EDUCATIONAL 
 GYMNASTICS 
 
 OUTLINES 
 
OUTLINES 
 
 OF 
 
 EDUCATIONAL 
 GYMNASTICS 
 
 Arranged by EMIL RATH, 
 Director of the Normal College, N. A. G. U. 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 Normal College of the North American 
 Gymnastic Union 
 
 1916 
 
V 3 
 
 Copyright 1916 
 NORMAL COLLEGE, N. A. G. U 
 
 OGLA420736 
 
 FEB II 1916 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This collection of outlines does not include all the branches of 
 Educational Gymnastics, giving only those for which no text-books 
 are available. It is intended solely as a guide for the students of 
 the Normal College in connection with their studies of Educa- 
 tional Gymnastics. Director Maul's works on Physical Educa- 
 tion have been a prolific source for these outlines. Translations 
 from them made by Mr. George Wittich, director of the Normal 
 School while it was located at Milwaukee, have been partly used, 
 altered and added to, adapting them to the methods of instruc- 
 tion pursued, and new outlines have been arranged to meet the 
 enlarged course of training given at present at the Normal 
 College. E. R. 
 
TACTICS. 
 School Grades I and II. 
 
 , „ . A. Tactics of the Individual. 
 
 1. racing. 
 
 Facing is the name given to the turning of the individual 
 
 around his length axis. 
 
 Object: Transforming the rank (or class) in place and also 
 
 in marching from place to facilitate alignment. 
 
 Facing develops discrimination and reaction. 
 
 The exercises for this grade are : 
 
 a) Facing Y\ or ]/z turn In one movement in place. 
 
 The most simple and appropriate method of presenting 
 these exercises to the beginners of this grade is to name 
 the objects toward which they are to turn. The turn is 
 made on the left heel. 
 
 b) Facing with a jump, with or without clapping of hands. 
 Command: Toward the leader — face. (Left) right — face. 
 With jumping and clapping of hands, towards me — face. 
 Procedure of teaching facing: Formation in front rank, 
 facing several times. March the front rank forward, halt, 
 and repeat. Formation in closed column, facing several 
 times. March the column forward, halt and repeat. Re- 
 peat facing to one side many times. 
 
 2. Marching in step and halting on command. 
 
 Remark : Marching in rhythm and not in step should be 
 practiced during the first semester. 
 
 3. Marching in and from place and halting. Marching in and 
 from place in alternation and halting. 
 
 a) Marching in place. 
 
 The starting with left foot is preferable, but not absolutely 
 
 necessary. 
 
 Analysis of step : The knee is slightly raised forward, 
 
 with heel up and the toes of the foot off the floor, as first 
 
 part of the step; the foot is replaced in the reverse order 
 
 from which it was raised. It is also executed with straight- 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 The Library of Congress 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/outlinesofeducatOOrath 
 
ening leg forward, foot about ankle high and pointing. 
 Command : In place — march. 
 
 The command for halting is given when the left leg is 
 about to be raised. The right foot finishes the marching 
 with a smart tap. 
 b) Marching from place. 
 
 Forward : Executed with the firm step and the common 
 step. The command for halting in this grade is given on 
 the right foot, in order to give the pupils time for thinking. 
 Backward : The leg is raised backward, slightly bent, ball 
 of foot touching first. 
 
 Sideward with closing-step : It is not advisable to apply 
 this form of marching in the closed front rank, but it can 
 be used to good advantage in open, straight, or curved 
 front rank as well as in closed and open flank rank. The 
 step is executed with extended leg. The command for 
 halting is given same as for marching from place. 
 Sideward with front or rear cross-step : (true sideward 
 marching with a cross front step). The regular sideward 
 marching must be executed with a front cross-step. To 
 be used same as sideward marching with closing step. 
 Command must be given same as that in marching from 
 place. A curved rank (circle) with front or rear surface 
 toward center, can be formed by either one or both ends 
 moving forward or backward. This is one of the quickest 
 ways of arranging classes of this grade for free exercises 
 and games. 
 
 Changing from marching in place to marching from place, 
 and vice-versa. 
 
 Remark : Stamping with the first step in or from place 
 assures prompt beginning of the entire class. 
 Procedure : Halt from marching in the four different 
 directions. Alternate marching in one direction with in 
 place marching. Alternate marching in two directions, 
 marching in place between them. Later three directions. 
 Develop sense of direction taken in ranks and columns. 
 
 B. Tactics of the Rank. 
 
 1. Creating the rank, breaking the formation and re-forming at a 
 given place. 
 These exercises should be executed in running. 
 
 6 
 
Object : To arouse and promote alertness and promptness to 
 facilitate alignment. 
 
 Command : Clap hands, break rank, and form in a front rank 
 in front of rings — run. 
 
 Forms : 
 
 a) With a few moments of play-time between breaking and 
 reforming. 
 
 b) Changing from place to place, with or without changing 
 the relation of the breadth axis of the individual to the 
 length axis of the rank. 
 
 c) Changing from a straight front or flank rank to a circle 
 rank. 
 
 d) Changing by leaving successively. 
 
 e) Changing from rank to column or vice- versa. 
 
 2. Dressing the ranks. 
 
 Object : To perfect alignment, 
 a) Dressing of the front rank : 
 
 1. Toward left or right leader or center of rank. 
 
 2. Toward a point lying without the rank, without facing. 
 
 3. Toward left or right leader, or a point lying without the 
 rank, preceded by facing. 
 
 b) Dressing of the flank rank : 
 
 Toward first leader or a place, or an object lying without 
 the rank. 
 
 Remark : A front rank has a right and left leader, and a 
 flank rank a first and last leader. Dressing may be ex- 
 ecuted toward a leader or a point without the rank. 
 Command: Dress— right. Front (front rank). 
 Dress — front (flank rank). 
 
 Procedure : Adhere to dressing to one leader in the lower 
 grades. 
 
 3. Connections. 
 
 Object: To join the members of a rank together in order to 
 
 facilitate accurate movement of the rank. 
 
 a) In front rank : Grasping of neighbor's hands, hip, shoulder, 
 head high ; front chain lock ( for front chain lock, hands — 
 grasp) ; arm in arm lock (for arm lock, arms — fold, arms — 
 lower) ; 
 
b) In flank rank : One or both hands on front shoulders. 
 Command: Neighbor's hand (height of shoulders) — grasp. 
 Lower. Hands on front shoulders — place ; hands — replace. 
 
 4. Opening and closing of ranks. 
 
 a) Forms of opening the front rank: 
 
 By marching sideward successively toward one side or out- 
 ward from the center with grasped hands until arms are 
 extended (whole distance) ; in couples without grasping 
 hands. 
 
 Command: Neighbor's hands (height of shoulders) — 
 grasp. 
 
 Open ranks left sideward until arms are extended — march. 
 Remark: The front circle can be opened by backward (or 
 forward) marching. 
 
 b) Forms of opening the flank rank: 
 
 The flank rank can be opened by forward or backward 
 marching. With or without hands on front shoulders, but 
 need not be used in this grade. The distance in the long 
 flank rank can be obtained by raising arms forward while 
 marching from place. 
 
 5. Exercises of the flank rank from place. 
 
 The flank rank can march in all directions, but the backward 
 and oblique march of the whole rank should not be used in 
 this grade. 
 
 Winding: Winding is the most practicable form of movement 
 of the flank rank ; it can be done on angular and curved lines. 
 Continued in Grade II. 
 
 Forms : 
 
 a) Winding on angular lines. 
 
 1. About the hall. 
 
 Command: Left (right) about the hall — march. 
 
 2. In form of a right angle. 
 Command : Angle march left — march. 
 
 b) Winding on curved lines. 
 
 Winding parallel to the original direction. Counter march, 
 long and short snake movement. 
 
 Command: Long snake movement (beginning left) — run. 
 Counter march left — march. 
 
 10 
 
Remark : The command for winding of the flank rank in 
 opposite direction in running is "counter run" left (right) 
 — run. 
 c) Marching of the flank rank in step, accompanied by clap- 
 ing of hands, stamping of feet, or both. 
 
 Object: To facilitate the marching in step and to promote 
 
 the sense of rhythm. 
 
 These movements may also be classified with free exercises. 
 
 Forms : Marching with clapping of hands or stamping, or 
 
 both, on the first of four, two or three steps, the same 
 alternately or with uneven intervals. 
 Command: With stamping left (or on the first of four 
 
 steps) — march. 
 
 6. Forming of the rank members. 
 
 Object: Besides changing place of rank with dispatch, it may 
 serve the same purpose as the foregoing exercises. Therefore 
 these exercises should also be executed in a lively manner, i. 
 e., running, skipping, etc. 
 
 Forms : 
 
 a) In a straight front rank passing in front or rear of a 
 given leader, and thereby changing the place of the rank 
 but not its form. 
 
 b) In a straight flank rank, forming in front of first or in rear 
 of last leader. 
 
 c) Changing from a flank to a front rank and vice-versa. 
 Form left of first changing from flank to front rank. 
 Command: Form left passing in rear — march. (Forming 
 in the front rank.) 
 
 d) Form in front (rear) passing left — run. 
 
 C. Tactics of the Body of Ranks. 
 
 1. Division of the single long rank. 
 Object : Manageableness of the class. 
 Form of dividing the front rank : 
 
 By passing front of rank by twos, threes or fours. By count- 
 ing. 
 
 Form of dividing the flank rank : 
 
 Facing i>y twos, three or fours at a given place while march- 
 ing about the hall and also in place. 
 
 12 
 
Command: Left about the hall, forward — march. 
 
 First to left — face. The others do likewise in same place. 
 
 2. Winding of the column is executed and commanded in same 
 manner as that of the long rank. 
 
 3. Winding of two or more divisions (ranks) as separate classes, 
 using equal large parts of the hall. 
 
 4. Exercises of the single members or couples of a class which is 
 arranged in circle formation. 
 
 These exercises are of great value when executed in running 
 skip-steps, or gallop-steps, not alone on account of the joyful 
 and pleasant rivalry which they will create if correctly applied. 
 
 Forms : 
 
 a) Two members running in opposite direction around the 
 outside of the circle, each trying to beat the other in. 
 
 b) Same as a, but one running inside of a circle and return- 
 ing when even with the other runner. 
 
 c) Same as a, but in couples. 
 
 d) Same as a, but upon meeting, one encircles the other with 
 or without grasping hands, in running or hopping. Other 
 variations, such as clapping of hands, stamping with feet, 
 shaking opposite runner's hand, one trying to pull the other 
 along, etc., are easily found. 
 
 e) Two pupils standing at opposite sides of the circles running 
 in same or opposite direction and trying to beat the 
 other in. 
 
 f) Same as a, and e, but each runner winding snakelike 
 through the rank, whose members are not connected. In 
 open circle only. 
 
 5. Waving in undivided or divided order. 
 
 Waving is a forward and backward marching and when com- 
 bined with facing, kneeling, or other exercises, can be made 
 very interesting. 
 
 School Grades III and IV. 
 
 A. Tactics of the Individual. 
 
 1. Alternate marching in and from place in different directions. 
 (Grades I-II.) 
 
 Command : Forward — march. In place — march. Backward — 
 march, etc. 
 
 14 
 
2. As 1 and add facing while marching in place. 
 
 Command : Forward — march. In place — march. Left or right 
 — face. (Left or right about — face.) Backward (sideward) 
 — march. 
 
 3. Changing the direction of marching. 
 
 Command : Forward — march. Backward — march. The same 
 with sideward marching, changing from sideward left to right. 
 
 B. Tactics of the Rank. 
 
 1. Winding of the long flank rank (also column). 
 
 a) In angular form: 
 
 In the form of (1) an obtuse or (2) acute angle, (3) a 
 zigzag, (4) a square and (5) a triangle. 
 Obtuse Angle. Command : Oblique march left forward — 
 march. Counter march right — march. Straight-away — 
 march. The same right. Alternate the left and right by 
 counter march to same side as oblique march. 
 Acute Angle. Command : Oblique march left backward — 
 march. Oblique march right backward — march. Straight- 
 away — march. Oblique march right backward — march. 
 Straight-away — march. Alternate by using counter march. 
 Zigzag. Command: Zigzag (8 steps) beginning left — run. 
 
 b) In circular form and parallel to the original direction. 
 
 (Grade I.) 
 
 In the form of a circle left (right) ; the snake movements. 
 
 Command : Circle left — run. 
 
 2. Opening and closing ranks. 
 
 Front rank : By marching sideward successively toward one 
 side or outward from the center a given number of steps. 
 Command : Open ranks outward from center (through side- 
 ward, two steps distance, successively) — march. Open ranks 
 left (right) sideward (successively) — march. Close ranks 
 left (right; toward center) — march. 
 
 3. Wheeling. 
 
 The wheeling of this grade is limited to the forward movement 
 of a front rank of two, three, or four members joined by some 
 suitable connection. Use 1/1, %, l /2, l /\ wheel. 
 
 16 
 
Object: Wheeling and forming serve principally as a means 
 for transforming the class, but may also be used as inter- 
 mediate exercises. 
 
 Development : Ranks of two, encircle ; the other 1-1 turn ; com- 
 bine. Name it. 
 Command: Whole wheel left (right) — march. 
 
 4. Forming of the members of a rank. 
 
 Remark : Forming by the oblique march (toward front only) 
 and by the most simple form of following (as in changing 
 from front to front and from flank to flank rank) will suffice 
 for this grade. From flank rank : Form in front or form be- 
 side the first. 
 
 Command: Form left (of first and by an oblique march is 
 understood) — march. Form in front, passing left (side of 
 first) — march. 
 
 From front rank : Form in front of left or right and form 
 left or right passing in rear and in front. 
 Command: Form in front of left (leader) — march. 
 Form to left, passing in rear — march. 
 
 Execute from stand to stand and while marching in place. 
 Ranks of twos. 
 
 C. Tactics of the Body of Ranks (and Ranks). 
 
 1. Winding of the files of an open column of front ranks in 
 various ways. 
 
 2. Exercises of a column of couples marching or running about 
 the hall, as intermediate or introductory exercises. 
 
 Passing of the column through the gate formed by the first 
 couple, the second couple becoming first ; gates formed at 
 different places ; arbor formed by the class or part of it. 
 Command : First couple form gate, others pass through with 
 skipping — skip. 
 
 Remark : These exercises can also be executed so that the 
 whole column or only one file will pass through the gate or 
 arbor. 
 
 Note : A gate is formed by one couple whose inner hands re- 
 main grasped when its members separate. An arbor consists 
 of several gates. 
 
 18 
 
3. a) Exercises of the couples of a column in double circle for- 
 mation, files facing each other {towards lane or aisle), as 
 intermediate or introductory exercises. 
 
 Ring and mill-wheel by twos, encircling each other with 
 variations, such as postures of the whole body or arms, and 
 small or short chain. Development of the long chain. 
 Couples passing through lane or arbor, etc. 
 Commands : Ring left or right — march. Mill-wheel left or 
 right — march. No. 1 encircle No. 2, passing in front — 
 march. Short chain right — march. 
 
 b) Exercises of the files of the column (or double circle) in 
 divided order, such as waving in opposite directions, one 
 facing and the other waving, passing through gate or be- 
 tween kneeling ones, the members of one file encircling 
 those of the other, etc. 
 
 Note : A ring is a wheel of the flank couple whose members 
 are facing inward or outward and are revolving around an 
 imaginary center. The mill-wheel named under (a) is 
 wheeling of the front couple about the center. The mem- 
 bers are facing in opposite directions. The short chain is 
 an exercise of the flank couple whose members are facing 
 inward. It consists of changing place twice. During the 
 first change the right hands are grasped and a half turn 
 right performed, during the second, the left with a half 
 turn left. The long chain is the Grand Right and Left used 
 in square dances. 
 
 School Grades V and VI. 
 
 GIRLS. 
 A. Tactics of the Individual (and Rank). 
 
 1. Facing. The l /§ turn in the stand and while marching in place. 
 
 Command : Half left — face. 
 
 2. Facing and immediately marching in and from place exe- 
 
 cuted from standing and marching in place. 
 
 Commands : Face left and in place — march. 
 
 Face left and forward (or sideward, etc.) — march. 
 
 20 
 
REMARK : Facing in the stand should be executed on heel 
 and toe, but not when immediately followed by marching. 
 Halting may be practiced with commanding "halt" on left 
 or right foot from this grade on. 
 
 3. Describing the square forw., sidew. and backzv. in open order 
 as well as in couples in marching and running and dance 
 steps. 
 
 Examples : 
 
 a) Marching forw. alternated with marching in place at the 
 
 corners combined with facing. 
 Command : Four steps forw. — four in place with facing 
 
 left — march. Repeat 3 times. 
 The turn at the corners may be executed on the first step 
 
 of the marching in place, or while marching in place. 
 
 b) Marching in place and facing may precede the forward 
 
 movement. 
 Command: Face left in 4 steps and 4 steps forward 
 — repeat 3 times — march. 
 
 c) Same as a, but in couples or larger ranks. In this case 
 
 wheeling takes the place of facing. 
 Command : Ranks % wheel in four steps and four 
 steps forw. — march. 
 
 d) Same as b, in front ranks, wheeling in place of facing. 
 
 e) Same as c and d with facing in place of wheeling. In 
 
 this case the ranks will be transformed from front to 
 flank and vice versa at the corners. 
 Command : Four steps forw. and face left with four in 
 place — march. 
 
 f) Same as a to e in divided order, the divisions exercising 
 
 simultaneously or successively. 
 
 g) The above exercises without marching in place at the 
 
 corners, 
 h) a to g in running forward, 
 i) a and b in suitable dancing steps. 
 
 NOTE : Generally used as intermediate exercises, frequently 
 used for dancing in open order and in dance composi- 
 tions. 
 
 22 
 
B. Tactics of the Rank (and Individual). 
 
 1. a) Winding of the long flank rank in angular and circular 
 
 form. In the form of a snail or spiral, loop and figure 
 
 eight. 
 
 Commands : Spiral left — run. 
 
 Loop left (or right) in 8-16 steps — march — run. 
 Figure eight, beginning L (or Rt.) in 16 steps — march, 
 b) Winding of the small flank rank of a column. In angu- 
 lar form (angle march) and parallel to the original 
 direction. 
 
 Commands : The ranks angle march left — march. 
 The ranks counter-march left — march. 
 
