KEW YORK IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 A DISCO IT ESE 
 
 DELITERKD BEFORK THE 
 
 New York Historical Society, 
 
 ON ITS SIXTY-SECOND ANNIVERSARY, 
 
 NOVEMBER 20, 1866. 
 
 Rev. SAMUEL OSGOOD. D.D. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY OKDER OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. 
 
 MDCCCI.XTII, 
 
fiu 
 
 .44- 
 .Oil 
 
Officers of the Society, 1867. 
 
 PRESIDENT, 
 
 HAMILTON FISH, LL. D. 
 
 FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT, 
 
 THOMAS DE WITT, D.D. 
 
 SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT, 
 
 BENJAMIN ROBERT WINTHROP. 
 
 FOREIGN CORRESPONDING SECRETARY, 
 
 GEORGE BANCROFT, LL. D. 
 
 DOMESTIC CORRESPONDING SECRETARY, 
 
 JOHN ROMEYN BRODHEAD, LL. D. 
 
 RECORDING SECRETARY, 
 
 ANDREW WARNER. 
 
 TREASURER, 
 
 BENJAMIN H. FIELD. 
 
 LIBRARIAN, 
 
 GEORGE HENRY MOORE. 
 
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 
 
 FIRST CLASS — FOR ONE YEAR. 
 
 AUGUSTUS SCHELL, ERASTUS C. BENEDICT. 
 
 BENJAMIN W. BONNEY. 
 
 SECOND CLASS — FOR TWO YEARS. 
 
 SAMUEL OSGOOD, WILLIAM CHAUNCEY, 
 
 CHARLES P. KIRKLAND. 
 
 THIRD CLASS — FOR THREE YEARS. 
 
 GEORGE FOLSOM, WILLIAM T. BLODGETT, 
 
 JOHN ADRIANCE. 
 
 AUGUSTUS SCHELL, Chairman. 
 GEORGE MOORE, Secretary. 
 
 [The officers of the Society are members, ex officio., of the Executive 
 Committee.] 
 
 COMMITTEE ON THE FINE ARTS. 
 
 ABRAHAM M. COZZENS. WILLIAM J. HOPPIN, 
 
 JONATHAN STURGES, THOMAS J. BRYAN, 
 
 ANDREW WARNER, EDWARD SATTERLEE. 
 
 ABRAHAM M. COZZENS, Chairman. 
 ANDREW WARNER, Secretary. 
 
 [The President, Librarian, and Chairman of the Executive Com- 
 mittee are members, ex officio, of the Committee on the Fine Arts.] 
 
DISCOURSE. 
 
 Mr. President and Brethren of the Historical 
 Society, and Ladies and Gentlemen, our hon- 
 ored GUESTS TO-NIGHT I 
 
 In accepting the honor of your invitation to 
 speak at this Anniversary, I find myself at once re- 
 lieved and oppressed by the subject that forces itself 
 upon me — relieved from all trouble in its choice, and 
 oppressed by the utter impossibility of its adequate 
 treatment. What topic can compare in importance 
 and interest to this great city — our native or adopted 
 home ; and who shall presume to treat it adequately 
 in all its vastness, variety, and constant evolution ? 
 As we gaze, the wonder grows ! and not even our 
 daily familiarity with its streets and manners and 
 business and people can hide from us the truth that 
 it is one of the striking facts of the nineteenth cen- 
 tury — one of the marvels of the age, if not one of the 
 wonders of the world. 
 
 The whole subject, of course, cannot be treated 
 with any justness or fidelity in a single discourse ; 
 and to attempt to do it would be like trying to empty 
 our great harbor with a single pump, or to condense 
 a cyclopedia into an hour's reading. It will not be 
 a presuming or thankless task to try to lay before 
 you some thoughts and studies upon "New York 
 
6 ]SrEW YOEK 
 
 in the Nineteenth Century," if only as the unambi- 
 tious outline of a chapter of Universal History. I 
 must be content with two points of view : the first, 
 from the beginning of the century ; the second, now. 
 
 Not a little motive for the effort is given, let 
 me say, by the strange and broad gulf between our 
 present population and the old New Yorkers, and 
 the almost entire absence of historical landmarks 
 from our city, now under the sweeping tide of busi- 
 ness and enterprise. Only a few of the ancient 
 buildings remain, and almost all that we see before 
 us is new. This imperial city, with its palaces and 
 churches, rises before most of its people like Mel- 
 chisedec, king of Salem, without father, without 
 mother ; and they must confess his magnificence, who 
 cannot tell his pedigree. 
 
 The nineteenth century may be defined as the age 
 of liberty organizing itselfj or as the period whose 
 distinctive problem it is to construct or reconstruct 
 society on the basis of freedom. The previous cen- 
 turies have been the providential preparation for this 
 task. It is probably safe to say, that the modern 
 time, as a whole, since the invention of printing, 
 the discovery of America, the inductive study of 
 Nature, and the Protestant Reformation, has been 
 most marked by the spirit of liberty ; and its history 
 is the record of the e\'olution of freedom, as the 
 thousand years before, since Constantine gave the 
 Cross the support of his sceptre, and made Chris- 
 tianity the law of the empire, was the age of au- 
 thority, and its history is the record of obedience. 
 Perhaps the four modern centuries may be desig- 
 
IN THE JSTlSrETEENTH CENTUET. 7 
 
 nated thus, according to their part in the history 
 of liberty : The sixteenth century was marked by 
 the rise of religious liberty in protest against the 
 Roman hierarchy, in connection with the revival of 
 letters, and the awakening of industrial and com- 
 mercial enterprise. The seventeenth century gene- 
 rally breathed a calmer spirit, and strove to settle 
 the Protestant Church and State u23on the new basis 
 of Biblical doctrine or Reformed discipline. The 
 eighteenth century, in great part, bolted from all 
 Biblical doctrine and church discipline, and pro- 
 claimed radical or social and philosophical liberty 
 in the face of priest and king, and was the jubilee 
 of social and philosophical illuminism. The nine- 
 teenth century, the favored, and yet perplexed heir 
 of such ancestors, has been trying to settle its 
 great estate, and construct society and government 
 upon the basis of the new liberty gained, and with 
 all the lights of knowledge, experience, and faith. It 
 has fallen to the lot of this city to have a conspicu- 
 ous part m this great work of reconstruction, and 
 the end is not yet. She has had the burden of the 
 age upon her shoulders, and also her full share of 
 the lessons and examples of the previous modern 
 centuries to help her out. New York, in the begin- 
 ning, was richly endowed in being the daughter and 
 heir of one of the noblest nations of Europe; and 
 when Henry Hudson first parted the waters of our 
 noble bay and river, his signal, the Crescent or Half 
 Moon, well and justly symbolized the predestined 
 civilization of this New World. He opened here the 
 pages of that history of liberty, that is not yet finished ; 
 
8 NEW YOEK 
 
 and under tliat star of empire that shone above his 
 ship, it did not need any marvellous divination to 
 see the forms of the ruling spirits of the modern 
 ages in his company. There were Columbus and 
 Gutenberg and Luther and Bacon, with the com- 
 pass and printing-press and open Bible and new 
 organon of science signalling to him the new country 
 and the new age coming, and his name marks still 
 the river whose beauty and wealth and promise ask 
 no borrowed honors from the fame of the Rhine 
 or Danube, the Tiber or the Thames. 
 
 The Dutch who founded New Amsterdam on 
 this island of Manhattan, not only brought their 
 own individual characters and personal property 
 hither, but also their national life with its historical 
 traditions, institutions, and powers. They brought 
 with them much of the old feudal age in their muni- 
 cipal laws and social traditions, that were in many 
 respects so conservative, and all the fire of the New 
 Keform in their thorough-going Calvinism, with its 
 doctrines of justification by faith and direct election 
 from God in the face of what they regarded as 
 the Komish doctrine of salvation by merit and sub- 
 jection to priests. Having passed through the ter- 
 rible war for national life, they felt, at the time of 
 the colonizing of New Amsterdam, the desire for 
 stability so characteristic of the stormy century after 
 the Reformation, the 17th, and they had all the 
 conservatism of the old Catholicism on the new 
 base of their reformed creed and discipline. They 
 came here, indeed, for trade, yet their religion was 
 none the less marked, because it did not send them 
 
IlSr THE NINETEEISTTH CENTURY. 9 
 
 "hitlier, but simply came witli them because tLey 
 came, and lived with them as part of themselves. 
 They were hospitable and tolerant ; yet they never 
 set forth any ideal standard of toleration, such as 
 is the distinctive trait of Rhode Island. They did 
 not affirm intellectual tolerance or intolerance here ; 
 but like practical merchants and kindly neighbors, 
 they were disposed to welcome all settlers who 
 would not interfere with their business, without 
 troubling themselves much with their opinions. 
 Their faith had nothing of the subjective turn of the 
 New England Puritans, who were always looking 
 into their own minds, and willing to do the same 
 thing for their neighbors. The Dutch were not an 
 introversial, but an objective, practical people, never 
 or rarely moved to intolerance unless pushed by the 
 fear of having their liberties or institutions inter- 
 fered with ; and it was probably from apprehended 
 danger to the national life, rather than for mere 
 opinion's sake, that the great acts of intolerance were 
 perpetrated in Holland, such as the execution of 
 Barneveldt and the exile of Grotius, and the perse- 
 cution of the Baptists. The Dutch of New Amster- 
 dam, though not wholly free from the charge of intol- 
 erance, were in advance of their mother country in 
 charity, and in advance of their Puritan neighbors; 
 and their temper and legislation here gave their 
 colony a good place in the record of American 
 liberty. 
 
 Their conservative temper had something in com- 
 mon with the spirit which the English rule brought 
 with it in 1664 ; for then England, after Cromwell 
 
10 ISTEW YORK 
 
 and the commonwealtli, souglit S23iritual peace under 
 the restored Stuarts, and afterwards, in 1688, she 
 souglit not to destroy, but to deepen tliat peace 
 under the tolerant sceptre of William of Orange, 
 who tried to brino; Puritans as well as churchmen to 
 truce, and who carried with him much of the mod- 
 erate yet determined Dutch temper to the throne. 
 The city, of course, w^as to be largely shaped by the 
 English power ; for in 1664 its future was not 
 wholly with the existing population of fifteen hun- 
 dred souls. 
 
 How far New York shared in the storm of radi- 
 cal opinion and passion that marked the eighteenth 
 century, it is not easy to say. Theologically there 
 was little latitudinarianism in the churches here, 
 although there is ample proof that alike, among lead- 
 ing men and the restless populace, there was a great 
 deal of acquaintance and sym23athy with the illu- 
 minism of France and Germany, though far more 
 acceptance of its free spirit than of its destructive 
 notions. Zenger, forty years before the Declaration 
 of Independence, led on the Sons of Liberty in 
 much of the temper of the destroyers of the Bastile, 
 and Freneau had much of the French revolutionist 
 in his pen, whilst such stormy radicals as Paine, 
 Elihu Palmer, and JoJm Foster, denounced the Bible 
 and the Church in the spirit of Helvetius, Volney, 
 Voltaire, and D'Holbach. Of these latter agitators, 
 Paine and Palmer, and I think Foster also, were not 
 natives, nor in any historical sense representatives 
 of the old New York mind. The Pe volution itself 
 is proof of the power of radical, political ideas of 
 
IlSr THE ISriNETEElSTTH CENTURY. 11 
 
 the better class, and the very slowness of the leaders 
 to join in the Declaration of Independence shows 
 that the English Toryism that held the high places 
 here during the British rule, was more than matched 
 by the liberalism of the people and their favorite 
 champions. The delay in adopting the federal Con- 
 stitution — a delay that prevented New York fi^om 
 casting her first electoral vote for Washington, and 
 from being represented in the first American Senate — 
 was not from Tory leanings towards the old colonial 
 times, but from jealousy of centralized power, and 
 it called for all the sagacity and eloquence and per- 
 sonal influence of Hamilton, Jay, Madison, and the 
 great Federalist leaders, to overcome the strong State 
 feeling, and bring New York into that constitutional 
 Union which she has never ceased to defend. It 
 is interesting to read the names of the delegates 
 from this city to the convention at Poughkeepsie in 
 1788, that met to act upon the National Constitu- 
 tion. New York, West Chester, Kings and Rich- 
 mond Counties, chose federalists ; the Counties of 
 Albany, Montgomery, Washington, Columbia, Dutch 
 ess, Ulster, and Orange, chose anti-federalists, whilst 
 the delegates from Suffolk and Queens Counties 
 were divided. The New York delegates were John 
 Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Chancellor Livingston, 
 Richard Morris, then Chief Justice, and James Duane, 
 Mayor of the city. Surely, we have not greatly im- 
 proved on the year 1788, in the delegations of this 
 year 1866. That delegation gave this city a great 
 name in the history of liberty ; for it undoubtedly 
 overcame the majority of the delegates to the Con- 
 
12 NEW YORK 
 
 vention wlio were opposed to tlie Constitution, and 
 it brought New York into the Constitutional Union. 
 But we must not linger longer upon this prelimi- 
 nary view of the relation of this city to the three 
 previous modern centuries. We take our stand now 
 at the opening of the nineteenth century, the year 
 1801 — a most memorable year alike in Europe and 
 America, and memorable too in its bearing on the 
 organization of liberty. In France, liberty, after hav- 
 ing battled down the Bastile and Throne and nobles, 
 had turned organizer, and taught conservatism in 
 the person of the First Consul, who was now proud 
 to join the name of pacificator to that of conqueror, 
 and boasted of bringing tranquillity to Europe by 
 the peace of Luneville in 1801. Here in America, 
 Democracy, or, as it was then called, Republicanism, 
 took something of the same position, and, after over- 
 throwing Federalism, it lifted its idol, Thomas Jeffer- 
 son, to the pedestal of national union under the Con- 
 stitution which it had so vehemently assailed. Be- 
 fore, New York had been generally a federalist city, 
 although all the power and influence of its great 
 men were needed to keep it so. But in April, 1800, 
 Aaron Burr and his republican allies put forth all 
 their adroitness to carry the city for the democratic 
 party, and nominated a ticket of memorable compass 
 and attraction. Governor George Clinton, the most 
 popular New Yorker of the day, the great States 
 Rio-hts man of that time, and the idol of the demo- 
 crats, headed the ticket, and held out the banner 
 of his party. Brockholst Livingston represented the 
 wealth of his powerful family, and gave it the force 
 
EST THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 13 
 
 of Ms personal talent. General Horatio Gates gave 
 Ms name to kindle anew tlie old revolutionary pas- 
 sion. Samuel Osgood, a good type of a transplanted 
 Massacliusetts man, stood for the Cabinet of Wash- 
 ington, whose honored associate he had been, and 
 was rewarded by being chosen Speaker of the Legis- 
 lature, which, in November, 1800, virtually gave the 
 electoral vote to Thomas Jefferson. So Federalism 
 was defeated, yet not destroyed. Its characteristic 
 idea lived and was vindicated by its nominal foes. 
 Probably no men in America have done so much to 
 carry out the cardinal principle of the American 
 Union in the face of pressing dangers as the great 
 democratic leaders, Thomas Jefferson and Andrew 
 Jackson. Whatever they have meant to do, is less 
 obvious than what God meant to do by them — the 
 God of our liberty and our Union, who has deter- 
 mined that the wi*ath of man should praise Him, 
 and that the popular passion for freedom shall 
 secure the life and law of the nation. The old 
 Federalists deserved honor, for they spoke out the 
 calm wisdom of time, and were the historical states- 
 men of their day. So too they deserved rebuke, 
 for they did not see, nor fully appreciate, the mind 
 of the new age, and their distrust of the people with 
 their own personal feuds had much to do with 
 their downfall. We in our day have built their 
 grandest monument in cementing their Union ; yet 
 we have a more cheerful philosophy than theirs, 
 and see more of God in the people, " the plain peo- 
 ple," than they saw. We can join the names of the 
 old Democrats, Chancellor Livingston and George 
 
14 NEW YOEK 
 
 Clinton, to those of their great federal antagonists, 
 Hamilton and Jay, in our record of the architects 
 of liberty in New York city. 
 
 It is amusing to look over the newspapers at 
 the opening of the century, observe the items of 
 news, and note the doleful tone of the leading con- 
 servatives as to the dark prospects of the age. The 
 Commercial Advertiser^ one of the seven daily papers 
 issued here in 1801, and the only one, with the 
 exception of the Evening Post, that has survived, 
 begins the new year with the first of a series of 
 articles by that noted and excellent man, Lindley 
 Murray, on the nineteenth century, which are writ- 
 ten in a spirit of croaking run mad, in a panic at 
 the veiy name of liberty, especially the liberty of 
 the press, and far more in the temper of the Pope's 
 Encyclical Letter than of our modern thought ; in 
 fact, so gloomy and reactionary, that they would 
 be laughed at now by moderate conservatives, in 
 the old world and the new. There had been a green 
 Christmas, and it was then a mild Winter ; but to 
 many like Murray, the political sky was dark and 
 cold. 
 
 The leading editorial in the Commercial Adver- 
 tiser of New Year's Day, 1801, begins thus : 
 
 At the close of tlie eigliteentli century, and near the close of the 
 third Presidency in the American Administration, events have taken 
 place that have excited no small surprise among men who are consid- 
 ered as possessing great political discernment. Men wonder and 
 speculate ! They are surprised at the issue of the elections, and look 
 about them for the causes that have defeated their calculations. 
 
TN THE lONETEENTH CENTUEY. 15 
 
 The article tlius continues towards the close : 
 
 We have no grounds to felicitate ourselves on advancing a single 
 step in tlie tlieory or practice of government witMn two thousand 
 years. The opinion that we have advanced^ is derived from our pride, 
 founded on our ignorance — an opinion that is a burlesk on our educa- 
 tion, our pretended science, and our vanity. 
 
 In the Commercial Advertiser of January 18, 
 1801, we have this notice from President Adams, 
 which is proof that he did not mean to see Thomas 
 Jefferson inaugurated, and that our Presidents have 
 mended the manners, if they have not outgrown the 
 irritability, of the old times : 
 
 The President of the United States requests the several printers 
 who have sent him their newspapers, to send in their accounts and 
 receive their payments. He also requests that they would send him 
 no more after the 3d of March next. 
 
 "Washington, January 13, 1801. 
 
 A newspaper brings the past very near to us, and 
 as we handle this old copy of the Advertiser^ it re- 
 calls sixty-six years ago, and the New Year's Day 
 when it was issued, and the New York of that day. It 
 was then, as Irving said, a " handy city," where every- 
 body knew everybody, and good neighborhood had 
 not become a mere tradition. The city had about 
 60,000 inhabitants, 10;000 less than Philadel^^hia 
 had, and was a little larger than the city of Provi- 
 dence now is, and considerably smaller than Newark 
 is. Population had pushed up as far as Anthony 
 Street, now "Worth Street, a little above the present 
 City Hospital, and a line of farm-houses seemed on 
 their way to Stuyvesant's Bowery, our present place 
 
16 NEW YOEK 
 
 of meeting, and that St. Mark's Churcli, our near 
 neighbor now, wliicli had been lately erected with- 
 out its present steeple. There was, of course, no gas- 
 light, and but little coal, and not any of our Croton 
 water. Great was the fame of the Tea Water Pump 
 in Chatham Street, and bad was the name of the 
 new reservoir on the east side of Broadway, between 
 Pearl and White Streets, on the two-acre lot bought 
 of the Van Cortlandts for 1,200 pounds; and great 
 was the hope of the New Manhattan Water Works 
 in Chambers Street near Centre — a hope quite vain. 
 The city was healthy, as it always is to all who 
 take care of themselves, and its death-rate was 
 about half that of last year, which was thirty-five 
 in one thousand. 
 
 Taxes were light, about one half of one per cent., 
 and in 1796 the whole tax raised was 7,968 pounds, 
 and the whole valuation of property was 1,261,585 
 pounds — estimates that were probably about half 
 the real value, so that the tax was only about one 
 fourth of one per cent. A man worth $50,000 was 
 thought rich, and some fortunes reached $250,000. 
 Mechanics had a dollar a day for wages, and a gen- 
 teel house rented for $350 a year, and $750 addi- 
 tional would meet the ordinary expenses of living 
 for a genteel family — such as now spends from $6,000 
 to $10,000, we have good reason to believe, fr^om 
 such authority as Mr. D. T. Valentine, Clerk of the 
 Common Council. A good house could be bought 
 for $3,000 or $4,000, and flour was four and five 
 dollars a barrel, and beef ten cents a pound. 
 
 There were great entertainments, and men ate 
 
EST THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 17 
 
 and drank freely — more freely, apparently, tlian now 
 — but nothing of present luxury prevailed in the high 
 classes ; and how rare the indulgence was, is proved 
 by the common saying, " that the Livingstons give 
 champagne," which marked their case as exceptional. 
 Now, surely, a great many families in New York 
 besides the Livingstons give champagne, and not 
 always wisely for their own economy or their guests' 
 sobriety. 
 
 These homely items give a familiar idea of old 
 New York in 1801. We must remember that it 
 was then a provincial city, and had nothing of its 
 present back-country connection with the West, 
 being the virtual capital of the Hudson Eiver Val- 
 ley rather than of the great Empire State. Buffalo, 
 Syracuse, Utica, and the noted cities of Western 
 New York, were but names then, and Albany was 
 of so little business note, that the main communica- 
 tion with it was by dilatory sloops, such as Irving 
 describes after his slow voyage in the craft that he 
 long waited for, and which gave him ample time to 
 study the picturesque on the Hudson, with such 
 food for his humor as the Captain's talk in Dutch 
 to his crew of negro slaves. What a contrast with 
 a trip now in the St. John or the Dean Richmond — 
 marine palaces that float you as in a dream by 
 night through the charmed passes of the Hudson, to 
 Albany ! Irving's name does much to bring before 
 us the living picture of New York in 1801, and we 
 can fancy somewhat what the city then was, by look- 
 ing in upon him — then a youth of seventeen, at 128 
 William Street — and going the rounds of society and 
 
 2 
 
18 NEW YOKK 
 
 sight-seeing on tliat New Year's Day. A few hours 
 with him in his love of fun, and a few more with 
 young Gulian C. Verplanck — who was then in the 
 senior class at Columbia College and a little wild, 
 according to the squibs of some of his political ene- 
 mies, and whose social tastes were, of course, more 
 mature, and in the line of all charming company — 
 would tell more of those scenes and times than vol- 
 umes of antiquarian research. We cannot paint the 
 picture, nor try to describe the large diversity of 
 nationalities, tastes, and characters, that even then 
 made this city so universal in its affinities, and gave 
 promise of its future comprehensiveness. Our task 
 is rather in the sphere of general history, than of 
 local and personal narrative; and perhaps enough 
 has been said by Dr. Francis of the special features 
 of old New York. Kindly thought of him here to- 
 night ; for, surely, if spirits ever walk the earth, the 
 stout old Doctor's ghost is with us now, in this his 
 loved and familiar haunt. 
 
 The historian seeks for universal laws, and is 
 bound to search out the ideas and characteristics 
 that connect a community with the nation and 
 the race. It is not easy to say exactly wherein old 
 New York represented the spirit of the nineteenth 
 century. In some respects it seemed to ignore the 
 nineteenth century, and surely, it was not conspicu- 
 ous for science, art, philosophy, or poetry. Philadel- 
 phia and Boston, probably even Charleston, S. C, 
 were in advance of it in literary spirit ; and when 
 Dr. Samuel Miller gave, on New Year's Day, 1801, 
 in his Wall Street pulpit, his memorable retrospect 
 
IN THE NHSTETEEISTTH CEFTUEY. 19 
 
 of the eighteen til century — which he afterwards ex- 
 panded into two volumes, published in 1803 — he 
 was far more complimentary to his remote than to 
 his near neighbors in his portraiture of American 
 science and literature. The title-page that styles 
 him corresponding member of the Historical Society 
 of Massachusetts, proves what he regarded as the 
 representative of American history then, and is a 
 sign that this Society of ours was needed and was 
 to come the year after. His account of New York, 
 in his chapter on " Nations Lately Become Literary,'' 
 is very brief, and deals mainly with the founding 
 of Columbia College, the Society Library, and the 
 Medical School ; and he has no higher name to 
 record in science than that of Dr. Mitchill among 
 the New Yorkers, who could claim such peerless 
 statesmen and political writers. Dr. Miller, in speak- 
 ing of the want of literary culture in America, men- 
 tions the causes, and naming among them defective 
 collegiate instruction, want of books, want of leisure, 
 and want of encouragement to learning, he per- 
 haps tells the main reason when he says, " Besides, 
 the spirit of our people is commercial. It has been 
 said, and perhaps with some justice, that the love 
 of gain peculiarly characterizes the inhabitants of 
 the United States." This remark applied peculiarly 
 to New York, which had been, from the first, espe- 
 cially a business city, and it has always been so. It 
 is precisely in this direction that we are to look for 
 its higher developments, and its rightful place in 
 universal history, rather than to pure science or ideal 
 philosophy or letters. It is business that has given 
 
20 NEW YOEK 
 
 this city its empii'e, and brouglit the imperial arts 
 and sciences in its train. 
 
 There is reason to believe that soon after the 
 Revolution, men of thought in New York saw the 
 rising destiny of their City and State, and one reason 
 of their reluctance to come into the constitutional 
 union, was the fear of making over too much of 
 their local power to the central Government ; espe- 
 cially their great share of revenue from imports, and 
 their commanding position between New England 
 and the South and West. Very early the interest 
 of the Colonies seemed to centralize here, and the 
 Colonial Congress of 1765, and the Provincial Con- 
 gress of 1776, and the inauguration of Washington in 
 1789, w^ere all hints of the empire that was to be. 
 
 A gentleman who was here in 1787, when the 
 whole State had a smaller population than North 
 Carolina, wrote to his friends that the city was 
 ruined by the war ; but its future greatness was 
 unquestionable. Truth must be told, even if it 
 mortifies our ambition ; and the development of the 
 power of the State and City was not to be under 
 the leadership of the great masters of its legislation. 
 Hamilton fell sadly by an impious hand, and Jay 
 retired from public life, and Gouverneur 'Morris too 
 soon followed him. The masters of the future were 
 men of business, and probably to Robert Fulton and 
 De Witt Clinton, with their industrial friends and 
 helpers, New York owes her imperial position in the 
 nation and the world, more than to men of science 
 or letters, scholars or statesmen. Even her great 
 statesmen had much of business point and sagacity 
 
rCT THE NINETEENTH CENTUEY. 21 
 
 in tlieir composition ; and, surely, Hamilton was as 
 much, of a financier and soldier as a jurist, and per- 
 haps was compelled to yield to the Virginia plan 
 of the Constitution, because it came from Madison's 
 more American mind, and embodied more of the 
 instincts and traditions of the nation, than his more 
 military and perhaps more European scheme of con- 
 solidation. Chancellor Livingston claims as much 
 honor by his encouragement to Fulton as by his 
 law and statesmanship, and deserves with him a 
 high name among the organizers of liberty. Who 
 shall say what steam navigation has done to eman- 
 cipate mankind from drudgery, and construct society 
 upon the basis of liberty ? It is science turned liber- 
 ator ; and the saucy philosophy of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury became the mighty and merciful helper of the 
 nineteenth century. To us, individually and gener- 
 ally, how marvellous has been the gift ! Wherever 
 that piston-rod rises and falls, and those paddles 
 turn, man has a giant for his porter and defender, 
 and the liberty of the nation has been organized 
 under its protection; and the great States of the 
 Mississippi valley and the Pacific coast are brought 
 within one loyal afiinity, and build their new liber- 
 ties upon the good old pattern of our fathers. Clinton 
 and Fulton, the one identified with the rise of steam 
 navigation, the other with the Erie Canal, are names 
 that belong to universal history, as having given 
 America its business unity, and brought its united 
 wealth to bear upon the industry and commerce of 
 the world. 
 
 We are somewhat surprised, in studpng the old 
 
22 NEW YORK 
 
 New York mind, at seeing so little trace of specula- 
 tive thinking, and it is not easy to say to wliat 
 scliool of philosoj^liy its intellectual leaders belonged. 
 Here we must make an important distinction, and 
 see the cause of the absence of the speculative, sub- 
 jective habit of mind so common in New England. 
 New York was more dynamic than ideal, or more 
 busy with active forces than theoretic principles. 
 New York itself was a historic force, and not a theo- 
 logical or philosophical school. It was a community 
 that kept most of its historical continuity through 
 three revolutions, and had no decided break in its 
 evolution. Its 23eople were never come-outers or 
 radicals of the extreme type ; but carried the old 
 national life forward with them into new conditions. 
 The Dutch colonists were Dutchmen still, and in the 
 old church and nation ; the English were English 
 still, with all the old loyalty to church and state ; 
 and when the Dutch-English community crowned 
 the old protest against Rome by the new protest 
 against British despotism, they carried with them 
 much of their old institutional habit. They did not 
 go out and build anew under the open heavens from 
 radical ideas ; but kept as far as they could within 
 the old walls. Their spirit was fi'ee, but their 
 method was cautious and conservative, and they 
 leaned much upon the leaders who walked in the 
 old historical paths. Thus the Constitution of 1777 
 is a marvel of conservative caution, and shows the 
 power of Jay and his associates over the mass, who 
 were far more radical than he, and who consented 
 to restricted suffrage and the aristocratic Councils of 
 
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTUEY. 23 
 
 Appointment and Revision as keeping tliem within 
 the safe old paths, whilst they rejoiced in the un- 
 trammeled religious liberty given. Quite remarka- 
 ble it is that the Convention of 1801 did little more 
 than decide that the four Senators on the Council 
 of Appointment should have concurrent voices with 
 the Governor in making appointments to office. The 
 people seemed to feel that they were a civic fact, a 
 historic force, an actual institution, and it was a 
 great thing to keep the life that came to them from 
 their fathers. 
 
 In their own way, their historical life expanded 
 into new enterprises and institutions, and the year 
 1804, that saw our Historical Society founded, the 
 City Hall rising from its foundation, and the Public 
 School Society virtually resolved upon, was a mem- 
 orable date in the annals of the city. It was marked 
 also by dark signs ; for it brought the terrible fire of 
 December, with its loss of $2,000,000 and forty stores 
 and dwellings, and the death of Hamilton , and the 
 loss of his brilliant gifts and guiding intellect. 
 
 In religion and theology there was much of the 
 same spirit. The New York Churches were strong ; 
 but the clergy were little given to speculative think- 
 ing, and no commanding thinker appeared among 
 them, such as abounded in New England. They 
 kept the old creeds and usages with a strength that 
 awed down dissent, and with a benign temper that 
 conciliated favor. Latitudinarian tendencies were 
 either suppressed, or driven into open hostility with 
 the poj)ular creeds under deistical or atheistical 
 teachers. In all, the congregations numbered 30, and 
 
24 NEW YORK 
 
 the Jews had one synagogue. Even tlie most radical 
 congregation in tlie city, the Universalist, held main- 
 ly the old theological views, and had only one point 
 of peculiar doctrine, and even with this single excep- 
 tion, and with all the orthodox habits, they had only 
 a lay organization in 1801, and were without a regu- 
 lar minister till 1803. 
 
 The Dutch Reformed, Episcopalians, Presbyte- 
 rians, and Methodists, numbered each five congre- 
 gations ; the Baptists three ; the Friends two ; the 
 Lutherans two ; the Roman Catholics, Huguenots, 
 Moravians, and Universalists, one each. Some writers 
 en'oneously assign seven churches, instead of five, 
 to the Episcopalians in 1801 ; by claiming for them 
 the Huguenot Church Du Saint Esprit, which was 
 established in 1704, and acceded to the Episcopal 
 Church in 1804, and Zion Church, which was estab- 
 lished by Lutherans in 1801, and joined the Epis- 
 copal communion in 1810. 
 
 As far as we can judge, the Presbyterian clergy 
 had most of the new American culture of the severer 
 kind, and Drs. Samuel Miller and John M. Mason 
 were the intellectual leaders of the New York pulpit. 
 The only man to be named with them in j^opular 
 influence was John Henry Hobart, who was or- 
 dained in 1801, consecrated bishop in 1811, and 
 who, in spite of his extreme views of Episcopal pre- 
 rogative, is to be named among the fathers of the 
 American Church, and a good specimen of what old 
 Trinity Churcli has done to unite patriotism with 
 relio;ion. 
 
 The Episcopal Church had much accomplishment 
 
IE" THE ISTIKETEENTH CENTURY. 25 
 
 in its clergy, and Bisliop Prevoost, wlio received 
 ordination in England, was a man of extensive 
 knowledge, and Dr. Livingston of the Dutcli Church 
 was a good match for him in learning and dignity. 
 It is said that when these clerical mao-nates met on 
 Sundays and exchanged salutations, they took up 
 the entire street, and reminded beholders of two 
 frigates under full sail, exchanging salutes with each 
 other. 
 
