/ O \f> .H73 Copy 1 ^napiers ON THE Industries AND Institutions of Maryland ^l.(^ /Aw CU. — J. H. HOLLANDER REPRINTED FROM "Maryland: Its Resources, Industries and Institutions" I CHAPTER IX. commercp: and transportation. The history of Ma.rylaud com'nerce is as old as Maryland itself. It begins two hundred and fifty years back, with a condition of absolute dependence upon English shipping, and this dependence it was the avowed policy of the mother country to establish and maintain. During the early years of the Province, an P>nglish Order in Council provided that " no tobacco or other production of the colonies should thenceforth be carried into any foreign parts until they were first landed in England and the duties paid." The Navigation .4ct of 1651 furtlier restricted trade to English built ships, and for the next hundred years an uninter- rupted series of restrictive measures combined to confirm the commercial vassalage of Maryland. Agents were established by English mercliants at many of the old river towns of the I-'rovince, whither tobacco, securely packed in hogsheads, was rolled from adjacent plantations — weighed, paid for, and stowed aboard English bottoms waiting at the landing. In 1761 Maryland trade engaged one hundred and twenty vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 8,000 tons, of which only some thirty vessels, of a total burthen of 1,300 tons, were owned in the Province. With the events and consequences of the Revolutionary War, the situation under- went radical changes. Commercial restrictions were thrown off, and trade in the great staples of the State stimulated. Natural advantages of location began to assert themselves ; local accumulations of capital led to independent purchase and direct shipment, and Maryland ports rapidly assumed commercial prominence. Between the close of the Revolutionary War and the outbreak of the War of 1812, there was an extraordinary expansion of Baltimore trade. Continental wars not only increased the demand for Maryland staples, but largely diverted the West India trade to this safer port. The rise and perfection of the "Baltimore Clipper" aided the opportunity, and during the whole period of which we are speaking, Baltimore enjoyed the chief part of European and West Indian commerce, together with no inconsiderable share of the world's carrying trade. The volume of Maryland exports increased from $2,239,691 in 1791, to $5,811,-380 in 1795, to $9,151,939 in 1804, and to $14,298,984 in 1807. During the war of 1812, 314 MAKYLAND. tlie commerce of the State was lai'gely suspended, but thereafter it developed witli renewed vigor. Baltimore was the natural market for the agricultural products of the interior and western country. Active communication had long been maintained with this vast region; in early days by pack-horses, later by long wagon trains that traversed the great northern turnpikes as far as the Ohio River. The introduction of steamboats upon the navigable waters of the West displaced this means of transportation. Improved systems of communication had been established by New York and Pennsylvania, and a deflection of trade to these centres was threatened. Public-spirited citizens immediately began an agitation to supply the need, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company was incorporated in 1824 for the purpose of constructing a canal from tidewater on the Potomac to the 01 io River. Several years later, when estimates of the enormous cost of the canal rendered its immediate completion improb- able, a supplementary project was proposed — a railroad from Baltimore across the mountains to the Ohio. In February, 1827, the first railroad charter granted in the United States was given by the General Assembly of Maryland to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The work of actual construction was begun in the following year. In 1853 the road was completed to the Ohio River, and in 1857 direct connection was secured with St. Louis. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal was opened in 1850 for tlirough navigation from Georgetown to Cumberland. These great arteries form an organic part of the commercial history of Maryland. They opened up a vast undeveloped region, and secured for the metropolis of the State a large measure of the advantages suggested by its natural location as a seaboard market and distribnting depot for the West. Both trade and commerce suffered severely from the Civil War. Communication with the South was completely cut off, and Western trade temporarily diverted to other channels. But the causes of pros- perity were suspended, not destroyed, and as the prostrate industrial life of the country revived, the trade centres of the State emerged into enhanced importance. The vigor and activity of those early days has never waned. The commercial prosperity of Maryland is historical in its growth, the product of unexampled natural advantages, and perma- nent in its stability and strength. BALTIMORE. Baltimore is located at the head of navigation, on the Patapsco River, thirteen miles above its entrance into the Chesapeake Bay, and one hundred and seventy miles from the Atlantic Ocean, at Cape Henry. The Patapsco River, from the city to the bay, is really an arm of that magnifi- COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 315 cent estuary, as the fluvial waters under this name terminate near the southwestern boundaries of the city, from whence to its junction with the bay, it forms a spacious tidal basin, averaging two miles in width, with from 18 to 22 feet natural depth at mean low water. This location' one hundred and seventy miles inland, connected with the Atlantic by the wide and deep waters of the Chesapeake Bay, marked Baltimore in the early days of the State as a natural point of transfer for the commerce between the interior of the continent and foreign countries. From the long-ago days, when swift privateers roamed the seas, and the " Baltimore Clipper" was the admiration of the nautical world, until now, Baltimore has held a foremost place among Atlantic sea-ports. More, perhaps, to natural location, than to any other single cause, is this due. The Patap'sco River offers bold water on both sides for many miles of frontage, as does the Chesapeake Bay to its mouth. Elevated rolling lands slope down on either hand to sandy beaches. The fluctuations of the water level, due to the tidal movement (only about eighteen inches), are so slight that in either bay or river, navigation is unhindered by the impeding currents so often found at other ports. For the same reason no swinging or floating stagings are necessary for the lading or discharge of cargoes or passengers, nor expensive closed docks to keep vessels afloat at varying stages of the tide. For seven miles on one side, and for over three miles on the other, railways are in operation, by which every foot of water front can be connected, at small cost, with any or all of the railway systems of the country. In a word, no city on the Atlantic coast offers, by reason of natural situation, facilities for the extension of commercial business superior to those presented by Baltimore. Ship Channel. In the days when the commerce of the world was borne by sailing vessels, and a ship of eight hundred tons was considered a large one, the natural deptli of water in the Patapsco was ample for all the requirements of a commerce which spanned the Atlantic, embraced both shores of the western hemisphere, and covered the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans with the sails of Maryland ships. As, how- ever, in answer to the demands of commerce and the requirements of the most economic methods of ocean transport, the size and tonnage of vessels steadily increased, until the coasting schooner exceeded in tonnage the old Liverpool liners and Indiamen, and steamships of 4,000 tons burthen were classed among the smaller transports, it became evident that if Baltimore was to maintain her commercial importance the depth of water in tlie channels of the river must be increased by dredging. The first efforts in this direction were began forty years ago, the city. State and federal governments acting in conjunction, and looked to the opening of a channel twenty-one feet deep at the mouth of the river, 316 MARYLAND. wliere the natural deptli was not over eighteen feet at low water. With large contributions from the city, added to the appropriations by the government, this work of improvement has been steadily pushed forward with ever increasing demands for increase of width and depth of waterway, to meet increasing size and tonnage of vessels. The ship channel leading to this port has now a least width of six hundred feet and a depth of twenty-seven feet at mean low water, sufficient, at least for the present, for the largest ocean steamers. It may safely be asserted that should the necessity arise, additional width and depth will promptly be provided, if necessary, by the city alone, whose contributions, heretofore, have materially hastened the completion of the work. Harbors. At the entrance to Baltimore harbor, the Patapsco River divides into the northwest, southwest and middle branches. The north- west branch pierces two and a half miles into the very heart of the business portion of the city, affording miles of water front, within easy reach of the main thoroughfares of the eastern and central sections. The southwest and middle branches envelope the southern and south- western sections, giving a long expanse of water front, in close proximity to the lines of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The main harbor, or that on tLe northwest branch, is surrounded by the older portions of the city, and contains grain elevators, steamship piers, railroad terminals, dry dock, iloating docks and marine railways. This harbor lias a water front measured on the pier head line of six and a half miles, an area of six hundred and thirty acres, and while leaving ample fairways for the movement of vessels, furnishes ninety-six acres of anchorage grounds, on which the least depth of water is nineteen feet. The whole of the lower portion of the harbor, covering the elevators and steamship piers, has a depth of twenty-seven feet at mean low water. The harbor along the southwest and middle branches has, within the city limits, and measured on the pier head line, a water front of five and a half miles, and nearly as much more on the opposite banks, in the county. It covers an area of thirteen hundred acres, and has channels of seventeen feet depth at mean low water. The total water front within the city limits, if fully improved, would furnish at least fifty miles of wharf room, allowing docks of one hundred and fifty feet in width. In addition to these commercial facilities within the city, there are nearly ten miles of water front on the I'atapsco, below the city, with railroads in operation near it, on both sides of the river. As the harbor of Baltimore is the receptacle for most of the drainage of the city and an extensive area of back country, a large amount of dredging is annually required to maintain the specified depths of water in the various sections of the harbor. This work is done entirely by the city, under the immediate direction of an unpaid Commission, known as COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 317 the Harbor Board, who also are conservators of the laws regulating the construction and repair of wharves, and of all laws touching the general preservation and maintenance of the harbor and the navigation of the river and harbor. Port Charges. There are, strictly speaking, no port charges at Baltimore, except clearance, register and license fees, paid to the Federal Government through the Collector of the Port. These are the same at all ports of entry in the United States. What are ordinarily classed as port cliarges — that is, cost of wharfage, stevedoring, tonnage, etc., — fluctuate from time to time, but always within reasonable limits. Tliere is, however, no charge for wliarfage at elevators when grain is taken on, and it is generally conceded that all incidental expenses of this kind are lower in Baltimore than at any other Atlantic port. Baltimore has not, however, become a great exporting centre and distributing point by means of natural advantages alone. Local enterprise and ready capital have provided ample means of communication and unsurpassed facilities for the receipt and distribution of commodities to the world's markets. It is to the consideration of these that we now naturally turn. STEAMSHIP LINES. Some twenty regular lines of steamers are engaged in trade between Baltimore and important European and South American ports, in addition to a large number of " tramp steamers " and several lines of sailing vessels. Of the regular steamship lines, the North German Lloyd has a service of fine vessels between Baltimore, and Bremen and Southampton. Sailings are weekly, and the passage is ordinarily made in twelve days. Passenger travel has assumed large proportions on this line. The Allan Line, between Baltimore and Liverpool, calling at Halifax, makes sailings fortnightly, and in the summer season with more frequency. The fleet consists of five vessels, fitted with all conveniences for passenger traffic. The Johnston Line trades between this port and Liverpool and London, and is particularly active in cattle, grain, cotton and lumber transportation. The Lord Line has a bi-monthly service from Baltimore to Belfast and Dublin. The Donaldson Line offers facilities to sliippers to Glasgow; thence to Scotland, Ireland and the northern parts of England. The Atlantic Transport Line runs a large fleet of steamships between Baltimore, and London and Swansea. The Neptune Line plies between Baltimore and Rotterdam, as does also the Royal Netherlands Line, with fortnightly sailings. The Bristol Channel Line sails monthly to Bristol, and the Empire Line at similar intervals to Leith, Scotland. The Blue 318 MARYLAND. Cross Line plies weekly between Baltimore and Havre. The Puritan Line despatches steamers every ten days to Antwerp. The Pinkney-Furness Line carries frei^l^t to various European ports ; the Hooper Line, to Ijiverpool, and the Hamburg-American Packet Company, to Hamburg. The Earn Line has a series of vessels between Baltimore and Santiago-de- Cuba, Cuba, with occasional voyages to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Hammonia i/ine carries freight from Baltimore to various Brazilian ports. The coast trade of Baltimore with northern and southern ports has assumed large proportions and engages several important lines of steamers equipped for passenger as well as freight traffic. The Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company maintain nine large steamships with regular sailings to Norfolk, Boston, Savannah, and Providence. The Bay Line has a series of fine steamers running nightly to Norfolk, where important connections are made with the South. The New York and Baltimore Transportation Company operate between Baltimore and New York, and the Ericsson Tjine l)etween Baltimore and Philadelphia, by way of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. The Richmond and York River Line has a fleet which runs to West Point and Richmond, where connections are made with the Richmond and Danville Railroad. Trade with the bay and river ports of Maryland employs a whole fleet of vessels. The principal companies engaged in this trafiic are the Eastern Shore Steamboat Company, ^^ eems Transportation lane, Maiy- land Steamboat Company, Chester River Steamboat CJompany, Sassafras River Steamboat Company, Choptank Steamboat Company, Wheeler Transportation Line, Maryland and Virginia Steamboat Company, Tol- chester Steaniboat Company and others. There are in all about fifty bay steamers, ranging in tonnage from 250 to 800 tons, many with excellent passenger facilities in addition to freight accommodations. During the busy summer season they make daily trips, while in the winter months, when the business is lighter, four trips jier week suffice. In addition, innumerable schooners, pungies, and bugeyes run throughout the year, bringing a vast assortment of produce to Baltimore markets. RAILROADS. The advantages of inland location have been emphasized and developed for Baltimore by the construction of direct lines of railroads, placing the city in proximity, nearer by many miles than Northern and Eastern rivals, to the great productive sections of the country. By the shortest rail line, Baltimore is thus ninety-.'^ix miles nearer points in the South than Philadelphia, one hundred and eighty nearer than New York and four hundred and thirteen nearer than Boston. With COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 319 respect to Cincinnati, its advantages over these cities are respectively seventy-four, one hundred and sixty-four and three hundred and tliirty- two miles, and in regard to other Western points they are even more decided. The railroad facilities of Baltimore include five distinct standard-gauge railroads and one narrow-gauge road, now being changed to standard-gauge. The vantage ground upon which they place the commercial interests of the city have been vividly described as follows : " Baltimore stands with her face to the south, and with one hand prepared to gather the products of neai'ly half of the United States and to send them forward to other nations, and in return with the left liand to bestow the peculiar products of the soil of Maryland and her sister States upon thoi^e States whose climate will not allow the growth of such luxuries. One iron finger runs almost due north, through the rich farming lands of central Pennsylvania and southwestern New York, until it touches the great lakes, with their ships loaded with grain. Another stretches out into manufacturing Pittsburg, 328 miles distant, the coal, coke, lumber, iron and other mineral lands of southwestern Pennsylvania, western Maryland, West Virginia and Ohio, and away to Chicago, 830 miles, the central point for the grain, hay, cattle and other farm products of the great northwest, and the flour of St. Paul and Minneapolis, 1,296 miles from the seaboard. The third finger beckons to the stock-raisers of Kentucky and Tennessee, the active men of St. Louis, 931 miles to the west, and of Kansas City,. 1,213 miles away, and bids them to turn towards Baltimore the rapidly-increasing shipments of cattle and cereals from the empire of the southwest. The index finger very appropriately follows the lines of the Appalachian system of mountains, which, ranging from the southwest to the northeast, give an outlet to Baltimore by the natural rilt at Harper's Ferry, whose immense water-power, gradually being utilized, must bear tribute to this city. Down through the beautiful, fertile and well-watered Shenandoah Valley of Virginia the finger points, gathering in the profits from the farm lands of the valley proper, the wood and minerals of the mountain slopes, the coal and iron of the southwestern Virginia and southern West Virginia hills with the cattle of their plains, piercing the pine and hard- wood regions of western North Carolina and South Carolina, east Kentucky and Tennessee, and finally touching the flourishing manufacturing and industrial centres of the new south, Birmingham, Anniston, Ensley and other towns and cities of Alabama, which have grown with the develop- ment of its natural resources. The broad thumb covers a fertile section embracing Richmond, Norfolk, Atlanta, Savannah and Charleston, and some of the finest traveling country on the Atlantic slope, extending from Norfolk to Florida." 320 MARYLAND. A few words of detail may be added to this summary: The Baltimore and Oliio Railroad is so intimately connected with the commercial development of Baltimore as natm'ally to attract the first consideration. Historically, the first railroad in the United States, it has become, by extension and incorporation, one of the yreat trunk lines of the country, forming an organic system of more than 3,000 miles. In one direction, it extends to Pliiladelphia, thence by direct connection to New York; in another, it penetrates the vast regions of the West, Southwest and Northwest, tlu'ough the States of Maryland, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, to the waters of the Mississippi. Coimections at such important centres as Philadelphia, Washington, Pittsburg, Wheeling, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis give direct access to all sections of the country. The local tide-water terminals of the system are situated in the main at Loctist Point, and are planned on an extensive scale. Several acres of gromid are occupied by tracks and freight houses, while a large water frontage and immense piers render possible the transfer of freight from ocean steamers to cars, or vice versa, with the utmost facility and economy. Two enormous grain elevators for export delivery, located here, have a capacity of 1,500,000 and 1,800,000 bushels respectively. A third, for local traffic, situated near Camden Station, has a capacity of 200,000 bushels. Massive piers are fitted for immigrant traffic, and make it almost possible for the new arrival to step from steamer to train. On the east side of the harbor are found additional piers nnd large shifting yards. The central station of the road is conveniently located on Camden near Howard street. Exit from the city to eastei'n points has, up to tlie present time, involved ferriage across the Patapsco River from Locust Point. This will be obviated by the Belt I^ine tunnel, which ijierces the heart of the city to its outskirts. Plans have also been completed for the erection of a handsome central passenger depot at Lombard and Liberty streets. The Northern Central Railway serves to connect Baltimore with the great Pennsylvania system, and, at the same time, affords a direct outlet to the North. It penetrates the rich agricultural section of central Pennsylvania and southwestern New York up to the great lakes, thus pouring into Baltimore an enormous volume of corn and wheat for export. Direct connection with the coal region of Pennsylvania brings to the city a heavy tonnage of antliracite and bituminous coal. The tide-water terminals of the road are located at Canton, and occupy several acres of ground, with an extensive water front. Grain elevators of lai'ge capacity, merchandise piers, immense docks and warehouses are also situated here and provide admirable facilities for handling and transferring ocean freight. The city terminals of the city are the Calvert Street, President Street and Union stations. The general offices of the COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 321 road are located within a block of the main passenger station on Calvert street. Close by are ihe chief inland freight stations, covering several blocks. Two associated branches of the Pennsylvania system, the Baltimore and Potomac, and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Balti- more, connect Baltimore respectively with Washington, and with Philadelphia, New York and the East. The Western Maryland Railroad is essentially a Baltimore road. Its construction was made possible by municipal aid, and at the present time it renders a large area of Western Maryland and the rich counties of Southern Pennsylvania almost exclusively tributary to Baltimore. The main line of the road extends west from Baltimore, through West- minster to Hagerstown, then on to Willi am sport on the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, to Cherry liun, West Virginia. Branches extend to Gettysburg, Waynesboro', Shippensburg,York and Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Direct connection with the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad gives access on the one hand to Philadelphia and the coal legions of Pennsylvania, and with the Norfolk and Western on the other, to the industrial centres of the South. The terminals of the road are conveniently located in the eastern section of the city, with passenger stations at Hillen, Union, Pennsylvania avenue and Fulton avenue stations. The road holds a franchise from the city of Baltimore for an extension through the- city along Jones' Falls to Locust Point, and the erection of tidewater terminals. The Baltimore and Lehigh Railroad, originally a narrow-gauge road, extends from Baltimore, through Baltimore and Harford counties and Southern Pennsylvania, to York, Pennsylvania, a distance of seventy- five miles. The region it penetrates is rich in agricultural and mineral wealth, and capable of marked industrial development. A change to standard gauge and the extension of the road to tidewater, to Colgate's Creek, with the erection of necessary terminals, are measures now in course of completion. The passenger station of the road is on North avenue. The Annapolis and Baltimore Short Line Railroad, designated more familiarly as "The Short Line," is a local road, tliirty-three miles in length, extending from Baltimore to the capital of the State, and passing through a rich trucking section. The road employs the local terminals of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. FOREIGN TRADK. Baltimore has been active in foreign trade from its very foundation. Before 1786 vessels entered and cleared at Annapolis and Joppa, but an independent custom house was established in that year, and duties upon local imports were thereafter collected here. In the centiuy which has 21 322 MATIYLAND. since elapsed Baltimore has become the third largest exporting centre in the country, being surpassed only by New York and New Orleans, the latter holding second rank by virtue of its immense cotton trade. The exports of the five leading cities iri 1892 were as follows: New York $877,723,988 New Orleans 107,084,137 Baltimore 98,130,889 Boston 88,800,673 PhiladelpUia . 