i e 3 ? i/. -^ / PICTORIAL SCHOOL HISTORY UNITED STATES; TO WHICH ARE ADDED THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES WITH QUESTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. JOHN J. ANDERSON, A.M., IiATE PRINCIPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOI. NO. 31, N£W TORE CITT: AUTHOB OF SCHOOL HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES, A MANUAL OF GENERAL HISTORY, A UlSIOSr OF £NGLANS, ANO AN HISTORICAL READER. NEW YORK: CLARK & JVIAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, 5 Barclay Street. 1871. y H M CI 1. c> Anderson's Historical Series. 1. Introductory School History of the United states. Illnstiatcd with maps. 195 pp. 16mo. This work, thoujrh arranged on the catechetical plan, may be read as a continnons narrative, the text havinji: been fully written before the questions were prepared. It is designed for classes op advanced as well as lower grades, in which only a very brief outline of the history of the country from its dis- covery to the present time is taught. 2. Common School History of the United States. Illustrated with maps. 350 pp. ]Gmo. This work is more catechetical than the preceding, sine* the answers are more independent of each other. Designed for large graded schools. 3. Grammar School History of the United States. With one series of maps show ins the location of the places referred to; and another, showing the progress of the country in its territorial acquisitions and political divisions. 252 pp. 16mo. This work is on the narrative plan, with a set of questions for topical review at the end of the sections. It will meet all the wants op graded schools and academies. 4. Pictorial School History of the United States. Fnlly illustrated with maps, portraits, vignettes, &c. 404 pp. 12mo. This work is also on the narrative plan, but more circumstantial in its statements than the preceding. Designed for high-schools and academies. *** Each of the above-named works contains the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States, with questions and explanations; and, in the Grammar School History, will also be found Washington's Farewell Address. 5. A Manual of General History. 4io pp. i2mo. illus- trated with maps, showing the changes in the political divisions of the world, and giving the location of important places. Various tables of chronology and contem- poraneous events are also given, with a complete pronouncing index. Designeu FOB classes of advanced grade. 6. A School History of En^fland. 300 pp. ismo. illus- trated with maps, showing the geographical changes in the country at diflerent periods. Chronological and genealogical tables are given ; also a complete pro- nouncing index. Designed fob classes of advanced grade. 7. Anderson's Bloss's Ancient History, illustrated with colored maps and a chart. 445 pp. 12mo. Designed fob classes op high grade. 'i^^One of the leading aims in all of Anderson's Histories is to connect the gcognv vhy with the chronology. 8. An Historical Reader, embracing selections in prose and verse, from standard writers in Ancient and Modern History : with a Vocabulary of difficuU or unusual words, and a Geographical and Biographical Index. 12mo. CLARK & MA^^^ARD, Publishers, NEW YORK. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by .tmiN J. ANDERSON, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 6'7 PREFACE. The work here offered embraces several features which, it is thought, will not fail to recommend it to such teachers as desire that their pupils should acquire a more comprehensive knowledge of the history of our country than can be obtained from either of the author's previous and more elementary works. It has been the leading aim, in the present one, to state every important fact in the history in clear and concise lan- guage, so that the pupil may be able readily to comprehend it, and, at the same time, to see its connection with the events preceding it. No important event, it is believed, has been omitted, nor any of the particulars necessary to make it fully understood. The questions at the bottom of the pages are more numer- ous than in any other school history. This has been done as much for the benefit of the teacher as of the pupil ; for, though the former may not actually need them, they will facilitate his labor, and secure better recitations from his pupils, by requir- ing greater precision, on their part, in the selection of their answers. In this way, the important habit of giving exact and explicit answers will be greatly encouraged. Discursive- ness in recitation may, indeed, sometimes be allowed, but always with great caution, so as to avoid that rambling and immethodical mode of thought which is so tiresome and injurious. By the plan of this work, every fact is learned with a due regard to its relative importance, and all are linked together so as to constitute, in the mind of the pupil, a complete and uninterrupted chain. It may be objected, that the plan of re- quiring only brief answers is not calculated to encourage this logical connection of events on the part of the young student. This objection has been obviated by the insertion, at the end of every few pages, of a list of review questions of an entirely different character, and much more comprehensive than those at the foot of each page. These review questions are, in the author's estimation, one of the chief recommendations of the book. They directly call into active exercise the pupil's power of continuous thought, the answer to a single question very often requiring the substance of several paragraphs of the text. The pupil is thus made to perceive more clearly the connection between the events, and habits of thoughtful study are necessarily induced. It will be also observed that the work is copiously illustra- ted with maps ; that dates are inserted with great frequency ; and that the chronological tables of battles, the settlement and admission of the States, the inauguration of the Presi- dents, and the general events in the history of the country from its discovery, are given with fullness and precision. These maps and tables do not serve merely to enhance the attractive appearance of the work, but will contribute, it is be- lieved, greatly to its usefulness and value. Not only are they constantly referred to in the text, but a series of questions running through the book, and connecting the geography with the chronology, brings them forcibly before the pupil's atten- tion, and thus serves to give additional accuracy as well as permanency to his knowledge of the subject. The pronunciation of proper names has also been given more copiously than in either of the author's previous works, the authorities used being the gazetteer of Baldwin and the dictionaries of Webster and Worcester. While returning thanks to his fellow-teachers for the favor with which his former works have been received, the author submits this new one, with the hope that it may not prove less acceptable. OOE^TE^TS, SECTION I.— Discoveries and Exploeations Page 11 Columbus (11); Amerigo Vespucci (13); John and Sebastian Cabot (13); Ponce de Leon (14); Balboa (15); De Ayllon (15); Cordova (16); Gri- ialva (10); Coitez (16); Narvaoz(17), De Soto (17); Verrazani (18); Car- tier (IS); CoIia;ny (19); Melendez (20); De Gourges (20); Gilbert (20); Ealeigh (21); Amidas and Barlow (21); GrenviUe (22); Gosnold (22); Pring (23); Newport (25). SECTION II.— Colonial History 2T Virginia (27) ; Massachusetts (37, 52) ; New Hampshire (4-3) ; Connecticut (45) ; Ehode Island (49); New York (60); New Jersey (66); Maryl.and (70); Pennsylvania (73); Delaware (76); North and South Carolina (7S); Geor- gia (SI). SECTION III.— The French and Indian War 86 Events of 1753 (S6) ; Events of 1754 (8S); Events of 1755 (91); Events of 1756 (95); Events of 1757 (96); Events of 175S (100); Events of 1759 (103); Events of 1760 (106) ; Table of Principal Battles of the French and Indian War (lOS). SECTION IV.— The American Revolution 110 Causes of the war (110); Events of 1775 (110); Events of 1776(127); Events of 1777 (136); Events of 177S (154); Events of 1779 (159); Events of 1780 (163) ; Events of 17S1 (174) ; Close of the lievolution, and events to the begin- ning of Washington's Administration (1S6) ; Table of the Names of the Amerl- canRevolutionary Officers (190) ; Table of Principal Battles of the Revolution (191). SECTION v.— From the beginning of Washington's Administration to THE close of Jefferson's 194 Washington's Administration (194); John Adams's Administration (200); Jefferson's Administration (203). SECTION VI.— Madison's Administration 210 Causes of the Second War with England (210) ; Events of 1812 (212) ; Events of 1813 (21 S); Events of 1S14 and Close of the War (231); Table of the Prin- cipal Land Battles of the Second War with England (243); Table of the Prin- cipal Naval Battles (244) ; War with Algiers (244). SECTION VII. — From the beginning op Monroe's Administration to THE close of Tyler's 243 Monroe's Administration (248) ; John Quincy Adams's Administration (253) ; Jackson's Administration (254); Van Buren's Administration (261) ; Harrison's Administration (263) ; Tyler's Administration (264). SECTION VIII. — From the beginning op Polk's Administration to the CLOSE OF Buchanan's Page 269 Causes of the War with Mexico (270); Events of 1846 (271); Events of 184T (278) ; Table of the Principal Battles of the War (2S4) ; T.aylor's Administra- tion (286); Fillmore's Administration (2SS); Pierce's Administration (2S9); Buchanan's Administration (291). CONTENTS. SECTION IX. — From the bkginning of Lincoln's Administration to the CLOSK OF Johxson's Page 297 Thfi Great Civil War (298); Events of 1862 (306) ; Events of 1863 (318) ; Events *f 1S(U (320); Events of 1865 (337); Jolinson's Administration (340). Chromoi-ogical Tablk of the principal events relating to the History of the United States, from 1492 345 A Table of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents 859 A Table of the Settlement and Admission of the States 360 The Declaration of Independence TuK Constitution op tub United States, with Questions and Explanations. :mj^fs. PAGR 1. First Voyagre of Columbus to America 2 2. Discoveries and Explorations 10 3. Discoveries of Cartier, in 1535 19 4. tiosnold's Expedition 23 5. Vicinity of Chesajieake Bay 24 6. Environs of Jamestown 29 7. Vicini ty of Massachusetts Bay 37 8. German Ocean 89 9. Portsmouth and Vicinity. . . 44 10. Vicinity of Lonsr Island Sound 47 11. The State of New York 62 12. The Upper part of New Jersey, with Vicinity of Philadelphia. 68 13. The Eastern part of the Carolfnas 79 14. Map showing the location of Events in the French and Indian War 85 15. Osweffo 96 16. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Vicinity 103 17. Boston and Vicinitv 120 IS. Part of the Sorel It'iver 124 19. Vicinity of Charleston 129 20. New York Bav 131 21. Central Part of Ncav Jersey 136 22. Philadelphia and Vicinitv 142 23. Vicinity of Fort Schuyler 148 24. Saratoga and Vicinity 149 25. The Eastern part of the Carolinas 1 64 20. Stony Point and Vicinity 169 27. New London and Vicinitv 183 28. Part of the Western States 192 29. Detroit and Vicinity 214 30. Niagara Frontier 215 81. State of Alabama 223 32. Part of Virginia and Maryland 237 33. Baltimore and Vicinity 238 34. Mobile and Vicinitv 289 35. Part of Florida.. . .' 257 36. Mexico, California, Texas, &c . 268 37. Taylor's Campaign in Texas and Mexico 271 38. Scutfs Campaign in Mexico 279 39. Pensacola and Vicinity 295 40. Part of the Southern and Western States 800 41. Norfolk and Vicinity 312 42. Vicinity of llielimond 313 43. Part of the Southern States 820 44. Itegion Southwest of Washington 330 PROGRESSIVE MAPS, N?l. East of the Mississippi , > ; M mmnm m ihje mmmm. I 15 Lon^. t'rovii lo WasligXii' INTRODUCTION. 1. The geographers of ancient times had no knowledge whatever of America ; though it has been asserted that, several years before Chi-ist, navigators had sailed out of the Mediterranean Sea, and, being wafted across the Atlantic Ocean by the trade-winds, had reached the West- ern Continent. 2. About five centuries previous to the discovery of America by Columbus, the Northmen, a people from Nor- way and adjoining countries, colonized Iceland and Green- land, and made explorations in America as far south as New England. Settlements are also said to have been made in these regions by them, and intercourse kept up for some time with tlie mother country. These expeditions, however, seem not to have attracted any general atten- tion ; nor were their results permanent, or known to the other nations of Europe. 3. It is almost certain that when Columbus set sail on his eventful voyage in 1492, he had not the least knowl- edge of the existence of a second continent ; nor is there any evidence whatever that he even imagined thei'e was such a continent. His great aim was to find a shorter and better route to India than the one then traveled by way of Egypt and the Red Sea. The route around the south- ern extremity of Africa was not discovered until five years after. To him, nevertheless, is j lastly ascribed the honor of being the discoverer of the New World, since it was INTKODUCTIOX. through his enterprise and sagacity that its existence came to be generally known. 4. At the time of Columbus's discovery the continent of America, from the icy latitudes of the North to the re- gions far south of the equator, together with most of its islands, was inhabited by various races who diifered in many respects from Europeans. As tlie country at that time, and until Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean (p. 15), was supposed to be a part of India, these inhabitants were called Indians. In some j^arts of the country they were found to have attained a considerable degree of civilization ; in others they were in the savage state, being divided into tribes, living in rude huts called wig- wams, and existing mostly by fishing and hunting. They spoke different languages, and their religion consisted in worshiping an unknown and invisible Deity, whom they called the " Great Spirit." 5. Whence did they come ? How did they reach America ?. How long had they been living there ? These questions have been asked a great many times, but have never yet been satisfactorily answered. Many theories have been advanced to solve the difficulty ; but the origin of these various races, both civilized and uncivilized, i-e- mains as much a mystery as ever. 6. According to one of these theories, America received its first inhabitants from eastern Asia, by way of Behring's Straits ; while other and more probable statements are, that vessels were at various times wafted by the trade-winds across the Atlantic Ocean from the Old World, and that thus people of different races being accidentally carried to the other continent, settled there, and founded the differ- ent nations which inhabited it at the time of its discov- ery by Columbus. INTRODTJCTION'. 1 *]. Of one thing there can be no donbt. When America was discovered by Columbus, it had been inhabited for centuries ; and the previous occupants of certain portions of it had attained a degree of civilization not i30ssessed by their inhabitants at the time of this discovery. The evi- dences of this are still abundant in the ruins of temples and other buildings, and in the articles of copper and silver found buried beneath these ruins. Curious sj^ecimens of pottery of great antiquity have also been found ; and mounds of remarkable extent are seen in certain parts, the origin of which was unknown to the uncivilized Indians. 8. After Columbus led the way, expeditions were un- dertaken by Europeans of different nations, in order to ex- plore the New World and make settlements in various parts of it. None were marked by more heroism and self-sacrifice than those conducted by the French Catho- lics in their efforts to explore the country in the region of the great lakes, and along the Mississippi River and its tributary streams. Marquette {mar-ket') , La Salle (sal), and others, penetrated the vast wilderness by way of the St. Lawrence; and they were followed by others, who established stations at various places, and labored to con- vert the Indians to their faith (p. 212). 9. At the close of the Revohitionary War the western boundary of the territorial possessions of the United States extended only to the Mississippi (p, 186). By the "Loui- siana Purchase," in 1803, the limits were extended to the Rocky Mountains (pp. 203, 204). The coast strip about fifty miles wide, between Florida and Louisiana, claimed by Spain as a part of Florida, was occupied by the United States at the beginning of the "War of 1812," and, under the claim that it was part of the "Louisiana Purchase," was retained. In 1819, Florida was acquired by cession INTRODITCTIOK. from Spain (p. 249), all the " rights, claims, and preten- sions " of Spain, to territory west of the Mississippi and north of the 42d parallel, being, at the same time, also ceded to the United States. 10. The region west of the Rocky Mountains, extending from latitude 42*^ to about 548, with the Pacific for its west- ern boundary, was long knoAvn as Oregon. It was claim- ed by the United States, because, among other reasons, its principal river had been discovered by an American — Captain Gray, of the ship Columbia, of Boston — in 1792, and because, during the administration of President Jef- ferson, it was explored by Captains Lewis and Clark, com- manding an overland expedition sent out by the United States government. Gray gave the name of his vessel to the river he discovered. By the treaty made with Spain in 1819, the United States strengthened their claim to the region. 11. Great Britain also claimed Oregon until 1846, when by treaty, the boundary line between the possessions of the two nations was fixed at the 49th parallel ; and thus was settled a controversy which had been continued for a number of years, and which, at one time, threatened to produce a war between the two countries. In 1845, Texas became a member of the Union, by annexation (pp. 269, 270). California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada were acquired from Mexico by conquest ; and their pos- session was confirmed by a treaty made at the close of the war with that country (p. 284), and by a subsequent treaty made in 1853. Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867 (p. 343). ^ strait of -OezieisU w\^^?^" ^y^S St. l.axvvf »,•;■' '1,/ssTt u^f iiiiiMretonJ. Sniitli, y r^ SDenniuda it'iklfMiiii litinpo /J"' / -' DeSoto(i'Zcet;a33Jl ' ?' S \ Tortugas /v.„ jMLJE^il C o ^^,^„., - Cortpz, ' \^"^— ,_ l.-il'* L ^ HISTOPiY OF THE UNITED STATES. SECTIOI>r I. Discoveries and Explorations. EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607. I. Christopher Columbus,* the discoverer of America, was born in the city of Genoa (jen'-o-a), Italy. At an early age he manifested a predilec- tion for the sea, and the most of his life, previous to its great event, was passed on the waters of the Mediterranean, and the west coast of Africa ; and he coLTTMBTTs. g^g^ inadc a voyage towards Greenland, passing beyond the island of Iceland. II. In those days, when navigation was yet in its infancy, the usual route to India — the country in the southeast part of Asia with the adjacent islands being so called — was by way of Egypt and the Red Sea. Columbus, believing the earth to be round, concluded that by sailing westward he would sooner * Columbus was bom about the year 1435. He died at Valladolid, Spain, in 1506. I. Questions. — 1. By whom was America discovered? 2. Where was Columbus born ? 3. How is Genoa situated ? (See map of Europe.) 4. How did Columbus spend the most of his time previous to his discovery of America ? II. 5. By what route did European travelers reach India at that time ? 6. What part of the earth was then known as India? 7. WTiat theory did Columbus have as regards a more direct route to India ? 8. By what religious conviction was he also influenced ? 12 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. reach India than by taking this route. He was also influ- enced by the conviction that he was commissioned by Heaven to carry the Gospel to the heathen of unknown lands. in. His first application for aid was to the government of Genoa : it was refused. After applying, without success, to the monarchs of England and Portugal, he was assisted by Isabella {iz-a-bel'-lah), Queen of Spain, and he set sail from Palos {pah'-los), at the mouth of the river Tinto, in that country, with three vessels, namely : the Pinta (peen'- tah), Santa Maria {san'-tah ma-re' - ah), and Nina (ne'-nah). The first land which he saw was one of the Bahama Islands, called by the ISABELLA. natives Guanahani [gwah-nah- hah'-ne), by him San Salvador, now sometimes known as Cat Island ; and thus, in 1492,* was America discovered. IV. Columbus made three other voyages to the New World, in the first of which, as well as in the one just de- scribed, his discoveries were confined to the islands between North and South America; but in his third voyage, in 1498, he discovered the mainland, at the mouth of the river Ori- * According to a theory, advanced by a German author, there have been three different discoveries of America; namely; — the tirst, during the period from one thousand to six hundred years before Christ, by navigators who sailed from Asia, through the Mediterranean ; the second, in the tenth century after Christ, by the Norwegians ; and the third, in 1492, by Columbus. III. Questions. — 9. To whom did he first appeal to assist him in testing his the- ory ? 