WITH THE Compliments of the rOLUMBIAM LIBERTY — BELL COMMITTEE LIBERTY P THE COLUMBIAN LIBERTY SELL, A MISSIONARY OF LIBERTY AND PEACE, IN ITC PLACE AT THE POINT OF HONOR, THE ARCHITECTURAL FRONT OF THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, CHICAGO, 1893 F»R1CE, 2S CENXS The Great I,il)erly ami Peace I3cll was rung for tlie first lime in prophecy at lo o'clock oil Monday morning, September Ilth, l. Waite, of Ohio, apiwintcd l)y Grant, .Tune 21st, 1874. Mellville W. Fuller, of Illinois, appointed by Cleveland, 1888. March 1st. 1845. The State of Texas. Lone .Star State. Settled by the French, who were driven out by the Spanish in 1690. The Louisiana purchase was made May 2d, 1803, after which large numbers of citizens from the United States emigrated to Texas. Mexico declared its independence February 24th, 1821, when Texas and Coahuila were created as a State. In 1827-1829 overtures were made by the United States to purchase Texas, and various offers were made, ranging from $1,000,000 to $5,000,000. In 1830 Mexico established a military government in Texas, which was followed in 1833 by a declaration of Independence by the Texans, and war, which was finally terminated in the defeat of Santa Anna at San Jacinto, April 21st, 1836. In AprU, 1844, John C. Calhoun, Secretary of State, concluded a treaty of annexation, including all the territory between the Nueces and the Rio Grande. This treaty was rejected by the Senate June 8th, 1844. On the 1st of March, 1845, after the election of President Polk, the President was authorized by Congress to negotiate a treaty of annexation, and a special messenger was dispatched to Texas. On June 18th the Texan Congress voted for annexation, and the people ratified it l)y a pop- ular vote on July 4th, 1845. A resolution to admit Texas to the American Union passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 141 to 56, December 16th. This was con- curred in by the Senate, by a vote of 31 to 13, December 22d, and on December 29th, 1845, Texas was declared to be one of the United States. March 1st, 1867. Nebraska admitted to the Union. The name is Indian and signifies "Shallow Water." Nebraska is the twenty-fourth State. Originally a part of the Louisiana purchase. It was first traversed by the expedition under Lewis and Clark in 1805, and it was partially explored by Fremont in 1842, but it had no perma- nent settlers until the Pacific. Railroad was built. In the winter of 1854 Stephen A. Douglas, amid much political excitement, succeeded in having Congress pass what is known as the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, by the pro- visions of which Nebraska became organized as a Territory. It included the northeast portion of Colorado, a part of Dakota, Montana and Wyo- ming. Its present limits were defined by Act of Congress, April 19, 1864. By proclamation of the President, Nebraska was declared a member of the Union on March 1st, 1867. HBEBTY PRIMER 27 March 2d, 1793. General Sam Houston born near Lexington, Va. In early life he wandered to Tennessee and lived among the Cherokee Indians. He was a soldier of the War of 1812, an Indian Agent, lawyer, district attorney, and Major-General of the militia. In 1823 he was elected to Congress, and reelected in 1825. In 1827 he was chosen Governor of Tennessee by a majority of 12,000. In 1833 he moved to Texas and in 1835 was Commander-in-Chief of the Texan army. On April 21st, 1836, he secured the independence of Texas by a decisive victory at San Jacinto, defeating and making Santa Anna a prisoner. On October 22d, 1836, he was inaugurated President of Texas, and on December 13th, 1841, he entered upon his second term. Texas became a member of the American Union on December 29th, 1845, when he was made United States Senator, and reelected in 1852. Elected Governor of Texas in 1859, holding the ofiice until the ordi- nance of secession was adopted, when he resigned. He died at Huntersville, Texas, July 25th, 1863. " He resisted secession from its inception, and it is an interesting incident in his life, and in the history of his country, that of his riding close beside the carriage in which sat Lincoln and Buchanan on the day of the inauguration of the former, guarding the President-elect from the possibility of assassination — which was even then threatened, as it was afterwards consummated. The picture of this stalwart old man, nearly three score and ten, armed and watchful, guarding the person of Abraham Lincoln, is one that deserves to be perpetuated in American history." "The hero of San Jacinto was above all things, an able soldier, wary, intrepid, and resolute ; but he possessed as a legislator the quali- ties of rare foresight, cool determination, and fearless candor.'' March 2d, 1867. Department of Education Established. Educators, political economists and statesmen felt the need of some central agency by which the general educational statistics of the country could be collected, preserved, condensed, and properly arranged for dis- tribution. This need found expression finally in the action taken by the National Educational Association in convention at Washington in Feb- ruary, 1866. From this convention a memorial was presented to Congress asking for the creation of a Bureau of Education. The memorial was presented to the House of Representatives by General Garfield February 14th, 1866, with a bill for the establishment of a national bureau. The bill was amended providing for a Department of Education in place of Bureau, and thus altered it passed. The iienate passed it without altera- tion March 1st, 1867, and the President signed it on the following day. On July 28th, 1868, an act was passed which took effect June 30th, 1869, which abolished the Department of Education and established the office of Commissioner of Education in the Department of the Interior. 28 LIBERTY PRIMER March 3d, 1845. Florida admitted to the Union. The Peninsular State. East and West Florida were joined in the Territory of Florida in 1822, having been acquired by purchase from Spain by the Treaty of 1819. A long and expensive war was necessary with the Seminole Indians in order to secure Florida, which lasted until 1842. March 3d, 1862. Serfdom in Russia abolished. The rural population of Russia consisted : 1, Serfs ; 2, Free agricul- tural laborers ; 3, Peasants, who are small farmers or cottiers, and mem- bers of the commune. The causes of slavery or serfdom were : 1, Cap- ture'in war ; 2, The sale of poor freemen by themselves ; 3, The sale of insolvent debtors, and of certain criminals. After the Crimean War the Tzar Alexander II. created a secret com- mittee to study the subject of the emancipation of the serfs. The Lithu- anian nobles at this time expressed a desire that the relations between the serfs and their masters .should be revised. A circular was prepared and transmitted to all the governors and marshals throughout the empire where there were serfs, informing them of the expressed wish of the Lithuanians. In 1858 a committee was created in nearly every province, and from the schemes prepared by these committees a general plan was developed, to carry out which the government appointed a Special Impe- rial Commission. There was opposition on the part of some of the nobility, l}ut the plans were matured and became law, and by it serfdom in Russia was abolished, (February 19th-March 2d, 1861,) by which it is said 32,000,000 men became free. March 4th, 1789. Commencement of the New Government. Notwithstanding the opposition made to it, the Federal Constitution soon obtained the assent of all the States save two — Rhode Island and North Carolina. New York is said to have acceded chiefly from fear of being excluded from the Union ; and, in consenting, she had demanded a new convention to make amendments in the act. Even Virginia thought it necessary to propose alterations. She required a declaration of rights, and the limitation that the President should be but once re- elected. The discussion concerning these points of difference occupied the year 1788, after which the Constitution was generally accepted, and the grand point of federal union achieved. The 4th of March, 1789, was the time appointed for the commence- ment of the new government. So wanting, however, were many of the States, or their representatives, in zeal, that three weeks elapsed before a full meeting of both houses could be procured. At length the votes for President and Vice-President were opened and counted in the Senate, when it was found that George Washington was unanimously elected President, and John Adams, having the second number of votes, was elected Vice-President. — FrosVs History of United States. LIBEKTY PRIMER 29 March 4th, 1791. Vermoni admitted to the Union. The Green Mountain State. The first State admitted to the Union. Originally settled by colonists from Massachusetts, 1732. The terri- tory was claimed both by New Hampshire and by New York. In 1777, a convention wa^ held which declared it independent of both. The claims of New York were settled by the payment of $30,000 in 1790. By an act of Congress, to take effect March 4th, 1791, Vermont was admitted to the American Union as a State. March 13th, 1775. First Bloodshed of the Revolution, East Westnninster, \ft. In 1774-75 the Whigs and Tories were about equally divided, the judges and the juries being appointed by the king. The British authori- ties attempted to hold court in the court-house, then standing about forty rods north of the cemetery. The colonists were bound that no court should be held, so they armed themselves and drove the court from the court-house. In return the British troops attacked the colonists and a man named WiUiam French fell dead from the fire of the soldiers, and Daniel Houghton was mortally wounded. In 1872 the State of Vermont appropriated $600 for a monument, which stands about six feet from the place where French was buried. A small slab stands to mark the exact spot, and on it is the following inscription : In memory of William French Son of Nathaniel French , Who was shot at Westminster March ye 13th 1775, by the hands of Cruel Ministerial tools of George ye 3rd In the Courthouse at 11 a clock at Night In the 22nd year of his age Here William French his body lies. For murder his blood for Vengeance cries. — From an old newspaper scrap. March 15th, 1820. Maine admitted to the Union as the tenth State. The Pine Tree State. The Lumber State. In 1623 Sir Ferdinand Gorges, John Mason and some others, having obtained a patent from the Plymouth Company, sent a few persons from England to begin a settlement. In 1630 thirty-five persons in the town of Exeter established a civil government. In 1652 Massachusetts pur- chased from the heirs of Gorges all their claims for $5,334, and it was annexed to Massachusetts under a charter from William and Mary, in 1691. In 1819 the Legislature submitted to the people the question of sepa- ration, which was decided by a large majority. The act of Congress of March 3d, to take effect March 15th, 1820, admitted Maine as a member of the American Union. 30 LIBERTY PRIMEB March 21st. 1806. Benito Pablo Juarez born at Ixtlan. Oaj'aca. Mexico. He was ol'l'uU ludiaii ))1oik1. He had a good edutatiou, studied law aud began practice in 1834. In 1832 he was a member of the State Leg- islature. In 184G was one of the Triumvirate of his native State and Deputy in the Republican Congress. In 1847 to 1S52 was the Governor of Oajaca. In lsr)3 Santa Anna banished him, but in 1855 he returned to Mexico, joining the forces of Alvarez, who, after the defeat of Santa Anna, made him Minister of Justice. Comonfort succeeded Alvarez, and Juarez became President of the Supreme Court and Minister of the Interior in December, 1855. In February, 1858, Zuloaga replaced Comonfort (it is said unconsti- tutionally,) and by virtue of his office as Chief Justice Juarez claimed the Presidency. In 1861 he defeated the unconstitutional party, and Congress duly elected him (January 19th) President. In July, 1861, he issued a decree suspending for two years all pay- ments of public debts. This led to the landing of English, Spanish and French troops in Mexico. The first two powers withdrew, but France declared war in 1862, and on May 28th, 1864, Maximilian landed at Vera Ciuz and was declared Emperor. Juarez, however, maintained an obsti- nate resistance, and Maximilian was obliged to endure a siege at Quere- taro, in 1867, until May 15th, when he was captured. Maximilian, with two of his generals, was shot June 19tb, 1867. In August, 1867, Juarez was again elected President, and in 1871 re- elected. He died of apoplexy, at the city of Mexico, July 18th, 1872. March 24th. 1636 (?) Rhode Island Founded. In 1635 the general court pronounced against him (Roger Williams) to sentence him to exile. Winter was at hand, Williams obtained per- mission to remain until spring. It was resolved to remove him to England, and in a ship just ready to sail. In January, 1636, a warrant was accordingly sent to him to come to Boston and embark. For the first time he declined the summons of the court. A pinnace was sent for him ; the officers repaired to his house ; he was no longer there. Three days before he had left Salem, in winter snow and inclement weather. "For fourteen weeks he was sorely tost in a bitter season, not knowing what bread or bed did mean." He began to build or plant at Seekonk, but, says Williams, ' ' Governor Winthrop privately wrote me to steer my course to the Narragansett Bay, encouraging me from the freeness of the place from English claims or patents. I took his prudent notion as the voice of God." In June the lawgiver of Rhode Island, with five com- panions, embarked on the stream ; a frail Indian canoe contained the founder of an independent State aud its earliest citizens. Tradition has marked the spring near which they landed ; it is the parent spot ; the first inhabited nook of Rhode Island. To express unbroken confidence in the mercies of God, Williams called the place Providknce, "I LIBERTY PRIMER 31 desirfe, " he said, "it might ))e for a shelter for persons distressed for conscience." An Indian deed from Canonicus and Miautonomoh soon made him undisputed possessor of an extensive domain (March 24th, 1638). So long as the inhabitants were few, public affairs were trans- acted by a monthly town meeting. This first system had its decisive influence on the political history of Rhode Island. Had the territory of the State been large, the world would have been filled with wonder and admiration at the phenomena of its history. — (Abridged from Bancroft's History of United States. ) March 24th, 1663. North Carolina Founded. In 1630 Sir Robert Heath, Attorney -General of Charles I., obtained a grant of territory stretching southward from Virginia, from the 30th degree of north latitude, by the name of Carolina. He appears to have made no settlement and the patent was declared void. Between 1640- 1650 persons suffering from religious intolerance in Virginia occupied that part of Carolina north of Albemarle Sound. Several families from Massachusetts settled about Cape Fear. The Earl of Clarendon and a company of English noblemen received a charter from Charles II. "The charter empowered them to create and publish any laws which they should judge necessary with the assent and advice and approbation of the freemen of the colony ; to create courts of judica- ture, and appoint judges, magistrates, and oificers." . . . One of the provisions of this charter deserves particular attention. The King authorized the proprietors to alio w the inhabitants of the province such indulgence and dispensations in religious affairs as in their discretion should be proper and reasonable ; and no person to whom such liberty should be granted was to be molested, punished, or called in question, for any differences in speculative opinions with respect to religion, pro- vided he disturbed not the ci^^l order of the community. The reason given for such a dispensing power is " that it might happen that several of the inhabitants could not, in their private opinions, conform to the exercise of religion according to the litany and ceremonies of the Church of England." The proprietors held their first meeting in May, 1663, and agreed upon plans. The chief magistrate was called the Palatine, and there was a hereditary nobility under the Constitution, which was prepared by the celebrated John Locke. This Constitution was abolished in 1693. March 27th, 1634. Maryland Founded. Lord Baltimore (Cecil Calvert), his two brothers, with twenty other gentlemen. Father White and one or two Jesuit missionaries, and between two and three hundred laboring men, embarked on the " good ship Ark," of 300 tons, and a pinnace called "The Dove," of about 50 tons on November 22d, 1633. They arrived at Point Comfort, Va., February 24th, 1634, where they remained a week, after which they sailed up the Potomac. At the Indian village of Piscataqua, nearly opposite Mount 32 LIBERTY PRIMER Vernon, /hey found Henry Fleet, an Englishmiin, who proved Bervieeable as an interpreter. Going down the river they entered a branch now called the St. Marys, and landed at the Indian village of Yoacomoco. At this place a treaty was made vdth the Indians and the lands purchased. On Marcli •2r)th a Jesuit priest "said mass," which had never l»een cele- brated in that region before. They placed a cross hewn from a tree, and erected it "as a trophy to Christ, the Saviour, while the litany of the holy cross vras chanted humbly on their knees." On the 17th the emi- grants, of whom the larger part were Protestants, took quiet possession of the land which the governor had bought. The Indian women taught the wives of the new comers to make bread of maize ; the warriors of the tribe instructed the huntsmen how rich were the forests of America in game, and joined them in the chase. Nor did the planters cease in the endeavor to remove all jealousy out of the minds of the natives, and at last they were able to settle with them a very firm peace and friendship. — Bancroft's History of the United States. March 31st, 1854. The Treaty with Japan. In the spring of 1849 it came to the knowledge of Commodore Geis- inger that some American sailors were imprisoned in Japan, and Com- modore Glynn was dispatched to Nagasaki to liberate them. This he did, and on returning he laid before the President reasons why he thought it to be " a favorable time to enter upon negotiations with Japan." The Dutch up to this time had the monopoly of the trade. Mr. Webster, the Secretary of State, instructed Commodore Aulick to proceed to Yedo, with a letter from President Fillmore, in his flagship, accompanied by as many vessels of his squadron as could be conveniently employed in this service, and deliver it to such high officers of the Emperor as might be appointed for the purpose of receiving it. The principal object of his visit was to arrange for supplies of coal, but he had full ' ' power to nego- tiate and sign a Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and the Empire of Japan." This was in June, 1851. In Novem- ber, 1852, Commodore Perry was sent with an increased naval force. "A copy of the general instructions given to Commodore John H. Au- lick " was handed him, which he was to consider as in " full force, and applicable to his command." He succeeded in concluding a treaty March 31st, 1854. A convention at Simoda, June 17th, 1857, further extended the rights of Americans in Japan. In 1860 the Japanese Embassy visited the United States. LIBERTY PRIMER 33 April 2d, 1512. Florida discovered Juan Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, sailed in 1508 on an expedition to Porto Kico, which he conquered, and became Governor of the island. Although advanced in age, being fility-tveo years old, he sailed from Porto Rico in search of a mythical fountain of youth, which was supposed to exist somewhere in the Bahamas. Failing to find it, he sailed to the west and discovered the mainland on Easter Sunday ( one account says. ) Land was probably sighted on Sunday, March 27th, but a landing could not be effected until April 8th. This landing was made at latitude 30° 8'' some miles north of St. Augustine. 'The country was in the fresh bloom of spring, the trees gay with blossoms, the fields covered with flowers ; from which circumstance, as well as from having discovered it on Palm Sunday, ( Pasqua Florida,) he gave it the name of Florida." — Washington Irving. April 2d, 1743. Thomas Jefferson born at " Shad well," Albemarle County, Va. Graduated at William and Mary College ; studied law, and admitted to the bar 1767. Member of the House of Burgesses 1769-1774. He presented to this body instructions for the Virginia delegates to the Continental Congress of 1774. But although they were not adopted, they were published under the title of "A Summary View of the Rights of British America." In June, 1775, he became a member of the Continental Congress, and on June 10th, 1776, was made the chairman of a committee of five to prepare the Declaration of Independence, which he drafted and which vrith a few alterations was adopted and promulgated on the 4th of July following. He remained in Congress until 1778, and in 1779 became Governor of Virginia, holding the office until 1781. He was then associated with Franklin and Adams in completing treaties with European powers, returning home in 1789, he was made Secretary of State under Washington, which office he held until 1794. In 1796 he became Vice President of the United States under President Adams. In 1800 he was elected President, and in 1804 reelected, after which he retired to his estate at Monticello and devoted himself to education, founding the University of Virginia in 1819. The writings of Thomas Jefferson were published by Congress in 1854. In his inaugural in 1801, he said, "Error of opinion may be tole- rated where reason is left free to combat it." He died at Monticello on July 4th, 1826. ■'Those who surrounded the deathbed of Mr. Jefferson, report that, in the few short intervals of delirium that occurred, his mind manifestly relapsed to the age of the Revolution. He talked in broken sentences, of the committees of safety, and the rest of the great machinery that he imagined to be still in action. One of his exclamations was, ' Warn the committee to be on their guard ' ; and he instantly rose from his bed, with the help of his attendants, and went through the act of writing 34 LIBERTY I'RIMKK a hurried note. But those intervals were few and short. His reason wa.s almo.st oon.stautly uix)n her throne, and the only aspiration he was heard to breathe, was a prayer that he might live to see the fourth of July. When that daj' came, all he was heard to whisper was the repeated ejaculation, ' Nunc Domine Dimittis ' — ' Now, Lord, let thy servant depart in peace.' The prayer of the patriot was heard and answered."