LIB RARY OF CO NGRESS. Shelf...:.L..S^ 2 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ^2:^^^ o(;%^^-2£.: ^^ ^ (COPYRIGHTKD.) HOME TREATMENT FOR THE DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS A PRACTICAL WORK FOR FARMERS. TEAMSTERS, MERCHANTS, MECHANICS, STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS. A TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, HOGS AND DOGS. THEIR CAUSE^s, SY.MPrOMS, PREVENTION, AND CURE. ALSO THE LATEST AND MOST APPROVED METHODS OF DELIVERING THEIR YOUNG. FULLY ILLUSTRATED. / ^Y ( MAR 2 1896) WAITER LANGTRY, ^Z Sl^ :--^!:> /va, GRADUATE OF THE ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGK, TORONTO, CANADA. f Copyrighted by Walter Langtry, V. S. FORT WAYNE, IND. 1895. rsTOTioE:. For the diffusion of knowledge, all classes of litera- ture should be placed at a very nominal price, so as to be within the reach of every one, and more especially should this be the case with medical works, so that persons may not only inform themselves, but render valuable assistance in all cases of emergency, as well as treat successfully those minor cases where medical skill would not he called upon. All such books should be written very plainly in the English language, carefully avoiding all technical terras, so that any person may read and understand what he is doing. This I have earnestly endeavored to do, and have placed the price at an extremely low figure, being satisfied with a small profit and depending upon a large sale, to recompense me for my time and trouble. The price being so low and the profit so small, book stores cannot afford to handle them. They will, therefore, be sold only through agents. Any person desiring this work after the agent has called, can procure a copy l)y writing to my address : WALTER LANGTRY, V. S., Fort Wayne, Indiana, U. S. A. PREFACE. In presenting this work to the general public, it is not to be presumed that many will take tlie time to read the preface, for only about one in a thousand receive close attention. But if the reader will take the time to give it a careful perusal, it will doubly repay him for his trouble. It is not my intention nor desire, to make every purchaser of this work a thorough veterinarian, but to supply the busy and industrious American, who is the owner or lover of domesticated animals, with a concise and comprehensive treatise of the diseases of live stock, according to the modern or advanced system of treatment, discarding the old, vulgar and incompati- ble messes that have formerly been prescrilx'd, and the poor, dumb brute has been compelled, throngh force and ignorance, to endure that which it could not avoiil. The advanced and successful theory and practice among the lower animals, so closely resembles that of the human family, tliat what is considered humane treatment for the one, also applies to the other, and I most resi)ect- fully invite you to ask your family physician to cartd'ully peruse these pages, and obtain his opinion as to the correctness of treatment, and value to your library. It seems remarkal)ly strange, from tlie number of ])()()ks that ar(^ (hsily i>riiitfHl, that ilic wants of tlie industrious PREFACE. T farmer and owner of live stock, have been neglected in this line, and not supplied with a practical work, whereby he could not only avoid, but successfully and intelli- gently administer remedies and heal the wounds of his afflicted stock. The loss to the stock owner, amounts to an enormous sum annually, not only through diseases but during the period that they are producing their off- spring, for a want of knowledge in assisting them at that critical time ; and after an extensive practice in this line, for a period of eighteen years, and fully appreciating the desire of the stock-owner for a knowl- edge of this kind, I have endeavored to present it to them in this work as plainly as it is possible under the circumstances, for me to do in the English language, and if it will somewhat assist in mitigating some of the pain and misery, which the females are compelled to endure, the author will greatly appreciate the fact and will consider himself amply repaid for his time and trouble. Walter Langtry, V. S. o < a H O o H (4 EXPLANATION OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SKELETON. Zygomatic arch. Orbital cavity. Face bone. Incisor teeth. Molar teeth. Lower jaw. Atlas, 1st vertebrae of neck. Axis, 2d vertebris of neck. Cervical vertebras. Spinal process of back. Dorsal and lumbar vertebrae. Sacrum . Coccygeal or tail bones. Scapula, or shoulder blade. Acromion process. Hollow of shoulder blade. Superior tuberosity of the hu- merus. Humerus, or arm bone. Olecranon, or elbow bone. Cartilages of the ribs. Ribs. Haunch, the external and ante- rior angle of the illlvim. Os innominatum, or haunch bone. 24. Great trochanter. 25. Small trochanter. 26. Femur, or thigh bone. 27. Ischium, posterior angle of the illium. 28. Radius, or fore-arm bone. 29. Carpal, or knee bones. 30. Trapezium. 31. Metacarpal, or cannon bone. 32. Os sufTraginis, or pastern bone. 33. Sesamoid bone. 34. Os coronae, or small pastern bone. 35. Superior tuberosity of the tibia. 36. Stifle joint. 37. Tibia, or leg bone. 38. Os calcis, or point of hock. 39. Tarsus, or hock joint. 40. Head of small metatarsal bone. 41. Cannon, or metatarsal bone. 42. Hoof, or foot bone. 43. Fetlock joint. 44. Patella. 45. Fibula. INTRODUCTORY. Since an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure, it will be well first to consider sucli rules of treat- ment and of diet, as will tend to maintain good health in animals. The physical construction must be re- garded, and the fact impressed upon the mind that they do not consist entirely of hair and hide and a few exter- nal organs, simply because such alone are visible ; these but serve as an outer guard for a delicate, intricate and beautiful mechanism within. The wonderful work of digestion begins as soon as the food is taken into the mouth, for there it is ground by the teeth and mingled with the saliva ; through the proper channels it reaches the stomach, and then enters the intestines. When di- gested, the nutritive portions of the food are conveyed to the blood by means of absorbent vessels, whence oc- curs a process of purification, in which all waste parti- cles are cast aside and the rich, life-giving fluid is pro- pelled by the heart, through many blood-vessels, to the various portions of the system, to supply worn-out tis- sues. The body is not interspersed with blood-channels alone, but there is also a tracery of nerves extending to every extremity, commonly called the nervous system, and having two great centers; the spinal cord with which all lesser nerves connect, and the crowning splen- dor of animal existence, the brain, to which, in turn, the spinal cord is attached. There is also a structure of bones, termed the skeleton, to which cling in proper position, folds or layers of flesh, called muscles. The 10 HOME TREATMENT FOR vast and marvelous mechanism of animal anatomy, is in itself a study, and since it can here be but briefly con- sidered, it will be better to proceed at once to the con- sideration of the principles of hygiene and sanitation, and of proper nursing; and medical treatment, than to dwell longer upon the art of dissection. We will there- fore first regard such rules of diet and management, as will be conducive to the maintenance of health. WATER. Dysentery, diarrh'-iea and many other diseases of stock, are very often occasioned by drinking water con- taining decomposing organic matter, such as may some- times be found in wells and ponds, situated near man- ure-heaps and cess-pools. It is important then, that water be free from impurities. When animals have- free access to water, they never drink to excess. Green food, owing to the juice it contains, lessens the quantity of water required. When fed upon dry hay and grain, the thirst is necessarily greater. Water from shallow wells, and river water, which is usually contaminated with sewage, is dangerous, while water from springs and deep wells, and upland surface water, is considered wholesome. Surface-water from land that has been cultivated, and stored rain-water, may be regarded with suspicion. Pure water can gen- erally be determined by its bluish tint, its clearness, and lack of taste or smell, but the presence of certain poisons, bacteria, etc., can be detected only by micro- scopic and chemical examination conducted by an ex- pert in this line. When at rest, the liorse requires water at least three times a day ; but when laboring, more frequently. The rule, under the latter circum- stance, should be to give in small quantities and often. When a horse is warm, he may be allowed a few swal- DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 11 lows of water and should then immediately be given a pound or two of hay. He should then rest about an hour before feeding. The danger in giving water to a warm or over-heated animal, is due to the excessive amount it will take while in this condition. Horses should not be allowed ice cold water, and while hot water need not necessarily be added, it should be seen to that it does not verge upon the freezing point. While it is not a good idea to give water thus cold, yet serious trouble is seldom produced, if the horse has not been deprived for too long a time. The same rule will apply to cattle, although they are not so susceptible to unpleasant effects from this source as the horse, having four stomachs while the horse has but one. FOODS AND FEEDING. Cleanliness should be considered both in preparing and administering food. The method of preparation, found by experience to be the best, should be adhered to and regular times of feeding should be observed. Oats da not pass from the stomach so quickly as hay and straw and should therefore be given after either of the latter, as they cannot then be forced by the hay or straw, which is more rapidly digested, into the intestines, be- fore the stomach has performed its part in the work of' digestion. When the horse is hungry or exceedingly tired, this manner of feeding is particularly commend- able, since it requires more time to masticate hay, in- suring a proper mixture with it of the saliva, and it cannot be bolted as are oats or other grains. ' Water should not be given after feeding, a^ it washes the food from the stomach before it is prepared to enter diges- tion in the intestines. Before feeding then, is the proper time to give water. The selection of food should depend upon the nature of the labor required of the 12 HOME TREATMENT FOR horse. Severe or hurried work cannot be expected of an animal with a full stomach. When labor of this na- ture is required, it is best that food be allowed in small quantity, about two hours before going to work. Even slow-working animals should not be gorged with bulky food lacking in nourishing properties, immediately be- fore being put to labor. Grains should never be fed immediately after a hard day's work, as digestive dis- orders are apt to arise. Hay should first be given, with grains following. The same rule should be observed in feeding an animal that has been for any reason, de- prived of food for sometime ; also in this case, a lesa quantity should be given than would be consumed. If too much food is allowed, colic is apt to follow. For horses engaged mostly in slow work, chopped or cut hay, fed with crushed oats, ground corn, etc., is desira- ble. Diet should not be changed suddenly, as this is dangerous, but the desired change should be accom- plished very gradually. Neither should there be an immediate increase in the quantity of food, if this is desired, but the amount required should be reached by degrees. The quantity of food must be governed by the amount of labor to be performed. If the work is de- creased or there is an entire cessation from toil for a few days, the food should be lessened. If the horse is to stand for sometime, the food should be of a laxative nature. Musty or moldy foods should not be fed, since from these frequently arise various diseases, such as bronchitis, lung trouble and heaves. Kidney disorders are apt to arise from the consuming of musty hay. HAY. Timothy, about a year old, fresh, clean, and of a greenisli color, and possessing a pleasant odor, is the best hay for horses. If kept too long, however, it be- DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 13 comes deficient in nourishment, hard, dry and more or less difficult of digestion. New hay also, is hard to di- gest, sometimes producing purging, and irritation of the skin. It should be mixed with old hay, if given at all. Second crop hay is not good for horses, but is consid- ered by some persons, as good food for milch cows ; it being claimed that it has a tendency to increase the flow of milk. Ten to twelve pounds of hay a day, is suffi- cient for the average horse, when grain is also fed. Horses engaged in light w^ork, should not be kept en- tirely upon hay, as they will fall off in flesh and become pot-bellied. This also applies to colts ; unless the latter are allowed some grain in addition to their hay, they are apt to grow into lean, awkward creatures, never making as good horses, as others fed upon both kinds of food. STRAWS. When straws are used as an article of food, they should be chopped and mixed Avith crushed or ground grains, and hay. The straws mostly used, are those of rye, oats and wheat. Oats straw contains the greatest amount of nourishment and is the most easily digested. Bean and pea straws are sometimes fed to horses, and of these two, the pea straw appears to be preferable. CHAFF. When oat chaff is mixed with cut hay or corn fod- der, it may be used as an article of food, but only in small quantities, as abundant feeding frequently pro- duces a troublesome and sometimes fatal diarrhoea, in both horses and cattle. Rye and wheat chaff should not be used. More or less trouble is occasioned by the beards becoming lodged in the mouth and throat, while in the bowels and stom- ach, they often form the basis of soft concretions. 14 HOME TREATMENT FOR GRAINS. Oats are the most easily digested, and contain the best proportion of nourishment. They are therefore preferable to all other grains. The best oats are a year old, clean, hard, short and plump. New oats are indi- gestible. Kiln-dried oats, though originally good, are not desirable, since this method of drying, injures them. Sprouted or fermented oats should never be fed, as they are injurious. For old horses and those having poor teeth, oats are best when crushed ; in most instances, however, they may be fed whole. Crushed oats are also best for horses addicted to the habit of bolting their food, and in such cases, it is well to scatter the grain before them, or spread it in a thin layer. With the amount of hay already mentioned, the average horse will require about twelve quarts of oats daily. Moldy oats should not be fed, as they will give rise to very serious disturbances, often terminating fatally. WHEAT AND RYE. These grains should be given as food, in small quan- tities only, and should be crushed and mixed with hay or other grains. Digestive disorders, founder and simi- lar troubles are produced in horses, if these grains are given alone, in any considerable quantities. When used as an article of diet, they should invariably be ground or crushed, and the amount given, should not be more than one-fourth of the quantity of grain allowed. BRAN. Wheat-bran is mostly used, when bran is desired. Various estimates are placed upon its value. It is best fed with other grain ; it bestows freedom of action upon the bowels, and sour bran, therefore, should not be given, as it is productive of stomach and intestinal disorders. DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 15 MAIZE-CORN. This grain should not be used exclusively as food for young horses, as it is lacking in salts. It may be fed either whole or ground. For horses affected with lampas, it is generally given upon the cob, but if it is old corn and it is desired to give it in this manner, it should be soaked in clean water for some ten to twelve hours. Corn is better given in the ground form, from one to two quarts at a feeding, mixed with wheat-bran or crushed oats. A full feed of corn given to a horse unaccustomed to its use, is likely to give rise to acute indigestion. For this reason, small quantities should be given at first, and gradually increased until the de- sired amount is reached. LINSEED. When it is desired to keep the bowels open and im- prove the condition of the skin, ground linseed may oc- casionally be given with other articles of diet. When the digestive organs are inflamed or irritable, tea made of linseed is very beneficial. POTATOES — C ARROTS — BEETS. Potatoes used as food for horses or cattle, are best steamed or boiled. If given in considerable quantities in the raw state, they are apt to produce indigestion. Like most other roots, they possess a small proportion of laxative properties. Beets are not used often as food for horses, and should not be used too liberally as food for cattle. Carrots, when fed in small quantities, are very beneficial and particularly so in sickness, as they improve the appetite, and to a slight extent, increase the action of the kidneys and bowels. They also con- tain alterative properties and when used as an article of diet the coat becomes glossv and smooth. 16 HOME TREATMENT FOR GRASS. If at all possible, every horse sliould receive a sum- mer vacation, which he may spend in some good pas- turage. This not only affords him his natural food, but gives him a brief season for rest and recuperation. Grass is indispensible to growing stock. It is not suffi- cient in itsef, as food for an animal engaged in labor, as purging results, and horses soon tire in travel or work. They also perspire easily. It should at first be given in small quantities to horses accustomed to grain and hay, but the best idea, is to let the animal crop it for itself. Chronic disorders sometimes disappear en- tirely, when the animal is uj^on grass ; it also lias a ten- dency to lessen fever, and wounds heal with greater rapidity than when upon grain. Last but not least, is the fact that an occasional change of diet, goes far to- ward maintaining a good condition in animals. It is not a good idea to continue the same routine of feeding, for this becomes tiresome, as it would with ourselves, were we subjected to a certain rule of diet. An occasional change is appreciated by animals, and consequently fol- lowed with good results. STABLING. stalls should be large and roomy. Box stalls are best, for these allow such complete freedom from halter or etrap, that the animal may choose any position desired, for comfort and rest. It is bad policy to economize in stable-room, by building narrow, uncomfortable stalls. There should at least be room for the animal to stretch out its limbs, so that it need not lie in a cramped posi- tion. A ground floor is the best, but upon floors of any kind, should be placed a good bedding. For this, clean straw is preferable. Ventilation should not be disregarded, but in order to secure this, it DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 17 is not necessary tliat a flood of cold or damp, chilly air be allowed to rush upon the animal. In this, as in other matters, judgment must be used. Above all things, cleanliness must be observed, and there should be plenty of light. Food should be placed so that it can be reached without discomfort. Screen or netting prop- erly arranged, affords good protection from flies. Floors of any kind should be level; if a board floor is used, there should be some means of drainage. HARNESS. This should be adjusted to the form of the horse, in as comfortable a manner as possible. Rubbing should be guarded against, particularly the friction of the col- lar upon the shoulders. The cruelty of tight check- reining cannot be too severely condemned. It not only cramps the horse into a painful position, but is senseless in the extreme, being a detriment to the natural beauty of the animal and a hindrance to him while at work. JIUTILATIONS. The inhuman fashion of docking has happily almost entirely disappeared, as has also the slashing of ears. The mane, tail and fore-top, appear well if evenly trimmed, but there is no beauty in a stubby tail, a closely hacked mane and a raring fore-top ; the latter should be either short enough to escape the eyes, or be carefully tucked away beneath some portion of the head gear. As to the recent style of clipping, it cer- tainly does not seem reasonable to subject the horse to the chilling air of winter, deprived of his natural pro- tection. The animal suffers as much as would his mas- ter, were he compelled to remain out any length of time, without a coat. It may do well enough in mid-summer, or as soon as the weather becomes settled and warm. Nature, how- 18 HOME TREATMENT FOR ever, has made ample provision, by granting a shedding or thinning of the hair, at the proper time. But with all due care and consideration, animals will sicken sometimes from causes over which we have no control ; it is the way of all flesh, and when ailments occur, we must seek to administer in the best and most practical manner, the most efficient remedies. BATHS. For the cure of disease and likewise for the pres- ervation of liealth, baths are important. When falling in temperature below 70° Fahrenheit they may be termed cold baths: such, when used with discretion, ex ert tonic, stimulating or bracing effects. They contract the blood-vessels lying close to the skin and increase the excretion of waste particles. Cold baths should not be too long continued, especially when applied to young or weakly animals, as undesirable and even injurious re- sults may ensue. A sea bath is better than fresli water at rest. By drying thorouglily, by hnnd-rubbing or blanketing, reaction is encouraged, and it may some- times be well to give stimulants. If a lower temj^era- ture than 70° Fahrenheit is required, the animal may be placed in a bath of that degree of temperature which may then be lowered to 60° or lower; or may at once be placed in a batli, ranging from 60° to 50°, or have cold water dashed over it. Ten or fifteen minutes will suf- fice, in such cases, and the treatment may be given twice in a day. By this method, high fever may be re- duced from 1° to 4°. TEPin BATHS. From 65° to 85° Fahr. is the proper range for a tepid bath. They are beneficial to heated and tired animals, producing' a sense of comfort. Perspira- tion is encouraged, tlie skin is cleansed, and they also, DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 19 more or less, allay thirst ; likewise they are beneficial in removing stiffness, resulting sometimes after a hard day's labor. WARM BATHS. From 85° to 97° Fahr. is the proper range of tem- perature for baths of this kind. They are servicable in relieving chronic skin diseases and softening the skin. By their application, blood-vessels under-lying the skin are expanded and perspiration is promoted. HOT BATHS. The temperature in baths of this kind ranges upward from 97° Fahr. As high as 110° may be reached if ijti- creased by degrees. By their use, the temperature of the body is increased, the capillaries or blood-vessels of the skin are expanded, the perspiration and pulse are accelerated, and excretion of waste matter is hastened. They are soothing to over-taxed muscles, useful in re- lieving colic and cramps, check such disorders as rheu- matism, catarrh and weed attacks, and are of benefit in chronic affections of the skin. MEDICATION. Baths may be medicated. To stimulate the skin, salt or mustard may be added. Drugs of various kinds are used for the destruction of parasites of the skin and also for chronic skin diseases. In the latter instance, alkaline carbonates or potassium sulpheret; for the de- struction of parasites, carbolic acid, tobacco juice, solu- tion of arsenious acid may be used. Not many stables, however, afford the convenient and elegant appliances facilitating the administering of baths. The next best method, and the one usually em- ployed, is sponging with tepid, cold or hot water, as the case may require. Satisfactory results are thus ob- tained. In treatment of fever, the water should not at 20 HOME treatm?:nt for first, be of temperature lower than 85° or 80° Fahr. The sponging process should not last longer than three or four minutes ; the animal should then be wiped dry and at once covered with a blanket. The sponging may be repeated within three or four hours, if necessary, especially should the temperature again have risen. After the first or second sponging, the temperature of the water may be lowered to 05° or 60° Fahr. Some- times a little acid added to th3 bath is of benefit, and concurrent with this treatment, stimulants or anti- septic salines may be prescribed. FOMENTATIONS. In order to be of benefit, fomentations should be continued for several hours. Usually, water alone is used, but laudanum, vinegar, saline, and other reme- dies, suitable to the ailment, are sometimes added. Fomentations are usually hot, though cold applications are sometimes used. They are generally applied to bruises, inflammations, such as in kidney disease, or in diseases of the lungs as pneumonia and pleurisy ; to sprains, wounds, or inflamed eyes. The temperature must of course be regulated to the nature of the disor- der, and the portion of the body where it is situated. When applied to the eye, the degree of heat should not go beyond 100° Fahr. For bruises, external inflamma- tions and disturbances of similar character, the water may be as hot as can be borne by the hand, and for pleurisy and other internal inflammatory affections, horse-cloths or pieces of flannel should be soaked with boiling water, partially dried, and spread over the sur- face around and above the affected parts and covered with a piece of rubber or any other material that will prevent evaporation. For the lesser ailments, a sponge or rag, a flannel rag is preferable, may be used, with DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 21 some covering to retain the moisture. It is not advisa- ble to use a sponge where there is any putrid or foul discharge, as it is apt to harbor disease germs, whereas, if a rag is used, it is usually burned, or destroyed in some other manner. Probably the most speedy and convenient method, is to wring a sheep-skin out of the water, and place the wooly side to the diseased part. Fomentwff a Bruise. The temperature of the application should be kept as even as possible, and when the fomenting operation is completed, the affected portions should be nicely dried and wrapped, so as to prevent chilling. Mustard is sometimes applied to assist in sustaining the tempera- ture, though this is apt to be somewhat painful to open, sensitive wounds. For this purpose, also alcohol or a mild stimulating liniment may be used. Guard against irri- tation, in the treatment of a raw sore or an open wound, as this will have a tendency to delay the healing process. 22 HOME TREATMENT FOR POULTICES. Boiled linseed-meal, oat meal, bran, bread, turnips, and dried hops where a light poultice is desired, are some of the substances used for this manner of moist application. Poultices may be either hot or cold ; cold poultice's are prepared in the same manner as are hot applications, and then allowed to cool. Hot poultices, however, are mostly used. They may be laid directly upon the wound, or affected part, or a very thin cover- ing as a piece of old, thin muslin, may first be spread upon the part to be treated. This tends to prevent sticking, and for this purpose also, a light coating of glycerine solution or vaseline, may be used. They sliould be removed every hour or two, and fresh ones supplied, and this changing should be accomplished with rapidity, so as to prevent chilling. Poultices en- courage the excretion of pus and therefore should not be applied to fresh or to dry wounds where there is no suppuration. They should not be continued for too long a time, as the result will be a too great relaxing or soft- ening of the affected parts. When the operation is (•ompleted, care should be taken to prevent chilling ])y enveloping in flannel or some other suitable material. When heat is desired without moisture, hot salt or sand in bags, may be applied. Poultices are sometimes medicated. Opiates may be added to produce a sooth- ing effect; a sprinkling of turpentine or mustard will encourage stimulation, and an antiseptic tendency is produced by adding carbolic acid, yeast, charcoal or chlorinated soda. POWDERS. When not of too large a size powders may be dropped upon the tongue of the patient. The most satisfactory manner of administering, is to mix with some soft form of food, provided the flavor is not so disagreeable that the DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 28 animal will refuse it. Most all medicines may be ob- tained in the form of powders, and while their action is not quite as qu'ck as in liquid form, they are just as ef- fective, and if kept in close stoppered bottles, will retain and impart their active principles for a great length of time. PLASTERS. In veterinary practice, plasters are not as a rile, a convenient method of treatment, owing to the fact that an animal usually shows a disposition to bite or rub them of!', and thus there is danger of additional injury to the portion already affected. They are useful in af- fording protection and retarding evaporation, increas- ing activity of the glands, and when applied in a thick form, tend to hinder motion of the diseased parts. When they are to remain for some length of time, the ingredients melted to softness, may be poured directly upon the skin, over-spread with ravelled lint or tow and over the whole, a linen or leather bandage should be placed. Applications of this kind, are known as charges. For stimulation, mustard or cantharides may be added to tlie other ingredients, but if a soothing ef- fect is desired, add opium or belladonna. LOTIONS. Fluid preparations intended for the bathing of ex- ternal parts, are termed lotions. A^arious drugs are used, with writer or other fluids or mixtures of fluids, as solvents. They are of benefit in swellings, sore joints and muscles, inflamed eyes, skin diseases and other ex- ternal disorders. They may also be applied for stimu- lating effects upon internal organs. Besides pouring, or rubbing as in the application of liniments, lotions may be applied by means of linen saturated with the prep- aration and laid upon the part to be treated. 24 HOME TREATMENT FOR OINTMENTS. Lard, butter, or other fatty matters, form the basis of ointments. Vaseline is very desirable since it does not become rancid and in itself possesses soothing and healing qualities. To the oily consistence employed, such drugs are to be added as are to be used in treating the ailment, and after being well mixed, the ointment is, as a general thing, ready for use. This manner of treatment is desirable for healing sores, skin disorders, and since the ingredients are capable of being absorbed by the skin, for introducing medicines, in certain in- stances, into the system. In order to facilitate absorp- tion, lanolin or oleic acid is in the proper instances, used as a basis. When wax or resin is employed, it must be slowly melted and the other ingredients added, and the mass should be stirred until well mixed and un- til it is of the proper consistence. VAPORS. For disinfecting the air-passages, destroying para- sites therein, for soothing or stimulating, inhalations are sometimes used with good eifect. This manner of treatment is beneficial in many ailments of the throat and breathing organs, as catarrh, sore throat, bronchial congestion. For these latter attections, vapor produced from pure water alone, or to which has been added a lit- tle chloroform, laudanum, belladonna, or whatever else is designated for the ailment, often affords prompt re- lief. A hot bran-mash contained in a good sized nose bag, is a convenient method of producing steam, as also a bucket containing hot w^ater, placed beneath the nos- trils, the bucket and head of the animal being covered with sacking, or the covering may be omitted and a hot iron plunged into the water at suitable intervals. For disinfection, and for irritability of the organs of breath- DOMEv«lTICATED ANIMALS. 25 iiig, fumes and gases from various drugs are sometimes employed, but these will be treated upon elsewhere. The practice of smoking with old shoes, rubber, wool, etc., is to be severely condemned as injurious, inhuman, Nose Bag for Sleamivg. and utterly senseless. To a human being suffering with throat or lung affections, this would be not only obnox- ious, but very prolific of injurious effects. It is none the less so to the fettered animal, unable to speak or offer any other sign of protest, and it must therefore stand patiently and endure, or if this becomes impossi- ble, succumb to the torment. INJECTIONS. Liquid introduced into the rectum, whether pure water alone, or water with the addition of some me- dicinal element, or whether of some other fluid form, constitutes an injection. The object in administering, is to relax the bowels, for which it is safe and effectual, to maintain and hasten the action of purgatives, to cleanse of worms which may infest the posterior portion of the canal, and may be used with soothing as well as stimulating effect, influencing both adjacent and remote 26 HOME TREATMENT FOR organs. This is also a means of introducing medicines into the system, when there is ditiiculty in swallowing, as in sore throat, lock-jaw, or other affections producing a similar condition ; they are not so rapidly absorbed by this method however, as when administered in the nat- ural manner. This treatment is effective in constipa- tion or in obstinate torpidity. In the horse, the har- dened fecal matter may first be removed by the hand or spatula and the injection may then follow. From one and a half to five gallons of tepid water, may be in- jected into the rectum of a draught-horse, while a pint is suUicient for a dog weighing forty pounds. In this as in all else, judgment must be used, and the amount regulated to the nature of the disorder and species of animal. Two or three pints is a sufficiency for the ox or horse, when intended for retention and absorption; three or four times this amount is required wlien evacua- tion is desired, and larger quantities in obstinate cases. By the addition to tepid water, of soap — castile is preferable, or raw linseed oil, the effect is increased. An injection composed of four ounces of turpentine and a quart of raw linseed oil, is effective in removing worms. The aj)paratus for giving injections are of vari- ous kinds, of which we will designate the barrel syringe and the ball syringe as the most common. There is also Prof. Gamgee's funnel ; a sort of rectangular arrange- ment, into the top or cup of which the liciuid may be poured, and it will then follow the tube and enter the rectum. This method would no doubt be the most agreeable to the animal, as it does not necessitate the unpleasant pumj)ing or forcing usually required to oper- ate a syringe. The portion of the instrument intro- duced into the rectum, should be well greased with oil or lard and entered in a slow and careful manner, to prevent any unnecessary irritation to the parts. DOMESTICATED AKIMALS. 27 SUPPOSITORIES. By combining with soap, cocoa-butter or lard, and wielding into a round form resembling a ball or cylin- der, certain drugs may be introduced into the rectum, vagina and uterus. A suppository of soap placed in tlie anus, encourages acton of the bowels in young foals and calves. BOLUSES. Some medicines are conveniently administered in tlie form of a bolus or pill. The remedy to be given, is mixed with a mass of sufficient consistency to allow molding into a round form ; the cylindrical shape is bet- ter than the absolutely round ball, and it may measure Giving (t Pill from a half to three-fourths of an inch in thickness, and two inches in length. There are a number of articles with which the medicine may be mixed and wielded into the proper form, but lard or linseed meal can prob- ably be the most readily obtained. In both mixing and administering, cleanliness should be observed and the balls must not be allowed to harden, as in this condi- tion, they sometimes pass away from the animal with- out having been changed and absorbed. Wrapping in oiled paper will preserve moisture, or fresii (jnes may be made as required. 28 HOME TREATJIENT FOR The bolus is usually given with the fingers, and the operation is simple. The ball is held by one end between the thumb (which supports it below) and the fingers of the right hand, which is drawn together and rounded as much as possible. The tongue of the patient is gently drawn out a little way by the left hand, and the ball passed rapidly along the roof of the mouth, and dropped on the back of the tongue. The hand must be quickly withdrawn and the hold upon the tongue at once released. Close the mouth, and slightly elevate the head which may be released as soon as the ball is swal- lowed. The operation should be performed in as rapid and careful a manner as possible and with a firm, steady hand, for a nervous doctor usually makes a nervous pa- tient; neither should the animal be struck or abused. When, on account of viciousness, the ball cannot readily be administered by the hand, it is best to use a balling iron. This device is also conveniently used when the mouth is narrow, or when by reason of some affection, it cannot be sufiiciently opened. DRENCHES. Fluid preparations given in a single good-sized dose, are termed drenches. When the flavor is not disagree- able, the animal may usually be induced to drink it mixed with its drinking water or with gruel. From two to six ounces, according to the size of the animal, is an average amount for dogs ; one or two pints for horses, six to eight ounces for sheep, and for an ox one to two quarts. The mixture should be well shaken, so that the ingredients will be thoroughly mixed. In administering to a horse, the head should be raised to a moderate height, and the tongue secured so as to prevent the throwing out of the liquid, yet allowing sufficient action of jaws, lips, tongue and cheeks to permit swallowing. DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 29 The tongue should not be drawn outward in a forcible manner, as in this position, it cannot assist in forcing back the fluid, and furthermore encourages the danger of choking. To secure the head by means of ropes and pulleys fastened above, is an objectionable method ; a better way is to hold the head in position by means of a twitch, the noose of which is placed over the upper jaw within the incisor teeth, and an assistant, standing on the left side of the animal may raise and sustain the head by means of a stick attached to the noose, or the noose may be slipped between the prongs of a stable fork. The best method however, is to dispense with all fetters and entanglements, and use the hands alone, as first described. This requires but one person, and is quickly and easily accomplished, at the same time al- lowing the most comfort and freedom to the animal. Drenching through the nostrils is not only unnatural, but is attended with danger of death, as the fluid may enter either the channel to the lungs or the passage to the stomach, or both. The nostrils are to admit air, not food and drink or other matters foreign to them. The mouth has this ofiice to perform. If, in administering a drench to an animal, it is seized with a fit of coughing, release it at once, as there is danger of choking. In administering to cattle, grasp firmly but not roughly by the nostrils, with the thumb and two fingers, in such a manner that there will be no interference with the breathing, and raise the head to a moderate height. The drench may then be given with the other hand. Aid is rendered in some instances, if an assistant grasps the horns and steadies the head. Large dogs may be backed into a corner, so that they cannot pull away, and the head held between the knees. Glass bottles are usually used to contain the fluid, but if a properly shaped tin vessel can be obtained, it will be all the bet- 30 IIOMK T}IEAT>1EXT FOR ter, as there is danger that the glass bottle may h<^ broken, the contents spilled, and the mouth of the ani- mal or the hands of tlie operator, cut by the fragments. The drencliing horn is also sometimes used. In all ani- mals the nostrils should be left unobstructed to such an extent as to not interfere with breathing; choking should be guarded against, and the drench should be poured somewhat slowly. DISINFECTION. For cleansing a drain, pour into it a bucket of water in which has been dissolved a handful of copperas. When it is desired to eradicate disease germs, smoke the shed or stable with sulphur ; if to this is added wood tar, the activity will l)e greatly increased. Place a heap of live coals in an iron kettle or other suitable vessel, and lay the sulphur or tar and sulphur upon them. The gases will at once begin to generate. For thorough disinfection, it is best to remove all living creatures, close the building tightly, arrange the vessel so that there is no danger of fire, and leave matters so, for an hour or two. The smoke will thus penetrate every crevice. A little of this gas inhaled by animals may be beneficial, but the suffocating power of sulphur fumes is well known, and it is therefore not to be trifled with. By all means, remove the animals if distress is indi- cated by coughing. Carbolic acid applied to the door- lintels and walls, forms a good disinfectant. Cloths wet with a weak solution of it and hung up, are an at- traction and a destruction to disease germs floating about in the atmosphere. This acid is also disagreeable to flies. BLISTERINO. Before applying a blister, shave the hair from the part, wash and dry well; then witli smart friction con- tinued for a few minutes, apply the blistering prepara- DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 81 tion. If the operation is properly accomplished, and the application is afterwards carefully watched, the blister should leave no perjnanent scar or blemish. If it proves to be too severe, remove it and wash the part gently and apply olive oil or lard freely. Tie the horse in such a manner that he cannot gnaw at the blister, and do not remove the loose skin raised by it; let this scale off naturally. This treatment is sometimes used to hasten the opening; of an abscess, or to reduce an en- larged gland. When sufficient action has been aroused, further irritation may be discouraged by washing care- fully and applying olive oil or lard. FIRINa. In many cases of chronic lameness and in obstinate bone diseases, firing is of great benefit. For this pur- pose, Williams' instrument for pyropuncture is to be recommended, as it makes a deep impression and leaves scarcely any scar. The iron should be red hot, and ap- j)lied with enough force to pierce the skin and enter the diseased part. Before the procedure begins, the hair should be shaved from the part to be treated, and the animal securely fastened. On the day following the operation, neats' foot or some other bland oil may be api^lied, to act upon the swelling, and this may hence forward be used daily, until the swelling is reduced. The animal should not be put to labor too soon, as the disease may return if this is done. A rest of several months is advisable. SLINGS. Unless suffering from diseased feet, it is ]>?st to let the liorse sustain himself, but when to all appearance?, exhaustion is so great that this is no longer possible, it is well, in some instances, to prepare a sling for support in maintaining an upright position. To accomplish C2 HOME TREAT5IENT FOR this, a block and tackle may be securely fastened to a beam over-head and attached to the canvas or other stout material employed, and which has been wrapped two or three times at each end, around stout rollers, at least two inches thick, and securely nailed. If instead, a frame is to be used, set four posts, a little over three feet apart one way and five feet the other. On either side and on a line with the middle of the body, place a strong horizontal bar. Lead the horse between the posts, place a bar in front at such a height that it will cross the lower part of the neck, and another between the hind posts, on a line with the stifle. Wind your material around one of the side bars, and nail it on the outside, then pass it beneath the body to the bar oppo- site, and secure in the same manner. Do not let the horse sink down into the sling until it is well secured. The cloth may be strengthened by small ropes, and it should be of such a width as to begin behind the fore- legs, and clear the sheath in the male. BLEEDING. By diminishing the quantity of blood in circulation, bleeding lessens the action of the lungs and heart. If this manner of treatment is resorted to, it should be in the first stages of the disease, before there is much ex- havistion. It is not a safe remedy and should be avoided if possible. In some instances, however, it is the only chance for life. In horses, the jugular vein is generally selected when blood-letting is desired. A fleam is preferable to a lancet, for this purpose, since with this instrument, there is certainty of tapping the vein to a proper extent. From a previously strong, healthy horse, one bleeding of from five to seven quarts, is sufiicient. The quantity extracted, must be regulated to the size of the animal and the nature of the ailment. A rusty or unclean instrument should not be used, as it is likely to DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 83 produce inflammation. The horse should be blind- folded ; pressure should be brought upon the vein with the finger, until it grows tense, or to accomplish this, a stout string may be tied about the neck with pressure enough to bring the veins into prominence, but there should be no dragging upon the skin. The incision must be made above the point of pressure ; the fleam should be laid lengtliwise along the center of the vein, and should be given a quick, heavy blow, whereupon Raising the. Vtin. the blood will spurt out. The pressure must be con- tinued until a sufficient amount is drawn, when the string or finger, whichever has been employed, should be removed, and the flow will cease. During the operation and while the flow continues, the head should be ele- vated to a moderate heiglit. When bleeding has ceased, a common pin is run through the margins of the wound and wrapped with thread crossed back and forth over the ends of the pin in the form of a figure eight. Care must be exercised in the pinning operation, so that there will be no dragging upon the skin, and no undue tightening of the thread ligature, and the vein must not 34 HOME TREATMENT FOR be included. Usually in three days, the pin may be re- moved. It should first be twisted about to loosen adhe- sions, should there be any, and then withdrawn with one hand, while the other holds the akin in place below it, so that it will not be dragged back. The ox and sheep are also generally bled from the Bleeding. jugular, though sometimes in the sheep, the eye or cheek vein is tapped. In the pig, the ear may be turned back and the veins pressed upon at the base, and brought into prominence, when the incision can be made ; or a cord may be tied around the foreleg above the knee, when the brachial vein, on the inside of the leg will be seen, and can be lanced. The cut should be made about an inch above the knee. SHOEING. While the art of shoeing belongs to another profes- sion, which is closely allied to that of the veterinary surgeon, it may not be out of place here to make a few remarks on the various modes and manners in wliich the foot of the horse is treated by many blacksmiths, for want of a know^ledge of one of the most intricate parts of the horse's anatomy. Far from it, is it my in- DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. Bo teution to do any injustice to the knights of the anvil, yet there are so many who undertake to practice this trade or profession, that have never given the parts suf- ficient study, or in whom there is not enough mechanical ingenuity, to properly place the shoe, and drive the nails in their proper position, after the foot has been levelled and prepared for its reception. The somewhat vveeping assertion has frequently been made, that tlie history of every horse, has been a record of human en- deavor to destroy its usefulness, yet this assertion is not made without some foundation for its support, for where is the individual who questions the statement, ""No foot, no horse;'- and yet there is no portion of this ani- mal's anatomy, wherein he has been compelled to suffer ^o many ills, the cause of which, in the vast majority of instances, are traceable either directly or indirectly, to the manner in which the foot has been prepared and the ill-fitting shoe it has been compelled to wear. Unfortu- nate indeed, has it been for that noble animal, that we have been obliged to invent some device for the artifi- cial protection of the foot, as the necessary work that is imposed upon it from day to day, causes a greater waste of horn than nature can replace during the intervals of rest it is allowed. The ordinary iron shoe, has so far, proven the best protection, and even this, when applied under the direction of, or by a skillful mechanic, means a certain amount of injury to the tissues of the foot. Every nail driven, means so much injury, and the larger the nail, the greater the injurious effects. There is however, one class of horses in this country, which, from the nature of the work they have to perform, and the condition of the ground they have to travel over, renders it unnecessary to furnish artificial protection for their feet, except under extraordinary circumstances. These are our agricultural horses; and when one of 36 HOME TREATMENT FOR them, from the peculiar shape or condition of the feet, must receive attention, take it to a skillful mechanic, no matter how great the distance. It is strange, yet nevertheless true, that the average horse shoer has a mania for cutting, carving and rasping at the horse's foot, thereby taking upon himself the task of improving na- ture by means of art, which has always proven a dismal failure, for sooner or later, after being handled in this manner, you perceive a dried, contracted, pinched up or shriveled object instead of the broad, beautiful foot, with which nature in her ineffable wisdom, provided the animal. I will now endeavor to present to you, some of the pernicious and insane methods of preparing the foot for the shoe. Foremost among these, is the habit of trimming the frog. Now as the frog is nature's cush- ion and hoof expander, placed there to ward off con- cussion, through its elasticity, thereby furnishing the much needed protection to the other structures of the foot, which are possessed of a much smaller amount of expansion and contraction, it now being trimmed to a degree that deprives it of pressure, immediately com- mences to shrink, dry and harden, very soon presenting a pinched up appearance, when its usefulness to the foot is destroyed ; then instead of being a protection to the foot, as in its natural state, discharging its allotted function, it becomes a menace rather than a benefit to this organ. Next among these, is the habit of paring out the sole of the foot, until it yields by the pressure of the operator's thumbs. As the sole grows very slowly, and rests upon a soft, velvety cushion, from which it is nourished and developed, consequently when it is pared down until it yields to light pressure, the part that still remains is only partially developed, and when exposed to dryness and heat, the delicate half- formed fibres contract to such a degree that their source DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 37 of nourishment is greatly impaired, and the process of development is vastly retarded ; then it is, that this mutilated and shrunken sole adds still more serious injury to the foot. Nor does the injury stop here. The operator proceeds to "open up the heels," as he calls it, by cutting out the bars and splitting down with the knife between the frog and the quarters. These bars are so arranged as to prevent the quarters from closing in on the frog, to prevent contraction at the heels. Thus, with the bars or lateral braces removed and a slice t;iken out in the immediate vicinity of the heels, there is no other alternative, in a dry climate like ours in the summer, but to continuously contract, until the sensi- tive structures of the foot are naught but a constant source of irritation, i^ain and misery to the horse, the remainder of its animal existence. Adding to this al- ready mutilated foot, after the shoe has been placed upon it and the clinches made, the rasp is brought into play, commencing up very closely to the hair and rasp- ing the whole external portion of the foot, thus robbing it of its natural layer of varnish, which was placed there by nature to prevent the evaporation of the moisture there secreted, for the nourishment and healthy main- tenance of the parts. The condition of horses' feet depends greatly upon the care and management they receive from colthood up, and were they allowed the privilege of standing, while in confinement, upon some material containing a small amount of moisture instead of on a dry, wooden floor, their feet would be found to be better shaped, tougher and less brittle, a condition much* better for the work to be exacted from them. Now in summarizing the conditions to which our horses' feet have been subjected, not only by the sheer, l)ut the owner, let us look together with more reason, and see if these evils cannot be abated in a great degree. As I 88 HOME TREATMENT FOR have heretofore stated, the fro^, sole and bars, were placed in position by nature, to maintain the whole structure in a healthy condition, and as they have been mercilessly mutilated with the drawing knife, that is the first instrument to be discarded from the shoer's outfit. The frog should never be touched with either knife or rasp, and as only the semi-detached portions of the sole should be removed, in order to level the foot for the proper adjustment of the shoe, the rasp is the only in- strument that is necessary for the completion of that part of the work, for the shoe, when properly adjusted, has its bearing alike upon the horny wall, and the sole which is in immediate contact with it. It is a grave mistake to adjust a shoe and so concave the sole with the treacherous knife, that the only bearing the foot has, rests upon the wall, and the wall only. After the bottom of the foot has been prepared for the shoe by levelling it off with the rasp, the next thing in order is to fit the shoe, using the best of judgment as to the proper weight of shoe the animal should wear. The only legitimate use of the shoe, is to j)revent undue wear of the wall and sole, therefore the lighter the shoe, in proportion to the weight it has to sustain, the better. The plain shoe without calks, will allow tlie animal to rest in a natural position, consequently calks should be used only upon those horses where it is actually neces- sary, from the peculiar or difficult labor they have to perform. In such cases, a short calk answers the pur- ].ose much better than a long one, for the toe calks wear down much more rapidly than the heels, resulting in a depressed toe and an elevated heel. Also the relative ]:)ositions of the bone structure of the foot are altered ; the coffin bone becomes bruised and diseased, and possi- bly it may suffer during the balance of its existence. The weight of the shoe having been decided upon, it DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 39 should now be so shaped as to conform to the size and shape of the foot, and not, as is too often the case, place on a shoe that is too small in circumference, then rasp down the foot to fit the shoe, in order to make it pre- f-entable. The upper surface of the shoe, or that part that comes in contact with the hoof, should be perfectly level ; then with the two level surfaces coming in direct opposition, it will require only a few nails, and these of a small size, to retain the shoe in position for a proper length of time, as the shoes should be changed every four or five weeks. It is no uncommon sight to see the sheer using heavy nails and a numerous lot of them driving them high up and clinching them firmly, and if remonstrated with or upbraided for doing such work, he will invariably tell you that if the shoes do not remain on for four or five months, the owner will go elsewhere to have his work done, thus losing his custom, which he cannot afford. Here it is clearly the owner's fault, either through short-sightedness or stinginess. He should be compelled to wear a pair of nicely fitting boots for a month, then supplied with a pair two sizes too small, and forced to wear them for the balance of the time the horse is compelled to wear his. I would venture the opinion that the horse would be taken to the shop immediately. A badly fitting shoe is as pain- ful to the horse as the tight boot would be to the owner. After the shoes have been fitted and the nails driven and clinched, nothing remains to be done outside of xasping off the few slight projections that may extend over the shoe, but, just at this point, it is a common sight to see the rasp applied over the whole external part of the wall, robbing it of its layer of natural var- nish, which was placed there to protect the foot, by holding the moisture that is secreted within. When de- prived of this covering, the moisture evaporates, the 40 HOME TREATMENT FOR DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. foot dries and hardens, and sooner or later contracts to a degree that is a source of irritation and pain. This habit, for such it is and nothing else, should be dis- carded, for nothing could be devised that is calculated to do a greater amount of injury, than this willful, whole- sale and wholly uncalled for rasping. The various de- vices for shoeing to overcome deformities and habits, as well as for the production of speed, 1 will leave to the skillful mechanic, who understands that profession much better than I do, and who should receive the highest sense of praise, that can be bestowed upon those who follow this profession. DISEASES OF THE HORSE THEIR CAUSES. SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT. DISTEMPER, OR STRANGLES. This is a disease peculiar to the horse, but may be communicated to man by inoculation. It seldom at- tacks a horse after maturity, but attacks colts from DISTEMPER, OR STRANGLES. birth until they are five years old. The causes are many and varied. Among them are want of nutritious properties in the mother's milk, change from pasture to dry feed, irritation from teething, impure air, change from one climate to another, etc. Symptoms: — The colt will appear dull and stupid; the eyes will l)egin to water and sometimes to matter ; fever begins to rise; loss of appetite, coat begins to get rough ; discharge from the nostrils ; abscesses begin to (41) 42 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. form under the lower jaw. In irregular strangles ab- scesses may form anywhere on the body, or in the lungs or intestines, making the cace very serious. Treatment: — The treatment is very simple. In regu- lar strangles place the animal in an airy, comfortable, loose box-stall and bed well. Blanket comfortably, protect from exposure to cold to prevent severe bron- cliitis or lung complications, and feed on soft food — such as bran-mashes, chopped feed, mashed turnips or car- rots. If the patient is constipated and the fever high, give four ounces of glauber salts twice a day, as a laxative. If there is a dry cough, steam the nostrils with scalded bran or oats, but do not smoke the colt. Poul- tice the throat with fried onions, boiled turnips or lin- eeed meal, and when the abscesses soften, lance them to allow the matter to escape. If the abscesses remain hard, apply a good stimulating liniment, as, Olive Oil four ounces. Oil Turpentine two ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Mix. Apply morning and evening and gargle the throat with the following : Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. Nitrate of Potassium one ounce. Hypo-Sulphate of Soda one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders and give one powder every six hours. When lung complications show themselves, apply mustard along the belly and sides. During convales- cence, care must be taken not to expose the animal to cold, as a relapse might follow. Allow exercise but do not turn the exercise into work, until the animal has entirely recovered. EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA. 43 EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA. This disease is very peculiar and yet not uncommon in this country. In 1871 it traveled from east to west with such rapidity, that there is little reason to doubt that it is produced through atmospheric influences. It is much more dangerous in some localities than in oth- ers, according to the hygienic measures employed. In localities that are low and malarious, with j^oor sta- bling, the disease is much more fatal than where the elevation is greater and the air dryer. But no location is exempt from the disease. In the same stable a num- EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA. ber of horses may be attacked, and very severely, while others remain perfectly healthy. Every horse in a given stable may be affected, while their neighbors in a sta- ble across the street escape entirely. It is my opinion that horses poorly cared for and ill-fed, are not only first attacked, but the first to succumb. Symptoms: — The disease comes on very suddenly, with weakness and stupor, eyes swelled and w^atery. The membranes of the nostrils may be of a bright pink color, but are more frequently of a dull leaden hue. There is a dry cough, staring coat, ears and legs alter- nately hot and cold ; patient is feverish ; pulse acceler- ated — generally weak but sometimes liard; sometimes 44 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. a watery discharge from the nostrils, afterwards assum- ing a yellowish or greenish color ; appetite lost ; when made to move, will go with a swinging gait — frequently crackling of the joints will be heard, when the disease assumes a somewhat rheumatic nature, the legs swollen, hot and very painful when touched. In other cases the lungs or abdominal viscera may be seriously involved. If the horse is tucked up along the abdomen, with hard pellets ^of dung, covered with mucus, the l)owels are at- tacked and your case is somewhat dangerous. If the FIRST STAGE OF EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA. patient is tucked up in the flanks, with a ridge extend- ing from the flanks to the breast bone, hurried breathing and short, painful cough, the disease has attacked some part of the thoracic cavity, — either the lungs or the pleura, probably both — and is extremely dangerous. Treatment: — When first noticed, place in a comforta- ble, loose, box-stall, well aired but without draughts. Blanket well and bandage the legs. Relieve costive- ness with a pint of linseed or castor oil and injections of warm water. If the fever is high give, Quinine Sulph three drachms. Nitrate Potass one ounce. Bi-Carbonate Soda one and one-half ounces. Mix. SPASMODIC COLIC, CRAMPS. 46 Make into six powders, of which give one every five 3r six hours. If the horse is very weak give, Liq. Ammoii. Acet eight ounces. Spts. Nit. ^Eth four ounces. Tinct. Nux Vomica two ounces. Mix. Give two ounces every five or six hours in a little water as a drench. Bathe the throat with Witch-hazel six ounces. Tr. Arnica one ounce. Aqua Ammonia one ounce. Mix. Apply two or three times a day. Feed on soft, nutritious diet and give plenty of pure, fresh water. If the joints swell, bathe with. Alcohol eight ounces. Witch-hazel four ounces. Tr. Arnica four ounces. Mix. Apply twice daily and bandage. If there are any lung complications, use mustard freely on the sides and read treatise on lung diseases. If the bowels are affected^ give linseed jelly, slippery elm, etc. SPASMODIC COLIC, CRAMPS. Several diseases of horses, — such as affections of the kidneys, liver, spleen, etc., cause abdominal pain and are erroneously classed under the head of colic. I shall not treat of them here, but confine myself to spasmodic colic proper, which is a disease of the intestinal canal usually confined to the stomach and small intestines, — an involuntary contraction of the muscular fibres, sep- arate and distinct from inflammation, at the beginning causing intense pain in the abdominal region. There are many and various causes, — such as change of feed i6 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. from oats to corn; too high feeding; sudden changes of temperature, from liot to cold; standing in the rain; drinking ice-cold water; inniitritious food; in fact any- FIRST STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC. thing that will cause indigestion or irritation of the in- testinal canal. Symptoms: — The horse will generally appear uneasy, commence pawing and attempt to lie down, sometimes falling upon his knees, then raising himself up again. Ai the pain increases he will paw violently, suddenly drop down, roll around for a time, get up and stand apparently easy for a few minutes, possibly attempt to eat a few mouth-fulls. Then he is suddenly siezed again, paws violently, drops down again and rolls around — possibly rolls upon his breast and remains there for a time. Then commences tumbling and rolling again; gets up and shakes himself, and possibly tlio SPASMODIC COLIC, CRAMPS. 47 cramps are over. If not the pain continues to increase in intensity. It will throw itself down, roll over and over, jump up, whirl about, drop down again, paw or Btrike with the front feet, steam and sw eat, and make SECOND STA(3I<; OF SPASMODIC COLIC. frequent attemps to pass water. If a horse, frequently the penis will be partially erect; sometimes a small amount of water is passed, but more frequently none is passed until the spasm has passed off, when the urine will be voided freely, which has led many to suppose there was trouble with the kidneys and bladder when, in reality, it was only a symptom of colic. If the pain continues to increase in intensity, and the animal is not relieved, inflammation of the bowels (which is very dangerous) may result, or the horse may die from pain and exhaustion. Treatment: — Place the animal in a dry, well-bedded stall, where he is less liable to bruise himself. Rub the legs and abdomen and give. Ginger half ounce. Baking Soda half ounce. Red Pepper half ounce. Mix. 48 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Make it into a tea and give at one dose. If this does not give relief in thirty minutes, repeat again, or give, Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Chloral Hydrate one drachm. Powdered Opium one drachm. Mix. SPASMODIC COLIC — LAST STAGE. If the pain increases, give, Spts. Nitrous ^ther,one and one-half ounces. Laudanum one ounce. Oil of Peppermint thirty drops. Spirits of Turpentine six drachms. Linseed Oil one-half pint. Mix. Should the pain continue, repeat the latter prescrip- tion every forty minutes. If you have failed to give the aloes, after the pains have subsided it is good policy to give a good physic — either a pint of linseed oil or one ounce of barbadoes aloes and half ounce of ginger combined. FLATULENT COLIC. 49 FLATULENT COLIC. Flatulent colic is a disease separate and distinct from spasmodic colic. In the former there is bloating, or distension with gas, of the bowels; in the latter tliere is no bloating whatever. Among the many causes are sudden changes of food, too long fasting, and food given while exausted, new hay or grain, large quanti- ties of green food, crib biting, sour, mouldy or other ADVANCED STAGE OF FLATULENT COLIC. indigestible food setting up a ferment and creating a greater amount of gas than can be comfortably accom- modated by the bowels, thus causing intense pain. Symptoms: — The horse will hang his head and com- mence looking around at his tianks; soon he will begin pawing, then will lie down and roll, frequently looking at the flanks ; the animal begins bloating and sometimes has belching of gas from the stomach ; the bowels grow more distended, the pains are continuous and grow more severe, the breathing is shorter and the animal groans or grunts while lying down and often while standing; the legs and ears become cold, cold sweats break out over 50 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. the body. The disease is usually of short duration and, if not speedily relieved, ends in death. Treatment: — When first noticed, in the absence of other remedies, give two ounces of baking soda. If no relief is obtained in thirty minutes, give. Chloral Hydrate two ounces. Water eight ounces. Mix. Give half in a pint of water and if necessary repeat in forty minutes, or give, Linseed Oil one pint. Spts. Turpentine two ounces. Mix. If that fails to neutralize the gas, give Liq. Ammonia Acet three ounces. Chloral Hydrate four drachms. Bi Carbonate Soda two drachms. Tinct. Aconite twenty drops. Water one-half pint. Repeat every thirty minutes. Give injections of hot water and castile soap every twenty minutes. If the bloating continues, tap with a trocar and canula, on the right side, between the hip and ribs, where it is most resonant on percussion. After recovery give a pint of linseed oil or castor oil. GLANDERS, OR FARCY. Glanders is a specific febrile disease peculiar to the horse, mule and ass; and, by inoculation, it can be communicated to man. Its causes are keeping horses in damp filthy stables, impure air, improper feeding, impaired nutrition, sequelae of "grease heels," sequelae of epizootic influenza ; also contagion, which is by. far the most common. GLANDERS, OR FARCY. 51 Symptoms: — Dullness, decreased appetite, eyes water- ing, fever rising from 102° to 107° F., coat staring, at first watery discharge from the nostrils; discharge afterwards turns to a yellowish and later t« a yellowish green, and is very tenacious; in the nostrils reddish ulcerations appear, later becoming purpleish ; all over the . body the lymphatic glands become enlarged, fre- quently breaking and discharging matter ; the sub-max- illary glands enlarge and harden, later on becoming adherent to the jaw; breath foetid; by auscultation, GLANDERS. crepitation of the lungs will be discovered ; the dis- charge from the nostrils becomes very profuse and more greenish in color; fever now stands from 105° to 107° F. ; quite frequently the limbs will swell, — more particularly about the joints. Treatment: — The best treatment is the destruction of the animal as soon as thoroughly satisfied he has glan- ders. Separate all animals which have come in contact with him. If treatment be attempted, place the animal where he can have plenty of fresh air and try the sul- phites — as sulphite of sodium, benzoate of sodium, arsenate of strychnia, carbolic acid; also vegetable and mineral tonics — as sulphate of iron, sulphate of copper, gentian, ginger, nux vomica, etc. 52 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. ANAEMIA, OR DROPSY. This is a term used to denote a deficiency of red corpuscles in the blood. The disease is caused by excessive bleeding, deteriorated food, keeping in ill- ventilated, filthy stables, without much light, effects of fevers, severe or protracted diarrhoea, leucorrhoea ; it sometimes results from epizootic influenza. Symptoms: — Pallor of the mucous membranes; is tucked up in the flanks, cardiac palpitation, disinclina- tion to move, staggering gait, paleness of eyes and eye- lids, coat more or less rough ; later on, if a horse, a swelling of the sheath — if a mare, swellings of a drop- sical nature under the breast, slight at first, but grad- ually extending both backward and forward ; in the horse usually extending from the sheath forward ; the limbs begin swelling, sometimes reaching an enormous size ; on scarifying the swelling, there will be an oozing out of serum, barely colored with blood, which may be continued for days, — you will also find the flesh of a bluish color ; appetite sometimes fair, usually for hay but not for grain ; bowels generally constipated, but sometimes a diarrhoea will set in which, if not checked, will commonly prove fatal; rumbling of the bowels is invariably a constant symptom. Treatment: — If possible remove the cause as soon as can be ; give plenty of light and fresh air. If necessary, regulate the bowels with a pint of castor oil. Give strengthening and easily digested food — such as ground oats, beans, boiled flaxseed, etc. Administer such rem- edies as will tend to build up the system, as Sulphate of Iron two ounces. Gentian one ounce. Nux Vomica one ounce. Arsenic thirtv grains. Mix. EPISTAXIS, OR BLEEDING FROM THE NOSTRILS. 53 Make fifteen powders ; give one powder every five or six hours ; or use any of the mineral or vegetable tonics, as, cascarrilla, quassia, gentian, sulphate of copper, etc. Regulate the kidneys with drachm doses of nitrate of potassium. Bed the animal well. When the sheath is much swollen, scarify lightly. EPISTAXIS, OR BLEEDING FROM THE NOSTRILS. This disease seldom occurs. It is usually caused by hard running, sneezing, coughing, by external injuries, congestion of the lungs, bronchitis, or influenza. Symptoms: — If the blood is merely dropping or run- ning in a small stream from one nostril, some small blood vessel in the head is ruptured. If the blood flows in a stream and comes from both nostrils and is of a bright scarlet color, quite frothy and accompanied by a cough, the blood is coming from the lungs. If it comes away in dark colored clots, it is in all probability com- ing from the stomach. Treatment: — If from some ruptured blood vessel in the head, elevate the head and apply cold water over it and down over the nostrils, or apply ice to the head. Inject weak solutions of alum water up the nostril, or a weak solution of sulphate of zinc; or plug the nostril with a sponge or cotton batting, but be sure and have a string tied to it to draw it out and only plug one nostril at a time. If the bleeding continues for some hours, give one drachm of sugar of lead in a pint of water, as a drench. If the bleeding is from the lungs and is accom- panied by a cough, give, Laudanum two ounces. Raw Linseed Oil half j)int. Mix. 54 DISEASES OE THE HOESE. Give at one dose. If the bleeding continues, take, Sugar of Lead one drachm. Water one pint. Give at one dose and keep the animal perfectly quiet. AZOTURIA, OR PARTIAL PARALYSIS. By some this disease has been described as a disease of the kidneys, by others as a disease of the spine and by others as a disease of the liver. But I have invari- ably found the whole system more or less affected, from AZOTURIA. an abnormal amount of nitrogen in the blood, which is caused by high feeding and want of exercise. As the animal is put to work, there is a greater amount of waste material cast upon the excretory organs than they can well dispose of; hence an excess of nitrogen is formed in the blood and is carried through the system, invariably settling in the myolema or coverings of the deep muscles of the haunch, causing partial and some- times complete paralysis of the hind extremities. AZOTURIA, OR PARTIAL PARALYSIS. 55 Symptoms : — Invariably the horse leaves the stable in the best of health, and, as the driver says, " the horse was never feeling better. " But it is probably not driven over half a mile, possibly five or six miles, when he is noticed to hang back, to be covered with profuse perspiration and to be stiff in his hind legs. Other symptoms, are looking back at the flanks, anxious expression of countenance, breathing short, nostrils dis- tended and red, staring eyes, drooping of the liind legs and knuckling over at the fetlocks, as though there was no strength in them ; after staggering around for awhile the animal falls and is unable to get up, — although they sometimes keep upon their feet in a mild attack and, if so, are most likely to recover in a few days ; if urine is passed it will be very dark, sometimes looks bloody, smells very strong and is very ropy. Treatment: — If the horse remains very uneasy, give four drachm doses of bromide of potassium every hour until relieved ; then remove to a comfortable place and bed well. Clean out the bowels well by giving, Barbadoes Aloes.. eight or ten drachms. Ginger two drachms. Mix. Give in one j)int of Avater as a drench. While tlie animal is perspiring, l)lanket well and keep sweat- ing. Apply a fresh sheep-skin over the loins and cover well, or apply cloths wrung out of hot water over the loins, and be careful the animal does not take cold. If the kidneys do not act freely, give one ounce tinct. buchu compound, every six or seven hours in a little syrup as a drench. And in a few days give. Tincture Gentian two ounces. Tincture Nux Vomica two ounces. Tincture Ginger four ounces. Alcohol eiffht ounces. Mix. 56 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Give two ounces every four or five hours. Bathe the back and loins with a good, strong liniment once or twice a day, also rub from the stifle to the point of the hip. Turn the horse over from one side to the other every three or four hours, and occasionally sponge him off with dilute alcohol. If shod, remove the shoes and keep lying upon the breast as much as possible. I believe it bad policy in such cases to swing the horse, unless the slings can be got under him before he goes down, — then it is advisable ; but after he is down for a few hours, do not attempt to swing. If the patient lies upon his breast well and rests easy, you may look for recovery in a few days ; if he lies straight out, the inevitable result is death in a few days. Should tlie animal not urinate properly, pass the catheter and draw off the urine. If in twenty-four hours the bowels do not respond to the aloes, give a quart of raw linseed oil ; also give injections of castile soap and hot water. NASAL CATARRH, OR COLD IN THE HEAD. This quite frequently arises from standing in a draught, from inhalation of irritating gases, or from de- cayed teeth. Symptoms: — Discharge, watery at first, from the nos- trils, also from the eyes ; sneezing ; later on a discharge of matter from the nostrils of a thick, mucilaginous state, of a yellowish white color, and it may be quite profuse. It is sometimes very foetid, especially when from a diseased tooth ; sometimes ulcers will appear on the septum of the nose, when the discharge is of a muco-purulent character ; often the appetite is lost and •the animal becomes debilitated. ;<)i.i)MC ROARiiVG. 57 Treatment: — Complete rest, with pure air and good food for a few days should be granted. Steaming the nostrils with hot water or scalded bran, to which may be added a little carbolic acid, "four or five times a day and about fifteen minutes each time, will be of great benefit and cannot be over-estimated. Feed such food as the animal will partake, bran-mash, scalded oats or barley; green grass if it can be procured, but if the patient prefers hay, oats, corn or other dry food, give it. If there is loss of appetite, get liq. amnion, acet., sixteen ounces. Give two ounces with two drachms of chlorate of potash, in a pint of water, three times a day. After a few days give, Powd. Sulph. Iron two ounces. Gentian one ounce. Quinine four drachms. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give three powders each day. If the weather is cold, blanket and keep the ani- mal warm. If from a diseased tooth, the tooth should be extracted, and if there is matter in the frontal sinuses, they should be trephined and washed out with, Listerine four ounces. Sulphate of Zinc one-half drachm. Water four ounces. Mix. Use morning and evening. CHRONIC ROARING. This is so called from the roaring, rasping, unnatural sound when the horse is put to work, and is caused by atrophy or wasting of the muscles on the left side of the larynx, by distemper, by epizootic influenza, by polypus in the nostrils ; also by spasmodic constriction of the bronchial tubes from tonic contraction, mostly reflex of the involuntary muscular fibres ; by fracture of the bones 58 ■ DISEASES OF THE HORSE. of the nose, — when the fracture is depressed ; by an. extra amount of fat, by dropsical swellings, etc. Treatment: — First, if possible, remove the cause. If that cannot be done, treatment is useless. If caused l-y atrophy of the muscles of the larynx, apply every liftli day, for three or four applications, a blister of Vaseline one ounce. Bin-Iodide Mercury one drachm. Powdered Cantharides. . ..one drachm. Mix. If caused by polypus, have it removed. If from fat, reduce in flesh. In the majority of cases the roaring is made during the inspiration. The horse seemingly inhales more air than the lungs can dispose of ; conse- quently he roars and chokes down when put to work. By using a clasp over the nostrils, it holds them so he can only take in a certain amount of air at each inspi- ration ; when put to work, the roaring will be stopped, and the horse will do a reasonable amount of work. The clasp may be taken oft' after he has been working. an hour, and, in the majority of cases, the animal will breathe freely. In order to keep horses from roaring badly, work them moderately every day. The operation of extirpating the collapsed cartilage and vocal cord, i& the only way to give permanent relief, when the roaring- is caused from wasting away of the muscles of the larynx, and as that requires a skillful practioner, it is quite unnecessary to describe it here. BRONCHITIS. This is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. The mucous membrane alone may be affected or the whole tube may be involved. When the large tubes alone are affected, it is much less serious than when the smaller ones are involved. It is caused by standing in draughts- BRONCHITIS. 