E 179 .B71 Copy 1 AS Historical and Geographical MISCELLAiNY OF THE UNITKD STAT?E.S JESSE W/BONNELL a^^ ROCIIESTEK, IND. PUBLISHED BY JESSE W. BONNELL 1895 liv JESSE W. BONNEI-L. f '^n\ Piess of TRI COUNTY GAZETTE, Mentone, Indiana. PREFACE. FoK many years I have taken pleasure in collecting fragments of information relating to the various peculiar features of United States History and Geography. Many of these facts, I believe, have never been in ))rint. That the publication of these facts may be of special service and significance to the student and general reader, I have incorporated, by permission, considerable matter from other published works. In all such instances, I have drawn from absolutely reliable sources. It has been found practically impossible, within the scale of pages herein contained, to go into the details of every tojtic treated; and for this reason the reader is cited to authorities, where he may find much of special interest for future reading. I am under obligation to many publishers, authors, State Librarians, Historical Societies, public men, and pro- fessional friends for information, suggestions and courteous favors. Following is given the principal authorities quoted, and bibliographic references for future reading; The Confederacy of the New England Colonies, and its principal purposes may be found in most school histories. See Lodge's Short lEstory of the N'ew England Colonies; Doyle's English Colonies in America; Howard Preston's Dociunents Illustrative of American Jlisturg. The Albany Convention and Franklin's Plan of a Federal Union. See the larger histories, — ]?ancroft iv PREFACE. (Hnal edition, N. V., 1880), Hildretli, SclioiiItT, 'riickcr, McMaster, lli.li)atli, Lossiiig. No. (' of llie Old South LcaHets; Howard Prt'stoirs Dornnieinx. The illustration of "Franklin's snake", found on ])age 4, is taken from D. II. MontoonuTv's l^tadhnj Facts in Americun Jlistory, by per- mission of INIr. Montuomery, and his publishers, Messrs. (Tinn & Co. The Stamp Act Congress. -The First and Sec- ond Continental Congress. — The Declaration of In- dependence. — The Articles of Confederation. — The Federal Constitution. — See the larr a permanent' federal urrioit. * "The plan proposed a grand council or congress of forty-eight members, chosen by the several assemblies, the represer.tatives of each colony to be, in number, in proportion to the contribution of each to the general treasury; that the congress should choose its own speaker and have the general management of all civil and military affairs, and to enact general laws in conformity to the British constitution and not in contravention of acts of the imperial parliament; to have a President-General (with Philadelphia the scat of government) appointed and i)aid by the crown, who should bear a negative or veto power on all acts of the congress, and to have, with the advice and consent of the congress, the appointment of all military officers and * See Lossing-'s. "t)ur Country," Vol. 1. pngeSSg. u JUS roUK 'AL A Nl) (iKO li ItAFIll CAL the entire management of Indian affairs, the civil officers to be apjiointed by the congress with the aj)j)roval of the Pres- ident-(4eneral. Tliis })lan of governmcJit was similar, in the leading features, to our National Constitution, in the fram- ing of which Dr. Franklin bore a conspicious ])art more than thirty years after the convention at Albany." Franklin's Plan of Union was adopted by the Albany Congress and was sul)mitted to the Lords of Trades and Plan- tations. That body did not approve of it, nor even recom- mend it to the consideration of the King. Neither was it favorably received by the assemblies, ])artly because the royal governors at first warmly recommended it, hence it was rejected by both the colonies and the crown, the former thinking that it was not democratic enough, and the latter believing that it was too democratic. One authority says that a part of Franklin's ])lan was to send repi'esentatives to the English Parliament and that the authorities in England "dreaded American union as the keystone of independence." "The plan was afterwar.l submitted to the several leg- islatures of the colonies, and was everywhere rejected be- cause the need for union was nowhere strongly felt by the people." Franklin's thoughts had been occupied with the topic of union for sometime previous to the sitting of the Albany Convention. At the close of an account in his newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette, of the seizure by the French of the position at the Forks of the Ohio, he published, a rude wood cut representing a ser}»ent, (the ancient emblem of myor), separated into as many parts as there were Englisli- American colonies, and under it, in large letters, the words, -UNITE OR DIE." This signi- ficant device, whi(;h seems to have been first used by Franklin, figured conspicuously at the opening of the Revolution twenty years afterward. Peace was made in Paris, in 1763 between the three powers, PJngland, France and Spain. S|)ain, who had also been at war with MisrELLAXY OF THE UNITED STA TEJS. 5 England, ceded East and West Florida to the English Crown. France gave to Great Britian all her territory east of the Mississippi, from its source to the river Iber- ville, and from there through the Lake of Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico, and to Spain she ceded New Orleans, and all her territory west of the Mississippi River. By the provisions of this treaty the French lost all of their possession in America. The Stamp Act Congre.ss. — "Eleven years after the Albany Congress, upon the news that parliament had passed, the Stamp Act, a congress of nine colonies assembled at New York in October, 1765, to take action thereon." This Con- gress met in response to an invitation from Massachusetts and is known as the Stamp Act Coxgrkss. Twenty seven delegates were present. The body continued in session four- teen days, and the whole subject of the rights and grievances of the colonists was fully discussed. John Cruger, of New York was assigned the duty of drafting a Dedarutioii of nights; Robert R. Livingston, of New York, prepared a Petition, to the Kitig ; and James Otis, of Massachusetts, who had but a short time before declared that "Taxation without representation is tyranny," wrote a Memorial to both Houses of Parliament. These were adopted and have ever since been regarded as able state papers. William Pitt, a prominent member of English Parlia- ment, thought that it was wrong to tax the colonists, and Ed- mund Burke questioned the wisdom of such a policy. When the Stamp Act came up for discussion in Parliament Pitt wa,s absent and Charles Townshend, who spoke in his stead, made a speech in defence of the Act. Colonel Barre, in his reply to Townshend, Avhich is a masterpiece of satirical oratory, referred to the American patriots as Sons of lAberty . This speech greatly pleased the colonists, and they eagerly adopted the appellation, "Sons of Liberty," as a name for the associa- tions which were formed by the patriots to resist the laM'. The Stamp Act was formally repealed, March 18, ITOG. First Continental Congress. — "Nine years elapsed without another congress. Meanwhile the political 6 lUSTORICA L A NI) GEO (ill Ami ( 'A L excitement, with occasional lulls, went on increasing and some sort of cooperation between the colonial govern- ments became habitual. In 1768, after parliament had passed theTownshend revenue acts, which imposed a duty on all the glass, paper, })ainters'' colors, and tea which should thereaf- ter be imported into the colojiies, there was no congress, but Massachusetts sent a circular letter to the other colonies, in- viting them to co()i)erate in measures of resistance and the other colonies responded favorably. In 17 72, committees of correspondence between the towns of Massachusetts acted as a sort of provisional government for the commonwealth. In 1773 Dabney Carr, of Virginia, eidarged u|)on this idea, and committees of correspondence were forthwith instituted be- tween the several colonies. Thus the habit of acting in con- cert began to be formed. In 177-i, after parliament had passed an act overthrowing the government of Massachusetts along with other oit'eiisive measures, a congress assembled [September 5th, in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia." Twelve colonies sent delegates, which numbered tifty-four in all. This congress declared that obedience was not due to any of the recent act-; of parlia.n^ut, and sustained Massachusetts in her resistance. It expressed a protest against standing arm- ies being kept in the colonies without the consent of the peo- ple; and demanded the right to levy all taxes, and make all laws. Congress adjourned O.^tober 2(5, 1774, to meet May 10, 1775. ''This cougiess was called 'continentaF to distinguish it from the 'provincial congresses' held in several of the colonies at about the same time. The thirteen colonies were indeed but a narrow strip on the edge of a vast, and in a large part, unex- plored continent, but the word 'continental' was convenient for distinguishing between the whole confederacy and its several members. "If the remonstrances adopted at the First Continental Congress had been heeded by the British government, and peace had followed, this congress would probably have been as temporary an affair as its predecessors; people would prob- ably have waited until overtaken by some other emergency. MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 7 But, inasmuch as war followed, the congress assembled again in May, 1775, and thereafter became practically a permanent institution until it died of old age with the year 1788. The Second Continental Congress. — "The Continen- tal Congi'ess began to exercise a certain amount of directive authority from the time of its first sitting in 1774. Such authority as it had arose simply from the fact that it repre- sented an agreement on the ])art of the several governments to pursue a certain line of policy. It was a diplomatic and executive, but scarcely yet a legislative bvidy. Nevertheless it was the visible symbol of a kind of union between the states. There never was a time when any one of the original states exercised the full honor of sovereignty. Not one of them was ever a small sovereign state like Denmark and Por- tugal. As they acted together under the common direction of the British government in 1759, the year of Quebec, so they acted together under the common direction of that revo- lutionary body, the Continental Congress, in 1775, the year of Bunker Hill." The battle of Lexington occurred on April 19, and on May 10th, the same day that Ethan Allen took Ticonderoga the Secc^nd Continental Congress met at Philadelphia. It voted to raise twenty thousand men, and George Washington was appointed Commander-in-chief. A pe- tition to the King was also prepared, but he refused to receive it. This destroyed all hope of reconciliation. The Declaration of Independence. — In the following year, when independence was declared, it was done by the concerted action of all the colonies. North Carolina took the first progressive step for inde- pendence, April 22, 1776, by declaring herself ready to con- cur with those in the other colonies in declaring independence. Virginia, May 17, 1776, prepared the title of the docu- ment by directing her representatives to propose a "Declara- tion of Independence." Rhode Island in May, 1776, ordered that the name of the "Colony of Rhode Island" be the oath of allegiance in- stead of to the "King of Great Britian." Delegates to Congx-ess of the various coloiiies, were in- cS' HI STORK \\ L . I NI) (JKO (j'JiA PlIK 'AL structed as follows: North Carolltuf, coiieur in declaring independence. Massachusetts, voice the seutinent of Congress. Mr(/hii its last stages, having been carried on from the outset un ler the general direction of the Continental Congress. When reading about this period of our history, the student must be careful not to be misled by the name 'Congress' into reasoning as if there were any re- semblance whatever between that body and the Congress which was created by our Federal Constitution. The Con- tinental Congress was not the parent of our Federal Congress; the former died without offspring, and the latter had a very different origin as we shall soon see. The former sim])Iv be(jueathed to the latter a name, that was all. The Continental Congress was an assembly of delegates from the thirteen states, which from 1774 to l7s:] held its 12 IHSTORICAL AND GEOGliAPIIICAL sessions at Pliila(lel))hia, (except for a few days in December, 17 To when it tied to Haltimore, and again from September, 1777, to June, 1778, when Philadelphia was in the posession of the British; during that interval Congress held its meet- ings at York in Pennsylvania.) It owned no federal proper- ty, not even the house in which it assembled, and after it had been turned out of doors by a mob of drunken soldiers in June, 1788, it flitted aooat from place to place, sitting now at Trenton, now at Annapolis, and finally at New York. [8ee F isle's Crltlcil Period of AnieriC'tn History, pp. 112, 271, 306.) Each state sent to it as many delegates as it chose, though after the adoption of the articles no state could send less than two or more thau seven. ii;ich state had one vote, and it took nine votes, or two thirds of the whole, to carry any measure of importance. One of the delegates was cho- sen president or chairman of the Congress, and this position was one of great dignity and consideraole influence, but it was not essentially different from the position of any of the other delegates. There were no distinct executive officers. Important executive matters were at first assigned to com- mittees, such as the Finance Committee and the Board of War, though at the most trying time the finance committee was, a committee of one. in the person of Robert Morris, who was commonly called the Financier. The work of the finance committee was chiefly trying to solve the problem of pay- ing bills without spending money, for there was seldom any money to spend. Congress could not tax the people or re- cruit the army. When it wanted money or troops, it could only ask the state governments for them; and generally it got from a fifth to a fourth part of the troops needed, but of money a far smaller proportion. Sometimes it borrowed money from Holland or France, but often its only resource was to issue paper promises to pay, or the so-called Continen- tal paper money. There were no federal courts, (except the 'Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture;' for an admirable ac- count of which see Jameson's Essays in the Constitutional History of the United States, pp. 1 — Ii5,) nor marshals to execute federal decrees. Congress might issue orders, but it MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. IS had no means of compelling obedience. "The Continental Congress was therefore not in the full sense a sovereign body. A government is not really a gov- ernment until it can impose taxes and thus command the money needful for keeping it in existence. Nevertheless the Congress exercised some of the most indisputable functions of sovereignty. 'It declared the independence of the United States; it contracted an offensive and defensive alliance with France; it raised and organized a Continental army; it bor- rowed large sums of money, and pledged what the lenders understood to be the national credit for their repayment; it is- sued an inconvertible i)aper currency, granted letters of marque, and built a navy.' [See Fisk\s Critical Period, ]>. 93.) Finally it ratified a treaty of peace with Great Brit- ian. So that the Congress was really, in many respects, and in the eyes of the Avorld at large, a sovereign body. Time soon showed that the continued exercise of such powers was not compatible with the absence of the power to tax the peo- ple. In truth the situation of the Continental Congress was an illogical situation. In the effort of throwing off the sov- ereignty of Great Britian, the people of these states were constructing a federal union faster than they realized. Their theory of the situation did not keep pace with the facts, and their first attempt to embody their theory, in the Articles of Confeieration, was not unnaturally a failure. "At first the powers of Congress wei*e vague. They were what are called 'implied war powers'; that is to say, the Congress had a war with Great Britian on its hands, and must be supposed to have power to do whatever was necessa- ry to bring the war to a successful conclusion. At first, too, when it had only begun to issue paper money, there was a momentary feeling of prosperity. Military miccess added to its appearance of strength, and the reputation of the Con- gress reached its high-water mark early in 1778, after the capture of Burgoyne's army and the making of the alliance with France. After that time, with the weary prolonging of the war, the increase of the public debt, and the collapse of the paper currency, its rejtutation steadily declined. U ITISTOMICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL There was also much work to be clone in reorganizing the state governments, and this kept at home in the state legis- latures many of the ablest men who would otherwise have been sent to the Congress. Thus in point of intellectual capacity the latter body was distinctly inferior in 1783 to what it had been when first assembled nine years earlier. "The arrival of peace did not help the Congress, but made matters worse. When the absolute necessity of pre- senting a united front to the common enemy was removed, the weakness of the union was shown in many ways that were alarming. The sentiment of union M'as weak. In spite of the community in language and institutions, which was so favorable to union, the people of the several states had many local prejudices which tended to destroy the union in its in- fancy. A man was quicker to remember that he was a New Yorker or a Massachusetts man than that he was an American and a citizen of the United States. Neighboring states lev- ied custom-house duties against one another, or refused to ad- mit into their markets each other's produce, or had quarrels about boundaries which went to the vero;e of war. Thinsrs grew worse every year until by the autumn of 1786, when the Congress was quite bankrupt and most of the states nearly so, when threats of secession were heard both in New England and in the South, when there were riots in several states and Massachusetts was engaged in suppressing armed rebellion, when people in Europe were beginning to ask whether we were more likely to be seized by France or re- conquered piecemeal by Great Britian, it came to be thought necessary to make some kind of a change. "Men were most unwillingly brought to this conclusion, because they were used to their state assemblies and not afraid of them, but they were afraid of increasing the pow- ers of any government superior to the states, lest they should thus create an unmanagable tyranny. They believed that even anarchy, though a dreadful evil, is not so dreadful as despotism, and for this view there is much to be said." The Federal Constitution.