— Om/(0H 0/ WilUavt Wirt, October J9tli, 1S2G. April 2d. 1749. David Ramsay born in Lancaster County. Penn. At the age of thirteeu he entered Princeton and wa.s graduated later with honors. He took the degree of M. D. in 1773, moved to Charleston, S. C, and commenced practice. He took an active part in the Revolu- tionary struggle and for a while was a surgeon in the Continental Army. In 1782 he was elected to Congress, and in 1785 became the Presi- dent of that body, presiding over it for a year. His first wife was a daughter of John Witherspoon, President of Princeton College. His second wife was a daughter of Henry Laurens. He is best known as a historian ; he published the following works : 1785, History of the Revolution in South Carolina. 2 volumes. 1790, History of the Revolution. 2 volumes. 1801, A Life of Washington. 1808, History of South Carolina. 2 volumes. He afterwards wrote a history of the United States which was completed down to the Treaty of Ghent and piiblished by Rev. Dr. S. S. Smith, President of Princeton. During the last forty years of his life he employed his leisure moments in preparing for the press a series of historical works, which were afterwards published under the title " Universal History Ameri- canized." He was assassinated at Charleston, S. C, May 8th, 1812. Apr/l 4th, 1748. Right Rev. William White born at Philadelphia, Penn. He was graduated from the College of Philadelphia in 1765 ; studied theology in England ; was ordained Deacon by the Bishop of London, 1770, Priest by the Bishop of Norwich, 1772, and, returning to America, he became rector of Christ Church, and St. Peter's Church in the City of Philadelphia. In 1777 he became Chaplain to Congress. In 1789 he presided over the first Episcopal Convention held in America, wrote the Constitution of the Church, and, in connection with Bishop Seabury of Connecticut, revised the Book of Common Prayer so as to adapt it for the American Episcopal Church. He was elected the first Bishop of Pennsylvania in 1786, and consecrated at Lambeth Palace in 1787. He died at Philadelphia, July 17th, 1836. "He had a happy combination of intellectual and spiritual qualities for the office of Bishop at the organization of the Episcopal Church in America. ' ' LIBERTY PRIMEE 35 ''He continued to pray for George III. until the Declaration of Independence, when he took the oath of allegiance to the United States." He said, "I know my danger, and that it is greater for my being a clergyman of the Church of England, hut I trust in Providence. The cause is just, and I am persuaded will be protected." April 5th, 1621. The Return of the Mayflower. Among the patches of wild grass which struggle for life in the chok- ing sands of the shore are little groups of men and women, looking out over the restless ocean. Far out at sea, her sails spread to the breeze, creeping slowly but surely from sight, is a vessel. As she dwindles to a speck upon the horizon, the watchers on the shore are gazing with tearful eyes and longing hearts after the ship. It has been well said that the departure of the 3fayflower, leaving this little band of pilgrims on an almost unknown shore, " surpasses in dignity, though not in desperation, the burning of his ships by Cortez." Through the struggles of that first New England winter, she had always been in sight, a refuge and relief in any emergency. While the good ship lay in Plymouth harbor, the Pilgrims had a hold upon the outer world. But now they saw her disappear in the distance, they realized tha°t the last frail link that had bound them to kindred and friends in the old world was severed, perhaps forever. There they stood upon the bleak and desolate shore, bereaved of the sympathy of home, and with none to show them kindness or bid them welcome here. Through all the months of their sojourn in this strange land, disease had been busy among them and death had reaped a harvest. Of the 100 who had landed from the Mayflower less than a year before, scarcely 50 remained. * * * There they stand, grave men and matrons, hardy youth and pensive maidens, exiled, self-centered, with no friends but God and each other. A gloomy picture ? Yes — to human view. But how fraught with glorious promise, which the years have fulfilled. How brightened by the light of later history of those men and women, who bravely accepted peril and discomfort that they might build a State with the motto, "Peace and Liberty." In the face of hardships innumerable and stupendous, they were invincible, and the secret of their strength was this, that in their right hand they held the open Bible, in their left the fundamental principles of American Liberty. — Rev. Joseph H. Knowles, D.D. April 5th, 1818. The Battle of Maypu, or Maipo, Chili. The patriot army took position at the farm of Espejo, about three leagues from the capitol, and waited for the enemy, who were cautiously advancing. On the afternoon of the 3d of April, Osorio crossed the Maipo and came to the plains, the flanks and rear of his army constantly harassed by jmrties of the patriot cavalry. Skirmishing was kept up during the afternoon of the 3d and 4th. On the 5th the Royalist Army took up a position on the brow of a hill ; the famous Spanish Burgos Regiment 36 LIBERTY PRIMER occupied the right wing, the Infantos of Don Carlos the left, the Peruvian and Conception troops the center. Four squadrons of dragoons Hanked the right, a body of lancers the left, with a battery placed on a hill still further to the left. The Koyalist lines were about a mile in length and confronted the patriot ranks. The left of the patriot columns was commanded by General Alverado, the center by Balcarce, the right by Las Hares, tlie reserves by Quintana. Each army numbered not far from 5,000 troops ; each was led by generals of consummate ability ; but the Royalists had the advantage in this, that they had just won an important victory (Cancha Rayada,) which had reduced the fine Patriot Army to about one-half its original strength. This filled one army with enthusiasm, the other with doubt and forebodings. The battle began about eleven o'clock by a lively cannonading from the patriot battery on the right. Colonel Blanco Encalada commanded the artillery, and with this met the enemy's left as it moved down the hill. A charge was made upon the four field pieces at the left of the Royalists' lines ; these were captured and turned against the foe. The battle raged most furiously about the farm house of Espejo. Until the close of the day the advantage seemed to be with Osorio ; the center and one wing of his army held 4he field, and the defeat of the patriots seemed certain. On San Martin's left wing the patriots had been able to withstand the Burgos Regiment for some time, but the regiment of negroes stationed there at last became confused ; four hundred of them were lying dead upon the field. The Burgos Regiment now attempted to form itself into a square for a decisive charge ; this broke the Spanish lines and threw them into momentary disorder. Colonel O'Brien, a gallant Irishman, commanded here a troop of patriot horse grenadiers. With them he reinforced the reserves under General Quintana, which had been ordered to support this wing. Forming rapidly for a charge, O'Brien threw his men so furiously upon the forming regiment of Burgos that he dispersed it. This regiment was the flower of Osorio's army, and its defeat caused such confusion in the ranks that the patriots were able to press their foe at all points. The Burgos troops fled to the Espejo farm house ; Las Hares soon overtook the left which had rushed to the Espejo. For a while the action was kept up in the center, but with both wings beaten back, this part of the royal army gave way and retreated with the rest. The victory was decisive ; half of Osorio's troops were killed or wounded, and the rest taken prisoners ; the patriots lost upwards of a thousand men. A stand was made for some time by some troops in the farm house, rallied by the brave Ordonez, but they were driven out and about five hundred of them killed in the court and adjoining vineyards. General Osorio effected his escape, and joined a party of officers and men who had fled to Conception, from which place they embarked for Peru. There were 280 who escaped in this manner. It was a brilliant and decisive victory and established the independence of Chili ; not only thai. LIBKRTV PEIMEE 37 it paved the way for the independence of Peru, for it broke the power Abascal had been so long able to maintain there. — A History of ChiH by Anson Uriel Hancock, pages 173, 174- April 8th, 1731. William Williams born at Lebanon, Conn. He was graduated from Harvard in 1751, and in 1756 became Town Clerk. He was elected to the General Assembly and was for several years Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives. During the Revolution he was a member of the Council of Safety whose services were daily and unceasing. He was upon the staff of Col. Ephraim and took part in the battle at Lake George. In 1776 he represented Connecticut in the Continental Congress, and was one of those who signed the Declaration of Independence. He was again in Congress in 1783-84. In 1780 he was elected Counsellor, and annually reelected for twenty-four years. He was a member of the State Constitutional Convention. He died August 2d, 1811. ' ' He embarked enthusiastically in the cause of the colonies, and by his writings and eloquence, he aroused the feelings of his fellow citizens to resist the arbitrary measures of Great Britain and maintain their rights." April 9th, 1682. La Salle at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Toward the close of 1631, La Salle, with a party in canoes, again reached the head of Lake Michigan at the present sight of Chicago, and making a large portage to the Illinois, descended it to the Mississippi, which he followed to its mouth, where he set up a cross and the arms of Prance on April 9th, 1682, and "In the name of Louis XIV., King of France," formally took possession of the whole country watered by that river. The itinerary is as follows : La Salle's party floated down the Illinois February 6th, 1682. Emerged upon the Mississippi February 24th. Encamped at Chickasaw Bluffs and built Fort Prudhomme March 31st, at the mouth of the Red river. At the divergence of three mouths of the Mississippi April 6th. Erected at the mouth of the river a monument and cross bearing the arms of France, April 9th, 1682. * April 10th, 1806. Death of Horatio Gates at New York City. He was bom at Maiden, Essex, England, in 1728. He entered the English army at an early age, and without purchase rose to the rank of major. He was an aide to General Monkton at the capture of Marttnico, * Note— When it has been impossible to fix the date of birth of a person entitled in the opinion of the Committee to be coiumemorated by having their name Included in Liberty Primer and by the ringing of the Columbian Liberty Bell, the date of death is taken. 38 LIBERTY rUIMEK and after the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle he was among the first troops which lauded at Halifax under Cornwallis. He was shot through the body at the time of Braddock's defeat ou July 9th, 1755. When peace was declared he purchased an estate in Virginia and went there to reside remaining until the breaking out of the Revolution called him to espouse the cause of America. Congress appointed him in 1775 Adjutant General. He went with Washington to Cambridge, and in June, 1776, took com- mand of the army in Canas, an event that spread great joy throughout the entire country. "His conduct towards his conquered enemy was marked by a delicacy which does him the highest honor. He did not permit his troops to witness the mortification of the British in depositing their arms." The surrender of Charleston on May 12th, 1780, to Sir Henry Clinton, called for Gates to take the command of the Southern Depart- ment on the 13th of June following. On the 16th of August he was totally defeated by Lord Cornwallis at Camden. On December 3d he was relieved by General Greene, but in 1782 he was restored to his command. After peace was concluded he retired to his farm at Berkeley, where he remained until 1790, when he removed to New York City, first, how- ever, emancipating all his slaves and providing for those who were not capable of caring for themselves. Some of them, however, would not leave, but remained in the service of the family. On arriving at New York the freedom of the city was presented to him, and in 1800 he was elected to the State Legislature, but he declined to serve when he felt he could be no longer " useful in the cause of liberty." On February 27th, 1805, he wrote to his friend. Dr. Mitchel, at W'ashington, as follows : " I am very weak and have evident signs of an approaching dissolution, but I have lived long enough to see a mighty people animated with the spirit to be free, and governed by transcendant abilities and honor. ' ' April 12th, 1879. The South African Republic. [Transvaal.) On January r2th, 1852, the "Sand River Convention" gave inde- pendence to the Transvaal and the Orange River Sovereignty. On April 12th, 1877, during the administration of President Thomas F. Burgers, and against the will of the people, and the treaty with England. — the British Government, through an underhand commission, Sir Theophilus Shepstone seized and annexed the Republic. Protests against the act, by the Volksraad, Executive Council and the President, and by special del- egates, Messrs. Joiibert and Kruger to London — the country being m a weakened state, having just finished an exhaustive war with trouble- LIBEBTY PEIMEK 39 some native tribes — were of no avail, and it passed under British adminis- tration as the "Transvaal." Two years later, on April 12th, 1879, a number of the Transvaal burghers, smarting under the thought of their free republic being stolen from them, as by a thief in the night, met at Wondertbntein and took a mutual oath of allegiance, "that with unity, hand in hand, as men and brethren, solemnly promising to be faithful to their country and people, and, looking unto God, to work together until death for the restoration of the liberty of their Republic. So truly help us, God Almighty." A resolution followed this, that in one year hence, the burghers would fight to restore the Republic. When the time approached a war ensued, and the British forces were badly beaten by the Dutch burghers under their commander, General Joubert. Soon after, their independence and freedom from British rule was again established and so remains. His Honor, S. J. P. Kruger has been President of the Republic since the restoration. (From a letter of Charles W. Riley, ex-Consul General of the Orange Free State, dated February 22d, 1894.) April 13th, 1829. The Roman Catholic Emancipation Act. The passing of this bill by Parliament, which was introduced by Mr, Peel, removed' from Roman Catholics most of the disadvantages under which they had so long labored. An agitation in Ireland, encouraged by O'Connell, did much to forward the measure. April 13th, 1813. Stephen A. Douglas, born at Brandon, Vt. His fether, who was a physician, died when Stephen was only two months old. He lived on a farm until he was fifteen years old, when he was apprenticed to a cabinet maker. He went to Canandaigua, N. Y., where he went to school and studied law. In 1833 he emigrated to Illi- nois. He made part of the journey on foot from lack of money. He settled at Winchester and began teaching school. In 1834 he was admitted to practice law, and within a year became Attorney-General of the state, resigning the office in 1835. He became a member of the State Legislature, and in 1837 was appointed Register of the United States Land Office, in Springfield, 111., holding the office until 1839, when he resigned. In 1837 he ran for Congress, but was defeated. In 1840 he was Secretary of State for Illinois ; in 1841, Judge of the Supreme Court, but in 1843 he resigned to accept the nomination for Congress. He was elected by 400 majority, and reelected for the two following terms. He took his seat as United States Senator from Illinois on March 4th, 1S47. In 1852, and again in 1856, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency. In 1858 he engaged in a political contest with Abraham Lincoln for the Senatorship. Douglas carried the Legislature by a small majority and gained his seat. During the war he gave the strongest support to the Union, and during his last illness dictated a letter for publication, in which he de- 40 LIHEKTY PlilMEH clared it the duty of all patriotic men to sustain the Union, the Consti- tution, the Government and the Hag against all assailants. He was known as " The Little Giant. " His qualities gave him a wonderful power over men. He married twite ; in 1847, Martha, daughter of Robert Morris, of Rockingham, X. C, and after her death, Adele, daughter of James Madison Cutts, of Washington, D. C. He died at Chicago, 111., 1861. " I believe in my conscience that it is a duty we owe to ourselves, our children, and our God, to protect this government and that flag from every assailant, be he who he may." — Address to Illinois Legislature, April 25th, 1861. April 15th. 1598. The Edict of Nantes. On August 4th, 1589, Henry IV. became, by the death of Henry III., king of the French people. Henry was a Protestant, and the "Cath- olics Politiques " in the army stood aloof and disbanded. The Huguenots formed the only sound nucleus of his power. In 1593, Henry professed Catholicism. On April 13th, 1598, he was at the Castle of Xantes, from which place he issued this decree in order to secure to his old friends, the . Protestants, the free exercise of their religion. "It was the purest and most eiiulgent gem of Henry's crown." Louis XIV., at the instance of his wife, Mme. de Maintenon, who had been a Protestant, and who was the grand-daughter of Agrippe d'Aubigne, the friend of Henry IV., revoked the edict on the 24th of October, 1685. The revocation drove nearly five hundred thousand Huguenots out of France, many of whom were the best artisans of the country. They went to England, Holland, Germany, and America. April 18th, 1775. Paul Reveres Ride. The daj' before the memorable 19th of April, General Gage began preparations for a military expedition. Boats from a war ship were launched to carry troops across the Charles river. The movement was noticed by the patriots. Companies were massed on the Common under the pretence of learning a new military exercise. Doctor, afterwards General Warren, who fell at Bunker HiU, at once sent Paul Revere, an energetic patriot of Boston, to arouse the country. He was sent to notify Hancock and Adams, who were at Lexington, and to warn the people of Concord that the troops were coming to destroy the military stores collected there. Warren had been informed of the object of the expedition. Revere only waited to ask a friend to hang out two lanterns in the steeple of the Xorth meeting house, as a signal to notity watchers on the other side of the river when the troops were in motion, and then rowed across the stream to Charlestowu. , He was not a moment too soon. Gen- eral Gage heard that his plans had been discovered. Orders were at pnce given that no person should be allowed to leave Boston. Had these LLBEETY PEIMKB 41 orders, been given five minutes sooner, the whole course of the Revolution might have been changed. As it was, Revere reached the other side in safety. He galloped on horseback through the towns, calling up the people in every house. He reached Lexington. Hancock and Adams were warned. When passing about a mile beyond Lexington a party of British officers, who had come out of Boston that afternoon, were seen lurking in bye-places in the country until after dark. They stopped Revere, who immediately fled, and was pursued for a long distance by an officer, who, when he had overtaken him, presented a pistol and cried out, "You 're a dead man if you don't stop," but he kept on until he had gained a house when, stopping suddenly, he was thrown from his horse ; and, having the presence of mind to call out to the people of the house, "Turnout! Turn out! I've got one of them." The officer immediately retreated as fast as he could. — Hezekiah Butterworth and the Pennsylvania Journal of 1775. April 18th, 1783. Washington Issues Orders for the Cessation of Hostilities. These orders were issued at Newburgh, N. Y. Ou the 11th of April, Congress had issued a proclamation announcing the cessation of hostilities. A Proclamation of Peace was issued on April 19th, eight years after the beginning of the war at the battle of Lexington. The army was disbanded on November 3d. The Continental Army, it is said, numbered, during the war, 231,791. Of these, there were furnished by Massachusetts, 67,907; Connecticut, 31,989 ; Virginia, 26,678 ; Pennsylvania, 25,678 ; Georgia, 2,679 ; from other States, 76,860. Total, 231,791. The Treaty of Peace was signed November 30th, 1782. Cornwallis surrendered on October 17th, 1781. April 19th, 1721. Roger Sherman born at Newton, Mass. In 1723 the family moved to Stonington, Conn., where he only had the advantages of a country school. He was apprenticed to a shoemaker, and he worked in this occupation until he was twenty-two years old. In 1743 he removed to New Milford, Conn., making the journey ou foot and carrying with him his shoemaker's tools ; here he entered into mercantile business with his brother. In 1745 he was appointed surveyor of lands for the county ; he also furnished the astronomical calculations for an almanac published at New York. He devoted his leisure to the study of law and was admitted to the Bar in 1754. In 1755 he was elected to represent New Milford in the General Assembly of Connecticut. In 1759 he was made Judge of the Court of Common Pleas in Litchfield County. In 1761 he removed to New Haven where he received the same appointment, and became also the Treasurer of Yale College, In 1765 Yale College gave him the honorary degree of A.M. The next year he was a member of the Upper House of the Legislature and Judge of the Superior Court. 