59 when heated, inhaling irritating gases and smoke, and by drenching through the nostrils, whereby both fluids and solids gain access to the parts. It occasionally follows influenza, distemper and other specific fevers, or even common cold or sore throat. Symptoms : — Systemic depression, dullness ; the appe- tite is partially or wholly lost, breathing quickened, redness and dryness of the mucous membrane of the nostrils, followed by fever and a hacking, barking cough, followed in a few days by a moist, rattling cough, with a light-colored discharge from the nostrils. Sometimes this discharge is tinged with blood. The pulse at first is hard and quick ; later it becomes smaller and more frequent. By placing your ear to the side of the chest, you will hear a wheezing sound, if the small tubes are affected, and a rattling, snoring sound if the large tubes are affected. In a few days the cough becomes deeper and looser and tlie mucous which is secreted, is expec- torated through the nostrils, although some of it may drop into the pharynx and be swallowed. The breath- ing is labored, short and quick but not necessarily painful. The bowels are generally constipated and the dung is covered with a slimy mucous. Treatment: — Place the animal in a comfortable and airy stall and blanket well. Apply mustard to the sides and breast. Hand rub the legs until they are warm, then apply flannel bandages as high up as the knees and hocks. If the legs cannot be made warm by hand rubbing alone, apply whisky and red pepper mixed, and then bandage. Compel the patient to inhale steam from a bucket in which has been placed an ounce of turpentine, four or five times a day, and give Bicarbonate of Potassium, two drachms. Dover's Powders one drachm. Liq. Ammonia Acet three ounces. Mix. 60 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Give every four or five hours ; and if the cough is very tight, give every three or four hours, Syrup of Ipecac four drachms. Syrup of Squills six drachms. Tinct. Opii C^auiph six drachms. Mix. Continue until the cough softens. If the bowels are costive, do not give physic, but give a few injections of warm water and castile soap. If tlie appetite remains passibly good, feed on soft diet, as bran mash, scalded oats, green grass, etc., and in case the patient does not relish cooked food, feed any- thing that it will eat, and allow all the water the patient will drink. Give as it comes from the well. Do not think the disease can be cured in two or three days for it will likely last for two or three weeks. When the patient is making a good recovery, and noth- ing remains except the cough and a slight discharge from the nostrils, discontinue all other remedies and give the following: Sulphate of Iron four ounces. Gentian eight ounces. Nux Vomica two ounces. Mix. Make twenty powders. Give one powder morning and evening in soft food or as a drench. Do not put the animal at work too soon, as a slight relapse may develop into a chronic case and terminate in an incur- able case of thick wind. SORE THROAT, OR LARYNGO PHARYNGITIS. This disease affects the larynx and pharynx, situated at the upper part of the vi^ind-pipe, and consists of an inflammation of the soft tissues of both. Symptoms : — The disease is sometimes ushered in by a chill, immediately followed by fever; and if the attack SORE THROAT, OR LARYNGO PHARYNaiTIS. 61 is very severe, the nose will be elevated, to straighten the air passages. Swellings, sometimes very large exter- nally, and most frequently noticed behind the jaws on the neck. Sometimes they are so extensive that the animal can scarcely breathe or can only do so with the greatest difficulty ; there will be a wheezing sound at each inspiration. During this period the heart becomes excited and its pulsations rapid. The mucous mem- branes in the nostrils will be of a bluish color, owing to the lack of sufficient fresh air in the lungs to oxidize 3ANDAGE FOR LARYNGITIS AND INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. the blood. If the patient is in a box stall, it will wander around considerably and endeavor to keep its nose in the direction where there is most fresh air. If the animal attempts to eat, the food will be chewed and dropped out of the mouth ; and, on attempting to drink, the water will be ejected through the nostrils. In some cases the cough is very loud, but in many, — especially when the internal swelling is very great, the cough will be very slight. P'requently there is a discharge from the nostrils and an abundant flow of ropy saliva from the mouth. 62 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. Treatment ; — Blanket well and place the patient in a comfortable and airy box-stall, devoid of draughts. Bandage the legs, and if possible give as a physic : Aloes seven drachms. Ginger one drachm. Mix, Give at one dose. Then bathe the throat well with warm water and wrap it up in rugs or sheep-skins to keep it warm. Steam the nostrils with scalded bran or oats and give, Solid Ext. Belladonna one ounce. Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. Pulv. Glycyrrhiza one ounce. ' Gum Camphor one-half ounce. Honey of Sim. Syrup . . one-half pound. Mix. Give a table-spoonful three times a day. If the weather is in any way cold or disagreeable, be very careful about bathing the throat with hot water, as the patient may take cold. So, immediately after bathing, apply, Olive Oil four ounces. Turpentine two ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Mix. Or, Tincture Cantharides .... three ounces. Tincture Capsicum one ounce. Rectified Spirits four ounces. Mix. The danger from cold will be greatly lessened. It also acts as a good counter-irritant, reduces the swell- ing, removes the effusions by promoting absorption, and leaves the patient less liable to be " thick-winded, " or " a roarer. " The diet should be of soft food, as bran mash, or chopped feed mixed with a little linseed meal. Sometimes it is advisable to gargle the mouth with some cooling lotion; in such cases use, PNEUMONIA OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 63 Povvd. Ohlor. of Potassium .one ounce. Powd. Nit of Potassium . . . one ounce. Bi-Carbonate of Soda one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders. Tliree times a day mix one powder with half a pint of water and gargle the mouth. If the swelling " i^oints, " open with a lancet and allow the pus to escape. Dress the cavity three times a day with, Permanganate of Potassium, one drachm. Water eight ounces. Mix. PNEUMONIA OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. This consists of an inflammation of the lung sub- stance caused by catching cold, inhaling irritating substances, injuries, drenching through the nostrils, badly ventilated stables, etc. Symptoms : — The horse is generally taken with a chill ; liangs his head ; there is redness of the eyes and of the membranes of the nostrils, dryness of the mouth, a I PNEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. cough, quite deep at first, which gradually shortens for a few days; pulse, at first generally full, gradually growing faster and weaker; rapid breathing; on the third day fever ranges from 103° to 106° and continued 64 DISEASES OP THE HORSE. until about the sixth or seventh day, when it gradually declines; on the third or fourth it is likely there will be a discharge of mucous from the nostrils; about the seventh -day when the fever subsides, the horse will LAST STAGE OF INFLAMMATION OP THE LUNGS. either get well or there will be great oppression in breathing, increased prostration, deeper cough, more copious expectoration, emitting a foetid, purulent odor ; and death will result from the sixth to the twentieth day. Treatment : — Place the animal in a comfortable, airy, loose box stall, devoid of draughts. Blanket the body to keep warm. Hand rub the legs and if warmth can- not be produced by hand rubbing alone, apply whisky and red pepper mixed; then bandage as high up as they are cold. Do not give a physic but open the bowels with soft foods and injections of warm water. Some practitioners will scoff at the id^a of bleeding, nevertheless a plethoric, robust horse, in many instances, will be greatly benefited in the first three or four days by being bled, while an older and debilitated patient would succumb. Apply mustard to the sides and give the following : Liq. Ammonia Acet • • . .twelve ounces. Spts. Aeth. Nit fdur ouuces. Fluid Ext. Aconite one drachm. Mix. PLEURISY. 65 Give two ounces every three hours in a little water as a drench. Also give every four or five liours, Quinine Sulph forty grains. Nitrate of Potassium two drachms. Mix. Or, Powd. Ext. Belladonna. . .one scruple. Gum Camphor two scruples. Nitrate of Potassium one draclim. Mix. Give all the water the horse will drink, — just as it comes from the well, and feed on soft diet. If there is great prostration give tonic stimulants, as. Alcohol eight ounces. Tinct. Ginger three ounces. Tinct. Nux Vomica two ounces. Tinct. Gentian three ounces. Mix. Give two ounces as occasion demands, in half pint of water as a drench. During the period of convalescence, good, nutritous food should be given in limited quanti- ties, and tonic medicines administered, as, Sulphate of Iron four ounces. Gentian six ounces. Nux Vomica two ounces. Mix. Make twenty powders. Give one powder morning and evening in soft food or as a drench. PLEURISY. This is an inflammation of the lining membrane of the thoracic cavity. Generally after a chill or cold stage, sharp pains begin in the sides; the animal fre- quently will look at his sides and lie down very care- fully, then rise again ; tlie skin is hot, breathing short, also a short cough ; no discharge from the nose ; pulse hard and rapid ; abdomen tucked up, and a ridge ex- 66 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. tending from the hips to the breast-bone ; on punching between the ribs, wlien the seat of inflammation ia reached, the animal will evince pain by grunting; if the animal lies down it will invariably lie on the affected side, but they more frequently stand up. The second day, effusion of serum takes place ; then the pulse will become slower and fuller, breathing will be easier and the animal seemingly is Avell again. And, if the effusion is not very great, it will soon be absorbed and ithe animal is well. But, if the effusion is great, the -s=X.«^— ^-^a^^v PLEURISY. breathing becomes hurried and short; the pulse grows fast and weak ; the ridge from the hip to the breast ia more prominent ; appetite almost completely gone, cold sweats break out and imminent danger is at hand. Treatment: — Place tlie animal in a comfortable, airy, loose box-stall, free from draught. Blanket comforta- bly and warm the legs by hand rubbing, after which bandage with flannel to keep warm. Allow all the pure, cold water the animal will drink, and feed upon soft food, as bran-mash, boiled oats, etc. If it will not eat soft food, give it what it will eat. When the pain is severe, as is observed at the commencement of the attack, give the following drench : Raw Linseed Oil one pint. Laudanum two ounces. Mix. PLEURISY. 67 If the pain continues, give ounce doses of laudanum every four hours. Then give, every six hours, the fol- lowing : Liq. Amraon Acet twelve ounces. Spts. of Nitrous Ether .... four ounces. Mix. Dose, four ounces in a pint of water as a drench. Also the following : Powd. Potass. Nit two ounces. Sodae Bi-Carb two ounces. Mix. Make into ten powders. Give one powder morning and evening in soft food, drinking water or as a drench. Hot flax-seed poultices applied to the sides are very bene- ficial, and in the absence of flax-seed, good mustard plas- ters applied will assist in promoting absorption. If the patient becomes weak and debilitated, give stimu- lants, as. Alcohol eight ounces. Tr. Ginger three ounces. Tr. Nux Vomica two ounces. Tr. Gentian three ounces. Mix. Give two ounces three times a day in half pint o^ water as a drench. Keep the bowels moving freely by frequent doses of raw linseed oil, which will assist in carrying off the effusion of serum that settles around the lungs. But if the effusion of serum within the thoracic cav- ity is yery great and the breathing hurried, the chest should be tapped. Although the operation is simple and easily performed, it does not always result satisfac- torily, probably because delayed too long. The proper place to operate is between the eighth and ninth ribs, as close as possible to the ninth rib. It should be done with trocar and canula, two-thirds the way down to- ward the bottom of the chest. After tapping give the following : 68 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Iodide of Potassium one ounce. Whiskey one pint. Mix. Give a wine-glassfull every six hours ; also give daily one ounce of tincture perchloride of iron. Apply a good mustard plaster to the sides or a good cantharides liniment. Or if the tapping is not resorted to, the latter prescription, as well as the perchloride of iron, may be given with excellent results. CHRONIC COUGH. A cough is not a disease but a symptom of a disease, usually of the throat, lungs, bronchial tubes or some portion of the air passages. A chronic cough is a CHRONIC COUGHi. symptom of some chronic derangement of the air passages, the result of an incomplete recovery from some acute affection, as pneumonia, bronchitis, laryn- gitis, influenza, heaves, etc. It is also an accompani- ment of heaves, and a symptom of diseases not classed CHRONIC COUGH. 69 with disorders of the respiratory organs, as diseases of the stomach, worms, etc. Wlien intiammation of the membranes lining the throat and bronchial tubes becomes chronic, the parts are very irritable and easily excited. Inhaling cold air suddenly, or dust, either from the hay or while on the road, or pinching the throat between the finger and thumb, will cause a heavy fit of coughing that will last for a few minutes and then cease until irritated again. Symptoms: — The location of the diseased parts is determined by the nature and sound of the cough. The healthy cough is strong, full and often accompanied by a sneeze to clear the nostrils of whatever may be within them. The heave cough is at first spasmodic, becoming feeble, short and suppressed and accompanied by a grunt. The throat cough is light, short and hack- ing, and the chest cough is hollow deep and resonant, except during the acute, painful stages of inflammation, when it is short and almost noiseless. Treatment : — Chronic cough in many instances is incurable, especially in cases of longstanding; the more recent cases, however, often yield to treatment. When the irritation is in the upper part of the throat, great benefit will be derived from the application of a goo(^ stimulating liniment, as. Sweet Oil four ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Turpentine two ounces. Mix. Apply thoroughly around the throat up to the ears once daily, and give internally, Chlorate of Potassium two ounces. Camj)hor Gum one ounce. Solid Ext. Belladonna one ounce. Molasses, or Honey eight ounces. Mix. 70 DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. Place a teaspoonful on the hack part of the tongue three times a day, or give a teaspoonful of oil tar once daily, or. Chlorate of Potassium .... two ounces. Bicarbonate of Potassium. two ounces. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give one powder morning and evening in half pint of water, or, Gum Camphor one ounce. Powd. Digitalis one ounce. Calomel one ounce. Linseed Meal two ounces. Mix. Make twelve pills. Give one pill every day for a week, then omit for a week, and repeat. Careful attention should be paid to the diet. Feed soft food ; cut the hay and wet it, and mix chop feed with it. Allow an abundance of pure, fresh air. If grass is in season, turn out to pasture as much as possible, for the benefit resulting from this course, is sometimes wonder- ful, being often productive of more good than a course of medical treatment. CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS. Congestion is generally a fore-runner of inflamma- tion of the lungs, although we frequently see cases where it never reaches the inflammatory stage ; the patient either recovers or dies while the lungs are in the congested condition. Horses that are kept in the stable and fed and groomed well, Avithout sufficient exercise, when taken out and put to severe exertion, are subjects for congestion of the lungs. In the same way when ani- mals sufl^ering from influenza, catarrh or any other respiratory trouble, are put to severe work, congestion may be looked for. Or an animal unaccustomed to long CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS. 71 drives, when driven a good distance on a hot day, may- be stricken with congestion of the lungs; or it may result from badly ventilated stable, etc. Symptoms: — When caused from over-exertion in an animal unaccustomed to severe exercise, the patient will stand with limbs out-stretched, neck extended, head depressed, anxious looking countenance, flapping of the nostrils, heaving in flanks, more or less trembling over the whole body, with perspiration breaking out and CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS. rolling off in large drops. The limbs become cold, the eyes look blood-shot, the pulse is fast and feeble and the heart, as felt on the left side, is rapid and jerking. By placing the ear to the breast of the patient, you will hear minute crepitation or sharp, fine, crackling sounds. The nasal membrane will be of a deep red or blue color and the breathing will be quick, labored and wheezy. If blood is extracted, it looks very dark. Treatment: — As soon as congestion is observed and although the attack may be severe, by using very sim- ple remedies, great relief may be obtained. If any wind is blowing, turn the animal's head toward it, then 72 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. blanket well and rub the limbs thoroughly, or rub on some good, strong liniment and bandage to keep warm. Bleeding at this time will be of great benefit in assist- ing to unload the over-charged lungs. Thorough rub- bing all over the body with cloths, hay or the hands, will tend to bring the blood to the surface and assist in equalizing the circulation. Then give. Whiskey four ounces. Hot- Water half pint. Mix. Give every half hour until three or four doses are given. Or, Liq. Ammonia Acetatis ten ounces. Whiskey six ounces. Mix. Give three ounces every hour in half pint of Avater. After the acute symptoms have subsided, be very care- ful for a few days. Allow plenty of pure, fresli air and water, feed on soft food, to which may be added night and morning, one powder of Nitrate of Potass two ounces. Bi-Carbonate of Soda one ounce. Mix. Make six powders. Blanket well to keep warm and allow only moderate exercise, for you should bear in mind, that for some time after an attack, another is lia- ble to occur from trifling causes and may terminate in a more serious complaint, inllammation of the lungs. ASTHMA. That a condition does exist, wherein a chronic spasm of the bronchial muscular tissues is seen as a distinct and separate affection from heaves, there is no longer doubt. From the strong similarity between the two dis- eases, and also from the fact that asthma is sometimes a precursor of heaves, the two ailments have become ASTHMA. 73 confounded and looked upon as synonymous. Asthma is hereditary in the majority of cases, and it may occur at any a^e. It is also caused by fog, smoke, fumes from various things; from fatigue and overwork when the system is debilitated, irritation of the stomach from indigestion, etc. Symptoms: — The difficult breathing, which is of a spasmodic character, generally develops suddenly and is quite severe while it lasts, and may terminate very speedily. Again it will last for months, unless relieved. There is also a wheezing sound accompanying inspiration; cough is short, quick and suppressed ; great anxiety of countenance, which disappears to a great ex- tent when expectoration commences. The chest and abdomen very much resemble those of heaves, in the fixed or set position of the ribs and the double lift of the flank during the respiratory act. Treatment*. — During the attack, the aim should be to give relief by relaxing the spasm, and what will accom- plish this in one animal, will fail in another. You will therefore have to try several remedies, and when one is found that will answer that particular case, continue with it. Open the bowels with a quart of raw linseed oil, and give drachm doses of tincture of lobelia, every two hours, until five or six doses are given. If this does not give relief, try Hoflf'man's anodyne, two drachm doses every two hours; or two drachm doses of chloral hydrate, every hour, until five or six doses are given ; dilute the chloral with a pint of water. Or give bro- mide of potassium, two drachm doses every three or four hours, or half ounce doses of laudanum every hour, until five or six doses have been given. AiDply mustard plasters to the sides; feed on light, soft diet; keep tlie body warm and the stomach quite empty. After the 74 DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. most distressing symptoms have subsided and the trouble still lingers, feed the animal some cedar or hein- lock boughs, as excellent results have been obtained from their use. QUINSY. This consists of an inflammation in the throat of a deep-seated character, tending to the formation of abscesses which are somewhat slow at development, but which subsequently break internally and are discharged through the nostrils. Causes : — Some horses are seemingly predisposed to quinsy. Often it is the result of exposure to cold storms or standing in drafts when heated. It may also be caused by neglected catarrh or anything causing an irritation and inflammation of the throat. Many cases of supposed influenza are really quinsy. Symptoms : — Fever is usually present from the out- set. There is usually soreness of the throat in swallow- ing, with internal pain and swellings on one or l>oth sides of the neck. Sometimes there is external swelling which can be plainly seen. Soreness of the throat increases day by day, until there is complete inability to swallow. The breathing is considerably affected ; the symptoms become somewhat alarming, when suddenly the abscess bursts and matter gushes from the nostrils. The animal is immediately relieved and recovery soon follows : Treatment: — Place the patient in a clean, comfortable stall devoid of drafts, and blanket well ; then if possible, administer a pint and a-half of raw linseed oil, to. be followed with, SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM — THUMPS. 75 Nitrate of Potassium two ounces. Sweet Spirits of Nitre two ounces. Tincture Aconite one drachm. Water to make one pint. Mix. Give one ounce every two or three hours until the fever subsides, then give three or four times a day. Apply linseed meal poultices all around the throat, well up to the ears, changing them daily, and while changing apply quite freely to the throat, Sweet Oil four ounces. Turpentine tAvo ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Mix. Feed on soft bran mashes or boiled food, and keep a bucket of cold water within reach of the animal, con- tinuously. If no abscesses form, the recovery will be rapid, or in case abscesses do form, as soon as they burst, recovery immediately follows. Two or three weeks frequently pass before the rupture takes place. Should the symptoms become very alarming, the abscesses should be opened internally, and this requires the skill of a veterinary surgeon. SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM— THUMPS. The diaphragm is the principal muscle used in breathing, and is situated between the lungs and bowels, forming a sort of partition between them. Spasm of this muscle is caused by extreme and pro- longed speeding upon the road or race track, also by hauling heavy loads a long distance on a hot day, or by- doing any severe work on a hot summer day. The severe strain or over taxation of this muscle causes an irritation of the nerves controlling it, and violent and forcible contractions follow, which may be observed by 76 DISEASES OE THE HOKSE. a jerk or a thump in the region of the chest. It is sometimes mistaken for violent action of the heart, but by feeling the pulse and watching the thumping, it will be discovered that they do not act together. Treatment : — If nothing better is convenient, give six ounces of whisky in a pint of hot water, repeating in one hour ; or, Chloroform six drachms- Whisky four ounces. Water one pint. Mix. Give at one dose and repeat in one hour if neces- sary, or, Chloral Hydrate one ounce. Sulphate of Morphia forty grains. Water one pint. Mix. Give half and repeat in one hour. After you have controlled the spasm, allow" absolute rest for a week or ten days. If when put to severe exertion the thumps return, the animal should be worked either at very slow, light work, or turned to pasture for six months. HEAVES. This disease very closely resembles asthma in man, but is more continuous in its symptoms. One of the principal causes is over-feeding on clover hay ; but over- feeding with any bulky food, causing overloading and distention of the stomach, will produce heaves. Dis- eases of the lungs are also said to be a cause. I believe that large horses with small chests are more susceptible to this disease than those with large chests. Therefore, from mares that breed such colts with small chests, de- veloping heaves at the period between six and ten years of age, the disease truly may be said to be hereditary. LYMPHANGITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE LYMPHATICS. 77 Symptoms: — No fever, but short, hacking cough; sometimes discharge from the nose of a mattery sub- stance ; heavy, abdominal breathing, with a double lift of the flank at each inspiration ; a wheezing sound is made when the animal is put to work ; breathing very difficult on sultry, foggy days; the animal usually eats dirt and filth, and, invariably, when the animal coughs, wind will pass off from the bowels. Treatment : — Keep the animal out of the stable both winter and summer and let it run on pasture as much as possible. When fed, dampen both hay and grain. If stabled, keep in a cool, well aired stable. If the fol- lowing recipe is followed daily, it will be of much bene- fit in checking the cough, which greatly benefits the animal : Foenugreek two ounces. Gentian two ounces. Ginger two ounces. Tartar Emetic tvro ounces. Spanish Brown two ounces. Sulphate of Morphia sixty grains. Brown Sugar four ounces. Mix. Give a tablespoonful three times a day until the dis- ease is checked ; then give a spoonful once a day or every other day. Always give the medicine in soft food ; or give two ounce doses of raw linseed oil twice daily, to keep the bowels loose. LYMPHANGITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE LYMPHATICS. This is a constitutional disease and most frequently occurs in fleshy, heavy-legged horses. It is caused by heavy feeding and want of proper exercise. Hence it is generally seen on Monday morning. The heavy truck horses are worked all week and highly fed, and 78 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. on Sunday tliey receive their usual amount of food. Aa the system is not working enough to carry oif the waste material, tjie lymphatic glands become gorged and in- flammation is the result. Symptoms : — If seen at first, there will be noticed a chill, with fever rising immediately afterward ; pulse ranging from forty to seventy, hard and cord-like under the fingers ; the horse is lame, either in the fore or hind leg, most freqently the latter; if the lameness is in the fore leg, press upon the inside of the fore leg, in the brachial region, close up to the breast, and the horse will evince great pain; if in the hind leg, press in the inguinal region, close up in the groin, and from there to near the stifle, and the horse will be so pained that he will raise his leg sideways, so high that he will almost fall over. The bowels become constipated and the urine scanty. The symptoms usually increase for twenty-four to thirty-six hours, then commence to abate. Occasionally, the lymphatic glands, high up on the inside of the leg, suppurate and pyaemia supervenes and proves fatal. In severe cases, the skin remains hard, with a fibrous growth, which is known by the name of elephantiasis, or big leg. Treatment : — If the case is a mild one, exercise mod- erately and apply hot fomentations to the parts affected. A recovery may be expected in two days. If the case is very severe, give immediately, or as soon as possible, Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Ginger two drachms. Mix. Give in half a pint of water at one dose. Then ap- ply fomentations of hot water and vinegar to the affected parts for twenty minutes, every two or three hours; after fomenting, wipe dry with a flannel cloth. STOMATITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. 79 As soon as the physic has operated, give two or three times a day, the following : Powd. Potass. Nit one ounce. ' Bi-Carbonate Soda one ounce. Resin one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders. As soon as the horse can walk with any comfort, take him out and exercise mod- erately. Should there be any swelling left in the groin or brachial region, apply tincture of iodine every day for a week ; then cease for a few days and then repeat. Should there be a tendency to "big leg" (which fre- quently follows this disease), use the iodine freely and give the following : Iodide of Potassium two ounces. Nux Vomica one ounce. Powd. Sulph. Iron one ounce. ike into fifteen powders and give one powder at each meal. If that should fail, use a good blister along the lymphatic chain. STOMATITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. This disease has various causes, such as stings of in- sects, snake-bites, injuries from the bit, injuries from pulling ropes through the mouth, giving medicines not thoroughly diluted, decayed or irregular teeth, etc. Symptoms : — Swelling and redness of the mucous membrane lining the mouth ; often small blisters will form in the mouth, allowing a discharge of serum, then look raw with ragged edges; sometimes several of these coalesce, forming a large sore; difficulty in swallowing; slavering; often a foetid saliva dropping from the mouth. 80 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Treatment : — If the cause is apparent, remove it ; if from any corrosive agent, wash the mouth with almond oil, sweet oil, or dilute glycerine. If the teeth are out of condition, attend to them at Once. If the mouth is very sore, use a paste made of glycerine and prepared chalk and gum arable; apply to the sores several times a day ; or if ulcers are present, use a solution of chlorate of potash or alum, one ounce, to a pint of water. Wash the mouth three times a day with an ounce of the mix- ture. If the ulcers are very deep and not inclined to heal, mix thirty grains of nitrate of silver with an ounce of water and touch the sores with it every other day. Feed on soft food and give a saline cathartic, as, Glauber Salts ten ounces. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose in a quart of water. Also give drachm doses of nitrate of potassium, three times a day. TONGUE INJURIES. The tongue is a very important organ to the horse, for without its assistance, the act of eating and drinking is performed with great difficulty. The tongue is sub- jected to many injuries, as being pulled out forcibly to one side of tlie mouth by ignorant persons, while administering medicines or dressing the teeth ; by being cut while rubbing against sharp edges of the back teeth, or against split teeth ; by being torn with bit and halter chains. By falling and striking on the chin, the tongue may be badly bitten and it may also be injured by the l)reaking of a thin glass bottle in the mouth or by a bottle with a sharp or broken edge, used in drenching. • LAMPAS, OR SWELLED GUMS. 81 Treatment: — Injuries to the tongue heal very qnickly when the cause is removed. If the wound is caused by sliarp edges of the teeth, dress them off with a file. If from other sources, and the injury is not sufficient to amputate the parts, dress the wound with the following : Borax half ounce. Powd. Alum ". . half ounce. Water one pint. Mix. Apply to the sore three or four times daily. Before amputation is resorted to (which should be done by a veterinary surgeon) satisfy yourself that the parts will not heal or will cause great inconvenience, for it must be remembered that the tongue may be almost cut or torn oft', yet it wall heal and be of great service. If early seen, a wound may be stitched together with good results. Feed on soft, sloppy diet, and do not give hay or grain, unless it has been boiled sufficiently to soften it. LAMPAS, OR SWELLED GUMS. This is a red or swollen state of the upper gum and may be called properly dentition fever. It usually is seen in colts from one to five years old, and is caused princi- j'ally from teetliing; but may occur at any age from indigestion. Treatment: — If in an old horse, give at one dose the following physic : Aloes one ounce. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Afterward give a vegetable tonic to improve the digestion. If in a colt, scarify the gums, — but do not go back of tlie second crease in the mouth. Feed corn on the ear and give. 82 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Nitrate of Potassium one ounce. Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. Bi-Carbonate of Soda two ounces. Mix. Make into sixteen powders and give one powder at each meal in the drinking water. If the bowels are costive, give a physic, — as one pint of castor or raw lin- seed oil. ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. Causes: — Drinking ice-cold water, standing in drafts, giving too powerful cathartics; feeding new oats, new corn, or musty grain or hay; heavy fatiguing work, indigestion; spasmodic colic, when not properly attended to. IXFLAJrjrATIOX OF TDK I50WlvLS. Symptoms : — The symptoms very much resemble spasmodic colic; the animal will paw and lie down, — very carefully at first; as the disease advances, he will lie down and get up frequently, roll upon his back, lie for a short time in that position, then begin; tumbling around. The pains are very severe, and continuous; wiiereas, in spasmodic colic there are frequent intermis- sions. The membranes of the nose, mouth and eyes are ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 83 congested and reddened, the mouth is liot and dry, res- pirations are increased, with a desire to drink small amounts of water. The legs and ears get cold. The pulse at first full and fast — ranging from sixty to seventy, very soon becomes smaller and weaker. Cold sweats break out on the body ; an anxious expression of countenance appears ; glassy, staring eyes ; upon 1 INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. applying pressure to the abdomen the animal will evince pain. The bowels are generally costive but occasionally pass small pellets of dung generally glazed with mucous or streaked with blood ; but if occasioned by irritant food or medicine, purging and bloating may be present. Treatment: — If the patient is seen during the early stage, bleeding from the jugular vein, until an impres- sion is made on the pulse, will often give relief. Give immediately — Powd. Opium one drachm. Extract Belladonna one drachm. Mix. Apply hot fomentations to the abdomen. Rub the le^s with the folJowinii- : 84 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Alcohol four ounces. Ext. Witch Hazel six ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Mix. Apply bandages and if the pain continues, give drachm doses of powdered opium every thirty or forty minutes, until it ceases. Then apply the foregoing lini- ment to the abdomen and keep the patient well blanketed. Keep the bowels quiet, it makes no differ- ence if they do not move for two or three days. Feed on light, soft food, as bran mash, linseed meal, etc. In the course of two or three days give sulphate of soda, eight ounces, and continue giving it morning and even- ing until the bowels move. Give walking exercise, and occasionally warm injections to assist in moving the bowels. MUCO-ENTERITIS. This is inflammation of the lining membrane of the bowels. It is seen quite frequently in this country, though usually confined to localities where there is poor drainage and the hay and corn-fodder become musty ; also where the stabling is poor and the horses are exposed to the inclement weather. Other causes are giving brisk cathartics, drinking impure or stagnant water, etc. Symptoms : — The first symptom noticed, generally, is a staring coat ; others are dullness, loss of appetite, and fever ; sometimes pawing and lying down ; tenderness of the abdominal region. The animal looks gaunt ; abdo- men is drawn up. Sometimes there is diarrhoea but more frequently constipation. Quite large balls of manure are passed, coated with mucous, sometimes very stringy like alarge bundle of worms. SUPERPURGATION. 85 Treatment : — When first noticed, give one quart of castor or linseed oil and change the diet immediately, give a gruel made from linseed meal or slippery elm tea. After the physic has operated, give the following : Sulphate of soda one pound. Quinine four drachms. Nux Vomica one ounce. Mix. Make eight doses and give morning and evening. If diarrhoea sets in spontaneously, let it go twenty-four hours unchecked, as it is frequently beneficial. If the animal is sutfering much pain, give ounce doses of laudanum until relieved ; then immediately cease giving opiates and give more caetor or linseed oil to move the bowels. SUPERPURGATION. This term is used to designate a diarrhoea or flux from the bowels, which is superinduced by and follows the administration of a physic. There is always con- siderable irritation of the bowels, and not infrequently inflammation supervenes, which latter symptom should always be looked upon with suspicion, as it is quite dangerous. The disorder is caused by giving too large doses of physic or by administering physic to horses suffering from debilitating diseases, as influenza, stran- gles, pneumonia, etc. ; by driving horses some distance while purging, or by giving large quantities of cold water while a physic is operating. - Great care and judgment should be exercised in giving physic to horses while suffering from diseases of the throat and chest. Before giving a physic, the animal should be prepared by giving two or three warm, soft bran mashes ; immediately follow with the physic and after 8G DISEASES UE THE HORSE. it begins to operate, clothe the body and keep it warm, give small quantities of water slightly warmed and allow perfect rest until the purging ceases. After the horse has purged for twenty-four hours, the frequent evacuations may usually be stopped by feeding dry hay and oats, but should the purging still continue, give flour and water, or four ounces of brandy in a quart of milk to which add four eggs ; repeat if necessary, five or six times a day and if this does not check it, use the following : Tincture Catechu four ounces. Laudanum four ounces. Tincture Ginger four ounces. Mix. Give three ounces in half pint of water every three hours ; restrict the drinking water and feed upon good hay and oats. If this manner of feeding constipates, give a pint of raw linseed oil, afterwards. CONSTIPATION. This is a condition of the bowels, where the fecal matter is abnormally retained, and when passed, is small in amount and hard in consistence. Constipation can hardly be considered a disease of itself but rather a symptom of a diseased condition, brought about by feeding upon bulky, innutritions, dry, fibrous food for a continuous length of time. The stomach and bowels become weakened, there is a dimunition in fiuid material from defective secretion, and the dry ingesta contained within the intestines, causes a partially para- lyzed condition of the muscular fibre of these, organs, with" loss of peristaltic action, which if not relieved, would bring on congestion or inflammation of the bowela. INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS. 87 Symptoms: — Among the first symptoms noticed, is a gradual falling off in flesh, coat staring, distended abdo- men or pot belly ; swelling of the limbs, which disap- pears upon exercise ; general lassitude and weakness, difficulty in passing manure, which is small, dry and hard and passed with much straining; appetite becomes im- paired ; pulse, small and weak, and a foul smell ema- nates from the mouth. In some instances there are colicky pains, but these are very rare. Treatment: — The first step in the treatment of constipation, is to remove the cause. Place good, soft, nutritious food within reach and avoid giving drastic cathartics. If bran mash will be eaten, throw in a liandful of sulphate of soda or sulphate of magnesia, once or twice a day. Groom well and give moderate exercise. If the ailment does not yield to this treat nient in a few days, give a quart of raw linseed oil at one dose. After the bowels have responded to the above interference with medicines, they are liable to drop back into a torpid condition, and to relieve this, use the following : Barbadoes Aloes two ounces. Asafoetida two ounces. Nux Vomica one ounce. Mix. Make eight powders. Give one powder morning and evening, for ten days, and allow all the water the ani- mal will drink. INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS. Accumulation of stercoraceous material in the intes- tinal tube, is sometimes noticed in horses. It consists of concretions of various kinds adhering to the walls of the intestines, sometimes assuming immense propor- tions before any symptoms of intestinal trouble are 88 DLSEASES OF THK HOIlrfE. noticed. The position of these large concretions is in the large bowels, where they may remain for years, undisturbed, except perchance, the animal may have an attack of colic, and during the paroxysm of pain, while rolling and tumbling about, may displace the concre- SYMPTOM OF INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. tions and they may then become lodged in some other part, when grave symptoms are observed. Under this head, will also be included such troubles as invagina- tion, where one bowel slips into another ; strangulation of an intestine by another rolled round it, tumors and abscesses formed within the bowel, etc. Symptoms : — When obstruction is complete, there will be severe colicky pains, without intervals, when free from pain, differing from inflammation of the bowels in that there is no rise of temperature at first. There may be slight diarrhoea, at first, which soon disappears, as only that manure will pass which is behind the obstruc- tion. Frequently, the horse will sit upon its haunches, DIARKHCEA. 80 or if standing, press its haunches against the wall. Consti- pation or irregularities of the bowels, with occasional at- tacks of colic, indicate intestinal concretions, and obstruc- tion from accumulations of material, of whatever sort. Treatment: — Whenever obstrution of the intestines is observed from the forgoing symptoms, make an examination through the rectum, or last bowel; grease the hand and arm thoroughly, then pass it carefully, and if you can reach the obstruction, try to remove it. It is not advisable to give any physic in such cases. On the contrary, give medicines to relieve pain, and trust the rest to nature. If the animal will eat anything, give only soft, nutritious food, in limited quantities. To relieve the pain, use the following: Chloral Hydrate two ounces. Water eight ounces. Mix. Give two ounces every hour, in a pint of water until relief, or. Laudanum four ounces. Tincture Belladonna two ounces. Sulphuric Ether two ounces. Mix. Give one and one-half ounces every hour in a pint of water until relief. If the pain is severe and bloating is observed, tapping the bowel with a trocar, and allow- ing the gas to escape, will give temporary relief. If invagination has taken place, the bowel may grow together and that position invaginated, slough off and pass away with the manure. DIARRHOEA. This disease is quite frequently met with among horses. Causes: — Giving too heavy cathartics, drinking im- pure water, eating tender, green grass in the spring ; 90 . DISEASES OF THE HORSE. indigestion, drinking ice-cold water, over-driving and watering while heated, exposure to cold rains; any irri- tant within the bowels; eating mouldy or musty food, diseased condition of the teeth, pasturing on low marshy ground, exposure during cold nights, low damp stables, etc. Symptoms : — There may be a soft discharge from the bowels, Avhich may be completely overlooked for a con- siderable length of time because the animal retains its appetite; it may terminate in complete recovery. But in the more severe cases, a watery discharge comes flooding from the bowels, with loss of appetite, staring coat, paleness of the mucous membranes, sunken eyes, unsteady or staggering gait, rapid breathing, small, weak and rapid pulse, rumbling of the bowels, — if the ear is applied to the side a rumbling or churning sound is heard. Treatment : — If the discharge is slight, give a pint of castor oil, which will generally eflect a cure. But in the more aggravated form, give a pint and a half of cas- tor or linseed oil and one ounce of laudanum. Change the diet to good, nutritious food. If the purging con- tinues, give wheat flour in water, starch water or white oak bark tea. If there is much bloating accompanying the diarrhoea, give a tablespoonful of baking soda three times a day, or give every four hours, two tablespoon- fuls of the following : Prepared Ohalk four ounces. Powdered Catechu one ounce. Powdered Cinchona one ounce. Powdered Gentian two ounces. Mix. Allow a horse to stand for a few days before putting to work, as a second attack is worse than the first. DYSENTERY. Ul DYSENTERY. This is an ag<2:ravated form of diarrhoea, tending to inflammation of the bo^vels. The causes are like those of diarrh(pa, — such as feeding musty hay, drinking im- pure water, strong purgatives, exposure to cold rains ; by being crowded in low, damp, dark stables ; by graz- ing for a long time on low, wet, marshy pastures. Symptoms: — Excessive watery discharge from the bowels, which has an offensive odor; the discharge is frequently streaked with blood and passed with consid- erable straining; shreds of mucous membrane and blood are passed; the horse lies down a great deal; the appetite remains fair, and there is an unusual desire for drir' "ng water; the abdomen is tucked-up and very tender ; staring coat ; sunken eyes ; the animal soon be- comes very weak; dejected appearance, generally. Treatment: — First place the animal in a dry, warm, well-ventilated stall ; brush and rub the skin thoroughly two or three times a day ; blanket well and bandage the legs; give good, pure water in small quantities and give at first, Castor Oil ten ounces. ' Laudanum two ounces. Mix. Give at one dose ; also. Milk one quart. Whiskey four ounces. To which add four eggs. (live three times a day. Give the patient soft and easily digested food, as linseed meal gruel, slippery elm gruel, etc. Administer the following: Powd. Opium one-half ounce. Powd. Catechu one ounce. Powd. Kino one ounce. Prepared Chalk four ounces. Mix. 95 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Make six doses and every four or five hours give one in n little sweet milk. Rub the abdomen with a can- tharides liniment, or take mustard, mix with vinegar to form a paste, and apply to the abdomen. As the bowels begin to act better and are more regular and more nearly normal in tlieir discharges, give, Dover's Powder one ounce. Quinine four drachms. Mix. Make eight powders and give one powder at each meal. Bandage the legs and rub them with dilute alco- hol ; also keep the animal well blanketed and warm. GASTRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach, is rarely seen as an independent affection and is probably only seen as the result of irritation from imi>actiou of the stomach, from over-feeding or over- eating when fatigued, getting loose in the stable and having access to the grain bin, from foreign substances SVMPTO.AIS OF IXFLA:inrATION OF THE STOJMACH. given in the food, the administration of powerful and irritating drugs without being sufficiently diluted with water or oil, by givii^g an over-dose of arsenic and by poisoning with lead. If horses are around newiy- painted buildings or w^here paint kegs have been thrown away, they will sometimes lick and eat a sufficient quantity to produce gastritis, and not infrequently it GASTRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. 93 results from drinking water which runs through new lead pipes. Symptoms: — When occurring from inpactiou and OYer-eating, colicky pains of a continuous character are usually observed. There is rapid breathing with a hard, wiry pulse, turning of the head around pointing to the stomach, and sometimes sweating along the neck, shoul- ders and sides. The desire for drinking water is some- what intense and a turning up of the upper lip is some- times observed. When arsenic is the cause of inflamma- tion of the stomach, there will be loss of appetite with nausea and attempts to vomit, a desire for water and a frothy saliva in the mouth. Abdominal pain is present, a rumbling in the bowels is heard and sometimes diarrhoea supervenes with heavy straining. The manure that is passed has a very ofl'ensive odor, sweat bedews the body, while the limbs are cold. The breathing is short and rapid, the pulse soon becomes very feeble and in a short time cannot be detected. Following the symptoms very closely, will be paralysis of the hind extremities and death. If the inflammation is caused by lead poison, colicky pains will be observed, with labored breathing, staggering gait, general paralysis, convulsions and death. If there is chronic poisoning by lead, there will be an unthrifty appearance, diminution of appetite, a blue line extending around the margin of the gums, pufl^y swellings beneath the jaws, constipa- tion, and a rough, staring condition of the hair. Abor- tion frequently occurs during chronic lead poisoning. Treatment: — When we observe a case of inflammation of the stomach, arising from any cause, it is well to bear in mind that by reasons of the structures involved, its course is very rapid and also very fatal, although I believe there are more recoveries from this affection 94 DISEASES OF THE IlOrvSE. than from inflammation of the l)owels. Soothing reme- dies should be given as quickly as possible and the stomach held in a state of repose. For this purpose give flaxseed tea, slippery elm tea, thoroughly boiled oat meal gruel, etc., to which should be added as soon as can be obtained, Powd. or Gum Opium one ounce. Soft Water one quart. Mix. Place over the fire and simmer down to one pint, then give two ounces every two or three hours. Hot applications along the abdomen just under the stomach, are attended with beneficial results. For this purpose blankets wrung out of hot water and held in that posi- tion for a few hours, is a good method, changing every few minutes to maintain the heat. After ceasing the hot applications, a mustard draft should be applied around the region of the stomach. When the severe symptoms have subsided and the patient appears some- what improved, administer a pint of raw linseed oil, which will assist in unloading the stomach of retained j-.iaterial and possibly the olfending agent. When the ollending agent is arsenic, give half dozen raw eggs well-beaten up with milk, raw linseed oil or linseed gruel every half hour for a few hours, or the adminis- tration of powdered charcoal, will be attended with beneficial results ; or if obtainable, give two -ounce doses every ten minutes for an hour, of freshly prepared hydrated peroxide of iron. This is really the best anti- dote for arsenical poisoning. If the inflammation is caused from lead poison or any other of the irritant lioisons, treat as above recommended, with milk, eggs, oil, linseed or slippery elm tea, etc., omitting the prep- aration of iron. But constantly bear in mind that the stomach should receive soothing remedies, as the linseed gruel, etc., for a continued length of time. After GORGED STOMACH — STOMACH STAGGBTIS, ETC. 95 recovery has taken place, feed only upon boiled food and in limited quantities, for a few months, or if in the proper season, turn out to grass. GORGED STOMACH— STOMACH STAGGERS— INDIGBSTION. This derangement of the stomach is caused by team- sters feeding their horses a large feed after a heavy day's work. The animal being very hungry, eats rap- idly ; the food is not well masticated, and going into a stomach somewhat weakened by the day's work, is una- ])U' to digest it and indigestion is the result. It may SYMPTOMS or RUPTUKE OF THE STOIFACH. also arise from eating damaged wheat, dried ripe vetches, and from eating rapidly of bulky food after fasting, etc. - When we consider the small capacity of the stomach of a horse, holding only about, three gal- lons, we need not be surprised to see indigestion, for 96 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. when the stomach becomes gorged, it has scarcely any other exit except to pass on, as it is very seldom that the horse vomits. Symptoms: — Tliese are generally sudden, but not al- ways. The animal may step back from the manger and lie down, apparently resting. Suddenly, it will rise and stand for a while, without eating; then lie down again for a time. Soon it arises and becomes more restless by pawing with its fore-feet and lying dowm upon its breast, rolling over to its side, then upon its breast again and trying to vomit, at which it may make fre- quent attempts, and sometimes a sour smelling liquid discharge w^ll come from the nostrils. There are fre- .quent eructations, or belching up of gas from the stom- ach. The animal may tremble considerably, and cold sweats bedew the body, A thick slobber may be seen around the mouth. The bowels are usually costive, but sometimes a slight diarrh«a is present. The pulse and resj)iration are both increased. If vomiting does actu- ally occur, it generally presages rupture of the stonuicli ; at this stage the horse may sit upon its haunches, which is a dangerous symptom, and an unfavorable termina- tion may be anticipated. Treatment : — When first noticed, give a heavy physic. As the stomach is distended with both food and gas, its action must be aroused to throw oft' its contents. The following will suffice very well : Powd. Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Calomel one drachm. Gentian three drachms. Mix. Give at one dose. If the pain increases, give ounce doses of sulphuric ether in lialf pint of water every hour, until four doses are given. Or, aromatic spirits of ammonia, one ounce every two hours until three or four HEMIPLEGIA — PARALYSIS. 97 doses have been given. Blankets wrung out of hot water and applied to the stomach and bowels, often give relief. If the former physic is not convenient, give a quart of raw linseed oil or a quart of melted hogs' lard, as the stomach must be unloaded before permanent relief is to be obtained. Injections of castile soap and hot water are beneficial. A moderate amount of walk- ing exercise, will also be of benefit. After relief has been obtained, feed en easily digested food, for a few days; also give tlie following, as much benefit will be derived therefrom : Fowd. Barbadoes Aloes ... one ounce. Assafoetida one ounce. Gentian one ounce. Mix. Make eight powders. Give one powder each day, until all are given. HEMIPLEGIA— PARALYSIS. This form of paralysis is not frequently seen among horses. It is usually the result of some brain trouble, as tuQiors in the lateral ventricles, pressure upon the l)rain from fracture of the skull, softening of the brain from poison in the blood, inflammation of the brain from emboli obstructing the blood-flow througli the brain, etc. Symptoms: — The attack may be sudden, with complete loss of motion of one side of the body, the animal fall- ing down and being unable to rise. Again, the standing position is retained, but movements are made with great difiiculty. The lips on one side will hang pendu- lous, the tongue protrude from one side of the mouth and there is difficulty in swallowing food or water. Tlie urine may pass away involuntarily. 98 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Treatment: — The treatment of paralysis is very unsat- isfactory and flattering results must not be anticipated. If due to an inflamed condition of the brain, bleeding will be proper. Carefully regulate the bowels by feed- ing soft food, in which may be given four to six ounce doses of sulphate of soda or epsom salts, until the bowels are regulated. Hand rubbing of the affected limbs and a strong liniment applied along the spine, may assist in restoration to health. The following will suflice : Raw Linseed Oil six ounces. Aqua Ammonia three ounces. Oil of Turpentine three ounces. Mix. Apply until blisters are raised. JAUNDICE, ICTERUS, OR YELLOWS. Jaundice is caused by suppression or re-absorption of bile and is more of a symptom than a disease. Any cause which tends to disturb the functions or tissue of the liver, as disturbed circulation from congestion or inflammation, deposits or growths, pressing upon the bile duct, catarrh of the bile duct, gall stones, or impurities in the blood from specific fever, etc. Symptoms: — The first that is generally noticed, is the yellowness of the eyes and membranes of the nostrils and mouth, instead of the pale pink, as is observed in health. The tongue will be coated and an offensive smell emanates from the mouth. The bowels are some- what constipated, the dung is dry, of a light color and has an offensive smell. When there is no fever present, the appetite will remain very good and the pulse will be but little affected. But when fever is present, the animal will appear drowsy, with loss of CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. 99 appetite, and seems greatly exhausted with moderate work, in fact the animal acts as if it wished to be left alone and does not care to move. Occasionally a dry itching, scurfy state of the skin is observed. Treatment: — First discover the cause, if possible, then remove it. If from congestion, endeavor as quickly as possil)le to unload the liver, by giving such remedies as will have a direct action, as, Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Calomel one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. The ol)ject is to rid the system of the excessive amount of bile and it is l>est accomplislied in this way. When fever is i^resent, avoid giving such brisk physic and endeavor to move the bowels by giving, Sulj^hate of Soda -ix ounces. Water one ([uart. Or linseed oil, one pint daily, until the bowels are loose. If there is an acid condition of the stomach, as evidenced by eating dirt or licking the walls, give two to four ounces of lime water, twice a day. If the patient is weak and slow of recovery, give nitro-muri- atic acid, one drachm, morning and evening, well dilnted in driidcing Avater, and feed light, easily digested food, as bran masli, ground flaxseed, etc. CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. Tliis disease is more prevalent during hot weather than at any other season, and is also seen in low, damp, malarial districts. It is caused from over-exertion, after eating a rich, hearty meal; sudden chills following specilic fevers ; faulty digestion, especially when rich food is given, without exercise; changes from a cold to a warm, damp region ; chills in cold, damp nights after hot days, etc. 100 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. Symptoms: — The animal will appear dull and disin- clined to move. An unnatural appetite is evidenced by the desire to eat dirt or lick at the walls of the stable. The appetite for food becomes impaired. The bowels are costive, and what does 'pass, is hard, scanty, of a light color and smells offensive. The mucous mem- branes of the nostrils and mouth assume a yellowish tint, as is also seen around the eyes. Frequently an offensive , odor is observed around the mouth. The pulse is usually full and soft and the breathing but lit- tle affected. Pressure behind the right shoulder, fre- quentl}^ produces pain and sometimes there is lameness in the same shoulder. Treatment: — Bleeding is frequently attended with good results, providing the pulse is full and distinct. The liver should be emptied as quickly as possible, and for that purpose, use the following : Barbadoes Aloes seven draclnns. Calomel one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose, either in the form of a pill, or in a pint of water as a drench, to be followed up with Epsom Salts one i)ound. Bi-Carbonate of Soda four ounces. Mix. Make twenty powders. Give one powder, morning and evening, in bran mash, chopped feed, or as a drench. The diet should be light, soft food of easy di_ gestion and given in limited quantities. Cloths wrung out of hot water and applied along the right side, be- hind the fore-leg, are very beneficial, or good mustard poultices on the right side, over the region of the liver, will assist irreatlv in affordinir relief. HEPATITIS — INFLAMMATION OF TUB LIVER. 101 HEPATITIS— INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. Although mankind is subject to many disorders of this gland, it may sound strange to say that diseases of the liver rarely attack the horse. Gall stones which accumulate in the gall sack in man, and cause so much trouble, are never seen in the horse for the very good reason that there is no gall-sack attached to the liver. They do, however, sometimes form in the liver itself. Inflammation of the liver may be either acute or chronic. The acute form is readily recognized, while the chronic form can seldom be detected during life by even a skillq^ veterinarian ; it is mainly guess work, and for this reason, it will be unnecessary to treat of the chronic form in a work of this kind. In the acute form there will be great dullness with more or less pain, but not of a severe type. The animal hangs its head but generally remains in a standing posture. The bowels are constipated and the dung balls are small and of a clayish color, being sometimes covered with a slimy mucous. The urine is scanty and dark colored. Pres- sure applied to the right side over the liver, causes pain, consequently if the animal lies down it will lie on the left side. Sometimes there is lameness in the right shoulder and after a few days' illness, the white of the eyes and tongue, turn a yellowish color. Causes : — The prevailing cause is feeding too great an amount of rich, stimulating food in hot weather without sutRcient exercise. Horses that are kept for family or pleasure driving, or the old family pet which has been pampered and highly fed in a warm stable, are the best subjects for these attacks, hence it is more often seen in the city than in the country. It is also caused by injuries, as blows or kicks on the right side ; from for- eign substances being swallowed, piercing the stomach 102 DISEASES OF THE IIOKSE. and entering the liver, as needles, etc. It is also caused by the presence of worms in the liver ; by gall-stones forming therein and passing through the ducts to the bowels, SLud by inflammation of surrounding structures, which extends to and envelopes the liver. Treatment : — If detected in the earliest stage, abstract four or five quarts of blood from the jugular vein, but if this is not done early, refrain from blood-letting alto- gether. Then give a physic : Powd. Aloes one ounce. Calomel one drachm. Ginger two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water; or, Epsom Salts one pound. Glauber Salts one pound. Mix. Dissolve in a gallon of water and give one quart every two hours. Apply hot cloths to the right side from the back of the girth to the last rib ; or apply mustard freely over the same space. Medicines that act upon the kidneys, should now be given. To reduce the fever, the following will answer admirably : Saltpeter six ounces. Powd. Nux Vomica one ounce. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give three powders daily. Change the habits of the animal by giving a limited supply of soft food, as boiled oats, liran mash, etc., and as the patient improves, give exercise accordingly, and see that it does not get into such a condition again through want of exercise and too high feeding. PARAPLEGIA— PARALYSIS OF THE HIND LIMBS. This form of paralysis affects both Jiind limbs and may result from tumors pressing upon the spinal cord, from parasites in the cord, from broken back or loins, PROLAPSUS ANI, OR EVERSION OF THE RECTUM. 103 from softening of the cord, inflammation of the cord, from bony growths, the result of sprains, pressing upon the cord ; from over-feeding on certain herbs, seeds and grains, causing indigestion, etc. The treat- ment, for which see Hemiplegia, is very unsatisfactory. PROLAPSUS ANI, OR EVERSION OF THE RECTUM. Eversion of the last bowel, is generally seen as a secpiel of some other disease ; as occurring during the act of parturition or in parturient apoplexy, or follow- ing up certain cases of colic wdien they are somewhat protracted and accompanied with constipation, or in torpidity of the bowels, unaccompanied with any other disease, we will often observe protrusion of the last bowel, or rectum. In the majority of cases, it is ob- served in horses that are in poor condition and fed on dry, innutritions food, or young colts that have been kept upon dry pastures or food, after stabling upon dry food containing a super-abundance of woody fibre. When protrusion has taken place, the animal will not evince much pain, only when wanting to pass manure, which is generally very dry and hard; it will then evince pain and uneasiness, but after the faeces have passed, the uneasiness disappears, and the animal moves on as though nothing had happened. Treatment : — When the protruded bowel is not very extensive and has been observed before strangulation has taken place, it is quite easily reduced. Clean out the last bowel with the hand, which should first be well greased, tlien oil the protruded bowel and press it back into place by gentle manipulation, after which apply the following : 104 DISEASES OF THE HOUSE. Powd. Opium one drachm. Tannic Acid one drachm. Vaseline one ounce. Mix. Insert enough in the rectum, morning and evening, to cover the protruded part. Place the animal on soft, nutritious diet and give mild laxatives to keep the bowels soft, as, Sulphate of Soda two ounces. Epsom Salts two ounces. Mix, Give morning and evening into feed or as a drench. Should the protrusion become strangulated and swollen, scarify with the knife, grease or oil well, and return carefully as it is possible to do under the circumstances. Sometimes it is necessary to place a truss or bandage around the anus, to keep the bowel in place, but if watched carefully, and whenever it protrudes slightly, returned with the hand, continuing so to do until the bowels become regulated, favorable results may be looked for without any further treatment. SALIVATION OR SLOBBERS. This consists in an excessive flow of saliva, and is more frequently a •symptom of some other trouble than a disease of itself. It is often seen in connection with irregular teeth, injuries to the tongue, from indis- criminate use of lobelia, mercury, colchicum, wild mustard, etc. Second crop of clover is one of the great causes of slobbering ; foreign substances becoming lodged between the teeth, as parts of wood, nails, corn- cobs, etc. Symptoms : — Fever and persistent discharge of saliva, or frothy masses hanging from the mouth ; frequent GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMJIATION OF THE TONGUE. 105 attempts at swallowing, great desire for water, and dis- turlied digestion, causing colic. Treatment : — First discover the cause, then remove it if possible. If from eating some obnoxious herbs or plants, or from eating second crop clover hay, remove from such pastures, or if in stable, change food ; examine the mouth carefully, in corn districts, as sometimes corn cobs become fastened between the teeth, causing considerable trouble. If from irregular teeth, file otl' the sharp edges. If from injuries to the tongue or small fistules in the mouth, wash the mouth with, Alum one ounce. Chlorate of Potash one ounce. Water one pint. Mix. Gargle the mouth two or three times a day ; if some- what persistent, paint the glands below the ears, once daily witli tincture iodine and give one drachm of iodide of potash, morning and evening. GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. It is very seldom we encounter inflammation of the tongue, separate from injuries or administration of drugs not properly diluted, but when glossitis does exist as an independent affection, the tongue will become swollen and painful and look liard and black. Difficulty in swallowing is a prominent symptom, with a tenacious saliva adhering to the tongue, that has a disagreeable smell. Treatment: — From the inability or difficulty in sAval- lowing, it is out of the question to treat internally, wliich if we could, would be of much benefit, as with laxatives, fever powders, etc. But as we cannot do this, our attention must be directed locally. Scarify 100 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. the tongue with the knife, and bathe with warm water to encourage bleeding; or steam the mouth with the ordinary nose-bag. Also wash the mouth with. Borax half ounce. Chlorate of Potassium half ounce. Water one pint. Mix. Bathe the tongue three or four times a day. If the swelling does not extend backward and involve the tex- tures of the throat, within two or three days, a speedy recovery may be looked for. If there is a desire to eat and the animal can swallow some, give flaxseed gruel or soft bran mash. PURPURA HAEMORRrlAGIA. This affliction usually occurs as a sequel of some lin- gering or debilitating disease, as distemper, influenza, epizootic catarrh, lung troubles, etc., or it may originate spontaneously, not as the result of some prior disease, but from badly ventilated stables, where animals are compelled to breathe vitiated atmosphere arising from decomposed urine and manure ; also in poorly fed horses, and such that are subjected to exhausting work, being placed in cold stables when perspiring freely, without blankets; exposure to cold rains and wind storms, when perspiring freely. It is more frequently seen in cold than in warm climates, and is very seldom seen when kept in well ventilated, warm, comfortable, clean stables, even as the result of a debilitating disease. Symptoms : — Although it is a non-inflammatory dis- ease, the lirst symptoms observed, are swellings appear- ing very suddenly on any part of the body, head or neck, only to disappear and re-appear upon some other part. These swellings are hard, painful and pit slightly PURPURA H.flMORRHAGlA. J 07 upon pressure. In some cases, these swellings app: ar around the head, eyes, nostrils, mouth and throat to an alarming extent, causing great difficulty in lireathing and eating. Sometimes one or more of the limbs will swell considerably, the SAvelling being very uniform and ending abruptly as though a cord had been tied around it. Small vesicles aytpear, sometimes around the hocks and fetlock joints; these burst and discharge an amber colored liquid, which scalds the hair off wherever it flows. Whenever the skin breaks over a swollen part, it leaves an ugly, unhealthy sore with a great ten- dency to sloughing. The pulse is weak and often double. The bowels are usually constipated but easily excited by purgatives, and blood streaks are often mixed with the manure. Small spots of a purple color are observed in the nostrils ; these spots often slough and leave a raw, unhealthy looking sore, which dis- charges a dark colored licjuid, frequently stained with blood. The urine is high colored and has a strong am- moniacal smell and quickly undergoes decomposition. Sometimes these swellings take place within the in- ternal organs and to such an extent as to cause death from internal bleeding. Treatment: — First and above all things, attempt to remove the exciting cause ; if from badly-drained, ill- ventilated stabling, remove to a well- ventilated, warm, comfortable place, as pure air, light and warmth are very necessary. If constipation is observed, the bowels should be regulated but do not give a severe physic. The following will suffice : Raw Linseed Oil one pint. Tine. Terchloride of Iron, iive drachms. Spts. Turpentine ne ounce. Mix. Give at one dose, to be followed up with, 108 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Chlorate of Potassium. . . .four ounces. Nitrate of Potassium one ounce. Mix. Make nine powders. Give three powders each day in soft food, drinking water or as a drench. Continue giving the above prescription for ten days to two weeks but diminish slightly in the dose. In the course of a few days, get the following: Sulphate of Iron one ounce. Dilute Sulphuric Acid one ounce. Water six ounces. Mix. Give half ounce well diluted in water, twice daily, alternated with the potassium powders. If the swell- ings do not yield to this treatment in the course of a week, omit the last prescription and give. Raw Linseed Oil twelve ounces. Spts. Turpentine four ounces. Mix. Give two ounces twice daily, alternated with the potassium powders. If there is much debility and loss of strength, give two to four ounces of whisky, two or three times a day or spirits nitrous ether one and one-half ounces, three times a day. For the treatment of the local swellings, do not scarify much, but if necessary to assist in breathing or eating, scarify around the head and throat. The swellings around the head and throat may be bathed with hot water, to which may be added tincture muriate of iron or carbolic acid. Do not disturb the swellings on the other parts of the body or limbs, as the less they are interfered witli, the better. Feed anything the patient will eat and give plenty of pure, fresh water. DYSPEPSIA. Dyspepsia is sometimes seen in horses that have been highly fed for a continued length of time, without DYSPEPSIA. 109 proper exercise, and being stabled continuously and not allowed the privilege of a run at pasture. S3Tnptoms: — The animal will present an unthrifty appearance, the hair will look rough and the animal will loose flesh, growing very thin and hide-bound. The manure has a disagreeable smell, is quite hard and yellow in color. There is partial loss of appetite, al- though at times there is apparently great hunger, which is appeased by a few mouthfuls devoured in a greedy manner. The animal does not appear to relish its food and is generally spoken of as being "off its feed." Treatment : — First clear the bowels of what material they contain, by giving a physic, as, raw linseed oil, one quart. After a free evacuation of the bowels, give a good tonic, as, Red Pepper two ounces. Gentian three ounces. Sulphate of Iron two ounces. Nux Vomica two ounces. Saltpeter three ounces. Bi-Carbonate of Soda four ounces. Mix. Give a teaspoonful three times a day in soft food ; if the horse will not eat it, take a teaspoonful of the pOM^der and put it into a pint of water, heat it up, mak- ing a regular tea of it, and administer three times a day. Give a complete change of food, as boiled oats or barley and bran mash, also give roots, as carrots, turnips, mangels, etc. If during the season of green grass, turn out to pasture for a few^ months. Always examine the teeth thoroughly, and if any trouble exists, ir should be attended to before any other treatment is given. 110 DISEASES OE THE HOKSE. INTUSSUSCEPTION AND GUT-TIE. The slipping of one portion of a bowel into another like the turning of the finger of a glove i^artly wrong side out, sometimes occurs, and is most frequently seen in the small intestines, although it may also take place in the large guts. The part that slips in, may extend but a few inches and again a number of feet. This accident is most likely to happen in horses that are suf- fering from pains or spasms of the bowels, as spasmodic or tlatulent colic, inflammation of the bowels, diarrh(pa, dysentery, or anything that will cause abdominal trouble or i)ain. Symptoms : — There is no one special symptom whereby the trouble may be determined or located. Unless the parts become strangulated, there may be no symptoms displayed, except constipation and even then there may be a few scant passages of manure. Colicky pains may be present and severe straining may be observed. If strangulation of the bowel takes place, the animal will sutler intense pain unless relieved, and die within a few hours, and even when the pain is relieved, it may linger for a few days and then die. Cases have been reported where one portion of a bowel had slipped into another and become strangulated; the part of the bowel thus enveloped gradually sloughed off, so that the ends of the bowel grew together, and the discarded por- tion passed away with the manure ; a comjDlete recovery resulted. Such cases are very rare ; however, they have served as a warning and guide in our treatment of this ati'ection. In such cases as terminate fatally, just prior to death the animal will sweat profusely ; the legs and ears become cold and there is an anxious appearing countenance and an occasional sigh; for a brief period of time there is cessation of acute pain, then the animal falls to rise no more. rEniTONITIS, ETC. Ill Treatment: — As soon as convinced that the bowels are invaginated, give such remedies as will relieve the pain and keep the patient quiet and comfortable, as, Laudanum eight ounces. Sulphuric Ether eight ounces. Mix. Give two ounces in a pint of Avater every hour until relieved, then give at intervals, sufficient to keep the patient quiet ; or give one drachm of powdered or gum opium every hour until there is relief from pain, after which, just often enough to keep the patient quiet and let nature work its course. The giving of physic in this affection is liable to be productive of a great deal of harm and should, therefore, be avoided, but should the bowels slip back to their place and resume their normal functions, except being somewhat consti- pated, which they sometimes do when kept perfectly quiet, the administration of a pint of raw linseed oil three times a day until the bowels become relaxed, will be of much benefit and should be given. PERITONITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING MEMBRANE OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Causes: — Exposure to cold rains when heated; cas- tration; any surgical operation in wdiich the abdominal walls are pierced ; kicks or blo^vs ; abscess of the liver or stomach; rupture of the womb while foaling; abscess of the womb. Symptoms: — Pain in the abdomen, demonstrated by the patient's turning and pointing to the side; on press- ing the abdomen at or near the affected part, the ani- mal will evince great pain ; on being made to move, it seems stiff and in pain. If the horse lies down, it does 60 very carefully. As the pain is increased while down, 112 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. it usually maintains a standing position. The pulse generally ranges from seventy to ninety beats per min- ute and is hard and wiry. The abdomen is tucked-up ; the breathing accelerated and short, and quite fre- quently the animal will bloat; in three or four days dropsy of the abdomen appears, when the severer pains will cease and the patient will breathe more deeply and freely. Treatment : — If acute peritonitis is seen at the outset, bleeding freely from the jugular vein will frequently stop the progress of di-r-ase. Then give fifteen drop doses of fluid extract ar ..te every hour until the disease is under control, or give, Powd. Opium one ounce. Calomel four drachms. Mix. Make into eight powders and give one every four hours. Apply hot cloths to the abdomen but be careful that the patient does not take cold. Mustard poultices applied to the abdomen will have the same effect. Pliysic must not be given during this disease. If the disease arises from abscesses of the stomach or liver, or from rupture of the womb, stimulating treatment should be tried, though the termination invariably is death. Apply diluted alcohol to the limbs and bandage thoroughly. Place the patient wliere no draughts can strike it and blanket well. Feed on soft maslies or linseed gruel, boiled oats or barley, in restricted quantities. BOTS. These are the larvae of the different species of gad- fly, which pester horses in the summer. They fly about horses and deposit their eggs upon their legs and sides ; and by the horse biting or licking itself, they are BOTS. 118 taken into the stomach, when they fasten themselves to tlie mucous lining of the stomach or of the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum.) There they develop into the grub or hot and subsist upon the gastric or in- testinal juices, and when once they lose their hold they seldom regain it. If but feAV in numbers, they never BOTS. 1.— Female Fly, 2.— Egg. 3.— The Bot. 4.— The Chrysalis. 5.— Male Fly. do any harm. If existing in great numbers, they cauee indigestion and colic ; sometimes they almost stop up the duodenum. In such cases the horse will not thrive and will be troubled with indigestion ; it will be weak g,nd easily fatigued^ Treatment : — Feeding sliced potatoes is beneficial, or warm sage tea, two quarts. Follow it up with a brisk cathartic — Aloes one ounce. Ginger two drachms. Mix. 114 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. This will sometimes carry off quite a number of the hots. But there is no remedy yet known which will de- stroy the hot while in the stomach. In the early spring they pass away voluntarily and during the summer de- velop into the gad-fly. WORMS. A great many varieties of worms infest the intes- tines of horses. A thorough description of them is WORMS. quite unnecessary. Suffice it to say they are of no bene- fit to the animal and the sooner they are expelled from the bowels the better. Symptoms: — Rough, staring coat; ravenous appetite, rubbing the tail, loss of flesh, big or pot-belly, licking SYMPT0:\rS OF WORMS. of dirt, pallor of the mucous membranes, sunken eyes, sometimes constijiation, at otliers diarrlioea; frequent WORMS. 