60,815,880 The remarkable development of Baltimore's foreign trade is even more clearly indicated by a statement of its import and export values during the last ten calendar years : Year. Imports. 1 Exports. $55,779,461 48,500,798 50,085,814 48,488,457 , 34,748,304 40,810,870 1881 .116,378,946 14,658,000 13,808,893 13,090,261 11,198,095 11,785,113 1883 1888 1884 1885 1886 Year. Imports. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1893 $13,055,880 12,098,029 15,409,334 15,889,812 18,270,000 14,3.58,575 E.v ports. ,149,045,970 45,099,384 63,077,010 73,130,083 79,475,175 93,126,889 The chief articles of export are corn, wheat, flour, cattle, tobacco, provisions and copper. Importing activity centres about coffee, pine- apples, cocqanuts, bananas, chemicals, tin plate and iron ore. The amounts, values and direction of imports and exports for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1892, as compared with those of the preceding year, are given in the following tables : COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 323 EXPOETS. Articles. Unit of Quantity. July 1, '90, to June .30, '91. Quantity. Values. July 1, '91, to June 30, '9a. Quantity. Values. Cattle Bread stuffs — Wheat Flour Corn Oats Kye Oatmeal Cornmeal Provisions — Tallow Beef, canned Beef, fresh Beef, salted Bacon Hams Butter Pork Cheese Lard Fruit, canned Apples, dried Vegetables, canned. Oysters, canned Glucose Oils- Olio Fish Illuminating Lubricating Cottonseed Lard Cottons — *Sea Island tOther cotton c;ioth, uucolored. . . Cloth, colored Tobacco — Leaf Stems Cigars Seeds- Timothy Clover Sundries — Starch Oil calie Kosiu Leather Copper matte Parailine wax Bark extract Coal, bituminous.. Copper ingots Whiskey — Kye..' Bourbon Lumber — Boards Staves Logs Bushels . Barrels. . Bushels . Bushels . Bushels . Pounds. . Barrels.. Pounds.. Pounds. . Pounds.. Pounds. . Pounds. . Pounds.. Pounds.. Pounds. . Pounds. . Pounds. . Pounds. . Pounds. . Pounds.. Pounds. . Pounds. , I'ounds. . Gallons . Gallons , Gallons . Gallons . Gallons . Pounds. . . Pounds.. . Sq. Yards. Sq. Yards. Pounds., Pounds. . Pounds. , Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Barrels . Pounds. Tons ... Pounds. Tons Pounds. . Gallons . Gallons . Sq. Feet. 77,718 3,753,967 3,360, 7(58 4,389,183 430 16,834 as, 729, 701 33,a79,638 8,013,360 8,145,225 15,652,270 .5,.578,126 95,205 10,3.50,301 748,925 63,904,789 602,397 6,624,347 4,863,748 14.5,790 14,708,753 821,374 196,600 263,419 413,094 87,193,.597 203,468 20,.500 48,861,1)57 7,369,630 312 2,318,7.56 9,507,873 4,630,860 58,.531,380 183,375 37,769 17,618 3,198,9.59 106,366 3,367,638 17,691 23,133 38,117 6,450,370 3,834,476 12,310,787 2,.547,850 380 .53,916 1,123,941 3,044,404 637,470 469,391 1,197,266 540,202 11,966 568,803 91,714 4,702,446 13,069 28,415 61,023 43,890 157,930 633,819 30,144 7.39,369 107,194 83,935 139,437 119,878 8,649,075 36,421 2,978 3,803,979 1 14,672 5,721 108,483 088,380 207,213 840,838 .542,185 13,468 3,467,587 143,737 155,798 383,753 436,849 23,767 33,373 881,793 109,715 414,039 63,436 37,858,840 3,2.51,612 18,625,755 133,237 1,161,901 3,092,819 47,265 37,843,389 28,100,260 5,795,7.50 6,539,513 8,534,.530 3,633,052 68,738 9,203,630 193,004 67,.528,540 3,878,365 2,967,639 7,637,931 10,.599,399 1,091,105 1,610,495 145,331 tl38,.593,509 475,498 66,415 55,905,439 8,333,421 3,033,392 7,873,963 7,230,460 69,304,801 111,342 9,758 19,989 2,781,509 93,385 11,806,394 101,319 533,016 36,413 5,373,303 22,262,308 16,997,379 9,664,747 45,087 1,183,073 93,760 143,841 1,396,163 3,040,413 .5.50,581 400,545 695,977 368,467 8,506 555,6.53 38,536 5,349,898 27,753 338,504 73,917 53,305 81,664 771,646 417,810 139,545 495,462 76,918 11,933,192 80,777 9,554 4,1.53,003 139,.580 98,804 643,327 330,689 1,027,877 195,100 3,324 2,713,767 155,028 138,664 251,648 1,467,288 88,473 424,511 1,109,449 59,370 399,151 *Number of bales of Sea Island cotton, 1,133. tNumber of bales of other cotton, 176,713. JNumber of bales of other cotton, 381,393. 3-^4 JIARYLAND. IMPORTS. Articles. Metals — Iron ore Pig irou Bar irt>u Steel hoops Steel ingots Taggers iron Tin-plates Chemicals — Lime, chloride of Potash, muriate of. . . Soda, nitrate Soda, caustic Soda, ash Salt calie Sulphur, crude Fruits and Nuts — Banauas Cocoanuts Pineapples... Oranges ! Lemons Provisions — Coffee Rice Rice, broken Salt Pepper Tea Cheese Sugar Molasses Textiles — Cloth, cotton Cloth, woolen Wool dress goods Burlaps Manufacture of flax. . Sundries — Guano Cement Asphaltum Licorice root Linseed Fire-brick China, white China, decorated Toys and dolls Tobacco — Leaf Cigars Liquors — Malt lifjuor (bottled). Wiuc in casks Wiue in bottles Brandy American Whiskey. . . Spirits, distilled Spirits, all others Unit of Quantity. Tons ... Tons . . . Tons . . . Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pouuds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pouuds. Tons ... Tons . . . Pounds.. Pounds.. Pounds.. Pounds.. Pounds.. Pounds. . Pounds. . Pounds. . Gallons . Sq. Yards Pounds. . Sq. Yards Sq. Yards Tons . . . Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pouuds. Tons . . . Pounds. Pounds. Gallons . Gallons . Dozens. . Gallons , Gallons , Gallons . Gallons . July 1, '90, to June 30, '91. Quantity. 474,.544 6,66.5 53 Values. I,0r,l,.'i87 3W,3sl 4,943,130 610,114 144,2^4,644 .5,061,386 13,6.57,136 13,304,801 3,743,349 .51,4.55,.8.52 6,331 9.339 38,366,682 774,981 8,.507,354 37,387,716 341,846 134,406 198,706 43,371,097 77,389 117,136 130,938 561,003 3,535 46,057,393 6,373,358 " i.oii 333,005 4,375 17,515 28,761 3,993 4, .577 15,134 5,455 37,288 1.5,131 5,987,412 69,633 304,633 309,279 76,153 743,.591 70,796 347,.334 391,678 41,062 156,617 36,972 14,748 5,446,578 20,333 151,882 43,430 33,833 34,877 33,.3.54 1,319,603 10,007 16,717 138,832 130,656 51.941 87,908 48,775 163,589 115,850 5,465 133.330 171,.595 188,379 July 1, '91, to June 30, '93. Quantity. Values. 421,713 16,349 51 34,789 3,098,334 53,004,521 8,063,145 13,840,848 13,498,603 2,866,806 57,463,383 6,076 9,981 17,793,448 1,534,062 7,073,7.50 33,343,477 423,960 163,380 180,600 15,599,263 167,877 151 ,.534 315,077 1,087 61,461,378 700 11,702,700 2,987 51,300 16,581 17,083 23,744 10,621 9,742 21,061 3.52,804 3,960 15,931 34,832 2,795 66,905 10,010 1,177,833 412,395 1,083 3,099 73,.537 1,466,901 136.047 307,109 151,093 84,291 775,824 73,588 263,293 163,083 196,967 301,331 10,743 36,633 3.608,610 39,782 115,072 31,346 31,784 33,444 29,823 485,331 21,101 1.50,118 44,386 103,343 136,431 16,280 205,844 816 196,290 14,933 138,160 139,743 375,301 78,748 13,564 16,046 30,946 16,317 7,535 114,606 4,095 COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 325 DIRECTION. Values of Imports. Values oi EXPOKTS. COUKTRIES. July 1, 1890, to June 30, 1891. July 1, 1891, to June 30, 1893. July 1, 1890, to June 30, 1891. July ], 1891, to June 30, 1893. Azores or Madeira Islands 282 24,346 17,363 49,335 86,487 3,606,093 438,879 53,180 126,675 150,888 957,685 13 26,417 35,030 600 163 OthtT African Pos^essioiis 81,789 5,453,031 493,010 3,538 184,329 237,026 1,934,374 1,739,833 3,696,565 86,488 5,934,4.58 3,387,016 34,813 Brazil British West Indies '^ East Indies " Guiana 46,930 94 890 Chili Cuba 374,139 301,308 China 46,023 36,150 934 U. S. Columbia 21,737 4,400 69,279 27,044 Dutch West Indies 136 33,204 Denmark 830,965 33,114,113 8,857,375 101,403 4,143,999 91,081 l,3fr4 33.776,336 3,734,660 11,.533,851 French Posses«ions in Africa French West Indies 43,376 8,766,793 58,339 Germany 1,497,989 34,794 11,351 1,184 603,.591 39,330 13,046 1,754,374 3,566 1,089 15,493,383 Hong Kong 761 Italy 74.5,7.54 19,838 43,577 410 3,065,149 7,383,981 Japan Mexico 630 5,143,392 15,516 110,729 1,365 Netherlands 93,039 33,188 23,331 98,331 27,388 32,995 5,477 24,914 25,143 173,000 393,970 141,354 31,731 .53,918 75,433 97,191 16,519,990 13,717 75,344 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick New Foundland and Labrador 18,289 39,.546 192,440 254i326' 132,036 39,806 54,943 58,719 3,965 " " Black Sea 4,306 Scotland - 4,631,483 13,500 4,686,365 243,078 Switzerland Turkey in Asia Uruguay 6,393 2,151 8,857 37,775 32,453 16,380 Hawaiian Islands Sicily 2,600 Total 20,555,687 13,418,253 64,349,787 98,796,8.56 326 MARYLAND. Grain. For many years Baltimore has been an important grain exporting port, and at the present time its cereal trade is exceeded by only one jiort on the Atlantic coast. The natural location of the city with respect to the interior makes it the nearest point of export to central Ohio and the central valley of the Mississippi. This involves a much shorter haul, and naturally results in a decided preference for Baltimore over other seaboard cities, by grain shippers from the southern and middle West. The annual receipts average about 30,000,000 bushels, although in 1892 the enormous aggregate of 50,794,541 was reached. The bulk of this is drawn from Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska. During the winter months, when the great lakes and the Erie Canal are closed, the area under tribute is extended far into the Northwest. The heaviest exports are to Great Britain, Germany, Holland, Denmark and Belgium. Seven storage elevators and five floating transfer elevators provide ample facilities for the prompt receipt and rapid distribution of grain. The storage elevators have a capacity of 5,850,000 bushels. Tlie transfer elevators can transfer 21,000 bushels per hour. Tlie storage and delivery charges for a period of ten days are one and one-quarter cents per bushel for grain received from cars, and one and one-half cents when received from vessels. An efficient inspection department, with a chief inspector at its head, inspects and grades all grain arriving at public store-houses. The administration of the department is vested in a bureau of inspection, composed of the president of the Corn and Flour Exchange and the chairman of the wheat and corn committees. The inspection charges are twenty-five cents per car, and five cents per hundred bushels when received by vessel and delivered according to grade. The suppl^y of flour is drawn from the West — Illinois, Indiana and Minnesota — and, in a less degree, from city mills. Of the 3,732,150 barrels forming the aggregate receipts for 1892, 3,055,458 barrels came by rail and 499,989 from city mills. Exportations are principally to Brazil, Great Britain and the West Indies. The development of the trade is seen in the following table : COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. ■327 EECEIPTS OF GRAIN. Tears. M' 1893 1891 1890 1889 18S8 1887 1886 188.5 1884 1883 1883 1881 1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 187.5 1874 1873 1872 1871 WHEAT. CORN. bus. bus. OATS. bus. 17,.571,333 18,743,394 6,378,638 6,889,433 7,004,4431 13,1.50,486) 13,310,.534l 8,414, 114| 17,7.56,630 17,146,4.33 17,898,.569 30,933,25.5 36,414,-393 34,634,426 32,017,130 7,.331,.540 3,94,5,347 4,409,670 6, 389, .834 3,810,917 3,456,100 4,076,017 20,631,.527 6,938 096 21,093,894 18.354,018 6,943,839 9,126,699 1.5,099,869 15,948,838 7,093,051 11,779,6381 3,401,3081 15,486,884 16,.59n,391 23, 163,986 17,907,108 21,312,399 34,684,230 9,567, 141 9,3.55,467 8,330,449 9,045,465 •5,735,931 2,18.5,676 1,687,113 3,556,630 1,969,916 2,110,028 1,810,280 1,809,2.58 1,801,794 1,660,903 1,193,463 1,041,743 9.3,5,616 1,172,487 1,616,937 1,0.52,046 831,182 810,312 977,514 1,1.39,316 1,2.55,073 1,9.59,161 1,833,409 RYE. bus. BARLEY. bus. MALT. bus. 933,685 1,306,813 469,880 260,300 200,363 111,648 347,454 393,396 608,639 307,483 118,.524 178,514 234,506 154,331 59,631 116,689 113,160 74,.529 118,,5f8 100,519 90,938 88,9.56 37.5,766 149, 149 388,036 638,395 t446,751 493,479 432,869 434,946 380,141 308,399 310,317 333,785 321,195 259,307 3.50,000 CLOVER |AND TIMO- TSY SEED. I bus. TOTAL. bus. FLOUR, bbls. 150,389 484,141 33.3,939 305,587 266,100 218,695 131,407 107,.5.55 89,942 3.58,830 117,196 130,251 111,483 +Include8 Malt. 50,794,.541 28,954,895| 31,.5.30,049 38,319,257 16,835,675 35,188,003 30,095; 571 37,149,078 27,718,058 30,765,831 33,770,461 37,867,054 54,732,872i ■59,837,977 41,035,905 39,491,810 S9,.551,849l 15,038,8541 17,003,065 13,496,957 13,.551,664| 11,734,S03| 3,7.33,150 3,099,399 3,388,937 3,189,573 3,015,648 3,161,263 1,928,194 1,.589,063 1,200,345 1,1.58,380 1,237,364 1,248,357 I,378,.587 1,333,233 1,413,6.53 1,171,348 1,S89,.538 1,391,843 1, .560, 997 1,313,613 1,17.5,967 EXPORTS OF GRAIN. CLOVER BARLEY. IanD TIMO- bUB. iTHY SEED. bus. TOTAL. bus. 1893 1891 1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1883 1881 1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 16.661,.559 16,074,393 4,817,614 4,507,165 4,161,129 10,717,3.53 10,.57.5,290 4,575,362 16,51 1,340 15,375,093 li',.564,407 19,676,640 33,768,985 33,144,349 19,610,791 5,479,567 1,6.59,861 3,046,430 3,.556,848 1,158,097 18,995,907 4,096,334 18,854,951 16,617,177 4,419,977 7,158,433 14,076,379 13,752, 196 4,i'93,7.59 10,013,247 1,371,823 12,73.5,083 14,686,908 21,.S27,419 16,953,458 19,368,735 20,953,734 6,989,607 5,959,757 6,003,618 172,371 546 617,0.53 131.999 5,670 . 1,422 1,160 33,620 900 4,038 6,262 10,035 19,825 76,577 19,018 2,624 740,670 796,577 I 41,900 26,785 33,728 .397,980 87,.531 17,847 21 42 84 70 75 107,463 324,064 329,958 137,453 85,844 29,034 49,584 34,148 36,704,455 31,191,713 24,579,323 31,3.56,363 8,734,371 18,048,979 34,653,899 18,394,881 31,903,979 3.5,478,909 18,943,493 33,431,7.58 48,475,718 .53,577,379 36,666,999 34,748,393 83,613,585 9,036,037 9,580,367 7,161,715 FLOUR. bbls. 3,661,633 3,703,715 3,634,382 3,333,805 3,417,874 3,081,346 I,663,.504 1,093,093 437,713 441,477 463,878 413,923 497,043 447,134 •590,150 .369,519 426,094 4.53,000 474,758 359,.566 ^^^ MARYLAND. Qattle Baltimore is steadily increasin.i,^ in importance as a cattle market. It is in close proximity to the rich grazing fields of Virginia and lennessee; Western stock is confined for a briefer time than when shipped to more northern ports; ample facilities are provided in well eqmpped stock-yards, and the steamship lines from this port are especially fitted for cattle transportation. The receipts at the Union Stock Yards for 1892 were: Cattle, 100,035; sheep, 283,420; hogs, .546,338. The first shipment of cattle to foreign ports took place in 1878. Since that time tlie tiMde has assumed large proportions, its development being indicated by the following figures : Tear. xr < .Q».Q Number. v,ii„e. 2 ^•''^^ * 2«7,500 ,Z ^"'^ 949,8.58 880 =^'^^3 367,44.5 Ss^ •^•^24 473,83.5 8^ ^'''^^'' ^'WS.fise 1^^. 15-393 1,747,09.5 f^l 18.33G 3,038,900 2 ^^'^^-^ 1-307.410 ^^^^ 33,28fi 1 903 .513 Z '''•■'^■" •'•0'™-"'^o ,Z 90,847 7,481,340 ;'^:^,;--V; "«-3-» .5,518,703 1802, to (Vt.ber 1 78,092 . 6;515;758 "^"^'^^ 417,333 .136,889,34.5 Tohacco. Baltimore has always been the principal market for all tobacco grown in Maryland. B,it little of this is used for domestic consumption, the bulk being exported to Holland, Germany, France and Northern F.iirope. Baltimore is also the distributing point fo"r much of tlie tobacco grown in Eastern Ohio, part of which is consumed in this country part exported to Europe. Since early provincial days a system of ofiicial inspection has prevailed, designed for the protection of seller and purchaser. Three warehouses for this purpose are in operation in Baltimore. The transactions for 1892 are indicated in the followincr statement : ^ Stock ou ham! .ranuaryl, 1893 3 788 hhds INSPECTIONS. Maryland 04 8i i 99 4.55 Deduct re-inspections 2356 ""^TV ■: ; ^ Deduct re-inspectious 4(.j Virginia and Kentucky "'"gj -28,575 36,458 COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 329 Amount brought forward gg ^g SHIPMENTS OP MARYLAND AND OHIO TO ST"^ 3,804 f""°" 13,469 Antwerp ' ^^ Hamburg " England ':' ^'^°ce ■•■••■ j^Q^,^ North of Europe via New York ' 87 Taken for home consumption and bv Baltimore manu- facturers and re-packers o 247 Shipments of Virginia and Iventucky of Baltimore "' inspection - " „„ 31,670 Stock December 31, 1892 . ..^ 4, /oo STOCK DIVIDED. Firsthand '^ "^^ ^^-- «-• Shippers 3 837 ^^^ Manufacturers 483 933 ^^ "^o'^^ 3,.383 1"^ ^ hnrflW^lT;/"'' '"*.r/''''P*' °^ Baltimore, though considerable, are haidly of the magnitude to be expected from so favorable a point of export Local storage and compressing facilities are excellent; ocean freights are cheaper, and higher prices are obtained here than It more southern parts. With the extension and development of southern transportation facilities, it is probable that this trade will undergo marked expansion. The movements for the year ending August 31 1892, compared with those of the preceding year, are as follows : ,, . 1893. 1S91 Gross receipts, bales .- ggooog 28I ,570 Add stock carried over g_,,00 'g^j, '^"*^' 391,705 281,770 DISTKIBUTION. E.xported, Great Britain lag^g Jg 743 ;. Continent 154678 g3'374 France 7 (.11 -, o'^r.^ Coastwise and spinners' takings '.'.." yoogr, nn'^n Destroyed by fire ^ogg ^^''^^^ Stock on hand, August .31 9900 ,5 500 The chief articles of export in addition to the above are: provisions copper, oils, lumber, oil cake, seeds and wliiskey. The principal items included under the head of provisions are lard, beef fcannedTnd fth) tallow, bacon and pork. For the fiscal year 1892, these items formed a total amount of 146,996,099 pounds, valued at $11,188,685. Extensive 330 MARYLAND. copper mines and works in IMontana and Arizona are controlled by Balti- more interests, and tlie entire ontpnt is marketed in Baltimore. Nearly twenty tliousand tons of tlie matte, valued at .12,713,767, were exported in 1892, in addition to 11,806,294 ponnds of ingots, valued at $1,467,288. Among exported oils, petroleum, lubricating and cottonseed are the most important. Olio to the value of $771,646 was sent abroad in 1892. In addition to the enormous quantity of lumber received for local consump- tion — some seventy million feet in 1892 — exports in boards, staves and logs during tlie year aggregated one and a half million dollars. Oil cake added a value of $1,027,877; timothy and clover seed, $736,031, and whiskey, $512,983.- Coffee. For almost a century Baltimore has been a leading centre for the importation and distribution of coffee. The supremacy of the Baltimore clipper led to the early development of the trade, and it has since been maintained by long established firms. For a series of years the volume of imports decreased with the keen competition of other seaboard cities, but the normal tendency has more recently begun to assert itself. During 1892, trade was larger and more profitable than for some years past. The volume of imports aggregated 183,458 bags as against 166,689 in 1891, showing an increase of 16,769 bags. Aside from the benefits arising from intimate accxuaintance with the trade, Balti- more possesses certain definite advantages as a favorable point of import. These consist in advantageous location, involving lower rates for interior shipment, ample facilities for receipt and distribution, and extraordi- narily low terminal charges. This latter point is especially deserving of emphasis, — careful estimates showing an advantage of nearly fifty per cent, ill favor of Baltimore as against other Atlantic seaports. Fruit, etc. A fleet of vessels is engaged in the fruit trade between Baltimore and the AVest Indies. Pinc^apples, cocoanut and bananas are largely imported for home consumption and general distribution. In 1892 imports under this head aggregated $607,746, as against $541,077 in 1891. Baltimore is one of the largest manufacturing centres of fertilizers in the country, and hence a heavy importer of chemicals — soda ash, brimstone, muriate of potash, nitrate of soda, etc. The volume of imports is further swelled by iron ore, 421,712 tons (1892); tin plate, 52,004,521 pounds (1892); sugar, 15,599,263 pounds (1892). The extent of Baltimore commerce is further shown in the following statement of the tonnage movement and number of immigrants landed at the port for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1892: COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 331 TONNAGE MOVEMENT. Nationality. Sail. Steam. Total. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. Araeiicau, foreiKD trade 166 52,638 6,551 " ' '271 9,248 1,501 9 531 1 5 59 1 44 3 3,701 846,719 1,198 10,009 163,330 1,334 23,829 5,059 175 551 1 5 60 14 46 3 British 55,339 Danish 853,370 Dutch 1,198 German .... 13 2 10,009 Italian 163,.591 Norwegian 10.573 Spanish 25,330 5,0.59 Total forl893 203 303 70,309 78,994 653 414 1,0.53,1.59 637,761 855 617 1891 •■■1,123,368 706,755 Entered coastwise 1892 1,153 1,215 1891. 1,192,137 1,150,882 *59 per cent, increase. CLEARED. Natiiiuality. Sail. No. of Vessels. American, forei™ trade . British : Danish Dutch German Italian Norwegian Spanish 147 18 Total lor 1893 . 1891 . Cleared coastwise 1893. 1891. 171 185 Tons. Steam. No. of Vessels. 5!tS17 6,305 1,131 3,021 61,435 55,677 Tons. Total. No. of Vessels. Tons. 7 637 1 23 97 '44 804 523 714 1,004,474 1,198 44,521 239,053 '3'4',334 8,217 1,332,500 849,538 154 645 1 23 98 47 5 975 708 1,909 1,930 52,531 1,010,679 1,198 44,.521 239,323 1,121 26,345 8,317 *1,.383,935 905,215 1,534,602 1,501,158 *53 per cent, increase. 332 MARYLAND. IMMIGRATION. Nationality. Male. Female. Total. Argentine Repablic. Austria Belgium Bohemia British West Indies. Deumarli England France Germany Hungary Ireland" Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Roumania Kussia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Turliey in Europe.. Totals Passengers not immigrants. Grand total, 189a. Grand total, 1891. 1 2,923 3 1,101 7 164 187 13 17,080 1,864 51 2 60 2.5 517 2 10 6,644 .5 173 11 4 30,84.5 1,486 1 1,021 5 113 125 11 16,667 734 66 47 19 153 6 4,366 2 131 15 24,978 4,408 4 2,123 12 277 312 24 33,747 2,.598 117 2 107 44 670 2 16 11,010 7 308 26 12 .55,823 1,500 57,323 42,004 CUMBERLAND. Some idea of the causes of Cumberland's ircmense trade, and advan- ta-g'es as a distributive point, may be better compreliended after a brief description of its railroads and the country through which they form channels for the outlet of the i)roducts of the farm, forest and mines. For what may be known as local distribution, it has several distinct roads. The Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad with its branches runs up through the mining region, and taps the towns of Eckliart, Mt. Savage, Frostburg, Lonaconing and Piedmont, whose aggregate popula- tion is over 15,000 souls, all living within twenty-eight miles of Cumber- land. The George's Creek and Cumberland Railroad reaches Lonaconing by another route. The Piedmont and Cumberland, an extension of the West Virginia Central and Pittsburg, parallels the Baltimore and Oliio through one of the most fertile of Allegany county's agricultural districts, and at Piedmont connects with the parent line. This opens up for one hundi'ed and twenty-two miles the vast timber lands and gas coal regions of West Virginia. For the shipment of merchandise and coal to the large eastern and western markets, there are the main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Pittsburg and Connellsville, and the Pennsyl- vania Railroads, which last road obtains an entrance to the city over the tracks of the State line branch of the George's Creek and Cumberland COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 333 Road. Added to this, tlie Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, which has its western terminus in this city, affords direct connection with tidewater at Georgetown, D. C. With all these facilities the expeditious handling of freight is, com- paratively speaking, an easy matter. With Cumberland as an entrepot, immense quantities of merchandise are received and distributed over the different lines mentioned. The express business for the months of October, November and December of 1892 shows oyer a million and a half of pounds received and forwarded. The United States Express Company handled 733,457, the Adams Express Company 437,976, and the Cumber- land and Feimsylvania Express Company 532,000 pounds. The freight handled, exclusive of coal, for the same period by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad amounted to 135,195,708 pounds; that handled by the Cumberland and Pennsylvania was 53,420,000 pounds; by the West Virginia Central, over the Piedmont and Cumberland, 92,703,436 pounds ; by the Pennsylvania Railroad, to and from Cumberland, 68^435,'433 pounds. To recapitulate, the tomiage of the express and freight business done in Cumberland dm-ing the months of October, November and December of 1892 was as follows : United States Express 73g 45^ ^^^'^"^^ 4:i7',m sya.ooo c.