42 LILEETY PEliLEE In Angnst, 1774, he was elected a delegate to the Continental Con- gress and was present at its opening on September 5th. He was appointed with Adams, Franklin, Jeliersou and Livingston to prepare the Declaration of Independence. In 1783, associated with Judge Richard Law, he revised the Statutes of the State of Connecticut. The following year he became Mayor of New Haven, holding the office until his death. With Dr. Samuel Johnson and Oliver Ellsworth he was chosen delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 17H7. He was also a member of the State Convention that ratified the Federal Constitution. He wrote a series of articles over the signature of "Citizen " that largely influenced its adoption. He was chosen representative to Congress for Connecticut, and in 1781 was made United States Senator from his State. He died at New Haven, Conn., July 23d, 1793. Thomas Jefferson said of him that he was " a man who never said a foolish thing." Nathaniel Bacon said, " He had more common sense than any man I have ever known." April 19th, 1775. The Battle of Lexington. About ten o'clock Tuesday night it was discovered that the British troops were in motion in a very secret manner, embarking in boats that had been brought to the low^er end of the Common in the evening. Messengers at once started off to warn the country that the people might be on their guard. A botly of troops under Lieut. Col. Smith crossed the river, landing at Phipp's Farm, and proceeded with great silence to Lexington, six miles below Concord. A company of militia, numbering eighty men, had mustered near the meeting house ; just at sunrise the king's troops came in sight, one or two officers fired their pistols, and this was followed by firing from the soldiers ; eight of the Americans were killed and nine wounded. The troops renewed their march to Concord, where dividing into parties they went directly to the several places where the province stores were dejwsited and destroyed miich property. About one hundred and fifty militia, who had mustered upon the alarm, coming toward the bridge, were fired upon by the troops and two were killed, "thus did the troops of Britain's king fire ^rs^ at two several times upon his loyal American subjects and put a period to ten lives before a gun was fired at them ; our people then returned the fire, and obliged the troops to retreat." Reenforcements were sent under Earl Percy with two field pieces, who joined the retreating party at Lexington and made a stand. At Menotomy a party of militia under the Rev. Dr. Phillips Payson attacked a party of twelve who were carrjnng off stores, killed one and took their arms and stores without loss. At the end of an hour the enemy at Lexington found it necessary to make a second retreat, carrying their dead and wounded with them to Charles- town, arri^ing at the Neck a little after sunset. Passing over the Neck they encamped on Bunker Hill for the night. LIBEKTY PRIMER 43 In- this action the regulars lost 65 killed, 180 wounded and 28 prisoners. The patriots lost 50 killed, 54 wounded and 4 missing. — Pennsylvania Journal of 1775, slightly altered. The following officeis and gentlemen were among the killed : Justice Isaac Gardner, of Brookline ; Capt. Isaac Davis, of Acton ; Capt. Jonathan Wilson, of Bedford ; Lieut. John Brown and Sergt. Elisha Mills, of Needham ; Deacon Josiah Haynes, of Sudbury. Of the wounded : Capt. Eleazer Kingsbury, of Needhara ; Capt. Samuel Williams, of Cambridge ; Capt. Charles Mills, Capt. Nathaniel Barrett and George Minot, of Concord ; Capt. Oliver Barnes and Deacon Aaron Chamberlain, of Chelmsford. — Gordon^s American Revolution. By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to April's breeze unfurled. Here once the embattled farmers stood And fired the shot heard around the world. — Ralph Waldo Emerson. April 19th, 1780. Grattan's Declaration of Irish Independence. Henry Grattan introduced into the Irish Parliament, where he took his seat as member in 1775, his famous resolution that the ' ' King with the consent of the Parliament of Ireland was alone competent to enact laws to bind Ireland, and that Great Britain and Ireland were indissolubly united, but only under a common sovereign." The oration which he made on that occasion can never be forgotten by those who heard it. The language of Milton and Shakespeare can alone describe its effects. — Hardy. On February 22d, 1782, he brought forward an address to the King, declaring the rights of Ireland, and on April 16th, 1782, for the third time introduced the "Declaration of Rights," which was this time passed by both houses. On May 27th the Duke of Portland announced that the ' ' British Legislature have concurred in a resolution to remove the causes of your discontentment and jealousies ;" but this Declaratory Act was shortl}^ after repealed by the British Parliament. When he rose on April 16th to move a Declaration of Rights, he began his speech with these words, " Now I am about to address a free people." ''So completely did his eloquence rise to what was deemed the greatness of the occasion, that the eff'ect has seldom been equaled in the annals of oratory ; and in the state of high-wrought excitement that prevailed, the government, then doubtfal of the result of the siege of Gibraltar by the French and Sjianish, did not dare to refuse the boon which had already been appropriated without their permission." April 19th, 1825. Uruguayan Patriots land at Boca de Guitierrez. The Uruguayans, under Juan Antonio Lavalleja, eft'ected a landing for the purpose of freeing their country from the control of Brazil. They 44 LIBERTY PEIMEE met the Brazilimi Army, under General Laguna, on April 2Ud at San Salvador, and defeated them. On May '29th, with other forces, Lavalleja surprised General Rivera, " who vdth his whole force joined the popular side." On October 12th following, Lavalleja gained the victory at Saraudi. April 21st, 1500. Brazil discovered. I'edro Alwarez Cahral, commander of the second Portuguese fleet which doubled the Cape of Good Hope, discovered that portion of the coast of Brazil now called Espirito Santo. On May 3d he made a landing at Porto Seguro. He called the country ' ' Terra da Santa Cruz. ' ' April 21st, 1782. Freidrich Wilhelm August Froebel born at Oberweissbach, Tburingian Forest. His early education was neglected ; left to himself in the forest, he began to study, in his own way, nature. He left at the age of seventeen impressed with the idea of " the unity of nature, and he longed to study the natural sciences that he might find in them various applications of nature's universal laws." It was with the greatest difficulty that he obtained permission to join his brother at the University of Jena, where he remained one year, in which he went from lecture to lecture "seeking to find the connection of the sciences, which to him had more interest than the science itself." His university course ended ingloriously, by his being imprisoned for debt of thirty shillings. He went to Fraukfort- on-the-Main where he studied architecture. It was while here that he formed the acquaintance of the director of a model school ; he persuaded Froebel to throw up his position and begin teaching. He took a post in this school and worked there for two years with the greatest success, when he retired and undertook the education of the boys of one family. Afterwards he went to Yverdon, taking the boys with him, and joined the famous institution of Pestalozzi. In 1811 he studied at Gottingen. and then at Berlin, and in 1813 served in Lutzow's Corps through the campaign, returning in 1814 to Berlin, he became the Curator of the Museum under Professor Weiss. In 1816 he went to Greisheim. where he first taught his brother's children, and then opened a school, which was afterwards transferred to Keilhau ; for fourteen years he devoted himself to this work. At the instance of the government of Switz- erland he moved to Burgdorf (Bernesetowu) in order to establish an orphanage and to superintend a course of traiiling for teachers. He found that the children at Burgdorf who were received into the Swiss schools were entirely neglected prior to the attainment of the school age, that as a consequence the schools were very defective. " The Education of Man " appeared in 1826 ; this book is held to be a great book, and deals largely with the subject of education before the age of seven years. In 1837 he returned to Keilhau and at Blaukeuburg opened his first LIBERTY PKIMER 45 "Kindergarten," but he wiis compelle^l to close it for want of funds. He carried on a course of instruction for teachers at Keilhan, Liebenstein, and in the Duchy of Meiningen. He died at Bad-Liebenstein June 21st, 1852. "He originated the name ' Kindergarten ' and called the Superin- tendents ' children's gardeners.' He laid great stress on every chUd cul- tivating his own plot of ground, but this was not his reason for the choice of the name. It Avas rather that he thought of these institutions as en- closures in which the young human plants are nurtured. In the Kinder- garten the children's employment should be play. But any occupation in which children delight is play to them ; and Froebel invented a series of employments, which, while they are in this sense play to the children, have, nevertheless, as seen from an adult point of view, a dis- tinct educational object." April 21st, 1802. Louis Kossuth born at Afono/c, Zemplin, Hungary. He was educated at the Protestatit College of Scharaschpatack, gradu- ated in 1826. In 1830, as agent of the Countess of Szapary, he was a member of the comital assembly. At the age of twenty-seven he was a member of the National Diet. He began the publication of a report of the proceedings of this body on lithographic sheets, until the government suppressed them ; then he issued manuscript circulars. For this the government prosecuted him for high treason, and in 1839 he was sentenced to four years' imprisonment, but after a year and a half of confinement he was liberated by an act of amnesty. In January, 1841, he was editor of Hirlap at Pesth. In March, 1848, he entered Vienna to urge the claims of Hungary, at the head of a deputation. He returned to Presburg as the Minister of Finance. The reforms he had advocated were now carried out, the feudal system was swept away, the peasants declared free, the country undertaking to indemnify the landlords. On July 2d, 1848, he was created Governor of Hungary, which office he held during the civil war of 1848-49. When Hungarian liberty was crushed, he fled to Turkey, reaching Schnmla with Bem, Dembinski, Perczel, Cuyon, and some 5,000 men and was appointed a residence at Widdin. The refugees were removed to Katahia in Asia Minor, where they remained until August 22d, 1851. On September 1st, 1851, he left Katahia, touched at Speszia and at Marseilles, and then visited Gibraltar and Lisbon, going thence to Southampton. The United States govern- ment dispatched the steamer 3Iississippi to bring him to America. He sailed for New York on the 21st of November, . where he was received with a great ovation. He made a tour of the United States, arousing interest in behalf of Hungary, and then returned to England. Here he connected himself with newspapers and delivered lectures. In 1860, Messrs. Day & Son became the defendants in a suit brought by the Austrian government for the lithographing of certain bank notes for ciiculation in Hungary, which were signed by Louis Kossuth as Gov-- 46 LIIiElJTY I'UIMEK ei'uor. lu November, IdUl, lie published an article in remiicranca (an Italiau paper,) respecting the situation in Hungary, and urging Italy to war -with Austria. On June Gth, 18G6, he ad\'ised the Hungarians to reject the overtures of Francis Joseph. On August 1st, IdGT, he was elected deputy lor Witzeu, but decliued to accept the olUce. In Novem- ber, 1«79, he lost his rights as a Hungarian citizen, the Chamber of Deputies having voted that an uninterrupted residence abroad of over ten years deprived a Hungarian of his civil status. This vote was pas.sed 141 to 52. In 1852 he published the last volume of his memoirs. The cable dispatches ( March, 1894,) at this writing bring word that the old patriot has joined the illustrious dead. He has lived the last years of his life at Turin, suffering from the inlirmities of old age. "Kossuth is one of the remarkable men of the nineteenth century, and while his life for a generation has not been marked vdth such stormy episodes as those of his earlier years, he has remained one of the prominent figures of the history of our times." Apr/I 21st, 1836. The Battle of San Jacinto. The day before the battle, General Sam Houston said to General Rusk, " Tomorrow I will conquer, slaughter and put to flight the entire Mexican Army, and it shall not cost me a dozen of my brave men." Houston made the attack with but 700 men upon a Mexican force under General Santa Anna, of 1,800. The Texan cry was, " Remember the Alamo." The Mexicans were badly defeated, 630 were killed, 280 were wounded, and the remainder including Santa Anna were made prisoners. The Texan loss was seven killed and thirty wounded. This battle was decisive and secured the independence of the Republic of Texas. April 22d, 1744. James Sullivan born at Berwick, Maine. He was carefully educated by his father ; he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and before the Revolution was ranked as one of the most eminent members of the profession. He was the King's attorney for Kent county. He was a member of the Provincial Congress, and in 1775, sent by that body on a mission to Ticonderoga. In 1776, he was with John Adams, William Cushing and several others appointed a Judge of the Superior Court. He was a member of the State Constitutional Conven- tion, and in 1783 represented Massachusetts in Congress, and was one of the commission to run the boundary line between Massachusetts and New York and to settle their claims to certain western lands ; 1787, mem- ber of the Executive Council ; 1790, Attorney-General ; 1796, appointed by "Washington to arrange the boundary between the United States and the British Provinces ; 1807, Grovemor of Massachusetts. He died whUe Grovemor, October 17th, 1808. " The great traits of his mind were force, comprehensiveness and ardour. Nothing of consequence escaped the fullness and intensity of hia LIBERTY PRIMER 47 thoughts. His arguments were close, clear and strong, not calculated so much for parade as to secure conviction. In his administration he was wise, upright and impartial. Personal and professional pursuits did not wholly engross his care. Letters and science received his aid and en- couragement. He was one of the first members of the American Academy of Fine Arts, and one of the founders, and President for many years of the Massachusetts Historical Society. ' ' April 22d, 1884. The African Iniernational Association Recognized by the United States. The President, in his annual message, recommended the recognition of the flag of the Association, and on April 10th a resolution was passed by the Senate in executive session concurring in the view taken by the President. The injunction of secrecy being removed, Mr. Henry S. Sanford, the representative of the Association, made a declaration in regard to the objects of the Society, their treaties with the legitimate sovereigns of the Congo basin and the Niadi-Kialun and in the adjacent territories on the Atlantic. The Secretary of State, Frederick T. Freling- huysen, by order of the President and the Senate, announced that orders would be issued to officers of our government to acknowledge the flag of the Association as that of a friendly nation. April 22d, 1889. Oldahoma Opened for Settlement. The bill creating Oklahoma passed the United States Senate, February 13th, 1890. The House, on March 13th, 1890. On March 27th, 1889, the President fixed the day for the opening of the Territory for settle- ment, "but until the date mentioned no one was permitted to enter it. ''Boomers" began to gather around the borders in large numbers On April Tth they threatened to destroy the railroad bridges leading into the Territory. On April 11th a number of settlers from Kansas were per- mitted to cross the " Cherokee Strip. " On April 14th disputes respect- ing land claims between Texans and Kansans led to bloodshed. On April 15th trains heavily loaded with houses, goods, and all necessary supplies for a new colony, stood ready at Kansas City waiting for the signal for admission. On the 22d (the day for admission), the wildest stampede took place over the borders, and thousands began the wild scramble for place in securing farms. " God ! WTiat a race ; all life merged into arrowy flight ; Trample the brother down, murder, if need be so. Ride like the wind and reach the Promised Land ere night. The Strip is open, is ours, to build on, harrow and sow. So, spent and bruised, and scorched, down trail thick strewn with hopes Awreck, did the Boomers race to the place they would attain ; Seizing it, scot and lot, ringing it round with hopes. The homes they had straightly won through fire and blood and pain." — Richard Burton. 48 LIBERTY I'KIMKi: '• Okl.ihoma continues to comport herself as if she had been an open settlement a hnudretl years, instead of only four. Her latest statLstics show nearly '2,-100,000 acres of farm land in use, with a cash value of more than ■'?i:], 000, 000. Her farm implements are worth $:]40,000, and she ha.s growiuj;; (jh;},000 apple trees, G4(!i, 000 peach trees, G9,000 cherry trees, 51,000 pear trees, and a great variety of other fruit trees and vines. The whole Territory is adapted lor fruit gromng." — New York Sun, February, 1894. April 24th. 1704. First Daily Newspaper in the United States. In 16()3, Sir Koger d'Estrange established what maj' be perhaps considered the first issue of general public information in England. It was entitled the Public Intelligencer, and "was continued for three years, •when it ceased upon the appearance of the Gazette. In the United States the Boston News Letter made its first issue on April 24th, 1704. It was twelve inches long by eight inches wide, printed upon a half-sheet of paper. It continued publication until 1774. 1775 there were thirty-seven newspapers in the United States ; in 1810, 358 ; in 1834, 1,555. Rowell reports for 1893 the number of papers published in the United States and Canada as 20,954, the total yearly issue being 3,481,610,000. It is estimated that there are about 50,000 newspapers in the world, more than half of which are printed in the English language. April 25th, 1599. Oliver Cromwell born at Huntingdon, England. He was the son of Robert Cromwell, second son of Sir Henry Crom- well and Elizabeth Steward. He was educated at Huntingdon Grammar School under Dr. Thomas Beard, and on April 22d, 1616, entered Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He did not graduate, but on the death of his father in June, 1617, he left the University. He afterwards studied law at Lincoln's Inn, but he remained here but a short time. On August 22d he was married at St. Giles' Church, Crupplegate, Essex, to Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Bourchier of Feist ed, and returning to Huntingdon, settled down to a quiet farmer's life, in which he spent ten years that were uneventful. On March 17th, 1628, he entered the House of Commons as a dele- gate from Huntingdon. He made his first speech on February 11th, 1629. "In his Parliamentary course he was more remarkable for his business-like habits and energy of character than for the elegance of his language or gracefulness of delivery. His appearance and dress, too, were plain and unprepossessing." In April, 1640, he took his seat for Cambridge, and in the "Long Parliament" that met on November 3d, he also sat for Cambridge. XITBEKT? PEIMEE 49 On J^iraaiy 12th, 1642, Charles left Whiletall W return no more nintil tlie day (sA' his execution. At this time Cromwell was forty-three years ©Id, ""With no knowledge of war, "but much of himself, of men, and of tlie ^ble, this stout liinglish squire had made up his mind in nO' hasty, factious spirit to dnnv liis sword against his king, and venture hi& life for wlaat he believed witli his whole heart and soul to be the cause of ' freedom and the truth in Christ. ' " In September he received a com- mission as Captain of borse from the Earl of Essex, and he gradually gatbered around him a regiment of a thousand, whose title, "Ironsides," has become famous. From this time until 1646 he signalized himselt, especially at Marstom Moor, Newbury and Torrington, and on June 14th, 1645, Cromwell and his "Ironsides" decided the day at Naseby. On April 22d, 1646, he returned to his seat in Parliament, and was received with distinguished honors. In 1648 he was sent to restore order in Wales, and from there went to Yorkshire and then to Scotland. On December 6th he arrived in London, and during the following month sat in the High Court of Justice for trying the King. The King was beheaded before the ban- queting house at Whitehall on January 30th, 1649. After the execution Cromwell was nominated to the new Council of State. March 15th, 1649, he was nominated Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He left London on July 10th, embarked at Milford Haven August 13th, landed at Dublin August 18th, and in nine months peace was restored and he returned to England on May 31st. 1650. June 26th, 1650, he was made Captain-General of all the forces of the Commonwealth. He was successful at Dunbar September 3d, 1650, at Worcester, September 3d, 1654, where "the last hope of royalism was buried." On the morning of April 20th, 1653, Cromwell and his troopers entered and dissolved the "Long Parliament " that had now sat for twelve years. Summons were issued in his name to 140 persons to act as Parliament. This Assembly met July 4th, but on December 12th they resigned their power into the hands of Cromwell. Four days after the resignation of the "Little Parliament" he assumed the office of Supreme Governor, and on December 16th, 1653, he was solemnly installed at Westminster "Lord Protector of England." For five years he maintained himself, but his couree was disturbed by constant plots, cabals and like formidable annoyances. He at length fell a victim to a nervous fever, and on the anniversary of his " Fortunate Day," September 3d, 1658, he died. Aprif 26th. 1638. Founding of Aquidneck, or Aquitneck. William Coddington was a native of Lincolnshire and came over with Governor Winthrop in the Asbella, arriving at Salem on March 7th 1630. He came as an asssistant or magistrate. His name stands at the head of a covenant signed at Aquidneck establishing a body politic no LIBERTY PRIMER to be goverufd ))y the laws ol" the Lord Jesus Christ, the Kiug of Kings. They found, however, that it was soou necessary to decide upon something more definite. Mr. Coddington was appointed judge, and three eklei-s joined with him. These were directed ]>y the vote of the free men, January 2d, 1G39, to ))e governed by the general rules of the Word of (Jod, when no particular rules were known. On March 20th, 1G40, another change was made, when a Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and four assistants were appointed. Coddington was elected Governor for seven years successively, and once again toward the clo.se of his life. He is known as "The Father of Rhode Island." He died in 1678, aged seventy-eight years. April 27th, 1803. Death of Toussaint L'Ou venture in the Castle of Joux. Francois Dominique, surnamed Toussaint L'Ouverture, was bom at Breda, near Cape Town in Santo Domingo, in the year 1743, both of his parents being African slaves. ( The Americanized Encyclopaedia says he was born May 20th, 1746, and calls him Pierre Dominique Toussaint L'Overture.) From Pierre Baptiste he received the rudiments of an edu- cation. He was