115 switching of the tail; worms protruding or smashed around the anus, leaving a white or mattery substance. Treatment: — It is necessary to prepare the animal prior to i;iving any worm medicine. First, allow the animal to fast for twenty-four hours, then give a soft bran mash, to be followed immediately with, Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Santonine one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose, either in pill or in half pint of water, as n drench. If this does not remove them all, repeat in five days, or you may use, Raw Linseed Oil • • • . eighteen ounces. Spirits Turpentine six ounces. Mix. Give four ounces morning and evening. Immediately after the last dose is given, administer the following : Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Gentian two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in half pint of water as a drench. It is a well-known fact, that intestinal worms are mostly seen in horses that are in poor condition, and if a1h)wed to remain in this condition, worms will rapidly accumulate again, even though they had all been expelled by the worm medicines. It is, therefore, nec- essary to tone up the powers of digestion. This can be done with. Ginger one ounce. Gentian one ounce, Nux Vomica one ounce. Bi-Oarbonate of Soda one ounce. Mix. Give teaspoonful three times a day in food or as a drench. Give good food and pure water and the animal will commence to thrive, then worms will cease accum- ulating. A great many colts are lost every year from worms, when a few doses of prepared chalk will remove 116 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. them. Give a teaspoonful once a day for a week. If they become constipated, give four to six ounces of raw linseed oil. Prepared chalk given to aged horses, will assist in removing worms. DIABETES INSIPIDUS. Among the horses in this country, this disease quite frequently occurs and has various causes. Among them are feeding on musty hay or grain, exposure to wet and cold, blows on the top of the head, drinking ice-cold water while heated, eating too much malt from distil- leries, the reckless administration of medicines that act upon the kidneys, new oats imperfectly cured, etc. Symptoms : — An excessive discharge — amounting to several gallons within twenty-four hours, of almost colorless urine ; excessive thirst ; withholding water from the animal does not check the disease. Sometimes it comes on very slowly, at others it develops to an alarming extent within twenty-four hours; it varies in duration from a few days to months and even years. If it lasts for any considerable time, the animal will lose flesh rapidly. There will be pallor of the mucous mem- branes, rough coat ; skin drawn tight to the ribs. Death finally results from emaciation and prostration. Treatment : — Change the diet to good, clean hay and grain, and give a liberal supply of boiled flaxseed in the drinking water. Also give, Sulphate of Iron two ounces. Gentian one ounce. Nux Vomica one ounce. Iodide of Potassium two ounces. Mix. Make into sixteen powders and give one powder at each meal. The drinking water should be restricted in quantity and of good quality. Give plenty of rest. ACITES, ANASARCA OR DROPSICAL SWELLING. 117 ALBUMENURIA— BRIGHT'S DISEASE. This disease consists of an inflammation of the kidneys either acute or chronic, with degeneration and shedding of casts of epithelium from the tubes of the kidneys. It occurs in horses of all ages. Symptoms : — The horse walks with a straddling gait and passes a thick, ropy urine, which upon being boiled or tested with corrosive sublimate, acetate of lead, or nitric acid, coagulates in part in whitish flakes. The animal usually wastes in flesh ; general health seems broken; dropsical swellings appear but vanish upon exercise. Treatment: — Avoid any exposure to cold, wet or fatigue. Keep in a comfortable, warm box-stall and keep the body warm by blanketing. See that the bowels are kept loose by feeding on bran mashes or other soft food and if inclined to be costive, give a pint of raw linseed oil ; also give half ounce doses of tincture chloride of iron three times a day, diluted in a pint of water. Use cloths wrung out of hot water, over the loins, frequently ; if this does not assist in the flow of urine, give ounce doses of fluid extract buchu and juniper with acetate of potassium three times a day, but be persistent with the hot cloths, as this is better than giving medicines to act upon the kidneys. ACITES, ANASARCA, OR DROPSICAL SWELLING. Causes : — Obstruction to venous circulation, excess of water in the blood, disease of the heart, disease of the liver, disease of the kidneys, the action of cold and wet upon the skin, causing an arrest of execretion ; but the principal cause, is neglected influenza; when it has con- 118 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. tinned for some time, the system is debilitated and the blood is in a watery state. Symptoms : — If following a prolonged attack of influ- enza or distemper, the blood is impoverished, paleness of the mucous membranes is observed around the mouth, nose and eyes ; swellings appear, either at the breast and gradually spread backward under the belly, or commence between the hind legs or at the sheath, and gradually more foward. In the course of a few days, the whole of the lower part of the abdomen is swollen, 80 that it leaves a ridge on either side. The swelling pits, upon pressure, and if pricked with a knife, a yel- lowish fluid oozes out. The appetite is capricious, but hay will sometimes be fairly well consumed. The animal will lie down at tirst, but as the swelling increases, it Avill persist in standing, and if compelled to move, will walk quite stiff and sore. Pressure upon the swelling when it first appears, causes pain, but as the swelling increases, pain upon pressure diminishes. Treatment : — First place the animal in a comfortable stall and bed well to entice it to lie down. Feed upon choice hay and grain. Give bran mashes to keep the bowels open. If the weather is cold, blanket well, and in the daytime turn out to exercise. Take a knife and make several small incisions into the swelling, to allow the serum to escape ; or take a paddle and drive several small tacks through it, allowing them to protrude from one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch, then paddle the swelling with the sharp tacks; this will leave several email openings through which the serum will escape. Then give the following : Sulphate of Iron two ounces. Powd. Nux Vomica one ounce. Gentian one, ounce. Nitrate of Potass two ounces. Mix. H.F,jiATi;]iiA, OK j;i.<.()r)v ukixe. J JO Make sixteen powders. Give one powder morning, noon and night. If the urine does not pass freely, give the following : Acetate of Potass four ounces. Water one pint. Mix. Give four ounces every four or five hours. If the bowels are costive, physic with, Powd. Barbadoes Aloes. . . . one ounce. Powd. Ginger two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in lialf pint of water as a drench. HAEMATURIA, OR BLOODY URINE. Blood in the urine is not often observed in horses, but is frequently seen in both cattle and sheep. When seen in horses, it is generally caused by some violent strain or injury, as slipping while starting a heavy load or while rearing up and jumping, in this manner injur- ing or straining the psoas muscles, which are situated in the region of the kidneys below the back-bone. Or it may be caused by fracture of the back-bone over the kidneys, or from gravel in tiie kidneys or bladder, or in the channels leading from the kidneys and bladder, tlirough which the urine passes. It may arise from con- gestion of the kidneys, or from ulcers and abscesses in the parts through which the urine passes, as well as in the kidneys, from the rupture of a small blood vessel in these organs; also from eating acrid plants which exert a powerful diuretic action. If the blood is coming from the kidneys, it will be uniformly mixed with the urine, but if from other parts, it may come away in clots or streaks. Treatment: — Remove the causes if they can be ascer- tained and located. If from irritants in the food. 120 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. change it immediately ; if from gravel in the bladder, remove it ; if from the rupture of a small blood vessel and it is within reach, tie it, and if from fracture or sprain, give the treatment required for these injuries. If the flow of blood is very great, apply cold water to the loins and keep the animal as quiet as possible. Give mucilaginous drinks frequently, as linseed and slippery elm tea ; also give, Tincture Chloride of Iron, eight ounces. Water eight ounces. Mix. Give two tablespoonfuls three times a day in half pint of water ; or give a teaspoonful of sulphuric acid twice daily in drinking water, or ounce doses twice daily of spirits turpentine well diluted with raw lin- seed oil. PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER. When the urine is withheld for a continued length of time, the bladder becomes over-distended and loses its contractile force, a condition which may last for a considerable period of time. It is generally brought on by some disease causing the animal to occupy a recum- bent position, such as rheumatism, azoturia, etc. Many horses will fail or refuse to pass their urine while lying down, and all such cases should be relieved by having it drawn away twice daily with a catheter. When the bladder has lost its power of contraction, it is paralyzed, or partially so, and it will be observed that the urine dribbles away in small quantities, scalding all the parts with which it comes in contact. When caused by over- distension with urine, by keeping the bladder emptied, it will in the course of time, regain its contractile pow- ers and normal condition. . If it is caused by paralysis HYDROCELE — DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM. 121 of the hind parts, while treating for this disease, do not allow the bladder to become distended but draw the urine away three times a day witli a catheter. HYDROCELE— DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM. The scrotum is the sack or pouch which covers and contains the testicles. Dropsy, or a watery effusion within the scrotum, may arise from injuries to tlie parts, or disease of the testicles or lining meml)rane of the sack, and it may be the result of dropsy of the abdomen, as it has a direct connection with the abdom- inal cavity. Symptoms: — There will be an enlarged condition of the scrotum, which organ will be soft and fluctuating under pressure of the fingers. The testicles will be felt floating in water. Sometimes the scrotum will retain the indentation of the finger after pressure. The liquid can be forced up into the abdomen by pressure ; or by laying the horse upon its back, the fluid will gradually recede into the abdominal cavity. Treatment : — If the effusion of liquid within the sack is very limited in amount, feed upon good, nutritious diet and give, Iodide Potassium two ounces. "Water one pint. Mix. Give tAvo tablespoonfuls morning and evening. But if there is a large amount of liquid witliin the sack, tap with a trocar and canula and allovv' the fluid to escape; immediately inject into the sack, one ounce of tincture iodine, and repeat this in a few days, if necessary. And in addition to the above prescription, administer a tonic, as, 122 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Sulphate of Iron two ounces. Nux Vomica one ounce. Nitrate of Potassium two ounces. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give two powders each day. If the testicles are inflamed and enlarged, use locally, Laudanum two ounces. Goulard's Ext two ounces. Soft Water one quart. Mix. Saturate a soft cloth and apply to the jjarts and keep it wet with the above mixture. If it occurs in geldings, as the result of injuries, dissect out the sacks and treat as an ordinary wound. LEUCORRHOEA, OR WHITES. Leucorrhoea consists of a discharge of mucous or matter from the mucous membranes of tlie vagina, from the neck of the womb, and not infrecjuently from the womb itself. Causes : — Generally irritation of the organ followed by relaxation, but relaxation alone will produce it. Want of nutrition attended with debilitating influences is a frequent cause. Partial eversion of the womb or vagina, is also a cause. Symptoms: — On opening the lips of the vulva, a sticky whitish or yellowish matter will be seen. Quite frequently it runs out of the vagina and accumulates on the tail and surrounding parts. As the disease pro- gresses, the discharge emits an offensive odor, pulse grows feeble, mucous membrane pale, appetite partially suspended and a gradual wasting of the whole system. Mares affected with the whites are very often seeking a .male companion, but seldom get with foal and when they do, they generally abort. Occasionally, to aB STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA. 128 appearances, an animal will be healthy and j'et affected with the whites. Treatment : — Feed on soft, nutritious diet, with tonics and btimulants, as. Sulphate of Iron foui- ounces. Gentian four ounces. Powd. Nux Vomica two ounces. Mix. Make twenty powders. Give one powder at each meal or as a drench. Use as an injection into the vagina or womb as the case demands, twice daily, one of the following powders dissolved in a quart of warm water : Permanganate of Potassium, two ounces. Sulphate of Zinc one ounce. Mix. Make sixteen powders. Previous to injecting, Avash out the vagina and womb with warm water to remove all matter. STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA. This consists of a partial closure, at a certain place of the channel through which the urine passes, and is caused by the healing of ulcers in gonorrhoea lind gleet, also by using strong astringent injections in the treat- ment of gonorrhoea and gleet, or from irritating ingre- dients in the urine, as stone or gravel passing from the bladder. Symptoms : — The trouble is demonstrated by the pas- sage of urine in a fine stream. The act is accomplished by hard straining; the animal will sometimes groan from pain • also painful erections of the penis are fre- quently observed. The passage of a small stream of \irine, with straining and groaning, is sometimes noticed when the so-called bean is lodged in the end of the penis. 121 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Treatment: — Take a small sized catheter, oil it well and pass it beyond the stricture, using a catheter a little larger day by day, forcing it up past the stricture with gentle pressure, until the stricture has disappeared. Beyond the oiling of the catheter, there is no medicine necessary. NEPHRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. This disease is of infrequent occurrence but may be induced in various ways, — as by spraining the loins while pulling hard, carrying too heavy a weight, being INFLAMIVIATION OF THE KIDNEYS. heated and then exposed to the cold, absorption of can- tharides wlien applied as a blister to large surfaces, by the administration of severe diuretics, the presence of stone in the kidneys, etc. Symptoms: — The animal walks with a straddling gait and with back "roached;" evinces pain similar to that of colic ; if it lies down, will do so very carefully ; small and frequent passages of very highly colored urine; FOUL SHEATH. 125 fever usually very higli, pulse cord-like to the touch, and very fast; breathing very much accelerated; in the course of a few days, swelling of the limbs, whicli dis- appears upon exercising. Treatment: — Put the animal in a good, comfortable place, blanket warmly and persistently apply hot cloths across the loins. Give a good physic. Sulphate of Soda one pound. Water two quarts. Mix. Or give three pints of raw linseed oil, followed by drachm doses of Dover's powder, every three or four hours ; or Liq. Ammonia Acet sixteen ounces. Nitrous ^ther two ounces. Spts. Camphor two ounces. Mix. Give four ounces every three hours to stimulate per- spiration. Feed on soft diet and in a few days give fluid extract buchu juniper, with acetate potassium, half-ounce doses morning and evening. Keep the bowels loose all the time and give injections of warm water and laudanum every hour for a few hours. FOUL SHEATH. The sheaths of horses sometimes become very dirty, and should receive the owner's attention. The glands in the sheath secrete a fluid to lubricate the p»arts and when large quantities are secreted, it accumulates in the form of a black, gummy substance, filling up the sheath and preventing the animal from passing out the penis when urinating. Some horses seldom protrude the penis during the act of staling ; when they do not, a sediment from the urine assists in creating a foul sheath. Sometimes when the sheath becomes foul, the 126 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. penis becomes sore and scaly and the surrounding parts become swollen to a greater or lesser extent. Treatment : — Take a sponge or soft cloth, some warm wiiter and castile soap and wash out the sheath thor- oughly but carefully, and do not use too much force in drawing out the penis. It is well to cut off your finger nails to prevent scratching the parts. If the parts be- come injured while cleaning, oil with sweet oil, and should there be much swelling, bathe frequently with hot water and givethe animal exercise. When washing out the sheath, always examine the end of the penis ; here there is a small pouch just below the channel, through which the water passes; accumulations called beans, sometimes form and obstruct the flow of urine. These should always be removed. RETENTION OF URINE. This has various causes, — such as spasm of the neck of tlie bladder, calculus (or stone in the bladder) working its way into the urethra, paralysis of the neck of the bladder, over-distention of the bladder with urine. The more frequent cause is spasm. In spasmodic colic the neck of the bladder becomes constricted and is only relieved as the colic disappears. Symptoms: — See treatise on colic for symptoms of spasm. From other causes the animal will walk with a straddling gait, frequently attempt to urinate, stand stretched out and groan when attempting to urinate ; sometimes pain is so severe as to cause perspiration to break out all over the body ; urine is passed in small quantities. Treatment : — If from colic, treat for that. If from other causes, as calculus (stone in the bladder), pass CYSTITIS, OR INKLAM.MATIOX OF THK BLADDER. 127 tho catheter and after\varen sore results, dress it twice a day with carbolic acid five drachms in ten ounces of water; or sulphate of zinc, one drachm, in one ounce of vaseline. Or, Vaseline one ounce. Carbolic Acid one drachm. Mix. Frequent washings with castile soap and liot vvater are also beneficial. INFLAMMATION OF THE FEET, LAMINITIS, FOUNDER. This disease lias various causes, such as picking up a nail, having a nail driven too close while shoeing, driv- ing on hard roads barefooted, drinking cold water when heated, eating tco mucli grain, feeding green corn, giv- 164 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. ing a drastic cathartic, muco-enteritis, or from any affection of the alimentary canal or of the air passages. Symptoms — When first noticed the patient generally will be standing with its feet well under the body, the fore feet both pointed forward, and so stiff that it is almost impossible to move it, either forward or backward. LAMINITIS, OR FOUNDER. The fore feet almost invariably are the ones attacked; the hind feet are sometimes, but very seldom affected. The breathing is greatly accelerated ; temperature varies from 103° to 106° F. ; attempts to move the animal cause so much pain that it will groan; if forced to move, it goes with a jumping, staggering gait, almost falling down, and rests very lightly on the heels of the front feet. The feet will be very hot and tender, and if they are struck with a hammer the horse will groan and almost fall down. Sometimes the breathing will be so accelerated that the nostrils are distended to their fullest capacity. Occasionally only one foot is attacked ; in such cases the patient will keep the foot raised the most of the time. Sometimes in chronic cases, the feet INFLAMMATION OF THE FEET, LAMINITIS, ETC. 165 contracted at the heels. Sometimes the wall and sole become greatly distorted ; the healthy rings around the wall of the foot coalesce, the feet grow crooked and are become separated ; an effusion takes place between the lamina and pedal bone, forcing it down and pressing the sole down along with it — sometimes penetrating through to the u round. Treatment: — Some practitioners prefer hot applica- tions to the feet, but my experience has forced me to conclude that cold applications are preferable to hot ones. Place the feet in a tub of cold water, putting straw in the bottom of the tub to ease the feet ; in the heated months put ice into the w'ater, and keep the patient there for two hours at a time. Do this three or or four times a day. When out of a tub, or if a tub cannot be obtained, put flaxseed poultices on the feet and keep pouring in cold water occasionally. Change the poultice every twenty-four hours. Give a physic — Powd. Aloes one ounce. Powd. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. Also prepare and give- — Saltpetre sixteen ounces. Glauber Salts sixteen ounces. Mix. Make into sixteen powders and give one three times a day. While the fever is high, give fifteen drops of fluid extract aconite every hour or two until the fever subsides. After the patient recovers so it can walk around, a little exercise on soft ground is beneficial; but too much exercise is harmful. Sometimes in the acute stage, bleeding from the toe is very beneficial. But if this is done, let the blood run freely, though it is a practice to which I seldom resort. If properly attended to, a large majority of cases will make complete recov- ery. After recovery is assured, shoe carefully and keep the feet soft and do not put the animal to work 166 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. too soon. Sometimes it is good treatment to place (glingg under the patient, especially when it maintains a standing posture, to relieve the feet. If the patient chooses to lie down during the attack, bed well and allow it to remain in that position. CHOKING. Choking is most frequently found in horses that are very greedy eaters, and consists in the lodgment of dry food (most frequently corn or oats) within the throat. CHOKING. Horses that are fed on roots, such, as carrots, mangels or turnips, quite frequently suffer from choking. Symptoms. — In many cases the horse will be uneasy and the saliva will run from the mouth. If the obstruc- tion be in or near the pharynx, the nose will be elevated, the patient will malie frequent attempts at coughing and frequently if the obstruction be grain, portions of it will be ejected through the nostrils in a paroxysm of coughing. The breathing will be labored and difficult and accompanied by wheezing. If the obBtruction be CHOKING, 167 farther down the throat, the patient will breathe more easily and the frothy saliva will be less abundant — sometimes entirely absent. I have seen horses, where the obstruction was within the chest, that had not eaten for a day or more — as the owner said " were feeling; a little off,'' — ^l^at had eaten more food and thus completely tilled tlie whole of the oesophagus. During the whole time they seemed but little distressed other than being hungry and unable to eat. They would chew hay and drop it out of the mouth. Such cases usually terminate fatally. Treatment : — If the obstruction be in the pharynx, elevate the nose. Put a mouth speculum in the mouth, insert the hand, and if possible, remove the object by pulling it up. If it be beyond reach and noticeable on tlie left side of the neck, an assistant will be of great service by pushing it up from the outside. If it cannot be gotten in this way, give the patient a little oil, as raw linseed, sweet oil, or fresh lard melted; then try and work it down. If the o])struction be dry food, as oats, corn or hay, it probably will be softened and pass down. Sometimes while giving the oil, the horse will take a fit of coughing and eject both oil and grain by the nostrils. In such cases wait for a few minutes and repeat the dose; in that way the grain maybe gotton rid of by coughing and the plug will pass on doAvn. If no grain is coughed up or the obstruction is down in the chest, give eight or ten ounces of melted lard or sweet oil and let it remain there for a few hours; the obstruc- tion will sometimes pass away. Should it not move, place the speculum in the patient's mouth, elevate the nose and introduce a probang, which should be oiled we]] before using. Pass it down gently, and when you com-' ro the obstacle, press quite lieavily and as it starts 168 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. send it clear into the stomach. Then give a little oil and for a few days feed on soft food. If you find it impossible to remove the obstruction with the probang without seriously injuring the horse by rupturing the OBSophagus, and the obstruction can be felt on the left side of the neck, take a lancet and cut lengthwise of the neck, into the obstruction. Then carefully stitch up the oesophagus (or gullet) with cat- gut, stitch up the integument (or skin) and feed on very soft or .sloppy food for a week or two. Do not re- sort to the barbarous method of pushing a wljijj-stock, broom handle, or any other hard substance down the throat, as injuries to the throat are sure to occur, caus- ing an immense amount of troiil)lo and sutl'ering and in all probability the loss of the animal. CRIB-BITERS, WIND-SUCKERS OR STUMP-SUCKERS. This is a habit that is formed principally when the young animal is cutting teeth. It is caused by the pain CRIB-BITER OR WIND-SUCKER. of cutting and shedding teeth. To relieve itself of the irritation, the animal catches hold of the manger or any other object within reach. After a time, the habit b«- POLL EVIL. 169 comes fixed, and when the animal catches hold of the object a gulping sound is heard. It is then sucking air into- stomach. Any irregularity of the teeth, or decayed teeth, may cause a horse to form the same habit. When the habit is once formed, it is very hard to break it up. After the horse has been sucking wind for a considerable time, it causes indigestion and colic. Tliey are unsafe horses to own for they may bloat up and die at any time. Treatment: — Various devices have been used to break the habit, and sometimes witli success. Attend to the teeth and, after you get them in good condition, make a paste of red pepper and flour and daub it on the manger: or fasten on the manger a sheep-skin with the woolly side out ; or fasten a broad strap around the neck ; or fasten some sharp object where the horse is in the habit of biting; or place small, revolving rollers just above the edge of the manger, so the teeth will slip off. Sometimes the habit may be broken by raising the tongue and cutting the memt)rane that fastens it to the lower jaw, about an inch, or by inserting a steel or sil- ver ring through the same membrane and allowing it to stay there; the ring to be about three-fourths of an inch in diameter. I have seen cases completely cured by this method. POLL EVIL. Poll evil consists of a swelling or an abscess just be- hind the ears upon the top and sides of the neck, and the irritation extends down to the first two or three bones of the cervical vertebrae. When the disease ex- tends downward to the bones and affects the joints, the animal will carry the head and neck stiff. Among the 170 DISKASKS OF THE HOKSE. many causes of poll evil, are badly fitting, heavy halters and bridles, blows from the butt end of the whip, by the horse hitting its head against low beams or doors,, from too high reining, etc. POLL EVIL. Symptoms: — The first symptom observed is slight stillness of the neck, with a swelling npon tlie poll, which is quite hard at first, later on becoming soft and fluctuating. The swelling may not increase much in size for some time, or it may increase quite rapidly. If there is no interference on the part of the attendant, it will eventually burst and discharge a whitish matter. Treatment: — In the earliest stage, when soreness is- present and the swelling has just begun so that it ie> quite noticeable, the trouble may be aborted. First, give a pfiysic, as, Powd. Aloes one ounce. Gentian two draciims. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water, and give a small teaspoonful of saltpeter, three times a day, either in food, water or as a drench. Then cut off the hair and apply the following as a blister : Vaseline one ounce. Powdered Cantharides. . .two drachms. Mix. Apply every fourth day for three times in succes- sion. Then grease until well. By this treatment I have TOLL EVIL. 171 seen many cases aborted, and they required no other care except avoidance of the original cause. If this sliould fail to scatter the enlargement, it will liasten the formation of pus. The swelling should then be laid open with a knife. Make a bold incision and allow the matter to escape ; then examine with a probe, and if no sinuses or pockets are found, you then have a simple, regular abscess to deal with. Dress the wound with, Listerine four ounces. Iodoform two drachms. Glycerine four ounces. Wash the sore with castile soap and hot water and apply the medicine twice daily. If, however, while probing, you lind pipes or sinuses, keej) on exploring until you find them all; then take three or four grain quinine capsules, fill them full of corrosive sublimate and put one capsule into each pipe; its weight will gen- erally carry it down to tlie bottom. The capsule soon becomes dissolved and tlie medicine will cut out tlie pipes. Grease the hair thoroughly over which the mat- ter flows, to keep the matter and medicine from excori- ating the skin. After the pipes have come out, use the following : Zinc. Sulph four draclims. Sugar of Lead five drachms. Water one pint. Mix. Or, Carbolic Acid half oimce. Listerine four ounces. Soft Water twelve ounces. INIix. Apply once daily, after washing out thorouglily with castile soap and hot water. If, after it has liealcd up, another swelling ajjpears, you may rest assured that you missed one or more of the pijjes. You must then 172 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. open again and go after what is left. Do not despair, for success will crown your efforts, and a complete cure will be effected. BRUISES. Bruises are caused by kicks, bites, falling upon hard, rough or uneven substances, etc., resulting in a crushed or pumiced condition of the flesh with the skin covering ■■•^MuUi^i^j,^ FOMENTING A BRUISE. it remaining unbroken. There is more or less subcutane- ous bleeding, which may result in the formation of matter and a sloughing of the parts. If the bruise is not too severe, the formation of matter may be averted by fomentations of hot water, continued for a couple of hours, after which bathe freely with whiskey and cam- phor. If in a place where bandages can be used, a light bandage steeped in saltpeter water ^ should be BEUISES. 173 applied and the animal allowed rest for a few days, when the parts will resume their normal condition. If, however, the bruise is very severe, there is no other alternative save the formation of matter, and it should be hastened by the application of poultices of flaxseed meal, fried onions, bran, bread and milk, slippery elm or hops. While the sloughing of the parts is taking place, should there be a foul smell, powdered charcoal or iodoform, or a weak solution of carbolic acid, should be s})rinkled over the poultice. After the parts have ploufihed ofl', discontinue the poultices and use any of 1 he following lotions: Carbolic Acid one ounce. Water or Linseed Oil one pint. Mix. Or, Permanganate of l^otash.four drachms. Water one pint. ]\Iix. * Or, Sulphate Zinc half ounce. Sugar Lead half ounce. Water one pint. Mix. Or, Iodoform half ounce. Powd. Alum four ounces. Mix. Apply two or three times a day. If proud flesh makes its appearance, cut it out with a knife or apply burnt alum. Feed the patient on soft or green food and if symptoms of fever present themselves, give half ounce doses of saltpetre, three times a day. When the fever subsides and the discharge has been great, feed the best of nourishing food, with which may be mixed> Sulphate of Iron two ounces. Powd. Gentian four ounces. Powd. Nux Vomica one ounce. Mix. Give a teaspoonful three times a day. 174 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. ABSCESSES. Abscesses consist of lu't-niimlations of matter within circumscribed walls and may be situated upon any part of the body or in the lungs, liver, kidneys, ovaries, Avomb, bowels, etc. Tliej^ are classed as acute, and cold or clironic abscesses. Acute abscesses are most frequently met with in the muscular tissues or gland structures, followinji' local inflammation; or they may be the results of bruises and injuries. The abscesses found most often in horses, are those affecting the salivary glands, the result of stran- gles or distemper. The glands behind and under the jaws are observed to gradually increase in si/je, an I become hard, hot, painful, and sensitive to the touch. As the abscess gradually increases iu size, pus or matter begins to form and in a little while it becomes soft and fluctuating. This condition is discovered by pressing gently upon the center of the abscess with the fingers ; it is then considered coming to a head. A small eleva- tion is soon observed from which the hair slips otf and is moistened with a yellowish fluid which oozes through the skin. In a short time the a])scess breaks, its con- tents escape and the cavity gradually fills up by healthy granulations. When abscesses form in the muscular tissues, they are usually produced by bruises or some other form of injury. Sometimes, however, they are the result of irregular strangles. Whenever it is noticed that abscesses are forming, the aim should be to hasten development as rapidly as possible, by hot fomentations and poultices. When they are very slow in developing, a good stimulating linimeur applied to the parts, is advisable, as, Spts. Turpentine two ounces. Aqua Ammonia. • two ounces. Raw Linseed Oil four ounces. Mix. COLD ABSCESS. 175 Apply twice daily. As soon as matter can be felt by pressure of the fingers, it will be well to open with a «harp knife, as low down as possible, to afford good drainage so that the matter may escape. But if not fully satisfied that tlie matter is near tlie surface, it will be better to encourage the ripening and allow it to open itself. An abscess located at a joint, should be allowed to open itself, or operated upon l)y a skilled veterina- rian. It is unnecessary to scjueeze and pinch abscessen when opened. Gentle pressure will remove all the old thickened matter, and if inclined to heal too quickly, keep it open with a smootli piece of hickory or other hardwood, made into a ]>robe. Poultices and fomentar tions are often beneficial after the abscess has opened, especially if there is much swelling. It is unnecessary to inject medicines into abscesses, unless a bad smell comes from tlie cavity, then it should l)e washed out with — C'arbolic Acid one ouiu'e. iSoft Water one quart. iMix. Use twice dailv. COLD ABSCESS. Cold abscess is a term uschI to denote a large swell- ing, the result of chronic intlammntion, in the center of which tliere is usually a small accumulation of matter. These abscesses are generally situated on the neck in close proximity to the shoulder joint. When first ob- served, the swelling is quite large, and apparently in- creasing in size or growing (if the horse is working) un- til it assumes enormous ])roportions. It may be slightly warmer than the surrounding parts, but is not very painful when pressure is applied. The animal instead of exhibiting j^ain when moved about, acts as though the shoulders were stiff, or there is a stiffness in its 176 DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. movements. When relieved from work, this vast swell- ing gradually diminishes in size, until it leaves a large hardened mass, very much resembling a tumor, and re- maining in that condition for a great length of time. There is now neither heat nor soreness and it neither grows nor diminishes, unless the animal is put to work, when the irritation from the collar will cause it to in- flame, and increase in size again, but after a few days rest it will gradually recede to the same sized tumor a^ before commencing work. Treatment: — The treatment as recommended for acute abscess, will fail to accomplish anything. We are therefore compelled to use more heroic measures. First, examine carefully to ascertain if matter is pres- ent, which is generally difficult to detect, for it is sel- dom that there is over two tablespoonfuls located in the center of the abscess. However, whether matter can be felt or not, make a deep incis^ion into the center of the tumor, all the way through it if necessary, and allow the matter to escape. Then, whether matter is found or not, saturate a piece of sponge or cotton batting with turpentine and force it into the bottom of the cut; allow it to remain two or three days to excite the formation of matter ; or pack the wound full of sulpliate of zinc and plug it for twenty-four hours, then withdraw the plug and let it slough out ; or take a red hot iron and push it into the bottom of the cut; in fact anything to excite an inflammatory action and promote the fornui- tion of matter. If the opening is disposed to heal too quickly, open it up with some of the former prepara- tions. After you have got it suppurating nicely, en- courage it by applying poultices of flaxseed meal, bran, boiled turnips, bread and milk, slippery elm, etc. With this mode of treatment you will dispose of it and leave the surface smooth. TUMOK I>i THE FALSE NOSTRIL. 117 NASAL POLYPUS, OR NASAL TUMORS. These pear-shaped tumors are frequently found in the nasal chamber and may be attached anywhere along the nasal canal. They are, however, generally attached, high up in the nostril and hang by a slender neck. Symptoms : — They sometimes grow down far enough to be observed protruding from the nose. The breath- ing is obstructed more or less in that nostril. There is bulging of the nostril on the affected side if the tumor is large, according to its size. It produces a snuffling sound while breathing and sometimes a discharge from the nose. Treatment: — Removal of the tumor can be accom- plished by folding a copper wire through a gas pipe. Slip the wire over the tumor and pass it and the pipe up, until you reach the top of the tumor, then draw the ■wire up tightly against the pipe and twist the tumor oft'. Or if an ecrasure is obtainable, pass it up over the tumor and twist it off; or take a pair of forceps and pass them up to ite attachment, then sieze it and twist it oft'. There will not be bleeding enough to do any harm. However, the blood may be stopped, by injecting up the nostril a solution of alum water or a solution of sulphate of iron, or the tincture of iron, or by forcing a plug of wool up the nostril, having a string attached to it by which to draw it out when the bleeding stops. TUMOR IN THE FALSE NOSTRIL. Small tumors are often observed in the false nostril (which is a small pouch just within the nostril and appears like a loop or fold of skin). These tumors are very slow of growth and contain a cheesy matter. They are usually about the size of a walnut and while they do 178 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. not cause any pain, they are a blemish and sometimes become so large that they cause ditRcult breathing when the animal is put to severe exercise. They are observ- able on tlie outer side of the nostril, but by inserting TUMOR IN THE NOSTRIL. the finger up the nose, they will appear much larger on the inside. No danger need be apprehended in open- ing them and this can be done either from the outside or inside of the nostril, the latter being preferable. Pass the knife up the inside of the nostril and when the tumor is reached, make a free incision; then squeeze the matter out and nature will generally perform tlie rest. Or you may syringe the cavity with — Sulphate of Zinc two drachms. Water eight ounces. Mix. Inject once daily for a few days. When the cut is made, blood sometimes flows freely for a short time, but this is of no consequence ; it will soon cease. PHARYNGEAL POLYPUS, OR TUMOR IN THE THROAT. This is just the same kind of tumor as appears within tlie nostrils, only it is situated in the upper part of the throat. If it is located at the opening at the back part of tlie mouth, when the animal takes a drink, it is liable to drop into the larynx or upper part of the air channel, causing alarming symptoms by partially shutting off its breathing. ' Respiration is then accomplished with the WOUNDS ABOUT THE NOSTRILS. 179 greatest difficulty ; efforts are made at coughing ; the animal chokes until it falls upon its knees or falls down completely, when the tumor is generally dislodged from the larynx. The animal then breathes freely and appears as though there was nothing wrong. These frequent and sudden attacks, especially while drinking or eating, followed by almost instantaneous recoveries, should lead to an examination of the throat, which is done by holding the mouth open and passing the hand back into the throat, where the tumor will be found. If within reach, remove in the manner advised for remov- ing nasal polypus. When the removal is accomplished, feed wholly upon soft food, for two weeks and after each feed, give a few swallows of water, then pour some alum water into the mouth and allow it to run over the sore. WOUNDS ABOUT THE NOSTRILS. Wounds around the nostrils are quite a common occurrence, and are generally caused by catching upon a nail or hook of some description, bites from other horses, or by running against some object, etc. As quickly as possible after the accident, the wound should be stitched together. No loose parts should be cut off and thrown away, but everything placed in its proper position. The skin around the nostrils is very thin and easily stitched, consequently any kind of a needle and any kind of white thread will answer. If not immedi- ately given attention, the wound may swell considera- bly and difficulty may be experienced in getting the edges in direct opposition. .If possible, place the stitches quite closely together. Occasionally a nostril is so badly lacerated, that it is with difficulty the parts are brought together, and then a blemish may result. After the parts have been brought together, and secured 180 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. with stitches, the animal should be tied so that it can- not rub the wound, for ten days or two weeks, and in the meantime keep the parts clean, and use. Carbolic Acid four drachms. Soft Water one pint. Mix. Apply twice daily, or dust it with iodoform once daily ; or. Sugar Lead four drachms. Sulphate Zinc two drachms. Water one pint. Mix. Apply morning and evening. After the parts ad- here firmly, cut the stitches and carefully draw them out. NETTLE RASH OR SURFEIT. This is a frequent form of skin disease in fhe horse, and is caused from a sudden change of diet. It is fre- SURFEIT. quently observed when horses are first fed upon grass. It may also be caused by sudden changes in the weather, taking a drink of cold water when heated, worms in the intestines, and is sometimes connected with the shed- ding of the hair. EmGWORM. 181 Symptoms : — The lumps rise quickly and appear on any part of the body, sometimes covering nearly the en- tire body, head and neck. The eyelids may be closed and the lips greatly thickened. Sometimes the nostrils are swelled nearly shut. The swellings are unequal in size, varying from a marble to a saucer and are flat upon their surface. It may be attended with diarrlioea or slight colicky pains. The eruption breaks out very suddenly, the whole skin being covered in a short space of time, and it often disappears just as rapidly as it came, or it may linger for five or six days. Treatment : — This is very simple and consists in clean- ing out the bowels with, Powd. Aloes seven drachms. Powd. Gentian two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water. Also give one ounce daily of glauber salts, for a week. Apply to the skin twice daily. Sugar Lead two ounces. Soft Water one quart. Mix RINGWORM. Ringworm is most frequently seen in young horses that have been poorly kept through the winter and spring. It appears at the time of shedding and is a parasitic growth of a contagious nature, sometimes attacking several horses in the same herd. It may be communicated to other animals and also to attendants. Symptoms : — It commences in a small pimple, at first, where the parasite has established itself. It then begins to form a circle which continues to spread daily. The hairs over the alfected part stand erect, split up, break ]82 DIFEASKS OF TFIK liOKSE. off and fall out, leavinir a bare spot whicli is covered with a greyish scruff or dandruff', very much resembling the coarse hulls of Avheat bran. During its progress, the disease is not confined to one spot but may develop on RINGWORM. several parts of the body at the same time. If allowed to run undisturbed, it may prove very troublesome, or recovery may take place spontaneously within a couple of months. Treatment : — Clip the hair closely over the affected parts, then wash with soft soap and warm water ; dry the parts thoroughly and paint with acetic acid or tinc- ture of iodine, twice daily until cured. Should tliese remedies fail after applying ten days, apply the follow- ing once daily : Oorosive Sublimate half drachm. Soft Water one pint. Mix. FISTULOUS WITHERS. This disease very much resembles poll evil, only it is located upon the shoulders, and is also very obstinate to treat. It usually comes from a bruise, from the CASTRATION. 183 saddle,, from rolling, or striking the top of the shoulders against something; for instance, against the top of a low stable or shed. FISTULOUS WITHERS. Treatment : — As soon as noticed, apply the same rem- edies as for poll evil, and make a dependent orifice to allow the pus to escape, treating the orifice as directed for the sinuses in poll evil. CASTRATION. There are various methods of performing this opera- tion, but all tend to the same purpose, viz. : removing the testicles and preventing hemorrliage. First cast the horse and confine him closely and tightly, drawing the hind feet well up along the sides. Have a good assistant to hold the head. Take hold of the testicle (always taking the smaller one first) and raise it well up. Hold it firmly and make a bold cut about three inches long, close to the dividing line of the testicles. ^ Then take hold of the testicle and cut off the white membrane at the back part of the testicle, but do not cut the spermatic cord or artery. Then if the ecra- seurs are used, apply them and smash off the cord. If 184 DISEASES OF THK liOllSE. ("he clamp is used, fasten it. on tighly and tie with a stout cord. The clamps should be grooved so tliey will have a firmer hold. Then cut oft' the cord and testicles, about a half inch from the clamp. Some prefer ligat- ing, which, is simply cutting out the testicle and tying the cord with a silk thread, to prevent hemorrhage. If the testicles are not down in the scrotum, the horse is called a ridgeling. If one testicle is down and the other is not, the one that is not down should be procured first. In order to get it, cast the horse and tie his hind feet close up aloiig his sides. Then roll the patient upon his back and cut through the scrotum as if the testicle were there. Oil your hand and pass it up through the internal abdom- inal ring, where you will almost invariably find the testicle. Take hold of it firmly, draw it out and cas- trate by any of the usual methods. If you do not find it between the internal and exter- nal abdominal rings, pass the hand on up tlirough the external abdominal ring and you will find it, if he has one. Seize it, draw it out and take it oft' by any of the usual methods. My preference is for the ecraseur, an instrument in- vented by M. Chassaignac, of Paris. Take the opposite testicle in the same manner and the operation is complete. Always cut well down toward the sheath, to allow the pus to escape freely to prevent any unnecessary swelling. If the clamps are used, re- move them in twenty-four hours and turn the horse out, or put him at moderate work, and he will do much bet- ter than if standing in the stable. About the third day, run your finger up around the cord and break oft' any attachment, so that it will not adhere too Ioav down, and thus prevent scirrhus cord from forming. BLEEDING AFTER CASTRATION. J 85 Be careful before operating, to examine and see tliat the liorse is not ruptured. If a rupture should exist, cas- trate by ^vhat is called the covered method, which con- sist, in cutting through the skin only, being careful not to cut through the tunics or coverings of the testicle. Then castrate with the clamps. Place the clamps over the covering of the testicle, the testicle included, and •clamp tightly. Then cut off the coverings and testicles together and allow the clamps to stay on until they come off' of their own accord. If the bowels should come out, return them and stitch up the internal abdom- inal ring with cat-gut. Then stitch up the scrotum, leaving a small opening for the escape of pus, and the ■operation will be complete. BLEEDING AFTER CASTRATION. Bleeding from the incisions in the scrotum, from the «mall blood vessels severed and especially from the small artery at the back part of the cord sometimes occurs in warm weather and may appear quite serious No "fears need be entertained, as it seldom lasts only a few minutes and is easily stopped by splashing cold w^ater into the wound. Bleeding from the artery in the front part of the cord may be attended with danger, when the necessary pre- caution has not been taken to fasten it, to prevent bleeding. In such cases, the end of the cord should be found and the artery tied with a strong thread. If the end of the cord cannot be procured, pack the parts thoroughly with cotton batting or wool, which may be saturated with tincture of muriate of iron. Shove well «p into the wound; a blood clot may be formed in this 186 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. manner and thus stop tlie bleeding. Allow the packing- to remain two days, then withdraw it gentl}' and but little danger need be appreliended. PHYMOSIS AND PARAPHYMOSIS. Phymosig consists in the glans penis becoming envel- oped in the prepuce, thus being hidden from view, and forming a soft, glazy swelling. It most frequently hap- pens from an injury or as the result of castration. Paraphymosis consists in the prepuce forming a con- striction around the penis, just behind the glans. Tlie glans penis will then be visible and frequently greatly swollen. It also occurs from the results of castration, and from injuries of any description. The treatment for phymosis, consists in applying hot fomentations and scarifying. When paraphymosis PAKALYSIS OF THE PL'XIS. exists, apply hot fomentations and scarifying; alsO' catch hold of the tumor and evert it by forcing it back through the constriction, then place it back into the sheath and place pledgets of cotton batting greased with vaseline, into the sheath, to prevent the penis from coming out. Usiuilly within a few days the swelling. AMPUTATION OF THE PEKIS. 387 disappears and the trouble is over. Sometimes the swelling is so great that it cannot be everted immedi- ately ; when such is the case, scarify and press the blood and serum out as much as possible, place a bandage around the body and suspend the penis to relieve the weight, occasionally pressing out the blood and serum, and in a few days you will be able to evert it, when a speedy recovery will follow. AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS. It is very seldom that we are called upon to perform this operation. But occasionally it has to be done to save the patient and sometimes to be rid of the un- sightly appearance, which greatly depreciates the value of the horse. Some of the causes justifying such an operation are paralysis of the penis, caused by blows from the whip or kick from a mare during service ; cancerous growth upon the penis; or anything which causes the penis to hang pendulous, with inability to retract it within the sheath. The operation is performed by casting the animal and getting him under control. Commence to amputate by making a circular incision down to the urethra (or canal for the passage of urine. ) Next cut the tissue off from the urethra for about an inch, which you must leave. Then cut off the urethra. If any small arteries present themselves, ligate them. Sprinkle powdered per sulphate of iron upon the remaining part and allow the patient his freedom. Insert the catheter before operating and allow it to remain during the operation. Pass the catheter every day, until the wound is healed. 188 DISEASES OF TUE liOKSE. HERNIA, OR RUPTURE. Hernia is the protrusion, either of the bowels or of the mesentary through a natural or unnatural opening out of the abdominal cavity. There are several kinds of hernia, the most important of which I shall mention here. Umbilical hernia occurs when the opening of the umbilical cord passes into the abdomen, which fails to HERNIA OF THE UTERUS OR WOMB. close up, and tlie aperture continues to increase in size. It is invariably seen in young colts, and, if it fails to close apply a bandage and keep it on for some time, A cure will generally be effected ; if not, and the colt is a year old, fasten on a pair of clamps and allow them to slough off, or inject hypodermically, a solution of salt water in a few places around the base of the tumor; HEKNIA, OR RUPTURE. 189 or another method and one that is very effectual, is to cut off the hair over the tumor and apply nitric acid enough to barely moisten the skin. Either of these set up a deep-seated adhesive inflammation and close up the opening. Inguinal or scrotal hernia, consists in the passage of the bowels or mesentery down through the abdominal ring, into the scrotum. If in an entire horse, cut by the covered operation (see castration). If in a gelding, either open it up, stitch up the abdominal ring and then clamp, or, gather up as much of the scrotum as is possible and clamp, first returning the bowels, and allow the clamp to remain until it sloughs off". A cure will most generally be effected. Ventral hernia consists in an abrasion of the abdom- inal walls, allowing the bowels to escape through to the skin and forming tumors of various dimensions. It is readily recognized by its disappearance upon pressure, and almost immediate return on being released from pressure; by its softness and tlie gurgling sound trans- mitted by the bowels. If the rupture is small, return the bowels and fasten on a clamp, allowing it to slough off: or, bandage tightly when first noticed; or use some of the methods as given in umbilical hernia. Another method is to cast the animal, then return the bowels, cut through the skin and stitch up the abdominal walls and apply a broad bandage. Diaphragmatic hernia is when the bowels pass through a rupture of the diaphragm, and press upon the lungs. If any quantity of the boAvels pass through, the breathing will be difficult and a terrible gurgling, wheezing commotion will be heard on applying the oar to the chest. In such cases there is no remedy and tlio patient will very soon die. If the rupture be small and a very small portion of the bowels protrude through the 190 DISEASES OF THE HOUSE. diaphragm, the pain may be very intense l)ut that terrible sound around the lungs will be wanting and, if kept quiet on opiates, the bowels may return and the patient do welL In strangulated hernia, wiien the bowels 1)ei'omc entangled in the mesentery, completely shuttiiig oil' the passage, death is almost inevitable. ANEURISM. The term aneurism is used to denote the rupture or dilation of an artery, forming a fluctuating tumor, dis- appearing on pressure, but immediately returning. It may be caused by hard work or by a hard, straining pull. By pressing the fingers upon the tumor, the pulsation may almost always be felt. Treatment : — If the tumor is visible and can be oper- ated upon, cut down and tie the artery at either side of the tumor, which should then be dissected out. After- wards treat as an ordinary wound. But if the artery be very large, you had better let it alone. SEEDY TOE. This term is used to denote an unhealthy condition of the foot, wherein the wall and sole of the foot partake of a mealy or dry, crumbling nature, thus separating them from the sensitive lamina of the os pedis, or bone of the foot. It is principally caused from laminitis but sometimes by a large clip being fastened to the front part of the shoe and being hammered down hard on the wall of the hoof. It may also be caused by an ill-fitting shoe being irregular upon its bearings upon the wall and sole at the toe. CORNS. Treatment : — Cut out the diseased parts and shoe with a bar shoe ; ;!ii 1 pud it in tlie crevices to prevent dirt from "jetting in and accumulating. CORNS. At first tliese consist of a simple bruise of the sole oi" the foot and are usually found in the inner quarter of the fore foot, thou«::;h they are sometimes found in the outer quarter. Some authors consider them to be horny tumors, but such I could never find. However, I am inclined to believe that, from the constant irritation, they are the cause of inRammation of the lateral carti- lages and thus of tlie formation of side-bones. Some- CORXS. times the corns suppurate and if an exit is not made for the pus to escape by, it ^Yill cause a bulging of the coro- net and will break and discharge there ; or the pus will keep burrowing down toward the toe and thus separate the wall from the sensitive sole. Bad shoeing, or allow- ing the shoes to remain on too long, are the principal causes. Symptoms: — Heat and lameness in the affected foot, and invariably pointing it forward; heat and tender- ness around the affected quarter, and a sulky stumbling gait when driven. If it is a suppurating corn, the horse will scarcely put the foot to the ground and, if it does, will merelv rest it on the toe. Upon tapping the quar- 192 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. ter of the foot with a hammer, the animal generally evinces pain ; also pressure from a pair of pincers will cause more or less flinching, and by taking ofi' the shoe and paring down the quarters, blood streaks to a greater or less degree will be observed. Treatment : — Take oflF the shoe and poultice the foot with ground flaxseed, or bran, for twenty-four hours ; then pare down the corn until the sole between the bar and wall is compressible ; then place a sponge saturated with crude oil or a seventy-five per cent, solution of car- bolic acid over the corn and nail on the shoe, retaining the sponge in position and applying the crude oil or car- bolic acid solution once or twice a week ; or shoe with a bar shoe, using the sponge as directed. You may paint the wall and sole of the foot with crude oil once or twice a week, but avoid letting it get up into the hair around the coronet. If you suspect a suppurating corn, cut down and allow the matter to escape, then remove the dead horn as far around as the pus cavity extends. Afterwards apply compound tinct. benzoin twice a day, or tincture of iodine once daily. As soon as new horn commences to form, place a leather or felt pad over the bottom of the foot and shoe with a bar shoe. THRUSH. The principal causes of thrush are filth from stand- ing in manure and urine in the stable, from poulticing with cow-dung, from wading around in a filthy barn- yard, from grease-heel and scratches, and from hard work on rough, stony roads, causing bruises to the frog. Symptoms : — There is a foetid discharge from the cleft of the frog, only in severe cases causing lameness and a feverish foot. CAMKEK. 193 Treatment : — First, remove the cause and keep in a clean, dry place ; remove all ragged portions of horn and fill the crease in the frog with calomel a few times, and a cure is generally effected ; or use powdered sul- phate of copper or burnt alum. If allowed to run un- disturbed, it may develop into canker. This latter dis ease of the foot, is due to a vegetable parasite which not only destroys the sole and frog, but invades the deejjer structures and prevents the natural and healthy growth of the horn substance, which usually repairs an injury to these parts. CANKER. Causes : — As it is due to a parasite, certain condi- tions must present themselves before the parasite com- mences its work. As it is rarely ever seen in high, dry districts, it is quite evident that moisture paves the CA^SKEK. road for the germ to travel in. Among the many causes are filth from standing in manure and urine, when the frog or sole is injured ; also from poulticing injuries, as pricks from nails, with cow-dung, or allow^ing them to run in filthy barnyards ; also working on muddy roads and grazing on low% marshy pastures ; from grease heel. 194 DISEASES OE THE HOESE. Symptoms : — Canker is generally confined to one foot, although all the feet may be attacked at the same time. When the disease follows an injury, which it usually does, and the soft tissues are involved, they show no in- clination to heal ; on the contrary, there is secreted from the inflamed parts, a foul smelling watery discharge, which gradually undermines the surrounding healthy horn and wliich, if not checked in its course, will com- pletely destroy the whole frog and sole. Rapid growths spring out from the frog and sole, of a soft, spongy, un- healthy nature, and, if cut off, may grow from one to two inches in length in twenty-four hours. When cut close up to the foot, they bleed quite profusely. There is an offensive discharge and the disease stubbornly resists treatment. Lameness may at first be very slight, ])ut as the disease advances, it will be a prominent symptom. Treatment : — First, remove to a clean, dry place, then cut out all of the diseased tissues or until it bleeds freely, pare down the sole quite thin next to the canker, removing all of the sole and frog that covers diseased part?. Next put on a shoe with quite a wide web. Then take some tow and saturate it with muriate of iron and cover the diseased part, and apply pressure by slipping sticks under the web of the shoe ; it is very essential to apply heavy pressure upon the diseased parts. Medicines seemingly lose their force when ap- plied for a few days in succession. It is therefore nec- essary to change from one remedy to another quite fre- quently. Choose any from the following list : Sulphate of copper, sulphate of zinc, sulphate of iron, chloride of zinc, quicklime, chloride of antimony, creosote, calomel, carbolic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, corrosive sub- limate, nitrate of silver, or caustic soda. You may mix any one of these, equal parts, with animal charcoal, but PRICKS FROM NAILS. 195 very often you will be compelled to use the most severe remedies, undiluted. It will try your patience, but be persistent, and when you notice healthy horn commenc- ing to form, cease using very severe remedies. From commencement to finish, the foot should be dressed once in twenty-four hours, bearing in mind tliat pressure should be applied continuously throughout the course of treatment. PRICKS FROM NAILS. This is of frequent occurrence from the carelessness of the horseshoer or from the nail splitting while being driven ; also from horses picking up nails while being driven, or while running at large — more frequently from the latter than from the former. Symptoms: — Lameness, heat and tenderness in the foot atiected. If a nail splits when the smith is driving it, he will notice it at once from the horse flinching. If the nail be withdrawn and the owner not informed, the patient in a few days may be very lame and suppura- tion may take place before the real cause is found out; there will be heat and tenderness present. By tapping the foot with a hammer, you may find the exact place. Or, if a nail is driven close enough to press the sensi- tive lamina", the patient may not go lame for a few days, then it will l)e very lame, frequently holding the foot from the ground or merely resting it upon the toe. By tapping the foot with a hammer you will discover the spot, when you hit the nail that is pressing. Or, if the patient has picked up a nail and goes lame, by examining tlie foot you will find either the nail penetrat- ing the foot or the place whence it was withdrawn. 196 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Treatment : — If from a split nail or one driven too close, draw it out and poultice the foot for a few days with ground flaxseed; a cure will usually be effected. But if it suppurates, make an opening and allow the pus to escape, and treat as a suppurating corn (see corns). If the patient has picked up a rusty nail and you have withdrawn it, cut a hole into the bottom of the foot where the nail entered, about the size of a nickel and fill the opening with tincture of iodine, two or three times a day ; but if the foot is very much inflamed, poultice for a day or two, also applying either tincture of iodine or Friar's balsam to the wound. If suppuration has taken place, remove all loose or dead tissue and wash out thoroughly with castile soap and hot water. Then dry it out and apply Friar's balsam or tincture of iodine, and protect the foot from dirt and filth. It is sometimes necessary to remove all of the frog and sometimes the sole. Be very careful if the horse has picked up a rusty nail, as tetanus, or lockjaw frequently ensues; also extensive inflammation and sloughing around the coronet and loss of the hoof, which in the majority of cases, renders the animal worthless. QUITTOR. The most frequent causes of quitter are horses calk- ing themselves and catching cold, suppurating corns, pricks from nails, bruises, gravel working up through the feet, disease of the lateral cartilages, also quarter cracks, etc., etc. Symptoms : — First a tender swelling around the cor- onet, bursting after a while and discharging a whitish fluid and showing no evidence of drying up or healing. By probing, you will find fistulous openings running down into the foot in different directions. GRAVEL IN FOOT. 107 Treatment : — If much inflammation exists and a visible buliiing of the coronet, lance it and apply flaxseed poul- tices for a few days. Then into each sinus inject twice daily the following : Zinc Sulphate one drachm. Sulphate of Copper one drachm. Water four ounces. Mix. After you have followed this up for about a week, and the foot is almost healed, stop the injections and apply Friar's balsam twice daily until a cure is effected. If the disease affects the lateral cartilages, or if side- bones are formed and they are affected, they may have to be removed. Occasionally the sinuses burrow down deep into the soft tissues and a fistulous opening is established, which will not yield to the former treatment but will require more heroic measures. In such cases, fill the sinus full of corrosive sublimate, pounding it well in ; allow it to remain for two days, then take it out and apply carbolic salve until well. GRAVEL IN FOOT. The feet of horses are often affected by a small gravel encased between the sensitive and insensitive parts. '. It may become pressed in through an opening made in paring out corns, or into a large nail hole, or into the opening made from paring out the sole, from treading on a nail or being forced through a quarter- crack ; or by continuous pressure while traveling, a gravel may be forced through the parts where the sole and wall of the foot unite ; or by being forced up between the frog and bars, etc. In whatever manner it gains admission to the sensitive parts, it causes inflam- mation and sloughing of the surrounding portions. 198 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Symptoms: — Lameness is a predominant symptom. If there be an opening, it will present a dirty appear- ance, look black and unhealthy and have a fcetid smell. Upon tapping on the parts with a hammer, the animal will evince great pain. If much matter is formed, it is liable to work up and break around the top of the hoof close to the hair, when the lameness will partially or wholly subside. Treatment: — First wash the parts thoroughly, then enlarge the opening by paring away the hoof, to make room to remove the gravel ; examine very carefully to avoid pushing it in farther. AVhen in contact with the gravel, it will be readily recognized by its sound and hardness to the touch. Work around it and dig it out as carefully as possible. Then wash the parts perfectly clean and inject into the wound twice daily — Carbolic Acid two drachms. Water half pint. Mix. Or, Sulphate of Zinc four drachms. Water half-pint. Mix. , Apply a hot linseed meal or bran poultice until the fever and lameness subside, after which, if the opening is protected to prevent dirt from getting into it, the animal may be put to work, still applying the aforesaid lotion if possible, until the parts are healed. PUMICED FOOT. This is a condition wherein the horny sole becomes separated from the sensitive sole or laminte, by an effu- sion that accumulates as the result of inflammation of the parts. The bottom of the foot, especially toward the toe, crumbles away, exposing the sensitive tissues. BRUISES OF THE FROG. 199 It is generally caused by laminitis or founder when proper treatment has not been applied. The coffin-bone tips down at the toe causing pressure upon the sole, and prevents the formation of new horn. Other conditions may cause pumiced sole, but, as a rule, not to the ex- tent as does founder. Punctured wounds of the feet and bruises of the sole occasionally cause an exudation, separating the sensitive from the insensitive parts, but the soft tissues are seldom exposed because new horn is developed, completely taking the place of that which has been separated. Symptoms : — Exposure of the sensitive parts can readily be recognized. If it has not reached that stage, tlie foot will become convexed, or bulge down instead of being concaved or hollow. The sole of the foot, espe- cially at the toe, readily crumbles away and there is lameness very similar to that of founder. Treatment: — This disease is incurable. If the toe pushes through, put the animal out of its misery. If the sole is convexed, by careful shoeing, keeping the pressure off the sole, and by keeping the feet cool, the animal may do light work on soft ground, but should never be driven on hard roads. BRUISES OF THE FROG. Causes : — Bruises of tlie frog usually occur from horses stepping upon rough, hard, frozen ground, or from travelling upon newly macadamized roads, thereby getting stones wedged in between the shoe and frog, which are frequently overlooked, and the frog becomes badly bruised. Flat feet, with low heels, are the best subjects for bruises. Outs through the frog, from step- ping upon glass or any other substance causing similar injury, are liable to cause suppuration beneath the frog. 200 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Symptoms; — Lameness, in proportion to the extent of the injury involving the sensitive parts. If the injury is quite severe, the animal walks wholly upon the toe or raises the foot completely and hobbles along on three legs. When the horse is standing quietly, the limb is set forward and flexed at the ankle, the toe resting upon the ground. Upon examining the foot, the injury may be detected, but if no opening exists, the matter will be observed Working back toward the heels, seeking a soft place where it can break through and escape. The horn then becomes detaclied at its connection with the skin and looks somewhat white and bleached. As soon as the pus escapes, the lameness diminishes. Treatment : — When lameness is first observed, exam- ine the bottom of the foot carefully and if no puncture is discovered, bathe the foot in cold water to prevent the formation of matter; but if matter has already formed, pare the frog and sole quite thin to relieve pressure, make an opening to allow the pus to escape, then poultice for a few days with linseed meal, and pour tincture of iodine into the opening twice daily. If the pus has loosened much of the frog, remove the part that has become detached, with the knife. If the pus has worked its way up and has broken, and is discharging near the hair, a great portion of the frog has become separated and should be removed at once, after which dress three times daily with compound tincture of ben- zoin, tincture iodine or spirits turpentine, and if obsti- nate, with — Chloride of Zinc one ounce. Soft Water eight ounces. Mix. Apply once or twice daily and pad with cotton bat- ting. As soon as a thin layer of new horn has grown on, it may be i)added with waste, a sponge or cotton CALK WOUNDS. 201 batting, a piece of leather placed over the entire bot- tom of the foot and a shoe nailed on, when the animal may be put at slow work. CALK WOUNDS. In all northern climates, when the roads become slippery, horses are necessarily shod with sharpened shoe calks. The heavier breed of horses, used for teaming and hauling heavy loads, are compelled to RESULTS FROM CALKING. twist, turn and back up, when they frequently tread upon their mate, or upon their own feet, inflicting injuries of a somewhat severe character. In fact, any horse wearing sharp calks, is liable to tramp upon and injure either itself or another horse. Some horses while 202 DISEASES OF THE HORSE, standing in the stable, rest with one hind foot upon and immediately in front of the other foot. These liorses- are liable to calk themselves at any tijne. CALKING. Treatment : — When horses rest one foot upon the- other, a circular boot should be worn wdien in the sta- ble, extending out four inches from the ankle, which will prevent calking. If the wound is not deep and there is little if any soreness, fill it with tar or vaseline. But where the wound is deep and there is great sore- ness, with considerable inflammation and suppuration, hot poultices should be applied for a few days. Benefi- cial results will be produced by sprinkling powdered saltpetre upon the poultice before applying it. After- wards apply — Sulphate of Iron half ounce. Water one pint. Mix. Use three times a day. Or tincture benzoin compound may be applied twice daily, with advantage. If the wound is deep between the horn and skin in front of the foot, cut away the detached horn and continue to apply either of the above remedies. CONTRACTED HEELS. Contracted heels or hoof-bound, is a very common disease among horses in cities. They are generally kept upon hard, dry floors and the feet do not receive the CONTRACTED HEELS. 203 necessary amount of moisture to keep the hoofs soft and pliable. When the hoof becomes dry and hard, it has a natural tendency from the conformation of the foot, to draw inward, and the continued inward pressure, causes a wasting away or shrinking of the soft tissues of the foot. CONTRACTED HEELS FROM BAD SHOEING. The fore feet are mostly liable to this aifection, although it may occur in a hind foot. Usually, only one foot at a time is affected. When both feet are attacked, one foot is worse than the other. Sometimes only one heel is contracted and when this is the case, it is generally the inner one. Causes : — One of the common causes of contracted heels, is a want of knowledge of the structure of the foot, on the part of the horseshoers. They become entirely too free with the knife and rasp. The frog, heels and bars are cut away, the walls are rasped too much, high calks are put on and the nails driven too close to the heels. Another common cause is the removing of horses from pasture lands, where they 204 DISEASES OF THE HORSB. receive moisture and daily exercise, and shipping them to cities, where they are apt to be placed on hard, dry floors. The feet become fevered on account of the change, the horn becomes dry and hard, the soft tissues gradually waste away and contraction is the result. Contraction is sometimes an accompaniment to other diseases, as ring bone, side bones, thrush, corns, navic- ular disease, sprains of the tendons, etc. Symptom^ : — The hoof becomes dry and hard, and loses its circular shape. The heels are higher and nar- rower, the sole is greatly concaved; the frug is greatly shrunken and cramped between the narrow heels. The bottom of the foot is smaller than at the hair, the heels are often ridged and scaly, with deep fissures running up between the quarters. In the first stages there is no lameness, but great uneasiness is observed, manifesting itself by the frequent shifting from one foot to the other. The animal will stumble considerably, esj^e- cially when driven on hard, rough roads. When first brought out of the stable, there will be stiffness, and in- clination to walk upon the toe, but after being driven a while, it will warm up and go with quite a free action. The toes of the shoes wear down very quickly and when the shoes are removed and the bottom of the foot pared, a dry mealy substance is observed where the sole and wall come together. When the disease is of long standing, lameness is present. Treatment : — Preventive measures are much more effectual than curative ones. The feet should be kept moist, either by bathing or standing for a few hours daily upon some moist substance, as moist saw-dust, or a ground floor. Any of the parrafine ointments applied ti) both wall and sole two or three times a week, are very beneficial. One of the best remedies to keep the CONTRACTED HEELS. 205 foot soft, is crude oil applied to both wall and sole twice a week but it should not be applied up against the hair. The rasp should not be used upon the wall to any ex- tent and the knife should not be applied to the frog, heels and bars. Level the heels down with the rasp, if necessary, and if there are loose pieces extending from the sole, remove them. Avoid putting calks on shoes except when absolutely necessary. Make the shoe the shape of the foot and not the foot the shape of the shoe. The shoes should be reset once a month and the feet will not become cramped nor grow too long. As to the cure of the disease, when it does exist, there is a great diversity of opinion. There are a great many shoes and other contrivances invented for the spreading of the heels, all of which may be of some value if properly and persistently used. About as good a course of treat- ment as can be employed, is to poultice the foot until softened, then pare it down well and lower the heels ; put a half shoe (commonly called a tij)) on the toe of the foot: leave it the usual thickness in front but taper the ends of the shoe down to a thin edge, then take a rasp and commence just below the hair to file the wall very thin, gradually sloping down to the bottom of the foot, where it should be left its natural thickness. When this has been done, apply around the coronet, Powd. Cantharides one drachm. Vaseline one ounce. Mix. Apply and wash off the next day. Grease with lard for a couple of days and then turn out to pasture. Leave in jjasture for three or four months and about every two Aveeks apply the ointment. If the case is not of too long standing, a complete cure may be expected, but in those old chronic cases, where the frog is almost obliterated, the sole greatly concaved, with extreme 206 DISEASES OF THE HOUSE. wasting of the soft tissues of tlie foot, treatment is al- most useless, and the animal had best be put out of its misery. KNEE SPRUNG. Knee sprung in reality is not a disease but is often the result of disease. In a perfectly formed limb, a line drawn from the elbow to the fetlock will touch the limb its entire length, but when the knees are sprung, KNEE SPRUNG. a line drawn from these points will pass at varying dis- tances behind the knees, presenting a bowed appear- ance of the limb. Slight bending of the knee may be congenital ; the colt being foaled with this deformity, may grow up and continue through life and yet not be considered a knee-sprung animal. Causes: — One of the most frequent causes is too much driving before the animal has matured or received KNEE SPRUNG. 207 age sufficient to stand the work; or by hauling very heavy loads with young horses, but continuous hauling of heavy loads will cause a weakness and sprung knees in horses of any age. Sprain and injury of the back, tendons or suspensory ligament, if not properly treated, is most certain to be followed by sprung knees. Sore feet, soreness in the knee joint, sore shins or any dis- ease of the limb from the knee down, causing continued lameness whereby the animal rests the heel, will cause knee sprung, by the gradual contraction of the back tendons and ligaments. Treatment: — When occuring in young horses from overwork or fast driving, if the case is not of too long standing, give absolute rest and use a stimulating lini- ment, as — Tincture Cantharides four ounces. Oil Turpentine two ounces. Alcohol two ounces. Mix. Apply twice daily with smart friction down the back of the limb, both above and below the knees, or, Powd. Cantharides four drachms. Vaseline two ounces. Mix. Cut off the hair and apply along the back tendons, and in twenty-four hours wash off and grease every day with lard. While the medicine is on, tie the horse so he cannot bite it. Repeat every two weeks until three or four applications have been made. If there is thick- ening of the back tendons, use the latter prescription. The animal should rest for a :^ew months and during that time it may be turned out to pasture. With this trouble, the danger of recurrence must be borne in mind for it is always liable to occur again. If it arises from other causes, see treatment for those ailments. In old, 208 DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. chronic cases, but little can be done. Sometimes the operation of tenotomy or cutting the tendons, may be performed, which see under head of "Sprain of the Flexor Tendons. " SAND CRACKS. Sand cracks or quarter cracks most frequently comes from concussion, or from driving at a high rate of sjjeed over rough roads, horses whose feet have weak walls, or whose feet have been weakened by rasping ; also from ill-fitting shoes with uneven bearings ; excessive dry- QUARTER OR SAND CRACK. ness ; also changing from damp to dry places, from tak- ing horses from pasture and stabling them on hard, dry floors; from jumping, calk wounds, etc. The cracks in- variably begin at the coronet and extend downward, sometimes into the quick, causing lameness and bleed- ing. Sometimes fungus growths will spring out of the crack near the coronet. Treatment : — If sand crack appears in a strong footed horse, I would advise clinching with a nail or clasp, to CORONITIS, 1NFLAM3IAT10N OF THE CORONET. 2(J9 hold the wall firmly together. But if in a weak footed horse, as it almost invariably is, commence at the coro- net and cut the edges of the crack its full length, so they will not rub together. Then cut transversely (crosswise) at the coronet about three-quarters of an inch to each side of the crack to the quick, and apply a bar shoe, with even pressure all around. If the quar- ter is cracked all the way down to the shoe, you may take the bearing off from that quarter. Blisters ap- plied around the coronet will now act beneficially. Use the following : Olive Oil four ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. ■ Tr. Cantharides two ounces. Mix. Apply every three or four days. Also keep the en- tire hoof softened by painting it with crude oil two or three times a week. If a fungus growth springs out, cut it off and touch with nitrate of silver, or. Chloride Zinc four drachms. Soft Water two ounces. Mix. Apply as often as you deem it necessary. CORONITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE CORONET. Inflammation of the coronet, with suppuration, is jiot infrequently met with in this country, and in many instances is caused by frost bites. A great many horses are abused by being compelled to stand out-doors dur- ing the excessively cold weather which prevails during the winter season ; and frequently we see cases of coro- nitis during that season. Ooronitis may also be caused by standing in filthy stables or by bruises. But from whatever cause, this disease is of a serious character. 