&v Total. 1,700,433 The freight handled, exclusive of coal, for the same period, was— Baltiuiore and Ohio jyg g^j qq^ Cumberland and Pennsylvania .5;^ 430000 West Virginia Central j)o 7()3'43(; Pennsylvania Railroad 08 435 433 Total 353,839,903 Total pounds of express matter 1 706 433 Total pounds of freight matter 352 829 963 Grand total 354,536,-390 From the trade for the last three months of 1892, some conception of the annual bu.siness carried on may be formed. This tonnage, it must be remembered, is wholly made up of merchandise; coal, the most important article of distribution, does not enter into it at all. The statistics of the Cumberland coal trade, which are published annually, report an output from the twenty-nine companies engaged in mining, of over four mil- lions of tons for 1892, and the employment of every railroad entering Cumberland in their removal to the seaboard. 334 MARYLAND. The number of tons mined, and the tonnage delivered by the different railroads to Cumberland, and there distributed, was as follows : t'llOM— To n.&O.H.U.C.&O.Cau. Penna.K.K. Local. Total. Cumberland & Pennsylvania R. R.... 1,343,905 93,705 314,011 83,089 1,734,710 Eckhart Branch K. r" 313,453 170,llfi 30,755 510,333 Georitc's Creek & Cumberland R. R... 308,113 .568,003 38,303 804,317 WesrVirginia Central Railway 34.5,987 3,080 433,473 198,(575 971,314 3,310,450 366,901 1,305,480 340,731 4,039,564 The successful handling and disposition of this vast amount of freight places Cumberland in the front rank of cities of its size as an admirable distributive point. The West Virginia C^entral Railway is about to build an extension from Cumberland to Hagerstown, at which p(Mnt it will connect with the Western Maryland Railroad, and will afford Cumberland another artery of commerce. Surveys have been made for another road to reach the rich agricultural communities or upper villages of tiie South Branch, and an extension of the electric railway of Cumberland through the entire mining portion of the county is also among near possibilities, a company having already been chartered and organized for this purpose. HAGERSTOWN. Any consideration of the trade and commerce of Hagerstown involves in large measure the trade of Wasldngton county, of which it is the geographic as well as business centre. Before the construction and development of railroad systems, in the days of the " Conestoga Wagon " with its "bell team," wheat, the staple product of the county, was ground in local mills. For many years the county stood well in the lead in production of this cereal, and its numerous available streams placed ample mill power within easy reach of every section. The county seat being the banking centre, farmer and miller went there for the purchase and sale of the commodity, and the National road was the highway to market. The early development of a fine system of macadamized roads, radiating hence to every section of the country and affording easy transportation, in winter especially, tended still further to such concen- tration. When the railway development came, natural conditions led to the same centering and radiation, so that now there is no village or point within tlie county more than three or four miles distant from a railroad station. The Cumberland Valley Railroad, running from Harrisburg, Penn- sylvania, to Winchester, Virginia, crosses the whole width of the State here, a distance of twelve miles, and brin^^s into close connection the whole of the Pennsylvania system. The Shenandoah division of the Norfolk and Western, beginning here, extends to Roanoke, Virginia, and COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 335 by its local connectiou with the Cumberland Valley, puts the city upon the great inside highway from New York to New Orleans and Memphis in the southwest, and to all Florida points in the southeast. A road is now being constructed from here to Cumberland which will connect, at this point, the Cumberland Valley and the West Virginia Central, thus making a direct route to the seaboard for the immense coal and timber products of West Virginia. The Washington County branch of the Baltimore and Ohio, running southward twenty-four miles through the county, connects it closely with that great thoroughfare. The Western Maryland, striking the county at its northeast corner, traverses the greater part of its extent westward to its connection at Cherry Run, West A^irginia, with the main liue of the Baltimore and Ohio. It touches the Potomac at Williamsport, and by its branch from the mountain foot at Edgemont, thence to Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, connects with the Reading road, thus giving the advantage of close association with that extended system. There is thus secured to every smaller town, and to every section of the county, direct and frequent access to Hagerstown, and her distributive trade finds actual and active competition for transportation to every quarter, north, south, east and west. With twenty-eight passenger and express trains daily each way, it is not surprising that a large traffic has been developed in dairy products, fruit and poultry, for the markets of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington and Pittsburg are all within less than twelve hours from the city. Another phase of development, not immediately connected with Hagerstown, yet in part the outcome of its business enterprise and capital, and in large measure under the control of its citizens, is the peach industry. Along the slopes and foot hills of the mountains on either side, thousands of acres are now planted in peaches, and growing yearly in value. The crop of 1892, under the very adverse conditions attending it, exceeded a half million bushels, the whole of which was marketed in the eastern markets to private consumers, and not for canning, the quality being to growers of far greater moment than quantity. Under fair conditions it is expected that the crop of this year will greatly exceed a million bushels. As further indicating somewhat of the character and amount of its trade, may be noted these facts : The whole- sale grocery and notion trade, reaching from Baltimore to Wheeling, from Harrisburg to Roanoke, amounts annually to over $1,000,000; the sale and shipment of beef, cattle, sheep and hogs, exceeds §600,000 ; of horses, $250,000; of hay, $100,000; of hardwoods, cut and in bulk, all exported, $175,000. Retail trade is represented in part by the annual sales of dry goods, $400,000; clothing, ready made, $150,000; custom made, a like amount; shoes and hats, $200,000; groceries, $500,000; 336 MARYLAND. leather and its products, $75,000; liardware, $150,000; agricultural imple- ments, a large part of which, steam engines, tlireshers, clover hullers, etc., are made here, $150,000; fertilizers, $125,000; confectionery, $100,000. In the marcli of improvement the latest mill machinery has been introduced, and the manufacture and shipment of flour has also in large part centered here. From the four large roller mills and elevators in or controlled from the city, there is shipped as flour the product of about 300,000 bushels of wheat annually; the shipments of corn aggregate 100,000 bushels more. A large part, however, of the corn grown in the county is used in fattening cattle during the fall and winter, all being shipped from this point to Eastern markets, whence a part is exported directly to I.,iverpool. THE EASTERN SHORE. The Peninsula, comprising the Eastern Shores of Maryland and Virginia, and the State of Delaware, is about one hundred and seventy miles in length iroia north to south, aud about sixty-flve miles in width from east to west at its widest part. It is bounded on the east by the Delaware River and Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south and west by the Chesapeake Bay. It is so penetrated on all sides by numer- ous navigable rivers, creeks and inlets, that it has been said that there are few farms, towns, or dwellings on the Eastern Shore of Maryland more than five miles from navigable water. This fact, with the smooth level roads, renders the matter of transportation by water a simple ques- tion. At the same time the absence of mountains and high hills, and the rarity of stone and rock, render the construction of railroads inex- pensive. The railroads of the peninsula are, with two exceptions, so closely connected in organization, that no intelligible account of the railroads on the Eastern Shore of Maryland is possible without reference to those of Delaware and the Eastern Shore of Virginia. The Peninsula is traversed from north to south by a line of railroad, a part of wliich is controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad system. The Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad begins near Wilmington, Delaware, and runs through the State of Delaware, nearly parallel with the Maryland line, to Delmar (ninety-five miles). From this point the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Road runs through Maryland and Virginia to Cape Charles City, a distance of ninety-five miles (thirty- seven miles in Maryland). At Cape Charles City, coimection is made by ferry with Norfolk, (twenty miles). These two roads make a continuous first-class road running from the extreme north to the extreme south of the Peninsula; and through trains make tlie run from Cape Charles City to Philadelphia in six and a half hours. COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 337 These roads are practically operated as a part of the Peunsylvauia system. Connected with them, are a number of smaller tributary roads also owned or controlled and operated by the Pennsylvania Raili-oad' Beginning on the Chesapeake side and with the most northerly the Queen Anne and Kent Railroad runs from Centreville, the county town of Queen Anne's county, northeasterly through Queen Anne's and Kent counties to Massey's (twenty-five miles), connecting at that point with the Baltimore and Delaware Bay Railroad, and also with a branch of the Delaware Division, Pennsylvania Railroad, running from Towusend in Delaware, to Massey's (nine miles). The Delaware and Chesapeake Railroad begins at Oxford, in Talbot' county, and runs northeasterly through Talbot and Caroline counties to Clayton, Delaware (fifty-four miles, of which forty are in Maryland). The Cambridge and Seaford Road, running from Cambridge, in Dorchester county, northeasterly to Seaford, Delaware (twenty-seven miles, about twenty-two miles in Mary- land), connecting at Seaford with the Delaware Division. The Grisfield Branch of the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad beo-ins at Crisfleld, in Wicomico county, runs northeast to Peninsula Jmiction (seventeen miles) in the same county, connecting at that point with the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad. On the Atlantic side the Delaware, Maryland and V^irginia Road begins at Franklin City on Chincoteague Sound, in Virginia, near the Maryland line, and runs northerly, parallel with the Atlantic, to the Maryland line, and throu-h Delaware, connecting with the Delaware Division at Harrington (seventV eight miles, thirty-five miles in Maryland). These roads furnish excellent facilities for the transportation ot freight anum?ln ;„^ eous I ^f («) Expeu.ee. na°k Wages. Cost of Materials. Value of I'loducts. Boots and shoes(6) | 49 Bi-ickand tile 26 Confectiouery '.tS Clav aud pottery )irodiU'ts 10 Flouriug aud gristmills , 11 Furuiture(c). .^ 36 Hats it caps, not including wool hats.! IS Leather, tanned aud curried | 12 Lumber(j) 31 Millinery and lace goods \ 6 Paintsand oils(rf) 12 Pianos(e) i 4 Musical iustrunu'nts(i-) 11 Printing and pulilishini.(/) j 127 Shirts, factory products , 18 Shipbuilding" : 19 Steel(r7)..... | 11 Marble and stone work(7)) .% Lithographing and engraving 4 % 938,514 1,941,089 908,474 492,9.57 1,008,048 1,223,444 724,4.57 303,788 1,789,101 .59,075 469,357 1,003,937 33,343 1,696,184 418,400 1,2.56,432 648,908 1,164,4.57 183,800 38,605 \% 137,786 98,533 8,804 153,609 76,038 86,673 11,586 131,118 5,482 17,944 128,460 3,.596 336,489 I 44,235 ; 91,343 ] 30, .596 I 169,892 33,810 1,334 1,830 854 617 340 1,371 843 205 1.343 167 117 737 .50 1,803 1,311 975 330 731 197 % 571,666 547,067 378,632 261,713 173,.548 647,786 305,073 90,185 752,976 53,038 64,7.52 .532,161) 33,979 1,117,208 345,407 610,410 1.56,104 461,805 135.766 \ 808,-388 146,407 1,198,219 116,010 2,775,120 1,031,735 607,580 335,798 1,819,479 68,940 300,041 406,.593 26,948 729,848 596,993 692,740 473.371 644, .541 98,331 S 1,711,367 1.0.5.5,508 1,861 ..599 .500,625 3,28.5,721 3,0.56,419 1,361, .533 4.5.5,818 3,10.5,388 1.55,500 344,330 1,391,165 81,961 3,826,356 1,191,918 1,640,317 749,307 1,571,945 316,353 (a) Does not include the value of hired property. (6) Includes returns classified by the Census Oflicc, as "boots and shoe \ippers" and "boots and shoes, factory product." (c) Includes returus classified by the Ccusus Othce, as ''furniture, chairs," and "furnilurc, factory product." (d) luelrtdes returns classified by the Census OfBce, as " paints," and " oil, lubricating." (e) Includes returns classified by the Census CMHcc, as "musical instrunu'uts, pianos and materials." {/) Includes returns classified by the Ceusus Office, as "printing and publishing, book aiul job," and "printing and publishing, newspapers." {(j) Includes returns classified by the Census Office, as " iron aud steel ; " " iron and steel, architect- ural ; " " iron and steel, bolls ; " " iron and steel, nails and spikes." (K) Includes returns classified by the Census Otlice, as "marble aiul stone work" and " monuments aud tomb stones." (J) Includes returns classified by the Ccusus Oflicc, as "lumber, jplauing mill products," "lumber frtun logs or bolts." (J-) Includes returns classified by Ihc Census Office," as " musical inslrunients and malcrials not specified" and "musical instruments, organs and materials." Banking. The industrial development of any city is largely depend- ent upon the character aud operations of its financial institutions. Baltimore banks are thoroutchly in accordance with the growth and Tirogress of the city and offer abundant facilities for mercantile trans- actions. The aggregate loans and discounts of the several national banks have increased nearly one hundred per cent, within a period of twenty years. The operations of State banks, banking and trust companies, contribute to make the result even more remarkable; and the wisdom and fidelity with which these institutions are managed is shown by the MANUFACTURES. 34?> fact that no chartered bank lias failed in Baltimore within a period of sixty years. The development and resources of these institutions is indicated in the following statement of tlie operations of the national banks of Baltimore and of the increase in bank clearances within a term of years : Number. Capital. Surplus. Loans and Discounts. Deposits. 1870 13 15 19 33 .?10,891,985 00 10,890,130 00 13,313,360 00 13,243,313 OO $2,679,883 57 3,316,851 43 4,975,346 75 5,374,636 69 $17,069,159 93 23,808,488 16 31,737,6.50 33 31,964,550 51 $1.3,315,291 03 1880 30,884,184 47 1890 39,748,822 45 1893 38,174,8.38 45 BANK CLEARANCES. 1880 $610,303,898 35 1890 .?753,095,193 24 1887 6.59,346,471.55 1891 735,714,6.53 00 1888 620,1587,739 65 1893 769,35.5,890 00 1889 050,583,571 15 Clothi/iff. The industrial development of Baltimore is exemplified in the growth of its clothing manufactures. Beginning some forty years ago, the trade assumed large proportions for a period, then suffered severely from the loss of southern and western business during the war, and finally entered upon a course of growth and expansion that has continued uninterrupted to the present day. The census of 1890 returned one hundred and twenty-five establishments engaged in whole- sale manufacture, at least forty of which are organized for production upon a large scale. The products vary in character from the highest grades of merchant clothing, to the cheapest and plainest wares. Distribution is general, though the chief makets are in the south and southwest. Canned Goods. All the world over Baltimore is famed as a great centre for the canning of oysters and the packing and preserving of vegetables and fruits. Some of the largest establishments in the country are located here and Baltimore brands command a wide market. The local oyster pack in 1892 aggregated five and one-half million bushels, although as a result of superior distributive facilities, almost the entire product of Chesapeake Bay is marketed here. Crisfield, Cambridge, Oxford, St. Michael's and Annapolis follow Baltimore in about the order named, as important oyster canning centres. During the summer months most of the canning establishments engage in vegetable and fruit packing. Immense quantities of corn, tomatoes and green peas, drawn largely from adjacent counties and the Eastern Shore, are so consumed, berries, peaches and pine-apples, of which more than a half million dozen were imported in 1892, form the favorite fruits. Distribution, as 344 MARYLAND. before stated, is very general,- reacliing tlirougliout this country, and into every quarter of the globe. The packing industry has also made Baltimore an important centre for the manufacture of tin caiis, about fifty million pieces being annually produced. Tobacco. The proximity to Virginia, North Carolina and the tireat tobacco regions of the country, together with a large domestic produc- tion, has made Baltimore a leading centre for manufactured tobacco. In smoking tobacco, its production exceeds that of any other city in the United States, and it is a large producer of cigars and cigarettes. Distri- bution is largely in the Western and Northwestern states, and throughout the South. The extent of the industry is shown in the following statistics for the year ending December, 1892: Number of Cigar Factories in district ... 808 " Tobacco Factories in district - 34 " Snuff Factories in district 6 Pounds of Tobacco manufactured 1»,872,370 " " .Snuff manufactured 1,759,848 " " Fine Cut mauuf.ictured 533,041 " " I^eaf worked for cigars 3,073,370 Leaf worlied for Cigarettes 158,83:3 " Cigars manufactured 10i),046,91(j " Cigarettes manufactured :il,743,976 " Pounds of Sumatra Leaf imjiortcd at the rate of $3.00 per pound r,l,40(! " Pounds Havana T^eaf imported at tlie rate of ;W cents per pound 349,308 '• Pounds Leaf Tobacco exjjorted . ... .54,300,880 Stems Tob.ncco exportcil 10,008,034 Iron Foundries. Under the head of foundries and machine shops are classed a large number of extensive establishments engaged in the manufacture of structural iron, heating apparatus, macliine tools, stoves, elevators, guns, power-transmission machinery, steam engines and safes. Tlie operations of these firms extend over a wide territory, and their products eujoy a high reputation. One firm makes a specialty of heating apparatus and gas works, and has erected wholly or in part, gas plants in New York, Chicago, Brooklyn, St. Paul, Norfolk, Rochester, as well as in Cuba and South America. A second is extensively engaged in the uranufacture of special machinery, and possesses unusual facilities for the manufacture of machine-moulded gearing. A third devotes particu- lar attention to elevators and hoisting machinery, and a fourth to safes and vaults. .Many other firms are engaged in the general manufacture of ornamental and other iron work for architectural purposes, and in the preparation of special machinery. Baltimore has been the pioneer in the manufacture of the loom for weaving cotton duck, to which her reputation for the superiority of cotton products is largely due. Other MANUFACTURES. 345 important forms of macliinery have been devised and developed here, notably the linotype machine. Fertilizers. Baltimore is in advance of all American cities in the manufacture of fertilizers. In 1832 the first guano was imported from Peru for local use; soon after the manufacture of a fertilizer from crushed bone was begun, the iiroduct being sold to farmers of the adjacent counties. Maryland furnishes a great amount of burnt lime for agricul- tural purposes ; its soil also contains large deposits of marl. But most of the raw materials used in this manufacture come from external sources. The i)hosphate rock from South Carolina is the most important source of phosphoric acid. The necessary nitrogen or ammonia is derived from tankage, ground-crackling and similar refuse from the great slaughter houses of the West, other sources being bones, fish scraps and bone black. Large quantities of natural guano are brought to Baltimore from the great deposits at Navassa Island. The potash used in fertilizers is obtained almost entirely from Europe, its most important source being the mineral kainite, largely imported from Germany. Ship-Building. In the earlier years of the century Baltimore was renowned for her ship-yards, and " Baltimore clippers " were famed all over the world. As the sailing vessels were replaced to a great extent by steamers, iron taking the place of wood in the construction, this industry for a while declined; but she is now rapidly regaining her position as a ship-building centre. During the past year, sixty-one vessels of an aggregate net tonnage of 17,277 tons were launched from local ship-yards. The largest establishment is located on a tract of land adjoining Fort McHenry. The two steam ferry boats, Robert Garrett and Erastus Wiman, plying between New York and Staten Island, and the new ice boat Annapolis represent tlie work of this establishment. The United States gunboat Petrel was turned out in 1889, and in the following year the oil-tank steamer Maverick was completed, the first vessel of the kind l>uilt on this side of the Atlantic. The United States cruisers Detroit and Montgomery are the most important products of the establishment. The activity of tlie Marine Department of the Maryland Steel Company is described in another place. A number of other ship- yards for construction and repair work are in successful operation. Flour Mills. Baltimore flour mills are among the jnost productive on the Atlantic seaboard. Six large mills are in operation, two of which are in the city, and four in suburban towns. Although some of these date from almost the foundation of Baltimore, the modern process of crushing and sifting, known as the roller system, has been introduced, and flour of the highest grade is turned out. The local supply of wheat is drawn from Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and 34(5 MARYLAND. Delaware, and tlie output is UKed for home consumption, for export to Brazil and tlie West Indies, and for distribution throughout tlie South. The mills combined have a daily capacity of nearly three thousand barrels. Baltimore enjoys peculiar advantages as a milling centre. Not only is Maryland and Virginia wlieat rich in all properties necessary for producing flour of the highest grade, but the immense volume of grain poured in from the West permits the choice of the finest varieties from every wheat-growing State. Liquors. A number of breweries are in active operation, which not only provide for the home consumption, but supply a wide external market. Baltimore beer may now be found in all sections of the country, and it is estimated that the trade is increasing at the rate of about ten per cent, per annum. The flom-ishing condition of the industry, and the possibility of its further extension, have in the last few years attracted foreign capital, and large investments liave been made. Several entirely new plants of model design and equipment have been recently erected. A number of distilleries are also operated, the product selling largely in the South and the Southwest, as well as at home ; and this industry has considerably increased in the last few years. Lumber. Eailroads and steamship lines bring aimually to Baltimore large rpiantities of woods from the West and South; hard woods and wMte pines from West Virginia, Wisconsin, Michigan, Arkansas, Indiana and Ohio ; yellow pine from Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia and Pennsylvania. The total receipts for local consumption aggregated in 1892 about ninety million feet. The value of timber exported during the fiscal year 1S91-1892 was $1,467,970. Some twenty-five wholesale and thirty retail dealers are engaged in the trade, together with fifteen mftnufacturers of packing boxes, and eleven planing mills, sash, door and blind factories. The activity of all these establishments has been stimulated by the great increase in building during the past few years. The larger manufacturers and wholesale dealers control independent mills in the South and West, from which direct shipments are made. Furniture. Every C( )ncei vable variety of furniture, from the simplest office-fixture to the most elaborate drawing-room etpiipment, is manu- factured in Baltimore. The expansion of this industry is due partly to the natural location of the city and the cheapness of raw materials, partly to the efficiency of the labor supply. I>arge quantities of oak, maple, walnut, poplar, pine, ash, cherry, rosewood and mahogany are annually consumed. These supplies are drawn from the West, and to an increasing extent from the South. Distribution takes place over a wide area.. Of the middling and cheaper grades, the South takes the largest quantity, while the higher grades are sent to every part of the country. The home demand for expensive goods in mahogany and rosewood forms a MANUFACTURES. 