 2. Opening and closing ranks. 
 
 Front Rank : By marching forw. preceded by facing, 
 toward one side or outward from the center and fac- 
 ing front with closing. 
 
 Command: Open ranks left (or right) sideward or 
 outward from the center through forward (two steps 
 distance successively) — march. 
 
 3. Wheeling of the front ranks alternated with marching in 
 
 place, or forward movement with dance steps. While — 
 
 a) The column is stationary. 
 
 b) The column is moving about the hall. See Maul — page 
 
 166. 
 The ability of wheeling in place must be acquired by the 
 pupils before these exercises can be taken up. These 
 exercises, wheeling or the forward movement or both, 
 should be executed in running or dance steps as soon 
 as possible. 
 
 Examples : 
 
 a) Whole wheel left in marching alternated with eight 
 
 change steps forward. Same right. 
 
 b) Whole (or half) wheel left, right or outw. of the couples 
 
 of the ranks of fours, in marching, alternated with 
 
 four (or two) polka hops forw. or with marching 8 
 
 (or 4) steps in place. 
 Both examples executed entirely in running or some dance 
 
 step and then continue marching. 
 NOTE : As introductory or intermediate exercises. 
 
 24 
 
4. Wheeling of the front ranks about the center. Connecting 
 
 the members by grasping hands or chain lock front or 
 rearways will greatly facilitate accurate execution. 
 Command : Whole wheel left (or right) around center — 
 march. 
 
 a) The millwheel. Wheeling around the center of the rank 
 
 by the forw. movement. (Divided front rank of fours 
 — i. e., two couples.) 
 Command: The rank (or couples) millwheel left (or 
 right) — march. 
 
 b) Wheeling around the center of the rank (of two, three or 
 
 more members), by the forward and backtvard move- 
 ment. 
 
 In alternation with : Encircling neighbor who is kneeling 
 or has assumed some posture. 
 
 Command: Whole wheel left (or right) about center, 
 and No. 1 and 3 encircle No. 2 and 4, passing in front 
 in eight steps while Nos. 2 and 4 kneel left — march. 
 
 Ring by twos or fours. 
 
 NOTE : As intermediate exercises. See grades III and 
 IV for millwheel in couples. 
 
 5. a) Forming of the Rank Members (as grades III and IV) 
 
 alternated with marching in place or some form of 
 forwd. movement (running, dance steps), while the 
 column (of fours) is — 
 
 1 ) stationary ; 
 
 2) marching about the hall. 
 
 Examples : Column of ranks of fours is marching about 
 the hall. 
 
 1) Members form in front of left leader (or right) 
 and four steps in place — march. 
 
 2) Form to left or right, passing in rear alternated 
 with four polka hops forw. — march. 
 
 Execute the entire exercise in running, or some dance step 
 
 and then resume the forward march. 
 NOTE : To be used as intermediate exercise and for 
 
 transforming class, 
 b) Forming of the rank members. The forming by the 
 
 oblique march of grades III and IV can be used to good 
 
 26 
 
advantage in this grade, also the simplest forms of 
 forming by the following from flank to flank and from 
 front to front formation. 
 Front rank : By forming in rear of left or right by the 
 oblique movement. Forming- left or right, passing in 
 front and in rear. Review. 
 
 C. Tactics of the Rank, Body of Ranks, and Combinations. 
 
 1. Forms of dividing the long rank. 
 
 a) Front Rank: By stepping forw. or backw., a given num- 
 
 ber of steps by twos, threes or fours. Command: 
 First two (three or four) four steps forw. (backw.) 
 successively — march. 
 
 b) Flank Rank: The same as the front rank but stepping 
 
 sidew. left or right instead of forw. 
 
 2. Marches and figure running and marching. 
 
 See figures at end of this grade. See Maul, 3d Grade, page 
 150. Figure 1 is at end of this grade. 
 
 3. Winding of a column of double couples with passing thru 
 
 double gate or arbor. 
 
 4. Winding of a column of couples with forming of the ranks 
 
 in front or rear. 
 
 Examples : Column is marching about the hall. 
 
 The ranks form in front by winding thru, the last rank 
 beginning — march. Or in rear by the first rank begin- 
 ning, in marching or running ; the others remain in place 
 and follow successively or move forw. ; also with couples 
 evading ; with dance steps. 
 
 Note : Exercises 2, 3 and 4 to be used as introductory or 
 intermediate exercises. 
 
 5. Exercises of the class in front circle formation which is 
 
 divided into first and second couples. 
 
 Examples: a) Couples No. 1 encircle No. 2 left, and then 
 No. 2 encircle No. 1 right (passing in front), 
 b) Couples No. 1 form to left, right, passing front, rear 
 (encircle half way left or right), and then l / 2 
 wheel around center of the double couple (mill- 
 wheel), and return in same or opposite way in 24 
 steps. 
 
 28 
 
c) Same as b, but facing in place of wheeling. 
 
 d) Encircling two couples in form of figure eight. 
 
 e) Same as b, but after the wheel the forming couple 
 
 will encircle the next couple and execute another 
 wheel with first couple before returning to place. 
 
 f) Same as b, but after the wheel of the double couple 
 
 a wheel of the inner or outer files will be executed 
 while the others take a suitable posture. 
 
 g) Same as f, with another wheel by the double couple 
 
 added. 
 
 NOTE : To the exercises e, f and g, exercises of 
 the files as well as of the whole circle (waving) 
 may be added. 
 h) Large chain of the single individuals or the couples. 
 
 NOTE : As intermediate exercises between free 
 exercises in standing, or as introductory exer- 
 cises when executed in running or dance steps, 
 alternated with marching. 
 
 BOYS. 
 
 Select appropriate exercises for boys. Execute frequently 
 in running. 
 
 School Grades VII and VIII. 
 
 GIRLS. 
 A. Tactics of the Individual. 
 
 Facing while marching from place. (Changing the line of 
 march.) The class may be moving forw., backw., or sidew., 
 as a long rank, a line, or a column. 
 
 Command: As in standing, left — face. (%, %, y 2 turns.) 
 (Continue in upper grades.) 
 
 Facing with halting while marching in and from place. 
 
 Command : Forward march. Face left about and halt. 
 (To be continued in upper grades.) 
 
 Exercises of the open column as intermediate exercises. 
 Moving on the lines of a square (Grades V and VI) or 
 cross with or without stopping, or marching in place at 
 the corners with or without facing. Executed in march- 
 ing, running and dancing. 
 
 30 
 
Describing the cross. (Individual and Rank.) 
 Examples : 
 
 a) Marching forw. in place, backw. and in place with 
 
 facing on the first step or during the second march- 
 ing in place. Command : Face left and 4 steps 
 forwd., 4 in place, 4 backw., and 4 in place, with 
 facing left. Repeat to 3 sides. 
 
 b) Same as a, without marching in place. 
 
 c) Same as a, with y 2 turn in two or four steps after 
 
 first forw. movement instead of marching in place. 
 
 d) Same as a, in couples or large ranks; after the 
 
 backw. movement a % wheel around the center 
 will take the place of the facing of the individual. 
 
 e) Same as d, with T /i wheel around center after the 
 
 forwd. movement, instead of marching in place. 
 
 f) Same as d, but at the finish of each arm of the cross 
 
 a facing may take the place of wheeling. 
 NOTE : To be applied as the describing of the square. 
 
 B. Tactics of the Rank. 
 
 1. Winding of the small flank of a column. 
 
 In angular (the oblique marches — for angle march, see 
 Grades V and VI), and circular form and parallel to the 
 original directions. (See Grades V and VI.) 
 
 Command: (The ranks) oblique march left forw. — march. 
 The exercises to be taught in a lesson should be so ar- 
 ranged that each end one of the rank will have a chance 
 to lead. In ranks of 4 the two inner members may form 
 outward, become end members, and thus be given a chance 
 to lead. 
 
 2. Opening and closing of the ranks. 
 
 To be executed in the same manner as in the lower grades. 
 
 3. Wheeling of the front rank as intermediate exercises, or for 
 
 the purpose of transforming the formation. (Neighbor's 
 hands may be grasped.) 
 
 a) Review wheeling forw. and around center in ranks of 
 
 four members. (See Grades V and VI.) 
 
 b) 1) Wheeling around the center alternated with marching 
 
 in place a certain number of steps, or a forw. 
 movement (dance steps) while the column moves 
 around the hall. 
 
 32 
 
a) Command: Whole wheel left around center, and 8 
 
 steps in place, or 4 step-hops forward — march. 
 
 b) Command: Whole wheel left in 8 step-hops, or 
 
 16 skip-steps, and 8 step-hops, or 16 skip-steps 
 forward — begin ! 
 
 2) Execute all ; i. e., the wheeling and forw. movement, 
 in running or some dance step and then continue 
 marching. 
 c) The star wheel by fours. Command : Star-wheel left — 
 march ! 
 Note : It is well to face the class about for each single 
 exercise to be taught so both ends of a rank have a 
 chance to perform the same activity. 
 
 4. Forming of the rank members. (Purpose same as under 3.) 
 
 a) Forming in front or rear of left or right leader of a front 
 
 rank by the oblique march or the following movement. 
 Note : The oblique march to the rear and by following 
 with changing the formation of the rank are new in this 
 grade. 
 
 b) Changing flank to front or rear of left or right leader, or 
 
 of first or last leader of a flank rank by the oblique march 
 or the following movement ; ailso flank to flank by 
 forming in rear. 
 Examples : 
 
 1. In the flank rank form left (or right) of last by the 
 
 oblique march (by obliqueing) — march. 
 
 2. In the flank rank form in rear by passing left (or 
 
 right) — march. 
 The class should be faced about often as each exercise 
 is taught. 
 
 C. Tactics of the Rank, Body of Ranks, and Combinations. 
 
 Winding through gate and arbor in marching, running or dance 
 steps as intermediate or introductory exercises. 
 The class is divided into two columns of front couples, who 
 are moving in opposite directions ; upon meeting, one division 
 forms an arbor and the other division passes through ; or only 
 one file passes through. Command: Column No. 1 form arbor, 
 No. 3 passes through — march ! Same, file No. 1 passing out- 
 side — march ! 
 
 34 
 
BOYS. 
 
 Select appropriate exercises for boys. Repeat known tac- 
 tics in running. 
 
 School Grades IX to XII. 
 
 GIRLS. 
 A. Tactics of the Individual. 
 
 1. Facing while marching from place. (Changing the line of 
 
 march.) See Grades VII and VIII. 
 
 2. Facing with halting while marching from place. See Grades 
 
 VII and VIII. 
 
 3. Facing and changing the direction of marching. 
 Example : Class is moving forw. : face left and backw. 
 
 (sidew.) — march. 
 
 B. Tactics of the Rank. 
 
 1. Opening and closing the ranks. 
 
 Previous forms can be executed by a dance step or tactic 
 exercises of these grades. E. g., flank line : Form left o"'f 
 first by oblique march and open ranks left through forw. 
 — march ; front line, rank of 4 : quarter-wheel and open 
 ranks left through forw. — march. 
 
 Opening ranks to an oblique position, eschelon formation 
 ( Staff eln) by forw. marching. Command: Take twice the 
 number of steps forward as your number — march. 
 
 2. Combination of tactic exercises of tzvo (and three) parts. 
 
 Two parts; a) of like activities: quarter (half or whole) 
 wheel left and right (or backw., or around center) ; form- 
 ing and forming, 
 b) of unlike activities: Wheeling and facing; forming and 
 wheeling or facing. Executed while marching from 
 place, etc. Progress from like to unlike activities. 
 Command: The ranks half-wheel left and face left about 
 in four steps — march. Face left in two steps (front 
 rank) and form left by oblique march. 
 
 3. Wheeling backward. Command: Whole wheel left (rt.) 
 
 backward — march ; or whole wheel left around the right 
 one. 
 
 36 
 
4. Wheeling in ranks of more than four, members (without con- 
 
 nections.) 
 
 5. Forming of the members of a rank by passing around the 
 
 point of formation. 
 
 a) Forming of the members of a Hank rank at the side of 
 
 first by passing in front. 
 
 b) Forming at the side of last by passing in rear. 
 
 c) Forming of the members of a front rank in rear of left 
 
 (or right) leader by passing in front. 
 
 d) Forming in front of left (or right) leader by passing in 
 
 rear. 
 
 6. Forming with encircling. 
 
 As a-d of 5 executed with encircling. 
 
 7. Forming by evading. 
 
 C. Tactics of the Body of Ranks (and Ranks). 
 
 1. Exercises in square formed by fours. 
 
 To be executed in running and dance steps. (Springing.) 
 Forming the square from a closed rank of four members. 
 
 a) Two center members three steps forw., outw. and face 
 
 right about. 
 
 b) Two outer members three steps forw. and face right about. 
 
 Center members open rank. 
 Running around the outside of the square successively; 
 closing and opening couples and square ; mill-wheel ; 
 star-wheel, and small chain ; encircling ; ring ; combina- 
 tions in rounded form. 
 
 2. Exercises in square formed by eight (four couples) pupils. 
 
 This square can be formed same as that of four members 
 and should be open at the corners. The exercises should 
 be executed in running or dance steps. (Springing.) See 
 Maul. The exercises in couples : changing place by evad- 
 ing ; by passing through gate ; encircling ; combination in 
 rounded form. 
 
 3. Star-wheel by eights or larger bodies. 
 
 4. Wheeling of the ranks combined with that of the line. 
 
 5. Forming by ranks. Forming of ranks (various ways) from 
 
 line to column and vice versa. 
 
 38 
 
Wheeling in rounded form. Form star-wheel, then wheel 
 outw., execute star- wheel, march forw. four steps, face 
 about in four steps, and forw. four steps. 
 
 Breaking off by individuals and by ranks and re-forming 
 line or rank. (Consists of facing and forming of indivi- 
 duals and wheeling and facing by ranks.) 
 
 Command: (Front rank) Face right successively beginning 
 at left end — march. 
 
 The ranks quarter-wheel left successively beginning at the 
 right end — march. 
 
 BOYS. 
 
 Select appropriate exercises from the above. 
 Wheeling of the flank rank. 
 
 In these exercises it is advisable to name the pivot. 
 Examples : Formation, column of flank ranks. 
 
 a) Quarter-wheel left around first leader, sidew. tight — 
 
 march. 
 
 b) Half -wheel right around last leader, sidew. right — march. 
 
 40 
 
COMPANION EXERCISES. 
 
 ( Gesellschaf tsiibtmgen . ) 
 
 The following exercises are suggestions for peculiar kinds of 
 exercises which are not frequently used. ' Enough examples are 
 given to enable the students to elaborate upon if he should desire 
 to use them. 
 
 A. Free Exercises with One Long- Wand. Boys and Men. 
 
 Front ranks of threes. Wand in front grasped with upper grip. 
 
 Arms and Trunk. 
 
 1. Swing arms fore-upw. 1. Lower trunk forw. 2. Return 3-4. 
 
 Slow. Try arm movement on 1, lower trunk on 2, 3, 4, 
 raise trunk on 5, 6, 7, lower arms on 8. 
 
 2. As 1, but bend trunk backw. with bending arms to thrust on 
 
 2. (Forearms vertical.) 
 
 3. Face right, raise left arm sidew., with $4 arm circle right 
 
 outw. (both arms sidew.) 1. Bend trunk left, lowering left 
 and raising right arm. 2. Return 3-4. 
 
 4. As 1. 1. Turn trunk left with lowering arms sidew. (Release 
 
 left hand.) 2. Return 3-4. 
 
 Arms, Trunk and Legs. 
 
 Repeat exercises 1-4 with stride left sidew. on 1 and replace 
 on 4. 
 
 Repeat 1, 2 and 4 with step left forw. on 1 and 3 and replace 
 on 2 and 4. Also arms upw. with step left forw. 1. Re- 
 place, bend knees deep, arms forw. 2. Return 3-4. 
 
 Lunge left obi. backw. with raising arms fore-upw. 1. Change 
 knee bending and lower trunk forw. 2. Return 3-4. 
 
 Lunge left obi. forw; with raising arms fore-upw. 1. Change 
 knee bending and bend trunk backw., wand front of should- 
 ers. 2. Return 3-4. 
 
 1/4 turn right, lunge left sidew., swing arms sidew. (release 
 left), right ^4 arm circle. 1. Change knee bending, 
 bend trunk left with right arm upw. 2. Return 3-4. 
 Lunge left sidew. with arms fore-upw. 1. Change knee bending, 
 turn trunk left, arms sidew (release left). 2. Return 3-4. 
 
 42 
 
B. Free Exercises with Two Long Wands. Boys and Men. 
 
 Flank rank of threes or fours, wand on each side. 
 
 Arms and Legs. 
 
 1. Lunge left sidew., swing left arm obi. side-upw., right opp. 
 
 1. Change knee bending and pos. of arms. 2. Return 3-4. 
 
 2. As 1 of Ex. 1. Replace left, bend knees half deep with arms 
 
 sidew. 2. 
 
 3. As 1 of Ex. 1. Place left foot obi. backw., bending right knee 
 
 and changing arm position— 2. 
 
 4. As 1 of Ex. 1. l /4 turn right, kneel left, with changing arm 
 
 pos. — 2. 
 
 5. Exercises 2 and 3 from place. 
 
 Arms, Legs and Trunk. 
 
 1. Lunge left sidew. and swing arms sidew. — 1. Bend trunk left 
 
 (right), place left hand on hip and right arm upw., with 
 change of knee bending — 2. Return — 3-4. 
 
 2. Lunge left sidew. and swing left arm obi. side-upw., right arm 
 
 opp. — 1. Turn trunk right, changing arm pos. — 2. Return 
 — 3-4. To change knee bending, turn left. 
 
 3. yi turn left, lunge left forw., swing left arm fore-upw. — 1. 
 
 y 2 turn right, bend trunk backw., change arm pos. — 2. Re- 
 turn — 3-4. Also change knee bending on 2. 
 
 4. Lunge forw. and bend arms to strike — 1. Lower trunk forw. 
 
 With arms sidew. — 2. Return — 3-4. Also with change of 
 knee bending. 
 
 5. Stride left sidew. and swing arms sidew. — 1. Bend left knee, 
 
 bend trunk right and swing left hand in front of right 
 shoulder — 2. Return — 3-4. Also with change of knee 
 bending in lunge. 
 