10. With what success? 11. To whom did he afterwards appeal ? 12. What was the result ? 13. Who finally did help him ? l-l. Of how many vessels did his fleet consist? 15. Give their names. 16. From what place did he set sail? 17. In ■what part of Spain is Palos situated? (See map, p. 2.) IS. The island which he first discovered belonged to what group ? 19. Uow are the Bahama Islands situated ? (See map, p. 10) 20. What did the Indians call the island discovered? 21. What name did Columbus give to it? 22. What is the meaning of the name San Salvador? Ans. — Holy Sniuour. 23. By what name is the island now known? 24. In what di- rection is it from Cuba? (See map, p. 10.) 25. From St. Augustine? (See same map.) IV. 26. How many voyages in all did Columbus make to America? 27. What can you say of the first two ? 28. When did he make his third voyage ? 29. What discovery did he then make? 30. What did he accomplish in his fourth voyage? 81. In what conviction, touching the discovery of America, did Columbus die? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 13 noco, in South America ; and in the fourth and last, he examined the coast of Darien. He still, however, believed that the lands which he had discovered were a portion of Eastern Asia (d'-she-a), instead of a new continent, and in this conviction he died, being, at intimated, entirely ignorant of the real grandeur of his discovery. V. In 1499, the year after Columbus discovered the conti- nent, Amerigo Vespucci* {a-md-re'-gO ves-voot'-sht), an Italian navigator, visited the eastern coast of South x\merica, and, in 1501, made a second voyage to the same regions. He pre- pared accounts of tliese two voyages, which were published in Europe, in which he claimed to be the first European that had landed on the western continent. In consequence of the claim set up by him, as well as from the fact that his were the first published accounts of the newly discovered country, it was called America. VI. In 1497, one year before Columbus discovered the conti- nent, and two years previous to Amerigo's visit, John Cabot and his son Sebastian, while sailing under a commission from Henry VII., of England, discovered the coast of Labrador, and thus "were the first to discover the continent of America. In a second voyage, made by Sebas- tian Cabot in 1498, the coast SEBASTIAN CABOT. Amerigo Vespucc i bom in Florence, Italy, in 1451. He died in Seville, Spain, in 1512. V. Questions. — 32. "When did Vespucci visit America? 33. What part of Amer- ica did he visit? 34. How did the country come to be called America ? VI. 35. "What discovery was made in 1497? 36. "What large island southeast of Labrador? (See map, p. 10.) 37. Did the Cabots or Vespucci first discover the con- tinent? 38. Was the honor of naming this country rightly bestowed? 39. Did that honor belong either to the Cabots or Vespucci, rather than to Columbus? 40. When did Sebastian Cabot make a second voyage . 41. Give an accountof it. 42. Of what special importance did the successes of the Cabots prove ? 14 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay — some say to Florida — was explored ; landings were made in several places, and natives were seen, clad in the skins of beasts and making use of copper. These achievements of the Cabots, the discovery and explorations, proved of momentous importance, especially to England, as, by reason of them, that country based her claim to all the region from Labrador to Florida. VIL Twenty years after Columbus's first and great discov- ery, Ponce de Leon* [pon'-thd da ld-o7i'), an aged Spaniard, sailed from Porto Rico (re'-co), in search of a wonderful foun- tain, which, it was said, existed in one of the Bahama Islands, and would impart immortal youth to all who might drink of its waters. After visiting several islands of the Bahamas, and tasting the waters of every river, lake, and fountain found, he turned to the northwest, and, in 1512, discovered an un- known land. This was thought to be an island ; and, from the abundance of flowers with which the forests were adorned, and because the discovery happened on Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards call Pascua Florida [pah'-scoo-ah Jlo-re'-daK)^ it received the name of Florida. He continued his search along the coast of Florida, and among the Tortugas Islands, but, of course, without finding any such fountain. VIII. Several years after, he made another voyage to Florida for the purpose of making a settlement, he having been appointed governor of the country upon the condition that he would colonize it. He eflfected a landing, but was met by the natives with determined hostility; and, in an attack made by them, the Spaniards were killed or driven back to their * Juan Ponce de Leon wa3 born in Leon, Spain. He died in 1521. VII. Questions. — i3. In what year did De Leon make a voyage in search of a wonder-ful fountain? 44. From what place did he sail? 45. "Was he an old era young man at the time? 4G. What tradition then existed, in relation to the fountain? 47. What efforts did De Leon make to find the fountain ? 48. When did he discover Flo. rida? 49. Why did he call it Florida? 50. Among what islands did he search be- sides the Bahamas? 51. In what direction from Florida are the Tortugas Islands? (See map, p. 10.) VIII. 52. Why did De Leon go to Florida a second time? 53. What appoint* ment had he received ? 54. What further account can you give of him T DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 ships, and De Leon himself received a mortal wound of whicli he died in Cuba. IX. In 1513, Balboa,* the G-overnor of the Spanish colony at the Isthmus of Darien, the first colony established on the American Continent, while crossing the isthmus gained the summit of a mountain from which he discovered the Pacific Ocean. After falling upon his knees and thanking God for the privilege of being the discoverer of this great ocean, he descended to the sea-shore and took possession of the whole coast in the name of the Spanish crown. X. About the time of De Leon's defeat in Florida, De Ayllon {da ile-yone'), a Spanish adventurer, was engaged in an enterprise having for its object the procuring of a large number of Indians to work the plantations and mines of St. Domingo (do-ining'-go). At a place in the southern part of South Carolina, a great number of natives were treacherously captured ; but the undertaking proved unsuccessful, for of the two vessels employed, one was lost while on the return to St. Domingo, and many of the captives in the other sickened and died. XL It was not many months after this unprofitable specu- lation, that De Ayllon obtained the appointment as governor of Chicora {che-ko'-rali), the name given to that part of Carolina which he had visited, and he wasted his fortune in fitting out an expedition to conquer the country The issue of this second enterprise was likewise disastrous : one of his ships, the largest and best, was stranded and lost ; many of his men were killed by the natives, in revenge for the treachery * Vasco Nunez de Balboa was born in Spain, in 1475. Havinp; been superseded in the gOTernorship of the colony at Darien, and afterwards charged by the new governor with the design of mating other dis- coveries without authority, he was tried and found guilty. Although ho persisted that he was unjustly condemned, he was beheaded in conformity with the sentence, in 1517, IX. Questions. — 55. By whom was the Pacific Ocean discovered ? 56. When was the discovery made? 57. What civil position did Balboa hold at the time? 58. "Where was he when he discovered the Pacific? 59. What ceremony did he observe? X. 60. Who was De Ayllon ? 61. What enterprise did he engage in ? 62. What was the result? XI. 63. What appointment did he afterwards receive? 64. "What was the object of his second expedition? 65. What account can you give of it? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. "which he had previously been guilty of ; and he himself barely made good his escape. XII. In 1517, Cordova, a Spanish navigator, sailed from Cuba and discovered the northern coast of Yucatan. Upon his return he gave such a favorable account of the civilization and riches of the people whom he had seen, as to awaken a keen desire among the Spaniards to undertake their con- quest. Accordingly Velasquez [va-lah'-skelh), the governor of Cuba, sent an expedition under the direction of Juan de Grijalva (r/re-hahl'-vah), the result of which was very satisfac- tory. Grijalva, after an exploration of the southern coast of Mexico, returned with a large amount of treasure, obtained by trafficking with the natives. XIII. Velasquez, then de- termining to conquer the Mex- icans and get possession of their wealth, sent an expedi- tion, consisting of eleven ves- sels and more than six hundred armed men, under the com- mand of Fernando Cortez. Cortez landed, in 1519, near Vera Cruz {^va-rah kroose), cop-''^^^- and was at once met by friendly deputations from Montezuma [jnon-ta-thoo'-mah), the Mexican emperor. By perseverance and a course of falsehood and duplicity, he succeeded in reaching the city of Mexico, the Indian capital ; and by stratagem and boldness, and with the aid of Indian tribes opposed to the Mexican rule, finally XII. Questions. — 66. 'When was Yucatan discovered? 67. By whom? 6S? What can you say of the account which ho gave? 69. What expedition was sent iu consequence of this account ? TO. What did Grijalva accomplish ? Xin. 71. What did Velasquez then determine upon ? 72. Who commanded the expedition against Mexico? 73. Of how many vessels did his fleet consist? 74. When did lie land in Mexico? To. At what place ? 76. By whom was he met? 77. What account can you give of Cortez's further movements? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 17 completed the conquest of the people, and Mexico became a province of Spain in 1521. XIV. In 1528, Narvaez {nar- vah'-etlt), having been appointed governor of Florida by the Spanish sovereign, sailed from Cuba to con- quer and possess the country. The attempt proved most disastrous ; for, of the three hundred men who land- ed in Florida and peneti-ated the DE SOTO. wild regions, only four, after years of wandering, succeeded in reaching a Spanish settlement in Mexico. These four men asserted that Florida was the richest country in the world, a statement which the people of Spain generally believed ; but to no one Avas credulity more disastrous than to Ferdinand de Soto* [da so'-to), a brave cava- lier who had gained riches and military honors with Pizarro, in Peru. XV. De Soto having solicited permission to conquer Flori- da at his own expense, the Spanish sovereign not only granted his request, but appointed him governor of Cuba, and of the immense territory to which the name of Florida Avas then vaguely applied. With a licet of ten vessels and a gay com- pany of six hundred armed men, he sailed for the New World in 1538. Leaving his wife to govern Cuba, he proceeded to Florida, landed on the shores of Tampa Bay, and, in the sum- mer of 1539, commenced his march into the interior, toward the fancied land of gold. XVI. After wandering for nearly three years in the wilder- in Spain, in 1500. He died in 1545. XIV. Questions. — 73. What expedition was undertaken In 152S? 79. What was the result? 80. What opinion did De Soto entertain with regard to the wealth of Florida? 81. What successes had he previously met with? XV. 82. What request did he make of the Spanish sovereign ? S3. How was the re- quest treated? 84. When did he sail for America? 85. Where did he leavo his wife? 86. Where did he land ? 87. In what part of Florida is Tampa Bay ? (See map, p. 10.) 88. When did he commence his march? 18 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. ness, encountering the hostility of the natives and suflFering disasters and disappointments, De Soto sickened and died. To conceal his death from the natives, who regarded him with fear, his body was sunk beneath the waters of the Mississippi, a river which he had discovered in 1541. After vainly trying to reach Mexico through the forests, the remnant of his follow- ers built seven frail barks, sailed down the Mississippi, and along the coast of Mexico until they arrived at a Spanish settlement. XVII. In 1524, Verrazzani {ya-rat-tsah'-ne), a Florentine navigator, while sailing in the service of France, explored the coast of North America from the Carolinas to New- foundland {new' -fund-land). To the whole region thiis explored he gave the name of New France, a name which was afterwards restricted to the territory VERRAZZANI. of Canada, and which was so retained' while that country remained in the possession of the French. XVIII. No other explorations were made by the French until 1534. In that year and the following James Cartier* {car-te-a') made two successful voyages, discovered the river St. Lawrence, explored its banks, and took possession of the whole country in the name of his king. Though Cartier and the Lord of Roberval {ro-bare-vaV), some years after, un- dertook to colonize Canada, the French effected no permanent * Cartier was born at St. Malo, France, in 1494. The time of hia death is not Icnown, though it is sup. ' posed he lived to an advanced age. XVL Questions. — 89. What river did he discover? 90. "When did he discover the Mississippi? 91. IIow long did ho wander in the wilderness? 92. What finally be- came of him ? 93. What was done by his followers after his death ? XVII. 94. What exploration was made seventeen years before De Soto discov ered the Mississippi? 95. What name did Verrazzani give to the region which ha explored? 96. To what territory was that name afterward restricted? 97. How long did Canada retain the name of New France? XVIII. 98. When, after the exploration made by Verrazzani, did the French make other explorations? 99. Who commanded the expeditions? 100. How many voyages did he make in 1534 and 1535? 101. Throagh what strait did he sail? (See map, p. 19.) 102. In what year did he discover the St. Lawrence? (See map, p. 10.) 103. When was Quebec settled ? 104. By whom waa it settled T 105. klow is Quebec situated ? (See map, p. 10.) DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 19 settlement until one was made on the site of Quebec, in 1608, by Champlain. XIX. Quebec is not, however, the oldest French settle- ment in America, as Port Royal, now Annapolis, in Nova Scotia (scd'-she-ah), was settled three years before by De Monts {du-mong), a wealthy Huguenot. Port Royal was then spoken of as being in Acadia, a name which, at the time, was applied to the whole territory now included in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the adjacent islands. XX. More than forty years before the settlement of Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, the Huguenots, or French Protestants, undertook to establish a colony — first in South Carolina and afterwards in Florida — as a place of refuge for their people. Their expeditions were undertaken by direction and aid of Jaspar Coligny* (ko-leen'-tje), Admiral of France. The first, intrusted to the command of John Ribault {re-bo'), reached the * Colipny, or dered at Paris, i XIX. Questions. — 106. Which is the oldest French settlement in America 107. In what year was Port Royal settled ? 108. How is Port Eoyal situated ? (See map, p. 10.) 109. By what name is Port Koyal now known ? 110. What territory was then called Acadia ? 20 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. coast in 1562. The colonists landed at Port Royal entrance, selected their place of refuge, and built a fort, to which they gave the name of Carolina, in lionor of King Charles (Caro- lus) of France. It was thus that this country received its name, a century before it was occupied by the English. Ri- bault, leaving twenty-six men to keep possession, returned to France for reinforcements ; but the promised aid not arriving, the colonists in despair embarked for their native land. The second expedition was sent out in 1564, when a settlement was made on the banks of the St. John's River, Florida. XXI. Hardly had the news reached Spain of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John's River than Melendez, who had been appointed governor of Florida upon condition that he would conquer the country within three years, departed on his expe- dition of conquest. After forming a settlement at St. Augus- tine [aiv-gus-tene') in 1565, which is the oldest in the United States, he proceeded against the Huguenots, whom he sur- prised ; and massacring men, women, and children, broke up the colony. This did not long go unavenged ; for, in little more than two years after, De Gourges {du-goorrf), a brave soldier of France, having fitted out three ships at his own expense, surprised two Spanish forts on the St. John's River, and hung two hundred captives upon the trees. XXH. The first enterprise on the part of the English for the purpose of planting a colony in America was undertaken in 1579, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who sailed from England under a patent which had been granted by Queen Elizabeth ; but severe storms and Spanish war vessels compelled him to put back, and the scheme, for a time, was abandoned. In XX. Questions. — 111. Where had the Huguenots previously undertaken to es- tablish a colony ? 112. What object had they in view? 113. Who aided and direct- ed them? 114. Who commanded their first expedition? 115. Give an account of it. 116. In what direction fi-oni St. Augustine is Port Royal entrance? (See map, p. 10.) 117. When was the second expedition sent? US. Where was a settlement made? 119. Describe the St. Jolin"s River. (See map, p. 10.) XXI. 120. What was the fate of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John's? 121. When and where did Melendez make a settlement 1 122. What can you say of that settlement? 123. How was the massacre of the Huguenots avenged ? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 21 1583 he sailed a second time for America, and landed at Newfoundland ; but accomplished little more than the erec- tion of a pillar bearing the arms of his government. While returning to England, in the same year, his vessel foundered, and he, with all on board, perished. XXIII. Sir Walter Raleigh* [raw'-le], not disheartened by the sad fate of his step-brother Gilbert, obtained from Elizabeth an ample patent, and sent two vessels, under the command of Ainidas, and Barlow. The voj'agers arrived on the coast of Carolina, visited the islands in Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds, took possession of the country in the name of Eliza- EALEiGH. beth, and, after trafficking with the natives, returned to England. So glowing an account did they give of the country, that Queen Elizabeth declared the event to be the most glorious in her reign ; and, in memorial of her unmarried state, named the region Virginia. Upon Raleigh she conferred the honor of knighthood. XXIV. Two attempts were afterwards made by Raleigh to establish a colony in America ; one in 1585, and the other in 1587. In the first, more than a hundred persons were sent. » Raleigh was born at Hayes, in Devonshire, a county of England, in 155-2. The death of Queen Eliz- abeth, in 1603, proved fatal to his fortunes. He was tried on a false charge of high treason, convicted, and, after a period of fifteen vears, thirteen of which he passed in confinement, he was beheaded in Lon- don, on the 29th of October, 1613. _,^ XXII. Questions. — 124. What account can you give of the first English enter- prise to establish a colony in America? 125. When did Gilbert sail a second time? 126. At what place did he land? 127. What body of water is on the west of that island? (See map, p. 10.) 12S. What became of Gilbert? XXIII. 129. How were Gilbert and Raleigh related? 130. What patentdid Raleigh obtain? 131. How many vessels did he send to America? 132. Who commanded them? 133. When did Amidas and Barlow reach America? (See map, p. 10.) 134. What exploration did they make? 135. What else did they do ? 136. In what direc- tion is Roanoke Island from Jamestown? (See map, p. 29.) 137. What can you say of the account which Amidas and Barlow gave of the country they visited f 22 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. These, with Ralph Lane as governor, were conveyed by a fleet of seven vessels, under the command of Sir Richard Grenville. They proceeded to Roanoke, an island on the coast of North Carolina, where a settlement was commenced. After a year of distress, they all embarked for England with Sir Francis Drake, who had stopped at Roanoke on his way from the West Indies. XXV. The second colony was composed of agriculturists and artisans with their families. Having reached Roanoke, and there, on the site of the former settlement, commenced building "the city of Raleigh," John White, the governor, went to England for supplies. When he returned, after an absence of nearly three years, Roanoke was deserted, and no trace of the colonists could be found. XXVI. The next attempt, after Raleigh's, to plant an Eng- lish colony in America, was made by Bartholomew Gosnold, in 1602. After discovering the promontory which he called Cape Cod, also Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and the group known as the Elizabeth Islands, he landed on one of the last named, Avhere he selected a position for a settlement and built a storehouse and fort. The persons chosen to re- main becoming alarmed at the menaces of the Indians and at the want of supplies, the design was abandoned, and the whole party returned to England. XXVII. Gosnold made such favorable reports of the coun- try, that the merchants of Bristol were induced to fit out two XXIV. Questions. — 138. How many attempts did Raleigh make to establish a colony in America? 