347 considerable item, while the remaining proportion of hardwoods is consumed largely in the adjacent States. Drugs. In this line of business Baltimore is the leading market of the South, both for manufacture and distribution. Raw chemicals, such as muriatic, nitric and sulphuric acids, sulphate of ammonia, saltpetre and bichromate of potash, are extensively produced. A great part of the output is used in the home market in the manufacture of fertilizers and drugs; the remainder is taken by the Southern and Middle States. A large market has also been created for patent or proprietary medicines of local manufacture. Brass Casting. Brass founding and finishing forms one of Balti- more's most successful industries. The goods produced are of two general classes, the first consisting of steam, water and gas fixtures and plumber's supplies; the second, of church bells and ohiines. The long establishment and successful operation of this industry has created a supply of skilled and intelligent labor. Particularly in the production of church bells has Baltimore attained prominence. One of the works covers six acres of ground, and is, probably, the largest establishment of its kind in the world. The peal of Baltiniore bells may be heard in places as far removed as China, Burmah, India, Japan, Liberia, Turkey, Egypt, Brazil, Cuba, Ja,maica, England, Bulgaria, Afexico, throughout Canada and the British Provinces, and in every State of the Union. Shoes. The shoe and leather interests of Baltimore fall naturally into two classes, distributive or jobbing establishments and productive or maimfacturing industries. As a distributing centre for boots and shoes, this is one of the largest and closest markets in the country. The sources of supply are New England, home manufactures and to a slight extent. New York and Pennsylvania. Sales are made largely in the South. A review of the market for the five years ending in 1891 shows an increased distribution of thirty per cent.; this, in face of growing competition and erection of new factories in all parts of the country. Copper Refining. For many years Baltimore has been the leading centre in the United States for copper refining. Inexhaustible mines in Arizona and Montana are controlled and managed by local interests, and their entire product is shipped to Baltimore either for treatment in the extensive works located at Canton or for shipment abroad. The principal business of the works at Canton is the refining of the ore destined for consumption in this country. This is brought direct from the smelter in Montana to the reducing plant — twenty-five hundred miles by rail — in bulk, without transfer, in the form of matte of sixty per cent, copper, and is here treated in reverberatory furnaces, converted into refined ingot copper, and sold for use in every State in the Union. It goes into all forms of brass and bronze castings. In 1891, over thirty-two million 348 MARYLAND. pounds of this reflued copper, known the world over as the "Baltimore Brand," were turned out. Besides the pure copper, a largo quantity of copper sulphate or blue vitriol is produced, the sulphuric aoid used in the manufacture being also made here. Bricks and Tiles. This industry has already been spoken of under the subject of Clay, in the chapter treating of mineral products. Balti- more pressed bricks have for many years enjoyed high reputation, and shipments are now made to every part of the country. The Baltimore clays are also suitable for terra cotta and roofing tile manufactures. Large plants equipped with improved machinery produce a superior article for roofing purposes, and supply points throughout the north, west and south. Finer goods designed for house decoration rival the imported ware in both elegance of design and in perfection of finish. Potteries. There are in Baltimore five potteries, with twenty or more large kilns, employing about seven hundred and fifty men and women in making and decorating their wares. Baltimore products have attained a high reputation for artistic design and superior workmanship throughout the United States. Local clays are sufficiently fine and free from iron to be suited for the manufacture of the coarser grades of stoneware and pottery, while the three requsites for porcelain manufac- ture, flint (vein quartz), feldspar, and a fine clay, all occur in excellent quality within the limits of Maryland and the adjoining portions of Pennsylvania and Delaware. Flint is largely quarried in Harford, Carroll and Howard counties; a useful soda feldspar is obtained near Rising Sun, Cecil county, and the best potash feldspar from Brandywine Summit, Delaware county, Pennsylvania. A few of the finer china clays come from Cornwall, England. Maryland coal is also unsurpassed for firing pottery kilns. Straw Hats. Baltimore has been identified with the manufacture of hats for more than a century. Down to the outbreak of the civil war, the city was a leading centre in the production of fur hats, and though there was a considerable falling off in this industry at the time, the close of the war was followed by the rise of a new enterprise — the manufacture of straw hats ; and the younger industry soon exceeded the older, both in number of establishments and amount of production: Baltimore has continued to enlarge and increase this trade, and is at present the leading city in the United States in the manufacture of the best class of straw hats. Nine manufacturing establishments are in active operation, with an aggregate capital of about six hundred tliousand dollars. They give employment to about five hundred skilled male and seven hundred and fifty female operatives, and the annual product is estimated at upwards of three million dollars. MANUFACTURES. 349 Cotton Dxick. Baltimore is the largest manufacturing centre of cotton duck in the world, turning out about two-thirds of the entire amount produced in the United States. The village of Woodberry has been built up largely through this industry, and is its chief site. In addition to local plants, two or three more distant mills contribute to the Baltimore trade. The annual product aggregates some two million yards, giving employment to about five hundred people. Large quantities of yarn and twine are also produced. These goods are in demand in every quarter of the world. SJiirts and Overalls. In the manufacture of shirts, drawers, overalls and white goods in general, Baltimore is probably the most important centre in the country. The industry has largely developed from modest beginnings and attained importance by the excellence of its products. One extensive establishment is devoted exclusively to the manufacture of night-shirts. A number of factories are engaged in the production of shirts and overalls and in the manufacture of drawers and cotton goods. Confectionery. Baltimore confectionery has a wide reputation for purity and superiority of composition. Most of the establishments so engaged conduct in addition, a flourishing distributive trade in Mediter- ranean and West Indian imports. It is estimated that the total volume of business annually transacted in both of these lines aggregates some five million dollars. Other Industries. An immense jobbing trade in dry goods and notions is transacted by Baltimore establishments, largely with northern and adjacent States. Heavy importations are made, and the volume of business transacted in 1892 was estimated as exceeding thirty-five million dollars. Much of the stone, marble, granite and slate quarried in Maryland is made up or marketed in Baltimore. As the mineral resources of the State are being more fully developed, this industry is steadily increasing, and local marbles more generally used. Crockery and queensware are handled by a number of long-established firms. Supplies are largely imported, and Baltimore possesses great advantages as a port of entry for merchandise of this kind. Baltimore pianos and musical instruments in general, are widely and favorably known. One establishment employs some seven hundred men in the manufacture of pianos, famous for their delicacy and excellence. The dediands of local boot and shoe factories have stimulated a large trade in leather; heavy shipments are also made to northern and eastern markets. Extensive tanneries in Maryland and Virginia are controlled by the larger dealers. Paints and oils are largely produced and distributed. Well-known brands of ready-mixed paints are prepared here, and the closely allied goods, window glass and paint brushes, are successfully manufactured. Baltimore is the leading distributing point of hardware and tinware 350 MARYLAND. throughout the South. House furnishiug goods are also manufactured. The supply of wooden and willow-ware is now almost entirely provided by local factories instead of being drawn as hitherto from the Eastern states. The oldest lithographic establishment in the United States has its parent plant in Baltimore. Several establishments are now in opera- tion, producing work of the highest grade. Baltimore contributes more than one-half of the entire production of curled hair in the United States, and continues to increase her output in this direction. The city is also an important point of distribution for millinery throughout the South and West. Although the industrial activity of Baltimore is largely concentrated, flourishing manufactures are in operation in such suburban towns as Wetheredsville, Alberton, Granite, Laurel, Pha^ni.\' and Mount Washing- ton, and the present tendency seems towards tlie more general location of manufacturing establishments in the outskirts of the city. 82}afrow's Point. The great works of the Maryland Steel Company at Sparrow's Point, on the north branch of the J-'atapsco, have been already described in the chapter on Mines and Minerals. Curtis Bap. An active industrial settlement has sprung up at Curtis Bay, on the north side of the Patapsco River, a few miles below the city. It embraces about fifteen hundred acres of land with an extensive water front. The water has an average depth of twenty-five feet, permitting vessels of large draught to discharge their cargoes in bulk. Important and varied industries, either established by local capital or attracted from without by the natural advantages and enterprising management of the place, have led to an extraordinary development within the last few years. A large sugar refinery has been erected, and is expected to bring back to Baltimore its early prestige in this industry. P^xtensive car works are in operation, employing some five hundred men and turning out fifteen new freight cars daily. Nut and bolt factories, an iron foimdry, machine shops and a barrel factory are also in operation. A large rolling-mill is in process of erection. Several hundred neat and substantial brick houses have been erected to ineet the demands of the growing population, while churches and schools give the locality all the best character;} sties of a flourishing industrial centre. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad has, by means of a branch line, a tidewater terminus at Curtis Bay, thus securing direct connection with the railroads of the county. The settlement is also connected with Baltimore by an electric railway. Canton. Canton is the oldest and one of the most important industrial sections of the city, the corporation to which its present development is due, having been chartered in 1828. The property includes about twenty-three hundred acres of land, with an estimated MANUFACTURES. 351 water front of thirty-two thousand feet and a water depth varying from sixteen to twenty-eight feet. It is divided by graded and paved streets into lots suitable for manufacturing and building purposes. The tide- water terminals of the Nortliern Central Railway, comprising elevators, piers and docks, are located here, securing immediate connection with the entire Pennsylvania system. Canton is also traversed by the tracks of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad; the Baltimore and Lehigh and the Western Maryland Railroads have access to the property. The industries located here are numerous and varied, including many of those to which reference has already been made. It is in particular the centre of the oyster canning and fruit packing trade, and is the seat of the extensive copper refineries and pottery works already described. Saw and planing mills, iron foundries, brick yards, chemical works, fertilizer manufactories and distilleries are in successful operation. It has been said that one of the most striking industrial advantages of Baltimore consists in the admirable sites it offers for manufacturing purposes. Nowhere is this better seen than in Canton. A large amount of property is here available for industrial enterprise, possessing extensive water frontage and ample railroad facilities. Woodberry. Woodberry is a busy manufacturing section in the north of the city, at the base of Prospect Hill, Druid Hill Park. It is the chief site of the manufacture of cotton duck, of which, as before stated, Baltimore is the largest single producing centre in the world. Extensive iron foundries and machine shops are also located here, covering in all some ten acres of ground. The loom for weaving cotton duck, the turbine water-wheel and cable railway machinery have been developed here. At present from four to five hundred skilled workmen are engaged in the manufacture of all varieties of special machinery. The Northern Central Railway passes directly through the settlement. COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS. The important commercial organizations of Baltimore are as follows : Board of Trade, Chamber of Commerce. Merchants and Manufacturers' Association, Hopkins Place and German street. Corn and Flour Exchange, Chamber of Commerce. Produce Exchange, 105 South street. Provision Exchange, Chamber of Commerce. Builders' Exchange, 19 West Saratoga street. Canned Goods' Exchange, 413 Water street. Brick Manufacturers' Exchange, 19 West Saratoga street. Lumber Exchange, 19 West Saratoga street. Real Estate Exchange, 203 East Fayette street. 352 MARYLAND. Coal Excliange, 18 West Saratoga street. Brewer's Exchange, North and Lexington streets. Tobacco Board of Trade, 419 Excliange Place. Shoe and Leather Board of Trade, Hopkins Place and German street. Fnrniture Board of Trade, 110 East Lexington street. Taxpayers' Association, 203 East Fayette street. Old Town Merchants' and Mannfacturers' Association, Gay and Exeter streets. West Baltimore Business Men's Association, 208 St. Panl street. Soutkwest Baltimore Bnsiness Men's Association, 110 St. Panl street. East Baltimore Bnsiness Men's Association. Stock Exchange, German near South street. CUMBERLAND. Cumberland has been frequently alluded to as the "Pittsburgh of Maryland." It would certainly be difficult to find a city more favorably situated for manufacturing purposes. Within easy distance are moun- tains full of the richest red and brown hematite ores. Alleghany county, of wliich Cumberland is the county seat, contains a fourteen-foot vein of bituminous coal, the quantity of which is almost inexhaustible. It can be delivered in Cumberland at a dollar and fifteen cents per ton. The smaller veins of this coal malve excellent coke. Just across the river in West Virginia is found the gas-coal, and along the borders of Penn- sylvania is the bituminous coal, so that the worker in metal is enabled to furnish to all pTirchasers any quantity of iron, from the ingot to the finished tool steel. The Cambria Iron Company have a branch mill in this city, employing two hundred and fifty men. In addition to this are the Cumberland Steel and Tin Plate Company, Shafting and Machine Works, three foundries, one Car Spring Works, and three machine shops, together with the constructon and repair shops of the railroads centering here. Negotiations are now pending for the establishment of otlier works which will consume the entire output of the Cumberland Steel Company. Next in importance to Cumberland's advantages as a site for manu- facturing purposes, are its large lumber interests. The vast forests of soft and hard wood in Western Maryland and Northern West Virginia are largely o"\vned or controlled by home capital, which is now organizing and establishing mills along the lines of the railways centering at Cumberland. The yards and factories in active operation in the city consume and dispose of millions of feet of timber monthly. In the establishment and prosecution of the industries of this kind home capital has been, for the most part, engaged; there are in prosperous existence one wood pulp paper-mill, with a capacity of ten tons per day MANUFACTURES. 353 of finished product, three large planing-mills, three building companies, two sash blind factories, three large lumber-yards, one cofiin factory, and a ntimber of other smaller concerns. One of the most profitable industries is that of glass-making, which is represented by two factories, employing a large number of hands engaged in turning out table and prescription ware of a high order. One of these companies organized in 1883 with a capital of fifteen thousand dollars. After having paid ninety per cent, in dividends, and having doubled its capacity at a cost of eighteen thousand dollars, it had, in 1890, seventy thousand dollars over and above all liabilities, and its net earnings for the year 1802 amounted to over eighteen thousand dollars. Beside cheap fuel, Cumberland enjoys the advantage of the Medina sandstone, an almost pure silica, with less than one-half per cent, of sesquioxide of iron. The Cumberland Hydraulic Cement, used for building and other purposes, takes its name from a vein of that material which crops out in the very heart of the city. The production of this cement employs three mills, turning out a thousand barrels daily. Clay for the manu- facture of building brick is abundant, and four large yards are in operation. Outside the city are the mines and works of the Union Mining Company, where the celebrated Mount Savage fire brick is made. The immense fire-clay mines are inexhaustible. At Ellerslie a few miles distant, are located the Standard Savage Fire-Brick Works. These two corporations furnish employment to several hundreds of men. The city's flouring mills, of which there are three, all using the roller process, turn out 150,000 barrels annually. There are three distilleries and four breweries, the superiority of whose product is largely due to the pure mountain spring water that is used in the manufacture. In addition to these industries, Cumberland has three large tanneries six cigar factories, one ice factory, two bookbinderies, two marble-yards two soap factories, one steam laundry and six newspapers, two of which are dailies. Cumberland's industries, according to a private census taken in October, 1892, furnish employment to 1,043 skilled mechanics and laborers. It is estimated that this will be more than doubled within the next three years, as the extensive improvements contemplated, and now in process of construction, by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad at the southern end of the city, will afl'ord employment to twelve hundred men. Tlie company has purchased ninety acres of land, upon which repair and construction shops will be erected and tracks laid to accom- modate three thousand cars. Three of these new tracks have recently been laid, and two hundred men are now actively engaged in extending the work. 38 354 MARYLAND. The geograpliical situation of Cumberland renders it peculiarly adapted for industrial development. It fronts on tlie north branch of the Potomac River, and is bisected by Will's Creek, the banks of which abound in sites for mills and factories. These natural advantages have been greatly enhanced by the artificial aids of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, which forms an outlet to the sea by water, and the convergence of no less than seven railroads at Cumberland, affording abundant facilities for the shipment of products manufactured within its gates to the markets of the United States. HAGERSTOWN. The manufacturing industries of Hagerstown include, in all, over one hundred establishments, furnishing employment to an average of over twelve hundred and fifty mechanics. Of the leading industries, a few may be noted. In the manufacture of gloves, one factory employs an average of one hundred and fifty hands, almost wholly young women, producing an average of over $75,000 per annum, in that special line of products, the largest output of any factory in the country. In the manufacture of bicycles, great development has occurred within the last few years, two large factories, employing three hundred workmen, with an annual product of $250,000, being now engaged in the industry. One silk mill gives employment to one hundred and sixty operatives, and has a product yearly, of over $200,000. ThA-e are two knitting mills, one of underwear, employing one hmidred hands, with a product of $75,000, and one of hosiery, employing eighty hands, with a product of $70,000. One shirt factory, employing sixty hands, yields a product of $50,000. Another factory "•ives steady work to forty skilled mechanics in building pipe and cabinet organs, and is rapidly increasing its reputation and output. The value of the annual product of bricks, all used here, and falling short of the demand, exceeds $250,000. In the manufacture of furnitm-e, one factory makes extension-tables exclusively, another is general in its product. Together they employ over one hundred workmen and produce wares of over $100,000 in value. Other manufactures of wood include mills making wheel and carriage stock, employing over one hundred and fifty work- men, and handling more than $150,000 of finished products. One firm annually exports over $125,000 of hardwood in bulk and dimension lumber. One paper mill lias an annual product of twelve hundred tons of white paper, and sells in addition, fifteen hundred tons each year. Of the wholesale trade in confectionery, exceeding $100,000, more than half is manufactured here. The available banking capital of the city exceeds one and a half millions. MANUFACTURES. 355 FREDERICK. Frederick has long enjoyed tlie reputation of being tlie county j-eat of the third largest agricultural county in the country. More recently the city has advanced rapidly in industrial progress, and now offers unusual advantages for the establishment of small industries. The population of the city is at present, in round numbers, about ten thousand. Frederick is the hoiue of the Louis McMurray Packing Company, the Frederick City Packing Company, the Union Knitting Mills, the Palmetto Fibre Company, the latter a large and very important enterprise engaged in the manufacture of all kinds of brushes from the Palmetto fibre of the Southern States; the Frederick Elevator Company, operating a grain elevator of fifty thousand bushels capacity, which receives and ships the grain raised by the farmers of the rich Frederick and Middle- to^n valleys; the Hygeia Ice Company, manufacturers of artificial ice on a large scale ; the Frederick Spoke Works, manufacturing wagon spokes and similar products from native hickory; a factory of straw hats, and numerous minor industries that contribute to the enterprise and the general prosperity of the county. Many of these industries were estab- lished in 1890 under the stimulus of the Frederick City Manufacturing Company. In the adjacent county, the point of most rapid growth and impor- tance at present is Brunswick, two years ago a sleepy little hamlet of two hundred souls, now a flourishing town of two thousand inhabitants. The change has been largely brouglit about by the establishment at that point of the large freight-distributing yards of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. Middletown, Mechanicstown, Emmitsburg and Liberty are also flourishing towns, toward which the same spirit of enterprise has readied. The construction of a railroad through the Middietown valley, connecting the principal points with Frederick on the main line of the Baltimore and Ohio and Western Maryland Railroads, is now being agitated, with every prospect of eventual consummation. Frederick's present railroad facilities consist in a connection with the main line of the Western Maryland, the Frederick Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which extends from Columbia, Pennsylvania, to Frederick, connecting at Columbia with the main line of the great Pennsylvania system. A short special branch of three miles also connects the city with the main line of the Baltimore and Ohio at Frederick Junction. The city is thus brought within two hours and a half of Baltimore, five hours of Philadelphia, and seven hours of New York, while all western connections are readily accessible. 