210 DISEASES OE THH HORSE. Symptoms: — There will be noticed a peculiar sluiffling or sliding lameness; there will be bulging of the coro- net, fever around the coronet and a tendency of the tis- sue to break and slough. Treatment: — The treatment must be constitutional as well a« local. Give the following ph^'sic, Powd. Aloes one ounce. Powd. Ginger one drachm. Mix. -Give at one dose. , Also Nitrate of Potassium .... three ounces. Powd. Nux Vomica one ounce. Bi-Oarbonate of Soda two ounces. Mix. Make fifteen powders and give two powders each day. The local treatment consists in washing the coro- net thoroughly with castile soap and hot water, pencil- ing the sores with nitrate of silver every third day and applying twice daily, Vaseline two ounces. Salycilic Acid two drachms. Sulphate of Zinc one drachm. Mix. Or, Copperas one ounce. Carbolic Acid six drachms. Soft Water one pint. Mix. Apply twice daily, or paint every day with muriate of iron or tincture iodine. NAVICULAR DISEASES, OR COFFIN JOINT LAMENESS. This disease consists in inflammation and alteration of the structures entering into the formation of the cof- fin joint. It is generally seen in horses that are used as roadsters, or on the track. It may be caused by hard driving, picking up nails, by nails being driven into the NAVICULAR DISEASE, OR COFFIN JOINT LAMENESS. 211 quick near the coffin joint, In' bad shoeing, as uneven bearings, or contraction at the heel; by wearing the shoes too long and too much pressure upon the soles, by NAVICULAR BONE DISEASED. gravel working into the foot, by strain of the flexor ten- don where it passes over the joint; also by concussions, bruises, or by standing too long in the stable. NAVICULAR BONE HEALTHY. Symptoms : — Pointing of one or both fore feet ; if one foot only be aliected it will be held in front of the other and rest only upon the toe ; if both are affected, the animal will change from one foot to the other and point alternately. There will be an inclination to stumble when first driven, but as the animal is warmed up, it will travel much better. The animal travels with a stumbling gait, the front part of the shoes being worn down when the heels of the shoes will be almost as good as new. This may go on for some time before the lame- ness becomes a prominent symptom. Afterwards will be fever in the heels, with more or less contraction of the hoofs at the heels, and a dryness throughout the foot, with lameness now as a prominent symptom. 212 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Treatment: — When first noticed, take off the shoe? and turn the horse out to pasture on swampy ground, or fix up a stall with a clay floor, softened with water, and keep the patient standing there through the day. Dur- ing the night, poultice the feet with flaxseed till you re- duce the fever; then you may insert a frog seaton; or blister around the coronet with, Cantharides two drachms. Vaseline one ounce. Mix. Apply every two weeks and keep the animal ou damp pastures for three or four months, if possible. Or you may use — Tincture Cantharides two ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Sweet Oil four ounces. Mix. Apply once daily for two or three weeks. The treatment of navicular disease is generally unsatisfactory ; but, if the foregoing fails, neurotomy is the final resort. This may be performed either by the liigh or the low operation. The high operation consists in cutting out a piece of the plantar nerve, just below the knee. The lower operation is cutting out a piece of the plantar nerve, at the pastern, between the fet- lock and the foot. As the nervous communication is cut off, the lameness ceases, although the disease con- tinues unabated. Nevertheless, to say the least, it is a humane operation. WOUNDS FROM BARBED WIRE. Wounds from barbed wire may be placed among the worst classes of injuries with which we have to deal. They are usually caused by horses running into a fence constructed of barbed wire. The skin is lacerated and torn and very frequently the muscles are divided and WOUNDS FROM liAilBED WIRE. 213 torn in a frightfiJl way, the injury depending greatly ufion the force and manner in which the animal comes in contact with the wire. It is quite a common occur- rence, to see the skin and flesh of a foreleg torn across at the forearm to the bone, and the bone exposed froni there down to the knee, or to see the skin lacerated and WOUNDS FROM BARBED WIRE. torn around the hocks, and the tendons and ligaments exposed, also deep and serious injuries around the fet- locks and feet. In wounds of this kind, the loss of blood, as a rule, is not very great, the blood vessels becoming torn and twasted and thus preventing the flow of blood. Treatment: — First examine the wound very carefully and remove all dirt, splinters, or barbs from the wire, sliould any be found in the wound, then should blood be found flowing from any of the vessels, they should be picked up and tied. If it is found difiicult to do this, take a needle — any ordinary sewing needle will answer — and pass it through the flesh close to the blood vessel on both sides of it, then tie it tightly around the vessel. The small amount of flesh thus tied with the blood vessel, will do no harm. If the wound is not very large, it may be stitclied together, but rarely if ever, are stitches to be used in wounds of this kind. The 214 DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. surrounding tissues become so weakened and torn that the stitches will not hold, and only tend to irritate instead of assisting in holding the parts together. It is best to get the portions together as closely as possible and secure them in this position with bandages or stick- ing plaster. If the sticking plaster is used, shave the hair close to the skin so the plaster will hold, always leaving an opening for the exit of pus. When the skin is torn in shreds, the pieces may just as well be cut off, as they will not heal and will only slough off if left alone. If there is much swelling, frequent applications of hot water should be used until the swelling subsides ; after- wards it will not be necessary to use hot water, except to wash off any matter that may accumulate. The wounds may be dressed with any of the following : Sugar Lead four draclims. Sulphate Zinc four drachms. Water one quart. Mix. Apply twice daily, or, Carbolic Acid half ounce. Soft Water one pint. Mix. Or, Carbolic Acid • • half ounce. Raw Linseed Oil eight ounces. Mix. Apply morning and evening. Or an excellent heal- ing powder may be used if any unhealthy granulations called proud flesh, arise, as, Powd. Alum eight ounces. Iodoform one ounce. Mix. Apply twice daily. Should any symptoms of fever arise, give half ounce of saltpetre twice daily, and feed upon soft diet. Keep the patient tied, so that it cannot bite the sore. If the wound is very bad, it is sometimes necessary to place the animal in slings. SPLINT. 215 SPLINT. Splint is a bony elargeinent seen most frequently on the inner side of the fore limbs, between the knee and lower third of the cannon bone. It is occasionally seen on the outer side of the fore limbs, as well as upon the hind limbs between the hock and pasterns. It varies considerably- in size, from that of a small butternut SPLINT AND SMALL WIND GALL. down to a grain of corn, but the small nodule which is always found two-thirds the distance down the cannon bone from the knee, should not be mistaken for splint, as it is the natural development of the small cannon bone. There are three cannon bones in each leg, one large and two small ones, situated between the knee and fetlock and hock and fetlock. The splint occupies a position between the large and small cannon bones, sometimes extending entirely across the back part of the large bone, beneath the suspensory ligament. ' In 21 V DISEASES OF THE HORSE. til is condition, permanent lameness may be looked for. The regular splint frequently causes lameness while growing, but after becoming hard, rarely causes any annoyance, remaining only as an eyesore. Causes: — The most common cause is too hard work, or too hard driving before the animal has fully matured. In the young animal, these bones articulate with a very limited movement and if strained or over- taxed, splint is formed. In older animals, these bones become united and it requires greater force to tear them apart so as to set up an inflammatory action result- ing in splint. But there are other causes, as running, jumping, slipping, kicks, bruises to the bone, in fact anything that will sprain the ligamentous attachments of the large and small cannon l)ones. When splints are caused by bruises, they may appear anywhere on the bone. Symptoms : — In the earlier stages, there will be lame- ness ; as observed when the animal is trotting, the limb will be carried with an outward swing, accompanied by a very low nodding of the head, but while the animal is walking, the lameness will scarcely be perceptible, except when the splint is close up to the knee affecting the knee joint. Then lameness may be observed while the animal is walking. By bending the leg and press- ing quite heavily along the bones, tenderness will be observed. Later on, by passing the hand down along the bone, an enlargement will be felt. When the enlargement is an inch or more below the knee, it sel- dom amounts to much, but if close to the knee so as to affect the joint, it frequently causes permanent lameness. Treatment: — In many instances it is advisable to let it alone, but if they are quite tender and feverish, use some mild lotion, as, SORE SHINS. 217 Witchhazel six ounces. Tincture Arnica one ounce. Laudanum one ounce. Mix. Apply tliree times a day, after l)athing with cold "water. After the fever and soreness have been reduced »nd the animal still remains lame, use a blister, as, Red Iodide Mercury one drachm. Cantliarides one drachm. Vaseline one ounce. Mix. Make two or three applications, allowing a week to intervene between each application. Then allow two or three weeks rest, if possible. If lameness and soreness upon pressure is great, the trouble lies under the cover- ing of the bone; a small opening made with a small blade of a knife, cutting through the covering immedi- ately over the lump, will relieve the tension. Treat as above specified. SORE SHINS. This is an affection of the cannon bones in the fore legs of young horses, and is mostly seen in race horses and trotting horses under four years old. It is caused by the amount of hard work they are forced to perform when their bones are as yet unable to stand it. The bones do not become fully developed until the age of five or six years, and if subjected to hard training while in the state of development, they are unable to stand the shocks and concussions caused by severe and contin- ued speeding. Sore shins may include the entire bone but generally affect only the anterior part of the lower third thereof. It is also caused by kicks either from the attendant or from otlier horses; or by grooms becoming vexed while currying over the shins and hit- 218 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. ting them three with the edge of the curry conib^ because the animal is restless from pain. Symptoms : — If in the thoroughbred, lameness will be observed after a gallop ; if in one leg, that foot will be placed in front of the other, or pointing. If occurring in both legs, the animal will be restless, shifting its weight from one leg to the other. An animal affected in this manner, acts sore and moves with a short, stiff,, stilty gait. The parts are very sensitive when pressed, upon. There is more or less swelling along the bone,, which at first is soft and doughy upon pressure ; after a time it becomes hard, like bone. The soreness may extend the entire length of the bone, but if caused by an injury, it may be confined to the injured portion alone, and also as a usual thing, soreness arising from, overwork, settles in the lower third of the bone, just above the fetlock joint. Treatment : — When the lamenesss is first noticed,, bathe the parts with cold water for half an hour to an hour at a time, three times a day. Immediately after apply, Spts. Chloroform two ounces. Laudanum two ounces. Tr. Arnica two ounces. Witchhazel ten ounces. Mix. Apply a loose bandage and moisten it occasionally with this liniment. Continue in this manner until the soreness disappears completely, then, if necessary, ap- ply a few blisters, allowing ten days to two weeks to intervene between each application. The following will suffice : Red Iodide of Mercury. . ..one drachm. Cantharides two drachms. Vaseline or Lard two ounces. Mix. WIND GAIJ.S WIND PUFFS. 219 Apply with smart friction. In twenty-four hours wash off, and grease daily with lard, until anotlier ap- plication of the blister is made, after w^hicli grease as before. Absolute rest is imperative and a complete restoration of the parts may be effected in a few weeks, without the use of blisters. Bad cases, however, will need the blisters and continued rest for several months. The constitutional treatment consists of a physic, given at the outset, of, Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Gentian two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose, in half pint of water. Feed on soft food and give a teaspoonful of powdered saltpetre twice daily. WIND GALLS— WIND PUFFS. This disease consists of dilated bursee situated at the back part of the limbs, at the fetlock joint, or immedi- WIND GALL. ately above the joint. They are more often seen on the hind than on the fore limbs and are usually caused from over exertion and sprains. They appear as soft tumors of various sizes, being some-svhat tense, when the animal 220 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. stands firmly upon the afflicted linil). They are usually painless and seldom cause lameness, but if an inflamma- tory action takes place, they become painful and lame- ness results. They may swell so large as to interfere with the action of the tendon, thus causing lameness, or sometimes they change their condition and become cal- cified or bonelike, then lameness will follow, although this condition is seldom seen. Treatment. — When they first appear, bathing with cold water and bandaging, will keep them under con- trol, followed with a few applications daily of tincture of iodine. If they do not yield to this treatment, use the following blister : Red Iodide of Mercury .... one drachm. Powd. Oantharides one drachm. Vaseline two ounces. Mix. Out off the hair and apply with smart friction. Allow it to remain on for twenty-four hours, then wash off and grease every day for five days, when apply tigain. Use in this manner until four applications have beam made, or, Cottonseed Oil five ounces. Oroton Oil ten drachms. Oil Camphor tliree drachms. Oil Turpentine live drachms. Oil Origanum.. one and a-half drachms. Coal Oil ten drachms. Sulphuric Acid half drachm. Mix. Apply once a day with smart friction, until thor- oughly blistered ; apply a little hogs' lard for a few days, then repeat the liniment. Tlie treatment of wind galls is sometimes a little unsatisfactory, as they will often reappear. SWELLED LEGS — STOCKING — ODEMA. SWELLED LEGS— STOCKING— ODEMA. 221 This is more of a symptom than a disease and is fre- quently the result of defective kidneys, liver or heart, weak circulation, or lymphatic irritation from standing upon a hard floor, without exercise, etc. Symptoms: — When the animal is at work or turned out to pai^ture, tliere will be little or no swelling ; when standing in the stable, the lower part of the linil)S wil! SWEl,LKD LEGS. become swollen, but the swelling will disappear upon exercise. The animal will apparently be enjoying ex- cellent health, pulse normal and appetite good, yet swelling of the limbs every morning. Treatment : — If from standing upon the hard floor, change to a dirt floor, and if from want of exercise and you have no work for the animal, turn into a vacant ht. for a few hours each day. Give some tonic to tone i.p 222 DISK ASKS OF Til'.-; liOr.SE. the system as well as medicines to operate upon the kidneys, as, Sulphate of Iron tvro ounces. Quinine Sulphate lour draciims. Gentian one ounce. IMix. Make sixteen powders. Give two powders eacli day, or, Nitrate of Potassium two ounces. Powd. Nux Vomica one ounce. Bi-Carbonate of Soda one ounce. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give two powders each day. Frequent hand rubbings of the swollen parts, with a few applications of witchhazel, will be found to be very beneficial. COCKED ANKLES, OR KNUCKLING. Causes: — All kinds of heavy work and hard pulling-, especially on hilly roads, or not being properly shod and KNUCKLING OVER, OR COCKED ANKLES. pulling and slipping on smooth pavements; also fast driving upon hard roads or race tracks. It is most fre- quently seen in horses witb-very straight pasterns, and ©specially in the hind pasterns of horses somewhat ad- COCKED ANKLE, OR KNUCKLING. 223 Tanced in years. It is also produced by disease or s^prain of the suspensory ligament, and by shortening of the tendons at the back of the leg, as well as diseases of the fetlock joint. Many young foals knuckle over so V)adly, that they walk upon their pasterns for a short time, but as the muscles, ligaments and tendons gain a little strength, they adapt themselves to their functions and force the joints to their place. Treatment : — In the case of young foals, it is seldom necessary to interfere, as in a few days or weeks they will straighten themselves. But if they walk over on the pastern joint and do not straighten themselves in a few days, take some rubber hose or belting padded with -cotton batting or wool, and make a brace to extend from the foot to the knee, fasten it on, with the leg per- fectly straight but do not tie too tightly ; allow it to remain for a week or ten days, examining frequently to see that it does not chafe the leg and as soon as the colt will stand straight, remove it. When knuckling occurs in young horses, from fast driving upon hard roads, re- move the shoes, then apply a few blisters from below the knees behind the legs, down around the fetlock, and turn out to pasture. You may use either a liquid blis- ter or a salve; either of the following will suffice: Spts. Turpentine two ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Olive Oil four ounces. Mix. Or, Oil Cedar half ounce. Oil Tansy half ounce. Oil Hemlock half ounce. Oil Wormwood half ounce. Alcohol ten ounces. Mix. Apply morning and evening for a week or ten days. Or, 224 DISEASES OF THE HOESE. Powdered Cantharides. .four drachms. Vaseline two ounces. Mix. Apply every four days with smart friction, until three or four applications have been made; then grease every day with hog's lard until healed, or use the firing iron which should only be attempted by a qualified sur- geon. When knuckling has become chronic, relieve the tendons by proper shoeing, which is best done by rais- ing the heels and lowering the toe. For the hind feet^ a long heel shoe with high calks answers best. SIDE-BONES. This consists in solidification or ossification of the lateral cartilages, situated on either side of the foot just above the heel. It may be caused by shoeing with too high calks, by pricks of nails, by corns, by uneven shoe- ing, by cutting away the bars of the foot, by bruises to the heels or soles of the feet, causing a deep irritation or inflammation. Symptoms : — Lameness, with short, etilty gait and a want of elasticity in movement. On pressing upon the cartilage on either side of the heel, you will find it hard and unyielding, instead of soft and pliable; and the pressure will cause pain. Sidebones are almost always found in the heavy breed of horses. Whether in heavy or liglit horses, it is considered an unsoundness. Treatment : — The treatment consists in absolute rest, and shoeing with a bar shoe. If lameness continues, blister with — Cantharides two drachms. Red Iodide of Mercury .... one drachm. Vaseline one and one-half ounces. Mix. CUEB. 225 Apply every five or six days until four applications have been made. If that should fail, use the firing iron and blister immediately. If this fail, perform neu- rotomy by cutting out the plantar nerve. CURB. This disease is always seen at the posterior aspect of the hock and consists of a sprain of the calcaneo cuboiii ligament, or s^^rain of the tendon which passes down the back part of the hock, or one of its sheaths or cov- CURB. erings. It is generally caused by horses jumping ami rearing, by backing up violently, or by slipping. It sometimes appears as a small very hard nodule ; or it may be very large and soft, with heat and tenderness, and more or less lameness. The lameness does not depend upon the size of the curb. Sometimes the curb is very large with no lameness ; at other times it is very small with considerable lameness present. Sometimes it is congenital, and in such cases it is not an unsound- 226 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. ness. It is best observed by standing over it and look- inii ^^traiglit down the hind leg, from the point of the CURB. hock to the fetlock, which should present a straight line, but when a curb is present you will observe the enlargement about three or four inches down from the point of the hock. Treatment: — First and foremost — rest. Apply high- heeled shoes, hot fomentations and a liniment com- posed of — Alcohol four ounces. Tinct. Iodine two ounces. "VVitchhazel two ounces. Mix. Apply after bathing. If this fail to remove, apply — Tine. Myrrh et Capsicum.. eight ounces. Red Iodide Mercury two drachms. Iodide Potassium two drachms. Mix. Apply after bathing with hot water, or, Powd. Cantharides one drachm. Red Iodide of Mercury . . . one drachm. Vaseline one ounce. Mix. CAPPED HOCK. 227 Apply once a week until four or five applications have been made. Sometimes it is necessary to use the firing, iron ; when such is the case, use the sharp pointed or needle iron and fire (juite deep, after which apply the above blister. Sometimes a curb can be removed by friction. Take a bone or smooth i)iece of hard wood and rub the curl) tlioroughly once or twice a day, and in the course of time, a small curb will disappear. CAPPED HOCK. This consists of a serious abscess, situated on the point of the hock, l)etween the skin and te.ndons in areolar tissue. It is generally caused by the horse kicking the point of the hock against some hard substance, or by CAPPED HOCK. Druises on the point of the hock. The size varies from that of a wahmt to that of a good, large bowl. The abscess is soft and fluctuating. It seldom causes any lameness, but in rare instances it does. 228 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Treatment : — First of all prevent the cause ; if from kicking in the stable, which it generally is, change the patient to a stall where it cannot injure itself. Then apply high heeled shoes, and foment with hot water un- til the inflammation subsides. Then open with a lancet from below and allow the serum to escape. Afterwards inject tincture of iodine into the sack and apply a cold bandage ; if thought necessary, repeat in two or three days. If it heals up and there is no serum accumula- ting, but just a slight thickening of the parts, apply, Rectified Spirits four ounces. Tincture Iodine two ounces. Witchhazel two ounces. Mix. Foment with hot water and apply the liniment twice daily ; or, Tr. Iodine two ounces. Oil Hemlock half ounce. Oil Wormwood half ounce. Oil Origanum one ounce. Alcohol four .ounces. Mix. Foment with hot water and apply twice (laily. Have plenty of patience and perseverance as the com- plete removal is sometimes very obstinate. THOROUGH PIN. This is a disease of the sheath of the flexor perforans tendons, and is usually caused by a sprain. It some- times causes considerable lameness ; at other times the lameness will be very slight, and, possibly, none at all. This tendon plays down the back part of the hock to the inside of the os calsis or point of the hock, and any sprain or irritation may cause an extra secreti(ni within the sheath of the tendon and a bulging out on each side of the back part of the hock, in the hollow or gambrel THOROUGH PIN. 229 space. It is usually a soft, fluctuating tumor and if pressed on one side, will cause a greater enlargement on the other side. """""i THOROUGH PIN. Treatment: — If there is lameness, give absolute rest and apply hot fomentations for a few days. Then blis- ter with, Vaseline one ounce. Cantharides one drachm. Red Iodide Mercury . . one-half drachm. Mix. Or apply, Tincture Myrrh four ounces. Capsicum four ounces. Iodide of Potassium one drachm. Mix. Or, Cotton Seed Oil four ounces. Croton Oil one ounce. Oil Camphor two drachms. Oil Turpentine four drachms. Oil Origanum one ounce. Coal Oil one ounce. Sulphuric Acid forty drops. Mix. 280 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Apply once daily with smart friction. If this should fail to remove it and the lameness has subsided, leave it alone unless it be a valuable horse. Then, if the swelling is great, open it and allow the fluid to escape, afterwards injecting tincture of iodine into the sack, until you are satisfied the sack is destroyed. Then keep cold water running over the hock, or apply a sponge on either side of the hock and keep it wet with cold water to keep control of the swelling; and keep this up until the swelling subsides. Immediately after opening give physic, Powd. Aloes one ounce. Powd. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. Feed on soft feed and give. Saltpetre four ounces. Bi-Oarbonate of Soda two ounces. Glauber Salts one pound. Mix. Give two tablespoonfuls two or three times a day. It will take about three months to effect a cure. If the limb swells very much and the patient does not lie down, place slings under it to give rest and relieve the other leg. TUMORS. Tumors belong to a class of diseases known as hyi3er- trophies or enlargements, and should not be confounded with inflammatory exudations. Tumors constantly grow or increase in size independent of the surrounding tissues, with the exception that they derive their nour- ishment from the blood, whilst an inflammatory exuda- tion depends on a morbid state of the parts, and increases as long as the morbid state continues, then decreases to a greater or less extent. Tumors are di- INCISED AND CONTUSED WOUNDS. 231 vided into several kinds or classes. But to speak of them separately is quite unnecessary in a work of this kind. We will treat of them in a general sense or take up those which are most frequently met with in veterinary practice. These are fibroid, fatty, cystic and cancerous tumors. Any of these tumors may be seen on almost any part of the animal, and for the removal of them, such remedies as iodine, mercury and stimulating em- brocations, are used with more or less success. The best mode of disposing of them, is to dissect them out and afterwards treat them as an ordinary wound. (See wounds.) Should a fibrous tumor make its appearance in the nostrils in the form of a nasal polypus, it may be removed by an ecraseur, an instrument of French in- vention for removing excresences ; or you may take a small iron with an eye in the end of it, fasten a heavy cord through it, and slip it up over the tumor until you have reached the top of it, then commence twisting and continue until you have twisted it off; pull the tumor out and you have completed your work. INCISED AND CONTUSED WOUNDS. An incised wound is the result of a cut from any sharp instrument. If an artery or vein cut, it should be taken up and tied. Then wash out any dirt that may have accumulated and bring the edges of the wound together, and fasten with stiches. This may be done by using a curved needle and white linen or silk thread, or catgut sutures. The best mode is by the interrupted suture, viz. : by taking stitches one-half to threcTfourths of an inch apart, tying a knot at each stitch and cutting the ends about one-half inch long. Afterwards apply Friar's balsam, or — 232 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Vaseline one ounce. Carbolic Acid one-half drachm. Mix. Or, Carbolic Acid one-half ounce. Raw Linseed Oil eight ounces. Mix. Apply once or twice daily. Should the stitch break out, the wound will heal by granulation. When this occurs bathe with tepid water and castile soap occasion- ally, and apply twice daily the following: Powd. Alum four ounces. Iodoform one ounce. Mix. Use sparingly. Contused wounds are those where the tissues are bruised or torn, and always require a careful and thor- ough examination, for fear some foreign body may be lodged deeply within tliem. This, if not removed, will be a constant source of irritation and thus prevent the wound from healing. After all foreign bodies are re- moved, wash out thoroughly and stitch the edges of the wound together as best you can, then if possible, bandage below the wound to assist in bringing and holding it together. As these wounds always heal by granulation, begin at once to use compound tincture of benzoin, or, Sulphate of Zinc four drachms. Sugar of Lead five drachms. Soft Water one pint. Mix. Or, Powd. Alum four ounces. Iodoform one ounce. Mix. Apply morning and evening. If it suppurates much, wash with hot water and castile soap. Occasionally an enlargement or inflammatory exudation is thrown out, sometimes called " proud flesh. " When this happens, IRrvEGULAllITIES OF THE TEETH. 283 touch every third day with nitrate of silver, or burnt iihim, until it disappears. If any portion of the skin l;econies detacheJ or fails to heal up, cut it off with a knife. IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH. Sometimes from various causes, the teeth of a horse "become very irregular. I have seen the molar teeth of a horse serrated like the teeth of a saw, so that they fitted nicely together. Such animals could not grind their hay, and had to be fed altogether on soft food. The upper jaw is always a little wider than the other, just enough to fetch the molars nicely together. But Bometimes the upper jaw is so wide that the teeth do not come together, consequently there is an irregular growth. At other times the surface of one tooth is harder than that of its fellow on the opposite jaw; the result is that one tooth grows long and its opposite is worn away. In such cases the projecting tooth should be cut off. I remember seeing a horse six years old, belonging to a Mr. Butler, near Spencerville, Indiana, almost dead from starvation, though it had plenty of hay and grain in the manger. The cause was irregular teeth. The horse was so poor it could not stand, and so weak that it could not raise its head, and was in fact, dying when I put it out of its misery. Had I seen tlie horse before it became so weak as to be unable to stand an operation on its teeth or to eat afterwards, it might have been saved. When the teeth become irregular so tha sharp cor- ners lacerate the tongue or cheeks, they should be rasped off' with a guarded rasp. Any person can do this with a little care. The surface of the teeth should never be rasped smooth ; as the horse has to grind his food, the teeth should be rough. 284 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. TOOTHACHE— DECAY, OR CARIES OF THE TEETH. Decay of the teeth is generally caused by blows, by biting hard substances, such as nails: or from food becoming lodged between the teeth, or between the cheeks and teeth. Symptoms : — An excessive flow from the mouth of a saliva, very ropy in consistency ; intense pain, exhibited when the tooth is struck by an instrument, by redness- and swelling of the gums ; by dropping of half-chewed food from the mouth, by the presence of whole grain in the manure, by suddenly stopping while chewing food, throwing the head to one side and slightly opening the mouth; also by suddenly stopping and throwing the head to one side when drinking cold water. Other symptoms, are unthrifty appearance of the animal; rough staring coat, weakness and emaciation, with pro- fuse sweating on very little exercise, swelling of the jaw. If in the fang or root of the upper molar, there wnll frequently be a fa?tid discharge from the nostril on the affected side. If the root of the lower molar, there may be, in connection with the swelling, a fistula of the lower jaw. Treatment : — First make an examination of the teeth by looking inlo the mouth, or explore with the hand. If food or any other substance is lodged around the teeth, remove it, and if you cannot decide which tooth is affected from looking into the mouth, press upon the teeth separately through the cheeks and usually when the affected tooth is pressed upon, the animal will evince pain. If the tooth is badly affected, it should be removed. This may be accomplished by taking a pair of forceps and fastening onto the tooth, then twisting and working the tooth until it appears loose. Tlien place a small piece of wood beneath the handles of the PARROT aiOUTH. 235 forceps close up to the tooth ; pry down on the handle and the tooth will come out, unless it should be so badly decayed that it breaks off. When this happens the best mode of treatment is to trephine the jaw, just above the fangs of the tooth, and punch the latter out. The punch should not be less than a quarter of an inch in diameter. Place the punch on the fangs of tlie tooth an-l hit it a few taps with a hammer, when the tooth will drop out. The after treatment consists in feeding soir food for a few days and washing out tiie cavity with a ten per cent, solution of carbolic acid twice a day. PARROT MOUTH. This is a peculiar condition of the mouth, where the upper jaw is much longer than the lower. Consequently PARROT MOUTH. the upper and lower incisors fail to m.eet, and the upper incisors grow down to an enormous length. The incisors of the jaw^ also grow to such a length that they press 286 DISEASES OF THE HOKSP:. upon the bars of the roof of the mouth, sometimes to such an extent as to injure the horse. In such cases the teeth must be filed or rasped down. Parrot mouth is a great inconvenience, as the animal cannot graze ; it will, however, do well when fed in the stable. WOLF, OR SUPERNUMERARY TEETH. Supernumerary teeth, more frequently called "wolf teeth," are frequently seen just in front of the molars in either the upper or lower jaw. They are small, con- ical shaped teeth and of little or no importance what- ever, except where they grow to a sufficient length to disturb the horse while eating. Many persons labor un- der the mistaken idea that "wolf teeth" cause blind- ness in horses. This can hardly be the case. But horses having hereditary optlialmia, or which are otherwise prone to weakness of the eyes, may be greatly dis- turbed during dentition fever ; and after such fever is abated, all symptoms of ophthalmia disappear; and the credit is erroneously given to the extraction of the "wolf teeth." But when called upon to extract them, do so for the price and for the owner's consolation — but not for any great benefit to the animal. APOPLEXY. Apoplexy is a rupture of a blood-vessel in the brain. The vessel being in a weakened or diseased condition, breaks or ruptures and allows the blood to escape into the brain structure, where it forms a clot. Symptoms : — A stroke of apoplexy comes on very suddenly. The animal will fall, if the extravasation of blood is great. There is a sudden loss of both feeling and motion; difficult breathing is observed and there is PAKALYSIS OF THE LIPS. 237 inability to arouse the patient from its stupor. The action of the heart seems regular at first, but gradually grows quicker and weaker, and if the shock is very heavy, the organ soon ceases to beat. If the ruptured vessel is small and the escape of blood very limited, unconsciousness may be complete for a short time, pos- sibly a few minutes, or an hour or more. After this, a general or local paralysis is observed. During the period of insensibility, the breathing is labored, in fact stentorian. The pulse is slow and full and the head hot. The location of the paralysis, which is sure to fol- low apoplexy, depends upon the portion of the brain pressed upon by the extravasated blood. Treatment : — Place the patient in a cool, quiet, com- fortable place and keep the head elevated, and cool with wet cloths or a sponge until the temperature be- comes natural. Kub the limbs thoroughly and band- age, and if necessary to warm them, apply mustard. After the animal regains consciousness so that it will swallow, give the following : Powd. Aloes one ounce. Calomel one drachm. Powd. Gentian two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water as a drench. Also give, Iodide of Potassium two ounces. Bromide of Potassium two ounces. Mix. Make sixteen powders. Give three powders each day for a couple of weeks. PARALYSIS OF THE LIPS. Paralysis of the lips is seen in all classes of horses, and is the result of an irritation and inflammation of the seventli pair of nerves, called the portio dura. It is 238 DISEASES OF TlIK HORSE. very seldom, indeed, that the nerves on both sides of the face are affected. The disease is generally confined to one side. During the time the inflammatory action(neuritis) is in progress, the nerve loses its functional ability and the exudation from the inflammatory action, prepsing upon the nerve, prevents it from regaining that ability and thus the paralysis continues. Examination along the course of the nerve will frequently reveal a small, hard nodule, or the inflammatory exudation which is the seat of the trouble. The causes of this disease may be found in badly fitting or heavy halters and bridles, blows, kicks, etc. The lip will hang pendulous and flabby, with inability to raise it to its proper place. The animal will drop food from the mouth and have great difliculty in getting enough to eat, as it has to gather it with its teeth instead of with its lips. When drinking, it pushes its head deep into the bucket to drink. Treatment: — The treatment consists of removing from the nerves, all pressure in the form of halters and bridles, and place the horse in a loose box stall. Feed on soft food and apply hot fomentations to the side of the cheek. Immediately afterward apply. Tincture Cantliarides two ounces. Tincture Iodine two ounces. Tincture Capsicum one ounce. Alcohol three ounces. Mix. Apply morning and evening along the side of the face for about two weeks. Then, if no progress is no- ticeable, apply, Vaseline one ounce. Cantharides one-half drachm. Red Iodide of Mercury ... one drachm. Mix. Use thoroughly every fourth day, for three applica- tions. Afterwards grease with hogs' lard every day un- til well. Should this fail, apply the actual cautery, or insert seatons ; or you may try acupuncturation. GOITRE BRONCHOCELE. 239 GOITRE— BRONCHOCELE. This is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is situated on the under side of the neck just behind the angles of the lower jaw, at what is sometimes called the throat-latch. These glands when enlarged assume vary- ing proportions, from those of a hen's egg to the size of a sugar bowl. When greatly enlarged, they sometimes press heavily upon the windpipe and cause difficult breathing. It is most frequently seen where animals BRONCHOCELE. graze and drink water off of magnesian limestone for- mations, although low situations and damp, high localities are producing causes. The disease api:)ears as a hard lump or tumor on the side of the neck. The enlargement is movable, grows very slowly and is not very sensitive. Treatment : — Remove the cause, if it is ascertainable, feed on good food, and give drachm doses of iodide of potash once daily ; also cut oft" the hair and paint the lump with tincture of iodine once daily for a continued length of time. If this does not check the growth and reduce it, and it should be of such a size as to interfere with the breathing, take a hypodermic syringe and inject half an ounce of iodine into the center of the tumor, once a week for a few weeks; or if need be, it can be dissected out, but this operation requires the skill of a veterinary surgeon. 2-iO LISKASES OF THE HORSE. PILES— HAEMORRHOIDS. This disease though somewhat rare in horses, is deserving of mention, as it is a source of considerable annoyance when it does exist. It is due principally to constipation, but may be observed to follow the intense straining of dysentery, or the severe and prolonged labor pains attending difficult parturition, or foaling. Injuries might also be considered a cause. Whenever bright red irregular tumors are observed, varying in size from a small marble to that of a hen's egg, protrud- ing after the passage of manure or when the animal is lying down, you have a case of piles on hand. Often when piles are present, the animal will rub the tail and rump against a post or other stationary object until it bleeds or scabs are formed on the parts, and not infre- quently blood streaks are observed on the manure. Treatment : — First direct your attention to the condi- tion of the bowels, which should be kept soft by feeding on mashes and chop feed with a liberal supply of salt, but physic should be avoided. AVhen the tumors pro- trude beyond the anus, wash them off thoroughly with warm water then barely cut into them with a knife, squeeze them out nicely, and deep into the wound put a few drops of. Sulphate of Zinc four drachms. Water two ounces. Mix. Afterwards grease the tumor with vaseline and return it within the anus. One tumor each week is enough to operate upon. If considered preferable, they may be tied off by using line white silk or hemp thread. Place the thread around the tumor close up to the bowel and tie it as tightly as it can be comfortably drawn and allow the tumor to slough off. If the tumors do not protrude, oil the hand and pass it into the RABIES — .MADNESS — HYDROPHOBIA. 241 bowel, then sieze the tumor and by iientle traction it may be brought to the surface for the operation of removal. If the tie method is chosen, only two at a time should be operated upon and these allowed to come away before another operation is undertaken. RABIES— MADNESS— HYDROPHOBIA. Madness is credited with arising spontaneously in the dog, fox, wolf and cat but does not attack the larger animals, save only as the result of inoculation. In regard to spontaneous origin in any animal, I entertain serious doubts. That a poison or virus may be intro- RABIES — MADNESS. duced into the system which will act upon the nerve centers, causing severe symptoms with d-estructive ten- dencies, there is no doubt, but it must be done through inoculation. * One dog may bite another and the one bitten may become affected with rabies, while the one inllicting the wound, shows no symptoms of the disease 242 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. whatever, but at the time tlie bite was given, the saliva was unhealthy and contained a virus which became absor})ed into the system, affecting the nerve centers and producing the disease. It is communicable to all the lower animals, but all animals bitten by a mad dog do not become affected with rallies. While statistics show that one in eleven of the human family, having been bitten by a rabid animal, was stricken with rabies I believe- that even then, it was caused by fear and con- tinued worry over the possible results of the injury, rather than from inoculation from the bite itself. Symptoms : — The period of incubation extends from a few days to a few months. It is usually observed in the horse in from fifteen to ninety days, twenty to thirty days in cattle, twenty to seventy days in sheep, twenty to fifty days in swine, and in man its develop- ment is questionable unless he brings it upon himself by continued anxiety and worry about the bite and the disease itself. The first thing observed, is irritation of the original wound; although the injury may have healed completely, the animal commences to rub and bite at it and soon a new sore is formed. If a horse, it now becomes irritable, frantic and vicious. The penis will protrude with frequent erections. A mare will act as though desiring the stallion. The patient will neigh, l)yw, strike, kick, bite the manger and surrounding objects, wdiile the slightest noise made by an attendant seems to be exaggerated by the afflicted animal ; it may then try to destroy everything around it. There will be periods of calm and rest, when the attacks of rage and wild, vicious manoeuvering will again return. In attempting to eat or drink, the act of swallowing is prevented by spasms of the throat. If the disease is allowed to run its course, paralysis of the limbs will follow, and death. HYSTKHIA. 243 Treatment: — When first bitten, burn the wound deeply with a red-hot iron, or nitrate of silver (lunar caustic), caustic potash or carbolic acid, or cut out a piece of the flesh around the wound and then burn it. When the disease has once developed, it is too danger- ous a risk to attempt to do anything, except to destroy the animal, thus putting it out of its misery as well as preventing a loss of the property it would destroy while in a frenzied condition. HYSTERIA. This disease is seldom seen in the domesticated ani- mals and when appearing, occurs only in the female. It consists of an excitable condition of the whole nervous system, occurring about the time the mare is in season, which gives rise to the theory that it is caused by the ovaries and womb. The nervousness is exhibited by trembling of the muscles, grinding the teeth, champ- ing the jaws and sometimes foaming at the mouth. The patient acts as though delirious. It may paw, kick or strike, or it may fall or lie down and refuse to arise if forced, but may get up voluntarily if left alone. Tliere is rolling of the eyes, and when in a recumbent position, the animall will sometimes be perfectly still, and again will paw or strike; in fact, the actions are at times so peculiar, that it is almost impossible to de- scribe them. Treatment: — Give a quart of raw linseed oil and leave the patient alone in a comfortable place, where it cannot injure itself. Also give two drachm doses of bromide of potassium, every two or three hours until the physic operates, when, as a rule, the symptoms i^'j'^^^ide. 244 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. STINGS OF BEES, WASPS AND HORNETS. Horses when in a sweating condition, should never be brought close to bees, especially when the bees are swarming. There is something in either the smell of the horse at that time or the salts of the sweat, that at- tracts their attention. A Avhole swarm of bees has been known to attack horses at such a time, with fatal re- sults. The sting of bees is very irritating to horses, on lu'count of the barbed stinger being left in the skin and the poisonous material given off from it. Treatment : — If the imbedded stinger can be found, it sliould be immediately extracted, either with the finger nails, a pair of forceps or a knife point, then immedi- ately covered with an application of wet clay, or bathed with ammonia or baking soda and water, or, kSugar of Lead one ounce. Water one pint. Mix. HIP LAKENESS. Hip lameness occurs in a manner similar to that of the shoulder. The causes being about the same, i! will not be necessary to recapitulate them. The symptoms vary from those of shoulder lameness, materially. AVlien the hip joint is affected, there is a hop and a catch in the lame leg and the movement of the afiected quarter will be greatly lessened. While at rest, the foot of the lame leg in bad cases, will be held clear from the ground. Heat may be felt near the joint and pressure upon the parts will cause pain. The muscles over the hip soon become atrophied or wasted away, causini!; what is lermed swinney. RUPTURE OF MUSCLES, 245 Treatment: — The treatment is just the same as rec- ommended for shoulder lameness, including absolute rest for sometime, and with the exception of placing a high-heeled shoe on the ati'ected limV), to enable the parts to be maintained in a state of rest. RUPTURE OF MUSCLES. That muscles do become ruptured or torn is perfectly true, nevertheless these cases are seldom seen, except it may be in the muscle called tlexor metatarsi which is situated above the hock on the inner side of the limb and whose action is to tlex the hock. Muscles are rup- tured during a severe sprain or over-exertion, as in starting a heavy load and slipping, while the muscles are at full tension. Symptoms: — Severe lameness is observed if the ani- mal is forced to move and while the leg is raised, the hock will present the appearance of a dislodged ham- string. Some soreness, heat and swelling will be detected at tlio seat of the rupture. If the foot is placed squarely under the animal, it will stand upon it in a natural attitude, but there is an unwillingness to move either forward or l)ackward. If forced to move fore ward, the foot will l)e jerked upward and backward so high that a crease will be left in the muscles above the hock, presenting the appearance of a broken limb. Treatment : — The care and attention necessary for a ruptured muscle should be about the same as for a fractured bone. Place the animal in closely fitting slingis, boxing it in so as not to admit of any movement, either sideways, backwards or forwards, and keep in that position for about two months. In that time, the ends of the muscles will have grown together, when 246 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. exercise should be given, or the animal may be put to moderate work so that the muscles will again develop. If there is much soreness, heat and swelling, occurring shortly after the rupture has taken place, it is best combatted with frequent fomentations of hot water, and between each bathing, use — Laudanum one ounce. Tinct. Arnica two ounces. . Witchhazel thirteen ounces. Mix. Apply until all the inflammation has subsided, then cease using anything and allow nature to complete the cure while the animal is resting in the slings. CHRONIC CATARRH— NASAL GLEET, OR OZOENA. Nasal gleet consists of a suppurative intlammation of the lining membrane (Schneiderian membrane) of the nostrils and of the sinuses in the bones of the front part of the face. It is sometimes confined to the nos- trils alone, but more frequently the sinuses are also affected. The principal cause, is a catarrhal inflamma- tion of the membrane, but it may also arise from ulcer- ated teeth. It may also be caused by injury to the face, enlargement of the fangs of the teeth, abscesses forming in the sinuses ; disease of the facial bones, or the lodg- ing of foreign bodies in the nostrils. Symptoms : — A constant discharge from the nostrils or more frequently from one nostril, as one side of the head alone is more frequently affected. This discharge is of a bluish white color and tenacious, very much resembling the discharge of glanders. But the glander- ous ulcerations are absent, although abrasions or excor- iations of the membrane are present, owing to irritating influence of the discharge. The sub-maxillary glands CHRONIC CATARRH — NASAL GLEET, OK OZOEMA. 247 may be enlarged and if adherent to the jaw, should be looked upon with suspicion. Heat over the sinuses will generally be observed, and sometimes a bulging out in their locality. Percussion on the side affected, will ])roduce a dull sound, compared to that given by its fel- low on the opposite side. This discharge is sometimes very offensive and when that is the case, the teeth should be examined thoroughly, as it is indicative of disease of the fangs. Treatment: — When the lining membrane of the nos- trils alone is affected, throw a spray up the nostrils of a five per cent, solution of listerine, and administer internally — Sulphate of Copper one ounce. Nux Vomica one ounce. Iodide of Potassium one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders and give one morning and evening. This will often effect a cure. But if the sinuses are affected and pus is contained therein, tre- phine the sinuses and evacuate all the pus. Then wash out thoroughly with a five per cent, solution of listerine twice daily. Also throw up the nostrils a spray of the same solution. If there is any diseased bone, or if there are any foreign bodies or a diseased tooth, a removal must be affected. This is best accomplished by tre- l)hining, as it opens the cavity so that treatment can be directly applied. The folloAving will suffice for a wash : Carbolic Acid one ounce. Soft Water one quart. Mix. Or, Sulphate of Zinc six drachms. Soft Water one pint. Mix. Syringe through the opening once or twice daily. The system should be kept up on tonics, as 248 DISEASE-^ OE THE HOUSE. Sulphate of Iron four ounces. Powd. Nux Yoinicti two ounces. Gentian six ounces. Saltpetre three ounces. Mix. Give a teaspoonful mornin.ii; and evening. Give the most nutritive food obtainable and a moderate amount of exercise. BONE SPAVIN. Bone spavin consists in an irritation, sutficient to cause inflammation of the bones of the hock joint. When the inflammation exists between the bones, pro- ducing lameness, but witliout any osseous deposit SPAVIN. thrown out to form an enlargement, it is called occult spavin. But when there is an exudation of a bony- deposit thrown out, causing an enlargement on either the inner or outer aspect of the hock and inducing lame- ness, it is called a bone spavin. This may occur from various causes, but in the majority of cases it is the BONK SPAVIN. 249 result of a wrench or sprain. Still I am inclined to believe in the hereditary tendency to spavin. Whether it be in the peculiar confonuation of the hock which is marked and transmitted by certain sires, or if it be an ossific diathesis in the blood, I am unal^le to tell. But I have seen a colt not to exceed three months old, with well-defined ringbones and spavins causing lameness, "without any apparent reason therefor. And I could not BONE SPAVm. attrilnite it to overgrowth, with the consequent extra amount of weight to carry, for, in the majority of cases coming under my observation, it happened in small breeds of horses and the colts were only in moderately good keeping condition. Sometimes a small, bony enlargement is situated at the internal aspect of the hock. It is called jack spavin and seldom does very much harm, merely serving as an eye-sore. A horse with jack spavin should not be considered unsound, as !;iameness very seldom results therefrom. The symptoms • 7) ) I)I^p:AsI•:s of tjie iiokse. (if s]):iviii are lameness of a ])eeuliar character. The- animal, when lirst driven aftcn- rest, \\\\\ walk on the toe of the att'ected liml), with the fetlock bent forward and with a hoppini: movement of the hind parts. After drivinji' a short distance, it improves very much in its gait; the lameness diminislies and sometimes after the animal is driven some distance, the lameness disappears altoiiether. In other cases, after drivini;-, the lameness SPAVIN BONE FIRED. will diminish but still be quite perceptible. If in the stable, the animal is made to turn around in the stall, it does so with a stumbling, hopj^ing movement. On very forcibly flexing the leg at the hock, then dropping the foot and starting the horse on a trot, it will often go off on three legs. By sitting in front of the horse and look- ing toward the hock, you will perceive the enlargement, if there be any. By holding the hand over the antero- internal part of the hock, you will invariably detect fever. Treatment : — Various methods of treatment are used for spavin, but one very essential thing, and one upon. BONE SPAVIN. 251 which all must agree, is that the animal must have absolute quiet and rest. If the spavin be just started, mild counter irritation will often etl'ect a cure; in this case, apply — Tinct. Cantharides two ounces. Spts. Turpentine two ounces. Sweet Oil four ounces. Mix. Or, Cbttonseed Oil four ounces. Croton Oil one ounce. Oil Camphor two drachms. Oil Turpentine four drachms. Oil Origanum one drachm. Coal Oil one ounce. Sulphuric Acid forty drops. Mix. Apply once daily for six or eight weeks. If the, lamenese does not cease in that time, apply Vaseline one ounce. Red Iodide of Mercury. . . one drachm. Powd. Cantharides one drachm. Mix. Apply thoroughly; wash off in twenty-four hours and grease with fresh lard or oil, every day for five days. Then apply the foregoing prescription again, wash off as before and continue this treatment for three applications. Give the liorse complete rest and tie it while the medicine is on, so it cannot bite or ml) the place. In the course of five weeks, if this fails, apply the actual cautery (firing irons) and immediately afterward apply the before mentioned salve, as directed. If it be an occult spavin or if the true hock joint, that is the large cuneiform and astragalus bones are affected, a failure to cure is almost certain and the animal remains lame as long as it lives. The sole object in the treat- menl of bone spavin, is to prevent the horse from going 252 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. lame and this is accomplished only when the inflamma- tion exists between the cuneiform and metatarsal bones, and you establish complete union between those bones thus preventing irritation from their gliding motion. BOG SPAVIN. This -sometimes consists of an inflammation of the hock joint, but not always. I have seen bog spavin gradually developing upon horses, without the existence of any perceptible inflammation. This kind is generally BOG SPAVIN. found in horses which have weak or very upright hocks. It consists of a fluctuating swelling, situated at the antero-internal and upper part of the hock, and com- posed of synovia or joint oil. It is nature's remedy to prevent disease by having an abundance of oil to lubri- cate the joint during work or violent exercise. This si ould be considered merely a blemish and not a dis- ease. But when it is caused by overwork, sprains or BLOOD SPAVIN. 253 wounds it is considered to be more serious. It is then acc()nii)anied by heat and lameness, varying in their intensity. When bog- spavin occurs from these causes, or from rlieumatic trouble, absolute rest should he given, and the part fomented with hot water three times a day for a few days. Then apply Tinct. Oantharides two ounces. Tinct. Iodine one ounce. Tinct. Capsicum two ounces. Alcohol three ounces. Mix. Or the following blister: Vaseline one ounce. Red Iodide of Mercury .... one drachm. Powd. Oantharides one drachm. Mix. After the lamenes ceases, stop treatment and allow nature to take its course. Sometimes bog spavin causes tlioroughpin and when this is the case, treat as for bog spavin alone. BLOOD SPAVIN. This is a distension of the large vein that passes down over the anterior and internal part of the hock, and is caused from pressure upon the vein, arresting or preventing a free circulation of blood, thus damming it up to a certain extent, and in this manner causing a dis- tension of the coats of the vein to a greater or lesser extent, leaving an enlargement that is soft to the touch and can usually be rubbed away. They seldom produce lameness and cause no harm. When examined with the hand, a blood spavin is found to be soft and pliable and by rubbing it for a time, it will disappear. No trt atment will give better results than frequent rubbing. 254 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. OCCULT SPAVIN. When inflanunation exists between the bones of the Lock, producing lameness without any enkirgement to sight or touch, it is called an occult spavin, or hidden spavin. A deposit of bone material may form a partial or complete union of the small bones of the hock, caus- ing intense lameness, and yet the hock to all appear- ances, will be perfect and smooth. Causes : — It is caused in the same manner as bone s[)avin; by concussion to the ends of the bones, slipping while at play, hauling or starting a heavy load. In the majority of cases, it is the result of a wrench or sprain snfficient to cause a laceration of ligamentous attach- ments in the internal part of the hock, and in many other ways by which the hock receives injury. Yet spavin may occur without any injury. My own experi- ence has convinced me, of the hereditary disposition to spavin in certain families of horses, it being transmitted from one generation to another and sometimes occuring at a very early age. Symptoms : — The same symptoms are observable in o cult as in bone spavin. When first driven, after rest, will walk on the toe of the affected limb with the fet- lo(.'k bent forward and with a hopping movement of the hind parts. While at rest, the animal frequently stands upon its toe with the heel raised and the hock flexed. If made to stand over in the stall, it stands on the toe of the affected limb and hops over. After liaving been driven and allowed to cool off, take hold of the toe of the affected limb and raise it up high, forcibly flexing the leg at the hock, holding it in that position for a minute, then dropping the foot and starting the animal on a trot, it will often go on three legs. This is one of the best tests for occult spavin. In the majority STIFLE-JOINT LAMENESS, ETC. 255 of cases of spavin, after driving a short distance there is much improvement in g,ait; the lameness diminislies and sometimes, after driving some distance, the hime- ness disappears altogether. In other cases the lameness is continuous. The treatment for occult spavin is just the same as for bone spavin, but more persistence may be necessary, as it usually takes a greater length of time to effect a cure, and not infrequently the lameness continues through life. STIFLE-JOINT LAMENESS AND DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA. Stitle-joint lameness is usually detected by the man- ner in which the horse brings the foot forward, which is STIFLE-JOINT LAMENESS. done with difficulty, the leg swinging outward with a circular motion and dragging the toe (although they do not always drag the toe). The foot is sometimes raised clear of the ground, but with the circular motion, and placed flat on the ground. Whilst the animal is at rest the leg is usually in a semi-flexed position. Heat around the stifle joint is quite a prominent symptom, but is sometimes wanting. Sometimes quite a prominent symptom is a fluctuating swelling or dropsy of the joint. 25() DISEASES OF THE HORSE. If you have dislocation of the patella, or what is more commonly called " stitled joint," you will observe that while the horse is standing in the stall, it may stand squarely upon both feet; but, if you force it to walk the stifled leg will fly backward and the animal is pow- erless to bring it forward. If you examine the joint you will find the patella on the outer side of the leg and^ the groove in the femur may be felt quite plainly. Treatment: — When lameness is present in the stiHe- joint, without dislocation, give absolute rest and apply hot fomentations of water three or four times a day, to tillay the inflammation. Then apply Acjua Ammonia two ounces. Spts. Turpentine two ounces. Olive Oil four ounces. Mix. Apply three or four times daily, until you blister thoro'iighly. Then allow to rest for three or four days and rt'peat several times in tliis manner. If the patella is dislocated, fasten a rope or strap around the fetlock, then pass it through the collar and draw the leg for- ward; no matter if the patient struggles hard, force it forward. Then place your hand behind the bone, which will be felt at the outside of the leg, and force it forward, when you will feel it drop into place and the patient will have full control of its leg. Apply Tincture Cantharides two ounces. (Spirits Turpentine two ounces. Aqua Ammonia one ounce. Sweet Oil four ounces. Mix. Or, use the former pref?eription, three. or four times a day for two or three days ; allow the patient to rest for a week and all will be well. If the patient kicks it out or it drops out of its own accord immediately a ter you have placed it in position, you must apply one of the former prescriptions until it blisters thoroughly, RINGBONE. 257 and the SAvelling will force it into position and strengthen the ligaments that have been relaxed. Then allow a longer rest than would ordinarily be required, or apply the following: Vaseline one onnce. Powdered Cantharides . . . two drachms. Mix. Wash of!' in twenty-four hours and grease every day for three days ; then apply again and grease every day until well. RINGBONE. Ringbone very much resembles spavin, except in location. Ringbone consists of an osseous deposit upoji the upper and lower pastern-bones. When the deposit is KINGBONE. around the middle of the large pastern and not involving the joint, it is called an osselet or false ring-bone, and is seldom the cause of ^lameness; it should not be looked upon as an unsoundness, oe if f nils for no treatment what- "258 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. ever. True ringbone acts very dilTerently from the false, and occasions more or less lameness. It may affect two very important articulations, viz., the articulation be- tween the large and small pastern, or between the small pastern and the coffin bone. The former articulation is the one most frequently affected, and where complete union is most easily obtained ; here less stifl'ness will be the result if a cure results, than where the lower joint is EINGBONE. diseased. But in either location, the disease is difficult to treat with any satisfaction and it is sometimes incur- able, the lameness continuing through life. •* Some- times the deposit completely encircles the joint; at others is on one side, and directly in front of the joint. Tlie degree of lameness does not depend upon the size of the enlargement but more upon its location. If it is situated immediately in front of the pastern, the lame- ness.,will be greater than when situated on either side. The lameness is greatest, when the deposit is between the lower pastern and the coffin bone. When between RINGBONE, 259 these two bones, it frequently causes a bulj^ing of the foot and not seldom causes the foot to turn inward, forming what is known as reel-foot. The lameness of ringbone alway precedes the deposit and is caused by inflammation existing in the bone or in the synovial membrane surrounding it. Ringbone is occasioned by sprain ; by fractured bone ; and by the hereditary ten- dency, referred to in the treatise on spavin. Treatment: — When first noticed there will be no enlargement but considerable lameness and fever. Then apply hot water freely to allay the intlammatiou and after bathing, apply the following : Spirits Chloroform two ounces. Laudanum two ounces. Witchhazel four ounces. Tincture Aconite one-half ounce. Mix. If the lameness continues after ten days' treatment apply— Vaseline two ounces. Red Iodide of Mercury., two drachms. Cantharides three drachms. Mix. Make three applications, with intermissions of four or five days between each two applications. Give abso- lute rest and if the patient is inclined to walk upon the toe, use high calks upon the heal of the shoe. But if inclined to walk upon its heel, use a thin-heeled bar shoe. If lameness continues, use the firing irons. Fire it deeply as illustrated in spavin and in a few days apply— Vaseline one ounce. Powd. Cantharides two drachms. Mix. Apply once a week for tliree or four applications. If all these fail, the cutting out of the plantar nerves may be performed with varying success. 260 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. SPRAIN OF THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT. This is a very large ligament composed of white fibrous tissue, and extends from the knee in the foreleg and from the hock in the liind leg, down the back part of the cannon bones. Just above the fetlock it divides and becomes attached to the sesamoid bones, below which it reunites and joins the flexors of the foot. Sprains of tliis ligament happen only through severe POSITION OF THE FOOT IN LAMENESS. exertions, and sometimes the strain is sufficient to cause rupture of the ligament. This generally happens near the dividing point, just above the fetlock. The most prominent symptoms are lameness, heat, and swelling beneath the flexor tendons and down beliindthe cannon bones, with swelling of the leg at the fetlock joint. The animal stands or walks upon the toe, the fetlock joint is flexed to relieve the ligament of tension. If the lig- ament is ruptured, the fetlock will spring down close to the ground and the toe will be turned upward. The rupture may occur higher up, or at the attachment of the ligament to the sesamoid bones, or even below the fetlock ; the result is the same. This is what is meant b}" the term, " broken down." SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK JOINT AND SESAMOIDITES. 261 Treatment: — Absolute rest in a comfortable box stall, well bedded, to entice the patient to lie down. Bathe with cold water, after which apply bandages and keep wet with cold water. After the fever has subsided apply to remove the swelling, Tincture Iodine two ounces. Red Iodide of Mercury . . .two drachms. Tincture of Myrrh and Capsicum six ounces. Mix. Apply three times a day, or Powdered Oantharides . . two drachms. Vaseline one ounce. Mix. Apply every two weeks until three applications have been made. If the ligament is ruptured, bandage the leg in a set of splints, so as to hold it in a proper posi- tion. Heavy belting makes a good support for the limb, by cutting it to fit, and packing the space between the fetlock joint and the heel to form a prop. This will hold the limb in proper shape. Or put on a bar shoe and fasten an iron brace to it, bending it to fit the fetlock and extending it up to the knee. Pad it well with cotton batting and bandage. After complete union is secured, remove the support and l)lisier a few times to remove the swelling. Horses that have once "broken down," or ruptured the suspensory ligament, should not be put on the track nor at heavy pulling; but they may l)e used to good advantage for ordinary work, after a rest of six or eight months. SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK JOINT AND SESAMOIDITES. It is possible to have sprain of the fetlock joint or of its lateral ligaments, without injury to the sesamoid bursa; but such cases, I think are very rare. Owing to the particular manner in which the sesamoid bones are 2(>2 DISEASES OE THE H0R8E. placed behind the joint, over which the flexor perforans tendons play, I am constrained to believe that any exer- tion sufficient to cause sprain of the fetlock joint, will, at the same time produce inflammation of the sesamoid bursa. Symptoms: — If the sprain is very slight, lameness will scarcely be perceptible, appearing only while traveling upon uneven ground and the joint is twisted a little ; but if the sprain is severe, the lameness will be 80 intense that the animal will go on its toe or hobble on three legs. The joint swells and is quite hot, and when the animal is resting, the leg is flexed at the joint, the toe resting upon the ground. Treatment : — Apply cold water frequently and band- age until the fever subsides, then use Tinct. Iodine two ounces. Witchhazel two ounces. Alcohol four ounces. Mix. Apply morning and evening and bandage, or Vaseline one ounce. Powdered Oantharides. . two drachms. Mix. Apply every ten days until three applications have been made. Complete rest should be given for a month. If you consider the ligaments ruptured, a plaster of paris bandage should be applied, the same as for fracture, and allowed to remain on for a month. If any swelling remains, a few applications of the above blister will greatlv assist in removing it. SPRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TENDONS. Sprain of the flexor tendons, like the sprain of the Buspensory ligament, is caused by heavy pulling and fast running or trotting ; also by wearing shoes with SPRAINS OF THE FLEXOK TENDONS. 263 high toe calks. The symptoms observed will be lame- ne'ss, heat and swelling at the back part of the leg, and the peculiar way in which the horse moves the limb, which is with a stiff, stubby movement; the toe touches the ground first and the horse bears most of its weight BACK TENDONS THICKENED FROM INJURY OR SPRAIN. upon it, seldom bringing the heel to the ground during the first stages. After it becomes chronic, or the more severe symptoms have subsided, the heels will be brought to the ground, there will be a shortening of the tendons and a knuckling over of the fetlock joint. The swelling, which is a prominent symptom, will diverge from the seat of the sprain and extend up and down the tendon, involving the thecae, or sheaths of the tendons to such a degree, that the tendons with difficulty pass through them. Treatment : — Shoe the horse with a bar shoe without calks, to give the shoe an even pressure when standing. This will prevent shortening of the tendons, which is likely to occur with high heel calks, which only afford 264 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. temporary relief. Apply cold bandages, occasionally pouring on cold water until the fever subsides. Then apply one of the following mixtures, three times a day : Tincture Iodine one ounce. Red Iodide of Mercury one and one-half draclims. Tincture Myrrh and Capsi- cum seven ounces. Mix. Or, Tincture Cantharides two ounces. Tincture Iodine one ounce. Tincture Capsicum two ounces. Alcohol three ounces. Mix. Or, Oil Cedar four drachms. Oil Hemlock four drachms. Oil of Tansy four drachms. Oil of Wormwood four drachms. Alcohol eight ounces. Mix. If shortening of the tendons should take place, ten- otomy may be performed, if the patient is a young horse. But if an old horse, the operation had better be let alone. The operation is performed by casting the horse and securing it tirmly. Then loosen the leg to be operated upon ; fasten it as straight out as possible by a rope or strap tied to the fetlock. Make a small incision midway between the knee and the fetlock, the smaller the incision the better. Pass the knife flat-wise beneath the tendons, taking care to keep outside the blood ves- sels, until you feel the knife against the skin on the opposite side. Then turn the edge of the knife towards the tendons and cut outward very slowly until you have severed the tendons. Then withdraw the knife. Be very careful to only cut the skin in one place and that a very small opening, where the knife enters. Place ELBOW LAMENESS. 265 your knee against the leg and forcibly straighten it, to break up any adhesions which may have formed. After the operation, keep the leg straight by putting on a shoe with a high toe-calk ; or fasten a piece of iron to the shoe and let it extend six inches in front of the foot. If the toe should turn up a little, have no fear, for when the tendons grow together it may shorten a little too much. After union has taken place, remove the thickening with a few applications of the last pre- scription. ELBOW LAMENESS. Disease of the elbow is not an infrequent occurrence- Symptoms: — While standinji, the horse holds its leg in a peculiar manner — carried well back, the leg flexed and resting upon the toe. In walking, the limb is brought forward with difficulty and when putting it to the ground to make the step, the patient drops the head and shoulder as if about to fall. There may not be very much heat or swelling. If there is fracture of the point of the elbow, you will see the excessive dropping of the head and shoulder; the leg will be flexed or seemingly in a pendulous condition, with heat and swelling and pain upon pressure. Sometimes "capped cll)ow" causes lameness, but not always; when it does, yon do not have such excessive dropping of the head. Treatment: — If there is lameness, without swelling or heat, apply three ti«es a day of — Oil of Cedar four drachms. Oil of Wormwood four drachms. Oil of Tnnsy four drachms. Oil of Hemlock four drachms. Alcohol eiglit ounces. Mix. 266 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Allow sufficient rest and a cure will result. If there is fracture of the elbow, swing the patient up immedi- ately and feed on soft food. Apply splints, and bandage from the knee up above the elbow to hold it in position and keep the patient swung up until complete union has taken place, which will be in from six to ten weeks. Broad rubber belting, makes a good splint and bandage combined. If the lameness comes from capped elbow (usually caused by the horse lying with its elbows resting upon the heels of its shoes), remove the shoes and place a roll of sheepskin, or other soft material, around the back part of the fetlock, to prevent the feet from irritating the bruise. Then apply hot water to the elbow until the inflammation subsides, wlien the lameness will usually disappear. But, to remove the enlargement, make a free incision low down to allow the fluid to escape : then apply some irritating substance to cause it to slough out. After it heals and there is a small nodule left, dis- sect it out and treat as an ordinary wound. Widen the stall and allow plenty of room for the animal to lie- dctwn. CARPITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE KNEES. Inflammation of the knees may arise from different causes, such as concussion, rheumatism, sprains, etc. The animal is observed to hold the leg stiff' and to- exhibit intense pain upon either flexion or extension of the knee. If the animal walks, it will carry the leg stifily. Sometimes there is a swelling of the knee ; at others, no swelling whatever is perceptible. If the disease exists between the bones, there will be no swel- ling until an exudation is thrown out, and when tliia happens, a stiff' knee is almost certain to be the result. BROKEN OR BRUISED KNEES. 267 Treatment ; — Give complete rest and, if thought nec- essary, phice the patient in slings. Use applications of cold water until the fever subsides; then apply a strong blister, as — Vaseline one ounce. Red Iodide of Mercury one drachm. Cantharides one drachm. Mix. Use repeatedly. If there is a fluctuating swelling in front of the knee, puncture it and allow the fluid to escape, after which apply a w^et bandage and keej) it wet. Should it fail to disappear, apply the foregoing blister. BROKEN OR BRUISED KNEES. Whenever you see a bruise or a scar upon the knees of a horse, the animal, as regards value, should be looked upon with suspicion, unless the horse has good, free action and the l)ruise is known to be purely acci- BROKEN KNEE. dental. For a majority of cases arise from faulty action of the fore legs, vertigo or fits, "speed cut" or inter- fering, diseased feet or navicular disease; over-reacl)- ing; or from bad shoeing, and possibly from the driver's awkwardness. The disease is more frequently noticed in the form of bruises than as broken bones. 268 DISEASES OF THE HOUSE. Treatment: — When bruises exist, without any abra- sion of the skin, apply cold water frequently, with dressings of vaseline. Give rest, with good, deep l)ed- ding, and probably no other treatment will be neces- sary. But when the skin is lacerated, if none of the deeper tissues are involved, wash the wound well and bring its edges together with heavy court-plaster, leav- ing an opening below for the escape of pus ; give rest and tie the horse up so it cannot lie down, to prevent it from breaking any of the adhesions while flexing the leg. Never use any stitches, as any movement of the knee will tend to tear them out. Where, besides the laceration of the skin, deeper tissues are involved, so that the tendons and synovial membrane are torn, and " open joint" is the result, you have a more serious case in hand. The w^ound may set up an extensive inflammation, the surrounding parts become greatly swollen, followed by so extensive a sloughing of the parts as to expose the bone. There will then be con- siderable constitutional disturbance, high fever, loss of appetite, bowels constipated, diflicult voiding of the urine, and a foetid discharge from the wound. It is then as serious as a broken bone and the animal should be destroyed, unless valuable for breeding purposes. If the animal is to be preserved, force the leg out straight and fasten it with splints to maintain it in that position, leaving the knee exposed for treatment. Wash it out three times a day with tepid water and castile soap and apply one of the following three times a day : Zinc Sulphate two drachms. Acetate of lead four drachms. Carbolic Acid two drachms. Soft Water one pint. Mix. Or, SHOULDER SLIP OR SWINNEY. 269 Permanganate of Potassium. . one drachm. Tannin one drachm. Distilled Water one pint. Mix. Or, Listorine two ounces. Carbolic Acid one drachm. Distilled Water six ounces. Mix. SHOULDER SLIP OR SWINNEY. This disease generally termed '' swinuey," consists in atrophy, or wasting away, of the antea and postea spinatus muscles. A brief description of the parts swinnp:y akd capped elbow. forming the shoulder joint, will facilitate an under- standing of the matter. The glenoid cavity, or hollow in the lower end of the shoulder bone, is very small compared with, the head of the humerus, which plays within it, thus giving it great freedom of motion, espe- 270 DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. cially as the joint is not bound down with inelastic liga- ments, but by muscles and tendons only. The ante;i and postea spinatus muscles occupy the outer surface of the shoulder blade and extend down over the external and lateral surface of the joint. The sub-scapularis muscle occupies the inner surface of the shoulder blade and extends down over the inner and lateral surface of the joint. The coraco humeralis muscle extends down over the front of the joint. So it will be seen that, vvlien the external muscles are wasted away (atrophied) there is nothing left strong enough to hold the joint to its proper position, and it has an outward movement or slipping — but not a dislocation. It may be caused by a bruise, heavy pulling, or walking on uneven ground, a8 the furrow horse is compelled to do while plowing. It is more frequently seen in young horses, used for plow- ing, especially in the spring when the muscles are soft and tlaccid. Symptoms : — There are generally swelling, heat and tenderness, all along the external surface of the shoul- der blade; but in the majority of cases, the patient shows no lameness until the swelling and heat have subsided and atrophy, or wasting of the muscles, has begun. This generally takes place in a week or two, from the time of the injury. The hollow space is usually the full length of the shoulder blade, and is sometimes very deep, so that the spine of the bone is prominent. Treatment: — During the inflammatory stage, while there is heat and swelling, foment well with hot water and after the swelling has disappeared, apply a mild stimulating liniment, as Ammonia one ounce. Turpentine two ounces. Sweet Oil live ounces. Mix. Or, ATROPHY OF THK MUSCLES — SWINNKY. 