139. When were they made ? 140. Give an account of the first. XXV. 141. Of whom did the second colony consist? 142. Who was their gov- ernor? 143. Where did they commence to build a city ? 14t What name did they give to the city ? 145. Why did the governor of the colony leave ? 146. How long was ho gone? 147. What did he find U[)on his return to Roanoke? XXVI. 14S. When was the next attempt made to plant an English colony in America? 149. Who commanded the undertaking? 150. What discoveries did Gos- nold make? 151. In what direction from Martha's Vineyard is Nantucket? (Seo map, p. 28.) 152. At what place did Gosnold make preparation to make a settle- ment? 153. What are the Elizabeth Islands now called ? (See map, p. 23.) 151 Why did not the settlement on Elizabeth Islands prove permanent? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 23 vessels, under tlie command of Martin Pring, for exploration and trade. During the first voyage, made in 1603, the shores and several large rivers of Maine, as well as the coast as far south hFj^j-^^l gU as Martha's "\'ineyard, were examined, and a profitable trafiic was carried on with the natives. Three years later, Pring re- peated his previous voyage, and made a more accurate survey of Maine. XXVIII. The territory which the English claimed, basing XXVII. Questions.— 155. What reports did Gosnold make of the country which he had discovered and visited ? 156. Give an account of Pring's first voyage. 157. Of his second. 24 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. their claim, as has been previously stated, principally upon the discoveries of the Cabots, extended from the 34th to the 45th degrees of north latitude. In 160G, James I. granted the northern portion, from the 41st to the 45th, to an associa- tion of " knights, gentlemen, and merchants of the west of England," known as the Plymouth (plhii'-uth) Company, call- ing the region North Virginia. The southern portion, from the 34th to the 38th, called South Virginia, he granted to an association of " noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants, in and about London," known as the London Company. I»ENN S'X'I.VANIA. ^ JOT/I^i^ 'BJa, 31^ Ji > _ALTIMORC„-,, vicintt: OF ^KE TtAT tuKUwii // V ■OLK^b/isi/ioiith <\ mi ^ XXIX. During the following year, 1607, the Plymouth Company sent a number of planters, who began a settlement at the mouth of the Kennebec River, in Maine ; but the in- tense cold of the winter, the destruction of their storehouse XXVIII. Qttestions. — 158. What extent of territory did the English claim in America? 159. Upon what did they base their claim? 160. What two extensive grants were made of this territory ? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 25 by fire, and tlie death of their president, George Popham, discouraged them, and they returned to England. XXX. The London Company were more successful. They sent a fl.eet of three vessels, commanded hy Christopher New- port, and carrying more than a hundred colonists. During the long voyage of four months, dissensions arose among the leadintr men, and John Smith, whose genius had excitelace ? 1&3. Describe the Kennebec River. (See map, p. 10.) Idi. What else can you say of the settlement on the Kennebec? XXX. 165. Were the London Company more or less successful? 166. Of how many vessels did the fleet, sent by them, consist? 167. Who commanded the fleet? 16S. How many colonists were there onboard of the three vessels? 169. How long a voyage did they have? ITO. How was John Smith treated during the voyage? 171. At what place did the colonists intend to make their settlement? 172. Why did they not do so ? REVIEW QUESTI0X3. PAGE 1. Give an account of Columbus previous to the year 1492 11 2. How was India reached by European travelers at that time?. . . 11 3. "What theory did Columbus have respecting a different route ? 1 1 , 12 4. How many and what apphcations did he make for aid? 12 5. For what was he mdebted to Isabella, Queen of Spain ? 12 6. What fleet did he command, and whence did he sail? 12 1. What success did he meet with ?. . .' 12 8. Give an account of his three subsequent voyages 12, 13 9. When and at what place did Amerigo first visit America?.. 13 10. When and at what place did he make his second visit ? 13 11. What accounts did Amerigo prepare ? , 13 12. What was afterwards done with the accounts ? 13 13. What was the consequence, and of Amerigo's claim? 13 14. When was the continent of America discovered? 13 15. Was that before or after Amerigo's first visit to America?. ... 13 2 26 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE IG. Give an account of the voyage made by the two Cabots 13 17. What explorations were made in 1498 ?. 13, l-i 18. What claim was based upon the achievements of the Cabots ? 14 19. What account can you give of Juan Ponce De Leon ? 14 20. What of his expedition in search of a fountain? 14 21. What discovery was made in the year 1512? 14 22- Give an account of De Leon's second expedition 14, 15 23. What discovery took place in 1513 ? 15 24. Which was the first colony established on the continent ? 15 25. Give an account of the discovery of the Pacific 15 26. When did De Ayllon make his first expedition to Carolina?. ... 15 27. What was the object of the expedition ?. 15 28. Give an account of it, stating what you can of De Ayllon himself 15 29. Give an account, in fuU, of the second expedition 15, 16 30. Who was Cordova, and what discovery did he make? 16 31. What induced Velasquez to send the expedition under Grijalva ? 16 32. What induced him to send the one under Cortez ? 16 33. Of how many vessels and men did Cortez's expedition consist ? . 16 34. Give the further account of the expedition 16, 17 35. When and whence did Narvaez make an expedition to Florida? 17 36. Give an account of it, including that of the four men 17 37. Who was De Soto, and what great preparations did he make?. . 17 38. Give an account of his expedition and sad fate 17, 18 39. Who was Verrazanni, and what explorations did he make ?...... 18 40. How many voyages did Cartier make to America ? 18 41. In his third voyage, what did he and another person undertake? 1 8 42. When and where did De Monts make a settlement in America? 19 43. Give an account of the Huguenot attempt to settle S. Carolina. 19, 20 44. Of the destruction of the Huguenot settlement in Florida. ... 20 45. Of De Gourges's expedition of retaliation 20 46. Of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's expedition and sad fate 20, 21 47. Of the expedition made by Amidas and Barlow 21 48. Of Raleigh's first attempt to colonize America 21 49. Of his second attempt, with some account of Raleigh himself. 21, 22 50. Of the attempt at colonization made in 1602 22 51. Give an account of Pring's first voyage to America 23 62. Give an account of his second voyage to America 23 53. What region was afterward known as North Virginia? 24 54. What region was, at the same time, known as South Virginia? 24 55. Give an account ofthe Plymouth Co.'s attempt at settlement. 24, 25 56. Of the London Company's expedition, with its success 25 2Y SECTION II. Colonial History. EXTENDING FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607, TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, IN 1754. YIEGINIA I. The first settlement in Virginia was made in 1607, at Jamestown.^' Tlie colony was gov- erned under a charter granted by James I., the supreme government be- ing vested in a council resident in England, and the local government in a colonial council, the members of both deriv- ing their appointment from the king. 11. The firsti council consisted of seven per- sons, among whom were Bartholomew Gosnold, John Smith,f and John Ratclitfe, with Edward Wingfield, an avaricious and unprincipled man, for governor. * With the exception of the ruins of two or three houses, and of a church and fort, nothing remains ol the ancient town. . t John Smith was born in Willoughby, county of Lincolnshire, England, in 1579. His life was a most eventful one, and, considering the age iii which 'he lived, he was indeed a remarkable man. The narra- tive of the part he took in wars against the Turks, of his captivity by them, and his escape, seems more like a romance than a reality. He died in London, in 1631. Virginia.— I. Questions.— 1. When was Virsrinia first settled? 2. At what place? 3. Ho%y was Jamestown situated? (Sec map, p. 29.) ' i. In what direction from the Bermuda Islands was Jamestown? (See map, p. 10.) 5. How was the colony at first governed ? + Colonial. 28 COLONIAL HISTORY. Smith, at first, was not permitted to take a seat in the council, because of a false, charge of sedition made against him by his colleagues ; but they were soon compelled to restore him to his station. III. For a time the colony did not prosper. The scarcity of provisions, the hostility of the natives, the want of indus- trial habits among the settlers, and sickness, which carried to ; the grave fifty men in less than four months, proved nearly tatal to its existence. Bartholomew Gosnold, the projector of the settlement, and a man whose influence had greatly con- tributed to promote harmony in the council, was among those who died. IV. Wingfield, the president, having embezzled the public stores, and become concerned in a plot to abandon the settle- ment, in a vessel belonging to the colony, was expelled from the council. He was succeeded in the presidency by Rat- clifFe ; but, in consequence of the inefiiciency of the latter, the management of affairs fell into the hands of Captain John Smith. Several months later, upon the actual deposition of Ratcliffe, Smith was formally elected in his place. V. To the efforts of the new president, almost unaided as they were, the salvation of the infant colony was owing. He made frequent excursions into the neighboring country, and returned with supplies of corn. He also explored Chesapeake Bay, ascended the James and other rivers as far as he could in boats, and made his knowledge, thus acquired, of great use in the government of the colony. II. Qttestions. — G. Of bow many persons difl the eonncil consist? 