 C. Exercises with Two Wands (short) in Couples. 
 
 Formation : Toward each other — face. Wand forw. — lower. 
 Arms and Legs. 
 
 1. Place foot sidew. and bend arms to strike — 1. Lunge sidew. 
 
 with straightening arms sidew. — 2. Return — 3-4. Straight- 
 en arms upw. on 2. Raise arms sidew. on 1 and upw. or on 
 shoulders, on 2. 
 
 2. Place foot sidew. and bend arms to strike — 1. Layout backw. 
 
 inward, straightening arms upw. — 2. Raise arms sidew. on 
 1 ; hands on shoulders on 2. 
 
 44 
 
3. Bend knees half deep, placing hands on hips (or shoulders) — ■ 
 
 1. Straighten knees with placing foot and straightening 
 
 arms sidew. (or upw.) — 2. Return — 3-4. Raise left sidew. 
 
 (forw.) in place of foot placing. 
 
 Repeat 1, 2, and 3 with striding on 1 and bending knee on 2. 
 
 Arms , Legs and Trunk. 
 
 1. Stride left sidew. and place hands on hips (or shoulders) — 1. 
 
 Bend trunk left sidew. with straightening arm sidew. (or 
 straightening one or both arms upw.) — 2. Return — 3-4. 
 Also swinging right arm over head, or hand in front of left 
 shoulder, on 2. 
 
 2. Stride left sidew. with raising arms sidew. — 1. ]/% turn of 
 
 trunk left (arms remain) — 2. Try one moving forw. and 
 other backw. 
 
 Facing in same direction. (Flank couples.) 
 
 Place foot forw. with raising arms forw. (or on hips) — 1. 
 Layout, lunge, or fallout (direction) with moving arms 
 sidew. (raise arms upw.) — 2. Return — 3-4. Begin with 
 lunge. Stride sidew. or forw. (or lunge) with arm exer- 
 cises — 1 ; trunk exercises with arms on 2. 
 
 D. Free Exercises with Rings. 
 
 Fundamental position with ring in right hand. 
 
 1. Raise arms forw. and grasp ring (ring vertical) — 1. Wind 
 
 arms inward and forw. — 2. Return — 3-4. With turning 
 trunk ; with bending trunk backw. ; with lowering trunk 
 forw. on 2. 
 
 2. Raise arms side-upw. and grasp ring (ring horizontal) — 1. 
 
 Wind arms inw. and forw. — 2. Return — 3-4. 
 
 a) With placing foot forw. on 1 ; placing backw. with bend- 
 
 ing right knee on 2. 
 
 b) With placing foot sidew. on 1 ; back-inw., bending right 
 
 knee — 2. 
 
 c) With placing foot sidew. on 1 ; lunge forw. on 2. 
 
 In couples : Facing in same direction ; also facing each other. 
 
 Both raise arms sidew. — 1. No. 1 : Bend knees deep with rais- 
 ing arms upw. ; No. 2 : Rise on toes with moving arms forw. 
 — 2. Return — 3-4. Also kneeling. Adapt this to the two 
 formations. 
 
 46 
 
Arms sidew. with placing foot sidew. (opp. foot) — 1. Lunge 
 sidew. (away from each other) with moving outer arm over 
 head (small lunge) — 2. Return — 3-4. 
 
 Also exercises in which both execute the same exercise, as ris- 
 ing on toes, bending knees with arm exercises, etc. 
 
 In ring formation. Rings grasped. 
 
 1. Place foot forw. with arms forw. (also stride) — 1. Bend trunk 
 
 backw. with arms upw. — 2. 
 
 2. Same, but No. 1 kneels on 2 (No. 2 moves arms sidew.). 
 
 3. As 1, but place foot backw. and bend trunk forw. on 2. 
 Same in front ranks of four or more. Exercises in divided 
 
 order. 
 
 48 
 
APPARATUS EXERCISES FOR BOYS. 
 
 Grades III-IV. 
 
 A. Exercises on the Buck. 
 
 The buck placed lengthwise or sideways. 
 
 I. Jumping into momentary support with and without leg exer- 
 
 cises. 
 
 II. Preparatory exercises to the forward straddle vault, such as 
 
 momentary support with straddling legs ; jumping into 
 riding seat ; lying support frontways ; straddle vault. 
 
 III. Straddle vault forward with : 
 
 1. Arm exercises, such as hand clapping during the 
 
 flight and various arm positions in the stand after 
 the vault. 
 
 2. Jumping on the mat as far as possible. 
 
 3. Moving board backward after every jump; moving 
 
 mat. 
 
 IV. Knee- jump forward with or without % turn. 
 
 B. Exercises on the Parallel Bars. 
 
 Bars chest high. 
 
 Jumping into the various knee-hand hangs, arm and leg ex- 
 ercises in them and changing to seats. See apparatus, track 
 and field work for girls and women. 
 
 C. Exercises on the Horizontal Bar. 
 
 Bars chest high. 
 
 I. Knee-hang and exercises in it, such as : 
 
 Knee-hand hang by one or both knees between or out- 
 side of hands and releasing one or both hands. 
 (Care!) 
 
 II. The various inverted hangs, front and rearways, and nest- 
 
 hangs by one or both feet. 
 
 III. The forward, inner and outer knee-swingup. 
 
 IV. The hip-swingup backward (frontways) with under grip. 
 
 50 
 
V. Leg and arm exercises in and from, the support frontways, 
 as : 
 
 Placing knee and foot on bar ; leg-swing over bar into 
 
 thigh seat and dropping backward ; followed by knee- 
 
 swingup forward ; the same forward with under grip. 
 
 V. Swing from the side squat, stand frontways, arms straight, 
 
 and variations. 
 
 D. Exercises on the Rings. 
 
 a) Rings chest high. 
 
 Forward or backward turn-over into the nest- 
 hang or inner or outer knee-hang, on one or 
 both knees. 
 
 b) Rings reach high. 
 
 I. Short (hip) swing with turn-over backw. into hangs under a. 
 
 II. Jumping into hangs with bent arms and swinging of legs in 
 
 the same. 
 
 Grades V-VI. 
 
 A. Exercises on the Buck. 
 
 I. Straddle vault forw. (variations and preparatory exercises); 
 
 buck placed lengthwise. 
 
 1. Straddle vault mount forw. into riding seat, straddle 
 
 vault forw. or front (vault) dismount sidew. left 
 (right), also turn dismount and scissors backw. 
 (See Horse, a, V.) 
 
 2. Long jump into support lying frontways, straddle 
 
 vault forw., dismount sidew., or scissors backw. 
 
 3. Straddle vault forw. with or without % or ]/ 2 turns, 
 
 with moving the board and mat. 
 
 4. Same as 3, over the buck placed sideways. 
 
 II. Combinations. 
 
 1. From cross-stand, jump with *4 turn into momen- 
 
 tary side support, alight into knee stand on mat, 
 and at once jump to knee stand on buck; knee 
 jump forw. with or without turns. 
 
 2. Same as 1, but in place of kneeling, leg swing mount 
 
 and various dismounts ; also straddle vault. 
 
 52 
 
B. Exercises on the Horse. 
 
 a) Horse placed sideways. 
 
 I. Preparatory exercises to the squat vault. (See Apparatus, 
 
 Track and Field Work for Girls and Women.) 
 
 II. Squat forw. to support rearways and also squat vault to the 
 
 stand with or without turns. From support rearways 
 the jump off may be executed with or without turning 
 left or right. 
 
 III. Leg swing mount on croup and neck. 
 
 IV. Front vault over croup and neck. (See Apparatus, Track, 
 
 etc.) 
 
 V. Preparatory exercises to the backw. scissors : Swinging legs ; 
 
 same to support lying ; scissors with *4 an d Yz turn 
 from support lying; swinging legs and closing them in 
 momentary free support ; scissors with *4 an d Yz turns. 
 
 VI. Forw. scissors developed by the same preparatory exercises 
 
 executed forw. 
 
 VII. Changing from riding seat to lying support front- or rear- 
 
 ways and then jumping off sidew. or forw. 
 
 b) Horse placed lengthways. 
 
 I. Simple forw. straddle vault mount into riding seat on croup, 
 
 saddle, or neck and dismount sidew. by rear vault or 
 front vault or the turn (leg swing) dismount. 
 
 II. Leg exercises from riding seat, such as : swinging legs forw. 
 
 or backw. with or without crossing, swinging into lying 
 support front- or rearways, etc. 
 
 III. Leg exercises in the lying support frontways and the va- 
 
 rious jump offs from the same. 
 
 C. Exercises on the Parallel Bars. 
 
 a) Bars chest high — placed lengthwise. 
 
 I. Cross stand rearways, outer grip, turn-over backw. into in- 
 
 verted hang, hips and knees bent, hammock hang on 
 both or one foot, and also stand and return. 
 
 II. Cross stand frontways, outer grip, jump into support and 
 
 swing one leg over opp. bar (or both legs over left or 
 right), turn (leg swing) mount into side lying support 
 frontways or straddle seat, leg swing dismount forw. 
 or backw. 
 
 54 
 
III. Change seat by forw. or backw. movement from the various 
 
 seats with and without intermediate jump. 
 
 IV. Moderate swinging in cross support, arms straight. 
 
 V. Swinging in forearm support, with or without leg exercises. 
 
 VI. Lying support frontways and arm, leg and trunk exercises 
 
 in the same. 
 
 b) Bars placed sideways. 
 
 I. Jump with y% turn into outer obi. seat on near bar, rear vault 
 
 into thigh, riding or obi. seat on far bar, or into cross 
 stand, rear (vault) dismount. 
 
 II. Same as 1, turn into lying support frontways, and leg exer- 
 
 cises in the same. 
 
 III. Mount as under 1, then intermediate swing between bars 
 
 and rear vault (also front vault for the stronger boys). 
 
 D. Exercises on the Horizontal Bar. 
 
 a) Chest high. 
 
 I. Hip swing up backw. with various grips. 
 
 II. Hip circle backw., upper grip. 
 
 III. Knee swing up forw., backw., inner or outer knee circle 
 
 forw. or backw. 
 
 IV. Turn-over backw., squat under bar into different knee hangs 
 
 or stand rearways. 
 
 V. In knee hang release both hands, place them on the floor and 
 
 drop to stand, or raise and lower trunk in knee hang.' 
 
 VI. Knee elbow circle forw. or backw., arms outside of legs and 
 
 well fixed at the elbows. Also hip elbow circle. 
 
 VII. Knee circle forw. or backw. on one knee with grip around 
 
 lower leg below bar. 
 
 b) Head high. 
 Same as under chest high. 
 
 c) Reach high. 
 
 I. Long swing with upper grip with or without leg exercises. 
 
 II. Same as 1, with y 2 turn left or right at the end of the forw. 
 
 swing. 
 
 III. Bending of arms with various grips, with or without leg 
 
 exercises. 
 
 IV. Same as III, and then changing into elbow or upper arm 
 
 hang. 
 
 56 
 
E. Exercises on the Rings. 
 
 a) Reach high. 
 
 I. Bending of the arms with and without leg exercises. 
 
 II. Turn-over backw. from short swing into various inverted 
 
 hangs, or nest hang on one or both feet, also from bent 
 arm hang. 
 
 III. Slow turn-over backw. 
 
 b) Reach high with buck. (Given for girls and boys of grades 
 VII and VIII.) 
 
 I. Swing with straight arms, with or without leg positions, and 
 
 jump off forw. 
 
 NOTE : Permit no bending of arms at first ; have pupils 
 swing from buck by bending knees to squat stand. 
 
 II. Same as I, with ]/ 2 turn left or right at the end of each 
 
 swing. 
 
 The turning above the buck may be executed with cross- 
 ing of the legs (scissors). 
 
 III. Long swing with bent arms, with and without leg positions 
 
 and jump off. 
 
 c) Shoulder high. 
 
 I. Turn-over forw. into the various inverted hangs and knee 
 
 hangs. 
 
 II. Jump into support, with assistance. 
 
 F. Exercises on the Knotted Climbing Rope and Rope 
 
 Ladder. 
 
 a) Climbing in the squat stand and ordinary stand on rope, 
 b) Climbing in front cross stand or front side stand on ladder, 
 with follow or over step with various grips. 
 
 Grades VII- VIII. 
 A. Exercises on the Buck. (Side or Long.) 
 
 Knee Mounts and Dismounts. 
 All exercises begin from a cross-stand or side-stand frontways 
 
 with running start, and terminate in the squat-stand. 
 I. Single knee mount with other leg raised forward, backward, 
 or sideward. Dismount in various ways : 
 a) From knee mount, dismount to same and opposite 
 side with leg-swing backward. 
 
 58 
 
b) Straddle vault dismount forward from the various 
 
 positions of single knee mount. 
 
 c) From the various mounts, lower to a cross riding- 
 
 seat, and straddle vault dismount forward without 
 the assistance of the hands. 
 
 d) From the knee mounts, come to a knee-stand, and 
 
 then the knee-jump forward, sideward, or back- 
 ward. 
 
 II. Single knee mount with other leg raised forward, sideward, 
 
 or backward. Jump to a squat-stand on buck. Rise to 
 a stand. Jump off forward, backward, or sideward. 
 
 III. Double knee mount. Jump to a squat-stand on buck. Rise 
 
 to a stand. Jump off forward, backward or sideward. 
 
 IV. With % or y 2 turn, single knee mount with other leg raised 
 
 forward, sideward, or backward. Dismount as in I 
 under a, b and d, or rising to stand and jumping. 
 
 V. With l /\ or y 2 turn, double knee mount. Dismount as in I 
 
 under d, or jump to a squat stand, then rise to a stand, 
 and jump off forward, backward, or sideward. 
 
 B. Exercises on the Horse, 
 
 a) Placed sideways. 
 
 I. Squat mount with one leg on saddle, neck, or croup with and 
 
 without T 4 or y 2 turns ; change into support or stand 
 and at once kneel ; knee jump forw. 
 
 II. Squat vault forw. into support rearways ; jump-off forw. 
 
 with Y\ or y 2 turns. 
 
 III. Squat vault forw. into support rearways and turn (leg 
 
 swing) mount into riding seat on neck or croup. 
 
 IV. Squat vault forw. with straightening legs forw. with, or with- 
 
 out y or y> turns. 
 
 V. Front vault mount into riding seat on croup or neck, change 
 
 seat by front vault swing (y 2 turn). 
 
 VI. Turn (leg swing) mount backw. into riding seat on croup 
 
 or neck, scissors forw. (to be developed), and dismount 
 backw. or forw. with or without turns. 
 
 VII. Side vault ; front vault. 
 
 VIII. Scissors backw. ; to be developed as in grades V and VI 
 
 if necessary. 
 
 60 
 
IX. From jump and support, leg swings under same and opp. 
 hand, and turn (leg swing) dismounts and mounts, also 
 squat to stand and support. 
 
 b) Placed lengthwise. 
 
 I. Front vault from obi. run and double take off. See Appar- 
 
 atus, Track, etc. 
 
 II. Straddle vault mount forw. on neck, lying support frontways, 
 
 leg swing dismount forw. or sidew. in various ways. 
 
 III. Leg swing mount left or right, also front vault mount ( l / 2 
 
 turn), scissors forw. or backw., lying support front- 
 ways or rearways, and dismount. 
 
 IV. Fencers rear vaults (see Apparatus, Track and Field Work) 
 
 and ordinary rear vault. 
 
 NOTE : For other exercises on buck, horse, parallel 
 
 bars, horizontal bar and rings, see Puritz, Maul, 
 
 Frohberg. first grade. 
 
 C. Exercises on the Parallel Bars. 
 
 See Maul, pages 1-17, group I-XVI, omitting exercise 6 of the 
 last group ; also page 20, group XX. 
 
 D. Exercises on the Horizontal Bar. 
 
 See Maul, pages 1-18, groups I-XVIII. 
 
 E. Exercises on the Rings. 
 
 See Puritz, pages 217-231, part III, a; omit exercises 11 and 12; 
 omit parts IV and V ; omit exercises b and c of part VII, group 
 7; also groups 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19. Omit parts 
 VIII and IX ; also exercises 12, 13 and 14 of part X. The 
 exercises of part XIII must be taken with moderate swing 
 and omit groups 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 ; of part XIV only the first 
 four groups should be taken. 
 
 APPARATUS EXERCISES FOR YOUTHS AND MEN. 
 
 A. Horse Placed Sideways. 
 
 I. Leg-swing mount and dismount (also front vault dismount), 
 
 beside and under (same) one hand into riding seats on 
 various parts of the horse. 
 
 II. Leg-swing forw. under same hand and leg-swing forw. with 
 
 turn-mount into riding seat. 
 
 62 
 
III. Leg-swing forw. and backw. under same hand. 
 
 IV. Forw. and backw. squatting singly and alternately in like 
 
 direction, and alternately in unlike direction. 
 
 V. Leg-swing backw. with turn-mount from support frontways. 
 
 With scissors. 
 
 B. Horse Placed Lengthwise. 
 
 I. The straddle vault forw. developed carefully ; to riding seat ; 
 
 to support lying; to stand. 
 
 II. The rear vault with turns inw. and outw. 
 
 III. Scissors forw. and backw., from riding to riding seat. 
 
 IV. Long jump into riding seat, squatting pos. or front lying- 
 
 support on neck ; and easy combinations, or dismount. 
 
 V. Rear and front vault mount and the various dismounts with 
 
 or without turns. 
 
 C. Parallel Bars. 
 
 I. Changing straddle seats with a forw. dip-swing; the same 
 
 with a backw. dip-swing, with moving from place. 
 Changing seats with a forw. and backw. dip-swing with- 
 out releasing the grip. 
 
 II. Front vault and side vault into supports (seats) and front 
 
 and side vault to stand. The side-vault from the inner 
 side stand to seats. 
 
 III. The rear and front vault from the dip-swing. 
 
 D. Horizontal Bar. 
 
 I. Knee and hip swing-up from the bent arm hang. 
 
 II. Knee and hip swing-up, squatting into hang rearways on 
 
 reach-high bar. 
 
 III. Rear and side vault as fencer's vault on hip- to waist-high 
 
 bar. Other vaults from side-stand frontways. 
 
