viso, ere, visi, visum, v. tr. freq. 
 (video). To view, behold, look at; 
 to go to see, visit, M. L. 14. 
 
 visus, a, um, part, from video. 
 
 vita, ae, f. (vivo). Life. 
 
 vltium, ii, n. A vice, fault, of- 
 fence, crime, i. C. 6. 
 
 vlto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 shun, avoid, seek to escape; to es- 
 cape, evade. 
 
 vltuperatio, onis, f. (vitup'ero, to 
 blame). A charge, accusation, cen- 
 sure, iv. C. 6. 
 
 vivo, ere, vixi, victum, v. intr. To 
 live. 
 
 vivus, a, um, adj. (vivo). Living, 
 alive. 
 
 vix, adv. With difficulty, hardly, 
 scarcely, barely. 
 
 vix-dum, adv. Hardly then, 
 scarcclv vet, scarcely. 
 

 VIXI — VULTUS 
 
 391 
 
 vixi. See vivo. 
 
 voco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 call, summon, call upon ; to convoke, 
 invite, incite, summon, demand; to 
 doom, expose. 
 
 volito, are, avi, atum, v. intr. freq. 
 (volo, to fly). To flit about, ii. C. 3. 
 
 volo, telle, vdlui, v. tr. G. 293. 
 To wish, desire, choose ; to purpose, 
 intend, be disposed; to show one's 
 desire ; to assume. 
 
 Volturcius, ii, m. T. Volturcius, 
 a partisan of Catiline, iii. C. 2. 
 
 voluntarius, a, urn, adj. (volun- 
 tas). Voluntary, willing; volunta- 
 rius, ii, m., a volunteer. 
 
 voluntas, atis, f. (volo). Will, 
 wish, choice, desire, inclination, feel- 
 ing; consent, concurrence, approba- 
 tion ; good will, favor, affection, kind 
 solicitude. 
 
 voluptas, atis, f. (volo). Satis 
 faction, pleasure, joy, delight. 
 
 vomo, ere, ui, itum, v. intr. To 
 vomit, D. 7. 
 
 votum, i, n. (vdveo, to vow). A 
 vow ; a prayer, ii. C. 8. 
 
 vox, vocis, f. A voice, sound, call, 
 cry; a word; v dees, pi. , expressions, 
 reports, sayings, language, words, 
 precepts. 
 
 vulgaris, e, adj. (vulgus, the peo- 
 ple). Ordinary, common, D. 12. 
 
 vulgo, adv. (vulgus, the people). 
 Generally, everywhere, universally, 
 commonly. 
 
 vulnero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (vulnus). To wound, hurt, injure. 
 
 vulnus, eris, n. A wound, injury. 
 
 vultus, us, m. The expression of 
 the countenance, looks, air, mien, 
 aspect, features ; the face. 
 
PARALLEL REFERENCES 
 
 SHOWING THE CORRESPONDING SECTIONS IN THE GRAMMARS 
 OF 1881 AND 1898 
 
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 New 
 
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 • 118 
 
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PARALLEL REFERENCES 
 
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 1 171 
 
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 285-287 
 
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 ! 173 
 
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 \ 180 ; 181 
 
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PARALLEL REFERENCES 
 
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PARALLEL REFERENCES 
 
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 510 
 
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 468 
 
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 580-583 
 
 551 
 
 657-601 
 
 469 
 
 534; 535 
 
 512 
 
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 661, n. 
 
 170 
 
 536 
 
 513 
 
 581; 587 
 
 556; 557 
 
 — 
 
 171 
 
 537; 538 
 
 511 
 
 — 
 
 558 
 
 662 
 
 472 
 
 539 
 
 515 
 
 585 ; 586 ; 593, 2 
 
 559 
 
 663 
 
 173 
 
 540 
 
 515, III. / 
 n. 4 ) 
 
 599 
 
 560 
 
 664 
 
 474 
 
 520 ; 523 
 
 
 561 
 
 665 
 
 475 
 
 524 
 
 516 
 
 588 
 
 562 
 
 666 
 
 176 
 
 525 
 
 — 
 
 589 
 
 563 
 
 667 
 
 
 
 526-531 
 
 517 
 
 592 ; 598 ; 599 
 
 561 
 
 668 
 
 477 
 
 521 
 
 518 
 
 602 
 
 — 
 
 069; 670 
 
 
 522 
 
 519 
 
 603; 604 
 
 565 
 
 671 
 
 478 
 
 511 
 
 520 
 
 605 
 
 566 
 
 672 
 
 179 
 
 511,2 
 
 521 
 
 600; 601 
 
 567 
 
 673 
 
 480 
 
 511, 3 
 
 522 
 
 641 
 
 568 
 
 671 
 
 481 
 
 541,2 
 
 523 
 
 642 
 
 569 
 
 675-080 
 
 482 
 
 541, 2 and 3 
 
 521 
 
 643 
 
 570 
 
 681 
 
 
 