 Yet none of the New York clergy were patterns 
 of the peculiar thinking of the nineteenth century, 
 and the leaders steered clear of all traces of the 
 rising rationalism. Dr. Miller touches upon the 
 philosophy of the eighteenth century in his retro- 
 spect, and promises to deal with theology in a 
 separate work, but did not fulfil the promise ; and 
 only indicates his own leanings and limited cul- 
 ture by praising Locke and Reid in the same chap- 
 ter, and, in almost the same breath, accepting Jona- 
 than Edwards and ridiculing Emanuel Kant. Very 
 clearly New York religion was not speculative or 
 philosophical, yet it was none the less a positive 
 institution, a living force, and it made up by its 
 kindly spirit and its historical life for the absence 
 of the critical knowledge that sometimes is found 
 apart from piety and charity — the knowledge that 
 puffeth up. We are to look for the connections of 
 the old New York religion with the new age in 
 its powerful organizing spirit ; and the great move- 
 ments of piety and charity in America have come 
 from the union of the institutional stability, order, 
 and method of New York with the more subjective 
 
26 ]SrEW YORK 
 
 tliouglit and culture of New England. Eeligious 
 liberty has had its grandest organizations from this 
 city, as a centre, and we have seen only the begin 
 ning of its mighty and benign work. 
 
 We may regard old New York as culminating 
 in the year 1825, with the completion of the Erie 
 Canal; and that great jubilee that married this city 
 to the mighty west, began a new era of triumph and 
 responsibility, that soon proved that the bride's festi- 
 val is followed by the wife's cares and the mother's 
 anxieties. New York had become the national city, 
 and was so for a quarter of a century more, and 
 then she became cosmopolitan, European as well 
 as American, and obviously one of the few leading 
 cities of the world — the third city of Christendom. 
 We may fix this change upon the middle of the 
 century as well as upon any date, and call the time 
 from 1850 till now, her cosmopolitan era. The 
 change, of course, was gradual, and the great increase 
 of the city dates from the close of the Revolutionary 
 war, and the evacuation of the city by the British 
 troops. The population doubled nearly in the ten 
 years after 1T90, and went from 33,000 to 60,000. 
 In 1825 it reached 166,086, and in 1850 rose to 
 515,515. All this increase could not but bring a 
 new sense of power, and throughout all the bewilder- 
 ing maze of the old New York politics we can see 
 traces of the desire of the people and their leaders 
 to dispute the palm of empire with Virginia and its 
 old dominion. The efforts seemed vain that were 
 made to put New Yorkers into the presidential 
 chair. Before 1825, the State had tried three ^imes 
 
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 2Y 
 
 to elect a President, and three times had raised one 
 of its sons to the Vice-Presidency. What could not 
 be done directly, was done indirectly, and it seems 
 to have been De Witt Clinton, before any leading 
 Northern man, who led the way to the nomination 
 of Andrew Jackson to the Presidency ; and before 
 Van Buren had taken the same stand, he began the 
 movement that ended in breaking the old Virginia 
 line of power by reaching over into Tennessee and 
 bringing a successful soldier into the field of politics. 
 The line once broken, New York made way for its 
 own ambition, and twice has had the Presidency in 
 its hands ; and had more reasons than state ambi- 
 tion for desiring to continue in power, when proba- 
 ,bly the ablest and purest of her new statesmen, Silas 
 Wright, lost his political prospects because he would 
 not strike hands with the propagandists of slavery; 
 carried forward democracy in the spirit of its anti- 
 slavery champion, Daniel D. Tompkins, who moved 
 the Liberty Bill of 1817 ; and the new age began 
 which has committed the Empire State to the do- 
 minion of fi'eedom, and put her practically at the 
 head of the movement which identifies the democratic 
 idea in America with emancipation in the nineteenth 
 century. 
 
 The Constitutional Convention of 1821, with its 
 moderate liberalism, and the amendment of 1826, re- 
 moving restrictions on white suffrage, and the Con- 
 stitution of 1846, with its extreme radicalism, con- 
 nect this city with general history, especially by 
 their bearing on universal suffrage, and the extension 
 of the elective powers of the people, and the decen- 
 
28 NEW YORK 
 
 tralizing of the State, to give more sway to local 
 liberty, especially as to local magistrates and even 
 judges. It is clear that the spirit of the nineteenth 
 century was at work among the people ; and, in 
 some respects, has gone so far as to raise the ques- 
 tion, whether liberty has not been disorganized under 
 the hands of its dissectors, who have taken the body 
 politic to pieces, with the promise of putting it to- 
 gether with complete equality among the members, 
 without setting the intelligent voters, who should be 
 the head, above the sots and dunces, who should be 
 its foot ; and without denying suffrage to a drunken 
 ignoramus on account of his color, yet refusing it to an 
 intelligent and sober patriot for having another skin. 
 
 It was in the period that we have called natioual, 
 that the Constitutional Convention of 1846 was held, 
 and entailed upon us, by its indiscriminate aboli- 
 tion of the old central safeguards, some of the mis- 
 chiefs that stand in such contrast with the majestic 
 triumphs of the city in wealth and culture during 
 that period, and which called for some remedy, and 
 found it, in part, in the new plan of centralized 
 power, which, since 1849, has given the State at 
 large a hand in our home affairs. How grand in 
 other respects was the development of the city in 
 that twenty-five years, 1825 to 1850, and what a 
 new and marvellous world of wealth and splendor 
 rose before the eyes of our people ! 
 
 In 1830 the State, which in 1800 threw the same 
 number of electoral votes as North Carolina, had 
 risen from 586,T56, to 1,918,608, and the city had 
 gone from 60,489 to 202,589. 
 
nsr THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 29 
 
 The introduction of gas and of tlie Croton water 
 were grand illustrations of the power of organized in- 
 dustry, and mighty aids in throwing light, health, and 
 purity into the lives of the people ; and the rise of 
 the great popular daily journals that almost created 
 the national press of America, made an era in the 
 free fellowship of public thought. The city pushed 
 its triumphal march forward during that period, from 
 Bleecker Street to Madison Square, and vainly tried 
 to halt its forces at Washington and Union Squares, 
 or to pause long anywhere on the way of empire. 
 The whole period would make an important history 
 of itself, and our task now is with the New York 
 of to-day, as it has risen into cosmopelitan rank since 
 1850 — the year which gave us a line of European 
 steamers of our own, and opened the Golden Gate 
 of California to our packets. 
 
 Look at our city now in its extent, population, 
 wealth, institutions, and connections, and consider 
 how far it is doing its great work, under God's provi- 
 dence, as the most conspicuous representative of the 
 liberty of the nineteenth century in its hopes and 
 fears. You are too familiar with the figures and 
 facts that show the largeness of the city, to need 
 any minute or extended summary or recapitulation. 
 That we are not far from a million of people on this 
 island, that began the century with 60,000 ; that the 
 valuation of property, real and personal, has risen 
 since 1805 from $25,000,000, to $736,988,058 ; that 
 the real value of property here is about $1,00U,000,- 
 000, or a thirtieth part of the entire property of 
 Great Britain : that our taxes within that time have 
 
30 NEW YORK 
 
 risen from |12T,000 to $1Q,950,167, over four and a 
 half millions more than our whole national expendi- 
 ture in 1801 ; that our banking capital is over $90,- 
 000,000, and the transactions of our Clearing Houses, 
 for the year ending October 1, 1866, were over $29,- 
 000,000,000 ; that our Savings Banks have 300,000 
 depositors, and $77,000,000 of deposits ; that our 
 108 Fire Insurance Companies and 38 Fire Agencies 
 have a capital of $47,560,000, and our 18 Life In- 
 surance Companies a capital of $2,938,000, whose pre- 
 miums last year were nearly $9,000,000 ; that, by the 
 census of 1865, the number of dwellings was 49,844, 
 and the value of them was $423,096,918 ; that this 
 city, by the census of 1860, returned a larger manu- 
 facturing product than any other city in the Union, 
 and more than any State, except New York, Massa- 
 chusetts, and Pennsylvania — the sum total of $159,- 
 107,369,fromrawmaterial worth $96,177,038 in 4,375 
 establishments, with 90,204 operatives, and $61,212,- 
 757 capital, and manufactured nearly one-eleventh of 
 the sum total of the United States * manufactures in 
 
 * In justice to Philadelphia we quote the statistics of her manufactories 
 from the census of 1860, which show a larger number of hands employed, and 
 a larger capital invested, with less value, however, in raw material, and in the 
 value of the product. Philadelphia had, in 1860, 6,298 manufacturing estab- 
 lishments, with a capital invested of $73,318,885 ; with the cost of raw material, 
 $69,562,206; with 98,988 operatives, and with an annual product of value 
 $135,979,67'7. It must be remembered, however, that Philadelphia, since 1854, 
 is made to include the whole county of one hundred and twenty square miles — 
 nearly six times the area of New York city — which is very much like annexing 
 Brooklyn and Jersey City and the whole neighborhood that really contains New 
 York people, business, and capital to the city itself, and setting their financial 
 returns down under one head. It is to be desired that New York would make 
 as good provision for mechanics and persons of moderate means, as Philadelphia 
 makes by her many snug and cheap houses, and her light expenses and simpler 
 habits. 
 
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 31 
 
 1860, wliicli was $1,885,861,676; that in twenty 
 years we exported, from September 1, 1846, to Sep- 
 tember 1, 1866, to Europe, over 27,000,000 barrels 
 of flour, over 164,000,000 bushels of wheat, 127,- 
 000,000 bushels of corn, nearly 5,000,000 bushels of 
 rye ; that the receipts for customs in this port for 
 1865 were $101,772,905 ; that this city is the great 
 gold market of the world, and in 1865 received 
 $61,201,108, and exported over $30,000,000 abroad, 
 and received in twelve years, 1854 to 1866, from San 
 Francisco $375,558,659 in gold ; that our shipping, 
 registered and enrolled in 1865, amounted in tonnage 
 to 1,223,264 tons, and the number of arrivals of 
 vessels in this port in 1865 was 12,634, of these 
 2,078 being steamers ; that our exports for the year 
 1865 were $208,630,282, and our imports were 
 $224,742,419; that, on an average, 35 tons of mail- 
 matter are received here for our citizens, and 55 tons 
 are sent out daily ; that the average number of mail- 
 bags received is 385, and the average number sent 
 out is 713 ; that within three years and a half the 
 mail correspondence of our citizens has doubled ; 
 that the number of letters and newspapers collected 
 by the carriers for the quarter ending December 31, 
 1865, was over 3,000,000, and the number delivered 
 by them was over 3,600,000, and the deliveries 
 from Post-Office boxes for the same quarter were 
 over 5,000,000 ; that the increase of letters is so 
 marvellous that New York may soon rival London, 
 which, in 1862, received by mail 151,619,000 letters; 
 — these and the like plain statistics are sufficient to 
 prove the imperial wealth and power of New York, 
 
32 NEW YOEK 
 
 and to startle us with tlie problem of its prospective 
 growth, when we remember that 4:-j\ per cent, in- 
 crease, which has been generally the actual rate of 
 increase, will give us a population of some 4,000,000 
 at the close of the century. 
 
 Now, what are we to say of the city in its 
 higher, intellectual, and moral relations to our nation 
 and age ? What features of cosmopolitan greatness 
 is it manifesting ? It is surely no small thing, that 
 so many people live here in tolerable peace and com- 
 fort ; yet, of course, mere numbers do not constitute 
 greatness, else Pekin would excel us two to one, 
 and Yeddo might throw Paris and London into the 
 shade. Greatness is in quality, not quantity, and a 
 rational man of five feet eight inches is greater than 
 a rude giant of eight feet, or a whale of ninety feet, 
 or a comet with a tail fifteen millions of miles long. 
 Take the test of quality, and New York need not 
 hide her head among the great cities of the world, 
 nor shrink from comparing her best citizens with the 
 best citizens of any other city, nor from asking for 
 her daily work an honorable position in the history 
 of human capital, labor, and skill. Every day the 
 nation and the world are richer for what is done on 
 this island, and the great army of workers here with 
 the hand or head, presents a marvellous spectacle to 
 the mind capable of putting their various sections 
 together, and seeing at one view our New York at 
 its daily work. 
 
 Let us pass in review the industrial army of the 
 city, which General Barlow, Secretary of State, al- 
 lows me to copy from the unpublished census of 
 
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 33 
 
 1865, and let us imagine it divided into regiments, 
 thus, of about a thousand persons each : 
 
 Blacksmiths, over two and one-half regiments or 2,621 
 
 Bookbinders, over one " • • • • 1,134 
 
 Boiler Makers, nearly one " •••• ^1*^ 
 
 Boot and Shoe Makers, over six " 6,307 
 
 Butchers, four " •••• 3,998 
 
 Brokers, one and one-third " li348 
 
 Barbers, one . - " 1,054 
 
 Cabinet Makers and Dealers, two and one-half . " 2i,575 
 
 Carpenters, over six " 6,352 
 
 Cartmen and Draymen, four and one-half. .... " 4,675 
 
 Clerks, seventeen and one-half " 17,620 
 
 Clergy, nearly one-half " 429 
 
 Confectioners, nearly one " ^^^ 
 
 Cooks, one " •••• ^^^ 
 
 Coopers, one and one-half " • • • • 1,401 
 
 Dressmakers, etc., nine and one-half " 9,501 
 
 Drivers, nearly two " • • • • 1,895 
 
 Engineers, over one " •••• 1,196 
 
 Grocers, one " 937 
 
 Hat and Cap Makers, one and one-half " 1,438 
 
 Jewelers, one " 925 
 
 Laborers, twenty-one and one-quarter " 21,231 
 
 Laundresses, three and one-half " 3,590 
 
 Lawyers, one and one-fourth " 1,232 
 
 Merchants, six " 5,978 
 
 Machinists, three " 3,108 
 
 Masons, three " .... 2,757 
 
 Milliners, one and one-third " 1,334 
 
 Musicians, nearly one *' • • • • 809 
 
 Painters and Glaziers, four " .... 3,801 
 
 Peddlers, two " .... 1,988 
 
 Physicians, one and one-fourth " 1,269 
 
 Piano Makers, nearly one " .... 855 
 
 Plumbers, one..... " .... 1,108 
 
 Police, one and one-half " .... 1,546 
 
 Porters, nearly three " 2,729 
 
 Printers, two " 2,186 
 
 Saddlers and Harness Makers, one " .... 915 
 
 Sailors and Marines, over three " .... 3,288 
 
 3 
 
34 n:e,w yoek 
 
 Servants, thirty-three regiments or 33,282 
 
 School-Children, one hundred " 100,000 
 
 Ship Carpenters, one " .... 1,156 
 
 Stone Cutters, one and one-third " 1,342 
 
 Tailors, ten " 9,734 
 
 Teachers, over one and one-half " 1,608 
 
 Tinsmiths, one " 931 
 
 These occupations and others that I might pre- 
 sent from the voluminous pages of the Census, reckon 
 about 150,000 of the people, and with school-child- 
 ren a quarter of a million. 
 
 The measure of a man's dignity depends upon 
 the degree in which he rises above his private wants 
 and lives in universal principles, motives, and ob- 
 jects. Now, how far is the work of our city made 
 to bear upon the business and welfare of the nation 
 and the world, and how does a cosmopolitan spirit 
 mark the temper of our people ? Much, surely, and 
 probably far more than we are apt to think. The 
 truth is coming out, more and more, that we are 
 working with the country and the race, and giving 
 and receiving good of all kinds, by a perpetual and 
 magnificent exchange of thought and incentive, as 
 well as of merchandise. Our best merchants are 
 obliged to hold the markets of the globe in their 
 minds, and our commerce is the practical fellowship 
 of the business of the world, and this city has much 
 of the enterprise and wealth of the whole nation in 
 its charge. I do not say that business is done 
 wholly or mainly for disinterested aims, or that 
 Wall Street and South Street are zealots for uni- 
 versal philanthropy or missionary sacrifice ; but I do 
 believe that they, in their best merchants, have a 
 
IlSr THE NmETEElSTTH CENTUEY. 35 
 
 large sense of the grandeur of their work and a ris- 
 ino; conviction of its relation to the nation and the 
 world. Our best merchants and bankers do not neg- 
 lect character as an essential attendant of capital, 
 and commercial honor means as much here as any- 
 where in America or Europe. The city that is next 
 to London in financial importance, and lately saved 
 the credit of the Bank of England by her gold, 
 is not behind London in the worth of a true busi- 
 ness man's word. Business here in its best form is 
 done with careful method as well as large enterprise, 
 and the leading firms assure me that one. per cent, 
 in sales will cover the amount of their average losses 
 in trade. Of course, wealth is no measure of great- 
 ness, and we all know how utterly contemjotible a 
 millionnaire may make himself by his utter treachery 
 to the noblest principles ; but it is the man that is 
 mean, not the spirit of business, nor the nature of 
 capital. The money is often nobler than the man, 
 and capital, under the influence of the immense en- 
 terprise and world-wide relations of this city, has a 
 certain grandeur in its tone, and cannot be sluggish, 
 nor wholly mean, if it will follow bravely the lead 
 of the age, and make its investments with the best 
 promise of honest return. Surely, our New York 
 capital is in marvellous relations with the industry 
 of the nation and the globe, and the purse here is 
 the sinew of peace, as it has been the sinew of war. 
 Day by day it keeps its vast army and navy of 
 industry on the land and sea, and no man can enter 
 intelligently into the study of the relations of capital 
 and labor here, without saying that the subject rises 
 
36 NEW YOKK 
 
 into imperial dignity, and a true mercLant cannot 
 be a cliurl or a dunce. Business itself here teaches 
 large ideas, and breathes a brave spirit and a gener- 
 ous fellowship. The trades catch something of the 
 same temper, and the mechanics of this city, so emi- 
 nent for skill and thrift, have much sense of their 
 part in the work of their time, as well as their craft. 
 
 The earnings of labor rise here into grandeur, 
 and not only count up by millions in our Savings 
 Banks, but defend the country and build up the 
 city. New York was built up largely by money 
 loaned to our merchants from our Savings Banks ; 
 and, when the nation's life was threatened, these 
 husbanded wages, as will be seen by Colonel War- 
 ner's statement,* were transferred into loans to our 
 Government, and thus our hard-handed industry 
 sent its money as well as its men to the war ; and, 
 therefore. New York labor is imperial in its work, 
 and has done a noble part in giving our America 
 her place among the nations. How mightily New 
 York labor, capital, and skill, met together in our 
 iron-clad fleet! When the brave little Monitor 
 steamed into Chesapeake Bay and struck the rebel 
 bully, the Merrimac, the deadly blow that stopped 
 its piratical work, the mechanics and merchants 
 of New York were there in their might, and Ful- 
 ton and Ericsson led them to their triumph under 
 the good old flag of the Union. Our business 
 surely rises into imperial proportions, and is train- 
 ing us to a certaih sense of our belonging to the 
 great empire of industry that is so vitally con- 
 
 * See Appendix. 
 
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTUET. 37 
 
 nected with the republic of letters. It does some 
 tilings that have a romantic grandeur, and read 
 like chapters of a poem. What was it in the main 
 but the business spirit, that carried through the 
 last wonder of the world ? It was not abstract 
 philanthi'opy, nor priestly ambition, nor missionary 
 zeal, nor scientific pride, nor intellectual curiosity, but 
 simple business enterprise, far-seeing and plucky, 
 that laid the Atlantic Cable, and gave the two 
 hemispheres of the globe one pulse and brain. In 
 the Great Eastern, C}tus W. Field brought our Fulton 
 and Morse to work together in a wonderful way, 
 and Fulton's steam carried the cable, and Morse's 
 lightning sent through the thought. So the spirit 
 of business joined together the engine that carries 
 l)ulk with the battery, that discharges brain ; and 
 New York has had a mighty hand in that organism 
 of liberty of the nineteenth century, that emanci- 
 pates man from the weight of his burdens and the 
 bonds of distance and of time. 
 
 As to the bearing of New York upon govern- 
 ment, which is part of the great work of life, there 
 is much to say in various directions, lights, and 
 shades. Yet this is surely true, that this city in 
 its real historical life has been the guardian of 
 liberty, order, and union, and the great scandals 
 that have sometimes fallen upon its good name, 
 have not been its own home production. The city 
 has been wonderfully free from disorder, and when 
 mobs have appeared, the fact that they have showed 
 their heads reads less conspicuously in our history, 
 than the fact that they were at once put down, 
 
38 NEW YOEK 
 
 and the heads disappeared more quickly than they 
 came. The hist of these mobs and the worst, be- 
 cause against the few and unoffending negroes, was 
 most effectually put down, and the city at large 
 applauded the magistrate whose decision was most 
 conspicuous in giving the rioters their due, and he 
 is now our honored Mayor. The logic of our his- 
 tory and conviction as to mobs, is simple and suf- 
 ficient. It says to all assemblies that threaten per- 
 son or property, " Disperse ! " and if they do not 
 go, then it says, " Fire ! " In mercy, as well as in 
 justice, that logic has worked well, and is not like- 
 ly to die out. 
 
 The marvellous growth of population, within 
 twenty years, has added half a million to our num- 
 bers, and called, of course, for new measures, and 
 ouo;ht to be some excuse for some mistakes and 
 disappointments. The charter bears the mark of 
 many changes, and is destined to bear more. The 
 original charter was given by James II. in 1686 ; 
 was amended by Queen Anne in 1708 ; further 
 enlarged by George II. in 1730, into what is now 
 known as Montgomerie's Charter, and as such was 
 confirmed by the General Assembly of the Province 
 in 1732, and made New York essentially a free 
 city. The Mayor was appointed by the Provincial 
 Governor and Council, till the Revolution ; by the 
 State Governor and four members of the Council 
 of Appointment, till 1821 ; by the Common Council, 
 until 1834, and aftel' wards by the people. In 1830, 
 the people divided the Common Council into two 
 boards, and, in 1849, the government was divided 
 
IK THE NINETEENTH CENTUEY. 39 
 
 into seven departments, tlie heads of eacli being 
 chosen by the people, and the Mayor's term of of- 
 fice being extended to two years. In 1853, the 
 Board of Assistant Aldermen was changed to a 
 Board of sixty Councilmen, and the term of Alder- 
 men extended to two years. In 1857, the number 
 of Aldermen was reduced from twenty-two to seven- 
 teen, and the sixty Councilmen to twenty-four; and 
 the present complex system of government was es- 
 tablished, with its many disconnected branches and 
 equivocal division of power between the city, coun- 
 ty, and state. Strangely is the Mayor shorn of 
 power, and the office which De Witt Clinton pre- 
 ferred to his place in the National Senate, is now 
 little more than a name and j)(^sition. Still, the 
 essence of Montgomerie's old charter remains, and 
 the true spirit can redress the new corruptions. 
 
 There are some ugly aspects of our city govern- 
 ment that make it difficult to treat .the subject in 
 the dignified light of history, and difficult to keep 
 silent upon the manifest wickedness of some of our 
 officials and their accomplices. It is not necessary 
 to take partisan ground to rebuke the wrong; for 
 no party has the monopoly of the offence. Fair 
 men of both parties now say that our citizens are 
 robbed and our city is disgraced. It is clear that 
 whilst we have many honest and effective men in 
 office, we have also a set of knaves in power, whose 
 conduct violates every principle of justice and pa- 
 triotism. May I not say, that whilst this city is 
 intensely American in feeling, we are afflicted with 
 one institution peculiarly foreign ? We have a royal 
 
40 ISTEW YOEK 
 
 family, whose maintenance is very dear, and whose 
 title to their state and income it is Lard to discover. 
 They abound in brass and gold ; but whilst the 
 brass on their faces is their own, the gold in their 
 pockets is stolen from yours. They have the cost- 
 liest signet 7'ing in Christendom, and it makes the 
 dirtiest mark, and sullies the sacred motto of Lib- 
 erty which it bears. It puts the stain of iniquity 
 even upon the seat of judgment, and the millions 
 ($2,243,340 60) expended on the unfinished Court- 
 House, prove that the work has been managed in 
 part by thieves. What to do is the universal ques- 
 tion, and we all ask it with per^^lexity. The prin- 
 ciple is clear, and the method will ere long show 
 itself. The principle of our redemption is to be 
 found in the sacred idea of freedom. It is not in 
 party spirit, nor aristocratic pride, noi* property j)re- 
 rogative ; but in intelligent liberty and public spirit. 
 We are oppressed, degraded, and robbed, 'and we 
 ask to be liberated, and we shall be, if we trust 
 more in the spirit of Zenger and his Liberty Bo^^s 
 than that of Lord Howe with his dragoons. The 
 city belongs to the State, nation, and world, and not 
 to any clique or ring or party ; yet whatever is 
 done, should aim to give our citizens self-respect, 
 to train them as much as possible to manage their 
 own affairs. Our people are intelligent, industrious, 
 honest, and brave, and mean to have their rights, 
 and shall. Careful legislation, with intelligent suf- 
 frage and a city government more on the plan of 
 the national, and taking from the Common Council 
 its temptations to base jobs, will set us right, and 
 
EST THE NESnETEENTH CENTURY. 41 
 
 free us from being subject to tlie dynasty of dirt 
 and sovereignty of sots. Of parties merely, as such, 
 little is to be hoped. Of the people of the city and 
 the State, all may be expected that is right, when 
 existing wrongs are clearly seen, and all honest men 
 are banded against them by the true principle of 
 impartial suffrage, and universal liberty and law. 
 Then, as elsewhere in America, liberty becomes con- 
 servative, and is settled into law, whilst law rises 
 into liberty. Let all honest men take as much in- 
 terest in our city aflPairs as thieves now take, and 
 our city is saved. 
 
 With all the drawback of defective municipal 
 government, the city is a great power in the Union, 
 and gave its wealth and men to the nation. Nay, 
 its very passion has been national, and the mass 
 who deplored the war never gave up the Union, 
 and might, perhaps, have consented to compromise 
 rather than to disunion, and have gone beyond any 
 other city in clinging to the Union as such, whether 
 right or vvrong. The thoughtful mind of the city 
 saw the true issue, and, whilst little radical or doc- 
 trinaire in its habit of thinking, and more inclined 
 to trust to historical tendencies and institutional 
 discij)line for the removal of wrong than to abstract 
 ideas, it did not waver a moment after the die was 
 cast, and the blow of rebellion and disunion was 
 clear. The ruling business powers of the city gave 
 money and men to the nation, when the Government 
 was halting and almost paralyzed. The first loan 
 was hazardous and the work of patriotism, and 
 when our credit was once committed, the wealth of 
 
42 NEW YOEK 
 
 tlie city was wholly at tlie service of the nation, 
 and the ideas of New England, and the enthusiasm 
 of the West, marched to victory with the mighty 
 concurrence of the money and the men of the Em 
 pire City and State. The State furnished 473,443 
 men, or, when reduced to years of service, 1,148,604 
 years' service ; equal to three years' service of 382,- 
 868 three years' men ; and the city alone furnished 
 116,382 men, equal to 267,551 years' service, at a 
 net cost of $14,577,214 65. That our moneyed men 
 meant devoted patriotism, it is not safe to say of 
 them all. In some cases, their capital may have 
 been wiser and truer than the capitalist, and fol- 
 lowed the great current of national life. Capital, 
 like water, whose currents it resembles, has its own 
 laws, and he who owns it cannot change its nature, 
 any more than he who owns a water-power can 
 change the power of the water. The capital of this 
 city is bound, under God, to the unity of the nation, 
 and, therefore, has to do a mighty part in organ- 
 izing the liberty of the nineteenth century. Led 
 by the same large spirit, and true to the Union 
 policy which has been the habit of the community 
 from the old Dutch times, the dominant thought 
 of our people will be sm-e to vindicate the favorite 
 idea of States Rights in the Union against States 
 Wrongs out of it ; and the seceded States will be 
 restored as soon as they secm^e the States that have 
 never seceded the just fruits of the war for the 
 national life — and guarantee them against all repeti- 
 tion of the treason. The end shall be liberty for 
 
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTUEY. 43 
 
 all ; for the wMte man aud the black man, every- 
 where ; for the South as well as the North. 
 
 It mio^ht be shown that the business mind of 
 our city has had great aptitude for the organization 
 and government of institutions of charity and re- 
 form, and that, with all their defects, these institu- 
 tions are, in many respects, as remarkable for their 
 efficiency as their extent. Here, moreover, where 
 crime rises into gigantic proportions, our safeguards 
 are by no means of pigmy shape, and our police 
 system is justly a matter of pride with oui' good 
 citizens, and makes their walks safe by day and 
 their pillow tranquil at night. That 68,373 arrests 
 were made for offences of all grades in the year 
 1865, and, of these arrests, 53,911 were for offences 
 of violence or other harm towards the person, proves 
 the vigilance of our police ; and that so many who 
 were arrested were discharged on insufficient grounds, 
 has raised in some observers the suspicion that some 
 of our judges are either not wise or not honest, and 
 too near the interests of the culprits. Our police, 
 although established by the State authority, repre- 
 sents the historical, legitimate mind of the city in 
 itself and its rural connections ; for the country and 
 city are, in important resj^ects, one, and a large part 
 of our true democracy who have genuine and just 
 interest in the city, live in the country. Aristotle * 
 was wise, and seems to have had a foresight of our 
 day, when over two thousand years ago he wrote : 
 " When a country happens to be so situated, that a 
 great part of the land lies at a distance from the 
 
 * Aristotle, Politics, B.ok vi., ch. iv. 
 
44 NEW YOEK 
 
 city, there it is easy to establisli a good democracy or 
 a free State ; for the people in general are obliged 
 to form their settlements in the country." Our rural 
 or territorial democracy may carry their jurisdiction 
 too far ; but their leading acts have tended to or- 
 ganize our liberty, not to bring us under the yoke 
 of bondage. It is not the party, but the great heart 
 of the peoj)le, that we must trust. Surely, viewing 
 our city in all its j)ublic institutions, under the two- 
 fold aspect of urban and rural control, they present 
 a great monument of organizing sagacity and force ; 
 and even the frauds that pervert their functions 
 cannot blind us to the largeness of the organization 
 and the frequent fidelity and effectiveness of the 
 management. We must not exaggerate our miseries, 
 nor allow a rino" of thieves to shut us out from the 
 knowledge of our faithful servants. Remember that 
 if New York has rogues in ofiice, other cities are 
 not spotless, nor wholly frugal ; that London 
 prints ponderous volumes on municipal frauds, and 
 Paris * has a yearly Budget, that, of late, approaches 
 
 * That Paris is like us in financial trouble, is evident from this passage from 
 Kolb's admirable Handbook of Comparative Statistics, Leipsic, 1865. " The 
 city of Paris alone has a Budget like an empire ; but like one that finds itself in 
 financial decline. In 1847, its levy was limited to 46,000,000 frs. In 1853, 
 the impost was raised to 55,000,000 at the highest ; but there was actually a 
 demand, ordinary and extraordinary, for 90,000 000 ; on account of which a 
 loan of 60,000,000 was negotiated. The Budget for 1859 closes with the 
 figures '7*7,649,081 frs. The sum actually needed reached 97,720,545 frs. The 
 Budget for 1864 is fixed at 81,586,376 frs. ordinary, and 52,714,936 extra- 
 ordinary ; to which were added 15^ millions supplementary, and 1,337,630 
 special appropriations; amounting in all to the sum of 151,408,942 frs. The 
 actual account in 1862 reaches the enormous sum of 175,712,566 frs." Kolb, 
 page 68. I have seen a statement that sets the Budget of 1863 at 193 million 
 frs. Yet for all this, Paris taxes property less than New York, and so does not 
 drive her residents away by over taxation. She puts most of the burdens on 
 
IlSr THE NESTETEElSrTH CENTTTEY. 45 
 
 ),000,000 in gold. Believe it, that we have the 
 groundwork of a noble municipal order ; and the 
 poorest service that the citizen can render, is to 
 despair of the republic or its metropolis. Its insti- 
 tutions of charity and reform have the outlines of 
 imperial greatness, and need only to be filled up 
 with an imperial mind and energy. Already muni- 
 ficent, voluntary associations have done a great work 
 and given nobler promise. Their history would fill 
 volumes. 
 