— "After no end of trouble a convention was at length got together at Philadelphia in MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. Ih May, 1787, and after four 7iionths of work with closed doors it was able to offer to the country the new Fkdkkai. Con- stitution." *A resolntion to reconstruct the Articles of Confederation was passed in^Congress, Feb. 21, 1787, and read as follows: '■'•Rvsolced, That in the opinion of Congress, it is expe- dient, that on the second Monday of May next, a convention of delegates, who shall have been appointed by the several states, be held at Philadelphia, for the sole and express pur- pose of revising the Articles of Confederation, and reporting to Congress, and the several legislatu'es, such altei'ations and provisions therein as shall, when agreed to in Congress, and confirmed by the states, render the Federal Constitution ade- quate to the exigencies of the Government and the ])reserva- tion of the Union." State delegates assembled in Philadelphia, May 14, 1787 (Rhode Island excepted), but it was not until May 25, a ma- jority representation of seven states arrived. Convention then assembled, electing George Wasliington President, and AVilliam Jackson Secretary. The Articles of Confederation being inadequate to the wants of the country, it was lain aside, and the plan for a new Constitution inaugurated; the two principal plans presented being one by the New Jersey delegation, the other by the Virginia delegation. FEDERAL OR NEW JERSEY PLAN: "To continue the Articles of Confederation and strength- en them by giving them some means by which to act, so that Congress.would not be wholly dependent upon the States." NATIONAL OR VIRGINIA PLAN: "A series of thirteen resolutions fi'amed according to suggestions of Madison, and contemplating an entirely new Government, composed of executive, legislative and judicial departments; to act directly on the people, and to be supreme within certain limits." The former plan was rejected by the convention as it would not meet the necessities of the situation; the Virginia *See Townsend's U. S. Index p. 199. 10 IIISTOIilCAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL l)lan was adopted as a basis of a new Constitution, nearly ev- ery suggestion being utilized. A committee was appointed July 20, composed of N. Gorham, O. Ellsworth, Jas. Wilson, E. Randolph, and John Rutledge, after which the Coi^vention adjoui'ned for two weeks. Re-convened Monday, August 6. Septeml)er 12, 17S7, the committee submitted the fol- lowing resolution to Congress: '■'■Resolmd, unanimously, That the said report, with "the resolutions and letters accompanying the same, be transmitted to the several Legislatures, in order to be submitted to a con- vention of delegates chosen in each State by the people there- of, in conformity to the resolves of the convention, made and provided for in tliat case." Adopted. September 17, I7s7, the work of the committee was ac- cepted and ordered to be engrossed. Convention adjourned September 17, 1787. Rhode Island was the only State not represented in the Convention, nor did she ratify until measures were instituted toward treating her as a foreign power. The Constitution was ratified by the several States as fol- lows: Delaware, Dec. 7, 1787, unanimously. Pennsylvania, Dec. 12, 1787, vote 46 to 28. New Jersey, Dec. 18, 1787, unanimously. Georgia, Jan. 2, 1788, unanimously. Connecticut, Jan. 9. 1788, vote 128 to 40. Massachusetts, Feb. 6, 1788, vote 187 to 168. Maryland, April 28, 1788, vote 68 to 12. South Carolina, May 28, 1788, vote 149 to 78. New Hampshire, June 21, 1788, vote 57 to 46. Virginia, June 25, 1788, vote 89 to 79. New York, July 26, 1788, vote 80 to 28. North Carolina, Nov. 21, 1789, vote 193 to 75. Rhode Island, May 29, 1790, vote 84 to 82. Gouveneur Morris framed the Constitution. Its execution was due to James Madison, to whom Avas MIS CELL ANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1\ given the title of "Father of the Constitution." AYashington signed first, after which followed signatures iu order of States, beginning with the East. New York state bears one representative signature ' 'Ham- ilton." The oldest "signer" was Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsyl- vania, aged 81 years; the youngest, Nicholas Gilman, of New Hampshire, aged 25 years. The Constitution carried the sobriquet of "The Good Ship Constitution." The first Congress to meet under the new Constitution was called to meet in New York, March 4, 1789, and on that day only twenty- one members of both houses were on hand to begin work. The house did not have a quorum until April 1, nor the Senate until April 6. "Both in its charactei and in the work which it did this Federal Convention, over which Washington presided, and of which Franklin, Madison and Hamilton were members, was one of the most remarkable deliberative bodies known in history. "We have seen that the fundamental weakness of the Continental Congress lay in the fact that it could not tax the people. Hence although it could for a time exert other high functions of sovereignty, it could only do so while money was supplied to it from other sources than taxation; from contributions made by the states in answer to its requisitions, from foreign loans, and from a paper currency. But such re- sources could not last long. It was like a man's trying to live upon his own promissory notes and upon gifts and unse- cured loans from his friends. When the supply of money was exhausted, the Congress soon found that it could no long- er comport itself as a sovereign power; it could not preserve ortier at home, and the situation abroad may be illustrated by the fact that George HI. kept garrisons in several of our northwestern frontier towns and would not send a minister to the United States. This example shows that, among the sovereign powers of a government, the power of taxation is the fundamental one upon which all others depend. Noth- 18 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL jng can go without money. "But the people of the several states would never con- sent to grant the power of taxation to such a body as the Continental Congress, in which they were not represented. The Congress was not a legislature, but a diplomatic body; it did not represent the people, but the state governments; and a large state like Pennsylvania had no more weight in it than a little state like Delaware. If there was to be any central assembly for the whole union, endowed with the power of taxation, it must be an assembly representing the American people just as the assembly of a single state represented the people of the state. "As soon as this point became clear, it was seen to be necessary to thi'ow the Articles of Confederation overboard, and construct a new national government. As was said above, our Federal Congress is not descended from the Continental Congress. Its parentage is to be sought in the state legis- latures. Our federal government was constructed after the general model of the state governments, with some points copied from British usages, and some points that were origi- nal and new." [See Fisk's Ciinl Government in the United States, pp. 202 to 211.) Our National Flag:— "The flag gradually grew; it was a creature of circumstance; there is no record of its birth. The first resemblance to a flag dates from the results of Ben- jamin Franklin and Messrs. Harrison and Lynch. They were chosen as a committee to create a National Flag, and adopted the 'Kings Colors,' as a imion, re-united with thir- teen stripes, alternate red and white; showing 'that, although the Colonies united for defense against England's tyranny they still acknowledge her sovereignty.' " On Tuesday, Jan- uary 2, 1776, this flag was hoisted in camp at Cambrido-e, Mass. (now Somerville) to celebrate the organization of *he army, and receive a salute of thirteen guns and thirteen cheers. It seems, from what we are able to learn that the earliest known use of the thirteen stripes was on a banner or standard presented to the Philadelphia Light Horse (Light-armed cav- MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 airy) in 1VV5. The stripes, which were blue and white, formed the union of this flag; its field was crimson, with an elaborate emblematic design in the center. The earliest naval flags showed thirteen alternate red and white stripes, some with a pine tree aad the phrase, "An APPEAL TO Heaven" upon them; others with a rattle-snake, with the favorite motto, "Ddx't tread ox me." The first recorded legislative action for the establishment of a national flag was Saturday, June 14, 1777, and was as follows: '■'■Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thir- teen stars, white, in a blue field representing a new constella- tion. " — Oflicially promulgated by the Secretary, September 3, 1777. "Thus," says Admiral Preble, "full-fledged, without previous debate, the flag was flung, a new constellation among the nations." "The first United States flag (adopted by Congress, June 14, 1777,) having the stars and stripes, was made, it is said, out of a soldier's white shirt, an old blue army overcoat, and a red flannel petticoat. It was hoisted by our army at Fort Stanwix (near Rome) New York, during Burgoyne's cam- paiga in 1777. Paul Jones appeir.-! to have first raised this flag at sea." * The construction of the National Flag of the United States, as a design from which the flag was afterward adopt- ed took place under the personal direction of Washington, aided by a committee of Congress, ["authorized to design a suitable flag for the nation"] at the residence of Mrs. John Ross, No. 239, Arch St., Philadelphia, between the dates of May 23, and June 7, 1777. * Montgomery's Leading Facts of American History, page 175, note :^. ^iO HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL The descendants of Mrs. Ross claim that a Committee of Congress, accompanied by General Washington, engaged her to make the flag from a rough drawing, which at her sugges- tion was re-drawn by General Washington with pencil, in her back parlor. The stripes of the flag arc said by some to have been probably borrowed from the Dutch, othex'S find their model in the flag of the East India Company, and yet othei's think they were taken from the stripes on tlie coat of the soldier. The Continental Army being witliout uniform the different gi-ades were designated by tttriju'S or ribbons. The bars of Great Britian's flag, representing that country's divisions, of- fered a suggestion that to represent thirteen colonial divis- ions, thirteen stripes, alternating red and white would be necessary. Concerning the design of the stars for the union of the flag, Admiral Preble in his "History of the United States Flag," says: "Our revolutionary fathers, when originating a flag, no doubt met with difliculty in finding a device at once simple, inspiriting, and easily manufactured. The number of States whose unity was to be symbolized was a stumbling block. The stripes represented them; but what could be found to re- place the crosses emblematic of the union of the kingdoms of Scotland and England, whose authority they had renounced? The rattle-snake, which had been used for a time as a symbol of the necessity of union and defiance, rather than of union itself, was repulsive to many, from being akin to the tempter of our first parents, and the cause of their expulsion from Pai'adise, bearing also the curses of the Almighty. One of the best devices significant of union was a circle of thirteen mailed hands issuing from a cloud, and grasping as many links of an endless chain. An instance of this device existed in the flag or colors of a Newburyport company, on exhibi- tion in the National Museum at Philadelphia in 18 "76. It had a pine tree in the center of the surrounding links. A mailed hand, grasping a bundle of thirteen arrows, had been a device used by privateers, but that was a siain of war and MIS CELL AXY OF THE VXITED STATES. 21 defiance rather than of union and power. A knot with thir- teen floating ends was the beautiful device, signifying strength in union, of the standard of the Philadelphia Light Horse. A checkered union of blue and white or blue and red squares might have answered, but the odd number of the colonies prevented that or any similar arrangement. Thir- teen terrestrial objects, as eagles, bears, trees, etc., would have been absurd, and equally so would have been thirteen suns or moons; besides the crescent was the chosen emblem of Mohammedanism, and therefore unfitted to represent a Christian people. Thirteen crosses would have shocked the sentiment of a portion of the people, who looked upon the cross as an emblem of popish idolatry. There remained on- ly the stars and the creation of a new constellation to repre- sent the rising republic. No other object, heavenly or ter- restial, could have been more appropriate. They were of like form and size, typifying the similarity of the several States, and grouped in a constellation representing their unity. "It will probably never be kuown," Admiral Preble goes on to say, "who actually designed our union of stars, for the record of Congress is silent concerning any debate on the subject; and no mention of it is made in any of the vol- uminous correspondence and diaries of the actors of that period." Admiral Preble gives a solution to a query that has been often asked in vain — to-wi^, why the stars on our liauner are five-pointed, while those on our coins jtre six-j^ointed. He saj's that this difference exists because the designers of our early coins followed the English, and the designers of our flag the European custom. "In the heraldic language of England the star has six points; in the heraldry of Holland, France and (Tcrmany the star is five-pointed.'" In a circular relating to the history of the flag of the United States, Lieutenant-Colonel M. I. Ludington furnishes the following information: Although the resolution establishing the flag was not ofticially promulgated by the Secretary of Congress until September ?*, 1777, it seems well authenticated that the stars 2^2 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL and stripes were carried at the battle of the Brandywine, September 11, 1V77, and thenceforwa'rd during all the bat- tles of the Revolution. Soon after its adoption the new flag was hoisted on the naval vessels of the United States. The ship "Ranger," bearing the stars and stripes and commanded by Captain Paul Jones arrived at a French port about December 1, 1777, and her flag received, on February 14, 1778, the first salute ever paid to the american flag by foreign naval vessels. The flag of the United States remained unchanged for about eighteen years after its adoption. By this time two more States (Vermont and Kentucky) had been admitted in- to the Union, and on January 13, 1791^, Congress enacted — "That from and after the first day of May, 1795, the flag of the United States be fifteen stripes alternate red and white; that the union be fifteen stars, white in a blue field." This flag was the national banner from 1795 to 1818, during which period occurred the war of 1812 with Great Britain. By 1818 five additional States (Tennessee, Ohio, Louis- iana, Indiana, and Mississippi) had been admitted into the Union, and therefore a further change in the flag seemed to be required. After considerable discussion in Congress on the sub- ject the act of April 4, 1818, was passed, which provided — First: "That from and after the 4th day of July next, the flag of the United States be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red and white; that the union have twenty stars, white in a blue field." Second: "That on the admission of every new State into the Union, one star be added to the union of the flag, and that such addition shall take effect on the 4th of July next succeeding such admission." The return to the thirteen stripes of the 1777 flag was due, in a measure, to a reverence for the standard of the Rev- MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 olution;but it Avas also. clue to the fact that a further increase of the number of stripes Avould have made the width of the flag out of proportion to its length, unless the stripes were narrowed, and this would have impaired their distinctness when seen from a distance. A news}>aper of the time said: "By this regulation the thirteen stripes will represent the number of States whose valor and resources originally effected American independence, and the additional stars * * * will mirk the increase of the State-! since the present Con- stitution * * *." No act has since been passed by Congress altering this feature of the flag, and it is the same as originally adopted, except as to the number of stars in its union. In the war with Mexico the national flag bore twenty- nine stars in its union; during the late civil war thirty- five, and since July 4, 1891, forty-four stars. In none of the acts of Congress relating to the flag has the manner of arranging the stars been prescribed, and in consequence there has been a lack of uniformity in the mat- ter, and flags in the use of the public in general may be seen with the stars arranged in various ways. The early custom was to insert the stars in pai'allel rows across the blue field, and this custom has, it is believed, been observed in the Navy, at least, since 1818, at which time the President ordered the stars to be arranged in such manner on the national flag used in the Navy. In the army, too, it is believed, the stars have always been arranged in horizontal rows across the blue field, but not always in vertical rows; the effect, however, being about the same as in the naval flag. Hereafter there will be no difference in the arrangement of the stars between the Army and Navy, as an agreement has been arrived at between the War and Navy Departments on the subject. Since July 4, 1891, the arrangement of stars in the flags ?..k jriSTOlilCAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL of the army and ensigns in the navy is as follows: ***** -^ ^ ******* ******* ******* ******** The national Hags hoisted at c-amjis or forts are made of Ixmting of American manufacture. They are of the following three sizes: The storm and recruiting flag, measuring eight feet in length by four feet two inches in width; the garrison Hag, measuring thirty-six feet in length, by twenty in width; (this Hag is hoisted only on holidays and great occasions.) The union is one-third of the length of the flag and extends to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top. The national colors carried by regiments of infantry and artillery and the battalion of engineers, on parade or in bat- tle, are made of silk, and are six feet six inches long and six feet wide and mounted on staffs. The field of the colors is thirty- one inches in length and extends to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top. The sizes of the flags used in the Army and Navy are not fixed by law, but are prescribed by Army and Navy reg- ulations. The Phkt<;ian or Liukrty Cap Ixsignia. — It will be noticed that in many illustrations the Phrygian or Liberty Cap ensigns the National colors, and that in several State Seals it ensigns a staff supported by the figure of Libei'ty. [See Seals of New York, North Carolina, New Jersey and a few others, and the United States flag, as illustrated in dictionaries and cyclopedias.] Upon a little investigation we learn that there is no law MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. or ;inthority t(i onsig-ii tlie Uii'tel States H;io- with the Pliry- o'ian Va\)\ nor is there any record in tiie War Departiiient showinj^' how or when the Ciistoni of |)hu■in^■ the C'aji upon t1a<4--stalVs in tlie early liistory oi" the I'nite.l States was estab- lished. 'I'he origin of the use ol' the I'liryi^ian or Liberty ('a|) in connc'ctiou w ith llags or eolors is said to date back to th(> year a. d. 44. l^ondon, Kngland, was then governed by a RoiniUi prefeet, and the niagistrates had over their tribunal or judgment seats a Phrygian C;U). The staff which su])- ]>orted the Cap was blue (the color of the Roman ])eo])le and arni\ ) and purple (re[)resentiiig t!ie II juiaii Senate and iiol)il- itv.) These colors were represi'iited like twisted ribl)ons. By putting on the '-Liberty Cap," the ])rerect was eni])Ower- ed to free a slave. {See I^r<').'