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 64th Congeess 
 1st Session 
 
 SENATE 
 
 Document 
 No. 324 
 
 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO 
 
 MESSAGE 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 TRANSMITTING 
 
 IN RESPONSE TO A SENATE RESOLUTION OF 
 
 JANUARY 6, 1916, CERTAIN INFORMATION 
 
 RELATIVE TO AFFAIRS IN MEXICO 
 
 February 17, 1916.— Read; ordered to lie on the table 
 and to be printed 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1916 
 

 of D. 
 S 1916 
 
SUBMITTED BY MR. FALL. 
 
 In the Senate of the United States, 
 
 January 6, 1916. 
 
 Resolved, That the President be requested, if not incompatible with 
 the public interests, to inform the vSenate upon the following sub- 
 jects and to transmit to the Senate the documents, letters, reports, 
 orders, and so forth, hereinafter referred to: 
 
 First. Is there a government now existing in the Republic of 
 Mexico; and if so. 
 
 Second. Is such government recognized by this Government; how 
 is such government maintained, and where; who is now the recog- 
 nized head of such government, and is the same a constitutional 
 government ? 
 
 Third. By what means was the recognition of any government in 
 Mexico brought about, and what proceedings, if any, were followed 
 prior to and resulting in recognition, in any conference between this 
 country and Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, and any other 
 country or countries ? 
 
 Fourth. What assurances has the Government of Mexico given 
 this Government as to its course in protecting American lives and 
 property in Mexico and in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Cali- 
 fornia; and, if such assurances have been given, what evidence has 
 this Government of the ability of such Government to fulfill its 
 promises and obligations in the premises ? 
 
 Fifth. What orders or instructions have been issued to our offi- 
 cials and armed forces on or near the Mexican border for the protec- 
 tion of the lives, property, and peace of American citizens along said 
 border ? 
 
 Sixth. What assurances have been received from the Mexican 
 Government, or requested by this Government, as to payment of 
 American damage claims for injury to life or property of our citizens 
 resulting from the acts of Mexico or citizens of that country within 
 the past five years ? 
 
 Seventh. What assurances have been given by the Mexican Gov- 
 ernment as to the protection of foreigners and ci+izens, and par- 
 ticularly in the free exercise of their religion, in public or in private ? 
 
 Eighth. Reports of the Brazilian minister to Mexico made to 
 this Government by letter or otherwise while said minister was 
 representing this Government in Mexico; also reports of American 
 consuls and consular representatives in Mexico during the past four 
 years, together with reports from any special or other sources of 
 information available or in hand concerning or relating to Mexican 
 affairs and conditions, or to Mexican officials or military and fac- 
 tional leaders; reports of the actions of the Red Cross in Mexico, 
 and their reports to this Government. 
 
4 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 Ninth. Data, letters, and reports relating to the closing of the 
 poit of El Paso and reopening same to importations of meat from 
 Juarez, and also to the setting aside or revocation of any decrees or 
 orders of Villa concerning mining property. 
 
 Tenth. Information concerning the occupation of Vera Cruz by 
 our land and naval forces; duration of such occupation; our admin- 
 istration of affairs during such occupancy; and the date and cause 
 of the evacuation of Vera Cruz, with all correspondence concerning 
 such evacuation. 
 
 Attest : 
 
 James M. Baker, Secretary. 
 
MESSAGE OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 To the Senate: 
 
 In response to the resolution adopted by the Senate on January 6, 
 1916, requesting the President to inform the Senate, if not incom- 
 patible with the public interests, upon certain subjects respecting 
 the situation in Mexico, and to transmit to the Senate the documents, 
 letters, reports, orders, and so forth, therein referred to, I transmit 
 herewith a report by the Secretary of State, with, accompanying 
 papers. 
 
 The report of the Secretary of State has my approval. 
 
 WooDRow Wilson. 
 
 The White House, 
 
 Washington, Fehruary 17, 1916. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2010 with funding from 
 The Library of Congress 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/affairsinmexicoOOunit 
 
LIST OF PAPERS. 
 
 1. The Secretary of State to Mr. Arredondo, October 19, 1915. 
 
 2. Statement by the President with regard to Mexico, June 2, 1915. 
 
 3. Appeal to all generals, governors, and other leaders in Mexico, signed by the 
 
 Secretary of State, the ambassadors of Brazil, Chile, and Argentina and the 
 ministers of Bolivia, Uruguay, and Guatemala, August 11, 1915. 
 
 4. From Mr. Arredondo to the Secretary of State, October 7, 1915. 
 4A. Frcm Gen. Carranza to Mr. Arredondo, October 5, 1915 (telegram). 
 
 4B. Resume of the Mexican Constitutionalist Revolution and its progress, by Mr. 
 
 Arredondo, date. October 7, 1915. 
 40. Plan of Guadalupe, March 26, 1913. 
 4D. Decree of Gen. Carranza, December 12, 1914. 
 4E. Declaration to the Nation by Gen. Carranza, June 11, 1915. 
 4F. From Gen. Carranza to Mr. Arredondo, October 6, 1915 (telegram). 
 
 5. From the Secretary of War to the Secretary of State, February 10, 1916. 
 
 5A. Weekly report of general conditions along the Mexican bor,.er, baseJ on weekly 
 
 reports of January 1, 1916. 
 5B. Weekly report of general con itions along the Mexican border, based on weekly 
 
 reports of January 15, 1916. 
 
 6. From the Secretary of War to the Secretary of State, January 26, 1916 (extract) . 
 
 7. From Mr. Arre on o to the Secretary of State, October 8, 1915. 
 
 8. From consul at Chihuahua to the Secretary of State, No. 658, July 31, 1915. 
 
 8A. From the Acting Secretary of State to the consul at Chihuahua. No. 379, August 
 
 11, 1915. 
 8B. From Mine an ^ Smelter Operators' Association to the Secretaiy of State, received 
 
 August 6. 1915 (telee:ram). 
 80. From George C. Carothers to the Secretary of State, received August 12, 1915 
 
 (telegTam) . 
 
 9. From Rear Admiral Fletcher to the Secretary of the Navy, April 9, 1914 (tele- 
 
 gram) . 
 9A. From the Secretary of the Navy to the Secretary of State, January 19, 1916. 
 9B. From the Secretary of War to the Secretary of State, January 26, 1916. 
 
 10. From the Secretary of State to the Brazilian Minister in Mexico, September 22, 
 
 1914 (teleg.am). 
 
 11. From the Bxazilian Minister in Mexico to the Secretary of State, November 
 
 10, 1914 (telegvam). 
 
 12. List of Americans killed in Mexico during 1913-1915. 
 
 12A. List of Americans killed in Mexico in 1910, 1911, and 1912. 
 
 12B. List of Americans reported killed in American territory as a result of the Mexi- 
 can border troubles dm-ing the years 1913-1915. 
 
 12C. List of American soldiers killed in American territory on account of Mexican 
 border troubles. 
 
 12D. Mexicans reported killed in American territory as a result of border troubles 
 other than those resultirg from firing across the international line, during 
 ergagements in Mexican border towns, between the years 1913 and 1915, 
 inclusive. 
 
LETTER OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE TO THE PRESIDENT. 
 
 To the President; 
 
 The resolution adopted by the United States Senate on January 6, 
 1916, requesting to be furnished, if not incompatible with the public 
 interest, with documents, letters, reports, orders, etc., relating to the 
 Mexican situation, having been referred by you to the Department 
 of State for report, I have the honor to state, after earnest consider- 
 ation of the recpiest in the light of such study as the department has 
 fiven this subject for a period of several years, that I believe it to 
 e incompatible witli the public interest to transmit to the Senate, at 
 the present time, the voluminous correspondence called for by the 
 resolution between the Department of State and the representatives 
 of the United States in Mexico, or that between this department and 
 representatives of the de facto Government of Mexico, of which Gen. 
 Venustiano Carranza is the Chief Executive. 
 
 In response, however, to the inquiries made in the resolution, I 
 have had prepared the following concise statement, together with 
 copies of certain pertinent documents which are hereto appended: 
 
 (1) The government at present existing in Mexico is a de facto 
 government, established by military power, which has definitely 
 committed itself to the holding of popular elections upon the resto- 
 ration of domestic peace. 
 
 (2) This de facto Government of Mexico, of which Gen. Venustiano 
 Carranza is the Chief Executive, was recognized by the Government 
 of the United vStates on October 19, 1915, and a copy of the letter to 
 Mr. Eliseo Arredondo, the representative of the de facto government 
 at this capital, informing him of such recognition is hereto appended 
 (inclosure No. 1). The said de facto government has since been 
 recognized by substantially all the countries of Latin America ; also 
 by Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Japan, Austria-Hungary, 
 Germany, and Spain; and several other countries have recently 
 announced their intention of extending recognition. The said de 
 facto government is at present being maintained at Queretaro, near 
 Mexico City. 
 
 It can not be said that the de facto Government of Mexico is a con- 
 stitutional government. The de facto government, like the majority 
 of revolutionary governments, is of a military character, but, as 
 already stated, that government has committed itself to the holding 
 of elections, and it is confidently expected that the present govern- 
 ment will, within a reasonable time, be merged in or succeeded by a 
 government organized under the constitution and laws of Mexico. 
 
 (3) After July, 1914, the revolutionary party became divided into 
 factions, thereby delaying the pacification of the country. Mean- 
 while, this Government took no action, hoping that these factions 
 would, by reunion, be able to restore order. As this desirable result 
 had not been achieved up to June 2, 1915, the President's statement 
 
10 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 of that (late, containing' a warning to the leaders of the factions, was 
 telegraphed to the American consular officers in Mexico, for circula- 
 tion. A copy of this st; tenient is appended hereto (inclosure No. 2). 
 
 Several weeks after the statement was issued, as the factional 
 differences seemed to be no nearer to a settlement, this Government 
 sounded the six ranking diplomatic representatives of Latin-America 
 as to whether they would confer and advise with this Government in 
 regard to formuL.ting some practicable plan, if possible, for the solu- 
 tion of the Mexican problem. Under instructions from their respec- 
 tive governments, these representatives signified their desire to co- 
 operate with this Government, and the first conference with the 
 representatives was held on August 5, 1 ist. 
 
 As a result of that conference the ambassadors of Argentina, Brazil, 
 and Chile, the ministers of Bolivia, Uruguay, and Guatemala, and 
 the Secretary of State of the United States, acting severally, signed 
 an appeal to the civil and military leaders of the revolutionary fac- 
 tions in Mexico, suggesting that the latter hold a conference to dis- 
 cuss a peaceful settlement of their differences and offered to act as 
 intermediaries to arrange the time, place, and other details of such 
 conference. Identical communications in this sense were, under date 
 of August 13 and 14 last, sent by telegraph to all generals, governors, 
 and other leaders known to be exercising civil or military authority 
 in Mexico. A copy of this communication is appended (inclosure 
 No. 3). 
 
 The attempt to bring the factions together for a conference failed. 
 
 Substantially all the commanders and others in authority who 
 were associated with Gen. Villa, replied directly and independently, in 
 varied language, accepting the suggestion for a conference. On the 
 other hand, all the commanders and others in authority who were 
 affiliated with Gen. Carranza replied briefly to the effect that the 
 appeal had been referred to Gen. Carranza, whose superior authority 
 they acknowledged, and who would make such reply as he deemed 
 proper. The inference to be drawn was plain. On the one hand, 
 there seemed to be no central organization among the Villista forces, 
 while, on the other hand, submission to a central authority was evi- 
 denced in the replies of the Carranzistas. The unity and loyalty of 
 the Carranzistas appeared to indicate the ultimate triumph of that 
 faction, especially as the Carranzista forces were then in control of 
 approximatel}?^ 75 per cent of the territory of Mexico. Accordingly 
 the conferees, after careful and impartial consideration of all the 
 circumstances, decided unanimously to recommend severally to their 
 respective governments that in then- opinion the government of 
 which Gen. Carranza was the leader should be recognized as the de 
 facto government of Mexico. 
 
 (4) There is appended hereto a copy of a letter from Mr. Eliseo 
 Arredo'ulo, the local representative of Gen. Carranza in Washingtoa, 
 dated October 7, 1915 (inclosure No. 4), transmitting several docu- 
 ments (inclosures 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, and 4F), setting forth the 
 program of the de facto government with respect to the protection of 
 the hves and property of foreigners in Mexico, the settlement of 
 claims arising from the disturbed conditions, and other matters ap- 
 pertaining to the restoration of order. 
 
 As to the ability of the de facto government to fulfill its promises 
 to protect lives and properties along the border, the undersigned has 
 
AFFAIRS IX MEXICO. 11 
 
 the honor to call your atter tion to the fact that smce assurances in 
 this respect were given to this Government by the de facto govern- 
 ment, the disturbances along the border have in a large measure 
 ceased. In this connection a copy of a letter from the Secretary of 
 War, dated February 10, 1916 (inclosure No. 5), and copies of weekly 
 reports Nos. 146 and 148 for the weeks ending January 1 and January 
 15, 1916, prepared by the War Department, concerning gei eral con- 
 ditions along the Mexican border (inclosures Nos. 5A and 5B), are 
 hereto ap]:'e' ded. It will be seen from these reports that conditions 
 alo] g the ])order are practically normal. 
 
 In respect to tlie evidence in the possession of this Government of 
 the ability of the de facto government of Mexico to fulfill its promises 
 and obligatio! s relative to protectirg American lives and property in 
 Mexico, the department's irform.ation indicates that the de facto 
 government is row in control of all but a few sections of Mexico, and 
 that, bearing i;n mird that the nation is just emerging from years of 
 domestic strife, it may be said that within the territory which it 
 controls it is affording, in ill the circumstances, reasonably adequate 
 protection to the lives and propert}^ of American citizens and that it 
 is taking st(\ps to extend its authority over and restore order in 
 sectiors now in the hands of hostile factions. In this connection, 
 however, it should be stated that the lawless conditions which have 
 long conthmed throughout a large part of the territory of Mexico are 
 not easy to remedy and that the great number of bandits who have 
 infested certain districts and devastated property in such territory 
 am not be suppressed innnediately, but that their suppression will 
 require some time for its accomplishment, pending which it may be 
 expected tliat they will commit sporadic outrages upon lives and 
 property. 
 
 (5) With reference to the protection of the lives and property of 
 American citizens on or near the Mexican border, there is inclosed 
 herewith an extract from a -letter on the subject from the Secretary 
 of War, dated January 26, 1916 (inclosure No. 6). 
 
 (6) With regard to the settlement of American claims against the 
 Mexican Republic for injuries to the lives or property of American 
 citizens, the undersigned has the honor to direct your attention to 
 to the copy of a letter from Mr. Arredondo, dated October 7, 1915, 
 and its inclosures, heretofore referred to and hereto appended as 
 inclosure No. 4, and its annexes. 
 
 (7) With reference to the assurances given by the Mexican gov- 
 ernment concerning the protection of foreigners and ''citizens," 
 particularly respecting the free exercise of religion, the undersigned 
 incloses herewith a copy of a letter on the subject from Mr. Arredondo, 
 dated October 8, 1915 (inclosure No. 7). 
 
 (8) As heretofore stated, it is not considered compatible with the 
 public interest to transmit to the Senate at the present time the 
 correspondence regarding political conditions in Mexico. Much 
 of this correspondence is of a highly confidential nature, submitted 
 by the consular officers of the iJnited States, by diplomatic or con- 
 sular officers of other Governments, which have graciously consented 
 that their officers might supply this Government with information 
 during the necessary absence of American representatives, and by 
 other persons residing in Mexico. To reveal the contents of the 
 reports submitted by representatives of the United States and by 
 
12 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 the representatives of other Governmoiits, would be iiiconipati])le 
 with pubhc interest, as it would tend to impair the usefuhiess of 
 these officials to their respective Governments; and to make public 
 the personal and frequently confidential statements submitted from 
 time to time by civilians, miglit seriously embarrass them. 
 
 It may be added that the papers requested by the Senate resolution 
 comprise thousands of documents, the greater part of which set 
 forth individual opinions and suggestions from different points of 
 view, and therefore contain a mass of divergent and contradictory 
 matter incapable of reduction to a harmonious statement of fact 
 regarding the situation in Mexico or of the plans pi-oposed for its 
 improvement. 
 
 (9) With reference to the request for ''data, letters, and repoi'ts 
 relating to the closing of the port of El Paso and reopening same to 
 importations of meat from Juarez," the undersigned has the honor 
 to state that the port of El Paso has not been closed during this 
 administration to the importation of meats from Juarez. If meats 
 from Juarez were at any time prohibited entry into the laiited States, 
 it was because such meats were not properly prepared to pass the 
 inspection maintained under the regulations of the Department of 
 Agriculture of this Government and not because the port of El Paso 
 was closed to any particular class of imports. 
 
 With respect to the revocation of the mining decree issued b}^ 
 Gen. Villa, the undersigned incloses an extract from a dispatch from 
 the American consul at Chihuahua, dated July 31, 1915 (inclosure 
 No. 8), and a copy of the department's reply thereto, dated August 11, 
 1915 (inclosure No. 8A). There is also inclosed a copy of a telegram 
 in regard to this matter from the Mine and Smelter Operators' 
 Association, dated at El Paso, Tex., August 6, 1915 (inclosure 
 No. SB), together with a copy of an undated telegram from Mr. 
 George C. Carothers, the department's special agent, received by the 
 department on August 12, 1915 (inclosure No. SC), stating that 
 Gen. Villa's mining decree would not be enforced. 
 
 (10) Concerning the occupation and evacuation of Vera Cruz by 
 United States land and naval forces, the undersigned has the honor 
 to inclose a copy of Admiral Fletcher's telegram to the Secretary of 
 the Navy, dated April 9, 1914 (inclosure No. 9), quoting a telegram 
 from Admiral Mayo, of the same date, reporting the arrest at Tampico 
 of the paymaster and a boat's crew of the U. S. S. Dolphin; a copy of 
 a letter from the Secretary of the Navy, dated January 19, 1916 
 (inclosure No. 9A) ; and an extract from a letter from the Secretary 
 of War, dated January 26, 1916 (inclosure No. 9B), hereinbefore 
 mentioned as inclosure No. 6, in which reference is made to border 
 conditions. 
 
 When the arrest of the men mentioned was reported to the De- 
 partment of State, informal negotiations were immediately begun 
 with the Huertista government with a view of settling the difficulty, 
 but owing to the refusal of Gen. Huerta, to comply with Admiral 
 Mayo's demand for a salute, the negotiations were suspended. The 
 American consuls in Mexico were informed by telegraph on April 20 
 1914, that the negotiations had been suspended, and that the Presi- 
 dent would lay the matter before the Congress on that date, with a view 
 to taking such action as might be necessary to obtain reparation for 
 the offense against the flag and Navy of the United States, and 
 
AFFAIRS IJSr MEXICO. 13 
 
 they were instructed to advise Americans to withdraw from Mexican 
 territory. 
 