 Do not disdain to look upon our city upon 
 another side, and consider how the great brain of 
 business refreshes itself with what is generally called 
 amusement. Rehearse all the records of excess and 
 folly and utter wickedness that you can, and yet 
 there is something else, and not by any means dis- 
 heartening to say. Allow that in this city, in the 
 yeai' ending October 31, 1865, over 16,000 persons 
 were arrested for intoxication, and over 7,000 more 
 for intoxication and disorderly conduct ; that there 
 are some 10,000 places for intoxicating drinks, and 
 dens of licentiousness in proportion. Let us not 
 forget that there is something encouraging in the 
 demand for the higher forms of recreation, the beau- 
 tiful arts, sculpture, painting, music, the higher 
 drama, and, above all, for that gift of God, fair and 
 great Nature, as presented in our noble Park under 
 the sagacious and powerful hand of art. We must 
 rest our minds as well as our bodies, and beautiful 
 
 imports and sales, and in 1864 the Octroi tax was estimated at 84,281,000. 
 New York would be a cheaply governed city, if we had our whole revenue from 
 customs, &c., to draw from. 
 
46 NEW YORK 
 
 art gives the rest tLat soothes without stupefying, 
 and cheers without maddening. God himself is 
 opening a new world of loveliness. It is He that 
 offers us the musical scale, after our brains are 
 weary of the multiplication-table, and to man as 
 to child he bids us to the drama that is called play, 
 after we are worn down with the drama that is 
 called work. Remarkable and interesting it is to 
 see that beautiful tastes are rising with our utilita- 
 rian pursuits, and music and its sister arts follow 
 in the track of mathematics . and its severe paths. 
 It is surely something to thank Heaven for, that we 
 have so much beautiful art within our reach ; that 
 gifted men and women bring hither their choice 
 works of sculpture and painting, and that we have 
 heard Jenny Lind and other spirits of song, and seen 
 the Keans and Kembles, Rachel, Ristori, and their 
 peers in the higher walks of the drama. There is a 
 Providence in it, and our city, with all its vices and 
 follies, sets an example to the nation of the higher 
 pleasures that cheer labor with recreation, and throw 
 over care the charm of poetry and art. Happy will 
 be the day when society learns the true lesson, and 
 abandons its semi-barbarous extravagance and dis- 
 sipation, for true companionship and exalting graces. 
 Society is not well with us now, and the tnie union 
 of men and women, social and domestic, is broken 
 by an alarming secession. The men have, in great 
 numbers, seceded to the clubs, and the women, in 
 alarming array, have abandoned themselves to dress 
 and jewels, in a devotion which makes the clothes 
 primary, and the woman secondary; in a fashion 
 
IN THE JSmSTETEEIfTH CENTURY. 47 
 
 that renders most visiting intolerable to sensible 
 men, and ranks the lady according to tlie wardrobe, 
 and the sociality according to the cook and dancing- 
 master. We wait for the heroine, the feminine Grant 
 or Sherman, who shall reduce the seceders to sub- 
 mission, plant the banner of Union on the Fort 
 Sumters of their rebellion, and bring them to tenns 
 by force of such combined loveliness and goodness, 
 as to make their loyal yoke more charming than their 
 boasted and disloyal liberty. Then, perhaps, mod- 
 ern New York might recall, without blushing, what 
 Mrs. Grant wrote long years ago of old New York : 
 " These unembellished females had more comprehen- 
 siveness of mind, more variety of ideas, more, in 
 short, of what may be called original thinking, than 
 could be easily imagined." 
 
 And how shall we estimate the education of our 
 people in its various forms ; by schools, colleges, 
 newspapers, books, churches, and, not least, by this 
 great university of human life which is always before 
 our eyes ? Think of the 208,309 scholars reported in 
 1865 in our public schools, and the average attend- 
 ance of 86,6Y4 in those schools, and over 100,000 
 scholars in regular attendance in all our schools, both 
 public and private. Think of our galleries of art, 
 private and public, and our great libraries and read- 
 ing-rooms like the Astor, the Mercantile, the Society, 
 and the Cooper Union. Consider the remarkable 
 increase of private libraries, such as Dr. Wynne has 
 but begun to describe in his magnificent volume. 
 Think of our press, and its constant and enormous 
 issues, especially of daily papers, which are the pecu- 
 
48 NEW YOEK 
 
 liar literary institution of our time, and alike the 
 common school and university of our people. Our 
 350 churches and chapels, 258 of them being regular 
 churches of all kinds, can accommodate about 300, 
 000 hearers, and inadequate as in some respects they 
 are as to location and convenience, they can hold as 
 many of the people as wish to attend church, and far 
 more than generally attend.* Besides our churches 
 and chapels, we have powerful religious instrumen- 
 talities in our religious press, and our city is the 
 centre of publication of leading newspapers, maga- 
 zines, and reviews, of the great denominations of the 
 country. In these organs the best scholars and 
 thinkers of the nation express their thought in a 
 way wholly unknown at the beginning of the cen- 
 tury, when the religious press of the country was 
 not apparently dreamed of. The higher class of re- 
 ligious and theological reviews that are published 
 here, are, perhaps, the best specimens of the most 
 enlarged scholarship and severe thinking of America, 
 and are doing much to educate an enlightened and 
 
 * The fullest statistics of New York religion that we can obtain, are given 
 in the excellent Report of the City Mission for 1866, and give a list of 850 
 churches, chapels, and synagogues; 171 of them being below Fourteenth 
 Street, and 179 above Fourteenth Street. The list of clergy resident num- 
 bers 537, and the number of pastors is 298 : being of Baptists 30, Congre- 
 gationalists 5, Dutch Reformed 21, Lutheran 9, Methodists 41, Presbyte- 
 rians 56, Episcopalians 79, Roman Catholic 36, Unitarian 3, Miscellaneous 
 14. The number of Roman Catholic pastors is understated, by naming only 
 one in connection with each church ; whereas there are often several. The 
 State Census of 1865 returns 258 churches in the city, valued at $12,859,500 ; 
 with other real estate, to t'le amount of $8,477,800 ; with capacity for seating 
 266,980 persons, and with a usual attendance of 161,403. The salaries of the 
 clergy, including use of real estate, are estimated at $504,400 — being an average 
 of $1,965 each. 
 
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTUEY. 49 
 
 truly catliolic spirit and fellowship. If the question 
 is asked, in view of all these means of education, 
 what kind of mind is trained up here, or what are 
 the indications of our New York intelligence, it may 
 not be so easy to say in full, as to throw out a hint 
 or two by way of suggestion. There is, certainly, 
 what may be called a New York mind and character, 
 and there must be from the very nature of the case. 
 Some characteristics must mark each community, as 
 the results of birth and breeding ; and however great 
 the variety of elements, some qualities must predomi- 
 nate over others in the people, as in the climate and 
 fruits of a country. Where two tendencies seem to 
 balance each other for a time, one is sure, at last, to 
 preponderate, and to gain value and power with time, 
 and win new elements to itself It is not hard to 
 indicate the essential New York character from the 
 beginning. It is positive, institutional, large-hearted, 
 genial, taking it for granted that all men are not of 
 one pattern, and that we are to live by allowing 
 others to have their liberty as we have ours. 
 
 Perhaps we make the portrait more distinct by 
 comparing New York with New England ; the Knick- 
 erbocker with the Yankee. There is this great dif 
 ference in their antecedents. The old New Yorker 
 began with his European national and church life, 
 and was Dutch or English in church and state, 
 without any radical non-conformity. The New Eug- 
 lander began with separation, and whilst bringing 
 the noblest elements of European character, he started 
 as a dissenter from church and state. Hence the 
 obvious and remarkable difference. The New Yorker 
 
 4 
 
50 NEW YOEK 
 
 rested in the old institutions, and still rests in them, 
 — in the Heidelberg Catechism and Dutch Church 
 or in the Prayer Book and Anglican Church or 
 Westminster Confession and Presbyterian Church ; 
 and, moreover, in civil matters, he trusts more in 
 ancient and fixed law, than in radical principles. 
 The New Englander was busy with reconstructing 
 society and religion, according to his own convic- 
 tions, and so became subjective, introversial, and 
 doctrinaire ; sometimes to such a degree as sadly to 
 puzzle and annoy his old Dutch-English neighbors, 
 and as still to draw from their representatives here 
 the accusation of being over-subjective, opinionated, 
 and dictatorial, if not over-fond of turning the world 
 of institutions upside down, at the mercy of his 
 remorseless ideas. One other difference marks the 
 two in a way that is not often acknowledged, and 
 may not be sufficiently appreciated. New England 
 at first seceded not only from old England, but from 
 old Europe, and undertook to give up the dominant 
 Japhetic or Indo-European idea of God in history, 
 and to return to 'Shem and the Law of Moses, with 
 the idea of God over us rather than with us, and to 
 reject or slight the European Christian year and 
 round of worship that is based upon the Incarna- 
 tion. The Puritan, of course, believed in the Gospel 
 and its great truths of Incarnation and Atonement ; 
 but he made the expiatory Atonement and its sub- 
 jective work more conspicuous, and was suspicious 
 of the old church habits that are built upon the 
 objective Incarnation, and keep the Christmas jubi- 
 lee and its sequel. He was distrustful of the method 
 
IN THE ISniSrETEElSrTH CENTUEY. 51 
 
 of nurture, and trusted more to direct conversion. 
 Tlie New Yorker, whether Dutch or English, brought 
 over the old Christian year with its educational dis- 
 cipline, and New York still keeps the habit, aad is 
 decidedly a Churchman's, and not a Puritan, city. 
 The Dutch retained the Christian ytar with its Pinx- 
 ter and Paas festivals, and great was the wrath of 
 many when Dr. Laidlie denounced their old church 
 ways, and drove scores of old Dutch families into 
 the Episcopal church by his Puritanic radicalism. 
 
 The two churches are, indeed, wonderfully draw- 
 ing near each other, the Puritan and the Churchman, 
 as we shall see, and blending the calm method of 
 church nurture with the Puritan method of indi- 
 vidual conversion ; yet these distinctions are never- 
 theless real, and are essential to a fiiir study of our 
 subject. The Puritan has made up for the narrow- 
 ness of his Semitic theism, by the new science and 
 insight that discern God's immanence in nature and 
 man ; and the Churchman has quickened his objec- 
 tive conservatism by a large infusion of Puritan in- 
 dependence, intuition, and fire. In this and in other 
 respects the elements of civilization are combining 
 in our city, and are giving us promise of the imperial 
 city and the imperial mind that shall be. Our liter- 
 ature shows the same process, and whilst all types 
 of thought and styles of diction here centre, the 
 most memorable combination is that of Puritan anal- 
 ysis and intuition with catholic largeness and re- 
 pose. Irving well represents the calm, cheerful, old 
 conservatism from his Sunnyside on the Hudson ; 
 and, perhaps, Hawthorne, at his old Puritan manse 
 
52 KEW TOEK 
 
 on Concord River, is his contrast in introversial in- 
 siglit and mystical fancy. How much tlieir works 
 are read here, and their tempers cross and modify 
 each other ! It seemed as if our people felt the 
 worth and also the large affinities of their idol, by 
 inviting good examples of Puritan intellects to honor 
 his memory, when our leading Yankee poet and 
 historian were called to pay their tributes at the 
 obsequies of Irving. Then the two elements, the 
 actual and the ideal, met together, and the two poles 
 of the American mind were in unison. Our patriarch- 
 poet was fitly chosen to give the eulogy over those 
 fathers of our literature. Cooper and Irving ; and the 
 fact and the occasion brought the New York and the 
 New England mind into striking contrast and also 
 harmony. . I may name him, William CuUen Bryant, 
 without reserve here to-night, since age and absence 
 from the country lift him into historical dignity, and 
 I may characterize him as the noble and venerable 
 exemplar of New England in New York — the prophet 
 of Liberty as well as the poet of Nature, and com- 
 bining in rare union the old Hebrew reverence with 
 our modern largeness and fi'eedom. Well may the 
 nation honor him for singing so grandly the Dirge 
 of Slavery, and at the same time protesting against 
 all trespass upon the constitutional rights of our 
 States and people, and all wrong to trade and com- 
 merce by unjust taxation and centralization. All 
 honor to our poet and patriot for his service to our 
 libei'ty and our law ! 
 
 This affinity between the Puritan and Church- 
 man mind, or between the New England subjective 
 
IN THE JSriNETEENTH CENTUEY. 53 
 
 scholasticism and the New York Dutch-English ob- 
 jective institutionalism, has shown itself from the 
 beginning. Jonathan Edwards, the Plato, as Frank- 
 lin was the Aristotle, of New England thought, the 
 first metaphysical mind of America, undoubtedly felt 
 it, when, in 1722, a youth under nineteen, he came 
 to preach to a little knot of Presbyterians in a hall 
 in William Street ; when he saw the face of God very 
 near to him, as he mused on the banks of the Hud- 
 son ; and when a ship arrived, " his soul eagerly 
 catched at any news favorable to the interest and 
 advancement of Christ's Kingdom." He much \nshed 
 to stay here, and undoubtedly was as much calmed 
 by the wholesome old-fashioned repose of Dutch and 
 English institutions as cheered by the devotion and 
 kindness of the people. 
 
 How far assimilation in its various forms of 
 thought and life is to go, we can only conjecture ; 
 for the process has but begun. Our community, 
 like every other community, must go through three 
 stages of development to complete its Providential 
 evolution : aggregation, accommodation, and assimila- 
 tion. The first stage is aggregation, and that comes 
 of course with the fact of residence. Here we are, 
 about a million of us, aggregated on this healthy 
 and charming island, and here we most of us expect 
 and wish to stay. We are seeking our next stage, 
 and wish accommodation not with entire success, 
 and the city is distressed by prosperity, and is like 
 an overgrowm boy, whose clothes are too small for his 
 limbs, and he waits in half nakedness for his fitting 
 garments. In some respects, the city itself is a 
 
54 NEW YORK 
 
 majestic organism, and we have liglit, water, streets, 
 and squares, mucli to our mind, always excepting 
 the dirt. The scarcity of houses, the costs of rent, 
 living, and taxation are grievous, and driving a large 
 portion of our middling class into the country. Yet 
 the city is full and overflowiug, and is likely to be. 
 The work of assimilation is going on, and every 
 debate, controversy, and party, brings the various 
 elements together, and we are seeing each other 
 whether we differ or agree. Great progress has 
 been made in observing and appreciating our situa- 
 tion and population. Probably New York knows 
 itself better to-day than at any time since its im- 
 perial proportions began to appear. In politics, 
 police, philanthropy, education, and religion, we are 
 reckoning our classes, numbers, and tendencies, and 
 feeling our way towards some better harmony of 
 ideas and interests. The whole population of the 
 city was, by census of 1860, 813,669; and by the 
 census of 1865, 726,386. The voters number 151,- 
 838 ; native, 51,500 ; foreign, 77,475. Over twenty- 
 one years, they who cannot read and write are 19,- 
 199. Families number 148,683. Total of foreigners 
 by census of 1860, was 383,717 ; and by census of 
 1865, 313,417. Number of women by census of 
 1865 was 36,000 more than of men, and of widows, 
 over 32,000 ; being 25,000 more widows than widow- 
 ers. The Germans, by the census of 1860, numbered 
 119,984 ; and by the census of 1865, 107,269. This 
 makes this city not the third, but the eighth city in 
 the world as to German population. These German 
 cities have a larger population : Berlin, Vienna, Bres- 
 
m THE NINETEENTH CENTUKY. 55 
 
 lau, Cologne, Municli, Hamburg, and Dresden.* The 
 Irish, by the census of 1860, number 203,700 ; and 
 by the census of 1865, 161,334. New York now, 
 we believe, has a million of residents, and either 
 peculiar difficulties in the census commission of 1865, 
 or peculiar influences after the war, led to the ap- 
 pearance of diminished population. Certainly we 
 have, of late, gained numbers, and have not lost in 
 variety of elements to be assimilated. The national 
 diversities are not hostile, and we are seeking out 
 their best, instead of their worst, qualities. Italian 
 art and French accomplishment we can apj)reciate 
 without foro-ettino; that we are Americans. We are 
 discerning in our New York Germany, something 
 better than Lager Beer and Sunday Concerts, and 
 learning to appeal to the sterling sense and indom- 
 itable love of liberty of the countrymen of Luther 
 and Gutenberg. The Irish among us, who make 
 this the second if not the first Irish city of the 
 world, and who contribute so largely to our ignorant 
 and criminal returns, we are studying anew, and 
 discerning their great service to industry and their 
 great capacity for organization. We find among 
 them good specimens of .the blood of the Clintons 
 and the Emmets, and are bound to acknowledge 
 that in purity, their wives and daughters may be 
 an example to any class in America or Europe. Old 
 
 * Population of German cities by the last census (1864) : Vienna, 578,525 ; 
 Berlin, 609,733; Breslau, 156,644; Cologne, 117,000; Munich, 165,054; 
 Hamburg, 135,389. The population of Hamburg is from the census of 18(51 as 
 that city does not belong to the Zollverein, and did not come into the ZoUverein 
 census of 1864. See lUustrirter Kalender, Leipzig, 1867, and Handbuch der 
 Vergleichenden Statistik, von G. Fr. Kolb, Leipzig, 1865. 
 
56 NEW YOEK 
 
 Israel is with us too in force, and some thirty syna- 
 gogues of Jews manifest the power of the oldest 
 organized religion, and the example of a peoj^le that 
 cares wholly for its own sick and poor ; willing to 
 meet Christians as friends and citizens, and learn our 
 religion more from its own gospel of love, than from 
 its old conclaves of persecution. We often see other 
 types of the Oriental mind in our streets and houses, 
 and it will be well for us when Asia is here repre- 
 sented by able specimens of her mystical piety, and 
 we learn of her something of the secret of her repose 
 in God, and give her in return something of our art 
 of bringing the will of God to be-:ir upon this stub- 
 born earth, instead of losing sight of the earth in 
 dreams of pantheistic absorption. In many ways the 
 various elements are combining to shape our ideas 
 and society, and fill out the measure of our practical 
 education. 
 
 Yet, probably, the most important assimilation, 
 as already hinted, is that which is going on here 
 between the various elements of our American life 
 in this mother-city which is destined, apparently, to 
 be to America what Home was to the tribes that 
 thronged to its gates. What has been taking place 
 in England is taking 23lace here, and the Independ- 
 ents and Churchmen are coming together here as 
 in England since the Kevolution of 1688, when ex- 
 tremes were greatly reduced, and the independency 
 of Milton and Cromwell began to reappear in com- 
 bination with the church ways of Clarendon and 
 Jeremy Taylor. The most significant part of the 
 process is the union here of Puritan individualism 
 
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTUEY. 57 
 
 and its intuitive thinking and bold ideas, with New 
 York institutionalism, and its organizing method and 
 objective mind. The Yankee is here, and means to 
 stay, and is apparently greatly pleased with the posi- 
 tion and reception, and enjoys the fixed order and 
 established paths of his Knickerbocker hosts. It is 
 remarkable that whilst New England numbered only 
 some 20,000, or 19,517 of her people here, which is 
 7,000 less than the nations of Old England in the 
 city, by the census of 1860, they are so well received 
 and effective, and fill so many and important places 
 in business and the professions. By the census of 
 1865, New York City has 17,856 natives of New 
 England, and 19,699 natives of Old England ; a 
 balance of 1,843 in favor of Old England. Yet, in 
 the State at large, the result is different, for the 
 population numbers 166,038 natives of New Eng- 
 land, and 95,666 natives of Old England ; a balance 
 of 70,372 in favor of New England. It is curious 
 to note that the city had only 825 native Dutch in 
 1865, and the State 4,254. In a philosoj)hical point 
 of view, it is memorable that the Puritan mind is 
 now largely in power, even in our church establish- 
 ments that so depart from New England independ- 
 ency, and the leading Presbyterian and E23iscopal 
 preachers and scholars are largely from the Puritan 
 ranks. Our best informed scholar in the philosophy 
 of religion, who holds the chair of theological in- 
 struction in the Presbyterian Seminary, is a New 
 England Congregationalist, transplanted to New 
 York. Nay, even the leading, or at least the most 
 conspicuous, Roman Catholic theologian of New 
 
58 NEW YORK. 
 
 York, is tlio son of u Connecticut Congregatioiiiilist 
 minister, and carries the lineal blood and mental 
 liabit of liis ancestor, Jonathan Edwards, into the 
 illustration and d(,>fence of the Ivonian creed. It is 
 ^vorthy of note that our most phiJosophical historian 
 is the son of a Massachusetts Congregational min- 
 ister, and a lover of the old scholastic thinking, and 
 a chanii)ion of the ideal school of Edwards and 
 Channing in its faith and inde])endency ; author, too, 
 of perlia})s the most bold and characteristic word of 
 America to Europe, the oration of February 22, 1866, 
 that was the answer of our new world to Bi'itish 
 Toryism, and Romish Obscurantism, ^vhether to the 
 Premiers mock neutral manifesto, or tlie Pope's En- 
 cyclical Letter. Some of the Puritans who keep their 
 independency, catch the New York organizing pas- 
 sion ; and Congregationalism, which, after making four 
 unsuccessful attempts to win a footing, at last found 
 it in 1819, has given to the city a body of clergy 
 ^vho understand the power of institutions as well as 
 ideas. The pastor of the Tabernacle has written his 
 name u])on the roll of our patriotic leaders ; and 
 the pastor of All Souls, the First Congregational 
 Church in New York, has led the grandest of our 
 national chaiities, and written a chapter of humanity, 
 that, in its ^\'a\^, has never been surpassed if ecpialled 
 on eartli, in the Sanitar}' Conunission. On all sides 
 New England independency works into the large 
 organic methods of this metropolis and State. Large, 
 indeed, is the lios])itality that has been shown to 
 us New Euglanders in this city of our adoption, 
 alike to our thought and our people. The press 
 
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTUEY. 59 
 
 and the parlor have been alike generous, and we 
 can ask no fairer treatment for our literature than 
 has been given our authors in the admirable Cyclo- 
 pedia of American Literature by our fellow-members 
 of the Society — the brothers Duyckinck — one of whom 
 we greet here cordially, and the other we tenderly 
 remember, to-night. 
 
 It is not amiss to remember that of the 125 
 delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1846, 
 forty members were natives of New England, or 
 nearly one third of the whole number — sl fact quite 
 remarkable, when we consider that in this State 
 the New Englanders are but about a twentieth part 
 of the population. A distinguished and truly hon- 
 ored historian of Massachusetts once, in the heat of 
 party strife, called New York State a " soulless 
 giant, whose honorable history is yet to be written." 
 Without rehearsing the noble deeds of New York 
 of old and of late, we trust that our excellent friend 
 will remember that a great deal of New England 
 soul has lived in New York, and that the com- 
 munity cannot be soulless that has harbored and 
 honored such men as Rufus King, Postmaster-Gen- 
 eral Osgood, Judge Peck, Henry Wheaton, Silas 
 Wright, Jonathan M. Wainwright, and William 
 Ware, and hosts of other New England men. The 
 honorable history of New York has not indeed been 
 written ; not because the topic is not honorable, but 
 because it has not been fully, except in its early 
 periods, written at all. Honor to old Massachusetts, 
 who still keeps with New York the palm once shared 
 with Virginia, that third of our three oldest States. 
 
60 NEW YOEK 
 
 But liow mucli harder tlie problem to solve liere 
 than there — New York here, with great nations pour- 
 ing their immigrant hosts into her domain, whether 
 to stay in her great city, where eighty dialects are 
 said to be spoken, or make their way westward over 
 her roads and canals — and Massachusetts there, with 
 little comparative interruption of her old work of 
 labor and education, and in comparative quiet and 
 seclusion with her own sons and dauo;hters about 
 her. Massachusetts and New York ! I name them 
 gratefully and lovingly here to-night, and he is no 
 true American who denies their foremost place 
 among the architects of our Liberty and our Union. 
 Virginia I would gladly name too with her ancient 
 sisters, and God grant that some future orator here 
 may be able in truth to note her new greatness, and 
 restore her lost name. In 1800 she led New York 
 in population by nearly 300,000, and in 1860 fell 
 behind her about 2,300,000, and Pennsylvania suc- 
 ceeds to her honors, and approaches, but does not 
 reach, the greatness of the Empire State. We shall 
 be glad to greet the State of George Washington 
 on the same platform of liberty as the State of 
 William Penn, and so renew the old fellowship 
 with fresh hope. 
 
 But why set any limit to our affinities, and not 
 rather rejoice in the boundless fellowship of State 
 with State, faith with faith, and nation with nation 
 here opened? Here we may, if we will, find and 
 meet on generous terms leading minds of every type 
 and culture ; and we ought to have a large human- 
 ity, an imperial conscience, purpose, and sympathy, 
 
IN THE mKETEENTH CEISTTUEY. 61 
 
 wortliy of our great liberty and opportunity. Here 
 we may not only find the scattered truths that have 
 been, to use Milton's figure, torn asunder like the 
 mangled body of the fabled Osiris ; but we ought 
 to have what is better than abstract truth, the 
 broken limbs of our great and glorious manhood 
 here brought together, and in fellowship with the 
 wise and good of every name and race, we should 
 discern the true body of our completed humanity, 
 in a catholic largeness that will not yield the palm 
 to Paris or London, nor need to learn imperial 
 breadth from Rome or Russia. Here already, in its 
 best hours, our New York has glimpses of the true 
 human fellowship, which is the organized liberty of 
 the nineteenth century. We need some effective 
 centre of public fellowship, where all elements of 
 generous thought and life meet together, and bring 
 the present and the past together in love and honor. 
 Where should we find it but here, where sects and 
 parties are ignored, and we meet as citizens and 
 men ? 
 
 It is the province of the New York Historical 
 Society to keep up the connection of the New York 
 of the past with the New York of to-day, and zeal- 
 ously to guard and intei'pret all the historical mate- 
 rials that preserve the continuity of our public life. 
 It is to be lamented that so little remains around 
 us to keep alive the memory of the ancient time ; 
 and everj^thing almost that we see is the work of 
 the new days. Sad it is that all the old neighbor- 
 hoods are broken up, and the old houses and churches 
 are mostly swept away by our new prosperity. But 
 
62 NEW YORK 
 
 how impressive are our few landmarks ! We all 
 could join in tlie Centennial Jubilee of St. Paul's, 
 and wish well to its opening future. So, too, we 
 can greet our neighbors of the John Street Church 
 in their Centennial, and thank God for the hundred 
 years of New York Methodism. Who of us can 
 pass without reflection by the old Middle Dutch 
 Church, now our Post-Office, in Nassau Street, and 
 without recalling the years and events that have 
 passed since 1*729, when it was opened for worship 
 in the Dutch tongue? In March, 1764, the preaching 
 there was, for the first time, in English, and in 
 August, 1844, Dr. De Witt gave an outline of its 
 histoiy, and pronounced the benediction in Dutch ; 
 and that old shrine of the Knickerbockers is now 
 the busy brain of the nation and the world, and 
 receives and transmits some forty tons of thought 
 a day. What would one of those old Rip Van 
 Winkles of 1729 have thought, if he could have 
 prolonged his Sunday afternoon nap in one of those 
 ancient pews till now, and awoke to watch the day's 
 mail, with news by the last steamers and the Atlantic 
 cable for all parts of the great continent ! Our 
 Broadway, ever changing, and yet the same old 
 road, is perhaps our great historical monument, and 
 the historical street of America by eminence. All 
 the men of our history have walked there, and all 
 nations and tribes have trodden its stones and dust. 
 In our day what have we seen there — what proces- 
 sions, armies, pageants ! What work would be more 
 an American as well as New York history, than 
 Broadway described and illustrated with text and 
 
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 63 
 
 portraits, from the times when Stuyvesant astonished 
 the Dutch with his dignity to the years that have 
 brought the hearse of our murdered President and 
 the carriage of his successor along its stately avenue ? 
 Thank heaven for old Broadway — noble type of 
 American civilization — from the Battery to Harlem 
 River ! and may the ways of the city be as straight 
 as the lines of its direction, and as true to the march 
 of the Providence of God ! 
 
 But is not our Society itself an historical monu- 
 ment, and does not th.e past combine with, the 
 present and future in our records and collections ? 
 This Sixty-second Anniversary revives the whole 
 history of our Society since 18C4. These busts recall 
 the faces of Hamilton and Jay, George and De Witt 
 Clinton, — and you, Mr. President, are not alone in 
 your office, and we can almost hear the voice of 
 Luther Bradish, and see the forms of your noted 
 predecessors, Egbert Benson, Gouverneur Morris, Dr. 
 Hosack, De Witt Clinton, James Kent, and Albert 
 Gallatin, with you as you occupy your chair to-night. 
 One aged member is here, wliose life bridges over 
 the chasm, and in him old New York and young 
 are one before us now. He was born in 1786, when 
 the city had but 23,000 inhabitants, and now he 
 presides over the bureau of immigration, that some- 
 times receives that number in a month,, and averages 
 16,000 or 17,000 monthly, or 200,000 a year. Stout 
 specimen of a living man — we will not say venerable 
 relic of the eighteenth century ; contemporary of 
 Hamilton and Jay, Morris, Livingston, and the Clin- 
 tons ; friend of Paulding, Irving, and Cooper ; re- 
 
64 NEW YORK IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 presentative of tlie eighteenth, century and the uine- 
 teenth; embodiment of the Dutch, English, and Amer- 
 ican times ; master of our earliest literature and our last 
 — Gulian Crommelin Verplanck ! we, who are young 
 New York, this goodly company of staunch men and 
 fair women, a thousand strong, with a million behind 
 us, we salute old New York in you to-night, and 
 implore the blessing of God upon your venerable 
 head. Heaven grant that the new generation may 
 be able to transmit some such specimens of the 
 sound mind in the sound body as yours ! 
 
 What the orator who ushers in the twentieth 
 century here, or who celebrates your One Hundredth 
 Anniversary, may have to say as he reviews the 
 nineteenth century, as Dr. Miller reviewed the eight- 
 eenth, I will not undertake to say. What we 
 should wish and pray for is clear. Clear that we 
 should wish the new times to keep the wisdom and 
 virtue of the old with all the new light and pro- 
 gress ; clear that after our trying change from the 
 old quarters to the new, we may build a nobler 
 civilization on the new base, and so see better days 
 than ever before ; that the great city that shall be 
 here, should be not only made up of many men, but 
 of true manhood, and be not only the capital of the 
 world, but the city of God ; its great Park, the cen- 
 tral ground of noble fellowship ; its great wharves and 
 markets, the seat of honorable industry and com- 
 merce ; its public halls, the headquarters of free and 
 orderly Americans ; its churches, the shrines of the 
 blessed fiiith and love that join man with man, and 
 give open communion with God and heaven. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 The author lias endeavored to gather all important information as 
 to the present condition and prospects of the city, and is grateful to the 
 many citizens and friends who have given him assistance in the eifort. 
 To meet the express wishes of judicious advisers, and to give more per- 
 manent historical value to the publication, he is induced to present in 
 this Appendix the most important statistics in his possession as to the 
 wealth and population, health, crime, charities and corrections, and edu- 
 cation of the city. 
 
 THE POPULATION AND WEALTH OF NEW YOPvK. 
 
 CENSUS OF THE CITY. 
 
 1§60. 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 DWELLINGS. 
 
 First 
 
 Second 
 
 Third 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Sixth. 
 
 Seventh , 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Tenth 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Thirteenth 
 
 Fourteenth 
 
 Fifteenth 
 
 Sixteenth 
 
 Seventeenth 
 
 Eighteenth 
 
 Nineteenth 
 
 Twentieth 
 
 Twenty-first 
 
 Twenty-second , . 
 
 Total 
 
 5 
 
 18,120 
 2,507 
 3,757 
 21,994 
 22,341 
 26,698 
 40,006 
 39,722 
 44,386 
 29,051 
 59,963 
 30,647 
 32,917 
 28,087 
 27,588 
 45,182 
 72,775 
 57,464 
 32,841 
 67,554 
 49,025 
 61,749 
 
 778 
 
 3,184 
 
 202 
 
 363 
 
 407 
 
 615 
 
 1,015 
 
 3,631 
 
 1,260 
 
 5,192 
 
 1,386 
 
 5,300 
 
 2,358 
 
 7,354 
 
 2,755 
 
 8,110 
 
 3,792 
 
 8,586 
 
 2,045 
 
 6,282 
 
 2,743 
 
 18,054 
 
 3.296 
 
 4,S81 
 
 1,829 
 
 7,312 
 
 1,490 
 
 5,969 
 
 2,781 
 
 4,216 
 
 3,412 
 
 3.364 
 
 3,592 
 
 15,837 
 
 3,685 
 
 9,928 
 
 2,950 
 
 5,463 
 
 4,307 
 
 13,956 
 
 4,226 
 
 8,621 
 
 4,029 
 
 11,099 
 
 814,254 
 
 54,338 
 
 155,707 
 
66 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 POPULATION OF THE CITY AT VAEIOUS PEPvIODS. 
 