<'\-< ''7',/r E/a// of tjw E nit id Statrs,'' p. 119.) TiiK Presii)EXt"'s FlA(;. — The President's thig is an of- licial flag that is displayed oidy in honor of the President of the United States. Its body is dai-k blue; it has a white ea- gle with outstretched wings, and in his claws a shield. Above the national bird and between liis wings are seven white stars, and beneath, three on either side of him, — thir- teen, emblematic of the original states. It floated over the ofiicial vesscd unnumbered times as it sailed up and down the Potomac with President Washington on board, and its de- sign remains unchanged. The Great Seal of the United States. — The origi- nal^ word aiyillunt, now translated into seal, is the diminu- tive of si(//ii(/it, defined as "a little image or figure'''' — by wdiich means records, statutes, etc., in all civilized countries are authenticated. In the British museum are twenty-tive thousand specimens of seals, including those of ancient Egypt, formed in clay. The senls of the middle ages were in gold, silver, lead and other substances. The bull from w hich the sovereign of England derives the title of "Defender of the Faith" is authenticated by a golden seal. Lead was more common for the papal bull — so-called from the bulla or seal appended. After the coming of the Normans, the kinos JO JlI.STOlUrAL AXJ) (iKOdRAPIIICAL DESKiNS PRESENTKi) FOK THE INITKI) STATES SEAT.'. and chief men used wuxen seals Avith ^'a hair from the head or beard in the wax as a token." * Shortly after the Declaration of ludenendence, Congress appointed a committee to prepare a seal for the infant repnb- lic; and Franklin, Adams and Jefferson employed a Swiss art- ist, Du Simitiere, to furnish designs and to illustrate such suggestions as were made by the conuuittee. The artist produced a device consisting of a shield supported on one side by the (ioddess of Liberty, and on the other by a rifle- man in hunting costume. The shield bore the armorial en- * E. T. Laiiflcriu Miitia/.ine ot Ainorican History, nay— June. I8!)ri, MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 signs of the countries from which America had mainly drawn her population. Franklin proposed for the device Moses lifting his wand and dividing the red sea with the waters destroying Pha- raoh's hosts, borrowing the motto from Cromwell, "Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God." Adams proposed the choice of Hercules; the hero lean ing on his club, with Virtue pointing to her rugged moun- tains on one hand and Sloth trying to persuade him to follow her flowery path on the other. Jefferson suggested the children of Israel in the Wilder- ness, led by a cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night. On the reverse he proposed to place representations of Hengist and Horsa, the Saxons from whom we are descended, and whose political principles are the founlation upon which our government is built. As a sort of compromise, Franklin and Adams asked Jefferson to combine their ideas in a compact description of the proposed seal, which he did in a paper now in the office of the Secretary of State at Washington. This composite design is a shield with six quarterings, which display the rose, the thistle and the harp; emblematic of Englan I, Scotland and Ireland; the lilies of France, the imperial eagle of Germany and the crowned i*ed lion of Hol- land. This was Du Simitiere's idea. The shield was bordered with a red ground, displaying thirteen gold stars linked by a chain bearing the initials of the states. The supporters were the Goddess of Liberty in a corselet of armor, in allusion to the then state of war, ana tlie Goddess of Justice with sword and balance. The crest was the eye in a radiant triangle, and the motto, E Plurihus Uninn. Around the whole were the words, "Seal of the United States, MDCCLXXVI. ;" reverse: Pharaoh pass- ing through the Red Sea in his chariot in pursuit of the Is raelites; Moses standing on a shore illumined by rays from a pillar of fire in a cloud. Motto, "Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God." It seems that no part of Adam's classic allegory was em- bodied ill this (lovicc. 38 HISTORICAL AND GlJiXUiAPIIKA L lie (■< III iiiiMitlcc rc|><)r1cil In llic ( 'mit iiiental Cuny-ress on tlir lentil (»f Aii.uiist. ITTf,. l.iit f..r soiiii' iVMSoii tlic affair was not placed on rcL-.oi- 1. On Mar.-li -'4, ITT'.t, Mr. Lnell of Massat-hnsetts, ^fr. Seott of Virginia, and Mr. lloiistoun of (Ti'oru,ia wore ai>})ointed to make anotlu>r design. Karly in Alav these ijeiitlenien re]ior1(Ml in favor of a si-al foui- incdies in diameter; a shield with thirteen diaii-onal reil and white stripes witli, for suiijiorU'rs, Peace with an olive brancli an 1 a warrior with a drawn sworl. Motto, Jii-U.i I'll pace, — For -war or peace. The reve;-^e side was to rejiresent I^iberty seated in a (diair holding- cap and staff. 'dotto, Si^iiijicr — Fort'Vt'r; and nndci-neath. the date. The rejioi-t was snhmitted, and resubmitted with sliu'lit modilications, hut w.is not acce{)ted; and so the matter rested until .V]»ril, ITSj!, when ]\iiddleton, Boudinot and Kutlel^e were a]ipointed a tldrd committee to ))re]iare a seal. l>ut their work seems to have resulted in failure to satisfy Con- gress, and on dune thirteenth of the same year the whole nnxtter was iinally referred hy tliat hoily to Charles 'I'homson, its secretary. lie jirocured several devices, amoiio- them an elaf)orate one by William Barton of Philadelphia, but none of tliem i7iet with congressional a])proval until John Adams, then in Ivon(h>n, sent iiini a design sti.i;-o-ested by Sir John Prestwich, an Enu'lisliman, wlio was a warm friend of America and an accomplislied antiquarian. TJie design was accejjtcd; and thus, after six years of fruitless effort on the ]>art of our own countrymen, we be- came indebted for our Jiational arms to a titled aristocrat of the kingdoiu with which we were then at war. * The following is a description of the die of iss."), which is a ];erfect representation of the seal a.s ])rovided by the committee in 1 78-2: f * Friiiicis /iiii'i Stniij', in Voiit'n's i^iini^aiiin'.i, M-iroh it, \fX\. t KXPI.ANATION or Hia!/X!.I)!C Tl'lOIS ITSKI) IN THE DkSCHIPTIONS OF Diivici's Fou A Skat.. Achiovpt)K>iit--:i rnniploro lier.il(li<5 CDinposition. Ar.i;ciit- tlio motal r-ihov. ropresontod convciUioniilly Ity a plain white Slll'!':u;t'. Azure the tinctiiii' liliic: in on'jr;nin}r roprosfiitod l>y shiidiiisis in liDri/.oii MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATE IS. 29 tal lines. Barry— flividert with bars. Canton— a part of the chief cut "'(1' on either the loft or right hand uppor corner, bounded by straight, vertical, and horizontal lines. Charged— bearing a charge, or fl^siire on the escutcheon. Chief— head or upper part of escutcheon from side to side, cut off horizon- tally iy a straight line, and containing properly one-third part of the dimen- sions of the escutcheon. Chevrons— bars, as the rafters of the roof leaning against one another. Coupe— cut otr evenly. Crest— part of the achievement borne outside of and above the escutcheon. Damasked— wrought with an ornamental pattern. Dexter— that side of a shield which is t.)ward the right of the one bearing it braced or fitted upon the arm . Displayed — ha>-ing the wings e.xpau'led. Kscuicheon —surface upse togeiher. Legend — inscription. Or— one of the tinctures, the metal gold, oft.Mi represented by a yellow col - or, and in engraving conventionally by dots upon a white ground. Ordinaries— common bearings usually bounded by straight lines— the old- est bearings. Paleways— divided into equal parts by perpendicular lines. Pal e— a perpendicular stripe in an escutcheon. Proper— having its natural color or colors. Quarter— one of the four parts into which a shield is divided by quartering. Kiiuge- red. Sable— black ; one of the tinctures; represented when the colors are not shown, as in engraving, by a fine net work of verticle and horizontal lines. Saltier— an ordinary, in the form of St. A.ndrew's cross, formed by two bands, dexter and sinister, crossing ea9h (ther. Sanguinated— stained with blood. Seme— covered with small bearings forming a pattern over the surface. Shield— the shield-shaped escutcheon used for displays of arms. Sinister— left-hand side of the person who carries the shield on his arm therefore the right-hand side of spectator. Supporter— the representaticm of a living creature accompanying the es- cutcheon, and either holding it up or standing beside it, as if to keep or guard it.— [E. T. Lander ow Cheat Seal in Magazine ov American HihTOitY For May— June, 1893. We add the explanation that the term, tinctcrk in heraliiy, indicates the color of the tield,— i. e. the surface of the shield ordesign used Tinctures are either (1) metal, (2) color strictly so called, or (JJ) fur. There aretwo mecals us- ed in heialdry— gold termed ok, and silver, argent — represented in painting by yellow and white. There are five colors used in heraldry, viz.: red, bhie, black, green and purple, distinguished respectively, by the terms, gules, AZURE, SABLE. vEKT and PURPURE. There were originally only two furs, Er<- MiNEandvAiR. The former is represented by black spots resembling those of the fur of the atiimal called the ermihc, on a white ground. Vair is said to have been taken from the fur of a squirrel, bluish-gray on the back and white 30 IIISTORIVAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL "Arms: Paleways of thirteen pieces, argent and gules; a chief a/ure; the escutcheon on the breast of the American eagle displayed proper, holding in his dext3r talon an olive l)ranch, and in his sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows, all proper; and in his beak a scroll inscribed with the motto: E Plukibus Untm. ("Many in one;" — many States in one confederation.) "For the Crest: Over the head of the eagle, which ai> pears above the escutcheon, a glory, or, breaking through a cloud, proper, and surrounding thirteen stars, forsuing a con- stellation, argent, and on an azure Held. "Reversk. a pyramid'anfinished. In the zenith an eye in a triangle, surrounded with a glory, proper; over the eye these words, Annuit CvEptis. {"God has favorei the un- dertaking.") On the base of the pyramid the numerical let- ters, MDCCLXXVI, and imderneath the following motto: Xovus OrdoSkclorum." ("A series of ages," denoting that a new order of things had commenced in this western world.) The interpretation of these devises is as follows: "The escutcheon is composed of the chief and pale, the two most honorable ordinaries. The pieces pales represent the several states, all joined in one solid, compact entire supporting a chief which unites the whole and represents Congress. The pales in the arms are kept closely united by the chief, and the chief depends on that union, and the strength resulting from it for its support, to denote the confederacy of the United States of America and the preservation of their union through congress. "The colors of the 2)ales are those used in the flag of the United States of America; white signifies purity and in- nocence; red, hardiness and valor; and blue, the color of the chief, signifies vigilance, perseverance and justice. "The olive branch and arrows denote the power of peace and war, which is exclusively vested in Congress. The con- stellation denotes a new State taking its place and rank among the sovereign powers; the escutcheon is borne on the on the belly, and expressed hy Mue and white shields, or bells In horizontal rows, the bases ot the white resting on the bases of fie blue. For further in- terpretation of heriildic torms see Herat-drv in any accepted cyclopedia. MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 hrcast of the American eagle without any other supporters, to denote that the United States of America ought to rely on their own virtue. "Reyeese. The pyramid signifies strengtli and dura- tion; the eye over it and the motto allude to the many and signal interpositions of Providence in favor of the American cause. The dates underneath is that of the Declaration of Independence; and the words under it signify the beginning of the new era, which commences from that date." ■ * The seal had been adopted by Congress less than six months previous to the signing of the preliminary treaty of peace with Great Britian, in 1782. It appears on a commis- sion dated September 16, 1782, granting full power and au- thority to General Washington to arrange with the British for the exchange of prisoners of war. After the ratification of the Constitution, this seal was formally declared, on Sep- tember 15, 1789 — when the Department of State was orga- nized—to be the seal of the United States. "Sec. 3. * * * That the st^al heretofore used by the United States in Congress assembled shall and hereby is declared to be the seal of the United States." * * * Its custody was subsequently given to the Secretary of State, ■who is empowered to aflix it to commissions, etc., which have received the signature of the President. Sec. 4. Anrl belt further enacted, thsit the t-aidSecretarv shall keep the said seal and shall make out and record and shall alBx thesMid seal to all civil commissions to officers of the United Siates t:) be app liiited by and with the advice and consent f)f the Senate, or bj' the President aione, Pr<)\idcd that the said seal shall not be affixed to any commissi, ;n before the same shall have been signed bj' the President of the United States, nor to any other instrument or act without the special warrant of the President therefor. All other legal instruments than commissions and exe- quators require a separate warrant signed by the President, authorizing a seai to be used. As a consequence of the ex- panded duties of the government, the seal of the United States is no longer attached by the department of state to the commissions of oflicers who are under some other depart- ment. This is a gradual change, beginning with the act of March 18, 1874, by which the commissions of postmasters * E. T. Lander, loc. cit. ',2 JIISTOIilCAL AND GEOGRAPIIUJAL are made out under the seal of the Postt>ffice Department. By the act of March 3, 1875, the commissions of officers of the Interior De])artment were transferred to that Depart- ment; and by the act of August 8, 1888, the ai)i)ointment of all judicial officers, marshals, and United States attorneys Avere ordered to be made under the seal of the department of justice. The United States seal is affixed to the commis- sions of cabinet officers, and to those of diplomatic and con- sular officers nominated by the President and confirmed by the senate; to all ceremonious communications from the President to the heads of foreign governments; treaties, con- ventions, and formal agreements of the President with for- eign powers; pardons, commutations of sentence to offenders convicted before courts of tlie United States; proclamations by the President; all exequators to foreign consular offices in the United Slates appointed by the heads of governments which they represent, and to warrants by the President in cases of extradition. The api)lication of a Great Seal was inherited from Eng- land, whose seal is pendant with ribbon. The description of the device indicates a seal pendant, with ribbon, correspond- ing to. the English custom; since 1869 a plaque seal has been used instead. A thin white wafer affixed to the surface of the document, at the left of the President's signature, re- ceives the impression of the seal. This is used upon treaties as well as all other documents to which the seal is appended. The method is favored on account of greater facility in the use of the wafer impression than with the pendant die, and because of the security which it gives, as the impression can- not be removed without mutilation of the document; while a pendant affixed by a ribbon to which the seal is impressed, in the manner customary in other countries, can be easily de- tached through intent or accident. * The reverse of the seal has never been cut, and no rea- * To constitute a valid seal at the oummon law there must be a tenacious substance adhering to the p'lpei- or parchment, and an imoression made upon it. An impression madi- ill the mattn'ial of the paper itsolt is sulflcient. The old comiiion law definition of a seal isth:it given by Lord Coke: "Sigillum est ccra imprussa." But it has long been held that instead of wax a wafer or oth- er tenacious substance on which an impression is or may be made a good seal. 3IISCELLAN'Y OF THE UXITEB STATES. 33 seems to be forthcoming, although the act plainly directs au obverse aud reverse, or the use of a double die; so that the present procedure seem technically illegal; it is certainly not authorized by law, that one half of the seal shall do duty for the whole. There have been three different dies of the Great Seal of the United States cut, viz: the die of 1782, the die of 1.S41 and that of 1885. The cutter of the seal die of 1782 and 1841 is unknown; that of 1885 by authority of Act of Congress, July 7, 1884, "To enable thf Secretary of stale to obtain dies of the obverse and re- verse of the Seal of the Unitei States and ihe appliances necessary for maklfcgr impressions from, and forthe preservation oC tame, one thousand dollars" was entrusted to Tiffany and Company of New York; the work in its heraldic and legal correctness devolving upon Mr. James Hortou Whitehouse, The die-sinker of 1782 and that of 1841 were cut in brass, that of 1885 in the finest steel; the seal die is three inches in diameter and weighs one pound six ounces. It is used in a screw press. The plate on which the paper is placed to receive the im])ression is of bronze. By au ingenious mechanism the impression can now be made with the eagle "head up;" in the former press with bulky documents this could not be done. Great Seals of Individual States. — The designs for State Seals are usually suggested by events in the Territorial ' history of the states, by the principles espoused by the new state governments, or by the stati's commercial and industrial resources and prosperity. The design of each of the State Seals bears an interest- ing significance; but we can only take space to present the illustration and description of two State Seals, viz.: New York and South Dakota. We select these States for the reason that the design of the New York Seal was originated in the early history of our Republic, and that of South Dakota in recent times, illustra- tiug the phenominal and substantial development of the West. In many of the Seals of states, admitted to the Union in the early history of the country, appears the figures of Liber- SJf JHSTOEICAL AND GEOGRAPHKJAL ty and Justice, with the heraldic device of arms. We have outgrown this lieraldic sentiment, that was once appropriate, and are now inclined to substitute designs representative of the characteristic resources of new states. The State of Washington receives its name in honor of General George Washington; and the design of the State Seal is the vignette of Washington, as a central figure, surrounded hy the words, "The Seal of the Spate of WASHixcrroN" and the figures, "ISS!)." Such a design is certainly in harmony with modern usage. Tt is probable thnt the fiijurediead of Libertv, as it ai)- ])ears on our coins, will be superseded in a few years, by the vignettes of some of our public men, who have been promi- nent factors in the history of the country. Keav York Passed May 20, 1S82; three- fifths being present. The People, of tit i' State of yet r- York, represented in Seiiote tiitd AsxetnbJy, do enact osfoJIotrs: Sectiox. 