 On September 15, 1914, 7 p. m., the Department of State dispatched 
 a telegram to the minister of Brazil at Mexico City, temporarily in 
 charge of American interests, for delivery by him to Vice Consul 
 Silliman, in which the latter was instructed to say to Gen. Carranza 
 that the President was arranging to withdraw the American troops 
 from Vera Cruz, and that he desired that some responsible authority 
 be named to whom the customhouse could be turned over and that 
 officials be designated to whom authority in the city could be deliv- 
 ered. On September 22, a telegram was sent to the minister of Brazil, 
 in which the Carranza government was requested to give certain 
 assurances in regard to the payment of taxes, treatment of refugees 
 at Vera Cruz, and other matters. A copy of this telegram is inclosed 
 herewith (inclosure No. 10). 
 
 On November 10, 1914, the minister of Brazil at Mexico City tele- 
 graphed Gen. Carranza's reply to the assurances requested on Sep- 
 tember 22. A copy of this telegram is inclosed herewith (inclosure 
 No. 11). 
 
 I have also the honor to append a list (inclosure No. 12) of the citi- 
 zens of the United States, who, from various causes, have lost their 
 lives in Mexico during the years 1913, 1914, and 1915. The total is 
 76. From the latter part of February, 1913, when the military oper- 
 ations against Gen. Huerta began, to the close of the year 1915, a 
 period of 34 months, a great portion of the territory of Mexico was 
 the scene of domestic strife. Yet it may be noted that during the 
 years 1910, 1911, and 1912, when a much smaller area was disturbed 
 by war, 47 Americans lost their lives in Mexico (inclosure No. 12A); 
 and this was at a time when the country was assumed to be at peace, 
 since the Madero revolution, which began on November 20, 1910, 
 lasted only six months. 
 
 While 76 Americans lost their lives in the entire territory of Mexico 
 during the years 1913, 1914, and 1915, in the same period there were 
 20 civilian Americans and 16 American soldiers killed on American 
 soil, adjacent to the international boundary (inclosures Nos. 12B and 
 12C), and during those years there were approximately 92 Mexicans 
 killed in the same area (mclosure No. 12D). 
 
 These figures indicate that a condition of lawlessness prevailed 
 along the border, due in large measure to factional conflicts in Mexican 
 territory for ports of entry, and to the unfriendly personal relations 
 existing between the American and Mexican residents in that region. 
 The department, however, has no reliable information as to the num- 
 ber of Mexicans killed on the Mexican side of the boundary and in 
 its immediate vicinity as a consequence of this state of disorder. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 Robert Lansing. 
 
 Department of State, 
 
 WasJdngtoii, Fehruary 12, 1916. 
 
14 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 [Inclosure No. I.] 
 
 the secretary of state to mr. arredondo. 
 
 Department of State, 
 
 Washington, October 19, 1915. 
 My Dear Mr. Arredondo: It is my pleasure to inform you that 
 the President of the United States takes this opportunity of extend- 
 ing recognition to the de facto government of Mexico, of which Gen. 
 Veiiustiano Carranza is the Chief Executive. 
 
 The Government of the. United States will be pleased to receive 
 formally in Washington a diplomatic representative of the de facto 
 government as soon as it shall please Gen. Carranza to designate 
 and appoint such representative; and, reciprocally, the Government 
 of the United States will accredit to the de facto government a dip- 
 lomatic representative as soon as the President has had opportunity 
 to designate such representative. 
 
 I should appreciate it if you could find it possible to communicate 
 this information to Gen. Carranza at your earliest convenience. 
 Very sincerely, yours, 
 
 Robert Lansing. 
 
 [Inclosui'e No. 2.] - 
 
 STATEMENT OF THE PRESIDENT WITH REGARD TO MEXICO. 
 
 For more than two years revolutionary conditions have existed in 
 Mexico. The purpose of the revolution was to rid Mexico of men who 
 ignored the constitution of the Republic and used their power in 
 contempt of the rights of its people; and with these p\irposes the 
 people of the United States instinctively and generously sj^ipathized. 
 But the leaders of the revolution, in the very hour of their success, 
 have disagreed and turned their arms against one another. All pro- 
 fessing the same objects, they are, nevertheless, unable or unwilling 
 to cooperate. A central authority at Mexico City is no sooner set up 
 than it is undermined and its authority denied by those who were 
 expected to support it. Mexico is apparently no nearer a solution 
 of her tragical troubles than she was whe i the revolution was first 
 kindled. And she has been swept by civil war as if by fire. Her 
 crops are destroyed, her fields lie unseeded, her work cattle are con- 
 fiscated for the use of the armed factions, her people flee to the moun- 
 tains to escape being drawn into unavailing bloodshed, and no man 
 seems to see or lead the way to peace and settled order. There is no 
 proper protection either for her own citizens or for the citizens of other 
 nations resident and at work within her territory. Mexico is starving 
 and without a government. 
 
 In these circumstances the people and Government of the United 
 States can not stand indiflferent^y by and do nothing to serve their 
 neighbor. They want nothing for themselves in Mexico. Least of 
 all do they desire to settle her affairs for her, or claim any right to 
 do so. But neither do they wish to see utter ruin come upon her, 
 and they deem it their duty as friends and neighbors to lend any aid 
 they properly can to any instrumentality which promises to be 
 effective in bringing about a settlement which will embody the real 
 objects of the revolution — constitutional government and the rights 
 
AFFAIKS IN MEXICO. 15 
 
 of the people. Patriotic Mexicans are sick at heart and cry out for 
 peace and for every self-sacrifice that may be necessary to procure it. 
 Their people cry out for food and will presently hate as much as they 
 fear every man, in their country or out of it, who stands between 
 them and their daily bread. 
 
 It is time, therefore, that the Government of the United States 
 should frankly state the policy which in these extraordinary circum- 
 stances it becomes its duty to adopt. It must presently do what it 
 has not hitherto done or felt at liberty to do, lend its active moral 
 support to some man or group of men, if such may be found, who 
 can rally the suffering people of Mexico to their support in an effort to 
 ignore, if they can not unite, the warring factions of the country, 
 return to the constitution of the Republic so long in abeyance, and 
 set up a government at Mexico City which the great powers of the 
 world can recognize and deal with, a government with whom the 
 program of the revolution will be a business and not merely a plat- 
 form. I therefore publicly and very solemnly call upon the leaders 
 of faction in Mexico to act, to act together, and to act promptly for 
 the relief and redemption of their prostrate country. I feel it to be 
 my duty to tell them that, if they can not accommodate their dif- 
 ferences and unite for this great purpose within a very short time, 
 this Government will be constrained to decide what means should 
 be employed by the United wStates in order to help Mexico save herself 
 and serve her people. 
 
 Washington, June 2, 1915. 
 
 APPEAL TO GENERALS, GOVERNORS, AND OTHER MEXICAN 
 
 LEADERS. 
 
 [Inclosure No. 3. Sent to all consuls in Mexico under date of Aug. 13 and 14, 1914.] 
 [Translation.] 
 
 Washington, D. C, August 11, 1915. 
 
 The undersigned, the Secretary of State of the United States, the 
 ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary of Brazil, Chile, 
 and Argentina, and the envoys extraordinary and ministers pleni- 
 potentiary of Bolivia, Uruguay, and Guatemala, accredited to the 
 Government of the United States of America, acting severally and 
 independently, unanimously send to you the following communi- 
 cation : 
 
 Inspired by the most sincere spirit of American fraternity, and 
 convinced that they rightly interpret the earnest v/ish of the entire 
 continent, have met informally at the suggestion of the Secretary of 
 State of the United States to consider the Mexican situation and to 
 ascertain whether their friendly and disinterested help could be suc- 
 cessfully employed to reestablish peace and constitutional order in 
 our sister Republic. 
 
 In the heat of the frightful struggle which for so long has steeped 
 in blood the Mexican soil, doubtless all may well have lost sight of 
 the dissolving effects of the strife upon the most vital conditions of 
 the national existence, not only upon the life and liberty of the 
 inhabitants, but on the prestige and security of the country. We 
 can not doubt, however — no one can doubt — that in the presence of 
 a sympathetic appeal from their brothers of America, recalling to 
 
16 AFFAIES IN MEXICO. 
 
 thorn those disastrous offocts, asking thorn to save tlioir motiierland 
 from ail abyss — no one can doubt, we repeat — that the patriotism 
 of th(^ men who lead or aid in any way the bloody strife will not 
 remain unmoved ; no one can dou})t tliat each and every one of them, 
 measuring; in his own conscience his share in the responsibilities of 
 past misfortune and looking forward to his share in the glory of the 
 pacification and reconstruction of the country, will respond, nobly 
 and r(>solutely, to this friendly appeal and give tlieir best efforts to 
 opening the way to some saving action. 
 
 We, the undersigned, believe that if the men directing the armed 
 movements in Mexico — whether political or military chiefs — should 
 agree to meet, either in person or by delegates, far from the sound 
 of cannon, and with no other inspiration save the thought of their 
 {afflicted land, there to exchange ideas and to determine the fate of 
 the country — from such action would undoubtedly result the strong 
 and unyielding agreement recjuisite to the creation of a provisional 
 government, which should adopt the first steps necessary to the con- 
 stitutional reconstruction of the countr}^ — and to issue the first and 
 most essential of them all, the immediate call to general elections. 
 
 An adequate place within the Mexican frontiers, which for the pur- 
 pose might be neutralized, should serve as the seat of the conference; 
 and in order to bring about a confertnce of this nature the under- 
 signed, or any of them, will willingly, upon invitation, act as inter- 
 mediaries to arrange the time, place, and other details of such con- 
 ference, if this action can in any way aid the Mexican people. 
 
 The undersigned expect a reply to this communication within a 
 reasonable time; and consider that such a time would be 10 days 
 after the communication is delivered, subject to prorogation for cause. 
 
 Robert Lansing, 
 Secretary of State of the United States. 
 D. DA Gama, 
 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Brazil. 
 
 Edo. Suarez-Mujica, 
 
 Amhassador Extraordina,ry and Plenipotentiary of Chile. 
 
 R. S. Naon, 
 Amhassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Argentina. 
 
 I. Calderon, 
 Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Bolivia. 
 
 Carlos Maria de Pena, 
 Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Uruguay. 
 
 Joaquin Mendez, 
 Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Guatemala. 
 
 [Inclosure No. -1.] 
 
 mr. arredondo to the secretary of state. 
 Agencia Confidencial del 
 
 GOBIERNO CONSTITUCIONALISTA DE MeXICO, 
 
 ^YasJlington, D. C, October 7, 1915. 
 Mr. Secretary: In consideration of the agreement between your 
 excellency and the other American representatives, during the last 
 conference held in New York, on the 18th ultimo, I have the honor 
 
AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 17 
 
 to transmit herewith, for your excellency's information, a brief 
 review of the Mexican revolution, initiated by Mr. Venustiano Car- 
 ranza in February, 1913, explaining its origin, development, and 
 progress made to this day; and a copy of declarations made by Mr. 
 Carranza, as the leader of the revolution and depository of the execu- 
 tive power of Mexico, which define the tendencies and program to be 
 followed by the constitutionalist government, during its transitory 
 period, indispensable for the holding of general elections in the 
 Republic, wherefrom a definite constitutional government will 
 emanate. 
 
 Mr. Venustiano Carranza, depository of the executive power of 
 Mexico, whom I have the honor to represent in this countiy, has 
 authorized me to say to your excellency that his public declarations 
 of December 12, 1914, and June 11, 1915, bear the statement that 
 the government he represents, in its capacity of a political entity, 
 conscious of its international obligations and of its capability to 
 comply with them, has afforded guaranties to the nationals, and 
 has done likewise with legard to foreigners, and shall continue to see 
 that their lives and property are respected, in accordance with the 
 practices established by civilized nations and the treaties in force 
 between Mexico -and other countries. 
 
 That besides the above he will recognize and satisfy indemnities 
 for damages caused by the revolution, which shall be settled in due 
 time and in terms of justice. 
 
 I avail myself of this opportunity to reiterate to your excellency 
 the assurance of my highest consideration. 
 
 E. Arredondo, 
 Confidential Agent. 
 
 His Excellency Robert Lansing, 
 
 Secretary of State of the United States of America, 
 
 Washington, D. 0. 
 
 [InclosureNo. 4A.] 
 GEN. CARIIANZA TO MR. ARREDONDO. 
 
 [Telegram,] 
 
 Vera Cruz, Mexico, October 5, 1915. 
 Eliseo Arredondo, Esq., 
 
 Mexican Embassy, Washington, D. C: 
 Your ciphered message dated yesterday. The general situation 
 of the country is constantly improving, and preferent attention is 
 being given to repairing railway lines in order to facilitate transpor- 
 tation of merchandise to place where they are lacking. It is untrue 
 that the Zapatistas blew up a passenger train, as stated by you, and 
 although several bands are harassing trains, these are well pro- 
 tected, and the persecution waged against will soon annihilate them. 
 It is true that a minor officer killed a young lad}^, but he succeeded in 
 escaping, but he is being pursued, and when arrested he will receive 
 a severe punishment. 
 
 Carranza. 
 
 S. Doc. 324, 64-1 2 
 
18 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 [luclosure No. 4B.] 
 
 RESUME OF THE MEXICAN CONSTITUTIONALIST BE VOLUTION 
 
 AND ITS PROGRESS. 
 
 The civil strife in Mexico, now nearing its end, whicii grew out of 
 the arrest and subsequent deatli of Francisco I. Madero and Jose 
 Maria Pino Suarez, President and Vice President, riespectively, of the 
 Republic of Mexico, and was a consequence of the usurpation of 
 power by Gen. Victoriano Huerta, had its beginning on the 19th of 
 February, 1913. On this date Mr. Venustiano Carranza, upon being 
 apprised of the above-mentioned outrageous assault and of the 
 infringement of the federal constitution, and acting in his capacity 
 of governor of the State of Coahuila and in fealty to the oath he had 
 taken upon entering into the performance of his high investiture to 
 preserve and cause all others to observe the federal constitution and 
 to guard its institutions, repudiated the aforesaid Gen. Huerta as 
 President of Mexico and initiated that which has been named as 
 ''The revolution of the Constitutionalist Party." 
 
 Mr. Venustiano Carranza, obeying the provision of the federal con- 
 stitution which his oath of office involved as governor of the State of 
 Coahuila, raised the flag of legality against the usurpation of federal 
 power, at the same time calling all public officers in the country to do 
 their duty and inviting all commanders of troops to repudiate and 
 oppose Gen. Huerta as President of the Republic; but in view of the 
 fact that none of the secretaries in the cabinet of Mr. Madero, who 
 by operation of law and according to their precedence were expected 
 to punish the outrage committed against the constitution, responded 
 to the call to duty, Mr. Carranza was constrained to assume the 
 leadership of therestorating movement because it was his duty to do do 
 as governor of the State of Coahuila and pursuant to the unanimous 
 vote of the citizens who at that moment had rallied around him to 
 defend the political constitution of the united Mexican States and to 
 save its institutions. 
 
 Mr. Carranza is, therefore, in the light of the federal constitution 
 of Mexico, the rightlul successor of Francisco I. Madero in the exer- 
 cise of the executive power, to the exclusion of any other public 
 officer, because he was the only one who complied with his duty 
 according to the fundamental charter of the Republic. 
 
 The nomination of Mr. Carranza as chief of the revolution took place 
 in the hacienda de Guadalupe, State of Coahuila, where the well- 
 known "Plan of Guadalupe" was framed and enacted on March 
 26, 1913, which was the rule of action to be observed and followed 
 by the army which was then being organized with the sole purpose 
 of opposing and overthrowing the power of Gen. Victoriano Huerta, 
 and which was wisely named at that time as "constitutionalist 
 army." 
 
 In accordance with this brief, concise, and well-defined plan of 
 action, the sole object of which and its only duty were to restore 
 the efl^ectiveness of the constitution trampled upon by Huerta and 
 his accomplices, a small group of patriots lead by Mr. Carranza and 
 seconded afterwards by the State of Sonora only, started a disad- 
 vantageous struggle against the central power of Huerta, who had 
 the decided support of the federal army and of the powerful elements 
 of the cientifico and reactionary party. 
 
AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 19 
 
 After a revolution of a year and a half which disturbed the whole 
 country and has shed so much blood and caused so great injury 
 to the Mexican people, Mr. Carranza made his triumphant entry 
 into the City of Mexico at the head of the restorating army on August 
 19, 1914, taking immediate possession of the executive authority of 
 the Kepublic of Mexico, in accordance with the plan of Guadalupe, 
 dated March 26, 1913. 
 
 As soon as Mr. Carranza took his seat in the national palace of 
 the City of Mexico, he began the organization of the various depart- 
 ments of state with view to attending at once to all the services of 
 public administration, and at the same time complying with a verbal 
 promise he made to all the leaders who seconded the plan of Guada- 
 lupe when the constitutionalist army should occupy the City of 
 Mexico. He called all the governors and leaders in command of troops 
 to a meeting which was to take place on the 1st day of October, 
 1914, for the purpose of discussing and adopting the program or 
 platform which the constitutionalist government should follow 
 prior to elections; the reforms which should be carried into effect; 
 the date on which elections should be held, and all other matters of 
 general interest which the circumstances might require. 
 
 But Gen. Francisco Villa, who was then the commander of the 
 northera division of the constitutionalist army, who had signed and 
 sworn to support the plan of Guadalupe, induced and encouraged by 
 a group of sordid and ambitious counselors, who had not been ad- 
 mitted by Mr. Carranza, and confirming his rebellious designs against 
 the first chief, of which he had given evidence since the month of 
 June of 1914, when he refused to obey the orders of his chief to go 
 to the rescue of Gen. Panhlo Natera, who was attacking the city of 
 Zacatecas, which was then occupied by Huerta's forces, made a reply 
 to the call, stating that neither he nor any of the generals of his divi- 
 sion would attend the meeting to be held on October 1 in Mexico, at 
 the same time publishing a declaration repudiating the leadership of 
 !Mr. Carranza and alleging that he was not the man required by the 
 circumstances to occupy the presidency of the Republic and insure 
 the triumph of the revolution. 
 