 1656 1,000 
 
 1673 2,500 
 
 1696 4,302 
 
 1731 8,628 
 
 1756 10,381 
 
 1773 21,876 
 
 1786 23,614 
 
 1790 33,131 
 
 1800 60,489 
 
 1810 96,373 
 
 1820 123,706 
 
 1825 166,089 
 
 1830 202,589 
 
 1835 270,068 
 
 1840 312,852 
 
 1845 371,223 
 
 1850 515,394 
 
 1855 629,810 
 
 1860 814,254 
 
 The falling oif of the population, according to the State Census of 
 1865, is ascribed to various causes, such as the alarms and disasters of 
 the war, and the reluctance of many persons to have their names known, 
 in fear of military conscription. It is certain that the city has more 
 inhabitants now than ever, and thei'e is no vacant house on the island. 
 
 WEALTH OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Statement of Valuation of Property in the City and County of New 
 York, from 1805 to 1825, iotk inclusive. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 VALUATION. 
 
 CITY AND 
 COUNTY TAX. 
 
 STATE TAX. 
 
 TOTAL OF CITY 
 
 AND 
 
 STATE TAX. 
 
 CTS. DOLS. 
 
 1805 
 
 $25,645,867 
 26,529,630 
 24,959,955 
 25,118,720 
 24,782,267 
 25,486,370 
 26,045,730 
 26,240,040 
 27,650,230 
 28,091,497 
 81,636,042 
 82,074,200 
 78,895,735 
 80,254,091 
 79,113,061 
 69,530,753 
 67,286,070 
 71,285,141 
 70,940,820 
 83,075,676 
 
 101,160,046 
 
 $127,094 87 
 
 127.814 97 
 129,155 09 
 138,984 18 
 139,027 39 
 129,727 15 
 176,978 25 
 174,920 17 
 174,727 94 
 214,225 09 
 197,613 38 
 180,653 94 
 216,720 44 
 255,740 70 
 250,140 21 
 270,361 19 
 299,430 30 
 30.3,105 61 
 351,814 36 
 353,329 89 
 336,868 82 
 
 
 
 50 per 1. 
 
 1806 
 
 
 
 m ' 
 
 52 ' 
 
 55 ' 
 
 56 ' 
 
 51 ' 
 68 ' 
 67 ' 
 63 ' 
 26 ' 
 4U ' 
 42" ' 
 47 ' 
 42 ' 
 4U ' 
 49 ' 
 49i ' 
 
 52 i ' 
 59 'r ' 
 
 m ' 
 
 38 1 ' 
 
 
 1807,. 
 
 
 
 
 1808 
 
 
 
 
 1809 
 
 
 
 
 1810 
 
 
 
 
 1811 
 
 
 
 
 1812 
 
 
 
 
 1813 . 
 
 
 
 
 1814 
 
 
 
 
 1815.. 
 1816.. 
 
 1817.. 
 1818.. 
 1819.. 
 1820.. 
 1821.. 
 1822.. 
 1823.. 
 1824. . 
 1825.. 
 
 $163,372 08 
 164,148 50 
 157,591 27 
 80.254 09 
 79,113 61 
 69,530 75 
 68,285 07 
 71,289 14 
 70,940 80 
 '41,537 84 
 50,580 03 
 
 $361,285 46 
 344,802 54 
 374,311 71 
 335,994 88 
 329,453 82 
 339,891 94 
 367,215 37 
 374,397 75 
 422,755 16 
 394,857 73 
 387,448 85 
 
 
 The debt of the city, December 81, 1865, was $33,326,524 50. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 6T 
 
 Statement of the Value of Real and Personal Estate in the City and 
 County of New YoH; with the amount raised hy Tax, from the year 
 1826 to 1866, loth inclusive. 
 
 
 
 
 TOTAL VALUE 
 
 
 
 VALtTE OP 
 
 VALUE OP PER- 
 
 
 AMOUNT 
 
 
 REAL ESTATE. 
 
 SONAL ESTATE. 
 
 AND PERSONAL. 
 
 RAISED BY TAX. 
 
 1826 
 
 $64,804,050 
 
 $72,434,981 
 
 $107,238,931 
 
 $383,759 89 
 
 1827 
 
 72,617,770 
 
 49,549,156 
 
 112,311,926 
 
 437,692 02 
 
 1828 
 
 77,138,880 
 
 33,879,653 
 
 114,019,533 
 
 485,751 72 
 
 1829 
 
 76,130.430 
 
 35,672,636 
 
 111,803,066 
 
 507,107 24 
 
 1830 
 
 87,603,580 
 
 87,684,938 
 
 125,288,518 
 
 509,178 44 
 
 1831 
 
 95,594,335 
 
 31,966,194 
 
 137,560,259 
 
 572,104 05 
 
 1832 
 
 104,160,605 
 
 40,741,723 
 
 144,902,328 
 
 665,385 74 
 
 1838 
 
 114,124,566 
 
 42,366,976 
 
 166,491,542 
 
 971,854 64 
 
 1834 
 
 123,249,280 
 
 53,299,231 
 
 186,548,511 
 
 835,605 49 
 
 1835 
 
 143,742,425 
 
 64.991,278 
 
 218,728,703 
 
 965,602 94 
 
 1836 
 
 233,732,303 
 
 75,758,617 
 
 309,500,020 
 
 1,085,130 44 
 
 1837 
 
 196,450,109 
 
 67,297,241 
 
 263,747,350 
 
 1,244,972 15 
 
 1838 
 
 104,543,359 
 
 69,609,582 
 
 264,152,941 
 
 1,486,993 73 
 
 1839 
 
 196,940,134 
 
 73,920,885 
 
 270,869,019 
 
 1,852,826 51 
 
 1840 
 
 187,221,714 
 
 65,011,801 
 
 252,283,515 
 
 1,854,885 29 
 
 1841 
 
 186,359,948 
 
 64,843,972 
 
 251,194,920 
 
 1,394,136 65 
 
 1842 
 
 176,513,092 
 
 61,292,559 
 
 287,805,651 
 
 2,031,382 66 
 
 1843 
 
 164,955,314 
 
 64,274,765 
 
 229,229,079 
 
 1,747,516 59 
 
 1844 
 
 171,937,591 
 
 64,789,552 
 
 236,727,143 
 
 1,988,118 56 
 
 1845 
 
 177,207,990 
 
 62,787,527 
 
 239,995,517 
 
 2,096,191 18 
 
 1846 
 
 181,480,534 
 
 61,471,470 
 
 244,952,004 
 
 2,526,146 71 
 
 1847 
 
 187,315,386 
 
 59,837,913 
 
 247,153,299 
 
 2,581,776 30 
 
 1848 
 
 193.029,076 
 
 61.164,447 
 
 254,168,523 
 
 2,715,510 25 
 
 1849 
 
 197,741,919 
 
 58,455,224 
 
 256,197,148 
 
 3,005,762 52 
 
 1850 
 
 207,142,576 
 
 78,919,240 
 
 286,061,816 
 
 3,230,085 02 
 
 1851 
 
 227,015,856 
 
 93,095,001 
 
 320,110,857 
 
 2,924,455 94 
 
 1852 
 
 253,278,384 
 
 98,490,042 
 
 351,768,426 
 
 3,880,511 00 
 
 1853 
 
 294,637,296 
 
 118,994,137 
 
 413,631,382 
 
 5,066,698 74 
 
 1854 
 
 330,300,396 
 
 131,721,338 
 
 462,021,734 
 
 4,845,386 07 
 
 1855 
 
 336,975,866 
 
 150,022,312 
 
 486,998,278 
 
 5,843,822 89 
 
 1856 
 
 340,972,098 
 
 170.744,393 
 
 511,740,491 
 
 7,075,425 72 
 
 1857 
 
 352,958,803 
 
 168,216,449 
 
 521,175,252 
 
 8,111,758 09 
 
 1858 
 
 368,346,296 
 
 162,847,994 
 
 531,194,290 
 
 8,621,091 31 
 
 1859 
 
 378,954,930 
 
 172,968,192 
 
 551,923,122 
 
 9,860,926 09 
 
 1860 
 
 398,533,619 
 
 178,697,637 
 
 577,230,956 
 
 9,758,507 86 
 
 1861 
 
 406,955,665 
 
 174,624,306 
 
 581,579,971 
 
 11,627,682 28 
 
 1862 
 
 399,551,314 
 
 172.416,031 
 
 571,967,345 
 
 9,906,271 10 
 
 1863 
 
 402,196,652 
 
 192,000,161 
 
 594,196,813 
 
 11,556,672 18 
 
 1864 
 
 410,695,485 
 
 223,920,405 
 
 634,615,890 
 
 13,705,092 86 
 
 1865 
 
 427,368,864 
 
 181,423,471 
 
 608,792,335 
 
 18,202,857 56 
 
 1866 
 
 478,993,084 
 
 257,994,974 
 
 736,988.058 
 
 16,950,767 88 
 
68 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 COMMERCE OF NEW YORK. 
 {From the Eeport of the Charnber of Commerce.) 
 
 TONNAGE OF THE POET OF NEW YORK AND OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Statement exhibiting the registered^ enrolled., and licensed Tonnage he- 
 longing to the Port of New Yorh, for each year., from 1857 to June 
 30, 1865, inclusive. {Official.) 
 
 Kegisteked. 
 Trnis. 95t}is. 
 
 1857 802,356 .. 10 
 
 1858 840,449 .. 08 
 
 1859 844,432 .. 24 
 
 1860 838,449 .. 51 
 
 1861 912,942 .. 79 
 
 1862 921,983 .. 03 
 
 1863 846,445 .. 79 
 
 1864 723,812 .. 49 
 
 1865 471,473 .. 00 
 
 " new meas.. 192,545 .. 69 
 
 Enrolled 
 
 AND 
 
 
 
 Licensed. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Tons. 
 
 95ths. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 95</iS. 
 
 575,068 . 
 
 . 51 . 
 
 1,377,424 
 
 . 61 
 
 592,256 . 
 
 . 33 . 
 
 1,432,705 
 
 . 41 
 
 599,928 . 
 
 . 44 . 
 
 1,444,360 
 
 . 68 
 
 625,551 . 
 
 . 47 . 
 
 1,464,001 
 
 . 03 
 
 626,412 . 
 
 . 44 . 
 
 1,539,355 
 
 . 28 
 
 645,232 . 
 
 . 67 . 
 
 1,567,215 
 
 . 60 
 
 777,554 . 
 
 , 24 . 
 
 1,624,000 
 
 . 08 
 
 931,157 . 
 
 . 85 . 
 
 1,654,970 
 
 . 39 
 
 751,791 . 
 
 . 50 . 
 
 1,223,264 
 
 .. 50 
 
 200,786 . 
 
 . 85 . 
 
 393,332 
 
 .. 54 
 
 Statement exhibiting the tonnage of American and Foreign Vessels en- 
 tered and cleared from the several districts of the State of New 
 Torlc, during the year ending June 30, 1865. {Official.) 
 
 Entered. Cleared. 
 
 , ^ — \ ' ^ ■ s 
 
 American Foreign American Foreign 
 
 f Districts. Vessels. Vessels. Total. Vessels. Vessels. Total. 
 
 Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tods. 
 
 Genesee 27,540 92,016 119,556 76,682 92,197 168,879 
 
 Oswego 213,858 222,694 436,552 186,265 221,299 407,564 
 
 Niagara 56,378 49,698 106,076 932 49,683 60,615 
 
 Buffalo Creek 372,032 88,964 460,996 375,666 86,497 462,163 
 
 Oswegatchie 33,665 33,665 .... 33,625 33,625 
 
 Champlain 54,306 48,735 103,041 54,727 40,534 95,261 
 
 Cape Vincent. 144,994 95,601 240,595 144,145 93,189 237,334 
 
 Dunkirk 571 1,305 1,876 232 1,305 1,537 
 
 SagHarbor .... 614 .... 614 
 
 New York 774,136 1,301,341 2,075,477 629,186 1,473,729 2,102,915 
 
 Total State of New York. 1,643,815 1,934,019 3,577,834 1,468,449 2,092,058 3,560,607 
 
 OtherStates 1,299,846 1,282,948 2,582,794 1,656,686 1,503,065 3,059,750 
 
 Total United States 2,943,661 3,216,967 6,160,628 3,025,184 3,595,123 6,620,257 
 
APPEISTDLX. 
 
 69 
 
 ARRIVALS OF SHIPPING AT NEW YORK IN 1865. 
 
 FROM FOREIGN POETS. 
 
 Steamers. 
 454 
 
 Steamers. 
 1,604 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Barks. 
 
 Brigs. 
 
 479 
 
 1,024 
 COASTWISE. 
 
 1,635 
 
 Sliips. 
 
 Barks. 
 
 Brigs. 
 
 85 
 
 144 
 
 299 
 
 Schooners. 
 1,070 
 
 Schooners. 
 5,840 
 
 Total, foreign ports 4,662 
 
 " coastwise 7,972 
 
 Grand total for 1865 12,634 
 
 Whole number, 1864 12,825 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 AKEIVALS DURING PREVIOUS TEARS. 
 
 Foreign, 
 all Classes. 
 
 1865 4,662 
 
 1864 4,841 
 
 1863 .. 5,173 
 
 1862 5,487 
 
 1861 5,122 
 
 1860 4,451 
 
 1859 4,027 
 
 1858 3,483 
 
 1857 3,902 
 
 1856 3,869 
 
 191 
 
 Coasttcise, 
 all Classes. 
 
 7,972 
 
 7,984 
 
 7,937 
 
 7,148 
 
 6,977 
 
 8,445 
 
 7,809 
 
 7,243 
 
 6,097 
 
 6,109 
 
 COMMERCE OF NEW YORK FOR THE YEAR 1865. 
 
 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF THE POET OF NEW YORK FOR THE TEAR 1865. 
 
 The following statistics of the commerce of the port of New York 
 for the year 1865, showing the imports and exports classified, with a 
 comparison with previous years, have been compiled from the official 
 returns at the Custom House : 
 
 FOREIGN IMPORTS AT NEW TORK. 
 
 1S62. 1S63. 1§64. 1§65. 
 
 Dry-Goods $56,121,227 .. $67,274,547 .. $71,589,752 .. $91,965,138 
 
 General Merchandise 117,140,813 .. 118,814,219 .. 144,270,386 .. 130,654,000 
 
 Specie 1,390,277 .. 1,525,811 .. 2,265,622 .. 2,123,281 
 
 Total imports $174,652,317 ..$187,614,577 ..$218,125,760 ..$224,742,419 
 
10 APPE]STHX. 
 
 It appears from this statement that the total for the year exceeds the 
 total of any year since the war, because of the very heavy dry-goods 
 imports last year. Our imports of cotton alone have decreased about 
 six millions. We now give, for comparison, the previous years since 
 1851, classifying them into dutiable, free, and specie. Under the head 
 of dutiable is included, both the value entered for consumption and that 
 entered for warehousing. The free goods run very light, as nearly all 
 the imports now are dutiable. 
 
 FOEEIGN IMPORTS AT NEW TOKK. 
 
 Dutiable. Free Goods. Specie. Total. 
 
 1851 1119,592,264 .. $9,719,771 .. $2,049,543 .. $131,361,578 
 
 1852 115,336,052 .. 12,105,342 .. 2,408,225 .. 129,849,619 
 
 1853 179,512,412 .. 12,156,387 .. 2,429,083 .. 194,097,882 
 
 1854 163,494,984 .. 15,768,916 .. 2,107,572 . 181,371.472 
 
 1855 142,^00,661 . . 14,103,946 . . 855,631 . . 157,860,238 
 
 1856 193,839,646 . . 17,902,578 . . 1,814,425 . . 213,556,649 
 
 1857 196,279,362 .. 21,440,734 .. 12,898,033 .. 230,618,129 
 
 1858 128,578,256 . . 22,024,691 . . 2,264,120 . . 152,867,067 
 
 1859 .... 213,640,363 . . 28,708,732 . . 2,816,421 . . 245,165,516 
 
 1860 201,401,683 . . 28,006,447 . . 8,852,330 . . 238,260,460 
 
 1861 95,326,459 .. 30,353,918 .. 37,088,413 .. 162,768,790 
 
 1862 149,970,415 . 23,291,625 .. 1,390,277 .. 174,652,317 
 
 1863 174,521,766 . . 11,567,000 . . 1,525,811 . . 187,614,577 
 
 1864 204,128,236 .. 11,731,902 .. 2,265,622 .. 218,125,760 
 
 1865 212,208,301 .. 10,410,837 .. 2,123,281 .. 224,742,419 
 
 IMPORTS OF DRY-GOODS AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK 
 FOR THE YEAR 1865. 
 
 Miscel- Total 
 
 Wool. Cotton. Silk. Flax. laneous. Value. 
 
 1865 36,074,585 .. 15,350,064 .. 20,556,261 .. 15,402,602 .. 4,581,626 .. 91,965,138 
 
 The following statement shows the receipts for duties for the last four 
 years : 
 
 RECEIPTS FOR CUSTOMS AT NEW YORK. 
 
 1S62. 1863. 1§64. 1S65. 
 
 $52,254,116 72 .. $58,886,054 42 .. 66,937,127 71 .. $101,772,905 94 
 
 The annexed detailed statement shows the exports of domestic pro- 
 duce, and specie a,nd bullion, during each month of the last four years : 
 
APPENDIX. 71 
 
 EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC PEODUCE. 
 
 1§62. 1S63. 1§64. 1§65. 
 
 $149,179,591 .. $164,249,177 . $201,855,989 .. $174,247,454 
 
 EXPOETS OF SPECIE AND BULLION. 
 
 1§62. 1S63. 1§64. 1§65. 
 
 59,437,021 .. $49,754,066 .. $50,825,621 .. $30,003,683 
 
 TOTAL EXPOETS. 
 
 1§63. 1§63. 1§64. 1§65. 
 
 ,371,848 .. $220,465,034 .. $272,648,163 .. $208,630,282 
 
 BANKING^ IN NEA\^ YORK. 
 
 THE NEW YORK CLEAEING HOUSE. 
 
 OPERATIONS OF THE TEAR 1865-1866. — AGGEEGATE 0PEBATI0N3 OF THE 
 THIRTEEN TEAE8, 1853-1866. 
 
 This institution has been organized thirteen years, during which time 
 its aggregate transactions have amounted to $158,070,344,871.33. 
 
 Its transactions for the year ending Oct. 1, 1866, were $29,783,282,- 
 020.44, being in excess of the year ending Oct. 1, 1865, $2,715,132,- 
 570.86; $4,800,366,159.59 greater than the year ending Oct. 1, 1864, 
 and $17,624,024,722.65 more than the average for thirteen years. 
 
 The association numbers fifty-seven banks, with a capital of $81,- 
 777,000. Of this number, nine are organized under the banking laws of 
 the State of New York, and the remainder (forty-nine) under the 
 National Banking Law. 
 
 At the time of its organization, fifty-two banks composed the asso- 
 ciation, with an aggregate capital of $49,103,362; $32,666,638 less than 
 its present capital. 
 
 The first weekly statement published by the associated banks was 
 on October 15, 1853, and was as follows: 
 
 Capital, $49,103,362; Loans and Discounts, $87,837,273; SiJecie, 
 $11,330,172 ; Circulation and Net Deposits, $46,900,212. 
 
72 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 The statement on October 13, 1866, was: . 
 
 Capital, $81,770,000; Loans aind Discounts, $276,443,219; Specie 
 and Legal Tenders, $88,756,424 ; Circulation and Net Deposits, 
 $257,035,895. 
 
 The percentage of specie to net liabilities on October 15, 1858, was 
 24.16 per cent. The percentage of specie and legal tenders, October 13, 
 1866, was 34.53 per cent. 
 
 The circulation of the banks of the association, previous to the 
 passage of the " National Currency Act," averaged about $8,000,000. 
 The smallest amount of circulation reported in the weekly statement 
 was $2,720,666, on March 4, 1865. 
 
 The largest amount was in the last statement, October 15, 1866, viz., 
 $28,940,538, an increase of $26,219,872 in nineteen months. 
 
 The following banks are the only ones in the city that are not mem- 
 bers of the association : 
 
 1. Dry Dock Bank. 
 
 2. Bull's Head Bank. 
 
 3. New York County Nat. Bank. 
 
 4. Fifch National Bank. 
 
 5. Sixth National Bank. 
 
 6. Eighth National Bank. 
 
 7. Manufacturers' National Bank. 
 
 8. American National Bank. 
 
 9. Oroton National Bank. 
 
 10. Bowery National Bank. 
 
 11. National Currency Bank. 
 
 12. Wooster Sherman Bank. 
 
 Aggregate operations for thirteen years — October,1853, to October, 
 1866. I. — The aggregate exchanges. II.— The aggregate casli balances. 
 III. — The average daily exchanges. 
 
 Exchanges. 
 Oct., 1853 to Oct., 1866. . $151,290,133,640 51 
 
 Cash Balances Paid. 
 
 ^6,780,211,230 82 
 
 Average Daily Exchanges. 
 
 Oct., 1865 to Oct., 1866 93,541,195 16 
 
 Average Daily Bal. 
 
 3,472,752 79 
 
 The Clearing House is one of the important financial institutions of 
 the City of New York. The amount of labor, time, and expense saved 
 to the banks by this medium is almost incalculable. In the first place, 
 over twenty-five hundred accounts on the ledgers of the banks were 
 instantly closed. The daily exchanges formerly occupied the time of 
 one or two bank clerks five or six hours per day, accompanied with 
 frequent disputes. Now the daily transactions of over one hundred 
 millions are accomplished in one hour, and with perfect accuracy and 
 satisfaction. — J. S. Homam, Banker^ Magazine. 
 
APPEISDIX. 
 
 '73 
 
 RELATIVE VALUE OF THE EEAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE 
 
 IN THE CITY AND COUNTY OF NEW YORE, AS ASSESSED IN 1865-66. 
 
 WARDS. 
 
 ASSESSMENTS OP 1865. 
 
 ASSESSMENTS OF 1866. 
 
 INCREASE. 
 
 First 
 
 35,249,250 
 19,986,200 
 25,722,800 
 
 9,411,200 
 21,217,300 
 13,416,600 
 12,417,599 
 18,391,600 
 15,940,200 
 
 9,124,600 
 
 9,460,325 
 18,177,305 
 
 5,553,400 
 12,686,800 
 28,277,000 
 18,867,450 
 18,768,200 
 38,387,050 
 23,070,940 
 18,177,900 
 35,322,250 
 19,825,515 
 
 40,077,550 
 21,295,500 
 28,559,900 
 
 9,488,350 
 22,182,900 
 13,734,600 
 12,562,799 
 18,866,700 
 16,295,600 
 
 9,691,800 
 11,042,000 
 18,381,650 
 
 5,645,700 
 13,379,300 
 31,570,300 
 19,807,310 
 22,022,300 
 41,004,200 
 37,686,050 
 18,990,910 
 42,704,950 
 24,052,715 
 
 4,828,300 
 
 Second 
 
 1,309,300 
 
 Third 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Fifth 
 
 2,837 100 
 
 77,150 
 
 965,600 
 
 Sixth 
 
 318,000 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Ninth 
 
 145,200 
 475,100 
 355,400 
 
 Tenth 
 
 567,200 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 1,581,675 
 204,375 
 
 Thirteenth 
 
 Fourteenth 
 
 FiCteenth 
 
 Sixteenth 
 
 Seventeenth 
 
 Eighteenth 
 
 Nineteenth 
 
 Twentieth 
 
 Twenty-first 
 
 Twenty-second . . 
 
 92,300 
 
 693,000 
 
 3,293,300 
 
 939,860 
 
 3,254,100 
 
 2,617,150 
 
 14,565,110 
 
 813,010 
 
 7,382,700 
 
 4,227,200 
 
 Total 
 
 427,450,984 
 
 478,993,084 
 
 51,542,100 
 
 Resident 
 
 Non-Resident.. .. 
 
 PKKSONAL ESTATE. 
 
 162,982,154 
 18,441,317 
 
 PKESONAL ESTATE. 
 
 206,609,278 
 51,385,696 
 
 PERSONAL ESTATE. 
 
 43,627,124 
 32,944,379 
 
 Total 
 
 181,423,471 
 
 257,994,974 
 
 76,571,503 
 
 Total Real and Personal for 1865 608,874,455 
 
 Total Real and Personal for 1866 736,988,058 
 
 Total Increase 128,113,603 
 
 Total Valuation for 1865 608,874,455 
 
 Total Valuation for 1866 736,988,058 
 
 Increase in 1866 ...128,113,603 
 
 Total Valuation in County ...736,988,058 
 
 A. J. WILLIAMSON, ) Commissioners 
 
 J. W. ALLEN, \ of 
 
 J. W. BROWN, 3 Taxes and Assessments. 
 
u 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 This paper, from Colonel Andrew Warner, is important as illustrating 
 the relation of Savings Banks to the property of the city and the credit 
 of the nation. 
 
 ABSTRACT OF OFFICIAL REPORTS OF SAVINGS BANKS IN 
 THE CITY OF NEW YORK, VIZ.: 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Investments. 
 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 A t 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 Open 
 
 
 
 Surplus. 
 
 Invested in 
 
 c: 
 
 "S 
 
 Accouuts. 
 
 Depositors. 
 
 Bon<ls 
 
 
 Real Estate. 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 Public Stocks. 
 
 
 
 
 'A 
 
 
 
 Mortgage* 
 
 
 
 
 1855. 
 
 16 
 
 122,921 
 
 26,111,719 20 
 
 13,265,515 27 
 
 11,424,885 
 
 
 686,867 15 
 
 1856. 
 
 16 
 
 132,737 
 
 28,138,578 26 
 
 12,987,581 60 
 
 12,895,896 22 
 
 
 715,468 44 
 
 1858. 
 
 16 
 
 154,443 
 
 32,615,184 53 
 
 15,400,206 80 
 
 14,983,874 94 
 
 1,957,283 02 
 
 720,421 29 
 
 1859. 
 
 16 
 
 169,997 
 
 36,806,426 29 
 
 15,750,382 89 
 
 18,883,860 04 
 
 1,931,369 74 
 
 828,030 56 
 
 1860. 
 
 17 
 
 196,619 
 
 43,410,090 88 
 
 16,466,964 76 
 
 24,508,582 61 
 
 1,942,394 71 
 
 854,528 97 
 
 1861. 
 
 21 
 
 217,964 
 
 48,988,836 79 
 
 18,528,817 42 
 
 27,618,651 48 
 
 2,267,000 47 
 
 789,589 24 
 
 1862. 
 
 21 
 
 205,169 
 
 45,085,026 83 
 
 17,618,330 02 
 
 23,923,133 03 
 
 2,278,581 54 
 
 746,808 25 
 
 1863. 
 
 21 
 
 229,468 
 
 51,035,233 27 
 
 17,134,349 90 
 
 29,266,917 94 
 
 2,912,906 86 
 
 812,186 23 
 
 1864. 
 
 22 
 
 259,570 
 
 62,174,62.3 97 
 
 16,181,279 38 
 
 41,760,255 10 
 
 3,716,981 45 
 
 905,664 33 
 
 1865. 
 
 23 
 
 294,290 
 
 72,928,854 59 
 
 15,687,091 10 
 
 52,444,159 57 
 
 5,249,107 49 
 
 1,055,878 23 
 
 1866. 
 
 23 
 
 299,538 
 
 76,989,505 56 
 
 16,559,602 54 
 
 57,300,441 96 
 
 6,017,828 38 
 
 1,105,773 29 
 
 The first bank established in this city was the Bank for Savings, 
 which commenced operations in Chambers Street, 3d July, 1819. 
 
 The Seamen's, the next chartered, in 1829 
 
 The Greenwich " 
 
 The Bowery " 
 
 East River " 
 
 Inst, for Sav. Merch. Clerks " 
 
 Dry Dock , " 
 
 Manhattan " 
 
 Emigrant Industrial " 
 
 Broadway " 
 
 Irving " 
 
 Mariners' " 
 
 Mechanics' and Traders' " 
 
 Sixpenny " 
 
 Bloomingdale " 
 
 Rose Hill " 
 
 German " 
 
 Union Dime " 
 
 Citizens' " 
 
 Atlantic " 
 
 Franklin " 
 
 Harlem " 
 
 Market " 
 
 Peoples' -. " 
 
 .1833 
 .1834 
 .1848 
 .1848 
 .1848 
 .1850 
 .1850 
 .1851 
 .1851 
 .1852 
 .1852 
 .1853 
 .1854 
 .1854 
 1859 
 .1859 
 .1860 
 .1860 
 .1860 
 .1868 
 .1863 
 .1863 
 
APPENDIX. 15 
 
 II. HEALTH OF THE CITY. 
 
 DEATHS IN 1865 : GENERAL SUMMARY. 
 
 Total number of deaths reported in [Total number of adults 10,039 
 
 1S65, was 24,843 Total number of children 14,804 
 
 Divided thus : " Total number of deceased per- 
 
 White persons 24,421 sons 24,843 
 
 Colored persons 422 1 From which deduct : 
 
 1 Premature births 233 
 
 Total 24,843 Malformations 31 
 
 i Old age 390 
 
 Male adults 5,433 Suicides, various 42 
 
 Male children 7,902 . Casualties 352 
 
 [Drowned 175 
 
 Total males 13,335 Sunstroke 11 
 
 I Burned or Scalded 105 
 
 Female adults 4,606 Killed or Murdered 7 
 
 Female children 6,902 i Heat, effects of 3 
 
 Poison 12 
 
 Total females ll,508i 
 
 Total 1,361 
 
 Total 24,843 Total number of deaths from disease.. 23,482 
 
 I Total 24,843 
 
 N. B. — Age for division of adults and children, 20 years. 
 
 F. A. Boole, City Inspector. 
 
 LETTER FROM DR. ELISHA HARRIS. 
 
 To Rev. S. Osgood, D. D. 
 
 Deae Sir : The population of the City of New York, according to 
 the Census of 1790, was, at the beginning of the last decennium of the 
 18th century, 33,131. In the year 1800, the Census returned 60,489, 
 which showed an increase of 83 per cent, upon the city's population in 
 10 years. The next decennial period — the first of the present century 
 — there was an increase of 59 per centum ; but during the succeeding 
 four years, a brief period of war, there was a decrease amounting to 1 
 per centum, or a retrogression of nearly 10,000 in the total population. 
 Since that period there has been a steady and rapid increase in the pop- 
 ulation, until the commencement of the war of the Rebellion. 
 
 In a retrospective estimate of the state of the public health, the 
 Mortuary Recoi'd is a trustworthy index, if we note the nature and 
 
76 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 fatality of each great epidemic visitation. The following statement, in 
 columns of population, deaths, and death-rates on population, are 
 authentic : 
 
 
 Total percentage 
 
 of the increase in 
 
 population in the 
 
 previous years. 
 
 Total population 
 of the city. 
 
 Total mortality 
 that year. 
 
 Death-rate estimated by 
 
 number deaths in 1,000 of 
 
 population. 
 
 1814 
 
 Decrease of 
 about O'l in 
 three years. 
 
 95,519 
 
 1,961 
 
 20-^ 
 
 1820 
 
 Increase in six 
 years 30 per cent. 
 
 123,706 
 
 3,522 
 
 28i, Two epidemics. 
 
 1825 
 
 Increase in five 
 years 34 per cent. 
 
 166,086 
 
 4,920 
 
 23| 
 
 1830 
 
 Increase in five 
 years 19 per. cent. 
 
 197,112 
 
 5,522 
 
 28, One epidemic. 
 
 1835 
 
 Increase in five 
 years 36 per cent. 
 
 268,089 
 
 7,096 
 
 26i 
 
 1840 
 
 Increase in five 
 years 17 per cent. 
 
 312,710 
 
 8,469 
 
 27tV 
 
 1845 
 
 Increase in five 
 years 16 per cent. 
 
 371,223 
 
 9,652 
 
 26 
 
 1855 
 
 Increase in ten 
 years 59 per cent. 
 
 629,810 
 
 24,448 
 
 335 Including two 
 
 epidemics of cholera, 9,000 
 killed. 
 
 1865 
 
 Increase in ten 
 years 10-53 per ct. 
 
 726,354 
 
 25,767 
 
 35 ,\ 
 
 The accuracy or inaccuracy of the census returns need not he men- 
 tioned here. But we cannot fail to note the marked increase in the 
 death-rate, year by year, for nearly twenty years past. This general 
 increase of mortality must not be assumed to indicate a decrease in the 
 expectation and length of life in the more favored classes of the popula- 
 tion. There is reason to believe that all this increase of the death-rate 
 is caused in particular classes of inhabitants. It is found to be mainly 
 in those classes from which the paupers are derived, viz. : the ignorant 
 and poor classes. Methods of classification, and analysis of causes of 
 death at the various periods of life, are now so employed in the Bureau 
 as to set forth, after a year or two, the actual conditions under which 
 occur all the great excesses of mortality in the different clnsses and 
 occupations, and at the several periods of life. Already we know that, 
 as regards periods of life, the excess of mortality is in children under 
 five years of age. Ti.e chances of life after that early period, are as good 
 in New York as in -most maritime cities. 
 