7. Name four of the most prominent men belonging to the iirst council. 8. Who was the first governor ? 0. What was his character ? 10. How was Smith at first treated by the council? III. 11. Dill the colony, at the beginning, prosper or not? 12. What were the causes? 13. What is said of Gosnold ? IV. 14. Of what two crimes was Wingfield guilty? 15. By whom was he super- seded? 18. What is said of Eatclifl"e's management? IT. What was the conse- quence ? V. 18. What is said of the efforts of Smith? 10. What of his excursions for corn? 20. Of his explorations? VIRGINIA. 29 (QtiesUons to teanmceredfi om the above map ) Name five rivers that Uow into Chesapeake Bay What two capes are at the en- trance of the bay ? To what large body of water is Chesapeake Bay tributary ? Ans. — The Atlantic Ocean. How was Jamestown situated? Into what body of water does the Chowan Paver flow ? What other river flows into Albemarle Sound ? How is the Island of Koanoke situated? In what dii-ection is it from Jamestown? 30 COLONIAL HISTORY. JOHN SMITH. VI. On one of his expedi- tions up the Chickahoininy, in search of corn, he was sur- rounded by about three hun- dred Indians, and, after a des- perate struggle, captured. In triumpli they conducted him through the country, showing him to tlie various tribes on the Rappahannock and Potomac Rivers, and then took him to a chief, dwelling near the fork of the York River. After being detained for three days he was sent to Powhatan, the prin- cipal chief, or " emperor of the country," whose subjects numbered about eight thousand. His residence was on the York River. The Indian warriors met in council, and, after a long and solemn consultation, determined that Smith should be put to death. VII. Accordingly he was bound, and his head placed upon a large stone ; but, just as the savages were raising their clubs to dash out his brains, Poca- hontas, the beloved daughter of Powhatan, a child only twelve years old, rushed for- ward, clasped the captive's head in her arms, and begged that his life might be spared. Her generous and heroic conduct touched her fatlier's heart, and the sentence was revoked. Smith was not only set at liberty, but an escort of twelve men was provided to conduct him to Jamestown.* 1 the narrative published by Sn POCAHONTAS. * This story is disputed. It had its origin i Ptcahontas. litli after the death of VI. Questions.— 21. How was he captured ? 22. To whom did the Indians ton- VIRGINIA. 31 VIII. On arriving there, after an absence ot seven weeks, he fonnd every thing in disorder. The colony was reduced to forty men, the strongest of whom were preparing to quit the country. The attempt at desertion was prevented by deci- sive action ; order was restored ; and a large accession to TUB ATTEMPT AT DESERTION SUPPEES8ED. their number by the arrival of Newport, who had been to England, revived the drooping spirits of the colonists. Smith, by his captivity and frequent expeditions, gained considerable knowledge of the language and manners of the Indians, and of the country and its resources, which enabled him to estab- lish a peaceful intercourse between the settlers and the tribes of Powhatan. duct him T 28. Where did Powhutan live 7 24. Describe the York River. (See map, p. 29.) 25. What sentence was pronounced against Smith? Vir. 26. How (lid the Indians undertake to carry out the sentence ? 27. Slata how Smith was saved. 2S. Wliat else did Powhatan do lor Smith? VIII. Questions.— 29. What condition of things did Smith find at JamestowB upon his arrival there? 30. Of what value did Smith's c.Tptivity prove to James- town ? 32 COLONIAL HISTORY. IX. The administration of the affairs of Jamestown, how- ever, gave no satisfaction to the company in England. Be- lieving that under a new charter, conferring greater privileges, their dreams of profit would be realized, they sought and ob- tained one, in 1609, and appointed Lord Delaware, a noble- man distinguished for his virtues as well as his rank, gover- nor for life. X. Christopher Newport, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir G-eorge Somers, who had been appointed commissioners authorized to administer the aftairs of the colony till the arrival of Lord Delaware, were dispatched to America with a fleet of nine vessels and more than five hundred emigrants. While on the passage a severe storm dispersed the fleet. One of the vessels, that bearing the commissioners, was wrecked on one of the Bermuda Islands, and one small one foundered : the other seven reached the James River in safety. XL Although no person had yet arrived authorized to su- persede the president. Smith at first made no attempt to maintain his power ; but the disorder and disaster that ensued so alarmed the better portion of the colonists, that, at their request, he resumed his abandoned functions. While return- ing from a visit to one of the settlements near Jamestown which he had established, he was so severely injured by an explosion of gunpowder, that, feeling the need of the best sur- gical skill, he returned to England towards the close of 1609. XII. No sooner had Smith fairly depai'ted than the colonists gave themselves up to idleness and vice. The Indians be- IX QiTESTiONS. — 31. When did tho London Company get a second charter? 32. Why did they ask for it? 33. What appointment was conferred upon Lord Del- aware ? 34 What can you say of Lord Delaware ? X. 35. Who had heen authorized to precede Lord Delaware in tho management of the affairs of the colony? 36. How many vessels and emigrants did they have? 37. What accident happened to the fleet ? XI. 38. How was tho colony governed after the arrival of the seven vessels? 39. What accident happened to Smith? 40. What did he do in consequence? XII. 41. IIow did the colonists behave after his departure? 42. What was the consequence? 43. What was that period of time called? 44. What determination did the colonists finally come to? 4.5. Why was not the determination carried out ? VIRGINIA. 33 came hostile, the horrors of famine ensued, and, in less than six months after, not more than sixty, of the five hundred per- sons whom he had left, remained. This period of distress and gloom was long remembered as the " starving-time." In consequence of the destitute condition to which the colonists were reduced, and of the gloomy prospects ahead, it was determined to desert Jamestown entirely, and seek safety among the English fishermen at Newfoundland. In four ves- sels they embarked ; but just as they were drawing near the mouth of the river, Lord Delaware appeared with emigrants and supplies, and persuaded them to return. XIII. Under the administration of the wise and good Dela- ware, order and contentment prevailed, and the affairs of the colony began to prosper ; but, unfortunately, his health failed, and he was compelled to return to England, leaving the gov- ernment to be administered by a deputy. New settlements were made in the vicinity of Jamestown, and notwithstanding the laws were harsh and strict, the colony continued to pros- per. The company in England, however, with a view to greater advantages, obtained another charter, their third, in 1612. A remarkable feature of the new charter allowed the company to hold meetings for the transaction of business, thus giving to the body a democratic form of government. XIV. In 1613 occurred the marriage of Pocahontas to a young Englishman named John Rolfe (rolf). This event proved to be of great importance, as it had the eff"ect of es- tablishing a confirmed peace with Powhatan, as well as with, the powerful Chickahominy Indians. Three years after her marriage, Pocahontas accompanied her husband to Eng- land, where she was an object of great interest to all classes XIII. Questions. — 46. What is said of the aflfairs of the colony under the admin- istration of Lord Delaware? 47. What, unfortunately, was he compelled to do? 48. When did the London Company procure their third charter? 49. What re- markable feature did the new charter contain ? XIV. 50. What interesting event took place in 1613? 51. Of what importance did it prove ? 52. What further can you state of Pocahontas ? 2* 34 COLONIAL HISTORY. of citizens, and was presented at court. While preparing to return to her native land she suddenly died, leaving a son, from whom are descended many well-known families in Vir- ginia. XV. During the year 1613 two expeditions were sent from Virginia, under the command of Samuel Argall, an avaricious man, who afterwards became deputy-governor of the colony. Argall's object was the protection of the fisher- men off the coast of Maine ; but discovering a French settle- ment near the Penobscot, he destroyed it, and dispersed the inhabitants. In his second expedition he reduced and plundered Port Royal, in Nova Scotia. XVI. The commencemeat of negro slavery in the English colonies dates from its introduction into Virginia, in 1620, when a Dutch vessel entered the James River with negroes, twenty of whom were landed and sold into perpetual slavery. The culture of cotton Avas begun the next year. A large number of colonists were sent to Virginia during the year 1620, among whom were about a hundred young women of good reputation, who were disposed of to the planters as wives, each purchaser giving one hundred pounds of tobacco, being the cost of the woman's passage to America. XVII. After the marriage of Pocahontas, until the death of her father, peaceful relations existed between the settlers and the Indians; but, in 1622, Powhatan's successor com- menced a bloody war, in one day massacring about three hundred and fifty men, women, and children. The settlers retaliated, slaughtering great numbers of the Indians and driving the rest into the wilderness. XV. QpKSTioNS.— 53. Who was Samuel Argall ? 54. Give an account of his first expedition from Virginia. 55. Of his second. 5G. Describe the Penobscot Eiver. (See map of Maine.) 5T. How is Port Eoyiil situated ? (See map, p. 10.) XVI. 5S. How was negro slavery introduced into the English colonies in America ? 59. What can you say of the commencement of cotton culture ? 60. How did the planters get their wives ? XVII. 61. How long did peaceful relations continue between the whites and Indians? 62. Give an account of the first massacre. VIRGINIA. 