 The convention was, therefore, held without the attendance of the 
 northern division, among the other military commanders and gover- 
 nors of States; but as soon as the sessions were initiated, Mr. Carranza 
 considered that Gen. Villa and the commanders of his division were 
 obstinate in a futile struggle which would again stain Mexico's soil 
 with the blood of its people and would be of disastrous consequences, 
 and seeing with sadness that several other leaders were vacillating 
 in the face of danger and the hardships of a new struggle, loyal to 
 the principles of abnegation and patriotism of which he had given 
 evidence, and guided only by the desire to avoid greater evils to his 
 country, he appeared before the assembly on a certain day in the 
 legislative palace of Mexico and astonished everybody by relinquish- 
 ing before it the power with which he had been vested, promising to 
 retire to private life and even to leave the country, stating that he 
 would return the authority to those who had conferred it on him and 
 hoped that they would know how to save the Republic from a new 
 struggle growing out of Villas rebellion and would carry into practice 
 the reforms of an economic and social order which the people de- 
 manded and which had been the subject of the strife. 
 
20 AFFAIRS IjST MEXICO. 
 
 Mr. C'urnu za, divestt^d of all command and as a simple citizen, 
 returned to his home, leaving the convention in complete liberty to 
 continue its sessions and to discuss and designate the ])ersoii who 
 should take his place. 
 
 The convention went oji witli its work, and, after brief deliberations 
 cojicerniiig the resignation of Mr. C'arranza, all those present unani- 
 mously decided to call him back aiid ask him to resume the duties of 
 first chief of the constitutionalist army and to continue at the head 
 of the executive power of the nation, inasmuch as he was the genuine 
 representative ofthe revolution, the faitliful interpreter of its tej-d- 
 encies and purposes. To that effect, a committee of live generals 
 appointed by the convention called at the home of IVIr. Carrarza 
 at a late hour of the night and a few minutes later carried him to 
 the chamber of deputies, where the important convention was being 
 held, vhere he was received amidst the applause of the attendants 
 who acclaimed liim as their chief and again invested him with the 
 power of the nation; and Mr. Carranza, responding to the necessities 
 of the country and his A'oice of his partisans, accepted the trust and 
 once more protested that he would do his duty and would defend the 
 principles and program of the revolution against the ambitions and 
 malevolence of its enemies, to whom the rebellion of Villa should be 
 added. 
 
 Mr. Carranza having again taken charge of the executive po^^'er of 
 the ration and invested again with the character of first chief of the 
 constitutionalist army, several army officers called upon him asking 
 his permission to proceed north in order to confer with the com- 
 manders of the northern division headed by Gen. Villa, in an effort 
 to procure an agreement wath them and avoid the menacing confiict 
 which everyone felt would be of serious consequences for the cause 
 and the interests of Mexico. After several interviews in which 
 Mr. Carranza constantly endeavored to dissuade the aforesaid gen- 
 erals from the futility of their intent, admonishing them against the 
 antecedents, ignorance, and well-known traits of Villa, which could 
 hardly inspire any confidence in his agreements and pi'omises, per- 
 mitted them to go to Aguascalientes, where they were to meet the 
 others, but reserving to himself the authority on any decision adopted 
 until he would know the result of the above-mentioned conferences. 
 
 The mere conversation and exchange of opinions and judgment 
 among the aforesaid leaders, moved onh" by the desire to avoid the 
 nearing conflict, was a sufficient pretext for Villa to give them the 
 character of a convention, which began by simple conferences and 
 ended by assuming the name of a sovereign convention, which dic- 
 tated a new program for the revolution and completely disregarded 
 the plan of Guadalupe. 
 
 It is well know^n that Gen. Villa immediately sent troops in large 
 numbers to the city of Aguascalientes and b}^ means of this manifes- 
 tation of violence succeeded in having Gen. Eulalio Gutierrez ap- 
 pointed provisional president of Mexico for a term of 20 da3^s, with 
 the avowed purpose of eliminating Mr. Carranza from the position of 
 first chief and of his trust as depository of the executive power which 
 had been then ratified in his favor. It is also a well-known fact, 
 within as well as without Mexico, that only a few days had to pass 
 when Villa revolted also against Provisional President Gutierrez, the 
 choice of the so-called convention, and accompanied by a body of 
 
AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 21 
 
 armed troops attacked him in his own home, forcing Gutierrez to flee 
 from the capital to save his hfe. 
 
 Once the works of the so-called convention ended at Aguascalientes 
 and having set in relief, as stated before, that the aim of Villa was no 
 other than to assume power by assault and declare himself the dic- 
 tator of Mexico, the various leaders and officers, who, deceived on the 
 one hand and startled on the other by the precipitation of the oc- 
 currence and their lack of experience in political matters, had attended 
 the Aguascalientes convention, returned to the side of the first chief 
 and once more declared their willingness to defend the government of 
 Mr. Carranza against the malevolence and ambitions of Villa and those 
 who followed him. 
 
 It was at that time, October of last year, that the second struggle 
 which Ml*. Carranza had to face began; and it has been necessary to 
 devote one whole year of hardships and sacrifice; to destroy thousands 
 of lives and interests of the country to overpower the Villa faction, 
 which at this time, already disorganized, without elements of support, 
 followers, or cohesion, has been confined to the material occupation 
 of the northern portion of the State of Chihuahua and a part of the 
 State of Sonora. 
 
 In order to foster his ambitions. Gen. Villa sent Gen. Felipe Angeles 
 to the State of Morelos to seek the allegiance of the Zapata faction in 
 the new fight against Mr. Carranza, for which purpose he made Zapata 
 all kinds of promises and succeeded in having a group of 26 Zapatista 
 delegates attend the Aguascalientes convention, although they had no 
 credentials of any kind or color to attend the conference, nor had ever 
 been identified as revolutionaries; but this was of no avail, for the 
 ends which Villa and Angeles pursued, whose ambition was to secure 
 a majority in the convention, which would insure the success of their 
 purpose. 
 
 The Zapata faction, which has never been an organized nucleus of 
 resistance, and composed merely of bands of marauders numbering 
 sometimes 100, 50, 20, 10, and even less men, never was nor has been 
 in accord with the Villa faction except in their intention to fight Mr. 
 Carranza; but these latter having been defeated by the forces under 
 Gens. Gonzalez and Coss, have retired to their mountain hiding in the 
 State of Morelos, and their activity is reduced to raids in the States of 
 Mexico, Vera Cruz, and the Federal district, where they attack defense- 
 less towns and passenger trains without any other object or finality 
 than to rob and profit by the proceeds of their loot, all of whom are 
 acting on their own personal initiative and are living in this manner 
 outside of the pale of any authority or law. 
 
 From the above it appears that the constitutionalist party, headed 
 by Mr. Carranza, initiated the revolution against Huerta in February, 
 1913, and organized and equipped successively in various States of 
 the Republic an army of volunteers which fought the usurpation of 
 Huerta, and finally threw him out of power, as hereinbefore stated; 
 and has also fought and completely defeated the factions of Villa and 
 Zapata, who had revolted against the authority of the first chief. 
 
 At the present time Mr. Carranza controls 24 States of the 27 which 
 make up the Republic, and the territories of Tepic and Quintana Roo 
 and the Federal district, and has established in each of them a local 
 government which attends the various branches of public service, 
 as hereinafter stated, giving the names of the governors ruling the 
 States: 
 
^'2 AFFATRS IN MFA'TCO, 
 
 In Sinaloa the governor is Engineer Manuel Rodriguez Gutierrez; 
 in Nuevo Leon, Licentiate Pablo de la Garza; in Coahuila, Licentiate 
 Gustavo Espinosa Mireles; in Tamaulipas, Gen. Luis Caballero; in 
 Durango, Gen. Domingo Arrieta; in Zacatecas, Gen. Romulo Figue- 
 roa; in Aguascalientes, Gen. Martin Triana; in San Luis Potosi, Gen. 
 Gabriel Gavira; in Guanajuato, Dr. Jose Suirob; in Queretaro, Gen. 
 Gederico Montes; in Miclioacan, Gen. Alfredo Elizondo; in Jalisco, 
 Licentiate Manuel Aguierre Berlanga; in Colima, Gen. Juan Jose 
 Rios; in Hidalgo, Gen. Nicolas Flore; in the Federal district, Gen. 
 Ceasar Lopez de Lara; in Puebla, Col. Dr. Luis G. Cervantes: in 
 Tlaxcala, Lieut. Col. Porfirio del Castillo; in Veracruz, Gen. Candido 
 Aguilar; in Oaxaca, Gen. Jesus Agustin Castro; in Guerrero, Maj. 
 Simon Diaz; in Yucatan, Gen. Salvador Alvarado; in Campeche, Gen. 
 Joaquin Mucel; in Tabasco, Gen. Francisco Jose Mugica; in Chiapas, 
 Gen. Bias Corral; in Quintana Roo, Col. Carlos Plank; in Tepic, Gen. 
 Ernesto Damy; and in Mexico, Gen. Pascual Morales y Molina. 
 
 All of the above leaders of the constitutionalist army and governors 
 who have been just appointed recognize the first chieftainship of Mr. 
 Carranza and his authority as the depository of the executive power 
 of the nation, as the}^ have recently stated it when replying to the 
 note addressed to them by the Secretary of State of the United States 
 and the American diplomatic representatives, tendering their good 
 offices as mediators and inviting them to a conference for the pur- 
 pose of solving in this manner the struggle in Mexico. 
 
 From the above-mentioned reply it is seen that, differing from the 
 leaders of the Villa and Zapata factions, who made individual replies 
 to the aforesaid note according to their own judgment, all the Consti- 
 tutionalist leaders referred their replies to Mr. Carranza, thus recog- 
 nizing his character of chief of all of them and reiteratmg their 
 allegiance to him. This example of discipline, cohesion, and solidarity 
 of the Constitutionalist Party clearly manifests that it is not only 
 a compact and organized group of men with predetermined tenden- 
 cies but a real government from the point of view of international 
 law, which has been able to demonstrate its ability to constitute 
 itself and to gain the will and respect of the Mexican people. 
 
 The various executive departments are already installed in the 
 City of Mexico, and in a short time Mr. Carranza will definitely 
 transfer his offices to the capital of Mexico, in order to attend with 
 more dispatch ajDid efficiency to the exigencies of public administra- 
 tion. 
 
 The department of justice has already organized local courts and 
 courts of first instance in the Federal District and Territories, and is 
 now ready to carry into effect the agreed project for the organization 
 of all the courts in the Republic and for the designation of such 
 authorities as are within its province to appoint and which are not 
 elective by popular vote. 
 
 In order to irsure the regular operation of the government in 
 gene^:"al and those of every State, as well as to afford the greater 
 possible guaranties to nationals and foreigners, the constitutionalist 
 government has at its disposal an army of 150,000 men, who will 
 support, as the circumstances may demand, the established govern- 
 ment, and which is conveniei tV distributed throughout the country 
 in five divisions or army corps, respectively named divisions of the 
 
AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 23 
 
 northeast, northwest, center, south, and east, and respectively com- 
 manded by Gens. Jacmto Trevino, Alvaro Obregon, Salvador Alba- 
 rado, and Pablo Gonzalez. 
 
 The declarations issued to the nation on December 14, 1914, and 
 June 11 of the present year, clearly define the political program of the 
 provisional constitutionalist government, which will be continued 
 until the conditions of the country may permit the holding of general 
 elections and the installation of a general congress. M'Tiien the 
 latter is established, Mr. Carranza will appear before it and render 
 an account of the use he may have made of the extraordinary authority 
 with which he is invested, as well as of the political, economic, and 
 social reforms decreed by him during the revolutionary period, to 
 the end that the above-mentioned reforms may be given the character 
 of constitutional provisions, or may be repealed, amended, or supple- 
 mented by the aforesaid high assembly. 
 
 In conclusion, Mr. Carranza has authorized all of the division 
 generals to extend amnesty to their opponents, and to the present 
 date thousands of soldiers, officers, and civilians have availed them- 
 selves of this prerogative, and a decree is now in course of preparation 
 in order that Mexicans residing abroad, whose antecedents or the 
 offenses they have committed in Mexico may not constitute a 
 menace to public order and the peace needed for the reconstruction 
 of the country, may return to their homes to look after their interests 
 and follow their usual occupations. This, without doubt, will con- 
 tribute to a geneial improvement of Mexico and to the resumption of 
 all activities in commerce, industry, and agriculture, thus cooperating 
 to the welfare and prosperity of Mexico. 
 
 In regard to soldiers of the defeated factions who are still in a 
 hostile attitude toward the constitutionalist government, all of 
 them, or a greater majority, are awaiting the decision regarding the 
 recognition of the Mexican government in order to depose their arms; 
 and if they have not done this to this day it is due to the especial 
 psychology of all irregular armies which do not grasp the true situ- 
 ation, and, exaggerating what they consider their self -pride and mili- 
 tary dignity, they leave to time the preparation of a better oppor- 
 tunity to depose their arms without blemish to their erroneous 
 idea of honor. 
 
 Summing up the conditions hereinbefore stated with the endurance 
 of the constitutionalist army during the struggles, with its good 
 disposition to organize a local government, as has been done in each 
 State under its control, and with the efficiency with which it has been 
 able to afford safety to life and property of nationals and foreigners 
 alike during the war, it is evident that Mr. Carranza's government 
 constitutes a real entity and possesses a political existence of its own, 
 willing to comply with the duties of international life, and has the 
 ability to conform to them. 
 
 E. Arredondo, 
 Confidential Agent of the Constitutionalist Government of Mexico. 
 
 Washington, D. C, Odohey^ 7, 1915. 
 
24 AFFAIES IN MEXICO. 
 
 [IiK'losure No. iC] 
 PLAN OF GUADALUPE. 
 
 PLAN OF GUADALUPE SIGNED BY 64 OFFICERS OF THE TROOPS OF THE 
 STA FE OF COAHUILA ON THE 26TH DAY OF MARCH, 1913. 
 
 DECLARATION TO THE NATION. 
 
 Whereas Gen. Victoriano Huerta, to whom Francisco I. Madero, 
 constitutional President of Mexico, intrusted the defense of the insti- 
 tutions and the legality of his government, on uniting with the rebel 
 enemies in arms opposing the same government, to restore the former 
 dictatorship, committed the crime of treason to reach power, by 
 arresting the President and Vice President, as well as the members of 
 the cabinet, forcing them under menace to resign their posts, as 
 shown by messages addressed by the same Gen. Huerta to governors 
 of the States, advising them that he had the chief executives of the 
 Republic and the cabinet as his prisoners; and 
 
 Whereas the legislative and judicial powers have recognized and 
 protected Gen. Huerta and his illegal and antipatriotic proceedings, 
 contrary to constitutional laws and precepts; and 
 
 Whereas several governors of States of the Republic have recog- 
 nized the illegitimate government, imposed by that part of the army 
 which consummated the treason, headed by the aforesaid Gen. 
 Huerta, notwithstanding that the sovereignty of those very States, 
 whose governors should have been the first to repudiate Huerta, had 
 been violated, we, the undersigned, chiefs and officers commanding 
 the constitutionalist forces, have agreed upon, and shall sustain with 
 arms, the following: 
 
 PLAN. 
 
 1. Gen. Victoriano Huerta is hereby repudiated as President of the 
 Republic. 
 
 2. The legislative and judicial powers of the federation are also 
 hereby disowned. 
 
 3. The governors of the States who still recognize the federal 
 powers of the present administration, shall be repudiated 30 days 
 after the publication of this plan. 
 
 4. For the purpose of organizing the army, which is to see that our 
 aims are carried out, we name Venustiano Carranza, now governor of 
 the State of Coahuila, as first chief of the army, which is to be called 
 constitutionalist army. 
 
 5. Upon the occupation of the city of Mexico by the constitu- 
 tionalist army, the executive power shall be vested in Venustiano 
 Carranza, its first chief, or in the person who may substitute him in 
 command. 
 
 6. The provisional trustee of the executive power of the Republic 
 shall convene general elections as soon as peace may have been 
 restored and will surrender power to the citizen who may have been 
 elected. 
 
 The citizen who may act as first chief of the constitutionalist army 
 in the States whose government might have recognized that of 
 Huerta, shall take charge of the provisional government and shall 
 convene local elections, after the citizens elected to discharge the high 
 powers of the federation may have entered into the performance of 
 their duties, as provided in the foregoing bases. 
 
APFAIBS IN MEXICO. 25 
 
 [Inclosure No. 4D.] 
 DECREE OF GEN. CARRANZA. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR . 
 