APPENDIX. '77 
 
 London, Paris, and Liverpool are the chief great capitals with which 
 the inci'ease and movement of population, the physical influences of com- 
 merce and the trades, and the rates of mortality in New York can be 
 justly compared; yet none of those cities feels so greatly the influence 
 oi a. foreign and unacclimated element in the population. 
 
 In London, with a population, now, of 3,067,000 and upwards upon 
 121 square miles, the death-rate, for twelve or fourteen years, has not 
 varied much from 23| per 1,000 nnnually. In Paris the death-rate is, 
 year by year, about 1 in the 1,000 higher than that of London. 
 
 Liverpool last year had a death-rate of 36| per 1,000 inhabitants. 
 
 The city of Dublin, last year, had a death-rate of 28 per 1,000. 
 
 In the thirteen chief cities of Great Britain, the average rate is a 
 little more than 24 per 1,000 annually. England and Wales suffier 
 yearly a loss of 22i lives to every 1,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Austria, in 1853, buried 34| out of every 1,000 ; in 1858, 31|; and 
 in 1863 31^V *» the 1,000 of her population. 
 
 France, in the same years, lost only 22, 24^, and 224 to the 1,000 
 respectively. 
 
 Most of the countries of Europe have, for years, been increasing 
 their population at the rate of about 1 per cent, per annum. The most 
 rapidly growing capitals have increased at a much more rapid rate, but 
 even London has less than half the average rate of population growth 
 which New York has. 
 
 The standards of life-endurance in Europe are not high standards, 
 though in cities they have risen to nearly double the length of European 
 city lives two hundred years ago. Even in the notorious Parish of St. 
 Giles, in London, a district has been so renovated the past ten years 
 that the chanc s of life have more than doubled. 
 
 New York should have its own standard, and, with its healthful 
 climate, and great advantages, the motto of its sanitary government 
 should be Excelsioe. 
 
 In the Fifteenth "Ward of this ci^y, with a dense and well-mixed 
 population, the present standard of life, in that ward, has, for sis years, 
 averaged nearly twice as high as the average of the city. The mean 
 death-rate in the ward has been but 17 per 1,000. And in this epi- 
 demic year, life has been more secure in that ward than ever before, 
 the death-rate having thus far been as 16 per 1,000 annually. 
 
 Let me express the belief that, unless sanitary science and social im- 
 provements are delusions, New York will, at some future day, contain 
 a population of 2,000,000, and the metropolitan district 4,000,000, with 
 a death-rate not exceeding 16 per 1,000 annually, — but half the present 
 rate! 
 
 Our war has demonstrated the wonderful endurance and vitality of 
 
IS 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 the American man. The metropolis of our country can yet present 
 the healthiest of all the crowded populations ; for all the resources of 
 sanitary science and medicine have become tributary to social progress 
 in the civilization and Christianity of our day. 
 
 "With highest regard, I remain, very truly yours, 
 
 E. HARRIS. 
 Bureau of Records and Vital Statistics ) 
 Metropolitan Board of Health, Novemler 19<A, 1866. ) 
 
 mortality of the city of new YORK IN 1864 AND 1865. 
 
 Total ... 
 Males. . . 
 Females. 
 
 Men 
 
 Women. 
 Adults. . 
 Children . 
 
 under 1 year. 
 
 25,645 
 
 13,662 
 
 11,983 
 
 5,959 
 
 5,114 
 
 11,073 
 
 14,572 
 
 6,058 
 
 1865. 
 
 24,843 
 
 13,335 
 
 11,508 
 
 5,433 
 
 4,606 
 
 10,039 
 
 14,804 
 
 6,217 
 
 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 ...802 
 
 " 
 
 ...327 
 
 (1 
 
 . .445 
 
 >( 
 
 . .526 
 
 u 
 
 ..508 
 
 11 
 
 .1,034 
 
 Increase. 
 
 ...232 
 
 u 
 
 ...159 
 
 Ratio to 1,000 living in 1864, 23.7 ; in 1863, 25.1 ; decrease, 1.4. 
 
 These returns indicate the city to have been entirely free from any 
 epidemic or even endemic, and the general health to have been 
 unusually good. 
 
 A Table, showing the total Deaths from 1850 to 1866, also the numher 
 (>/" Adults, Children, a»<^ Children under one year of age who died 
 in the same period. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1851 
 
 1852. 
 
 1853. 
 
 1854. 
 
 1855. 
 
 1856. 
 
 1857. 
 
 1858. 
 
 1859. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1861. 
 
 1862. 
 
 1863. 
 
 1864. 
 
 1865. 
 
 Deaths. 
 
 21,748 
 20,296 
 21,137 
 26,953 
 21,478 
 20,102 
 21,775 
 22,196 
 21,645 
 22,710 
 22,117 
 21,244 
 25,196 
 25,645 
 24,843 
 
 Adults. 
 
 "7,77? 
 
 8.002 
 
 8,124 
 
 10,681 
 
 7,289 
 
 6,769 
 
 7,558 
 
 8,081 
 
 8,182 
 
 8,752 
 
 8,503 
 
 8,618 
 
 10,596 
 
 11,073 
 
 10,039 
 
 Children. 
 
 13,973 
 12,294 
 13,003 
 16,271 
 14,189 
 14,889 
 14,217 
 14,105 
 13,463 
 13,958 
 13,614 
 12,626 
 14,600 
 14,572 
 14,804 
 
 Children 
 under 1 year. 
 
 6,891 
 6,351 
 6,661 
 7,551 
 6,771 
 6,437 
 6,905 
 7,109 
 6,599 
 6,087 
 6,189 
 5,720 
 6,118 
 6,058 
 6.217 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 .T9 
 
 CHOLEEA MORTALITY DUEING SIX TEAES. 
 
 Year. 
 
 January. 
 
 February. 
 
 March. 
 
 April. 
 
 May. 
 
 June. 
 
 Total 
 for six 
 montlis. 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 22 
 18 
 49 
 51 
 41 
 55 
 
 21 
 22 
 27 
 36 
 46 
 33 
 
 15 
 34 
 23 
 38 
 37 
 45 
 
 23 
 26 
 36 
 58 
 40 
 90 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 60 
 54 
 45 
 84 
 
 66 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 111 
 
 141 
 
 196 
 
 176 
 199 
 267 
 348 
 350 
 598 
 
 Total.. 
 
 236 
 
 190 
 
 195 
 
 272 
 
 304 
 
 651 
 
 1,848 
 
 The number of deaths in the Cholera Hospitals is stated to have 
 
 been : ., ^o 
 
 In the Battery Hospital ^^^ 
 
 In the Eed House Hospital ^^ 
 
 Total. 
 
 ,141 
 
 DEATHS IN THE CITY BY WAED8. 
 
 The following table shows the number of deaths from cholera 
 in this city, by wards, from May 1 to December 1, 1866, inclusive, 
 showing the rate of those deaths to the 10,000 inhabitants living: 
 
 First 
 
 Second 
 
 Third 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Tenth 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Thirteenth 
 
 Fourteenth 
 
 Fifteenth 
 
 Bixleenth 
 
 Seventeenth 
 
 Eighteenth 
 
 Nineteenth 
 
 Twentieth 
 
 Twenty-first.... 
 Twenty-second . 
 
 Total 458 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 25 
 12 
 90 
 18 
 19 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 25 
 10 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 22 
 10 
 20 
 33 
 
 9,852 
 1,194 
 3,367 
 17,352 
 18,205 
 19.754 
 36,962 
 30,098 
 38,504 
 31,537 
 58.953 
 28,259 
 26,388 
 23,382 
 25,572 
 41,972 
 79,563 
 47,613 
 39,945 
 61,884 
 38,669 
 47,361 
 
 726,386 
 
 14 
 
 16| 
 2| 
 
 14i 
 6i 
 
 45i 
 4J 
 6i 
 3 
 4 
 
 3| 
 
 llf 
 
 1 
 
 3i 
 
 2| 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 H 
 
 •1 
 234 
 
 41,010 
 
 9,950 
 
 22,447 
 
 133,477 
 
 69,904 
 
 151,954 
 
 119,232 
 
 103,786 
 
 77,004 
 
 185,512 
 
 196,510 
 
 5,195 
 
 155,224 
 
 155,880 
 
 82,490 
 
 69,953 
 
 153,656 
 
 51,197 
 
 16,713 
 
 91,006 
 
 52,255 
 
 21,334 
 
 43,364 
 
 37 
 2 
 2 
 38 
 18 
 125 
 22 
 22 
 14 
 14 
 13 
 39 
 10 
 37 
 4 
 15 
 24 
 11 
 25 
 35 
 
 37i 
 16f 
 
 29^ 
 9^ 
 631 
 
 ^4 
 3^ 
 
 13| 
 
 15| 
 
 3 
 
 2^ 
 61 
 
 8? 
 2 
 16 
 
 8Jjr 
 
80 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 JDNE, JnLT, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 
 
 Of the 342 persons who died from cholera, in the months of June, 
 July, August, and September, there were born in Ireland, 190; United 
 States, 73 ; Germany, 36 ; England, 21 ; Scotland, 5 ; France, 4 ; Swe- 
 den, 3 ; Canada, 2 ; China, 1 ; Italy, 1 ; Australia, 1 ; at sea, 1 ; not 
 stated, 2. 
 
 The ages at which these 342 persons died were as follows : 
 
 Years. 
 
 Number of 
 persons. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Number of 
 persons. 
 
 10 to 15 
 
 3 
 13 
 39 
 
 47 
 50 
 37 
 41 
 
 45 to 50 
 
 32 
 
 15 to 20 
 
 50 to 55 
 
 25 
 
 20 to 25 
 
 55 to 60 
 
 24 
 
 25 to 30 
 
 60 to 65 
 
 16 
 
 30 to 35 
 
 65 to 70 
 
 75 tu -) 
 
 80 to 85 
 
 1" 
 
 35 to 40 
 
 2 
 
 40 to 45 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 OCCUPATION OF THE DEAD, 
 
 Among the persons who died in the four months last alluded to, 
 88 are returned as "laborers," 65 as "domestics," 16 as "house- 
 keepers," &c. 
 
 CHOLERA DEATHS IN THE PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The following statement gives the number of deaths from cholera in 
 the public institutions of New York from July 7 to December 1, 1866: 
 
 Ward's Island, 172 ; Workhouse, Blackwell's Island, 151 ; Alms- 
 house, Blackwell's Island, 95 ; Charity Hospital, Blackwell's Island, 41 ; 
 New York City Lunatic Asylum, Blackwell's Island, 74 ; Penitentiary, 
 Blackwell's Island, 6 ; Randall's Island, 20 ; Bellevue Hospital, 33 ; 
 New York Hospital, 3; City Prison, 2; Castle Garden, 3; Fort Colum- 
 bus, New York Hospital, 2 ; Small-pox Hospital, Blackwell's Island, 2 ; 
 Colored Home, 1 ; Nursery and Child's Hospital, 8 ; Battery Hospital, 
 107 ; Red House Hospital, 32. Total, 752. 
 
 CHOLERA GROUPS. 
 
 From the list of streets in which fatal cholera cases occurred, we 
 extract all numbering over five, as follows: 
 
 Baxter Street, 35 ; Broadway, 9 ; Cherry Street, 8 ; Franklin Street, 
 6; Greenwich Street, 10; Mott Street, 15; Mulberry Street, 67; 
 Ninth Avenue, 7 ; Third Avenue, 10 ; Thomas Street, 6 ; Washington 
 Street, 17; Water Street, 6; West Twenty-sixth Street, 9; West Forty- 
 first Street, 7 ; West Fifty-fourth Street, 7 ; West Sixty-seventh Street, 6. 
 
APPENDIX. 81 
 
 The total number of houses in which the deaths occurred at home 
 and in the cholera hospital, was 440. 
 
 The number of houses in which only one death occurred, was 362. 
 
 The number of houses in which two deaths occurred, was 61. 
 
 The number of houses in which three deaths occurred, was 16. 
 
 The number of houses in which four or more deaths occurred, 
 was 10. 
 
 SANITARY DEDTrCTION. 
 
 The progressing demands and appliances of sanitary science went 
 beyond such general and vague, though practical and just, conclusions. 
 But it was not until the results of the more exactly defined experiences 
 and researches in the epidemics of 1854, 1859 and 1865 in Europe had 
 been logically analyzed and compared, that this most valuable of all 
 conclusions was reached, namely : That the diarrhoeal excreta of the 
 sick when impregnating the soil, the drinking water, or any kind of 
 decomposing matter, especially that of privies, cesspools, sewers, drains, 
 and the ground about dwelling liouses, constitute the positive, the 
 cbief, and, for aught that is yet known, the only means for propagating 
 and spreading Asiatic cholera. 
 
 BOARD OF HEALTH. 
 
 December 4^A, 1864. 
 
 Deae Sir : Enclosed I send you an extract from the forthcoming re- 
 port ofthe Board of Health, which will give some idea of the kind and 
 amount of detailed labor which it has performed in the eight months 
 since its organization. Yet, without far greater space than you can 
 afford, you can give but a meagre idea of its great and varied labors 
 and influences. 
 
 The extent to which it has coerced and stimulated the public 
 schools and other institutional authorities of the district, to regard 
 sanitary laws ; the efficient manner in which it has compelled offal and 
 garbage contractors to discharge their duties; the powerful stimulant it 
 has been to landlords to put their buildings in better order for poor 
 tenants ; the suppression of cattle-driving in the day-time in this city ; 
 the great controlment of the slaughtering of animals in New York ; 
 the important fact that it has caused somo of the lar^^est abatt > rs to 
 be built in the open country, some miles distant; the better cire it 
 has caused to be taken to prevent the spread of typhoid and ship 
 fever ; above all, its effectual and energetic treatment of cholera ; the 
 noble exhausting and self-sacrificing labors of the commissions, during 
 the hot summer months, worth s > much as a public example, are 
 not alluded to in the extract, nor, I think, have you any space for 
 them. 
 
 6 
 
82 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Considering the embarras«ments the Board has had to encounter, 
 the suddenness with which the cholera came, the work done, I thinlc 
 its full record in its report will be one of which New York may be 
 proud. Yours, very truly, D. B. Eaton. 
 
 The first orders of the Board were issued on the 14th of March, 
 between which date and the 1st of November, 31,077 orders were is- 
 sued, and were duly served by the Sanitary Police. Of these orders, 
 5,325 were under the first subdivision of Section 14, of Chapter 74, of 
 the Session Laws of 1866, by the terms of which the party served is 
 allowed three days in which to demand a " Jiearing " by the Board of 
 the testimony which may be presented to show that the order should be 
 revoked and not enforced. In cases where no hearing has been asked 
 for, and the order has not been obeyed by the proper party, '•'■final'''' 
 orders in the original or an amended form, to the number of 3,160, have 
 been issued and forwarded to the Board of Metropolitan Police for 
 execution. All other written orders, in number 22,592, have been is- 
 sued under the second subdivision of Section 14, of Chapter 74, of the 
 Session Laws of 1866, and are of a peremptory character, requiring that 
 the nuisance be abated within five days, and, if not obeyed, directing 
 the Board of Metropolitan Police to enforce the same without further 
 notice. The following is a statement of the subjects of the orders above 
 referred to, other than the "^ra«Z" orders, and of the work performed 
 in the execution of the same, either by the party upon whom the order 
 was served, or by the Metropolitan Board of Police, or by the oflBcers 
 or agents of this Board, 
 
 "We select the principal items of the work done by the Board from 
 the full list of 180 classes of work : 
 
 Alleys cleaned 
 
 Ashes, garbage, and rubbish 
 
 removed 
 
 Areas cleaned 
 
 Basements cleaned 
 
 " whitewashed. . . 
 Bone and oflfal boiling (busi- 
 ness of) discontinued 
 
 Cellars cleaned 
 
 " connected with sew- 
 er 
 
 " filled 
 
 " whitewashed 
 
 Cesspools cleaned 
 
 " connected with 
 
 sewer 
 
 " disinfected 
 
 " emptied 
 
 «' filled 
 
 381 
 
 1,335 
 
 701 
 
 230 
 
 66 
 
 12 
 3,067 
 
 62 
 182 
 653 
 
 45 
 
 66 
 
 25 
 
 111 
 
 Cesspools made 
 
 " repaired 
 
 Cisterns cleaned and emp- 
 tied 
 
 " disinfected 
 
 filled 
 
 " repaired 
 
 Cows removed (No. of or- 
 ders) 
 
 Ditches cut 
 
 Drains cleaned 
 
 " made 
 
 " Cobstructions in) re- 
 moved 
 
 " repaired 
 
 Fat boiling (business of) dis- 
 continued 
 
 Halls cleaned 
 
 " whitewashed 
 
 131 
 
 28 
 
 771 
 76 
 
 328 
 38 
 
 110 
 49 
 38 
 
 136 
 
 99 
 
 138 
 
 54 
 260 
 161 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 83 
 
 Hide curing and storing (bu- 
 siness of) discontinued.., 15 
 
 Hydrants repaired 159 
 
 Hydrant-waste drained, &c, 209 
 
 Leaders repaired 254 
 
 Lime burning (business of) 
 
 discontinued 6 
 
 Lots cleaned 479 
 
 " filled 143 
 
 " graded 57 
 
 Manure removed 991 
 
 " vaults cleaned 22 
 
 " " constructed.. 492 
 " " (covers for) 
 
 made 38 
 
 " " repaired 53 
 
 Market stalls removed 128 
 
 Offal boiling (business of) 
 
 discontinued 1 
 
 Oil manufacturing (business 
 
 of) discontinued 1 
 
 Packing rancid butter (busi- 
 ness of) discontinued 1 
 
 Pickles manufacturing (bu- 
 siness of) discontinued. . . 2 
 
 Piers cleaned 80 
 
 " repaired 18 
 
 Pigs' feet and tripe boiling 
 
 (business of) discontinued 2 
 
 Pig-pens cleaned 299 
 
 Pigs removed (No, of orders) 381 
 Pipe (water, waste, and 
 hydrant) obstructions re- 
 moved 46 
 
 Pipes (waste) cleaned 149 
 
 " " repaired 427 
 
 " (water) " 248 
 
 Plastering removed and 
 
 walls re-plastered 47 
 
 Ponds filled 42 
 
 Premises cleaned 2,581 
 
 " disinfected and fu- 
 migated ] 94 
 
 •' connected with the 
 
 sewer 521 
 
 " whitewashed 871 
 
 Privies disinfected 6,418 
 
 " emptied and cleaned 15,214 
 
 Privy houses removed 31 
 
 " " repaired 195 
 
 " seats repaired 44 
 
 " sinks connected with 
 
 sewer 2,056 
 
 Privy sinks filled 577 
 
 " " made 2,085 
 
 " vaults repaired 442 
 
 Privies built 4 
 
 Eags removed 78 
 
 Rag sorting and cleaning 
 
 (business of) discontinued 6 
 Sausage case and gut clean- 
 ing (business of) discon- 
 tinued 13 
 
 Sausage and tripe manufac- 
 turing (business of) dis- 
 continued 11 
 
 Sewers built 28 
 
 " cleaned 157 
 
 Sewer connections cleaned . 136 
 
 Sewers repaired 338 
 
 Sewer pipes (obstructions in) 
 
 removed 1,493 
 
 Sewer pipes repaired 505 
 
 Sidewalks repaired 130 
 
 Sinks emptied and cleaned. . 2,625 
 Slaughtering (business of) 
 
 discontinued 36 
 
 Slaughter houses cleaned. . . 20 
 Soap boiling (business of) 
 
 discontinued 5 
 
 Spaces (vacant) cleaned 162 
 
 " disinfected 11 
 
 Stables cleaned 657 
 
 " disinfected 6 
 
 Stagnant water removed. . . 354 
 
 Stairways cleaned 68 
 
 " repaired 30 
 
 Streets cleaned 17 
 
 " (obstructions in) re- 
 moved 78 
 
 Superphosphate lime man- 
 ufacturing (business of) 
 
 discontinued 4 
 
 Swill boiling (business of) 
 
 discontinued 7 
 
 Tanks constructed 24 
 
 Varnish manufacturing (bu- 
 siness of) discontinued.. , . 3 
 
 Vaults cleaned 95 
 
 Walls and ceilings repaired. 18 
 
 Water closets cleaned 413 
 
 " " repaired 66 
 
 " " and urinals 
 
 constructed 45 
 
 Yards cleaned 3,949 
 
 " graded and repaired. 245 
 
84 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 III. CRIME IN NEW YORK. 
 
 Nativity of those arrested^ 
 
 classified for the year ending Oct. Slst^ 
 
 1865. 
 
 Nativity. 
 
 Num. 
 
 Nativity. 
 
 Num. 
 
 
 21,852 
 
 1,184 
 
 32,867 
 
 7,162 
 
 2,819 
 
 639 
 
 901 
 
 57 
 
 24 
 
 87 
 
 18 
 
 409 
 
 25 
 
 189 
 
 43 
 
 139 
 
 61 
 
 11 
 
 29 
 
 11 
 
 40 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 Hungarj' 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Scotland 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 Cuba 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 Holland 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 China 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Sicily . . .. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 68,873 
 
 Swi tzerland 
 
 
 Recapitulation of Offences against the Person for the year ending Oc- 
 tober 31s<, 1865. 
 
 Offences against person. 
 
 j^ssault 
 
 Assault and Battery 
 
 Assault -with intent 
 to kill 
 
 Assault, felonious. . . 
 
 Assault on police- 
 men 
 
 Abandonment 
 
 Accessory to murder 
 
 Aiding prisoner to 
 escape 
 
 Attempt at rape. . . 
 
 Abduction 
 
 Abortion 
 
 Attachment o 
 
 bench warrant. . . 
 
 Bastardy 
 
 Bigamy 
 
 Contempt of Court 
 
 Carrying concealed 
 weapons 
 
 Disorderly conduct 
 
 Deserters 
 
 Escaped convicts,. 
 
 Fighting in streets. 
 
 Fugitives from jus- 
 tice 
 
 Habituril drunkards 
 
 Homicides in all de- 
 grees 
 
 Males. 
 
 Pern's. 
 
 Total. 
 
 106 
 
 14 
 
 120 
 
 6,077 
 
 1,667 
 
 7,744 
 
 197 
 
 1 
 
 198 
 
 546 
 
 54 
 
 600 
 
 36 
 
 
 36 
 
 253 
 
 5 
 
 258 
 
 9 
 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 
 .... 
 
 40 
 
 3 
 
 .... 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 100 
 
 40 
 
 140 
 
 141 
 
 ... • 
 
 141 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 29 
 
 58 
 
 1 
 
 59 
 
 8,542 
 
 5,412 
 
 13,050 
 
 254' 
 
 .... 
 
 254 
 
 95 
 
 4 
 
 99 
 
 613 
 
 94 
 
 767 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 52 
 
 139 
 
 191 
 
 65 
 
 4 
 
 69 
 
 Otfences against person 
 
 Insanity 
 
 Interfering with po- 
 licemen 
 
 Insulting females in 
 the streets 
 
 Indecent exposure of 
 the person 
 
 Intoxication 
 
 Intoxication and dis- 
 orderly conduct. . . 
 
 Juvenile delinquents 
 
 Kidnapping 
 
 Libel 
 
 Miscellaneous mis 
 demeanors 
 
 Maiming 
 
 Personating polue- 
 men 
 
 Runaway appre.iti- 
 ces 
 
 Rescuing prisoners. 
 
 Rape 
 
 Suspicious porsons. . 
 
 Seduction 
 
 Sodomy 
 
 Threatening life ... . 
 
 Trespassing 
 
 Truancy 
 
 Vagrancy 
 
 Witnesses 
 
 Males. 
 
 Fern's. 
 
 304 
 
 184 
 
 178 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 
 116 
 
 3 
 
 11,482 
 
 4,936 
 
 4,866 
 
 2,445 
 
 154 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 80 
 
 34 
 
 14 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 38 
 
 • • • • 
 
 1,617 
 
 440 
 
 21 
 
 .• • . 
 
 5 
 
 .... 
 
 88. 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 188 
 
 18 
 
 978 
 
 838 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 
 488 
 
 192 
 
 18 
 
 119 
 16,418 
 
 7,311 
 179 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 114 
 14 
 
 16 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 38 
 
 2,057 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 98 
 
 9 
 
 206 
 
 1,816 
 
 36 
 
 Offences against (he person 37,489 16,422 53,911 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 85 
 
 Eecapiiulation of Offences against Property for the year ending Oc- 
 tober 2,\st, 1865. 
 
 Arson 
 
 Attempt to steal.... 
 Attempt at burglary 
 
 Burglary 
 
 Constructive larceny 
 
 Conspiracy 
 
 Compounding felo- 
 
 "y 
 
 Embezzlement 
 
 Forgery 
 
 Frau.i 
 
 Forfeited Ixiil 
 
 Felony 
 
 Grand larceny 
 
 Gambling 
 
 Highway Eobbery.. 
 
 Horse stealing 
 
 Keeping disorderly 
 
 house 
 
 Larceny upon the 
 
 person 
 
 Mutiny 
 
 Malicious mischief. . 
 
 Oflfences against property . . . . 
 
 Offences against the person . . 
 
 Total number of arrests. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Fern's. 
 
 Total. 
 
 35 
 
 
 85 
 
 236 
 
 9 
 
 245 
 
 53 
 
 
 53 
 
 291 
 
 3 
 
 294 
 
 43 
 
 12 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 .... 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 42 
 
 
 42 
 
 151 
 
 3 
 
 154 
 
 104 
 
 17 
 
 121 
 
 7 
 
 .... 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1,675 
 
 946 
 
 2,621 
 
 249 
 
 3 
 
 252 
 
 199 
 
 6 
 
 205 
 
 6 
 
 .... 
 
 6 
 
 177 
 
 165 
 
 342 
 
 102 
 
 .35 
 
 127 
 
 52 
 
 
 52 
 
 436 
 
 48 
 
 484 
 
 Obtaining goods by 
 false pretences.... 
 
 Offences against the 
 Government 
 
 Picking pockets 
 
 Petit larceny 
 
 Perjury 
 
 Passing counterfeit 
 money 
 
 Receiv'g stolen g'ds 
 
 Robbery,flrst degree 
 
 Rioting 
 
 Smuggling 
 
 Shoplifting 
 
 Swindling 
 
 Violations of corpo- 
 ration ordinances. 
 
 Violations of the 
 Sunday law 
 
 Violations of the 
 election law 
 
 Violations of the 
 State law... 
 
 Males. 
 
 Fern's. 
 
 108 
 
 23 
 
 122 
 
 2 
 
 255 
 
 20 
 
 3,380 
 
 1.860 
 
 14 
 
 .... 
 
 414 
 
 46 
 
 166 
 
 51 
 
 109 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 104 
 
 3 
 
 2,417 
 
 415 
 
 183 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 .... 
 
 75 
 
 1 
 
 131 
 
 124 
 
 275 
 
 5,240 
 
 14 
 
 460 
 217 
 115 
 10 
 S 
 8 
 107 
 
 2,832 
 
 203 
 
 30 
 
 76 
 
 .11,265 3,697 14,962 
 .37,489 16,422 53,911 
 .48,754 20,119 68,873 
 
 HOUSE OF REFUGE. 
 
 The last report states that the whole number of children received 
 into the House ot Eefuge since its opening in 1825, is 10,853. 
 
 That the number of children in the House on the 1st day of Jan- 
 uary, 1865, was 718 
 
 That there have been received during the year 1865 824 
 
 Making a total of 1,542 
 
 That there have been indentured and discharged during the year.. 603 
 
 And there remain in the House on the 1st of January, 1866 939 
 
 The Superintendent's statement thereto annexed contains all the par- 
 ticulars required by the act referred to, as to the sources from which 
 the inmates of the House have been received, and the disposition that 
 has been made of them, as well as many other facts and statistics of 
 interest in the history of the institution during the past year. 
 
 The very large increase in the number of the children committed to 
 the House, being nearly fifty per cent, on the number committed during 
 1864, and about seventy-five per- cent, on the average of three years 
 preceding, is a fact calculated to excite Inquiry. 
 
86 APPENDIX. 
 
 IV. PUBLIC CHAEITIES AND CORKECTION. 
 
 SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF PUBLIC 
 CHARITIES AND CORRECTION FOR THE YEAR 1865. 
 
 BOAED OF COMMISSIONEES OF PUBLIC CHAEITIES AND COEEECTION. 
 
 Isaac Bell, President^ James B. Nicholson, 
 
 James Bowen, Owen "W. Brennan. 
 
 The Institutions in charge of the Commissioners are the 
 
 City Prison in the City of New York, 
 Bellevue Hospital " " 
 
 Small Pox and Fever Hospitals, Blackwell's Island, 
 Island Hospital, " " 
 
 Penitentiary, " " 
 
 Alms Houses, " " 
 
 Work House, " " 
 
 Lunatic Asylum, " " 
 
 Children's Nurseries, Randall's Island, 
 City Cemetery and Farm, Ward's Island. 
 
 The Colored Home and Colored Orphan Asylum in the city of New 
 York are under the supervision of the Commissioners, though in direct 
 charge of their respective Boards of Managers. 
 
 Detailed statements of the expenses for maintaining the several insti- 
 tutions will be found in the tables accompanying this report, but they 
 may be generally classified as follows: 
 
 Provisions $314,186 29 
 
 Clothing, Beds, and Bedding 63,148 20 
 
 Medicines 38,055 07 
 
 CoalandWood 105,031 77 
 
 Erection of New Buildings 39,868 72 
 
 Repairs— Buildings 6,082 16 
 
 Salaries 139,073 81 
 
 Steamboat 29,809 38 
 
 Donations to Out-Door Poor 32,438 75 
 
 Colored Orphan Asylum and Nursing Children. . . 20,712 62 
 Furniture 6,307 08 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 87 
 
 Hardware, Steam and Gas Fixtures $15,198 69 
 
 Rents 7,549 79 
 
 Lumber and Mason Work 14,102 99 
 
 Plumbing, Paints, etc 5,292 86 
 
 Leather and Shoes 10,670 81 
 
 Soap 8,882 28 
 
 Stationery, Printing, and Advertising 10,646 77 
 
 Transportation of Prisoners and Paupers 7,140 58 
 
 Miscellaneous 68,134 80 
 
 $942,243 42 
 
 CITY PRISONS. 
 
 The total number of prisoners who were committed to the city 
 prisons during the past year was thirty-nine thousand six hundred and 
 sixteen (39,616), being an increase over the previous year of eight 
 tTiousand three hundred and eighty- three (8,383). The increase has 
 been principally among the prisoners who were charged with high 
 crimes. 
 
 NATIVITY OF THE PRISONERS COMMITTED DURING THB 
 TEAR 1865. 
 
 MALES. 
 
 FEMALES. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Ireland 
 
 10,638 
 
 8,111 
 
 3,195 
 
 1,076 
 
 369 
 
 220 
 
 268 
 
 113 
 
 49 
 
 49 
 
 42 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 8,998 
 
 4,199 
 
 1,210 
 
 560 
 
 171 
 
 99 
 
 35 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 'I 
 1 
 2 
 
 "i 
 
 19,636 
 12 310 
 
 United States 
 
 Germany 
 
 4,405 
 1 636 
 
 England 
 
 Scotland 
 
 540 
 
 Canada 
 
 319 
 
 Fran ce 
 
 303 
 
 Italy 
 
 119 
 
 Prussia 
 
 49 
 
 Poland 
 
 49 
 
 Sweden 
 
 42 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 30 
 
 Denmark 
 
 29 
 
 "Wales 
 
 28 
 
 Cuba, r 
 
 25 
 
 Spain, 
 
 24 
 
 Austria 
 
 20 
 
 Russia 
 
 15 
 
 Norwav 
 
 14 
 
 Portngal 
 
 s 
 
 China , 
 
 6 
 
 Greece 
 
 A 
 
 Mexico 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 24,329 
 
 15,287 
 
 39,616 
 
 
88 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 BELLEVUE HOSPITAL. 
 
 The number of Patients remaining in Hospital, January 1st, 1865, 648 
 The number of admissions for the year (including 590 births) 
 
 were 6,425 
 
 The total number of patients treated during the year 7,073 
 
 The number discharged, cured, and relieved for the year were.. . .5,801 
 The number of deaths for the year were 658 
 
 6,459 
 
 The number of Patients remaining in Hospital under treatment, 
 
 December 31st, 1865 614 
 
 NATIVITY OF THOSE ADMITTED, 
 
 INCLUDING BIRTHS. 
 
 United States 
 
 Ireland 
 
 England 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Germany 
 
 France 
 
 Canada 
 
 Wales 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Italy 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Spain 
 
 At Sea 
 
 Unknown Countries. 
 Other Countries . . . . 
 