356 MARYLAND. OTIIKR MAN UFAC^TU KING CENTRKS. Annapolis. With all its historic opportunities and natural advantages, Annapolis has not progressed commercially as have other cities of the same age. Still it possesses respectable business industries. Theshipiung of oysters to the North and West has, for many years, been a profitable business. A glass factory is also in operation. A marine railway is located in the subiu'bs of the city, and carries on a flourishing business. The Farmers' National Bank and the Annapolis Savings Institution offer all necessary banking facilities. Four printing establishments supply the requirements of the public, and furnish the daily and weekly news. Annapolis is the terminus of two railroads, the Annapolis, Washington and Baltimore Railroad, and the Annapolis and ]>altimore Sliort Line. Cambridge. Cambridge ranks as the third largest oyster centre in the State. The boats engaged in the trade represent a capital of three hmidred and fifty thousand dollars. The annual catch aggregates four hundred and thirty-five thousand bushels, creating a fund of two hundred and eighty thousand dollars paid to four thousand men engaged in the business. The oysters are packed and shipped by several packing establishments to all parts of the country. Daily communication is afl'orded with Baltimore and river points by two lines of steamboats, and with Philadelphia and the north by the Cambridge and Seaford branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Cambridge also contains a large manu- facturing company, several lumber mills, two shirt factories, two brick kilns, three ship-yards and two phosphate factories. The town has a taxable basis of $1,800,UUU and two national banks. Besides these industries, Cambridge is largely engaged in the catching and shipping of crabs, herring, shad and other products of the water. In the season, it is a centre for the shipment of nmch of the farm produce of the adjacent country. Havre-de-Orace. The natural location of Havre-de-Grace, near the mouth of the Susquehanna river, has made it the centre of the important shad and herring fisheries in the vicinity. The cutting and storing of ice engages many of its residents during the winter months, and ducking is, in favorable seasons, a source of considerable revenue. A steam flouring mill, canning establishments, a fertilizer factory and saw and planing mills are in successful operation. Situated in close proximity to Baltimore and Philadelphia, in the midst of a ricli agricultural country with ample railroad facilities, Havre-de-Grace possesses many opportunities for industrial development. Easton. Vigorous efliorts have been made within the last few years to develop the manufactures of Easton. Healthy climate, cheap land and living, low rents and abundant transportation facilities, are all favor- able to this movement. Already manufactures of commercial fertilizers. MANUFACTURES. 357 flour mills, brick and tile yards and canneries are in successful operation. Smaller but flourishing industries are manufactories of shirts, washing machines, brooms, carriages, chairs, and window sash, and a number of well equipped machine shops and foundries. A creamery is in flourish- ing condition, and a large ice factory and another packing house will be built this summer. Two railroads and two steamboat lines afl'ord quick communication with Philadelphia, Baltimore and Norfolk. While still retaining its character as a county seat, Easton is fast becoming a manufacturing town. Salisbury. Salisbury, advantageously situated at the head of navi- gation on the Wicomico river, at the junction of the Eastern Shore and Wicomico and Pocomoke Railroads, is the centre of a large and valuable trade in lumber, having regular communication with Baltimore and Washington, and thence with a 11 markets East and North. It is estimated that the annual manufacture of planed lumber aggregates eight million feet, a considerable part of which is consumed by local factories in making peach baskets and strawberry boxes and crates. In addition to this, about eight million feet of Virginia boards are annually used in the manufacture of oil cases. The surrounding country is well adapted to the cultivation of berries and truck farming, and a large part of this product is shipped from Salisbury. Altogether the town is one of the most flourishing and enterprising on the Peninsula, and the annual volume of its business has been estimated as exceeding one million dollars. Chestertown. The characteristics of Chestertown as a town and place of residence have been described elsewhere. Kent county, of which it is the county seat, is one of the most productive .sections of the State, and upon its products the trade of the town is largely dependent. The advantages which Chestertown offers to industrial enterprise have, however, been by no means neglected. One establishment is engaged in the manufacture of straw board, and turns out sixteen tons of the completed product daily. Another manufactures peach baskets, which are used throughout Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey. Other indus- tries are canneries, a diying-house, brick-yard, creamery, ice factory, planing-mill, fertilizer factories, flour mill and iron foundries. The town enjoys excellent steamboat and railroad facilities. Elkton. Elkton, the county seat of Cecil county, has undergone marked industrial development within the last few years. The erection of extensive pulp mills for the manufacture of paper has of itself given a material impulse to its prosperity. A large plant for the manufacture of fertilizers, extensive machine shops and the gTowth of fruit and vegetable canning, indicate the importance and the industrial possi- bilities of the town. Its contiguity to the large manufacturing centres? Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore, and its ample facilities for 358 MARYLAND. tranHportatioii by railroad or water, are highly favorable to its growtli. Barge and boat-yards have l)een recently established at Elk Jjauding, near the town. These are controlled by Pennsylvania oapitalists, and liavo been removed from that State on account of the greater advantages of Elkton. Port Deposit is an important point for trade in stone and granite. The quarries in the neighborhood give employment to some two hundred men. Stoves and tin cans are also manufactured. Grisfield is one of the great oyster centres of the State. Lai'ge quantities of fish and soft crabs are marketed here, and a considerable part of the produce of the surrounding country. ElUcott City is the site of a considerable part of the milling industry already described. Belair is the county seat of Harford county and contains a number of large canneries and other manufacturing establishments. Scattered throughout the State are many hundreds of local manufactures — oyster canneries, fruit packing estab- lishments, planing mills, ice factories, iron foundries, flour mills and ship-yards. CHAPTER XL CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. CITIES. Maryland has always been an essentially agricultural, rather than a manufacturing state. Peculiar causes led to the early commercial devel- opment of Baltimore, and this pre-eminence has since been maintained. The State as a whole is accordingly characterized rather by a relatively large number of agricultural and tidewater settlements, than of great industrial centres. The population of the thirty-three cities, towns and villages having one thousand or more inhabitants as returned by the census of 1890, in the order of their rank, is as follows: Cities, Towns and Villages. Baltimore city (InMBERLAND (_'ITT TIaoerstown citt Fhedbrick city Annapolis city Cambridge town Fhostbukg town Havre de Grace citt. Easton town Salisbury town Westminster town. . . Chestebtown town . . Sparrow Point town. Elkton town Catonsville tillage. Laurel town... Port Deposit town Pocomoke city town . . . RocliTille town Cristield town Westernport village . . . Hyattsville town Eilicott City town Snow Hill tbiVTi Belair town Saint Michael town .... CentevTille town Williamsport town Northeast town Sharpsburg town Chesapeake City town . Oxford town Oakland town Counties. Allegany Washington Frederick Anne Arundel Dorchester Allegany Harford Talbot Wicomico Carroll Kent Baltimore Cecil Baltimore Prince George Cecil Worcester Montgomery Somerset Allegany Prince George Baltimore and Howard. Worcester Harford Talbot Queen Anne Washington Cecil Washington Cecil Talbot Garrett Population. 1800. 1880 434,439 13,729 10,118 8,193 7,604 4,192 3,804 3,244 2,939 3,90.5 2,903 2,633 2,507 2,318 3,115 1,984 1,908 1,866 1,568 1,565 1,536 1,509 1,488 1,483 1,416 1,339 1,309 1,277 1,349 1,163 1,1.55 1,135 1,046 333,313 10,693 6,637 8,659 6,643 3,263 3,816 3,005 3,581 3,507 3,359 1,7.53 1,713 1,300 1,950 1,435 688 986 1,468 288 1,784 1,276 1,175 1,196 1,503 988 1,260 1,402 689 910 Inokease. Number. Per cent 102,126 2,036 3,491 963' 1,930 3,804 438 324 396 273 3,507 566 403 778 441 880 579 58 1,221 207 1,416 1.54 113 261 446 18« 30.73 19.04 .53.68 " 14.48 85..33 15.30 13.55 1.5.80 11.57 32.31 23.,54 64.51 30.95 127.91 .58.72 3.95 423.96 16.22 13.11 9.45 26.43 64.73 14.95 360 MARYLAND. In the following pages reference is made only to the fifteen having a population of two thousand or more. BALTIMORE. Baltimore, the principal city of Maryland, is .situated on the Patapsco river, at the head of navigation, about fourteen miles from the Chesapeake Bay, in 39° 17' north latitude, and 76° .'57' west longitude from the meridian of Greenwich. Its distance from the Atlantic by the Chesapeake Bay is two hundred and four miles. The nearest neighboring city is Wa^^hington, distant thirty-nine miles by rail. A small stream called Jones's Falls divides the city into east and west Baltimore, and empties into the Patapsco, which is here a considerable estuary of the Bay, and indenting the land with its middle branch and southwest branch, as they are called, enables vessels to ascend to the heart of the business quarters of the city, where the principal harbor is prolonged into a small interior harbor called the basin. That part of the city which lies south of the basin, and projects into the Patapsco into the form of an irregular peninsula, at the extremity of which Fort McHenry is built, is called South Baltimore. The entire area of tlie city is thirty-one and a lialf square miles. The land rises regularly from the water's edge northward in a series of undulations which, throw the whole surface of th(3 city into a succes- sion of gently rising hills, the sides of which slope toward tlie Patapsco or toward the tortuous course of the Falls. These elevations toward the north, northwest and northeast of the city reach a considerable height, commanding fine views of the city and river. I?eyond the city limits the same undulating and gently-rising country continues for many miles, and indeed to the northern boundary of the State. Tlie hill-sides, to a considerable extent covered with natural woodland, and sloping down to small dells drained by rivulets, are dotted with villas and handsome cottages. No city affords more varied and attractive sites for suburban and rural residences ; and the moderate price of land enables even persons of very limited means to have country homes amid scenery of exquisite beauty, within an hour's or even a few minutes' ride froui the city. It was the possession of its fine harbor with its extraordinarily extensive water front that enabled Baltimore so rapidly to outstrip her older colonial rivals, and to seize and keep the commercial supremacy. Founded, as has been related in a previous chapter, in 1730, in 1775 Baltimore numbered 6,755 inhabitants; in 1790, 13,500; and in 1S90 (according to the police census of that year), 455,427. Of these, 77,Oo3, or about one-sixth, were negroes and mulattoes. CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 361 Government. The municipal government of Baltimore is vested in a Mayor, elected biennially, and a City Council of two branches. The first branch is composed of twenty-two members, one from each ward, elected annually, and the second branch of eleven members, one from every two wards, elected biennially. The principal departments are : A Tax Department, the head of which is a City Collector, with an Appeal Tax Court to correct and adjust assessments; a Register's ofl3.ce and a Comp- troller's office ; a Department of Finance, consisting of the Mayor and two (unsalaried) citizens of his appointment, which has charge of the public debt and other matters of municipal finance ; a Law Department, consisting of a City Counsellor, a City Solicitor, an Examiner of Titles, and a City Attorney, who advise the executive in legal matters, and have charge of municipal litigation; and a City Commissioner, who controls the paving, sewerage, &c. In addition there are Boards of Commissioners for Police, Water-Supply, Public Schools, the Harbor, Fires, Parks, &c., whose duties are indicated by their titles. City Hall. The bureaus and offices of the city government are in the City Hall, an imposing structure of white Maryland marble, covering an area of over 30,000 square feet. The archiiectural style is the Italian Renaissance. The design is a central mass with lateral wings, inclosing courts which give light to the intei-ior rooms. From the centre rises a dome, supported by columns resting on a marble base, and surmounted by a lantern and finial 236 feet from the ground. The principal approach is on Holliday street by a marble portico. The building occupies an entire block, thus presenting a fa9ade to each street, and from whatever point viewed the effect is pleasing and impressive. A circumstance connected with its erection is unusual in the history of similar public buildings. Not only were all the expenses of building and finishing covered by the original appropriation, but a balance of |228,8G5 remained unexpended and was returned to the City Treasury. Fire Department. This is controlled by a Board of Fire Commis- sioners of six members, with the Mayor as a member ex-officio. It is equipped with fifteen engine companies, nine hook-and-ladder companies, seven chemical engines, and a fire-boat for harbor use. The permanent force consists of two hundred and thirty- three men, besides fifty call- men, who are summoned when required. A salvage corps for the rescue and protection of endangered property co-operates with the fire depart- ment, but it is an independent organization supported by the local Board of Underwriters. Police. The police of the city is controlled by a board of commis- sioners of tkree members, appointed by the State Legislature. The active force consists of a Marshal, Deputy Marshal, with the necessary subalterns, and six hundred and forty patrolmen. The city is divided into seven 362 MARYLAND. police districts, each with its station-house. An alarm telegraph and telephone system connects the whole and extends over the whole city, and patrol wagons can instantly be summoned in case of accident or other emergency. The suburban districts are patrolled by a mounted force, and a steam patrol boat protects the harbor. Water Sitpply. This has been fully described in a previous chapter. It will be sufficient here to recapitulate that it is derived from two sources — the Gunpowder river and Jones's Falls. The water is stored in five artificial lakes — Loch Raven and Lakes Montebello and Clifton for the Gunpowder system, and Lake Roland and Druid Lake with the Hampden Higli Service, and Mount Royal reservoir for the Jones's Falls system. These with the conduits and distributing mains have an aggre- gate storage capacity of about 3,000,000,000 gallons, and a daily supfJly capacity of 165,000,000 gallons. HealtJi Department. The chief executive officer of this department is the Commissioner of Health, appointed annually by the Mayor, and invested with powei-s to deal with everything that concerns or imperils the health of the city. In connection with this department is the city morgue, at the foot of President street. Courts. The courts of Baltimore have been described elsewhere. The courthouses are three ancient structures on Calvert and St. Paul streets, south of Lexington; but as these are about to be superseded by a fine modern structure, suitable to the needs of the city, we shall not occupy our space with the description of obsolete relics that have out- lived their usefulness and will soon disappear. Post-office. This is a new and handsome building, erected by the federal government and completed in 1890. It occupies a large part of the block between Lexington and Fayette streets, immediately west of the City Hall. It is built of Maine granite, and the design is a hollow parallelogram, the facade being broken by a centre position flanked by two towers. The basement is used for the reception and storage of mail matter. The proper work of the post-office occupies the first floor, while on the second floor are located the offices of various federal officials. The third floor is occupied by the federal courts. Custom House. The Collector of Customs, with his staft", has for many years been housed in the old Merchants' Exchange building at the corner of Gay and Lombard streets. It is entirely inadequate to the needs of the city, and very ugly ; and it is to be hoped that before long it will be replaced by a. more creditable structure. Parks. There is nothing of which Ealtimoreans have juster reason to be proud than of their beautiful parks and public squares. The largest of these, Druid Hill Park, to tlie north-west of the city, contains 700 acres, and had been, before its purchase by the city, the country seat CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 363 of a family wliose good taste had, for generations, preserved its natural beauties. In these it probably stands alone among American city parks. The diversity of hill and dale, deep woodlands threaded by winding paths, dense thickets, the coverts of deer, bright stretches and slopes of green sward, crystal streams and springs, lakes and ponds, present pictures of exquisite beauty, changing at every moment. The city has carefully preserved these natural beauties, and enhanced them by judicious treatment. Drives, bridle-paths and foot-paths, enable the thousands who visit it daily to enjoy all its charms, whether their tastes lead them to mingle with the lively throngs always to be found in the vicinity of the " Mansion House " or the lake, or to seek the meditative solitude and silence of the woods. Lines of cars convey visitors to it from every part of the city, and it is a favorite resort of all classes of society. The Earl of Meath, who visited this country in 1890, and devoted esfiecial attention to the parks of American cities, published an article on the subject in the New Review (Vol. II), in which he says that "as a lovely specimen of the forest park, Druid Hill was the finest among those that I visited in the United States." The main entrance is on Madison avenue. To the right is Druid Lake, with a driveway of a mile and a-lialf running around it. In other parts are lakes and ponds for boating and skating and for the propagation of fish. In a special inclosed pond are a pair of sea lions. Groves are arranged with shelters for picnics and with playgrounds for children, and there are grounds kept in order for base ball, tennis and other outdoor sports. Near these are the public buildings — the Mansion House, with spacious verandas, dining and lunch-rooms, and the Maryland House, transported from the Centennial Exposition of 1876, with collections illustrating the fauna and other natural productions of the State. Near these buildings is a small zoological collection and an aviary. A fine herd of deer roam at large in the woods, a flock of Southdown sheeji pasture in the fields under charge of a shepherd in authentic costume, and a stable and a paddock are allotted to a pair of dromedaries of the finest breed, presented by the King of Italy to the late Jolin W. Garrett. The park is supported by a tax of nine per cent, on the gross receipts of the street car companies. If Druid Hill illustrates the forest park, a handsome specimen of the artificial, or garden park, is presented by Patterson Park, a favorite resort of the inhabitants of the eastern section of the city. This is entered from the avenue of the same name by an imposing marble gateway, on pass- ing which the visitor's attention is arrested by a large fountain with a basin fifty feet in diameter. In all directions lie beds of flowers and shrubs, presenting a charming picture. A conservatory contains a fine 3^^ " MARYLAND. collection of rare and exotic plants, palms, etc., and a lake in the south- east corner is usually gay with small boats. In this park may still be seen a part of the earthworks thrown up by the citizens in 1814, when ]>altiniore was threatened by the British forces, as related in the first chapter of this work. On that part of the peninsula before described which lies l)eyond and to the south of the basin, is Federal Hill Park, an elevated plateau, eighty-five feet above the water. On this plateau, during the late war, rather formidable earth-works were constructed by the federal forces, and mounted with heavy guns directed upon the city, which it overlooks. It was, fortunately, never thought necessary to use them; and after the restoration of peace, " grim-visaged war smoothed his wrinkled front" in this particular locality, the ramparts were levelled, and the surface adorned with trees, shrubs and flower-beds. The crest of the plateau commands an interesting view of the city and harbor. South of this plateau is Riverside Park, overlooking the Patapsco river, the fort and the bay as far as North Point. In Northwest Balti- more is Harlem Park, distinguished for the beauty of its gardening. Squares. The squares, or ornamented spaces in the residence sections of the city, are too numerous, to describe in a work like this. We may single out for mention the largest and most beautiful, Eutaw Place, a series of squares extending from Lanvale street to North avenue, laid out in grass and flower-beds, diversified by shrubbery and fountains. Mount Vernon Place and Washington Place are the four squares at the base of the Washington Monument. They are adorned with flowers, trees and fountains. The visitor's eye is especially attracted by the beautiful bronze statuary, which are the chief ornaments of these squares. A colossal lion by Barye, four allegorical groups by the same master, and a noble figaire by Dubois, representing a youthful warrior in Gaulish costume, seated and leaning upon his sword, entitled " Military Courage," adorn the western square, and are the gift of W. T. Walters, Esq. The northern square has a statue of Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney, and the eastern one of George Peabody, both of heroic size. Fronting on the square are the Mt. Vernon Church, the Peabody Institute and many tasteful private residences. Munuments. Baltimore is often called "the Monumental City"; but this designation arose not so much from the number of its monu- ments, as from the fact that it was the first city in America that could boast a worthy monument to Washington. The Washington Monument, erected by the State of Maryland, and finished in 1829, is a Doric column of white Maryland marble, 164 feet in height, rising from a marble base 50 feet square and 24 feet high, and surmounted by a statue 16 feet in height, representing Washington in the act of resigning his commission. CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 365 A winding staircase in the interior leads to the plinth, which is guarded by a parapet, and from it an extensive view can be had of the city, harbor and- surrounding country. Battle Monument, in Monument Square, commemorates the Balti- moreans who fell in defense of the city at the battle of North Point September 12, 1814. ' In the grounds of the Samuel Ready Orphan Asylum stands a slender shaft, of brick, covered with stucco, which is interesting as the first monument raised in the New World to the memory of Christopher Columbus. It was erected in 1792 by the Chevalier d'Anmour, the Frencli consul; and for thirty years was the only monument to the great navi- gator in the hemisphere which he discovered. One hundred years after its erection, a statue of Columbus, presented by the Italian residents of Baltimore, was unveiled in Druid Hill Park. Other monumental memorials are the Wells and McComa.s monument, the Wildey monument, the Wallace statue, in Druid Hill Park, and the cippus which marks the grave of Edgar Allan Poe. Besidences. The domestic architecture of Baltimore is character- ized ratlier by substantiality and comfort than by show and splendor. Few, if any private houses are of the style which reporters call "palatial." Nearly all the residences are of brick, ornamented, in those of the better class, with string courses, lintels, and oth^r trimmings of marble or sandstone of various hues. Of late years there has been a decided tendency to improve the domestic architecture by introducing novel designs and variety of building materials. Sandstone of various tints, from a deep maroon to a bright russet, marble, gneiss, fine gray freestone' green serpentine, bricks of different colors, diversify the streets with a pleasing polychromatic effect. In some sections of the city the visitor is surprised by the great number of small but decent houses, inhabited for the most part by workmen with their families. Baltimore has never taken kindly to tenement-houses and lodging-houses; and the cheapness of rents enables nearly every married workingman to have a home of his own; so that Baltimore is emphatically a city of homes. When we consider tlie advantages to the health, comfort, independence and morality of the workingman that gather around his "ain fireside," we can cheerfully accept the loss of architectural display. Clubs. The inveterate domesticity of Baltimoreans has probably been the cause that the clubs are less numerous than would be expected from the size of the city, though of late years there has been some change in this respect. The Maryland Club, founded in 1857, is tiie oldest and most important, and has recently removed to a stately new building of white marble, at the corner of Charles and Eager streets 366 MARYLAND. which is one of the most ornamental buildings in the city. Tn addition, there are the IJaltimoro Club, the Athenfeum Club, the University Club, the Germania and the Phoenix clubs, besides others of less numerous membership. The IMasonic lodges have temporary quarters in the former United States court house on Fayette street, pending the rebuilding of their temple on Charles street, destroyed by fire a few years ago. The Order of Odd Fellows have recently built a fine hall at the corner of Saratoga and Cathedral streets. Other institutions of Baltimore, as well as its commerce and manu- factures, are treated under their appropriate lieads. The medial position of Baltimore, exempting it from the excessive rigors of winter and the exhausting heats of summer, contributes largely to making it one of the healthiest of American cities. According to the police census of 1890 the population of that year was 455,427, and the total mortality of the same year was 10,198, giving a total death-rate of 22.41 per thousand. The white mortality was 8,057, out of a white pojiulatiou of 384,394, or a death-rate of 20.98; and the colored mortality 2,141 out of a population of 71,033, or a death-rate of 30. 