 I, Venustiano Carranza, first chief of the constitutionalist army 
 and depository of the executive power of the Republic of Mexico, 
 taking into consideration — 
 
 That on the arrest of the President and Vice President, on the 19th 
 of i-ebruary, 1913, by ex-Gen. Victoriano Huerta, and the usurpation 
 of public power by the latter, on the 20th of the spmo month, and 
 immediately thereafter depriving the above-men tionul public officers 
 of their lives, the constitutional order of the Republic was interrupted 
 and thus the country was deprived of a lawful government; 
 
 That the undersigned, in his capacity as constitutional governor of 
 the State of Cop.huila, had solemnly taken the oath to observe and 
 cause the generiil constitution to be observed, and that, complying 
 with this duty and of the above oath, he was inevitably obliged to rise 
 in arms to oppose the usurpation of Huerta, and to restore constitu- 
 tional order in the Republic of Mexico ; 
 
 That this duty, furthermore, was imposed upon him in a precise 
 and express manner by a decree of the legislature of the State of 
 Coahuila, by which he was categorically directed to repudiate the 
 government of the usurper Huerta and to oppose it by the force of 
 arms until it would be completely overthrown ; 
 
 That, in view of the occurrence, the undersigned called all patriotic 
 Mexicans to arms, and with the first ones who followed him he framed 
 the plan of Guadalupe, on March 26, 1913, which has served to this 
 day as the banner and by-law of the constitutionalist revolution; 
 
 That, from the military groups which were formed to oppose 
 Huerta's usurpation, the divisions of the northwest, northeast, east, 
 center, an:l south, operated under the lerdership of the first chieftain- 
 ship, perfect harmony existing between this and the former, and com- 
 plete coordmation in the means of action to accomplish the desired 
 purpose; though the same did not occur with the northern division, 
 which, under the command of Gen. 1 rancisco Villa, showed from the 
 beginning private tendencies, and finally severed its connections with 
 the headquarters of the constitutionalist revolution, acting according 
 to its own initiative, to such extent that the first chief does not know 
 to this day, in a great measure, the means l:)y which the above-men- 
 tioned general has secured funds and sustained the campaign, the 
 amount of such funds and the use he may have made of them ; 
 
 That, upon the arrival at the City of Mexico of the victorious 
 revolutionary army, it endeavored to properly organize the provisional 
 government, and was getting ready besides, to meet the demands of 
 public opinion, by a satisfactory solution of the imperative exigencies 
 of social reform needed by the people, when it was confronted with 
 the difficulties which the reaction had been ]yre])aring in the bosom of 
 the northern division, in order to frustrate the triuinphs reached b}' 
 the efi'orts of (he constitutionalist army; 
 
 That the first chieftainship, anxious to organize th(^ provisional 
 government in accordance with the ideas and tendencies of the men 
 who, with arms in hand, made the constitutionalist revolution, and 
 who, therefore, were intimately cognizant of the ideals which were 
 
26 AFFAIRS IN" MEXICO. 
 
 pursued, called a general convention to be held in the City of Mexico, 
 composed of gene^Js, governors, and ofRcers in command of troops, 
 to the end that all of them togethci' should decide on a progroni of 
 government, indicate in a general way such reforms t,s seemed indis- 
 pensable for the accomplishment of the socisJ and political redemp- 
 tion of the nation, and would establish the form and time when con- 
 stitutional order should be restored; 
 
 That this purpose had soon to be deferred, because the generals, 
 governors, and ofhccrs who attended the militar}^ convention in the 
 City of Mexif considered it f dxisable that there should be representa- 
 tives at f.11 the meetings of the elements which had tiiken part in the 
 fght rg.inst the usurpation of Huerta, as some of them had abstained 
 from attending, giving as a pretext a lack of guaranties and because 
 of the rebellion which c rancisco Villa Ivd already started against the 
 chief's office, rnd on this account they expressed their deske to bt 
 transferred to Aguiiscalientes, the place they considered more anpro- 
 priate and having the conditions of neutrality sought by the military 
 convention for the prosecution of their work; 
 
 That the members of the convention adopted this determination 
 after they had reiterated to the undersigned their conf. rmation of his 
 functions as first chief of the constitutionalist revolution and deposi- 
 tory of the executive power of the Republic, which investiture he 
 hficl then relinquished formally, in order to show that lie was not 
 animated by undue sentiments of ]:>ersonfl emlntion, ])ut that, in 
 A'icw of existing difficulties, his cherished r:mi w..s that revolutionary 
 action should not be divided, and thus frustrate the fruits of the 
 victorious revolution; 
 
 That this first chieftainship made no opposition to the transfer of 
 the military convention to the city oi Agucscclientes, although it 
 was intimatel}^ persuaded that, far from obtaining the conciliation 
 sought, the separation betAveen the commander of the northern 
 diyision and the constitutionrlist army wT)uld become still deeper, 
 because the first chief did not wish to make the impression th^.t he 
 had the deliberate intention of excluding the northern division from 
 the discussion upon m-itters of the greatest importance; t Iso because 
 he did [not ?] wish to appear as refusing that a li'st effort toward concilia- 
 tion should be made, and because he believed thc.t it was imperative for 
 the good of the revolution that the true motives of Gen. Villa should 
 be disclosed in an evident manner before national conscience,, reliev- 
 ing from error those who in good faith believed in the sincerity and 
 pat"'iotir.m of Gen. Villa and the groun of men who surrounded him; 
 
 That so soon as the works of the Aguascalientes convention were 
 initiated the machinations of the Villista agents were laid bare, 
 they havin^^ performed the principal role at the convention, and the 
 system of threats was felt and unbridled pressure was put to practice 
 •against those who, on account of their sense of honor and spirit of 
 independence, opposed the impositions of the commander of the 
 northern (H vision to direct the works of the convention to suit his 
 pleasure; 
 
 That, on the othei" hand, many of the chiefs who attended the 
 Aguascalientes convention did not grasp the importance and true 
 mission of the convention, and as they were men of little or no experi- 
 ence in political matters, their good faith was profited by the malicious 
 agents of Villa, and dragged them to secoiid inadvertently the- 
 
AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 27 
 
 maneuvering of tlie northern division, without regard to the cause 
 of the people or even outHning the general thought of the revolution 
 and the program of the preconstitutional government, which was 
 .generally desired : 
 
 That for the purpose of avoiding a controversy of a purely personal 
 character and the further shedding of blood, the first chieftainship 
 made every possible effort to reach a conciliation, offering to with- 
 draw^ from power provided a government capable of carrying into 
 effect the social and political reform.s demanded by the country 
 should be establis'lied. But having failed to satisfy the thirst for 
 power of the northern division, notwithstanding the successive con- 
 cessions made by the first chieftainship, and in view of the well- 
 defined attitude of a great number of constitutionalist leaders w^ho, 
 repudiating the resolutions adopted by the Aguascalientes conven- 
 tion, ratified their allegiance to the plan of Guadalupe, this first 
 chieftainship was constrained to accept the challenge to fight the 
 reaction lead at present hj Gen. Francisco Villa: 
 
 That the class of the elements on which Gen. Villa is banking, 
 which are the same that prevented President Madero from directh.g 
 his policy, are, therefore, politically responsible, in a radical sense, 
 for his downfall. On the other hand, the express declarations made 
 on several occasions by the comimander oi the northern division 
 advocating the establislunent of coiistitutional order before the 
 social and political reforms demanded by the country take place, 
 clearly demonstrate that the insubordination of Gen. Villa is of a 
 strictly reactionary character and contrary to constitutionalist 
 activities, and has for a purpose to frustrate the complete success of 
 the revolution, preventing the establishm.ent of a preconstitutional 
 government intrusted witli the enactment and enforcement of the 
 reforms wdiich have been the subject of the struggle which has been 
 raging for the last four years; 
 
 That, therefore, it is a duty in behalf of the revolution and the 
 fatherland to continue the revolution started in 1913, pursuing the 
 fight against the new enemies of the liberty of the Mexican people; 
 
 That it being imperative,' therefore, that the interruption oi con- 
 stitutional order should subsist darirg this new period of the struggle, 
 the plan of Guadalupe should therefore continue to be in force, as it 
 has been the guidance and banner of it, until the enemy may have 
 been overpowered completely in order that the constitution may be 
 restored; 
 
 That it having been impossible to carry into effect the purposes 
 for which the mditary convention of October, 1914, was con.yened, 
 and the purpose of the new fight beir.g, on the part of the reactionar}^ 
 troops commanded by Gen. Villa, to prevent the realization of 
 revolutioriary reforms demanded by the Mexican people, the first 
 chief of the revolution is obliged to procure, that at the earliest pos- 
 sible moment, there should be put into eft'ect all the laws covering 
 the political and economic reforms which the country requires, 
 enacting the same during the struggle that is to be commenced; 
 
 That, therefore, and it being necessary for the plan of Guadalupe 
 to remain in force in its essential pf.rt, it is imperative that the 
 Mexican peo})le and the constitutionelist army should clearly know 
 the military ends which are bein^ pursued in the present fight, which 
 are the annihilation of the reaction creeping up with Gen. Villa at 
 
28 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 the head, and the establishment of the political and social principles 
 which inspire this first chieftainship, wnich are the ideals ior which 
 the Mexican people liave been ligliting dnring the last four years. 
 
 That, therefore, and in accordance with the most general sentiments 
 among the holders of the constitutionalist army, the governors of 
 the St7\tes and of other collaborators of the revolution, and interpret- 
 ing the needs of the Mexican people, I, Venustiano Carranza, have 
 seen fit to decree the following: 
 
 Ai-ticle 1. The plan of Guadalupe of March 26, 1913, shall subsist 
 until the comjilete trium]di of the revolution, and, therefore, Citizen 
 Venustiano Carranza shall continue in his post as first chief of the con- 
 stitutionalist revolution and as depository of the executive power of 
 the nation, untd the enemy is overpowered and peace is restored. 
 
 Article 2. The first chief of the revolution and depositoiy of the 
 executive power of the Republic, shall enact and enforce, during the 
 struggle, all tlie laws, provisions, and measures tending to meet the 
 economic, social, and political needs of the country, carrying into 
 effect the reforms which public opinion demands as indispensable for 
 the establishment of a regime which will guarantee the equality ol 
 Mexicans among themselves, agrarian laws favoring the creation of 
 small landowners, the suppression of latifundia or large landholders, 
 and the restoration to townships of the lands illegp.lly taken from 
 them; fiscal laws tending to establish an equitable system of taxation 
 on real estate; laws tending to improve the condition of the rural 
 laborer, the workingman, the miner, and, in general, of the working 
 classes; the establishment of municipal freedom as a constitutional 
 institution; bases for a new system of organization of the army; 
 amendments of the election laws in order to insure the effectiveness 
 of suffrage; organization of an independent judicial power, in the 
 federation as well as in the States; revision of the laws relative to 
 niarriage and the civil status of persons; provisions guaranteeing the 
 strict observance of the laws of reform; revision of the civil, penal, 
 and commercial codes; amendment of judicial procedure, for the 
 purpose of expediting and causing the eft'ectiveness of the administra- 
 tion of justice; revision of laws relative to the exploitation of mines, 
 petroleum, water rights, forests, and other natural resources of the 
 country, in order to destroy the monopolies created by the old regime 
 and to prevent the formation of new ones; political reforms which 
 will insure the absolute observance of the constitution of Mexico, and, 
 in general, all the other laws which may be deemed necessary to 
 insure for all the inhabitants of the country the eft'ectiveness and full 
 enjoyment of their rights, and their equality before the laws. 
 
 Article 3. In order to continue the struggle and to carry into effect 
 the reforms referred to in the preceding article, the chief of the 
 revolution is hereby expressly authorized to convene and oiganize 
 the constitutionalist army and direct the operations of the campaign; 
 to appoint the governors and military commanders of the States and 
 to remove them freel}''; to effect the expropriations on account of 
 public utility which may be necessary for the distributions of lands, 
 founding of townships, and other public services; to negotiate loans 
 and issue obligation against the national treasury, indicating the 
 property which shall guarantee them; to appoint and remove freely 
 federal employees of the civil administration and of the States and to 
 fix the powers of each of them; to make, either directly or through the 
 
AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 29 
 
 chiefs he may appoint, requisitions for lands, buildings, arms, horses, 
 vehicles, provisions, and other elements of war; and to create deco- 
 rations and decree recompenses lor services rendered to the revo- 
 lution. 
 
 A*BTiCLE 4. Upon the success of the revolution, when the supreme 
 chieftainship may be established in the city of Mexico and after the 
 elections for municipal councils in the majority of the States of the 
 Republic, the first chief of the revolution, as depository of the execu- 
 tive power, shall issue the call for election of congressmen, fixmg in 
 the calls the dates and terms in which the elections shall be held. 
 
 Article 5. Once the federal congress has been installed, the chief 
 of the revolution shall render an account before it of the use he may 
 have made of the powers with which he is vested hereby, and he shall 
 especially submit the reforms made and put into effect during the 
 struggle, in order that congress may ratify them, amend them, or 
 supplement them, and to the end that those which it may see fit 
 may be raised to the rank of constitutional precepts, before the re- 
 establislnnent of constitutional order. 
 
 Article 6. The federal congress shall convene the people to the 
 election of president of the Republic, and as soon as this takes place 
 the first chief of the revolution shall deliver to the president elect the 
 executive power of the nation. 
 
 Article 7. In case of absolute default of the present chief of the 
 revolution and in the meantime the generals and governors proceed 
 t > the election of the person who is to take his place, the chief office 
 sliill be temporarily filled by the commander of the army corps at 
 th8 place where the revolutionary government may be the time the 
 default of the first chief occurs. 
 
 V. Carranza. 
 Adolfo de la Huerta, 
 Chief Clerk of the Bepartment of the Interior. 
 
 Constitution and Reforms, 
 
 Vera Cruz, Becemher 12, 1914. 
 
 [Inclosiu-e No. 4E.] 
 DECLARATION TO THE NATION. 
 
 DECLARATION TO THE NATION BY THE FIRST CHIEF OF THE CONSTI- 
 TUTIONALIST GOVERNMENT OF MEXICO AND DEPOSITORY OF THE 
 EXECUTIVE POWER OF THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 At last, after five years of struggle brought about by the long 
 regime of oppression, which kept alive and aggravated the economic 
 and social unbalanced conditions of the colonial era, the revolution 
 is about to end, overpowering the enemy and establishing definitel)^ 
 the economic reforms and political reforms, which constitute its 
 purpose and which are the only ones which can insure the peace 
 emanating from the welfare of the majority, from equality before 
 the law and from justice. 
 
 The revolution has had the instinctive and generous sympathy 
 of free countries, precisely because its aim has not been the mere 
 
30 AFFAIHS IN MEXICO. 
 
 change of personnel of the achninistration, but the complete substi- 
 Uition of a regime of oppression by a regime of freedom. The strug- 
 gle has been a long one because the impatience of the revolutionaries 
 to attain victory in 1911 gave room to the compromise with the 
 elements of the old r-egime at Ciudad, Jaurez. From that moment, 
 those elements accepted so easily and kindl}', began their work of 
 undermining within the revolutionary midst itself the prestige and 
 authority of the men who a short time latcT- were elevated to power 
 by the free vote of the people. President ]\fadero found himself 
 in the impossibility of realizing the reforms demanded by the people; 
 first, because within his own government ahuost the •'.\iiole personnel 
 of the old regime had remained, and, second, because he had to devote 
 his whole time to fight that same old regime which had succefsfully 
 risen in arms with Reyes, Orozco and Feliz Diaz, and which fomented 
 at the same time that it vitiated the rebellion of Zapata. The 
 reaction having been unable, in spite of the above, to suppress the 
 reform tendencies of the new regime, it decided that the federal 
 army should betray the legitimate government of the Republic. 
 Treason was carried into effect by Gen. Huerta under the pretext 
 of saving the City of Mexico from the horrors of war, and with the 
 cooperation of a group of foreigners favored by the old regime and 
 who surrounded Henry Lane Wilson, the President and Vice Presi- 
 dent were assassinated and due to the complicity or weakness- of 
 he other powers, the nation was left without a constitutional repre- 
 sentative. Then I, as governor of the State of Coahuila, and in 
 obedience to the constitutional provisions, articles 121 and 128 of 
 our fundamental charter, assumed the representation of the repubfic 
 in the terms in which the constitution itself vests me with this 
 right, and supported by the people which rose in arms to regain its 
 liberty. In fact, the above-mentioned articles provide the follow- 
 ing: ^ 
 
 EA'ery public officer, v,'ithout exception, prior to his taking possession of his charge, 
 shall render an oath that he will sustain the constitution and the laws emanating there- 
 from. This constitution shall not fail in force or vigor, even though on account of 
 rebellion its observance may be interrupted. In the case that pursuant to a public 
 disturbance a government contrary to the principles sanctioned by the constitution 
 may be established, as soon as the people regains its freedom, its observance shall be 
 reestablished, and, according to it and to the laws which by virtue of it may ha^■e 
 been enacted, those who may have figured in the government emanated from the 
 rebellion shall be tried as well as those who may have coopsrated in the movem.ent. 
 
 After overpowering the rebellion and usurpation of Huerta, and 
 before the constitutionalist army reached the City of Mexico, the 
 reactionaries, faithful to their old procedure, began to mingle in our 
 ranks and to corrupt those who ought to have given their support to 
 this government, determining as a result the repudiation of it by 
 Gbn. Villa and the formation of factions whose chiefs felt encouraged 
 by the presence of foreign representatives who were v/ith them. 
 
 When our forces left the City of Mexico, pursuant to a militar}^ and 
 political plan, it was thought that the constitutionaUst government 
 had lost tho support of the people and with it its prestige and force, 
 and that it would follow the course of previous trespassers of public 
 power, but the apparent victory of the reaction headed by Francisco 
 Villa was still more ephemeral than the one obtained by the usurpa- 
 tion of Gen. Huerta, and to-day, after the greatest and most definite 
 victories militarily obtained by the army of the people in various 
 
AEFAIKS IN MEXICO. 31 
 
 parts of the country, I can say to my countrymen that the consti- 
 tutionahst government has control of over seven-eighths of the na- 
 tional territory; that it is organizing public administration in 20 out 
 of 27 States of the Republic and in more than half of the other 7 
 States; that it controls all the maritime ports on the Gulf and on the 
 Pacific Ocean, with the exception of Guaymas, and all the ports of 
 entry on the northern and southern frontiers, with the exception of 
 Piedras Negras, Ciudad Juarez, and Nogales; that more than thirteen 
 million of the fifteen which represent the population of the country — 
 that is to say, nine-tenths of the total population of the Republic — 
 are governed by the administration I preside; that day after day the 
 factions are being routed and dispersed, their offensive action being 
 limited at present to acts of brigandage, and that within a short time 
 the occupation of the City of Mexico will contribute to make the 
 action of the constitutionalist government more harmonious and 
 efficient in all the territory of the Republic. Therefore, our country 
 is nearmg the end of its revolution and the consolidation of a definite 
 peace, based on conditions of weKare and justice. 
 
 In the midst of the greatest difficulties and within that w^hich may 
 be humanely possible, the constitutionalist government has complied 
 with its duties and has extenuated in behalf of the people the hard- 
 ships of war, either forbidding the exportation of articles of prime 
 necessity or adopting measures of practical effect to facilitate the 
 accj[uisition of the same for the benefit of the poor; it has afforded 
 guaranties and given protection to the inhabitants within the ter- 
 ritory controlled by the constitutionalist forces, all of whom live a 
 life of normal activity; it has prevented and punished the faults and 
 abuses growing out of the state of social disturbance, which, lament- 
 able as they may be, neither because of their number nor their im- 
 portance, can be considered as characteristic feature of a govern- 
 mental regime. I am the first one to deplore the privations which 
 the Mexican people have had to suffer as a result of the w^ar, wliicli 
 constitute one of the many sacrifices the people have to pass through 
 in order to conquer their liberties ; but I am decided to employ all the 
 means which may be at the reach of the government to comply with 
 the work of humanity demanded by the circumstances. Fortunately, 
 the recent victories over the factions enlarge the sphere of action of 
 the constitutionalist government and facilitate the compliance of the 
 duties which all Governments have with regard to their constituents 
 to afford guaranties to the inhabitants and to procure the welfare of 
 the masses. 
 
 With regard to our foreign relations, notwithstanding that one of 
 my first acts was to address a note by telegraph to the State Depart- 
 ment of the United States of America apprising it of my capacity in 
 front of the rebellion and the usurpation, one of the difficulties which 
 has retarded our labors has been the lack of understaiiding between 
 the government I have the honor to represent and the Governments 
 of other nations, especially that of the United States. 
 
 The great interests of the old regime have created a real system of 
 falsehoods and slander against this government, spreading them day 
 after day through the channel of the powerful journals of the Amer- 
 ican ''cientifico" press, which reach the ear of the press of the world, 
 with the object of deformmg before the opinion of other nations the 
 procedure and the tendencies of the Mexican revolution; the same 
 
32 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 interests have used their influence to have false reports rendered to 
 the Governments of otlier countries, and especially so with reoard to 
 tlie United States, whenever they have endeavored to form judgment 
 concerning the Mexican situation. The constitution ahst govern- 
 ment has been deprived of the facilities to make any recti ications 
 against such reports, because it has been denied the opportunity and 
 the means incidental to diplomatic relations between one country 
 and another. 
 