35 XVIII. The affairs of the colony caused frequent meetings of the London Company. These were largely attended by the stockholders, and exciting debates, often of a political charac- ter, took place. The freedom of speech manifested on such occasions displeased King James, and he determined to ac- complish the dissolution of the company. Under the pre- text, therefore, that the disasters to the colony were the re- sult of bad government, the dissolution was effected, and, in 1624, Virginia became a royal province. XIX. The celebrated " Navigation Act," which secured to English ships the monopoly of the carrying trade with Eng- land, and seriously abridged the freedom of colonial commerce, was passed by Parliament in 1651. It was not at first en- forced against Virginia, but after its re-enactment in 1660, with new provisions, it was rigorously executed, despite the remon- strances of the colonists. In 1673, Charles II., of England, granted to Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington, " all the dominion of land and water called Virginia," for the term of thirty-one years. XX. The complaints of the people grew louder and louder. In addition to this lavish grant, and the oppressiveness of the " Navigation Act," the colonists were restricted in the elective franchise ; were required to conform to the doctrines and rituals of the Church of England ; and the taxes levied were unequal and oppressive. They wanted but an excuse for appearing in arms, and it was soon found in the invasion made by the Susquehanna Indians. The invaders penetrated Virginia from the north, and carried desolation and death to many a lonely plantation. XVIII. Questions.— 63. Why did the London Company have frequent meetings? 64. "What can you say of the meetings ? 65. What did King James determine upon ? 66. Why ? 6T. When did he accomplish his purpose ? 6S. What was his pretest for so doing ? XIX. 69. When was the celebrated " Navigation Act" passed ? 70. What was its most obnoxious feature ? 71. How did it affect the colonial commerce 1 72. What can you say of its enforcement ? 73. What grant of Virginia was afterward made to two persons? XX. 74. Of what did the people complain ? 75. What did they seek ? 76. What excuse was soon found ? 77. What did the Susquehannas do ? 86 COLONIAL HISTORY. XXL The people, knowing Governor Berkeley's measures for defense to be very inefficient, demanded permission to arm and protect themselves; but, being refused, they united ostensibly to repel the Indian invaders; and thus a struggle for popular liberty broke out in 1676, known as Bacon's Rebel- lion. Nathaniel Bacon, from whom the movement took its name, was at once pointed out as the leader. His social po- sition was good ; he was eloquent and courageous. XXII. With a force of five hundred men he marched against the Indians, whoni he met and defeated ; and though Berkeley issued a proclamation declaring those in arms rebels, no notice was taken of the fulmination. The success against the Indians inspired the insurgents with confidence. They made demands which Berkeley consented to grant; but it soon becoming evident that he was acting treacherously, a desultory civil war broke out, in the course of which James- town was burned to the ground. XXIII. Just as the success of the rebellion seemed to be established, and plans in respect to a new government were about to be adopted, Bacon suddenly died. The governor then pursued vigorous measures, and, regaining his former power, caused twenty-two of the insurgents to be hanged. Fines, imprisonments, and confiscations disgraced his adminis- tration until he was recalled by the king, in 1677. XXIV. Berkeley's successor was Lord Culpepper, to whom and the Earl of Arlington the country had been granted in 1673, as previously stated. Virginia then became a pro- XSI. Questions. — 7S. "What demand did the people make of the governor? 79. Who was the governor? SO. How did he treat their demand ? SI. What was the consequence ? 82. Who was the leader of the insurgents ? XXII. S3. Kelate the incidents of the rebellion. XXIII. 84. What misfortune befell the insurgents ? So. What was Berkeley's conduct afterwards towards them? XXIV. 80. Who succeeded Berkeley as governor of Virginia? 87. What change was then made in the character of the government? SS How long did Vir- ginia continue as a proprietary government? 89. What can you say of the subse- quent government? MASSACHUSETTS. 37 prietaiy government. Culpepper continued to rule until 1684, when, in consequence of his mismanagement, the king revoked the grant made to him and Arlington, and deprived him of his office. Virginia thus became a royal province again, and so remained till the Revolution. MASSACHUSETTS. from its settlement, in 1620, to the union of new england colonies,' in 1643. TICUmT OP MASSACHUSETTS BAY JLJV JT I C I. Captain John Smith, who had performed so creditable a part in the settlement of Virginia, set sail from London in 1614, with two ships, for the purpose of trade and discovery Massachusetts.— I. Questions.— 1. When do we next hear of Captain Johr. Smith? 2. "With how many vessels did he sail from England? 3. Where did he intend to go? 4 What was his object? 5. What did he accomplish? 6. What wrong was perpetrated upon the Indians? 38 COLONIAL HISTORY, in the region of Cape Cod. He reached the American coast, examined the shores from the Penobscot Kiver to Cape Cod. and prepared a map of the country, to which he gave the name of New England. The hister of the expedition, unfor- tunately, was very much dimmed by the act of Thomas Hunt, who commanded one of the ships : by him twenty -four of the natives were captured and taken to Spain, where they were sold into slavery. H. The original Ply- mouth Company having been superseded by an- other, called the Coun- cil of Plymouth, King James granted to the latter, in 1620, absolute- ly and exclusively, all the territory between the 40th and 48tli parallels of north latitude, ex- tending from the Atlan- tic to the Pacific. It was not, however, under the direction of this council, or with the aid of the King, that the first permanent settlement in New England was made, but by a small band of Pilgrims, dissenters from the Church of England, who fled from their own country to find an asylum from religious per- il. Questions. — 7. What company superseded the Plymouth Company ? 8. What grant was made to the now company ? 9. Through which Atlantic State does the 40th parallel of north latitude run ? (See map of United States.) 10. Through what large island does the 48th parallel run ? (See map of North America.) 11. By whom was the first jiermanont settlement made in New England ? 12. What direction and aid should they have had? 13. Why did the Pilgrims leave England? MASSACHUSETTS. 39 secution. The sect to which they belonged were known in England as Puritans. III. They at first went to Amsterdam, in Holland, whence they removed to Leydcn {ll'-den.) At Leyden they lived in great harmony for about eleven years, under the pastoral care of John Robinson ; but, from various causes, they became dis- satisfied with their residence in Holland, and desired to plant a colony in America, where they might enjoy their civil and reli- giousVights without disturbance. After much solicitation they obtained a grant of land from the London Company, and, being III QUE8T10NS.-14. To what place did they first go after kaving England? 15. In whatdirectlon from London is Amsterdam ? (See map, p. 39.) 16. To what place did they remove? IT. How long were they at Leyden? 18. Who was their pastor at Leyden' 19. Why did they leave Holland? 20. From whom did they obtain a grant of land ? 21. What arrangement did they make with some merchants ? 40 COLONIAL HISTORY. "without means, formed a contract witli some London mer- chants, who furnished the capital for the undertaking. IV. As many as coukl be accommodated embarked on board a vessel called the Speedwell, but the larger portion re- mained at Leyden with Robinson. The ship sailed to South- ampton, England, where she was joined by another ship, called the Mayflower, with a body of Puritans from London. The two vessels soon set sail, but had not gone far before the Speedwell was fonnd to need repairs, and they entered the port of Dartmouth, England. They started a second time, but again put back, this time to Plymouth, where the Speed- well was abandoned as unseaworthy. V. Then, after permitting those who chose to abandon the enterprise, the Mayflower set sail alone, with one hundred and one persons,- — men, women, and children, — the most dis- tinguished of whom were John Carver, William Brewster, Miles Standish, William Bradford, and Edward Wiuslow. After a boisterous passage of sixty-three days, they reached the American coast, and in two days after were safely moored in Cape Cod Bay. In the cabin of the Mayflower, before they landed, they agreed to an ^y t^i6 success of an enterprise conducted by Colonel Bradstreet, an officer under Abercrombie. While the main army was wasting away tlie season at the head of Lake George, Bradstreet obtained permission to go against Fort Frontenac, situated where Kingston now stands, on the north side of the entrance of Lake Ontario. Proceeding by way of the Mohawk and Oswego, he crossed the lake, and, on the 27th of August, captured the fort, the garrison having either fled or surrendered at discretion. This was a severe blow to the French, as the place, besides being in a commanding position, contained a vast amount of military stores intended for Fort Duqilesne, and in the harbor were several armed vessels. Bradstreet, after sending two of the vessels, laden with the spoils, to Oswego, destroying the others, and dismantling the fort, returned to Lake George. VIIL In the third expedition planned for the year, that against Fort Duquesne, Washington held an important com- mand under Forbes. Instead of advancing by the old road which Braddock had taken in 1755, it was decided, against the judgment of Washington, that a new one further east should be opened for the expedition. As was to have been expected, the progress made was exceedingly tedious. Winter was fast approaching, and yet Forbes was many miles from Duquesne. A feeling of discouragement pervaded the troops, which was augmented by a defeat, and loss of three hundred men, sus- tained by Major Grant while leading an advance detachment. IX. In this strait Forbes called a council of war, the result of which was a determination to abandon the expedition. Before, however, the order to return was given, intelligence of an encourao-ino: character was received. The march was VIII. Questions. — 25. In which expedition did Washington hold a command? 26. By what road was the advance against Duquesne made ? 27. What was the result? 2S. What check was expcritnced by Grant? IX. 29. What was determined upon in a council of war? 80. Why was not the determination carried out? 31. What success finally rewarded the efforts of the ex- pedition ? 