271 Oil of Cedar one-Ii;ilf ounce. Oil of Tansy one-half ounce. Oil of Hemlock one-half ounce. Oil of Wormwood one-half ounce. Alcohol ten ounces. Mix. LTse three times a day, rubhinu in th<)rt)U.iihly. Do not be afraid of rubbing, as it stimulates the muscles to development. Use at light work on level ground, or - turn out to pasture, for the patient needs exercise to develop the muscles. Do not be discouraged, but he persistent in your treatment, as it frequently takes six months, and sometimes a year, before the hollow is filled up and the muscles fully developed. If it seems very slow, apply at intervals the following: Vaseline one ounce. Eed Iodide of Mercury. . . one drachm. Cantharides. . one and a-half drachms. Mix. If you are persistent, success will crown your effort and reward your trouble. ATROPHY OF THE MUSCLES— SWINNEY. This consists in a shrinking or wasting away of the muscles and is most frequently seen at the shoulders and hips. It may, however, manifest itself upon any part of the limbs or body. It is caused by sprains, bruises, severe and continued pressure, paralysis, rheumatism, continued lameness of the foot or limb or anything in fact, Avhereby a certain set of muscles do not receive sufficient exercise. Symptoms: — A flattened or hollow space will be observed instead of the full, round, plump muscles. When occurring at a certain point, compare it with the 272 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. same point on the opposite side, and a flattening or wasting away will be observed. Treatment : — Atrophy of the mnscles and swinney mean one and the same thing; therefore, the same treatment may be used as outlined under the head of "Swinney." Any manner of treatment, however, will in some instances, fail to redevelop the muscles but it is well to be persistent for a continued length of time. SHOULDER LAMENESS. Shoulder lameness may arise from different causes, but the most frequent are kicks, bruises, sprains and rheumatism. It is characterized by the peculiar man- ner in which the patient holds the leg, which is flexed SHOULDER LAMENESS. and resting upon the toe ; also the great ditfieulty with which the leg is brought forward in walking, with at the same time, a dragging of the toe. If from kicks or bruises, the lameness will be observed at the injured place ; but if from sprain of the coraco humeralis muscle, which plays on the front of the joint in the form of a tendon, there will be observed flexing of the limb and great difliculty in bringing it forward, with Bw^elling heat and tenderness upon pressure at the point of the shoulder. As inflammation of a tendon frequently results in formation of bone material, you will readily ee the need of prompt and careful treatment. lUlEUMATISM. 27S Treatment : — Put on a very high heeled shoe and apply frequent fomentations of hot water; or place a rug on the point of the shoulder and keep applying hot water until the inflammation has subsided. Then remove the shoes and keep quiet on a level floor, and apply the fol- lowing three times a day : Tincture Iodine two ounces. Witchhazel two ounces. Alcohol four ounces Mix. Or, Oil of Cedar one-half ounce. Oil of Hemlock one-half ounce. Oil of Wormwood one-half ounce. Tincture of Iodine one ounce. Alcohol eight ounces. Mix. Allow the patient to rest for sometime, and use only at light work for at least four months. RHEUMATISM. This is a peculiar disease, and none too thoroughly understood. It attacks the fibrous structure, such as muscles, tendons, etc. It is apt to move suddenly from one joint to another, from one set of muscles to another, or to some internal organ, as the heart. It is seldom that acute rheumatism terminates in chronic rheuma- tism, or that the reverse occurs. Chronic rheumatism is met with most frequently among the domesticated animals. Symptoms : — The patient will appear dull and stupid with an inclination to be let alone and not to be moved about. If the affection be in the limbs or joints and the animal be forced to move, it either goes very lame or ia very stiff. The parts affected may be swollen and hard, 274 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. or, if in the joint, soft and fluctuating; or there may not be any swelling, but a crackling noise at the joints when moved. There is generally fever with a full, hard pulse, increased temperature, hurried breathing, cos- tiveness and scanty, high-colored urine. If acute rheu- matism, the disease will generally terminate in about six or eight weeks ; but, if chronic, it may last until warm weather comes. Treatment : — Give as a physic — Powdered Aloes one ounce. Powdered Ginger one drachm. Mix. Administer at one dose ; and, if the pain be exces- sive, give ounce doses of laudanum, to be followed by — Salicylic Acid two ounces. Bi-Carbonate of Soda two ounces. Mix. Make sixteen powders. Give one powder three times a day, to be followed by — Acetate of Potassium one ounce. Bi-Carbonate of Soda one ounce. ■ Nitrate of Potassium one and one-half ounces. Mix. Make twelve powders and give one powder three times a day. Apply hot cloths, hot bran, hot corn, hot salt, or make the following liniment : Spirits of Chloroform two ounces. Laudanum two ounces. Tincture of Arnica two ounces. Witchhazel two ounces. Mix. Apply two or three times a day. Or, Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Spirits of Turpentine two ounces. Sweet Oil four ounces. Mix. SPKAmED BACK, 275 Apply two or three times a day. ¥"011 may also give, with benefit, liquid ammonia acetate, two ounces three times a day ; but the treatment is seldom very satisfac- torv. SPRAINED BACK. Sprained back is not of frequent occurrence, but it may happen from the hind feet slipping, while the ani- mal is pulling hard to start a heavy load, or from its struggling when cast in the stall. The psoas muscles, SPRAINED BACK. which are the seat of the sprain, are situated under- neath the lumber vertebrae, and are attached anteriorly to the heads of the last ribs and dorsal vertebrae and posteriorly to the brim of the pelvis and internal tro- chanter of the femur; their action is to bend the haunch upon the pelvis, and when the horse is pulling, 276 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. to produce the a^pearan<}e of a " roached back." When sprained, these muscles lose their tone and power, and instead of a " roached back" there will be the reverse, except there will be swelling over the loins, which is frequently the case. If both the psoas muscles are strained, the animal will be unable to rise from a recumbent position, though when placed on its feet, it may stand; it will walk with a drunken, staggering gait and, a knuckling over of the fetlocks. It is easily distinguished from broken back by the power to move its limbs, and the sense of feeling in the hind extremity. Examination per rectum, reveals heat and swelling, with pain upon pressure along the spine. After these symptoms have passed away and the animal is restored to usefulness, there will be a weakness of the back for some months, or until the muscles are again fully developed and regain their natural power and tone. Treatment : — If the patient is able to stand, place the slings under it, but if unable to stand, you had better let the slings alone. Aj^ply frequently, hot fomenta- tions across the loins and afterwards use — Tincture of Arnica four ounces. Chloroform one ounce. Laudanum two ounces. Witchhasel three ounces. Mix. Or, Aqua Ammonia one and one-half ounces. Turpentine. . .one and one-half ounces. Olive oil five ounces. Mix. Or, Tincture of Iodine two ounces. Oil of Hemlock one-half ounce. Oil of Wormwood one-half ounce. Oil of Origanum one ounce. Alcohol four ounces. Mix. WOUNDS AT THE JOINTS, ETC. 277 Apply three times a day. If the patient is dragging along and not improving very rapidly, in the course of a month apply a good blister across the loins and it will help materially to develop the muscles, and to regain their natural tone and power. A blister may be applied every two or three weeks ; the following will answer nicely : Vaseline two ounces. Red Iodide of Mercury .... one and one-half drachms. Powdered Cantharides. . .two drachms. Mix. WOUNDS AT THE JOINTS— INFLAMMATIOIi OF THE JOINTS, OR OPEN JOINT. An open joint may be caused by a puncture from a knife, from splinters of wood, or by the prongs of a fork ; or by bruises, by kicks, or by lacerations from falling on a hard or rough surface. It is always attended with more or less danger. Symptoms : — If the opening is small with but a trilling leakage from the joints, the patient will not at first exhibit any distressing symptoms; but in the course of a few days it will manifest pain by going very lame and possibly, not resting upon the limb at all but holding it uf) and keeping it in continuous motion, on account of severe pain. The leakage will then be more profuse and accumulate on the outer edge of the wound. The patient will now lose its appetite, and have very high fever with constipation. The pulse will be quick, hard and -wiry; and, from extreme pain, the patient will break out in a sweat. If at this stage the patient does not receive prompt attention, the disease will continue in force, and from between the opening and the accum- ulation on the outer edge of the wound, a thin watery 278 DISEASES OP THE HORSE. discharge, accompanied by streaks of blood and small scales of cartilage and bone, will issue. The ends of the bone entering into the formation of the joint are now undergoing a destructive change, and a cure can only be effected by a consolidation of the joint. A stiff joint is inevitable; and if it be a joint requiring great motion the patient had better be destroyed. During the whole time, the tissues surrounding the joint will be enlarged and inflamed, sometimes very hard and at others soft and doughy. Treatment : — Two things are very essential to a fav- orable termination. The first is endeavoring to heal the wound by the adhesive process (or first intention) and thus prevent suppuration. The second, is prevent- ing the air from penetrating the joint, thus avoiding extensive inflammation. Never probe around in the wound to find if there be any dirt, gravel or any other foreign substances lodged there, but wash it out care- fully with a sponge, and syringe with tepid water ; if any foreign substance be found, remove it carefully. If the tissues are lacerated, cut off the small particles that will not adhere, but do not cut the skin, and bring the edges of the wound together Avith stitches of catgut ; then place half a teaspoonful of iodoform upon the wound and bandage. Immediately after, place the animal in slings, as it not only affords the patient com- plete rest but prevents the stitches from being torn out by the flexing of the limb in lying down. If complete union is effected and there is enlargement of the joint with some inflammation apply a good blister. If there is not complete union of the parts and they burst out, and the synovia, or "joint oil," comes oozing out, accompanied by pus, you then can only expect to heal by granulation. The best method to secure this is to apply a good blister, as it not only sets up a healthy STRINGHALT. 279 inflammation but frequently produces a swelling suffi- cient to bring the edges of the wound together, thus excluding the air and, before the swelling subsides, forming granulations enough to close the wound, and so effecting a cure. The following is a good blister : Vaseline two ounces. Powdered Cantharides. .four drachms. Mix. Apply every third day for four applications. If much swelling remains after the wound is healed, apply Tincture Iodine two ounces. Oil Hemlock half ounce. Oil Wormwood half ounce. Oil Origanum one ounce. Alcohol four ounces. Mix. Apply once or twice daily with smart friction. If small abscesses form around the joint and cause much pain, open them ; if they do not cause much pain, allow them to burst. The constitutional treatment should be to open the bowels with a physic — Aloes one ounce. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. Then give three times a day one powder of the following : Quinine Sulphate four drachms. Nitrate of Potassium two ounces. Bi-Carbonate of Soda one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders. For the first few days feed on a soft diet, as bran mash, chopped feed, etc. Afterwards feed on the most nutritious diet in limited quantities, to build up the strength. STRINGHALT. This disease consists of an involuntary spasmodic contraction of the muscles of the hind leg. The horse raises and lowers the foot in a j)eculiar manner, with a 280 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. quick, jerky motion, which it cannot control. Th© causes are not thoroughly understood. It is by some attributed to injuries ; by others to inflammation of the nerves, and others still attribute it to tumors variously situated — as in the brain, in the spinal cord, in th» muscles of the legs, etc. ; and some attribute it to a peculiar condition of the blood. These theories are all STRmOHALT. suppositions ; possibly all are, to a certain extent, true. The disease generally comes on very slowly but may de- velop very rapidly, even in so short a time as twenty-four hours. At first the foot may be slightly elevated, with a quick, jerking motion, and brought to the ground in the same manner. This may be noticed in the winter season, and during the heated months the animal may travel all right. When this is the case, it may be regarded as a rheumatic form of stringhalt. If it does not improve during the summer months, as age advances the disease ARTHRITIS, SYNOVITIS, ETC. 281 ^mdually continues to grow worse, until the horse strikes the belly with the fetlock. The disease is purely nervous in nature, as, for instance, should the animal pick up a nail with the foot, the stringhalt is m i tested in a severe form, and extreme pain is manifested. Except for the rheumatic form, there is no treatment that will benefit the patient. In that case, treat for rheumatism ; •or when first noticed, give strychnia in full doses for a few months. ARTHRITIS, SYNOVITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS. This may be due to sprains of the ligaments extend- ing into the joint, and adjoining the synovial mem- brane ; to concussion of the bones extending to the joint, to wounds admitting air into the joint; to rheu- matism, to scrofula, to calcareous deposits in the joints, etc. From whatever cause, the whole joint becomes involved and. the symptoms have such a close similarity that they may be considered alike. Symptoms: — The joint will be swollen and of a doughy consistency. There will be lameness with more or less fever, according to the severity of the attack. If the joint is moved, the patient will exhibit excruciating pain. Hometimes the animal will hold the foot clear of the grtmnd, in a fixed position. Often from pain the patient will break out in a sweat, the fever running high and the pulse being quick and wiry. The tissues surrounding the joint become greatly swollen, with in- •creased heat and tenderness of the parts. Treatment : — Place the jjatient in slings and give a pliysic to open up the bowels. Then apply hot fomen- tations to the joint frequently, with flannel bandages, and the following everv three or four hours : 282 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. Sulphuric Ether two ounces. Laudanum two ounces. Chloroform one ounce. Spirits Turpentine three ounces. Mix. If this does not quiet tlie pain and the swelling; is obstinate, apply a blister — such as for open joints, and administer three times a day half-ounce doses of fluid extract buchu and juniper, with acetate of potassium. RICKETS. This is not an inflammatory disease, but consists of a softening of the bony structures. It is most frequently seen in young animals, those from a few days to a few months old. The real trouble, is a lack in the bones of such inorganic material as the phosphate and carbonate of calcium. Whenever the bones become deficient in these materials, they are cartilaginous in texture and easily bent ; in this way occurs the deformity of rickets. The causes are mal-nutrition, or a deficiency of the ele- ments necessary to build up the already deficient bony structure. Although hereditary in its character, it may be developed by not allowing the colt to suck the mare at will only permitting it, perhaps, to suck three times a day when the mare, hot and feverish, returns from work. Such treatment will cause irregularities of the bowels, the milk passing through them in a half-digested curd-like mass, white in color and very sour to the smell. This will cause great depletion, and rickets is the result. Treatment : — Feed regularly on good, nutritious diet, change the pasture, bandage the legs to keep them straight, give small doses of phosphate of lime ; keep in a dry, sunshiny, airy place ; give cod-liver oil and, to check the scouring, four to six ounces of castor oil. TEETH. HOW TO TELL THE AGE OF HORSES BY THEIR TEETH. Persons should familiarize themselves as much as possible,, with the various shapes and changes which the teeth of horses- undergo, from colthood to extreme age, so that they may not be deceived when purchasing a horse, which is quite frequently the case with those persons who have never given the teeth any attention. I have known cases where a fifteen and a sixteen year old horse had been sold for a seven and an eight year old, and the deception or falsehood was accepted by the pnrchaser, as he was himself unable to tell anything about their ages. I shall here endeavor to explain as nearly as possible, the various changes that take place, from foaling time to twenty years of age, so that the purchaser of a horse can determine very closely, the age of the animal he desires to buy, and not be too badly TEETH OF A FOAL. deceived by the seller. When the colt is foaled, it frequently has four front teeth or nippers, two above and two below. If these are not present at foaling time, they make their appearance within len days afterwards. In the course of five or six weeks, four more incisor front teeth, make their appearance alongside of the first four; these are called the middle teeth. Then a lapse (28.3) 284 DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. of six or seven months takes place before the last four incisors make their appearance, and they are designated as corner teeth. TEETH AT ONE YEAR OLD. It is then possessed with twelve incisors, six above and six be- low, which is considered a full set of front teeth. After this. TEETH AT TWO YEARS OLD. the only distinguishing mark to be observed, is that the wearing surfaces become somewhat smoother every few months, until TEETH AT THREE YEARS OLD. the colt is|two and one-half to three years old; at this age the four central incisors or colt teeth are shed and four permanent TEETH. 285 incisors are or horse teeth, are coming through the gums, to occupy their place, and in the course of a few weeks, they will have attained sufficient growth, to be of service while eating. At from three and a half to four years, four more colt incisors TEETH AT FOUR Y^^ARS OLD. give way, and their place is taken by the same number of perma- nent incisors, or horse teeth. The front or nipper teeth, now commence to show wear on the outer edge. At from four and a half to five years, the colt teeth have all gone and four more TEETH AT FIVE YEARS OLD. permanent or horse teeth, have taken their places. The nippers now show wear on both outer and inner edges, and the middle teeth yhow wear on the outer edges. The horse is now said'to have a full mouth or a complete set of permanent teeth. I have •286 DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. not said anything about the back or molar teeth, for the simple reason that they are seldom examined with reference to varia- tion, in order to ascertain the age of the animal. The front or LOWER JAW AT SIX YEARS. incisor teeth, are considered the indicators, and to them I will confine myself. At six years of age, the nipper teeth in the LOWER JAW AT SEVEN YEARS. lower jaw have worn down, until the large cavity or mark in the center of the teeth, is nearly gone, and the inner edge of the corner teeth, is in full wearing, unless it should be what is TEETH. 287 called a shell tooth, then it is not considered to have au inner edfie. At seven years, the nippers and middle teeth in the lower jaw, are worn quite smooth; the cavity or mark in the LOWER JAW AT EIGHT YEARS. center of these teeth has disappeared, except in certain cases, when a slight trace of it is left. The corner teeth in the lower UPPER TEETH AT NINE YEARS. jaw, at eight years of age. lose the cavity in the center, through wear, although a slight trace of it may yet be seen. All the incisor teeth in the lower jaw, now present a well worn, or 288 DISEASES OP THE HORSE Bmootb appearance. At nine years, the mark or cavity in the nippers of the upper jaw disappears, and the wearing surface of these two teeth, becomes quite smooth, but the marks inthe UPPER JAW AT TEN YEARS. balance of the upper teeth, are plainly visible. At ten years of age, the middle teeth of the upper jaw, lose their mark, and UPPER JAW AT ELEVEN YEARS. they become smooth through wear. At eleven years of age, the corner teeth in the upper jaw, lose their mark, and the wearing surface of all of the upper incisor teeth becomes smooth, TEETH. 289 and the cavity or marks obliterated — the teeth commencing to assume a little difference in shape. The gums are commencing to recede from the teeth, which gives them the appearance of being much longer. They are also a little deeper from their LOAVER JAW AT TWELVE YEARS. outer to their inner edge, in proportion to their breadth. At twelve years of age, the nippers of the lower jaw are almost round. They are about two-thirds the depth from the outer to LOWER JAW AT THIRTEEN YEARS the irner edge, that they are in breadth, and the middle and corner teeth, are assuming the same shape. Thirteen years of age, shows the middle as well as the nippers of the lower jaw, to be almost perfectly round; the distance from the outer to the 290 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. inner edge, measuring about the same as the breadth. Fourteen years, presents all of the incisors of the lower jaw, as being nearly round, measuring about the same in depth that they do in breadth. When fifteen years old, the nippers of the "upper LOWER JAW AT FOURTEEN YEARS. jaw are nearly round, measuring about the same in depth that they do in the breadth. At sixteen years, the middle teeth of the upper jaw have become nearly round, the nippers measuring UPPER JAW AT FIFTEEN YEARS. a little more in depth than they do in breadth. Seventeen years of age, presents all of the incisors of the upper jaw, as being nearly round, the nippers and middle teeth being a trifle greater in depth than they are in breadth. At eighteen yeears, TEETH. 291 the nippers in the lower jaw have become triangular in shape, UPPER JAW AT SIXTEEN. being about one fifth greater in depth than they are in breadth. UPPER JAW AT SEVENTEEN YEARS. Nineteen years, presents the middle teeth of the lower jaw as LOWER JAW AT EIGHTEEN YEARS. being triangular in shape, increasing in depth and diminishing 292 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. in breadth. At twenty, all of the incisors in the lower jaw have become triangular in shape, measuring about one third more in LOWER JAW AT NINETEEN YEARS. depth than they do in breadth, and as the animal grows older, LOWER JAW AT TWENTY YEARS. they increase in depth and diminish in breadth, or become very irregular. CATTLE DEPARTMENT. DISEASES OF CATTLE, THEIR CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT. SORE MOUTH, OR APTHA. Aptha consists of small vesicles or sores in the mouth, around the lips and cheeks and sometimes upon the tongue. They become ulcerated and are quite troublesome. Symptoms : — Sometimes there is considerable fever, but not always. There is usually dropping or quidding of the food. The mouth will feel hot with saliva drop- ping from the lips, and upon examination, the vesicles and ulcers will be revealed. Treatment : — Give a mild physic, say a quart of raw linseed oil and apply one of the following applicationa : Chloride Zinc two drachms. Water one quart. Mix. Or, Powd. Alum . . two ounces. Water one pint. Mix. Or rub powdered alum into the sores, which will often work the best. GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. This disease is quite often met with among cattle, and is either supeficial or deep-seated in character. When of a superficial nature, caused by the administra,- (295) 296 DISEASES OF CATTLE. tion of medicines not thoroughly diluted or by drinking lye or mineral acids, as cattle will do sometimes when thirsty, the inflammatory, action may follow to the stomach and produce death, but if confined to the GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. tongue, no unfavorable results need be looked for; but when of a deep-seated character, it is very obstinate and with difficulty attended. It usually comes from di- rect injuries and deep-seated ulcers, and sometimes abscesses form spontaneously. Symptoms : — The tongue will be more or less swollen and of a deep red color. Sometimes swollen to such an extent that it will protrude from the mouth. There is great difficulty in swallowing, laborious breathing, saliva driveling from the mouth, tongue hot and th« pulse quickened. Sometimes a foetid smell will be no- ticed in the mouth. Treatment: — If of a superficial nature, mild solutions, such as, Powd. Alum one ounce. Water one pint. Mix. Wash the mouth three times a day ; or, ULCERATED TONGUE. 297 Vinegar six ounces. Honey four ounces. Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. Mix. Apply three times a day. Feed soft food as, bran mash, etc. If deep-seated in character, the treatment will be more severe. Give physic, Epsom Salts sixteen ounces. Powd. Jamaica Ginger. ..two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in half gallon of water. Keep chlorate of potassium in drinking water continuously. Feed soft food, allowing plenty of water. If any for- eign substance is lodged in the tongue, remove it, or if an abscess forms, open it and allow the matter to escape. If from deep-seated ulcers, take, Chlorate of Zinc two drachms. Water four ounces. Mix. Apply to the ulcers with a feather or small brush, every three or four days until the ulcer looks healtliy, or pencil it well with lunar caustic. vSomtvimes scari- fying the tongue with the knife, will be attended with great benefit. Also give as a tonic. Sulphate of Iron two ounces. Powdered Gentian two ounces, Powdered Nux Vomica one ounce. Nitrate of Potassium one and one-half ounces. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give one powder morning and evening in a pint of water or beer. ULCERATED TONGUE. Ulcerations of the tongue, fauces and cheeks occur from inflammation excited by injuries, diseased teeth, lodged food, corn cobs or sticks between the teeth in tlie 298 diseasp:s of cattle. mouth ; by trying, whilst the animal is choking, to force apples, potatoes, or other substances down the throat with a stick. Symptoms: — Constitutional disturbances will be no- ticed from the very first, as the animal experiences great difficulty in masticating and swallowing food. Emaciation will follow, attended by a rough, staring coat, sunken eyes and a dejected appearance generally. On examining the mouth, the cause will appear in the form of one or more ulcers on the back part of the tongue or fauces, having a ragged appearance and emitting a sour, disagreeable smell. Treatment : — Feed on soft, nutritious diet, as bran mash, chop feed, corn meal, green grass, etc. With a sponge or cloth fastened to a stick, apply to the ulcers the following, once a day: Sulphate of Zinc one drachm. Butter of Antimony one drachm. Alcohol eight ounces. Mix. Or, Nitrate of Silver one-half drachm. Water eight ounce's. Mix. Or, Chloride of Zinc one drachm. Water ten ounces. Mix. Keej) in a cool place and allow plenty of cool drink- ing water. A cure will generally result. DIARRHOEA. Diarrhoea is observed in cattle as well as in all other animals, and its causes are many and various. Among them are eating irritating substances ; eating too large quantities of food ; eating to excess of sloppy bran or linseed meal ; changing from dry to green food ; the inju- DIARRHCEA, 299 dicious or continued use of purgative medicines ; indi- gestion or disordered stomach. Diarrhoea in calves may be caused by giving very rich milk in large quantities, or by feeding sour milk; the latter curdles in the stomach, and passing on into the bowels in a half- digested state, acts as an irritant, producing what is known as the " white scours." Whilst diarrhoea is a disease, it is sometimes a boon to the animal, being nature's effort to cast off some deleterous matter that has impregnated the system. Symptoms: — The most prominent symptoms are a copious discharge, of a liquid consistency, from the bowels, accompanied by flatulence and continued strain- ing; sometimes a good appetite, but more frequently it is diminished ; cramping pains, staring coat ; and the animal will stand all drawn up ; if the patient be a calf whose diarrhoea is caused by sour milk the faeces will emit a sour odor ; the animal will lose flesh rapidly and have a dejected appearance generally. Treatment : — Too much cannot be said against the uee of astringent remedies at the commencement of diar- rhoea unless the cause be known to be the use of purga- tives, bran or linseed meal. The reason for this is that there is generally within the bowels some irritant which nature is trying to expel. Instead of giving remedies to prevent it, give half a pint or a pint of linseed or castor oil to aid in removing the offending object ; it will usually effect a cure. If not, you may then resort to astringents and give one of the following every four or five hours until a cure is effected : Tincture Catechu two ounces. Tincture Kino two ounces. Tincture Opium two ounces. Tincture Ginger two ounces. Mix. 800 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Give two ounces at a dose iu a little water as a drench ; or, Powdered Chalk one ounce. Powdered Catechu three drachms. Powdered Kino one drachm. Powdered Opium one-half drachm. Mix. Give at one dose ; or, Prepared Chalk six dracnms. Powdered Opium one drachm. Tannic Acid one scruple. Mix. Give at one dose. If, after giving these remedies, the bowels become too much constipated, give a pint of raw linseed oil, or castor oil. Feed on dry food, give no grain and limit the amount of drinking water to half gallon at each drink. For calves give one-fourth tik© amount prescribed above. ACUTE DYSENTERY. This disease consists in an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bowels, with ulceration and hemorrhage, and is sometimes called bloody flux. It is very often the sequel to diarrhoea and has similar causes. The symptoms, too, are about the same, only of a more aggravated form. There is great constitu- tional disturbance with a liquid or watery discharge, intermingled with blood, from the bowels.' The animal appears very dull, with clammy mouth, flurred tongue, sunken eyes, discharging a thin, watery or mattery dis- charge ; rapid, small and wiry pulse, dry, harsh, staring coat, great emaciation, with a hide-bound appearance. The animal grunts, grinds its teeth and stands with its back arched. Pain in the bowels is manifested by uneasiness and frequent straining ; the straining is some- ACUTE DYSENTERY. 801 times so hard, that it forces the bowel out, when it pre- sents a red and inflamed appearance. Sometimes, but not always, there is considerable bloating on the left ACU1E DYSENTERY. side. The horns, limbs and ears are cold. If a cow she loses her milk. Loss of appetit-e is noticed, with sus- pended rumination and increased desire for water. Treatment : — Place the animal in a good, comfortable place, well bedded, and blanket well. Feed choice. S02 BISEASBS OF OATTLB. clean, nutritioug food and all©w drinking water sparingly. Give the following : Oastor or Linseed Oil one quart. Powdered Opium one drachm. Powdered Catechu one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose, and afterwards give every four or five hours till the bowels stop running off and th© patient stops straining, of the following: Calomel one-half drachm. Powdered Opium two scruples. Powdered Kino one drachm. Mix. Give in a pint of linseed tea; or, Powdered Opium two scruples. Prepared Chalk five drachms. Powdered Catechu four drachms. Ginger two drachms. Mix. Give in a quart of linseed gruel ; or, Muriate of Morphia ten grains. Powdered Camphor one drachm. Prepared Chalk six drachms. Whites of three hard-boiled eggs Mix. Give in a pint of linseed or oatmeal gruel ; or, Tincture Opium one ounce. Tincture Catechu one-half ounce. Tincture Kino one-half ounce. Pure Carbolic Acid ..... . .thirty drops. Sweet Spirits of Nitre one and one-half ounces. Mix. Give in a pint of linseed gruel. Sometimes acute dysentery subsides and takes a chronic form, when the length of time for recovery will be prolonged. Select one or two of the foregoing pre- scriptions containing chalk, and continue its use twice daily ; the results will be very satisfactory. But, if the WHITE SCOURS IN CALVES. 303 chronic form is the result of old age and general de- bility, the bowels become so weakened that any treat- ment is of little avail and death closes the scene. WHITE SCOURS IN CALVES. This disease is caused by an acid condition of the stomach. Calves that are not allowed to nurse tlieir mothers and especially the first milk after calving (called colostrum) which acts as a mild physic and pre- pares the stomach and bowels for the reception and proper digestion of food, are susceptible to white scours. When calves are not allowed the first milk of the mother, they become constipated, which condition is followed by an acid secretion from the lining mem- branes of the stomach and bowels, and when milk is swallowed it soon curdles ; the cheesy material acts as an irritant and the whey passes off in the form of white, half-fluid manure, which is properly termed white scours. Treatment : — The first object is to counteract the acid secretion and restore the bowels to a natural condition. This is best accomplished by giving a mild physic to remove offending agents, as, Linseed Oil one pint. Laudanum one ounce. Brandy, two ounces. Mix. Give two ounces three times a day until the bowels act in a somewhat natural manner. The food should receiise immediate attention. Give milk and liuFeed gruel, half and half, until the bowels are in a condition to receive milk alone. Or, you can constantly diminish the gruel and add more milk daily, until the desired re- sults are accomplished. Sometimes white scours as- 804 DISEASES OF CATTLE. sumes a chronic form, when more active astringents are called for, and when such is the case, use the following; Prepared Chalk two ounces. Powdered Catechu one ounce. Powdered Ginger four drachms. Powdered Opium one draclim. Peppermint Water one pint. Mix. Give one ounce three times a day. TYMPANITIS, HOVEN OR BLOATING. This is a common disease, or rather accident, among cattle and has been pretty generally observed by almost every person who is in the habit of keeping or handling them. The complaint is usually observed in cattle which are greedy eaters and have just been turned out ACUTE TYMPANITIS, OR BhOATiXG. to feed on red clover pasture of rank growth and cov- ered with moisture or dew. The greedy animal eats more than the stomach can handle and force up for mastication.' In the rumen, or tirst stomach, which is merely a receptacle for food, a fermentation takes TYMPANITLS, llOVEN OR BLOATING. 805 place, gases are formed and the paunch is distended to an enormous size and is noticed on the left side. If relief is not speedily obtained, rnpture of the stomach or bow- els takes place and death ensues. Cattle that have been fed on dry food, and are turned upon green pasture that is wet from rain or dew, are most liable to become af- fected. Great care should therefore be exercised, in not allowing the cattle to eat too much such grass, before being removed to a place of confinement, where they may ruminate or "chew the cud." Cattle fed on frozen turnips, carrots or other roots, are subject to tympan- itis. So, also, cattle which are choking, or have any foreign substance within the cesopliagus, are liable to bloat; but on removal of the obstruction, the bloating disappears. I have seen a case where the cow had at- tempted premature birth. The calf was dead and par- tially decayed within the womb; rumination was sus- pended, appetite lost, rongh coat, dejected appearance generally. Bloating was a prominent symptom. An examination by the vagina revealed the cause. Symptoms: — The symptoms are developed very rap- idly. After being turned on clover or wet grass, a swelling appears on the left side and gradually in- creases in severity. The bloating becomes greater, breathing is most difficult and the patient moans and grunts; the eyes become blood-shot, saliva drivels from the mouth, and the back is arched. The animal seems riveted to the spot on which it stands, or staggers around and falls to rise no more. Treatment: — If the case is not too far advanced, irive the following at one dose : Aqua Ammonia one ounce. Tincture of Ginger two ounces. Tincture of Anise one ounce. Water one quart. Mix. 806 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Or give the ammonia and water together, omitting the other drugs. Afterwards place a large gag in the mouth to keep it wide open and fasten it there by ropea tied around the horns or neck; this will permit the free outlet of eructations of gas from the stomach. If the symptoms increase in severity, it is best to tap the stomach with a trocar and canula, whicli is done aa follows : Fasten the animal so that it cannot get away, then shove the beast against the stall or fence. Then, standing on the left, somewhat in front to prevent be- ing kicked, measure about half way l^etween the last rib and hip bone, and about six inches from the lumbar vertebrae. Now plunge the instrument inward and downward and withdraw the trocar leaving the canula, through which the gas will come rushing out. The canula may be fastened there, and, if necessary, kept in position for twenty-four hours. The trocar and canula should be eight or nine inches in length and three- eighths of an inch in diameter. If you have no instru- ment, use an ordinary jack-knife, as there is very little danger from such an operation. After discharging th e gas, to empty the stomach, give the following, Epsom Salts twelve ounces. Glauber Salts four ounces. Powdered Ginger four drachms. Water one gallon. Mix. Give immediately. Sometimes the hollow probang is introduced into the stomach, to allow the gas to escape ; but this is not very practical, as you cannot al- low it to remain in very long and the opening is liable to become plugged with food. After giving the pliysic you may give some brandy, whirkey or ale, to tone up (he stomach. PLEULIO-PNEUMONIA CONTAGIOSA. 307 PLEURO-PNEUMONIA CONTAGIOSA. For forty years, or so, this disease has been noticed in different parts of the eastern states, but through pre- cautionary measures, it has not become at all widely spread in the rest of the country — for which stock own- ers may be deeply thankful. The means now employed to prevent a spread of the disease by quarantining imported cattle for a period of three months will, no doubt, lessen, if not completely check, the ravages of this malady. Floatins; rumors sometimes declare the existence of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in some of the western states; but upon the best authority I am informed upon thorough examination, both ante and post mortem, by qualified veterinary surgeons, such rumors fail to establish themselves. At the same time considerable alarm may exist. Pleuro-pneumonia epi- zootica is as contagious among cattle as smallpox is among men. Bedding, food, blankets, manure — in fact anything used around an animal afl'ected with pleuro- pneumonia — brought in contact with a healthy animal, is liable to communicate the disease. The period of incubation varies with ditferent animals. The disease may develop in a week or ten days and may not appear under twelve or lifteen weeks — though during this time there will appear some symptoms. There may be a slight, husky cough, pulse somewhat accelerated, with a raise in temperature to possibly 103° F. Yet the animal may thrive and lay on flesh and, if a milch cow, the flow of milk may not be diminished. After the dis- ease becomes further advanced, respiration is quick- ened, the temi^erature reaches 108° F., appetite ceases, rumination is suspended, the mouth is hot, there are chills "^"With more or less shivering, milk diminishes, bowels are constipated, urine is high-colored, breath ■omewhat offensive, pulse accelerated to possibly one 808 DISEASES OF CATTLE. hundred or more per minute, coat staring, with yellow skin. The cough becomes more frequent and trouble- some, the nostrils are dilated, with a slight, offensively smelling discharge, there is great emaciation ; on apply- ing the ear to the windpipe a rushing sound of air is heard; at the base of the lungs a loud sound may be distinguished but still further back, on account of the inhltration or consolidation of the lung tissue, no sound at all or .only a wheezing sound can be heard. If the disease be confined to one side or to one lung only, on the opposite side the respiratory murmur is much louder, on account of the double work on that side. No treat- ment should be attempted, but the infected animals should be destroyed and their carcasses burned, as soon as the identity of the disease is established beyond doubt, in order to prevent the spread of the contagion. ALBUMINURIA, INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS, OR BRIGHT'S DISEASE. This disease is not very frequent, except as the re- sult of injury, when it sometimes occurs in a violent form. Still it may arise from bad feeding, from feed- ing poorly matured or marsh hay, which causes derange- ment of the digestive organs and irritation of the kid- neys through reflex action of the brain. This form is seldom observed among the lower animals. But wiien an injury is received upon the brain or spinal cord, albuminuria is frequently the result. Symptoms : — Generally the first symptoms observed are the animal's standing with its legs gathered under it, and the back arched; or the legs will be somewhat stretched out, the hind legs wide apart, and the back sunken or straiglit. The animal is loath to move, ap- pears stitr, and if compelled to move, does so with a EPIZOOTIC APHTHA, ETC. 309 painful, straddling motion. The bowels are usually con- stipated and the breathing accelerated. The urine is thick and dark colored, and sometimes passed with diffi- culty ; if tested for albumen, it will be found in varying amounts. The attack is usually very sudden, and, if not speedily relieved, the patient usually dies from blood poisoning. Treatment: — If there is inability to void urine, it should be drawn away. In the cow this is easily done with a straight catlieter ; but in the ox, owing to the curvature in the penis, it can only be done by making an incision into the urethra below the anus, through which pass the female catheter. Then immediately give a strong physic to unload the bowels and keep their contents in a liquid state to relieve the kidneys of a share of their work. Give the following, Epsom Salts sixteen ounces. Sulphate of Soda twelve ounces. Ginger one ounce. Warm Water. one and one-half gallons. Mix. Keep hot cloths across the loins, and mustard embro- cations may be applied across the loins to advantage. Keep in a comfortable place, and feed on soft, nutri- tions diet, as, bran mash, scalded chop feed, linseed gruel, etc. After the bowels have been relieved, give the following : Powdered Opium one ounce. Calomel four drachms. Mix. Make eight powders. Give one powder morning an 1 evening, in thick linseed gruel. EPIZOOTIC APHTHA, OR FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. It is proper to state here, that a simple form of a])htha appears in young animals during dentition, when small vesicles or blisters break out around tha 810 DISEASES OF CATTLE. mouth, on the tongue, and sometimes around the feet. But this is in no way contagious and calls for little or no treatment except the application of some healing lotion. But epizootic aphtha is a different disease and highly contagious, often fatal; and like smallpox and measles in man, is seldom seen twice in the same indi- vidual. It is purely an eruptive fever and destined to run a certain course, until a favorable termination may be reached, despite all treatment. Symptoms: — The symptoms vary in intensity accord- ing to the condition, temperament and habits of the animal. It develops rapidly from the commencement and is generally ushered in by a chill which is succeeded by a staring coat, dry cough, quick, hard pulse, and a temperature ranging from 103° F. to 106° F., the appe- tite is poor and sometimes entirely suspended. Thick, ropy saliva drivels from the mouth, and, as the vesicles rupture, it becomes mixed with blood. Upon examining the mouth, vesicles varying in size will be seen on the tongue, lips and cheeks. The feet are not always attacked, but generally are. If so, there will be swell- ing around the coronets covered with small blisters, also email blisters between the coronets. The swelling presses the toes apart and, on standing or walking, causes great pain. The blisters or vesicles soon burst, discharge their contents and, in the majority of cases, scab over. Sometimes the teats and udders of cows become affected, break out, swell, and prove a great Bource of irritation. Treatment: — Give a mild laxative, as, Sulphate of Soda ten ounces. Ginger one-half ounce. Fcenugreek one-half ounce. Mix. Give in a quart of warm beer. The mouth should be washed twice or thrice daily with the following : CANCKKOUS TLCERS. 8]1( Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. Powdered Alum one ounce. V/ater one quart. Mix. If matter forms around the feet, apply tlie following tv.ice daily : Iodoform one ounce. Vaseline two ounces. Mix. Grease the parts; or use, Salicylic Acid one-half ounce. Iodoform one ounce. Vaseline two ounces. Mix. Grease the parts thrice daily. If the udder is swelled and painful grease with, Gum Camphor one ounce. Extract of Belladonna one ounce. Vaseline iive ounces. Mix. Use twice daily. If the appetite fails or the animal cannot eat, drench with gruel two or three times a day, into \\ hicli may be mixed a quart of beer. CANCEROUS ULCBRS. When the veterinary surgeon-s attention is called to these cases, he can do little more tlian to advise concern- VWl^ LUMP JAW. ing the best mode of destroying the animal. These ulcers generally appear as small, hard nodules, situated upon either the upper or lower jaw, principally the lat^ JU2 DISEASES OF CATTLE. ter. Usually they are at first -»^iovable, the skin playing over them with perfect ease/ As they gradually de- velop in size, they become adherent to the bone and may continue to grow for months before breaking. When one breaks, it discharges either a thin liquid, or TUMOR REMOVED. pus, and presents an ugly, ragged appearance, of a fibrous nature and sometimes bleeds profusely. It may partially heal up, then it will swell up and discharge, and lumps of tissue will slough away. Gradually be- coming worse, it eventually affects the teeth, causing LU.MP JAW. them to fall out and esfablisliing an opening into the mouth, throuuh which the food will drop out. v- There is no special treatment save to fatten the animal for the but^-.her — that is when the swelling is first noticed. H.EiMATlKKA, OR BLOODY URINE. 313 After it has broken out and discharged for some time, the flesh ought not to be used. Still, destroying the animal is a humane act. HAEMATUREA, OR BLOODY URINE. This disease is seen amongst all breeds of cattle and ia caused by injuries over the back and loins ; by cattle jumping upon each other, by eating herbs which cause TRAUMATIC HAEMATUREA. irritation of the kidneys, by the administration of pain- ful diuretics; from stones in the bladder, rupture of email blood vessels in the kidneys, or vagina. Symptoms: — The symptoms develop very rapidly. The animal appears weak, scarcely able to rise, and when standing the back is arched ; there is strain- ing, the animal voids small quantities of urine mixed with blood globules and albumen; pulse quick, small and wiry; appetite and rumination partly suspended, legs and horns are alternately hot and cold, mouth liot, I)o\vels constipated, flow of milk decreased; on applying i)ressure along the back, the animal evinces pain ; if compelled to walk, it moves with a straddling gait. 814 • DiSKAPKS OF cattlp:, Treaiment: — Apply hot fomentations across the loins and give the following : Epsom Salts sixteen ounces. Sulphate of Soda eight ounces. Ground Ginger one-half ounce. Gentian one-half ounce. Mix. Give in a gallon of water at one dose ; to be fol- lowed with tonics, as, Tincture Per-Chloride of Iron one ounce. Tincture Cinchona four ounces. Tincture Nux Vomica two ounces. Tincture Opium four ounces. Infusion of Quassia five ounces. Mix. Give two ounces, three times a day. Feed on a soft nutritious diet and the drinking water should be ren- dered mucilaginous by linseed. PHRENITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. Intiammation of the brain usually results from in- juries to the head, or as the sequel of fevers caused by eating buckeyes ; also from indigestion, from exposure to the liot sun, from extensive inflammation of the ear, etc. Symptoms: — Sometimes an animal suffering from inflammation of the brain will appear stupid, pressing its head for a considerable time against a wall, fence or some stationary object, and occasionally running about wildly as if it were both drunk and blind. Others ap- pear as though seized with a fit of madness and act fiercely; the eyes are inflamed and staring — constantly watching. The animal in rushing about, will fall do\\ n. in almost any position. The breathing will be slow., and the pulse, strong and full at first, will gradually de- GOKORRHOEA, OR CLAP. 81& cline with throbbing of the temporal arteries. The dis- ease generally occurs during the hot months. Treatment : — Give a brisk physic : Epsom Salts twenty-four ounces. Ginger six drachms. Mix. Put in a gallon of warm water and give at one dose. Bleed from the jugular vein, while the pulse is full, from one to two gallons. Apply ice-cold water to the head constantly. If the limbs are cold, apply friction or some stimulating liniment and bandage, and give, Bromide of Potassium six ounces. Sulphate of Soda twelve ounces. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give one powder every two or three hours in a pint of water, and as convalescence is taking place, apply a good blister on the head, back of the horns. GONORRHOEA, OR CLAP. This disease is not very frequently met with in veterinary practice, but sometimes occurs and is a source of considerable annoyance to both practitioner and patient. Bulls and cows suffer considerably in passing water. The animal strains frequently and only a small quantity of urine at a time is passed; the ani- mal occasionally stamps its feet and lashes its tail from side to side; the bowels are constipated; if a bull, a swelling appears around the sheath; a discharge of mat- ter, at first light in color and then assuming a thick white or yellowish white color, is seen dropping away ; some- times the penis swells up and becomes fiery red in color. Treatment: — As soon as noticed give a brisk physic: Epsom Salts sixteen ounces. Sulphate of Soda six ounces. Ginger seven drachms. Mix. 316 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Give in a gallon of warm water. Bathe the parts well with hot water and into the affected portions in- ject hot water frequently, or inject the following : Iodoform two drachms. Listerine six ounces. Water ten ounces. Mix. Use three times a day ; or, Sulphate of Copper one ounce. Water one quart. Mix. Or, Calomel two drachms. Lime Water one pint. Mix. Inject twice daily and give the following : Balsam Copaiba two ounces. Tincture Cubebs two ounces. Spirits, of Camphor two ounces. Tincture Kino two ounces. Morphia forty grains. Mix. Give tablespoonful three times a day. If cliancrei appear, they should be touched with lunar caustic and afterward covered with iodoform or calomel twice daily. Cattle thus affected should not be bred until a complete cure is effected, as it is communicable to other animals. Great care should be used in thoroughly cleansing the hands, as the discharge is very poisonous. CATARRH, OR COLD. This is the term used to denote an inflamed condi- tion of the lining membrane of the nostrils, sinuses of the head and upper air passages ; it ma}^ extend to the eyes and throat. The causes are change of climate, sudden changes of weather, bad ventilation, deficient C ATA Kit H, OR COLD. 817 drainage, being turned from a warm stable out into a cold storm, etc. Symptoms: — The lining membrane of the nostrils is at lirst reddened and dry, soon becoming moist with a thin, watery discharge. The eye-lids become swollen and red and discharge a watery secretion, soon assuming a mattery appearance. The forehead and butts of the ^Ja<* CATARRH, OR COLD. horns are very hot. The animal snuffles and sneezes and sometimes coughs. The breathing is somewhat difficult. The animal occasionally shivers. Appetite and rumination are partly suspended. The urine is high-colored. Coat is rough and staring. Sometimes a light diarrhcpa is present and later on a thick, viscid discharge from the nostrils. Treatment: — Give as a mild laxative — Epsom Salts twelve ounces. Ginger one-half ounce. Gentian one-half ounce. Mix. Give in a half gallon of warm water. Keep the patient in a comfortable jjlace, blanket Avell and feed on liot mashes. Give one of the following powders three times a dav : «18 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. Nitrate of Potassium one ounce. Bicarbonate of kSoda one ounce. Mix. Make eight powders. If the discharge becomes stopped before a favoralile termination is readied, steam the nostrils with scalded bran or oats and add a little vinegar to the hot water. CHOKING. This IS a common accident among cattle that are fed on such roots as turnips, carrots, potatoes, beets, etc., ■etc. In greedy eaters it is also caused whilst eating grain or chaff; in the hurry to eat, the food is not thor- •oughly mixed with saliva, and being swalloAved about INJURIES TO THE GULLET FROM USING BROOM STICKS AND WHIP STALKS WHILE CHOKING. half dry, it frequently becomes lodged in the oesophagus. Choking also occurs from leather, clothing, etc., of which cattle frequently attempt to eat. Symptoms: — If the obstruction is high up in the .throat or in the pharynx, the animal will slaver consid- CHOKING. 319 erably — the saliva running profusely from the mouth. There will be dilticult breathing and much uneasiness. THE MAXNER OF USING THE PK0B;\N<1 IX (HOKI>;(i. The head will be held low down \vi{]) the nose straight out ; sometimes attempts at coughing are made. The U20 i)lSEASE8 OF CATTLE. eyes are staring and blood shot. If the obstrnction is lower down the neck or within the chest, the symptoms are not so severe. The breathing may be but little altered and the slavering much less and prol^ably absent. If the animal attempts to drink and the obstruc^- tion is large, the water will be ejected through the mouth and nostrils ; but if the obstruction is small, it may pass by it and go to the stomach. Bloating is a prominent symptom — the left side will sometimes be greatly distended. Treatment : — If the obstruction is within the pharynx place a gag in the mouth and remove it with the hand or with a pair of forceps. If you fail to witlidraw it, give a half pint of sweet oil or melted lard ; administer carefully, and the obstruction may pass downward or be expelled in an attempt to cough. Should this fail or should the animal be in great distress, pass the pro- hang immediately. This should be done as follows: Place gag in the mouth and have an assistant hold it; then grease the probang and pass it slowly down the throat. When you come to the obstruction, press heavily but slowly, and when it starts force it on into the stomach. If the obstruction is low down or within the chest, give six or eight ounces of sweet oil or melted lard, also a quart or two of water, and it will frequently pass on. If it does not, pass the probang, but do not attempt to force it doAvn with sticks or whip-stalks as you are liable to produce great injury, by rupturing the oesophagus. When this occurs and inflammation sets in, apply hot water to the side of the neck, and give internally — Powdered Alum one-half ounce. Powdered Opium three drachms. Warm Water one pint. Mix. OHKONIC INDIGESTION. 321 Give wineglassful three times a day. Sometimes it is advisable to apply a blister along the side of the neck. The followinij; will answer very well : A(iua Ammonia two ounces. Spirits Turpentine two ounces, Linseed Oil four ounces. Mix. Apply two or three times a day, rubbing it thor- oughly. Feed on soft food, allow drinking water at pleasure and fatten for the butcher, as there will always be more or less trouble. CHRONIC INDIGESTION. This is a disease of the fourth stomach and is caused by irregular feeding, bad ventilation, feeding innutri- tions and badly-cured fodder, exposure to cold and rain, feeding on marsh grasses, etc. CHRONIC INDIGESTION. Symptoms: — At first the animal will have a whim- sical appetite and eat irregularly ; later on, they will sometimes be discovered eating dirt, filth, straw, manure, etc. -^The skin becomes harsh and dry, with a. staring coat. The dung will be passed in small lumps 822 DISEASES OF CATTLE. which will be hard and dry and covered with mucous. The loss of llesh will be rapid and the creature at the flanks will look as thin as a sunfish. The blood beconiea depleted, with pallor of the mucous membranes; and if DROPPING OF THE CUD, OR INDIGESTION. the disease is allowed to progress, diarrhoea will super- vene and death will result. But, if attended to in time, a favorable termination may be looked for. Treatment: — Put the animal in a comfortable place and give a mild laxative. Epsom Salts twelve ounces. Powdered Ginger one-half ounce. Powdered Gentian. . . . one-half'ounce. Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia two ounces. Water one ([uart. Mix. Give at one dose, and afterwards give — Powdered Nux Vomica two ounces. Powdered Jamaica Ginger. two ounces. Powdered Gentian four ounces. Powdered Foenugreek two ounces. Mix. COLIC. 323 Give desertspooiiful two or three times a day in soft food. Feed on soft, nutritious food in small quantities, often repeated ; or feed roots, as turnips, carrots, beets, rtc, witli a little linseed meal occasionally. Give l)lenty of fresh drinkiny; water, with a teaspoonful of soda, three times a day. COLIC. This disease is seldom seen in cattle and when it occurs, the animal is not very violently attacked. Com- pared with the same disease in the horse, tlie symptoms are very mild. The animal will appear a little uneasy, stamp with its hind feet, twist its tail around from side to side, and possibly lie down and remain quiet; some- times it will turn its head around to its side. The breathing and pulse remain about normal. Treatment : — Administer a physic; the following will answer very well : Epsom Salts sixteen ounces. Powdered Ginger one ounce. Powdered Gentian. . . . one-half ounce. Warm Beer one quart. Warm Water one quart. Mix. Give at one dose. Bathe the lower part of the abdo- men and allow the animal to rest. If it still appears uneasy give the following; Tincture Opium two ounces. Tincture Ginger one ounce. Tincture Capsicum .... one-half ounce. Whisky one-half pint. Mix. Give at one dose, and, if the pains still continue, repeat in two hours. 324 DISEASES OF CATTLE. ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. Among cattle this disease is not very frequent, but when it does occur it is usually very fatal. The causes are obstruction of the bowels, feeding on musty hay, drinking ice-cold water, administration of powerful, irritating medicines, change of food, etc. Symptoms: — The animal will be seized with colicky pains; will strike at the abdomen with the hind feet; there is suspension of appetite and rumination; pulse, at first full and hard, gradually growing quick, small E>,TEIMTI8, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. and wiry; the animal lies down and rises up frequently; pain is constant : there is moaning; nose hot and dry; mucous membrane very red ; anxious expression of countenance. Treatment: — Place the animal in a comfortable stall, Avell bedded. If the disease is caused by obstruction of the bow^els give a mild laxative — as a pint and a half of sweet oil, or a pound of sulphate of soda in half a gal- lon of water. Follow up with drachm doses of pow- dered opium, to relieve the pain, or twenty-drop doses of liuid extract aconite, every thirty minutes until AFFECTIONS OF THE KETICULUM, ETC. 825 relief is obtained. Apply to the abdomen blankets wrung out of hot water and rub mustard on the abdo- men and legs. Blanket well and feed on soft bran mashes for a few days, to relax the bowels. Avoid giv- ing brisk purgatives as evil results are liable to follow their use. AFFECTIONS OF THE RETICULUM, OR SECOND STOMACH. The reticulum, or second stomach, of cattle is some- times the seat of trouble. It is this stomach which pre- sents a honeycombed appearance. The usual troul^le here is the accumulation of foreign bodies — such aa pins, nails, shoe soles, pieces of tin, wire, etc. — which cows are liable to pick up. Many of these articles find a resting place in the rumen, or first stomach, but some pass on into the second stomach. Needles or nails some- times pierce the stomach and pass out to the ribs or on through the flesh and form an abscess, finally sloughing their way out of the animal's body. Others may pass forward through the diaphragm and pierce the heart, causing instant death. Others may pierce the walls of the stomach and excite an inflammation there; and they may be incased in tumors which have formed around them, there to remain for months, or even years ; or abscesses may form and break, assisting to destroy the life of the animal. It may not show any signs of illness and yet have within the stomach quite an accumulation of bits of iron, etc. But, if tumors and abscesses form, the animal will begin to lose flesh ; an intermittent diarrhoea will be noticed, with rough, staring coat and 3'ellow skin, full of dandruff, impaired appetite, sunken eyes, and aversion to movement. The treatment is unsatisfactory, as the offending object is ;i"26 DISEASES OF CATTLE. difficult to locate. All tliat can be clone is to feed on good, soft nutritious diet, and, if able to locate the irritating substance, operate and remove it. CONJUNCTIVITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES. Inflammation of the eyes arises from various causes, such as blows from sticks or stones, being struck with a whip, dirt or chaff getting into the eye, foul stables, exposure to cold, etc. Symptoms: — Swelling of the eyelids, with water dropping from the inner corners ; eyelids closed most of the time, intolerance of light, impaired appetite, fever- ishness, conjunctiva swollen and red, with a whitish film covering the anterior portion of the eyeball ; if from a bruise, red streaks of blood will be seen radiat- ing from the seat of injury. Treatment : — If a foreign body is in the eye, remove it. This is much easier said than done, but the follow- ing solution will greatly assist in the operation : Cocaine ten grains. Soft Water one ounce. Mix. Place a few drops into the eye every thirty seconds, for two or three minutes; the eye becomes insensible and a thorough examination may be made. After the removal of any foreign substance, bathe the eye a few times with hot water, and the trouble is usually at an end. If from other causes, give a physic, Epsom Salts sixteen ounces. Ginger one-half ounce. Foenugreek one-half ounce. Mix. Give at one dose. Then bathe the eyes three or four times a day with hot water; feed on soft food and apply twice daily, one of tlie followiii";- lotions: INFLAMMATION OF THE LI\KK, OK HKPATITIS. 827 Sulpliate of Zinc four grains. Sulphate of Atropia one ^rain. Soft Water two ounces. Mix. Or, Powdered Oj)iuni one drachm. Hot Soft Water six ounces. Mix. Or, Sulphate of Zinc four grains Water two ounces. Mix. Or, Atropine one grain. Sulphate of Copper four grains. Water two ounces. Mix. Or, Sulphate Morphia one grain. Cocaine live grains. Water one ounce. Mix. Keep the patient in a clean, dark, airy stable; if at pasture, and only one eye is affected, bandage the af- fected eye. INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER, OR HEPATITIS. Inflammation of the liver is most frequently the re- Bult of high feeding in warm stables, without sufficient exercise to keep the circulation of the blood active. The bowels become constipated and the liver sutlers from an extra amount of blood sent to it, causing con- gestion and resulting in inflammation. Symptoms: — When the liver is attacked with conges- tion, the animal exhibits no distressing symptoms. But when inflammation sets in, the pulse is s ow and intermittent; respiration slow, the mucous n.e ibranes are pale or tinged with yellow; bowels constipated; the 328 DISEASES OF CATTLE. dung hard and black; urine high colored; coat staring, dry and hard to the touch ; horns, ears and legs cold.' On applying pressure to the right side, behind the last rib, the animal will evince pain and try to get away fatnthstg fit from inflammation of the liver. from you, and sometimes moan; you will also feel a hard tumor-like substance. Treatment: — At the outset give a brisk cathartic — Epsom kSalts twenty ounces. Aloes one ounce. Calomel two drachms. Ginger one ounce. Mix. Give in a gallon of warm w^ater at one dose. After the physic has operated, give morning and evening, for a week or ten days, in a pint of gruel, the following: Iodide of Potassium one drachm. Calomel twenty grains. Extract of Taraxacum. . .two drachms. Nitrate of Potassium two drachms. Mix. If the bowels become costive, give a physic. When convalescence is estnblisliod, great care in feeding DISLOCA'llON OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLE JOINT. 829 ehoiild be observed. Give highly nutritious food, in limited amounts, and such as is easily digested, as, scalded bran mash, linseed meal, boiled barley, turnips and choice, clean hay. Sometimes much benefit is de- rived from blisters applied on the right side. DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLE JOINT. Among cattle this is quiie a common affection, lOsually resulting from slipping on the ice, or in stables where the drop or receptacle for manure is very deep and the floors not well cleaned. DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLE. Symptoms : — When once seen it will be readily rec- ognized again. The animal can walk only on three legs ; the stifled one will be dragged along behind and will be stiff and rigid. Where the patella should be, Avlien in position, a hollow spot will be observed. There will be inability to flex the aflected limb with more or less swelling around the joint. 830 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Treatment: — Fasten a strap around the fetlock of the disabled leg, pass it forward, between the front legs, then forcibly draw it forward, Avhen the patella will often drop into place ; if not, press forward on the bone (which is always on the outside) and it will readily drop into place. Then apply a blister, as, Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Spirits Turpentine two ounces. Linseed or Olive Oil four ounces. Mix. Apply around the stifle morning and evening until the ligaments are strengthened. JAUNDICE. This is quite a common disease among cattle, and is caused by a re-absorption of bile into the system. The bile is secreted in the liver and emptied into the gall sack, and from there it is emptied into the duodenum or first bow el, to increase the peristaltic action of the bowels and complete digestion. There are many dis- eases of the liver that will produce jaundice. Gall stones passing through the duct and becoming lodged, will prevent the bile from passing into the bowels; it then becomes re-absorbed and diffused through the whole system. Symptoms: — In ordinary or acute cases of jaundice, eitlier suddenly or after a few days, you will notice a yellowness of the eyes and the lining membrane of the mouth and nose, and a general listlessness is apparent. The bowels will be constipated and what does pass, will be dry, hard, dark-colored and covered with mucous. The urine is high-colored and stains linen yellow. Rumination is generally suspended and the tongue heavily coated. Sometimes bloating will be present, but not always. Acute jaundice is not very often fatal. FITS FROM EATING B[TC'KEVES. 831 Treatment : — When supposed to be functional dis- turbance of the liver, the object is to restore that ^land to a normal condition, or if gall stones be the cause, they may be removed by the same course of treatment, viz : Epsom Salts twelve ounces. Powdered Barbadoes Aloes, one ounce. Podophyllin Resin two draclims. Ginger two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in two quarts of water. After tlie physic has operated, give the following : Chlorate of Potassium. . .two drachms. Podophyllin Resin one drachm. ' Extract of Taraxacum one drachm. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give in a quart of water or gruel, night and morn- ing, for four or five days. When convalesence takes place, feed carefully on easily digested food, such as bran mash, clover hay, malt, barley, etc. FITS ?ROM EATING BUCKEYES. Buckeyes are nuts which grow on trees, in a great many parts of this country. In the autumn, when they fall to the ground, they are a source of great annoyance to the farmers who use forest pasture lands. Some cattle are particularly fond of these nuts and eat them readily, seldom, however, eating them a second time if they eat many the first. When once observed, the symptoms will never be forgotten. For a while the animal will appear dull and stupid ; respirations natural ; pulse, at first full and quick, gradually growing small, weak and rapid. When the animal attempts to walk, -\t staggers around like a drunken man, striking all around wi*^h its forelegs and falling in almost any positi on, as if in a tit :h2 DISEASES OF CATTLE. After lying a short time, it gets up very awkwardly and may stand perfectly quiet; but, if forced to walk, it will stagger around until it either regains its balance or falls to the ground. The animal may lie perfectly quiet, stretched out on the ground for two or three days, and if relief is not obtained, death ends tlie scene. By pressure on the stomach, you will generally feel the FITS FROM EATING BUCKEYES. offending agents. There will be involuntary twitching of the muscles and grinding of the teeth. * Treatment : — When first noticed, give a brisk physic to expel the buckeyes — Epsom Salts twenty ounces. Powdered Aloes one ounce. Ginger one ounce. j\Iix. Put in a gallon of water and give at one dose. Give per rectum, frequent injections of warm water. If within twenty-four hours the ani?nal is not conva- lescent, rumenotomy should be performed (see Impac- tion of the Ivumen:) after which give one of the follow- ing powders three times a day : IMPACTION OF THE OMASUM, OK FARDEL-BOUND. 333 Bromide of Potassium two ounces. Nitrate of Potassium one ounce. Ginger one ounce. Gentian two ounces. Bi Carbonate of Soda two ounces. Mix. Make twelve powders. Feed on soft food, as, bran mash or linseed gruel. The balance of the herd should be moved to other pasture, or the nuts should be gath- ered and destroved. IMPACTION OF THE OMASUM, OR FARDEL-BOUND. Impaction of the manifolds, or third stomach of the ox, is sometimes met with; more especially when the cattle are poorly kept during the winter season and are fed on innutritions food, containing a great amount of -_vr^- IMPACTION OF THE OMASUM, Oil THIRD STOIMACH. woody fiber. Even soft, nutritious food, when thor- oughly masticated, appears very dry when passing through the manifolds of the third stomach. Conse- quently, when the food is innutritious, dry, possessing a vast amount of woody fiber, it is liable to become im- pacted while passing tlirough this stomach. S34 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Symptoms: — At first the animal may be uneasy, but this is only of short duration, as it soon grows dull and stupid, resting its head on the manger or on other objects. The head is carried low down ; appetite and rumination are suspended; if in a cow, the flow of milk decreases; the tongue protrudes from the mouth, eyes are staring and blood-shot ; colicky pains arise ; the tail is switched from side to side. The first stomach some- times fills up with gas ; then the breathing is acceler- ated. The eyes are afi'ected and will bear the toucli of the finger without closing the lid. Sometimes the brain is afi'ected, when the animal will rush around as though it were mad, fall down and struggle as if in a fit, when death puts an end to its misery. Sometimes the dung passed while the animal is straining will be thin, and frequently blood and mucous are passed. The urine is high colored; pulse at first full and natural but grad- ually growing weaker. The disease may last but a day, or it may continue for a week. Treatment : — Give a good, brisk cathartic, as the fol- lowing : Epsom Salts two pounds. Calomel two drachms. Gentian one ounce. Mix. Give in half a gallon of warm beer. Follow this up with hourly injections of warm water and castile soap, as long as deemed advisable. Allow all the water the animal will drink, but allow no food until the bowels are moved by the physic. If the first stomach bloats up, draw off the gas with a probang or trocar and canula. Rub the legs with some stimulant as mustard and alcohol. Blanket well to keep the animal warm and give the following stimulant every four hours, in a quart of warm beer: HIDK-BOTJND. 885 Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia two ounces. Tincture Nux Vomica. . .two drachma. Tincture Gentian one ounce. Mix. Never bleed in tiiis disease as it is dangerous^ even wliile the animal has a full pulse. Be careful after giving the first dose not to give any more physic for forty-eight hours. Then, if the bowels do not move, give half of the first dose. HIDE-BOUND. A great many diseases of the alimentary canal in cattle, cause great depletion in flesh, whereby the skin assumes an unhealthy appearance; the cellular tissue loses its elasticity, and to all appearance, the skin is fastened to the bones. Then the animal is said to be hide-bound, when, in reality, the disease exists in the alimentary canal, and the tightened appearance of the skin is only a symptom of some other aifection, such as indigestion, diarrhoea, disease of the liver, or failure of the secre- tory glands in the intestines to perform their work. Some animals present a pinched-up, poor, unthrifty appearance, without any tendency to take on flesh. Such animals may have some derangement of the sys- tem over which medicines would have no control, and may be classed as worthless, as you cannot make beef out of them. And they are useless in the dairy. The treatment should be to find out the real cause of the trouble, which is generally in the alimentary canal, and if this is properly treated, the skin will soon assume a healthy appearance. But I know of no disease among the lower animals which could properly be called hide- bound. 336 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Treatment: — When it appears without any assignable cause, disease of the digestive organs may be suspected and give as a mild physic — Sulphate of Soda one pound. Powdered Gentian one ounce. Mix. Give at one dose in a gallon of water, to be followed up with — Powdered Nux Vomica .... one ounce. Po.wdered Gentian four ounces. Powdered Foenugreck .... four ounces. Bi-Carbonate of kSoda four ounces. Mix. Give a dessertspoonful three times a day, in soft food. IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN, OR FIRST STOMACH. This affection is quite common among cattle. It is caused by cattle eating too large quantities of food which they may particularly like and of which, pre- IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN. viously they may have been deprived. Cattle are par- ticularly fond of clover, and if deprived of it for some time, and then obtaining free access to it, they are !'a- IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN, OH FIRST STOMACH. 837 ble to eat so much that the stomach becomes so gorged that the muscular coats become partially paralyzed. Or cattle that have gained access to a large quantity of grain, will devour a large amount of it, overloading the stomach and causing impaction, with more or less tym- panitis. It is also caused when cattle are fed upon innutritious food, or food containing a vast amount of Avoody fibre. Symptoms : — Usually, at first, the symptoms are not severe. The animal will appear dull, and possibly, somewhat distressed; bowels constipated, appetite and rumination suspended, nose dry and mouth hot; pulse full at first but growing gradually faster and weaker ; horns, ears and legs grow cold; labored respiration; sometimes the animal will groan or grunt, and the breath be foetid or sour; paleness of the visible mucous membranes ; if lying down, the animal usually lies on the right side. By pressing the fingers on the left side the contents of the stomach will be felt like a hard mass within it and will pit upon pressure, leaving the inden- tions of the fingers there for some time. On percussion the resonant sound is absent, unless tympanitis super- venes ; but if no gas is present, the doughy feel of the stomach remains. Treatment: — If there is tympanitis, relieve by giy- ing the following : Liquor Ammonia two drachms. Tincture Ginger one-half ounce. Water one quart. Mix. Or, pass the hollow probang, or taj) with the trocar and canula; after which give at one dose in a gallon of warm water the following : Epsom Salts twenty-four ounces. Ginger one ounce. Mix. 888 DIBEASM OF CATTLE. Give repeated injections of castile soap and warm water, and every four hours give the following as a drench : Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia two ounces. Tincture Gentian one ounce. Warm Beer one quart. Mix. If the bowels fail to respond in from twenty-four to thirty-8i;x hours, rumenotomy should be performed, ae later the animal may become exhausted and unable to stand the operation. The operation should be per- formed as follows : First prepare yourself with the necessary instruments, which consist of a scalpel or an ordinary sharp jack-knife, two pairs of hooks, needles, white silk thread of the heaviest kind, some clean, white linen cloths, a sponge and a pail full of clean, warm water. Next fasten the animal by ropes with the right side against the stall or fence ; be sure to fasten it securely, so it cannot get away; have three or four assistants to hold it up and steady it. Commence the operation by making an incision through the skin midway between the last rib and the point of the hip, and about five inches from tho lionos which pro- trude from the back (vertebr;Tr\). Tlie incision should be downward and about eight indies in length. Then divide the muscles successively and cut through the peritoneum. ' Lastly the walls of the stoninch should be divided about the center; first make a small opening into the stomach; then secure the edges of the stom- ach with hooks and gradually pull it outward, while the incision is being lengthened both upward and downward, but not to the extent of the external opening.'- The edges of the wound in the stomach should be drawn outward to cover the external wound so as not to allow any of the food to fall into the abdominal cavity, as PNEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LTJNGS. 339 that would surely cause the death of the patient. The hand is then introduced and about three-fourths of the contents of the stomach removed, leaving about one- fourth behind, be careful not to leave any hard, dry lumps. You may then pour into the stomach through the opening the following : Epsom Salts ten ounces. Warm Beer one quart. Warm Wat-er one quart. Mix. Next wash off the wound and sew up the stomach with the uninterrupted suture, bringing the edges neatly together. Then stitch up the muscles in layers, taking deep stitches with the uninterrupted sutures. Lastly sew up the skin in the same manner. Immediately after, apply the following ointment : Vaseline four ounces. Iodoform six drachms. Mix. Continue its use until the wound is healed, or use some other healing lotion. The food should be light and soft, of the most nutritious kind, and given in small quantities. If the wound heals except a small opening, scarify its edges and stitch them together again. PNEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. Inflammation of the lungs may have various causes, such as exposure to cold and damp, being kept in tilthy, ill ventilated stables, a morbid condition of the blood — lungs, in their endeavor to throw off its impurities, the becoming altered in tissue, with inflammation as the result ; injuries etc. Symptoms : — The disease is generally ushered in with a shivering chill, which is not always noticed, after which the animals appear dull and stiff. The skin is dry and harsh, coat staring, nose dry, mouth hot; pulse, 840 DISEASES OF CATTLE. at first full and strong — from fifty to sixty beats per minute — later becoming small, weak and rapid ; mucous membranes are red; slight cough; anxious countenance; breathing short, quick and chiefly abdominal, the chest and ribs being held, as much as possible, in a fixed posi- tion ; bowels constipated ; urine scant and high colored ; patient lies down most of the time ; dullness on percus- sion ; on applying the ear to the sides of the chest no INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. respiratory murmur will be heard over the affected part, but the unafiected portion will be heard with increased force ; as the disease advances the legs and ears become cold, the breath becomes foetid and shorter, and an unfavorable termination seems imminent. Treatment :— When first seen while yet the pulse is full, bleed to the amount of two quarts; but, should the pulse be weak, do not bleed, and give every three or four hours, two ounces of the following, in a little water as a drench : Liq. Ammonia Acetate . . twelve ounces. Sweet Spirits of Niter four ounces. Fluid Extract Aconite one drachm. Mix. Also give the following powders every four or five hours: - — ' CYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDEB. Mi Quinine Sulphate three drachms. Dover's Powder one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders. If the bowels are con- stipated give — Epsom Salts twelve ounces. Ginger one-half ounce. Mix. Give in two quarts of warm water. Apply mustard freely to the sides of the chest; feed on soft food; blanket well : allow the patient to breathe cold, fresh air and give plenty of fresh, cold water ; if the limbs become cold rub them tlioroughly with dilute alcohol and bandage. CYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. Inflammation of the bladder is a very rare disease and is occasioned sometimes through difficult parturi- tion, or injuries from various sources. The urine of INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. cattle is alkaline, but from disturbed digestion and the injudicious use of drugs of various kinds, it sometimes becomes acid, thereby causing inflammation of the bladder. Symptoms: — The animal exhibits great uneasiness. Colicky pains are apparent with efforts to void urine, and sometimes, to vomit. The head will frequently be turned toward the flanks and severe constitutional dis- 842 DISEASES OP CATTLE. turbance will be manifest. Occasionally, the urine will be voided frequently. Treatment: — In this disease, it is always policy to examine the bladder and urethra carefully, to ascertain whether there be a calculus or stone causing these symp- toms, which may be dislodged or removed. If the blad- der is distended with urine, pass the catheter and draw it away, after which give the following : Raw Linseed Oil two ounces. Or, Epsom Salts twenty ounces. Powdered Gentian three drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in a gallon of water. Mustard plasters placed over the loins are beneficial, as are also injections thrown into or around the bladder, of the fol- lowing : Tincture of Opium four ounces. Fluid Extract Belladonna. four ounces. Mix. Put one ounce into a quart of warm water and inject every three or four hours. Flaxseed tea may be given freely. If pain continues give — Liquid Ammonia Acetate one pint. Fluid Extract Aconite . . . two drachms. Mix. Give two ounces every three or four hoursc EVERSION OF THE BLADDER. Among the cattle this is not a very common afflic- tion, except during difficult labor. However it may occur from other causes, as administration of powerful diuretics ; use of too much cantharides, either internally or externally ; any irritation of the bladder causing continuous straining. By violent attemps to pass water, followed by continuous straining, the vagina is ruptured EVEHSION OF THE BLADDEE. 