 We feel that we are at the present time in condition to overcome 
 this last difficulty, because the constitution ahst government is now 
 in fact in definite possession of the sovereignty of the country; and 
 the legitimate army of sovereignty is the essential condition to be 
 borne in mind when deciding upon the recognition of a government, 
 if as we expect it and desire it in behalf of the Mexican people and of 
 the foreign residents of this country, the governments of otiier nations 
 recognize the constitutionalist government, this act of justice will 
 afford it an efficient moral assistance, not only to strengthen the 
 friendly relations which Mexico has always maintained with those 
 nations and be able to discuss their common affairs conciliating their 
 mutual interests, but also to secure a more speedy consolidation of 
 peace to establish a constructive constitutional government, supported 
 by the reforms and the program of the revolution, whose aims are the 
 greater good of the greater number. 
 
 I am, therefore, of the opinion that the time has come to call the 
 attention of the warring factions which are still engaged in armed op- 
 position against the constitutionalist government, to the futiUty of 
 their •attitude, because of the recent and definite victories gained by 
 our army, as well as because of the conviction they must have of our 
 sincerit}^ and capability to carry into realization the ideals of the 
 revolution. Therefore, 1 appeal to those factions to submit to the 
 constitutionalist government in order to expedite the reestablish- 
 ment of peace and to consumate the work of the revolution. With 
 a view to reahzing the above-mentioned purposes, I have deemed 
 proper to inform the nation upon the political conduct to be ob- 
 served by the constitutionahst government, in the performance of 
 the program of social reform contained in the decree of December 
 12, 1914. 
 
 Fnst. The constitutionalist government shall afford to foreigners 
 residing in Mexico all the guaranties to which they are entitled accord- 
 ing to our laws, and shall amply protect their lives, their freedom, 
 and the enjoyment of their rights of property, allowing them indem- 
 nities for the damages which the revolution may have caused to 
 tl em, in so far as such indemnities may be just and which are to be 
 determined by a procedure to be established later. The govern- 
 ment shall also assume the responsibility of legitimate financial 
 obligations. 
 
 Second. The fu'st concern of the constitutionalist government 
 shall be to reestablish peace within the province of law and order, 
 to the end that all the inhabitants of Mexico, both native and for- 
 eign, shall equally enjoy the benefits of true justice and be interested 
 in cooperating to the support of the government emanating from 
 the revolution. The commission of crimes of the conmion order 
 shall be punished. In due time an amnesty shall be enacted in keep- 
 ing with the necessities of the country and the situation, which m 
 
AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 33 
 
 no way shall exempt those under it of the civil responsibilities they 
 may have incurred. 
 
 Third. The constitutionalist laws of Mexico, known under the name 
 of laws of reform, which establish the separation of the church and 
 the state and which guarantee the individual right of worship in 
 accordance with his own conscience and without offending public 
 order, shall be strictly observed; therefore, no one shall suffer in his 
 life, freedom, and property because of his religious beliefs. Temples 
 shall continue to be the property of the nation according to laws 
 m force, and the constitutionalist government shall again cede for 
 the purposes of worship those which may be necessary. 
 
 Fourth. There shall be no confiscation in connection with the 
 settlement of the agrarian question. This problem shall be solved 
 by an equitable distribution of the lands still owned by the gov- 
 ernment; by the recovery of those lots which may have been 
 illegally taken from individuals or communities; by the purchase and 
 expropriation of large tracts of land, if necessary; by all other means 
 of acquisition permitted by the laws of the country. The constitu- 
 tion of Mexico forbids privileges, and therefore all kinds of properties ^ 
 regardless of who the owners may be, whether operated or not, shall 
 in the future be subject to the proportional payment of a tax in 
 accordance with a just and equitable valuation. 
 
 Fifth. All property legitimately acquired from individuals or 
 legal governments, and which may not constitute a privilege or a. 
 monopoly, shall be respected. 
 
 Sixth. The peace and safety of a nation depends from the clear 
 understanding of citizenship. Therefore, the government shall take 
 pains in developing public education, causing it to spread throughout 
 the whole country, and to this end it shall utilize all cooperation 
 rendered in good faith, permitting the establishment of private schools 
 subject to our laws. 
 
 Seventh. In order to establish the constitutional government, 
 the government by me presided shall observe and comply with the 
 provisions of articles 4, 5, and 6 of the decree of December 12, 1914, 
 which reads as foUov/s: 
 
 Article 4. Iminediately upon the success of the revolution and the reestablishment 
 of the first chieftainship in the City of Mexico, and after the etections for municipal 
 coimcils in the majority of the States of the Kepublic, the first chief of the revolution, 
 as the depository of the executive power of the nation, shall convene the people to 
 elections for members of the federal congress, fixing in the call the dates and terms 
 in which such elections shall take place. 
 
 Article 5. Immediately after the installation of the federal congress the first chief 
 of the revolution shall render an account before it of the use he may have made of 
 the powers with which he is hereby invested, and he shall especially submit to it 
 the reforms which may have been enacted and made effective during the struggle, 
 to the end that congress may ratify them or amend them or complete them, and in 
 order that it may give the vigor of constitutional provisions to those which ought to 
 have such character prior to the establishment of constitutional order. 
 
 Article 6. The federal congress shall convene the people to the election of j)resident 
 of the Republic, and as soon this takes place the first chief of the revolution shall 
 deliver to the president elect the executive power of the nation. 
 
 V. Carranza, 
 
 First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army 
 and depository of the Executive Power of the Republic of Mexico^ 
 
 CONSTITUTIOlSr AND REFORMS, 
 
 Vera Cruz, June 11, 1916. 
 S. Doc. 324, 64-1 3 
 
34 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 [Inclosure No. 4F.] 
 GEN. CARRANZA TO MB. ARREDONDO. 
 
 [Telegram.]. 
 
 Vera Cruz, October 6. 
 Eliseo Arredondo, Esq., 
 
 Mexican Embassy, Washington, D. C. 
 
 I have taken note of your cipher message dated yesterday. Please 
 deny that there are any disturbances in the frontier of Chiapas against 
 Guatemala and that the Government under my direction is in some 
 way favoring revolution in above;-^mentioned country, 
 
 A j3art of the State of Oaxaca is not under our control but the 
 Constitutionalist Government controls the rest of the State wherein 
 the important Isthmian Railway is situated and very soon the whole 
 State will be under the power of our forces. 
 
 It is so far impossible to state just when our forces will control the 
 Yaqui VaUey, Sonora, but there are no important reactionary nu- 
 cleuses to suppress and within a short time there will be only a few 
 bands of marauders left. 
 
 The amnesty law will be issued in favor of those who are not 
 charged with the commission of civil crimes while in position of 
 official responsibility. It will be issued as soon as the Government 
 may have terminated the campaign and consolidated itself (after 
 recognition) for if all the political refugees now expatriated and their 
 accomplices of the usurpation (by Huerta) are allowed to come back 
 at once, they will only come here to continue their work of con- 
 spiracy and to bring about greater evils than those which the country 
 already has suffered on their account. 
 
 V. Carranza. 
 
 [Inclosure No. 5.] 
 
 secretary of war to secretary of state. 
 
 War Department, 
 Washington, February 10, 1916. 
 The Secretary of War presents his compliments to the honorable 
 the Secretary of State, and incloses, in accordance with the verbal 
 request made this date by the chief, division of Mexican affairs, addi- 
 tional copies of report No. 146 of general conditions along the Mexi- 
 can border based on weekly reports of January 1, 1916, from the 
 local military commanding officers, and upon information received 
 from all other sources, and Report No. 148 of similar conditions for 
 the week ending January 15, 1916. 
 
 [Inclosure No. 5 A.] 
 WEEKLY REPORT OF GENERAL CONDITIONS. 
 
 Weekly report of general conditions along the Mexican border, 
 based on weekly reports of January 1, 1916, from the local mihtary 
 commanding officers and upon inform.ation received from all sources 
 to date. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE. 
 
 The commanding officer, Brownsville Cavalry patrol district, reports: "Nothing of 
 imjiortance to report." 
 
APFAIKS IN MEXICO. 35 
 
 The commanding officer, Brownsville subdistrict, reports as follows: "Absolute 
 quiet prevailed during the week ending December 31, 1915. A number of families 
 who went over into Mexico with their furniture, stock, and other belongings, during 
 the height of the bandit trouble, have returned to this side with their belongings. 
 From all appearances, conditions have assumed their normal state along the border." 
 
 HARLINGEN. 
 
 The commanding officer, subdistrict of Harlingen, reports: "Nothing of special 
 interest to report. The Mexicans who attempted to cross the river near Los Indios 
 the last week were not bandits, and their attempt has no significance." 
 
 Los Indios. — "Two Mexicans were apprehended December 26 while attempting 
 to cross the Rio Grande from Mexico below San Benito pump. Two other Mexicans 
 were apprehended December 27, one while attempting to cross near the Harlingen 
 pump, the other near San Benito pump. The above was made the subject of a special 
 report dated the 28th instant." 
 
 Mercedes Headr/ate. — ' ' The past week has been very quiec. There is nothing further 
 to report." 
 
 Landrum's Ranch, La Paloma. — "Nothing extraordinary has happened in this sector 
 during the period." 
 
 San Pedro Ranch, San Bonito. — "No unusual occurrences." 
 
 Santa Maria. — "All quiet." 
 
 The commanding officer, Twenty -sixth Infantry, Harlingen, reports: "Quiet. 
 Conditions improving." 
 
 Mercedes. — "Conditions have remained normal during the week." 
 
 Mission. — Following from commanding officer. Twenty-eighth Infantry: "Condi- 
 tions remained normal throughout the week ending January 1. Two families emi- 
 grated to Mexico during the week and 74 families of 134 persons immigrated to the 
 United States during the same period." 
 
 The commanding officer, cavalry camp at Mission, reports: "Conditions have con- 
 tinued normal during the past week." 
 
 PORT RINGGOLD, RIO GRANDE. 
 
 "Conditions have remained normal during the past week." 
 
 LAREDO. 
 
 The commanding general. Second Brigade, reports: "Conditions in this district 
 have remained quiet during the week." 
 
 The commanding officer. Fort Mcintosh, reports: "Everything has remained quiet 
 in this district during the past week." 
 
 EAGLE PASS. 
 
 The commanding officer. Seventeenth Infantry, reports: "Nothing has occurred 
 to report on border conditions during the week." 
 
 The commanding officer, detachment Fourteenth Cavalry, Eagle Pass, reports: 
 "Conditions remain normal in this district." 
 
 DEL RIO. 
 
 "Nothing of importance to report." 
 
 Western Texas Cavalry Patrol District. 
 
 "Nothing of importance to report. Quiet has maintained throughout the district. 
 The garrison of the de facto Mexican government at Ojinaga consists of about 300 men ; 
 150 of whom are regulars and the remainder apparently local volunteers." 
 
 Eighth Brigade. 
 
 port bliss, el PASO. 
 
 The following report, dated January 2, 1916, was received from the commanding 
 general, Eighth Brigade: "The garrison of Juarez having been transferred to Carran- 
 zista control, there were 800 Mexican (Carranza) soldiers sent there from Chihuahua 
 
36 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 on the 29th ultimo. About 2,300 Garranza soldiers with baggage and camp followers 
 were disembarked at Pelca on the 30th ultimo and marched into Juarez from that 
 point without incident. Gen. Obregon left El Paso on the 1st instant for Chihuahua. 
 The whereabouts of Gen. Villa continues to be unknown. Conditions in this vicinit}'' 
 seem to be peaceful and it is reported that most of the ex-Villa troops have been 
 mustered out, paid off, and returned to their homes." 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 "The Villista forces at Palomas, Mexico, and the Border Gate have transferred their 
 allegiance to the Carranza Government." 
 
 HACHITA. 
 
 "Border conditions in this patrol district for week ending January 1, 1916, have 
 remained normal." 
 
 DOUGLAS. 
 
 The following report, dated January 2, 1916, was received from the commanding 
 officer. Second Cavalry Brigade: 
 
 "Military situation. — In and about Agua Prieta there have been no military move- 
 ments of any kind. Peace reigns to the south and southeast and no reports of Vil- 
 listas haA^e been received diu'ing the past week." 
 
 "Business outlook. — Train service between Douglas and Nacozari was resumed on 
 Saturday, January 1. The large bridges that were burned have been temporarily 
 repaired and it is expected that the regular traffic will be resumed within four or five 
 days. Practically all of the mining people who were compelled to leave Sonora on 
 account of the Villa campaign have returned to their mines, the Nacozari Railroad 
 granting them free transportation south. 
 
 "It is expected that the whole State of Sonora will be normal within a week or 10 
 days. 
 
 "With the opening of the raib'oad there were heavy shipments of concentrates to 
 the Copper Queen Smelter in Douglas. The Montezuma Mining Co. have their mines 
 and mill now in operation." 
 
 The commanding officer, Seventh Cavalry, reports: "Conditions have remained 
 normal in this vicinity during the week." 
 
 The following repiort, dated January 1, was received from the commanding officer 
 of this station: "Nothing of importance has occurred in this vicinity during the week. 
 The mines and furnaces of the Cananea Consolidated Copper Co. are in full operation. 
 The Southern Pacific de Mexico Railroad is operating on both the Cananea and No- 
 gales branches. On December 30, 1915, Gen. Gavira, with his brigade, was trans- 
 ported by way of the El Paso & Southwestern Railroad from Naco, Sonora, to Palayas, 
 N. Mex., en route to Jiiarez. Each of the two sections of the train carrying these 
 Mexican troops was accompanied by one commissioned officer and eight men of my 
 command." 
 
 [Inclosure 6B.] 
 WEEKLY REPORT OF CONDITIONS ON MEXICAN BORDER. 
 
 Weekly report of general conditions along the Mexican border, 
 based on weekly reports of January 15, 1916, from the local military 
 commanding officers and upon information received from aU sources 
 to date: 
 
 BROWNSVILLE. 
 
 The commanding officer, Brownsville Cavalry patrol district, reports as follows: 
 "About 15 wagonloads of furniture came over the past week with Mexican families 
 returning to the United States, which shows to some extent increased confidence in 
 the stability of present conditions." 
 
 The commanding officer, subdistrict of Brownsville, reports as follows: "Nothing 
 unusual developed during the week. Conditions normal. The reported withdrawal 
 of the squadron of the Twelfth Cavalry from the valley, in my opinion, is responsible 
 
AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 37 
 
 for the several rumors of bandit movements across the river. The residents of the 
 lower valley of the Rio Grande will oppose the withdrawal of any troops from the 
 valley, and any suggested movement of troops away from this locality will, no doubt, 
 bring on a new crop of rumors." 
 
 HARLINGEN. 
 
 The commanding officer, Twenty-sixth Infantry, reports "conditions quiet during 
 the week." 
 
 The commanding officer, Sixth Cavalry, reports: "No disturbances due to bandits 
 this week. It is said that Miguel Garcia from near El Soliseno Rancho, opposite 
 Santa Maria, was trying to enlist men to make a raid into United States and offered 
 a dollar a day as wages. He failed to get any recruits." 
 
 MERCEDES. 
 
 "Conditions have remained normal during the period in this section." 
 
 The commanding officer. Twenty-eighth Infantry, reports: "Conditions remained 
 normal in this district during the week ending January 16, 1916. During this week 
 one family emigrated to Mexico and 48 families of 80 persons immigrated to the 
 United States." 
 
 The commanding officer of the Cavalry camp at Mission reports: "Conditions have 
 continued normal during the past week." 
 
 FORT RINGGOLD, RIO GRANDE. 
 
 Report not received. 
 
 LAREDO. 
 
 The following report, dated January 15, was received from the commanding general, 
 Second Brigade: '•Conditions in and around Laredo have remained quiet and un- 
 changed for the i^ast week. Americans coming out of Mexico report a great deal of 
 typhus fever, especially in the City of Mexico and in the towns between there and 
 our border. There are now two cases of typhus in Laredo in the city pesthouse. ITp 
 to date there have been five cases, one of which died and two recovered." 
 
 The commanding officer. Fort Mcintosh, reports: "EA'erything has remained quiet 
 in this district during the past week. " 
 
 EAGLE PASS. 
 
 The commanding officer, Seventeenth Infantry, reports: "Nothing has occurred to 
 report on border conditions during the week." 
 
 The commanding officer, detachment. Fourteenth Cavalry, Eagle Pass, reports: 
 "Conditions remain normal in this district." 
 
 DEL RIO. 
 
 "Conditions remain normal in this vicinity." 
 
 Western Texas Cavalry Patrol District. 
 
 MARPA. 
 
 "Nothing of importance to report. Things have remained quiet throughout the 
 entire district during the p«,st week." 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 The commanding officer of this station reports as follows: "It is reported that the 
 Carranzista forces at Palomas, Mexico, have been reinforced by about 50 cavalrymen 
 and 30 infantrymen." 
 
 HA CHITA. 
 
 "Border conditions in this patrol district for the week ending January 15, 1916, 
 have remained normal." 
 
38 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 The following report, dated January 15, 1916, was received from the commanding 
 officer Second Cavalry Brigade: 
 
 "Military situation. — -On January 13, 150 men under Col. Quevedo left Agua 
 Prieta for Casas Grandes, to cooperate with other Carranza forces said to have been 
 sent from Juarez. Maj. Campbell, in command, of the garrison at Agua Prieta, gave 
 strict orders to Col. Quevedo that there should be no raiding of the country through 
 which his troops passed and to exterminate any Villa soldiers found. 
 
 '^Economic situation. — South of Douglas, in the Nacozari and Moctezuma districts, 
 great activity is reported. Mining men are returning to open up their properties, 
 and it is probable large shipments will be made in the near future. The hotel at 
 Nacozaii is crowded and means are being taken to increase the accommodations , on 
 account of the heavy traffic expected in the spring. " 
 
 The commanding officer Seventh Cavalry reports: "Conditions have remained 
 normal in this vicinity during the week. " 
 
 NACO. 
 
 "All has been quiet from a military standpoint in this vicinity during the week. " 
 
 [Inclosure No. 6.] 
 SECRETARY OF WAR TO SECRETARY OF STATE. 
 
 War Department, 
 
 Washington, January 26, 1916. 
 The honorable the Secretary of State. 
 