 IV. Bent arm support on one arm on head-high bar from support 
 
 obtained in various ways, then from the hang. 
 Exercises on apparatus suitable for youths and men have been 
 given in class and division work and should be copied. Others 
 may be found in books by Puritz, Maul, Frohberg, Stecher's 
 German Gymnastics, and in Moller's "Vorturner." The latter is 
 very valuable for instructing men's classes. The above topics 
 are also suggested. 
 
 64 
 
DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF APPARATUS 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 (Entwickelung mid Steigerung von Gerateiibungen.) 
 
 This outline gives you examples, which will be taken through 
 in your floor work, illustrating the manner in which fundamental 
 apparatus exercises are to be developed, and a few examples of 
 their progression, so that the student will know how to proceed 
 with other exercises not given herein. The examples given must 
 be thoroughly mastered and remembered. In addition to these, 
 the student should be thoroughly familiar with : 
 
 a) Variations (Uebungsveranderungen) of fundamental ap- 
 
 paratus exercises ; 
 
 b) Combining exercises into combinations ( Uebungs verbin- 
 
 dungen ) . 
 
 There are simple and true sequences, any of which may be 
 arranged by a number of methods. The following are the most 
 important methods and must be clearly understood and mem- 
 orized : 
 
 1. To the initial exercises add various dismounts or terminal ex- 
 
 ercises. 
 
 Example a: Parallel bar; upper arm swing-kipp (initial 
 exercise), and front, rear, or flank vault. 
 
 2. To the initial exercise another is added with various dis- 
 
 mounts. The added exercise may be : 
 
 a) Always the same one; 
 
 b) Always a different one. 
 
 Example b: As a (Par. bar); add dip-swing (forw. or 
 backw.) to the kipp and the various dismounts; or add 
 shoulder or hand-stand and various dismounts ; or bent 
 or straight roll forw. or backw. to seats or support and 
 dismounts, etc. 
 
 3. The main exercise is preceded by various initial exercises : 
 
 Example c : Kipp on par. bar ; preceded by leg-swings and 
 straddle and rear vaults ; preceded by rolls (bent or 
 straight) ; by dip-swings, etc. 
 
 66 
 
4. Combinations from two distinctly different groups are exe- 
 cuted in alternation. 
 
 Example d : Side parallel bar : from side support-lying 
 frontways, squatting and squat-vault combinations alter- 
 nated with straddling and straddle-vault combinations. 
 
 A. Horse. 
 
 I. (I, E, W) Knee- jump.. See "Apparatus, Track and Field 
 
 Work for Girls and Women." 
 
 II. (I, E) Squat-vault zvith and without extending legs. See 
 
 "Apparatus, Track and Field Work." 
 
 III. Scissors backzvard and fonvard. See side horse, grades V- 
 
 VI. 
 
 1. (IE) Similar development on parallel bar over one, 
 
 both bars to straddle-seat. 
 
 2. (II E) The men of II E, may follow this with scissor 
 
 dismount forw. (%> T A turn), straddle scissor- 
 mount forw. (straddle forw. and "fa turn to riding- 
 / seat), and straddle scissor-vault (straddle forw., 
 
 3/2 turn, and straddle- vault) on end of long horse. 
 Execution : to side riding-seat ; to cross riding- 
 seat ; to support-lying ; to stand. 
 
 IV. (IE) Rear vault over side and long horse and as fencer's 
 
 vault. 
 
 1. Fencer's rear vault over long horse with l /\ and y?. 
 
 turns. See "Apparatus, Track and Field Work." 
 
 2. Rear vault over croup of long horse from a cross- 
 
 stand frontw. with turns. See "Apparatus, Track 
 and Field Work for Girls and Women." 
 
 3. Rear vault over side-horse with turns. See "Ap- 
 
 paratus, Track and Field Work." 
 Also executed over buck, horizontal and parallel bar. 
 
 V. (II E) Double rear vault over side horse (saddle). 
 
 1. Rear vault right (with J4 turn right) to stand. 
 
 2. Double rear vault mount right to riding-seat on croup. 
 
 3. Double rear vault to stand (with, without assistance). 
 
 68 
 
4. Same from 
 
 a) Leg-foreswing. 
 
 b) Support frontways. 
 
 c) Leg-swing backward under hand. 
 
 d) Leg-circling. 
 
 e) Scissors. (Two kinds.) 
 
 f) Flank-circle (double leg-circling). 
 
 g) a-f from stand at neck. 
 
 Progression in a sequence with exercises pre- 
 ceding the main exercise. 
 Rear vault (double) should be preceded by leg-swing under 
 hand leading to rear vault, then leg-swing turn-mount to rear 
 vault dismount ( Schraubenkreisen) with leg of same, of opposite 
 side, preceding the single rear vault 1) over saddle and croup; 
 2) over neck and saddle (when leg-swing is taken right). 
 
 VI. (I, II, E) Triple rear vault. 
 
 Side horse. Following the double rear vault. 
 Preparatory : From stand front of saddle or neck : 
 
 1. Double rear vault right to side balance-support on 
 
 croup. 
 
 2. As 1 ; add rear vault right (about left arm) to stand. 
 
 3. Triple rear vault right. 
 
 Progression in combinations with exercises preceding 
 the main exercises. 
 E. g. Same from 
 
 a) Foreswing. 
 
 b) Support. 
 
 c) Leg-swing backw. (Balance-support on one 
 pommel.) 
 
 d) Circling. 
 
 e) Scissors. 
 
 f) Double leg-circle. 
 
 g) Stand at neck and a-f; i. e., over neck and 
 saddle. 
 
 Also executed over buck, horizontal and parallel bar. 
 
 VII. (I, E) Flank vault over side horse. See "Apparatus, Track 
 
 and Field." 
 
 Also executed over buck, horizontal bar, parallel bar and 
 long horse. 
 
 70 
 
VIII. (I, E) Leg-swings and leg-circles on side horse. 
 
 a) Preliminary: 
 
 1. Double leg-swing sideward in support front- 
 
 ways and rearways. 
 
 2. Same in stride support. 
 
 3. As 2 from leg-swing forward under hand. 
 
 b) Swings and Circles. 
 
 1. Leg-swings under same hand and return. 
 
 2. Leg-swings under opp. hand and return. 
 
 a) From stand; b) from support frontways 
 and rearways. 
 
 3. Leg-circles from opp. to same hand. 
 
 4. Leg-circles from same to opp. hand. 
 
 a) From stand; b) from support frontways and rear- 
 ways. 
 
 IX. (II E) Flank {double leg) swing and circles. 
 
 1. As a 1 of Villa and flank-swing to support rearways, 
 
 dismount. 
 
 2. The same from rearways to frontways. 
 
 3. Combine 1 and 2 ; i. e., flank-swing to rearways, in- 
 
 termediate swing and return. 
 
 4. As 3, preceded by (a) fore-swing, (b) leg-swing 
 
 under hand. 
 
 5. Stand : flank-circle. 
 
 6. From (a) fore-swing, (b) leg-swing under hand. 
 
 7. Flank-circle left and right joined by intermediate 
 
 swing. 
 
 8. As 6, but combine circle left and right by a and b. 
 
 Combinations are arranged by adding different ter- 
 minal exercises and by having different initial 
 exercises precede. 
 
 X. (I, E) Straddle-vault forward. (Buck.) 
 
 See "Buck" grades V-VI. 
 
 72 
 
XL (I, II, E) Straddle-vault. (Buck.) 
 Variations and Progressions. 
 
 1. Straddle- vault. 
 
 2. Straddle-vault with clapping hands. 
 
 3. With raising buck. 
 
 4. With moving board or mat. 
 
 5. With one and no hand gripping. 
 
 6. With hip- and leg-raising. 
 
 7. With turns in rear of buck. 
 
 8. With turns in front of buck. 
 
 9. With turns in front and rear of buck. 
 
 10. Over rope in front of buck. 
 
 11. Over rope in rear of buck. 
 
 10 and 11 with moving board and raising rope. 
 Individuals may be placed in front and rear of 
 buck. 
 
 12. (II, E) Long horse: Giant straddle vault, i. e., strad- 
 
 dle vault with support on croup. Try squat vault 
 in same manner. 
 XII. (I, E) Front Vault. 
 
 a) Long horse. Board obliquely at side. Oblique run 
 
 from left side and double take-off. 
 
 b) Side horse; grip on end and pommel; grip on both 
 
 pommels. 
 
 Progression with grip on end and pommel and 
 
 vault over saddle. See "Apparatus, Track and 
 
 Field Work." 
 
 c) (I, II, E) Long horse. Fencers front vault. Oblique 
 
 run from left side of horse, take off right, and 
 grip with right hand only on croup. 
 
 1. Front vault mount left to riding-seat. 
 
 2. To support-lying frontways. 
 
 a) With placing left foot on first and follow- 
 ing quickly with right ; 
 
 b) With placing both feet on. 
 
 3. Front vault as fencer's vault. 
 
 4. (II, E) Front vault over croup of long horse 
 
 from a cross-stand. 
 
 a) To a riding-seat. 
 
 b) To support-lying frontways. 
 
 c) To a stand. 
 
 Also as front vault through hand-stand. 
 74 
 
XIII. (I, II, E) Long straddle- and squat-vault. 
 
 Long straddle-ancl long squat-vault is preceded by : 
 
 1. Long vault to 
 
 /and then straddle- and squat- 
 
 a) riding-seat \ vault dismount from support 
 
 b) support-lying \ lying and then momentary free 
 
 (support. 
 
 2. Straddle- and squat vault from stand on end of croup. 
 
 3. Long straddle and squat vault. Also stoop vault. 
 
 XIV. (I, II, E) Long jump to momentary free support on neck 
 
 and straddle-vault backward (scissors with l / 2 turn) to 
 a stand. (Long straddle-vault backward.) Long horse. 
 
 1. Long jump to lying support frontways, grip on neck, 
 
 and scissor-dismount with l /\ turn. (See III.) 
 
 2. As 1, with y 2 turn. 
 
 3. Jump to stand on croup and scissor-vault with y\ 
 
 turn. 
 
 4. With y 2 turn. (Straddle- vault backward.) 
 
 5. With J 4 turn from riding-seat, after swinging legs 
 
 backward to momentary free support. 
 
 6. As 5, with ]/i turn. (Straddle-vault backward.) 
 
 7. From running start. 
 
 Long stoop vault and long scissor vault may be devel- 
 oped in the same manner. 
 
 XV. a) (I, E) Scissors from forzvard stride support to side of 
 
 rear leg. 
 
 1. In stride support, left leg forward, leg-swing to right 
 
 and left side, closing legs on right side (four 
 times). 
 
 2. As 1 with hand-hopping right as legs strike together. 
 
 3. As 1 with scissors on second or third swing to seat on 
 
 thigh and quarter-turn dismount forward. 
 
 4. As 3 after scissors, intermediate swing and leg-swing 
 backward to stand frontways. 
 
 5. As 4 after intermediate swing, scissors to other side 
 
 and turn dismount forward. 
 
 6. As 5 without intermediate swing. 
 
 7. Four or more scissors in succession. 
 
 76 
 
b) (II, E) Flank scissors from same support as above. 
 
 1. As a 1, swing to left, to support lying sideways 
 
 right. 
 
 2. Repeat to momentary support lying sidew. right 
 
 and scissors (right leg forward) ; leg-swing 
 right backward to stand. 
 
 3. Flank scissors. 
 
 4. As 3, intermediate swing and repeat. 
 
 5. As 4 without intermediate swing. 
 
 6. Four or more scissors in succession. 
 
 XVI. Various starts for swinging exercises. Side horse. 
 
 1. (I, E) Single fore-swing (four times). 
 
 2. (II, E) Double fore-swing (four times). 
 
 3. As 1, preceded by whole turn -mount forward to fore- 
 
 swing and immediately to other side. (First from 
 stand.) 
 
 4. As 3, leading to double fore-swing. 
 
 5. Half turn mount right forward over croup to bal- 
 
 ance support over original right pommel and leg- 
 swing backward left with half turn to single and 
 double fore-swing beside right arm. 
 
 6. The half turn mount backward left, then half turn 
 
 and leg-swing to single and double fore-swing. 
 
 B. Parallel Bar. 
 
 I. (I, E) Straddle-seat changing forward. 
 
 1. From cross-support, center of bar, swing forward 
 
 into straddle-seat in front of hands; straighten 
 hips with raising arms sideward, regrasp and rear 
 vault dismount. 
 
 2. Repeat 1, but fall forw. with hips extended, grasp 
 
 forw. and front vault dismount. 
 
 3. As 2, but falling and front vault dismount combined. 
 
 4. As 3, but swing to support-lying frontways from 
 
 falling forw. 
 
 5. As 4, but instead of support-lying, swing to support 
 
 swing forw. to rear vault. 
 
 6. As 5, but to straddle-seat and continue changing 
 
 seats. 
 
 Change backward. (Seat in rear of hands.) 
 
 78 
 
7. Grasp backw. and rear vault dismount. 
 
 8. As 7, and swing backw. ; jump to stand. 
 
 9. As 8, swing to straddle-seat rear of hands. 
 
 10. Use riding and cross seat for seat changing forward 
 
 and backward. 
 Develop scissors backw. and forw. after they have been 
 learned on horse, over one bar, over both bars. 
 
 II. (I, E) Dip-, Fore- and Back-Swing. 
 
 1. In the support, bend and straighten arms. 
 
 2. Moderate swinging in the bent arm support at end 
 
 of bar and jump-off backw. with straightening 
 arms. 
 
 3. As 2, with straddling legs at end of back-swing. 
 
 4. From straddle-seat rear of hands, intermediate dip- 
 
 swing to same seat. 
 
 5. As 4, from and to support-lying frontways. 
 
 6. As 5, but to riding-, outer oblique, and cross-seat. 
 
 7. As 4, to straddle-seat in front of hands (continuous). 
 
 8. From support-lying frontways, to seat rear of hands. 
 
 9. Same from seats front of hands. (Straddle, riding, 
 
 oblique or cross.) 
 
 Emphasize straightening of arms at end of swings. 
 
 III. Shoulder-stands, upper arm-stands and rolls. 
 
 a) Shoulder-stand and upper arm-stand. 
 
 From: 1. Riding, outer cross and straddle seat. 
 
 2. Running start and jump, bar hip high. 
 
 3. Squat and balance support. 
 
 4. Swinging. (Much practice.) 
 
 Returning to support with swinging must be care- 
 fully taught ; dangerous on end of bar. Begin 
 the upper arm-stand after the shoulder-stand 
 has been learned. 
 
 b) Bent handspring turnover. 
 
 From: 1. Straddle seat at end of bar. 
 2. Swinging at end of bar. 
 
 80 
 
c) The bent roll forward and backward 
 
 1) From straddle seat to straddle seat. 
 
 2) As 1, with closing and opening legs. 
 
 3) As 1, but to the arm hang and hang swinging. 
 
 4) Bent roll backward from arm hang to hang 
 
 (seat). » 
 
 d) The straight roll forward and backward. 
 
 1) From upper arm-stand. 
 
 2) From swinging in the arm hang. 
 
 a) to a seat (straddle) ; b) to arm hang; c) 
 backward to bent and straight support. 
 
 IV. (I, II, E) Development of kipp. 
 
 a) Swing in upper arm hang (correct swinging and 
 
 jumping to upper arm hang-swinging must precede 
 this) and turnover backw. to kipp position (in- 
 verted balance-hang), and: 
 
 1. Straighten hips forcibly to hang (swing). 
 
 2. As 1 (kipp) to straddle-seat front of hands. 
 
 3. As 1, to riding-seat. 
 
 4. As 1, to outer cross (or oblique) seat. 
 
 5. As 1, to support. 
 
 And dismount with front and rear vault. 
 
 b) Progression: (Falling to upper arm hang — to kipp 
 
 position.) 
 
 1. From straddle-seat front of hands and kipp. 
 
 2. From end of fore-swing in support and kipp. 
 
 3. From end of back-swing in support and kipp. 
 
 c) Combinations by adding other exercises. 
 
 V. (I, II, E) Squat- and straddle-vault from side lying-support 
 
 to inner stand and return ; over both bars to stand. (Bar 
 sideways.) Other vaults over the side parallel bar. 
 a) Squat- and straddle-vault from support-lying. 
 
 1. Support-lying; squat to stand on bar. 
 
 2. Support-lying; squat to center. 
 
 3. As 2, then squat backw. to stand on bar. 
 
 4. As 2, then squat backw. to stand. 
 
 5. As 4, to support-lying. 
 
 6. As 5, then squat-vault over both bars. 
 
 82 
 
b) Proceed in the same manner with the straddle-vault. 
 
 c) Alternations of a and b. 
 
 d) a and b from a running start with support on far 
 
 bar, near bar, one bar higher than the other. Other 
 vaults over the side parallel bar. 
 Also flank-vault to inner side-suoport ; to side sup- 
 port-lying rearways (grip on near bar). 
 
 e) Squat-, straddle- and other vaults over both bars, 
 
 support on a) far, b) near bar from a running 
 start. 
 
 VI. (I, E) a) Leg-swing from side support lying to seats, vaults 
 
 and supports. 
 
 1. Leg-swing right outward forward and between bar, 
 
 return swing and front vault dismount right. 
 
 2. As 1, but several circles precede. 
 
 3. As 2 over both bars. (2 can probably be omitted.) 
 
 4. As 1 with return swing, quarter turn right to straddle 
 
 seat in front of hands, scissors; rear vault dis- 
 mount. 
 
 5. As 4, but momentary straddle seat. 
 
 6. As 4, but immediately rear vault dismount left in- 
 
 stead of straddle seat. 
 
 7. As 4, but to support instead of seat. 
 
 Other exercises can be added later from seat and 
 support. 
 
 b) Leg circling from side support lying. 
 
 1. Leg-circle right under left leg and forward between 
 
 bars and continue as above (2-7). 
 
 2. As 1, but flank dismount to inner side stand. 
 
 3. Alternate continuous leg-circles inward and forward 
 
 between bars and add 2-7 of a. 
 
 VII. 1. (I, E) Development of rear vault, end of bar, to support. 
 
 Bar shoulder or breast high. 
 
 a) Jump to momentary support with %. turn and double 
 
 leg-swing forw. (with both legs). 
 
 b) Rear vault mount right to oblique seat in front of 
 
 left hand. 
 
 c) To straddle-seat. 
 
 d) To support. 
 