848 and the bladder is everted, when it appears as a red, fluctuating tumor gradually filling with water, as it is unal)le to discharge its contents owing to the twisted condition of the neck of the bladder. E VERS ION OF THE BLADDER. Treatment : — Oil the hands with sweet oil and carefully replace the bladder ; then draw off the urine and, while tlie catheter remains in position, inject a decoction of opium and warm water. Then, if possible, stitch up the rupture in the vagina and allay the irritation and over- come the straining by giving drachm doses of powdered opium every two hours until relieved; or you may give twelve-grain doses of sulphate of morphia until relieved ; afterwards give a physic : Epsom Salts twelve ounces. Sulphate of Soda four ounces. Ginger six drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in a gallon of water. To assist in preventing the straining tie a rope or strap tightly around the body immediately over the loins. 344 DISEASES OF CATTLE. EVERSION OF THE VAGINA. Willi cows this is quite a common occurrence and is the rt suit of difficult parturition, the animal receiving some injury therein; also is caused by tumors in the vagina or womb, straining after calving, retention of the placenta or afterbirth ; swinging animals so the whole weight is upon the abdomen, etc. TRUSS TO PREVENT EVERSION OF THE WOMB. Treatment : — First ascertain the cause and, if possible, remove it ; then oil the hands with sweet oil and care- fully press the vagina into position ; then wash it thor- oughly with — Gum, or Powdered Opium one drachm. Hot Water one pint. Mix. Place the animal in a stall, with the hind parts ele- vated fifteen or twenty inches above the front.' Apply a truss made of rope, fasten it around the neck and DROPSY OF THE UTERUS, OR WOMB. 845 bring the ropes straight down along the back ; pass one down on each side of the tail to the udder, and on each side between the udder and hind leg ; fetch it up past the flank and tie it just over the loins to the rope coming down the back. Then make a few circles around the body and tie the ends of the rope securely. Thus you have the animal harnessed safely so that it cannot strain any, as the back will be kept in a straight line. Inject the above preparation of opium into the vagina every three or four hours and give drachm doses of powdered opium every hour until the straining ceases. If the bowels become constipated, give a physic as — Epsom Salts one pound. Gentian half ounce. Mix. Give at one dose in a gallon of water, and feed on soft, nutritious food. DROPSY OF THE UTERUS, OR WOMB. Occasionally vast accumulations of serum or fluids, are found within the womb. This, at the present time is none too thoroughly understood, although various theories have been presented. Symptoms: — The symptoms very much resemble those of pregnancy. The abdomen will begin to enlarge, and the owner usually considers her with calf, from the fact that the cow appears in a healthy condition, but as the period of gestation goes by without any signs of calving, the conclusion is soon reached that something is wrong. Upon examination the womb is found distended to a considerable extent and by pressure and manipulation, it will be found to contain a watery substance. Treatment : — Open up the neck of the womb with the finger, if possible, and allow the fluid to escape. If that 316 DISEASES OF CATTLE. cannot be done, puncture with a trocar and canula ; it will then escape. Allow the canula to remain until you have injected one of the following : Tincture of Iodine one ounce. Water one quart. Mix. Or, Permanganate of Potassium two drachms. Water two quarts. Mix. Inject tlirough the neck of the womb, if it can he opened. The injection may be used every other day, until it has been used live or six times, then if the fluids continue to form, the operation of allowing it to escaj^e will have to be repeated, as often as occasiuu demands. LEUCORRHOEA, OR WHITES. Leucorrhoba consists of a chronic discharge of muco- purulent matter from the mucous membranes of the vagina, and, not infrequently, from those of the womb. Generally irritation of the organ followed by relaxation is the cause ; but relaxation alone will produce it. Want of nutrition attended with debilitating influences is a frequent cause. Sometimes, to all appearance, an ani- mal will be healthy and yet affected with leucorrhoea. On opening the lips of the vulva a sticky, whitish or yel- lowish matter will be seen ; quite frequently it runs out of the vagina and accumulates on the tail and surround- ing parts. As the disease progresses the discharge emits an offensive odor ; pulse grows feeble ; mucous mem- branes pale : appetite and rumination suspended ; mouth clammy ; gradual wasting of the whole system. Cattle affected with leucorrhoea are quite frequently seeking a male companion, but seldom get with calf, and if they do, generally abort. PLEURISY. 347 Treatment : — Feed on soft, nutritious diet with tonics and stimulants. Give twice daily two ounces of the following, diluted in water : Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia four ounces. Sweet Spirits of Niter five ounces. Tincture Ginger five ounces. Tincture Muriate of Iron, -two ounces. Strychnia two grains. Mix. Use as an injection per vaginum twice daily one of the following powders, dissolved in a quart of warm water : Permanganate of Potassium one ounce. Sulphate of Zinc four drachms. Mix. Make into eight powders ; previously wash out the vagina and womb to remove all matter. PLEURISY. The term pleurisy is used to denote an inflammation of the membrane covering the heart and lungs, which is also the lining membrane of the chest. Sometimes pleurisy occurs in pneumonia or inflammation of the lungs, on account of the proximity of this membrane to the lung tissue. Sometimes it occurs as a separate and independent disease. The causes are exposure to wet and cold, filthy stables, sudden changes by being turned from warm stables into the cold, injuries to the chest, etc. Symptoms: — The animal appears dull and stiff, with- out desire to walk around. Fever is present from the beginning of the attack. The breathing is chiefly abdominal, the chest being held, as far as possible, in a 848 DISEASES OF CATTLE. fixed position. The patient seldom coughs, as the act is very painful. The pulse is wiry, ranging about sixty beats per minute. The head is carried low with droop- ing ears. Appetite and rumination are suspended ; nose dry ; eyes about half closed. On applying the ear to PLEURISY. the part affected, a grating sound is heard, although the lungs give forth a healthy respiratory murmur; pressure between the ribs causes great pain, sometimes causing the animal to groan or grunt. While breathing, inspi- ration is short, becomes painful, while the expiration is more easily performed and therefore lengthened. Treatment: — Put the animal in a good, comfortable place and blanket well. Apply poultices of linseed meal to the chest ; in its absence, poultice freely with mustard. Give every two hours, two ounces of the fol- lowing mixture : Liquid Ammonia Acetate twelve ounces. Sweet Spirits of Niter four ounces. Fluid Extract Aconite . . . two drachms. Mix. Regulate the bowels by giving a pint and a half of raw linseed oil, and injections per rectum, of warm water, every two hours. Also give one of the following powders every six hours : SORE TEATS. 849 Nitrate of Potassium two ounces. Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. Iodide of Potassium one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders. If it terminates in reso- lution the disease will last but a few days ; but if it ter- minates in hydrothorax, or water in the chest, it may last some considerable time and require a different treatment. If there is much effusion into the chest, it should be drawn off with a trocar and canula. The place to pass the trocar and canula is between the eighth and ninth ribs ; after they are inserted withdraw the trocar and allow the canula to remain until all the fluid runs out. Sometimes bands of lymph plug up the canula ; these should be removed with a long needle. After the fluid has all drained out, remove the canula. Then administer tonics and stimulants to support the system. Give every six hours one of the following powders : Powdered Digitalis six drachms. Saltpeter .... one and one-half ounces. Sulphate of Iron two ounces. Powdered Nux Vomica one ounce. Mix. Make eight powders. Give in a pint of warm beer. Also give twice a day,. drachm doses of iodide of potas- sium, with four ounces of brandy and a little water. Feed on soft, nutritious diet. SORE TEATS. Around the teats some cows are more tender than others. The skin is tender and easil}' cracked, form- ing open and indolent sores which are hard to heal. These sores may occur at any season of the year and are most commonly seen on cows which have just calved. 350 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Cow-pox is liahle to break out on the teats at any time, and to cause considerable annoyance. It first forms a round blister which bursts and discharges a bluish liquid. It then scabs over Avith a thick crust which cracks open durinji; niilkinp;, or comes loose around the edges; or comes oil' altogether, when it leaves a small TEAT SIPHON. depression in the structure of the teat. It gives consid erable annoyance to the milkman, as the sores fre- quently bleed and his hands become covered with mat- ter, and blood frequently gets into the milk. When the teats are in this condition calves should not be allowed to suck, as it aggravates the sores and tends to make the cows professional kickers. The following ointment will be found to be very beneficial, especially during the season of flies : Vaseline two ounces. Carbolic Acid one drachm. Iodoform two drachms. Mix. Apply twice daily ; or, Vaseline two ounces. Salicylic Acid one drachm. Iodoform one drachm. Mix. Apply twice daily. Great care should be exercised in milking such animals, and if badly affected the teat siphon should be used. INJURIES AND OBSTRUCTION IN THE TEATS. There are many ways in which the teats become injured, causing an obstruction to the flow of milk or a INJURIES AND OBSTRUCTION IN THE TEATS. 351 complete stoppage, giving rise to inflammation of the udder. The ends of the teats freqnently become injured from barbed wire, or from warts forming there, and often from the annoyance of warts in milking, the milkman seizes them and pulls them off, thus causing an abrasion of the skin, at or in the channel through w^hich the milk flows, and as the liealing process takes place, the channel grows together, shutting off" the flow of milk from that quarter of the bag. When this con- dition is noticed, the teat siphon should be forced through tlie channel and kept in position, if possible, until the wound is healed. If tlie siphon cannot be kept in this position, it should be forced through three or four times a day, until the wound is healed and the opening remains. Another and more frequent cause of obstruction is observed in the small tumors that sometimes form in the teats, varying in size from a pea to a good sized bean. They are generally movable. Various methods have been employed for their removal; sometimes they can be broken up with a knitting needle, or pass a shielded bistoury up tlip teat and cut them out, but neither of tliese methods have proved satisfactory to me. The most successful way to manage them, is to fasten the cow and cut down directly onto the tumor, then dissect it out, bring tlie wound together with a few stitches, and use the following : Vaseline one ounce. Iodoform four drachms. Mix. Apply twice daily, then cover with cotton batting and bandage lightly and loosely. Draw away the milk with a teat siphon for a few days, and all will be well. Sometimes strictures exists in the passage of the teat and greatly diminish the flow of milk. When such a condition is observed, pass a smooth blunt instrument, 862 DISEASES OF CATTLE. as a knitting needle or a teat siphon, up the teat, two or three times a day, gradually increasing the size, until the stricture disax)pears. Occasionally we find in fresh milch cows, the passage up close to the udder, cemented over, so as to allow no milk whatever, to enter the teat. In such cases, pass the teat siphon up until you come to the obstruction, then force it through and rotate it, to break the obstruction away, and there will afterwards be but little trouble. COW-POX. Every case of eruption or sores upon the udder and teats of cows, should not lead the casual observer to conclude that it is a case of genuine cow-pox. Indeed, cow-pox seems to be a disease originating spontaneously with, and confined to milking cows, as bulls are not sub- subject to it and neither are heifers, until they have undergone the change in life and become mothers. Cow-pox is infectious, and it may be communicated to man through inoculation, after which, if he be suscep- tible to small-pox, it will only be in the mildest form. Symptoms: — At first there may be some fever, which, as a rule, will scarcely be noticed, but which will be followed in a few days by an eruption upon the udder and teats consisting of small, red spots, which are pain- ful and hot. The spots at first are small, but within a few days, contain a bluish liquid that soon becomes converted into a yellowish matter. By the process of milking, these spots, which have formed pus tubes, become broken and discharge their contents, and if not broken that way, will burst spontaneously, after which a scab forms and in the course of ten or twelve days drops off, leaving the teat somewhat tender for a short space of time. During the eruptive and scabby stage, MAMMITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDBR. 863 the milk should be drawn with the teat siphon, to save pain and trouble, and the attendant should not milk other cows. COW-POX. Treatment : — The treatment ie very simple. If in the winter, feed on soft food and give plenty of fresh, cold water; should the udder become swollen, painful and liard, foment well with hot water and poultice thor- oughly with flaxseed or bran. It is very seldom that any treatment is needed. MAMMITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. Inflammation of the udder arises from many causes, such as bruises, wounds, bites of insects and reptiles ; allowing the animal to go unmiiked for a day or so; 354 DISKASKS OF CATTI.E. takiiifi:; cold ; rheiiinatism and otlier fevers; being over- heated; allowinji' a superabundance of milk to remain in the udder previous to calving. The last named is the most fre(iuent cause among cattle of all ages, but espe- cially with young cows wliich are having their tirst calf. Symptoms: — Intlamnuition of the udder may exist in a mild form for a few days and then subside, without any alarining symptoms beyond a slight increase in heat around the affected parts. But Avith the severe form, there will be considerable fever and dullness. The ani- mal will have a capricious appetite and rumination 1)6 partially suspended; bowels slightly constipated; the udder becomes very hot, is swollen and tender; milk will be decreased and sometimes totally suspended ; skin covering the udder is very red and glistening; if only one or two quarters of the bag are affected, they will appear and feel like hard tumors and may continue swollen for some time. The operation of milking is per- formed with difficulty on account of the painful condi- tion of the udder. The milk from the affected quarters will be thick and curd-like and frequently streaked with blood. If not relieved suppuration takes place within the udder, the hardened parts becoming soft and discharging matter during the operation of milking; or the affected quarter may point and break externally, in which case its usefulness is generally gone forever. Treatment: — If properly attended to when first noticed, mammitis will generally result satisfactorily. But if left unattended for some time the opposite state of affairs is certain. Put the animal in a good, dry, comfortable place, free from drafts, and administer in a gallon of warm water, the following : Epsom Salts one pound. Ginger one ounce. Nitrate of Potassium .... two drachms. Mix. MAMMITIS, OR INFl.AJIM ATIOX OF THE UDDER. 855 Afterwards apply to the udder, for two hours at a time, fomentations of liot water; to eacli gallon of water used, add four ounces of powdered sulphate of iron. Immediately after bathin . . one ounce. Water one gallon. Give at one dose, to be followed with — Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia ten ounces. Tincture of Oardamon four ounces. Tincture of Jamaica Ginger, two ounces. Mix. Give two ounces every three or four hours in a pint of water, or you may give four quarts of beer each day. NECESSARY AID IN NORilAL PARTURITION. 377 until the appetite returns. At all times, give warm bran mashes and entice the animal to eat anything she will, and iiive all the water she will drink. NECESSARY AID IN NORMAL PARTURITION. When animals are about to deliver their young, they should have suitable places provided for them — more especially large animals, as the mare and cow. As the act of delivery is performed with a certain amount of pain and uneasiness, they should be left untied, and provided with a large, comfortable box stall, containing a sufficient amount of bedding to i)revent slipping and injuries; or if in pro^jer season, they will do better in a pasture field or meadow. When delivery commences, it is seldom that the aid of man is necessary, yet at the same time, he should make an examination to see that the little animal is started right — that is with the two front feet first, the head resting upon and between the legs, the upper part of the head and backbone resting against the mother's backbone; or if the hind feet start first, it will be delivered in that position ; but see that its backbone rests against the mother's backbone. If it lies in either position, do not meddle too much, but allow some time to elapse before aid is rendered, except it be a mare, then do not delay too long, for if the colt is not delivered voluntarily within an hour from the time of commencement, aid sliould be rendered imme- diately or the little animal may be lost. As it receives its nourishment and sup]3ly of air through the coverings or afterbirth,'^ thence through the umbilical or navel cord, should these become detached from the mother's womb, the colt quickly dies from inanition or want of air, if not brought into the external world. Sometimes females will act very sick, and the straining or labor 878 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. pains will be exceedingly hard oi* heavy. Usually in such cases, the mouth of the womb hae not dilated suffi- ciently to allow it to start, or the other surrounding tissues have not become sufficiently relaxed. In such cases, you may give ounce doses of laudanum to assist in quieting the pains ; or half ounce doses of chloroform or chloral hydrate, as well as applying hot cloths to the belly ; or give a liberal amount of walking exercise, in fact anything to attract or divert her attention for the time being, to allow the parts to become relaxed. Placing a drachm of belladonna on the mouth of the womb, will often cause it to open rapidly. Use quiet and soothing measures, and in the course of from six to twenty-four hours, the delivery will be comparatively easy. However, when parturition or delivery is retarded, it is sometimes a question whether the young animal is living or dead; this is frequently difficult to determine, and as my experience has been I presume, almost equal to that of any peri^on of my years, having attended over twelve hundred cases in eighteen years of practice, I have resolved that there is ])ut one absolute or positive symptom of the death of the young animal, prior to birth ; that is, when upon examination, you dis- cover bloating or puffiness of the skin, and the hair slips off readily, decomposition has set in and there can no longer be any doubt but that the young animal is dead. '' Many and varied are the symptoms spoken of and called infallible signs of the youngster's death, but all have proven failures in my own experience, with the exception of the one referred to above. It is perfectly true that in fully sixty per cent, of the cases which I attended, the foals were dead, and about two per cent, of the mares succumbed, but many of these cases were confined in labor for from twenty-four to forty-eight hours before I reached them. The foal seldom lives KECES8ARY AID IK XORAL PARTURITION. 379 over four hours within the mare, after the first expul- sive efi'orts or foaling have commenced, while a calf may live for two or three days. The placental mem- branes or afterbirth, do not become detached so readily in the cow as in the mare, lience the longer lease of life in the calf, after the labor pains have started. If, after the Avater bag is ruptured and part of the fluid has escaped, the natural expulsion of the young animal should be waited for. I will here remark that it is never necessary to rupture the water bag in the cow artificially, as it is very thin and ruptures easily itself. But with the mare it is quite difi:ereiit. The membranes are quite thick and firm and not infrequently the foal is droi)ped enveloped in the sack without it being ruptured, when the young animal would quickly perish. Therefore, when the water bag presents beyond the vulva or opening as a large sack, it may be torn with the fingers or cut with a knife or scissors, after which some assistance may be needed. If the forefeet and head are presented, take hold of the feet, and at each labor pain of the mother, draw steadily and firmly upon the feet in the direction of the mother's hocks, so as to follow the natural curve of the channel through which it has to pass; occasionally moving it from right to left, will assist greatly in working the shoulders and hips through the passage. When the young animal comes with the hind feet first, it will be delivered in this way easily, and will be recognized by the pasterns bending upward instead of downward, as in the front feet also by the feel of the hocks, which is vastly differ- ent from the knee. If assistance is rendered^ draw in the direction of the mother's hocks, the same as in the front presentation. 'But when the hind feet are deliv- ered first, immediately after delivery, seize it by the hind legs and raise it clear from the ground with the S80 DISEASES OP THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. head hanging downward, so that any fluids remaining in the nostrils and wind pipe, will escape. Many foals and calves are lost annually, through neglect to empty the fluids from the wind pipe ; the lungs are too weak to force air in through these fluids. When colts and calves are born head first, these fluids escape, as the head hangs downward during delivery, but when the head comes last, these fluids are liable to remain in the wind pipe, and death quickly ensues. Sometimes after birth, life is apparently suspended in the young animal. When this is observed, clean out the mouth and nostrils and dash some cold water upon its head, or take wet, cold cloths and beat them against the body and chest. Also take hold of both forelegs, draw them well for- ward to elevate the ribs, then gradually bring them back again, continuing to repeat this operation to invite artificial breathing; also starting a little blood from the navel, may assist in restoration to life. When the youngster is lively, but unable to stand and nurse tlie mother, you may draw some milk in a clean bottle and administer it. Always give the first milk of the mother as it acts as a mild physic, and if this has escajDed, give a teaspoonful of castor oil. In assisting the youngster to nurse, do not jjlace the hand under the breast bone; as it is quite soft and yielding, you may do consideral)le harm, even causing a quite lively colt to become sick and die. Many are lost in this way, the owner consid- ering that he was doing an act of kindness. When it is necessary to hold them up to nurse, catch one arm around the forelegs and breast, and the other arm around its haunches, and you will not injure your colt in the least. After the colt is a few days old, it is necessary for it to receive some exercise ; therefore, allow it to run in the barn lot, or if in season, turn tlio mare and colt to pasture. Calves sliould be treated in NECESSARY AID IN NORMAL PARTURITION. 381 a like manner. The mother should receive some atten- tion after deliverinji' her younji;, as she is generalh' irri- tated and somewhat fatigued. She should be kept comfortable, in an airy place but free from draughts. If she has been sweating, slie should be rubbed dry — in fact a good rubbing is very beneficial at this time as it equalizes the circulation, allays restlessness, and hastens the contraction of the womb. Sometimes it is necessary to blanket the animal, as they are very susceptible to cold at this period. Give the mother a gallon of warm gruel, and bed liberally. Allow her to remain alone for an hour or so, wlien you may give her some more soft, easily-digested food, then if necessary, assist the colt to nurse. Feed upon soft, easily digested food for ten or fifteen days and allow lier perfect rest during this time, in order to permit a good flow of milk to be fully estab- lished and the complete recovery of the animal. If parturition has been prolonged and the animal has suf- fered considerably, and the womb and other organs have become bruis<^d and inflamed, she should rest for a greater length of time, and care should be taken to pre- vent inflammation of the womb. A few injections into the vagina will now be beneficial. Take Permanganate of Potassium half ounce. Water one gallon. Mix. Inject once daily, using a quart each time. "Apply warm cloths over the loins, feed on soft food, and give four ounces of glauber salts daily, to keep the bowels soft. Also keep in a clean stable, where the atmosphere is pure. When animals are either old, or weak and debilitated, and the labor has been prolonged with some bleeding following, stimulants should be given, as whisky, brandy, wine, etc. Rub the body and limbs thoroughly and supply plenty of bedding; and as the 882 DISEASES OF THE (5ET?ERATIVE ORGANS. mothers contract colds quite readily at this time, shelter should be provided when turned to pasture, to protect against cold storms, for it should be borne in mind that cold and dampness are dangerous to the health of the animal, for some time following parturition. PARTURITION— ITS SYMPTOMS, ETC. During parturition, from the earliest symptoms developed by the attempted expulsion of the foetus until the foetus and membranes are delivered, is called labor. Symptoms of approaching labor and the termination of the period of gestation, are sometimes observed for sev- «L~^ee>>*» NORMAL PARTURITION, OR NATURAL LABOR. eral days before the event transpires. One of the most important symptoms is enlargement of the mammary glands — sometimes to such an extent that swellings, from the size of a saucer to that of a large plate, appear in front of the bag, also behind the bag up between the hind legs to the lower part of the vulva. Later on, if pressure is applied to the teat, it yields a watery secre- tion which sometimes escapes unaided and accumulates around the lower part of the teat, forming a gum-like PARTURITION — ITS SYMPTOMS, ETC. 383 substance or wax. The vulva increases in size and its lining membrane b- omes reddened; sometimes a whitish, glairy secretion is formed and discharged as a long, stringy, sticky substance hanging from the vulva and sticking to the tail and legs. The croup, on either side of the tail, looks hollow and feels soft and pliable from relaxation of the broad ligaments. The back is somewhat sprung downward, the abdomen distended and hanging low down. The animal walks about care- fully and is somewhat inclined to leave the balance of NORMAL PARTURITION, OR NATURAL PRESENTATION. the herd. In mares, swelling of the hind legs is fre- quently seen. As the time for the expulsion of the foetus draws nearer, the animal has pains of a colicky nature ; gets up and lies down frequently, and, if per- mitted, usually will seek a place of seclusion. As the uneasiness and pain increases, the os uteri, or mouth of the womb, continues to dilate until the womb and vagina form one large continuous passage. The mem- branes are now observed externally in the form of a water bag, which on pressure, is usually ruptured. The pains become more severe and frequent. The animal 384 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. takes a full breath (as if preparatory to making a deep sigh), filling the lungs, and, holding it there for a time, brings the diaphragm and abdominal muscles into action to assist the uterus in the expulsion of the foetus. If the animal is standing, it brings its four feet close together, arches its back, elevates the tail, and takes a deep inspiration, the same as if lying. These labor pains are continued for a time, when the forefeet and head are observed to be passing. The spine of the foetus should be resting against the spine of the mother, and the breast and abdomen against the lower part of the vulva. In the mare, a few more labor pains and all is over ; but in the cow, labor is more prolonged and an extra effort is made when the chest is forced through , the vagina to the outer world. As soon as the young animal is born, the umbilical cord is torn apart, and, if bleeding much, should be tied ; but this is seldom' neces- sary. The remaining fluid now escapes from the womb and is sometimes tinged with blood, from the sudden separation of the membranes. Sometimes the foetus is delivered encased in the membranes, the uterine passage [being sufficiently large to admit it, and the membranes being very thick and strong. When such is the case, ithe foetus sometimes ruptures them when struggling, or ithe mother tears them apart with her teeth; if not speedily ruptured, the young creature soon expires for want of air. After the young animal has been deliv- ered, the next act is to get rid of the foetal membranes — "the after-birth." In the mare, the placenta will have such delicate attachment that slight contractions of the womb, together with the weight of the protruded ipart cause speedy expulsion. But in the cow, the pla- centa is not readily expelled ; its attachment is by coty- ledons instead of villi, and the contractions of the womb do not so readily detach them. There may be CAKE AND FEEDING OF PREGNANT ANIMALS. 385 from forty to a hundred attachments, and from four hours to three or four days are required before tl)e membrane is expelled, and then it may liave to be removed artificially. If the mother is not seen during the act of parturition, or for some time after, the after- birth may never be seen, as cows, and sometimes mares, devour it as soon as expelled. CARE AND FEEDING OF PREGNANT ANIMALS. The measures for preservation of health in animals durinji' pregnancy, are those which should be observed generally with animals which are not pregnant, except a few extra precautions which should be taken, in order that the mother may pass the periods of gestation and delivery in safety. AVhen an animal has been served by the male and has conceived, she should not be allowed to associate with the male either in the stable or pasture, as attempts on the part of the male at coition and casual excitement on the part of the female, may do considera- ble harm, and even produce abortion. With such ani- mals as are kept at work — as the mare — it is bad policy to work them hard, especially after pregnancy is well advanced. Great care should be taken not to put them in a position where their sides are apt to receive blows, such as from heavy wagon tongues, etc. Neither should they be pampered and nursed in a stall, without exer- cise. The work should be slow, and if at all slippery, the mare should be well shod. They should not be used for saddle purposes, but if used, spurs should not be worn. Galloping, jumping, or in fact, anything producing excitement should be avoided. Should the patient be a mare used exclusively for breeding purposes, she should have a box stall and a yard in which to exercise. It is not at all necessary to cease working a mare for the two 886 DISEASP^S OF THE GENTCRATIVK ORGANS. or three months previous to foaling; better to give slow, light work, so that they will have exercise up to the day of foaling. The food is a most important factor of success. Milch cows or working animals should be well fed, as not only their appetite but their physical condi- tion demands it. Some animals are prone to lay on llesh when pregnant; with such you should be very careful about feeding, as it may prove troublesome, especially if allowed to ]n()cced to the extreme. It may retard the growth of the fa^tus, produce abortion, cause difficult parturtion, or give rise to some other serious trouble, which will be more likely to take place during the last few months of pregnancy than at first. The food should be clean, of good quality and easily digested. Damp, bulky, mouldy or fermentable food should be dis- carded, as evil results are nearly certain. Grazing is beneficial if the pasture is nutritious, if not, supply the deficiency. The animals should be protected from foggy, damp or stormy weather. They should have all the clean, pure water they desire, for when at liberty with free access to water, they seldom drink much at a time. The water should not be too cold and ice Water is to be strictly avoided. When animals are housed, strict cleanliness must be observed, and when near foaling time, they should be placed in roomy box stalls. If one animal aborts and there are others pregnant on the same farm, the one aborting should be removed, as the excitement amongst the others is liable to produce sim- ilar results. The stall in which abortion took place, should be white-washed and strewn with slacked lime, to destroy the smell. Harsh or cruel treatment on the part of the attendant or groom should be suppressed. Young animals, about to bring forth their first ofl'- spring, should be handled very gently. Their udders and teats should be handled frequently, thus preventing CARE AND FEEDING OF PREUXANT ANIMALS. 387 aversion to suckling their yoiini*;. As much as possible, surgical operations and the administration of medicines eliould be avoided. Above all things, avoid giving dras- tic purgatives, as the irritation they produce is apt to cause contractions of the womb, resulting in abortion, and endangering the life of the mother. The stables in which pregnant animals are kept, should have floors as nearly level as possible, for if the incline is at all great, the gravid uterus pressing backward, may cause ever- sion of the vagina and abortion. The doors should be wide to prevent the animal striking or crowding together its sides on entering or going out. Cows that are rich, heavy milkers, and more especi- ally about the time they produce their third or fourth calf and from that period on, are very susceptible to parturient apoplexy or milk fever, which being very fatal, should receive special attention. When we know that the subjects of it are hearty feeders, fleshy, and good milkers, we have every reason to caution the owner to take preventative steps to combat or ward off the malady, by a strict attention to feeding — more especially during the last months of pregnancy and immediately after delivering their calves. For two months before calving, the food should be soft, to prevent constipation ; and when the animal is quite fleshy, it should be given in limited quantities, in order to reduce the condition. The cow should be allowed to take daily exercise, as it greatly assists in preventing an attack of this disease. Extracting the milk by hand for a few days before calving, if the bag is full and large, should not be neglected. After calving, allow drinking water in a limited amount, and within four hours or as quickly after as possible, give a physic, as— Epsom Salts one pound. Powdered Ginger four drachms. Mix. 888 DISEASES OF THE GENEEATIVE ORGANS. Dissolve in one gallon of warm water and give at one dose. If these directions are carefully followed and more especially the physic given immediately after calving, parturient apoplexy, or milk fever, will very seldom be seen. I will here add that it is more fre- quently seen in the rich milking, delicate Jersey, than any other breed ; but no class of cattle are exempt from this terribly fatal complaint. PARTURIENT APOPLEXY— MILK FEVER. This disease is seen in all breeds of cattle and gen- erally attacks cows which give large quantities of rich milk. It is seldom seen during the first, second or third calving period, but usually from that time on, and almost always in cows that are highly fed and in good flesh. It usually occurs within three days after calving, and is very fatal — fully one-half of those attacked die. If recovery does result great care should bo taken at the next time of calving, as a recurrence of tlie attack at that time is frequent and generally proves fatal. Symptoms : — Usually between the first and third day after calving, the cow will stand around dull and stupid ; appetite, rumination and milk will be suspended — or only a slight flow of milk present; the cow walks as if weak across the back, staggers around shaking her head; as the disease advances she falls to the ground unable to rise again. She may rest in a recumbent position with her head carried around to her side, or she may lie stretched out upon her side with her head lying upon the ground. Sometimes the head is shaken viciously from side to side, endangering those about her and being liable to break ofl' her horns. Occasion- ally, but not often, a few kicks with the feet are given. PARTURIENT APOPLEXY — MILK FEVER. 389 i^/*^- ''',^\'-]'\i% PARTURIENT APOPLEXY. 890 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. The eyes become glassy and staring, soon growing insensible to the touch, with total blindness. Some- times the eye-lids will c^uiver and jerk for some time. The pulse, at first full and soft, later on becomes slower and feebler, gradually becoming almost imperceptible. The breathing, at first almost normal, becomes generally slower, prolonged and difficult; and frequently a rat- tling sound is heard within the wind-pipe. At the com- mencement. of the attack, the temperature will range from 103° to 104° F., and as the disease progresses will gradually sink to 3° or 4° below normal. At first the bowels may appear lose, but soon become constipated, and the urine is usually retained within the bladder. Treatment : — I wish here to impress upon the reader's mind that to be successful in the treatment of partur- ient apoplexy demands persistent attendance until death has actually occurred. I have seen cases, where the owner considered treatment useless and momentar- ily looked for death, make complete recovery. If the patient is seen when the pulse is still" full and strong, bleed to the amount of six quarts ; but if the pulse i8 weak and the animal down, with the eyes insensible to liglit, do not bleed. As soon as possible give the fol- lowing physic : Epsom Salts twenty ounces. Calomel one drachm. , Croton Oil twenty drops. Ginger one ounce. Warm Beer one-half gallon. Mix. If the animal has become unconscious, give very slowly as it is liable to run down the wind pipe. Then draw away the urine by means of a catheter, or by slipping the finger well oiled into the neck of the blad- der, the urine will frequently be passed.^ Give injec- tions of warm water every hour. Constantly apply PAKTITRIENT APOPLEXY — MILK FEVER. 891 rugs wrung out of hot water over the loins and apply ice-cold water or ice hajis to the head, as the brain ii- badly congested. Frequently draw away the inillv and keep the body and limbs warm, by friction and blankets. Keep the animal in a position as nearly erect as possi- ble, and give the following every two hours until recov- ery begins, when the time sliould be lengthened: Aromatic iSpirits of Amnu)nia eight ounces. Spirits Nitrous Ether .... four ounces. Tincture Nux Vomica two ounces. Tincture Gentian six ounces. Td ix. Give four ounces in a ([uart of warm beer or water, or a half pint of hot whisky every two hours. This may seem like heavy dosing with stimulants, but it is the pro])er thing to do. Should the physic operate and the animal begin to appear conscious of her surroundings, feed on soft and sloppy diet, until convalescence has lieen established. Prevention is the best and safest treat- ment for parturient ajjoplexy. When an anin)al is knowMi to be a heavy milker and is fleshy or plethoric in condition, she should be fed ])revious to calving, on a laxative diet and but sparingly. The milk should l)e drawn away for ten days previous to calving; immedi- ately after calving give the following drench : Epsom Salts twelve ounces. Glauber Salts six ounces. Ginger one-half ounce. Foenugreek one-half ounce. Water one-half gallon. .Vix, If these directions are followed you will not be troubled with parturient apoplexy. 392 DISP^ASKS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. OEDEMA, OR SWELLING IN PREGNANCY. In some of the coarser breeds of animals and, occa- sionally in some of the finer, during pregnancy swell- ings appear around the udder, extending forward as far as the breast and backward and upward as high as the vulva. The hind legs' will begin swelling just above the hoof, and the swelling will extend upward to the hocks or even to the groin. These swellings are serous or watery in character, diminish rapidly during exercise and increase upon rest. The disease is not of much consequence, being caused by deficient circulation occasioned by the pressure of the foetus upon the crural vessels. It is never seen in the cow, as in her the circulation through the mammary veins is more com- plete than in the mare. In mares it sometimes appears three or four months previous to foaling; but wiien at pasture where they can get regular exercise, it rarely occurs. It depends very much upon the conformation and temperament of the individual animal, as well as on season and hygienic management. No fear need be entertained, as it disappears in a few days after foaling. Should it occasion any inconvenience, give exercise. Or, bandaging, the application of a mild stimulating liniment, or scarification may be resorted to. However, this is very seldom necessary. EVERSION OF THE WOMB. Eversion of the womb can only happen when the OS uteri, (or mouth of the womb) is dilated. Conse- quently it happens only shortly after parturition or dur- ing the act of parturition. It is liable to occur amongst all breeds and all classes of animals. Mares seldom suf- fer from it, though it is quite common among cattle. I EVERSIOX OF THE WOMB. 393 cannot say whether or not it be from peculiar conforma- tion, but some cows are more subject to tins atfection than others. Tlie uterine ligaments of the cow are so extensive and elastic, that a few extra efforts or labor pains after the fretus is expelled, send the womb along EVERSIOX OF THE W'OMB. with it, or shortly after. If e version of the womb is thoujiht probable, the animal should be watched and before the womb can be everted, a pessary should be introduced and the womb maintained in its position. A truss should be used to prevent straining and the fol- lowing- drench should be given at one dose: Sulphuric Ether one ounce. Tincture of ( )pium two ounces. Bra ndy two ounces. Water one pint. ]\rix. Previous to inserting the pessary, remove all of the after-birth. Should the womb be inverted and lying on the ground, or hanging from the animal as it stands, gather It on a clean linen sheet, remove all the meml)ranes and wash it thoroughly with warm Avater, to which may be 394 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. awded a mild solution of listerine. Then cvjinnieTice to replace it. Oil yonr hand thoroughly, then close yuur list and place it in the hollow spot or center of the womb. Press inAvard slowly and carefully. If the animal strains be very careful, for fear of rupturing the womb. Have your assistants press on the sides of the TRT'SS TO PREVENT EVKRSION OF THE WOji::. womb towards your arm. In this way tlie womb can ' e returned. This should l)e done as quickly as p()ssi!)le after eversion has taken place. As soon as the \vomb is replaced, insert a pessary and keep it there from four to ten days. The pessary should be made of light wood about twenty-two inclies long and two inches thick, with the end inserted covered with a smooth, oiled cloth and the outer end having a hole bored through it, in which to pass a rope to hold the pessary in position. Fasten a truss made from rope around the patient, (as per illustration) but do not fasten it too tightly. Leave POST-LABOR PAINS — AFTER PAINS. 895 loose enough to allow tlie patient to get up and down. Feed on soft food to prevent constipation, and give Powdered Ginger one ounce. Baking Soda one ounce. Saltpeter two ounces. Mix. Make six powders and give one powder every six hours, made into a tea as a drench. It is a rather difficult task to return the womb and maintain it in position. But be persistent in your work and your efforts will be crowned with success, at least if the patient is a cow. In mares, fully three- fourths of the cases prove fatal. POST-LABOR PAINS— AFTER PAINS. The painful sensations of the womb, after tlie expul- sion of tlie i'(jetus and secundines (wliich are fre(iueiitly observed) are sometimes termed after pains. They are due to contractions of the womb which continue for some time, in order to reduce its volume and cast off* the membranes. They are seldom seen after an easy delivery and, when they are seen, last but a short time. But when there is difficult or protracted labor, the after pains may last twenty-four or forty-eight hours ; or, if some of the placental membranes are attached, the straining is liable to be prolonged. The animal will arch its back, contract the abdominal muscles and strain violently, as though trying to deliver another foetus. If retention of the membranes is the exciting cause, they should be removed at once, as otherwise the after-pains will be continued and result in eversion of the womb. After an exploration to discover the cause of the after- pains, and removal of the membranes, should you find any bruises or lesions of the vagina or womb, wash 396 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. AFTER PAINS. PREMATURE LABOR PAINS. 897 out thoroughly with warm water, and afterwards with a fifty per cent, solution of permanganate of potassium. Also give at one dose, the following mild physic ; Sulphate of Soda twelve ounces. Ginger • • • • one-half ounce. Warm Beer one pint. Mix. Then apply a truss, such as is used for eversion of the womb. PREMATURE LABOR PAINS. Premature labor pains frequently occur in the lower animals and are sometimes attended with considerable danger. Various things are supposed to cause them, some of which are exposure to cold rains; injuries; administration of certain drugs; feeding upon rye grasses, etc. I am inclined to believe that the quality and quantity of the food, exerts upon the uterus a greater influence in producing premature labor pains, than any thing else. Musty, mouldy, indigestible or fermentable food, will cause derangement of the bowels and, through sympathy, involuntary contrac- tions of the womb. Frozen food or ice-cold water acts similarly. The symptoms are similar to natural labor except that in premature labor, the animal almost always strains while standing, while in normal labor the position may be either lying or standing, and fre- quently both positions are taken alternately, while straining. During natural labor, the mouth of the womb is open, while, during premature pains, it is closed for a considerable length of time. The straining is intermittent and sometimes very forcible and, if not overcome, results iu abortion. Treatment: — Give drachm doses of powdered opium ^j98 diseases of the generative organs. every hour, until the straining stops; then give at one dose, the following mild physic : Magnesia Sulphate twelve ounces. Ginger one-half once. Water two quarts. Mix. Tf this fails to act in thirty-six hours, repeat the dose. POST-PARTUM HEMORRHAGE, OR FLOODING. Bleeding from the womb, or " flooding," after abor- tion or after delivery at full term, occasionally occurs among domesticated animals and is very fatal. Causes; — Injuries to the womb during expulsion of the foetus ; premature removal of the placenta ; partial POST-PARTUM HEMORRHAGE, OR FLOODING. adhesion of the placental membranes; feeble develop- ment of the uterine walls and insufficient contraction of the womb. If a slight dribbling stream is noticed, an examination of the vagina will probably reveal slight lesions there, which seldom do any harm. ^ But if the blood issues forth in torrents, and there is a quick weak pulse, pale mucous membranes, increasing prostration, RETENTION OF THE PLACENTA — AFTER-RIRTH. »il)0 staggering gait, chilliness of the surface, coldness of the limbs and breaking out of a cold clammy sweat, the bleed- ing is great and, if unrelieved, will terminate shortly in death. The treatment must be very prompt and effective or death will speedily follow. First, examine to ascertain the cause. If part of the membranes still adhere, at once remove them; but do so carefully or you will increase the hemorrhage. Remove all clots of blood. Then apply cold water over the loins. Also dip your arm into cold water, insert it into the womb and move it around, which sometimes will induce contrac- tion of the womb and thus stop the bleeding. If not, take a soft cloth or a sponge, dip into cold water, and insert in the womb ; or inject cold water into the womb ; or use injections of cold water and per-chloride of iron. If there is much prostration, the following will prove very beneficial : Brandy one pint. Tincture of Per-Chloride of Iron. . . . four ounces. Mix. Give three ounces every two hours, in a half pint of hot water as a drench, after which place the patient in a good comfortable stall, well bedded, and feed on soft nutritious food. RETENTION OF THE PLACENTA— AFTER-BIRTH. Beyond a certain period after the expulsion of the foetus, the retention of the placenta or "after-birth" should be considered unnatural and to require some attention. With mares this seldom occurs, but in cows, owing to the peculiar attachment of the membranes, it is quite frequent. In the mare the placenta is attached by line villi, which are easily detached and the placenta is only retained by abnormal adhesions. - In the cow 400 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. the placenta is attached by cotyledons, varying from forty to one hundred in number, which are so con- structed that entanglement of the membranes is liable to occur at any time after calving. From this peculiar- ity of construction, abnormal adhesions are more fre- quent than in the mare. The natural mode of expelling the placenta, is by the contraction of the womb, although I have seen cases where the womb, had contracted and the OS uteri, or mouth of the womb, completely closed, and the foetal enveloi^es, completely encased within the womb, and could only be removed by forcible dilation of the mouth of the womb. But these are exceptional cases. The general rule, where there is retention of the membranes, is that the womb will contract, but its mouth will remain open with part of the membranes protruding through it. More frequently the membranes are visiljle, lianging down from the vulva. In the mare, the placenta, if not expelled by the efforts of nature, should not be aHowed to remain undisturbed, but should be removed within twelve hours after foaling. With the cow, danger is less imminent, and unless straining or hemorrhage are prominent symptoms, the placenta siiould not be disturbed for at least from one to three days, during which time — if not detached naturally — decomposition is liable to occur. If this be the case, it should Ije immediately removed or chronic inflamma- tion of the woml) and vagina may follow and leucor- rhn that I ever saw, I was somewhat puzzled, as the owner did not know whether the mare was in foal or not; and I was unable to ascertain any signs of life, though the mare presented the appearance of being with foal. I then determined upon exploring the tumor by inserting a small trocar and canula. In a moment the amniotic fluid began to escape and soon the foetus began to struggle. I immediately withdrew the canula and applied bandages. In about a month after, I delivered her of a dead colt fully developed. The operation was rather diflScult and the mare died in a few hours. A post mortem examination revealed a complete rupture or rather lacerations of the oblique muscles as well as of the rectus muscles and linea alba. Had the mare lived she would have been useless either for work or for breeding purposes. This accident seldom takes place until within the last two months of pregnancy. When it befalls a cow, I would recommend that she be fattened and sold to the butcher. But mares, which are not used for food and can be utilized in no way other than breeding or work- ing, may be bred again. I have known one mare, whicli I was called to deliver on account of a wrong presenta- tion, and which had a comparatively bad uterine hernia, to bring forth two living foals, entirely unassisted, dur- ing the next two years after my attending her. After this she was sold, left the neighborhood, and I lost trace of her. When females are found to be in this condi- tion previous to time of delivery, they should be sup- ported with broad bandages. At the time of delivery, trouble should be anticipated and they should receive prompt attention. If unable to deliver spontaneously, have a number of assistants to place a broad blanket 404 DiSEASP^s or the generative orgaks. under the abdomen and raise it up as high as possible. Then should the presentation be the buttock, the oper- ator should push it a little toward the side opposite to the legs and seize the hind legs, one at a time, and bring them into the natural passage. Fasten a quarter- inch rope, well greased, around the pasterns, separately. Then pull with considerable force, the assistants still holding up the abdomen, and you may expect a safe delivery, providing there are no malformations. If it be a head presentation, fasten a rope around the neck and lower jaw ; then push the head in and to one side. Next endeavor to bring the forefeet up into the natural passage, fasten a rope around the pasterns, then draw the head back betwen the front legs and pull. Use plenty of fresh hogs' lard if the membranes are in the least dry, also have all ropes or straps well greased while using them, to assist delivery. If you are unable to deliver in this position, make a deep, soft bed of straw and, if the animal will lie down, all the better. If she will not lie down herself, lay her down as easily as possible. Then secure her limbs to prevent her doing injury and roll her on her back ; have plenty of assistants to hold her there, with her hind quarters raised higher than the fore. Have some handy assist- ant to try to reduce the tumor while the ojDerator is try- ing to seize the parts which are most convenient. If there be a head or a breast presentation secure it in the manner prescribed before and, when everything is straight, apply traction and complete the delivery. But, in case you cannot deliver by the natural passage, and the colt is living and would prove more valuable than the mother, you can secure the animal and perform the Ca?sarean section, which is to open the abdomen sufficiently to deliver the fu - ^vard from its flanks, forming too broad a surface u> pr.ss through tlie genital canaL Sometimes he will timl tl:e hind legs flexed forward, underneath the belly of the fijetiis, and the feet or fetlocks caught under the brim of the pelvis at the inlet, so that to deliver ])y force, Avould cause the hind legs of the foetus to force their way through the .^issues into the abdominal cavity of the inotlier, before delivery could be completed : and this might cause the death of the moliier and oir-sj)ring. HIND LIIMB DEVIATION — ANTERIOR PRESENTATION. A safe delivery can be effected only by the proper adjustment of the hind legs. This is all the more diflicult, when the foetus is well advanced in the passage and much traction has been employed. If, upon examination, the thighs are extended outward from the flanks of the foetus, it should be forced back within the womb and the limbs drawn as closely together as possible, with the hand, if this can- not be done, you may take a half-inch rope, well greased, and fasten it around the body of the foetus with ft running noose. Then the operator should work the 436 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. rope just beyond the rump of the foetus, or midway between the rump and the hocks. He must hold it there, while an assistant draws tightly on the rope and forces the thighs together. The delivery can then be completed. If, however, the foetus cannot be forced back into the womb to adjust the thighs, cut it off close up to the mother; then force the remainder back within the womb and deliver the hind feet first. But, if upon examination, the hind feet or fetlocks are found to be caught below the brim of the pelvis at the inlet, you should pass your hand between the belly of the foetus and the genital canal, until you come in contact with the feet or fetlocks. Then pass the hand with the palmer surface against the feet or fetlocks, and extend it backward and inward as far as the arm will reach, when traction may be applied to the foetus and delivery completed. DEVIATION OF THE HIND LEGS INTO THE GENITAL CANAL— THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE BODY PRESENTING. In this position we have a serious case to deal with. Generally, the principal object is to save the life of the mother. The foetus generally is dead or in a dying condition, before help is thought necessary to complete the delivery. Outward appearances may reveal nothing but a natural presentation, — the forefeet and head being presented and sometimes so well advanced, that part of the chest will be presented to view beyond the outlet, when progress ceases, notwithstanding the violeut efforts of the mother are increased and forcible traction has been used. The operator now has great difficulty to ascertain the cause of the delay, the difficulty dei)eii(liiig upon the size of the fcetus and the amount of s[>ace in DEVIATION OF THE HIND LEGS, ETC. 337 the genital canal occupied by it. The hand should be introduced to ascertain the cause of delay, which may be very difficult. When the feet are found, they should be examined to make certain they are the hind ones. Sometimes the hind legs are well advanced in the passage, even as far as the hocks ; but VLL OF THK hUlli^ EN'i'EKlN(i TilE PASSAGE, THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE BODY PRESENTING. this depends greatly upon the size of the foetus and the capacity of the mother. It is impossible to extract the foetus until this position is rectified, no matter what amount of force may be used ; and violent force is cer- tain to injure the mother. It is, therefore, necessary to ascertain the exact state of affairs before using any force. As to saving the life of the foetus, should it be living, your decision generally must be unfavorable. In a great majority of cases the young animal, if not already dead, must be sacrificed to save the life of the mother. 438 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, If attention is given to the mother before the f(Ptus has advanced far into the passage, and the hind feet are found mingled with the forefeet, the operator will have little difficulty in pushing them back to the lower border of the pelvis. Then push them downward and in- ward and immediately after grasp the forefeet and head and hasten the delivery, which can be done successfully. Or the operator may hold the hind feet back, while an assistant extracts the foetus. But if the foetus is well advanced, the forelegs, head and chest being beyond the outlet, you may try and force it back within the womb until you can reach the hind feet. Then, if pos- sible, push them back within the womb, either with the hand or with a crotch. Then, the head and forelegs being in good position, delivery can be effected easily. When the fcjetus has advanced so far and is very large, it is very seldom possible to force it back into the womb or even to introduce the hand beside it. The only recourse left then, is to cut the foetus off close up to the mother; then force the remainder back with/in the womb, turn it around and deliver the hind feet first. POSTERIOR PRESENTATION. In posterior presentation, as in anterior presenta- tion, the fcetus may assume several positions, in only one of which, a spontaneous and natural de- livery can result. This is when the back of the foetus is next to the back of the mother, the abdo- men next to the lower part of the pelvis and the thighs occupying the horizontal diameter of the genital "canal, the hind legs being fully extended outward and entering the inlet, first gradually di- lating the mouth of the womb. Birth in this position witliout assistance, is ujore frequent with cows than POSTERIOR PRESENTATION. 439 with mares, and the calves are generally alive. With the mare, parturition is more prolonged and laborious, and the foal quickly dies after rupture of the mem- branes, or is suffocated immediately after birth for want of attention. Colts that are foaled in this position, should be raised by the hind legs until the head is clear o-ti' from the ground, to allow the escape of any fluid tiiat may be in tlie wind-pipe. I have seen as much as POSTERIOR PRESENTATION, OR HIND FEET PRESENTATION. a pint escape, and the little animal begin to breathe and do well. When colts are foaled with an anterior presentation, the head and neck hang down so that if any fluids have accumulated in the wind-pipe, they escape spontaneously. With the posterior position, it is just the reverse, hence the necessity of raising the hind quarters and allowing the fluid to escape. The foal sometimes perishes quickly after rupture of the membranes. It is therefore necessary, in a posterior 440 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. preaentation, when everything is favorable, to hasten the delivery to save the life of the colt. In the posterior reversed position, when the hind feet are presented with the foetus lying- on its back within the mother, its belly against the back of the mother, and its back upon the lower bone of the pelvis, there is danger ahead and trouble to be anticipated. As a consequence of this reversed position, the hind legs (which enter the passage first) arc (lircctcd upward aiid ^'3jl5«iS?5%^.; HOCK PRESENTATION — REVERSED POSITION. outward, and are tlie parts first met by the hand in making an examination. The operator can make no mistake, if he notices whether the back or front of the hind leg is upi)crmost. This can be told easily from the shape of the feet or the position of the liocks, tlie i)oint of the latter l)eing downward, and tlie bend upward in the same direction as the wall of the hoof. Whereas, the ])end of the knee is in tlie same direction as the solo of the foot. The obstacle to birtli, lies in the buttocks POSTKUIOR PUESKNTATION. 441 resting iiiiainst the lower border of the pelvis, whilsl the legs are extended upward towards the mother's Lack and, to a certain extent held rigid. There is ■danger of lacerating the perineum; or the feet may be pushed through into the rectum, causing rupture of the perineum. Besides this, the body of the foetus itself forms a curve exactly opposite to that of the genital canal, so that it cannot easily accommodate itself to the bony canal through which it must pass. From these circumstances, the position not only is unfavorable to birth, but must be remedied, or serious accidents may follow. When the foetus is found in this position, the oper- j\tor must take great care in conducting the feet through the genital canal, to ijrevent lacerations of the peri- neum. Sometimes, in order to bring the feet beyond the outlet, it is necessary to pass the hand and raise the hocks above the brim of the pelvis. As soon as the feet appear beyond the outlet, they should be secured with ropes, and, while an assistant seizes the legs and attempts to turn the foetus on its belly, the operator ehould pass his hand under its rump and assist in turn- ing it over so that its back rests against the mother's back. When this position is gained, extract the foetus, — if necessary, by forcible traction. If the foetus is small, or if the rump has passed into the genital pas- sage it sliould be drawn far enough into the passage to have tlie rumi) beyond the outlet; then twist it half way round, or until its back is uppermost, and com- plete the delivery.' If the foetus be a colt, delivery must be completed within a half hour; otherwise it is likely to die before entirely born. If it be a calf, it jiiav live for several hours and be born alive. 442 UiSiiACJES OF THE GENKKATIVE ORGANS. HOCK PRESENTATION. This presentation is lisible to happen when there is a posterior presentation, and the womb contraction& force the tetus toward the inlet, })efore the hind legs are completely extended. Consequently, the back part of the legs below the hocks, conies in contact with the brim of the pelvis. The croup, being above, naturally forces the legs into a cramped position. The labor HOCK PRESEKTATION. pains continuing, the croup has a tendency to descend and, with the hocks, to enter the pelvic inlet. The legs now being thoroughly Hexed, the croup pressing upon them tliey become jammed tightly in the inlet, forming too large a mass to advance further. Therefore labor is suspended and the animal becomes exhausted by con- tinuous straining. On making an examination in hock presentation^ the point of the hock is always the lirst part encoun- HOCK PRESENTATION. 443 tered ; but it may be found at different points. Some- times it is well advanced in the inlet, tlie croup and body of the foetus being still within the womb. In other cases, the body and croup are in the inlet and thor- oughly wedged in the passage. As a rule, if the mother has run the full period of gestation, birth cannot take place until the deviation has been rectified; and until HOCK PRESENTATION — HOCKS CORDED. this has been done, a forcible attempt at delivery is likely to take the life of the mother. Therefore it is necessary to place the hind legs in a favorable position, by extending them in the genital passage. This is more easily done with the calf than with the colt, owing to the shortness of the legs of the former. If the offspring be very small and the mother large and roomy in tlie genital canal, the foetus may be delivered in this posi- 444 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, tion, by extending its legs forward underneath its abdo- men. But this would be a very exceptional case. The best mode of completing delivery, is to so adjust the foetus that the hind legs are completely extended outward. This is quite easily accomplished, if an exam- ination be made before the foetus has entered the pelvic inlet, or, at the most, the points of the hocks, and rais- ing them upward, at the same time pressing inward, the operator can draw the feet into the pelvic inlet. Or, if the operator has secured the feet by ropes previous to handling the hocks, as he raises and forces them inward an assistant can pull on the ropes and bring the feet outward into tlie genital canal, and can then com- plete the birth with ease. But at a later period, when labor is more advanced and the croup is well advanced or wedged in the inlet along with the hocks, the case is more troublesome. First, fasten a rope around each hock separately ; then apply pressure to the croup, forc- ing it inward and upward until you force it within the womb, or far enough inward to secure the feet with ropes. Then take hold of the hocks and press upward and inward, when an assistant may draw upward and outward on the ropes and bring the feet into position. If there is much trouble in forcing the foetus back and it is known to be dead, or if it must be sacrificed to save the mother, ropes may be fastened to the hind legs and the hocks drawn as near the outlet as possible. Then amputate the legs at the hocks, remove the detached parts, and the remainder is easily brought into position for delivery. If the mother persists in lying, you may elevate her liind quarters by packing straw under her. If thought necessary, place the hob- 1)les on the hind feet, then place a rope over a high beam and draw up the hind parts. This sometimes, will greatly lesson the danger to the operator and assist him in extracting the f(Ptus. THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATIONS. 446 THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATIONS. The cause of tliis iiKiI-])osition, is tlie same as that operatiui;- in the liock presentation. It occurs frequently with both mares and cows. When the thigh and croup are presented and the leg;s are flexed slightly forward, the mass is too large to enter the pelvic inlet. But, as labor progresses, the crouj) is forced into tlic i)clvic THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION. inlet, while the thighs are forced downward and the legs forward until the latter are i)ressed up against the abdomen. In this position birth is possible ; but the foetus must be very small and the pelvis of the mother large and well-formed. In this position, upon examina- tion, the hand first encounters the tail and buttocks of the foetus, then the thighs, and possibly the iiocks. But if labor is somewhat advanced, the legs will be 44H DISEASES OP THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. ])res8ed up along the abdomen, when the liocks will be Iteyond the reach. The croup and luiunch may have passed some distance into the pelvic inlet, yet it is very unusual for any part of the foetus, except the tail, to be discernible externally, no matter how long labor may have been progressing. This mal-position is the most dillicult encountered in veterinary obstetrics. Some- times the mother perishes without being delivered. "Though a living calf sometimes is delivered in this posi- THIGH AND CEOUP PRESENTATION — THE HOCK CORDED. tion, a living foal is very rarely obtained ; and only too often, the mare dies after the foal has been taken away. The chance of saving either mother or offspring, depends greatly upon the length of time the mother has been in labor, and the amount of injury or irritation sus- tained by the genital organs through improper hand- ling. The chances are lessened if it be the lirst foal or calf, or if the fc^tus be unusually large. To complete birth, it is necessary to extend the THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATIONS. 447 limbs of the foetus backward, as in ordinary breech presentation, the hind feet first so that the mother's efforts with slight assistance from tlie operator, will effect a delivery. This will prove a difficult task. Though in some instances, where labor has not advanced very far and the foetus is still in the uterine cavity and can be moved around so that the feet can be reached and brougiit into the genital pass- age, it is not very difficult. When labor has progressed far enough to force the croup into the pelvic inlet, delivery will be completed only by hard work and per- >everance. If possible, place a small roi)e around (>ach THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION — THE THIGHS CORDED. leg separately, as low down as the hock. Then take a repeller, or use the hand, placing it against the croup, and force it inward, the assistant drawing upward and outward upon the hock. Continue in this way until you have a hock presentation. Then fasten ropes to the fetlocks, and while the operator seizes the hock and presses upward and inward, the assistant may draw upward and outward on the fetlocks, until they are brouglit into the ])assage, when the delivery may be completed. But if the croup and thighs are compleleiy 448 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE OKCiAXS. AvtMiji'ed in the genital passage, and can not l)e moved, either inward or outward, which sometimes is tlie case, no recourse but embryotomy is left. This is a very tedious manner of completing delivery. Take a guarded knife and cut through the skin and muscles until you come to the hip joint. Then detach that limb and remove the other in tlie same manner, after which you can insert hooks in the cavity of the hip-joint and extract. Or, place a rope completely around the body of the f(.Btus and extract. Or, sever the muscles from the bones of the haunch as much as possible, then fasten a hook into the bones and extract them. After you have severed the haunch bones, remove the bowels. Then fasten a roxje to the remaining skin and complete delivery. TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION. The fcjetus is in a transverse position when, upon examination, the hand of the operator first encounters the shoulders, withers, sides, tianks, haunches, loins, back, breast, belly or all of the limbs collected together. The possibility of the fcjetus assuming a transverse position within the womb, is by some strongly disputed, but entirely without reason, because the womb is a soft, yielding membraneous sack, capable of assuming almost any position; so it readily appears that its transverse diameter may be increased at the expense of its length. Though transverse presentation sometimes is observed, it is not nearly so common as an anterior or posterior presentation. Still it is quite as necessary tliat the operator should understand something of this presentation, as with it, birth is impossible when unas- sisted. No matter whether tlie f(i4us presents in the ti'ansverse vertical or transverse liorizontal position. SHOULDEH AND LOIN PRESENTATION. 449 version must be accomplished in order to change it to either an anterior or posterior presentation. For in one of these ways only, can tlie iVetns be brought into the pelvic inlet and delivery be etlected. This presentation TKANSVKKt^E ^RESE^"TATION. occurs more frequently in tlie uuu'e than in the cow, l)erhai)s, owing; to the stronger contractions of the womb of the former not allowing proper adjustment of the foetus, should it not be in a position exactly favor- able at the commencement of labor. SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION. When labor has continued for some time with little or no progress, and upon examination, the hand of the operator comes in contact with the shoulder and loins, lie knows that he has to deal with a transverse presen- tation. If labor has lasted some time, the straining has been energetic and the waters have escaped, it some- times is a difficult matter to decide what part of the fietus tlie liand encounters !ir«t. There is first felt a more or less rounded surface, that lias no special char- 450 DI8EA8P]S OF THE GENEEATIVE ORGANS. acteristic by which it may be recognized. The hand should then be introduced farther into the womb and search should be made for some part of the foetus that can be recognized. Then study the i)()sition of the youug creature in the womb. The presentation having been recognized, the position must be determined by ascertaining the direction in which the head lies. AVith the foal, this is accomplished by feeliuii; for the mane and tracing it as far as the arm can reacli. It may lie in SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION. the right or left tlank of the mother, or up along her back, or down toward the iloor of her belly, the legs assuming different positions in a direction opposite to the head; although sometimes one leg is found crossed over the neck. To learn the exact position, is abso- lutely necessary, before venturing upon any attempt at extraction, as in nearly every case, the presentation is a ditticult one and requires all the skill ar.d judgment of the operator to rectify it. But if lal)or has not con- tinued any length of time before the operator discovers SHOULDER AND LOIX PKESENTATION. 451 the presentation, and if the membranes are soft and yielding from the natural lliiids, the position, generally, is easily converted into an aiiterior or posterior presen- tation, and a living fcjetus is delivered. If labor has con- tinued for some time and tlie p;itient is a mare, you may depend upon it, the foal will be dead. But with the c<)v>', a living calf may be delivered — tiie tenacity of life and the power of endurance l3eing wonderful. The SliOn.DKR AND LOJX PIJESENTATIOX. principal object is to convert the transverse presenta- tion into either an anterior or a posterior presentation, for only in this way, can delivery be eil'ected. If the foetus lies or can be moved so that the head and foreh Avater into the womb, to moisten the membranes, whicii will greatly aid the operator in his efforts at version. The foetus must not be pushed directly forward into the womb, but rather obliquely and in a direction opposite to that of the parts we wish to bring into the inlet. If the mother be lying down, tlie operator will find it greatly to his advantage to raise her hind quarters very high. He should be persistent in his work, use frequent injec- tions of warm water, and, in the great majority of cases, the fi'Btus will glide around the inner surface of the womb until a convenient part presents itself. Then the forelegs and head, if they are the parts sought, or the hind legs, are brought into the genital canal by the hand or by ropes, when slight traction will complete the delivery. When all these maneuvers have failed, embryotomy should be x>erformed in such a manner as the operator deems most advantageous. At the best it will be a difficult, tedious and laborious task, seldom attended with satisfactory results. The mother gener- ally perishes, either during the operation or shortly afterward. BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. This presentation is quite common in both mares and cows, but more frequently" occurs in the former. Gen- erally the foetus is lying on its side with its legs' Hexed, or extended, or presented at the inlet, or engaged in the passage. There is no difficulty in discovering and rec- ognizing this position. As the op?rator passes the hand to explore the parts, it first eur' un'ers the feet — usually BRKAST AND ABD0>(1NAL PRESENTATION. 453 all four of them. They may be within the woiiil), or one or more of them engaged in the passage. In tlie major- ity of cases, either the hind parts or fore quarters are near the passage, a condition recognized by the legs of that part being further advanced than those of the other. The position must now be ascertained, which can l)e done readily if the head can be felt. But this, generally, is beyond reach and the position can be BREAST AND ABD0>[1NAL PRESENTATION. determined only by a careful examination of the limbs. In this we must distinguisli between the hind legs and forelegs, as these alone can show the direction of the head. To do this, the operator should remember that the hind leg Ilexes in the direction of the wall of the foot, whereas the knee flexes in the direction of the sole of the foot. The hock can also be recognized by its flatness. It must be remembered that, in this presentation, the forelegs and hind legs are across each other, when engaged in the genital passage. The hind legs, crossing the forelegs, are pointing towards the anterior part of the body of the 454 DISEASES OF THE GEXERATIVE ORGANS. foetus; while the forelegs, crossing the hind legs, point toward the posterior part of the f(ptus. This is not a very serious presentation, as a rule. The gravity of the case depends somewhat upon the length of time labor has continued. As it is impossible for birth to occur spontaneously, while the foetus is in this position, if the mother has not received the necessary aid for some BEEA8T AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. time after the commencement of labor, her continued straining may not only cause the death of the colt, but the mother's death, from prostration. When the legs have been distinguished, fasten ropes around the ones you wish to extract first. Generally the operator will find it most advantageous to convert the position into a posterior presentation and deliver the hind feet first. If only one hind foot and one forefoot are engaged in the passage, fasten a roxje around the one hind foot and BREAST AND ABDOJIINaL PRESENTATION. 