15. ANNAPOLIS. The most interesting survival of ^Maryland's past is her ancient capital, Armapolis. Two and a-half centuries have rolled away full of the most surprising changes, and yet tliis relic of Old Maryland is as full of interest to-day as ever in her long history. Tliirteen years after the establishment of the proprietary government at St. ]*Iary's in the year 1647, an invitation was extended by Governor Stone to a colony of non-conformist Puritans settled in the lower counties of Virginia, and much discxuieted by the authorities of that colony, to enjoy perfect religious freedom within the borders of Maryland. For a year they hesitated, but fresh persecutions were upon them, and the offer was accepted. During the early spring and summer of 1649 the emigra- tion continued from Virginia. Thankful for their preservation and happy at finding a liome where peace and security were guaranteed them, the Puritans named their new settlement " Providence." At first a long stretch of plantations along the shores of the bay and its tributaries, the Puritan settlement could not be protected from the «Indian marauders that nightly threatened, and gradually we mark the tendency to central- ize upon one spot at the mouth of the Severn, where their meeting-house stood. Here Anne Arundel Town, later called Annapolis, had its begin- ning. As the soil was fertile and well (•ultivated, this section grew to be the richest in the Province. CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 367 The central situation, general prosperity and more salubrious climate marked this region as the best location for the seat of government, which was removed from St. Mary's to Anne Arundel Town by Governor Francis Nicholson in 1695, and the name changed to Annapolis in honor of the Princess Anne, afterwards Queen of England. In 1708 Annapolis became a chartered city, with a regular municipal government. King William Scliool, which had been founded in 1696, became the chief seat of domestic education. From the opening of the century the capital increased steadily in wealth and importance, and soon became the social centre south of Philadelphia, and the inhabitants were distinguished for sociability, courtesy and refinement of manners. Races, balls and other festivities attracted strangers not only from adjacent coun- ties, but adjacent colonies. Conviviality prevailed; clubs were founded, and deep drinking was the rule among all classes, the clergy not excepted! The Tuesday Club became famous in the colonies for its wit and good cheer, and claimed among its members many of the leading Americans of the day. The quaint but voluminous records of the club give a charm- ing insight of the social life at Annapolis. The provincial State House became better known as a ball-room tlian a hall of legislation. A tlieatre was in full operation as early as 1745, and was the first, it is asserted, in tlie colonies. French hair-dressers, tailors and perfumers plied their trades in the little city, and excited the admiration and wonder of the French and English visitors. The golden ago of Annapolis lies betM^een 1750 and 1770, when its wealth, influence and attractiveness were at the highest point. • The spirit of resistance to the arbitrary measures of England rose high at Annapolis. Non-importation clubs were formed, and the pres- ence of the convention at once cherished and moderated the patriotic spirit. The burning of the « Peggy Stewart," with her cargo of tea, has been described on an earlier page. It was at Annapolis that Washington resigned his commission to Congress, on December 23, 1783. But the Revolution concludes a chapter of her history, and marks the beginning of her commercial decay. In a few years she was entirely overshadowed, in this respect, by Baltimore on the Patapsco, and all her struggles to regain lier old position were in vain. In tlie second war with Great Britain, Annapolis was on the very verge of the battlefield, and many of her sons were upon the muster rolls of those who rallied to the defense of the federal capital and Baltimore. The little town was blockaded by the British fleet, but the guns of Fort Severn, manned by resolute citizens, drove the enemy down the bay. The historian notes but few changes in the half century which separates this war from the greater civil conflict. Annapolis grew 368 MARYLAND. but littlo, her commerce decreased, while many of her better citizens moved to Baltimore and Washington. The establishment of the Naval Academy here in 1845, marks the beginning' of the naval regime in the history of Annapolis, an important factor economically and socially. During the Civil War, Annapolis became an army town, and tliou- sands of troops were quartered within her limits, while a large "parole " camp lay on the outskirts. So menaced was she at times that the Naval Academy had to be removed to Newport until hostilities had ceased. Since the war lier population has doubled and her material prosperity greatly increased, though Annapolis will probably always be noted more for its social opportunities and the hospitality of her citizens, than as a pushing business-like modern city. Colonial Houses. To the architect, the old houses of Annapolis present an interesting study, as among the purest and most complete examples of what is kno^m as the " Colonial Style." Of the seventeenth century buildings, few survive here or in the State, or at most, so modified as to be scarcely recognizable. Passable exceptions are the house at the corner of Church and Conduit streets, and the building used as the Treasury, on State House Hill. Of the class of houses termed " mansions," the Carroll house, now a part of the Redeniptorist seminary, is one of tlie earliest, as indicated by the massive simplicity of its style. A garden terraced towards the water was the usual adjunct of these homes, and while they bad a town- ward entrance the more pretentious front generally overlooked the garden toward the bay. Intrinsic evidence, as shown in the change from a somewhat primitive construction to the style of William and Mary, recalling the Dutch taste of Hampton Court, and then to the Georgian, lost in turn in the greater elegance of the French influence of Louis XV architecture, may be traced distinctly in Armapolis mansions. Taken in historical secpience we have the Tydings house; the Treasury; the Randall house, built 1730 by Thomas Bordley ; the Carroll mansion; the Brice house, corner East and Prince George streets, 1740 probably; the Iglehart house. Prince George street ; its opposite neighbor, the Paca house; the Claude house. Shipwright street, and the Ridout mansion, Duke of Gloucester street; the Mason house, built by Governor Ogle 1742, and St. John's College (McDowell Hall) ; the Randall house. Market Space, and the house of Antony Stewart, of "Peggy Stewart" fame, Hanover street. The City Hotel, Washington's liostelry, belongs to an early period, while the Chase mansion, built by Governor IJoyd, and the Lockerman house opposite, built 1770, plainly show the growth of French influence in plan and decoration. In the more modern dwellings of the colonial period the hipped roof, similar to the French mansard, though Avithout an ornamental CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 369 character, was almost- universal and covered many a comfortable home of those days. One of the houses of this character, on Charles street, is noted as the printing office and dwelling of flie editor of the Maryland Gazette, published here since 1745. Another on State House circle, the Franklin house, is a specimen of the hipped roof colonial dwelliuij. ' Old Annapolis consisted mostly of this sensible style of building, ""varied occasionally by the very high-pitched roof, both picturesque and suited to storm and sun. Most of these humbler dwellings have disappeared, or, by modifica- tion or additions, have lost all their original architectural character. The State House and other public buildings of Annapolis are described elsewhere in this volume. Municipal Iiistitntions. Annapolis is governed by a Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen, deriving authority from a charter granted in 1708, and since amended by the Legislature. St. John's College, four public schools, three parochial schools, and five private schools, provide ample educa- tional facilities. Protection from fire is assured by a steam fire engine, two volunteer hose companies, a hook and ladder company and the fire organization connected with the United States Naval Academy. Water and gas supply are in the hands of private corporations. CUMBERLAND. The location of Cumberland, the county seat of Alleghany county, and thn second city of Maryland in point of importance, size, manufac- turing interests and population, is in the northwestern part of the State, one himdred and seventy-eight miles, by rail, from Baltimore city. It is on the boundary line that separates Maryland from West Virginia— the Potomac River— at the intersection of Wills' Creek with the river. Its precise geographical position is longitude 78° 45' 25" and 39° 39' 14" north latitude; its altitude is seven hundred feet above sea level. The land upon which the city is built was originally owned by Governor Thomas Bladen, who disposed of it to George Mason, of Fairfax county, Va., to whom a grant, by letters patent, was made on the 25th of March 1756. In October, 1783, it was purchased by Thomas Beall, of Samuel, for $1,407.10. In 1785 Mr. Beall laid off the town, the county of Alleghany having about this time been separated from Washington county, of which it formed a part. In 1787 articles of incorporation were drawn up and presented to the Legislature, who granted the privileges asked for. Before this the town, which contained but thirty-five families, was known by the name of Washington Town. A desire on the part of the inhabitants for a more distinctive name was manifested, and the one borne at the present time was selected in commemoration of Fort Cumberland, which had been erected on the site by Gov. Dinwiddle of 370 MARYLAND. Virgiuia, aa a defeuce agaiust the Frencli and ladiaus iii 1754, and around which the first houses had been built. The commanding site of old Fort Cumberland is at present oCcupied by Emmanuel Episcopal Church and some beautiful private residences, and is one of the prettiest spots in the State, commanding a magnificent view of the city and surrounding hills and valleys. In 1794 the first levy of |200 was made for the erection of a court-house, to be located adjoining the site of the old fort. Other levies were made up to 1799, when the total amount expended on its construction amounted to $t)12.10. On January 1, 1795, Cumberland was made a postofflce, established by order of the Postmaster-General, and with its courthouse and postofiice, became entitled to be recognized by the outside world as a place of local habitation. The woodsman's axe, border civilization and the progress of a century have cleared the way gradually, until there nestles in a basin at the hills and lofty mountains that almost completely surround it, one of the most beautifully located, energetic and bustling cities in the country. The business portion of Cumberland is built on the flats, banked on the south and west by the north branch of the Potomac river and Wills" creek, while on the rising ground on the east, north and west side are the residence jiortions. Handsome private buildings mark the homes of its citizens along broad and shady streets, while the towei'ing verdure-clad slopes of Wills' mountain form a background to a noble panoramic view. The city has a breathing place in " Narrows Park," out on the National road, the substantial construction of which by the United States govern- ment before the days of the locomotive, makes it the chief of all promenades and carriage-ways. This popular road winds through an immense cleft in the mountain, known as the '' Narrows," whose rocky sides stretch perpendicularly a thousand feet on either side, leaving a chasm a little over a hundred yards wide, through which roll the waters of Will's Creek. Flanked on both sides by railroads and the National highway, it is a veritable gateway from the north entrance into the city. A short distance from the Narrows entrance is the park. Across a little valley from that place are situated the base-ball and athletic grounds, and two miles further west is the Alleghany Grove camp ground, filled with neat cottages. At the southern end of the city lie the Tri-State Exposition grounds — embracing a large enclosure, in which is an excellent half-mile regulation track, numerous stables for horses, a grand stand for spectators and large halls and exposition buildings. Those points of interest in the suburbs are reached from all points of the city by six miles of electric street railway operated by the trolley system. Among other points outside of Cumberland well worth visiting are the coal mines, to which four different routes by rail are at the choice of the tourist. An hour's ride, on any of them, will place him at the mouth of one of the large CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 371 mines that have so greatly contributed to Cumberland's prosperity. In the city itself, which has a population of fourteen thousand, there are many points and features of interest. It has fifteen miles of paved streets, the most frequented being laid in vitrified brick. It is well illuminated by gas and electricity, and the water supply from the river is abundant. The city's officials consist of a mayor and eleven councilmen, city clerk, treasurer and a tax collector. These officials have their quarters in the City Hall, a large, handsome building, erected in 1874, and occupy- ing the square bounded by Frederick, North Centre, North Liberty and Bedford streets. The entire ground floor of this building is occupied as a meat and vegetable market ; the second floor by the Academy of Music, the seating capacity of which is over one thousand persons. Lodging rooms and city offices take up the rest of the structure. In the rear of the City Hall is the Market Square, Station House and the Pioneer Hose Company's building. Thirteen policemen make up the force of the city's guardians. The fire department at present consists of four volunteer companies. The taxable basis of the city on June 1, 1892, was $6,845,548, and the tax rate was placed at eight mills. The educational needs of the city are amply provided for by seven public and six parochial schools, one high school and the Alleghany County Academy. Its religious world worships in eighteen churches, representing all creeds. The handsomest of these are owned by the congregations of the Presbyterian, Emmanuel Protestant Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal, Saints Peter and Paul's and St. Patrick's Catholic. In connection with Saints Peter and Paul's Church there is a convent in charge of the Ursuline nuns, and a large monastery of the Capuchin Order, while the convent of the Sisters of Mercy of St. Joseph is attached to St. Patrick's Church. The cemeteries are Rose Hill and Saints Peter and Paul's, beautifully located on the brow of the hill on the western part, Greenmount, Sumner (colored), St. Patrick's and a Jewish cemetery in the eastern part of the city. One of Cumberland's handsomest buildings, the court-house, was destroyed by fire on the early morning of January 5, 1893. It will be rebuilt, enlarged and improved during the present summer. Immedi- ately in the rear of the court-house site, on the opposite side of the street, is the county jail, a well-protected and strongly built piece of brick work. Within a stone's throw of the jail are located the city water works, between Green street and the river. Just at the eastern limits of the city are the Alms-house and Sylvan Retreat, an asylum for the insane, built by the county in 1888, at a cost of thirty-five hundred dollars. On Baltimore avenue there is the \Yestern Maryland Home and Infirmary. This charitable undertaking was organized in 1887 by a few 372 MARYLAND. of Cumberland's pLilantLropic ladies. State aid was obtained, and the present perfectly appointed hospital erected at a cost of twenty thousand dollars. The industries of Cumberland have been treated in another chapter, and a visit to any one of these will well repay the visitor. The cement quarries, the steel mills and glass factories are, perhaps, of particular interest. HAGEESTOWN. Hagerstown, the county seat of Washington county, is picturesquely situated upon the crest of the main watershed of the Cumberland valley, with the historic Antietam one mile east and the Conococheague six miles west. It is nearly at the middle of the valley, which here is about twenty miles wide, and is equidistant from Pennsylvania and West Virginia. At an elevation of 600 feet above sea level, its broken and rolling site has adequate surface drainage and is exceptionally healthy. The geological formation of the region is Lower Silurian, the TrentoTi limestone being the surface rock, with mountain sandstone flanking at the foot-hills on either side. It is at the centre of one of the richest agricultural sections of the continent, and from the hill-sides and higher buildings the eye takes in, to the east and west, bounded only by "South" Mountain on the east and "North" Mountain on the west, a grand panorama of the valley, twenty miles or more in width. To the north and south extends a stretch of more than sixty miles of thickly-settled, abundantly-watered, highly-cultivated farm lands, the homes of thrift, hapijiness and peace, while at either extremity lie the great battle-fields of Antietam and Gettysburg. The city was founded in 1762, by Jonathan Hager, whose name it bears. In making its plan, he wisely provided wide and regular streets, and spacious town lots, so that, in the older parts of the city, an absence of the crowding so often seen in American cities is noticeable. The hiitory of Hagerstown before 1860 is that of most county seats in agricultural sections, one of slow, steady growth from within, yet so substantial as to lay broadly the foundation for large things in the future. Upon the great highway, the National road, from Washington westward, its wayside inns were of wide repute in stage coach days. The road system of the county early received attention, and the abundance of limestone facilitated the making of excellent Macadam roads. At the present time eleven of these radiate to all the lesser towns, affording ample facilities for access, and with admirable railroad facilities, concentrating in this city the larger part of the traffic of the county and the adjoining parts of the valley, both north and south. Being one of the strategic points of the late war, it early came to share the fortim.es of CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 373 the borderland, and its occupation by the forces of one of the other of the contending armies, was ahnost constant. This was not, however, an unmixed evil, since it attracted some measure of attention to the advantages of its location for business, manufacture and residence. Its real development began about 1870, at which date its population was less than 5,000. Since then its growth has been steady in measure, substantial in character and encouraging in stability and diversity. Its population in 1890 was 11,698, an increase in the decade of over 52 per cent. The estimated present rate of increase is over 7 per cent, per annum, making the population at the beginning of the year 1893 at least 13,000. This estimate is fully warranted by the annual increase for some years past of over 225 dwellings. The fact is also significant that houses are built to meet actual needs, and are in large part erected by wage-earners for their own occupation. Hagerstown has twenty-one churches, of which twenty are Protestant, representing eleven denominations, the Lutheran predominating, three colored and one Catholic. All have fine edifices, and a number very beautiful church buildings. It has also five public school buildings, accommodating thirty-nine graded public schools, five private schools, one young ladies' seminary having over two hundred students, and a commodious and elegant municipal building, with ample public market accommodations. Its hotels are greatly superior to those of any town of its size iu the East. They are ten in number, furnishing accommodations for one thousand persons, and actually accommodating an annual average of forty-five thousand persons. The two principal onescost over 1125,000 each, and are models of elegance and comfort, heated throughout by steam, lighted with electricity, with elevators and all modern conve- niences, so complete in their accorauiodations as to be noted and especially attractive to travelers. The entire city is amply lighted by electricity, its dwellings and business houses by electricity and gas. With its graded and paved sidewalks, wide, macadamized streets, its law-abiding popula- tion (the entire and efficient police force consisting of a chief and three roundsmen), Hagerstown is a model town. Its ample water supply of pure, soft sandstone water, is drawn from mountain streams eight miles away, and two hundred and fifty feet above mean level, giving an average hydrant pressure of eighty-five pounds at the highest point of service, and so making almost unnecessary the volunteer fire department, which includes two first-class steam-engines, two hand-engines and ample hook-and-ladder and hose apparatus. Its municipal government is now conducted by a Mayor and Council. All street maintenance and extension are under the direction of an unpaid street commission. All public needs and expenditures are met by an annual tax of five mills, and this, with the State and county tax, 374 MARYLAND. amount to but fourteen and one-half mills. Property is assessed at an average of about three-fourtlis of its estimated market value. The limitation by charter of the maximum corporate tax, and of public expenditures in eacii year to the amount of tax specifically levied, with the inhibition of the creation