 Total : ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 BIRTHS. 
 
 55 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 o 
 
 « 
 
 3 
 
 676 
 
 601 2 
 
 1 
 
 ] 
 
 L5 297 
 
 293 
 
 1,603 
 
 1,844 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 147 
 
 126 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 323 
 
 148 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 • , , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,977 
 
 2,822 2 
 
 1 
 
 ] 
 
 L5 29 
 
 7 
 
 293 
 
 1,903 
 
 3,447 
 
 273 
 
 104 
 
 471 
 
 52 
 
 64 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 69 
 
 6,425 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 89 
 
 ISLAND, FEVER, AND SMALL POX HOSPITALS. 
 
 During the year both Hospitals have been over-crowded with pa- 
 tients, and the experience of the past will justify your Board in 
 making farther provision for the care of Small Pox and Typhus Fever 
 patients. 
 
 The Island Hospital, with its pavilion and tents, has received during 
 the year 8,893 patients, the whole number treated in the same period 
 being 9,877. 
 
 In February the number of fever cases under treatment at one time 
 was 155 ; the whole number treated during the year was 1,330. A 
 large item in the expenses of Island Hospital was caused by the erection 
 of the building and maintenance of these fever patients. 
 
 There has been received and treated in Small Pox Hospital 1,116 
 patients, an increase of 397 over the number treated during 1864. 
 
 Of this number, 358 were emigrants, 48 United States soldiers, and 
 620 residents of New York city. 
 
 PENITENTIARY. 
 
 The health of the prisoners generally, for the past year, has been 
 very good. The number of convicts is large compared with last year. 
 On December, 1864, there were 280, and at the close of 1865, 596. 
 
 The following Table shows the Crimes committed iy the Male and Fe- 
 male Convicts received from 1st of January to 31st December, 1865, 
 inclusive : 
 
 Assault 
 
 Assault and Battery 
 
 Assault with intent to steal. . 
 
 Disorderly House 
 
 Grand Larceny 
 
 Grand Larceny, attempt at. . 
 Indecent Assault and Battery 
 Indecent Exposure of Person 
 Manslaughter, fourth degree. 
 
 Petit Larceny 
 
 Forgery, fourth degree 
 
 Forgery, third degree 
 
 Illegal Voting 
 
 Total 
 
 MALES. FEMALES. TOTAL, 
 
 1,096 
 
 40 
 
 
 40 
 
 215 
 
 166 
 
 381 
 
 196 
 
 23 
 
 219 
 
 18 
 
 ■5 
 
 23 
 
 82 
 
 52 
 
 134 
 
 105 
 
 68 
 
 173 
 
 15 
 
 , , 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 398 
 
 260 
 
 658 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 574 I 1,670 
 
90 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 The following Table shows the Natimties of the Male and Female Con- 
 flicts received from Ist January to Z\st December^ 1865, inclusive : 
 
 NATIVITIES. 
 
 MALES. 
 
 FEMALES. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 United States 
 
 235 
 
 193 
 
 355 
 
 31 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 35 
 
 159 
 
 15 
 
 135 
 
 71 
 
 240 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 91 
 
 370 
 
 
 264 
 
 Ireland ......•• •.... 
 
 595 
 
 Scotlan d 
 
 47 
 
 Canada 
 
 49 
 
 France 
 
 43 
 
 Prussia 
 
 37 
 
 Germany 
 
 250 
 
 Spain 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,096 
 
 574 
 
 1,670 
 
 
 
 WORK HOUSE. 
 
 Census for the Year. 
 
 
 B 
 
 •J 
 ■< 
 
 Ed 
 
 ■J 
 t 
 
 Number on hand December 31st,. 1864 
 
 
 217 
 4,100 
 
 1,016 
 7,013 
 
 1,233 
 
 Number received during the y( 
 
 ;ar 
 
 
 11,113 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 4,317 
 
 3,917 
 
 400 
 97 
 
 8,029 
 
 7,170 
 
 859 
 390 
 
 12,346 
 
 
 
 
 
 MALES. 
 
 FEMALES. 
 
 
 Number discharged 
 
 3,691 
 187 
 89 
 
 6,835 1 
 295 I 
 40. 
 
 
 Number eloped from this and 
 otlier Institutions 
 
 11,087 
 
 Number died at this and other 
 Institutions 
 
 Number remaining on Register 
 
 And of this number there are ti 
 
 departments, at work, sick, < 
 
 Leaving in building 
 
 
 1,259 
 
 "ansferred to other 
 JtC 
 
 487 
 
 
 
 
 
 303 
 
 469 
 
 772 
 
 The daily average number of inmates for the year was 772§||, 
 showing a decrease of IHIbj since the previous year. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 91 
 
 ALMS HOUSE. 
 
 The following is a comparative Statement of Admissions during the last 
 
 ten years. 
 
 There were admitted in 1856 
 
 " " 1857 
 
 " » 1858 
 
 " " 1859 
 
 " " 1860 
 
 " " 1861 
 
 " " 1862 
 
 " " 1863 
 
 " " 1864 
 
 " " 1865 
 
 NATIVES. 
 
 FOEEIGNBES. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 723 
 
 2,636 
 
 3,359 
 
 875 
 
 3,329 
 
 4,204 
 
 794 
 
 3,096 
 
 3,890 
 
 718 
 
 3,013 
 
 3,731 
 
 985 
 
 3,144 
 
 4,129 
 
 1,537 
 
 3,255 
 
 4,792 
 
 1,199 
 
 1,992 
 
 3,191 
 
 1,201 
 
 1,642 
 
 2,843 
 
 1,262 
 
 1,891 
 
 3,153 
 
 1,378 
 
 2,212 
 
 3,590 
 
 CHILDREN'S NURSERIES, RANDALL'S ISLAND. 
 
 
 ADULTS. 
 
 OHILDREN. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Remaining December 31st, 1864, 
 
 Admitted 1865 
 
 156 
 143 
 
 823 
 1,544 
 
 979 
 1,687 
 
 
 
 
 299 
 122 
 
 2,367 
 1,463 
 
 2,666 
 1,585 
 
 
 
 
 177 
 
 904 
 
 8 
 
 1,081 
 8 
 
 
 
 Died - 
 
 177 
 
 4 
 
 896 
 113 
 
 1,073 
 117 
 
 
 
 Remaining December 31st, 1865 
 
 • 173 
 
 783 
 
 956 
 
 Boys 
 Girls 
 
 OHILDEKN TAKEN FOB INDENTUEE. 
 
 .160 
 
 . 97 
 
 257 
 
 Boys , 
 Girls 
 
 OHILDEEK EETUENED TO EELATIVES. 
 
 .775 
 .431 
 
 1,206 
 
 1,463 
 
92 APPENDIX. 
 
 NURSEEY HOSPITAL. 
 
 Number of patients remaining January Ist, 1865 164 
 
 " " admitted during the year ] ,582 
 
 " " treated " " 1,746 
 
 " " discharged" " 1,421 
 
 " " died " " 113 
 
 " " remaining January 1st, 1866 212 
 
 Included in the above summary of deaths are seventeen idiots, who 
 were treated and who died in the Asylum. The whole number of 
 deaths in the Hospital during the year is 96. 
 
 The percentage of mortality on the number treated is 5 j^^. The 
 average weekly census has been 212||. 
 
 COLORED ORPHAN ASYLUM. 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 Admitted since the opening of the Institution 1,384 
 
 Number of children at date of last report 209 
 
 Admitted : boys 39 
 
 girls 35 
 
 74 
 
 283 
 
 Present number of boys 119 
 
 " " girls 103 
 
 222 
 
 Indentured 34 
 
 Returned to friends 10 
 
 Sent to Rhode Island to school, by Mrs. Stokes 2 
 
 Left without permission 1 
 
 Sent to the House of Refuge 3 
 
 Deaths • 11 
 
 283 
 
 COLORED HOME. 
 
 There have been received during the year (including those on hand 
 at last report) 516 inmates, of which number 299 have been discharged, 
 or have died, leaving at present 217 in the Institution. 
 
APPEKDIX. 
 
 93 
 
 LUNATIC ASYLUM. 
 
 The number of patients at the beginning of the year was 759. 
 There were admitted during the year 525, making a total of 1,284. Of 
 these, 127, or ten per cent., died, and 421 were discharged, leaving 736 
 at present in the Asylum. 
 
 Of those discharged, 142 were unimproved, 83 were improved, 192 
 had fully recovered, and 4 were improper suljects. 
 
 Of those admitted, 37 had attempted suicide previous to admission. 
 Of these attempts, 11 had been by jumping from heights, 8 by drown- 
 ing, 9 by cutting and stabbing, and the remainder by other means, A 
 number of others were supposed to have suicidal propensities, although 
 no attempt was known to have been made. Only two serious attempts 
 at suicide were made at the Asylum — one by hanging and one by 
 drowning. These occurred in cases shortly after admission, and were, 
 unfortunately, both successful. 
 
 Of those admitted, 133 were native-born, and 362 were foreign. Of 
 the foreign-born, 235 were from Ireland, 95 from Germany, 28 from 
 England, and the rest from other countries : 280 Catholics, 224 Prot- 
 estants, and 21 Jews. 
 
 OUT-DOOR POOR. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF OUT-DOOK POOR. 
 
 New York, December 31st, 1865. 
 To the Commissioners of Ptiblic Charities and Correction: 
 
 Gentlemen: — The Superintendent of Out-Door Poor respectfully 
 presents the accompanying statistics for the year ending December 3l8t, 
 1865, and by which it will appear that 3,743 adults and 7,462 children 
 have been relieved by donations in money, and 15,481 adults and 25,572 
 children with fuel. 
 
 The total amount of cash disbursed by me for all purposes of the De- 
 partment from 1st January to 31st December, 1865, was $102,783 24. 
 A comparison with the years 1863 and 1864 is herewith presented : 
 
 Donations, including Twelfth, Nineteenth, and 
 Twenty-second Wards 
 
 Children's Nursing 
 
 Transportation of Paupers and Children 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Coal, and Wood, and Cartage for 1865, including 
 Twelfth, Nineteenth, and Twenty-second Wards.. 
 
 Expenses of Office, extra compensation, 1865, $1,975 ; 
 Btables, feed, horses, stationery, fuel, coffins, etc . . 
 
 Less cash receipts 
 
 1863. 1864. 1865. 
 
 f33,073 00 
 3,160 35 
 2,269 15 
 11,885 82 
 
 26,375 91 
 
 9,049 57 
 
 $84,813 80 
 2,902 25 
 
 $82,911 15 
 
 $39,957 97 
 8,458 00 
 2,198 17 
 12,082 72 
 
 38,834 18 
 
 3,592 43 
 
 ,$100,123 47 
 3,155 00 
 
 $96,968.47 
 
 $32,438 75 
 
 3,659 75 
 
 1,583 65 
 
 12,538 63 
 
 41,709 23 
 
 10,853 23 
 
 $102,783 24 
 4,059 00 
 
 $98,724 24 
 
94 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 V. EDUCATION. 
 
 Eeoapittilation' of theAverage Attendance and Whole Number Taught^ 
 for the year ending December 31, 1865. 
 
 Grammar Schools and Primary Departments. 
 
 Primary Schools 
 
 Colored Schools 
 
 Kvening Schools 
 
 Free Academy 
 
 Normal School 
 
 Total Ward, etc. Schools , 
 
 New York Orphan Asylum 
 
 Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum 
 
 Protestant Half-Orphan Asylum 
 
 House of Refuge 
 
 Leake and Watts Orphan House 
 
 Colored Orphan Asylum 
 
 American Female Guardian Society and Home Industrial School. 
 
 New York Juvenile Asylum 
 
 House of Reception of " 
 
 Ladies' Home Missionary Society 
 
 Five Points House of Industry 
 
 Children's Aid Society 
 
 Total 91,857 219,749 
 
 58.911 
 
 15,255 
 
 795 
 
 11,487 
 
 '"•226 
 
 1,674 
 158 
 807 
 186 
 840 
 142 
 180 
 794 
 563 
 129 
 273 
 327 
 784 
 
 140,629 
 38,155 
 ■ 2,112 
 24,056 
 788 
 569 
 
 206,309 
 
 183 
 
 904 
 
 200 
 
 1.475 
 
 164 
 
 241 
 
 2,941 
 
 1,032 
 
 839 
 
 1,117 
 
 1,664 
 
 2,680 
 
 Reoapittjlation of the Actual Average Attendance and Whole Number 
 Taught by Wards, for the year ending the Z\st day of Decem- 
 ber, 1865. 
 
 First Ward 
 
 Second Ward. . . 
 Third "Ward.. . 
 Fourth Ward... 
 Fifth Ward.... 
 Sixth Ward.... 
 Seventh Ward.. 
 EischthWard... 
 Ninth Ward... 
 Tenth Ward.... 
 Eleventh Ward 
 Twelfth Ward. 
 
 a «* 
 
 H U H 
 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 * ^ 
 
 1,424 
 
 3,228 
 
 225 
 
 473 
 
 179 
 
 336 
 
 1,977 
 
 5,282 
 
 2,083 
 
 4,641 
 
 2,618 
 
 6,367 
 
 3,145 
 
 8,062 
 
 3,216 
 
 7,462 
 
 4,635 
 
 10,929 
 
 5,144 
 
 12,485 
 
 5,591 
 
 13,448 
 
 3,738 
 
 9,966 
 
 WARDS. 
 
 % 
 
 m 
 
 Thirteenth Ward 
 
 3,328 
 2,461 
 3,462 
 4,724 
 5,287 
 3,4oS 
 2,839 
 6,114 
 3,78.'5 
 5,560 
 
 8,458 
 
 Fourteenth Ward 
 
 6,220 
 
 7,657 
 
 10,055 
 
 Fifteenth Ward 
 
 Sixteenth Ward 
 
 Seventeenth Ward 
 
 Eighteenth Ward 
 
 Nineteenth Ward 
 
 13,587 
 8.270 
 7,501 
 
 Twentieth Ward 
 
 13 943 
 
 Twenty-first Ward 
 
 Twenty-second Ward 
 
 9,032 
 13,495 
 
 Total 
 
 74.961 
 
 180,898 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 95 
 
 EVENING SCHOOLS. 
 
 Attendance and Whole Number Taught in the Evening Schools 
 for the year ending the 2,\st day of December^ 1865. 
 
 First 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Tenth 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Twelfth, Harlem- 
 
 " Yorkville 
 
 " Manhattanville 
 
 Thirteenth 
 
 Fourteenth 
 
 Sixteenth 
 
 Seventeenth, Houston Street 
 
 " Twelfth Street 
 
 Eifthteenth 
 
 Nineteenth 
 
 Twentieth 
 
 Twenty-first 
 
 Twenty-second, Fortieth Street 
 
 " Forty-fourth Street. 
 
 " Forty-seventh Street 
 
 Eighth, Colored 
 
 Sixteenth, " 
 
 MALE SCHOOLS. 
 
 192 
 164 
 320 
 236 
 243 
 339 
 336 
 377 
 451 
 110 
 99 
 93 
 243 
 311 
 370 
 464 
 384 
 361 
 310 
 390 
 316 
 222 
 352 
 254 
 70 
 72 
 
 7,079 
 
 FEMALE SCHOOLS. 
 
 607 
 
 349 
 
 684 
 595 
 596 
 753 
 
 1,251 
 895 
 
 1,287 
 287 
 215 
 269 
 951 
 746 
 842 
 894 
 547 
 926 
 424 
 907 
 850 
 571 
 694 
 565 
 245 
 157 
 
 17,007 
 
 199 
 
 234 
 
 173 
 
 187 
 
 127 
 
 188 
 
 201 
 
 206 
 
 354 
 32 
 55 
 No Female 
 
 194 
 
 236 
 
 225 
 
 360 
 
 232 
 
 182 
 98 
 
 276 
 
 27T 
 
 197 
 No Female 
 
 175 
 
 4,408 
 
 360 
 •435 
 456 
 224 
 213 
 363 
 471 
 356 
 530 
 65 
 70 
 
 School. 
 195 
 359 
 275 
 439 
 316 
 252 
 141 
 462 
 433 
 401 
 
 School 
 233 
 
 7,049 
 
 Average attendance — Male and Female Schools . 
 Whole Number Taught " " " • > 
 
 COEPORATE SCHOOLS. 
 
 .11,487 
 .24,057 
 
 New York Orphan Asylum 
 
 Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum- 
 Male Department 
 
 Female " 
 
 Protestant Half-Orphan Asylum 
 
 House of Refuge — 
 
 Male Department 
 
 Female " 
 
 Leake and Watts Orphan House— 
 
 Male Department 
 
 Female " 
 
 Colored Orphan Asylum 
 
 American Female Guardian Society and Home Indus- 
 trial School 
 
 New York Juvenile Asylum 
 
 House of Reception of " 
 
 Ladies' Home Missionary Society 
 
 Five Points House of Industry 
 
 Children's Aid Society 
 
 Total. 
 
 494 
 
 449 
 
 502 
 
 493 
 
 358 
 
 402 
 
 60 
 
 186 
 
 200 
 
 506 
 
 673 
 
 1,119 
 
 506 
 
 167 
 
 366 
 
 231 
 
 74 
 
 85 
 
 468 
 
 68 
 
 79 
 
 500 
 
 180 
 
 241 
 
 459 
 
 794 
 
 2,041 
 
 573 
 
 563 
 
 1,032 
 
 514 
 
 129 
 
 839 
 
 482 
 
 273 
 
 1,117 
 
 512 
 
 327 
 
 1,664 
 
 4,694 
 
 784 
 
 2,680 
 
 
 5,183 
 
 1 13,440 
 
96 
 
 APPEKDIX. 
 
 Average Attendance and Whole Number Taught, in detail, for the 
 year ending the Zlst day of December, 1865. 
 
 Ward Schools — Boys' Department 
 Girls' 
 " Primary " 
 
 Primary Schools 
 
 Colored Schools 
 
 Evening Schools —Male 
 
 " Female 
 
 Free Academy 
 
 Normal Schools 
 
 Corporate Schools 
 
 Total 
 
 AVERAGE. 
 
 WHOLE 
 NUMBER. 
 
 13,437 
 
 29,469 
 
 12,439 
 
 26,306 
 
 33,035 
 
 84,854 
 
 15,255 
 
 38,155 
 
 795 
 
 2,112 
 
 7,079 
 
 17,007 
 
 4,408 
 
 7,049 
 
 
 788 
 
 226 
 
 569 
 
 5,183 
 
 13,440 
 
 91,857 
 
 219,749 
 
 STATE SCHOOL TAX. 
 
 The table annexed shows the State School Tax levied in each year, 
 during the last thirteen years, on the taxable property of the State, 
 the amount collected in the city of New York, with the sum re-appor- 
 tioned : 
 
 TEARS. 
 
 AGOREOATB STATE 
 TAX FOR SCHOOLS. 
 
 AMOUNT OF SCHOOL 
 
 TAX PAID BY THE 
 CITY TO THE STATE. 
 
 AMOUNT OF SCHOOL 
 
 TAX APPORTIONED TO 
 
 NEW YORK CITY BY 
 
 THE STATE. 
 
 1853 
 
 $800,000 00 
 
 800,000 00 
 800,000 00 
 1,072,362 83 
 1,073,768 97 
 1,052,853 75 
 1,053,873 04 
 1,064,473 15 
 1,064,473 15 
 1,081,325 57 
 1,087,562 90 
 1,090,841 11 
 1,125,749 90 
 
 $241,553 19 
 257,616 11 
 271,639 40 
 383,805 37 
 390,403 96 
 398,416 98 
 399,677 61 
 412,550 00 
 412,550 00 
 428,309 40 
 412,218 23 
 410,562 02 
 432 000 12 
 
 $130,701 05 
 
 1854 
 
 131,808 48 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 
 1857 
 
 1858 
 
 1859 
 
 132,711 68 
 146.522 41 
 202,905 90 
 212,889 55 
 207,332 95 
 
 I860 
 
 207,990 35 
 
 1861 
 
 212,768 99 
 
 1862 
 
 245,080 34 
 
 1863 
 
 250,616 99 
 
 1864 
 
 252,265 54 
 
 1865 
 
 260,896 82 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $13,147,284 37 
 
 $4,851,307 09 
 
 $2,594,491 05 
 
 
 
 From the above statement it appears that the amount of 
 State School Tax paid by this city, during the last 
 twelve years, was $4,851,307 09 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 97 
 
 The amount apportioned to this county by the State dur- 
 ing the same period was, 2,594,491 05 
 
 Amount retained by the State Government for distribu- 
 tion in other counties 2,256,816 04 
 
 COLORED SCHOOLS. 
 
 
 T, 
 
 a 
 
 a < 
 
 
 OOLOKED SCHOOLS. 
 
 w 3 
 
 B m 
 
 "5 
 
 LOCATION OF SCHOOLS. 
 
 
 O 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 Colored School, No. 1— 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boys' Department 
 
 400 
 
 84 
 
 204 
 
 ; 14th Ward, 135 Mulberry street, between 
 S Grand and Hester streets. 
 
 Girls' " 
 
 400 
 
 99 
 
 277 
 
 Colored School No. 2— 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boys' Department. . 
 Girls' " 
 
 431 
 
 432 
 
 51 
 
 78 
 
 107 
 190 
 
 ) 8th Ward, 51 and 53 Laurens street, 
 
 Primary " 
 
 431 
 
 124 
 
 370 
 
 j near Broome. 
 
 Colored School No. 4 
 
 425 
 
 13 
 
 37 
 
 12th Ward, 120th street near 4tli av. ' 
 
 Colored School No. 5 
 
 432 
 
 60 
 
 159 
 
 5th Ward, 147 Franklin street. 
 
 Colored School No. 6 
 
 434 
 
 118 
 
 341 
 
 20th "Ward, 1325 Broadway. 
 
 Colored School No. 7 
 
 432 
 
 128 
 
 327 
 
 16th Ward, 98 West 17th street. 
 
 Colored Primary School ) 
 Nos. 2and3 \ 
 
 432 
 
 40 
 
 100 
 
 11th Ward, 2d street, near Avenue C. 
 
 
 T95 
 
 2,112 
 
 
 THE CENTRAL PARK. 
 
 The Park has cost, up to December 31st, 1866, $9,763,895 98, and 
 since it was begun the property in the vicinity pays an increased tax of 
 $1,034,551 81, and has an increased valuation of $34,600,395. 
 
 The Drive and Ride are completed. Of the Drive there was com- 
 pleted previous to January 1st, 1865, 9 miles 176 feet; completed during 
 1865, 2,389 feet, or 9-pWo mi'es in all. Of the Bridle Road, completed 
 previous to January 1st, 1865, b^%^^^ miles. Of the walks, completed 
 previous to January 1st, 1865, 23 miles 1,408 feet; completed during 
 1865, 2 miles 1,906 feet, or 25rVoff miles in all. 
 
 Allowing an average of three persons to each vehicle passing into 
 the Park, the following will show approximately the number of persons 
 who have entered the Park for the past four years : 
 
 1862 4,195,515 
 
 1863 4,327,409 
 
 1864 5,740,079 
 
 1865 7,593,139 
 
 The results are believed to be nearly correct ; the probability is that 
 they are under rather than over-stated. 
 7 
 
98 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 "5 
 X 
 
 •SaiOIHBA 
 
 77,364 
 
 70,768 
 
 86,548 
 
 125,864 
 
 126,789 
 
 153,279 
 
 146,0-3 
 
 157,756 
 
 180,526 
 
 104,709 
 
 124,431 
 
 71,184 
 
 
 1,641 
 
 4.472 
 
 6,191 
 
 11,344 
 
 10,386 
 
 11,874 
 
 8,750 
 
 9,705 
 
 9,985 
 
 10,429 
 
 8,097 
 
 5,486 
 
 O 
 TO 
 
 •SNViaisaaaj 
 
 658,741 
 
 163,383 
 
 77,743 
 
 188,019 
 
 191,527 
 
 299,974 
 
 467,729 
 
 467,665 
 
 340,355 
 
 205,444 
 
 94,578 
 
 63,898 
 
 to 
 oT 
 
 1H 
 
 •saioiHaA 
 
 83,246 
 
 55,038 
 
 67,757 
 
 87,575 
 
 147,344 
 
 111,253 
 
 142,511 
 
 89,524 
 
 92,159 
 
 98,112 
 
 92,861 
 
 81,281 
 
 1,148,161 
 
 < 
 
 3,953 
 
 6,244 
 
 7,635 
 
 14,192 
 
 13,533 
 
 14,802 
 
 8,085 
 
 4,778 
 
 5,288 
 
 9,395 
 
 9,308 
 
 8,184 
 
 o 
 
 TO 
 
 8 
 
 •SNTiaisaaad 
 
 555,668 
 
 134,322 
 
 90,630 
 
 95,386 
 
 151,678 
 
 121,574 
 
 380,165 
 
 186,016 
 
 225,256 
 
 148,488 
 
 87,291 
 
 118,725 
 
 
 00 
 
 •saioiHaA 
 
 38,069 
 
 49,344 
 
 44,520 
 
 79,095 
 
 3,618 
 
 110,792 
 
 92,363 
 
 115,970 
 
 163,600 
 
 108,531 
 
 50,990 
 
 65,558 
 
 o 
 •* 
 ?f 
 
 •9NTiai,saaba 
 
 3,952 
 3,489 
 4,490 
 
 10,094 
 449 
 
 12,6.30 
 9,378 
 
 12,250 
 9,211 
 
 10,035 
 9,195 
 5,561 
 
 I— 
 
 ■SNTiaisaaaj 
 
 51,462 
 
 49,080 
 
 41,064 
 
 115,764 
 
 137,999 
 
 159,779 
 
 89,150 
 
 189,3(16 
 
 181,8.50 
 
 150,418 
 
 75,231 
 
 227,163 
 
 T-T 
 
 CO 
 
 IN 
 
 •saioiHaA 
 
 32,773 
 39,052 
 32,446 
 58,567 
 77,974 
 84,254 
 62,074 
 69,802 
 70,184 
 67,099 
 60,789 
 53,996 
 
 o 
 o 
 1 
 
 •SNViaisanba 
 
 1,984 
 1,671 
 4,024 
 7,839 
 10,349 
 8,919 
 4,814 
 4,715 
 7,334 
 7,822 
 7,049 
 5,125 
 
 1 
 
 •anviaisauaa 
 
 254,672 
 
 302,327 
 
 81,865 
 
 76,927 
 
 133,701 
 
 202,000 
 
 184,048 
 
 272,093 
 
 192,236 
 
 153,387 
 
 97,507 
 
 55,155 
 
 00 
 
 
 •saioiHaA 
 
 18,540 
 37,022 
 20,906 
 27,683 
 43,586 
 47,655 
 35,648 
 37,120 
 49,624 
 58,561 
 43,226 
 48,278 
 
 03 
 
 TJ1 
 
 •SKYiaiaaaba 
 
 r-T (>r o6" oT ecT »o" CD* -^ t-^ cT oo" <d" 
 
 to 
 
 ■suYiaxsaaad 
 
 600,007 
 
 265,185 
 
 43,349 
 
 60,674 
 
 110,761 
 
 110,511 
 
 91,076 
 
 1.34,671 
 
 173,003 
 
 118,862 
 
 70,789 
 
 84,375 
 
 1,863,263 
 
 
 
 up 
 
 > 
 
 1. r 
 
 
 > 
 c 
 
 August 
 
 September.. 
 
 October 
 
 November.. 
 December. . . 
 
 
 p 
 
 ® 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 s 
 
 <u 
 
 •-s 
 
 i-» 
 
 &I 
 
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 OJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 n 
 
 
 e3 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
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 ci 
 
 u 
 
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 H 
 
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 <9 
 
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 Q 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 C3 
 
 03 
 
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 be 
 
 bD 
 
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 c 
 
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 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 ^n 
 
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 .a 
 
 n3 
 
 TS 
 
 
 
 
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 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tl 
 
 
 St 
 
 
 fin 
 
 Ph 
 
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 03 
 
 ^ 
 
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 fit 
 
 bC bD S 
 
 g C +3 
 
 '» i ^ 
 
 a f= 's 
 
 OJ <J> (© 
 
 S <» a 
 
 5 = S 
 
 ® 
 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 p 
 
 pi:5 
 
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 ri- 
 
 a> 
 
 M. 
 
 al 
 
 > 
 
 C(H 
 
 tfc^ 
 
 Cm 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 k> 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
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 4> 
 
 rO 
 
 ri-! 
 
 pQ 
 
 q 
 
 e 
 
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 p 
 
 p 
 
 p 
 
 P 
 
 p 
 
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 m 
 
 rn 
 
 
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 03 
 
 03 
 
 fl 
 
 
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 0) 
 
 rO 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
APPENDIX. 99 
 
 VI. RELIGION. 
 
 NEW YORK CITY MISSION. 
 
 RESULTS OP THE TEAE 1865. 
 
 11 Mission stations. 
 
 43 Missionaries, and an average of 667 visitors. 
 
 64,314 Missionary visits. 
 
 840,591 Tracts distributed. 
 
 626 Bibles given, 
 
 ° ' ^ On behalf of the New York Bible Society. 
 
 J 
 
 884 Testaments given, 
 2,652 Volumes loaned. 
 2,573 Children led to Sabbath-schools. 
 
 527 Children led to day-schools. 
 
 303 Persons to Bible classes. 
 5,980 Persons to church and mission. 
 
 437 Temperance pledges. 
 4,307 Religious meetings. 
 
 124 Backsliders reclaimed. 
 
 464 Persons united with churches. 
 
 EESULTS OF THIRTY YEARS, FROM 1835 TO 1864. 
 
 31,247,072 Tracts in English and other languages distributed. 
 34,196 Bibles supplied to the destitute. 
 40,080 Testaments supplied to children and others. 
 140,660 Volumes lent from ward libraries. 
 86,040 Children gathered into Sabbath, and 
 11,905 Into day-schools. 
 
 6,607 Persons gathered into Bible classes. 
 73,361 Persons induced to attend church. 
 32,016 Temperance pledges obtained. 
 58,548 Religious meetings held. 
 
 1,397 Backsliders reclaimed. 
 
 9,912 Persons hopefully converted : and 
 
 7,330 Converts united with evangelical churches. 
 
100 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 NEW YOEK ASSOCIATION FOR IMPEOVING THE CONDITION 
 OF THE POOR. 
 
 A Tabular Exhibit of the Operations of the Association, including the 
 Receipts, Bequests, and Disbursements, since its Organization in 1844. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TEARS. 
 
 VISITORS. 
 
 VISITS. 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MENTS. 
 
 BELIEVED. 
 
 BELIEVED. 
 
 1844.... 
 
 244 
 
 10,042 
 
 $10,522 
 
 $8,704 
 
 1,560 
 
 6,240 
 
 1845.... 
 
 276 
 
 18,044 
 
 16,692 
 
 17,338 
 
 2,896 
 
 11,554 
 
 1846.... 
 
 297 
 
 25,963 
 
 24,644 
 
 24,827 
 
 5,200 
 
 20,840 
 
 1847.... 
 
 298 
 
 26,435 
 
 24,659 
 
 24,040 
 
 5,580 
 
 25,110 
 
 1848.... 
 
 299 
 
 28,040 
 
 25,078 
 
 25,483 
 
 5,340 
 
 24 030 
 
 1849.... 
 
 300 
 
 30,590 
 
 28,753 
 
 26,551 
 
 6,672 
 
 29,844 
 
 1850.... 
 
 317 
 
 27,180 
 
 25,807 
 
 23,821 
 
 5,725 
 
 25,762 
 
 1851... 
 
 324 
 
 29,277 
 
 33,656 
 
 32,327 
 
 6,202 
 
 24,992 
 
 1852.... 
 
 387 
 
 27,284 
 
 34.577 
 
 33,866 
 
 6,307 
 
 25,922 
 
 1853.... 
 
 357 
 
 25,203 
 
 31,-359 
 
 29,692 
 
 5,468 
 
 24,606 
 
 1854.... 
 
 361 
 
 28,142 
 
 35,687 
 
 34.661 
 
 5.977 
 
 26,896 
 
 1855.... 
 
 378 
 
 55,893 
 
 90,445 
 
 95,878 
 
 15,549 
 
 62,396 
 
 1856.... 
 
 378 
 
 48,244 
 
 48,811 
 
 51,059 
 
 10,879 
 
 43.516 
 
 1857.... 
 
 378 
 
 32,294 
 
 42,480 
 
 42,085 
 
 8,154 
 
 32,732 
 
 1858.... 
 
 382 
 
 48,178 
 
 66,578 
 
 67,094 
 
 13,842 
 
 54.268 
 
 1859.... 
 