465 search for the other one ; secure it and bring it into the passage. Then return the foreleg to the womb, as far in as possible, apply traction and deliver. But if all four legs are engaged in the passage, fasten ropes to the hind feet; tlien return the forefeet as far as possible within the wonil). iSometimes this is more easily and more advantageously accomplished by flexing the forelegs at the knee, until the foot rests against the elbow; then force it within the womb in a downward direction, while the assistant draws upon the hind feet. The fcetus will straighten out generally and birth will be completed. Even if the head be engaged along with all four legs in the passage, I would recommend return- ing it to the womb in a downward direction along with the forelegs, and that delivery be made with the hind feet tirst. When the ftetus is partially delivered, say the hind legs, croup and hips are without or beyond the outlet, the operator should pass his hand between the belly of the foetus and tiie floor of the genital canal, to ascertain whether tlie forelegs have become cramped or fastened within the inlet too soon. If so, straighten them by pushing them inward, for if not straightened, serious results might follow. In delivering the f(jetus with a posterior presentation — that is the hind feet first — the back of the foetus should be against tlie back of the mother. But in a breast and abdominal presentation, if it is found impossible to force the foetus back into the womb and the foetus is dead, there should be no hesitation about resorting to embryotomy. The best way to com- mence, is to cut off the forelegs at the knees or elbows and remove them; the lower part of the legs being removed, the remainder of the foetus can be readily pushed back into the womb, and by applying traction to the hind legs, delivery can be effected. 456 DISK\'-r:S OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. TWIN FOETUS— IN DIFFERENT PRESENTATIONS. . With mares and cows it is not an uncommon occur- rence for them to bring forth twins, though it is rarely, indeed, that assistance is needed to complete delivery. Usually, when the mot'ner is carrying twins, either they are expelled before the full period of gestation is com- pleted, or each is much smaller than if slie were carry- ing only one. Indeed, birtli usually is much easier* with TWINS IN DIFFKRENT POSITION. a twin pregnancy than with only one. When the most advanced foetus is expelled, a variable period elapse* before the second birtli. During the interval the mother generally is uneasy and pays little or no attention to the one already born, but nuinifests a peculiar anxiety, which is a good indication that delivery is not complete. But when the second foetus is born, the mother generally turns her attention to her otl'spring. This is the general TWIN FOETUS, ETC. 457 order of twin births. But it is not always so fortunate. In some cases, after the first one is born, a long interval occurs before the birth of the second one, which is usually fatal to its existence. This suspension of labor in twin birth is generally due to a mal-position of the foetus. Difficult paturition from this cause also happens when the twins are about equally distant from the mouth of the womb, and are presented at the inlet together. Of course, they cannot pass through the canal together, hence the difliculty. Upon examination, ihe operator will experience great difficulty in deter- mining the positions of the two foetuses. This can be done only by careful examination, and then the oi)erator will find himself somewhat embarrassed. Forexampje, the forefeet of one fu'tus may be presented with the head of the other; or the head and one forefoot may ])resent with one forefoot of tlie other; or one liind foot of each foetus may present together; or a forefoot of one with the hind foot of the other, etc. In some instances the legs of the twins are so interlaced, that they are separated only with the greatest difficulty. One thing is certain, only one can l)e delivered at a time. There- fore, they must be separated and one pushed back into the womb, while the other is being delivered. When the one is born, the other, if in a wrong position, must be straightened and removed. Tliis is quite easily written but not so easily performed. If assistance is not alVorded before both foetuses become wedged into the pelvic inlet, the operator will experience great trouble in adjusting them. But if distinguished before entering the inlet, but little trouble need be anticipated. Select the one most favorably situated, fasten ropes to the head and forelegs or to the hind legs, as the case may be, and arrange them in a direction proper for delivery. Then let an assistant draw tlie f.etus toward the outlet while 458 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGAXS. the operator pushes the other back within the womb. After delivering the first one, search for the other, whicli probably will be in a mal-position, requiring adjustment before it can be born. DOUBLE-HEADED MONSTROSITIES. A^ery seldom, indeed, do we witness double-headed monstrosities with mares or cows. In the former I have neither seen nor read of any ; but in the cow I have seen DOlPI.K-i'KADEL) JIOX^^TROSITY. one and read of otliers. IJut they are very rare, indeed. Sometimes these monstrosities are born alive and live a considerable time. The one that I saw, was living at three years of age, to all appearance healthy and a good feeder. It was placed on exhibition. She only used one mouth while feeding. The other mouth was well formed and had a full set of teeth, but she had little HYDllOCEPIIALUS, OR WATER ON THE BRAIN. 459 control of the lower jaw. Though, if the mouth was opened with a little assistance, it would close sponta- neously. Botli heads were well-formed, uniting at the neck, both mouths emptying into the one oesophagus. The existence of this mal-formation renders birth more or less difficult and sometimes impossible, accord- ing to the size of the heads. But sometimes birth occurs without assistance and with little difficulty. An examination will reveal the condition, when tlie operator will adopt the measure necessary to complete the delivery. If the mother is large and the genital canal well formed, forcible traction may complete the delivery. But if, in the judgment of the operator, this will not do, embryotomy must be resorted to. Cutting off one or both of the heads may be neces- sary before delivery can be completed. If the heads are united closely, split them with a chisel and then remove them ; or, in such cases, bone forceps may be used. If it be a double head and neck, cut off the neck, as low down as possible, and remove it lirst; then remove the balance. There are several other forms of monstrosities but, as they so seldom occur, a description here is quite unnecessary. Suffice it to say, that if it be impossible to deliver them by moderate traction, ampu- tate such parts ascau«ethe obstruction and deliver. HYDROCEPHALUS, OR WATER ON THE BRAIN. This anomaly is found in colts and calves, both. The enormous size of the head, is the obstacle to a natural i.ciivery. If with an anterior presentation, birth will be delayed, and, on making an examination, the opera- tor will soon discover the deformity. But, if with pos- terior presentation the operator discovers this deformity, he should endeavor to change the position to an anterior [)resentation, and, after bringing the nose into the inlet. 460 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORftANS. he should plunge a knife through the head, making a free incision to allow the water to escape. After which, on applying traction, the tissues gradually tlatten down and birth is completed. • But if it be presented liind feet first and birth is complete with the HYDROCEPHALUS, OR WATER OK THE BKAIX. exception of the head, which is too large to pass through the genital canal and prevents delivery, the operator should pass the hand along the neck and examine the head. If hydrocephalus is recognized he should open the head with a knife or trocar and canula, and allow the fluid to escape, after which the tissues will flatten down and traction will complete the delivery. ASCITES, OR ABDOMINAL DROPSY. With this disease, the abdomen of the foetus will be swollen to such an extent that it cannot enter the geni- tal passage, though the head and forefeet may be pre- ASCITIC-. Oi: AP.I'OjriXAL DROPSY. 461 sented in a natural position and well advanced in the canal. On examination, if the operator cannot pass the hand between the head and the Avails of the passai.^e to ascertain the cause of obstruction, he should first secure the head and forefeet with ropes, then force them back into the woin)). After that he will have no diflSculty in ascertaining the troul)le, if dropsy is the cause. He should then plunge a knife into the ahdomen of the ACITE8. Oli AHDOMINAL DROPSY. f(jetus, making a large incision to allow the fluid to escape into the womb, after which delivery can be com- pleted. But if he cannot return the head to the womb, or does not think best to do so, he must either plunge a knife into the abdomen of the f(ptus and allow the fluid to escape into the womb, or use a trocar and canula, plunging it into the abdomen and allowing the fluid to escape externally. Afterwards, moderate traction will complete the delivery. DISEASES OF SHEEP, THEIR CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT. CATARRH, OR COLD. Oatarrli, or cold is quite a ('ouiiiion complnint anionc; sheep, during the fall, winter and spring. Indeed it is rarely absent in any flock where any great number is kept. Causes; — It is most often caused by being coniined in close, damp yards or by housing in stables or sheds, too closely together, without sufficient ventilation. The heat arising from the sheep causes a high temperature, thus over-heating the animals and when turned out into the bleak winds they catch cold very easily; in fact the liability to take cold is greater, than when allowed to roam in the open fields, exposed to the weather. It is well to have dry, open sheds where sheep can lie down at night or to protect them from storms, but close hous- ing is detrimental rather than beneficial. When allowed plenty of fresh air, good ventilation, dry yards and clean, dry bedding, catarrh will seldom be seen. A wet or damp cold or a close, moist atmosphere is very productive of this trouble. Symptoms : — More or less fever is present ; the sheep snuffles considerably and mucous is discharged from the nostrils. There will be very little coughing but if the lungs become involved, the cough will 1)ec()nie dry and (465) 4()6 DISEASES OF SHEEP. deep-seated. The appetite is partially suspended, and the animal appears weak and stupid. Treatment: — Remove tlie rause as quickly as possible, to protect the balance of the tiock, then remove the aft'ected ones to warm, dry, well-ventilated quarters. If the bowels are constipated, give Epsom Salts three ounces. Ginger two drachms. Water one quart. Mix. Give at one dose, to be followed with Quinine two drachms. Dover Powder two drachms. Cayenne Pepper two drachms. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give three powders each day, or (linger two ounces. Gentian two ounces. Saltpeter two ounces. Mix. Place in a quart of water and simmer over a slow lire for twenty minutes, then add half pint of good whisky and bottle. Give half wineglassful four times a day. Give good, nourishing food and occasional draughts of flaxseed tea. Good nursing is very imi^ortant. Without this, medicines are useless. Keep the animal dry and comfortable, with plenty of fresh air. PNEUMONIA— LUNG FEVER, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. This disease is an inflammation of the lung substance and often follows catarrh. It is a very serious affection and is more frequent than is generally supposed, many eheep dying from this trouble and the owner imagining some other malady the cause of death, on account of its PNEUMONIA — LUING FEVER, ETC. 467 course bein^ so rapid and fatal. It is j^enerally caused by exposure of some sort, as washing in cold spring water on a raw. 'old day, or exposure to cold rains in the fall and spring; by shearing too early or exposure to cold storms after shearing; becoming over-heated while driving or by being too closely confined without sufficient ventilation, etc. Symptoms: — The first symptoms observed by the owner or keeper is loss of appetite and suspended rumi- nation, closely followed by grinding of the teeth, with a high fever and an inordinate desire for drinking water, or if in the winter, the eating of snow. The pulse is hard and quick, the breathing labored and rapid, accompanied by a heaving at the flanks and a painful cough, with a flow of thick, yellow mucous from the hostrils. Treatment: — While bleeding is strongly condemned by some and as thoroughly upheld by others, I believe that both extremes are attended with baneful resuUs. If blood-letting is resorted to, it should be done early and only in young, strong, plethoric animals, when the best of results are often obtained; but in aged and weakly animals this manner of treatment should not be attempted. Whether the patient is bled or not, give three ounces of epsom salts in a quart of water. If this does not operate freely in four or five hours, repeat the dose, as a good, free physic is demanded and is not attended with any evil results. Immediately following t!ie physic, administer — Quinine Sulphate three drachms. Saltpetre one ounce. Mix, Make nine powders. Give one powder every three or four hours. Or, Liquor Ammonia Acetatis. . . .one pint. Fluid Ext. Aconite half draclim. Mix. 468 DISEASES OF SHEEP. Give two tablespoonfiils every three liours. As the sheep begin to improve, a pint of gniel or flaxseed tea may be given three times a day, to which may be added a drachm of powdered gentian or ginger. Keep the sheep in a comfortable, airy place, as good nursing is of as great importance as eifective medicines. COSTIVENESS— STRETCHES— CONSTIPATION. Costiveness is most often seen where sheep are rhanged from pasture to dry food. The regular exercise aiforded while grazing, together with the succulent grasses eaten, will tend to keep the bowels in a moist condition, but when changed to dry food, they are usu- ally kept in yards where they eat from racks, which requires no exercise. Tiien the dung becomes scanty, dry and hard and is passed at irregular intervals. The sheep grunts or moans from pain while passing manure, and the exposed part of the last bowel looks red and inflamed. If the constipation continues for any length of time, from neglect or otherwise, the sheep will be observed standing with forefeet extended and the hind feet set back, as if stretching itself; the head will be elevated and the back curved downward. The condi- tion is now somewhat grave and a physic should be given immediately, as Epsom Salts three ounces. Gentian, or Ginger one draclim. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water as a drench. But if, when changing sheep from pasture to dry food, they are allowed salt at will, costiveness will seldom be observed. Constipation in lambs is often noticed, espe- cially in such as are not nursing the mother and are fed upon cows' milk or the milk of other ewes. As soon as the bowels fail to act, the belly becomes distended, the DIARKHure water and room should be allowed for plenty of exercise. Carefully avoid too high, rich, stimulating food. INFLUENZA— EPIZOOTIC— DISTEMPER. This disease, though somewhat peculiar, is yet quite common in this country. It is not confined to any par- ticular locality and the flocks over an extended area, may become affected at the same time. It is most pre- valent during continued cold, damp, changeable weather and the most fatal where the land is low and marshy or along river bottoms where heavy fogs prevail in the morning and evening. It is always seen in the mildest form, where the herd is kept on liigh, dry elevations with good shelter for the night. It is neither contag- ious nor infectious, but is produced through atmospheric influences and consists of an irritated and inflamed con- dition of the air passages, causing a general disturbance of the system, with more or less prostration. Symptoms : — The eyes look red, with a profusion of tears running down over the cheeks. There is a dis- charge of mucous from the nostrils, coughing and sneez- ing to clear the nostrils, loss of appetite, suspended rumination, with emaciation and general weakness. The bowels are usually constipated and sometimes- elight bloating is present. 478 DISEA8KS OP SHKEP. Treatment : — When first noticed, if on low ground, change to high, dry pasture with good shelter for tlie nights, and allow a liberal supply of ciilorute of potas- sium in the drinking water, say one draelini tliree times a day. If the bowels are constipated, give Epsom kSalts one ounce. Ginger one draclim. Mix. Give at one dose in half pint of water. When there is considerable fever and much prostration, stimulants art- indicated, as half ounce of whiskey or brandy and two ounces of hot water, to which should be added a teaspoonful of sugar. Give every four or five hours, or better still, give the following : Liquor ammonia acetatis, one ounce, every four hours. If the eyes are badly inflamed and mattering, bathe occasionally with warm water and salt. When the appetite is returning and recovery is indicated, give a soft, nutritious diet, as bran masli, flaxseed meal, boiled oats, etc., to which a little gentian may be added to tone up the system and assist digestion ; or the fol- lowing formula may be used : Gentian one ounce. Ginger one ounce. Copperas one ounce. Saltpetre one ounce. Mix. Make sixteen powders. Give one i)owder morning and evening. Good nursing and shelter should always be provided for sick animals. DYSENTERY. This disease is caused in a similar manner to diarrhoea, and quite frequently results from neglected or a prolonged case of diarrhoea, as well as turning out on rich pasture after feeding on dry food. It may also DYSENTERY. 479 be caused by drinking- impure water, f'-^'ling on poor,' indigestible fodder. Exceedingly hot and damp weather without shade or shelter, is a proliiie cause. Symptoms : — It diflers from diarrhoea in the severity of its symptoms. In diarrhcea there is little or no fever present, while in dysentery there is a high fever. The dung is passed in small, hard lumps and is covered witli blood and slime, and possesses a disagreeable smell. It is discharged often and is accompanied by heavy strain- ing. The sheep humps up its back and moans or grunts during the act. The wool feels harsh and loosens its hold, and in the course of a few days is easily pulled out. There is more or less grinding of the teeth, a tucked-up appearance at the flank and the animal pre- sents a discouraged and dejected appearance. Treatment: — When a large number in a flock is aflected, remove to a high and dry ground where there is different pasture, and pure water to drink, as there is more or less thirst. Such as do not recover quickly after the change, should be given a mild physic, as Castor, or Raw Linseed Oil. two ounces. Laudanum one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose in half pint of flaxseed tea. They should now be separated from the balance of the flock and kept in a cool, shady place, as the hot sun is very aggravating and fatal in this disease. The pliysic should be followed with frequent doses of flaxseed or slippery elm tea, to which should be added twice daily, a teaspoonful of laudanum. Give one ounce of castor or raw linseed oil, every other day ; it will do no harm and is often productive of much good. The pastures occupied by the flock Avhile affected with dysentery, should not be used again, until after a couple of heavy rains, to destroy and wash away the poison from the manure, which would otherwise remain on the grasses and produce the disease. -ISO DI8EASKS OF SUKEP. BLACK-LEG— QUARTER-ILL— MURRAIN. This disease is not often observed in the Eastern or Middle States, from the fact that farmers depend upon wintering their flocks on stored provisions; but in the Western States, where large flocks are kept upon the prairies, many depend upon pasturing or lay in only a small supply of food for winter use; consequently, when a severe winter is passed through, the sheep being sparsely fed, are in a very thin condition. The spring ■opens up with rains and hot sun, the grass grows lux- uriantly and the half-starved sheep gorge themselves and take on flesh so rapidly that the blood becomes dis- organized, so that while the owner or herder thinks the sheep are thriving tinely, they commence to die very suddenly. It generally takes the young and thrifty sheep; the old ones are seldom attacked. Symptoms: — When one or two die so suddenly, the herder generally looks over the liock, when he will observe some lame and limjjing. The sides or quarters will be found swollen, the wool comes off easily, and by pressing the hand down over the swollen spots, a crack- ling sound is heard under the skin, as though filled with air or gas. The eyes look red and the mouth and tongue are inflamed and blistered. The urine is high •colored, the bowels constipated, and if any dung is passed, it is covered with blood. In a short time the sheep can no longer maintain the standing position. It falls down upon its side, the tongue is protruded, and bloating is observed. The limbs become outstretched and death claims the victim in a very few hours. Treatment: — As prevention is the best cure, it is only necessary to remove the cause, and this is best done by .carefully avoiding sudden changes from poor food to rich nutritious food or pastures. But when any of the SHEEP SMALL-POX. 481 afore mentioned symptoms are observed, the whole flock should be placed in a yard where there is no food to be obtained. Then take out to pasture for a couple of hours, morning and evening, until the stomach and entire system adapt themselves to the change, and the animal takes on flesh more moderately. Such as are sick, should have a physic immediately. Glauber Salts four ounces. Sulphur half ounce. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of flaxseed tea or oatmeal gruel, or a little syrup and water. In the course of a few hours, a half teaspoonful of turpentine in an ounce of raw linseed oil or flaxseed tea may be given at intervals of live hours; or a teaspoonful of sweet spirits of nitre may be given every five hours, in a little water, as a drench. As before stated, this disease is very rapid and fatal ; consequently treatment is not very satis- factory. SHEEP SMALL-POX. >Snin11-pox is a contagious, eruptive fever, very inucli resembling small-pox in the human family. It is not identical with the human-pox or cow-pox, but yet it is of the same type. It is not communicable to man or other animals, even by inoculation, Jind belongs exclu- sively to the sheep. Originally, it is produced by sheep inhaling impure air, or air contaminated with a virus, tli\is poisoning the blood, and the eruptions formed is nature's effort to rid the system of the imprisoned gerujs. It is most often contracted by coming in con- tact with sheep affected Avith the disease, as it is ecjualjy as contagious and infectious with sheep, as svnall-pox is with the human family. 482 i)ISEASES OF SHEEP. Symptoms: — Sheep-pox assumes two forms, one malignant or dangerous, the other mild. But in either form there is a period of incubation, of from nine to eleven days, during which time no symptoms of the dis- ease appear. At the termination of the period of incu- bation, fever is observed, the eyes look red and blood- sjiot, the breathing is quickened, the skin is dry and hot, there is loss of appetite, excessive thirst, and the animal will be noticed to lick at dirt. The eruption now makes its appearance in the form of small pim- ples on the skin, between the forelegs, Avhich space is least covered with wool. These pimples soon run together, and in a few days a small blister appears, con- taining a fluid like water, which soon develops into matter and looks white. It is now at the stage when the matter should be collected and preserved for inocu- lation purposes. In a few days it dries up, the scabs scale off and leave a mark from which no wool will ever grow. The sheep now begins to improve and unless it receives some backset, a ra])id recovery may be antici- pated. When the malignant form is observed, there are no pustules found, but scarlet or purple spots are noticed. The skin cracks in various shapes, the wool falls oif and a foul-smelling discharge comes from the nostrils; otlierwise, the symptoms are the same as in the mild form. Death usually takes place within three weeks from the outset. Treatment: — After the disease has once established itself, medicinal interference will avail but little, and instead of relying upon the use of medicines, greater attention should be given toward its prevention, which is done in two ways — tirst, by isolating the affected sjieep from the healthy ones, as soon as noticed, and s(-c()ndly. by vaccination, which is performed by taking some of the white matter from the pustules of an SHEEP SMALL-POX. 483 affected sheep, and inserting a small portion of it beneath the skin of a healthy sheep, either at the ear or the end of the tail, care being taken that the matter is obtained from a sheep that is not affected with the scab or rot. Vaccination is the safest preventative, as all reports from France, Germany, Austria and Russia, where it has been thoroughly practiced, tends to prove. It has greatly lessened the mortality. It is needless to vaccinate sheep at the present time in this country, for as yet small-pox has not made its appearance, but owing to the rapid transit between Europe and this country, sheep might be imported and landed while the disease is in the incubative stage, and the malady would scatter very rapidly, then vaccination would be advisa- ble, and when commenced, it should be continued until it has thoroughly taken on all. From the time small- pox is observed, there should be good nursing with plenty of fresh air, carefully avoiding draughts ; there should be given a liberal amount of flaxseed or oatmeal gruel, in pure water, slightly warmed, into which may be placed a few drops of aromatic sulphuric acid. Give as a drink. If the sheep appear very weak, give the following: Liquor Acetate of Ammonia seven ounces. Sweet Spirits Niter two ounces. Mix. Give tablespoonful three times a day. When an animal dies of small-pox, it should be buried very deeply and have plenty of lime thrown on the carcass, or else it should be burned up, as every portion of the dead animal will convey infection, if not completely destroyed. 484 DISEASES OF SHEEP. APHTHA— FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. Aphtha has been observed in various parts of this country, but not to any great extent ; only a few scat- tered cases have been seen. It has never affected whole districts, as it has in Europe. Seemingly, our climate is not suitable for its ravages, but rather tends to eradicate the disease than to encourage its develop- ULCERS BETWEEN THE TOES. ment. Yet, some form of the disorder may develop in this climate and prove very troublesome. In those cli- mates which are favorable to its propagation, it is very contagious, and belongs to a class of eruptive fevers. It emanates from a ferment or poison in the blood. Symptoms: — The ailment is usually ushered in with a chill, which is not always observed ; a high fever fol- lows accompanied with a cough. The appetite now becomes whimsical and the animal ceases to chew its cud. There is slight tenderness over the loins, and a grinding of the teeth with saliva drivelling from the mouth.' Blisters containing a watery fluid, are now observed on the tongue, lips and mouth as also around and between the feet. These blisters eventually break APHTHA — FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. 485 and sometimes run together, leaving a raw sore, which is quite painful. The feet become so swollen and full of pain, that the animal lies down most of the time and when attempting to walk, does so in a lame, unsteady manner. Like all other eruptive fevers, it runs its course, which is usually from ten to fifteen days, and if it terminates favorably, the animal is proof against the same disease, should it again be exposed thereto. But if unfavorable, the disease increases in force until the feet drop off, and the animal dies in great misery. Treatment : — When not of a malignant type, the treatment is very simple and effective. Give one good physic but do not repeat it, as Epsom Salts two ounces. Jamaica Ginger one drachm. Water half pint. Mix. Give at one dose. Wash the mouth twice daily, with the following lotion : Powd. Alum one ounce. Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. Water one quart. Mix. Wash the feet well, every other day with a mixture of bluestone and soft water, say an ounce of bluestone to two gallons of water. After bathing, use Vaseline four ounces. Carbolic Acid two drachms. Mix. Apply well, then wrap the feet in a cloth to protect them from dirt. Isolate all diseased animals from the healthy, and after the disorder has abated, fumigate the buildings thoroughly, by burning sulphur or scattering chlorinated lime. If the malady appears in the malig- Bant form, the cheapest and most effective treatment is to kill and bury or burn all those affected, and remove such as have not taken the disease, to other quarters. 486 BISEA61S OF SHEEP. FOUL IN THE FOOT— SORE FEET— FOOT LAMENESS— GRAVEL. Causes: — Sheep that are kept in yards that have accumulations of manure, so arranged that it is very wet, causing a liquor to be formed by the manure and water, are liable to be afflicted with sore feet, as also such as are kept on low, boggy, marsh pasture. Diseases of this character are also observed during wet seasons, when pasturing where the grass is very tall and growthy; the cleft between the toes being irritated while walking through the grass. It is sometimes pro- duced by a gravel or other substance becoming so firmly lodged between the toes, that the animal is unable to remove it, and it will produce a foul sore. Symptoms : — It is seldom noticed until the sheep begin to show lameness, when upon examination, the cleft of the foot and the surrounding skin, will present a whitish appearance with some inflammation and swelling. These swellings soon develop into sores, greatly resembling ulcers, or ulcers may be present, and this condition should not be mistaken for foot-rot. Treatment : — If attention is given to the trouble, it will soon disappear. If caused by filthy yards, remove to a dry, clean place, with plenty of dry straw to walk upon ; or the flock may be ti^rned upon hilly ground where the pasture is short. If they do not improve rapidly, take two pounds of copperas and dissolve it in ten gallons of soft water ; put it in a tub and place the patient's feet in the solution ; keep them there from two to three minutes, then turn on a dry place ; it may be necessary to repeat this in three days, but one applica- tion will generally suffice. Or take. Blue Vitriol one ounce, Yaseline, or Tar six ounces. Mix. 1 ftOOE*-RO't — FOOT-ROOf. 48? Apply all around the sores. If gravel or some other substance causes the trouble, remove it, then trim off the diseased parts and apply the latter prescription. HOOF-ROT— FOOT-ROT. This disease is frequently observed in this country and the American shepherd who has charge of any great number of sheep, sooner or later becomes familiar with one of the greatest disturbing elements that befalls a liock. Causes: — While there is no question about it being contagious, and in many instances contracted through BANDAGE FOR FOOT-ROT. the source of contagion, yet it will break out in a flock that has never been in contact with sheep affected with the disease, thus well demonstrating that it can arise spontaneously. These cases are usually found in sheep that pasture on wet, low ground ; the feet become dis- 488 Diseases of sheep. eased and foul, the horn separates from the sensitive sole, and filth accumulating there, exerts its influ- ence on the vascular tissues and softens the whole sole ; if neglected at this period, germs are developed which destroy the whole structure of the foot very rap- idly, and are highly contagious in character, as is observed in other sheep contracting the disease from the affected ones, although changed to higher and dryer pastures. Symptoms : — The disease is usually observed in the forefeet, although the hind feet are not exempt and may become affected first. When attacking the forefeet first, the sheep will be very lame, possibly walking upon its knees while feeding, and when through feeding, it is almost constantly lying down. Upon examination, the feet will at first be found highly inflamed, looking red and moist, or rough and chafed. Then blisters will form around the heels and between the toes, which soon break and discharge. Ulcers are now formed, which suppurate and discharge a foul-smelling matter. The bottom of the foot soon separates from the sensitive parts, and a foul-smelling matter oozes out. Soon afterward the horny sole comes off, leaving the sensitive parts exposed, which look swollen, black, and spongy, forming a good nest for maggots, which are frequently found. The constitutional symptoms are fever, to a greater or less degree, and loss of appetite; the sheep failing to chew its cud and lying around in a stupid condition. Treatment: — This should be prompt, from the fact that as the disease advances, the whole system becomes involved, and recovery is slow and tedious. The malady is dangerous and painful, but if immediate attention is given, with proper treatment and care it is always curable. As soon as lameness is observed, an examina- HOOF-ROt — fOOT-HOT. tion should be made, when all of the diseased parts must be removed with the knife, as a failure to do this, will prolong the disease and resist the action of all med- icines that may be applied ; but if the diseased parts are thoroughly removed, treatment is effective and certain. If there is an extra growth of horn at the toes, it should be cut down, and if matter is found, remove it and well expose the parts. If any portion of the horn looks whiter or softer than the balance of the foot, open it, as matter is likely concealed within. Should it bleed some, have no fear as there is no special danger. Clean the knife quite often, so that the matter from the affected parts will not come in contact with and adhere to the healthy tissues, carrying infection. After all diseased portions are removed, you are ready to apply medicines, and any caustic tliat will destroy germs, is beneficial. A cheap and easy method and one that is very effective, is to take a large tub or vat and put in it a strong solu- tion of blue vitriol, say a pound to four gallons of water, and keep it as hot as can be borne by the hand. Have it about four inches deep, then put the feet of the sheep into the solution, holding them there about ten min- utes, until thoroughly penetrating every crevice, then turn the animal on a dry, short pasture. One good application is generally all that is required. Or chloride of lime may be used. After paring the foot, cover it with the chloride and bandage. Inspect the foot in a couple of days, and if necessary apply again, repeating until a cure is completed. Or take, Finely Powdered Blue Vitriol one pound. Verdigris half pound. Linseed Oil one pint. Pine Tar one quart. Mix. Apply well all around the foot and allow it to dry, before turning out to pasture. Give internally, 490 DISEASES OF SHEEi*. Epsom Salts two ounces. Baking Soda two drachms. Water half pint. Mix. Give at one dose. Drachm doses of saltpetre given night and morning, will prove very beneficial, if there is much fever present. But it is seldom necessary to give medicines internally, the local applications being suflBcient. SCAB— THE MANGE OR ITCH IN SHEEP. Causes : — Scab is a highly contagious disease, pro- duced by an insect in or upon the skin. There are dif- ferent forms of parasites that produce scab, concerning which it is here unnecessary to go into detail, as the treatment for all is the same. It has been asserted that SCAB. scab originates spontaneously, from neglect, exposure, etc. Such assertions are without foundation. It is now thoroughly understood that all animal life, owes its existence to a fecundated egg, and the scab insect is produced in the same manner. There is both a male and a female insect, the female being con- siderably the largest, and also exceeding the male in numbers, but living a shorter length of time. She dies very shortly after laying her eggs, which she deposits Scab — the mange or itch m sheep. 491 in the pores of the skin or around the scabs, and as they are very numerous and hatch in three days, there is a rapid increase. It has been truthfully asserted, that from one female, a million and a half of her progeny will be produced, in three months. This accounts for DIPPING SHEEP. the rapidity witli which the disease spreads, and also gives warning of the necessity for prompt and energetic treatment. That it sometimes appears in a flock under peculiar circumstances, none will deny, but flocks have been known to become affected by pasturing upon lands that had not been used for three years, after hav- ing grazed a flock of scabby sheep, thus showing that it has great tenacity of life even when not in its habita- tion, the sheep. Symptoms: — The first symptom observed is restless- ness accompanied by itching. The sheep will be noticed rubbing itself against a fence-post, stump, or stone, or any object to which it can get ; the wool loosens and is 492 DISEASES OF SHEE?. rubbed off, leaving bare patches. They also frequently bite and nibble at their skin, thus pulling out the wool. The skin, upon examination, will appear somewhat thickened and whitish in color, and soon becomes covered with a yellowish liquid ; later on, the scab is formed, which if left unattended, will so annoy the animal that it will rub the scabs off, causing them to bleed, and large sores or scabs are formed, from which the wool drops off, leaving the poor sheep an unsightly looking ol3Ject. The sheep now rapidly falls off in flesh ; the appetite is gone, the fleece is lost, and the animal dies from exhaustion and torment. Treatment : — This can be acconplished in two ways — first, by dipping the sheep into some solution that will kill parasites ; second, rub ointment into the skin that will destroy the insect. But ointments are expensive and require more care, time and labor, as well as being a detriment to the sale of the wool for that season ; for these reasons, it is seldom used. The first method, dipping, is both the cheapest and most effectual manner of disposing of the parasites. There are several formulas for making a solution; I will give the best, cheapest and safest for the shepherd or farmer to use. Take Tobacco Leaves or Stems . . five pounds. Flower of Sulphur one and one-half pounds. Water twenty gallons. Mix the tobacco and water and bring it to a boiling heat (but do not boil) until the strength is taken from the tobacco. Then into this liquid, put the sulphur and stir thoroughly. Allow the mixture to cool off, to about 118 or 120 degrees, then commence to dip the sheep. If there are any old, hard scabs, break them up and remove them, then dip the sheep and hold it Maggots. 498 under the water until it is well soaked, after which ele- vate it and let the water drip off, or place it on a rack where the liquid will drain back into the tub again. C )iitinue in this manner until all have deen dipped that are affected. Stir the liquid frequently, to keep the sulphur floating, also add a little hot liquor occa- sionally, to keep up the temperature. The animals should be kept in a yard for a time, so that none of the liquid will drip upon the pasture. Repeat this process in about ten days, so as to destroy any new parasites that may have hatched out. Or take Tobacco ten pounds. Pearl Ash three pounds. Sulphur three pounds. Soft Soap three pounds. Mix in ten gallons of water at boiling heat, (but do not boil) until the strength is extracted, then add water enough to make one hundred gallons. Use according to the foregoing instructions. It is usually estimated at one gallon to each sheep. Repeat in about ten days. Either of these recipes, if followed closely, will exterm- inate the scab insect, and result in a complete cure. MAGGOTS. Maggots are the product of the common flesh fly, the blow, or blue-bottle fly, and the meat fly, any of which deposit their eggs on a wound or injury ; or the tag- locks which accumulate around the tail of the sheep, will develop maggots so rapidly that within twenty-four hours they may be counted by the thousands. These maggots soon become live agents, which not only exist and subsist upon the sore or injured parts, but attack the skin, which becomes irritated and a serous fluid oozes out. In a little while the skin is pierced, or gives 491 mSEASES OF SHEEP. way, and these little pests keep on devouring the sheep until it is a living mass of corruption, and if not given prompt attention, it very soon succumbs. There is more trouble from this source during warm, wet weather, than during dry seasons. Prevention is always better than cure, so keep the tag-locks well trimmed, and the flies cannot then, deposit their eggs upon them, for they lay their eggs only upon a filthy spot. If the sheep gets bruised or cut badly enough to form a sore, attend to it and keep it clean, until thoroughly healed. Sometimes at weaning time, sheep will suffer from caked bags, which break, causing ugly sores which the flies soon attack, resulting in the formation of maggots. Therefore, at weaning-time the ewes should receive extra attention, to prevent this trouble. Sheep that are affected with maggots, will stroll off by themselves, lie around considerably, and remain separate from the flock. When maggots are discovered, take turpentine, crude petroleum, or whale oil, any one of the three, and pour it freely upon them. This will kill the maggots, and prevent the flies from depositing more eggs. It will alBO assist in healing the wounds. These are the best remedies for this trouble. SHEEP TICK. The sheep tick has been observed by every farmer that owns or controls sheep. It is a dark red, tough- skinned, plump-bodied insect, which developes from an egg, laid by the female tick. As the female deposits but one egg at a time, they do not multiply very rap- idly, and if some attention is given to the sheep, it is easy to keep the flock comparatively free from them. When the sheep are shorn, in the spring of the year, the ticks emigrate to the lambs, for better shelter and SHEEP TICK. 495 foraging grounds, and if the sheep and lambs are dipped into a solution of tobacco and sulphur, it will rid them of these pests. Take Tobacco (cheap leaves or stems) four pounds. Sulphur one pound. Water twenty gallons. Mix. Steep in hot water, a sufficient length of time to take the strength from the tobacco ; then dip the sheep SHEEP TICK. and lambs while the liquid is as hot as they can bear it. Hold the body in the liquid up to the head, for two or three minutes, then allow them to drain off. Repeat the same operation in September and you will free your flock from this pest. The sheep will thrive better and on less food, and the wool will not be rubbed off, thus insuring a profit that will more than repay the cost of dipping, beside the comfort to the sheep. THE SHEEP LOUSE. Lice are seldom seen on sheep whose wool is very yolky. They are more often found on dry-fleeced sheep, that have very little yolk in the wool. The louse is a very small insect, with a red head and a pale yellow body, marked with dark bands, running cross-wise. It is generally seen along the sides of the neck, between 496 DISEASES OF SHEEP. the forelegs, also around the groin, on the inner side of the hind legs. * It is the cause of considerable annoy- ance to the sheep, and when the animals are observed rubbing their necks between bars or gates, or rubbing. ^'mfm v\^ SHEEP LOUSE. scratching and biting their legs on the inner surface, they should be examined, and if lice are found, use the following : Olive Oil one pint. Sulphur three ounces. Creosote one drachm. Mix. Rub the parts infested with the lice ; or take blue ointment and rub the parts sparingly. If the blue oint- ment is used, protect the sheep from storms for ten days. Sheep that are regularly dipped for scab or ticks are seldom troubled with lice. INTESTINAL WORMS— TAPE WORMS. The bowels of sheep are often the home of a great variety of worms, as round worms, pin worms, tape worms, thread worms, etc. Causes: — Sheep that are running on pasture, may swallow some eggs that have been deposited there, by INTESTINAL WOEMS — TAPE WORMS. 497 any animal tliat they may inhabit. The tape worm, for instance, may be dropped l)y man, dog, skunk, hojr, rabbit, etc. But the most fre(iuent source from which tliey get them, is through the dog. Doss are verv THREAD STRONGLE ENLARGED. prone to worms, and when their excrement is left upon the pastures, tliese eggs from worms are liable to be picked up by slieep, in whose intestines they soon TAPE WORM. develop, and sometimes cause great havoc among the flock. Symptoms: — The stomach and bowels are sometimes alive with worms, without any observable signs, until the animal is slaughtered, when myriads of them are found, and the sheep previously, to all appearances enjoyed excellent health. In general, the symptoms noticed are a ravenous appetite, alternating with a refusal of food ; or there may be loss of appetite, with constipation alternating with diarrhoea, with a desire 498 DISEASES OF SHEEP. to eat dirt, sand, ashes, old mortar on walls, etc. There is also irritation around the hinder parts, as will be noticed by the animal rubbing its rump against fences, posts, or other objects. Sometimes worms or parts of worms are seen in the excrement that has recently passed. A short, dry cough is frequently a symptom of worms in the bowels. When there is a falling off in condition, from worms, it occurs very gradually, and when death claims the animal, it is greatly emaciated. Treatment: — Old sheep are seldom troubled with worms. They generally find lodgment in young sheep and lambs. The medicinal doses should be varied somewhat, giving lambs one-half as much as required for a young sheep. For round, and thread worms, take Raw Linseed Oil two ounces. Spirits of Turpentine one ounce. Mix. Give at one dose, to be repeated every four days until four doses are given. For the expulsion of tape worm, take Powd. Areca Nut one drachm. Oil Male Fern fifteen drops. Mix. Give at one dose in half pint of water, to be followed in twelve hours, with Epsom Salts three ounces. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water. Another remedy which is just as effective is to deprive the animal of food for three or four days, and during that time give a handful of hulled pumpkin seeds, ground, three times a day. At the end of the fourth day give a physic, as Epsom Salts three ounces. ' Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water. When the worms are passed they should be destroyed by burning. THE ROT — LIVER ROT, ETC. 499 THE ROT— LIVER ROT— FLUKES IN THE LIVER. This disease is produced by- a flat worm, of a whitish color, varying in size from a half inch to an inch in length and one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch in breadth, which seeks the internal organs for develop- ment, and more especially the liver. It is propagated Liv;;:-: hot. by means of eggs, which are deposited in the bowels and pass away with the manure, and through various sources it is conveyed into pools of stagnant water, where they pass one stage of their existence, possibly in the bodies of snails, water insects and sliell-fish. As it is most prevalent duriii;:; rainv seasons it is reasonalde to presume that the meadows become inundated, and as FLUKES. the waters from these pools become scattered over con- siderable surface, these flukes are left upon the grasses, where they again enter the animal for final develop- ment. As they are taken into the stomach they pass on until they enter the gall duct, passing from that into the gall sack, then to the liver, where they complete 500 DISEASES OF SHEEP. their development. The disorder is rarely seen where sheep are grazed upon upland pastures, but is quite prevalant on lowland pasturage, especially during rainy seasons, when there is frequent inundation. Symptoms: — When sheep are first affected with flukes they are inclined to take on flesh very rapidly for a short time ; when this ceases, emaciation or failing in flesh, commences. An examination of the eye ball should now be made. In the healthy animal the mem- branes covering the eye-ball and eye-lids are a pink or reddish color, in fact, so much so that an amateur would suppose there was inflammation of the eyes; but when affected with flukes this membrane is of a pale or yellowish color. This is a symptom that never fails when the sheep is affected with flukes. As the disease progresses the appetite becomes irregular, but the demand for water increases. Dropsical swellings now appear; a large, watery tumor is noticed under the lower jaws, the back becomes prominently arched, the skin looks pale and bloodless and is tightly drawn to the frame. The wool is dry and harsh and separates very readily from the skin, leaving bare spots. A diarrhoea now sets in, caused by disorganization of the liver. The flanks look hollow and there is a weakness or tenderness across the loins. The eyes are very yellow, or jaundiced. The whole system is now deranged. The breath imparts an offensive odor and the poor animal lies with its head outstretched, wear- ing a solitary and forlorn look, until death claims it as a victim. When the animal commences to run down the course of the disorder is very rapid and fatal. Treatment: — The treatment should depend more upon prevention than upon a cure by medicinal agents, for when rot has reached the stage of thorough development and great emaciation, with a jaundiced appearance, THE ROT — LIVER ROT, ETC. 501 medicines will avail but little. As flukes cannot develop at certain stages of their existence upon dry, upland pastures, it is well to graze the flock upon hilly- pastures, fencing off all ponds of stagnant water, or draining them and watering the sheep from wells. Should a flock become affected with flukes, but not to the extent of injuring them materialy, it is best to fatten and dispose of them. It is a well established fact that sheep affected with flukes will live and thrive, but as to the amount their system can tolerate without serious injury cannot be definitely ascertained. That flukes are an established destructive factor in this country cannot now be denied as over one hundred of them were found in the liver of a single rabbit, in Minne- sota, and they have also been found in deer and other animals, saying nothing of the number of sheep that have perished, the owners at a loss to know the cause, i'ommon salt is known to be a preventative and destroyer of the flukes, at certain stages, and it should be given quite liberally; and as turpentine is very penetrating to the system, entering every crevice, and is a great destroyer of worms, it should enter into every combination in the treatment of this disease. The sheep should not be allowed any food for three or four hours either before or after giving the medicine. The follow- ing formula has been used in England, with remarkable success : Yellow Resin. one and one-half drachms. Spts. Turpentine one and one-half ounces. Calomel ... eighteen grains. Tincture Iodine thirty drops. Mix. Give at three doses, one every morning, for three consecutive mornings,, in a little gruel. Or you may give 502 DISEASES OF SHEEP. Raw Linseed Oil two ounces. Spts. Turpentine half ounce. Mix. Give at one dose, and repeat every four days, until four doses are given. Or Saltpetre two ounces. Powd. Ginger one ounce. Salt one pound. Boiling Water three quarts. Mix. Dissolve thoroughly, then add spts. turpentine, tea ounces. Shake well before using. Give a wine- glassful every fourth morning, until four doses are given. When sheep are known to have become affected with flukes from certain pastures, it is best to plow up those meadows and raise other crops for two or three years, to destroy the parasite, and where it is at all possible, it is best to graze sheep upon dry, upland pastures, with a provision of pure, fresh drinking water. LOCKJAW. It is seldom that lockjaw, or tetanus, is found among sheep, but as it is a nervous affection, it may be pro- duced by fright from being chased with dogs, or by injuries or wounds from any source, when nearly or wholly healed upon the surface ; or it may be caused in lambs, from cutting off the tail, or it may result from castration. Symptoms: — The head is elevated and the eye- washers will protrude over the eye-ball to a greater or lesser extent. The animal will appear very nervous, and walk with a stiff, stilty gait. The jaws are closed but can be moved sidewise and sometimes opened a little ; there is also some grinding of the teeth and more or less desire for drinking water, of which little can be FRACTURES. 503 swallowed, as the throat is affected. In some instances the head is drawn around to the side, while in others it is drawn upwards. Treatment : — Remove to a dark, quiet place and first give a physic, as Epsom Salts two ounces. Water half pint. Mix. Give at one dose, to be followed with Bromide of Potassium ... two ounces. Chloral Hydrate one ounce. Water one quart. Mix. Give a wineglassful three times a day. If you can- not drench the sheep without too much excitement, take a syringe and squirt the preparation well back into the mouth. Use extra precautions not to excite the animal, and allow no one to go near it but yourself. If it can eat or suck any soft food, give all it desires, and also allow plenty of drinking water. If the disease results from a wound or from castration, grease the injured parts once daily witli solid extract of belladonna. Quiet and warmth are very essential to effect a cure, as some will recover with good nursing, without the use of medicines. FRACTURES. Broken limbs sometimes occur where a flock of sheep is going over a fence ; an animal may become fastened between the bars and thus be crowded on by the balance of the flock, or injuries of this character may result from being kicked or trampled upon by horses and cattle, and in various other ways, too numerous ' to mention. The bones will readily grow together, if fastened with splints and bandages, first getting the bones in proper position, the ends directly 504 DISEASES OF SHEEP. opposite each other. Tlie splints should be wrapped in cloth or cotton batting, to prevent ohaling and the bandages should not be so tight as to prevent free circu- lation of the blood ; they should be examined frequently to see that they are in position and not too tightly drawn, and they should be worn for three or four weeks. It is not always necessary to confine the sheep, as they often do as well at pasture, but if confined, feed soft food. CONSTIPATION IN LAMBS. Constipation in lambs is generally brought about by feeding on cows' milk, or the milk of another ewe. When the disease occurs, the bowels cease to act, or that which does j)ass, is hard and lumpy, and there are long intervals between each passage, with considerable pain, the back arched, and heavy straining, when the discharge does take place. The lamb lies down most of the time. The urine is scanty and the belly distended. Treatment: — This consists of injections of warm milk or water into the rectum or last bowel ; three or four ounces should be injected at a time, and this should be repeated every hour or two, until the bowels move freely. To do this properly, seize the lamb by the hind legs and elevate it so that it barely stands on its front toes; hold it in this position while giving the injection, and also for a few minutes afterwards. Give internally every six hours, until the bowels are relieved, a dessert- spoonful of castor or raw linseed oil. If the lamb seems dull and inactive after the bowels have responded, give small doses of sweetened hot brandy or whisky. DIARRHOEA, OR WHITE SCOURS IN LAMBS. Diarrhoea in the suckling lamb, is often called "White Scours." DIARRHCEA, OR WHITE SCOURS IN LAMBS. 505 Causes; — It may result from lying on cold, damp grovind, exposure to storms, sudden changes of tempera- ture, cold drinks, etc. ; but the most frequent source, is AVIilTE SCOURS IN LAMBS. the altered condition of the mother's milk, when fed upon thrifty succulent grasses, or upon roots, as turnips, carrots and mangels. When not arising from these causes, there is a disordered condition of the lamb's stomach. Symptoms : — There will be a watery discharge from the bowels, of a whitish color, which is the indigested milk passing straight through the intestines. Some- times the discharge is of a pale, greenish color, very much resembling whey. This is produced by indigestion, the food becoming coagulated in the stomach, where it may accumulate in quite large quantities. The lamb now appears stupid and ceases to play with other lambs. It lies around considerably, and when standing, it is doubled up and the back is arched. It ceases to nurse or eat, but ap- pears thirsty, and makes frequent efforts to pass du«g. ' While lying around, it will bleat frequently, and upon pressing on the belly, it evinces pain. The belly lias a shrunken or tucked-up appearance ; the animal loses flesh rapidly, and if not relieved, dies within a few days. Worms in the bowels will some- times cause diarr!i(jea, but when this is the case, the dung will be mixed with slime or mucous. 506 DISEASES OF SIJEEP. Treatment: — When caused by the ewe's milk, change her diet immediately. Place her upon dryer food or poorer pasture and give the lamb, two or three times a day, the white of an egg beaten up with five times the amount of warm water, to which may be added a few drops of laudanum. Or, Raw Linseed Oil two ounces. Essence of Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give a teaspoonful once or twice daily; or take Prepared Chalk one ounce. Powd. Catechu four drachms. Powd. Ginger two drachms. Powd. Opium half drachm. Peppermint Water one pint. Mix. Shake well before using and. give two teaspoonfuls morning and evening. When resulting from worms, give Raw Linseed Oil one ounce. Spts. Turpentine half ounce. Laudanum ten drops. Mix. Give at one dose. If at any time there is great weakness, give The Whites of four Eggs. Whisky two ounces. Tincture of Ginger half ounce. Linseed Tea half pint. Mix. Give a tablespoonful every three or four hours. LUNG WORMS— HOOSE IN LAMBS— PALE DISEASE- HUSK. Causes : — There is no question but that these worms gain access to the wind-pipe and lungs of lambs, but the manner in which they gain entrance to these organs of young animals, is not yet solved. The disorder usually DIARRHCEA, OR WHITE SCOURS IN LAMBS. 507 makes its appearance during the fall months and i? by- far the most prevalent among lambs that graze upon lowland pastures which are subject to inundation from the rise of waters during the fall rains and which are covered with rich, succulent, rank grass. Symptoms: — The presence of these worms in the wind-pipe causes much irritation and coughing. While they do not always inconvenience grown sheep, they are a frequent source of death among lambs. These worms often accumulate in such quantities in young lambs as to prevent proper aeration of the blood in the lungs, which causes a general disturbance of the whole system and produces a pale, bloodless condition. The appetite is partially or wholly lost, the lamb loses flesh rapidly and if not relieved, quickly succumbs. When these worms affect the bowels, as they sometimes do, dysentery will be observed, with bad-smelling passages, which are etfected with much straining, and blood-clots will sometimes pass. The worms vary somewhat in size, being from one to three inches in length, thread- like and slender, and of a whitish color. When any number of lambs are affected, an examination of the passages of dung as well as the mucous from the nostrils, should be made, in order to detect the worms if possible ; or if one of the animals should die, inspect the windpipe carefully and if worms are observed, com- mence treatment at once. Treatment: — As preventative measures are always the best, the lambs should not be allowed to graze upon pastures that have received a tojj-dressing of sheep manure, nor allowed to graze upon pastures which have recently been trodden upon by old sheep. Fresh pastures only should be used and in damp, rainy seasons sucli as are hilly or well drained should be chosen.' An abundance of salt should be given, or better still, have 508 DISEASES OF SHEEP. rock salt in the field continuously. Medicinally, these worms must be attacked from two sources, viz., by the administration of remedies internally and by inhala tions. Give internally, Raw Linseed Oil seven ounces. Spts. Turpentine one ounce. Mix. Give two tablespoonfuls every morning on an empty Btomach, until four doses have been given. Or, Spts. Turpentine one ounce. Whisky fifteen ounces. Mix. Shake well and give a tablespoonful every morning, for a week or ten days. Inhalations of sulphurous acid gas, should be given as follows : Place the lambs in a room where the ventilation is not too great, then take half pound of flour of sulphur and a quart of pine tar, mix it with tow or waste and set it to burning. If the gas becomes too strong for you to endure, step out and remove the fire with you. Repeat this twice daily for a few days. The food sliould now be the best that can be procured, and if the appetite has completely failed, give linseed meal, oat meal, or corn meal gruel, as a drench, until the appearance of returning appetite and strength. SEDIMENT IN THE URINE— SAND IN THE URINE. Causes : — Formations and accumulations of a sandy deposit in the urine, are brought about by high feeding,, or being grazed upon dry pastures without a sufficient supply of water. Resulting also from being fed upon grain quite freely during the winter season, without a necessary amount of water, or from a changed condi- tion of the system, when recovering from lingering fevers, etc. CLAP, OR GONORRH(EA. 50^ Symptoms: — It seldom causes any inconvenience witli ewes, as their opening for the passage of urine, is large and free, but among rams and Avethers, on account of the smallness of the urinary passage, it often causes- considerable annoyance, by becoming deposited and adhering to the sides of the canal. Sandy or muddy deposits are observed in front of and around the sheath, clinging to the wool or hairs where the water has passed through, sometimes to the extent of forming small stones. Symptoms of retention of urine now appear. The sheep exhibits great uneasiness and pain, while trying to pass urine, and the passage will be a very email stream, or possibly only drop by drop. Treatment: — When first noticed, allow plenty of fresh water to drink, to which may be added a teaspoonful of acetate of potash, once or twice daily, for a week, to increase the flow of urine and wash out the material. But if the urine passes only by drops, lay tl>? sheep on its rump and draw out the penis, press the fingers along this organ and try to force out the accumulation. This should be repeated daily, until the passage of water is free. Give internally, Kaw Linseed Oil three ounces. Laudanum twenty drops. Mix. Give at one dose. If this treatment fails in removal, the deposit may be cut out, the incision being made lengthwise along the penis ; but unless the ram is valuable, it had best be slaughtered and used for mutton. In case of a wether being afi'ected, use for mutton at once. CLAP, OR GONORRHOEA. This disease is brought about in sheep from want of cleanliness, with an excessive amount of ewes to attend to, or by serving a ewe that is affected with the whites. 510 DISEASES OF SHEEP. Symptoms: — The sheath and penis of the ram become SAvollen and sore, and intense pain is exhibited while passing the urine, which may pass by only a few drops at a time. Soon a whitish discharge comes from the penis, which, if left undisturbed, will cause ulcerous sores. There will be more or less stamping of tlie feet while passing water and more or less uneasiness is observed. Treatment: — Remove the ram to a quiet place and do not allow him to serve any ewes, as the disease is very contagious and will be imparted to the ewes. Admin- ister internally, Balsam Copabia two ounces. Tr. Cubebs two ounces. Tr. Kino one ounce. Spts. Sweet Nitre one ounce. Laudanum half ounce. Syrup one and one-half ounces. Mix. Give a teaspoonful three times a day. Withdraw the penis and bathe with the following lotion, after bathing with hot water : Sugar of Lead one ounce. Sulphate of Zinc one ounce. Water one quart. Mix. Use once daily. In addition to the bathing, part of the solution may be injected into the penis once daily, until convalescence is established, when every third or fourth day will suffice. If any of the ewes become affected syringe them once daily with the above solu- tion, or use the following : Permanganate of Potash. . ..one ounce. Water one quart. Mix, Inject either into rams or ewes, once daily. The food should be soft and easily digested, as bran m.ish, grass, etc. vStimulating diet should be avoided. Further, give ounce doses of raw linseed oil daily. LAMBING IN THE EWE. 511 LAMBING IN THE EWE. Farmers residing in the Northern States, usually cal- culate to have their lambs yeaned in April and the fore- part of May, as there is less danger from loss, than if yeaned earlier in the season. ' But the percentage of loss during the lambing season, is greater than there is any necessity for, through negligence or carelessness, and TWm LAMBS. the want of places of protection for the ewe and lamb. Many lambs are lost each year by the ewe not being in a proper condition. There is much less danger from the ewe being in a good condition, even fat, than from being too poor. Dogs are also a source of great loss among lambs, and should not be allowed near a flock, at this season of the year. The flock should have a good, dry yard, so that they can move about in the sunlight, and a good shelter with iDlenty of ventila- &12 DISEASES OF SHEEP. tion, for the night. The owner or shepherd shouki be familiar and well acquainted with his sheep, thus insur- ing confidence and not fear, among them. Patience is required on the part of the sliepherd. Do not be too meddlesome, but see to those that are in labor, and if the lamb is coming right, with forefeet and head first, leave her alone for a considerable time, tlien if you deem the lamb too large, render some assistance, but do not become rash and use too much force ; gentle traction, with the parts well-oiled or greased, is much better. When the hind parts swell up and look red, and the bag ■swells and looks full, you may rely upon it, the ewe will drop her lambs within thirty-six hours. It is then the shepherd should be on the alert, to see that nothing goes wrong. Ewes as a rule, deliver their young without any serious difficulty, but occasionally a lamb is presented wrong, when it would be impossible for the ewe to deliver her young without assistance. Under these circumstances, the lamb should be pushed back i to the womb and straightened. If you can raise the hind feet first, do so, and deliver in that position. The various methods of delivery as laid down for mares and <;ows in another part of this work, will greatly aid the shepherd, and should be followed ; the only exception being that in the attendance of a ewe, a small hand is required, and for this reason, a woman can do more effective work than a man. The hand should be well oiled before entering, and the movements should be ■slow and careful ; hasty and rough help, is worse than none at all. Always raise the feet first. If the forefeet are raised, see that the head lies between them and is not doubled back. If the afterbirth does not come away voluntarily after the lamb is delivered, pull upon it .gently, and it will usually be expelled in a short space of time. Should the ewe appear weak and exhausted, AFTER-PAINS IN EWKS, ETC. 513 make and administer a ginger tea, of the same strength as you yourself would require. AFTER-PAINS IN EWES— PARTURIENT APOPLEXY. Parturient apoplexy occurs within four days after lambing and is most frequently seen in fat, thrifty AFTER-PAINS IN' EWES. animals that are also heavy milkers. It is the result of a fevered condition at the time of lambing. Symptoms: — The ewe is lirst noticed to be panting as if hot and feverish. Heavv str lining follows, with a PARTURIENT APOPLEXY. heaving at the flanks. The eyes look staring and glassy, the bowels are constipated, the urine is high colored and smells strong. The external hinder parts are swollen and red and later on become purple or black. After death the womb is noticed to contain pus or matter; sufficient of this has been absorbed or taken into the system to poison the blood and cause death. Treatment: — Prevention in these cases is always the best and safest. As it is most always found in very fat ewes, the safeguard lies in reducing their condition prior to lambing, but not to the extent of weakening 514 DISEASES OF SHEEP. them. Their food should be gradually reduced and a light bran mash should be given daily. After the dis- ease has developed and pains are noticed, prepare the following: Quinine Sulph one drachm. Laudanum one ounce. Whisky three ounces. Water four ounces. Mix. Give one ounce three or four times a day. If a bad- emelling discharge comes from the hinder parts, they should be cleansed with Permanganate of Potassiun one drachm. Water one quart. Mix. Syringe the vagina and womb with this mixture twice daily, until the discharge stops. Give one ounce of glauber salts daily to loosen the bowels, but do not physic. Apply warm cloths to the belly for a day, then in their stead apply a mustard plaster. The food should be light and easily digested, as bran mash, linseed meal or oat meal gruel. INVERSION OF THE WOMB. This is not a common atHiction among sheep, but sometimes results from difficult labor, more especially in a weak ewe. The womb is turned inside out and hangs behind as a large, red sack, to which the after- birth is sometimes attached. When the after-birth still clings to it, it should be gently removed and the womb washed in milk-warm water, to which may be added a little alum. Then elevate the hind parts and gradually work the womb back into its place, but first cut off the finger nails and oil or grease the hand thor- oughly so as not to injure the delicate structure. After GARGET — INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDBR. 516 the organ has been replaced fasten a bandage around the hinder parts to prevent a recurrence, or as is some- times practiced, put a deep stitch through the vulva or lips of the outer parts and allow it to stay so for twenty- four hours, when it may be removed, as the womb will by this time have settled into its natural position and will there remain. Should the ewe exhibit signs of pain or attempt to strain, give thirty drops of laudanum every hour until the pain ceases. If she appears weak give ginger tea or half-ounce doses of hot brandy. "While she is lying down see that she is well bedded and that her hind parts are elevated higher than her head, for a few days. For illustration, see inversion of the womb in cow. GARGET— INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. This consists of intiammation of the milk glands, and is caused from ewes lying on the cold, damp ground ; resulting also in such as have lost their young and have not adopted an orphan or been supplied with a foster- lamb. It is also produced by a teat not being opened by a new-born lamb, or in ewes that give a greater flow of milk than the lamb will consume. The bag may also become gargeted at weaning time, when the ewe is giving a strong flow of milk, and if neglected it becomes festered and is soon a tumbling, rolling mass of maggots. Treatment : — When the disorder is first noticed give a mild physic, as Epsom Salts two ounces. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose in half pint of water, to be followed with drachm doses of saltpetre, morning and evening. Bathe the bag for thirty minutes with hot water, then apply camphor and lard twice daily, or take 516 DISEASES OF SHEEP. Copperas four ounces. Water two quarts. Mix. Apply frequently. Or, Witchhazel five ounces. Tr. Arnica one ounce. Tr. Belladonna one ounce. vSpts. Camphor one ounce. Mix. Apply twice daily, after bathing with hot Avater. Injecting the teats with a solution of carbonate of soda, then milking out, will be productive of good. If the bag has festered, open it and allow the matter to escape, then wash the sore with Carbolic Acid one ounce. Soft Water one quart. Mix. Or, Permanganate of Potassium . one ounce. Soft Water one quart. Mix. Apply twice daily. If maggots have gained access to the sore, apply some spirits of turpentine to rout them, after which, keep clean, and use the carbolic acid solution. If the disease has resulted in the perma- nent loss of one or both teats, the animal should be dis- carded as a breeder, and either kept for her wool or sold to be slaughtered. ABORTION— SLIPPING OF LAMBS. Abortion is not of frequent occurrence among sheep, and when it does happen, it is generally traceable. It may result from being chased by dogs, or from injuries received while in the yard with other stock ; from drinking an abundance of ice-cold water, also from eating large amounts of cold carrots, turnips and mangels. ' The stomach becoming distended with the cold food, lowers the temperature of the internal PARTURIENT FEVER, ETC. 517 organs to such an extent that it causes the death of the young animal, and it is thus expelled from the womb. Feeding upon blasted or smutty rye, as well as slipping upon icy roads, will produce abortion. Treatment: — In this case, also, prevention is the only safeguard against loss. Great care should be exercised when feeding roots ; they should be moderately warm, or fed in limited quantities. See that the ewes are not chased, worried, or excited by dogs or any other sheep- But in all mul- tiparous animals or animals that produce a number of young at each birth, conception does not take place in the body of the womb itself, but in various places along the channels which lead to the ovaries or female testicles. After conception has taken place these channels commence to enlarge, as also does the womb, A.— Vagina, or Entrance. B— Body of Woinb. C— Foetus, or j' and warm water, or use some raw linseed oil, or Glycerine half drachm. Raw Linseed Oil one ounce. Mix. Or in the absence of the oil, use warm water and glycerine. Give internally, half an ounce of castor oil, or Powdered Jalap two drachms. Tincture Gentian two drachms. Simple Syrup two ounces. Mix. Give half, and repeat the dose if necessary, in six hours. Lay the dog upon its side and feel along the belly towards the hind parts, and you can frequently locate the hard lump. By using continuous pressure, it can sometimes be forced along the channel to the exit. Grease the finger and insert it up the last bowel. If you can feel the hardened matter, gradually break it to pieces. Or a spoon handle may be used for this purpose. C58 DISEASES OF THE DOG. If you feel a piece of bone, work around it carefully until it is loosened, then work it away. If you have tried for some time and have failed to remove all, give an injection of oil or grease, and allow the animal rest, for two or three hours, then try again. Continue in this manner, and you will eventually accomplish your object. After you have removed the obstruction, give a tablespoonful of castor oil, after which change its food, giving soft material for a few days, with plenty of exercise. COLIC— BELLY-ACHE. Causes : — It is usually brought about through some- thing the animal has eaten, or exposure to cold and wet ; from fatigue and fasting or being fed a heavy meal, after a hard day's run. Owing to the ease with which dogs can vomit, the overloaded stomach is emptied in this manner, thus avoiding many attacks of colic. Symptoms : — The dog appears very uneasy and rest- less. It will draw its body all up in a heap and roll around. It will yelp or cry, without any assignable cause, also moan considerably and refuse to eat any- thing. The bowels are usually costive and bloating is sometimes observed. Treatment: — If there is costiveness or bloating, injec- tions will be beneficial, as Glycerine half drachm. AValer, or Oil two ounces. Mix. Throw this up the last bowel, or in the absence of glycerine, use castile soap and hot water, frequently. Bnthe the bowels with heavy cloths wrung out of hot water, and give twenty drops of laudanum or a tea- spoonful of paregoric in some warm milk or some ginger tea, to which may be added a little red pepper. Also give a physic, as INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 559 Castor Oil half ounce. Or, Powdered Jalap one drachm. Simple Syrup one ounce. Mix. Give at one dose and repeat if necessary in five hours. iNFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. This occurs from eating irritating substances in the food, also from exposure to cold, or sudden chilling when in a heated condition ; from certain poisons, and from colic when not given proper attention. Symptoms : — These very much resemble colic, but the pain is more continuous. There will be great uneasi- ness and whining, or brief disconnected cries. Pressure applied upon the belly, produces pain. The breathing is fast and the pulse is rapid, with a high fever. Treatment :— Give twenty drops of laudanum every two or three hours, or half a grain of morphine will answer the same purpose. Apply mustard to the belly, and after it has acted, which will take an hour or more, apply hot cloths or a poultice made of hot bran, all along the belly. Aconite is good in this disease, there- fore give the following : Fluid Extract Aconite Root one drachm. Water eight ounces. Mix. Give tablespoonful every hour. Allow ice-cold water to drink, in limited quantities. Do not be in too great haste to effect a movement of the bowels, but give slippery-elm tea or linseed jelly, and after recovery has taken place, you may give a tablespoonful of castor oil. If the bowels are still costive, give a few injec- tions of warm water. 560 DISEASES OF THE DOG. FITS— EPILEPSY. Fits are very often seen in the dog, on account of the liigh state of development of the nervous system, it being very tense and acute. Anything th-^t will produce an irritation of the intestinal canal, is liable to produce fits, as indigestion, worms, etc., or it may be caused from some brain affection, as blood pressure, tumors, or injuries causing pressure upon the brain, etc. Symptoms : — These, when once seen, are not readily forgotten. The dog will fall over and move its lega violently. There is champing of the jaws and frothing at the mouth. This may last for only a minute or possibly several minutes, when suddenly the animal rises, looks rather bewildered for a short time, then appears all right again, until another fit comes on. If the fits occur very frequently, the animal will likely die from exhaustion. Treatment : — When fits are observed in young dogs, it is well to treat for intestinal worms. If tape- worm is suspected, give a wineglassful of pumpkin seed tea, on an empty stomach, every four hours until three doses have been given, then give half ounce of castor oil, or give a drachm of powdered areca nut, and follow it up with a physic. Or give two doses daily of finely powdered glass, for two or three days, then physic. If the fits are caused from some brain affection, use Bromide of Potassium . . . two drachms. Chloral Hydrate one drachm. Water four ounces. Mix. Give a teaspoonful every two hours until the patient is quieted, then give a teaspoonful twice daily for a week or ten days. Sometimes they will disappear and not return, but if there is structural change in the brain, they will likely terminate fatally. In all cases of fits the food should be of such a character as will be easily digested and keep the bowels soft. COUGHS — CATARRH — COLDS. 