employed to take the care of cattle, but after he had learned to read, his master, M. Bayen de Libertat, manager of the estate, made him his coachman. He took no part whatever in the insurrection of the mulattoes which broke out on August 23d, 1791, but when the proclamation of emancipa- tion of February 4th, 1794, was issued, he immediately became conspicu- ous because of his superior military abilities. In April, 1796, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of St. Domingo. " In his own person he exhibited the greatest simplicity, but he surrounded himself with a very brilliant staff," and by 1799 was at the height of prosperity. "He made himself felt everywhere and in everything in the Island, and was soon practically the governing power there. He was generous and humane, and his great character shines out on the pages of history as the one illustrious figure which gives relief from the pain of that dark and trying time. Order having been restored, he devoted himself to reorganization in which he displayed as much genius as he had exhibited in the field. The wheels of peaceful industry were again set in motion. The old planters returned to their plantations under a guarantee of a word that never was broken, and the fields once more smiled with flower and harvest. In the course of this work of reorganization he had, in May, 1801, promulgated a Constitution which conferred special powers upon him, but which was, however, distinctly made subject to the approval of the mother country." In January, 1801, he conquered the Spanish part of St. Domingo, and in December following issued a proclamation declaring his obedi- ence to the French Republic, but at the same time appealing to his soldiers in a language that left no doubt whatever of his determination to repel force with force. A French expeditionary force of fifty-four sail, LIBERTY PRIMER 51 under .the command of General Victor Emmanuel Leclerc, ( brother-in- law of NapeleoD,) landed at Cai)e Haitien on February 12th, 1802, and were met by a steady and persistent resistance on the part of the blacks. The war that followed was "characterized by unspeakable atrocities, the blacks insisting on fighting Leclerc with his own weapons, exacting an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. They were ably led by Tous- saint, Christophe, and Dessalines, and fought with the bravery of desperation." Yellow fever came to the assistance of the blacks. Leclerc sought to repair the damage by fresh troops, but it was no use ; he himself fell a victim to the disease and died. He was succeeded by Rochambeau ; but although the French won the battles, he was forced to abandon the contest and finally left the Island in December, 1803. It is said that the French spent in this fruitless expedition 200,000,000 francs and sacrificed 55,000 of their best troops. General Leclerc finding it impossible to conquer Toussaint by force of arms, descended to intrigue. Napoleon sent back his sons, who were at school in France bearing messages of mingled threat and promise. Toussaint would not violate his trust and betray liberty that had been purchased with so much blood. Christophe and Dessalines for some cause became dissatisfied, and unsuspecting treachery, Toussaint and Eigaud were induced to accept terms. They were made prisoners, sent at once to Brest, then to Paris, where they were lodged in the Temple. Soon after, Toussaint was transferred to the Castle of Joux, near Besan- con, where his faithful attendant. Mars Plaiser, was taken from him, and where he had to undergo close confinement. His health failed, and he died on April 27th, 1803. "A devout Catholic, he gloried in fighting for his king, but the decree of the convention emancipating slaves worked an unexpected change. He joined the Eepublic, and soon made it supreme in Hayti. Eefusing a crown offered by the English, saving the French Governor from the mulattoes and protecting all races alike, he became the real ruler of the country. His civil administration was in no way inferior to his conduct in war. Those who had been slaves were sunk in idleness ; he commanded all to work. Vigilant, energetic, incorruptible, merciful to his enemies, severe to his friends when required by public good, and entirely free from the prejudices of race, he alone was able to govern the colony. After seven years of formal dictatorship, to give his authority a surer foundation he sent home the draft of a constitution which provided for the freedom of all races, he himself being created governor for life, with power to name his successor But before it reached Europe the peace enabled Bonaparte to send a great armament to Hayti. Toussaint counselled submission ; but when war broke out he threw his lot in with his fellows. Overpowered, he was nominally set free, but soon after en- trapped and carried to France. He died in eighteen months, from the hardness of his imprisonment in the Jura. Six months later France abandoned Hayti forever." — Pierre Lafitte. 52 LIHERTY PRIMFR April 27th, 1822. General U. S. Grant born at Point Pleasant, Clearmont County, Ohio. He gnuluated at West Point, Brevet Second Lieutenant of Inlantrv% July 1st, 1843. He joined the army under General Zachary Taylor, in Texas, and was promoted for gallant and meritorious service at Molino del Rev and Chapultepec, and became Captain. On July 31st, 1854, he resigned from the army and became, first, a farmer, near St. Louis, and then a clerk in his father's store at (Jalena. At the outl)reak of the Civil War he was made Colonel of the Rlinois Twenty-first Volunteers ; he was promoted Brigadier-General, May 17th, 1861 ; Major-General, February 16th, 1862 ; Lieutenant-General, March 2d, 1864 ; General, July 25th, 1866. He was President of the United States from March 4th, 1869, to March 4th, 1877, and on March 3d, 1885, was restored by Congress to the army and placed on the retired list with the rank of General of the Army. After retiring from the Presidency he made an extended tour of the world and was received with marked distinction by the people and rulers everywhere. He then went to New York to reside ; here he placed his capital in a banking house in which his son was a partner, but he, per- sonally, took no part in the management. The firm failed and General Grant was financially ruined. At this juncture he accepted an off'er of a leading magazine to contribute a series of articles having reference to the principal campaigns of the civil war. "Although he had never engaged in literary work, he proved himself a clear and lucid writer, and his contributions to the history of the war are of great value." In the summer of 1884, he developed in his mouth and throat a soreness, which, on consulting a physician, was declared to be cancerous. The trouble grew rapidly worse, and he knew that his days were numbered. With this knowledge clearly before him he sat do\vTi to prepare for publication his memoirs, in order to make provision for those who were dearest to him. The last page of this work was finished four days before his death. He died at Mt. McGregor, near Saratoga, N. Y., July 23d, 1885. " His military and political career are a part of the history of his country. A plain, quiet, gentle, unostentatious, reticent man, he at- tracted little attention to himself, personally. But his inflexible reso- lution, that held steadily to its purpose through every delay and disaster ; his fertility of resource to meet each movement of his wary opponents ; his power of handling great masses of men, and of manoeuvering in concert the widely separated Federal armies ; his unruffled calmness, alike in moments of defeat and of triumph ; his quick decision and prompt action in great emergency, as if he had prepared for it ; above all, his sublime faith in his ultimate and perfect success, inspired his companions-in-arms with an intense devotion and made him to them the very ' incarnation of the cause for which they were fighting.' " — Barnes* History. LIBERTY PRIMEE 53 ." The most brilliant jewels of his crown will be that he counselled peace and reconciliation among his countrymen, and that he demon- strated the justice and wisdom of settling disputes among nations, not by war, but by arbitration." — Chauncey 31. Depew. April 28th, 1758. James Monroe Born in Westmoreland County, Va. When the Kevolution broke out in 1776, he left William and Mary College to join the Continental Army. He participated in the actions at Harlem Heights, White Plains and Trenton, where he was dangerously wounded. In the campaigns of 1777 and 1778, he was an aide to Gen. William Alexander (Lord Sterling), and was at the battles of Brandy- wine, Germantown and Monmouth. At the request of Thomas Jefferson, then Governor of Virginia, he was sent as Commissioner to visit the Southern Army under command of Baron De Kalb in 1780. Returning, he began the study of law under Jefierson. In 1782 he was a member of the Assembly of Virginia, and was called to a seat in the Executive Council. From 1783-1786 was a member of Congress, and in 1787 a member of the Constitutional Convention, and also a member of the State Convention that adopted it. On March 12th, 1790, William Grayson, the United States Senator from Virginia, died at Dumfries, on his way to Congress, and Mr. Monroe was appointed to fill the vacancy. In 1794 he was the United States Minister to France, and on his return in 1799 was elected Governor of the State of Virginia. In 1802, Presi- dent Jefferson appointed him to act with Mr. Livingston, then Minister to France, and Mr. Charles Pinckney, Minister to Spain, The result of this embassy was the purchase by the United States of that vast country then known as Louisiana, with indefinable boundaries north of the Spanish Colonies, west from the Mississippi. In 1803 he suc- ceeded Rufus King as Minister to England. In 1810 he was once more in the State Legislature, and in the following year made Governor, but before the close of the year he succeeded Robert Smith as Secretary of State under President Madison. In 1814 he succeeded John Arm- strong as Secretary of War, and in 1816 was elected President, reelected in 1820 without any opposition. He died in New York city, July 4th, 1831. On the 2d of December, 1823, he inserted in his annual message to Congress, a declaration, which is now known as the "Monroe Doctrine." '' It was the formation of the sentiment then beginning to prevail, that America was for Americans." The United States would not interfere with European politics, and European nations must not meddle with the politics of any State, either in North or South America. "It has been called the Second Declaration of Independence. ' ' " Let them bring all the vassels of Europe in arms : We 're a world by ourselves." — R. T. Paine. Comes out in his message in thundering tone And says all he wants is to be let alone. — Anon. 54 I-IISEKTV I'UIMEK April 28th, 1788. Maryland Ratifies the Constitution. Tile iieople of Marvlaiul were atone time called "craw-thumpers" by politicians. Maryland was the seventh State to Katily the Consti- tution. The State was named in honor of Henrietta. Maria, the Queen of Charles I. It was the purpose of Lord Baltimore in founding Mary- land to erect a Roman Catholic Province upon a feudal basis, with a hereditary nobility, &c., but this could not bettarried out because of the operation of a clause in their charter which prescribed that laws could be made only with the "advice and consent and approbation of the freemen of said pro\'ince, or the gieater part of them, or by their dele- gates or deputies." Maryland took an active part in the war for the extinction of French domination on this continent, and the colony was among the first to resist and oppose the British aggressions, which led to the Revolutionary War. In 1774 the proprietary government came to an end and the authority was assumed by the people. The first Republican Legislature assembled at Annapolis, February 3d, 1777, and Thomas Johnson was the first Republican Grovemor of the State. April 29th, 1745. Oliver Ellsworth Born at Windsor, Conn. He graduated at Princeton in 1766, and began the practice of law. In 1777 he was a delegate to the Continental Congress. From 1780-1784, member of the Council of Connecticut, when he was appointed Judge of the Suiierior Court. In 1787 he served as a member of the Constitutional Convention, and when the Constitution was adopted he was chosen Sen- ator from Connecticut. In 1796 Washington nominated him Chief Justice of the United States. In 1799 President Adams appointed him envoy extraordinary to visit France, " to discuss and settle by treaty, all controversies between the United States and France." Messrs. Oliver Ellsworth, W. R. Davie and W. V. Murray were made members of the Commission. When they arrived at France, the Directory had been overthrown, and they had to deal with Bonaparte as first Consul. "They siicceeded in restoring good relations." On the 7th of April, powers were exchanged and a treaty concluded on September 30th, 1800. Re- turning home in 1800, Judge Ellsworth resigned the office of Chief Justice of the United States. The people of Connecticut at once came forward and demanded that he should be the Chief Justice for the State. This he, however, declined ^ :> accept on account of his ill health. He died November 26th, 1807. " Mr. Ellsworth was an accomplished advocate, an upright legis- lator and an able and impartial judge, a wise and incorruptible patriot, who devoted every faculty, every literary acquisition and almost every hour of his life to his country's good. " April 30th, 1789. Washington inaugurated first President of the United States. The Revolutionary War began with the Battle of Lexington (April 10th, 1775) and closed with the surrender of Lord Comwallis at York- LIBEETY PRIJIEK 55 town (October 19th, 1781). The British evacuated New York on Novem- ber 25th, 1783 ; the army was disbanded, and, at Annapolis, on December 23d, 1783, Washington resigned his commission to Congress then in session at that place. On May 12th, 1787, the Constitutional Convention assembled in Philadelphia and sat until the 17th of September, when the new Constitution was promulgated. Within the year 1788 nine states had ratified the Constitution, and in spite of opposition it became binding. North Carolina adopted it in 1789. Presidential elections were held in eleven states that had adopted the Constitution, except New York, where the Legislature failed to make any provision for an election. The electoral votes being counted, George Washington received sixty-nine votes and John Adams thirty-four. The fourth of March was the time appointed for the inauguration of the new government, but it was three weeks before a full meeting of both houses of Congress could be obtained ; at length the votes were counted and George Washington was declared unanimously elected President, and John Adams having received the second number of votes. Vice President. A statue of Washington in Wall street in New York marks the spot where the "Father of his Country" took the oath of office. Federal Hall was situated at the northeast corner of Wall and Nassau streets, where now stands the United States Sub-Treasury Building. On the balcony overlooking the open space of Broad street, AVashington stood in the presence of both branches of the National Legislature and an immense concourse of citizens. Chancellor Livingston of New York administered the oath of office in the following words : "I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. ' ' The Chancellor then proclaimed him President of the United States. This was answered by a salute of thirteen guns and the shouts of the multitude. Then bowing, the President retired to the Senate Chamber, where he delivered his inaugural address. — Altered, ivith some additions, from FrosVs History of the United States. April 30, 1889. The Centennial of the Inauguration of George Washington as first President of the United States was celebrated by the organi- zation in the Long room, Fraunces Tavern, New York, of the Society of the Sons of the American Resolution. The pledge taken by the members of the Society, on joining, is as follows : We pledge ourselves to cherish, maintain and extend the insti- tution of American freedom, to foster true patriotism and love of country, and to aid in securing for mankind all the blessings of liberty. April 30th, 1803. The Cession of Louisiana by France. On the day following the signature of the Treaty of Paris (Septem- ber 30th, 1800) a secret treaty was concluded at St. Ildefonso between •56 LIBEETY PBIIVIER France and Spain. Tbis was the Treaty by which Louisiana was restored to France. The failure of the Treaty of Amiens to restore a permanent peace induced Napoleon to transfer the Louisianas to the United States. He consulted Berthier and Marbois ; the conference lasted far into the nifj;ht ; Berthier opposed it, Marbois favoretl it. Early the next morning be called Marbois to him and said '".Je renonce i la Louisiane. Ce n'est point seulemeut la Nouvclle-Orleans que je veuxe ceder ; c'est toute la colonic sans en rien n'servcr. " (I renounce Louis- iana. It is not only New Orleans that I wish to yield, it is all the colony, without reserving anything. ) The interview took place on the lOth of April, the decision was made on the lltli. On the afternoon of the .same day the negotiations opened by an abrupt question from Talleyrand to Livingston whether the United States wished for the whole of Louisiana ; Livingston, who had been instructed only to negotiate for New Orleans and the Missis- sippi boundary line, said, "No, we only want New Orleans and the Floridas." But he soon found he was dealing with a much larger question, and Monroe arriving the same day from America, with fresh instructions to aid in its dLsposition. Napoleon empowered Marbois to negotiate for France, and instructed him to consent to the transfer provided he could secure 50,000,000 francs. He did secure 80,000,000, 20,000,000 of which were to be ai^plicable to the extinguishment of claims against France, and 60,000,000 were to be paid in cash to France. TNTien it was concluded Napoleon said, ' ' Cette accession de territoire, affermit pour toujours la puLssance des Etats Unis, et je vieus de donner a I'Angleterre un rival maritime, qui tot on tard abaissera sou orgueil." (This accession of territory strengthens forever the power of the United States, and I give to England a maritime rival, which sooner or later will lower her pride.) — Treaties and Conventions betiveen the United States and Foreign Powers, 1889. The French Expedition against San Domingo under Gen. Leclerc (February 12th, 1802 to December, 1803), had proved an utter failure. 55,000 French troops and 200,000,000 francs had been sacrificed. "War with England was dailj' becoming more imminent, and the plans that Napoleon had prepared in regard to Louisiana were impracticable. The offer made by Jefterson to pay Spain for the Floridas was received, but instead of accepting it Napoleon now proposed to transfer the whole of Louisiana itself. This, as we saw above, was accepted by the United States, and the immense tract then called Louisiana, embracing all the Tast territory west of the Mississippi, was added to the country at a cost of $15,000,000. April 30th, 1812. Louisiana admitted to the Union. Louisiana, the Creole State, the fifth to be admitted to the Union. The earliest record of exploration was that of De Soto, who landed in. Florida, and made the journey through the woods to the swamps ot LIBERTY PEIMEE 57 the Mississippi in 1541. He died the year following and was buried in the waters of the great river. In 1673 Marquette and Joliet descended the river to the mouth of the Arkansas. In 1682 La Salle followed the river to the Gulf of Mexico, and in the name of Louis XIV. took possession, and in honor of the king called it Louisiana. In 1698 two frigates sailed from Brest under the command of Pierre le Mojme Iberville and his brother Bien\dlle ; who entered the Mississippi and fortified Biloxi, and in 1700 ascended the river ; this appears to have been the first successful settlement, but finding their location unhealthful Bienville moved the settlement to Mobile. In 1706 the colonists were led to the present site of New Orleans, where they made a stand and unfurled the flag of France. In 1712 Louis XIV. gave to Anthony Crozat the exclusive privilege, for fifteen years, of trading in Louisiana, of sending a ship once a year for a cargo of slaves to Africa, working mines, etc. , etc. , one-fourth of the profits to revert to the king. Crozat in 1717, transferred all his interest to a chartered company, ' ' Compagnia des Indes-Occidentales, ' ' under the leadership of John Law, a Scotchman. The capital of this concern was in 200,000 shares, amounting to 100,000,000 livres. The concern was extended and became a National Bank, causing a speculative mania that lasted until May, 1720, which finally involved in ruin half of the French nobility. In 1731 the concern resigned its interest to the crown, who in 1762 ceded all Louisiana to Spain, but in 1800 Spain reconveyed the pro^^nce back to France by the Treaty of St. Ildefonso on October 1st. In 1803 France ceded the province to the United States. In 1804 the Territory of Orleans was organized (March 26th) comprising nearly the limits of the present State. The Act of April 8th, 1812, admitted the Territory of Orleans into the Union as the State of Louisiana, the remainder of the Territory having been organized as the Territory of Louisiana with its capital at St. Louis on March 3d, 1805, but on the 4th of June, 1812, the name of that Territory was changed to Missouri. Under the above Act Louisiana became a State on April 30th, 1812. May, 1643. The New England Confederacy. Representatives of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut and New- Haven met at Boston and formed " The United Colonies of New England " in a "firm and perpetual league of friendship, and unity, for offence and defence, mutual advice, and succor, upon all just occasions, both for preserving and propagating the truth and liberties of the Gospel, and for the mutual safety and welfare." — From an old Calendar. Hail to the land whereon we tread, Our fondest boast. The sepulchre of mighty dead, The truest hearts that ever bled. Who sleep on glory's brightest bed A fearless host ; 56 J.IIJEKTY I'KIMKK No slave is here, ovir unchained feet "Walk freely as the waves that heat Uur coast. — PercicaVa New England. May, 1732. Martha Washington born in New Kent County, Virginia. She was the daughter of Coloiul John Danridge. She was educated by private tutors. At the age of lifteen she Avas introduced to the Vice Regal Court of Sir AVilliani Gooch and in June, 1749, married Daniel Park Custis, a wealthy planter at White House on the Pamunkey River. They had four children, two of whom died in infancy. In 1757 Mr. Custis died. About a year after the death of her