 542 
 
 525 
 
 641 
 
 571 
 
 682 
 
 483 
 
 559 
 
 526 
 
 645 
 
 572 
 
 683 
 
 484 
 
 558; 559 
 
 527 
 
 616-648 
 
 — 
 
 684 
 
 485 
 
 552 
 
 528 
 
 649 
 
 513 
 
 685 
 
 486 
 
 553-557 
 
 529 
 
 649; 652 
 
 574 
 
 686 
 
 487 
 
 488; 189 
 
 560 
 
 530 
 
 653 
 
 575 
 
 — 
 
 561 
 
 531 
 
 — 
 
 576 
 
 687 ; 688 
 
 
 562; 563 
 
 532 
 
 606 
 
 577 
 
 689 
 
 490 ; 491 
 
 513 
 514 
 
 533 
 
 607; 608 
 609 
 
 578 
 579 
 
 690 
 (591 
 
 492 
 493 
 
 545, I. 
 515, II. 
 
 534 
 
 531, n. 
 
 414; 611 
 242 
 
 580 
 581 
 
 692 
 
 693-701 
 702 
 
 703 
 
 701 
 
 494 
 
 545, 1, and II. 
 
 535 
 
 613; 614 
 
 582 
 
 495 
 
 516-550 
 
 536 
 
 415; 610; 612 
 
 583 
 
 
 551 
 
 537 
 
 617-620 
 
 584 
 
 496 
 497 
 
 541,2 
 568; 590 
 
 538 
 
 539 
 
 615 
 616 
 
 585 
 586 
 
 705-710 
 711 
 712 
 713 
 711 
 
 - 
 
 498 
 
 569 
 561, 1. ; 565-567 
 
 510 
 
 ( 564 ; 571 ; 588, 
 \ 3; 651, 1 
 
 587 
 588 
 589 
 
 
 [ 565, 2 ; 561, II. 
 
 541 
 
 624 
 
 499 
 
 i and III.; 568,5 
 
 512 
 
 625-631 
 
 590 
 591 
 592 
 593 
 591 
 5!).") 
 
 715 
 710 
 717 
 71S 
 719 
 
 500 
 
 501 
 
 1 502 
 
 503 
 
 570; 591 
 571 
 570 
 591 
 
 513 
 543, n. 
 
 544 
 544,2, 
 
 621 
 
 623 
 
 625-631 
 
 j 622 
 
 632 
 
 633; 631 
 
 635 
 
 636 
 
 504 
 505 
 
 i 506 
 
 591 I. 
 
 594, IL ; 595 
 
 596 
 
 597 
 
 572 
 
 n. 2 
 
 545 
 516 
 547 
 518 
 
 596 
 597 
 598 
 
 599 
 
 720 
 721 
 722 
 721 
 
PARALLEL REFERENCES 
 
 Old 
 
 New 
 
 Old 
 
 New 
 
 Old 
 
 New 
 
 600 
 
 725 
 
 617 
 
 739,3 
 
 632; 633 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 726 
 
 618 
 
 740 
 
 634; 635 
 
 750 
 
 601 
 
 727 
 
 619 
 
 741 
 
 636 
 
 751 
 
 602 
 
 728 
 
 620 
 
 741,2 
 
 637 
 
 752 
 
 603 
 
 729 
 
 621 
 
 742 
 
 638 
 
 1-3 
 
 604 
 
 730 
 
 622 
 
 743 
 
 639; 640 
 
 753 
 
 605 
 
 720,5 
 
 623 
 
 743,2 
 
 641; 642 
 
 754 
 
 606 
 
 731 
 
 624 
 
 743,3 
 
 643 
 
 755 
 
 607 
 
 732 
 
 625 
 
 743,4 
 
 644 
 
 ( 755, notes 
 1 and 2. 
 
 (508 
 
 733 
 
 626 
 
 744 
 
 609 
 
 734 
 
 627 
 
 745 
 
 645 
 
 756 
 
 610 
 
 735 
 
 628 
 
 745, 1-10 
 
 646; 647 
 
 757 
 
 611 
 
 736 
 
 629 
 
 ( 745, 10, notes 
 \ 2 and 3. 
 
 648 
 
 — 
 
 612 
 
 737 
 
 649 
 
 354 
 
 613 
 
 738 
 
 — 
 
 746 
 
 650 
 
 758 
 
 614 
 
 739 
 
 630 
 
 747 
 
 651 
 
 749 
 
 615 
 
 739, 1 
 
 631 
 
 747, 1-19 
 
 
 
 616 
 
 739,2 
 
 — 
 
 748 
 
 
 
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