561 GOITRE. This consists of a gradual enlargement of the thyroid glands, situated on the sides of the neck a short dis- tance behind the jaws. These glands in their natural condition are small, but when they begin to enlarge, which they frequently do, no inflammatory action is noticeable, but they gradually increase in size until they acquire the proportions of a large goose egg. They do not always produce harm, but sometimes they press upon the windpipe to such an extent that they interfere with the preathing. The treatment consists of painting the parts once daily with tincture of iodine, for a con- tinued length of time. Also give internally Iodide of Potassium two drachms. "Water four ounces. iMix. Give a teaspoonful twice daily, and the enlarirement will usually disappear in the course of two months. COUGH— CATARRH— COLDS. Dogs that are subjected to exposures of wet and cold, more especially in the spring and fall of the year, are very liable to catch cold, when they will cough, sneeze and run at the nose, and sometimes considerable fever will rise, which, if neglected, may develop into more serious complications, as lung fever, etc. Treatment: — This is very simple and if attended to early, no bad results follow. Give two graijis of (luiniiie three times a day, in a i)iece of fried or boiled meat, and rub the throat well with mustard. Or use Raw Linseed Oil two ounces. Hartshorn . . . ■ two ounces. Turpentine two ounces. Mix. Apply to the throat twice daily. If it appears a 562 DISEASES OF THE DOG. little too strong, which it may be for some dogs, add a little more oil. Should a bad cough be present, use Syr. Squills two drachms. Syr. Tolu four drachms. Syr. Ipecac two drachms. Chloroform ten drops. Honey, or Simple Syrup. . .two ounces. Mix. Give a teaspoonful three times a day. LUNG FEVER— PNEUMONIA— INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. This disease is generally brought on from exposure to cold and wet, changes of temperature, change of climate, sudden chilling when heated, neglected catarrh or colds, etc. Symptoms: — The dog will appear somewhat stupid and not inclined to move about very much. The head will be held in an extended manner. There is an anxious look of countenance and a red or bloodshot appearance of the eyes. The breath is hot and the breathing painful and accompanied with a slight grunt at each expiration. The cough is short and somewhat distressing. The animal will frequently sit up for hours until through exhaustion, the forefeet slide for- ward and it falls down. By applying the ear to its sides the various sounds differing from the healthy lungs, will be readily observed. Treatment : — First place the dog in a good, comfortable place, where it is not too cold, and without draughts. Bandage the legs and body to keep it moderately warm. Allow it all the pure, cool, fresh water it will drink. Keep the bowels open and loose, feeding only such food as is soft and nourishing, as milk, broth, boiled rice, etc. Apply mustard drafts to the sides, rubbing well MANGE. f563 into the hair, and blanket immediately, to retain the fumes. Wash off in an lioiir and repeat again, as often as you deem it necessary. Internally, give (Quinine one drachm. Dover Powder one drachm. Mix. iMako thirty powders. Give one powder every four to six hours. Also get six ounces of mindererus spirits, and give a teaspoonful every two hours, ('hango the Ledding frequently and keep the surroundings sweet and clean. RABIES— HYDROPHOBIA— MADNESS. As this disease is incurable nothing remains hut to destroy the animal. P\)r further particulars see treatise on this disease, among horses. MANGE. Causes: — This is quite a common complaint among dogs and is caused by a mite or parasite, of which there are different varieties, that burrows into the skin, some to a greater depth than others. Persistent treatment is called for, and then sometimes the disorder baffles all treatment applied. Again the parasites are more superficial, even working around among the scabs, in which case they are more easily reached and destroyed. They are usually transferred from one dog to another by the animals running together, or by sleeping in a kennel where a mangy dog has been kept, as they remain in a dirty kennel for an indefinte length of time. Symptoms : — The dog appears out of condition" and is not active and bright. The skin is itchy, the animrd frequently and persistently scratching itself; or it sits down and rubs or scratches until sore spots are formed. The parasite usually makes its appearance in the form 564 DISEASES OF THE DOG. of red pimples or eruptions, around the inside of the hind legs, along the belly on the under side, around the elbows, about the eyes, and eventually spreading all over the whole body, when the hair either falls off or is scratched or rubbed off in patches, and scabs or scales are formed. The skin looks dry, harsh and scaly and emits a disagreeable smell, more especially on a damp day or if wetted a little. Treatment: — As the disease is due to a parasite which affects the skin only, internal remedies are not required any furtlier than to open the bowels nicely and keep them in that condition. For this purpose give half an ounce of castor oil, or Powdered Jalap one drachm. Syrup one ounce. Mix. Give at one dose, then wash the dog thoroughly with soft soap and water, to remove all dirt and scabs. Dry off' well and apply Oil of Tar one pint. Flower of Sulphur half pound. Mix thoroughly and rub it well into the skin, every day until four or five applications have been made. Wash the dog with soft soap and warm water every other day, to allow the medicine to get well into the skin. Or use Whale Oil one pint. Sulphur eight ounces. Mix. Apply in the same manner. Clean the kennel thoroughly and burn up all straw, old rags, etc., and wash the walls with Corrosive Sublimate one ounce. Water one gallon. Mix. CANKER OF THE EAR. 565 RED MANGE— ERYTHEMA— INFLAMMATION OF THE SKIN. This affection usually breaks out on dogs that are pampered and highly fed, without sufficient exercise, and consists of a breaking; out or irritation of the skin, causing considerable itching. The scurf or material which oozes out, has a reddish cast, causing the skin and hair to assume that color. It is not contagious and yields readily to simple treatment, which consists in rcMlucing the dog somewhat in flesh. Give a physic, as castor oil, half an ounce; or epsom salts, a dessert- spoonful ; or Powdered Jalap two drachms. Simple 8yrup two ounces. Mix. Give half and repeat the dose if necessary. Exter- nally, wash the skin with tar soap and water, then dry it thoroughly, and apply sparingly Friar's Balsam once daily for a few days, and a cure will result. Or use Sugar of Lead half ounce. Sulphate of Zinc four drachms. Water eight ounces. Mix. Apply twice daily for a few days. CANKER OF THE EAR. This is generally caused from injuries to the ear, either by cuffing it or by hitting it against some object. Or it may be caused by getting something in the ear, or by being in the water too much. '^ Symptoms :— The dog will be observed to shake its head frequently and violently, making the ears flap and snap around its head. It will also dig and scratch in and around the ears with its paws, and sometimes it will carry its head to one side while walking. A fou^ smell emanates from the ear, and the surrounding parts look red, swollen and inflamed. 666 DISKASES OF THE D0€^. Treatment: — If the disease has not been too long neglected, it yields readily to treatment. First, refrain from giving any meats to eat. Use only soft food, and that principally vegetables. Wash out the ear well, flaps and all, with either castile or tar soap, and warm water, dry it nicely then blow some iodoform into it, twice daily. Make a hood to go over the head, to con- fine the ears, so that the animal cannot flap or scratch them, and they will be well in a few days. Or you may pour the following into the ears, twice daily : Lead Water three ounces. Pure Soft Water three ounces. Mix. Use just enough to fill the ears, then apply to the flaps of the ears. Calomel one drachm. Powdered Camphor two drachms. Oxide of Zinc Ointment. . . .one ounce. Mix. Then fasten on the hood to prevent scratching. INLFAMMATION OF THE EYES. The eyes of dogs often become inflamed from injuries of various kinds, one of the most common being caused by the Spanish needle, a species of burr. Hunting dogs frequently get these into their eyes, at the inner corner beneath the membrane that shoots out to cleanse the eye. They may also become inflamed from getting dust into them, or many other various ways. Treatment: — Make strict search for anything that may possibly become lodged in these organs, and if found, remove it. The follow^ing lotion will assist greatly in the examination : Cocaine ten grains. Water half ounce. Mix. Apply a few drops every thirty seconds, until the eye WARTS AND TITMOKS ABOUT THE EYES. 567 can be handled with ease. To reduce the inflamma- tion, use Sulphate of Zinc four grains. Atropine one grain. Water one ounce. Mix. Apply a few drops three times a day ; or, Blue Vitriol two grains. Atropine one grain. Water one ounce. Mix. Apply a few drops twice a day. WARTS AND TUMORS ABOUT THE EYES. Small tumors sometimes appear at the inner cornere of the eyes. They are generally fastened to the mem- brane which shoots out over the eye to cleanse it. They sometimes grow so large that they nearly or completely cover the eyeballs and they bleed quite easily and pre- sent an ugly appearance. Treatment : — Apply to the eye Cocaine ten grains. Water half ounce. Mix. Put a few drops into the eye every half minute until it can be handled at will, then fasten a hook or pair of forceps into the tumor, or in the absence of these, run a needle and thread through it, then raise it up gently until you can see the whole of it. Take a pair of sharp scissors and clip it off, and if it is then left alone, the wound will quickly heal. If it does not, however, use . Lunar Caustic one grain. Water one ounce. Mix. Apply a few drops daily for a few days. 668 DISEASES OF THE DOG. WOUNDS AND FRACTURES. The feet of dogs often become sore, especiallj' hunt- ing dogs that run through long, wet and coarse grasses ; also thorns and stubbles, and injury likewise results from continued exposures to cold water. Not infre- quently the toe nails are torn off. These troubles should be attended to as quickly as possible. Treatment: — Remove any foreign substances imme- diately, then poultice the foot with flaxseed or slippHi y- elm until the inflammation has subsided, after which apply Friar's Balsam, twice daily, or Carbolic Acid two drachms. Water one pint. Mix, Apply twice daily. Or, Sugar of Lead one ounce. White Vitriol half ounce. Water one pint. Mix. Apply twice or thrice daily. If the skin is torn much it should be sewed up, and any of the foregoing solutions applied. When medicines are applied to dogs the parts should be bandaged loosely, to prevent the animal from licking at the wounds. But if the injury is not serious it is just as well to let the dog lick it and not apply medicines, as they keep it clean and it heals quite rapidly. If any bones are broken, set them straight and apply splints and bandage. Use light, flexible splints and steep the bandage in thick starch watrer before applying. Allow the dog its liberty and they will heal in about a month. CHOREA. This consists of a derangement of the nervous system, and, so far, has proven incurable, when exist- ing to any great extent. It quite often follows debili- WORMS IN THE INTESTINES. 569 tatins; diseases, as distemper, etc. The symptoms ol)served are a twitching or quick jerking of a certain part or set of muscles, more frequently around the face, neck and forelimbs. Sometimes only one limb is all'ected and again the whole body. Occasionnlly it unfits a dog for any kind of work. After this disease becomes chronic it is apparently painless, but when developing, it is somewhat painful, as demonstrated by uneasiness and whining. WORMS IN THE INTESTINES. The intestines of the dog are more or less troubled •with worms. The two principal varieties that affect them, are the tape worm and the round worm. The latter are mostly observed, as about fifty per cent, of I;():iI>K'ic>iiASES OF THE DOG. attended with fits or spasms. The tapeworm is the most injurious of all the intestinal worms. They find their way into the intestines of the dog, through eating the brains of sheep, also from eating rabbits, and through many other sources. The tapeworm is in appearance, flat, and made up of joints, each joint ranging from one- eigth to a half inch in length. The entire length of the worm varies from a few inches to several feet. As fast as these joints mature, they pass away from the bowels, TAPEWORM. when they deposit their eggs. These are in turn con- sumed by hogs, sheep, rabbits, or some other animal, in the intestinal organs of which they hatch, setting free a small worm which burrows through the bowels and locates itself in some part of the llesh or brain, and there becomes encysted, until eaten by some other animal, or by some person, when it developes into another tape- worm. There are two leading species of tapeworm, which infest dogs, but as the treatment is the same, a description here is quite unnecessary. Symptoms: — Sonictimes dogs will have an abundance of worms witliin them, wit'iout any symptom-^ to indi- cate tiieir presence, but wlien you observe a dry, short cough, a staring coat, a hot and bad smelling breath, a craving ap[)etite with a failure to take on flesh in proportion to the amount eaten, the bowels irregular. WORMS IN THE INTESTINES. 571 alternately with constipation and diarrhoea, with a desire to vomit, and sometimes vomiting worms followed by spasms, or frequent fits, the animal presenting a woo-hegone appearance, rely upon it, it is troubled with worms. If the worms have gained access to the nose or throat, the eyes will look red and the counte- nance depressed, a frothy spume coming from the throat au'l mouth. The animal may sneeze, or bark and howl violently, or snap and bite at anything within reach. Treatment: — When tapeworm is present, the best mode to rid the patient of it, is not to allow anything to eat for twenty-four to forty-eight hours, then give a drachm of powdered areca nut with a little syrup. If it vomits this, give another drachm and tie the mouth shut to prevent vomiting. In the course of five or six hours, give a physic, as Powdered Jalap two drachms. Syrup two ounces. Mix. Give half, and if the bowels do not move freely in four hours give the remainder. Or give Castor Oil two tablespoonfuls. If this fails to remove it entirely, repeat the treat- ment in ten days, or the following will answer equally as well : Take a quarter of a pound of hulled pumpkin seed and add a quart of water. Simmer down to a pint, and after fasting for a day or two, give a wineglassful every two hours, until four doses have been given, luiinediately after giving the last dose, give a physic. Either of the above will suffice. For the round worm, take Santonine half drachm. Copperas half drachm. Mix. Make into seven powders. Give one powder every morning in a little milk or small piece of meat, on an empty stomach, until they are all given, then give a physic, as 572 DISEASES OF THE DOG. Castor Oil one ounce. Kepeat the treatment in two weeks, if necessary.. When the worms are lodired in the throat or nose^ inhalations of the fumes of burning sulphur, repeated every day for a few days, may dislodge them. Or forc- ing some powdered sulphur up into the parts, will greatly assist in removing them. WORMS IN THE KIDNEY. This worm, which is called the giant strongle, locates- itself in various parts of the body, but more especially in the kidneys. It measures from one to three feet in length, and from a quarter to a half inch in diameter^ GIANT STRONGLE. and is of a reddish x>ink color. Wherever it locates itself, it literally destroys that part. It destroys the kidneys completely, then drops into the abdominal cav- ity and causes the death of the animal. As yet all treatment has failed, although ten drop doses of turpen- tine given twice daily, if persisted in, might give the necessary relief desired. GONORRHOEA— CLAP. This disease is sometimes observed in the dog, but as a rule it causes very little inconvenience. It is often produced without any assignable cause, and since the- ways in which it may originate are so various, I will PARTURITION — PUPPING. O ( . > not here designate any of them. The symptoms are observed by the discharge of matter coming from the penis or accumuhiting around tlie end of the sheath, the dog often licking at it to keep the parts clean. Treatment :— Bathe and syringe the parts with warm water, once or twice daily, then wash with White Vitriol one drachm. Sugar of Lead one drachm. Water one pint. Mix. Apply twice daily, injecting a little at the same time. Use internally, Balsam Oopabia • • .half ounce. Tr. Oubebs one ounce. Spts. Sweet Nitre half ounce. Tincture Kino two drachms. Sulphate Morphine five grains. Syrup two ounces. Mix. Give a teaspoonful twice daily. PARTURITION— PUPPING. This generally takes phice between the sixty-second and sixty-fourth day, and after it has commenced, from a quarter of an hour to an hour generally elapses between the birth of each puppy. Many bitches are lost every year from this cause. There seems to^Jae a natural propensity for bitches to co-habit with dogs much larger than themselves, and their lives are for- feited for so doing. Bitches should have considerable exercise when pregnant, as delivery is much safer and easier than when they are penned up and exercise denied them. But wh^en the time has arrived and the delivery is a little prolonged, do not meddle too much ; give a little time. If, however, she cannot deliver ni' 1 the puppy is either too large or is dead, oil the tingi .s 574 DISEASES OF THE DOG. and go at the work of delivery gently. Use slight pres- sure along the belly until you can feel the head from bedind, then fasten a string over it or a pair of forceps and use gentle traction until it is delivered. After one is delivered, she may dc'iver the balance herself, so allow her a little time and see, but if it is absolutely necessary, continue until you have gotten them all. The bitch should be kept in a warm, comfortable place and fed on soft, nutritious food. While giving milk and sucking her young, she should be well fed, allowing her some cooked meat every day. If, however, she should commence to fail rapidly in flesh and have a poor appetite, the puppies should be weaned at once and fed on boiled milk. When the time arrives to wean the puppies, care should be exercised to keep the teats from swelling and becoming hard and inflamed, or should the pups all die, the same trouble is to be expected. The bitch should be milked frequenliy .ind bathed with hot water, after which use Camphor Gum one ounce. Lard three ounces. Mix. Apply twice daily. Sometimes, but fortunately not often, the bitch has after-pains after pupping, and forces the womb out. This organ sliould be washed in warm water, to which should be added a little alum, after which it should be returned with gentle pressure and the parts bandaged to prevent its coming out again. Give five drops of laudanum every half liour until four or five doses are given, to prevent the pains. If, how- ever, the womb has been out very long and iio'ten into such a condition that it cannot possibly be relumed, tie a strong silk cord around it, close up to the body, ;iiid in the course of a few hours cut the jjarts off about an inch back of the cord. ^lany hitcl^.os ni;{y ])e saved by FLEAS. oro this operation. After the parts are cut ofF cover the wound with iodoform, and some iodoform and vaseline may be used as a dressing, for a few days afterwards. FLEAS. These are very lively insects, whicli infest dogs, and cauee considerable annoyance and worry. The irrita- THK DOG FLEA, OR CHIGGER. tion produced by them causes the animal to scratch and dig at the parts attacked, considerably. They are very CAT FIAIA. easily gotten rid of by rubbing Persian insect powder doAvn into the roots of the hair, then wrapping the dog in a sheet for a few minutes. Or by taking tar soap 67() DISEASES OF THE DOG. and applying it to the wetted hair until a very heavy lather is produced. Allow it remain on for twenty niiiuites, then wash oft' thoroughly. Coal oil or oil sassa- fras rubbed through the hair will also dispose of them. Cats are also troubled Avith fleas and they may be gotten rid of in the same manner. LICE. There are two kinds of lice which infest dogs ; the blood-sucker and bird-louse. They are best destroyed by using a strong solution of tobai^co juice, or by sifting wood ashes into tJie hair. Whale oil will also kill them. BIKD LOUSB. Or better still, take a quarter pound of stavesacre seeds, make a strong tea of them, and bathe the skin well every fourth day, for three or four applications. You will completely destroy the lice, and in that time the nits will all be hatched out. USEFUL DRUGS AND MEDICINES PRESCRIBED IN THE TREATMENT OF LIVE STOCK, WITH DOSES, ETC. Acetate of Lead, Su§:ar of Lead — Checks bleeding, especially from the stomach and lungs. When com- bined with opium it is used to check diarrhoea and dysentery. Externally, it heals burns, scalds, bruises and moist ulc-crs or sores, as well as itching skin com- ])laints and cracked heels. When applied externally, mix half ounce in a pint of soft water. Doses: — Horses4md cattle, one drachm; calves and sheep, fifteen grains; pigs, two grains; dogs, one grain. To be given twice daily. Price per pound, 25 cts. Aconite, Tincture of — Relieves pain and inflammation, lowers temperature and produces sweating. Doses: — Horses and cattle, twenty to thirty drops; slieep and pigs, five to ten drops; dogs, one to four drops. Price per pint, 60 cts. Aloes, Barbadoes — Used as a physic, but should not be given to mares with foal. It is not much used for cattle.* Doses : — Horses, four to ten drachms ; cattle, one to two ounces ; sheep, half ounce to an ounce ; hogs, two to live drachms; dogs, one drachm; colts, about five grains to every week of its age. Tincture, per pint, 50 cts. ; powder, per pound, 35 cts. (577) UTS MEDICINES AND THEIK USES. Alum — Alum is procured in either lump or powdered form and is seldom given internally. It is used prin- cipally in sores and in ulcerated condition of the mouth. Also when mixed with wheat flour to arrest bleeding and the flow of joint oil from open joints. It is quite extensively used as a healing powder, when mixed with iodoform. It is a convenient gargle for sore throat. Occasionally it is given internally along with opium in diarrhoea and dysentery. Doses : — Horses and cattle, two to four drachms ; sheep and pigs, one drachm ; dogs ten to twenty grains. Price per pound, 8 cts. Ammonia, Aqua or Liquid — It is used as a stimulant, relieves spasms of the bowels and bloating and also acts upon the kidneys, causing flow of urine. When given internally it should be well diluted with water. It is principally used in making linaments. Doses: — Horses, half ounce; cattle, one ounce; eheep and pigs, two drachms ; dogs, ten drops. Price per pint, 10 cts. Ammonia, Carbonate — This comes in the solid form and has the same action as the liquid ammonia, varying only in strength. Doses: — Horses, two to four drachms; cattle, three CO six drachms; sheep and pigs, twenty grains ; dogs, five grains. It is given either in pills witli linseed meal or dissolved in cold gruel. Price per pound, 17 cts. Anise Seed — Soothes an irritable stomach, relieves indigestion and bloating, and acts as a mild stimulent. Doses : — Horses, one ounce ; cattle, one to two ounces; sheejj and swine, two drachms; dogs, thirty grains. ' Can be repeated several times a day. Price per pound, 22 cts. MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. &79 Antimony, Tartrate, Tartar Emetic — Causes a dischari::e from the nostrils, lowers the heart's actioD, and pro- duces sweating. Externally it is used to cause small pustules or blisters, and acts as an irritant. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to four draclims, given three or four times daily. Causes vomiting, when given in doses of from four to ten grains, in hogs and dogs. Price -per pound, 55 cte. Antimony, Butter of — Is used as a caustic for thrush and canker, and unhealthy granulations; for foul in the feet of cattle, and foot-rot in sheep. It should be used with great caution, as it is very powerful, and cannot be diluted with water. Price per pint, 85 cts. Animal Charcoal — Is prepared from bones. It is used to destroy foul smells, arrests putrefaction, purifies water when passed through it, and is an antidote in poisoning by arsenic, aconite and strychnine. Doses : — Horses, half ounce to an ounce: cattle, one ounce ; sheep and pigs, two drachms ; dogs, tVvcnty grains. It is usually given mixed with gruel. Price per pound, 10 cts. Areca Nut — Is principally used to expel worms from dogs, proving distructive alike to tape and round worms. Doses: — For dogs, from twenty grains lo two drachms. Prior to giving, the dog should fast for two days. Price per pound, 40 cts. Arnica, Tincture — It is principally used externally, in cases of strains, bruises and wounds, and especially in broken knees and sore shoulders. It is usually mixed in the proportion of one ounce of arnica to ten of water, to which is frequently added four drachms of sulphate of zinc. For painful wounds or bruises, it is often mixed with chloroform or laudanum, and diluted v.ith water according to circumstances. Price per pint, 50 cts. 580 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. Arsenic — Is used to alter the condition of the system, by toning' up the nerves. It is useful in dyspepsia and indigestion, and in promoting recoveries from prolonged attacks of influenza or distemper. Externally, it is used to take off warts, and slough out fistula. In such cases, it is generally mixed one ounce of arsenic to four' of lard or vaseline. It is much used in sheep dips. Doses: — Horses and cattle, one to six grains; sheep, one to two grains; hogs, two to four grains; dogs, one- fifteenth to one-tenth grain. It may be given once daily, and continued for a week or ten days. Price per IDound, 10 cts. Asafoetida — This is a mild stimulent, and relieves spasms and pain, as well as irritation of the stomach and bloating. It also causes the expulsion of worms. Doses : — Horses, two to four drachms ; cattle, one ounce ; sheep and hogs, one drachm ; dogs, fifteen grains. It may be given several times a day. Price per pound, 35 cts. Atropine — This allays pain, soothes spasms of the bowels, and if given in large doses, causes paralysis. It is most generally used in eye washes. It is seldom used internally, being too powerful. Price per drachm, 50 cts. Belladonna — Soothes spasms of the bowels, allays pain, and is frequently given in spasmodic colic, in half drachm doses of the extract, or ounce doses of the tincture. It is very useful in tetanus, or lockjaw. It also causes dilatation of the mouth of the womb, when applied. The doses of the extract are, for horses, one drachm; cattle, two drachms; sheep, ten grains; dogs, . wo grains. Solid extract per ounce, 40 cts. ; tincture per pint, 90 cts. Benzoin — Used as a mild stimulant, expectorant and arrests putrefaction. The comijound tincture of ben- MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 581 zoin, which is usually known as Fryer's Balsam, is quite extensively used as a stimulant and healing rem- edy for wounds, ulcers, and various skin complaints, in all classes of patients. Fryer's Balsam per pint, 70 cts. ; gum per pound, GO cts. BluesJtone, Blue Vitriol— See copper Sulphate. Price per pound, 20 cents. Buchu— Is a mild stimulant and tonic. It also has a soothing action upon the kidneys, causing an increased flow of urine. The doses of the tincture are, for horses and cattle, one ounce ; sheep and hogs, four drachms ; dogs, one drachm. Tincture, price per pint, 50 cts. Calomel — When conjoined with aloes, it acts as a physic. It has a direct action upon the liver, causing an increased flow of bile, which it expels from the duo- denum, or first bowel. Externally, when applied to old sores or indolent ulcers, it assists greatly in the healing process. It also destroys the parasite of scab or mange, kills lice and is useful in cracked heels. It is one of the best remedies for thrush in the horse's frog. PosEg :_Horses and cattle, one drachm ; sheep and pigs, ten grains, dogs, two grains. It is not used alone as a physic, but is combined with other drugs, as aloes, epsom salts or oil. Price per pound, $1. Camphor— Camphor is a nerve stimulant and assists in controlling spasms of the bowels. Externally, it is applied in the form of spirituous solution, to allay itch- ing, and is soothing to bruises and sprains. "^PosES :— Horses and cattle, one to two drachms; sheep and pigs, twenty grains ; dogs, five grains. Gum, per pound, 70 cts. ; tincture, per pint, 60 cts. Cantharides— Oantharides is a stimulant and acts upon the kidneys, causing an increased flow of urine. It also causes an increased desire for sexual intercourse, 582 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. when given in small doses. Applied externally, it acts as a counter-irritant and causes blisters to form in from one to twelve hours. Doses : — Horses and cattle, from four to twenty grains; sheep and swine, two to seven grains: dogs, half grain to two grains. To be given once or twice daily, usually in the form of a pill, or in flaxseed gruel. Tincture, per pint, 60 cts. ; powder, per pound, $1. Capsicum, Cayenne Pepper, Red Pepper— This is used as a stimulant and tonic, promoting digestion and im]»:-ov- ing the appetite. Doses: — Horses and cattle, three to four dracinns; sheep and hogs, one to two drachms; dogs, half drachm. Tincture, per pint, 50 cts. ; powder, per pound, 80 cts. Carbolic Acid— It arrests putrefaction and destroys parasites and germs, when applied locally. It is also a Btiraulant and caustic. It is employed mostly in heal- ing lotions, when it should be diluted with water, oil, or glycerine in the proportions of one to twenty or thirty. Doses: — Horses and cattle, fifteen to thirty drops; sheep and pigs, six drops; dogs, one drop. It is best given in a pill, mixed with linseed meal. Price per pint, 40 cts. Cardamons — Has the same actions as anise seed, and is given in the same doses. See anise seed. Price per pound, $1. Castor Oil — This is principally used as a physic. As it causes no irritation or griping, it is frequently pre- scribed in diseases of the digestive organs and can be safely administered in advanced pregnancy. It, is the best physic for foals and calves. Doses: — Horses and cattle, one pint; sheep and pigs, two to four ounces; dogs, one to two ounces. Price per pint, 30 cts. MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. '^^^ Catechu— This is an astringent, and causes a binding up of the bowels when administered, and is given when there is bloody discharge from the bowels, in cases of diarrhoea and dysentery. Doses:— (Powder.)— Horses, one to three drachms; cattle, one to five drachms; sheep and swine, one to two drachms; dogs, four to twenty grains. To be given three or four times a day, with gruel. Tincture, per pint, 60 cts. ; powder, per pound, 20 cts. Chloral Hydrate— This drug is quite extensively used in the treatment of live stock, to allay pain, quiet irri- tability and cause sleep. It is used in cases of flatulent and spasmodic colic, brain troubles and nervous disor- ders, as tetanus, hysteria, etc. Doses :— For horses, two to eight drachms ; for cattle, four drachms to one ounce ; sheep and pigs, one drachm ; dogs, ten grains. Can be repeated ever two or three hours, and should be well diluted. Price per pound, $1.10. Chloroform— By whatever channel it enters the sys- tem, it slightly stimulates at first; excitement follows, then sleep. It allays pain, whether taken internally or applied locally, and is a valuable remedy when given for spasmodic colic. Doses :— Horses and cattle, one to two drachms; sheep and swine, twenty to forty drops ; dogs, five to ten drops. It should be given mixed with syrup, muci- lage, whisked egg, or weak spirits, and may be repeated at intervals of from one to three hours. Price per pound, 75 cts. Cocaine— When administered internally, small doses are stimulant and tonic. When applied externally, it diminishes sensibility to pain, and is most frequently used in making examinations of the eye. By mixing ten grains with an ounce of water and applying a few 584 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. drops to the eye every thirty seconds, it deadens the pain so that an examination can be made without diffi- culty, when chaff and other foreign substances can be easily removed. Price per grain, 2 cts. Cod-Liver Oil — This is prepared from the liver of the codfish and is a very nourishing tonic, changing the system in such a manner that it lays on flesh quite rap- idly. It is very useful for weak and sickly colts and calves, and for animals convalescing from a lingering attack of distemper and influenza. Doses : — Horses and cattle, two to three ounces ; sheep and pigs, one ounce ; dogs, one to four drachms. It may be given twice daily and continued for weeks, if required. Price per gallon, $1.25. Copaiba Balsam — This medicine is not much used in practice, save in diseases of the urinary organs, and in the treatment of gonorrhoea. Price per pound, 65 cts. Copper Sulphate — Given in large doses, it is an irri- tant, but in medicinal doses, it is a valuable tonic and astringent. Externally it is used as a stimulant, astringent and caustic. It is used in eye washes, as a dressing for sluggish wounds, for the removal of warts, to cut off unhealthy granulations and to arrest bleeding. Doses : — As a tonic and astringent, horses take one to two drachms ; cattle, one to four drachms ; sheep, twenty to thirty grains ; pigs, five to ten grains ; dogs, one grain. It should be given Avhile eating or immediately thereafter. Price per pound, 20 cts. Copperas — See Iron Sulphate. Price per pound, 4 cts. Corrosive Sublimate — This is a preparation of mercury and is an irritant poison. It should not be given inter- nally, except when prescribed by an expert. Externally it is used to arrest putrefaction, promote healthy granu- MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 585 lations, to destroy indolent ulcers, for the destruction of parasites and as a caustic. It is used also, in many itching skin diseases. When used externally, it should be diluted according to circumstances. Price per pound, 90 cts. Cotton Seed Oil— This is obtained from the seeds of the cotton. It is a dark, brownish red, fixed oil, and is principally used in making liniment. Price per gallon, 75 cts. Croton Oil — This is obtained from the croton seeds, and is a drastic physic, producing griping. It is seldom given alone but is usually mixed with other purgatives, wlien a quick action of the bowels is required. It is sometimes used externally, as a blister, but is more frequently mixed with other medicines, in the forma- tion of liniments. It is used quite often to physic cattle. Doses: — Horses, fifteen to twenty drops; cattle, half drachm to two drachms; sheep and swine, five to ten drops; dogs, one to three drops. Price per pint, $1.25. Cubebs, Tincture — The chief use of cubebs is for the relief of infiammation of the urinary passages, and like copaiba, it has long been used for the cure of gonorrhoea. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one ounce ; sheep and swine, half ounce; dogs, two drachms. To be given twice daily. Price per pint, 50 cts. Digfitalis — Digitalis grows wild in this country on gravelly, sandy soil, more especially hilly pastures. It has a direct action upon the heart and kidneys, giving force and strength to the former and causes an increased flow of urine from the latter. Doses : — Of the powdered leaves horses take ten to thirty grains ; cattle, half drachm to a drachm ; sheep and swine, eight to ten grains ; dogs, one to four grains. 586 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. Of the tincture, horses and cattle take two to four drachms; sheep and swine, one drachm; dogs, two to five drops. Tincture, price per pint, 50 cts. Emetic Tartar — See Antimony Tartrate. Price per pound, 55 cts. Epsom Salts, Magnesium Sulphate — This salt is used as a physic, to reduce fever and to alter the condition of the system. It is more extensively used for cattle and sheep, as its action upon the bowels gives better results than any other physic. Doses : — As a physic for grown cattle, a pound to a pound and a half; calves, two to three months old, three to four ounces ; sheep and pigs, four to six ounces ; dogs, two to four drachms. For other purposes, as to lower fever and regulate the bowels, give one-fifth to one-eighth of the above doses. It should be well diluted with water. Price per pound, 7 cts. Ergot of Rye — This is obtained from blasted rye, and is given to assist in difficult parturition, when the labor pains occur at long intervals. It is also of great benefit after parturition, to cause contraction of the womb and arrest bleeding from this organ. Doses :— Mare and cow, half an ounce to an ounce; sheep, swine and bitches, one drachm. Kepeat at intervals of half an hour or an hour. Tincture, price per pint, 60 cts. Ether Nitrous, Spirits of (Sweet Spirits of Nitre)— This drug is an excellent stimulant, produces sweating and also acts upon the kidneys, causing an increased flow of urine. It is very useful in the various forms of colic, acting as a stimulant and controlling the pain produced by spasms. It is also useful in lowering fever. Doses: — Horses and cattle, one to three ounces; •heep, two to four drachms: pigs, one to two drachms; dogs, one drachm. It should be well diluted with cold MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. ')S7 water, and should be given as quickly as possil>le .■.rier it is diluted. Price per pint, 40 cts. Ether, Sulphuric Ether— This is quite a valuable rem- edy and is used as a stimulant and to relieve spasms of the bowels. It is a useful remedy in flatulent colic, to relieve bloatin"-. It is also used to produce sleep, the same as chloroform. It is also very useful where there is pain or cramping of the bowels. Doses: — Horses and cattle, one to two ounces; sheep and pigs, two to four drachms; dogs, one drachm. It should be well diluted with cold water before giving, but should not be diluted until ready for use. Price per pint, 75 cents. Foenu§:reek — This has the same action and uses as anise seed, and is given in similar doses. See Anis*^ Seed. Price per pound, 10 cts. Gentian — This is a pure bitter, and is used to tone up the stomach and promote digestion. It improves the appetite and general tone. It is an excellent stimulat- ing tonic in influenza and other epizootic diseases. It is also beneficial for horses jaded and over-worked, or suffering from slight cold. Doses: — Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce; sheep, one to two drachms; pigs, one drachm; dogs, ten to fifteen grains. To be given twice or thrice daily. Price per pound, 15 cts. Gentian, Tincture of — Has the same action as the powder, and is given for the same purposes. Doses about the same. Price per pint, 50 cts. Ginger — Ginger is used as a stimulant, tones up the stomach and relieves bloating, and cramps of the bowels. It promotes digestion and increases the appe- tite. When mixed with physic, it diminishes the ten- dency to nauseate and gripe. 588 MEDICINES AND TIIEIK USES. Doses : — Horses and cattle, half ounce to one ounce ; sheep, one to two drachms; pigs, half drachm, doi^s, ten to twenty grains. Tincture, per pint, 60 cts. ; pow- der, per pound, 30 cts. Glauber Salts (Sulphate of Soda) — This is given as a physic; also to reduce fever; increases the secretion of bile in the liver, and has a slight action upon the kidneys. Doses : — As a physic, cattle take a pound to a pound and a half; horses, one pound; sheep, two to four ounces; dogs, one ounce. It is usually combined with a little ginger, and should be well diluted with water. Price per pound, 5 cts. Glycyrrhiza (Licorice Root) — This resembles sugar in its medicinal uses, and is occasionally used in irritation of the mucous membrane of the windpipe. Also to cover the disagreeable taste and odor of various drugs. Price per pound, 20 cts. Goulard's Extract— This is used externally as an. astringent. Also as a cooling or soothing application, to reduce inflammation of the testicles, when it is usually mixed with laudanum, in the proportions of one ounce of each to a pint of water. Price per pint, 20 cts. Hellebore — Hellebore is used to expel worms from the bowels. When given as a physic it produces grip- ing and in large doses produces vomiting. It is some- times used externally and is a dangerous remedy when not used with great care. Price per pound, 30 cts. Hemlock, Oil of — This is used in the formation of various liniments and is very fatal if given internally. Price per pint, 40 cts. Hoffman's Anodyne — Consists of oil of wine, three parts ; ether, sixty-four parts ; rectified spirits, one hundred and twenty-eight parts. It is used to allay MEDICrtTES AND THEIR USES. 589 restlessness, sleeplessness and nervous disturbances, es|>ecially in the absence of fever, and is a convenient remedy for flatulentcy or bloating. It may be used in all cases in which sulphuric ether is given internally. Doses : — Horses, one ounce ; cattle, two ounces ; sheep and pigs, two drachms ; dogs, half a drachm. Price per pint, 65 cts. Hypo-Sulphate of Soda — This remedy is used to destroy odors, arrest putrefaction and for the destruction of Insects. It is beneficial in attacks of fever, and relieves acidity of the stomach and bloating in badly fed young calves. It is also used to diminish the offensive secre- tion and to abate the low fever occurring in distemper in (logs. Doses: — Horses and cattle, two to four drachms; sheep and pigs, twenty to thirty grains; dogs, two to live grains. It may be given several times daily. Price per pound, 7 cts. Iodoform — This is used to prevent putrefaction and destroy foul smells. It is beneficial in healing wounds and sores, by being dusted upon the wound, but it is- usually mixed with powdered alum for this purpose, in the proportion of one ounce of iodoform to four or six of the alum. Price per ounce, 40 cts. Iodine — Iodine is prepared from the semi- vitrified ashes of sea-weed. Medicinal doses arrest putrefaction, alter the condition of the system and act as a mild stimulant. It exerts its effects especially on mucou& membranes, skin and lymphatic glands. Externally it is applied to arrest putrefaction and as a counter- irritant or blister. It is used in chronic inflammation of the joints, wind-galls, bog spavin, strains of tendons and enlargement of the udder, and other glands. Doses : — For horses and cattle, twenty grains to a 590 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. drachm ; sheep and pigs, ten to twenty grains ; dogs, three to eight grains. To be repeated once or twice daily, and to be given a couple of hours after eating. When applied externally it is used in the form of a tincture. Powdered, per ounce, 35 cts. ; tincture, per pint, 85 cts. Iron Sulphate, Copperas— This is a good blood tonic and astringent, when given internally. Applied extern- ally, it is an astringent and arrests bleeding and pre- vents putrefaction. It improves the appetite, dimin- ishes exhausting discharges and abates glandular enlargements. It is especially beneficial when given to young horses, cattle or sheep which have been poorly kept, and whose blood is in a bad condition. It is also used to exi)el intestinal worms. Used externally, when dissolved in water, it is an excellent remedy for cracked heels and scratches. Doses: — Horses and cattle, one to two drachms; sheep and hogs, ten to twenty grains; dogs, two to ten grains. May be given twice or thrice daily, and is usually combined with gentian or ginger. Price per pound, 4 cts. Jalap — Jalap is principally used as a physic for dogs. It increases the flow of the bile from the liver, and assists in the expulsion of worms. Doses : — Dogs, one to two drachms. It is best given combined with calomel, in the form of one drachm of jalap to three grains of calomel. Price, per pound, 60 cts. Kino^Kino is an astringent and causes a binding up of the bowels. It is used principally in the treatment of diarrhoea. Doses: — Horses, half ounce; cattle, one ounce; sheep and pigs, two drachms; dogs, one drachm. Tincture, per pint, 60 cts. MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 591 Lanolin - This is prepared by steeping and boiling sheep's wool in water. It is principall}^ used as a basis for ointments and liniments, and mixes readily with fats and oils. Price per pound, $1.00. Laudanum— See Opium Tincture. Price per pint, $1.00. Liquor Ammonia Acetatis (Liq. Ammonia Acet.— Minde- rerus Spirits.) — This is prepared by taking one ounce of acetic acid and seven ounces of water. Mix together and add carbonate of ammonia until it ceases eflorves- cing. It should only be ])rei)ared shortly prior to use. It is a valuable remedy to produce sweating, increase the flow of urine, reduce fevers and cause expectoration. It is useful in lung fever, influenza, strangles or dis- temper, scarletina, erysipelas, colds and it bronchitis. It is often combined with other remedies, as epsom salts, chlorate and nitrate of potassium, gentian, ginger, quinine, etc. Where patients are weak and exhausted, it is usually combined with alcohol or sweet spirits of nitre. Doses : — Horses and cattle, two to four ounces ; sheep, one to two ounces: hogs, half an ounce to an ounce ; dogs, two to four drachms. Price per pint 20 cts. Listerine — This is a proprietary medicine, and has about the same actions as carbolic acid. It is used in many healing lotions; also as a gargle for the mouth and throat. Price per bottle, 85 cts. Liverwort— This herb grows wild in the shady woods, of North America, and is very seldom used in the treat- ment of disease. Price per pound, 40 cts. Lime, Chloride of — This preparation of lime is some- times known as bleaching powder, and is seldom given internally. Externally, it is used as a stimulant, and i>02 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. to destroy the offensive smell from unhealthy wounds. It is more frequently used as a disinfectant, around stables where contagious or epizootic diseases prevail. Price per pound, 8 cts. Lobelia— The chief use of lobelia, is in the treatment of asthma, by relieving the bronchial spasm. It is quite frequently administered to check or relieve heaves. Doses of the Tincture — For Horses and cattle, half ounce to. an ounce ; sheep and hogs, one to three drachms ; dogs, half drachm to a drachm. Tincture, price per pint, 50 cts. Lunar Caustic — See Nitrate of Silver. Price per ounce, 70 cts. Magnesia, Sulphate — See Epsom Salts. Price per pound, 5 cts, Male Shield Fern, Oil of— This oil is principally used to expel worms. It is a very effectual remedy for tape- worm in dogs, sometimes dislodging them within three hours. Doses: — Horses and cattle, two to four drachms; sheep and hogs, one drachm; dogs, half drachm to one drachm. It is sometimes given with either turpentine or linseed oil, and may be repeated within three days. Price per ounce, 80 cts. Mercury, Red or Biniodide — This form of mercury is seldom given internally, but externally it is used to produce superficial inflammation or blisters, and is generally mixed with one part of the mercury to eight of vaseline or lard. It is valuable in the treatment of spavin and ringbone, sprains or enlarged tendons, and when applied around the throat, it sometimes relieves a chronic cough and roaring, where other remedies have failed. It should be used with care, or blemishes may MTmicnsKS AND Tirj?iii USES. 593 1)0 the result, as ii: may debtroy the hair roots, if used ioo freely. Price per outice, oO cts. Morphia, Sulphate and Muriate (Korphiiie.)— This is the active principle of opium, from which it is obtained. It may be used in all cases where opium is required. See Opium. Doses: — Horses and cattle, ten to thirty grains; sheep and pigs, one to two grains ; dogs, one-eighth to one-half a grain. Price per ounce, .$2.50. Nitrate of Potassium— Sec Potassium Nitrate. Price P'^r i)ound, 12 cts. Nitrate of Silver (Lunar Caustic)— It is sometimes used as a tonic m chorea and epilepsy among dogs. It is seldom used internally, but externally, it is used as a caustic to promote healthy granulations in indolent ulcers. Sticks of it are sometimes forced to the bottom of pipes, in fistulous withers and poll evil. It is an excellent dressing for obstinately sore teats in cows, as A', ell as for foot-rot in sheep. It is useful in removing warts and other enlargements of the skin. A solution containing two to five grains in an ounce of water, abates pain and congestion of the eyes. It is, therefore, used in several eye lotions. Price per ounce, 70 cts. Nitric Acid — This is an irritant and corrosive and lenves a yellow or brown stain on the skin. It is used internally as a stimulant and tonic to the liver, and can be given to horses convalescing from influenza, jaundice and other debilitating disorders. Externally, it is used to remove warts or other malignant growths, such as f^ometime appear in a bad case of grease-heel. When applied for these purposes, the surrounding parts should be protected by being well oiled. "Doses : — Of the diluted medicinal acid, horses and cattle take one to two drachms; sheep and pigs, ten to 594 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. twenty drops ; dog?, two to ten drops. It should always be well diluted with water. Price per pint, 9 cts. Nitro-Muriatic Acid— This very much resembles nitric acid, and is given for the same diseases and in the same doses as nitric acid. Price per pint, 15 cts. Nux Vomica — Nux Vomica is the best nerve stimulant and tonic that is prescribed in veterinary practice. It is useful in dyspepsia and any stomach or nervous derangement, and may be used with great benefit when convalescing from any exhausting or nervous diseases. Doses : — Horses and cattle, half a drachm to two drachms; sheep, ten to forty grains; pigs, ten to twenty grains; dogs, half grain to two grains. Of the tincture, horses and cattle take half ounce to an ounce ; sheep and pigs, one to two drachms; dogs, five to ten drops. When twitching of the muscles is produced, cease giving. Tincture, per pint, 50 cts. ; powder, price per pound, 25 cts. Olive Oil (Sweet Oil) — Olive oil given in small doses, resembles cod-liver oil, becoming assimilated and assist- ing in the production of heat and fat. In large doses it acts as a physic, for which it is seldom used. It is more frequently used in the formation of liniments, but is usually superseded by cheaper oil, as cottonseed oil, lard, linseed oil or vaseline. Price per gallon, 75 cts. Opium, Powdered — No one remedy is more frequently prescribed than opium in its various forms. It can be given as a stimulant. Small and frequent doses pro- duce sweating; larger doses relieve pain and spasms of the bowels, depress the activity of the brain and pro- duce sleep. It also relieves congestion and inflamma- tion and controls pain. It is useful in inflammation of the lungs, bowels, kidneys, bladder, or any internal or- gan. ■ It is useful in diarrlioea and dysentery and rv^lieves MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 596 cough, whether acute or chronic. It is very effectual in arresting premature labor pains. Externally it is used to relieve painful wounds, bruises, boils, or blistered surfaces, as well as inflammation of the eyes, skin or joints. For such purposes, ten drops each of laudanum and Goulard's Extract, may be mixed with an ounce of water and freely applied. Doses : — (Powdered or gum opium.) Horses, one to two draclims; cattle, two to four drachms; sheep, ten to forty grains; dogs, one to five grains. Price per ounce, 38 cts. Opium, Tincture of (Laudanum) — Tincture of opium and huidaniim are one and the same thing, and are pre- pared from the gum of powdered opium. They may be used for all complaints where opium is indicated, such as colic, cramps, etc. See Opium. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to two ounces ; slieep, two to four drachms; hogs, one to two drachms; dogs, five to twenty drops. Price per pint, $1. Origfanum, Oil of — This oil is sometimes used to relieve the pain of carious teeth and neuralgia, but is more fre(iuently used in liniments. Price per pint, 40 cts. Oxide of Zinc — See Zinc Oxide. Price per pound, 15 cts. Podophyllin — This resin is taken from the mayapple or mandrake, and is used as a pliysic, but is very uncer- tain, unless combined with aloes, jalap or calomel ; it then relieves congestion of the liver. It is sometimes used to lower the heart's action, in acute rheumatism and other inflammatory disorders in robust patients. ■* Doses : — To cause an increased flow of bile from the liver, horses and cattle take one to two drachms, mixed with aloes, calomel or epsom salts. Dogs require one to two grains, with calomel one to two grains, which 596 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. may be mixed with an ounce of oil. Price per ounce, 40 cts. Potassium, Bicarbonate — Given before meals, it in- creases the secretion of the juices of the stomach, and is sometimes given for rheumatism. The action upon the kidneys is not so certain as the acetate or nitrate. Doses: — Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce; sheep and pigs, half a drachm to a drachm ; dogs, ten to forty grains. May be repeated several times a day, well diluted with water. Price per pound, 20 cts. Potassium, Sulphuret — Large doses are irritant. Small doses stimulate the secretions of the skin and alter the condition of the system. Externally, it is sometinips used as a substitute for sulphur, in skin diseases. It has been used in chronic cough and rheumatism. Doses: — Horses and cattle, one to three drachms; dogs, two to ten grains. Price per pound, 30 cts. Potassium, Iodide of — This closely resembles iodine, but is less powerful. It promotes absorption of deposits, reduces enlarged glands and lung consolidation. It is useful in rheumatism and skin diseases. Externally used, it is usually conjoined with soap liniment and laudanum, and is applied to swollen, rheumatic joints and to inflamed udders in cows and ewes. Doses: — Horses and cattle, two to five drachms; sheep and pigs, twenty to forty grains ; dogs, five to fifteen grains. May be given two or three times a day. Price per ounce, 25 cts. Potassium, Bromide of — This form of potassium con- trols irritability or excitement, whether exhibited in restlessness or convulsions. It is often given mixed with alcohol, chloral or opium. It quiets irritability from tetanus or lockjaw, in horses, and wards off epileptic convulsions in dogs. MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. S97 Doses: — Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce; dogs, five to twenty grains. May be given every two or three hours. Price per pound, 40 cts. Potassium, Nitrate of (Saltpetre) — This drug is quite extensively used in veterinary practice. Large doses are irritant and slightly laxative. Medicinal doses arrest putrefaction, alter the condition of the system, reduce fever and act upon the kidneys by causing an increased flow of urine. It is used quite largely in the treatment of febrile and inflammatory complaints, both in horses and cattle, and lessens the pain in fever and founder. Externally, when dissolved in water, it is an excellent application for bruises by dispersing the increased flow of blood to the parts, thu? exerting its cooling effects. Doses : — Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce ; sheep, one to two drachms : pigs half a drachm ; dogs, ten to thirty grains. ]\lay be given three or four times daily. Price per pound, 12 cts. Potassium, Chlorate of — This drug is quite extensively used in veterinary i^ractice. It arrests putrefaction, alters the condition of the system, increases the flow from secreting glands and also the action of the kid- neys. It soothes and heals eruptions and ulcerations of the mouth and throat, uliile in catarrh, sore throat and distemper, it thins the secretions and promotes the dis- charge from the nostrils. It lowers the pulse and fevers, cleans the tongue, improves the appetite; gently stimu- lates the bowels and renders their evacuations more natural and less coated with mucous. It is useful in distemper, epizootic and the various forms of influenza, coughs and colds, as well as in the treatment of purpura, c Doses: — Horses and cattle, two to four drachms; sheep and pigs, twenty to forty grains ; dogs, five to 698 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. fifteen grains. May be given three or four times daily. Price per pound, 30 cts. Potassium, Permanganate of— This remedy is seldom given internally, but is used externally as a mild stimu- lant, and to destroy the odors of foul and unhealthy sores. It is used frequently as an injection into the vagina and womb, to destroy offensive odors, and in the treatment of leucorrhoea or whites, mixed in the pro- portion of one drachm of the permanganate to a quart of water. Price per pound, 40 cts. Potassium, Acetate of — Is used the same as the nitrate potassium, which it closely resembles in its actions, and is given in the same doses. Price per pound, 40 cts. Potash, Caustic — Caustic potash is attained from ashes and is used to cauterize snake bites and to remove warts and fungus growths. It is seldom used intern- ally. It is now used quite extensively in preventing the growth of horns on calves. This result is obtained by taking the stick potash and applying it over the parts where the horns grow, when the calf is two or three weeks old. First cut off the hair over the parts, then moisten them a little, then apply the potash spar- ingly, and no horns will grow afterwards. Price per pound, 60 cts. Prussic Acid — This drug is such a deadly poison that ft is unsafe in the hands of an amateur and should only be given where it has been prescribed by a professional man. Dilute, price per pint, 50 cts. Quassia — Quassia is a bitter, which increases the appetite, tones up the system and expels worms. It is prescribed for dyspepsia, loss of appetite and in con- valescence from debilitating diseases. Doses : — It is usually given in the form of an infu- sion, which is made b}'^ soaking for an hour, one part of MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. , 599 the chips to eighty parts of cold water. Of the infu- sion, horses and cattle take two to four ounces ; sheep and pigs, four drachms ; dogs, one drachm. Price per pound, 15 cts. Quinine, Sulphate — Quinine is obtained from the bark of cinchona, of which there are different varieties, yielding various amounts. It is used for the same dis- eases as cinchona bark, but being the extract is much stronger, it is given in smaller doses. It is given to tone up the system, improve the appetite and check fermentation within the bowels. It reduces fevers and hastens convalescence from debilitating diseases. Large doses sometimes check congestion of the lungs, thus cutting short an attack of lung fever. It is useful in influenza, protracted cases of strangles, and purpura, and other feverish attacks in horses; also in fevered conditions in cows and ewes after delivering their young, and in bad cases of distemper in dogs; or any disease which is caused from malaria. Doses : — Horses and cattle, half drachm to a drachm ; sheep and pigs, five to twenty grains ; dogs, one to eight grains. May be given two or three times daily. Price per ounce, 40 cts. Rectified Spirits — Rectified spirits very much resembles alcohol and is used for making all the spirits and a large number of the tinctures and extracts now in use. It is quite extensively used in its various forms. It stimulates the secretions of the stomach and improves the appetite in indigestion ; it relieves bloating and controls the spasms of bowels, colic or intestinal colic ; also checks persistent diarrhoea, equalizes irregular cir- culation in chills and strengthens the heart's action ; it is used in epizootic catarrh, sore throat, congestion of ' the lungs, bronchitis and pneumonia, and in all patients during lingering or debilitating disorders, or in any 600 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. case where stimulants are indicated. Used externally, it causes redness of the skin and acts as a mild irritant, entering, also, into the formation of various liniments. Doses : — Of the rectified spirits, horses take about one ounce ; cattle, one to three ounces ; sheep, half an ounce ; pigs, two drachms ; dogs, one drachm. Whisky, gin and brandy, which are made from rectified spirits, are not nearly so strong and may be given in much larger doses, as often as occasion demands. Price per' pint, 35 cts. I Resin— This is obtained as a residue, in the prepara- tion of turpentine. It is a mild stimulant and acts upon' the kidneys, causing an increased flow of urine. Ex- ternally, it is used in the formation of various plasters. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to two ounces ; sheep and pigs, half an ounce ; dogs, two drachms. Price per pound, 5 cts. Rhubarb — Rhubarb increases the tone of the stomach, causes an increased flow of bile from the liver and acts as a mild physic. Small and repeated doses, improve the appetite. It is usually given combined with aloes, epsom salts or some other cathartic, as it scarcely produces any purging eflFect upon the bowels of j)orses or cattle, when given alone. Doses: — To increase the tone of the stomach, horses take one ounce; cattle two ounces; sheep, one drachm; dogs, ten to twenty grains. Price per pound, $1.00. Salicylate of Soda — This is prepared from salicylic acid and soda. It is a whitish powder and is used consid- erably in the treatment of all kinds of rheumatism. Doses : — Horses and cattle take two to four drachms; sheep and dogs, ten to fifteen grains. Price per ounce, 18 cts. Salicylic Acid — Salicylic acid is a soft, light, white pow der. It is odorless, but when inhaled, irritates the MEDICINES AXD THEIR USES. 601 nostrils and has an action upon the liver which renders the bile more watery. It is used in dyspepsia where bloating occurs, and in diarrhoea in young animals to arrest fermentation. It is used in all classes of patients for rheumatism, whether acute or chronic. Externally, it is used conjoined with alcohol, in the treatment of skin diseases, where itching is a predominant symptom. Doses :— Horses and cattle, one to two drachms; sheep, hogs and dogs, ten to fifteen grains. May be given every one to two hours, but should always be mixed with either baking soda or borax. Price per ounce, 15 cts. Santonine — Pantonine is used almost exclusively for the destruction of worms and is one of the best remedies for their extermination. When given at night, it should be followed by a brisk physic in the morning, or it may be mixed with the physic and given at the same time, upon an empty stomach. Doses :— Horses and cattle, one to two drachms; sheep and hogs, two to ten grains: dogs, one to three grains. Price per ounce, 30 cts. Soda, Bi-Carbonate of, and Carbonate (Baking Soda)— These two preparations of soda counteract acidity and alter the condition of the system. When given a half hour before meals, they increase the secretion of the gastric juice. They are very serviceable in relieving indigestion and bloating, hence are given to relieve flatulent colic. Doses: — Horses and cattle, one to three drachms; sheep and pigs, twenty to forty grains ; dogs, five to fif- teen grains. The bi-carbonate may be given in double the amount above mentioned. Bi-Carbonate, per pound, 7 cts ; Carbonate, per pound, 5 cts. Sodium, CMoride — Common Table Salt. 002 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. Sodium, Sulphate — See Glauber Salts. Price, per pound, 5 cts. Spanish Brov/n — This is used in various mixtures and contains a light percentage of sesquioxide of iron. Price, per pound, r> cts. Spirits Frumenti — Whiskey. Squills, Syrup of — When given in large doses, squills causes vomiting and purging; in smnll doses, it lowers the pulse rate and raises the blood prost^^ure. It also causes expectoration, and increases the action of the kidneys. It is chiefly given in diseases of the air pas- sages and lungs, in the form of syrup. Doses: — Horses and cattle, two to lour drachms; sheep, hog and dog, ten to twenty drops. Price, per pint, 45 cts. Stavesacre Seeds — This seed is used for the destruc- tion of lice, and is the best remedy known for this pur- pose. It is prepared by taking one pound of the seeds, adding two gallons of water. Simmer over a slow fire, for two hours, then add water suflScient to make two gallons. It is then ready for use. Price, per pound, 25 cts. Strychnia, Strychnine — ^This is prepared from nux vomica and is given in all diseases where nux vomica is useful. See Nux Vomica. Doses: — Horses, one to two grains; cattle, two to four grains ; sheep, one-fifth to one grain ; hog and dog, one-fiftieth to one-twentieth of a grain. May be given twice daily.. Price, per ounce, $1.50. Sulphuric Acid — This acid is a corrosive, irritant poison, but is used to arrest putrefaction, to tone up And cool off the system. It is also used as an astringent, and is given in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. It is also useful in influenza tending to purpura. It is used Medicines and their uses. o03 externally in various liniments and as a blistering oint- ment, when combined with other remedies. Doses : — Of the medicinal acid, horses take one to two drachms; cattle, two to four drachms; sheep, half a drachm to a drachm ; pigs, ten to twenty drops ; dogs, two to five drops. May be given several times a day, freely diluted with water. Price, per pint, 5 cts. Sulphur — Flower of sulphur is quite extensively used. It acts as a mild physic, when given internally. Exter- nally, it is used in various skin diseases, being very effectual in the cure of mange and scab, and is usually combined with tar oils. Doses : — To loosen the bowels, horses take one to four ounces; cattle, three to six ounces; sheep and pigs, one ounce; dogs, two drachms. Ointments used exter- nally usually consist of one part of sulphur to four of vaseline or lard. Price, per pound, 8 cts. Sug:ar of Lead — See Acetate of Lead. Price per pound, 20 cts. Sweet Oil — See Olive Oil. Price per gallon, 75 cts. Tannin, Tannic Acid — This is used principally as an astringent in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. It is useful in preventing bleeding in the stomach, bowels or womb, also from the lungs. Externally it is used on ulcers of the mouth, sore teats, and piles. It is some- times used as an injection, in gleet and whites. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to two drachms ; sheep, hog and dog, three to ten grains. Price, per pound, $1.50. Tansy, Oil of — This is used principally in the forma- tion of liniments. It is a useful application for bruises, sprains, muscular rheumatism and chronic ulcers. Internally it is sometimes used to relieve flatu- lent colic. It is also employed to produce abortion. 604 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. Doses : — Horses and cattle, half a drachm to a drachm ; sheep, hog and dog, one to four drops. Price, per ounce, 25 cts. Taraxacum — This remedy is taken from the dande- lion, and is a good blood purifier, stimulates the liver, and is an excellent remedy for jaundice. Price, per pound, .$l.o5. Tartar Emetic— See Antimony Tartrate. Price, per pound, 55 cts. Tincture 0?ii Campli., Pareg"oric — This is a preparation of camphor and opium, benzoic acid, oil of anise, clari- fied honey and diluted alcohol. It is used to relive ab- dominal pains, or irritability of the stomach or bowels ; also for allaying cough. Doses : — Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce ; sheep, hos; and dog, one to three drachms. Price, per pint, 60 cts. Tolu, Syrup of — This is principally used for coughs colds, sore throat, or any chronic disease of the throat and lungs. Doses: — Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce; sheep, hog and dog, two to four drachms. Price, per pint, 50 cts. Verdig:ris, Copper Subacetate — This is an irritant poison and is seldom used internally. Externally it is used as a caustic stimii.,;nt, astringent and antiseptic. It is ap- plied in the form of a powder, solution or ointment, and is made of one part of verdigris to eiiiht or ten of lard, vaseline or water. Price, per pound, 50 cts. Vitriol, Oil of— See Sulphuric Acid. Price, per pint, 5 cts. Vitriol, White — See Zinc Sulphate. Price, per pound, 10 cts. Whiskey— See Rectified Spirits. MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. (505 Witchhazel, Hamamelis — This is quite a valuable rem- edy, for sprains, bruises, wounds, inflammations, con- gestions, or injuries from any source, in soothing and controlling the inflammation. It also enters into the formation of many liniments. It is used also as a soothing application for piles. Price, per gallon, 75 cts. Wormwood, Oil of— This oil is used in the form, tion of various liniments. I'riee, per ounce, 40 cts. Zinc, Chloride — This remedy is scarcely ever given in- ternally. Externally, it is used as a stimulant, astringent, caustic, and for the destruction of parasites, and is a valuable remedy in the treatment of canker of the foot. Price, per pound, 50 cents. Zinc, Oxide — Zinc oxide is mostly used externally, in the treatment of skin diseases. It is useful in relieving tenderness and itching, and assists in healing excoria- tions of the skin, being also frequently mixed with vaseline or glycerine, in the form of an ointment. Price, per pound, 15 cts. Zinc, Sulphate — This is seldom used internally, but externally it is used as a stimulant and astringent, to- promote the healing of wounds and foul ulcers, and when combined with sugar of lead and water, makes the famous w^hite lotion, a healing preparation. It i& sometimes used in the treatment of diseases of the eyes. Price, per pound, 10 cts. INDEX. HORSE DEPARTMENT. PAGK. Abscesses 174 Abscess. Cold 175 Acltes 117 Albumin vixla 117 Amaurosis 13< Amputation of Penis 187 Aneurism 190 Anasarca 117 Aniemia 52 Ankles. Cocked 222 Apoplexy 236 Arthritis 281 Asthma 72 Atrophy of the Muscles 271 Azoturia 54 Barbed Wire, Wounds from 2IM Back, Sprained 27.t Baths 18 " Tepid 18 " Warm 19 " Hot 19 " Medicated 19 Beets 15 Bladder, Paralysis of 120 " Inflammation of 127 " Eversion of 129 " Stone in the 131 Bleeding 3J " from the nostril n3 " after Castration 18.1 Blistering 30 Blood Spavin -•'•< Bloody Urine 119 Bog Spavin -■- Boluses 27 Bone Spavin -18 Bots li2 Brain, Inflammatloa of 144 (607) "608 INDEX. FAOI. Bran , 14 Brlght'3 Disease 117 Bronchitis 58 Bronchocele 239 Broken or Bruised Knees 267 Bruises 172 " oftheFrog 199 Burns or Scalds 163 •C Calk Wounds 201 Calculus, Cystic 131 Canker i 193 Capped Hock 227 Carpltls 266 Carrots ..' 15 Caries of the Teeth 234 Castration 1S3 Bleeding After ij-5 Catarrh, Chronic 246 " Nasal 56 Chaff 13 Chafing by the Harness 154 Choking 166 Chronic Roaring 57 Clap 128 Cocked Ankles 222 CofHn Joint Lameness 210 Colio, Flatulent 49 " Spasmodic 45 Cold in the Head 56 " Abscess 175 Congestion of the Lungs 70 " " Liver 99 " " Skin 147 Constipation 86 Contracted Heels 202 Contused and Incised Wounds 23 Corn 5 Corns 191 Coronltls :.^9 Cough, Chronic C8 Cramps 45 Crib-blters 168 Curb 2i5 ( ' J s tl tls 1.7 iD Decay or Carles of the Teeth £31 Diaphragm, Spasm of 75 Diarrhoea _.. 89 Diabetes, Insipidus 116 Dislocation of the Patella 255 Disinfection 30 Distemper or Strangles 41 ESDEX. 009 Drenches Dropsy of the Scrotum Dropsical Swelliiig Dysentery Dyspepsia Elbow Lameness Entfrltls Ealerltls-Muco Epilepsy Eplstaxis Epizootic Erysipelas Eversion of the Bl idder. " " " RtTtiun.. Eyes, Infl mimatiou of... Eyelids, Torn Eye, Watering Facial Paralysis Farcy Feet, Inflammation of Fetlock Joint, Sprain of — Firing.... Fistulous Wl hers Fits. FiiUing Flatulent Colic Flexor Tendons, Sprain of. Foment ill i(i!-!s Foods aud F»eding Foot, Gravel iu " Pumfred Foul Sheaih Founder Frog, Bruises of Galls, Saddle or Collar. " Wind Gastritis Glanders Glossitis Goitre Gonorrhce I Gorged >>i<>:iinch Gravel in Foot Grains Grass Grease Heel Gut-lie " FAQS. .... 28 . 52 .121 .117 . 91 .108 .26-1 . 82 ,. 84 .139 . 53 . 43 .161 .129 .103 .133 .136 .135 .153 . 50 .163 .261 . 31 .182 .139 . 49 .262 . 20 . 11 ..197 .198 .125 .163 .199 .154 .219 . 93 . 5) .105 ,.•-'39 ,.128 . 95 .197 . 14 . 16 .151 .110 610 INDEX. PAGE. H Haemorrhagia Purpura ^ 106 HaBmaturea 119 Hfiemorr holds 240 Harness 17 Hay 12 Heaves 76 Heels, Contracted 202 Hemiplegia 97 Hepatitis 101 Hernia 188 Hide Bound 158 Hind Limbs, Paralysis of 102 HipLameness 244 Hock, Capped 2.27 Hydrocele 121 Hydrophobia 241 Hysteria 24S Icterus 98 Incised and Contused Wounds 231 Indigestion 95 Inflamuiatioa of Bladder 127 '• Bowels 182 " Brain 144 " " Coronet 209 " Eyes 133 " Feet 163 " " Joints £7r-i'81 " " Kidneys 124 " Knees 266 " Liver 101 " " Lining Membrane of the Abdominal Cavity. .111 " " Lungs 63 " " Lymphatics 77 " " Mammar J' Glands 133 " " Membrane and Spinal Cord 145 " Mouth 79 " " Stomach 92 •' " Testicles 130 " " Tongue 105 " " Udder 132 Influenza, Epizootic 43 Injections 25 Intestinal Obstructions 87 Introductory 9 Intussusception 110 Irregularities of the Teeth 233 Irritation of the Skin 149 Jaundice 98 Joints, Open 277 INDEX. 611 PAGE. K Knee Sprung 306 Knees, Inflammation of 206 " Broken or Bruised 267 Knuckling 222 L Lachrymal Duct, Obstructon of 185 Liampas 81 Lamlnltis 163 Lameness, Coffin Joint 210 " Elbow 205 Hip 2^14 , " Shoulder 272 " StifleJoint 255 Laryngo Pharyngitis 60 Leucorrhoea 122 Lice 157 Linseed •. 15 Lips, Paralysis of the 237 Liver, Congesiion of 99 " Inflammation of 101 Lockjaw 141 Lotions 23 Lungs, Inflammation of 63 " Congestion of 70 Lymphangitis 77 M Madness 241 Maize 15 Mammary Glands, Inflammation o: 132 Mange 155 M oon Blindness 138 Mouth, Inflammation <.f 79 Muoo-Enteritis 84 Muscles, Rupture of 245 " Atrophy of 271 Mutilations 17 IM Nails, Pricks from 195 Nasal Catarrh 56 " Gleet ai6 " Polypus 177 " Tumors 177 Navicular Disease 210 Nephritis : 124 Nettle Rash 180 Nostrils, Bleeding from the 53 Wounds About 179 Nostril, False, Tumor in 177 O Obstructions, Intestinal 87 Obstruction of the Lachrymal Duct 135 Occult Spavin 254 Odema 221 Ointments 24 012 INDEX. PAOB. Open Joint 277 Ophthalmia, Periodic 138 Over-heating 147 Ozena 246 P Partial Paralysis 54 Paralysis 97 " of the Bladder 120 " Facial 153 " of the Hind Limbs 102 " " Lips 237 " " NerveofSlght 134 Parrot Mouth 235 Patella, Dislocation of 255 Penis, Amputation of 187 Peritonitis Ill Periodic Ophthalmia 138 Pharyngeal Polypus 178 Phrenltis 144 Phymosis and Paraphyinosls 186 Piles ' 240 Plasters 23 Pleurisy 65 Pneumonia 63 PolllOvil 169 Polypus, Nasal 177 Potatoes iS Poultices 81 Powders 22 Pricks from Nails 106 Prolapsus Ani 108 Prurlgo-Pruritus 149 Pumiced Foot 198 Purpura Hasmorrhagia 106 Q Quinsy 74 Qulttor 19d H Rabies 241 Rectum, Eversion of lOft Retention of Urine 126 Rheumatism 273 Rickets 282 Ringworm 181 Ringbone 267 Roaring, Chronic 57 Rupture 188 " of Muscles 845 S Saddle or Collar Galls 154 Salivation 104 Sand Cracks 808 Scalds and Burns 168 Scratches 151 INDEX. Scrotum, Dropsy of page. Seedy Toe ^^^ Sesamoldltls '90 Sheath, Foul 261 Shoeing ' ' ' 125 Shoulder Lameness ^ Slip 272 Shoulders, Sore ^^ Side-bones 154 Simple Ophthalmia. 224 Sltfast 133 Skin, Congestion of ^^^ " Irritation of... ^^"^ Slings '■' 149 Slobbers 31 Sore Shins '^ " Throat ^^"^ Spasm of the Diaphragm. ^ Spavin, Bone "^ Bog ....'. ~ 248 Blood 252 " Occult ".".'.'..■.'. 263 Spinal Meningitis. ... 254 Splint ' ' 145 Sprained Back 215 Sprain of the Fetlock Joint. ^^^ '• " Flexor Tendons ^^' ^ Suspensory Ligaments.... ^ff Sprung Kn«e 260 Stabling 206 Stifle-joint Lameness '^ Stings of Bees, Wasps and Hornets. "^ ' Stomach, Gorged 244 " Inflammation of ^^ " Staggers ^2 Stomatitis 9b Stone In the Bladder ." '^^ Strangles or Distemper. '^' Straw 41 Stringhalt ....T.!!...! ^^ Stricture of the Urethra. ^^ Stump-suckera 123 Sunstroke ^^ Superpurgatlon ^^'^ Suppositories 85 Surfeit '.'', 27 Swelled Gums. ..!.!...]... ]...]", 180 Legs, Stooklnt ^^ Swelling, DropslcsU 221 Swlnney 117 SynoYMB........'. 269-271 281 613 014 INDEX, PAGE. T Teeth 283-292 " Irregularities of 233 " Wolf or Supernumerary 236 Testicles, Inflammatioa of .130 Tetanus Ml Thorough Pin 228 Thrush 192 Thumps 75 Toe, Seedy 190 Tongue, Inflamiuaiion of 105 " Injuries 80 Toothache 234 Torn Eyelids 130 Tumors 230 " Nasal 177 " In False NostrH .177 " " theThroat 178 U Udder, Inflammation of 132 Urethra, Stricture of 123 Urine, Bioody 119 Urine, Retention of 126 V Vapors.. 24 W Warts 137 Water 10 Watering Eye 135 Wheat and Rye 14 Whites 120 Wind-galls 219 Wind-puffs 219 Wind-suckers 168 Withers, Fistulous '.182 Wolf Teeth 236 Worms 114 Wounds from Barbed Wire 212 Calk 201 " Incised and Contused 231 " attheJoints 277 " About the Nostrils 179 Yellows. CATTLE DEPARTMENT. Affections of the Second Stomach 835 Albuminuria 308 Apoplexy, Splenic 356 Aptha „ 205 INDEX. 615 PACK B Blackleg -65 Bladder, Evers-Ion of 3)2 " Inflammation of ...3il Bloating 304 Bloody Urine 313 Bowels, Inflammation of 324 Brain, Inflammation of 314 Bright's Disease 308 Buckeyes, Fits'from Eating 331 C Calves, White Scours in 303 Cancerous Ulcers 311 Catarrh or Cold 31(5 Choking 318 Chronic Indigestion 321 Clap 315 Colic 323 Conjunctivitis 326 Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia 307 Cow-pox 332 Cystitis 341 D De-horning 369 Diarrhoea 298 Dislocation of the Patella or Stifle 329 Dropsy of the Uterus or Woinb 345 Dysentery, Aculo 300 E Enteritis 324 Epizootic Aptha 309 Eversiou of Vagina 344 Eyes, Inflammation of 326 F Pardel-bound 333 First Stomach. Impaction of 336 Fits from Ealing- Buckeyes 331 Foot and Moutli Disease 309 G Glossitis 295 Gonoirhcca 315 Grubs Under the Skin 358 Gut-tie 357 H Hasniatiirea 313 Hepatitis 327 Hide-bound 335 Hoven 304 I Impaction of the Omasum 333 " " Rumen 836 Indigestion, Chronic 821 616 INDEX. PAGB. Inflammation of the Bladder 341 " " " Bowels 324 " " " Brain 314 " " " Eyes 326 " " " Kidneys 308 •• " •' Liver 327 » " " Lungs 339 " " " Tongue 295 •' " " Udder 358 Intestines, Strangulation of 357 J Jaundice 330 K Kidneys, Inflammation of 308 L Leucorrhoea 346 Lice 359 Liver, Inflammation of 327 Lockjaw 363 Lump-jaw 311 Lnngs, Inflammation of 339 M MammitiB 353 Mouth, Sore 295 P Patella, Dislocation of 329 Phrenitis 814 Pleurisy 347 Pleura-Pneumonia, Contagious 307 Pneumonia 839 Q Quarter-ill 365 R Rheumatism 367 Ringworm 360 Rumen, Impaction of 336 3 Second Stomach, Affections of 325 Skin, Grubs Under 358 Sore Mouth 295 " Teats 349 Splenic Apoplexy - 356 Stifle-joint, Dislocation of 339 Strangulation of the Intestines 357 T Teats, Injuries and Obstructions in 350 " Sore 849 Tetanus or Lockjaw 863 • Tongue, Inflammation of 806 Tongue, Ulcerated 297 Tympanitis 304 U Udder, Inflammation of 383 Ulcerated Tongue 897 Ulo«x«, CanoOTOuB 8U Urine, Bloo«jr 313 INDEX. 617 PAGB. Vagina, Everslon of 344 Warbles 358 Warts 361 White Scours in Calves 303 Whites 346 Womb, Dropsy of 345 Worms 362 OBSTETRICAL DEPARTMENT. Abdominal and Breast Presentation 45« Abortion 374 AciU'S or Abdominal Dropsy 460 Afterbirth, Retention of 399 After-pains 395 Anterior l^esentation 417 Apoplexy, Parturient 388 Barren Horses and Cattle 371 Bleeding from the Navel 408 Brain, Water on 461 Breast and Abdominal Presentation 452 Care and Peeding of Pregnant Animals 385 Colta, Diarrhoea In 418 Constipation Shortly After Birth 411 Croup and Thigh Presentation 445 Deviation of Head Upward and Backward 433 Diarrhoea in Colts 413 Double-headed Monstrosity 458 Downward Deviation of the Head 427 Dropsy, Abdominal 460 Everaion of the Womb 392 Feeding and Care of Pregnant Animals 385 Flooding 398 Foetus, Twin, In Different Presentations 458 " Presentation and Position of 416 Forellmbs Completely Retained 424 " Flexed at the Knees 421 PoroUmb Crossed Over the Neck 418 Head, Downward Deviation of 427 " Deviation of, Upward and Backward 483 *' Lateral Deviation of, to the Righ t or Left 429 Hernia of the Uterus or Womb 401 Hind-leg Deviation, Anterior Presentation 434 Hind-legs, Deviation of. Into Genital Canal, Anterior Part of the Body Presenting 4S6 Hock Presentation 442 Hydrocephalus, Water on the Brain 450 618 INDEX. PAGE. I Inflammation of the Peritoneum 406 '• " Womb 406 L Labor Pains, Premature 397 Lateral Deviation of the Head to the Right or Left 429 Loin and Shoulder Presentation 449 M Metro-Peritonitis 406 Milk Fever 388 Monstrosity, Double-headed 458 N Navel, Bleeding from the 408 Rupture of 410 " Urine Passing from the 409 Normal 'Parturition, N ecessary Aid in 377 O Odema 392 P Parturition, Its SyQiptoms, etc 882 " Necessary Aid in 377 Parturient Apoplexy, Milk Fever! 388 Perineum, Rupture of 405 Persistence of the Urachus 409 Post-labor Pains ..395 Post-par tum Hemorrhage 398 Posterior Presentation 438 Pregnancy, Swelling in 392 Pregnant Animals, Care and Feeding of 385 Premature Labor Pains 397 Presentation and Postion of the F(x;tus 416 R Retention of the Meconium 411 " " " Placenta 399 Rupture of the Navel 410 " " " Perineum 405 S Shoulder and Loin Presentation 449 Sterility— Barrenness 371 Swelling in Pregnancy 392 X Thigh and Croup Presentation .445 Transverse Presentatlnn 448 Twin Foetus in Different Prfsentations 456 U UmWlical Hemorrhage '. 408 " Hernia 410 Urine Passing from the Navel 409 W Water on the Brain 4.59 Womb, E version of 392 " Hernia of 401 " luflammatlon of 4N INDEX. SHEEP DEPARTMENT. 619 Abortion After-pains in the Ev Aptha PAGE. ....516 .. .513 4S4 B Black-leg ^^^ Bloating or Iloven *^^ Braxy C Castration ^]^ Charbon *^^ Clap or Gonorrha; I ^^ Cold or Catarrh *^ Concretions in the Stomach 4"^ Constipation ^^^ •' In Lambs ^** Congestion of the Liver ^"^^ Costiveness *^^ D Diarrhoea or Scours in Lambs 469 " " White Scours in Lambs 504 477 Distemper ^" Docking or Ctttting OH the Tail 5^ Dysentery '^'^ 477 Epizootic Ewe, Lambing in "^^ Flukes in the Liver, Foot Lameness .499 Foul in. .480 .486 and Mouth Disease •l^-* " Rot.. Fractures . .4S7 .503 G Garget ^'^ Gonorrhoea or Clap.... 509 Gravel in Foot . .486 H Hoof Rot. Hoose in Lambs. .487 .506 Hoven or Bloating ■*'! Husk . .5C6 Inflammation of the Liver 476 " " Lungs 466 " " Udder &15 influenza 4^^^ Intestinal Worms. .496 Inversion of the Womb ^^4 Itoh or Mange **0 620 INDEX. PAQK. L Lambing In the Ewe 511 Eiiambs, Constipation in 504 Lice 4«5 Liver, Congestion of 475 " Inflammation of 476 Liver-rot 499 Lockjaw 502 Lung Fever 466 " Worms 506 Lungs, Inflammation of 466 M Maggots 493 Mange or Itcli 490 Milk Fever 517 Murrain 480 P Pale Disease 508 Pneumonia 466 Parturient Apoplexy 513 " Fever 517 Puerperal Fever 517 Q Quarter-Ill 480 S Sand in Urine 508 Scab 490 Scours in Lambs, or Diarrhcea 469 Sediment in the Urine 508 Sheep-tick 494 Slipping of Lambs 516 Small-pox 481 Sore Feet 486 Splenic Apoplexy 472 Stomach, Foreign Substances in 474 Sti-etches 468 T Tail, Cutting Off the 530 Tape-worm 466 Tick 494 U Udder, Inflammation of 513 Uriue, Sand in 508 Urine, Sediment in 508 W "White Scours in Lambs 504 Womb, Inversion of B14 ESTDEX. HOG DEPARTMENT. 621 A Ague Cake. Anthrax.... Apoplexy . . PACK. . ... Si40 ^13 .... 534 .=sn6 O Catarrh or Snuffles Malignant Epizootic ^'■^^ coo Charbon ^''"^ .VI Cholera Constipation _"_ Contagious Pneumo-Enterltls ^~" Coughs and Colds ^'^'^ D Delivery and Care of Young— Pigging 550 DiarrhcEa or Scours ^ '^ 541 Diphtheria E Epilepsy or Staggers. .535 521 H Hog Cholera I Itch— Scab-Mange ^^^ K Kidney Worms ^^^ L Lard Worms ^^® Lice "'' M Malignant Epizootic Catarrh ^^^ Mange -Itch or Scab ^'^^ Measles "** P Pigging Piles ^^^ 550 545 Pneumo-Enteritis Com aglous ^25 .538 Q Quinsy S Scab— Itch or Mange ^^ Scours or Diarrhoea '"'^^ Snuffles or Catarrh ^^^ Spleen Enlargement ^^^ Splenitis ^*^ Staggers or Epilepsy ^^ Strangles ^^ T Tonsilitls ^3^ Trichina— Trichinosis ^^ W Worms, Kidney or Lard "^ 622 INDEX. DOG DEPARTMENT. PAGE. B Belly- Ache 558 Bowels. Inflammation of .' 559 C Canker of the Ear 565 Catarrh 561 Chorea 568 Clap or Gocorrhos.i 572 ('.olds 561 Colic 558 Con.stipation 557 Costivene.'jS 557 Cough '. 561 D Diarrhosa and Dysentery 555 DL-jtemiJ^-r 553 E Ear, Canker of the 565 Epilepsy 560 Erythema 565 Eyes, Intlammatiou of 566 F Fits 560 Fleas 575 Fractures 568 G Goitre 561 Gonorrhosa, Clap 572 H Hydrophobia 563 I Inflammation of the Bowels 559 " " Eyes 566 " " " Lungs ' 563 " " " Skin 565 L Lice 576 Lung Fever 562 IVl Madness .563 Mange 563 Red 565 P Parturition 573 Pneumonia 562 Pupping 573 R Rabies 563 S Skin, Inflammation of 565 T Tumors About the Eyes 567 W Warts About the Eyes 567 Worms In the Intestines 569 " " Kidneys 572 Wounds and Fractures 568