husband, while on a visit at the bouse of Major William Chamberlayue, she met Colonel George Wash- ington. In 1758 they became engaged, but on account of the northern military campaign the wedding was delayed until January, 17th, 1759, when it was celebrated at St. Peter's Church, New Kent County, the Rev. John Mossom officiating. For the next seventeen years she lived at Mount Vernon, very much in the style of the English aristocracy. She ardently sympathized with her husband in his patriotic mission. Writing to a friend in 1774, she said, "Yes, I foresee consequences — dark days, domestic happiness suspended, social engagements abandonetl and eternal separations on earth possible. But my mind is made up, my heart is in the cause, George is right ; he is always right. God has promised to protect the righteous, and I will trust Him." Whenever it was possible she was with her husband in camp. Dur- ing the winter at Valley Forge she suffered many privations in common with the officers, and "was busy from morning to night providing for the comfort of the sick soldiers. ' ' Martha Park Custis, her daughter, died when seventeen years old. John Park Custis, her son, died in 1781, leaving four children, two of whom, Eleanor Park and George Washington Park, were adopted by General Washington. In 1782 she left Washington at Newburgh, N. Y., and did not again return to camp. When the General was elected President she was quietly living at Mount Vernon. She was fifty-seven years old when she entered upon the duties of the Executive Mansion at New York. Levees were held on Friday evenings from eight to nine o'clock, and full dress was required. During the second term they resided in Philadelphia. The remainder of her life was passed at Mount Vernon. She survived her husband two and a-half yeai-s, dying at Mount Vernon May 22d, 1802. May, 1809. Revolution in Chuquisaca in Upper Peru. The Creoles, at the instigation of the Audiencia, deposed the con- stituted authorities, and set up an independent government. In July the city of La Paz followed their example. Under the name Tunta TuHira, an independent government, composed exclusively of Amer- icans, was established, which raised an army and which hung those who LIBERTY PEIMER 59 disputed its authority. Both of these revolts were suppressed by the combined arms of the ueighboriug Vice Royalties of Peru and La Plata. The leaders at La Paz either died in battle or were hung. May, 1830. Declaration of Independence of Ecuador. In 1531 with three ships, 180 men and 27 horses, Francisco and Hernando Pizarro landed at the mouth of the River Timbez, or Saragura, and in May, 1532, set out for the interior with the purpose of conquer- ing the country and subjugating the people. In 1533 the fate of the country was sealed. Quito was occupied in 1534, and became the Presi- dency of the Vice Royalty of Peru. When the desire for independence began to manifest itself. Dr. Eugenio Espejo and some associates organ- ized at Quito the " Escuela de Concordia." In 1809 attempts were made to throw off the Spanish yoke. In spite of reverses they held to the cry of liberty until at length, under Generals Antonio Jos^ de Sucr6 and Andres Santa Cruz, they gained a complete victory on Mount Pichincha (May 24th, 1822.) Two days after, Aymerich, the Spanish Captain- General of Quito, capitulated. A political union was at once made with New Grenada and Venezuela ; the revolutionary constitution of July, 1821, accepted, under the name of Columbia. In 1828 there arose a difficulty with Peru, and Cueca and Guayaquil were occupied by Peruvian troops. At the battle of Taarqui the Peruvians were defeated. Quito and Guayaquil now separated themselves from Columbia and organized the '' La Republica del Ecuador," and declared their inde- pendence, which has since been maintained. General Juan Jos6 Flores was chosen the first president of Ecuador. May 2d, 1890. Territory of Oklahoma organized. The Territory was opened for settlement by proclamation April 22d, 1889. In the latter part of 1884, and early in 1885, a large number of persons crossed the border and occupied the lands that had been reserved by the Government for the use of the Cherokee, Creek and Seminole Indians. On January 23d, 1885, there were over 300 "Boomers" in camp at Stillwater. On that day Lieutenant Day with forty-two men visited their camp and notified Captain C. L. Couch, who was the acknowledged leader, that they must at once leave the territory, and he gave him five minutes to make his decision. Finding that Captain Couch and his "Boomers" were preparing to fight, Lieutenant Day withdrew. On the 25th General Hatch visited the camp and ordered them to leave or he would fire, upon them. On Monday the evacuation began ; the line was escorted to the Kansas border, where they were released on condition that they would not return to Oklahoma. The United States Senate passed a bill creating the Temtory of Oklahoma February 13th, 1890 and the House on March 13th, 1890 ; and the Territory was organized, A. J. Seay being appointed fha first Governor. 60' LIBERTY PEIMEE May 3d, 1791. Poland Adopts a Free Constitution. The Diet of 1788 sat for four years, which was remarkable from the fact that former diets had lasted generally but a few days, or at the most for a few weeks. Many important changes were introduced, such as the amelioration of the condition of the burghers and peasants, but it was too late. Although these conditions were improved, the peasants were not yet emancipated. The Konian Catholic was to ])e the dominant religion, but others were permitted The throne was declared hereditary, and Augustus III. made the successor of Stanislaus. The burghers were to send deputies to the Diet on the same footing with the nobles. The new Constitution was promulgated May 3d, 1791, and the King and the two Chambers took the oath to preserve it. In 1792 the Confederation of Tar- goviea was formed by Felix Potocki, P'rancis Xavier Brauicki, Severin Rzewski, who desired to restore to the nobles their lost privileges. They sought the aid of Russia, and at their instance the Russian troops invaded Poland and Lithuania. The weak king, Stanislaus Augustus, signed the Convention of Targoviea, and the Russians occupied Warsaw. May 4th, 1541. Discovery of the Mississippi by Ferdinand de Soto. The " Great Waters." It is navigable for 2,240 miles, and with the river Missouri, drains an area of about a million and a quarter square miles. In 1538 De Soto set sail with 600 men. He landed at Espiritu Santo Bay (Tampa), on the west coast of Florida in May, 1539, and for nearly four years wandered from point to point through the woods in Florida and Georgia to the site of Mobile, and finally on the 4th of May, 1541, reached the great river. In June he had effected a crossing, and during the summer penetrated some 200 miles further. Worn out by constant hostilities with the Indians and his wanderings, he became sick and died on May 21st, 1542, when his followers to preserve his body from the Indians, sank it in the middle of the river. " The discoverer of the Missisippi," says Bancroft, "slept beneath its waters. He cro.ssed the continent in the search for gold, and found nothing so remarkable as his burial place. ' ' De Soto's followers, under ^losooce, attempted to reach ISIexico, and pushed westward some 300 miles, but they were forced to return and prepare boats, in which they passed down the river to the Gulf of Mex- ico, which they accomplished with great difficulty on June 18th, 1543. Five days after 311 men, all that was left of De Soto's splendid party, arrived at Panuco, IMexico. May 4th, 1796. Birth of Horace Mann, at Franklin, Mass. He was the founder of the common school system in America. He graduated at Brown University in 1819. studied law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1823. In that year he was elected to the Massa- chusetts Legislature, in 1833 became a meml)er of the State Senate, in 1837 the Secretary of the State Board of Education to revise and to LIBERTY PRIMER 61 reorganize the State Common School System. In 1848 he was elected to Congress to fill a vacancy caused by the death of John Quincy Adams, which office he held until 1853, when he resigned to accept the presi- dency of Antioch College. He died at Yellow Springs, Ohio, August 2d, 1857. He said, "And the man who hoards superfluous wealth, when there is famishing in the next street ; the man who revels in luxuries, while the homeless and breadless are driven from his door ; the man who, through an ©stentation of literature, walls himself in with libraries which he cannot read, while thousands of children around him are desti- tute of school books — the very wheat of all knowledge — such a man has no love, nor sympathy, nor feeling of brotherhood for his race ; and, therefore, go where he will, the kingdom of Heaven must be his anti- pode — ' One point of the circumference of a revolving wheel may as well attempt to overtake the opposite point, as he to reach that kingdom.' The casting off of his loved burdens will alone give him the agility to attain it." — A Feiv Thoughts to Young Men, 1850. May 5th, 1840. Death of Francisco de Paula Santander at Bogota, Ecuador. He was born at Rosario de Cucuta, New Grenada, in 1792. He received a good education, and served through the wars of the Revolu- tion. Bolivar sent him to raise an army in the Province of Casanare, the population of which live upon the banks of the river Orinoco. Here he raised 1,200 infantry, 600 horse and with them drove back the royalist army under Colonel Barrerro, who had 2,500 men and who had marched against him from New Grenada. In the passage of the Andes (June 11th to July 9th, 1819), he com- manded the Casanare Division. He was Vice-President of New Grenada, and resigned with Bolivar, February 6th, 1827, but neither of these resignations was accepted. In 1828 a conspiracy was discovered against Bolivar. The principals Were all hung, but Santander was sent into exile. May 6th, 1821. Constituent Congress convened at Cucuta. This gathering was composed entirely of civilians, the greater part of whom were lawyers. It was radically Republican, opposed both to the abuses of military rule, and also to the anti-democratic theories of the Liberator (Bolivar). His resignation was a protest against accusations. This Congress debated and enacted the Constitution of Colombia. Bol- ivar's ideas of an hereditary Senate and a life Presidency were rejected. The President was to hold office for four years, and was not eligible for a reelection. Bogota was declared the capital of the Republic. Bolivar was named as President and Santander as Vice-President. Bolivar re- peated his resignation. Congress persisted, when he made an eloquent speech, in which he said, "A man, such as I am, is a dangerous citizen under a popular government. I wish to be a citizen in order to be free, and that all may be so likewise." Q-2 I.IIJKHTV I'UIMKH May 7th, 1762. Joseph Anton Poniatowski born at Warsaw, Poland. At the age of sixteen he entered the Austrian military service, and on the organization of the Polish army he obtained the rank of Major- General. In 1792 he commanded in Central Poland. "When the revolu- tion broke out in 17!)4, he enrolled himself as a volunteer under Kosci- usko. He had the command of a division on the north side in the defence of Wars;iw. After the capitulation he went to Vienna. Accepting service under Napoleon, he was placed in command of the Polish Army Corps, and distinguished himself at Solensk, Borodino and Leipsic, where he took 1,000 prisoners and Napoleon made him a Marshal of France. He was employed in covering the retreat from Leipsic. He» endeavored to join the main body by plunging into the Eister, but he was fired upon and so enfeebled by wounds that he drowned on October 19th, 1813. May 8th, 1753. Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costillo born in Mexico. He studied at Yalladolid, a city of Yucatan, but in 1779 went to the city of Mexico, where he became a priest. Dissatisfied with the government, he conspired at Yalladolid against the Spanish authority in December, 1809. At Suevelaro he issued a Declaration of Independence, and with a thousand men marched upon San Miguel. At Colaya he was elected General-in-Chief " His elo- quence had a powerful effect upon the people, and to heighten the enthu- siasm he held aloft the figure of Our Lady of Guadaloupe, the patron saint of Mexico, and gave to the insurrection the character of a crusade." On September 10th he attacked Juanajuato, which he took by storm. Here he established a cannon factory and a mint. This attack was made at night, his followers giving the cry, "Long live Eeligion ! long live our Holy Mother of Guadaloupe ! long live America, and death to bad government." This cry is known as " jE'^ gratio de Dolores.''^ He then took, without much resistance, Yalladolid. On December 2d began his retreat. December 7th he was attacked by Generals Callega and Aoula, when the greater part of his followers were dispersed. At Yalladolid he organized a government and prepared for resistance. On January 17th, 1811, the Spanish troops attacked him with a force of 6,000 men. Hidalgo is said to have had at one time as many as 100,000 Indians, but the Spaniards gained the victory and his forces were utterly routed. He set out for the United States, hoping to gain some assist- ance, but he was captured with his Lieutenants Allenote, Aldama and Jimenez, who were executed on June 26th, 1811. On July 29th he was degraded from his priestly office, and on July 31, at Chihuahua, he was executed. Some years after he was extolled as a saint. May 8th, 1871. The Treaty of Washington. " The Alabama Claims." The course pursued by Great Britain during the late insurrection raised many questions between the two governments, some of which were MBEKTY PRIMER 63 grave ,ind threatening. The Queen's proclamation of May 15th, 1861, gave the rights of helligereuts to the Confederates and the cruisers Flor- ida, Georgia, Shenandoah and Alabama, were built in England and equipped and armed for depredation on the commerce of the United States. At the close of the war the United States made a formal demand upon Great Britain for compensation to the nation and to individual loosers. A convention ^as signed to refer the claims to arbitration, but failed to meet the approval of the Senate. The British Minister, writing home and referring to the speech of Mr. Charles Sumner, said, " The sum of Mr. Sumner's assertions is that England * * * is responsible for the property destroyed by the Alabama and other Confederate cruisers, and even for remote damages to American shipping interests, including the in- crease of the rate of insurance ; that the Confederates were so much assisted by being able to get arms and ammunition from England, and so much en- couraged by the Queen's proclamation, that the war lasted much longer than it otherwise would have done, and we ought therefore to pay imag- inary additional expenses imposed upon the United States by the pro- longation of the war." In 1869, when Mr. Fish became Secretary of State, he wrote to Mr. Motley, the United States Minister at London, "The President recognizes the right of every power, when civil conflict has arisen within another State, and has attained a suflScient complexity, magnitude and completeness, to define its own relations and those of its citizens and subjects toward the parties to the conflict, and the President regards the concession of the rights of belligerents to the insurgents as a part of the case only so far as it shows the beginning and animus of that course of conduct which resulted so disastrously to the United States." Negotiations were resumed and a treaty was signed for a reference to a Tribunal of Arbitration, to be convened at Geneva, of all claims growing out of the Confederate vessels. In January, 1871, Great Britain proposed to adjust the difterences between themselves and the United States bj^ a joint commission who should draw up a treaty. The United States asked that the Alabama claims be also included in the settlement. On February 27th, 1871, five high commissioners met at Washington, and on the 8th of ]\Iay following concluded their deliberations and the treaty was signed which was ratified at once by both parties, and on the 4th of July, 1871, Pres- ident Grant proclaimed it to be in force. The Treaty appointed a Tribunal, to be composed of five persons, to be appointed by the President of the United States, the Queen of Great Britain, the King of Italy, the President of Switzerland and the Emperor of Brazil, who should be arbitrators. This tribunal met at Geneva, Switz- erland, and on September 14th, 1872, rendered their decision, having sat since December 17th, 1871. It was decreed that Great Britain should pay to the United States for the Alabama claims, £3,229,966, 13s. 4d., or, in round numbers, $15,500,000. 64 LUJEEri' PUIMEB May 10th, 1775. Second Continental Congress. On May 8th, the Delegates from the eastward, with Philip Living- ston, James Duane. .lolin Alsop and Francis Lewis, delegates from New York City ; Colonel William Floyd for 8af!olk and Simon Boerum lor Kings County, New York, set out for Philadelphia attended by a great train, to the North River Ferry, where two or three sloops and a number of other vessels were provided. It is said that about five hundred gen- tlemen crossed the ferry with them, among whom were two hundred militia under arms. {Holt's Journal, May 11, 1775). Today the delegates arrived at Philadelphia. They were met about six miles out by the officers of all the companies in the city, and by many other gentlemen on horseback, in all amounting to five hundred. When they came within the limits of the city they were met by the company of riflemen and a com- pany of infantry, with a band of music, who conducted them through the most public streets of the city to their lodgings, amidst the acclamations of fifteen thousand spectators. {Virginia Gazette, May 27, 1775.) Congress recommended to the assemblies and conventions of the col- onies where no sufficient government had been established, " To atlopt such government as should, in the opinion of the representatives of the people, best conduce to the happiness and safety of their constituents in particular, and America in general. " They also declared it necessary, that the exercise of everj' kind of authority under the crown should be suppressed, and that all the powers of government should be exercised " Under the authority of the people of the colonies, for the preservation of internal peace, virtue and good order, as (well as for the defence of their lives, liberties and properties, against the hostile invasions and cruel depredations of their enemies." This was a preliminary step to the Declaration of Independence. {Hinton's History.) Addresses were voted to the inhabitants of Great Britain, to the people of Canada, to the Assembly of Jamaica, and a second address to the King. Twenty thousand men were ordered to be equipped, George Washington, a delegate from Virginia, was chosen Commander-in-Chief and accepted, bills of credit were issued for $3,000,000 to defray the ex- penses of the war. On May 20th Congress passed the "Act of Union of the States." May 10th, 1775. The Capture of Ticonderoga. Captain Edward Mott and Captain Noah Phelps set out from Hart- ford, on Saturday, the 29th of April, in order to take possession of the fortress of Ticonderoga and the dependencies thereto belonging ; they took with them from Connecticut, sixteen men, unarmed, and marched privately through the country till they came to Pittsfield, without dis- covering their design to any person till they fell in with Colonel Ethan AUen, Colonel Eaton and John Brown, Esq., who engaged themselves to the said Mott and Phelps, and to raise men sufficient to take the place by surprise, if possible. Accordingly the men were raised and pro- LIBERTY PRIMEK 65 ceeded-as directed by said Mott and Phelps, Colonel Allen commanding the soldiery. On Tuesday they surprised and took the fortress, making prisoners of the commandant and his party. On Wednesday morning they possessed themselves of Crown Point, taking possession of the ord- nance stores, consisting of upwards of two hundred pieces of cannon, three mortars, sundry howitzers and lifty swivels, etc. — Bicington's Gazette, May 18th, 1775. May 10th. 1876. The Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia. Pa. The exhibition was held at Fairmount Park, 25(5 acres of which were appropriated and enclosed for the purpose. There were five main build- ings, and something over two hundred additional separate buildings within the enclosure. The exhibition was opened every day except Sun- days until November 10th. The admissions were 9,910,945, of which mimber 7,250. 