 84 
 
2. (II, E) Double rear vault. 
 
 a) As 1 d, but to riding seat front of right hand. 
 
 b) To outer oblique seat in front of right hand. 
 
 c) To stand. 
 
 Progression : Higher bar. Combinations before the above 
 exercises. 
 
 a) From the support-swing to 1) straddle-seat; sup- 
 
 port; 2) riding-seat, oblique seat, stand. 
 
 b) As a, preceded by leg-swing under the same and 
 
 opp. hand ; rear vault ; straddle-vault. 
 
 c) Kipp from the jump; fall-kipp, also glide-kipp. 
 
 Then 1 and 2. 
 
 VIII. (II E) Double rear vault to various seats; to support. 
 
 Execution from a side stand frontways. Combinations. 
 
 IX. (II, E) Slow rise (pull stem) at end of bar. 
 
 a) Alternate arm slow rise ) , , 
 
 , ; „ , , , . > to support, to balance support. 
 
 b) Double arm slow rise \ 
 
 X. (I, II, E) Szving-stem or rise. 
 
 No preparatory exercises. Dip-swing forw. and bac'-w. 
 and slow pull-stem must be known. 
 
 1. Swing rise backw. Arms must not be bent. 
 
 2. Progression in combinations with exercises follow- 
 
 ing the initial exercise. 
 
 a) To seats in rear of hands; to support-lying 
 
 frontways. 
 
 b) Several swing-stems (rises) from falling to up- 
 
 per arm hang-swinging. 
 
 c) Kipp, or several swing-stems. (Drop back- 
 
 ward.) 
 
 d) Drop-kipp (inverted balance-hang). 
 
 e) Scissors. 
 
 f) (II, E) Elbow lever. 
 
 g) Forward dip-swing and add. 
 h) To shoulder- and hand-stand. 
 
 3. Swing rise forw. Hips straight. Arms must not be 
 
 bent. 
 
 4. Progression in combinations with exercises following 
 
 the main exercise. 
 
 a) To seats in front of hands; to support-lying 
 rearways. 
 
 86 
 
b) Several swing-stems (rises) from falling to 
 
 upper arm hang-swinging. 
 
 c) To roll forw. (Bent, straight roll.) 
 
 d) Scissors in back-swing; with forw. rise. 
 
 e) To arm-kipp and (II) drop-kipp, etc. 
 
 f) (II, E) To balance-support. 
 
 g) ( II, E) Shoulder-, upper arm- and hand-stand. 
 
 C. Horizontal Bar. 
 
 I. (I, E) Hip swingup backward to support frontways. 
 
 (Shoulder high.) 
 
 1. Under grip, one leg raised backward, arms bent; four 
 
 boards under bar. Run to edge of board and swing 
 up to support with bent knees and hips. 
 
 2. Repeat. Remove one board at a time. 
 
 3. Repeat from stride-stand, or one leg raised backw. 
 
 No boards. 
 
 4. Repeat with extended knees. 
 
 5. As 4, to correct support. 
 
 6. Mixed and upper grip. 
 
 7. After leg-raising to bar has been learned, in the hang 
 
 (still) : Slow hip-pullup to support frontways. 
 
 II. The under-szving and the long-swing. 
 
 a) Horizontal bar height of eyes. 
 
 1. Under-swing to stand from stand frontways. 
 
 2. The same over rope ; raise rope gradually. 
 
 b) Raise bar to head, above head, and finally reach high. 
 
 1. Under-swing to stand from stand under bar 
 
 with upper grip; pass through inverted bal- 
 ance-hang. 
 
 2. Over the gradually raised rope. 
 
 c) Under-swing to stand on jump high bar from stand 
 
 under bar. Pass through the inverted balance- 
 hang, knees at bar, from a forcible jump. 
 
 d) Under-swing to stand from support frontways on 
 
 bar head, reach and jump high. 
 
 1. Pass through inverted balance-hang with 
 
 straight arms, shins or knees near bar, and 
 straighten hips forcibly. 
 
 2. May also be practiced over rope. 
 
 3. To hang-swing on jump high bar. 
 
 88 
 
e) Long-swing (swing-start) on jump high bar. 
 
 Proceed as under c, but swing instead of jump-off. 
 Observe arm straightening with the under-swing; 
 there is a tendency to keep arms bent. 
 The long swing should have previously been prac- 
 ticed from a running start. 
 
 III. (I, E) Knee-swingup, inner and outer from hand-knee-hang. 
 
 a) Preparatory. 
 
 1. With placing arm on bar to assist. 
 
 2. After several swings in the inner (hand) knee- 
 
 hang between hands (3-2-1 swings for chil- 
 dren). 
 
 3. As 2, but as outer knee swingup. 
 
 IV. (I, E) Knee-swingup and knee-swingoff. (Bar shoulder and 
 
 head high.) 
 Preparatory : 
 
 1. Leg-raising to inverted balance-hang frontways; knee 
 
 at bar. 
 
 2. As 1, then free leg-swing left (right) under bar; 
 
 close legs and lower. 
 
 3. As 2 ; after free leg-swing, knee-swingup (use ex- 
 
 tended pendant leg vigorously) ; knee-swingoff to 
 free leg-hold ; close legs ; lower. 
 
 4. All in one swing — knee-swingup ; swingoff. 
 
 Continued on jump high bar. 
 
 5. From jump to bent arm-hang and immediately 
 
 knee-swingup ; swingoff. 
 
 6. From straight hang, bend arms, and then immedi- 
 
 ately knee-swingup ; swingoff. 
 From swing requires new preparatory exercises for 
 swinging. 
 
 V. (I, E) Knee-, Hip-, Crotch- and Straddle-swingup from side 
 
 seat and support by dropping to inverted balance-hang. 
 
 1. Outer knee-swingup forward (beside hand) drop- 
 
 ping from support. First from thigh seat. 
 
 2. Hip-swingup rearways, dropping from side-seat. 
 
 3. Crotch-swingup forw., dropping from seat on one 
 
 thigh. 
 
 4. Double knee-swingup forw. from side-seat. 
 
 90 
 
5. Straddle knee-swingup forw. from seat (hands be- 
 
 tween legs.) 
 
 6. Same, keeping knees extended. (Straddle-swingup.) 
 
 Seat-circle backw. and forw. Straddle-circle forw 
 and backw. Crotch-circle forw. and backw. 
 
 VI. (I, E) Knee-, crotch, and hip-swingup from swinging. 
 
 Preparatory exercises : 
 
 1. Raise legs to inverted balance-hang frontways at end 
 
 of forw. swing; lower with backw. swing. 
 
 2. As 1 to bent knee and hip inverted hang (inverted 
 
 squat-hang) (Anhocken zum Anristen) ; back- and 
 foreswing and straighten body to long swing. 
 
 3. As 1, and leg-swing under bar to (hand) knee-hang. 
 
 4. As 3, but immediately outer knee-swingup forw. 
 
 Knee-swingoft to stand. 
 
 5. As 3, but squat forw. instead of leg-swing to (hand) 
 
 knee-hang. 
 
 6. As 5, but immediately inner knee-swingup forw. 
 
 7 . As 6, but inner crotch-swingup. 
 
 8. Swinging (bent, then straight hang) and hip-swing- 
 
 up. (Half giant.) 
 
 9. From support: a) Body-swingoff ; 1) to stand; 2) to 
 
 hang-swinging. (Care!) . 
 
 b. Body-swingoff backw. (Abhurten) to swinging 
 hang and hip-swingup (half giant) ; also 
 later to free support. (Care!) 
 
 VII. (II, I, E) Vaults from support. Chest to head high and 
 
 later higher. 
 
 1. Flank, front, rear vault. 
 
 2. Same with y^ and x /-2 turns. 
 
 3. Squat-, straddle-vault. Squat-straddle-vault. 
 
 4. Hand-stand and : front vault ; hand-spring turnover ; 
 
 squat-vault ; straddle-vault. 
 Preceded by kipp, drop-, glide-, swingkipp. 
 
 92 
 
VIII. (II, E) Knee-, crotch-, hip-swingup rearzvays and strad- 
 
 dle-swingup. 
 From: 
 
 1. Bent hip inverted hang (inverted balance-hang ; ob- 
 
 tained from the hang. 
 
 2. A stand frontways. (Low bar.) 
 
 3. A stand rearways. (Low bar.) 
 
 4. Swinging, mixed grip, and 
 
 a) Half-turn backw. about lower grip arm; 
 
 b) Half-turn forw. about upper grip arm; (Same 
 
 turns as in turn kipp.) 
 Preparatory : Cross arms at end of backswing. 
 Turns may occur a) during the swing, or b) at end 
 
 of swing. 
 
 IX. (I, II, E) Kipp. (Progression and sequences.) 
 
 1. From swinging with upper, mixed, under, and re- 
 
 verse under grip. Combine as under 2. 
 With changing grip in free support. 
 
 2. From the hang with upper, mixed, and under grip : 
 
 with changing grip in the inverted balance-hang. 
 Combine with vaults, hip-circles backw. and forw., 
 knee- and crotch-circles. 
 
 3. From the jump and immediately kipp. 
 
 4. With dropping from the support ; outer thigh-seat 
 
 left and leg-swing backw., same between hands 
 and squat ; support rearways and squat backw. ; 
 straddle-seat and straddle backw. 
 
 5. (II, E) Turn-kipp. Turn is either in center of back- 
 
 swing or at end of backswing. Turn a) backw. 
 about under grip hand; b) forward about upper 
 grip hand, a) may lead to both upper or mixed 
 grip; b) may lead to both under or mixed grip. 
 Progression by adding exercises. 
 
 X. (I, II, E) Swing-stem or rise. Bar jump high. 
 
 Starting with: a) Jump to hang and immediate swing. 
 
 b) Swing from still hang. 
 
 c) Underswing from support. 
 1. Momentary swing-stem (rise) repeatedly. 
 
 94 
 
2. Finally swing-stem, followed by hip-circle backw. 
 No. 1 must be constantly practiced to acquire the 
 swing-stem. 
 
 There are no preparatory exercises on the hori- 
 zontal bar. Progression : To support ; several 
 times. To support with different grips. To sup- 
 port with changing grip in the momentary sup- 
 port of one and both hands. To support with 
 leg-swing beside hand, vaults, circles, etc. 
 
 XI. (II, E) Variations of swing-stems. Turn-swing -stem. 
 
 1. Mixed grip. Upper grip hand crosses over grasping 
 
 upper grip at end of backswing and turn and stem 
 (rise) with forw. swing. (Under grip hand may 
 grasp under.) 
 
 2. Upper grip. One hand crosses over other and re- 
 
 grasps upper grip at end of backw. swing, etc. 
 Same from support. 
 
 3. Swing upper grip and turn at end of forw. swing; re- 
 
 lease and regrasp upper or mixed grip a) one after 
 other; b) simultaneously. 
 
 4. Munich. (Mimchner.) 
 
 Progression: 1 and 2 from free hip-circle (or giant 
 swing). 3 or 1 to vaults over bar; to hand- 
 stand. 
 
 XII. Slow rise and hip pull up frontways and rearways. 
 
 96 
 
EXERCISES ON DOUBLE APPARATUS. 
 
 Care should be taken in combining different apparatus since 
 many such combinations give rise to dangerous exercises. The 
 placing of two apparatus together should give rise to new exer- 
 cises which are peculiar to the apparatus. The following are sug- 
 gestions : 
 
 A. Two Bucks (Lengthwise); Two Steps Distance 
 Between. 
 
 1. Straddle-vault over both bucks with intermediate jump; also 
 
 without and with turn. 
 
 2. Flank or rear vault over first and straddle-vault over second 
 
 buck. 
 
 3. Bent roll over first, and straddle, rear, or side vault over sec- 
 
 ond buck. 
 
 4. As 1, but bent roll, or flank or rear vault over second buck. 
 
 5. Squat-vault over first, and straddle-vault, etc., roll over sec- 
 
 ond buck. 
 
 6. Long vault, hopping from first to second into riding-seat on 
 
 second buck. (Difficult.) 
 
 7. As 6, to stand (over both). Squat-vault over both. 
 
 B. Buck (Lengthwise) and Horse (Sideways); One Step 
 Distance Between. 
 
 1. Straddle-vault over buck (or other mounts and vaults) into 
 
 stand in front of horse and vaults over horse. (Also 
 mounts and dismount.) Straddle-vault over buck into sup- 
 port on horse and leg-swings (Spreizen). 
 
 2. Long vault, hopping from buck to pommels into support- 
 
 lying frontways and : Squat-, straddle-, rear, front, side 
 vault ; also bent roll forw. and hand spring (arms bent or 
 straight) forw. to stand. 
 
 3. As 2, to an immediate squat- or straddle-vault, or to hand 
 
 spring. 
 
 98 
 
C. Horizontal Bar and Buck. 
 
 Buck (lengthwise) is placed far enough away so that the gym- 
 nast can swing over it (hanging on bar) with straddled 
 legs. Arrange exercises according to the following topics. 
 
 1. From a stand on the buck lead to exercises on the bar in 
 
 hang, support and both. Finish with underswing to stand. 
 
 2. As 1, but return to stand on buck from swing or support on 
 
 bar. 
 
 3. Vaults over buck to hang-swinging on bar and then as 1 
 
 and 2. 
 
 D. Horse (Sideways) with Buck (Lengthwise) Placed Close 
 
 to Saddle on Far Side. 
 
 1. Jump with support on pommels and squat forward into rid- 
 
 ing-seat on buck. 
 
 2. As 1, into closed cross-seat (legs together). 
 
 3. As 1, into support-lying rearways on buck. 
 
 4. As 1, into cross-seat on one thigh. 
 
 5. As 1, with 34 an d 3^ turn l ett , releasing right hand, into side 
 
 riding-seat on buck. 
 
 Dismount from all the above exercises. 
 
 6. Straddle vault mount with support on pommels and hand- 
 
 jump to buck into riding-seat on buck. 
 
 7. As 6, but regrasp pommels into riding-seat ; into support- 
 
 lying ; with scissors into cross-seat on one thigh ( 34 turn 
 left leads to cross-seat on right thigh on buck). 
 
 8. As 7, with y 2 turn into riding-seat ; or support-lying on buck. 
 
 9. Straddle vault to stand, support on pommels. 
 10. Rear vault into seat and seat-changing. 
 
 E. Horse (Sideways) with Buck at Croup and Neck on 
 
 Far Side Placed Close to Horse. 
 
 (Companion Exercises: Gesellschaftsubungen.) Two at a time. 
 
 1. Stand on horse. Deep jump over buck. 
 
 2. Squat-stand on horse ; sink to knee-stand on buck. Knee- 
 
 jump oft" forw. 
 
 3. Knee-stand on horse ; knee- jump into riding-seat on buck ; 
 
 dismount forward. 
 
 4. As 3, but knee-jump into stand and deep jump forward. 
 
 5. As 3, but knee-jump over buck into stand. 
 
 100 
 
6. Squat forward into riding-seat, close cross-seat, support-lying 
 
 on buck. 
 
 7. As 6, from riding-seat, scissors and front vault dismount 
 
 backward. 
 
 8. As 6, from riding-seat, swing legs forward with l / 2 turn into 
 
 support-lying rearways. 
 
 9. As 6, into riding-seat with ^4 turn outward ; turn-dismount. 
 
 10. As 7 and 8, then squat forward to support or to stand. 
 
 11. Rear vault swing ontward into various seats; with l /\. turn 
 
 into side-seat on buck (inner side) ; also into support rear- 
 ways on buck (inner side). 
 
 12. Roll forward into riding-seat on buck ; into stand. 
 
 13. From riding-seat on buck, roll backward to stand. 
 
 F. Horse (Sideways) Close to Parallel Bar (Lengthwise); 
 Pommels in Line with Beams of Bars. 
 
 1. Squat vault into support rearways on horse (support on pom- 
 
 mels) and 
 
 a) Swing legs forward into straddle-seat in front of hands 
 
 on parallel bar. Dismount. 
 
 b) As a, with % turn and turn-dismount. 
 
 c) As a, into outer cross-seat in front of hands, and rear 
 
 vault dismount over both bars. 
 
 d) As a, with scissors (}4 turn) into straddle-seat; front 
 
 vault dismount. 
 From a to c : Bent roll forw., kipp and vault to stand. 
 
 2. Squat-vault as in 1, to balance-support (legs forw.) and im- 
 
 mediately add the above exercises. 
 
 3. Rear vault into riding-seat, straddle-seat, support rearways, 
 
 and rear vault to cross-stand at parallel bar ; also hop forw. 
 to support on par. bar and squat-vault backw. to stand 
 (over horse) ; also rear vault right (left) over one bar 
 and croup of horse. Jump and rear vault over both bars 
 (with T 4 turn) to side-stand rearways. Rear vault over 
 both bars into riding-seat on croup of horse and rear vault 
 dismount over both bars (left to stand.) 
 
 4. Straddle-vault (jump from pommers to parallel bar) into 
 
 a) Straddle-seat rear of hands ; 
 
 b) Cross-seat rear of hands; 
 
 c) Swing forw. and vault to stand; 
 
 d) Swing forw. and bent roll backw. to stand. 
 
 102 
 
5. Long vault (jump from pommels to par. bar) to front vault 
 left and right ; also to bent roll forw. Double rear vault. 
 
 G. Buck (Lengthwise) with Low Parallel Bar 
 (Lengthwise). 
 
 1. Jump into riding-seat on buck ; grasp forw. and bent roll 
 
 forw. into various seats ; straddle, riding, cross, or oblique. 
 Dismount. 
 
 2. As 1, with support on parallel bar ; bent roll forw. into seats, 
 
 etc. 
 
 3. Jump into stand on buck, and then : 
 
 a) Fall forw. into support-lying frontways and bent roll, 
 
 or shoulder stand, or szving foriv., and dismount. 
 Roll and kipp over bar left or right to stand. 
 
 b) Jump forw. into support and vault to stand ; also swing 
 
 leg over bar (Spreizen) ; scale, etc. 
 
 4. a) Long jump with support on buck and hand-jump into 
 
 straddle seat behind hands. Dismount. 
 
 b) With support on parallel bar only. 
 
 c) 4 a and b into support. Add other exercises. 
 
 104 
 
GAMES. 
 
 Page numbers refer to Stecher's ''Games and Dances." 
 
 Grades I and II. 
 A. Tag and Teasing Games. 
 