1. The device of this state as adopted March sixteenth, seventeen hundred and seventy-eight, is hereby declared to be coiTectly described as follows: CiiARciK. Azure, in a landscape, the sun in fess, rising in splendor, or, behind a range of three mountains, the mid- dle one the highest, in base, a ship and a sloop under sail, passing and about to meet on a river, bordered below by a shore fringed with shrubs, all propei*. Crest. On a wreath, azure and or, an American eagle, proper, rising to the dexter, from a two-thirds of a globe terrestrial showing the North Atlantic ocean with outlines of its shores. Supporters. On a quasi compartTuent formed by the extension of the scroll. Dexter. The figure of Liberty proj)er, her hair dishev- eled and decorated with ))earls, vested azure, sandaled gules, about the waist a cincture or, fringed cules, a mantle of the 3ns CELL ANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 last depending from the shoulders behind to the feet, in the dexter hand a staff ensigned with a Phrygian cap or, the sin- ister arm eiubowed, the hand supporting the shield at the dex- ter chief point, a royal crown by her sinister foot dejected. 81XISTER. The figure of Justice proper, her hair di- sheveled and decorated with pearls, vested or, sandaled, cinct- ured and mantled as Liberty, l>()und about the eyes with a fillet proper, in the dexter hand a straight sword hilted or, erect, resting on the sinister chief point of the shield, the sinister arm embowed, holding before her her scales proper. Motto. On a scroll below the shield argent, in sable Excelsior. South Dakota. The Seal of South Dakota as adopted by the State Legislature is described as follows: — A circle >vithin which appears in the left ioreground a smelting furnace and other features of mining work. In the left background a range of hills. In the right foreground a farmer at his plow. In the right background a herd of cattle and a field of corn. Between the two parts thus described appears a river bearing a steamboat. Properly divided between the upper and lower edges of the circle appears the legend "Un- der God the People Rule," which is the motto of South Da- kota. Exterior to this circle and within a circumscribed circle api)ears in the upper part, the words "State of South Dakota," In the lower part the words "Great Seal," and the date in Arabic numerals of the year in which the State was admitted to the Union. The United States Motto: "E Pluribus Unum." — The motto of the United States, as a motto, no doubt is due to the introduction on a design for the Great Seal as presented by the committee, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, August 10, 1776. Its api)li- cation at that time being significant. Preble's "History of the Flag'" (jtage 482) is tlie oiilv 36 HISTORICAL AND GEOGIiAFIIICAL reference of a tracing as to a probable derivation of the ]>hrase that seems to be in print. At about the time of the Revolution; the Gentleman'' s 3Ia(jazine had a popular circu- lation in .the colonies; the motto of its title page suggested it. The title to the lirst volume of the Gentleman'' s Maga- zine, ITSI, has the device of a hand grasping a bunch of Howers, and the motto E Pluribus Unvm; and with this number the motto disappears, being followed by Prudesse et Delectare ("to benefit and to delight") on subsequent num- bers, until reappearing on the second volume (1732) combined Proilesne et Delectare [device of a hand grasping a bouquet] E Pluribus Unwn — and thus continued on the title page until 1S88, when discontinued. It occurs in a Latin i)oem ascribed to Virgil, called Moretnm. It is a description of an ancient Italian peasant's morning meal with incidental suggestions of his mode of life generally. The Moretuia is a species of pottage made of herbs and cheese, which with the help of his servants he con- cocts before dawn; he grin Is up the various materials with a pestle, then, says the poet: [Line 103.] It Hiatus in g-yriim, pauUatam sinj?ula vivre?, Dependunt propries; color est E I'luribus Unum. [Lippincott's Magazine February, IBuS.J See "U. S." by Alalcolm Tovnsend. National Sobriquets. — Brother Jonathan. — When General Washington, after being apppointed Commander of the Army of the Revolutionary War, went to Massachusetts to organize it, he found a great want of ammunition and other means of defense; and on one occasion it seemed that no means could be devised for the necessary safety. Jona- than Trumbull, * the elder, was then Governor of Connecti- * Note that there were two Jonathsiu Tiunilmlis, aiifl both Go\eruor.s of Connecticut. Jonathan Trumbull, LLI")., the orig'inal "Brother Joiisithan," was born in Lebanon, Conn , Oct, 12, 17)0, died there Aur. IT, ITSj. H .^ was elected to the t<-eneral assembly of (Connecticut in 17o3, and became speaker of that body in lTli9. He was chosen an assistant in K40 and was re-elected 'ii times. In 17()T and 1TG8 he was elected deputy governor and in 1TC9 h'^ was elected governor of the colony, which olfice ho held till 1783, when he resig-ned. Jonathan, his son, was born in Lebanon, Conn., March 26, 1740, and 4ied jhere Aug. 7, 1S09. In 1780 he became secretary and first aide-de-camp of Washington, with whom he remained till the close of the war. In 1796 he was elected \W.\i- tenant aovernor of Connecticut and governor in 1797, which ortice he held till time of his death. John Trumbml, the American painter, was a brother of the younger Jonathan. See T. W. Stewart's "Life of Jonathan Trumbull, sen." MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 cut; and the General, placing the greatest reliance in His Excellency's judgement, remarked, "We must consult Broth- er Jonathan on the subject." The General did so, and the Governor was successful in supplying many of the wants of the army; thenceforward when difficulties arose, and the army was spread over the country it became a by-phrase, "We must consult Brother Jonathan," so that the name be- came a designation for tlie country as a counter part of "John Bull" for England. UxcLE Sam. — Immediately after the declaration of war with England in 1812, Elbert Anderson, of New York, then a contractor, visited Troy where he purchased a large quan- tity of i)rovisions. The inspectors of these articles at that l>lace Avere Ebenezer and Samuel Wilson. The latter gentle- man (universally known as "Uncle Sam") generally superin- teiuled in person a large number of workmen, who on this occasion were employed in overhauling the provisions pur- chased by the contractoi'. The casks were marked "E. A. — U. S." Their inspection fell to the lot of a facetious fellow who, on being asked the meaning of the mark, said he did not know unless it meant Elbert Anderson and Uncle Sam, alluding to Uncle Sam Wilson. The joke took among the workmen, and passed currently; eventually being adopted synonymous with "Brother Jonathan." Derivation of "Yankee." — The derivation of the term Yankee is attributed to several sources. We give two which are most currently accepted. The exact original in- troduction of the term into the English will forever remain a mystery. I. "A farmer of Cambridge, Mass., named Jonathan Hastings, who lived about the year 17 1:5, used it, as a favor- ite cant woi'd to express excellence, as a Yankee good horse, or, Yankee good cider. The students of the college hearing him use it a great deal adopted it and called him Yankee Jon- athan; and as he was a rather weak man the students, when they wished to denote a character of that kind would call him "Yankee Jonathan." Like other cant words, it spread, and came finally to be a))plied to the New Englanders, as a jocose ,W UlsT (iEiXrRAPlIK'AL ]»et iianio. Since then the term has been extended to any Anu'ricaii of tlie Northern States." — Milttdr;/ ./(>iini<(I{ Tli-lisli or tlie French word Aii(il.->., Venuliis. Vanghis, Yankees. Yankee Doodle. — > 'The story runs tliat 'Yankee Doo- dle' was composed by a British ofhcer of the Kevohuion with a view to ridicule the Americans, who, by the English bloods of that time, by way of derision, were styled Yankees." — ///x- fnrlrdl Colh'ffi'Hi^t (1)1 I J[i>nf]ih/ Liii,rai->i JoiiriKil^ Vol. III. ''Among the clnl) of wits that belonged to the British armv there was a [diysician attached to the staff (175.5) by the name of Dr. Shackburg, who combined with the science of the suroeon the skill and talents of a musician. To })lease Brother Jonathan he composed a tune, and with much gravi- ty, recommended it to the officers as one of the most celebra- ted airs of martial music. The joke took, to the no small amusement of the British corps. Brother Jonathan exclaijn- ed it was 'nation tine,' and in a few days nothing was heard in the provincial camp but the air of 'Yankee Doodle." Lit- tle did the author or his coadjutors then su])pose that an air made for the purpose of levity and ridicule should ever be marked for such high destinies. In twenty years from that time out national mandi inspired the hearts of the heroes of Bunker Hill, and in less than thirty Lord Cornwallis and his axmy marched into the American lines to the tune of 'Yan- kee Doodle.' " — /"Vo/y/ (tiiohljih' of tlx- Alhnnii Sfiitt'.'miiin, edited hy N^. G. Carter. E)i(j. "Parson Junior" says in the United States Miajiiziiw and Demovr (it ic Review \yo\. V. pp. 218-221, published by Langtree and O' Sullivan in 1839] that "Y'ankee Doodle" is of classic origin, and that it was chanted by the tuneful sons and daughters of Miletus, certainly in the days of Herodotus, and perhaps in those of Homer. [Considerable matter of interest on this topic maybe found in Townsend's " ?^\ X.," pp. 4:55-41.] PART II. It/ United States. An Historical and Geographical Miscellany of t United States. COMPILED BY JESSE W. BONNELL. PART II. Outline of the Territorial Development of the United States.— Origin and Derivation of the Karnes of the States and their Capitals.— Origin of the Xieknames of the States.— Ori- gin of the .Yietnanies of the People of the States.— PI aee of first Settlement.— Mottoes of the States. Introduction. — Many of the names of the States are derived from the Indian and the reader will notice the sever- al origins from which the name may have been taken. The question naturally arises: Why this diversity of opinions? i he reason will be found in the nature and conditions of the Indian languaoes. "In the first place we are not to suppose that the various Indian tribes had but one language, or that the language the different tribes sjieak are necessarily re- lated. Very far from it. When the first white man ap- peared among the Indians of our country it is safe to say that they talked to each other of the strange apparition in not fewer than three huiuired different languages, and in al- most numberless dialects. "What is moi*e strange, when scholars came to classify these languages they discovered that they fell into nearly sixty groups or families, so distinct one from another that. it seems as though each must have had a ditt'crcnt oriu^in." J^2 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL (See YimtlCs Companion^ Vol. 65, No. !).) Again, it is difficult to represent the spoken language of the Indian by a written language, on account of the j)ecul- iarity of its grammar. "Not only the subject noun, but its qualities and its position, the persons, nominative and objec- tive, and the action of which it is the active, passive, or re- flective object, are all indicated in a single expression. This concrete character of the language gives to some of its words a copiousness of ex})ression which a rigid monosyllabic lan- guage does not possess; and the meaning conveyed by some single Indian words would, in the English language, require an entire sentence for its explanation. The great art requi- site is to seize upon the principles of combination. The ob- jection to this process of word-making is that the expressions are inconveniently long, which defect is not, however, ap- parent in an oral language, but is very strikingly developed when it comes to be written, — and written, as it usually is, without the aid of accents to guide the pronunciation. * * * * The languages seem to be replete with resources when applied to the phenomena of nature. The heavens and the earth appear to constitute, in the imagination of the Indian, a symbolic volume which even a child may read. All that relates to light and shade, to color and quality, to purity or impurity, to spirit or matter, to air or earth is blended with the subject noun, and is indicated at one exhalation or j^ro- longation of the breath, In the sky, cm the sky, or imder the sky; in or on the water; by or on the shore; in ov'on the tree; black or blue clouds; dear or muddy water; deep or shal- loxc streams; up the river or doiim the river; in heaven or on the earth, are each but single words of a simple derivative character. * * * Thei-e is poetiy in their very names of places. Ticondaroga, the place of the separation of waters; Dionderoga, the place of the inflowing of the waters; Sarato- ga, the place of the bursting out of the waters; Ontario, a beautiful prospect of rocks, hills and water; Ohio, the beau- tiful river, — these and a thousand other names which are familiar to the ear denote a capacity for, and the love of har- mony, in the collection of syllables of poetic thought." (See MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. A3 ''■The Indian Tribes of the United States, 'N oh I, Chap. III.) The mixture of the French language with the Indian and the resemblauoe in some cases of the Indian to the Span- ish language and also the resemblance of the roots of words, from various tribes, of different meanings, all have a tenden- cy to make the meaning and origin of many Indian deriva- tions doubtful. [Note:— In writing of the Inter- Colonial Wars we men- tion 'the Five Nations in one instance and the Six Nations in another. The terms "Five Nations" and "Six Nations" are only other names for the Iroquois. The name, Iroquois, de- notes Five Nations, for the Iroquois numl)ered iive nations in the beginning. In 1712 they admitted the Tuscaroras canton making a sixth nation; in 1723 they received a seventh nation and afterward an eighth, and we believe still others. The Ii'oquois are most commonly known as the Six Nations, most presumably because they consisted of six cantons or na- tions while figuring most conspiciously in American history.] In taking up the matter to be presented on individual states it is found most convenient to take them as they occur in sectional groups, beginning first with the Northeastern or New England States. New England. — Smith's General History notes, "That part of America in the ocean sea opposite Nova Albion in the South Sea, discovered by the ever memorable Sir Francis Drake in his voyage about the world in regard- whereof this is styled New England, being in the same latitude." * Lossing in a foot-note states, "It was so called (by Cap- tain John Smith) because of the resemblance that is in it of Enghmd, the native soil of Englishmen. It being much the same for heat and cold in summer and winter, it being cham- paign ground; but no high mountains, somewhat like the soil in Kent and Essex; full of dales and meadow grounds, * The Pacific Ocean discovered by Balboa, was'called by him the South Sea, because he saw it to the south of him. Albion was an ancient name for England and was once supposed to mean the "Country of the White Cliffs," Drake saw a part of the Pacific coast of America, which, perhaps, reminded him of the chalk clifls of his native land Iience he called it Nova Albion,— Nova, New, Albion, Eng-land. U HISTORICAL AXI) (iEOGliAPlIIiJAL full of rivers and sweet springs, as P^iiglaiid is. But priiiei- ])ally, so far as we can find, it is an island, and near al)out the quantity of Ensrland, cut out from the main hiixl in America, as Enola.id is from Europe, by a great arm of the sea, whicli entereth in 40", and runneth up north and west by west, and goeth out either iuto the South Sea or else into Bay of Canada. The certainty whereof and secrets of which we liave not yet so found as that as eye-witnesses one can make narration thereof; but if (iod give time and means, we shall, ere long, discover both the extent of that river, togeth- er with the secrets thereof, and so try what territories, hab- itations or commodities may be found either in it or al)Out it." The above is from an ad Iress any was the old London Comj)anv re- MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES, ir, organized unclei* their charter of 1609.) In 1622 Sir Ferdinando Gorges, governor of Plymouth in England and Captain John Mason former governor in New Foundland obtained a patent for the country along the coast of New England between the Merrimac and Kennebec Rivers, and back to the St. Lawrence, under the title of the "Prov- ince of Laconia." Mason and Gorges had agreed to divide their territory at the Piscataqua River and in 1629 they dis- solved their patent, Mason taking the country lying west of the Piscataqua, which he named New Hampshire; and Gorges took the country east of the Piscataqua, which he named the "Province or County of Maine." Massachu- setts claimed the latter territory and }»aid the Gorges heirs six thousand dollars for it. In 162l'the Council granted to Sir William Alexander, Earl of Sterling, the French possessions of Acadia between the St. Croix and St. Lawrence Rivers^, to be called "The Loi'dship and Barony of New Scotland." A second grant was made him in 1635, of the country between the St. Croix and the Kennebec, called Pemaql id, together with the isl- ands of Long, (occupied by the Dutch,) Nantucket, and Mar- tha's Vineyard. Nearly all of both the Sir Alexander grants was after- ward embraced in Massachusetts, and from 1696 to the time of the admission of Maine to the Union, in 1820, all of the latter (Pemaquid) grant. The section described as "that portion west of the Ken- nebec River and north of the right line connecting the con- fluence of the Kennebec and Dead Rivers and Lake Umbagog" appears never to have been in the Province of Maine, or Massachusetts Bay, or State of Massachusetts. "If this view be correct,"" says Francis R. Walker in Seventh U. S. Census, "then this tract was a parcel of the original public land of the United States as detini'd by treaty with (Treat Britain." The north-east boundary between ^hiine and New Brunswick was not settled till 1842, when by the A\'el)ster- Ashburton Treaty the I^iiited Stati's recei\ed seven-t welflhs Ui> IIISTOniCAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL of the disinited territory and the Britisli settlement of Mad aw ask a. Thus, the District of Maine was a part of ^lassaehusetts till March 15, 1820, when it was admitted as a State. The act admitting the State of Maine, was a i)art of the famous JNlissouri Compromise. The first regular government establisiu-d within the hoi'- ders of Maine was at Saco, on March 28, l(j:Ui, by Wiiliaai CJorges, nephew of Sir Ferdiuando. Till' first settlement was made at Bi'istol by the French in l<)2r,. Different autliorities do not agree as to the origin oi the name, Maixk. Varney, [History of Maine] says, "In 16:^9 Gorges pro- cureil a royal grant of land extending from the Piscitaqua to Kennebec. The name of the territory under the new charter was changed to ^LiIhc in honor of the queen [lieiirietta Maria, wife of Charles I.] w'hose patrimonial estate, as Prin- cess of France, \^•as the French Province of lluijne.''' I Note. — Such is the prevailing impression as to the origin of the name; the Province of Maine in France did not appertain to the queen, but to the crown; nor is it discover- able that she possessed any interest in that province. — Jlis- toricdl /Soc, JF'olso)n''s Address.] The name was first authoritatively and deliberately ap- plied, and most accurately to that part west of the Kennebec River, in the charter granted by the great Council of Plym- outh to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason dated August 10, 1622, wherein it is called the "■Province of Maine." [This was nearly two years before the Pruic?3ss Henrietta was thought of for a wife to Prince Charles of