620 paid the full rate of 50 cents each, 753,633 the special rate of 25 cents, and 1,906,692 were free, representing employes, exhibi- tors and complimentary. May 11th, 1858. Minnesota admitted to the Union. The Gopher State. The nineteenth State admitted to the Union. The name is Indian and signifies "sky-tinted waters." The earliest ac- count of this region is from traders and missionaries who had penetrated beyond its boundaries. In 1678 an expedition under Jean DuLuth, a French officer, was formed to penetrate the country and trade. Later on they went from Lake Superior to the Mississippi. Louis Hennepin, a recollet monk, in 1680, ascended the Mississippi to the Falls of St. An- thony, and from the patron saint of the party gave the name to the falls and formed a settlement. This, however, soon degenerated, the settlers adopting the habits of the Indians. In 1766 the country was explored by Captain Jonathan Carver, of Connecticut, who travelled extensively through all this region after the cession of 1763, when the territory came under British control. He published, in 1778, his " Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America. ' ' In 1783 Minnesota, included in the Northwest Territory, became a part of the United States. This region was slowly settled. In 1805 two tracts were purchased, one at the mouth of the St. Croix and the other at the mouth of the Minnesota, from the Indians. Fort Snelling was built in 1820, and in 1822 a mill was set up on the site of INIinneapolis. In 1823 the first steamboat ascended the Mississippi to the Falls of St. Anthony. In 1830 a small settlement was made at what is now St. Paul. The Indian titles to lands east of the Mississippi were acquired in 1838, and a settlement made at Stillwater in 1842. With a population estimated at 4,057, Congress organizeii the Territory of Minnesota in 1849, with its western boundary at the Mis- souri River (March 3d). It was proposed to call it Itasca. A Constitu- tion was adopted in 1857 and it became a State May 10th, 1858. U6 J,IHEKTV I'KIMKU May 13th. 1607. The seWement of Virginia. On December 20th, 1G06, a little squadron of three ships, urider the command of Christopher Newport, sailed from England (the Thames). Their purpose was to land at Koanoak, but driven by a storm to the north theyst ood into the broad Chesapeake Bay. They discovered t'vo capes ; one they called Henry, the other Charles, in honor of the King's two sons, and sailed up the bay. Discovering the Powhatan River they entered, calling it " The James," after the name of the King, and Unally settled upon a peninsula, about fifty miles above the mouth of the stream, and here made a landing. That night the sealed box that had been taken care of by Newport, containing instructions, wa.; opened, and it was found that Bartholomew Gosnold, John Smith, Edward "Wmg- field, Christopher Newport, John Katcliffe, John Martin and George Ken- dell were named and constituted the Council of Government, with power to elect a President from among themselves. Wingfield was elected President and Captain John Smith expelled on a charge of sedition. They commenced clearing the forest and erected log houses and stock- ades, and gave to their settlement the name of Jamestown. In a month Newport returned to England. During the summer nearly every man was sick, and out of 105 who lauded fifty d^ed, among whom was Bar- tholomew Gosnold, the proprietor of the settlement, and perhaps one of the ablest men of their council. This was the first settlement of Vir- ginia. May 14th, 1737. Samuel Ho/den Parsons born Lyme, Conn. He was the son of the Eev. Jonathan Parsons. He graduated at Har- vard in 1756 and studied law under Mathew Griswald, and was admitted to the Bar in 1759. He represented Lyme for several years in the Colonial Assembly. In 1774 he became the King's prosecuting attorney and removed to New London. On April 26th, 1775, he was made Colonel of the Sixth Connecticut Eegiment, at Eoxbury, Mass., and ordered to New York. He took part in the battles of Long Island, and the siege of Boston and was promoted to be Brigadier-General. In 1779 he succeeded General Israel Putnam as the commander of the Connecticut militia, and in 1780 was commis- sioned Major-General. He was a member of the Board of Officers who tried Major Andr6. Wlien the war closed he resumed his practice of law at Middletown, Conn. In 1785 Congress appointed him a Commissioner to negotiate with Ihe Miami Indians. Afterwards he concluded a treaty with the Indians about Lake Erie, by which they relinquished their claims to what was known as the Connecticut Western Reserve. In 1787 he headed a party from New England and colonized a part of the reserve near Marietta, Ohio. He Avas appointed the first Judge in the Northwest Territory. He died November 17th, 1789. LIBERTY PKLMEE 67 May leth, 1801. William H. Seward born at Florida, Orange County, N. Y Graduated at Union College 1820, studied law, admitted to the Bar 1822. He settled at Auburn and there began practice. lu l»oO he was elected to the State Senate, iu which he served for four years. In 1>^:U he was nominated for Governor, but defeated, but in 1838 he was elected and served in that office until 1842. He was the senior member of what Horace Greeley termed the firm of "Seward, Weed & Greeley," which, from 1839, succeeded in breaking down the "Albany Regency," until 1854, when Mr. Greeley withdrew. They controlled the politics of the State of New York, dispensed patron- age and even swayed nominations, and iu at least two instances the elec- tions of President of tbe United States. This extraordinary political combination was chiefly the motive power which placed Mr. Seward in positions where his undoubted ability, profound and comprehensive knowledge of men, and shrewdness and diplomatic skill could gain their best opportunity. In 1849 he became the United States Senator from New York, and he was reelected in 1855. In 1860 his name was before the Convention as a candidate for the Presidency, and on the first ballot he received 173^ votes, but the Convention placed Abraham Lmcoln in nomination for office, and when Mr. Lincoln was elected and assumed the office he chose Mr. Seward as the Secretary of State, which office he held until 1865. ' ' He defended the action of Commodore Wilkes in taking the Con- federate Commissioners, Mason and Slidell, from the British mail steamer Trent, but he did so because he claimed that the seizure was in accord- ance with the British assertion of a ' right of search. ' If, therefore, the British Government abandoned that claim he was willing to give the men up, for that implied the acknowledgment of what we fought for in 1812- 1814. Mr. Seward, in dealing with the affairs of Mexico, firmly main- tained the Monroe doctrine, and insisted on the right of American citizens to claim damages of Great Britain for the depredations of the Alabama." On the evening of April 14th, 1865, a man named Payne entered the bedroom of Mr. Seward, who was suffering from an accident, and in- flicted several wounds with a dagger. His recovery was slow, but he re- sumed his duties. In 1867 he negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Eussia. In 1869 he retired from office. During 1870 and 1871 he made a tour round the world, an account of which was published in 1873. He died at Auburn, N. Y., October 10th, 1872. " Mr. Seward was remarkable for his ability to crystalize thought in felicitous phrases, which was possessed in so marked a degree by the late Lord Beaconsfield. His 'irrepressible conflict' and 'higher law' were expressions which gave a character to the history of the tim s." May 17th, 1814. The " Groundlov " promulgated at Eidsvold, Norway. By the terms of the treaty of Kiel, Norway was transferred from Denmark to Sweden January 14tli, 1814. At first the Norwegians were 68 LLBEETY I'KUUJUJ disposed to resist this action in their behalf, Imfc finding that their meang for resistance were very limited, and learning tliat the conditions imposed by Sweden were liberal, they determined to accept the situation. On May 17tb, 1814, the "Groundlov," or "fundamental law,' was proniulgatod at Eidsvold, and, with slight modifications, on November 4th, lullowing, at Christiana. On this principally rests the Constitution of Norway. Tlie Swedish succession ordinance of September 2Gth, 1810, was accepted by Norway in November, 1814, and the "rigsact," or charter of union, adopted in 1815, Norway is a free and independent indivisible kingdom, united with Sweden under the same King. May 20th, 1690. Death of Rev. John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians. It is said that he was born at Nasing, Essex, England. He was bap- tised at Widford, Hertfordshire, on August 5, 1604. He graduated at Cambridge in 1G23. He entered the Non-conformist ministry, and to avoid persecution emigrated to America, arriving at Boston November 3d, 1631, where he occupied for a year the pulpit of John Wilson, who was absent in England. In 1632, as a colleague of Thomas Welde, he was established as "teacher "for the church at Roxbury. In associa- tion with Eichard Mather he assisted in the preparation of the "Bay Psalm Book." In 1646, while still retaining his connection with the Roxbury Church, he made his first etfort for the conversion of the Indians. "With the help of Pet^uot he acquired their language, and translated many texts, the Lord's Prayer and the Ten Commandments. He preached at Nonantum (now Brighton) without an iuterpretor. An Indian settle- ment was made, and a missionary society organized in England, of which Robert Boyle was a leading member. An Indian Cliurch was formed at Natick in 16G0, and in 1603 Eliot published a catechism for their use, which it is said, was the fii-st book ever published in the In- dian language, but at the present there appears to be no copy of this book that is known to exist. As early as 1651 he began the translation of the Bible into the Mo- hegan language, and in 1661 he published the New Testament, which was followed in 1663 by the publication of the Old Testament. His last words were "Welcome Joy," but he died lamenting that his labors had been so jwor and small. He died at Roxbury, leaving four sons, who were all educated at Harvard, and who all entered the ministry. May 20th, 1775. The Declaration at Mecklenburg. In the Month of March or April, 1775, the leading men of the County of Mecklenburg held meetings to ascertain the sense of the peo- ple pnd to confirm them in their opposition to the claims of Parliament to impose taxes and regulate the internal policy ©f the colonies. At one of these meetings, when it was ascertained that the people were prepared to meet their wishes, it Avas agreed that Thomas Polk, th&»C'oIouel Com- LIBERTY PRIMEE 69 niandant of the county, shonld issno an order directed to each captain of militia, requesting him to call a company meeting and elect two dele- gates from his comjjany to meet in general committee at Charlotte, ou the 19th of May, giving to the delegates ample j>ower to adopt such measures as, to them, should seem best calculated to promote the com- mon cause of defending tho riglits of the colony and aiding their brethren in Massachusetts. Colonel Polk issued the order and the delegates were elected. They met at Charlotte on the day apjjointed. The forms of there proceeding and the measures to be proposed had been previously agreed upon by the men at whose instance the committee was assembled. The Rev. Hezekiah Jones Balch, Dr. Ephraim Brevard aud "William Kennon, Esq., an attorney at law, addressed the committee, descanted on the causes which had led to the existing contest with the mother country, and the consequences which were to be apprehended, unless the people made a firm and energetic resistance to the right which Parliament asserted of taxing the colonies and regulating their internal policy. On the day on which the committee met, the first intelligence of the action at Lexington, in Massachusetts, on the 19th of April, was received ;it Charlotte. This intelligence produced a most decided effect. A large concourse of people had assembled to witness the proceedings of the committee. The speakers addressed their discourses as well to them as to the committee, and those who were not convinced by their reasoning were influenced by their feelings, and all cried out, ' ' Let us be independ- ent ; let us declare our independence and defend it with our lives and fortunes. ' ' A committee was appointed to draw up resolutions. This committee was composed of the men who had planned the entire pro- ceedings, and who had already prepared the resolutions which it was in- tended should be submitted to the committee. Dr. Ephraim Brevard had drawn up the resolutions some time before, and now reported them as follows : " Resolved, That whosoever directly or indirectly abets, or in any way, form, or manner countenances the invasion of our rir;ht3, as at- tempted by the Parliament of Great Britain, is an enemy to his country, to America ani to the rights of man. ' ' Resolved, That we, the citizens of Mecklenburg County, do hereby dissolve the political bonds which have connected us with the mother country, and absolve ourselves from all allegiance to the British crown, adjuring all political connection with a nation that has wantonly trampled on our rights and liberties, and inhumanly shed the innocent blood of Americans at Lexington. "Resolved, That we do hereby declare ourselves a iree and inde- pendent people ; that we are and of right ought to be a sovereign and self-governing people under the power of God and the General Congress ; to the maintenance of which independence we solemnly pledge each other, our mutual cooperation, our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor. 70 I.IBKKTY J'KIMEK " Resolved, That we do solemnly ordaia and adopt as rules of con- duct, all and each of our former laws, aud the crown of Great Britain cannot he considered hereafter as holding any rights, privileges or im- munities among us. "Resolved, That all officers, both civil and military, in this county be entitled to exercise the same power and authorities as heretofore ; that every member of their delegation shall henceforth be a civil officer and exercise the power of a justice of the peace, issue process, hear and de- termine controversies according to law, preserve peace, union and har- mony in the county, and use every exertion to spread the love of liberty and of countrj^ until a more general and better organized system of gov- ernment be established. "Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be transmitted by ex- press to the President of the Continental Congress, assembled in Phila- delphia, to be laid before that body." These resolutions were unanimously adopted and subscribed to by the delegates. James Jach, then of Charlotte, but now residing in the State of Georgia, was engaged to be the bearer of the resolutions to the Presi- dent of Congress, and directed to deliver copies of them to the delegates in Congress from North Carolina. The President returned a polite answer to the address which accompanied the resolutions, in which he highly approved of the measures adopted by the delegates of Mecklen- burg, but deemed the subject of the resolutions premature to be before Congress. Messrs. Caswell, Hooper and Hew forwarded a joint letter, in •which they complimented the people of Mecklenburg for their zeal in the common cause, and recommended to them the strict observance of good order ; that the time would soon come when the whole continent would follow their example. — MartMs History of North Carolina, volume 2, chap- ter XL May 22d, 1786. Arthur Tappan born at Northampton, Mass. He received a common school education and entered a hardware store in Boston, where he remained from 1800 to 1807, when he removed to Montreal ; but at the opening of the war of 1812 he went to New York city, where he established himself in the dry-goods business, in which he became very successful. He was one of the founders of the American Tract Society, and contributed liberally for its first building. He assisted in the establishment of the Lane Theological Seminary (Presbyterian) at Cincinnati, Ohio, and founded a professorship at Auburn Seminary, and erected Tappan HaU at Oberlin, Ohio. In 1828, associated with his brother Lewis, he established the New York Journal of Commerce, and in 1 833 established at his own expense the journal known as the Emancipator. He originated the New York Anti-Slavery Society and on the 'id of October, 1833, became its President. He was also the President of the LIBERTY PKIMEE 71 American Anti-Slavery Society which was organized at Philadelphia. To aid the Anti-Slavery cause he contributed $1,000 per month until the failure of his business in 1842, when he went into bankruptcy and sur- rendered all his property. He then connected himself with the mercan- tile agency, which had been established by his brother Lewis. He died at New Haven, Conn., July 23d, 1865. May 23d, 1788. South Carolina Ratifies the Constitution. The Palmetto State, South CaroUna, was the eighth State to ratify the Constitution. In 1562 Admiral Colignay obtained from Charles IX. of France per- mission to plant a colony of French Protestants in Florida. An expedi- tion of two vessels sailed February 18th, 1562. Fearing the Spanish, they came to the north and made a landing on Lemon Island, which they named in honor of the king, Arx Carolina. They built Fort Charles near the present site of Beaufort. Leaving here twenty-six colonists, the ships returned to France, but the colony was soon aban- doned. In 1564 French Protestants made a settlement on Riviere de Mai, now the St. John's River. In 1565 Ribault returned with seven ships and took command of the colony. Pedro Menendez de Aviles, vrith a fleet of thirty-four Spanish vessels, attacked the colonists. Fort Caroline was captured and the greater part of the inhabitants massacred, some few escaping to the ships of Ribault, who set sail for St. Augustine, but was wrecked. Being in almost a starving condition, Ribault, under a promise of safety, surrendered ; but nearly all were massacred, most of them being hung to trees and left, their bodies bearing an inscription reciting that they were killed "Not as Frenchmen but as ieretics." This cruelty was avenged by an expedition under the command of Dom- inique de Gourges, who sailed in three vessels on August 22d, 1567. Touching at Puerto de la Plata they secured a pilot. A landing was made at the mouth of the St. Mary's, where a league was formed with the native chief Saturiba and an attack made upon the Spanish forts. The Sxianiards were hung upon the same trees, bearing placards, "Not as Spaniards but as cut-throats and murderers." In 1670 a settlement was made by the English at Port Royal under Governor Sayle, which was afterwards removed to the present site of Charleston, the territory then being only a part of the Carolina Province. The repeal of the Edict of Nantes (October 17th, 1685,) drove over 500,000 Huguenots out of France, and a large number sought freedom in America, many coming to South Carolina. The Church of England was in 1703 established by law in the colony. In 1719 the proprietary gov- ernment was superseded by that of the people. In 1729 the country was purchased from the proprietors by the English Parliament, and the Province divided into North and South Carolina. The State Constitution was adopted March 26th, 1776. 72 LIBEKTY I'KniKB May 24th, 1689. The Toleration Act. An Act l)y wliith "William III. and Mary his Queen, conceded to British subjects the lijiht of" every man to think for himself in matters of relijiion. Since then the dissenters have enjoyed the l)enetits of this Act without interruption, although their liberties were fjreatly endanjiered during the latter part of the reign of Queen Anne. This Act became law August 1st, 1714. May 24th, 1819. Sailing of Steamer Savannah for Liverpool from Savannah. She arrived in port after a voyage of twenty-five days, on July li'th. She was built at New York by John Fichelt, the engines being made at IMoiTistown, N. J. Just after she left the stocks John Scarljorough pur- chased her. "^Tien she arrived off Cape Clear she was sighted, and sup- posing her to be on fire a cutter was sent out to her assistance. After she got into port a rumor became current that she intended to re.scue Napoleon at St. Helena, and a constant watch was therefore kept upon her movements. Her owner offered her to the Swedish and the Russian governments, but neither cared to 1my her. She made the return trip to New York, but was finally lost off Long Island. P.lay 24th, 1822. The Battle of Mount Pichincha, Ecuador. The Royalists, after the cavalry action at Rio Bamba on April 21st, retreated to the inaccessible position of Jalupano. Then Sucre, by a flank movement of four days' march over the snow-covered heights of Cotopaxi, gained the valley of Chillo, fourteen miles from Quito, but found the enemy again in an inaccessible position between him and the city. On the night of the 23d of May, during a heavy rain, the patriot army defiled by a narrow road covered with loose stones, over the slopes of the volcano Pichincha, and at eight o'clock the following morning reached the heights overlooking the city of Quito, where the steep mountain side below them was covered with a forest of trees and brushwood. Before the whole army had reached their position the Royalists had ascended the mountain side and rushed out of the forest upon the 2d Battalion of Peru, which led the van. Colonel Olazabal, who was in command, stubbornly held the ground until his ammunition was ex- hausted. The position was held by one battalion after another, as each came up the mountain, so long as any cartridges were left, for the reserve ammunition was far in the rear. The Royalists gained the ground ; then a Columbian regiment charged with the bayonet and recovered the posi- tion. The Royalists advancing under the cover of the trees endeavored to turn the left flank of the patriots, but were in their turn taken in the flank by the companies of the Albion battalion and driven back in con- fusion. Colonel Cordara then brought up his regiment of Columhiau Infantry, and with the aid of the Albion, drove the Royalists down the niountain side in a rout. On such ground the cavalry on neither side could come into action, but the Royalist horse drawn up as a reserve in LIBEKTY PRIMER 73 the.sTxburbs>of the city. Avasattacked later on by the«patriot cavalry and dispersed. Sucr4 then summoned the city to surrender. The next day, May 28th, 1822, Ammerich capitulated. The Royalists lost 160 officers, 1,100 men taken prisoners, 400 killed and 190 wounded, 14 guns and all their flags. The patriots had 200 killed, of whom half belonged to the auxil- iaries from Peru, and 140 wounded. The victory of Pichincha was the seal of the Continental Alliance, &nd concluded the war in the north. The Liberator (Bolivar) entered Pasto in triumph, and on the 8th of June addressed a bulletin to the Columbian people. ' ' From the banks of the Orinoco to the Andes of Peru the liberating army march, from one triumph to another, has covered with its protecting arms the whole of Columbia ; share with me the ocean of joy which bathes my heart, and raise in your own hearts altars to this army which has conquered for you glory, peace and liberty." — Emancipation of South America. May 24th, 1844. The Electric Telegraph. "What hath God Wrought ?" Professor Samuel F. B. Morse patented the telegraph in 1837. Con- gress, after considerable delay, voted an appropriation of $30,000 to give the invention a test and put it into a position of usefulness. A line of wires was run from the city of Washington to Baltimore, and when all was completed, at the signal of Professor Morse, in Baltimore, Miss Annie Ellsworth, daughter of the Commissioner of Patents, sent over the first message in the words, ' ' What hath God wrought ?' ' May 25th, 1787. The Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia. In November, 1777, Congress adopted "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, ' ' but they were not fully accepted until March 1st, 1781. Congress was a mere name ; there were still thirteen sovereign States, united, it is true, but liable to be torn apart by party variances at any time. Something better was necessary. ISIaryland and Virginia held the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay, and certain questions coming up called for the adjustment of differences. Commissioners for the two States met at Alexandria in March, 1785, and they then went to Mount Vernon, where it was determined to appeal to Congress for power and authority to establish a naval force on these waters, and to devise a sys- tem of export and import duties and also to urge the calKng of a Conven- tion of Commissioners of the States to consider and report upon these matters. The Legislature of Virginia approved of these recommendations and passed a resolution to place the subject before Congress and the Leg- islatures of other States, with an invitation for them to send commis- sioners who should attempt to found a system of commercial relations +hat would be for the best interests of all, and that might promote harmony and prosperity. Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and New York ap- 74 LIBERTY IJJlMliU pointed such Commiissioncrs, Tvho met those of Maryland and Virginia at Annapolis, Md., on September 14th, 1786. Soon after coming together, the Convention found that their jwwers were too limited to cope Avith the ques- tions that presented themselves for their consideration, and they deter- mined to adjourn without taking any inip<^)rtant step, hut a report was prepared with resolutions recommending the call of a Convention to meet at Philadelphia, whose delegates should be clothed with greater power, and authorized to re%dse the articles of Confederation which united the States. This report was submitted to Congress, when a resolution was passed calling such a Convention, The Convention assembled on Friday, May 25th, 1787, and sat with closed doors until September 17, when the text of the new Constitution was promulgated. There were fifty-live delegates. The first plan was submitted by Edmund Eandolph, of Virginia ; Charles Pinckney, of South Carolina, introduced another, William Pat- terson, of New Jersey, another, and Alexander Hamilton, of New York, another. On June 13th, the Committee of the Whole reported a modification of the Virginia plan. On June 14th, the New Jersey plan was introduced by William Patterson. On July 24th, various resolutions and plans were referred to a Com- mittee of Detail. On August 6th, the Committee of Detail reported. On September 13th, Constitution was reported substantially as adopted. On September 17th, the Constitution was promulated and the Con- vention adjourned. The papers were placed in the hands of Washington for safety, subject to the disposal of the new Congress, and in 1796 they were deposited with the State Department. May 25th, 1810. The People of Buenos Ay res repudiate the Viceroy. In 1806 Sobremonte was the Spanish Viceroy over the La Plata country. On June 27th of that year. General Beresford landed with a body of British troops from a fleet under command of Sir Home Popham and captured the city of Buenos Ayres. General Liniers collected and organized an army, and on the 12th of August compelled Beresford to surrender. General Whitelock effected a landing on June 28th, 1807, at Ensenada, and on July 1st attacked the Spanish force under Liniers at Pass of Eiachuelo, whom he routed. On July 5th he attempted to take Buenos Ayres by storm, renewing the attack on the 6th, but the British force was badly beaten, and surrounded, and with a loss of 2,000, com- pelled to surrender, the British stipulating to leave Montevidio by September 1st. In 1808 Joseph Buonaparte was crowned King of Spain ; the Argen- tines refused to accept the Napoleonic dynasty. Liniers was now LIBERTY PKIMER 75 Viceroy, but on the 19th of July the people deposed him, and made Cis- neros Viceroy in the name of Ferdinand VII. The people now demanded that the country should be opened for trade with foreign nations, under the title, "United ProAinces of the Rio de la Plata." An attempt was made by the Spanish party to make Cisneros President of the Junta, but it failed and he retired to Montevidio. On January 31st, 1813, a Congress was assembled at Buenos Ayres, and on January 22d, 1814, Don Gervasio Antonio Posadas was elected to the office as "Supreme Dictator." May 25th, 1810. Governor and Captain-General deposed by the people of Chile. Carrasco ordered the arrest of three leading citizens of Santiago, as advocates of revolutionary ideas. The municipal authorities protested and convened an open cabildo, which cited the Governor before them. At first he ^vished to resist, but 3,000 men were in the Plaza, and the people shouted for his deposition. A new Procurator, elected by the cabildo, opened the case, declaring that it was the will of the people that the prisoners should be set free, and the cabildo would remain sitting till it was done. This was the first time that such a thing as " the wiU of the people " had been heard in Chile, and the speech of the new tribune was loudly applauded. Carrasco yielded, and decreed not only the liberation of the prisoners, but also the dismissal from their posts of those who had aided in the arbitrary measure. He also accepted the control of an Assessor, without whose authorization his judicial acts in the future should be invalid. These decrees were endorsed by the Audieneia, which was a virtual dismissal from office of the last Governor and Captain-General of Chile. — The Emancipation of South America. Carrasco was compelled to resign his power into the hands of Count de la Conquista, a Chilian noble, who was eighty-five years old. The Patriots surrounded the new Governor with councillors in whom they could trust. May 25th, 1826. The Constitution of Bolivia. The Constitution, in consequence of frequent revolutions, has been often modified and altered, and at times set aside altogether. It is founded upon the strictest principles of justice as regards civil rights and privileges. The supreme authority is vested in a " Presidente Vitalicio, ' ' with the power of naming a successor. It guarantees to Bolivians civil liberty, security of person and property, and equality of rights, the free exercise and communication of thoughts and opinions, either through the press or otherwise. No profession, trade or employment can be prohib- ited, unless it is repugnant to public feeling, injurious to health or security of the community. All legitimate powers emanate from the people. The present Constitution of Bolivia was adopted October 17th, 1880, and is a modification of that which was adopted in 18'(2. 76 LIBERTY PRIMKR May 27th, 1738. Nathaniel Gorham born at Charlestown, Mass. He was well educated, and began business at Charlestown. In 1771 he was chosen to represent that city in the House of Kepresentatives : in 1779 he Avas a member of the State Constitutional Convention ; in 17^4, elected to Congress, and in 1787 chosen as a member of the Convention that framed the Federal Constitution, and a mem1)er of the State Con- vention which adopted it. He died June 11th, 1796. May 29th, 1765. Virginia resolutions against the right of Taxation. The resolutions, live in number, wore introduced to the House of Burgesses by Patrick Henry, who has himself given the following in- teresting particulars: "They formed the first opposition to the Stamp Act and the scheme for taxing America by the British Parliament. (He had not been informed of the action of Massachusetts.) All the colonies, either through fear or want of opportunity to form an opposition, or from influence of some kind or other, had remained silent. I had been the first time elected Burgess a few days before, was young, inexperienced, unacquainted with the forms of the House and the members that com- posed it. Finding the men of weight averse to opposition, and the com- mencement of the tax on hand, and that no one was likely to step forth, I determined to venture alone, unadvised and unassisted. On a blank leaf of an old law book wrote the within (resolutions). Upon offering them to the House, Adolent debates ensued. JNIany threats were uttered and much abuse cast upon me by the party of submission. After a long and warm contest the resolutions were passed by a very small majority, perhaps of one or two only. The alarm spread throughout America with astonishing quickness and the ministerial party were overwhelmed. The great point of resistance to British taxation was universally estab- lished in the colonies. This brought on the war, which finally separated the two countries and gave independence to ours. Whether this will prove a blessing will depend upon the use our people make of the blessings which a gracious God hath bestowed on us. If they are wise they will be great and happy. If of a contrary' character they will be miserable. Eighteousness alone can exalt us as a nation." — Wirt's Life of Patrick Henry. May 29th, 1736. Patrick Henry born at Studley, Hanover County, Va. He was the second son of John Henry, a Scotchman from Aberdeen. He attended the county school, but when he was ten years old his father opened a grammr school in his own house. He displayed no fondness for study except in mathematics, and at the age of fourteen years was placed as a clerk in a country store. When sixteen a partnership was formed with his brother, but they did not succeed. He tried again keeping store and failed. He tried farming with no better success. He was des- perately poor. When twenty-four yeai-s old he began the study of law, and at the end of a month he had the boldness to ask for a license to practice. LIBERTY PRIMER 77 In 1763 a controversy arose which created considerable excitement throughout the entire colony. It was a case "between the clergy on the one hand, and the Legislature and the people on the other, touching the stipend claimed by the tbrnier." The case was before the Court in the Noveuaber term and was argued by Mr. Lyons on the part of the plain- tiff, and Mr. John Lewis for the defendants. The Court sustained a de- murrer and the case went over to December 1st. Mr. Lewis, thoroughly convinced that the case was hopeless, retired, refusing to have anything more to do with it. In this desperate condition Henry was asked to argue the case and undertook to do it. "VNTien the Court opened there was an unusually large attendance, more than twenty of the clergy be- ing present, and Henry's own father sitting as the presiding judge. Mr. Lyons opened the case very briefly and concluded with a high eulogium on the benevolence of the clergy. It was now time for Henry to speak. " He was very awkward and faltered much in his exordium. The people hung their heads at so unpromising a commencement ; the clergy were ob- served to exchange sly looks with each other ; his father is described as having almost sunk with confusion from his seat. But these feelings were of short duration and soon gave place to others of a very different character. Now the wonderful faculties which he possessed for the first time developed ; and now was first witnessed that mysterious and al- most supernatural transformation of appearance, which the fire of his own eloquence never foiled to work in him. The ministers left their bench under the withering invective and the jury had scarcely left the Bar when they returned with a verdict of one penny damacfes." In 1765 he was made a member of the House of Burgesses. At a critical point of the Stamp Act debate he hastily wrote a resolution "which set forth that the Burgesses and the Governor had the exclusive right and power to levy taxes and imposts upon the people of the colony, and that not alone the Stamp Act, but all the acts of Parliament affect- ing the rights of the colonies were unconstitutional and therefore void." During the debate he startled the House by exclaiming, "Caesar had his Brutus ! Charles the First his Cromwell ! and George the Third — " here he was stopped by cries of " Treason, Treason, Treason," and called to order by the Speaker, but when he had an opportunity to finish he continued, ^^ may profit hij their example,''^ and he added, "it that be treason make the most of it. ' ' The resolutions were adopted by a majority of one. Associated with Richard Henry and Arthur Lee, Thomas Jeiferson and Dabney Carr in 1773, they formed the "Committee of Correspond- ence, to disseminate information and to kindle the flame of liberty throughout the entire continent." He was a delegate to the first Continental Congress of 1774, and after its organization was the first to address that body. He returned home in October, when he was elected to the Convention which met at Rich- mond in March, 1773. He urged in this body "the necessity of em- 78 l.llUJKTV I'UIMEE bodying, arming and disciplining Ihu militia, and notwithstanding his resolution was opiwsed by and resisted by some of the ablest men and patriots of the Convention, he urged them the more, with an impas- sioned speech that convinced all. He took his seat ; no manner of ap- plause was heard ; the effect was too deep. After the trance of a moment several members started from their seats. The cry ' to arms ' seemed to quiver oti every lip and gleam in every eye. They became impatient ot speech, their souls were on fire for action." In May, 1775, he col- lected some militia and marched them upon Williamsburg to arrest the Royal Receiver General or secure the return or pay for some powder that had been removed by the Governor. An agent of Lord Dunmore met him and paid £330 for the powder. Two regiments were raised and Henry was named as Commander of all the forces. The first action was at Great Bridge, on December 9th, 1775. Colonel Woodford had com- mand and gained a victory. Henry was dissatisfied and resigned. He took an active part in the Convention of 1776, when the Virginia delegates were instructed to demand the independence of the colonies. He was elected to Congress and reelected in 1779. He was then elected to the Legislature and served during the war from 1780 to 1785, when he resigned through the pressure of debt, ha^^Ilg "never been in easy cir- cumstances." He was a member of the Virginia Convention that rati- fied the Federal Constitution and most vigorously opposed its adoption. He declined a nomination for Congress in 1791. the offer of Secretary of State in 1795 and the French Mission in 1797, but in 1799 was again elected to the Legislature, although he never took his seat, his death oc- curring June 6th, 1799. May 29th, 1790. Rhode Island Ratifies the Constitution. Rhoda or Little Rhody. Rhode Island was the thirteenth and last State to ratify the Constitution. In 1636 Roger Williams was driven out of ISIassachnsetts because of his lil)eral opinions. In 1638 William Coddington and others were ban- ished. These persons purchased from the Indians the island of Aquet- neck, or Aquetnec, or Aquidneck, which has since been called Rhode Island. When the New England Confederacy was formed Rhode Island applied for membership. The Commissioners decided that Rhode Island might enjoy the advantages of the union if she would come in under the jurisdiction of Plymouth. This she stoutly refused to do, pre- ferring independence rather than a dependent union. In 1644 Roger Williams obtained a new charter for *' The Providence Plantations in the Narraganset Bay." In 1663 Charles II. granted a charter to Rhode Island and Provi- dence Plantations. In July, 1685, charges were preferred against the patent and in December, 1686, Sir Edmund Andros dissolved the government of Rhode LIBERTY I'RIMEh 79 Island, broke its seal and assumed the administration. T\Tien the revo- lution destroyed the power of the British governor, Khode Island and Providence again assumed its charter, and the officers who had Ijeen deposed resumed their functions. May 29th, 1848. Wisconsin admitted to the Union. The Badger State. Wisconsin was the seventeenth State admitted to the Union. The earliest settlement was made upon Green Bay by the French in 1631, and afterwards at Prairie du Chien on the Alississippi, Then followed a war with the Indians to obtain the right of way through Lake Winnebago. Up to 1796 all this region was under the laws of Canada and subject to British rule, but during that year possession was yielded to the United States, which had organized the territory northwest of the Ohio Eiver to the Mississij)pi River as the Northwest Territory in 1787. In 1805 the Territory of Michigan was cut out of this vast section, and in 1836 reduced to its present limits, or nearly so, and the Territory of Wisconsin organized. In 1 838 Iowa, Alinnesota and Dakotah were set oflf, leaving Wisconsin.as it now stands. A convention sat at Madison from October to December, 1838, and prepared a Constitution, which was approved by Congress, but rejected "by the people. A second convention was then held and a Constitution reported that was adopted by a vote of 16,412 to 6,149. May 30th, 1639. Dorchester, Mass., Public School. In the records of the town of Dorchester, Mass. (page 83), it is stated that the colony appropriated the income of Thompson's Island, in which every settler had a direct interest, to the maintenance of a school under the control of the selectmen, and that the Eev. Mr. Waterhouse was appointed teacher. This was in every sense a free public school, such as is always in everybody's mind when the term is used ; that is, a school open and free to all, supported at the expense of all through gen- eral taxation, and until some well authenticated record is produced of a school similarly founded and sustained at an earlier date than May 30th, 1639, the Dorchester people will continue to claim the spot of ground at the corner of Cottage and Pleasant streets, as the birthplace of the Amer- ican Public School System. — Bev. Willis B. Medum. May 30th, 1868. Decoration Day. An official proclamation of the head of the organization known as the Grand Army of the Republic was issued, selecting the thirtieth day of the month of May, * ' the month of flowers, " as an anniversary to be observed for decorating soldiers' graves. On fame's eternal camping ground Their silent tents are spread, And glory guards with solemn sound The bivouac of the dead. In 1875 New York made Decoration Day a legal holiday. 8U LIIJKKTY J'KJMEK June 1790. Jose Antonio Paez born at Barinas, Venezuela. "He was a j:tiiuine Creole, of Caucasian rate, witli some stron;^ mixture of native ])l(K)d, a man of herculean strenj^tli, a hreaker-in of wild horses, and an untiring swimmer. tSkilful in the use of lance and sword, in moments of danger he was ever in the front rank, and had. great influence over his men, both by personal and moral qualities." His men called him " Uncle " when they addressed him. " His plans were carefully wrought out and rapidly executed. He wore a Toledo sword, and invariably carried a long lance." On February IGth, 181G, with .'300 cavalry he defeated the Spanish Governor of Barinas, who had a force of 1,100 horse aud 300 infantry at Guadalito ; 400 of the enemy were killed and 200 made prisoners. This aflfair attracted the attention of the Llane- ros and won them to the cause of independence. Paez was but an obscure Captain, who had served through the <-ampaigns up to this time unobserved; recruits poured in upon him, and he rose at once to the position of first General of Cavalry in America. He organized the Army of the Apure, which was conspicuous all through the war of Independence. On November 7th and 8th, 1823, he attacked and took by storm the last royalist stronghold. Puerte Cabello, aud with this action the war of independence came to an end, and the Spanish rule in South America came to a conclusion. A revolution, under General Cordova, broke out at Antioquia, September 14tli, 1829, which was crushed, Cordova being brutally murdered. At the end of this year Venezuela declared herself an independent Republic with General Paez as President. In 1831 he was elected the first Constitutional President and retained the office for four years. In 1838 he was again elected President, and presented by Congress with a sword of honor. The same year he was presented with another sword of honor by William IV., King of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1842 he brought from New Grenada the remains of Bolivar, and had them interred with much pomp at Caracas, the native city of the Liberator. In 1843 Paez retired to private life, but the mal-administ ration of President Monagas brought about a revolution in which Paez took jiart. He was captured and imprisoned at Camane, and was released only upon condition that Le should leave the country. He retired to the City of New York. A successful revolution in 1859 led to his recall to Venezuela as Dic- tator, and the United States placed two vessels with a military and naval escort at his disposal to take him back to his country. He, however, soon resigned and returned to New York, where he resided until his death, in May, 1874. He was buried in one of the vaults of the ' * Marble Cemetery ' ' in Second Avenue, where his remains laid until the government of Venez- uela sent for them aud re-interred them in his native soil. LIBKKTY PRIMKR 81 June 1st, 1739. George Clymer born at Philadelphia, Pa. His parents died -vvlien he was very youug. Later he entered the mercantile business with a Mr. Kitchie, but abandoned it for agriculture and politics. He was chosen a member of the Council of Safety. On July 29th, 1775, appointed one of the first Continental Treasurers. This office he held until elected to the Continental Congress of 1776. Signed the Dec- laration of Independence. Reelected to Congress in 1777 and continued a member until May 19th, 1778, when, on account of sickness, he retired. In 1780 elected again to Congress, remaining until November 12th, 1782. November, 1782, he removed to Princeton, N. J . Member of the Consti- tutional Convention. Elected to Congress for two years, declining a reelection. He was now employed in the Excise office, and afterwards in negotiating a treaty with the Creek and Cherokee Indians of Georgia. He was president of a Philadelphia bank. He died at Morrisville, Bucks County, Pa., January 23d, 1813. "'Mr. Clymer possessed a strong intel- lect from nature, which he improved by culture and study. Retired, studious, contemplative, he was ever adding something to his knowl- edge and endeavoring to make that knowledge useful. His predominant passion was to promote every scheme for the improvement of his country, whether in science, agriculture, polite education, or the useful fine arts. His conversation was of the most instructive kind, and manifested an extensive knowledge of books and men. He was a man of irreproachable morals and of a pure heart. In the domestic circle and in friendly inter- course he appeared to peculiar advantage. ' ' June 1st, 1792. Kentucky admitted to the Union. The second State admitted to the Union, "Corn Cracker" State, "dark and bloody ground." First explored by Daniel Boone and John Finley, who had many conflicts with the Indians. First settlement was Harrodsburg, 1774. This country appears to have been the common hunt- ing ground for different tribes of Indians, but in the possession of none of them. John Finley was the first white man to explore the land, who went there with a few companions in 1767 from North Carolina. In 1769 Daniel Boone, Finley and five others visited the region, and in 1770 James Knox and some others from Virginia made extensive surveys with the de- sign of locating land-bounty warrants. Captain James Harrod built his cabin at what is now Harrodsburg in 1774, and in 1775 Daniel Boone erected a post at Boonesborough. The Indians constantly harassed the settlers. In March, 1775, Richard Henderson, with Daniel Boone, made a treaty with the