 I. Circle Formation. (20 ft. for 30-40 players.) 
 
 1. Cat and mouse. (Judgment.) P. 17. 
 
 2. What are you doing in my garden? (Judgment.) P. 17. 
 
 3. Ruth and Jacob. (Hearing.) P. 26. 
 
 4. Skipping Tag. (Reaction.) P. 19. 
 
 5. Come Along. (Reaction.) P. 27. 
 
 II. Other Formations. (Field 35-40 ft. for 30-40 players.) 
 
 1. Hand Tag. Quiet. (Reaction; secondarily, accuracy of 
 motion.) P. 19. 
 
 2. Squat or Stoop Tag. (As 1.) P. 19. Hands on floor. 
 
 3. Change Tag. (Judgment, accuracy, discrimination.) 
 
 P. 25. 
 
 4. Black Man. (Reaction, judgment.) 
 
 B. Games with Apparatus. (Ball, Beanbag.) 
 
 Tossing and Catching. 
 
 a) Stationary Goal. 
 
 1. Bag Board. (Accuracy of motion.) P. 27. 
 
 2. Bag in the Ring. (Accuracy of motion.) P. 27. 
 
 3. Bound Ball. (Accuracy of motion.) P. 20. 
 
 4. Ring Toss. (Accuracy of motion.) 
 
 5. Catch the Wand. (Accuracy of motion; secondarily, re- 
 
 action.) P. 26. 
 
 b) Movable Goal. 
 
 1. Toss Bag, or ball up and catch it. (Reaction and stead- 
 
 iness of motion.) P. 27. 
 
 2. Teacher and Class. — Various grips. (Accuracy of mo- 
 
 tion.) 
 
 3. Spin the Plate. (Accuracy of motion; sec, reaction.) 
 P. 25. 
 
 4. Stand-Dodgeball. (Reaction, accuracy of motion.) P. 27. 
 
 106 
 
C. Competitive Games. 
 
 I. Individual Competition. 
 
 1. Running Races. (Reaction.) P. 18. 
 
 2. Hopping Races. (Reaction.) P. 18. 
 
 3. On Fours. (Reaction.) P. 18. 
 
 II. Group or Team Competition. 
 
 1. Bean Bag Relay. 
 
 D. Antagonistic or Combative Games. 
 
 Individual Combats. 
 
 Hand pulling. (Judgment.) 
 
 E. Quiet Games. 
 
 1. Button, button. (Sight.) P. 146. 
 
 2. Simon Says "Thumbs Up." (Discrimination.) P. 143. 
 
 F. Song Games. (Happiness.) 
 
 1. Did you ever see a lassie? P. 4. 
 
 2. Oats, Peas, Beans. P. 8. 
 
 3. Carousal. 
 
 4. Soldier Boy. 
 
 5. "How do you do my partner?" 
 
 Grades III and IV. 
 
 Review important games of Grades I and II. 
 
 A. Tag and Teasing Games. 
 
 I. Circle Formation. 
 
 1. Beetle is out. (The twisted kerchief, etc.) (Reaction.) 
 
 P. 36. 
 
 2. (Circle Tag.) (Reaction.) P. 52. 
 
 II. Other Formations. 
 
 1. Water Sprite. (Hill Dill, Cross Over.) (Reaction, judg- 
 
 ment.) P. 39. 
 
 2. Third Tag and Run. (Reaction, accuracy of motion.) 
 
 P. 35. 
 
 3. Pussy wants a corner. (Judgment, reaction.) P. 35. 
 
 4. Fox and Chickens. (Judgment, reaction.) P. 38. 
 
 5. Black Man. (Reaction.) P. 49. 
 
 6. Last Pair Run. (Judgment.) P. 52. 
 
 7. Red Rover. (Reaction.) P. 53. 
 
 108 
 
B. Games with Apparatus. 
 
 Tossing and Catching. 
 
 a) Stationary Goal. 
 
 1. Guess who. (Sight, accuracy of motion.) P. 38. 
 
 2. Catch the Wand. (Clapping hands, etc.) (Accuracy of 
 
 motion.) P. 26. 
 
 3. Duck on the Rock. (Accuracy of motion; sec, reaction.) 
 
 P. 37. 
 
 b) Movable Goal. 
 
 1. Day Ball. (Reaction, accuracy of motion.) P. 39. 
 
 2. Toss Up ; Number Ball ; Flower Ball ; Catch Ball ; Drop 
 
 Ball. (Reaction, accuracy of motion.) P. 51. 
 
 C. Competitive Games. 
 
 I. Individual Competition. 
 
 Review appropriate games. 
 
 II. Group or Team Competition. 
 
 1. Relay Races. (Reaction and accuracy of motion.) P. 21. 
 
 2. Potato Race. (Different forms.) P. 38. 
 
 3. Black and White. Day and Night. North or South. (Re- 
 
 action, discrimination.) P. 52. 
 
 D. Antagonistic or Combative Games. 
 
 I. Individual Combats. 
 
 1. Foot in the Ring. Rooster Fight. (Judgment.) P. 51. 
 
 2. Hand Pulling and Pushing. (Judgment.) P. 50. 
 
 II. Group Combats. 
 
 1. Tug of War. (Judgment, reaction, accuracy and steadi- 
 
 ness of motion.) 
 
 2. Pushing and Pulling of couples on one wand. (As 
 
 above.) 
 
 E. Quiet Day Games. 
 
 1. Buzz. (Discrimination.) P. 44. 
 
 2. Arms, Legs and Trunk. (Discrimination.) P. 143. 
 
 3. Floating Feather. P. 145. 
 
 4. Save yourself if you can. (Reaction.) P. 144. 
 
 F. Games of Low Organization. 
 
 1. End Ball. P. 54. 
 
 2. Jolly is the miller. 
 
 3. The Wreath. 
 
 4. Mow, mow the oats. 
 
 110 
 
Grades V and VI. 
 
 Review important games of grades III and IV. 
 
 A. Tag and Teasing Games. 
 
 I. Circle Formation. 
 
 1. Three Deep. (Tag the Third.) (Reaction.) P. 70. 
 
 II. Other Formations. 
 
 1. Hat Ball. (Nigger Babies; Pitch Cap.) (Reaction.) P. 
 87. 
 
 2. Lame Goose. (Reaction, accuracy of motion.) P. 49. 
 
 B. Games with Apparatus. (Tossing and Catching.) 
 
 a) Stationary Goal. 
 
 1. Ring Toss. (Accuracy of motion.) P. 67. 
 
 2. Quoits. (Accuracy of motion.) P. 67. 
 
 3. Basket and Hurl Ball ; far throw. P. 85. 
 
 4. Tower Ball. (Accuracy of motion.) P. 85. 
 
 b) Movable Goal. 
 
 1. Hoop Toss. (Grace Hoops.) (Accuracy of motion.) P. 
 
 67. 
 
 2. Jumping Circle; hopping circle; shot bag. (Reaction; 
 
 secondarily, accuracy of motion.) P. 70. 
 
 3. Wall Ball. (Reaction, accuracy of motion.) P. 84. 
 
 4. Pass Ball. (Reaction.) P. 84. 
 
 5. Dodge Ball. (Accuracy of motion, reaction.) P. 88. 
 
 6. Double Dodge Ball. (Accuracy of motion, reaction.) 
 
 P. 81. 
 
 7. Battle Ball (Clubs) ; Bombardment (no clubs). (Ac- 
 
 curacy of motion, reaction.) VII and VIII. P. 123. 
 
 8. Poison; Poison Snake; Wrestling circle. (Accuracy of 
 
 motion; secondarily, reaction, judgment.) P. 66. 
 
 C. Competitive Games. 
 
 I. Individual Competition. 
 
 1. Obstacle Race, around, over and under objects. 
 
 2. Running race on hands and feet, forward, backw.,. 
 
 sidew. 
 
 3. Rabbit Race (hands and feet at the same time). 
 
 4. Three Legged Race. 
 
 5. Sack Race. 
 
 112 
 
6. Medley Race. (A combination of several of the above.) 
 
 7. Egg Race (Spoon Race). Carrying an egg or other ob- 
 
 ject in a spoon. 
 
 II. Group or Team Competition. 
 
 1. Relay Race. (Shuttle.) P. 65. 
 
 2. Bail Relay. (Overhead, between the feet, over and back.) 
 
 P. 68. 
 
 3. Medicine Ball. (Accuracy of motion, reaction.) 
 
 4. Overtake (Chase Relay). (Accuracy of motion.) P. 83. 
 
 5. Rob and Run. (Reaction.) P. 86. 
 
 6. Human Burden Race. 
 
 D. Antagonistic or Combative Games. 
 
 I. Individual Contests. Review. 
 
 II. Group Combats. 
 
 Hopping contests, hop and pull, hop and push, foot in the 
 ring, free hopping, rooster fight. P. 66. 
 
 E. Games of Low Organization. 
 
 1. Corner Ball. (Accuracy of motion.) P. 72. 
 
 2. Volley Ball. (First Form.) P. 83. 
 
 3. Baseball as playground ball. P. 71. 
 
 4. Rabbits. P. 81. 
 
 5. Base-Dodgeball. P. 89. 
 
 6. Soccer-Football. (First Form.) P. 90. 
 
 F. Song Games. 
 
 1. Carousal. 
 
 2. Will you dance with me? 
 
 3. Shoemaker, mend my shoes. 
 
 4. I see you. 
 
 5. Cobbler. 
 
 Grades VII and VIII. 
 A. Review Important Games of Previous Grades. 
 
 B. Games with Apparatus. 
 
 Tossing and Catching. Movable Goal. 
 
 1. Progressive Dodgeball. (Three teams.) P. 104. 
 
 2. Dodgeball in three fields. (Two teams.) P. 106. 
 
 3. Run-Dodgeball. P. 107. 
 
 114 
 
C. and D. Review Appropriate Competitive and Combative 
 
 Games. 
 
 E. Organized Games and Games with Apparatus. 
 
 1. Punch Ball. P. 104. 
 
 2. Captain Ball. P. 108. 
 
 3. Prisoners' Base ; Dare Base. P. 103. 
 
 4. Hand Ball. P. 124. 
 
 5. Field Ball. P. 125. 
 
 6. Battle Ball (clubs); Bombardment (no clubs). P. 123. 
 
 7. Soccer-Football. (Second Form.) P. 112. 
 
 8. Goal Ball. P. 127. 
 
 9. Captain-Dodgeball. P. 126. 
 
 Grades IX and XII. 
 
 Review important games of grades VII and VIII. 
 
 A. Competitive Games. 
 
 Group or Team Competition. Human Race. 
 
 B. Organized Games and Games with Apparatus. 
 
 1. Volley Ball. (Second Form.) High organization. P. 108. 
 
 2. Rider Ball. P. 123. 
 
 3. Basketball. (High organization.) 
 
 4. Soccer-Football. (Third Form.) P. 130. 
 
 HUMOROUS ATHLETIC EVENTS. 
 
 At picnics and entertainments the following events may be 
 found serviceable. 
 
 1. Sack Race. (Given in grades V and VI.) Wide sacks made 
 
 of burlap (potato sacks), tied about the waist or held in the 
 hands. Take short steps and run rather than jump. 
 
 2. Three-legged race. (Given in grades V and VI). Legs tied 
 
 at the ankles and below the knee ; arms clasped about each 
 other's waist. Start with the tied legs forward, making 
 the first step with the free legs. In running take regular 
 strides. 
 
 3. Backward Run. In starting heel the mark. Flex the arms 
 
 and swing them with a short, quick action. 
 
 4. Run on all fours (forward or backward). (Given in grades 
 
 V and VI.) Also called rabbit race, or bear race. Should 
 be short, not over thirty yards. 
 
 116 
 
5. Crab race. On all fours, but face up in place of down. 
 
 6. Frog race. Contestants leap forward from feet to hands 
 
 continuously. 
 
 7. Bent knee race. Retain the bent knee position throughout 
 
 the race ; either run or jump in that position. 
 
 8. Knapsack race. One runner carries another on his back. 
 
 Varied by changing places at a given mark. 
 
 9. Jump race. Jump continuously. Varied by jumping back- 
 
 ward. 
 
 10. Hand balance race. Walk in hand-stand. If you fall, mount 
 
 to the hand-stand again, but at the place where you fell. 
 
 11. Wagon wheel race. Continuous wagon wheel, or alternated 
 
 with a run ; in this case the number of wagon wheels must 
 be stated. 
 
 12. Medley races. Combine two or more of the above, e. g., hop 
 
 ten yards, jump ten yards, on all fours ten yards, then run 
 ten yards to the finish. 
 
 13. Dumb-bell push race. Push a dumb-bell along the course 
 
 with a wand. 
 
 14. Obstacle race. (Given in grades V and VI.) Obstacle de- 
 
 pends upon the kind of meet. For indoor use horses, 
 bucks, parallel bars and mats. 
 
 15. Carry Objects. (Given in grades V and VI.) Carry an egg 
 
 in a spoon, a lighted candle, two medicine balls, etc. 
 
 16. Exchange race. Several kinds. Contestants start with a 
 
 suit case and at a certain spot take off coats and put them 
 into the suit case ; later, at given points, they remove col- 
 lars, vests and shoes, then before crossing the finish they 
 must put them all on. May be varied : a) Two may act as 
 partners and exchange certain garments at given points ; 
 b) They may be combined with any of the medley races 
 given above. 
 
 17. The above races may be used in relay events. In medley re- 
 
 lay races each runner may be obliged to do the same or 
 different events. 
 
 118 
 
GERMAN NOMENCLATURE. 
 Ordnungsuebungen. 
 
 ORDNUNGSKORPER. 
 
 1. Der Einzelne. 
 
 2. Die Reihe. 
 
 3. Der Reihenkorper. 
 
 4. Das Reihenhorpergefiige. 
 
 GEWOHNLICHE AUFSTELLUNGEN. 
 
 2. Der Reihe : 
 
 Stirn-, Flanken- oder schrage Reihe. 
 
 3. Der Reihenkorper : 
 
 Saule von Stirn- oder Flankenreihen. 
 Linie von Stirn- oder Flankenreihen (Stirn- oder Flan- 
 kenlinie). 
 
 4. Des Reihenkorpergefiiges : 
 
 Saule von Stirn- ( Flanken-) linien. 
 
 Saule von Stirn- ( Flanken- )saulen. 
 
 Linie von Stirn- (Flanken-) linien. 
 
 Andere Aufstellungen sind Kreisauf stellungen ; geschlos- 
 
 sene und geoffnete Aufstellung miissen beriicksichtigt 
 
 werden. 
 
 ORDNUNGStlBUNGEN DES EINZELNEN. 
 Drehen im Stehen. 
 Links — um. 
 Links kehrt — um. 
 Mit Hiipfen (Hande klappen oder Hiipfen und Hande klappen) 
 
 links — um. 
 Halblinks — um. 
 Marschieren an und von Ort. 
 An Ort — marsch. 
 Vorwarts — marsch. 
 Ruck warts — marsch. 
 
 Links seit warts (mit Kreuztritt vorlings) (Kreuzen) — marsch. 
 Links seitwarts (mit Kreuztritt riicklings) — marsch. 
 Links seitwarts mit Schlusstritt — marsch. 
 Marschieren an Ort und drehen. 
 Links um in zwei Schritten — marsch. 
 Links um kehrt in vier Schritten — marsch. 
 
 120 
 
ENGLISH NOMENCLATURE. 
 Tactics. 
 
 TACTIC BODIES. 
 The individual. 
 The rank. 
 The body of ranks. 
 The colonnade (series of bodies of ranks). 
 
 ORDINARY FORMATIONS. 
 Of the rank. 
 
 Front, flank or oblique rank. 
 Of the body of ranks. 
 Line of front or flank ranks (front line). 
 Of the colonnade. 
 Column of front (flank) lines. 
 Column of front (flank) columns. 
 Line of front (flank) lines. 
 
 Other formations are the circle formations ; open and closed 
 order should also be considered. 
 
 TACTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL. 
 Facing in standing. 
 Left — face. 
 Left about — face. 
 With hopping (clapping of hands or hopping and clapping hands) 
 
 left — face. 
 Half left — face. 
 Marching In and From Place. 
 In place — march. 
 Forward — march. 
 Backward — march. 
 
 Left sideward (with front cross-step) — march. 
 Left sideward (with rear cross-step) — march. 
 Left sideward with closing-step — march. 
 Marching In Place and Facing. 
 Face left in two steps — march. 
 Face left about in four steps — march. 
 
 121 
 
Eine ganze Drehung links in acht Schritten — marsch. 
 
 Eben falls auf Befehl wie im Stehen. 
 
 Drehen und dann Marschieren an und von Ort und Halten mit 
 
 Drehen wahrend des Marschierens an und von • Ort. 
 Links urn (halb links; links kehrt) und vorwarts (links seitwarts, 
 
 ruck warts oder an Ort) — marsch. 
 Halten. 
 Links um (oder links) (rechts) (kehrt) auch halb links (rechts) 
 
 um) und — halt. 
 
 ORDNUNGSUBUNGEN DER REIHEN. 
 
 Richten. 
 Stirnreihe. 
 
 Rechts richtet — euch. Kopf gerade — aus. (Richtung rechts. 
 Front.) 
 Flankenreihe. 
 
 Ausrichten. 
 Verbindungen, 
 
 Nachbars Hande (Hiiftenhohe) — fasst. 
 Nachbars Hande Schulterhohe (etc.) — fasst. 
 Arme vorlings verschranken. 
 
 (Riicklings.) 
 Hande (Arme) — senkt. 
 Flankenreihen : 
 
 Linke (rechte oder beide) Hande auf des Vorderen Schulter 
 
 — legt. 
 
 OFFNEN UND SCHLIESSEN DER REIHEN. 
 Stirnreihe : 
 
 Nachbars Hande — fasst. 
 
 Die Reihen offnen, zwei Armlangen Abstand — marsch. 
 Die Reihen offnen von der Mitte nach aussen, Abstand zwei 
 
 Armlangen — marsch. 
 Die Reihen offnen von der Mitte nach aussen durch seitwarts 
 
 (zwei Schritte Abstand nach und nach) — marsch. 
 Die Reihen offnen nach links (r.) (zwei Schritte Abstand nach 
 
 und nach) — marsch. 
 Die Reihen offnen von der Mitte nach aussen durch vorwarts 
 
 (zwei Schritte Abstand nach und nach) — marsch. 
 Wie das vorhergehende links (rechts). 
 Die Reihen offnen zur Staff elaufstellung (zwei Schritte Abstand) 
 
 — marsch. 
 