 My Dear Mr. Secretary: Referring further to your letter of 
 January 17, 1916, stating that the Department of State has been 
 directed by the President to prepare an answer to Senate resolution, 
 dated January 6, 1916, in regard to the Mexican situation, and re- 
 questing that a statement be prepared by this department respecting 
 the orders given to Gen. Funston for the protection of American 
 lives and property on the Mexican border, together with any pertinent 
 facts concerning the occupation and evacuation of Vera Cruz, Mexico, 
 by the forces of the United States, I beg leave to advise you that the 
 records of the department show as follows: 
 
 1. MEXICAN BORDER. 
 
 Advices having been received by the State Department indi- 
 cating serious unrest and intrigue on both sides of the Mexican border, 
 and information having been received from the Mexican Government 
 through its ambassador in Washington that bands of revolutionists 
 were assembling at various places along the frontier of Texas, direc- 
 tions were issued on November 19, 1910, to the commanding generals 
 of the Departments of Texas and Colorado to investigate the situa- 
 tion on the frontier and to advise the War Department as to what 
 precautionary measures were deemed practicable and necessary. As 
 a result of the reports received the commanding general. Department 
 of Texas, was authorized, under date of November 21, 1910, when- 
 ever in his judgment such action became necessary, to send troops 
 to aid the civil authorities in enforcing the neutrality laws, and under 
 date of November 22, 1910, he reported to the War Department that, 
 in pursuance of the instructions before referred to, he had sent one 
 troop of Cavalry to Del Rio and another troop to Eagle Pass, Tex. 
 
AFFAIRS IN MEXICO, 39 
 
 The internal situation in Mexico having become more acute, and 
 reports received from the State Department and the Department of 
 Justice, as well as from officers of the Army on duty on the Mexican 
 border, having indicated that serious disturbances were imminent, 
 additional troops were sent to places on the border until the entire 
 border line from the mouth of the Rio Grande to San Diego, Cal., 
 was patrolled by United States troops in order to secure the strict 
 enforcement of the rules of international law governing neutrality, 
 as well as to obtain a proper observance and enforcement of the 
 neutrality statutes of the Federal Government. To this end the 
 proper officers were directed to use due diligence to see that such 
 rules and laws were observed. Troops have been kept on the border 
 for the purposes stated from that time to the present writing. 
 
 Commanders of United States troops on the Mexican border were 
 ordered to give all possible protection to American life and property, 
 to warn the commanders of Mexican forces along the border to refrain 
 from any action that would endanger American life and property on 
 the American side of the border, and to inform them that United 
 States forces would be used to prevent action by Mexican troops 
 endangering life and property on the American side of the line. 
 Sincerely, yours, 
 
 LiNDLEY M. Garrison, 
 
 Secretary of War. 
 
 [Inclosure No. 7.] 
 MR. ASREDONDO TO THE SECRETAIIY OF STATE. 
 
 Agenoia Confidencial del 
 
 GOBIERNO CONSTITUCIONALISTA DE MeXICO, 
 
 Washington, B.C., October 8, 1915. 
 
 My Dear Mr. Lansing: Complying with your excellency's request 
 asking me what is the attitude of the constitutionalist government 
 in regard to the Catholic Church in Mexico, I have the honor to say 
 that inasmuch as the reestablishment of peace within order and law 
 is the purpose of the Government of Mr. Venustiano Carranza, to the 
 end that all the inhabitants of Mexico without exception, whether 
 nationals or foreigners, may equally enjoy the benefits of true justice, 
 and hence take interest in cooperating to the support of the Govern- 
 ment, the laws of reform, which guarantee individual freedom of 
 worship according to everyone's conscience, shall be strictly observed. 
 Therefore the constitutionalist government will respect everybody's 
 life, property, and religious beliefs without other limitation than the 
 preservation of public order and the observance of the institutions 
 in accordance with the laws in force and the constitution of the 
 Republic. 
 
 Hoping that I may have honored your excellency's wishes, I avail 
 myself of this opportunity to reiterate to you the assurances of my 
 highest consideration. 
 
 E. Arredondo. 
 
 His Excellency Robert Lansing, 
 
 Secretary of State, Washington , D. C. 
 
40 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 [Inclosiire No. 8.] 
 
 consul at chihuahua to secretary of state. 
 
 American Consulate, 
 
 Chihuahua, Mexico, July 31 , 1913. 
 
 The honorable the Secretary of State, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Sir: I am in receipt of a letter dated July 28 from Mr. William J. 
 Quigley, manager of the El Potosi Mining Co., one of the members 
 of the Mine and Smelters Operators' Association, in which I am re- 
 quested to bring the following matter to the department's attention 
 and to request an opinion thereon, for the guidance of the parties in 
 interest. 
 
 On July 12 the executive committee of the Mine and Smelter 
 Operators' Association was summoned before Sr. Francisco Escudero, 
 minister of finance in the de facto government of Gen. Villa, other- 
 wise self-styled the conventionist government, and a request was 
 made of them, as coming from Gen. Villa, to advance the said govern- 
 ment the sum of $300,000, on the understanding that loans made by 
 the various companies having membership in the association in pur- 
 suance of the request mentioned would be credited to the such com- 
 panies in the payment of taxes and freight charges as these might 
 become due in the future. The association in due time, through its 
 secretary, advised Sr. Escudero in effect that it would be impossible 
 for the operating mining and smelting companies to meet his demands, 
 by reason of then- foreign character, and the danger that making 
 loans of the character proposed might be construed by adverse fac- 
 tions in the present civil conflict in Mexico as a hostile proceeding, 
 in so far as they were concerned, with the result that the companies 
 guilty of these indiscretions might la}^ themselves to penalties in the 
 future. 
 
 The mining companies are now fully expectmg, either in the im- 
 mediate future or more remotely, action of a more vigorous kind 
 calculated to secure the results aimed at by Sr. Escudero, and in this 
 understanding they request the department to advise them as to 
 what measures they should pursue to prevent the collection of forced 
 loans that may be ordered against them. 
 
 I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 Marion Letcher, 
 
 American Consul. 
 
 [Inclosure No. 8A.] 
 
 acting secretary of state to consul at chihuahua. 
 
 August 11, 1915. 
 Marion Letcher, Esq., 
 
 American Consul, Chihuahua, Mexico. 
 Sir: The department has received your dispatch No. 658 of July 
 31, 1915, saying that you are in receipt of a communication from Mr. 
 William J. Quigley, manager of the El Potosi Mming Co., one of the 
 members of the Mine and Smelter Operators' Association, requesting 
 suggestions relative to the veiled demands on American mining 
 companies for loans. 
 
AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 41 
 
 Tlie only advice which the department can give to the association 
 
 at this time is that if the authorities in the city of Chihuahua shall 
 
 attempt to impose a forced loan upon the members of the association, 
 
 immediate notice of such attempt should be given to the department. 
 
 • I am, sir, your obediant servant, 
 
 (Signed) Wilbur J. Carr, 
 For the Acting Secretary of State. 
 
 [Inclosure No. 8B .] 
 
 MINE AND SMELTER OPERATORS' ASSOCIATION TO SECRETARY 
 
 OF STATE. 
 
 El Paso, Tex., August 6, 1916. 
 Secretary of State, 
 
 Washington. 
 Gen. Villa has demanded that accredited representatives of the mine 
 and smelter operators of Chihuahua present themselves at the gover- 
 nor's palace at Chihuahua August 9 to meet Gen. Villa to receive a 
 proposition of grave importance which will be submitted at that time. 
 He threatens that properties which are not represented at the proposed 
 meeting by fully empowered representatives will be closed. He 
 stated that he would conclude with those present arrangements which 
 would be binding on the industry although we have pointed out to 
 Villa that the specific purpose of the meeting and the object for dis- 
 cussion must be known before necessary authority with proper limita- 
 tion can be delegated by the principals to their representatives or 
 agents, nevertheless he has flatly refused to state to us or even to 
 indicate the nature of the proposition which is to be submitted. It is 
 our unanimous opinion that Villa's purpose is to obtain money un- 
 justly and coercively. We realize from previous instances the likli- 
 hood that coercive methods and intimidation will be applied by Villa 
 at such a meeting. On July 12 Senor Escudero, secretary of ha- 
 cienda, acting under instructions of Gen. Villa, proposed that because 
 of the urgent needs of his government the members of this association 
 each advance as large a sum as possible such advance to be repaid by 
 crediting same against amounts which should become payable for 
 mining taxes and railroad freights. Total amount required was 
 stated as $300,000 gold. We refused to contribute on grounds that 
 such advances would compromise us because open to construction as 
 participation in the internal political affairs of Mexico. We are there- 
 fore apprehensive that Villa now intends to exact a forced loan or its 
 equivalent, hence we respectfully and earnestly request that appro- 
 priate representations be made to Gen. Villa for the purpose of fore- 
 stalling any demands upon us by him for a forced loan or any other 
 illegal exaction. We beUeve that such representations are necessary 
 to protect our rights and will avoid disagreeable and embarrassing 
 complications in the present delicate situation. 
 Respectfully, 
 
 Mine and Smelter Operators' Association, 
 
 El Paso, Tex. 
 
42 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 [Inclosure No. SC] 
 
 george c. carothers to the secretary of state. 
 
 El Paso, Tex., 
 
 August 12, 1915. 
 Secretary of State, Washington: 
 
 In conference between Gen. Scott and myself accompanied by a 
 committee representing the mining men of Chihuahua and Gen. 
 Villa, we convinced Villa of the impracticability of enforcing his 
 proposed decrees as against the mining men and he definitely agreed 
 with us to let the mining men alone and to discuss with them the 
 problem of keeping the railroads open, the mining men requesting 
 him to protect their stock of goods which it is necessary for them to 
 import and Villa offered absolute, protection and an escort of all 
 goods ordered to the mines and to enforce his military commanders 
 to abstain from confiscating their stocks of merchandise. At this 
 meeting, the mining men voluntarily presented Gen. Villa with 
 1,000 tons of coal to assist in the operation of the railroad. It is 
 both Gen. Scott's and my opinion that we should abstain from 
 making further representations to Villa for several days so as not to 
 tire him. As soon as expedient I will take up the Tlahualilo and 
 other cases with him. ■ 
 
 Geo. C. Carothers. 
 
 [Inclosiu'e No. 9.] 
 REAR ADMIRAL FLETCHER TO THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 
 
 U. S. S." Florida," 
 
 Vera Cruz, Mexico, April 9, 1914- 
 Secretary Navy, Washington: 
 Mayo reports, 5 p. m. Thursday: 
 
 This forenoon Mexican soldiers arrested paymaster and whale boat's crew of Dolphin, 
 part of whom were in boat with flag flying, marched them two blocks through streets, 
 then back to boat, and there released them. Gen. Zaragoza expressed regret verbally. 
 In view of publicity of event I have called for formal disavowal and apology (and) 
 punishment of officer in charge Mexican squad, and salute to American flag within 24 
 laours from 6 p. m., Thursday. 
 
 Mayo. 
 
 Utah left for Tampico 7 p. m., Thursday. 
 
 Fletcher. 
 
 [Inclosure No. 9A.] 
 
 secretary of the navy to secretary of state. 
 
 Navy Department, 
 Washington, January 19, 1916. 
 Sir : I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 
 January 17, 1916, in which you inform this department that the 
 President has directed the Department of State to prepare a reply to 
 Senate resolution dated January 6, 1916, requesting certain docu- 
 ments, letters, reports, orders, and so forth, in regard to the Mexican 
 situation, in connection with which you request that a statement be 
 prepared for you embodying the pertinent facts concerning the occu- 
 
AFFAIES IN MEXICO. 43 
 
 pation of Vera Cruz by our naval forces. It is noted that you have 
 requested the Secretary of War to have a similar statement prepared. 
 
 In compliance with your request; I have the honor to inform you 
 that on the night of April 20, 1914, in obedience to orders from the 
 President of the United States, Admiral Fletcher, commanding the 
 naval forces then stationed off Vera Cruz, Mexico, was directed to 
 seize and hold the customhouse at Vera Cruz and not to permit war 
 supplies to be delivered to the Huerta government or to any other 
 party. These orders were received by Admiral Fletcher at 8 a. m on 
 April 21. The American consul was immediately notified and di- 
 rected to send all foreigners aboard the Ward Lme steamer Mexico, 
 then in the harbor of Vera Cruz. The, Mexican military commandant 
 was notified of the intention of our forces to take charge of the custom- 
 house. At 11,30 a. m. on April 21 a landing force from the U. S. S. 
 Florida, Utah, and Prairie, totaling 787 officers and men, of which 
 502 were marines, had been landed and had taken charge of the cus- 
 tomhouse, cp.ble station, railway station, and post office at Vera Cruz. 
 No resistance was encountered on the initial landing, but about noon 
 the Mexican forces began firing on the American troops, so that in 
 order to hold the customhouse it became necessary to occupy the city 
 of Vera Cruz. Reinforcements arrived on the night of the 21st 
 instant, and by April 24 complete control of the cit}^ was gained by 
 the American forces. On April 24 Admiral Fletcher declared martial 
 law in the city of Vera Cruz. Army transports arrived at Vera Cruz 
 on April 28, and after conference with Gen. Funston, Admiral Fletcher 
 established a civil government under martial law. 
 
 At 8 a. m. on April 30, the forces of the Ai^my were landed from 
 transports, and at 2 p. m. of that date control of the city was taken 
 over by the Army. The naval forces, with the exception of the ma- 
 rmes, were withdrawn to the vessels in the harbor, and the marines 
 were assigned to duty with the Army. 
 
 Copies of all messages in reference to the occupation of Vera Cruz 
 were sent to your department. 
 Sincerely, yours, 
 
 JosEPHUs Daniels. 
 
 The honorable the Secretary of State. 
 
 [Inclosure No. 9B.] 
 SECRETARY OF WAR TO SECRETARY OF STATE. 
 
 War Department, 
 
 Washington, January 26, 1916. 
 The honorable the Secretary of State. 
 
 My Dear Mr. Secretary: Referring further to your letter of Janu- 
 ary 17, 1916, stating that the Department of State has been directed 
 by the President to prepare an answer to Senate resolution dated 
 January 6, 1916, in regard to the Mexican situation, and requesting 
 that a statement be prepared by this department respecting the orders 
 given to Gen. Funston for the protection of American lives and 
 property on the Mexican border, together with any pertinent facts 
 concerning the occupation and evacuation of Vera Cruz, Mexico, by 
 the forces of the United States, I beg leave to advise you that the 
 records of the department show as follows: 
 
44 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 1, MEXICAN BORDEE. 
 
 2. OCCUPATION AND EVACUATION OF VERA CRUZ, MEXICO. 
 
 Vera Cruz, Mexico, having been, by direction of the President, 
 occupied by the naval forces of the United States, instructions were 
 issued on April 23, 1914, to the commanding general, second division, 
 Texas City, Tex., to cause the reinforced Fifth Brigade to embark as 
 soon as practicable on the Army transports Sumner, McCIellan, Kil- 
 patrick, and Meade, and to proceed at once to Vera Cruz. 
 
 On April 24, 1914, the louf regiments of Infantry of the Fifth 
 Brigade, together with Company E, Second Battalion of Engineers, 
 and Field Hospital No. 3, a total of 182 officers and 3,047 enlisted 
 men, sailed from Galveston, Tex., under the command of Brig. Gen. 
 Funston, United States Army, and arrived in Vera Cruz Harbor on 
 April 28, 1914, and disembarked. On April 26, 1914, the First 
 Battalion of the Fourth Field Artillery sailed from Texas City for 
 Vera Cruz on the chartered transport Satilla to join Gen. Funston' s 
 command. 
 
 On April 26, 1914, orders were issued to Gen. Funston, m compli- 
 ance with mstructions received from the President, upon arrival at 
 Vera Cruz, to relieve the Navy of its duties ashore incident to the 
 occupation and control of the city of Vera Cruz and its environs. 
 Gen. Funston was advised on the same date that pursuant to the 
 orders of the President the First Brigade, United States Marine 
 Corps, would be placed under his command for service with the Army. 
 
 On April 29, 1914, the headquarters, band, and detachment of the 
 First Battalion, Fourth Field Artillery, and Troops I and K, Sixth 
 Cavalry, sailed from Galveston for Vera Cruz on the chartered trans- 
 port San Marcos; and on April 30, 1914, Company D, Signal Corps, 
 sailed for Vera Cruz on the naval transport Esperanza. 
 
 Gen. Funston reported taking over from the Navy the command at 
 Vera Cruz on the afternoon of April 30, 1914. 
 
 A military government was established by General Orders, No. 3, 
 Headquarters, United States Expeditionary Forces, May 2, 1914. 
 This order set forth the principle that the government established 
 thereby would continue the system to which the people of Vera Cruz 
 were accustomed, in so far as consistent with military control, and 
 from that date until the evacuation the Army continued to administer 
 the civil affairs of the city. 
 
 The executive branches of the military government established by 
 the general order cited above consisted of the following: 
 
 The office of the provost marshal general. 
 
 The office of the treasurer. 
 
 The customs service, including the lighthouse service, to which was 
 later added the pilot service. 
 
 The United States mail agency and the general post office. 
 
 Each of these branches was placed in charge of an officer of the 
 Army, except the customs service, which was administered by Com- 
 mander H. O. Stickney, United States Navy, as administrator of cus- 
 toms and captain of the port, and the United States mail agency and 
 the general post office, which were administered by Mr. H. M. Robin- 
 
AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 45 
 
 son, an official of the Post Office Department, sent to Vera Cruz for 
 the purpose. 
 
 Prior to the evacuation, instructions were issued to Gen. Funston 
 to bring with him to the United States all funds in his possession from 
 whatever source derived, both United States funds and Mexican cus- 
 tom receipts and taxes. He was also instructed to bring with him all 
 the records, accounts, and money papers necessary to establish the 
 integrity and accuracy of his financial and other administration, and 
 to make an inventory of all goods in the customhouse, keeping the 
 original of such inventory and leaving a copy with the American 
 consul at Vera Cruz. Gen. Funston was also authorized to leave 
 with the latter such copies of accounts or other data as might be 
 required by whomsoever might continue the government of the city. 
 
 On November 14, 1914, as the result of an announcement issued 
 by the State Department on November 13, 1914, Gen. Funston was 
 directed to make all preparations to leave Vera Cruz Monday, Novem- 
 ber 23, 1914. 
 
 On November 20, 1914, Gen. Funston was instructed to evacuate 
 Vera Cruz on the date specified above, viz, Monday, November 23, 
 1914. 
 
 On November 23, 1914, Gen. Funston advised the department that 
 he would embark his command at 2 o'clock on the afternoon of that 
 day on the transports Sumner, Kil'patrick, Cristobal, McClellan, Kan- 
 san, Antilla, City of Memphis, Denver, and San Marcos. 
 