England.] At the time this name appeared in the Charter, a marriage treaty was pending between Prince Charles and the Infanta Maria, daughter of Phili]> III. of Spain — a mar- riage not effected till early in the year 1624. The geographical features of the country w^ould tend to give it the name years before the Gorges-Mason charter, the territory being commonly designated as 77if 3[(ihi by MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. J,7 mariners and writers; i. e., the main-land — -variously spelled, to distinguish it from its insular parts lying about the coast. The capital of the State of Maine is Augusta, which re- ceived its name in 1737, after the English Princess Augusta Charlotte, eldest grand-daughter of George II. The Indian nauie v^f the locality was Ci(shiinc. Maine is nicknamed the "Lumukr State," the inhabi- tants being engaged largely in cutting and rafting lumber. Also the "Pink-tree State," because its pine lumber is abundant and extensively used in the ship building industry. The nickname "Foxes" is locally applied to the people of Maine, as the lives of many of its })eople are passed in the woods wliich abound with foxes. The motto on the State Seal is yy/r/yo, meaning, "I di- rect. " New Hampshire. — This State like Maine and Massa- chusetts has a very intricate history, and it is impossible to give with any satisfaction in this connection the lull details of the changes in its boundaries and government up to the time of the adoption of the Constitution. Mason and Gorges who had obtained a patent for the country along the coast of New iingland between the Merri- mac and Kennebec Kivers, and bacR to the St. Lawrence un- der the title of the "Province of Laconia, " agreed to divide tiieir territory at the Piscatauqua liiver and in lH:i9 Mason obtained a patent for that part of tlie main land between the mouth of the Merrimac River, Cai^e Ann and the mouth of the Piscataqua, from the montb of the Merrimac River, through the river and up into the country sixty miles, from which point to cross overland to the head of the Piscat- aqua River, sixty miles from its mouth. He built a house at the mouth of the Piscataqua, in Ki^l, and nam- ed ttie si)Ot Portsmouth. He had l)ceii governor of Ports- mouth, in Hampshire county, iinglaud; and these names he transferred to his new territory and hrst permanent set- tlement. Four years afterward he died, and his widow tried in vain to manage his large landed estate, and it passed into the possession Of the retainers in payment for their services. JfS JIISrOEICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL These settlers, now being left to themselves struggled along under many diffieulties until 1641, when they formed a union with the flourishing Massachusetts Colony. "Three times, either by their own consent or by royal authority they were joined in one colony and as often sei)arated," until 17 + 1, when New IIami)sbire finally became a distinct royal prov- ince and so remained until the Revolution. Massachusetts afterwards set up her claim to all of New Hampshire under the clause in its charter of 1629 making its iu)rthern limits three miles north of any part of the Merrimac River. Commissioners were chosen by the two colonies, but failing to agree, it was referred to the King. lie refused to place New Hampshire under the jurisdiction of Massachu- setts, deciding (1737) that the line between the States should run three miles north of the Merrimac and parallel to it from its mouth until it reached the most southerly point of its course, from which it should run due west until it met witii His Majesty's other governments. This line was run in 1741 at which time also, the line on the Piscataqua was also settled.* This line, while it settled the controversy be- tween Massachusetts and New Hampshire, opened another dispute, which lasted for a quarter of a century. Fort Dum- mer, and the few settlements west of the Connecticut were found by this line not to be in Massachusetts. The King repeatedly called upon the New Hampshire legislature to make provisions for the support of Fort Dummer. The pre- sumption grew up that the jurisdiction of New Hampshire extended west as far as that of Massachusetts; that is to say to a line twenty miles east of the Hudson River. In the meantime a correspondence had arisen between the govern- ors of New Hampshire and New York, in which the latter, under an old grant from Charles II. to the Duke of York claimed all the land west of the Connecticut River. As, however, this grant would have covered the lands in Massa- chusetts and Connecticut west of the river and no claim had * The King: director representatives of both proviaces to jointly make a map in aoct)rclance with his general directions, but Massachusetts not obeying New Hampshire did the work alone; hence no strictly lea-al line exists, and a strip of the Morrimac valley is doubtful ground to this day. MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. W been established against those })rovinces, the governor of New Hampshire paid no heed to the pretentions of New York. (See Vermont.) Townsend in his "U. S." says in reference to the aj)- plication of tha name New Hampshire: "This naming of the section was concealed by him (Mason) in his last will. In 1661 through discussions consequent upon the claims of his heirs this designation was introduced for the first time. After New Hampshire had been defined and named,* Laconia, was ti-ansferred to apply to a not very well-defined extent of territory lying about Lake Champlain granted by the Great Council to Gorges and Mason." Concord is the capital. Early English settlers named the place Rumford, after a certain Benjamin Rumford; changed to Concord to commemorate the exi)ression of an unanimity in a land controvers}'. New Hampshire is called the "(tRaxitk Statk," the mountainous portions being largely composed of granite, which is mined to a great extent. Also called the "Switz- KRLAXD or America" in reference to an imaginary simi- larity in mountain scenery. The people are alluded to as the "Granite Boys." This State has no motto. Vermont. — The early history of Vermont is the his- tory of the "New Hampshire grants." In 1749 Benning Wentworth, governor of New Hampshire, made a grant of a township six miles square, situated as he conceived on the western borders of New Hampshire, being twenty miles east of the Hudson River, and six miles north of the Massachu- setts line. This township he called Bennington. He grant- ed also fifteen other to^-nships; but the breaking out of hos- tilities between England and France })Ut a sto}» to applica- tions. In the meanwhile a correspondence had arisen be- tween the governors of New Hampshire and New York re- lating to New York's claim to all the land west of the Ilud- * Laconia is said by some to bo au adaptation of the Grecian IN>loponesia» country name, while others consider it to refer to the numer.ms lalves of that territory, or possibly to Lake Ontario, to which some authorities believe the frrant originallj' extended. .->{) UISTOJIK'AL AND (JEOGIiAPlIICAL son Kivcr. Alter the close of the French and Indian War the gov- ernor of New Hampshire resumed the granting of townships, and in tlie course of two or three years issued grants to the inniil>c-r of one liuudrcd and ninety-eight, llhe fees on each were about one luuidred dollars. In each township he re- s(i\C(l ti\c liimdred acres for himself, and in this mode he aiHMiinulatcd :i large forliiiic. These i)erquisites were emol- uments which Xcv\ York was determincvl iu)t tamely to re- lin(|uish and a war of proclamations forihw itii coninu'iiccil. This coiitvovcrsv, the histor\' nf wliicli would make a volume in itself, lastcel till 179U, when Xi'W \'ork was not onlv wiHiuij; l)ut anxious that Vei'mont, as the territory of New riam])shirc gi'ants were now known, should come into the Union. The position of things had (duinged, and Ver- mont ^vitll her two seiuUors could do New York and the northern intt-rest hcttci" service than if her territ<»i-y were an integral pai't of any other State, and could, therefore, add nothing to the weight of the Northern States in the Senate. The (jucstion of jurisdiction had long since been relintjuish- ed, and the only point to be determined was in regai'd to the conflicting land titles, and the claims of those adherents of New York wlio had been dispossessed and expelled from Ver- mont. Commissioners were ap])ointed by the two states, who met and defined the boundary as claimed by Vermont, and agreed u])on the sum of thirty thousand dollars to be paid by Vermont to New York for the extinguishment of the disputed titles; and thus put an end to the controversy which Lad lasted twenty-six years. * On March 4, 1791, Congress admitted \'ermont to the l^nion, it being the first state admitted under the Consti- tution. In 17 77 the inhabitants declared the territory to be an independent State undCr the name of "New Conxkctrtt (dias Vermont." Vermont, signifies "(Treen Mountain" — nrd, green, and monf, mountain. The first ])ermanent settlement in Vermont was inade in •* See Lippiiicott'.-; "(^iilniiot History at Vcrmuut," IWC. MI S CELL AX Y OL' THE UNITED ^TAIE^. ',1 J 724 in tht' south-eastern corner, on the land now embraced Mitliin the town of Hrattleborongh. Tliis jxtst was called Fort Dumnier and was sii|)])osed, as has already been noted, to be Avithin the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. MoNTTKLiKR is the Capital, and the uaiue is from the French, translated a "little or lesser mountain," probably suellier a town in France, which receives its appellation from its Latin name Moiik I\s,HKJi. The State is very a]ipro))riately called the "(trkkx MorxTAix State/' The people are frecpiently allude(ii{KK\ MoiNT- AiN Bovs," from livintf amony- the (xreeu .Mountains. The motto of Vermont is "Freedom and Fnity." Massachusetts. — The coast of Massachusetts was ex- plored by John and Sebastian Cabot in 140 7. Several at- tempts were made to colonize its borders, but the first suc- cessful one was that of the pilgrims, 102 of whom sailed from Plymouth, England, Sept. 6, 1620, landing on Plymouth Rock, Dec. 11. Its subsequent history is very complicated; and the early history of its boundaries and government, and also of its educational growth and influence needs to be stud- ied very carefully by earnest students of American history. To inspire the reader and student with the spirit of in- vestigation we will state that Massachusetts within its jues- ent boundaries has been reduced from the territorial grant made to the Massachusetts Bay Company in lti2!», which in- cluded "all the land lying between a ])oint three miles south of the southernmost point of the Charles liiver and Mas- sachusetts Bay, and three miles north of the Mcrrimac 1-Jiver or any part thereof, extending from the ^Vtlantic Ocean to the South Sea (Pacific Ocean). This grant was considerably prescribed by subsequent grants to other colonics. In 17h;{ Massachusetts, under her title of 1029, laid claim t-o all of the j»resent State of New York west of the Delaware b(>tween 42^ 2' and 44^ (44- being a line drawn west three miles north of the source of the west braiu-h of the Mi-rrimac) and all be- tween the Great Lakes and the Mississij)))i from 42' 2' to 4:i- 1")' (4:i ■ 15' l)eiiig a line due west three miles iioi'th of the in- 52 IIISTOIilCAL AND GEOGliAPIIICAL flow of Lake Winuipisoegee, the eastern branch of the Mer- rimac. Why Massachusetts claimed 4:5- 15' in one case and 44 in the other, our authority, Mr. ]\Iac Coun finds himself unable to explain.) — [The reader will find it to his interest to read Tovvnsend Mac Conn's little book, "Ax Historical GE()(iRAiMiv OF THE UxrrKi) States" at this point- It illus- trates by its maps what we are unable to reduce to writing.] The name Massachusetts is said by some to be from the Natic Indian word J/^/.s ^sv/.sv-;, contraction of Massa, great, inh-kii, mountain, ef, near, -'the ])lace of the great hills" [reference to the Blue Hills]. Roger Williams writes, "I have learned the Mi(ss<(c/ii(i«'tts were so called from the Blue Hills.'" Also said to come from two Indian words, itiplied to the State from the name prior to the Revolution; Massachusetts "Bay" Colony. "Old Colony," is applied to that section within the former limits of Plymouth Colony (the original settlement.) One province, "Massachusetts Bay Colony," subsequently formed in 1692 through the union of Plymouth and Massachu- * Tri-raountain, or Fremoat: this name Is preserved in Treinont Street. It appears to have been g-iven oriffinally to the middle liiM— ileauijti Hill— because of its three peaks, two of which have since been r.)iinded otf. The other two hills were Fort Hill (since leveled) and U'pp's Hill.— .Mo."«tg(jmery'8 Leading Facts of .Amkrican Histoky, p 82, Notk 8. ■>-'t IIISTOJilVAL AND GEOGRAFIIKJAL setts Bay Colonies. The latter name being preserved until the formation of the Union wlien the name of, '"State of Massachusetts" was aflo])te it is now marked bv a marble tabU;t. MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 55 Plantations (42° 2'), south by the sea and west by the South Sea, ignoring the presence of the Dutch. This, involving claims to northern Pennsylvania, led to a bitter contest of jurisdiction. In 17 74 so gi'eat had been the emigration that Connecticut organized these settlements into the County 2of M^extmorelaiid. The war interrupted the dispute, which was referred to the Continental Congress, and decided by a Federal Court in 1781 in favor of Pennsylvania. She, how- ever, still asserted her claim beyond the Western Pennsylva- nia line to all between 41- and 42- 2', and to the ]Mississi]>pi liiver. The State receives its ;:ame from the river, the Indian [MoheganJ word, (^itorMiighticot, meaning "long river," or as rendered by some "river of pines," by still others "land on a long tidal river." The Indian word is variously spelled, Quoncktacut, Quinni-tuk-ut, Quinetueqnet, Quenticutt. Schoolcraft notes Qiiinne, long, H!ini('j)y()iH//iij, "long w'ater place." The present name was substituted "bv ilie court," September 5, 1040. Connecticut is known as the "Land ok stkadv hahiis" in allusion to the staid depoi'tment of its inhabitants; also "Freks'I'Oxk State," from its c^uarries of freestone, used to a great extent for building purposes. It is best knoAvn as the "Nutmeg State," its inhabitants having such a reputa- tion for shrewdness, that they have been jocosely accused of palming off wooden nutmegs on unsuspecting juirchasers for ■>0 IIISTOBICAL AND GEO GRAPHIC AL the genuine article. The motto of the state is, (^ui tr 1691, the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware, becoming offended at the action of the council at Philadelphia, which he left to govern them, withdrew to themselves. Penn yielded to their action and appointed a deputy governor over them. In 1692 the monarchs, William and Mary, annulled Penn's right to govern his province and the Three Lower Counties were forced to reunite with Pennsylvania. Penn's rights were restored in 1694 and in 1702 he made provision for the permanent separation of the Three Lower Counties. The fii'st independent legislature in the Three Lower Coun- ties, or Delaware, was assembled at New Castle in 1703, but both Pennsylvania and Delaware were under the same gov- ernor until the Revolution. The State was named from the Delaware Bay and was so called in 1703 in honor of Lord De la War [Thomas West], a governor of Virginia in 1611. The name Delaware was first given to the bay by Capt. Samuel Argall, afterward Deputy Governor of Virginia, who came to this country in company with Lord De la War. After landing in Virginia he was sent out of the Chesapeake June 19, 1610, for provisions, and "caste anchor in a verie greate baaye," August 27, on which date he christened its waters. The bay being a widened mouth of the stream the name was afterward adopted to its source. DovKR is the capital of Delaware, named from a town in England. (Anglo. Saxon word meaning ferry.) The first settlement was made at Christiana near Wil- mington by the Swedes in 1638. Delaware is called the "Diamoxd State" through its small size, but great importance. It is also known as the "Blue Hen State." The Del- aware State Journal 1860 notes, that at the beginning of the Revolution there lived in Sussex County of the colony a gen- tleman named Caldwell, a sportsman and breeder of fine horses and o-ame-cocks. His favorite maxim was that "the character of the progeny depends more on the mother than the father, that the finest game-cocks depended on the hen rath- er than on the cock." His observation led him to select a 66 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL blue hen, and he never failed to hatch a good game-cock from a blue lien's egg. Caldwell distinguished himself as an offi- cer in the First Delaware Regiment for his daring spirit. The high state of its discipline was conceded to his exertions, so that when officers were sent on recruiting service, it was said that they had gone for more of "Caldwell's game-cocks;" but as Caldwell insisted that no cock could be truly game unless its mother was a blue- hen, the expression Blue Hen's Chickens" was substituted for game-cocka. Through Cald- well's popularity with his men the name "Blue Hen" was applied to the State. The people are called "Musk-rats," as the abundance of musk-rats and the smallness of the State implied that only musk-rats could get a foot-hold. The motto of Delaware is "Liberty and Independence." Maryland. — In 1632 Charles I. granted Maryland to Lord Baltimore. The limits of the grant were that section between latitude 40° (the southern boundary of the New Eng- land Company) and the Potomac River to its first fountain, and bounded on the east by Delaware Bay. The portion on the Delaware they found, however, in possession of the Swedes and Dutch. Here, on Chesapeake Bay, controlling the trade and highway through the mountains by both the Susquehana and Potomac, Lord Baltimore founded the only single proprie- tary government on our shores and the only one established with entire freedom of worship. {^See Pennsylvania.) Maryland was chartered as 2^ province, all others as col- onies. It was intended that the country granted by Charles I. in his patent to L(»rd Baltimore June 30, 1632, should be called "Crescentia," but when presented to the King for signature, in conformity to his wishes, the name of the IH-ovince was changed to that of Terra Marioi, "Mary's Land," in honor of his queen, Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV. of France. The capital is Annapolis, namely City of Anne, in hon- or of Queen Anne, who had favored the town w^th bequests. MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 67 Originally the settlement was named by Catholics St. Mary^s re-named Arundleton, after the Earl of Arundel, subsequent- ly Anne Arundel (prefix compliment to Queen Anne.) The State was first settled at St. Mary's in 1634. Maryland is sometimes called the "Old Link State," an allusion to the "Mason and Dixon's Line," and a refer- ence to the "line" between slavery and freedom. The people are called "Craw-thumpers." Lobsters are called craw-thumpers by the fishers — crato a corruption of claw, thionper, a long-shore localism meaning to bang — the banging or slamming motion of the lobster. The name ap- plied from the abundance of lobsters. The motto of the State is Crescite et Multiplicamini, "Grow or increase and multiply." At one time the seal was mislaid and the new die carried the above motto. The seal was originally pendant, for wax, and the mottoes, ob- verse, Fatti maschii parole femine, "Manly deeds, womanly words;" reverse, Coronasti nos, and Scuta bonce voluntatis turn., "You have crowned us with the shield of your good will." Virginia. — In 1783 each of the original