of debt without i)revious legislative authority and popular approval by vote, effectually guards the city against extravagance in municipal expenditures. FREDEBICK. Frederick, the county seat of Frederick county, is a beautiful town, nestling among ^Maryland hills upon the banks of Carroll Creek. It was laid out by Patrick Dulany in 174-5, and the first house was built by John Thomas Scliley on what is now East Patrick street. Here Washington and lienjamin Franklin met for the fii'st time, and Jiere also Washington and Braddock fitted out their famous expedition against the French and Indians in 1755. The barracks in which the troops were quartered, and the military road built by them and over which they marched, are still in a good state of preservation. Before the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was built, all the travel and traffic to and from the West came over the National road, which passes through the city. Such distinguished statesmen and public men as Henry Clay, General Andrew Jackson, President William Henry Harrison and General Winfield Scott were entertained by its citizens, while the older inliabitants of the generation that has just passed away, delighted to relate their recollections of the visit of the Marquis De Lafayette and the ball given in his honor in this city. Frederick is well laid out with wide streets intersecting each other at right angles, paved with stones and lighted with electricity. The houses are substantially built, and though some are old-fashioned and quaint in style of architecture, many are modern and handsome, equalling those of any other city of its size. The public buildings, including the court-house, market-house, public halls, churches, schools, banks and the State institution for the deaf and dumb, are modern and well built. The stores are numerous and well furnished with articles in their various lines. Markets are abundantly supplied with the necessaries and com- forts of living, at reasonable prices. The city has, just beyond its limits, a large reservoir supplied with an abundance of pure, fresh water, brought in pipes from springs in the mountains, in sufficient quantity for all domestic and manufacturing purposes and for the needs of an efficient volunteer fire department. The fertile lands, the admirable location, the low cost of living, the salubrity and beauty of its site, the energy, thrift and prosperity of its population, all combine to make Frederick a highly attractive city. CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 375 TOWNS. Cambridge, the county seat of Dorchester county, is the largest town on the Eastern Shore. It is finely situated on the south bank of the Choptank River, about eighteen miles from its mouth, which at this point is between two and tliroe miles wide. The town is divided unequally by a branch of the river into east Cambridge and the main town, and possesses a fine harbor for vessels of all descriptions. The streets are, as a general rule, wide and well shaded by trees, while the whole is beautified by flower gardens and grass plots in front of many of the dwellings. The houses are, generally, of the cottage type, so characteristic of Eastern Shore towns ; but many substantial brick buildings have recently been erected in the business section. The town is well lighted by gas, and will soon be provided with a system of artesian water supply. It is amply protected from fire by a volunteer fire department. Educational advantages are afi'orded by an excellent system of public schools, including a high school, partly supported by the State. There are eight churches, six white and two colored, repre- senting as many different denominations. Frosfburg is the second largest town in Allegany county. It is situated on a plateau of the Allegany Range seventeen hundred feet above sea level. It is in the midst of a great coal region, midway between Cumberland and Piedmont, on the line of the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad. The population of the town is composed for the most part of miners of foreign extraction, but of thrifty and law- abiding habits. The town is governed by a ]\Iayor and a board of six Councilmen ; it is lighted by gas and well provided with well water. It contains fourteen churches, several public schools and two newspapers. The vicinity of Frostburg is notable for the beauty and sublimity of its natural scenery. The view afforded from the town itself into Penn- sylvania, Maryland and West Virginia is most impressive. Havre de Grace is pleasantly situated on the south bank of the Susquehanna River near its mouth. It is one of the oldest towns in the State, and received its name from a fancied resemblance to the site and environment of the French port. The city is governed by a board of five commissioners elected annually. It is attractively laid out with wide streets, lined by well-built hoiises. A system of public schools for white and colored childi-en, and a number of churches provide for the needs of the inhabitants. The industrial activity of the town largely centres, as has been stated, about its fisheries and ice trade. Havre de Grace has admirable railroad connection with the larger cities, being about midway between Baltimore and Philadelphia. It is located in the midst of a rich agricultural country, with an almost inexhaustible supply of fish and fowl at its very door. Living is cheap, the climate is 376 MARYLAND. healthy, and it offers many attractions as a place of permanent or transient residence. Easton, the county seat of Talbot county, has grown u]i around the court house, which wns built, somewhat more than one hundred years ago, in an "old field near Pitts his bridge." The court house, a well- proportioned Colonial building, is still the most prominent feature of the town, standing with the jail and armory, on a shaded green. Near it are the market house and town hall, and the Odd Fellows' hall. The town is regularly laid out, well lighted witli electricity and gas, and supplied with abundant .water from artesian wells. It is still primarily a shire town, the capital of a wealthy and populous county. On any "public day" the streets are crowded witli vehicles of every description, while the market house and "space" are full of people buying, selling and discussing business or county affairs. The Talbot county fair is held here every fall, the exhibits being displayed in a series of fine buildings owned by the Fair Association. Easton has a militia company of about forty men, and an efficient fire company. The important religious denominations are represented by well built churches. The most interesting of these structures is, perhaps, the Friends' meeting liouse, erected over two hundred years, and standing in a grove of great oaks, just ovitside the town. Both Fox and Penn worsliipped here. Four newspapers are published in the town, and well organized public schools are in operation. t^alishvry, the county town of Wicomico county, and the second largest town on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, is situated on the Wicomico river, ninety-five miles from Annapolis. In its present form the town dates practically from a disastrous fire, occurring several years ago. In the work of reconsti-uction, the main street Avas widened and straightened, and brick buildings generally substituted for the earlier frame structures. As a result, the town presents a modern appearance unusual in towns of larger size. Salisbury has several banks, a number of churches, and a volunteer fire department. Its public schools are well equipped, graduates of the high school being prepared to enter a colle- giate sophomore yea.r. Two newspapers are published in the town. The climate of Salisbury is pleasant and healthful, and the surrounding country is rich and productive. Its industrial activity centres largely in the lumber trade. Westminster, \\ie county seat of Carroll county, is situated at the head-waters of the Patapsco, midway between Baltimore and Hagerstown, on the line of the Westei'n Maryland Railroad. It was founded as early as 1766 and incorporated as a town seventy years later. It is situated in the midst of a rich and productive country, and has ample water power for industrial establishments. Fine grades of marble are quarried in the CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 377 vicinity. Westminster is the site of Western ^Maryland College, a co-edncational institution under the control of the Maryland Conference of the Methodist Protestant Church. The town contains several fine structures, and bears the general appearance of a substantial, prosperous community. Chestertown, the county town of Kent county, was incorporated in 1706, and early became a port of entry for the Province. The original custom-house and counting-room, though since converted into dwellings, can still be pointed out. The town is well laid off, the streets being wide and straight, and lined on either side with hii?toric shade trees. The court-house and jail are spacious modern structures, as are many of the private residences. Chestertown is the site of Washington College, which was established in 1782, and was visited by Washington himself two years later. Five chm-clies of as many different denominations, two banks and a series of public schools are located in the town. It is sixty miles distant from Baltimore by water, and ninety miles by rail. Steamers from Baltimore arrive daily. ElJcton, the county seat of Cecil county, is advantageously located at the head of Elk river, a tributary of the Chesapeake. The town is also half way between Pliiladelphia and Baltimore on the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. The public buildings consist of a court-house, recently rebuilt, with fire-proof offices for the county archives, a handsome town council hall, part of which is occupied by a well equipped local fire company; and seven church edifices, all excel- lently maintained. The town is supplied with both gas and electric light. Water has recently been introduced through a modern x"eservoir and gravity system, affording a constant supply of pure and soft water for domestic and municipal uses. The educational facilities of the town embrace an academy of high grade, a grammar school and public scliools for white and colored children. Ample facilities are afforded for public entertainineTits, and a free circulating library will soon be provided. Two national banks afford all needed banking facilities, and tlie retail trade of the town is transacted by enterprising mercantile establishments. Elkton is the centre of a refined and cultivated population, with every inducement for permanent residence, and many attractions for summer sojourn. Catonsville is on tlie Frederick road, six miles from Baltimore, with which it is connected both by railroad and street railways. It is well provided with churches and schools, and is the site of the Spring Grove Insane Asylum. Its pleasant location, healthy environment and prox- imity to Baltimore have made it a growing suburb of that city. Sparrow's Point is the site of the works of the Maryland Steel Company, and has been described in another connection. 378 MAKYLANn. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. State House. The fii'st colonial capital of Maryland wa? St. Mary's, in tlio southern part of tlie Province, but tlie seat of government was rPHioved in 1694 to Annapolis, wliere tlie first state house was built upon the site of the x^'esent builrlinff. This beinj^ destroyed by fire in 1704, a lart^er cajiitol was erected, but this again, after fifty j'^ears' occupation, proving too small for the increased needs of the community, was torn doAvn in 1709, and replaced by the present structure. Tlie i)lans are supposed to have been drawn by a. pupil of Sir Christopher Wren. The dimensions are : height to the top of the dome, 200 feet; front, 120 feet; depth, 175 feet. The visitor enters by the south door into a rotunda of imposing effect, beneath the dome. To the right of the entrance is tlie Senate chamber, and that of the Delegates on tlie left. The Senate chamber has been the scene of memorable events in the country's history. Here, on December 23, 1783, Washington surrendered to Congress his commission as Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the TTnited States. In this chamber, in 1784, the long struggle for American independence was brought to a close by the ratification, in the presence of Congress, of the treaty of peace with Great Biitain. Here, in September, 1786, the first Constitutional Convention, generally known as the Anijapolis Convention, met to frame a better form of government for the United States. This apartment, measuring thirty feet by forty, has been enlarged and embellished in the last few years. On the west wall is a painting representing Washington resigning his commission, and on the opposite side is the famous portrait of Washington by Gilbert Stuart. Other portraits of distinguished Marylanders, and many curious and interesting historical relics, adorn the walls of this and the antechamber. In the Delegates' chamber is a fine painting by Peale, representing the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. The State Library, containing about 70,000 volumes, and the Judicial and Executive Departments are on the second floor. In the Governor's room is a fine portrait of George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, copied from the original hj Mytens, and presented to the State by the late John W. Garrett, Esq. Here too are portraits of several early governors of the State. From the balcony above the dome, at the height of one hundred and eighty-five feet, a magnificent view is obtained; the city of Annapolis with its harbor, the Severn river, the Chesapeake bay, and the picturesque surrounding country, spreading like a panorama before the eye. Two fine bronze statues of colossal proportions adorn the grounds. One, representing Roger Brooke Taney, Chief Justice of the United States, CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 379 is the work of W. H. Rinehart. a distinguished Maryland sculptor, and was erected by the State in 1872. The other, representing Baron DeKalb, leading the Maryland and Delaware troops at the battle of Camden, Avhere that hero fell, mortally wounded, was erected by the United States in 1886, in pursuance of a resolution of Congress passed in 1780. This spirited work is by Ephraim Keyser, also a Maryland artist. ExeciMve Mansion. The official residence of the Governors of Maiyland for one hundred years before 1866, was the building now used as the library of the Naval Academy, having been purchased by the Federal Government in the year last named. In the same year, during the administration of Governor Swann, the present Executive Mansion was built. ^tate Treasury, &c. Upon the State-house hill, to the right of the State-house, stands a quaint old colonial building of very modest propor- tions. This is the Treasury of the State of Maryland. The building is in the shape of a Greek cross, and is probably the oldest edifice in the city. The venerable college poplar is the single living witness of its building, nearly two hundred years ago. The rooms are low, and the walls of unusual solidity and thickness, capable of bidding defiance to the limited resources of colonial burglars. Near it stands a modern building containing the Land Office and other public offices. CHAPTER XII. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. TLe political evolution of Maryland from the struggling palatinate of the seventeenth century to the sovereign State of our own clay, has been traced in an earlier part of this volume. The purpose of the following pages is to describe the present government and existent political institutions of the State. OOVERIS^MENT. Constitution. The jiresent Constitution of Maryland was formed by a convention assembled in Annapolis in May, 1867, and was ratified by jiopular vote in the following September. It is the fourth Constitution adopted in the history of the State, earlier instruments bearing date of 1864, 1861 and 1776. It is preceded by a Declaration of Rights, containing forty-five articles, asserting the usual rights of trial by jury, freedom of speech, religious liberty, taxation according to actual worth, with declara- tions against retrospective and sanguinary laws, attainder, monopolies, trial by martial law, etc. The Constitution proper consists of fifteen ai'ticles, treating of elective franchise, executive department, legislative department, judiciary department, Attorney General and State's Attorneys, Treasury de])artment, sundry officers (County Commissioners, Surveyors, State Librarian, Commissioner of the Land Oflace), education, militia and military affairs, labor and agriculture, pulilif- work-^, new counties, amendments, miscellaneous matters and vote on the Constitution. Administration. The government of Maryland follows the general theorj^ of American political organization in a fundamental separation of departments. This is specifically provided in Article 8, of the Declara- tion of Rights, which asserts that " the legislative, executive and judicial powers of government ought to be forever separate and distinct from each other." For purposes of administration the State is divided into twenty-three counties, and the city of Baltimore, which is not comprised within the limits of any county. The local affairs of each county are regulated by a board of County Commissioners, elected by popular vote, but determined in number and term of office by special acts POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 381 of the General Assembly. There is no general administrative sub- division of counties into townships, but school and election districts exist for the purposes indicated. The g-overnment of Baltimore is vested in a Mayor and City Council.* The local affairs of other minor civil divisions, cities, towns and villages, are variously controlled by a Mayor and Council, by a Burgess or President and Board of Commissioners, or by a Board of Commissioners alone. The manner of election and range of powers of these authorities are in each case defined by legislative charters, and by special acts of the legislature, passed from time to time. Executive. The executive power of the State is vested in a Governor, elected for a term of four years and receiving an animal salary of §4,500. He must have attained the age of thirty years, and must have been for ten years a citizen of Maryland, and for five years next preceding his election a resident of the State. He is the commander-in-chief of the land and naval forces of the State, may call out the militia to sup- press insurrections, repel invasions and enforce the execution of the laws, but can not take the command in person without the consent of the legislature. All legislative enactments must be submitted to his consid- eration, and his veto can be overruled only by a three-fifths vote of both houses. He has the usual power to grant reprieves and pardons and to remit fines and forfeitures to the State. He ai^points, by and with the consent of the Senate, all civil and military officers of the State, whose election is not otherwise provided for, and is vested with general authority to secure the faithful execution of all laws. The Governor, upon election, appoints a Secretary of State, who continues in office during the gubernatorial term, and receives an annual salary of two thousand dollars. He keeps and preserves a careful record of all official acts and proceedings, and performs such other duties as are prescribed by law, or as properly belong to his office. Legislative. The legislative department consists of two distinct branches, a Senate and a House of Delegates, together styled the General Assembly of Maryland. Each county in the State, and each of the three legislative districts of Baltimore, is entitled to one Senator elected for n. term of four years. The apportionment of representation in the House of Delegates is made upon the following basis: Counties having a population of eighteen thousand persons or less are entitled to two delegates; those between eighteen thousand and twenty-eight thousand, to three delegates; between twenty-eight thousand and forty thousand, to four delegates ; between forty thousand and fifty-five thousand, five delegates; and fifty- five thousand or more, six delegates. Each of the 'For a more detailed account ol' the government of Baltimore, seepage 361, 382 MARYLAND. legislative districts of Baltimore city is entitled to as many delegates as the largest county — six. No person is eligible as Senator until he has reached the age of twenty-five years, nor as Delegate until he has reached legal majority, nor to either office unless he has been a resident of Maryland for at least three years, and of the particular county or legislative district which he may be chosen to represent, for one year. The members of both bodies receive a compensation of five dollars per diem for actual service. The General Assembly meets biennially, and as the first Legislature under the Constitution of 1867 met in 18C8, sessions always fall in even years. It convenes on the first Wednesday of January and continues in session for a period fixed by a constitutional limitation as not longer than ninety days. A special session may be convened by proclamation of the Governor, but may not sit longer than thirty days. Judicial. The judicial powers of the State are vested in a Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, Orphans' Courts, Baltimore City Courts and Justices of the Peace. All judges, except those of the Orphans' Courts, are elected by popular vote for a term of fifteen years and are selected from those who have been admitted to practice law in the State, and who are " most distinguished for integrity, wisdom and sound legal knowledge" (Const, of Md., Art IV., Sect. 2). The State is divided into eight judicial circuits, in the following manner : Worcester, Somerset, Wicomico and Dorchester counties, first; Caroline, Talbot, Queen Anne, Kent and Cecil, second; Baltimore and Harford, third ; Allegany, Washington and Garrett, fourth ; Carroll, Howard and Anne Arundel, fifth ; Montgomery and Frederick, sixth ; Prince George's, Charles, Calvert, St. Mary's, seventh ; Baltimore city, eighth. For each of the fii'st seven of the above circuits, a chief judge and two associate judges are elected, who hold a Circuit Court of not less than two terms in each county. A clerk of the Circuit Court is elected by popular vote in every county for a term of six years. The salary of the chief judge is fixed at $4,500 per year, and that of an associate judge at $3,600. The judiciary of Baltimore consists of a chief judge and four associate judges, together styled the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City. The judges are elected for a term of fifteen years, and are assigned to the following courts : Superior Court, Court of Common Pleas, Baltimore City Court, Criminal Court, Circuit Court and Circuit Court No. 2, the two latter being courts of equity. The Court of Appeals is composed of the chief judges of the first seven of the judicial circuits of the State, and a judge from the city of Baltimore specially elected thereto. The Governor designates one of this body by and with the consent of the Senate, as chief judge. A clerk POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 383 of the Court of Appeals is elected by popular vote for a term of six years, and the sessions of the court are held in Annapolis. An Orphans' Court is located in each county of the State and in Baltimore city. It consists of three judges elected by popular vote for a term of four years, and exercises the functions of a Probate Court. A Register of Wills is similarly elected for a term of six years. He is eligible for re-election and subject to judicial removal for cause. Justices of the peace are appointed in the several counties by the Governor, and have jurisdiction in civil suits where tlie amount involved does not exceed one hundred dollars. Constables are appointed by the County Commissioners and by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore for a term of two years, subject to judicial removal for incompetency or neglect of duty. A sheriff is elected in each county and in the city of Baltimore every second year. Coroners and notaries public are appointed by the Governor. Legal. The legal functions of the State are entrusted to an Attorney- General, elected by the voters for a term of four years, and i-eceiving an annual salary of three thousand dollars. He must have resided and practiced law in the State for at least ten years before his election. He is charged with the prosecution and defense on the part of the State of all cases pending in the Court of Appeals, or in the United States Supreme Court. He is required to give his opinion in writing, whenever required by any public officer, upon any legal matter pending before him, and cannot receive any fees or perquisite in addition to tlie salary paid for the performance of his ofiicial duty. A State's Attorney is elected by popular vote in each county and in the city of Baltimore for a term of four years, and serves as the prose- cuting officer of the State in the particular district. He must have been admitted to practice law in the State, and have resided at least two years in the county or city in which he may be elected. FINANCES. The finances of the State are administered by a Treasury Depart- ment, consisting of a Comptroller, chosen biennially by popular vote, with an annual salary of twenty-five hundred dollars, and a Treas- urer, appointed by the General Assembly at the same salary. The Comptroller is vested with a general superintendence of the fiscal affairs of the State. He prepares and reports estimates of revenue and expen- diture; enforces the prompt collection of all taxes; preserves all public accounts, and grants all warrants for money to be paid out of the treasury in pursuance of appropriations by law. The Treasurer receives and deposits the moneys of the State, and disburses the same upon warrants 384 MARYLAND. drawn by the Cotnijtroller. He provides for the payment of the interest of the State debt, and for purchases on account of the sinking fund. Funded Debt. The net funded debt of Maryhind aggregated on September 30, 1892, $3,082,286.35. The original loans, which have all been re-funded at 3 and 3i". per cent., were issued to aid in the construc- tion of works of internal improvement, largely the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad; for the erection of State institutions, and to assist in the public defence during the late war. The volume of indebtedness is being rapidly reduced — by the amount of $2,036,65(3.28 in 1892 — and will probably be entirely extinguished in a few years. The credit of the State is high, its bonds being sought for purposes of investment, and commanding premiums in the general market. The following is a detailed statement of the funded debt: (•hanicter ol' Loan. Matud'iy. Ainount. 