 On November 26, 1914, Gen. Funston reported the arrival of his 
 command at Galveston, Tex. 
 
 Subsequently to his arrival at Galveston, Gen. Funston reported 
 that the Mexican funds brought with him to the United States, 
 together with the money papers pertaining thereto, had been placed 
 for safe-keeping in the strong room of the First National Bank at 
 Galveston, storage room for all other records of the military govern- 
 ment of Vera Cruz having been provided by the depot quartenmaster 
 at Galveston. In this connection Gen. Funston suggested the advis- 
 ability of sending the Mexican funds and the records of the treas- 
 urer's office to the subtreasury at New Orleans, La,, for safe-keeping. 
 Upon receipt of that suggestion the department communicated at 
 once with the Treasury Department with a view to ascertaining as to 
 whether it would be practicable to place these funds and records in 
 the subtreasury at New Orleans as suggested, and the Treasury De- 
 partment having signified its willingness to have the funds and rec- 
 ords so transferred, Maj. Blanton Winship, judge advocate. United 
 States Army, who had immediate charge of these funds and records, 
 was advised accordingly. 
 
 On January 1, 1915, Maj. Winship reported that he had on that date 
 shipped to the subtreasury at New Orleans, La., one field safe, sealed, 
 containing 1,539,051.20 Mexican pesos, and the books and records 
 pertaining to the military treasurer's office, together with one sealed 
 wooden box containing 1,065,000 Mexican pesos, or a net total of 
 2,604,051.20 pesos. 
 
 On January 12, 1915, the department advised the Secretary of 
 State of the transfer of the Mexican funds and records, as set forth 
 above. 
 
 Sincerely, yours, 
 
 LiNDLEY M. Garrison, 
 
 Secretary of War. 
 
46 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 [Inclosiire No. 10.] 
 
 secretary of state to the brazilian minister in mexico. 
 
 Department of vState, 
 
 Wasliington, September 22, 1914- 
 The Brazilian Minister, Mexico: 
 
 Certain rumors have reached this Government as to actions which 
 may possibly be taken by the authorities at Vera Cruz after its 
 evacuation, namely: 
 
 The exaction of further payments of duties on merchandise which 
 has passed through the customhouse since American occupation and 
 on which the duties have been paid. The exaction of further pay- 
 ments of local and municipal taxes paid since American occupation, 
 such as hcense fees, property taxes, screet taxes, etc. The imposition 
 of fines or other pena.lties upon Mexican citizens, who have been 
 employed in connection with the civil government of the city since 
 American occupation. 
 
 You are requested to call these subjects to the attention of Gen. 
 Carranza and state to him that this Government, while it does not 
 give credence to these rumors, as such actions would be manifesth" 
 unjust, considers that to avoid possible improper conduct by subordi- 
 nates and to allay apprehension at Vera Cruz it is hoped that Gen. 
 Carranza ^vill give a specific assurance in regard to each subject that 
 the rumored action will not be permitted. 
 
 You will please intimate to Gen. Carranza the advisability of 
 giving these assurances in definite form and as soon as possible in 
 order that there may be no delay in carrying out the proposed 
 evacuation of Vera Cruz by the American forces. 
 
 You will also please call to Gen. Carranza's attention the fact that 
 there is in Vera Cruz a large number of so-called refugees, among 
 them many priests and nuns, who came there because of apprehension 
 as to their personal safety while civil strife prevailed in Mexico. 
 This Government earnestly hopes that Gen. Carranza will be wilhng 
 to announce that the Mexican central authorities will not countenance 
 or permit any wanton mistreatment of these people, but will assure 
 them that protection which an enhghtened and orderly Government 
 affords to individuals within its jurisdiction. 
 
 Robert Lansing, 
 
 Acting Secretary of State. 
 
 [Inclosure No. 11.] 
 BRAZILIAN MINISTER IN MEXICO TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE. 
 
 Mexico City, Mexico, 
 
 November 10, 1914. 
 Secretary of State, 
 
 Washington, D. C: 
 November 10 — 11 a.m. — ^Acting Secretaryfor Foreign Relations, who 
 is now in Cordoba, State of Vera Cruz, with Carranza, invited me this 
 morning to have a telegraphic conference over the wire of the foreign . 
 
AFPAIES IN MEXICO. 47 
 
 oiRce, during which he transmitted the following note, with request 
 that same be transcribed to you at once: 
 
 Cordoba, November 10, 1914- 
 
 Mr. Minister: Referring to your excellency's note, dated the 2d instant, rela- 
 tive to the evacuation of Vera Cruz by forces of the United States of America, by order 
 of the first chief of the constitutionalist army in charge of the executive of the union, 
 I have the honor to inform your excellency as follows: The chamber of commerce 
 and the owners of real estate at the port of Vera Cruz, as well as the employees who 
 have served in several capacities in the administration of the port during American 
 occupation, have addressed themselves to the first chief of the constitutionalist army 
 in charge of the executive, through the governor and miUtary commander of the State, 
 stating that the taxpayers will be satisfied with such resolutions of the National 
 Government as may be later passed by it in reference to the collection of fiscal dues 
 as have been paid to the American authorities who have been in exercise in the port; 
 also, that the employees are disposed to submit themselves to such disposition as 
 the Mexican authorities may see fit. The first chief of the constitutionalist army in 
 charge of the executive is now of the attitude assumed by the chamber of commerce, 
 the owners of the city real estate, and the above-mentioned employees, and of his 
 considering so fit for the welfare of national interests, has been pleased to issue, under 
 date of the 8th and 9th instant, the following decree: 
 
 " Venustiano Carranza, first chief of the constitutional army in charge of the execu- 
 tive power of the United States of Mexico, using of the extraordinary authority in 
 me vested, and considering that the chamber of commerce and the majority of own- 
 ers and administrators of real estate at the port of Vera Cruz have addressed the ex- 
 ecutive in my charge, renouncing the protection asked for in their behalf by the 
 United States Government before expecting the evacuation of Vera Cruz, stating cate- 
 gorically that they will abide by all the just decisions which the Mexican Govern- 
 ment may render in reference to the collection of fiscal dues previously collected by 
 foreign authorities, and because I consider it convenient to the national interests, I 
 have seen fit to decree as follows: 
 
 " 'Article 1. On the occupation of Vera Cruz by the Mexican authorities no exa? 
 tion will be made from the inhabitants of the port for the payment of taxes or any other 
 contributions of Federal character which may have previously been paid to the for- 
 eign authorities which temporarily occupied the port. 
 
 " 'Article 2. In order to be entitled to the privilege granted by this decree it will 
 be sufficient for interested persons to present to the tax collector's office the receipts 
 showing that such payments were made to the authorities established during the occu- 
 pation of Vera Cruz by the American forces.' 
 
 "And I have to inform you of the above for its immediate publication and due 
 observance. 
 
 "V. Carranza." 
 
 Constitution and Reforms, 
 
 General Headquarters at Cordoba, November 8, 1914. 
 
 The second decree reads as follows: 
 
 Venustiano Carranza, first chief of the constitutionalist army in charge of the execu- 
 tive power of the United States of Mexico, by virtue of the extraordinary faculties 
 in me vested, and considering, firstly, the Mexican and foreign employees who have 
 served the authorities established in Vera Cruz dm-ing its occupation by American 
 forces have addressed this fiirst office of the constitutionalist army through the gov- 
 ernor and. military commander of this State, stating of their own accord, that they 
 only recognize the national government as entitled to resolve the questions of interior 
 order such as refer to the punishment or partion of persons who, as themselves, have 
 served the foreign authorities; secondly, that they expressly declared that they will 
 be agreeable to the decisions that the national government may render in regard to 
 them in order that they may not be considered as an obstacle for the eminently 
 patriotic act of obtaining a speedy evacuation of Vera Cruz; and, thirdly, that the 
 spontaneous and patriotic attitude of such employees has made them deserving of an 
 amnesty for such penalties as they might have incurred, in I have seen fit to issue 
 the following decree: 
 
 "General amnesty is hereby granted to all persons who may have served as em- 
 ployees in the several branches of the public administration that in a de facto manner 
 have exercised control temporarily during the occupation of Vera Cruz by American 
 forces." 
 
48 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 And I communicate the above to you so that you may in tuiui make it known to the 
 federal and local authorities of the Republic for its immediate pul)lication and strict 
 observance. 
 
 V. Carranza. 
 Constitution and Reforms, 
 
 General Headquarters at Cordoha, November 9, 1914. 
 
 Gen. Caiidido Aguilar, as military governor of tlie State of Vera 
 Cruz, has to-day issued the following decree: 
 
 The government in my charge is obligated to dispense its protection to such persons 
 as may ha^-e paid the fiscal dues in the port of Vera Cruz to the American authorities, 
 and that such protection should be made extensive to the new collection of such dues 
 a second time as have lieen paid, it being so considered in equity, and considering 
 that a lai'ge majority of the residents of said port recognize that the Mexican Govern- 
 ment is the only one which ought to protect them, they place themselves under its 
 protection as an act of pure patriotism. For the above considerations, I haA^e seen 
 fit to decree as follows: 
 
 "Article 1. Upon the evacuation of Vera Cruz l:)y the American forces and its occu- 
 pation by the Mexican authorities, no exaction will be made from the inhabitants of 
 the port for either municipal or state dues such as may have been previously paid Ijy 
 them to the foreign authorities who occupied the port. 
 
 •"Article 2. In order to be able to enjoy the benefits granted by this decree, it will 
 be sufficient to present to the respective collectors' offices the receipts showing the 
 payments made to the functionaries of the administration which had control of affairs 
 during American occupation." 
 
 Therefore I order that the above be published, circulated, and duly complied with. 
 
 Issued at Cordoba on the 10th day of November, 1914. 
 
 Gen. C. Aguilar. 
 J. Dominguez, 
 Asd tant Secretary of the Government. 
 
 In view of the fact that the Mexican Government has issued the decrees which I 
 have had the honor to transcribe to you above, the causes pointed out by the Govern- 
 ment of the United States of America for the continued occupation of the port of Vera 
 Cruz have disappeared. In consequence, the first chief of the constitutionalist army 
 in charge of the executive of the union, trusts that, as offered in your note of November 
 2, the Government of the United States of America will not delay any longer the 
 evacuation of Vera Cruz and will proceed at once to evacuate the port. 
 
 I protest to you, Mr. Minister, the assurances of my highest coursideration. 
 
 IsiDRO Fabela. 
 
 Constitution and Reforms. 
 
 Cardoso de Oliveira. 
 
 [luclosure No. 12.] 
 
 lilST OF AMERICANS KILLED IN MEXICO DURING THE YEARS 
 1913, 1914, AND 1915. 
 
 The list of Americans killed in Mexico during the period mentioned 
 above is subdivided into five classes, as follows: 
 
 Class 1. — ^Americans killed in Mexico from causes that can be 
 attributed directly to the revolutionary disturbances. 
 
 Class 2. — ^Americans who have disappeared in Mexico and who 
 were probably killed from causes that can be attributed directly to 
 the revolutionary disturbances. 
 
 Class 5.— Americans killed, apparently through motives of rob- 
 bery, by bandits or others (not including those killed by Indians). 
 
 Class 4- — ^Americans killed by Indians, apparently through motives 
 of robbery or revenge. 
 
 Class 5. — ^Americans killed in Mexico during the period mentioned 
 from miscellaneous causes and causes not definitely stated. 
 
AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 49 
 
 AMERICANS KILLED IN MEXICO FROM CAUSES THAT CAN BE ATTRI- 
 BUTED DIRECTLY TO THE REVOLUTIONARY DISTURBANCES. 
 
 Class 1—1913. 
 
 John B. Alainia, May 13: Hanged as spy and for other alleged crimes, at Rio Bravo, 
 State of Tamaulipas. 
 
 John Henry Thomas, August 13: Assassinated by federal soldiers at Madera, State 
 of Chihuahua. Murderers executed. 
 
 Edmund Hayes, August 15: Assassinated by same band of soldiers as Thomas, 
 above. 
 
 William C. Robertson, September 10: Murdered by revolutionists at El Lobo, 
 Mazatlan district. State of Sinaloa, for failing to show his passport promptly and 
 resisting while being disarmed. 
 
 Porfirio Laurel, November 1: Arrested at Nuevo Laredo charged with smuggling 
 ammunition to revolutionists. Stabbed to death with bayonet. Appears to have 
 been killed before being brought to trial. 
 
 Charles Seggerson, November 15: Appears to have been accidentally shot in the 
 back when Villa captured Juarez. 
 
 Luciano Martinez, December 6: Reported to have been about 16 years oli when 
 kille'. He enliste i in the rebel ranks in the Tampico ristrict. Representations 
 were ma e to the authorities to release him, but no definite action appears to have 
 been taken by them in the matter, an 1 Martinez was kille I in battle. 
 
 Incarnacion Sanchez, December 31: Said to have been murlerel by Mexican 
 fe eral officials at Mexicali. 
 
 Jose Valencia, December 31: Murdered at the same time as Sanchez, above. 
 
 Class 1—1914. 
 
 Frank Smith, January 26: Kille 1 by federals in the vicinity of Tampico. No 
 motiAe known. Federal lieutenant and sergeant were court-martiale 1 an 1 executed 
 for this crime. 
 
 Guy S. Sawyer, April — , 1914: Wounded during attack on Monterey by consti- 
 tutionalists an I ( ie 1 from effects. 
 
 Dr. E. E. Kelly, August 27: Shot in the back an 1 kille ■ by In'ian sol Uers at 
 Navajoa, Hermosiho ; istrict. State of Sonora. No motive known. 
 
 F. C. Chapel, November 16: Shot an;l kille 1 by Mexican sol ier at Nogales, State 
 of Sonora. Sol J ier was on sentry i uty and hal challenge I Chapel. No reason was 
 given as to why he was challenged. Tlie soldier was place ; un er arrest, but was 
 afterwards released . 
 
 Class 1—1915. 
 
 John B. McManus, March 11: Shot aul killei by Zapatistas in Mexico City. Vic 
 tim was (^efen ing his home against assault, due to revenge. Palafox, Villista- 
 Zapatista Conventionista Acting Secretary of Foreign Affairs, expresse I deep regret 
 for the miir.'er. Wi ow was pai '_ 120,000 pesos, or about $20,000 gol i. 
 
 Isaac R. Ely, May 15: Acci entally shot by Villistas while they were attacking 
 tlie Ebano pump station, Tampico i istrict. 
 
 J. N. Bennett, May 26: Shot by Villistas anl kille ; while in launch with Garran- 
 ztsta solfiers, on the Panuco River, off Tampico. 
 
 A. Martinette, About June 1: Kille I at Cunipas by Maytorena (Villista) soldiers 
 un^ier Gen. Trujillo. 
 
 Edgar Bea,n, November 20: Reported to have been murdered at Puerto Citos, a 
 suburls of Cananea, State of Sonora. It was reported that Bean was an engineer, 
 and that when his engine ran off. the track Col. Beltran, of the Villista forces, became 
 enraged and shot him. 
 
 Americans killed in Mexico from causes that can be attributed directly to the 
 revolutionary disturbances (1913, 1914, 1915), 18. 
 
 S. Doc. 324, 64-1 i 
 
50 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 AMERICANS Wi;0 HAVE DISAPPEARED IN MEXICO AND WHO HAVE 
 PROBABLY BEEN KILLED FROM CAUSES THAT CAN BE ATTRIBUTED 
 DIRECTLY TO THE REVOLUTIONARY DISTURBANCES (COVERS THE 
 PERIOD FROM THE FIRST OF 1913 TO AND INCLUDING 11)15). 
 
 Class 2—1914. 
 
 Gustav Bauch, February 15: Arrested as epy in Ciudad Juarez by Villistas. Dis- 
 appeared between Ciudad Juarez and Chihuahua. Special Representative Carothers 
 stated that he thought Bauch was killed by order of Gen. Villa. 
 
 Harry Compton, February 15: Reported sentenced to be executed. Investiga- 
 tions at Chihuahua, Ciudad Juarez, and Ojinaga revealed no trace of him. 
 
 Charles Milton, March 26: Rumored murdered by band of Huerta followers south 
 of Cananea, State of Sonora. 
 
 Juan Coy, April 6: Disappeared when Monclova was being attacked; may have 
 been killed in attack; no trace of Coy ever found. 
 
 Class 2—1915. 
 
 Charles S. Dalrymple, February 12: Seen in prison at Victoria, State of Tamauli- 
 
 Eas. Stated to passerby that he had just been transferred from Chihuahua, where 
 e had been held incomunicado for a year. No trace of him ever found after being 
 seen in Victoria. 
 
 Peter Scott, about June 1 : Rumored killed at Navajoa, near Nogales, State of Sonora. 
 No details and no further report. 
 
 Total number of Americans who disappeared in Mexico in the period from 1913 to 
 1915, inclusive, 6. 
 
 AMERICANS KILLED IN MEXICO, APPARENTLY THROUGH MOTIVES OF 
 ROBBERY, BY BANDITS OR OTHERS (NOT INCLUDING THOSE KILLED 
 BY INDIANS— SHOWN IN A SEPARATE LIST). 
 
 Class 3—1913. 
 
 Boris Gorow, February 20: Killed by bandits in the Territory of Tepic. 
 
 Mrs. Charles E. Ross, August 28: Also known as Kitty Hines. Murdered by four 
 Mexicans whom she surprised while they were robbing her home at Chihuahua. 
 
 Maurice P. Ptoot, September 2: Stabbed to death while resisting robbery at Mazat- 
 lan. Murderer never brought to justice. 
 
 Class 3—1914. 
 
 Clemente Vergarra, February 13: Seized near Piedras Negras. The reason for his 
 seizure was not stated. It was reported that although Vergarra's release was ordered 
 he was afterwards killed. 
 
 Weston Burwell, about April 23: Killed at Ozuluama by orders of a federal officer, 
 Col. Quirol. Motive supposed to have been robbery. Quirol was afterwards arrested 
 in the United States and deported to Habana, Cuba. 
 
 C. B. Hoadley, May 10: Reported killed at the same time certain British subjects 
 were killed or wounded in raids on mines in the Guadalajara district. Motive proba- 
 bly robbery. 
 
 Class 3—1915. 
 
 John Glenn Farmenter, May 26: Murdered by bandits after being robbed near 
 Guadalajara. Some of the baiidits were killed by pursuing soldiers. 
 
 Idward Freeman Welles, August 13: Killed by bandits when train was attacked 
 between Santa Lucrecia and Vera Cruz; bandits not apprehended. 
 
 James Jacoby, August 21: Murdered at Chihuahua City; motive probably robbery. 
 No results from investigation. 
 