states claimed that its title by charter or grant rested in itself and could not be vested in the confederacy without its own consent. Six of the States had well defined limits, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland. Seven of them under the sea to sea charters laid claim to all the western country. The Virginia claim was to all between 36° 30' and the Connecticut line, 42° 2' east of the Mississippi. Her claim was based on her charter of 1609, (her claim in reality cov- ered also both the Massachusetts and Connecticut claims), her treaty with the Iroquois is 1744, her conquest of the country during the Revolution and by occupancy of the country by numbers of her citizens under the organized gov- ernments of Augusta, Kentucky and Illinois counties. For details of the boundaries of Virginia, from first to last, the reader is referred to MacCoun's Historical Geography. The discoverv of this territory attending Raleigh's ex- 66- lIISTOIilCAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL pedition, was declared by Queen Elizabeth to be the most glorious event of her reign. As a memorial of her unmarri- ed state (in 1584) she named the country Virginia. Richmond is the capital. The name is from Richmond on the Thames; the name suggested owing to the analogy in situation. Virginia is termed the "Mother of Presidents," ow- ing to seven of the Presidents of the United States having been born in the State. Also known as "Mother or States," from her age; being the the first of the original thirteen states settled; a colony located at Jamestown in 1607. Also from its ex- tensive domain, out of which in whole or part originated Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky and West Virginia. The State is known, too, as the "Old Dominion." Berkeley proclaimed Charles II. King of England, Scotland, Ireland and Virginia; Charles w^as therefore made King in Virginia, by the supreme authorities of the colony, before he actually became so in England. Already when they were informed that Parliament was about to send a fleet to reduce them to submission, the Virginians sent, in a small ship, a messenger to Charles, at Breda in Flanders, to invite him to come over and be King of Virginia. He was on the point of sailing when he was called to the throne of his fat her. In gratitude to Virginia he caused the arms of that Province to be quartered with those of England, Scotland and Ireland, as an independent member of the empire. From this cir- cumstance Virginia received the name of "The Old Domin- ion" — coins with these quarterings were made as late as 1773. A "History of Virginia," by Capt. John Smith, pub- lished in 1629, contains a map of the settlements of Virginia, which at that time included New England, as well as every other part of the British settlement in America. Thereon our present Viginia is called Ould Virginia in contradistinc- tion to the New England Colony which is called New Vir- ginia. From the settlement of the Colony to the Revolution every letter of the King, every act of Parliament always des- MI ;S CELL ANY OF THE UNITED iSTATE/S. OU ignated Virginia as the "Colony and Z>om//?io?i of Virginia," consequently the application of Ould Virginia to the Old Dominion is easily perceivable. Called "Ancient Dominion," from the circumstance that Virginia was the original name for all the English Col- onies in America, "ye ancient settlements hereabouts." The people are called "Beadles," inherited from its Col- onial Days, through the introduction of the English beadles of the Court Customs. The motto of Virginia on obvei'se of State Seal is Sic semjyer tyrannis, "Ever so to tyrants," Reverse: Perseveran- (/(), "Perseverance." West Virginia. — "When the representatives 0\ the slave-holding States withdrew from Congress in 1861, the States they represented proceeded at once to pass acts of se- cession from the Federal Union and to establish a Southern Confederacy. The Constitution recognizing no power of States to secede, Congress proclaimed these States in rebel- lion and proceeded to employ coercive measures. West Vir- ginia counties refused to be bound by the Ordinance of Seces- sion passed by Virginia. Forming a legislature, which they claimed to be the real executive body, they gave the assent required by the Constitution to the organization of a new State, and applied for admission as West Virginia. Con- o-ress recOEcnized their action and the State was admitted June 19, 1863." In the convention from the thirty-nine counties that met to protest against the ordinance of secession, the name Kan- awha, after the principal river, was proposed for the new State, but it came into the Union with a different name from that contemplated. Wheeling is the capital of West Virginia. The name is from the name of the creek; weel in the Delaware signifies "human head;" is rendered local in the use of tW/, making "the place of the head." The legend being that in the early occupation of the Ohio Valley a white pioneer was killed at the mouth of the creek and his head cut off and hoisted on a })ok' whicli was left fastened in the ground as a menace for 10 III,STUltlCAL ANIJ (iEOGRAPIIliJAL other settlers. The letter h in its present spelling was thrown in, in the anglization of the word, the pronuneiation convey- ing its necessity. West Virginia like New IIami)shire is called the "Switzerland of America," in allusion to its wild moun- tain scenery. It is also called the "Pan-handle State." The term pan- handle was applied to that portion of the State embrac- ing the counties of Brooke, Hancock, Ohio, and Marshall, in the north, because of the general resemblance of the map of the State to a huge pan, with its handle extended northward. By a reference to a map it will be noticed that the counties named make up the narru.v strip of the State se[)arating part of Pennsylvania from Ohio. Someone afterward discovered that the counties of Jefferson, Berkeley, Morgan, Hampshire, Mineral, Hardy and Grant, on the extreme east of the State also formed a sort of handle to the pan, and dubbed it the Eastern Pan-handle in contradistinction to the other, or Northern Pan-handle. As to when the term was first apjjli- ed is probably not known. It was common in state news- papers and other publications twenty to thirty years ago. The term, "pan-handle," is now commonly applied to any narrow portion of a state extending between two other states, as the northern part of Texas and Idaho. The people of the State are sometimes alluded to as ' 'Pan- h andelites. " The mottoes on the Great Seal of West Virginia are, obverse: Montani semjiei' Kberi, "Mountaineers are always freemen." Reverse: Libertas et Jidelitas, "Liberty and fidelity." SOUTHERN STATES. North Carolina. — "On the restoration of the Stuarts, Charles II. rewarded a number of Noblemen * of England with a grant (1665) of all territory lying between .36^ :30' * These men had the same position as that of Lord Baltimore— that is, they were proprietors; and Caruliua, as it was then called, was a proprietary colony. Among' the proprietors were Earl of Clarendon, Duke of Albemarle and Sir Ashley Cooper afterward Earl of Shaftesbury, and in whose honor both the Ashley and the Cooper Kivers were named. They at once set to work lo de%'ise MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 71 and 29° of latitude and from sea to sea. "This embraced, on the north, ]>art of Virginia, and, on the south, the Spanish province of Florida. This territory, though one province, was soon settled as two colonies, the northern or Albemarle, and the southern or Carteret col- onies, each named after chief proprietors. Each from the first had separate governors, and finally in IBTO, because of the remoteness of the colonies from each other, and jealous- ies between the settlers and proprietors they were divided by the Company into North and South Carolina, Ten years later (1680) a settlement was made on the Ashley River call- ed Charleston. The Carolinas occu})ied the same relation to Virginia that Rhode Island did to the Plymouth and Massa- chusetts Bay Companies. Malcontents had settled on the Chowan, pirates preying on Spanish commerce made Char- leston their rendezvous and an impossible form of government pi'oduced so much irritation that in 1'729 the ])roprietors sold both Carolinas to the Crown and they becaine royal prov- inces, and so remained to the Revolution. a M-heiue of grovi'mmcut, and with the assistance of John Loelce, who subse- quently became famous for other thing's, they devised the most singular frame of goveinment which we have met with in America. It was called the "Fun- daiuentid Constitutions of Carolina," and was in etfeeta statement of the pro- posed constitution of suciety in the new colony. Locke and Cooper framed tlie Constitutions, which, it is said, was chiefly the production of the brain of the former. Cooper was then forty-seven years of iig:e, and Loclio only thirty- four and tutor of C)0per'g son. The political and religious system was care- fully laid down and ihe system of land tenure, t)gether with provisions for the administration of justice. The government contemplated was to be au ar- istocracy, at the head of which were to be the proprioiors. The country was to be divided into counties, each made up of eight "sciignories," eight "baronies," and twenty-four colonies, each to consist of twelve thousand acres. The pro- prietors were to own the "seigjiories," the common people the 'colonies." The "baronies" were to belong to the subordinate nobility, which was of two classes— first, the "landgraves;" second, the "caciques." Besides the "seign- ories," the proprietors (or their heirs) were to possess the following oBiceu- Palatine, chancelor, chief justice, constable, almiral, treasurer, high steward and chamberlain, and each of these officials was ti I be assisted by a court, in which the "landgraves," the "caciques," and the "commons" we re to be repre- sented. We have gone so far over the Fundamental Constitutions merely to give an idea of the utter inappropriateness of the instrument to the small, scattered and struggling colonies which had passed under the rule of the pro prietors. Although made by themselves, the proprietors seem to have appre- ciated the absurdity of their frame of government, forthey never heartily en- deavored to put it into force. And as for the coloni.sts, they would have noth- ing to do with it, and made up assemblies that passed liws to suit themselves. —Prom a book published by the Methodist Book Concbrn. 1'2 miSTOElCAL ANU GEOGEAMIICAL "In 1788 North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia claimed to the Mi8sissii)pi under the Carolina charter of 1665, to all between 36 ^ 30' and the Spanish line (31'^), Georgia carrying her claim north to the line of the source of the Savannah River, and North Carolina hers south to the South Carolina line, thereby leaving South Carolina a strip only twelve miles wide." It is not positively known when and where North Car- olina was lirst settled, but the first settlement was probably made somewhere about Albemarle Sound in 1663. The name, Carolina, was given in 1564, at the time of the first colonization by the Huguenots in the reign of Charles IX. of France; being called Carolana [Latin, Carolus, Charles]. The English later preserved the name in honor of Charles IL, of England. When the French first settled in Florida, they built a fort, mention of which is made, in Lat- in, as arx Carolina. Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina, and the name was given in honor of Sir Walter Raleigh who located a col- ony on Roanoke Island July 23, 1587. North Carolina is popularly known as the "Old North State," as designating it from South Carolina. It is also known as the "Turpentine State," from the large quantity of turpentine produced from its pineries. The people of the State are nicknamed "Tuckoes," a corruption of Tuck-a-hoe, Mohican Indian word Tauquauh, signifying bread, a curious vegetable [/Sclerotinm giganteum] of this section locally called Indian bread. Naturalists are greatly puzzled over its origin, as it is commonly found sev- eral feet under the surface; and, like the trufile of Europe, has apparently no stem, no leafy appendage connecting it with the external atmosphere. Generally found through the instrumentality of hogs, whose acute smelling enables them to fix upon the spot where they lie buried. They are usual- ly globular or a flattened oval shape with rather a regular surface, the large ones resembling somewhat a brown loaf of coarse bread. The size varies from an acorn to the bigness of a man's head. Mm CELL ANY OF THE UNITED STATE IS. 7. J Capt. Smith, in his MS. mentions a root called Tock- awhough '^growing like a Jfag, of the greatness and taste of a Potato, which jiasseth a tierce purgation before they may eate it, being poison whiles it is raw." '•Tar-heelers" is also applied to the people, sobriquet given during war times, that coming from the pineries they having tar on their heels, when called into action would hold their ground, as the tar would cause them ''to stick." The State has no motto. South Carolina. — (See NouiH Carolina. ) South Carolina ceded the twelve mile strip, extending from the Savannah to the Mississipjd, to the Government in 1787. See Tenxessek. The State was tirst settled at a spot known as Old Town, or Old Charleston, a few miles above the site of Charleston, about 1670. CoLL'MBiA is the capital. Columbia is the feminine of the word Columbus, in whose honor the name was adopted, and the creation of the emblematic goddess of the Country. It was applied through poetic justice to Columbus. Its first use is traced to Dr. Timothy Dwight (1752-1818) appearing in a popular song written by him which began: "Columbia, Columbia, to glory arise. The queen of the world and the child of the skies." The ballad, "Hail Columbia, happv land," was written bv Joseph Hopkinson (1770-1842). South Carolina is jiopularly known as the "Palmetto State," from the State arras, which bear a Palmetto tree. Also .from the Palmetto tree growijig in South Carolina, i^Chanufrops Hgstn'.f, Blue Palmetto.) The people are nicknamed "Weasles," a backwoods application to the natives. Also "Sand-hillers." "The Sand-hillers are small, gaunt and cadaverous, and their skin is just the color of the sand-hills they live on" — Olm^tedd. Bartlett notes: "A class of people in (xeorgia and South Carolina said to be the descendants of the 'jioor whites' who being deprived of work bv the introduction of slave-labor, took refuge in the /V// lIl.STonU'AJ. AN J) UEuallAriUCAL pine woods tliat cover the sandy lulls of those States, where they have since lived in a miserable condition. A friend suggests that the name conies from the Sand Hill Crane \Grus Cunadeusis], just as 'Corn Cracker' comes from the Corn Crake, another 'long legged' si)ecies." "RicE-HiRDs," is sometimes applied to the people. "The surrounding country [Beaufort, S. C.j embraces the best rice-tields of the South, so proverbially so indeed that the irreverent 'up country' are accustomed to call the aris- tocratic inhabitants of tlie region rice-hirds ; perhaps, also, in allusion to their worldly fatness."- — N. Y. Tribune. The mottoes of South Carolina are Animis opibusque parati, "Prepared in mind and resources; ready to give life and jjroperty;" and Dum spiro, sj/ero. Spes, "While I breathe, I hope." "Hope." Georgia. — "In 1732 General James Oglethorpe, a do- mestic reformer in Parliament, devised a scheme for settling- insolvent debtors in America. He obtained a grant of the land between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers for twenty- one years. Savannah, the first settlement, was founaed in 1733. The colony pi'ospered and stood as a bulwark be- tw^een the Spanish and Carolina settlements. Then it grew feeble, struggled on until the expiration of its charter, when it was turned over to the CroAvn, the trustees feeling that the scheme had been a failure. ''Georgia was the last State to make its cession of land to the Government. In 1788 she offered to cede to the United States that portion of the former British Province of West Florida north of the thirty-first parallel and which wasindis- })ute between the United States and Spain, but Congress de; clined to receive it until 1798. In 1802 she ceded her claims to all remaining territory w^est of the present limits." The colony was named in honor of George II. of England. Ati.anta is the capital. The name of the city was or- iginally Marthas oille. Atlanta was suggested (by the late Edgar Thomson of Philadelphia) owing to its geographical position; immediately on the dividing ridge, separating the mi^^ca'jLzaa^y of the united /state 8. 7 J Gulf and Atlantic waters. Georgia is popularly known as iIr' "Kmi-ikk Htatj-: of TiiK SouTii,'' it being the leading State (of the soutliern grouping) in its manufacturers, public and literary men. The people are nicknamed "Buzzards," from a State law toward protection of the buzzards, inflicting a heavy pen- alty upon any person killing or injuring them — the aim of the act being to encourage their increase, as the}'' act in t lie capacity of scavengers. The people of Georgia and Alabama are called "Gooueu Grabbers." The latest edition of Webster's Unabridged detines "Goober" as "a peanut;" and hence as the peoj)le of (xeorgia and Alabama are so extensively and enthusiastically engaged in raising peanuts, they are thus called. The mottoes of the State are: (Jhvcrtie: Wisdom, jus- tice, moderation. Ixeverse : Agriculture and commerce. Florida. — "lu 1513 Ponce de Leon, landing near the mouth of the St. John's River, gave the name of Florida to the country, then coasted along the whole peninsula and up the west coast as far as 27^ 30'. * The tirst definite bound- aries were established with reference to the claims of English Georgia and French Louisiana and embraced in addition to its present territory the maritime border of Alabama and Mississippi. It was ceded as a colony to England in 1763 and recovered by Spain in 1781." "The United States pur- chased Florida of Si)ain by a treaty proposed February 22, 1819, though it was not signed by the King of Spain until October 24, 1820, and not ratified by the LTuited States until F'ebruary 19, 1821, which ex[)lains the varying dates given by different histories." f "The L'nited States paid five mil- lions for Florida, and gave up all chiitns to Texas, condition- al upon S[)ain assigning to the L^nited States all her titles and claims to the Oregon country. The line between the two countries was to be the Sabine River to latitude 32 , * See map in Justin Wiusoi's "Niirrativo and Critical Htstory of America, " ascribed to Leonardo da Vinci witbin the next j'car or two, showing- South America, Florida and Racallaos as islands on the coast ot Asia. The map is reproduced in iMae Coun's "Historical Geography." t Biitnes' Bri( I History of U.S.. p. :J02. 