 122 
 
Whole turn left in eight steps — march. 
 
 Also on command as in standing. 
 
 Facing and then marching in and from place and halting witH 
 
 facing while marching in and from place. 
 Face left (half left; left about) and forward (left sideward, 
 
 backward or in place) — march. 
 Halting. 
 Face left (or left (right) about) ; also half left (right) and — 
 
 halt. 
 
 TACTICS OF THE RANK. 
 Dressing. 
 Front rank. 
 
 Dress — right (left). 
 
 Flank rank. 
 
 In line with the leader — dress. (Cover.) 
 Connections. 
 
 Neighbor's hands (hip high) — grasp. 
 
 Neighbor's hands (height of shoulders) — grasp. (Head high.) 
 For front chain lock hands — grasp. (Also rear.) 
 
 Hands (or arms) — lower. 
 Flank rank : 
 
 Left (right or both) hands on front shoulders — place. 
 
 OPENING AND CLOSING OF RANKS. 
 Front ranks 
 
 Neighbor's hands — grasp. 
 
 Open ranks left sideward, two arm lengths distance — march. 
 Open ranks outward from the center two arm lengths distance — 
 
 march. 
 Open ranks outward from the center through sideward (two 
 
 steps distance, successively) — march. 
 Open ranks left (right) through sideward (two steps distance 
 
 successively ) — march. 
 Open ranks outward from the center through forward (two steps 
 
 distance successively) — march. 
 Same as preceding left (right). 
 Open ranks forward to an oblique position — march. 
 
 123 
 
Flankenreihe. 
 
 Armheben vorwarts und Abstand nehmen riickwarts) — hebt. 
 Arme — senkt. 
 
 Abstand nehmen riickwarts — marsch. 
 
 Mit Hanclen auf des Vorderen Schultern, Abstand nehmen, riick- 
 warts — marsch. 
 
 Die Reihen offnen vorwarts (riickwarts) — marsch. 
 
 Reihcn von Ziveien. 
 
 Das erste Paar bildet ein Tor, Durchziehen der andern ( Klasse) 
 (und Vorreihen) — marsch. 
 
 Klasse bildet eine Lattbe (zwei oder mehr Paare bilden Tore), 
 Durchziehen der Paare (ebenfalls mit Vorreihen) ; die 
 letzte Reihe fangt an — marsch. 
 
 ZIEHEN (WINDEN) DER FLANKENREIHE. 
 Auf verschiedenen Winkeln. 
 Winkelzug links (rechts) — marsch. 
 Schragzug links (rechts) vorwarts — marsch. 
 Schragzug links (rechts) riickwarts (nach hinten) — marsch. 
 
 Im Zickzack (acht Schritte) — marsch. 
 
 Viereck links (acht Schritte zu jeder Seite) — marsch. 
 
 Dreieck links (acht Schritte nach jeder Seite) — marsch. 
 
 Diese drei werden selten gebraucht. 
 
 Der Originalrichtung entgegengesetzt. 
 
 Gegenzug links (rechts) — marsch. (Lauft.) 
 
 Langschlangeln — marsch. ( Lauft. ) 
 
 Kurzschlangeln — marsch. (Lauft.) 
 
 Auf gebogenen Linien. 
 
 Zum Kreis links (rechts) — marsch. 
 
 Zur Schnecke links (rechts) — marsch. 
 
 Zur Schleife links (rechts) — marsch. 
 
 Zur Figur acht, links anfangen — marsch. 
 
 REIHEN DER EINZELNEN IN DER REIHE. 
 
 Von Stirnreihe zur Stirnreihe. 
 
 Nebenreihen links (rechts) hinten vorbei — marsch. 
 
 Nebenreihen links (rechts) vorn vorbei — marsch. 
 
 Von Flankenreihe zu Flankenreihe. 
 
 Vorreihen links (rechts) vorbei — marsch. 
 
 Hinterreihen links (rechts) vorbei — marsch. 
 
 124 
 
Flank rank. 
 
 Raise arms forward and take distance (backward)— raise. Arms 
 
 — lower. 
 Take distance, backward — march. 
 With hands on front shoulders, take distance backward — march. 
 
 Open ranks forward (backward) — march. 
 
 /;/ ranks of two. 
 
 First couple form a gate, class passing through (also forming in 
 front (or rear) — march. 
 
 Class forming an arbor (more than one rank forms gate; the 
 front rank of twos is opened in order to form a gate) and 
 couples pass through, last couple beginning — march. 
 
 WINDING OF THE FLANK RANK. 
 
 In angular form. 
 
 Anglemarch left (right) — march. 
 
 Oblique (angle) march left (right) forward — march. 
 
 Oblique (angle) march left (right) backward (to the rear) — 
 
 march. 
 Zig-zag (eight steps) — march. 
 Square left (eight steps to each side) — march. 
 Triangle left (eight steps to a side) — march. 
 These three are seldom used. 
 In opposite direction to the original. 
 Countermarch left (right) — march. (Run.) 
 Long snake movement — march. (Run.) 
 Short snake movement — march. (Run.) 
 On curved lines. 
 Circle left (right) — march. 
 Spiral (or snail) left (right) — march. 
 Loop left (right) — march. 
 Figure eight, beginning left — march. 
 
 FORMING OF THE RANK MEMBERS. 
 Front rank to a front rank. 
 Form left (right) passing in rear — march. 
 Form left (right) passing in front— march. 
 Flank rank to a Hank rank. 
 Form in front, passing left (right) — march. 
 Form in rear, passing left (right) — march. 
 
 125 
 
Stirn- oder Flankenreihe von Zzveien. 
 
 No. 1 umkreist No. 2 links (rechts) — marsch. 
 
 Von Flankenreihe zur StirnreiJie. 
 
 Nebenreihen links (rechts) neben den ersten (Schragzug) — 
 
 marsch. 
 Nebenreihen links (rechts) (Nachzug) — marsch. 
 Nebenreihen links (rechts) vorn voriiber — marsch. 
 Nebenreihen links (rechts) durch Umkreisen — marsch. 
 Nebenreihen links (rechts) durch Ausweichen — marsch. 
 Ebenso neben den letzten. 
 Stirnreihe zur Flankenreihe. 
 
 Vor- oder Hinterreihen links (rechts) (Schragzug) — marsch. 
 Vor- oder Hinterreihen links (r.) (Nachzug) — marsch. 
 Vor- oder Hinterreihen links (r.) (vorn voriiber) — marsch. 
 Vor- oder Hinterreihen links (r.) (durch Umkreisen) — marsch. 
 Vor- oder Hinterreihen links (r.) (durch Ausweichen) — marsch. 
 
 SCHWENKEN. 
 
 Stirnreihe. 
 
 Viertel Schwenkung links ( l / 2 , }i, 4/4) vorwarts— marsch. 
 
 Viertel Schwenkung links (y 2 , Y^, 4/4) riickwarts — marsch. 
 
 Viertel Schwenkung links (^4, %, 4/4) urn die Mitte — marsch. 
 
 Flankenreihe. 
 
 Viertel Schwenkung links seitwarts um den Ersten (um die 
 
 Mitte) — marsch. 
 Halbe Schwenkung links seitwarts (um den Letzten) — marsch. 
 
 UBUNGEN DES REIHENKORPERS. 
 
 Finteilung der langen Stirnreihe. 
 
 Zu sweien vorn vorbei ziehen (audi zu dreien, vieren, usw.) 
 rechts (links) anfangen — marsch. 
 
 Zu vieren (zweien oder dreien) zwei Schritte vorwarts (riick- 
 warts) nach und nach — marsch. 
 
 Vor- oder Hinterreihen links (rechts) zu zweien (dreien, vieren, 
 etc.) nach und nach — marsch. 
 
 Abzahlen zu zweien (oder mehr) von links nach rechts — zahlt. 
 
 Flankenreihe. 
 
 Umzug links — marsch. 
 
 Die ersten zwei (drei oder mehr) links — um. 
 
 Zu zweien (dreien oder mehr) zwei Schritte links seitwarts nach 
 und nach — marsch. 
 
 126 
 
Front or flank rank of two. 
 
 No. 1 encircle No. 2 left (right) — march. 
 
 Flank to a front rank. 
 
 Form left (right) of first (by oblique march) — march. 
 
 Form left of first by following (right) — march. 
 
 Form left (right) of first by passing in front — march. 
 
 Form left (right) of first by encircling — march. 
 
 Form left (right) of first by evading — march. 
 
 The same of the last leader. 
 
 Front to a flank rank. 
 
 Form in front (rear) of left (right) by oblique march — march. 
 
 Form in front (rear) of left (right) by following — march. 
 
 Form in front (rear) of left (right) by passing in front — march. 
 
 Form in front (rear) of left (right) by encircling — march. 
 
 Form in front (rear) of left (right) by evading — march. 
 
 WHEELING. 
 Front rank. 
 
 Quarter {J/2., Y\, 4/4) wheel left forward — march. 
 Quarter (}4, $4, 4/4) wheel left backward — march. 
 Quarter ( J / 2 , }i, 4/4) wheel left around the center — march. 
 Flank rank. (Seldom used.) 
 Quarter wheel left around first leader, sideward right — march. 
 
 Half wheel around last leader sideward left — march. 
 
 TACTICS OF THE BODY OF RANKS. 
 
 Division of the long front rank. 
 
 Pass in front by twos (threes or fours, etc.) beginning right 
 (left) — march. 
 
 By fours (twos or threes) two steps forward (backward) suc- 
 cessively — march. 
 
 Form in front (rear) of left (right) by twos, three and fours, 
 etc., successively — march. 
 
 Count off to twos (or more) from left to right — count. 
 
 Flank rank. 
 
 Left about the hall, forward — march. 
 
 First two (three or more) left — face. 
 
 By twos (three or more) two steps left sideward successively — 
 march. 
 
 127 
 
Nebenreihen links (rechts) zu zweien (dreien, vieren, etc.) nach 
 und nach — marsch. 
 
 Reihen der Reihen ausgefiihrt wie Reihen des Einzelnen. 
 
 Beispiel : Saule von Stirnreihen : 
 
 Die Reihen nebenreihen links zur Linie (auf verschiedene Weise) 
 
 marsch. 
 Schwenken und Ziehen des Reihenkorpers wird so ausgefiihrt 
 
 wie das der Reihe. 
 
 ORDNUNGSOBUNGEN, DIE GEWOHNLICH IN TANZ- 
 SCHRITTEN AUSGEFUHRT WERDEN. 
 
 Ring links — marsch. (Reihen von zweien, usw.) 
 
 Miihle links (4) (Rad 2) — march. (Reihen von zweien, usw.) 
 
 Kleine Kette links — marsch. (Reihen von zweien, usw.) 
 
 Lange Kette links — marsch. (Reihen von zweien, usw.) 
 
 Sternrad links — marsch. 
 
 Ebenfalls Umkreisen in den zweier (vierer) Reihen. 
 
 Auch Tor und Laube bilden. 
 
 Freiuebungen. 
 
 GEHEN UND MARSCHIEREN. 
 Mit Straff- und gewbhnlichem Schritt. 
 
 a) Marschieren mit langen Schritten. 
 
 b) Gehen mit Schnellschritten (kleinen Schritten). 
 
 Gangarten mit Hervorhebung einselner Beintdtigkeiten. 
 
 Zehengang. 
 
 Steigegang. 
 
 Spreizgang. 
 
 Ausfallgang. 
 
 Besondere Gangarten mit anderer Fortbewegwig als der des 
 
 gewohnlichen Gehens. 
 Nachstellgang. 
 
 Gehen seitwarts mit Kreuzen vorlings und rikklings. 
 Schrittwechselgang. 
 Hiipfen, Springen und Laufen. 
 Hiipfen auf einem Fusse. 
 Springen. 
 
 128 
 
Form left (right) by twos, threes, fours, etc., successively — 
 march. 
 
 Forming of ranks executed as forming of rank members. 
 
 Example : Column formation : 
 
 The ranks form left into line (by various methods) — march. 
 
 Wheeling and winding of the body of ranks is executed the same 
 as that of the rank. 
 
 TACTIC EXERCISES WHICH ARE GENERALLY 
 EXECUTED IN DANCE STEPS. 
 
 Ring left — march. (Ranks of two, etc.) 
 
 Millwheel left — march. (Couples or double couples.) 
 
 Small chain left — march. (Couples, etc.) 
 
 Long chain, left — march. (Circle.) 
 
 Starwheel left — march. 
 
 Also encircling in couples (fours). 
 
 Also forming of gates and arbors. 
 
 Free Exercises. 
 
 RTJNNING AND MARCHING. 
 
 With firm step and common step. 
 
 a) With long strides (slow time). 
 
 b) In quick time (short strides). 
 
 Marching ivith exercises of the stepping leg. 
 
 Toe march (on toes). 
 
 With raising the knee forward. 
 
 With leg swing forward. 
 
 With lunging forward (lunge walk). 
 
 Special exercises in marching aside from the ordinary. 
 
 Follow-step. 
 
 Marching sideward with front and rear cross-step. 
 
 Change-step. 
 
 Hopping, Jumping, and Running. 
 
 Hopping on one foot. 
 
 Jumping (on both feet). 
 
 129 
 
Springen an Ort (in ftinf Zeiten). 
 
 Schlusssprung. 
 
 Gratschsprung. 
 
 Spreizsprung. 
 
 Sprung mit Knieschwung. 
 
 Sprung mit Fersenschwung. 
 Springen von Ort. 
 
 Schlusssprung. 
 
 Spreizsprung. 
 
 Schrittsprung. 
 
 Anlauf sprung. 
 Laufen an Ort. 
 Laufen von Ort. 
 
 Mit Knieschwung. 
 
 Mit Fersenschwung. 
 
 Mit Spreizen. 
 Sprunglaufen. 
 
 FREIUBUNGEN IM STEHEN. (1. ORDNUNG*) 
 Halsubungcn. 
 Kopfsenken vorwarts, riickwarts, links and rechts — ; senkt. 
 
 (Kopf heben — hebt.) 
 Kopfdrehen links, rechts (nach vorn) — dreht. . 
 Kopfkreisen links, rechts — kreist. 
 Rumpfitbungen. 
 Rumpfsenken vorwarts, riickwarts, links, und rechts — senkt. 
 
 ( Rump f heben — hebt. ) 
 Holies Rumpfbeugen riickwarts. 
 
 Rumpfbeugen vorwarts, riickwarts, vorabwarts — beugt. (Seit- 
 
 warts links und rechts.) Rumpfstrecken — streckt. 
 Rumpfdrehen links, rechts — dreht. (Rumpfdrehen nach vorn.) 
 
 Rumpfdrehen links, rechts, mit Vor- oder Riickbeugen. 
 Rumpfdrehen links, rechts, mit Seitbeugen links, rechts. 
 Rumpfkreisen links (4 Zeiten) rechts — kreist. Im Halbkreise. 
 Armiibungen. 
 
 Armhalten. (Der gebeugten Arme.) 
 Armbeugen zum Stoss — beugt. Streckt. 
 Beugen zum Unterarmschlag — beugt. 
 
 130 
 
Jumping in place (in five counts). 
 Standing jump (feet closed). 
 Straddle jump (straddling legs). 
 Leg-swing jump. 
 Jumping with knee swing. 
 Jumping with swinging feet backward. 
 Jumping from place. 
 
 Stand jump. 
 
 Leg-swing jump. 
 
 Step -jump. 
 
 Jumping with a start. 
 Running in place. 
 Running from place. 
 
 With swinging knees. 
 
 With swinging feet backward. 
 
 With leg-swing forward. 
 
 With large strides. 
 
 FREE EXERCISES IN STANDING. (I. ORDER.) 
 Exercises of the neck. 
 Head forward, backward, left and right sideward — lower. Raise. 
 
 Left and right — turn. Re-turn. 
 
 To the left (right)— roll. (Circle.) 
 
 Trunk exercises. 
 
 Lower trunk forward, backward (in sitting), left and right (with 
 
 " opp. leg raised) — lower. Raise. 
 Upper trunk backward — bend. Bend trunk forward, backward, 
 fore-downward, left and right sideward — bend. Straighten. 
 Turn trunk left, right — turn. Re-turn. 
 
 Turning trunk left, right, with bending or lowering forward or 
 
 backward. 
 Turning trunk left, right, either bending sideward left, right. 
 Circling trunk left or right. Also in half circles in four counts. 
 
 Arm exercises. 
 
 Arm positions. (Bent arms.) 
 Arms for thrust — bend. Lower. 
 Arms for forearm-strike — bend. (Hands front of shoulders — 
 
 raise. Lower.) 
 
 131 
 
Armbeugen auf warts — beugt. 
 Armbeugen zum Hieb (Schlag) — beugt. 
 Hande auf Hiiften — stiitzt. 
 Hande hinter Kopf — legt. 
 
 Stosshalte. 
 
 Schlaghalte. 
 
 Beughalte. 
 
 Hiebhalte. 
 
 Handstiitz auf den Hiiften. 
 
 Nackenhalte. 
 
 (Der gestreckten Arme.) 
 Armheben vorwarts — hebt. 
 Armheben voraufwarts (seitauf warts) — hebt. 
 Armheben seitwarts — hebt. 
 Armheben schrag vor-aufwarts — hebt. Etc. 
 Armheben schrag vor-abwarts — hebt. Etc. 
 Armheben schrag vorwarts nach aussen — hebt. 
 Armheben schrag nick warts — hebt. 
 Zweitrittdrehen. 
 Polkadrehen (Walzer). 
 Armfiihren seitwarts (vorwarts). Ausbreiten der Arme. 
 
 Senkhalte. 
 
 Vorhalte. 
 
 Hochhalte. 
 
 Seithalte. 
 
 Ebenfalls : Armschwingen. 
 
 A rm b ewegu ng en. 
 
 Armstossen oder Strecken vorwarts — stosst. 
 Armstossen seitwarts — stosst. 
 Armstossen aufwarts — stosst. 
 
 Abwarts. 
 
 Riickwarts. 
 
 Schrag vorwarts nach aussen. 
 