3 per font. Excliauge Loan of 1880 1900 | G28,85o.00 ;!iVo pel' cent. Defence Redemption Loan 1899 3,000,000.00 3 per cent. Exchange Loan of 188(! 1901 1,370,474.10 3 per cent. E.xcliauge Loan of 1889 1903 3.079,400.00 3 i>cr cent. Exchange Loan of 1891 190.5 70(5,757.14 Gross amount of Funded Debt. '. $8,684,986.34 As an offset to this debt, the State holds the following bonds and stocks, on which interest or dividends are paid: Slock in Washington Branch 15. & O. H. U. do % .5,0O,O0O.O() Farmer's National Bank of Annapol.s 46,470.00 Annapolis Water Comininy ;30,000.00 ]?onds of N. C. Railway Mortgage 1,.500,000.00 Bonds of Susquehanna and Tide- Water Canal Co 1,000,000.00 Cash to Credit of Sinking Funds 1,485.46 Sto('ks and Bonds to Credit of Sinking Funds 2,474,744.43 .15,603.699.89 Net debt after productive stocks held liy tlie State and tlic Sinking Funds are deducted* $3,082,286.3.5 Revenues. Article 14 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights (Art. XV.), declares that "every person in the State or persons holding property therein, ought to contribute his proportion of public taxes for the support of the government according to his actual worth in real and personal property." This is the basis of Maryland taxation. A direct tax is levied ui^on all real and personal property, for purposes of public education and to provide interest and sinking funds for the funded debt. It is imposed upon individual and corporate property, and upon the * "It is worthy of note that the productive stocks, with a single e.vceptio^, held by the State, have a market value greatly in c.\oess of their par value, and if a statement was prepared placing the State securities at I heir marljct value, this net debt would be decTeasod by more than one-half. ' ' (Report of Comptroller for 18'ja, p. vi) . POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 3S5 capital stock of corporations, less the assessed value of parts of its capital already taxed or non-taxable. Personal property is listed by tlie state- ment of tlie taxable, and valued by tlie assessor. The last g-eneral assessment was made in 1876. Revisions are, however, made from year to year by the county boards and by the .\ppeal Tax Court of Baltimore City. A Tax Commissioner is apointed by the Board of Public Works for a term of four years, at an annual salary of twenty-five hundred dollars, to assess and revise for State purposes the shares of all incor- porated associations or institutions liable to taxation. The assessed value of property in 1877 — in which year the returns of the general assessment became first available — in 1891 and in 1892, and the amount realized in 1892, are as follows : Counties and 13altimore City. Assessed value oi property for State levy in 1877. Assessed value of property for State levy in 1891. Assessed value oi property for State levy in 1893. Amount of levy for 1893 at 17% cents on each $100.00. Allegany Anne Arundel $ 10,809,343 9,870,117 243,132,007 50,.501,160 2, 11. 3, .5.59 3,757, 157 16,167,511 ■ 13, 198, .535 3,4.53,.501 6,039,790 2.5,463,716 3,3.36,359 11,-506,903 7,.536,408 7,44.8,301 8,272,.571 ._ .. 9,073,363 .__ $ 16,0.83,934 10.725,314 276,408,0.52 39,050,044 2,037,.800 4,381,469 15,885,655 13,389,101 .3,333,016 6,183,618 23,1.39,041 4,124,187 12,137,415 7,436.312 7,7.V.),640 9,951,605 -_- 9,005,317. S 16,151,.5.58 10,874,049 277,171,612 41,3.59,733 3,033,209 4,351,415 15,877,.537 13,271,949 3,410,140 6, 193,888 23,613,0.30 4,261,610 12,444,104 7,515,094 7,783,728 10,425,220 9,138,883 $ 28,669 01 19,301 44 491,979 61 73,413 .50 3,608 95 7,723 74 28,182 63 23,557 70 6,0.52 98 10,994 15 41,913 13 7,564 36 23,0.SS 27 13,339 29 13,816 11 18,.504 70 16,221 52 Baltiniore City Ba] tiniore Coiiu t v Calvert ". . . . . Carroll Cecil Charles Dorchester Frederick Garrett Kent Montgomery Prince Georije's 6,.585,3S3 2,918,698 3,939,349 8,107,149 16,.599,731 4,479,301 4,180,118 7,330,844 2,831,924 4,088,342 8,634,056 17,0.5.5,413 4,065,605 4,477,273 7,544,416 2,71S,136 4, 193,568 8,098,294 17,351,775 4,149,119 4,605,481 13.391 34 4,824 67 7,443 .57 15,439 46 30,799 40 7,364 68 8,174 72 St. Mary's Somerset Talbot Washington Wicomico Totals $478,468,028 8510,003,077 $515,137,538 $914,368 98 RECAPITDLATION FOR 1893. Amount of levy for public school tax, at lOX cents on eaeh $100 $.540,894 32 Amount of levy for defence redemptiou tax, at 5)4 cents on each $100 283,325 60 Amount of levy for treasui-y relief tax, at 1)4 cents on each SlOO 77,270 62 Amount of levy for exchange loan of 1886 tax, at X eent on each $100. 12,87'8 44 Total .$914^68 98 The rate of the State tax for each year since 1876 is as follows: 1877 ; 17i per ceut. 1878 to 1887 18f percent. 1888 to 1892 17J per cent. Sources of revenue other than this general property tax, are the sale of traders' and other licenses, a bonus or franchise tax of one-eighth of 25 riSO MAKYT;ANn. one per cent, upon tlie capital stock of all newly created corporations, a franchise tax upon the deposits of saving institutions, a part of vvliich accrues to the locality where the institution is located; a tax of one- half of one per cent. ui)ou the gross receipts of electric light and electric construction companies; of one per cent, upon the gross receipts of railroad corporations; and of a designated per cent, of the gross receipts of other specified corporations. A State tax is also iiapo.sed on collateral inheritances, and on commissions of executors and administrators. The excess of fees of public officers and the liquor license in Baltimore City constitute other sources of revenue. Receipts. The total receipts in the State Treasury for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1892, were $3,006,551.18. Ot this aggregate the important items were as follows : Direct tax upou persons aud iueoriioratcci iastitutiuns. . .$903,770 13 Higli Liquor License for Baltimore city *.')07,080 87 Trader's License 18'J,764 Wi Foreign insurance companies 113,001 8:^ Tax on gross receipts of corporations 133,01() 34 " " collateral inheritances llijOO!) 31 " " executors' commissions 58,453 40 Interest on invested Sinliing Fund 171,514 05 Excliauge Loan of 1801 100,000 00 Direct tax of 1801 from United States Government 371,20!) 83 Expenditures. The total disbursements from the State Treasury during the fiscal year ended September 30, 1892, were $3,065,833.02. The principal items of expenditures were the following: Public Deljt, interest $323,.o9G 30 Sinliing Fund 404,387.58 State Stock, for redemption 406,013 70 .Judiciary 100,993 38 Legislative 132,839 49 Public schools, wliit(^ and colored. ."iOOjSlS 80 Charitable, Reformatory and Penal Institutions 337,430 00 Colleges and academies 07,317 39 PUBLIC DEPAKTMENTS. Board of Public Works. The Governor of the State, the Comp- troller of the Treasury and the State Treasurer constitute the Board of Public Works. Their duties are generally defined in Article XII of the Constitution of Maryland, as "a diligent and faithful supervision of all public works in which the State may be interested as stockholder or creditor." At the present time this consists in tlie appointment of directors for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the Washington Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and various other corporations in which *0f this amount, $3.S0,46!).7fl was returned as required by law to lialtimore City. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 387 the State is, to a less degree, interested. The Board of Public Works also appoints, as will be seen hereafter, the officers of the State Fishery- Force, together with certain special officers, such as the Tax Commissioner and the Insurance Commissioner. Militia. The history of the militia of Maryland is throughout a record of unflinching bravery in war and of timely service in riot and disorder. The close of the Revolutionary \yar found the State with five full regiments in the field. Many of them were converted into militia companies of one kind or another, which the Whiskey Insurrection, the threatened difficulties with France, and the imminent outbreak with England kept alive and strong. A large force of well-equipped volun- teers fought in the war of 1812, and during the Civil Wai-, no class responded more promptly or served more gallantly than did the citizen soldiei's of Maryland. Since the war the militia has rendered excellent service in the preservation of order. During the railroad strikes of 1877 the Fifth Regiment, together with the Sixth, was called upon at an unexpected time to assist in maintaining law and order, and discharged its duty creditably under the most trying circumstances. Subsequent activity has been characterized by the same spirit. Animated by the same spirit and remarkable for its rapid development is the Fourth Regiment, the nucleus of which, the Baltimore Light Infantry, was organized in the winter of 1885. The Maryland National Guard was reorganized in its present form by an act of the Maryland Legislature passed in 1886, providing for a State military force of not more than two thousand two hundred and eighty men, formed in one brigade. At present the command is com- posed of the following organizations : F'irst Regiment Infantry, nine companies, consisting of Frederick Rifles, Hagerstown Light Infantry, Linganore Guards, Jackson Guards, Governor's Guards, Waverley Guards, Towson Guards and Howard Zouaves. Fourth Regiment Infantry (Baltimore), nine companies, of sixty men each, with fifty-two officers, making the total strength of the regiment about six hundred men. Fifth Regiment Infantry (Baltimore), twelve companies of sixty men each, with sixty officers. The band of the regiment numbers seventy-five musicians. A Veteran Corps, consisting of three companies, with a full strength of one hundred and fifty men, maintains fellowship among ex-members of the regiment. Second Battalion Infantry, four companies, consisting of Voltigeurs (Cumberland), Garrett Guards (Oakland), and Hamilton Light Infantry (Frostburg). nSS MAnVLAND. Tliird Battalion Infantry, five companies, consistinj? of Groome Guards, Prince George's Rifles, Talbot County Guards, Lloyd Guards and Calvert County Company. Monnraental City Guards (Baltimore), independent colored company. Baltimore Rifles (Baltimore), independent colored company. Allegliany County Guards (Cumberland), independent colored com- pany. Fishery Force. The Maryland State Fishery Force consists of two steamers, niue schooners and two sloops, armed and eqnijjped as a naval militia to enforce the oy?ter fishery laws of the State. Eight local boats are paid by the counties to watch the waters within their jurisdiction, but are under the control of the State navy. The movements of the force are directed by a commander appointed, as are all the subordi)iate officers, by the Board of I'ublic Works. Each of the steamers is controlled by a deputy commander, and each of the schooners and sloops by a captain. The territories protected by the local boats are Poplar Island Narrows, Cambridge, Herring Bay, Holland Straits, St. Mary's River, St. Michael's and Oxford. The Gomrnor McLane is the flagship of the navy. Tlie outfit of the regular boats, as distinguished from the local boats, consists of Winchester rifles and one cannon each. The steamers have each a crew of twelve men, and the schooners and sloops each of six. The local boats, which are only employed for six months of the year, have eacli a crew of four men. They carry no cannon, but are armed with Winchester rifles. Tobacco Inspector. From early provincial days, measures have been taken in Maiyland to maintain a high standard of excellence in the production of its chief stapl«. The various statutes adopted from time to time were systematized in a Tobacco Code, passed in 1763. It consisted of one hundred and fifty-three sections providing in great detail for the inspection, sampling and shipping of tobacco. This code has 'since been supplemented and revised at intervals. To facilitate inspection, a number of tobacco warehouses have been erected in Balti- more, the first as early as 1823. At present three are in activity, each under the direction of an inspector, biennially appointed by the Governor at an annual salary of twenty-five hundi-ed dollars, and a subordinate force similarly appointed. The general supervision of the system is entrusted to a Supervisor of Warehouses, appointed for a term of two years at an annual salary of twenty-five hundred dollars. Land Office. A Land Office, distinct from other public departments, was created in Maryland as early as 1680. Its functions were adminis- tered by a Land Council, and included the disposition and regulation of all public lands, whether by lease or sale. The Confiscation Act of 178U vested in the State all lands belonging to the Proprietary and other POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 389 British owners. In 1781 a portion of these lands was allotted to Maryland officers and soldiers who had served in the War of Revolution, and a Land Office was created for the Western Shore, and another for the Eastern Shore, under the direction and care of Register.:;. The two offices were united in 1851 at Annapolis. Subsequent legislation has materially enlarged the character and scope of the department. Its administration is vested in a Commissioner of the Land Office appointed by the Governor for a term of four years and receiving an annual salary of fifteen hundred dollars, together with a commission on the fees of office. He is required to make searches and furnish copies of land patents ; to prescribe rules for and regulate the conduct of County Surveyors in making surveys and returning certificates and plats; and to hear and decide upon all caveats which may come before him as Commissioner. Bureau, of Statistics and Information. A Bureau of Industrial Statistics and Information was established in Maryland in 1884, and biennial reports published upon the Industrial and social condition of the State. In 1892 the Bureau was reorganized and its scope largely extended. As now constituted, the department is in charge of a Chief of the Industrial Bureau, appointed by the Governor for a term of two years, at an annual salary of $2,500. The work of the Bureau includes the collection of information and statistical data concerning the condition of labor, the agricultural and mineral products of the State, and the traffic of railroads and transportation companies, and of shipping and commerce. The information so gathered is collated and published in an annual report. The Bureau is located in Baltimore at the southwest corner of Charles and Saratoga streets, and it is here that all inquiries suggested by and unanswered in the present volume should be addressed. Maryland State Weather Bureau. A Bureau for the reception of meteorological reports and the display of warning signals for the States of Maryland and Delaware, was organized in May, 1891, under the joint auspices of the -lohns Hopkins University, the Maryland Agricultural College and the United States Weather Bureau. The service occupies quarters in the Physical Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University, on Monument street and Linden avenue, with Dr. C. P. Cronk, of the United States Weather Bureau, as meteorologist in chai'ge. Sub-stations are located in all the counties of Maryland, and also in Delaware, from which reports are regularly received and where warning signals are displayed. State Board of Education. The general care and supervision of public education in Maryland is vested in a State Board of Education, consisting of four persons, appointed by the Governor at every regular session of the General Assembly and serving without salary, the Gov- ernor himself and the principal of the State Normal School. They exercise general supervision over Boards of County School Commissioners, 390 MARYLAND. examine candidates, when requested, for the ofQce of County Examiners, and issue professional certificates to teachers. Tliey are ex-officio trustees of the State Nonnal School, and are vested with its jfenei'al administra- tion and control. Each Board of County School Commissioners and all schools and collei^es receiving State appropriations are required to make to them an annual report of all matters affecting educational interests in the county. County I>oards are also i-eriuested to submit a statement of receipts, disbursements and indebtedness. An abstract of these reports, together with a statement of the apportionment of money to the counties and Baltimore city, and such suggestions regarding the educational interests of the State as are deemed expedient, is submitted in an annual report to the Governor. State Board of Health. This board has general care of the sanitary interests of the people of Maryland. It consists of seven members — tliree physicians, one civil engineer, a secretary, the attorney-general of the State (ex-officio), and the health commissioner of Baltimore {ex- officio) — appointed by the Governor for a terra of four years, and serving without compensation. The secretary is, however, elected by the board upon organization, and receives an annual salary of eighteen hundred dollars. The functions of the board include a general supervision over the health of the State, investigations into the presence and causes of disease, epidemics and nuisances in specific localities, and the collection of vital statistics. Two Boards of Medical Examiners, consisting of seven physicians each, appointed for a term of four years, and respectively representing the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, and the Maryland Homoeopathic Medical Society, examine and license persons qualified to practice medicine in the State. A Board of Examiners of Dental Surgery, composed of the attorney-general, tlie health commissioner of Baltimore and five practic- ing dentists, appointed by the Governor for four years, and serving without compensation, examine and issue certificates to all persons practicing dentistry witliin the State. Three Commissioners of Phar- macy are biennially appointed by the Governor upon nomination of the Maryland College of Pharmacy, to license practical pharmacists in the State. A State Lvnacy Commission, composed of six competent persons appointed by the Governor, and serving without compensation, with the attorney-general as a member ex-officio, exercise supervision over all institutions, public and private, in which insane persons are confined. The protection of domestic animals from contatrious and infectious diseases is vested in a Live Stock Sanitary Board, consisting of three commissioners appointed by the Governor, and receiving a per diem compensation for actual service. Two Commissioners of Fisheries, at POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 391 an annual salary of fifteen hundred dollars eacL, liave charge of the propagation, culture and preservation of food fishes in the waters of the State. Two Inspectors of Steam Boilers, biennially appointed by the Governor at the same salary, inspect, register, and, if necessary, condemn, stationary steam boilers throughout the State. An Insurance Commissioner, appointed by the Board of Public Works for a term of four years at an annual salary of $2,500, issues licenses to insurance companies and maintains the standard of solvency fixed by State law. The interests of the mine labor of the State are entrusted to a Oommissioner of Mines for Alleghany and Garrett counties, appointed by the Governor at an aimual salary of $1,500. He makes periodic investigations of the condition of all mines, sees to the enforcement of all laws relating to mine ventilation, is an inspector of mining scales and weights, investigates all loss of life in mines, and may institute suit if the accident arises from the overseer's violation of law. A State Vaccine Agent, appointed by the Governor for a term of six yeai\s at an annual salary of $600, procures and supplies virus to physicians throughout the State. Ii^lag and Seal. The great seal of Maryland has already been described and explained in the Historical Sketch. The flag of the State bears the escutcheon of the seal. This device seems to have been adopted by ci>mmon consent, as there is no record of the formal adoption of any design as the ofiicial flag of the State. That the colony had a distinct flag or standard, we know. The first recorded instance of the use of a Maryland flag occurs in Leonard Calvert's report of the reduction of Kent Island (February, 16.38), in wliich he says that he and his force marched with Baltimore's banner dispLayed. At the battle of the Severn in 1655, where the supporters of the proprietary government under William Stone, the Governor, w^re defeated by the Parliamentary party under Captain William Fuller, Stone's forces marched under the flag of Maryland, borne by William Nugent, "standard-bearer of the Province;" while Fuller's party displayed the flag of the Commonwealth, charged with the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew. It is also said that a Maryland flag was carried bj^ the Marylanders who accompanied Brad- dock's expedition against Fort Du Quesne in 1756. A Maryland flag was presented at the outbreak of the late war to the Frederick Volunteers, an organization which afterwards became part of the First Maryland Regiment, C. S. A. ; and it was carried from the "rst battle of Manassas, July 21, 1861, to the surrender at Appomattox, -il 9, 1865. 392 MARYLAND. It is almost superfluous to add that Marylanders take great pride lu their beautiful aud historic fla^^. It forms a part of the stauds of colors of the principal militia commands, and is displayed at the City Hall on occasions of public festivity. Federal RepresentaLion. Maryland is entitled to elect six represent- atives to tJie United States Congress, of whom two are entirely aud two partly chosen by the votes of Baltimore city. The composition of the Congressional districts is as follows: 1. Worcester, Somerset, Wicomico, Dorchester, Talbot, Queen Anne's, Caroline and Kent comities. 2. Cecil, Harford, Carroll counties; districts two to twelve of Baltimore county; wards Eleven, precinct No. 9, Twenty-one, Twenty-two of Baltimore city. 3. Wards (^ne, Two, Thi-ee, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Fifteen and Sixteen of Baltimore city. 4. Wards Eight, Nine, Ten, Eleven, precincts one to eight inclusive. Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, Eighteen, Nineteen of Balti- more city. 5. St. Mary's, Charles, Calvert, l^rince George's, Anne Arundel, Howard and Baltimore counties, districts one and thirteen, Baltimore city, ward Seventeen. 6. Alleghany, Garrett, Washington, Frederick, Mont- gomery counties. The law provides that of the two United States Senators from Mary- land, one shall be chosen from tlie Eastern, and the other from the Western Shore. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS „ l'M,l'll'IL.„:.„ 014 310 062 5 I ^ / O {^ rr LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 310 062 5