76 IIIiSTOlilCAL AND GFAJ GRAPHICAL then due north to the Red River, west on the Red River to the lOOth meridian, thence due north to the Arkansas River, west on that river to its utmost source, thence due north to the 42nd parallel, thence due west to the Pacitic Ocean. [See Louisiana for the settlement of the dispute between Spain and the United States relating to the territory between the Mississippi and the Perdido Rivers.] On the signing of the Treaty with Spain in 1821 and the acquisition of East and West Florida it was organized into the Territory of Florida, with the limits of the present State. The same Act admit- ting Iowa March 3, 1845, also admitted Florida, thereby keeping the balance between free and slave States." The State was first settled at St. Augustine in 1565 by Menendez. Florida was named by Ponce de Leon (a Spanish navi- gator) in honor of his discovery of the land on Easter Sun- day, March 2V, 1513, which is called by the Spaniards Pascua Florida, "Holy day of Flowers," [Pascua same as Old English, Pasch, or Passover.] The capital is Tallahassee, a Creek Indian word, italuahassi, "old town," italua, "town," also attributed to tallefau, "a town," hassee, "old." Florida is populai'ly known as the "Peninsular State," from its natural formation. The name, "Fly-up-the-Creeks," is applied to the peo- ple, a local application to one of the crane family [Ihffnn'df's virescens], Green Heron, found on the marsh shores. The State motto is, "In God is our Trust." Tennessee. — It is said that De Soto explored the terri- tory now occupied by this State, and visited the spot where Memphis now stands. "The early history of Tennessee is that of the State of 'Franklin,' sometimes called Frankland, and is curious and interesting. As early as 1*758, before the settlement of Ken- tucky, the inhabitants of North Carolina had crossed the mountains and settled in the fertile region of the Cumberland River, until by 1*784 there were, perhaps, ten thousand of them. In this year the State of North Cai-olina passed an act where- MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 77 by her western lauds were ceded to the United States. There were many reasons for this in the minds of the legislature, l)nt the act aroused profound dissatisfaction in the minds of the inhabitants of the ceded counties, which inci-eased when Congress, at that time a long way off, as things were, did nothing at all about it. The frontiersmen were deserted. They had no government, no militia, nothing. They at once gathered together, called conventions, and elected delegates, and, meeting at Jonesborough, they made themselves into an independent State, to which they gave the name of 'Frank- lin,' and proceeded to adopt a constitution and send a peti- tion to Congress to be admitted into the Union. They had some difficulties about these measures, and they were by no means completed when the North C:u"o!inians changed their minds and thought they would rather keep their western lands to themselves. The legislature, therefore, repealed the act of cession, and arrangements were made for the adminis- tration of justice, and for the militia of the frontier counties. There were shortly two set-s of authorities in Franklin. There were two sets of law- makers. There were two sets of judges, who greatly disturbed their respective legal proceed- ings. There were two sets of taxgatherers, a superfluity which rendered both impracticable. Not to be too long, the result, which could hardly be doubtful, came in 1787. The better organization of the older State prevailed, and the rude arrangements of the mountaineers fell to pieces. Sevier, the Governor of the short-lived state, was ])ut on trial for trea- son. Various exciting events followed. Sevier was rescued and pardoned. He subsequently returned to his country, where he was quite as popular as ever. As for the former Franklin, North Carolina again ceded it to the United States in 17S9, and the next year it was joined to Kentucky to form the 'Territory South-west of the Ohio' " * It received a distinct territorial government in I7i)4 and on June 1, 179(5 was admitted to the Union with a constitution which was never submitted to a popular vote, but which Jeiferson pro- nounced "the most republican yet formed in America." * A book publisht'd by Mothodift Book Concern. 78 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL The South Carolina cession whicli had been united to it as part of the "Territory South-west of the Ohio" was again separated as the "Territory South of Tennessee." [In 1789, as already noted, North Carolina ceded to the Government the territory comprised in the present State of Tennessee, with the proviso that no laws should be enacted prohibiting slavery. Congress accepted the session and organized it with the twelve- mile strip received from South Carolina in 17 87 into the "Territory South-west of the Ohio River."] The State was first settled at Fort Loudon, thirty miles from the present site of Knoxville in 1756. In 1780 James Robertson crossed the mountains with a party and located where Nashville now stands. The name Tennessee is from the principal river, adopted in 1796. Indian Taensa», "river of the great bend." Also Tenas See, one of the chief villages of the Cherokee Indians, located at one time on the "Tenas See" River, said to signi- fy "a curved spoon." Nashville is the capitol. The place was first named, as a settlement, Nashborough in honor of Francis Nash of North Carolina, a brigadier- general in the Continental Array. In June, 1784, changed to Nashville. The State is popularly known as the "Big Bend State" from its principal river, also the "Volunteer State," ac- quired during the Seminole War, and War of 1812, from the large number of volunteer soldiers from the State. The people of the State are popularly known as Butter- nuts," from the color of the clothing worn during the Civil War. Also "Whelps" a nick-name copied from some au- thorities, but the origin of the application or the use of the word is not only unknown to prominent Tennesseeans and So- cieties, but the use of it is denied. Bartlett gives "Mud- heads" — "a nick-name applied to natives of Tennessee," but ()f[:ers no reason. The motto is "Agriculture, Commerce." Alabama.— In 1763 when the entire French possessions east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans, fell into the hands of the English, Alabama was incorporated first with MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 79 Georgia, afterward, in 1802, with Mississippi Territory. In March, 18 IV it was divided from the Territory of Missis- sippi by a north and south line equally distant from the Geor- gia line and the Perdido River on the east, and the Missis- sippi and Pearl Rivers on the west. It was admitted into the Union Dec. 14, 1819. The first settlement was made in 1702 on Mobile Bay by Bienville. The present site of Mobile was occupied nine • years afterward. The name, Alabama, was adopted in 1817, from its prin- cipal river, a Muscogee word, translated, "Here we rest." Biedma notes the word as AUbamo; a Portuguese narrator uses the word, Alie?7iann. Also an Indian tribe Alba (thick- et), Ai/almu (cleared place) literally "thicket clearers" locat- ed at the junction of the Tombigbee and Coosa Rivers. Montgomery is the capital, named after General Rich- ard Montgomery, [killed at Quebec, Canada, 1775.] Alabama is known as the "Cotton State," it being the central State of the cotton belt. The people are sometimes called "Lizards" as in Ala- bama's streams lizards are numerous; the poorer people lived on the banks, and being hidden in the woods led an analo- gous life to lizards. Also "Goober Grabbers" (see Geor- gia.) The State moito is "Here we rest." Mississippi. — "On the acceptance of the first Georgia session in 1798 the Government organized it into the Missis- sippi Territory subsequently adding the later session of 1802 and the Territory South of Tennessee excepting such portion as lay east of the present western boundary of Georgia which the United States ceded to that State." In 1817 the Terri- tory was divided into two Territories, Mississippi and Ala- bama, and the former was admitted as a State, December 10, of the same year. See Alabama. In 1699 M. d'lberville formed settlements on the coast at Ship Island and Biloxi. The name, Mississippi, was adopted in 1790, from the river of its western boundary. mi HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL The original spelling and nearest approach to the al- gonquin word "the father of waters," is Mtche Sebe, which words are still commonly used by the Louisiana Creoles. Tonty suggested the Miche Sepe, Father Laval Mi.chi- sepe. Father Lahatt softened it into MMsipi [the first speci- men of the present spelling, the only change since being to overload it with consonants.] Marquette added the iirst s, some other explorer the next, making it Mississipi, and so in France it remains to this day with but one pr, who added the other p is unknown; conjectured to be an American be- cause at time of purchase of Louisiana one jD was generally used in the spelling. In the Natchez, the word meant, -'the father of waters." In Choctaw, "long river." Illinois Indian, Mehassepi, "all the rivers." In the Delaware Namaesi "a fish," sipu "a river. ' ' There are various other spellings: Father Claude Dah- lon (map 1670) Missisipi; Father Allouez, 3Iesipi, and Messi-sepy ; Joliet, Michisepee; Coxe's Map of Carolana 1722, Meachacebe', Hennepin Meschasipi; DuPratz, Meauet- cJiassipi; Dumont, Mechassipy. Also noted on old maps under -name of Grande Riviere, Riviere Conceptio?i (Marquette), Reviere Rtiade [family name of Frontenac] by Joliet, also Fleuve St. Louis, and by Spanish, named Rio del Espiritu Santo, Rio Escondido. Tribes at the lower end called their respective sections Chucagua Mico, Tvmalosen, Tapala, the mouth of the stream being noted by one tribe as Ri. Missi, "great," variously spelled Missil or Michil [Michil-mackinac], Michi [Michi-gan], Missv [Missouri], Missi [Missi -sippi], sip/i being English pronuciation of the French sepe. Gallatin notes, missi never means father, but in several dialects, "all, whole." In the Algonquin and Knistinaux missi aclki and messe (fski means "the whole earth, the world" (Mackenzie). In Ahenaki messisi "all, whole," an equivalent to the French tout (Rasle). In the Delaware niesitschej/en "wholly" (Zeis- MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 81 berger). I think therefore the proper meaning of Mississip- pi to be "the whole river," expressive of the union of all the r'wer^, from the Mississippi. — TownsemV s U. S. Jackson is the capital, named in honor of General An- drew Jackson. Mississippi is popularly known as the "Bay- ou State," from the numerous applications of the word "bayou" to its waters, as exhibited on State maps. A French word [hot/an, a gut] as ap)>liod, meaning "an outlet" of a lake, or channel of water. The people of the State are called "Tadpoles," an equivalent to young Frenchmen. The Frenchmen [Pari- sians] were called Crapands (frogs) from their ancient her- aldic device "three toads erect saltant," and which is traced by the caricaturist in the present Fleur-de-Lys. Qk'' en disent les genouillesf [What will the frogs say?] in 1791 was a common court phrase in Versailles. The State has no motto. Louisiana. — The history of many of the States west of the Mississippi involve the history of the "Purchase of Louisiana," and hence we shall give the history of the Pur- chase at this point. "The United States began its national existence in 1787, with England as a neighbor on the north and northeast, and Spain on the west and south. Its western boundaiy was the middle of the Mississippi River, hwi Spain by the posession of the Island of New Orleans held the mouth of the river. As the Ohio, Illinois and Kentucky region became settled their commerce increased until the absolute control of the entire eastern bank as a natural boundary became a necessity. [All the products of these sections were then sent to market via the Mississippi, there being no I'oads over the mountains, the owners returning by ship to the Atlantic ])ort8, and hence over the mountain trails.] Events were drifting toward its forcible siezure, when, in ISUl, Spain, by secret treaty ceded to France the Province of Louisiana with the same boundaries as ceded to her in 17(33, a country stretching from the mouth of the Mississi})]»i to its farthest western sources, but with undefined limits to the west, southwest, or south- 6;J IIIST'OlilCAL AND GMOGMAFHICAL east. This transfer was not known until after tlie Treaty of Peace between France and England, signed at Amiens in 1802. England, in alarm, broke the treaty of Amiens. To the United States the change of owners and the possible transfer of the armies of Napoleon to the Mississippi Valley made the posession of the Island of New Orleans more vi- tal than ever. Negotiations were opened for the purchase of New Orleans. Napoleon preparing to invade P^ngland, in want of funds, and unwilling that it should fall into the hands of England, offered to sell the whole province to us for fifteen millions. * The purchase was made. Spain pro- tested, but the treaty was signed April 30, 1803. France gave a quit claim to the Province of Louisiana with the same extent it had in the hands of Spain in 1800, and that it had when previously possessed by France. What were the limits? Louis XIV. in 1712, in granting the trade of the province to Antoine Crozat, bounded it by New Mexico and Carolina, and all the territory whose lakes or rivers emptied directly or indirectly into the Mississippi or any of its branches, f Our title, therefore, clearly gave us to the source of the Missouri and the Rocky Mountains, \ * The nogotiation of this great purchase was concluded by Robert Livings- ton the American minister at the court of the First Consul. He had instruc- tions to purchase Orleans and the mouth of the river, but when Napoleon of- fered the whole for fifteen million dollars he was amazed, and having no time to consult with the President and Congress, accepted the offer on his own re- Bponsibility. He assured the President of the prudence of the venture in writing of what he had done, by stating that he had already arra;)geQ wiih parties who would take the purchase "off our hands" for fllteon millions, and leave to the United States Orleans and the mouth of the river. Napoleon was fully aware of what he had done, and when Marbois, his minister, reported to him that the purchase had been concluded he said: "Thi-* accession of territo- ry strengthens forever the power of the Dnited States ; and I have just given to England a maritine rival that wiU sooner or later humble her pride." Kidpathsays that of the fifteen millions paid for Louisiana, eleven and a quarter millions was for purchase and three and three-quarters millions was for French debts assumed by the United Slates This vast territory was explored by a parly of less than thirty persons under the contr.il of Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. They left St. Louis in the month of March, 1804, and were out twenty-seven months. The special purpose of tliis expedition was to explore the Missouri Kiver and to find if possible an access to the t-aciflc by way of the Columbia, in which they were successful. The members of this famous exi-loriag company w ere the first white men known to havecrossed th« United States from ocean to ocean. t Cro/at sui'rondL'red this grant in 1717. MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 83 France furthei'iuore had claimed the Texas country as far as the Rio Grande, based on an attempted settlement by La Salle at the month of that river, but Spain occupied that country as far as the Sabine River and French settlements in that direction ended with Natchitoches. The United States claimed to the Rio Grande, also east of the Mississippi,- south of the 31° of latitude, to the Perdi- do River, claiming that the original Province of Louisiana extended eastward to that river and if France was not in actual possession it yet had a possessory right when it made the ces- sion to Spain in 1V63 which Spain re-ceded in 1800, and which France ceded to the United States in 1803. Spain claimed that the French cession in 17G3 embraced east of the X The ffrant made by France to Aatoine de Crozat makes the flrst, and in- deed the only gtatement of the limits of this vast region. . * * * Prom this it appears that Louisiana was regarded by France as comprising- the drainage basin of the Mississippi as far north as the mouth of the Illinois, with those of all its branches which enter it below this point, including- the Missouri, but ex- cluding that portion in the south-west claimed by Spain. It is moreover cer- tain that the area now comprised in Washington, Oregon and Idaho was not included. * * * The treaty of c«ssi-)n, from France to United States, which bears date of April 30, 1803, describes the ter.-itsry only as being the same as ceded by Spain to France by the treaty of San Ildefonso (October 1, 1800.) From this it appears that the territory sold to tUe United States comprised that part of the drainage basin of the Mississippi which lies west of the course of the river, with the exception of such parts as were then held ny Spain. The wantofpreuise definition of limits in the treaty was not objected to by the American commissioners. as they probably foresaw that this very indefiniteness might prove of service to the United States in future negotiations with other powers. In fact, the claim of the United States to the area now cumprised in Or- egon, Washington and Idado in the negotiations with Great Britian regarding the north-western boundary, was ostensibly based, not only upon prior oocupa- tion, and upon purchase from Spain, but also up(m the alleged. fact that this area formed part of the Louisiana purchase. That this claim was baseless is shown not only by what has been already detailed regarding the limits of the purchase, but also by the direct testim )ny of the French plenipotentiary, M. Marbois. Some twenty years after the purchase he published a work on Lou- isiana, in which he detailed at some length the negotiations which preceded the purchase, and, in referring to this question said : "The shor^^s of the west- ern ocean werecertainly not comprised in the cessii)n, but already ihe United States are established there." Thero is a map in this work ou which that part of the Country now comprisetl in Oregon, Washington and Idaho, which, it has been claimed formed a part of the purchr se. bears the following legend : "Ter- ritories and Countries occupied by the Ignited States, following the treaty of cession of Louisiana." From this it appears that the limits of the Louisiana purchase can no longer be a matter of discussion; but although the United States certainly did not purchase Oregon, as a part of Louisiana, it is no less certain that that great area wust of the Itocky Mountuuis fell into their hands as adirect con«cquence of such purchase.— Boundaries of the Slates and United States. Gannett. U. S. Geol. Survey, Bulletin 13, p. l'.'--*0 (>/i6'-city). The name was pro- posed by Judge Jeremiah Sullivan, of Jefferson Co., Ind., and was preferred to Tecmnseh and Suwarroic which were suggested. Indiana is familiarly known as the "Hoosier State." MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 97 Hoosier is said to be a corruption of hiisher, which was for- merly a coniinou term throughout the West for a "bully;" and this is the accepted derivation of the term. Also traceable to a gruff local expression of "who's ycr." The word as "hushers" applied to the pioneer Indians whose huge frames signified "formidable in fights," literally, easily able to crush out life, or '■'■hush one to sleep." The southern part of the State is knov,'n as "The Pocket." The people are familiarly termed "IIoosiers." The State motto is "Constitution," but is not found on the State seal. Illinois. — After the States of Ohio aud In liana and the Territory of Michigan had been taken from the Northwest Territory, the remainder was called the Territory of Illinois, (1809) comprising the present States of Illinois, Wisconsin and a part of Minnesota, or more strictly ail that portion of the Territory Northwest of the Ohio River organized under the Ordinance of 1787, west of the Wabash River and a meridian line drawn from Vincennes to the international line. It was admitted as a State, December 8, 1818, being bounded on the east, south and west, by Indiana, the Ohio, and Miss- issippi Rivers resi)ectivfely, north by the parallel 42° 80' from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River. "The three Northern States bordering on the Ohio, con- templated by the Ordinance of 178 7, had now been admit- ted, with east and west boundaries as originally provided, but in no case had their northern boundaries been in accord with the line of 1787, which was latitude 41^ 37'. That line would have cut off each of these States from the Lakes. Had it been adhered to, it would have materially changed the history of the nation by sundering the natural geograph- ical connections of these States with the East by way of the Lakes, turning their commerce, interests, and sympathies to- ward the Gulf." The country was first explored by La Salle and the French missionaries, who formed the earliest settlement at Cahokia ai\d Kaskaskia in 1(582 au;l liJH.i.