 377 
 
 46,944 
 
 44,592 
 
 44,855 
 
 9,281 
 
 44,577 
 
 I860.... 
 
 362 
 
 40,886 
 
 87,986 
 
 40,565 
 
 8,031 
 
 35,942 
 
 1861.... 
 
 364 
 
 44,569 
 
 40,516 
 
 43,725 
 
 8,532 
 
 38.394 
 
 1862..., 
 
 364 
 
 36,732 
 
 33,382 
 
 33,461 
 
 7,583 
 
 33,815 
 
 1863.... 
 
 364 
 
 13,482 
 
 36,293 
 
 32,934 
 
 4,357 
 
 19,532 
 
 1864.... 
 
 366 
 
 18,106 
 
 47,788 
 
 47,416 
 
 4,696 
 
 20,810 
 
 1865.... 
 
 366 
 
 22.309 
 
 43,975 
 
 49,300 
 
 5,573 
 
 22,285 
 
 1866.... 
 
 366 
 
 24,222 
 
 51,643 
 
 45,089 
 
 5,115 
 
 19,878 
 
 Sundry Bequests 
 
 
 84,000 
 
 84,000 
 
 
 
 Tota 
 
 1 
 
 703,104 
 
 1959,873 
 
 $958,271 
 
 158,519 
 
 673,941 
 
 DISPENSARIES. 
 
 NAME OF DISPENSARY AND DATE OF ITS INCORPORATION AND ORGANIZATION. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 INCORPORATED. 
 
 ORGANIZED. 
 
 1 
 
 New York 
 
 A. D. 1794. 
 A. D. 1827. 
 A. D. 1882. 
 A. D. 1851. 
 A. D. 1852. 
 A. D. 1862. 
 A. D. 1862. 
 
 A. D, 1791. 
 
 2. 
 3 
 
 Northern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 A. D. 1827. 
 A. D. 1834 
 
 4 
 
 Demilt 
 
 A. D. 1851. 
 
 5 
 
 Nortli-Western 
 
 A. D. 1852. 
 
 6 
 
 Nortli-Eastern 
 
 A. D. 1862. 
 
 7- 
 
 Manhattan 
 
 A. D. 1862. 
 
APPENDIX. 101 
 
 The most complete account of the workings of these institutions is 
 from the report of 1862, which gives a good idea of their present value. 
 
 Number of male Patients in 1862 59,513 
 
 " of female Patients " 86,085 
 
 " treated at Dispensaries.. " 118,409 
 
 " treated at their dwellings " 27,189 
 
 Whole number of Patients treated in 1862 145,598 
 
 Whole number of primary vaccinations in 1862 13,841 
 
 " " Re-vaccinations " 4,567 
 
 " " Persons vaccinated " 18,408 
 
 " " Adult patients " 80,069 
 
 " " Infant Patients " , 65,529 
 
 " " Patients of American birth.... " 63,367 
 
 " " " of foreign origin " 81,231 
 
 " " " sent to Hospital " 6,437 
 
 " " Deaths of Patients " 863 
 
 " " Prescriptions dispensed " 274,648 
 
 General average number of prescriptions dispensed to each patient (ex- 
 cluding vaccinees— 18,408=127,190 patients) in 1862 2.16 
 
 Aggregate amount of expenditures of the seven Dispensaries for the 
 year 1862, excluding cost of repairs and management, or permanent 
 improvement of property $21,199 19 
 
 General average cost of medicines, and medical, surgical, and vaccine 
 
 service to each patient, for the year 1862 Ms cts- 
 
 Average number of years during which medical charity has been ex- 
 tended to the sick-poor of New York by the Dispensaries 22.8 
 
 Whole number of persons vaccinated by all the Dispensaries since the 
 year 1804, or since the era of the discovery of the protective power 
 of vaccine 275,844 
 
 Whole number of the poor of New York who have received medicine, 
 and medical, surgical, and vaccine service gratuitously, from all 
 the Dispensaries since the organization of the first, in 1791, a pe- 
 riod of seventy-two years 2,497,207 
 
 Aggregate amount of expenditures of the several Dispensaries during 
 the same period, for medicine, salaries for medical and surgical ser- 
 vice, etc $426,868 66 
 
 General average cost of medicines, and medical, surgical, and vaccine 
 service to each Dispensary patient, from February 1st, 1791, to De- 
 cember 31st, 1862 17 cts. 
 
 Average number of patients treated annually, for the average twenty- 
 two and eight-tenths years that the Dispensaries have been organ- 
 ized and in operation 109,527 
 
 RECAPITnLATION FOR 1862. 
 
 Total value of Dispensary medical service $215,190 
 
 Total value of the time saved to the sick-poor 102,555 
 
 Estimated pecuniary value of the Dispensary system $317,745 
 
 Deduct amount expended in support of the system 21,199 
 
 Estimated saving to the public by the Dispensary system $296,546 
 
102 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 VII. IMMIGEATION 
 
 SHOWING THE NUMBERS AND NATIVITIES OF ALIEN EMIGRANTS WHO ARRIVED 
 
 COITNTRY OF BIBTH. 
 
 1847. 
 
 1848. 
 
 1849. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1851. 
 
 1852. 
 
 1853. 
 
 1854. 
 
 1855. 
 
 
 52,946 
 
 53,180 
 
 8,864 
 
 , 2,354 
 
 3,330 
 
 1,947 
 
 8,611 
 
 472 
 
 882 
 
 139 
 
 197 
 
 551 
 
 101 
 
 299 
 
 95 
 
 26 
 
 "34 
 
 "io 
 
 "23 
 
 *"i 
 
 91,061 
 
 51,973 
 
 23,062 
 
 6,415 
 
 2,734 
 
 1,622 
 
 1,560 
 
 1,054 
 
 1,207 
 
 165 
 
 321 
 
 '253 
 
 392 
 
 52 
 
 79 
 
 "si 
 
 57 
 
 **28 
 
 "12 
 
 "'2 
 .... 
 
 "95 
 
 112,591 
 
 55,705 
 
 28,321 
 
 8,840 
 
 2,683 
 
 1,405 
 
 2,447 
 
 1,782 
 
 3,300 
 
 1,097 
 
 602 
 
 118 
 
 214 
 
 449 
 
 159 
 
 133 
 
 172 
 
 83 
 
 287 
 
 151 
 
 38 
 
 59 
 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 117,038 
 
 45,535 
 
 28,163 
 
 6,772 
 
 3,462 
 
 2,380 
 
 1,174 
 
 1,520 
 
 3,150 
 
 1,110 
 
 476 
 
 230 
 
 257 
 
 554 
 
 90 
 
 188 
 
 165 
 
 104 
 
 65 
 
 164 
 
 18 
 
 61 
 
 41 
 
 28 
 
 11 
 
 32 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 .... 
 
 163,306 
 
 69,919 
 
 28,553 
 
 7,302 
 
 5,964 
 
 4,499 
 
 1,798 
 
 2,189 
 
 2,112 
 
 872 
 
 618 
 
 475 
 
 278 
 
 575 
 
 229 
 
 422 
 
 98 
 
 121 
 
 26 
 
 81 
 
 23 
 
 50 
 
 42 
 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 118,131 
 
 118,611 
 
 31,551 
 
 7,694 
 
 8,868 
 
 6,471 
 
 1,223 
 
 2,531 
 
 1,889 
 
 2,005 
 
 359 
 
 82 
 
 471 
 
 265 
 
 157 
 
 188 
 
 69 
 
 120 
 
 37 
 
 73 
 
 33 
 
 48 
 
 23 
 
 42 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 113,164 
 119,644 
 
 27,126 
 6,456 
 7,470 
 4,604 
 1,085 
 1,182 
 
 377 
 1,630 
 
 553 
 34 
 
 659 
 
 "94 
 
 186 
 
 72 
 
 175 
 
 237 
 
 6 
 
 39 
 
 "51 
 37 
 53 
 
 .... 
 
 10 
 
 82,302 
 
 176,986 
 
 30,578 
 
 4,909 
 
 7,986 
 
 8,883 
 
 1,466 
 
 1,288 
 
 81 
 
 1,859 
 
 785 
 
 398 
 
 646 
 
 11 
 
 102 
 
 169 
 
 148 
 
 111 
 
 205 
 
 128 
 
 55 
 
 2 
 
 34 
 
 58 
 
 20 
 
 "7 
 6 
 
 43,043 
 
 52,892 
 
 22,938 
 
 4,240 
 
 4,174 
 
 3,273 
 
 822 
 
 1,118 
 
 203 
 
 304 
 
 667 
 
 1,201 
 
 457 
 
 19 
 
 174 
 
 346 
 
 67 
 
 112 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 64 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Holland 
 
 Wales 
 
 
 
 Italy 
 
 
 
 
 
 Poland 
 
 
 South America 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sicily 
 
 
 
 
 Turkey 
 
 
 Africa 
 
 
 
 Central America 
 
 Annual Totals.... 
 
 129,062 
 
 182,176 
 
 220,603 
 
 212,796 
 
 289,601 
 
 300,989 
 
 284,945 
 
 319,223 
 
 136,233 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 103 
 
 TABLE. 
 
 AT THE POET OF NEW TOEK, FROM MAY 5, 1847, TO OOTOBEE 1, 1866. 
 
 1856. 
 
 1857. 
 
 1858. 
 
 1859. 
 
 1660. 
 
 1861. 
 
 1862. 
 
 1863. 
 
 1864. 
 
 1865. 
 
 1866. 
 
 TOTAI,. 
 
 44,276 
 
 57,119 
 
 25,075 
 
 32,652 
 
 47,330 
 
 25,784 
 
 32,217 
 
 92,157 
 
 89,399 
 
 70,462 
 
 73,258 
 
 1,483,311 
 
 66,113 
 
 80,974 
 
 31,874 
 
 28,270 
 
 37,899 
 
 27,139 
 
 27,740 
 
 35,002 
 
 57,446 
 
 83,451 
 
 81,287 
 
 1,291,640 
 
 23,787 
 
 28,622 
 
 12,324 
 
 10,375 
 
 11,361 
 
 5,632 
 
 7,975 
 
 18,757 
 
 23,710 
 
 27,286 
 
 28,624 
 
 427,609 
 
 4,723 
 
 5,170 
 
 2,718 
 
 2,325 
 
 1,617 
 
 659 
 
 692 
 
 1,937 
 
 3,126 
 
 3,962 
 
 3,917 
 
 85,828 
 
 2,984 
 
 3,069 
 
 1,786 
 
 1,532 
 
 1,549 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,187 
 
 1,303 
 
 1,804 
 
 2,059 
 
 2,390 
 
 67,534 
 
 2,559 
 
 2,454 
 
 1,315 
 
 791 
 
 1,442 
 
 1,398 
 
 1,254 
 
 1,194 
 
 1,652 
 
 2,513 
 
 2,769 
 
 55,405 
 
 1,666 
 
 1,784 
 
 348 
 
 261 
 
 440 
 
 831 
 
 456 
 
 407 
 
 615 
 
 729 
 
 211 
 
 22,384 
 
 1,376 
 
 887 
 
 566 
 
 500 
 
 811 
 
 697 
 
 1,062 
 
 1,143 
 
 659 
 
 605 
 
 494 
 
 21,816 
 
 43S 
 
 62 
 
 3 
 
 36 
 
 53 
 
 93 
 
 22 
 
 238 
 
 88 
 
 158 
 
 484 
 
 14,879 
 
 918 
 
 619 
 
 237 
 
 318 
 
 361 
 
 382 
 
 663 
 
 1,370 
 
 1,516 
 
 2,337 
 
 3,818 
 
 21,630 
 
 690 
 
 596 
 
 669 
 
 399 
 
 542 
 
 750 
 
 487 
 
 444 
 
 475 
 
 591 
 
 674 
 
 10,895 
 
 850 
 
 444 
 
 253 
 
 57 
 
 76 
 
 165 
 
 195 
 
 456 
 
 186 
 
 97 
 
 120 
 
 5,988 
 
 330 
 
 263 
 
 146 
 
 234 
 
 228 
 
 190 
 
 124 
 
 202 
 
 196 
 
 224 
 
 250 
 
 5,721 
 
 225 
 
 330 
 
 344 
 
 416 
 
 523 
 
 165 
 
 156 
 
 256 
 
 236 
 
 283 
 
 201 
 
 5,699 
 
 469 
 
 453 
 
 284 
 
 493 
 
 495 
 
 612 
 
 1,689 
 
 1,580 
 
 665 
 
 427 
 
 1,458 
 
 9,977 
 
 142 
 
 245 
 
 88 
 
 114 
 
 80 
 
 43 
 
 50 
 
 137 
 
 198 
 
 428 
 
 207 
 
 3,464 
 
 426 
 
 405 
 
 324 
 
 164 
 
 89 
 
 67 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,305 
 
 163 
 
 66 
 
 92 
 
 138 
 
 110 
 
 88 
 
 92 
 
 "hb 
 
 "124 
 
 'iog 
 
 'i34 
 
 1,983 
 
 30 
 
 93 
 
 27 
 
 45 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 42 
 
 93 
 
 1,385 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 18 
 
 81 
 
 23 
 
 11 
 
 67 
 
 77 
 
 40 
 
 77 
 
 34 
 
 1,110 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 22 
 
 36 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 37 
 
 93 
 
 130 
 
 731 
 
 57 
 
 30 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 19 
 
 33 
 
 17 
 
 35 
 
 43 
 
 27 
 
 612 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 22 
 
 45 
 
 13 
 
 38 
 
 92 
 
 70 
 
 54 
 
 636 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 .... 
 
 293 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 36 
 
 13 
 
 320 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 162 
 
 '"2 
 
 '"k 
 
 2 
 
 ""e 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 85 
 
 4 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 '"h 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 "is 
 
 8 
 
 "ii 
 
 "ii 
 
 10 
 
 82 
 8 
 20 
 95 
 29 
 10 
 
 142,315 
 
 183,742 
 
 78,583 
 
 79,266 
 
 105,123 
 
 65,539 
 
 76,306 
 
 156,844 
 
 182,296 
 
 196,352 
 
 200,711 
 
 3,542,705 
 
104 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 H 
 
 W 
 
 r;^'<!tiOI:-0000'^-^rH<N<NC^(N^iHi-l|-(r4^ ^w-^'-n 
 
 QOOlCCCOOTfOC 
 
 • r- CO o; ixi c-i 00 o 
 'Osoiracoor-t- 
 
 • of eo~co"cc"o^"r-ri-r 
 
 Oi •<* CO i-H OC CO o 
 
 Oi •<* CO - 
 
 1^00 -«* 
 
 - oco 
 
 (MCO 
 
 -r-c^ i-H lo o o 
 
 CO O r- r- t 
 cot-r-C" 
 
 QC CO O CO O < 
 r-(N Of-i CO " - -- 
 
 rH CO ■«* O ir- CO CO 
 
 (N Of-I CO O C 
 CC^-'st^O t^C 
 CO Cf CO^iO C4~r 
 
 lr-'<*CNOOOiCOCD 
 
 I>T-IOi(D?OC4COCO 
 
 OKMi-tiOt^OiOeO 
 Or-tcOCDiOC^OO 
 
 Oir-l*-H rH 
 
 t^ CO CO CT> <0 CO O 
 to O T*i r- C-I -«* 00 
 rH_ CD Ol^ CO_ 00^ OO^O 
 CO^CO^iH CO'i-Tr-TrH' 
 
 'OOCICO^'NCOIM 
 '•*i-HOCCOSOCOCO 
 
 OiOiCiOT#Tt«0'Tt* 
 
 OOlCOt-t^eCO'Tt^ 'COCOOC 
 
 1 oi -^ 00 r- CO (M 
 
 OICOClT*(C-1COQOCOiOOOO(MOCOrHr-« 
 i-'rHOl---^»00000(NO-*00*OCOOOQ 
 
 eooiooiMtCiocoo 
 
 (N'ttr-iOrHOOiOiO 
 Tf Oi -rj^ rl N lO ^ 
 
 COrJ^Or-COCOCOCN 
 OOri^wcOCO-^OJ 
 
 .— ( CO Oi I— f CO O ** 
 CM rH 00 i-i O CO CO 
 O Tt< (M Ol Oi lO T*t 
 
 OOrH,— t,-lrH00»OO 
 C-JCO-^OOOCOCOCO 
 Ot^Oi-tJ^corHi-Mi-t 
 
 »-i(Mlr-OiifSi-iC^Tra)OOOiCOTPCDi-l-*Tj<rHCOiO<NOT-tOrH 
 
 eoi-<i— oocir-r-rHCor-i— t- i-cooi-<i-i^coo»niioor-N 
 
 '"1'^'^'^^^°^'^'^'^^"^'^ Ss^^J,'^ "-^ '^'^ Oi ■^ CO CO C^ CO 
 cd'orrirc-ftc"co"i-rcd~CO"i-rG4' r^i-Ti-TpH' rn" 
 
 COOOrHOOOlfMF-HCDiaai'' 
 ClcOOl-^COrHC^lCOt^COOJC 
 
 iCO(Nf-(C^COQO'MO'OCOGOOOiO 
 "-* '"■^■4OiOC0r-t(M 
 
 :jOCOCDiMCO(M-^r-r-TtOr-iOI 
 
 OOClOt'i— iT-it^oOOliMC^ICilr-.— lOOOCOlM 
 
 ■< CO CO 00 O CO (N O 
 
 3 1:-^ 
 
 iOOO'*-^'*COCO*OQO'*iOCO'^C:iO'rtr^cO'*'MOC^f-CD 
 OOCOiOOOOr-OOiOb-Ir^CDt-OOCOi-ir-iOrHOCOCOOSO 
 
 lO CO c-;_t- o oi '^oo_co^'-^<^*^co Ti^co^in c^oo c-j__ t- co to <n w 
 otTcD »rrc^rocD"orco-^''«*'c^coc4'cfi-riHCs r-T 
 
 HOOTj*''#COCOr-CSIr-Ol^-Oi-l 
 
 _. , ^ _ _. _ __ JCOOCOrHlr-C-lir-COCOOiOt^ 
 
 O t^ O C0_0_^'n C^'-t.C^C^CO^O^CO_CO i-^»-^l~- Tj* lO^tO Tj( -«# M ^ 
 trf i-TrH^CO'c^CO'cO CO'rjTco'C^e^'rH^rH'rH i-Tc-r i-T 
 
 ooi'rj*i>-or-cD05r-oooi»r5'^r-irH4f:>r-r-r-0(Mo: c-iooo 
 .. .. . _ -i CO 00 lO 00 i-H -t* c^i u:> cr. » o CO CO 
 
 -■^COOTtCO-^^C^C^r-lC^^ 
 
 GO CO •<# CD to CO Tl* r 
 
 
 = ^ g ^ 5 -S 
 
 ■^-6 OSS 
 
 
 J; (B 
 
 C3 |.|'S>.« 
 
 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 105 
 
 S 0> r-< O 0> ^-^ t- -d" lO CO IM C^ "O ■* IM <>l i-l rH rl r-l M 
 
 r-l(M IM r1 rH .-I r1 
 
 i-l(N •* iH iH T-1 cOr-( • ; ; 
 
 rIS«c5b-*u5-*ooMiO'N-*--"co>o 
 
 •ai (Mr-I CO '-' 
 
 <0 0> 00 . C^ CO 0> C^ i-H 
 00> •OtHOO CO 
 
 coco • *n) T-( c< 
 
 t-1-1 •52""'S ;'*S3SS • -^ 
 
 OO-^OOOJCOIN 
 
 • Tjl OS i-H I-105 
 
 .r-»rso>ooai .f-Hoo(M • '^^S 
 
 e^-^<DC^cc»nieccoco 
 
 (M40 (O lO-* » 
 
 ■ o CO CO • t^ • in c-1 
 
 « to C^ lO Ol to 00 00 >n 'M e^ r-l ■* CO CO O CO to •* » •* CO O 00 00 i-l y 
 ^ t^ to CO 00 f^ OS CO C^ ^O rH l-t 1^ IH C^l rn 
 
 to <M OS 00 CO CO C2 CO C^ CO 2 JJ rH to 00 OS jj t- <3S M OS tH OO i» r-1 CO •' 
 OS •* to t- (T^ (M -^ to OS rl* r-t •<* C^ -^ r-l M C^ I-l rH • 
 
 « I-l 0» IH 1-1 i-l , 
 
 in(Mt-C0r-it-lMe^r-00O0S-*r-it0t0t0C3t-t0iOC00SOC0l-(00 
 S?3SSm^^OO>OI--*>OCOiHCOCO-*iHcO^ in rH 
 
 tO<— It0t0t0t01r--^c0i0^^ 
 
 t-tOt-t-OSCCr->0'OrH<MrH'Nr-00>5 0SiOi-II 
 tbQOe^tOt-i-lOSiO(N'*tOlN^lNr-llN 
 
 mf»lQDt-r-TH . to ^- to T* O O^ C^ O • O C^ IN • rH 
 
 O CO IN O r-( OS 0^ .O iH r-1 to C- O • O .COM . iH IN 
 
 oo -^ !:>• r^ r^ -^ i-i CO "IN • i-t • 
 
 2'S 
 
 
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 "fa^-i-^ 
 
 rt J 5 T3 o 5 
 
 s .2 a « f= ^ 
 
 3 S S'^^'S'S o 
 
 . rt ^ g 
 
 :Sg5 
 
 hW 
 
 S -s J « >- 5 ^ ^* -c -5 mS > is " S 2 
 
 si SHI'S s 
 
 f? 5 o :: ^"C^ o 
 
 o 
 Q 
 
 ID 
 
 o 
 
 IB 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 Qi 
 
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 f1 
 
 E 
 
 a> 
 
 a> 
 
 ;-! 
 
 
 
 d 4; 
 
 ID '^ 
 
 r^ O 
 
 fe o 
 
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 3 a 
 
 ^ 2 
 
 *- «M 
 
 o 
 
 IT3 u 
 
 
 ^ 
 
106 APPEISTDIX. 
 
 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 OHILDKEN'S AID SOCIETY. 
 
 This Society has been in existence thirteen years, and has paid 
 $304,190 99 in charity. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF DISBTJESEMENTS FOR TEAK ENDING FEBETTAET IST, 1866. 
 
 Industrial Schools (13 in number) $16,681 16 
 
 Donations by individuals for special purposes 1,712 99 
 
 Newsboys' Lodging-House 10,058 13 
 
 Girls' Lodging-House 7,356 44 
 
 Emigration Account • 18,735 72 
 
 Refuge for Homeless Children (corner of Twenty- 
 fourth street and Eighth avenue) 1,322 59 
 
 Salaries and Compensation to 13 different persons 9,422 06 
 General expenses, printing, rent, postage, etc., etc. 6,754 56 
 
 $72,043 65 
 
 Balance on hand, February 1st, 1866 2,206 08 
 
 Total.. $74,249 73 
 
 EMIGEATION OF CHILDEEN. 
 
 The following table embraces thirteen years : 
 
 Sent, up to February 1, 1854 207 
 
 " February 1, 1855 863 
 
 " February 1, 1856 936 
 
 " February 1, 1857 742 
 
 " February 1, 1858 733 
 
 " February 1, 1859 779 
 
 " February 1, 1860 814 
 
 " February 1, 1861 804 
 
 " February 1, 1862 884 
 
 " February 1, 1863 791 
 
 " February 1, 1864 1,034 
 
 " February 1, 1865 1,235 
 
 " February 1, 1866 1,450 
 
 Total 11,272 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 107 
 
 Eleven thousand two hundred and seventy-two rescued from almost 
 certain destruction ! At least ten thousand of these may be regarded as 
 saved, who, but for the interposition of the Children's Aid Society, 
 would have been lost. If, as we are told, there is rejoicing over one 
 sinner saved, have not the friends of the Society abundant cause for 
 thankfulness and gratitude ? 
 
 The report of the Children's Aid Society, from which these state- 
 ments are taken, sums up the long and effective service of this institu- 
 tion to the welfare of the city, and proves the priceless worth of the 
 ministry of Eev. Charles L. Brace among the children and youth of 
 New York. His volume of Plain Sermons to Newsboys is the first fruit 
 of what should be a new department of literature or oratory — the adap- 
 tation of great truths and duties to minds of little culture and many 
 trials, wauts, and temptations. 
 
 GIELS' LODGING HOUSE. 
 
 STATEMENT. 
 
 February 1st, 1865, in House. 
 
 Since received 
 
 March, 1865 
 
 April, '' 
 
 May, 
 
 June, " ... 
 
 July, " ... 
 
 August, " . . . 
 
 Sept., " ... 
 
 Oct., " ... 
 
 Nov., " ... 
 
 Dec, " ... 
 January, 1866. 
 
 Total 1,017 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 Lodgers. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 Lodgings. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 Lodgings 
 
 Paid. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 Meals. 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 62 
 
 1,070 
 1,238 
 
 463 
 
 485 
 
 3,391 
 
 3,780 
 
 74 
 
 1,205 
 
 374 
 
 3,354 
 
 76 
 
 1,348 
 
 343 
 
 3,812 
 
 74 
 
 1,304 
 
 289 
 
 3,836 
 
 61 
 73 
 
 1,311 
 1,052 
 
 245 
 
 315 
 
 3,265 
 3 092 
 
 88 
 
 1,058 
 
 313 
 
 3,849 
 
 104 
 
 1,254 
 
 421 
 
 4,428 
 
 102 
 
 1,364 
 
 351 
 
 4,452 
 
 102 
 
 1,454 
 
 309 
 
 4,550 
 
 105 
 
 1,593 
 
 345 
 
 4,917 
 
 1,017 
 
 15,251 
 
 4,259 
 
 46,726 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 Meals 
 
 Paid. 
 
 1,159 
 
 1,215 
 
 932 
 
 877 
 724 
 615 
 790 
 784 
 1,052 
 878 
 772 
 846 
 
 10,644 
 
 Average cost per meal, 5y cents. 
 
 121 girls sent to situations. 
 45 " found employment. 
 21 " sent to other institutions. 
 32 " gone West. 
 35 " returned to friends. 
 About 3,000 garments have been made. 
 6 
 
108 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
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APPENDIX. 
 
 109 
 
 THE COOPER UNION FOR SCIENCE AND ART. 
 
 This Institution has now been in operation seven years. Its receipts 
 have been $168,191 84, and its expenses $164,163 57. 
 
 TRADES AND PEOFE88ION8 OF THE PUPILS OF THE COOPEK UNION 
 
 Clerks and Bookkeepers 
 
 Machinists and Iron Workers 
 
 Teachers and Students 
 
 Carpenters and Cabinet Makers. . . . 
 Draughtsmen and Pattern Makers. 
 
 Masons and Builders 
 
 Stone and Marble Cutte rs 
 
 Painters 
 
 Piano Forte Makers 
 
 Engineers 
 
 Carvers and Turners 
 
 Engravers and Lithographers 
 
 Photographers ~. 
 
 Blacksmiths 
 
 Artists 
 
 Jewellers and Watchmakers 
 
 Printers 
 
 Gardeners 
 
 Bookbinders 
 
 Glass Stainers 
 
 Sundry Occupations 
 
 Totals 210 
 
 i 221 ! 
 
 32 
 251 
 
 46 
 
 228 I 15 1,067 
 
 271 
 
 232 
 
 49 
 
 73 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 44 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 162 
 
 NTJMBEE OF VISITOES TO THE READING ROOM. 
 
 January. ., 
 February. 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 October..., 
 I?ovember 
 December. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1861. 
 
 24,240 
 
 24,l;.3 
 
 22,543 
 
 20,470 
 
 19,597 
 
 17,956 
 
 16,459 
 
 10,914* 
 
 17,546 
 
 19,884 
 
 19,630 
 
 15,244 
 
 1862. 
 
 19,866 
 18,359 
 20,593 
 19,327 
 15,996 
 11.936 
 13,331 
 8,501* 
 16,796 
 17,970 
 16,288 
 17,889 
 
 1863. 
 
 1864. 
 
 1865. 
 
 17,389 
 
 16,365 
 
 15,862 
 
 15,602 
 
 15,021 
 
 15,371 
 
 15,911 
 
 15,296 
 
 16,735 
 
 13,835 
 
 15,992 
 
 14.038 
 
 12,962 
 
 15,430 
 
 15,283 
 
 12,786 
 
 14.442 
 
 13,529 
 
 11,676 
 
 13,986 
 
 17,607 
 
 3,388* 
 
 4,701* 
 
 *5,692 
 
 16,270 
 
 18,045 
 
 20,898 
 
 16,762 
 
 18,320 
 
 19,024 
 
 16,871 
 
 19,368 
 
 20,956 
 
 18,919 
 
 16,460 
 
 19,662 
 
 171,871 
 
 18?,426 
 
 194,648 
 
 Closed during part of the month. 
 
110 APPEINTDIX. 
 
 MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSSOOIATION. 
 The number of volumes added during the past year was, 
 
 By donation 170 
 
 By purchase 8,853 
 
 9,023 
 Of which, were 
 
 Folios and Quartos 85 
 
 Octavos 3,080 
 
 Duodecimos 5,858 
 
 9,023 
 
 Less duplicate volumes sold 1,074 
 
 Net increase of books . . . .' 7,949 
 
 Number of volumes in Library, as per last report. 73,175 
 
 Present number of volumes 81,124 
 
 The additions are of the following classes : 
 
 Theology Ill 
 
 Mental and Moral Science, and General Literature 617 
 
 Political Science, Law, etc 292 
 
 History, Biography, and Travels 1,207 
 
 Natural Sciences 62 
 
 Medicine 49 
 
 Tseful Arts 88 
 
 Encyclopaedic 4 
 
 Fiction 6,593 
 
 9,023 
 
 The number of volumes delivered from the Library was 118,842 
 
 From Up-Town Branch 36,110 
 
 From Down-Town Office 23,266 
 
 Total 178,218 
 
 NEW YORK SOCIETY LIBRARY. 
 
 This Library now contains over 52,000 volumes, and its annual re- 
 ceipts are, by the Report of 1866, $5,943 61, a poor and beggarly sum 
 for the oldest institution of tbe kind in the city, and the only avowedly 
 family library. The number of books taken out yearly has increased, 
 since 1861-2, from 19,109 to 32,642. The yearly assessment has been 
 raised from six to ten dollars, and the number of books may be expected 
 to increase. 
 
APPENDIX. Ill 
 
 THE ASTOR LIBRARY. 
 
 This institution, which was incorporated January 18th, 1849, is one 
 of the most significant facts that introduced this city to its rank as a 
 cosmopolitan centre of learning. It does for the higher literature what 
 the Cooper Institute does for popular instruction, and the two combine 
 to provide our scholars and our people at large with priceless opportu- 
 nities of improvement. The original endowment of the Astor Library 
 •was $400,000, which has been increased by over $300,000 by Wm. B. 
 Astor, son of John Jacob Astor, $50,000 of the sum having lately been 
 given, $20,000 of the donation to go for the immediate purchase of 
 books, and the balance towards the endowment. 
 
 The present number of volumes in the Library, including pamphlets, 
 is about 145,000. These are the main facts from the report of the 
 trustees for 1866 : 
 
 The Library continues to be largely and advantageously used by the 
 public. The report of the superintendent exhibits in tabular form the 
 number of readers monthly during the year, in the departments, respec- 
 tively, of science and art, and of history and literature, arranged under 
 fifty-three separate subdivisions. It is believed to be of general interest 
 in showing the comparative tendencies of the public mind to different 
 branches of knowledge. 
 
 The number of readers in both the departments was 19,540; of 
 whom 11,282 were occupied with history and literature, and 8,258 with 
 science and art. 
 
 In addition to these, 3,545 were admitted into the alcoves; 1,374 
 having been occupied in history and literature, and 2,171 in the various 
 branches of science and art. 
 
 The whole number of books read during the year was 44,966. 
 
 By the treasurer's report it will appear that $3,375 53 was expended 
 during the year for books and binding ; that the income of the Library 
 was $11,169 10, from a total investment of $184,868 39, and the ex- 
 penses were $8,427 88. 
 
 The report of the superintendent shows that there were added to 
 the Library during the year, by purchase, exclusive of periodicals and 
 transactions of learned societies, 587 volumes and 63 pamphlets, and by 
 donations, 196 volumes and 112 pamphlets. 
 
112 APPENDIX. 
 
 NOTES OF THE ERIE CANAL. 
 
 New York City, January 18fA, 1867. 
 
 My Dear Db. Osgood : — I have your kind note of yesterday, in 
 which you ask for some facts illustrating the interest which your friend 
 and fellow-laborer in the New York Historical Society — my father — 
 took in the project of connecting the waters of Lake Erie with those of 
 the Atlantic. Cadwallader D. Golden, in his elaborate memoir, has 
 given so full an account of the building of the great work, and paid 
 such ample justice to its originators, that, perhaps, I cannot better meet 
 your wishes, than by confining myself to such topics as shall enable a 
 younger generation to recall more vividly the painful agency of the Erie 
 Canal in developing the internal resources of our State. 
 