 Schrag riickwarts. 
 Schrag vor- oder seit-aufwarts. 
 
 Schrag vor-, seit- oder riickabwarts. 
 Armstrecken. 
 
 Unterarmschlagen. 
 
 Armhauen ( Schlagen ) . 
 
 Armheben (Senken). 
 
 132 
 
Arms for strike — bend. Lower. 
 Hands on hips — place. Lower. 
 Hands rear of head (neck)— place. 
 Arms to strike from head — bend. 
 
 Thrust hold (hold or position). 
 
 Strike hold (hold or position). 
 
 Forearm-strike hold (or position). 
 
 Hip hold (hold or position). 
 
 Neck or head hold (or position). 
 
 Head strike hold (or position). 
 
 (Straight arms.) 
 Arms forward — raise. Lower. 
 Arms fore- or side-upward — raise. Lower. 
 Arms sideward — raise. Lower. 
 
 Arms obliquely fore-, side-, backward — raise. Lower. 
 Arms obliquely fore-, side-, back- upward — raise. Lower. 
 Arms obliquely fore-upward, outward or inward — raise. Lower. 
 Arms obi. fore-downward, outward or inward — raise. Lower. 
 Arm carrying sideward, forward. (Moving.) 
 
 Downward hold (hold or position). 
 
 Forward hold (hold or position). 
 
 Upward hold (hold or position). 
 
 Sideward hold (hold or position). 
 Also : arm swinging. 
 
 Arm straightening, or thrusting. 
 Arms forward — thrust. Bend. 
 Arms sideward — thrust. Bend. 
 Arms upward — thrust. Bend. 
 
 Downward. 
 
 Backward. 
 
 Obliquely forward. 
 
 Obliquely backward. 
 
 Obliquely fore- or side-upward. 
 
 Obliquely fore, side- or back-downward. 
 Straightening. 
 Arm raising (lowering). 
 
 133 
 
Armschwingen. 
 
 Armkreisen. 
 
 Armdrehen. 
 
 BEINUBUNGEN. 
 Heben in den Zehenstand (Fersenheben). ( Fortgesetzt : Fusswip- 
 
 pen.) 
 Kniebeugen. (Fortgesetzt: Kniewippen). 
 
 Halbtief. 
 
 Tief. 
 
 Fiisse sehliessen. 
 Knieheben. 
 
 Fussheben riickwdrts. (Unterschenkelheben.) 
 Spreisen und Heben. 
 
 Vorspreizen. 
 
 Seitspreizen. 
 
 Riickspreizen. 
 
 Schragvorspreizen nach aussen. 
 
 Schragvorspreizen nach innen. 
 Beinschwingen. 
 Beinkreisen. 
 Stellen mit Anfsehen. 
 
 Vorstellen. 
 
 Seitstellen. 
 
 Riickstellen. 
 
 Vorstellen nach aussen (innen). 
 
 Riickstellen nach aussen (innen). 
 
 Fussstellen. 
 Schreiten. 
 
 Vorschreiten. 
 
 Seitschreiten. 
 
 Riickschreiten. 
 
 Vorschreiten nach aussen. 
 
 Riickschreiten nach aussen. 
 
 Gratschen (wie schreiten). 
 Tritt (wie Schreiten). 
 Schreiten mit Aufzehentreten. 
 
 Ausfall und Auslage. 
 
 Fechterauslagen. 
 
 134 
 
Arm swinging. 
 Arm circling. 
 Arm turning. 
 
 Circling executed forward, backward, outward, inward, sideward, 
 left and right in 3-4, 1-1 or more circles. 
 
 LEG EXERCISES. 
 Rising on toes. (Toe stand.) (On toes — rise.) Heels — raise. 
 
 Rock on toes. 
 Knee bending. Squat stand. 
 
 Half deep. 
 
 Deep. 
 Knee raising. 
 
 Foot raising (lower leg) backward. 
 Leg-swing and raising. 
 
 Forward. 
 
 Sideward. 
 
 Backward. 
 
 Obliquely forward or backward, outward. 
 
 Obliquely forward inward. 
 Leg swinging. 
 Leg circling. 
 Foot placing. 
 
 Forward. 
 
 Sideward. 
 
 Backward. 
 
 Forward outward (inward). 
 
 Backward outward (inward). 
 Striding. 
 
 Forward. 
 
 Sideward. 
 
 Backward. 
 
 Forward outward. 
 
 Backward outward. 
 
 Straddling (as striding three times the foot length). 
 Step (as striding). 
 Lunge and bending stationary knee with placing other foot. Also 
 
 fallout and layout. 
 Fallout left forward outward. It includes trunk lowering in 
 
 same direction. 
 Layout left backward. It includes trunk lowering in opposite 
 
 direction. 
 
 135 
 
Fechterausfall. 
 
 Auslage zum Hiebfechten. 
 
 Auslage zum Gewehrfechten. 
 
 Ausfall und Auslage mit Rumpfsenken. 
 
 II. ORDNUNG. 
 
 Liegestiitz. 
 
 Vorlings. 
 
 Rucklings. 
 
 Seitlings. 
 Knien. 
 
 Auf einem Knie. 
 
 Auf beiden Knien. 
 Liegen auf dem Bauche (Liegen vorlings). 
 Liegen auf dem Riicken (Liegen rucklings). 
 Sitzen. 
 Handstand. 
 
 Ueberschlag. 
 
 III. ORDNUNG. 
 Spannbeuge. 
 Bogenstand. 
 
 Schubkarre. (Schiebkarre.) 
 Handstand mit Hilfe. 
 Rumpfsenken und Heben mit Aufstellen eines Fusses auf den, 
 
 Oberschenkel eines Heifers. 
 Riickentragerubung. 
 
 Tanzschritte. 
 
 Beistelltritt. 
 
 Nachstelltritt. 
 
 Sehleif beistelltritt, Schleif nachstelltritt. 
 
 Schwebetritt. 
 
 Dreitritt. 
 
 Trittwechsel. 
 
 Kreuztrittwechsel vorlings und rucklings. 
 
 Keine Uebersetzung. 
 
 Kniewipptritt. 
 
 Wiegetritt. 
 
 Schleifwiegetritt. 
 
 Kreuzzwirbeltritt. 
 
 Schrittzwirbel. 
 
 136 
 
No English term. 
 No English term. 
 No English term. 
 Fallout and layout. 
 
 II. ORDER. 
 
 Support lying. 
 
 Frontways. 
 
 Rearvvays. 
 
 Sideways. 
 Kneeling. 
 
 On one knee. 
 
 On both knees. 
 Lying frontways. 
 Lying rear ways. 
 Sitting. 
 Handstand. 
 Turnover. (Handspring.) 
 
 III. ORDER. 
 Exercises executed with assistance of a second or third gymnast. 
 Span bend. Arch stand. 
 Wheelbarrow. 
 Handstand with assistance. 
 Lowering and raising trunk with placing one foot on neighbor's 
 
 knee. 
 Back carrying exercise. 
 
 Dance Steps. 
 
 Closing-step. 
 
 Follow-step. 
 
 Glide-closing-step, glide-follow-step. 
 
 Waltz-balance-step. 
 
 Three-step. 
 
 Change-step. 
 
 Rear and front cross-change-step (and polka-hop). 
 
 Mazurka-balance-step. 
 
 Dip-step. 
 
 Rocking-step. 
 
 Draw-rocking-step. 
 
 Cross-step-turn. 
 
 Three-step-turn . 
 
 137 
 
Tritt wechseldrehen ( Walzer ) . 
 
 Gallopp. 
 
 Schleifgallopp. 
 
 Zweitritt. 
 
 Hopsertritt. 
 
 Tritthupf oder Wechselhupf. 
 
 Schleifhupf. 
 
 Spreizhupf. 
 
 Kreuzspreizhupf. 
 
 Schwebehupf. 
 
 Schleifschwebehupf. 
 
 Schlaghopser. 
 
 Dreitrittlauf. 
 
 Trittwechselhupf. 
 
 Polkahupf. 
 
 Schottischc. 
 
 Sprunghupf (Sprungschritt — leap — mid em Hupf). 
 
 Walzertritt. 
 
 Schwenkhnpf. 
 
 Walzerdrehen. 
 
 Schwenklmpfdrehen. 
 
 Schwenkhnpf drehen. 
 
 Geraeteuebungen — Apparatus Exercises. 
 
 AXES. 
 Langenachse. ] /Length axis 
 
 Breitenachse. > Turns (Drehungen) about each. /Breadth axis 
 Tiefenachse. ) (Depth axis 
 
 POSITIONS DEPENDING UPON THE RELATION OF 
 THE GYMNASTS SURFACE TO THE APPARATUS. 
 
 Vorlings verhalten. Position frontways. 
 
 Seitlings verhalten. Position sideways. 
 
 Riicklings verhalten. Position rearways. 
 
 138 
 
Change-step-turn. 
 
 Gallop. 
 
 Glide-gallop. 
 
 Two-step. 
 
 Skip-step. 
 
 Step-hop. 
 
 Glide-hop. 
 
 Swing-hop. 
 
 Cross-swing-hop. 
 
 Balance-hop. 
 
 Glide-balance-hop. 
 
 Balance-hop and cut. 
 
 Three-step-run. 
 
 Skip-change-step. 
 
 Polka-hop. 
 
 Schottische. 
 
 Leap-hop. 
 
 Waltz-step. 
 
 Mazurka-hop (sideward). 
 
 Two-step-turn. 
 
 Polka-turn. 
 
 Waltz-step-turn. 
 
 Mazurka-turn. 
 
 Redowa-polka. 
 
 Balance-hop-turn. 
 
 POSITIONS DEPENDING UPON THE RELATION OF 
 THE GYMNASTS BREADTH AXIS TO THE 
 LENGTH AXIS OF THE APPARATUS. 
 Ouerverhalten. Cross position. 
 
 Seitverhalten. Side position. 
 
 Schragverhalten. Oblique position. 
 
 SURFACE AND BREADTH AXIS RELATION. 
 Querstand vorlings, usw. Cross stand frontways, etc. 
 
 Seitstand vorlings, usw. Side stand frontways, etc. 
 
 Schragstand vorlings, usw. Oblique stand frontways, etc. 
 
 139 
 
THE VARIOUS GRIPS. 
 
 Rist — oder Auf griff. 
 
 Kamm — oder Untergriff. 
 
 Speich — oder Aussengriff. 
 
 Ellengriff. 
 
 Zwiegriff. 
 
 Spanngriff. 
 
 Schlussgriff. 
 
 Zwangellengriff. 
 
 Upper grip. 
 Under grip. 
 Outer grip. 
 Inner grip. 
 Mixed grip. 
 Span grip. 
 Closed grip. 
 Reversed under grip. 
 
 THE STANDS ON APPARATUS. 
 
 Str-:ckstand. 
 
 Hockstand (Kniebeugestand) . 
 
 Gratschstand. 
 
 Kniestand. 
 
 Schulterstand. 
 
 Oberarmstand. 
 
 Handstand. 
 
 Unterarmstand. 
 
 Stand. 
 
 Squatstand. 
 
 Straddle-stand. 
 
 Knee-stand. 
 
 Shoulder-stand. 
 
 Upper arm stand. 
 
 Hand-stand. 
 
 Forearm-stand. 
 
 Seitsitz. 
 
 Quersitz. 
 
 Schragsitz. 
 
 Innenquersitz. 
 
 Aussenquersitz. 
 
 Innenseitsitz. 
 
 Aussenseitsitz. 
 
 Innenschragsitz. 
 
 Gratsch- (quer) sitz. 
 
 sitz. 
 Gratsch- (seit) sitz. 
 Reitsitz (seit, quer). 
 
 SEATS. 
 
 Side seat. 
 Cross seat. 
 Oblique seat. 
 Inner cross seat. 
 Outer cross seat. 
 Inner side seat. 
 Outer side seat. 
 Inner oblique seat, 
 Gratsch- Straddle (cross) seat. 
 
 Straddle (side) seat. 
 Riding seat (stride, 
 cross). 
 
 side or 
 
 VARIOUS HANGS AND DERIVED HANGS. 
 
 Streckhang, Handhang. 
 Beugehang. 
 Ellbogenhandhang. 
 Armhandhang (Oberarm). 
 
 Hang. 
 
 Bent-arm-hang. 
 Elbow-hand-hang. 
 Upper arm-hand-hang. 
 
 140 
 
Kniehandhang, Kniehang. 
 
 Fersenhandhang. 
 
 Zehenhandhang. 
 
 Sturzhang. 
 
 Abhang ( Schwebehang) . 
 
 Abhang mit Anhocken. 
 
 Liegehang. 
 
 Hangstand. 
 
 Knee-hand-hang. Knee hang 
 
 for short. 
 Hand-heel -hang. 
 Toe-hand-hang. 
 Inverted hang. 
 Inverted balance hang. 
 Inverted squat hang. 
 Hang-lying position. 
 Handstand. 
 
 VARIOUS SUPPORTS AND DERIVED SUPPORTS. 
 Streckstiitz. 
 Beugestiitz. 
 Unterarmstutz. 
 Liegestiitz. 
 Liegestand. 
 
 Support. 
 
 Bent arm support. 
 Forearm support. 
 -Lying support. 
 Support stand. 
 
 VAULTS, MOUNTS AND DISMOUNTS. 
 Kehre (in den Stand). Rear vault. 
 
 Wende (aufsitzen) in den Front vault into riding seat. 
 
 Reitsitz. 
 Spreizaufsitzen in den Reitsitz. Leg swing into a riding seat. 
 
 Flanke. 
 
 Mutsprung (Kniesprung). 
 Gratschsprung (Gratsche) 
 Hocke. 
 Wolf sprung. 
 
 Wende 
 
 Kehre 
 
 Flanke 
 
 Audi als Fechterspriinge. 
 
 Schafsprung. 
 
 Diebsprung. 
 
 Langensprung. 
 
 Hechtsprung. 
 Schersprung. 
 Spreizsprung. 
 
 From a seat or support : Flank 
 vault. 
 
 Knee jump (canoe vault). 
 
 Straddle vault. 
 
 Squat vault. 
 
 Squat-straddle vault (wolf 
 vault ) . 
 
 Front vault 
 
 Rear vault 
 
 Flank or side vault 
 
 Also fencers vaults. 
 
 Sheep vault. 
 
 Thief vault. 
 Long vault (as mount only). Combined with 
 
 various vaults. 
 Long vault (on gymnast's shoulder, on floor). 
 Scissor vault. 
 Leg-swing vault. 
 
 141 
 
SWINGUP. 
 
 Knee-swingup. 
 
 Crotch-swingup. 
 
 Hip-swingup. 
 
 Free hip-swingup. 
 
 Hip-pullup. 
 
 Kipp. 
 
 Swing-stem or rise. 
 
 Pull-stem or slow rise. 
 
 Knieaufschwung. 
 
 Muhlenaufschwung. 
 
 Felgaufschwung. 
 
 Freier Felgaufschwung. 
 
 Felgaufzug. 
 
 Kippe. 
 
 Schwungstemme. 
 
 Aufstemmen (Zugstemmen), 
 
 SWINGOFF. 
 
 Wellabschwung (Knieabschwung). Knee-swingoff. 
 
 Freier Knieabschwung. . Free knee-swingoff. 
 
 Ristabschwung. Toe-swingoff. 
 
 Fersenabschwung. Heel-swingoff. 
 
 Sohlenabschwung. Foot-swingoff. 
 
 Miihlenabschwung. Crotch-swingoff. 
 
 Felgabschwung. Hip-swingoff. 
 
 Unterschwung. Underswing. 
 
 ACTIVITIES IN THE SUPPORT. 
 Spreizen. Leg-swings (state under 
 
 which hand). 
 Beinkreisen. ' Leg-circling (state under 
 
 which hand). 
 Bein-Vor- (und Ruck-) schwung. Leg-fore- (and back) -swing. 
 
 (Horse.) 
 
 Vorschwung. - 
 
 Riickschwung. 
 
 Seitschwung. 
 
 Kurzschwung. 
 
 Zwischenschwung. 
 
 Gratschen. 
 
 Hocken. 
 
 Schere. 
 
 Schwebestutz. 
 
 Stiitzeln an und von Ort. 
 
 Stutzhupf en an und von Ort. 
 
 Knickschwung. 
 
 Stiitzkehre. 
 
 Knickstiitzkehre. 
 
 Ueberdrehen. 
 
 Fore-swing (body swing). 
 
 Back-swing. 
 
 Side-swing. 
 
 Short swing. 
 
 Intermediate swing. 
 
 Straddling. 
 
 Squatting. 
 
 Scissor. 
 
 Balance-support. 
 
 Hand hopping left and right. 
 
 (Traveling.) 
 Hand jumping (both). 
 Dip-swing. 
 Swing-turn. 
 Dip-swing-turn. 
 Turnover. 
 
 142 
 
CIRCLES ABOUT THE BAR. 
 
 Knieumschwung. 
 Miihlenumschwung (Welle). 
 Sitzumschwung (Welle) . 
 Ristumschwung (Welle). 
 Fersenumschwung (Welle). 
 Sohlenumschwung (Welle). 
 Felgumsch wung ( f reier ) . 
 Riesenumschwung. 
 
 Knee-circle. 
 
 Crotch-circle. 
 
 Seat-circle. 
 
 Toe-circle. 
 
 Heel-circle. 
 
 Foot-circle. 
 
 Hip-circle (free), 
 
 Giant-circle. 
 
 ACTIVITIES 
 
 Griffwechseln. 
 Schwebehang. 
 Kurzschwingen. 
 Hangkehre (mit Schwung). 
 Drehen in den Sturzhang, 
 Abhang. 
 Vorschwung. 
 Riickschwung. 
 Seitschwung. 
 Vor-Riickschwung. -,, 
 Zwischenschwung. 
 Schaukeln. 
 Klettern. 
 Kletterschluss. 
 
 IN THE HANG. 
 
 Changing grips. 
 
 Balance-hang. 
 
 Short swing. 
 " Hang-turn ( swing) . 
 
 Turnover into inverted hangs. 
 
 Fore-swing. 
 Back-swing. 
 Side-swing. 
 Fore-backward swing. 
 Intermediate swing. 
 Pendulum swing. 
 Climbing. 
 Climbing position. 
 
 143 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 019 953 840 8