Cherokee Indians and bought from them' a large tract of land south of the Lower Kentucky River. Boone was sent to mark out a road and begin a settlement, and Boonesborough was established. Governor Dunmore of Virginia denounced the sale, and in a proclama- tion offered the land for sale on behalf of the crown. Notwithstanding the Governor's proclamation, delegates from Boonesborough and Harrods- burg met at the former place and organized an Assembly forming a new 82 I.IIJKKTV I'IMMKK Plate, which llioy iiained "Transylvania," and a compact was made with the propiietoi-s. lu September tlie proi)rietors met at Oxford, (jreeuville County, N. C, and James Hogg was apjwinted a delegate for Transylvania to the Co«tiuental Congress, but the claim of Virginia to the Territory Larred his admission to that body. The Legislature of Virginia annulled the Henderson purchase, but Henderson finally received a tract of land about twelve miles square on the Ohio River, below the mouth of the Green River, in settlement of his claim. In 177G Kentucky was organized as a county of Virginia, and Virginia held jurisdiction over it during the war. When the Revolution closed, the people sought a peaceable separation from Virginia. In 1784 Kentucky was ceded to the General Government, although the cession was not consummated until 1786. Mr. John Jay was at the time U. S. Minister to Spain, and a rumor became current that he had ceded to Spain the right to the navigation of the Mississippi River. Spanish intrigue set to work to have the people of Kentucky set up an independent gov- ernment, promising special commercial advantages in such a case. This excitement was maintained until Kentucky became a member of the Union. In 1790 the Territory of Kentucky was organized, the popu- lation numbering 73,667, of whom 12,4o0 w^ere slaves. Indian wars continued, and there was great dissatisfaction arising from neglect of pro- tection and a burdensome whiskey tax. The scheme for independence was revived, but the retrocession of Louisiana to France and its purchase by the United States, put an end to the pending troubles. Tlie State came into the Union June 1st, 1792, and from that time the development has been rapid. The State troops took part in the fighting on the River Raisin during the war of 1812-14. There was a strong effort made to make Kentucky secede during the Civil War, but she never left the Union. The State Constitution was adopted by a convention at Frank- fort August 17th, 1799. June 1st, 1796. Tennessee admitted to the Union. The third State admitted to the Union. The name is from Tan- nassee, the Indian name given to the Little Tennessee River. It is called "The Big Bend State." It was originally included in the charter of North Carolina, which appears to have had hardly a definite boundary line to the west. When the settlers crossed the mountains they found the French occupying the line of the Mississippi and the Spanish endeavoring to extend their lines on the South from Florida. Some settlements were made in 1754 on the Watauga River, but they were driven away by Indians. In 1756 or 1757 a settlement was made on the Little Tennessee River of Fort Loudon. In 1760 the Cherokees attacked the place and massacred over 200 persons, and the same fate befell those at Fort Chlssel, on New River. Early in 1761 Colonel Grant routed the Clierokees and forced their French and Spanish allies to return to Louis- iana and Georgia. Eight years later, emigrants again entered this region, l.IBEKTV PRIMER 83 a number from Virginia f4 in killed and wounded. The Americans lost 115 killed, 305 wounded and thirty -two prisoners. Prescott and Putnam conducted the retreat by the way of Charlestown Neck to Prospect Hill, where a new line of entrenchment was formed that commanded the entrance to Boston. John Clark Ridpath. June 17th, 1857. Treaty of United States and Japan. The Hon. To-\vnsend Harris, Consul General of United States in Japan, concluded a convention that secured the right of residence to Americans in Simoda and Hakodadi, and stipulated that when Americans shall commit offences in Japan, they shall be tried by the Consul Gen- eral or Consul and punished on conviction, according to American law. The treaty went into force July 4th, 1858. June 19th, 1215. The Magna Charta signed at Runnymede. The oppressions and exactions of a tyrannical Sovereign called into existence a confederacy of the barons, who took up arms to redress their grievances. They demanded the restoration of the laws of Henry I. A conference between the King and the barons took place at Runnymede, a beautiful place in Surrey, on the banks of the Thames, twenty miles W. S. W. from London. The King and the barons encamped opposite ea<3h other, and held a debate for several days. The barons finding in Langton an able leader, compelled John to agree to the Magna Charta, which he signed and sealed with all due solemnity. By it 1. Protection was given to all classes. 2. London and other cities were guaranteed their ancient privileges. 3. The Court of Common Pleas was to be stationary. 4. A freeman was not to be deprived of anything necessary to his existence. 5. No freeman was to be imprisoned or deprived of his property, except by the legal judgment of his peers or the law of the land. 6. Justice was not to be sold, delayed or denied to any. The Trust laws were relaxed. Another account gives the following : 1. Protection given to all classes. 2. The rights of the Church were secured. 3. No man could be imprisoned without trial by his peers. 4. niegal taxation was abolished. This has been viewed as the basis of English liberty. It has been since confirmed thirty-eight times. Of the twenty-six barons who subscribed to the document only three could write their own names. The dates named for this event are June 15, 19, 29, 1215. 91 i,ii;i;ki V I'KIMKR June 19th, 1863. West Virginia admitted to the Union. The twenty-second State atlmittod to the Union, the Little Mountain State (I'an-ITandle State), fonned from northwestern part of Virginia. Representativos of forty counties rejected the ordinance of secession, and organized a State Governnu-nt at "Wheeling. Stale Constitution adopted in 18G2. The name first proposed was Kanawha. June 20th, 1789. Death of General Michael Farley at Ipswich, Mass. Born at Ipswich in 1719. He was representative for the town in the General Court for several years. He' was chosen one of the Council in 1774, but General Gage vetoed the election. He was a delegate to the Provincial Congress of 1774-75, member of the House of Kepresentatives, July, 1775, and Regimental Quartermaster of Colonel Garrish's regiment of Massachusetts Militia, May 19 to December, 1775 ; Second Lieutenant and Quartermaster Twenty-sixth Regiment of Massachusetts Continental Infantry, Colonel Laomi Baldwin, 1776 ; Brigadier General of Essex County Militia, 177G ; third Major-Geueral of Massachusetts Militia, 1777 ; second Major-General in 1778. He was taken prisoner at Young's House, N. y., February 3d, 1780. June 20th, 1840. The Morse Electric Telegraph Patented. A Mr. Somand invented an electric telegraph in 1787, and M. Reizen in 1794, Professor Oersted in 1S20, MM. Gauss & Weber, at Grottingen, 1833, Mr. Alexander, in Scotland in 1837, Mr. Sam'l T. Soemmering, electro-chemical telegraph, August 29th, 1809, and on August 23d, 1810, he made a bell ring through 2,000 feet of wire. Francis Ronald laid down eight miles of insulated wires at his residence at Hammersmith, to carry out his system in 1816, and published his invention. Volenti nihil dificite, in 1823. Mr. Steinhill made several experiments of his system on the railroads in 1836. Messrs. Cool:e and Prof. Wheatstone obtained a patent June 12th, 1837, and another for improvements in communicat- ing, April 18th, 1838. I\Ir. Davy got a patent July 20th, 1846. Mr. Albert Vail invented a printing telegraph, September, 1837. June 21st, 1778. New Hampshire ratifies the Constitution. The Granite State. The ninth State to ratify the Federal Constitu- tion. The first record of the visit of a white man to this part of the country was that of Martin Ping who, with two small ships, sailed into the Pisca- taqua river in June, 1603. Champlain vdsited it in July, 1605, and dis- covered the Isle of Shoals. In 1614 Capt. John Smith made a careful examination of the coast— taking a map back to England, which he pre- sented to Prince Charles, who thereupon named the whole country New England. In November, 1620, the Plymouth Company was chartered. LIBERTY PRIMER 95 On August 1st, 1622, this company gave a sub-charter to Sir Fernando Gorges and Capt. John Mason of all the lands lying between the Merri- mack and Kennebec rivers and to a line sixty miles inland. The country was known as ' ' Laconia. ' ' In 1623, Gorges and Mason sent out parties who made settlements at what is now Portsmouth and Dover. For several years these were mere fishing stations and trading posts. In 1629 Gorges and Mason divided their grant, Mason obtaining from the Plymouth Company the territory between the Merrimack and Piscataqua, naming it New Hampshire, from the County of E.mpshire in England, of which he had been a resident. In jNIay, 1629, Eev. John Wheelright visited the Abenaki Indians, and purchased from them the claim they held to the soil, including the whole territory granted to Mason. In November Mason's claim was confirmed by a second patent ; but from this time there was continuous litigation, which was ever before the colonial courts with appeals to England. In December, 1635, INIason died, his widow attempted to govern the country, but the expenses were heaAier than the returns, and the claims were given up to the servants and dependents of the late proprietor. "VVheelright, Amos Hutchinson and their associates, being expelled from Boston, repaired to the banks of the Piscataqua and settled at Exeter. The little colony declared itself a Re- public on the principle of right and universal toleration. On April 14th, 1642, the inhabitants united with the province of Massachusetts. This union was in force until 1679. On July 24th, 1679, by Royal decree. New Hampshire was separated from IMassachussetts, and Edward Cranfield selected for Governor. Before his arrival an assembly had convened at Portsmouth — their first resolu- tion declared "no act, imposition or law, or ordinance shall be valid, unless made by the Assembly and approved by the people." In 1682 Cranfield dismissed the Assembly. This caused trouble, he could collect nothing. He wTote to England for a recall. Sir Edmund Audros arrived at Boston December 20th, 1686, with a commission for the government of all New England. On April 13th, 1689, Audros was arrested and imprisoned by the people of Boston. A general assembly convened at Portsmouth in 1690, and an ordinance passed uniting it with Massachussetts. This was annulled in August, 1692, by the English Government. In 1698 the Earl of Belmont came out as Governor of New York, his commission also covering Massachusetts and New Hampshire. In 1741 a final separation took place. From this time a separate government was maintained until the Revolution, and in 1775 a provincial conven- tion was called. A temporary constitution was formed in 1776, and a new one adopted in 1784, which was amended in 1792. The claims of Mason were sold by his heirs to Samuel Allen, of London, and in 1691 the title was transferred. New Hampshire suffered greatly from the Indian wars. 96 i.iiiKinv I'KiMKi: June 22d, 1772. Slavery in England. The Case of Somerset. The question of the legal existence of slaves in Great Britain and Ire- land was raised in consequence of an opinion given in 1792, by York and Talbot, Attorney-General and Solicitor-( Jcneral at tlio time, to the eflcct that a slave coming from the West Indies did not become free, and might be compelled to go back by his master. Chief Justice Holt had expressed an opinion that was opposed to this. The matter was brought to a final issue by Granville Sharp in the case of the negro Somerset. This suit was decided by Lord Mansfield speaking for the whole bench, that as soon as a slave set his foot upon the soil of the British Islands he became from that instant free. June 22d, 1805. Birth of Guiseppe Mazzini at Genoa, Italy. He was the son of Giacomo ISIazzini, a physician, and University Pro- fessor. Graduated in law at University, 1826, for some time in the " Officio dei Poveri." Beyond all example, he has raised up and inspired an army of revolutionists in the heart of Basque ; an army of men more dangerous to despotism, with no weapons but their ideas, than would be all the legions of Russia and Austria, turned to the serxice of liberty. * * * * Himself the embodiment of the Republican idea in its purest and most heroic sense, the Republican host, scattered up and down Europe in the masses of the people, look through their leaders to Mazzini for words of counsel, and signals for battle. * * * * His manner and mind were wonderfully attractive, and Mazzini impressed everyone who approached him, with a sense of his extraordinary nature and capacity. Sincerity, honor and truth, were stamped on every linea- ment of his face. — C. D. Stuart. He died at Pisa from an attack of pleurisy, March 10th, 1872, and was buried at Genoa. June 24th, 1497, 0. S. John and Sebastian Cabot Discovered the American Continent. Sebastian Cabot coasted some 1,800 miles along the shores of North America, in the summer of 1498, landing a colony of adventurers in July. Columbus first saw the mainland near the Island of Trinidad, and supposing it to be an island called it Zeta. June 24th, 1579. First Church Service on the Pacific Slope. On a point three-quarters of a mile from the light-house on Point Reyes Peninsiila, California, Mr. George W. Childs has caused a Celtic Cross to be placed ; the stem is richly carved, the sub-base seven feet high and ornamented with runic designs, each facade presenting a cross like that of the main shaft above it. The following is the inscription : ' ' Consecrated October 25th, 1893, by the Church Missionary Council as a memorial of the Services held on the shore of Drake's Bay about St. John Baptist Day, June 24th, A. D. 1579, by Francis Fletcher, Priest of the Church of England, Chajlain of Sir Francis Drake, Chronicler of the Service. ' ' I.IBKKTY PKIMER 97 June 24th, 1813. Henry Ward Beecher born. Preacher, reformer, " Shakespeare of the pulpit.'' June 24tfi. 1821. The Battle of Carabobo. Bolivar at the head of the most uumerous and best appointed army the Republicans had yet assembled, gained many advantages over the Spanish under Slorillo, but finally arranged an armistice at Truxillo on November 25th, 1820, for six mouths. As soon as IVIorillo had com- pleted the arrangements for the truce, he returned to Spain, leaving General Miguel de la Torre in command. Bolivar regarded the departure of the Spanish General with suspicion. Fearing that reinforcements might be sent, he, however, adhered to the terms under which hostilities had been suspended. Directly on the close of the period agreed upon, he made a desperate attack on the army under de la Torre at Carabobo. The energy and rapidity with which this movement was made paralyzed all resistance. The Republicans cut down their opponents in every direction, showing little mercy ; but rather a resolve to avenge the tyranny under which they had so long suffered. The losses in this short conflict has been set down by some at 8,000 men. The whole of the bagg- age and field artillery fell into the hands of the victors, who then gave a final blow to Spanish rule in Venezuela. It was the decisive action of the Revolution. Cartagena soon after capitulated, and Puerto Cabello two years later surrendered to Gen. Paez. On August 30th, 1821, the Constitution of Columbia was adopted, when Bolivar was made President and Santander Vice-President. June 26th, 1657. Oliver Cromwell installed Lord Protector of England. June 26th, 1788. Virginia ratifies the Constitution. Virginia was the tenth State to ratify the Constitution. Old Domin- ion — Mother of Presidents. First settlement Jamestown, 105 colonists, 1607. Became- a Crown Colony, 1625. June 26th, 1858. Atlantic Telegraph Cable Joined. In latitude 52° 02^ longitude 32° 33^ the Atlantic Telegraph Cable was spliced from the United States frigate Niagara and the English .ship Agamemnon. When three miles had been played out the cable broke on the Niagara, which was spliced again, and at 5 p.m. the playing out re- commenced. On the 27th the electric continuity gave out at 1 a.m., when forty-five miles had been run out from each ship. On 28th the cable wa.s joined for the third time, and playing out recommenced. On 29th communication ceased at 9 p.m., after 250 miles had been played from each ship. July 5th the Niagara, vdih the English war tender Gorgen, arrived at Queenstowm, Ireland, at 7 a.m., the expedition being an successful. 96 I.IBKUTY I'lUMKE June 27th, 1851. Death of Don Valentin de Olano, near Albistur, Spain. A house ULur Alltistur has upon it an insoriptiou to the "Glory of Guipu/Aoa,"' who died there. ''He was emiueut as au orator and as a defender of the fueron. "A/Mcrowas a charter formally recognizing and delining the liberties and privileges which had l>een long taken for granted, in return for which the party receiving it became pledged to fidelity, and to certain specified serviced as the first written constitution of a free State in the annals of the world. The preamble, iis already stated, was written by Jefferson and sent from Congress. After reciting the wrongs of the Col- onies, it declared that in consequence of these "the government of this country, as formerly exercised under the Crown of Great Britain, is TOTALLY DISSOLVED," the last words being written in the original ](l(l I.lbtKTY I'HI.MKK paper iu capital letters. Thus the convention left nothing in doubt ; their action was moiiut to be final. As all power in the community was rightly vested iu the people, the people of Virginia had separated from (Jreat Britain, and established a constitution for their own government in future. — John Eaton Cooke, Magazine American History, May, 1884, Vol. XL, No. 5, page 387. June 30th, 1629. Massachusetts Colony land at Salem. Rev. Francis Higginson, with 200 Puritans, land at Salem. John Endicott and a few men hatl preceded them, and in the year following Governor Winthrop arrived witli 800 additional. June 30th, 1834. The Indian Territory. On this day the "Act to provide lor the Organization of the Depart- ment of Indian Afiairs," was pas-sed, and the Indian Territory practically came into existence. It is unorganized, and has been set aside for the occupancy of the Indians, by themselves. The Territory is a part of the Louisiana purchase of April 30th, 1803. The following memoranda are a few of the dates respecting action in regard to the Indians that may be interesting : The first treaty with the Indians, of which there is any record, is that of Sir Thomas Hale with the Chickahominies in 1613, securing friend- ship of the colonists and Indians. June 1st, 1775 — A i>etition from Augusta County, Va. , was i^resented to Congress respecting the Indians, and asking that a meeting might be arranged for at Pittsburg in the interest of peace with them. June 16th, 1775 — A committee of five was appointed bj^ Congress on Indian Affairs. July 12th, 1775 — The Committee on Indian Affairs made a report. July 13th, 1775 — Ordered that a talk be prepared for the Indian nations, " So as to suit the Indians iu the several departments." August 29th, 1776 — A standing Committee on Indian Affairs ap- pointed January 27th, 1825. The plan for removing the Indians west of the Mississippi set forth by President Munroe in his message to the Senate. May 28th, 1830 — The act pro\'iding for the exchange of lands with Indians residing in any of the States or Territories, and for their removal west of the Mississippi. July 9th, 1832 — A district office for the Indian service under a Com- missioner added to the Department of War. March 3d, 1849 — Bureau of Indian Affairs was transferred to the Department of the Interior. May 14th, 1855 — The first Executive Order, setting apart, a reserva- tion for the Indians, was given for the Isabella Reservation in Michigan. February 8th, 1887— The " Severalty Act " or " Davis' Bill" passed, enables the Indian to become a citizen of the United States who have or may take their tribal laad in severalty. o 'S5 c; o ,o CI o a Ci. .^ so s ►C! o .+j -^5 CO IS 05 't! ^ D S3 •§ Si o o C3 b 1) 03 JO -a o c 03 CvS „ 2 be <>> C! o ca c: C3 o so >-, 03 so '3 j: ~ so O L. a. a so 03 1 a 03 so 03 C3 ►a o C5 so C3 o so so So 03 .5 ? &• O p 'a so 03 ■-5 o so 5-1 o o '^ ^ 0) P> '^3 03 a 'a 03 a .o a I 03 .1^ u .N g s 1 ^ ii "G .0 "2 D .0 13 C « 1 ■40 eg (i, V, t; ^ »-l 00 1 1 ■if a C3 1 R C b .0 D, C3 ■fj 5' ■fj 'o'^ -u 40 V) tS .§ bo •«! _c; ts 'c 5: a .^^ a (o ^ O -Q ^ .^ i^O ii S -S .ii ^ « -^ o R, U se .0 ^ g -R ^ -2 ^1 ^^ •9 ? « ;^ -a .0 D, f3 5 3 a a, ^ be 5 2 SJ so < S «! a so a J) •a t3 a .a ■2 a C3 1 J) T3 a 5J a> •Q .so ^ to ?5 C3 Cl ca .0 a •u 1, b 00 ■" 5 S lb S .0 ns a, i-H .a -w li -a ^" ^% s ^ S - C k^ •t; O a « ^ *? 9 ^^ S 5 Cq 1, ta -a ^ Q 5 ii "^ ^ a '^ *-l 5 t^ ^ S 5 ^ .N -^ s ^ c s a ns ^ (b H a bfl ;j -^ ^ tj -^ so" 1— U o t:^ ^ -to 5s o ^ Ss i; p S> .5, ^ ."1 a ig §s i a sJ o g o ^ o Si so o ■;: "^ t ip So O .so '■" ^ 2 b« g -^ -Si ° ^ 5 - ctt sJ a .!» a ^ (; ►-^ a ^ us Sp to u .u .a a .0 So s e p ^ .a 5J ■-2 so t! to to to O O ij 0^*^ o, c, !i s: t-s I-, ^ & ^ S ■§ :2 a o, a O 4, ?! C ^ '^ so -^ •§ ^ a 5 ? ^ e- r? 1 ~. so a Jo so 5 o CO So ■13 t3 •SP to ■? to ,_a so so Q, 6 ' •^ S Si ?« JS (o ni "r" a, S i: a^ .5 i> C(J +j CtJ i fe ^3 O !>3 o o o c;3 O cq en CO O .2 r; k, o s3 >iC3 b R t- 8 o CO o O Pq •22 •=; S Si t o < o The Columbian Liberty Bell, has received in addition to the great medal, the following award from the World's Columbian Exposition : First — For its patriotic conception. Second — For its philanthropic purpose, the beneficent intention of its originator being to send it forth among the nations to ring for the triumphs of liberty, and to promote peace and good will throughout the world. Third — For its historic value. Fourth — For its excellent execution and fine tone. Fifth — For its intrinsic value and beauty. The award is made to " The United Peace Societies of the World." ■CI o t3 a. •5 C +- ^ O « C Si ■« Si gg g « « n- .-u J5 J5 ts ;3 g £ T-i c*) Co 'i< '0 S5 ta 'Xj •q; 1) to q C3 t ^ (^ ■^ 5j to 6 1 ■q S^ ^■■ K n 03 ^J •Si 5, q ^ C ^ R +j g Pi e q tb to S b So -+o 3 >: .q C! ^ 5 •q q t-:) ■a ^3 .1 SOUVENIR COLUMBIAN LIBERTY BEIL DIMENSIONS OVER ALL HEIGHT, 6 1-2 IN. BREADTH, 6 IN. DEPTH, 4 IN. r COLUMBIAM LIBERTY BELL p 3^i&- is to certify, that- the' rncta/* contained in the Sell delivered with this Certificate fs a' j part of the overflow, !n catting^the-sriat-Cgltur- b'an £:bertij SelL 2S^SaS2S^SPSilE> V i ^ ^i'52SHSaSHSBSBfl FACSIMILE OF CERTIFICATE ISSUED WITH BELL v|^