 Great as was the assistance given to the canal project by the act of 
 the New York Legislature of the 8th of April, 1811, the obstacles in 
 the way of its successful completion were by no means removed. The 
 same incredulity as to the practicability of the canal, and the same ap- 
 prehensions as to the capacity of the State, continued to raise a fierce 
 opposition in the Legislature against any appropriations for carrying on 
 the work which it had itself authorized. Many attempts were accord- 
 ingly made to arrest, or at least curtail and postpone the project ; and 
 often, during the progress of the undertaking, it seemed as if it would 
 be utterly abandoned. Party spirit, at that time, ran high ; and the 
 greatest effort, on the part of its supporters, was required to persuade 
 the people of the State to give it their support; at the polls. In accom- 
 plishing this result, the Commercial Advertiser, of this city, gave power- 
 ful aid. That paper, which had always been the organ of the Federal- 
 ists, became, upon Mr. Stone's assuming its management in 1820, a 
 staunch advocate of the Clintonians. A strong personal friendship for 
 Mr. Clinton, on the part of its editor, together with a firm conviction 
 of the necessity for a canal through the interior of New York State, led 
 to the position thus assumed. The trials and rebuffs experienced by 
 Governor Clinton and his supporters in pushing the canal project, and 
 the energy which fought it through to a triumphant end, are matters of 
 history. The Erie Canal was completed in the fall of 1825. At ten 
 o'clock on the morning of the twenty-sixth of October of the same year, 
 the first canal-boat — the Seneca Chief — left Buffalo, having on board 
 Governor Clinton ; and the booming of cannon, placed at intervals of a 
 
APPEISTDIX. 113 
 
 few miles along the entire line of the canal from Buffalo to Albany, and 
 thence along the banks of the Hudson to Sandy Hook, announced the 
 successful termination of the enterprise. In New York City, especially, 
 this event wa.s celebrated by extraordinary civic and military ceremo- 
 nies ; and tbe citizens gave themselves up to the wildest demonstrations 
 of joy. Nor was this joy ill-timed or excessive. " For a single State to 
 achieve such a victory — not only over the doubts and fears of the wary, 
 hut over the obstacles of nature — causing miles of massive rocks at the 
 mountain ridge to yield to its power — turning tbe tide of error as well 
 as that of the Tonnewanda — piling up the waters of the mighty Niagara, 
 as well as those of the beautiful Hudson — in short, causing a navigable 
 river to flow with gentle current down the steepy mount of Lockport — 
 to leap the river of Genesee — to encircle tbe brow of Irondequoit as 
 with the laurel's wreath — to march through the rich fields of Palmyra 
 and of Lyons — to wend its way through the quicksands of the morass 
 at the Cayuga — to pass unheeded tbe delicious licks at Onondaga— to 
 smile through Oneida's verdant landscape — to hang upon the arm of the 
 ancient Mohawk, and with her, after gaily stepping down the cadence 
 of the Little Falls and the Oohoes, to rush to the embrace of the spark- 
 ling Hudson — and all in the space of eight short years, was a work of 
 which the oldest and richest nations of Christendom might well he 
 proud." * Mr. Stone, as one of the most zealous champions of the canal, 
 was appointed to write the Naeeative of the Celebeation, receiving 
 a silver medal and box fi-om the Common Council of New York City, 
 together with the thanks of that body. 
 
 In connection with the Erie Canal, and its influence in building up 
 the interior towns of our State, Mr. Stone was wont to relate the fol- 
 lowing anecdote : In 1820, he visited Syracuse with Joshua Forman, the 
 founder of that city, and one of the earliest and most zealous friends of 
 the Erie Canal. "I lodged for the night," says Mr, Stone, " at a miser- 
 able tavern, thronged by a company of salt-boilers from Salina, forming 
 a group of about as rough-looking specimens of humanity as I had ever 
 seen. Their wild visages, beards thick and long, and matted hair, even 
 now rise up in dark, distant, and picturesque effect before me. It was 
 in October, and a flurry of snow during the night had rendered the 
 morning aspect of the country more dreary than the evening before. 
 The few houses, standing upon low and almost marshy ground, and sur- 
 rounded by trees and entangled thickets, presented a very uninviting 
 scene. ' Mr. Forman,' said I, ' do you call this a village ? It would 
 make an owl weep to fly over it.' ' Never mind,' said he in reply, ' yoxi 
 will live to see it a city yet!'''''' Mr. Stone did, indeed, live to see it a 
 
 * Stone's Narrative. 
 
114 APPENDIX. 
 
 city, when he wrote the above in 1840, with mayor and aldermen, and 
 a population of more than twelve thousand. 
 
 Syracuse, however, was not the only town that vindicated the fore- 
 sight of Clinton and For man. In the fall of 1829, Mr. Stone made a 
 tour of the towns and villages in the central part of the State, partly 
 for recreation, but more especially for the purpose of observing for 
 himself the great impetus given to internal improvement by the canal. 
 Familiar, however, as he had been for the last four years with the pro- 
 gress which had been making, he was scarcely prepared fur the signs of 
 growth and prosperity which met him on every side. His amazement 
 is pictured in a few extracts here given from the diary kept by him on 
 this journey. 
 
 " Between five and six o'clock we entered Utica, which, nine years 
 ago, the period of my last visit to it, ranked only as a flourishing village. 
 It had now grown as if by magic to the dimensions of a large city ; and 
 it was with utter amazement that I beheld the long streets and rows 
 and blocks of large, beautiful country seats, stores and dwellings through 
 which our coach conveyed us in driving to the lodgings I had selected. 
 I had heard much of the march of improvement in Utica, since the 
 completion of the Grand Canal, but I had no idea of the reality. Kip 
 Van Winkle himself, after his thirty years' nap in a glen of the Kats- 
 bergs, was not more amazed than I was at the present aspect and mag- 
 nitude of this beautiful place. Bagg's Hotel, to which I directed my 
 drive, was in the very heart of the village, and the centre of business 
 at the period of my last visit. Now it was quite in the suburbs. The 
 houses were then scattered, but now they are closely built, lofty and 
 spacious, and the length of some of the streets, like New York, begin 
 to look like a wilderness of bricks." 
 
 " Tuesday, Sept. 22(Z. Arrived at Syracuse at half-past ten o'clock, 
 and had the unexpected pleasure of being greeted by my old and highly 
 valued friend, Seth Hunt, a gentleman of extensive travel and vast gen- 
 eral information. I looked upon the village as I stepped on shore with 
 still more astonishment than at Utica. Another enchanted city ! I ex- 
 claimed, as I glanced upward and around upon splendid hotels, and 
 rows of massive buildings in all directions — crowded, too, with people, 
 all full of life and activity. The prediction of my friend, Joshua For- 
 man, when I was here nine years ago, is already realized. For if noble 
 ranges of buildings, two or three large and tasteful churches, busy 
 wharves and streets, and all the life and animation of a large commer- 
 cial place, vvill constitute a city, then, most assuredly, Syracuse may be 
 called by that name. And as the county buildings, now erecting upon 
 an extensive scale, have been located midway between Salina and Syra- 
 cuse, the two towns will be soon united, as Greenwich is to New York. 
 
APPENDIX. 115 
 
 Within twenty years, therefore, Syracuse will equal the present size of 
 Albany. Salt of the best quality can here be produced, at the cheapest 
 rate, for the whole continent." 
 
 Leaving Syracuse, Mr. Stone visited successively the pleasant vil- 
 lages of Marcellus, Skan^ateles, Auburn and Lyons, the rapid growth of 
 which surprised him scarcely less than had Utica and Syracuse. " This 
 village too," continues the diary, in speaking of Lyons, "was a wilder- 
 ness at the period of my last visit ; now it has grown into considerable 
 importance. It is the shire town of Wayne County, and in addition to 
 a number of shops and stores and the county buildiugs, it contains many 
 respectable and some elegant residences. Among the latter is the seat 
 of Myron Holley, E?q., formerly one of the leading and most able and 
 eflBcient of our canal commissioners, whose names will be perpetuated 
 as long as the lakes and the ocean are connected by the golden commer- 
 cial chain forged under the direction of the great Clinton. Mr. Ilolley 
 showed me through his grounds ; and I was much surprised to find one 
 of the richest and most beautiful gardens that I had ever seen. It con- 
 tains some six or eight acres, which was forest at the time of my visit 
 in 1820. Now it was elegantly laid out and cultivated, and planted 
 with fruit-trees, plants, shrubs, and vines, in rich variety and profusion. 
 The size to which cherry, peach, pear and plum trees, quince bushes, to 
 say nothing of the beautiful shade trees in the lawn, had attained since 
 this land was appropriated to its present purpose was truly wonderful. 
 Cherry and apple trees, planted eight years_since, now measure ten and 
 thirteen inches in diameter, and every vegetable seems to flourish in this 
 genial soil with the same unequalled vigor and thrift." 
 
 Eochester, however, seems to have completed his astonishment. 
 
 " Friday. Oct. Id. And this is Rochester ! The far-famed city of 
 the west, which has sprung up like Jonah's gourd! Rochester, with its 
 two thousand houses, its elegant ranges of stores, its numerous churches 
 and public buildings, its boats and bridges, its huge mills of stone, like 
 so many castles, its lagoons, quays, manufactories, arcades, museums, 
 everything — all standing where stood a frowning forest in 1812. Here 
 I am, near the very spot, where, in a thick wood, my namesake, Enos 
 Stone, in the autumn of 1811, had a remarkable fight with an old she-bear, 
 which, in anticipation of the present doctrines of Tammany Hall, was 
 carrying out the agrarian principle by sharing his little patch of corn." 
 
 But I am already making this letter too long. On his return to New 
 York, Mr. Stone gave his readers the results of this tour in a series of 
 articles — the publication of which confirmed more strongly than ever in 
 the public mind, the forecast and wisdom of the originators and execu- 
 tors of the Geand Eeie Canal. Most cordially yours, 
 
 William L. Stone. 
 
116 APPENDIX. 
 
 P. S. I append a statistical statement of the Erie Canal, bronglit up 
 to the beginning of the present year, the materials for which were 
 kindly furnished me by my friend, the Hon. Nathaniel S. Benton, for 
 many years our able Canal Auditor : 
 
 Length, Albany to Buffalo 363 miles. 
 
 "Width at surface YO feet. 
 
 " bottom 42 " 
 
 Depth 7 " 
 
 Width of tow-path 14 " 
 
 Burden of boats 80 tons. 
 
 Length of locks 90 feet. 
 
 Width " 15 " 
 
 Number " 84 
 
 Amount of tolls in 1823 $199,655 08 
 
 " « 1866 $3,966,522 52 
 
 Amount of tons going to tide-water from the Western 
 
 States in 1836 54,219 
 
 Amount of tons going to tide-water from the Western 
 
 States in 1866 2,285,716 
 
 Total amount of tons going to tide-water from the West- 
 ern States, from 1836 to 1866, inclusive 40,485,738 
 
 Total amount of tolls from 1823 to 1866, inclusive $90,153,279 19 
 
 Amount of tons going to tide-water from New York 
 
 State in 1836 364,906 
 
 Amount of tons going to tide-water from New York 
 
 State in 1866 287,948 
 
 Total amount of tons going to tide-water from New 
 
 York State, from 1836 to 1866, inclusive 12,276,229 
 
 Amount of tons going from tide-water in 1836. 133,796 
 
 « " " 1866 626,974 
 
 Total amount of tons going from tide-water from 1836 
 
 to 1866, inclusive 10,334,311 
 
 Estimated value of all property transported on Erie Canal 
 
 in 1837 $47,720,879 
 
 Estimated value of all property transported on Erie Canal 
 
 in 1865 $186,114,718 
 
 Total estimated value of all property transported on Erie 
 
 Canal, from 1837 to 1865, inclusive $3,439,407,522 
 
 Amount of tons going to New York by canal-boats, on 
 
 different canals in the State, without breaking bulk, 
 
 for 1857 381,390 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 117 
 
 Amount of tons going to New York by canal-boats, on 
 diflferent canals in the State, without breaking bulk, 
 for 1866 1,633,172 
 
 Total amount of tons going to New York by canal-boats, 
 on diiferent canals in the State, without breaking 
 bulk, from 1857 to 1866, inclusive 11,775,396 
 
 Amount of tons arriving at tide-water, the product of 
 
 New York State, on the Erie Canal, for 1836 364,901 
 
 Amount of tons arriving at tide-water, the product of 
 
 New York State, on the Erie Canal, for 1865 173,538 
 
 Total amount of tons arriving at tide-water, the product 
 of New York State, on the Erie Canal, from 1836 
 to 1865, inclusive 11,792,314 
 
 The original cost of the Erie Canal was $7,143,789 86 
 
 Cost of enlargement $33,080,613 80 
 
 Total $40,224,403 66 
 
 Wm. L. S. 
 
 SPEECH OF HON. J. B. VAENUM ON THE GOVERNMENT 
 OF THE CITY. 
 
 Mr. J. B. Varnum, Jr., desired to refer the committee to a report of 
 the Committee on Cities and Villages of the Assembly on the subject of 
 the present city charter, which report would be found in the Assembly 
 Documents for 1857. It states, in a very concise form, what portions 
 of said charter were derived from former charters, and the reasons for 
 those sections which were new. A perusal of it would, he believed, 
 materially aid the committee in deciding what the defects were in that 
 instrument, and what recommendations to make. The year 1857 was 
 one during which a great excitement prevailed in New York city on 
 the subject of reform in the city government and police, an excitement 
 which gradually extended to most of the other cities in the State, so 
 that the Committee on Cities were overwhelmed. It was in that year 
 that the Metropolitan Police bill, the City Charter, and the Supervisors' 
 bill were passed. That committee had not the advantage of sessions in 
 the city of New York ; but large numbers of persons appeared before 
 them with drafts of charters, and suggestions which embodied much reli- 
 able information ; but comparatively little of this material was in a very 
 available, systematic form, and the committee found themselves unable 
 to agree upon any one of the plans proposed. They therefore decided 
 to make a charter which should combine, as far as possible, whatever 
 
lis APPENDIX. 
 
 was good in foimor cliartors and in the suggestions laid before them. 
 The result of a compromise of opinions among themselves was the 
 present charter, which was amended in the Senate by the insertion of 
 Aldermanic Districts, and which was at the time generally received as 
 a great improvement upon its predecessors, although time has shown it 
 to be by no means free from the defects incident to everything human. 
 Still, he believed very sliglit amendments were all that were required. 
 Otiiers have commented upon the absence of any proper system for 
 examining accoimts. He would advert to one or two other points. 
 Arid first as to the Legislatice Department. It would be found that a 
 large proportion of the plans which w*ere being presented in the news- 
 papers, and some of which he presumed wa^re laid before the committee, 
 had heretofore been tried in one form or another. lie had recently 
 seen an earni-st recommendation that the Board of CouncUmen should 
 be composed of a large number rei>resentiug small districts, the writer 
 apparently not knowing that we once had a hoard of sixty councilmen, 
 established by a law passed in 1853 (Laics of 1853, p. 410). Frior to 
 that time the two Boards, or the Aldermen and Assistant Aldermen, 
 were each composed of the same numbers, chosen by the same constit- 
 uencies, with only the difierence that the Aldermen were chosen for 
 two years, so that one formed scarcely any check upon the other. A 
 number of most respectable and public-spirited citizens proposed and 
 carried through the Board of Sixty. The idea was, that in small dis- 
 tricts electors would be more likely to know the man who was pre- 
 sented for their suftrages, and that political parties wotild have to be 
 more particular in presenting men who were fovoraWy known. ITow- 
 ever plausible this theory might be in a country district, it proved to 
 be entirely fallacious in a city, where four-fifths of the voters never can 
 be induced to look at such a ticket until they go to vote on election day, 
 and where, owing to the constant changes of residences, there is 
 scarcely any such thing known as neighborly association. Its opera- 
 tion was precisely the reverse of what was anticipated. Men who 
 could not have had influence or character enough to obtain a nomina- 
 tion in a whole ward, managed to pull the party wires so as to secure 
 it in a small section, and the consequence w-as, we had, with here and 
 there an exception, a class of men inferior to those who had previously 
 been chosen — small fry, hoping to swim in deeper waters — men who 
 expected to live by politics. It operated precisely as the single district 
 system is said to have operated, in sending to the Legislature men in- 
 ferior to those who had been elected under the general ticket system. 
 Tlie people became thoroughly sick of the board, and there was no 
 hesitation about abolishing it; but what should be substituted was not 
 so clear. Arguing from the experience in regard to Assemblymtu be- 
 
APPENDIX. 119 
 
 fore referred to, a board elected by general ticket was strongly urged; 
 but that was objected to because the board thus constituted would 
 always be composed entirely of one political party. The committee 
 adopted the present plan as a compromises-four general tickets, one in 
 each Senatorial District. They also introduced the systena of classify- 
 ing the terms of Aldermen, so that those from the district liaving odd 
 numbers go out one year, and those from the even numbers the next. 
 It is doubtful whether any improvement can be made upon this system, 
 unless, perhaps, by increasing the number of Councilmen on each gen- 
 eral ticket. He did not believe that any legislation would secure the 
 choice of better men. The object of a second board is to furnish some 
 check upon hasty legislation, and to that end it is desirable that it 
 should be chosen by a different constituency or in a different way. 
 Secondly, as to the Board of Supervisors. That board had formerly con- 
 sisted of the Aldermen, Mayor, and Eecorder, and lie, the speaker, had 
 never been entirely satisfied that there was a necessity for substituting 
 the present board for the purpose of settling accounts, although at the 
 time he concurred in it, deferring to the judgment and larger experience 
 of others. The idea originated in the manner in which our Alms House 
 department was formerly managed by ten governors — half of them 
 elected, and half appointed from those having the next highest number 
 of votes. The first ten governors were named in the hill (^Laws of 1849, 
 p. 367),* and being mostly men of well-known philanthropy, character, 
 and means, so long as they remained it worked very well, and it was 
 hoped to continue a class of men who would be actuated by the same 
 motives which control the managers of the House of Refuge and other 
 charitable institutions. But by degrees, as one term after another ex- 
 pired and others were elected by the people, many men were introduced 
 who only cared to use it as a stepping-stone for some other position, 
 and made it more a means of frolic than of doing good, the tempta- 
 tion to enter this board being greater, because a nomination was an 
 election ; and so it happened, in course of time, thart this system was 
 wiped out, and a loard of four, to he appointed by the Comptroller, estab- 
 lished {Laics of 1860. p. 1026), which he believed had thus far been in 
 good hands. He wished to make no reflection upon the members of the 
 Board of Supervisors; but he thought the committee might understand 
 how the mode of their election must Inevitably result, eventually, in 
 the same way as had the experiment with the ten governors. 
 
 Thirdly, in reference to the executive power: 
 
 That was formerly vested, mainly in the Mayor. But the same 
 mania for decentralization, which pervaded the State and led to the 
 
 * This was the first interference (so-callod) at Albany. 
 
120 APPENDIX. 
 
 Constitution of 1846, entered into the plans of all who were reforming 
 city charters, and they went from one extreme to another. 
 
 In the State, it resulted in depriving the Governor of any voice in 
 naming liis cabinet, so that the Comptroller, Secretary of State, Treas- 
 urer, and Attorney-General were to be elected. Even the State Prison 
 Inspectors were to be chosen by the people. With as much propriety 
 might you choose in that way the directors of Lunatic and Idiot Asy- 
 lums, So it was in the city. The Mayor had the policemen, as well as 
 other offices, in his gift, which was supposed to give him too large 
 an army hy which to secure his re-election, especially as the jyolice were 
 appointed for short terms, instead of as now during good behavior. 
 And so, in 1849, we passed a law providing for the election of six heads 
 of departments ly the people, and as the city election then took place 
 at the same time with that of the State, it happened that we sometimes 
 had fourteen ballot boxes at one election, and people were bewildered 
 by the multitude of ticliets. So we had six heads of departments, sail- 
 ing on together, each responsible to no one but the people, which was 
 really no responsibility at all, and when the subject came to be consid- 
 ered in 1857, there were few who could say a word on behalf of this 
 system. Mr. Varnum had voted for it in 1849, and was in 1857 so well 
 convinced of his error, that he was ready, as one of the committee, to 
 vest the whole appointing power in the Mayor; but the majority were 
 impressed with the argument that the Comptroller, who had charge of 
 the finance?:, and the Corporation Counsel, who was the adviser of the 
 city, should be made independent of the Mayor and Councils, so that 
 they might not be influenced in their actions by a desire to retain their 
 places. Reference was made to the changes made by General Jackson 
 in the offices of Attorney-General and Secretai-y of the Treasury, in 
 order to secure the removal of the deposits. But these arguments were, 
 after all, more plausible than real, at least so far as the Comptroller 
 was concerned, who must keep his accounts and make payment accord- 
 ing to law, and, if the Mayor does not appoint this officer himself, let it 
 be by the two boards, as United States Senator is chosen by the Legis- 
 lature, and so with Corporation Counsel. It is quite enough to ash the 
 people to elect Mayor, Aldermen, and Councilmen, which is more than 
 they can well manage ; but which there was, he supposed, no other way 
 of doing except by the people, or rather by the party conventions. We 
 might, however, hope occasionally, by a spasmodic effort, to revolution- 
 ize the city, and elect a respectable man for Mayor. We have had 
 many such. And we ought to impose on him the same kind of respon- 
 sibility which is imposed on the President of the United States. Give 
 him the appointment of aU his assistants, with or without the approval 
 of the Aldermen — he rather thought without it — certamly, without 
 
APPENDIX. 121 
 
 " their advice." Give him these appointments, and then you can hlame 
 him if anything goes wrong. Better have one bad man, whom we can 
 call to account for his stewardship, than have to deal with half a dozen, 
 each of which will shift the burdens on to the others. The idea that 
 the Mayor would use this patronage to keep himself in office is not 
 sustained by past experience in regard to executive stations. Neither 
 President nor old-time Governors have found that patronage helped 
 them much ; for every man they appoint, hundreds are disappointed. 
 Besides, the Mayor no longer controls the police, which are now, very 
 properly, appointed iy Commissioners, in the choice of whom the men 
 had no agency. The charter of 185Y did not give the power of removal, 
 except hy consent of the Aldermen, and for cause. This was a great mis- 
 taTce. A man might be utterly inefficient in the judgment of the 
 Mayor; but he could not assign that as a cause, without going into 
 particulars which would, perhaps, not impress another as sustaining 
 the charge. It often occurs in private business, that you may wish to 
 get rid of clerks and employes, with whose work you are not exactly 
 satisfied, yet you would hesitate about making charges against them. 
 And so it is here. The Mayor, being responsible, should be the sole 
 judge, as the President is, and should be required to give no reasons to 
 Aldermen or any body else. If he appoints bad men or removes good 
 ones, let the people remove him ; but don't ask the people to watch 
 Comptroller and Counsel as well. The charter of 1857 did authorize 
 the Mayor to suspend; hut, hy an amendment which was slily introduced 
 at a subsequent session, this power had heen rendered doubtful, and this 
 brought the speaker to say, lastly, that some action should he taTcen 
 toward securing a constitutional check upon this constant tinTcering of 
 charters. He could think of no other way, except by a provision that 
 no amendment of city or village charters should take eflfect as laws, 
 until they have been submitted to and approved by electors of the city 
 or village. Such alterations would not be so readily asked for, or, if 
 asked, would not be as readily passed, if they were in each case to go 
 through the ordeal of submission to the people. As it is now, we often 
 hardly know what is proposed before we hear that it is passed. If it 
 were to be submitted to the people, it would at least have to be pub- 
 lished, and the motives of the authors, whether good or bad, explained. 
 At least the assent of two successive legislatures should be required. 
 
 Since the above remarks were made, my experience as an Alderman 
 has satisfied me that the only real relief must come from a Constitu- 
 tional amendment, so as to confine voters at municijyal elections in 
 cities to the holders of real estate, or to those who can read and speak 
 the English language. There is now one member of the Board of Coun- 
 cilmen who cannot read, and cannot even write his name. The real 
 
122 APPENDIX. 
 
 estate qualification is the best ; but I suppose it is useless to expect 
 either. Tlie only other remedy is to have the corporation authorities 
 appointed at Albany. The commissions appointed at Albany have 
 •worked pretty well thus far ; but, by degrees they will be corrupted, I 
 fear, by the same influences. There must be some central power to 
 keep them all in check. At the last Legislature a Board of Control 
 was proposed ; but it left the Supervisors and Common Council in full 
 operation, because the former could not be abolished under the Consti- 
 tution, it was thought. 
 
 J. B. v., Je. 
 
DANGERS FROM MISRULE. 
 
 The Discourse favors the general belief of our 
 citizens, that the city has a larger population than 
 ever before, and that the census of 1865 was wrong, 
 or recorded the results of temporary depression. It 
 is hard to resist the impression that the city is over- 
 flowing with people, alike with visitors and residents, 
 and every tenement is occupied, and there is a call 
 for thousands more of houses. It is but just, how- 
 ever, to present the other view of the subject, which 
 is effectually given in this article from the New Yor'k 
 Times : 
 
 A LESSON FROM STATISTICS. 
 
 Our readers will bear witness that we have never refrained from 
 predicting unpleasant things in regard to the consequences of our mu- 
 nicipal disorders and bad government on the prosperity of our city. 
 
 We have said again and again— we fear to the weariness of our 
 readers- that our citizens would not bear forever this atrocious mis- 
 government, these incessant jobs, this heavy taxation, the horrible 
 condition of our streets, and the discomforts of the city. It was plain 
 to any one who looked below the surface, that all these shameless jobs 
 of the Common Council were not mere amusements of these represent- 
 atives, which injured nothing except our moral sense, but that they 
 included definite sums taken out of the pockets of every rent-payer or 
 consumer in the city. For every dollar squandered by Aldermen and 
 Councilmen, each mechanic and day laborer, every manufacturer and 
 merchnnt, every man and woman, and child must pay— either in rents 
 or in increased prices depenfling on rents. The consequences of this 
 iobberv have been that the expenses of living have arisen in this city 
 more than in any other large city of the Union, as is best shown by the 
 
124 APPENDIX. 
 
 rate of rents ; for provisions and imported products are undoubtedly 
 afforded to the wholesale dealers cheaper here than in Philadelphia or 
 Boston, for instance. 
 
 The increased cost of the consumers is in the necessary expenses of 
 the retailers, and these expenses come in great part from the taxation. 
 Moreover, the gradual influence of the annoyances of Few York, our 
 execrable streets, the filth and odors prevaihng, the sanitary evils 
 dreaded, the bad accommodations on the railroads, and the other des- 
 agremens, was inevitably to force the middle classes from the city. 
 The very rich could somewhat guard themselves against these evils and 
 annoyances, especially by removing to the country in the summer sea- 
 son ; the very poor and the laborers must remain near the market of 
 labor; but persons with incomes from $1,000 to $5,000 per annum soon 
 found it very injurious to their families, and too expensive to remain 
 in the city, and these, by the thousands, scattered themselves in all the 
 region around New York — in New Jersey, in Westchester County, on 
 Long Island and Staten Island, and on the borders of the Sound. 
 Here, though they must add to their rents the expenses of a daily 
 journey of twenty or forty miles, and though provisions are more ex- 
 pensive in the suburbs than in the city, the saving from taxation and 
 increased rent, and the sanitary advantages to their families, kept them 
 constant residents, and added to their numbers. 
 
 Following them, have emigrated numbers of manufacturers who 
 really belong to New York, but who find it cheaper to carry on their 
 factories away from city taxation, so that the banks of the Hudson and 
 the raih-oads of New Jersey find themselves more and more lined with 
 huge factories, surrounded with laborers' shanties or cottages. The 
 result is what we have uniformly predicted — that New York is decreas- 
 ing in population, while the suburbs are increasing, and that marvellous 
 growth in population, which was so long our pride, seems temporarily 
 checked. Thus, in 1855, the population of New York was 629,810, and 
 in 1860, 814,254, or an increase of more than five and a half per cent, 
 per annum. In 1865-66, the population is only 726,386, being a de- 
 crease of some 87,000 since 1860, instead of the old increase of some 
 twenty-nine per cent. Brooklyn, in place of its supposed 500,000, has 
 only 296,378. But the whole Metropolitan Police District, C(.ntaining 
 the counties of New York, Kings, Westchester, and Eichmond, and six 
 towns in Queens County, embrace a population of 1,224,879, of which 
 Westchester has 101,197; Kings, 311,090; Eichmond, 28,209; and the 
 six towns in Queens, 57,997. Some of the suburban villages have become 
 considerable cities, thus: Morrisania has 11,691 inhabitants; Yonkers, 
 12,756; Flushing, 10,813; Hempstead, 11,764 ; Newtown, 13,891 ; Oys- 
 ter Bay, 9,714 ; Cortland, 9,393, and so on with others. 
 
APPENDIX. 125 
 
 The foreign lorn in Few York number nearly half (313,201), and 
 with their children must constitute some two- thirds of our population. 
 In Brooklyn they amount to 107,851, or a less proportion. In West- 
 chester they are only about one-quarter (26,394) ; in Eichmoud about 
 one-third (9,142). In the matter of sexes, New York has some 38,000 
 more women than men, and Brooklyn some 13,000. 
 
 The poorer wards of this city contain enormous numbers ; thus, the 
 Seventeenth has 79,563 ; the Eleventh, 58,953 ; the Twentieth, 61,884 ; 
 the Eighteenth, 47,613 ; the Twenty-second, 47,361, while the w'ealthy 
 Fourteenth and Fifteenth have respectively only 23,382 and 25,572 
 inhabitants. 
 
 If this exodus be not checked by an honest and faithful management 
 of the city affairs. New York will be delivered up to the very rich and 
 very poor, and its prosperity receive a fatal blow. 
 
AUTHOE'S NOTE. 
 
 I would acknowledge the great kindness of these gentlemen in as- 
 sisting me to obtain the facts for this discourse. I might name many 
 others who have shown good will and given information : 
 
 Geoegb H. Moobe, Jackson S. Sohtjltz, 
 
 Andrew Warner, J, B. Vaenum, 
 
 George Bancroft, Gulian C. Verplanok, 
 
 Elisha Harris, William L. Stone, 
 
 Charles P. Kirkland, Edward Bill, 
 
 J. S. Homans, Horatio Allen, 
 
 D. B. Eaton, B. F. Vabntjm, Jr., 
 
 Brown Brothers, Maj. Gen. Barlow, 
 
 D. T. Valentine, Henry B. Dawson. 
 
 I have consulted freely the well-known works of Dunlap and Ham- 
 mond on the Political History of New York, Dr. O'Callaghan's New 
 Netherlands, and have found some valuable information in Miss Booth's 
 History of the City. The publications of the New York Histoi-ical 
 Society have been of constant service, and especially Benjamin F. 
 Butler's Discourse on the Constitutional History of New York. The 
 histories of Bancroft, Brodhead, Hildreth, Motley, and Palfrey have 
 been relied upon for important statements. I must say, also, in sincer- 
 ity, that no man can study any important American subject, without 
 finding constant help from Appleton's New American Cyclopedia and 
 Annual Cyclopaedia. These manuals are full of our national and local 
 history, and their biographical sketches are ample and reliable, and 
 many of them give materials nowhere else to be found in print. 
 
 This appendix, of course, does not aim to give a complete body of 
 statistics of the city ; but only to put in permanent form the chief facts 
 that were furnished me up to tlie date of the Discourse, and so to con- 
 tribute something towards a sketch of the present state of affairs. The 
 outline of the speech of Hon. J. B. Yarnum is inserted mainly on ac- 
 
AUTHOE*S NOTE. 127 
 
 count of its valuable facts, and is a fitting contribution from one of the 
 worthiest members of our Historical Society. 
 
 I am well aware that the whole subject is too great for a single 
 discourse, and that a man not a native of the city labors under some 
 peculiar difficulties in undertaking such a task as this ; yet both natives 
 and new comers must both acknowledge that the city is constantly 
 showing new growths and aspects to them. I am content to appear as 
 a learner more than a master ; and I trust that friends and fellow citizens 
 will deal gently with the defects of this little offering of public spirit. 
 
 S. 0. 
 
NEW YORK IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 A DISCOURSE 
 
 DELITERED BEFORE THE 
 
 New York Histoeioal Society, 
 
 ON ITS SIXTY-SECOND ANNIVERSARY, 
 
 NOVEMBER 20, 1866. 
 
 Rev. SAMUEL OSGOOD, D.D. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY ORDEE OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. 
 
 MDCCCLSTIl. 
 
JTT-^ 
 
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