 James E. Taylor, -September 16: Died as a result of being shot through the stomach 
 while protecting his home from robbery near Fanuco, State of Vera Cruz. 
 
 Total number of Americans killed in Mexico in 1913, 1914, and 1915, apparently 
 through motives of robbery, by bandits or others (not including those killed by Indi- 
 ans shown in a separate list), 10. 
 
AFFAIES IF MEXICO. ' 51 
 
 AMERICANS KILLED IN MEXICO BY INDIANS, APPAUENTLY TnilOUGH 
 MOTIVES OF ROBBERY OR REVENGE. 
 
 Class 4—1913. 
 
 Edward Gregory Dexter, January 14: Murdered by Indians at San Juan Taviche, 
 near Oaxaca. Four men arrested for the crime. 
 
 Class 4—1914. 
 
 Tom Farrell, June 26: Killed from ambush by either Yaqui Indians or Mexicans, 
 between San Javier and La Colorado, Hermosillo district. 
 
 0. A. L. Squires, August 6: Killed by Yaquis at La Colorado, Hermosillo district, 
 while trying to prevent robbery. 
 
 John Williams, August 10: Killed near Yasitos, State of Sonora, by Mexicans or 
 Yaquis. 
 
 Class 4—1915. 
 
 Eugene Camera, February 25: Mm-dered by Yaquis at Lencho Station, Guaymas 
 district, State of Sonora. 
 
 C. M. Brown, April 27: Shot and killed by Mayo Indians at Ahome, Mazatlan dis- 
 trict, State of Sinaloa. 
 
 John P. Wilson, May 11: Killed by Yaqui Indians at Esperanza, State of Sonora. 
 
 J. J. Donovan, May 11: Killed by same band of Yaquis. 
 
 Joseph Tays, September r- Murdered by Indians near San Bias, State of Sinaloa. 
 
 W. A. Fay, May 11: Killed by the same band of Yaquis that murdered Wilson and 
 Donovan above. 
 
 Charles Goldsborough, November 4: Killed along with two companions by Indians 
 in the district of Fuerte, State of Sinaloa. Identity of companions not known; evi- 
 dently Mexicans. 
 
 W. S. Windham, November 6: Murdered by Indians at Quimichis ranch, Territory 
 of Tepic, through motive of revenge. 
 
 Total number of Americans killed by Indians apparently through motives of rob- 
 bery or revenge, 1913, 1914, and 1915, 12. 
 
 AMERICANS KILLED IN MEXICO DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY DIS- 
 TURBANCES IN THE YEARS 1913, 1914, AND J 915 FROM MISCELLANE- 
 OUS CAUSES AND FROM CAUSES NOT DEFINITELY STATED. 
 
 Class 5—1913. 
 
 Frank Horace, March — : Murdered by Mexican citizen at Coalcoman, State of 
 Michoacan. Miu'derer arrested but escaped. Later reported to have been enlisted in 
 the army. 
 
 Walter Van Den Bosch, March 17: Murdered by Mexican civilian at Durango. 
 Two men arrested. 
 
 James O. Lawrence, Marcli 22: Murdered by Mexican civilian at Tampico. 
 
 Albert H. Lawi-ence, March 31': Shot and killed by Mexican at Tampico. Assailant 
 sentenced, then released; later shot by Mexican army officer. 
 
 William W. Corrie, April 1 : Was attached to the U. S. S. California. Reported mur- 
 dered by chief of police of Guayamas. 
 
 John C. Klesow, April 1: Attached to the U. S. S. California. Reported murdered 
 at the same time as Corrie in the same manner. 
 
 William Protexter, May 12: Shot by two Mexican civilians at La Junta, Chihuahaa. 
 One of the Mexicans was shot and killed by Protexter. Protexter died as a result 
 of his wound. 
 
 Henry Knox Burton, July 13: Murdered by Constitutionalist soldier at Santa 
 Rosalia. No motive known. Murderer was arrested, but previous to attack on town 
 by enemy was released. 
 
 Victor 'W. East, September 16: Murdered in the State of Campcche. Miu-derer 
 escaped. ^ ' 
 
 John Edson, November: Murdered with machetes by four men at El Venado, 
 Guadalajara. 
 
 Mrs. John Edson, November: Reported fatally wounded at the same time. 
 
52 , AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 
 
 Class 5—1914. 
 
 Peder Pederson, January 2: Murdered in Canton Ozuluama, State of Vera Cruz. 
 
 February 4: Bandits ran some burnirg stock cars into the Cumbre Tunnel, in the 
 State of Chihualma, and a passerger train collided with them. The foUowirg Ameri- 
 cans are known to have been killed: M. J. Gilmartin, Bernard Scholield, John E. 
 Webster, E. J. McCutcheon, J. I. Morris, Lee Williams, Thomas Kelly, and H. F. 
 Maderis. 
 
 E. M. Harmon, February 22: Murdered at Madera, State of Chihuahua. 
 
 Oscar Allen, March 15: Murdered at Pearson, Chihuahua. 
 
 James Crawford, May 14: Murdered near Panuco, State of Vera Cruz. 
 
 Richard Urban, May 20: Murdered west of Nacozari, State of Sonora. May possibly 
 have been murdered by partner. No further report. 
 
 Edward L. Nixon, September 21: Stabbed to death at Tampico by six Mexicans. 
 Murderers were placed under arrest. The American vice consul reported in April, 
 1915, that they would be tried upon theestablishment of a civil court. 
 
 Herbert Atwater, December 29: Died from being stabbed by a Mexican civilian 
 at San Jeronimo, State of Vera Cruz. 
 
 Class 5 — 1915. 
 
 February— Body of a man, supposed to be that of Walter Mcintosh, found at Tam- 
 pico; presumably murdered. No clues. 
 
 Reyes Grijalva, April 25: Shot by a Mexican policeman at Nogales while trying to 
 escape arrest. The policeman was placed under arrest, and on May 10 Maytorena the 
 Villista governor) promised that the policeman would be tried. 
 
 W. M. Byrd, jr., April 27: Executed near Tampico. He was reported to have been 
 guilty of stealing cattle and changing brands, and it was stated that he was arrested 
 on complaint of Americans. He appears to have been summarily executed by Gen. 
 Urbina without the formality of a trial. 
 
 Gilbert Teanhl, June 16: Killed at Charcas, State of San Luis Potosi, while trying 
 to stop a quarrel. 
 
 Total number of Americans killed in Mexico during the revolutionary disturbances 
 in the years 1913, 1914, and 1915 from miscellaneous causes and from causes not defi- 
 nitely stated, 30. 
 
 Grand total of Americans killed in Mexico during the revolutionary disturbances 
 in the years 1913, 1914, and 1915: 
 
 (1) Americans killed in Mexico from causes that can be attributed directly to the 
 
 revolutionary disturbances 18 
 
 (2) Americans who have disappeared in Mexico in 1913, 1914, and 1915 and who 
 
 were probably killed from causes that can be attributed directly to the 
 revolutionary disturbances 6 
 
 (3) Americans killed, apparently through motives of robbery or revenge (not 
 
 including those killed by Indians) 10 
 
 (4) Americans killed by Indians, apparently through motives of robbery or 
 
 revenge 12 
 
 (5) Americans killed in Mexico during the revolutionary disturbances in the years 
 
 1913, 1914, and 1915 from miscellaneous causes and causes not definitely 
 stated 30 
 
 Grand total of Americans killed during the period mentioned 76 
 
 In this connection it may be stated that when the murder of 
 American citizens was reported the Department of State made rep- 
 resentations, through its representatives, for the apprehension and 
 punishment of the assailants; and in some instances the department's 
 representatives made such representations to the appropriate officials 
 on their own initiative. 
 
 Where there has been no definite information as to the apprehen- 
 sion of those reported to be guilty of outrages on American citizens, 
 resulting in their death, a notation to that effect has been omitted 
 from these lists for the sake of brevity. 
 
AEFAIES IN MEXICO. 53 
 
 [Inclosure No. 12A.] 
 AMERICANS KILLED IN MEXICO IN 1910, 1911, AND 1912. 
 
 1910. 
 
 James M. Reid, November 20, Mexico City: Shot and killed by a Mexican police- 
 man. Murderer was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment. 
 
 The following Americans were reported killed in the Republic of Mexico in 1910 
 from miscellaneous criminal causes not connected directly with the revolutionary 
 disturbances: Cummings, Green, Hughes, Lockart, McLaughlin, Maxwell, Parson, 
 Penninston, Randall. 
 
 1911. 
 
 William E. Fowler, March 9, Tuxpam, State of Vera Cruz: Murdered by a Mexican 
 peon. Murdered man was a naturalized American citizen and a Canadian by birth. 
 
 George Critchfield, April 7, Ranche Zapatal, near Tuxpam: Died from gunshot 
 wound. Supposed murderer was placed on trial. No definite report of the outcome 
 of the trial was made at the time. 
 
 Roy M. Godman, April 30, 25 miles from Acapulco: Was murdered by a band of 
 70 or 80 insurgents. 
 
 Samuel Hidy, May 18, Los Platanos Colony, San Luis Potosi: Motive apparently 
 Tobbery. Mexican foreign office informed the American Embassy that everything 
 possible was being done to apprehend the murderers. 
 
 Elbert Pope, May or June, apparently in Lower California: Led a raid from Cali- 
 fornia into Lower California. 
 
 John G. D. Carroll, June 11, Alamo, Lower California: Reported murdered by 
 Mexican federal auxiliary soldiers. Carroll had taken out his first papers to become 
 a Mexican citizen. 
 
 Dr. Allan L. Foster, June 11, Alamo, Lower California: Killed at the same time as 
 Carroll. 
 
 Patrick Glennon, June 11, Alamo, Lower California: Killed at the same time as 
 Carroll and Foster. Glennon was a naturalized American of Irish birth. 
 
 Milton K. Willis, July 17, Calexico or Mexicali, Lower California: Was shot in a 
 quarrel with another man. His assailant is said to have been related to a local judge. 
 Assailant was imprisoned and later released on the ground of self-defense. No further 
 report at the time. 
 
 Oscar M. Pelham, about September 14, Santa Gertrudis mine, near City of Pachuca: 
 Conflicting statements as to how murder occurred. (American citizenship in doubt. 
 May have been a Canadian.) 
 
 The following Americans were reported killed in the Republic of Mexico in 1911 
 from miscellaneous criminal causes not connected directly with the revolutionary 
 distiu'bances: Berthold, Bishop, Clark, Gillett, Jones, Lawton, Lesher, McClelland, 
 Royer, Shope, Swazay, Urby. 
 
 1912. 
 
 W. H. Waite, April 4, Ochotal, State of Vera Cruz: Reported murdered by one or 
 more employees on his plantation. Consul Haskell at Salina Cruz reported the shoot- 
 ing of two persons supposed to be guilty of this crime. 
 
 Thomas A. J. Fountain, April 9, apparently in district surrounding the City of 
 Chihuahua: Reported murdered by rebels under Orozco and under the immediate 
 command of Salazar. 
 
 Henry Crumley (also reported Cromley), July 21, Purandiro, near Michoacan: 
 Killed by a servant or in a fight over a woman (two versions of Crumley's death). 
 
 Rowan Ayers, about August 14, Patzcuaro, State of Michoacan: Reported murdered 
 through motives of robbery and revenge. The Mexican Embassy in Washington 
 and the American Embassy at Mexico City rei^orted that the murderer had been 
 caught and would be executed. 
 
 John J. Brooks, November 17, Chuichupa, Chihuahua: Reported killed by rebels 
 while resisting robbery. 
 
 Ernest Spillsbury, December 31, Pachuca: Apparently murdered by a Mexican 
 civilian. 
 
 The following Americans were reported killed in the Republic of Mexico in 1912, 
 from miscellaneous criminal causes not connected directly with the revolutionary 
 disturbances: Adams, Buckerdike, Crawford, Haigler, Harvey, Meyer, Reterman, 
 Stevens, Thompson. 
 
 Total number of Americans killed in Mexico in 1910, as shown above 10 
 
 In 1911 22 
 
 In 1932 15 
 
 Grand total 47 
 
54 AFPAIES IN MEXICO. 
 
 [Inclosure No. 12B.] 
 AMERICANS REPORTED KILLED IN UNITED STATES TERRITORY 
 
 Americans reported killed in United States territory as a result of the Mexican 
 border troubles during the years 1913, 1914, and 1915: 
 
 Special deputy, about September 13, 1913, Corrizo Springs, Tex.: Consular report 
 stated that the deputj' was killed in a conflict between a sheriff's posse and smugglers. 
 Posse was assisting United States soldiers. 
 
 Four American citizens were reported killed in Naco, Ariz., in 1914. Names and 
 dates not stated. They were presumably killed from shots fired across the border 
 from the Mexican side, as a result of fighting between Mexican factions. 
 
 1915. 
 
 Juan Balamia, May 13: Executed by orders of Gen. Blanco, after court-martial, at 
 Rio Bravo, in the Matamoros consular district. 
 
 Texas ranger (name not stated), May 27, near Pelares, Mexico: Killed on American 
 territory by Mexican bandits. 
 
 American river guard, May 27, near Pelares, Mexico: Killed at same time as Texas 
 ranger above. 
 
 Dr. E. S. McCain, October 19, near Brownsville, Tex.: Mortally wounded by Mex- 
 icans in train hold-up; died October 19. Raiding party. 
 
 American trainman (name not stated), December 21: Reported by collector of 
 custom.s at El Paso, Tex., as having been killed while standing on a freight car. The 
 report stated that the shot was fired by an irresponsible Mexican soldier during recent 
 trouble in Juarez connected with turning over of garrison to Carranza forces. An 
 unverified report stated that soldier firing shot was immediately afterwards killed. 
 
 George A. Diepert, December 21: Reported killed by shots fired across the border 
 during a battle at Juarez. 
 
 American (name and date not reported): Killed at Douglas, Ariz. 
 
 Bernard Boley, July 22: Reported by the consul at Matamoros as having been 
 killed near Raymond ville. 
 
 Bonefacio Benavides, July 31: Reported by the consul at Matamoros as having 
 been killed near Los Indies. 
 
 A. L. Austin, August 7: Killed by bandits at his home. Reported by the consul 
 at Matamoros. 
 
 Charles Austin, August 7: Son of A. L. Austin, killed at the same time. Reported 
 by the American consul at Matamoros. 
 
 Charles Jensen (no date stated): Was a watchman at Lyford Gin. Reported by the 
 American consul at Matamoros. 
 
 R. E. Donaldson, September 2 : Reported by the consul at Matamoros as having been 
 murdered at Fresnos Tract. 
 
 J. T. Smith, September 2: Same as above. 
 
 Engineer Kendall, October 19: Killed when bandits wrecked and looted a train 
 6 miles from Brownsville. Reported by the American consul at Matamoros. 
 
 Total number of Americans reported killed as above, 20. 
 
 [Inclosure No. 12C.] ' 
 
 AMERICAN SOLDIERS KILLED IN AMERICAN TERRITORY. 
 
 American soldiers killed in American territory on account of Mexican border 
 troubles: 
 Two soldiers killed at Naco, Ariz., August, 1914. 
 
 1915. 
 
 William S. Warwick, January 29: Killed by shots fired across the border during a 
 battle at Juarez, Mexico. 
 
 George R. Maguire, private, August 2, Alice Road, Tex. : Killed in a skirmish with 
 Mexican bandits. 
 
 Leo C. Windhaus, private, August 10, Palm Garden, Mercedes, Tex.: Killed in a 
 skirmish with Mexican bandits. Raiding party. 
 
 J.ohn Willman, corporal, August 16, Progresso Ferry, Tex. : Killed by fire from band 
 of Mexicans from Mexican side. 
 
APFAIES IN MEXICO. 55 
 
 Anthony Kraft, private, September 13, Loa Indies Kanch, Tex. : Killed in a skirmish 
 with Mexican bandits. Raiding party. 
 
 — ■ Forney, private, September 13, Los Indies Ranch, Tex.: Killed in a skir- 
 mish with Mexican bandits' raiding party. 
 
 Hem-y Stubblefield, private, September 24, Progresso Ferry, Tex. : Killed in attack 
 on Progresso post ofBce by Mexican raiders. 
 
 Albert T. McBee, corporal, October 18, on train near Brownsville, Tex. : Killed by 
 Mexican bandits' raiding party dmung holdup. 
 
 Ernest Shaffer, sergeant, October 20, Ojo de Agua, Tex.: Killed by Mexican raid- 
 ing party. 
 
 Martin F. Joyce, private, October 20, Ojo de Agua, Tex. : ELilled by ]\fexican raid- 
 ing party. 
 
 Herbert McConnell, private, October 20, Ojo de Agua, Tex.: Killed by Mexican 
 raiding party. 
 
 (name not yet reported to War Department), November 1, Douglas, 
 
 Ariz. : Killed in trench by firing across border during attack on Agua Prieta. 
 
 Harry J. Jones, private, November 1 or 2, Douglas, Ariz. : Killed by firing across 
 border during attack on Agua Prieta. 
 
 Stephen Littles, private, November 26, Nogales, Ariz.: Killed by Carranza men 
 through mistaking the company for party of Villistas. 
 
 Total number of American soldiers killed as above, 16. 
 
 [InclosureNo. 12D.] 
 
 MEXICANS REPORTED KILLED IN AMERICAN TERRITORY. 
 
 Mexicans reported killed in American territory as a result of border troubles other 
 than those resulting from firing across the international line during engagements in 
 Mexican border towns during the period 1913 to 1915, inclusive: 
 
 1913 ; 2 
 
 1915 f 87 
 
 Note. — -One is said to have been killed by Carranza river guards and one was re- 
 ported killed by Yilla soldiers. 
 
 Mexicans reported killed in American territory as a result of firing across the inter- 
 national line during engagements in Mexican border towns during the period 1913 
 to 1915, inclusive: 
 
 1913 1 
 
 1914 2 
 
 Note. — For the years omitted in above tabulation no deaths appear to have been 
 reported. 
 Total number of Mexicans killed as above, 92. 
 
 Total number of Americans killed on the American side as shown by foregoing 
 list 20 
 
 Total number of American soldiers killed in United States territory as shown by 
 foregoing list 16 
 
 Total number of Mexicans killed 92 
 
 Grand total 128 
 
 Note. — The lists of American civilians and soldiers killed on 
 American territory, as above stated, are thought to be substantially 
 correct. However, many of the border troubles occurred at a point 
 in the interior of border States, where the local authorities had sole 
 jurisdiction, and there were probably a number of persons killed of 
 which no report was made to the State or War Department. The 
 number of Mexicans killed, as shown above, is based on reports 
 received by the State Department and is thought to be approxi- 
 mately correct. 
 
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