* In XMY?, a stock- 98 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ade fort was built near the mouth of the Chicago River and named Fort Dearborn, the present site of Chicago. In 1833 the settlement took the name of Chicago. There is so niucli interest manifest in the derivation of the name, Chicago, that we give what we are able to find re- lating to it. The name was originally given to the Chicago River, and is said to have been first mentioned by Perrot, a Frenchman by whom it was visited in 1671. The Pottawottamies called it Shecxivgo, "playful waters," also Choc-ca-(j(>, meaning "destitute." Schoolcraft gives the etymology as Chi-cag^ "animal of the leek," or "wild onion." Chi-cag-o-wunz, "the wild leek or polecat plant." Chi-ca-go, "place of the wild leek." Father Louis Vivier, priest of Kaskaskia, in a letter to his Superior writes: "Chikagou was a celebrated Indian chief, etc." Also written and known as Tack-chicago, tuck, "wood or lumber," Chicago, "gone, absent, or without," ' signify- ing "without wood." The word in print first occurs in Hennepin's accouut of Fort Creve Canir, in which he mentions a fort called Chica- gou, f)ut gives no meaning of the word. La Honton designates the portage between the lUin jis River and the Great Lakes as Chickahou. Charlvoix [1720] refers to the point at which the place of portage commences as CMcagou. — Townsend's " ?Z aS". " One writer says that Chicago is supposed to be the name of the god of thunder, but we are inclined to believe that it * Three years previous to this time, after having- explored the Illinois K'iver La Salle built a Fmall fort on that river near where Peoria now stands which he called Ore\"e Cn'ur (Krave Kur). Some authors cive Kaskaskia as !he first set- tlement; others g-ive Cahokia, and different authors jrive !6S3as the date of b' th settlements. One writer }; Ives Kaskaskia as first settlement with date of 1720, while another marks the date l!^S3 as doubtful. MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. 99 signifies "wihl onion." The name Illinois was arloi)ted from the princi})al river, in 1809. Illini [Indian] meaning "men," ois from the French, meaning "tribe'" i. e., "tribe of men." Also from an island on its Mississippi shore, named by the French, from the circumstance of its abounding in nuts, isle mix noix, "isle of nuts." Possibly a French-Canadian attempt to ex})ress the word Illiuhcek in the Algonquin, a verbal form of "we are men." The wek gradually being written ois from '■'■tray'''' or nearly so. We say Illy-noy, the French said Illeen-vay, the Indian Illeen-weJc. An author says, "As the Algonquin has no letter I, this letter supplied no doubt by the French luini meaning 'men' or 'we are men,' as a reply to an interrogatory of Marquette on the part of an Algonquin chief, no doubt as an intention to signify 'perfect men' as distinguished from the Iroquois." Springfield is the capital. The town, now city, was named by the commissioners appointed to locate the county seat of Sangamon County. It was then (1821) simply atown site but was designated as the County seat and named Springfield. The town was first platted as "Calhoun," but tlie name was aliandoned hy common consent and Springfield ado]»ted generally and officially. Mr. Townsend says: "The name was probably transmitted from or by Massachr.setts settlers. Springfield, Mass., was named in honor of the English resi- dence of its founder, Willii>m Pynchon [1640]." Illinois is the "Prairie Statk," so called in allusion t:) its widespread and beautiful prairies. Also "Sucker State." It is related, this word origi- nated at the Galena mines in the fall of IF'22, wl.en tin re 100 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL was a great exodus. A large returning party while board- ing a steamer at Galena wharf was asked "Wher' ye goin'?" "To hum," was the reply. "Well," was the rejoinder of an old miner, "ye put me in mind of suckers, they do go up the river in the spring, spawn, and all return down ag'in in the fall." [Sucker is a fresh-water fish of the carj) family, genus, Catostomits. ] The lead mines also attracted many poor whites from Virginia and Kentucky, who had torn themselves away from the wealthy slave-owners, for a prospective betterment, satir- ists predicted that they would "perish like sprouts, or 'suck- ers' to the tobacco plant, when stripped from their parent stem." Another derivation notes, it arises from the fact that western prairies in many places are filled with holes, made by the craw fish, out of which early travelers, by means of a hollow reed sucked up the pure water that lay beneath; when these holes were found, the discoverer would call a "sucker, a sucker," in asking for a reed. Hence the people are called "Suckers." Also "E(;yptians," especially the people of the south- ern section, because of the alleged darkness in complexion of its inhabitants. Also applied to the State as EciYPT on account of the fertility of the soil. The State motto is, "State Sovereignty," — "National Union." Kentucky. — There is no State in the Union that has a more romantic and interesting history than Kentucky. The reader will remember Spotswood and the Knights of the Gol- den Horseshoe. The names of Daniel Boone, Christopher Gist, Colonel Henderson, George Rogers Clark, and Simon Girty are familiar to the older inhabitants of Kentucky and adjoining States. A work published by the Methodist Book Concern fur- nishes the following: "In 1*769 Daniel Boone made his first journey through Kentucky. He was a typical frontiersman, always moving on the farthest fringe of settlements. Well skilled in woodcraft, great with the rifle, successful in his MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED ISTATEfi. loi dealings with the Indians, there have been few men in our country who more justly deserve the name of the First Pio- neer. He traversed over a great part of eastern Kentucky with his brother and two companions. The two latter were killed by the Indians and the younger Boone was forced to return to the settlements for ammunition. Daniel Boone s})ent the winter absolutely alone with great contentment. The next summer he returned with his brother to bring their families out to the new country. The next year George Washington, floating down the Ohio river to locate land for the soldiers of the French war, was received by the Indians with honor, and returned with good accounts of the country. The first permanent settlement in Kentucky was made in 17 74 by James Harrod, with a company who passed down the Ohio, and thence some way inland, where they founded Har- rodsburg.* The next year Boone built a fort, and soon others were built. To obtain titles to land was the great object of tlieir excursions. Colonel Henderson and others, in 1775, obtained a tract of land from the Cherokees, embracing all of the present State of Kentucky east of the Kentucky river They at once proceeded to occupy it. Daniel Boone leading forth a party, built a fort, which was named Boonesborough. Henderson sent out a call for a congress of delegates from the settlements in the surrounding country, which met at Boonesborough and adopted the nan.ie of "Transylvania." They drew up laws for self-government among them; one for punishment of jjrofane swearing and Sabbath-breaking, and another for preserving the breed of horses. Daniel Boone carried the passage of a bill for the preservation of game. But this government of Transylvania did not last. The o-rant from the Cherokees was in truth worthless. The whole country was held at the time to belong to Virginia. It had been hitherto neglected, or considered a part of the county of Fincastle. In 1776, however, the whole of what is now the State of Kentucky was made into the county of * We have two authorities at hand which g^lve the first settlement of Ken- tucky as Boonesboro, 1775; two others which f^ive B^vnesville. 17(>9. Three State histories of Kentucky state that Daniel I'.oonetirst visited Kentucky in 17fi9, that Har^o1sbur^■ was founded in 1774 iind Buonesliorn a year later. 102 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL that name. Henderson and his Tiansylvanians received a grant of land at the north of the Green Kiver to quiet them for the loss of the t'l 0,000 which they had paid for the worthless Transylvania j)atent. "Kentucky, as the County of Kentucky, remained a part of Virginia, when that State ceded its lands north of the Ohio to the General Government. In the years immediately after the Revolutionary War the desire of the people of Ken- tucky to separate from Virginia became very general. Vir- gin'ia was not disinclined to allow her to set up for herself and in 178(3 her General Assembly passed an act of cession whereby she might be separated from Virginia provided that before the tirst of June,' 1787, Congress should vote her ad- mission, but Congress acted slowly, and the matter needed consideration. In Feljruary, 1891, however. Congress pro- vided for her admission as a State. On June 1, 1792 a Con- stitution was formed and on that date Kentucky became the fifteenth State of the Union." Kentucky was named from its principal river, and the name was adopted in 1782. Trumbull says that Kentucky is an Indian word, Kain- tnk-ee, "at the head of the river." [Shawnoese]. Also an Algonquin word interpreted the same as that for Connecticut, "long river." An Indian word KentaJx'ckoica., "long prairies." Lord Dunmore in a proclamation, 1775, speaks of the country as Cantucky. Frankfort is the capital. Its County, Franklin, was named in honor of Benjamin Franklin, and when its capital was created, a composite word further commemorating the honor was adopted: Frank, diminutive of Franklin; fort, meaning town; "town of Franklin." Kentucky is popularly known as the "Corn-Cracker Statk," a corruption of "corn-crake." \krage, Dutch for crow], a species of RaUi/ft ov rail [R. Rex.] found to a great extent in this State, its local name applied from its- singular cry; brought into prominence on account of its being special- Iv sought for as game. MI IS CELL ANY OF THE UNITED STATE 8. lO.i Also known as "Blue- grass State." Its m-azing known as "blue-grass" bears a world wide reputation, rendering its State famous lor thorough-bred horses and cattle. "Blue Grass" affords pasture for ten or eleven months in the year, and flourishes in the partial shade of the woods in which there is no undergrowth. It is eaid the change from the fer- tile soil of the limestone section /upon which the grass flour- ishes to that which is poorer is sudden and well marked. The State is also known as the "Dark axd Bloody Ground," said to be translation of Kentucky, and formerly a much-used expression in allusion to the section. Wheeler notes, ''The phiase is an epitome of the early history of the State, of the dark and bloody conflicts of the first white set- tlers with their savage foes; but the name originated in the fact that this was the gi-and battle-ground between the North- ern and Southern Indians." Kentuckians are called "Corn Crackers." Bartlett notes also "Red Horses," "a nickname applied to natives of Kentucky,'' but gives no reason. The State motto is: "United we stand, divided we fall." Iowa. — Before its organization as a Territory, Iowa was a part of the Louisiana tract and was successively a part of Missouri, Michigan and Wisconsin Territories. When Iowa Territory was set off (1838) it comprised that portion west of the Mississippi and east of the Missouri. In 1846 Iowa Territory was reduced by the formation of the State of Iowa and in 1848 it was united with a part of Wisconsin Territory in forming Minnesota Territory. "Iowa without authorization by Congress, formed a Constitution, a})plied and was admitted in 1845, bounded east by the Mississippi, south by j)arallel 40'^ 30', west by a con- tinuation of the meridian drawn through confluence of the Missouri and Kansas Rivers, north by the 44° parallel from the Mississippi to the Minnesota River, thence up that river until it intercepts the western meridian line. Disputes, aris- ing, however, regarding its boundaries, a new Constitution was formed, acce))ted, and the State finally admitted, I)e- 10 ]^ HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ccmber 28, 1846, with its present limits extending to the Missouri River in compensation for territory lost on its north border. North line is 48^ 80'." (See Map 1850 in Mac Conn's Historical Geography.) "Julien Dii buque, a Canadian Frenchman, obtained in 1788, a large tract of land, including the present site of Du- buque. He there built a fort and traded with the Indians till 1810. The first permanent settlement was made at Bur- lington in 1833, by immigrants from Illinois. The same year Dubuque was founded." * Trumbull says, "Iowa is the French form of the Indian word Ayuhhuy signifying 'the drowsy or the sleepy ones.' " Also a Sioux name of the Pahoja or Gray-snow tribe. The name was at first written Aioues; and if applied to a tribe of Indians would seem to be simply AJawo,, "across beyond," as if to say, "the tribe beyond the river." Des Moines is the capital. The name is made up of French words ti'anslating literally "of the mounds," express- ive of local appearances. The Indian name of the situation was Mouingouena or Moaigona of which it is probable the Franch have corrupted the word by sound into Des Moines. The Indian name of the river was Inya nsha h-shahwakpa , "river of red stones." Iowa is popularly known as the "Hawkeye State," and the application is traced to an Indian chief named "Hawkeye," who proved a terror to travelers on the border in early days. The people are naturally called "Hawkeyes." The State motto is, "Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain." Missouri. — The history of the Territory of Missouri is given under the the head of Louisiana. "In 1819 an Enabling Act was brought forward for the State of Missouri, but an amendment prohibiting slavery be- ing attached it failed to pass. This opened the Great Slavery Contest. Professor Alexander Johnson thus aptly describes the situation: 'While the Union was confined to the fringe * Barnes' Brief Hi?t. of U. S. MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. l(>r> of States along tho Atlantic coast the slavery question \vas not troublesome; and it was at first jiossible to \inite the rep- resentatives of both sections in the admission of new States in which slavery shoidd be jn-ohibited and those in which it should be allowed. But when the tide of emigration had crossed the Mississippi and began to till the Tiouisiana Pur- chase, conflict was inevitable, for the line was lost. "Maine having a})plied for admission was refused unless Missouri was admitted with slavery. The Missouri (\)in- pi'o)/tise of 1820 was effected, and an act passed permitting Missouri to form a Constitution and the admittance with the following boundaries: East, the Mississippi; west, the me- ridian 94^ 42' passing through the confluence of the Missouri and Kansas Rivers; north, parallel 40*^ 80'; south, parallel :5(j° 80', the famous line north of which the Compromise prohib- ited slavery in any other territory forever. I'he Act of ad- mission bears date of August 10, 1821. In 1846, on the ad- mission of Iowa, the section between the above west line, the Iowa line, and the Missouri River was added." Missouri was named from the river of the same name. The Indian Avord Mis Sonri is compounded from two very different languages. Mis [Algonquin] "great," SoxH [Da- cota, commoidy called Sioux] meaning "muddy;" in best English "big muddy." The Dacota derivation traces it to Miiiiii-s/i carelessness in the act whereby these divisions were erganized. Under this act the boun'Iaries were set, not on the 102nd and 104th meridians, but 25 degrees and 27 degrees respectively, west of Washing- ton, probably on the ern neons supposition that this meridian was exactly 77 degrees west ot (ireenwich. As a matter of fact, the meridian of Washnigton is 77 degrees 3 minutes plus, wist of the prime meridian, and it became neces- sary therefore to relocate these boundaries about two and a half miles wesi of their former location."— Kekway's Manual. * Lossing's Our Country. MISCELLANY OF THE UNITED STATES. lOU "R. J. Walker, of Mississippi, had now succeeded Gov- ernor Geary, and when an election for a new Territoi'ial Le9, 1861, wdth a western limit of the lUi*d merirmed as a Territory at the same time as Kansas, Nel)raska did not become a State until much later. First, the slavery question turned the tide of emigration to the more southerly State, then the war stopped it almost en- tirely. After the completion of the Central Pacific Railroad, however, the fertile lands of the Platte River attracted set- tlers, and a prosperous Commonwealth applied for admission as a State. By Act of Congress it became a State March 1, 1867, the bill being passed over the President's (Johnson) veto. As constituted it has the Missouri River for its east- erly boundary, the 104^ meridian for its western line, the 48 -' parallel on the north, and the 40^ parallel on the south from the Missouri River to the 102'^ meridian, thence the line runs north to the 41"^ parallel, thence west to the 104^ meridian. The name Nebraska is from the Indian name of the present Platte River, meaning "shallow water," JS^e, water, bras, shallow. The name is also interpreted, "water valley" and "flat countrv." MIS CELL ANY OF THE UNITED S TA TEIS. 1 1 1 The nickname "Black- water'" is sometimes used in reference to Nebraska, owing to the dark color of the water forming its principal streams, the drainage of its rich, black soil. The nickname "Hrd-KATKiis," is applied to the people of Nebraska, '-from the numerous Bug-eaters as locally nam- ed, the typical species of C'ai)rimulgus, the Night-Jar \V. europfeus]. It is about the size of a thrush. They are sometimes called Bull Bats, ])eing accused by the ignorant of sucking milk from cows, lie is a bird of evil omen in the estimation of the rural population. The reverse shouhl be the case, for the benefit he produces in clearing the air of noxious insects is incalculable.''' The capital is Lin('<»i.n. ".Vt the time it was made the Ca])ital City it was named -Lincoln' 'as a compliment to President Abraham Lincoln, having ]»reviously been named Lancaster." The State was first settled at Bellevue, neai- Onuilia. in 184':. The State motto is "p]quality before the law." NORTHERN STATES. Michigan. — "Michigan Territory, when first created in 1H05, embraced the section between Lakes Erie, Huron and Michigan being made from the Northwest Territory remain- ing north of the Ohio line, and that ])ortion of Indiana Ter- ritory lying north of the parallel passing through the most southern extremity of Lake Michigan, and east of Lake Michigan. On the entrance of Illinois as a State, in 1818 all that portion of Illinois Territory north of 42^ 80' extending west to the Mississip})i was added to Michigan Territory. In i8.34 when Missouri Territory lost its nominal existence, all that portion north of the State of Missouri, west to -the Missouri and White Earth Rivers and north to the intenui- tional line was also adiled. (F