82. Why had the French abandoned the fort ? S3. What did the English do with the fort? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 103 175J therefore resumed, and when, towards the latter part of November, Duquesne was reached, it was found in ruins. The French had set fire to it and retreated down the Ohio. The destruction of Frontenac had cut off all hope of reinforcements and supplies ; their savage allies, when des- titution and danger threatened, had deserted — hence the ruin and abandonment of the fort. The English at once repaired and garrisoned the place, and, in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the name to Fort Pitt. EVENTS OP 1759. I. The great object of the campaign of 1759 was the re- stale ot MUes. f^ NOVA SCOTIA, NEW B RUNSWICK duction of Canada ; and General Amherst, who had gained great favor by his success at Louisburg, was appointed com- EvEKTS OP 1759.— Questions. -I. 1. "WTiat was the object of the campaign of 1T59? 2. What change took place in the commanders? 8. What was the plan of operations ? 104 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. ^ marider-in-chief, to succeed Abercrombie. By the plan of operations, General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to reduce Ticonderoi^a and Crown Point, and then co-operate with Wolfe ; while a third divi- sion, under General Prideaux (pnc?'-o), after capturing Niag- ara, was to proceed against Montreal. II. Early in July, Prideaux reached Niagara, and at once commenced a siege, during which he was unfortunately killed by the bursting of a shell. Sir William Johnson, having suc- ceeded to the command, defeated a force of twelve hundred French and Indians who were advancing to the relief of the place, and compelled the besieged to capitulate. Instead, however, of proceeding against Montreal, according to the plan of operations, he garrisoned the fort which he had taken, and then made his way to Albany. III. In the mean time Amherst had reached the vicinity of Ticonderoga. As he advanced, the French fled from both Ticonderoga and Crown Point without striking a blow, and retired to an island in the Sorel River. Neglecting to follow up his successes as he should have done, he allowed the sum- mer to pass before he made any attempt at pursuit. Then a succession of storms damaged his fleet ; and the cold weather approaching, he went into winter quarters at Crown Point, and thus failed to co-operate against Quebec, IV. Of the three expeditions, that under Wolfe can be said to have been the only one completely successful. With an II. Questions. — i. What is said of Prideaux's operations and fate ? 5. Who suc- ceeded him? 6. What success did Johnson meet with? 7. In what respect did he deviate from the original plan of operations? S. How is Niagara situated? (See map, p. 85.) III. 9. How far had Amherst proceeded, in the mean time ? 10. How are Ticon- deroga and Crown Point situated ? (See map, p. S5.) 11. Of what lake is the Sorel Eiver the outlet? (See same map.) 12. By what other name is the Sorel some- times known? (See map, p. 134.) IV. 13. With how many men did Wolfe advance against Quebec? 14. What route did he take ? 15. On what small island did be land his men? 16. In what direction from Quebec, is that island ? (See map, p. 103.) 17. Where is Poiut Levi ? 18. What did Wolfe do at Point Levi ? 19. With what success? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 105 army of elglit thousand men, he ascended the St. ^_ Lawrence River as far as the Isle of Orleans, where, in the latter part of June, he landed his whole force in safety. Taking possession of Point Levi, ojjposite Quebec, he estab- lished a battery there, which, though it destroyed the build- ings near the river's edge, did but little damage to that part of the city situated on the promontory. THE ST. LAWRENCE, IN 1759. V. Becoming convinced that the battery was not near enough to accomplish the reduction of the place, he deter- mined upon a bold attack. Accordingly, on the 31st of July, an attempt was made upon the enemy's intrenchments, but it resulted in defeat and the loss of nearly five hundred men. This contest is known as the battle of the Montmorenci. V. QtTESTioN. — 20. Give an account of the battle of the Montmorenci. 106 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. ,. ^ YI. Not discourao-cd by the disaster, Wolfe resolved 1 7o9 upon another plan. During the night of the 12th of September his troops effected a landing, at a place about two miles above the city, and, climbing by a nairow path the steep bank of the St. Lawrence, at daylight, on the following morning, they stood on the Plains of Abraham in battle array. YII. Montcalm, who was in command of the French, re- fused at first to believe that the force on the Plains was any thing more than a small foraging or marauding party, such confidence did he feel in the unapproachableness of the place in that direction. But, becoming convinced of his error, he abandoned his intrenchments, and led his troops against the enemy. A fierce and bloody battle followed, which resulted in the defeat of the French. Wolfe fell in the moment of victory, and Montcalm,* mortally wounded in the action, ex- pired soon after. The French, fearing a famine, and dreading the horrors of an assault, surrendered the city five days after the battle. EVENTS OP 1160, AND CLOSE OP THE WAE. I. Although the British had captured Quebec, the reduc- tion of Canada, which was the object of the campaign of 1759, was not yet accomplished. This failure undoubtedly was owing to the want of activity on the part of Amherst. His long stay, too, at Crown Point, gave De Levi, Montcalm's successor, an opportunity to make preparation for the recov- ery of Quebec. Montcalm was born in France, in 1712. At the close of the battle in which he -was mortally wound- on lieinn told that he could not live loni;, " So much the better," he said; " 1 shall not live to seethe render of Quebec." ne died on tjie morning of the 14th of September. VI. Questions. — 21. What pinn did Wolfe then determine upon? Til. 22. How was Montcalm surprised? 2.3. Give an account of the battle that followed. 24. Bywhatnameis that battle known ? ^w,s.— The battle of the Plains of Abraham. 25. On what day did it occur? 26. When did Quebec surrender ? Events of 17C0. — I. 1. Why had not the British completed the reduction of Canada before the close of 1T597 2. What, beside, was the result of Amherst's inac- tivity? 8. Who succeeded Montcalm in the command of the French ? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 107 II. As soon as the St. Lawrence was free of ice, De Levi proceeded to besiege the city. The British, instead of await- ing the approach of the enemy, and defending themselves from the strong position which they occupied, marched about three miles above the city, and there, on the 28th of April, 1760, was fought one of the most desperate battles of the war. After losing a thousand men or more, the British were compelled to fall back to the defenses which they had unwisely abandoned. The opportune arrival of a British fleet, some days after, changed the scene completely ; and the French lost no time in raising the siege and retreating to Montreal. III. It was not till September that Amherst, taking the indirect route by way of Oswego, made his way into Canada and invested Montreal. The French governor, unable to re- sist, signed a capitulation, by which not only Montreal, but the whole of Canada, was surrendered into the hands of the English. IV. On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty of peace be- tween Great Britain and France was signed at Paris. France, by the terms of the treaty, ceded to Great Britain all her American possessions east of the Mississippi, north of the Iber- ville River, in Louisiana [lou-e'-ze-ah'-na). At the same time a treaty was made by which Spain ceded her possessions of East and West Florida to Great Britain. Thus, it will be seen, the French and Indian War lasted more than eight years. The first gun was fired in Washington's engagement with Jumonville, in 1754, and the contest was brought to a close by the treaty of Paris, in 1763. V. Among the dependencies which were surrendered to II. Questions. — i. Give an account of De Levfs operations. 5. How was Que- bec saved to the English ? III. 6. By what route did Amherst proceed against Montreal ? 7. How is Quebec situated? (See map, p. 103.) 8. How, Montreal? (See map, p. 85.) IV. 9. By what treaty was the war brought to a close ? 10. What territory did Great Britain acquire? 11. What other treaty was made at the same time? V. 12. What stations or posts were included in the surrender of territory to the English? 13. What is said of this transfer? 14. Of what did the Indians soon make themselves masters? 108 FRENCH AND INDIAN "WAR. Great Britain by the treaty, were several stations or posts between the lakes and the Ohio, and in the valley of that river. The transfer of these places from the French, with whom the Indians had been on friendly terras, to the English, whom they disliked, greatly exasperated the savages in that region, and they, in a short time, made themselves masters of all the posts, except those of Niagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit ; and hundreds of families were butchered or driven from their homes. VI. Detroit was besieged for six month?, but was finally re- lieved. The Indians at last were compelled to sue for peace, though Pontiac (ijfo?^'-/^-^^), their principal chief, from whom the war takes its name, refused to submit. He wandered towards the Mississippi, endeavoring to stir up the western tribes against the English, till his career was terminated by the hand of one of his own people. PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. DATES. BATTLES. COMMANDERS. VICTORS. English. 1 French. 1754. May 28, July 4, 1755. June 16, June 17, July 9, Sept. 8 • 1756. Aug. 14, 1757. Aug. 9, 1758. July 6, July 8, July 26, Sept. 21, 1759. July 25, July 31, Sept. 13, 1760. Apr. 28, Great Meadows Fort Necessity Washington Washington Jumonville . De Vilhers. English. French. Fort Beausejour Fort Gasperau Monongahela Near Lake George . . . Head of Lake George.. Monckton. . Monckton. . Braddock . . Williams . . Johnson . . . De Vergor. De Villerai . Beaujeu Dieskau. . . . Dieskau. . . . English. English. French. French. English. Oswego Mercer .... Montcalm . . French. Fort William Henry. . Monroe. . . . Montcalm . . French. Near Ticonderoga. . . . Ticonderoga Howe Ab'rcrombie Amherst. . . Grant De Trepesee Montcalm . . Drucourt. . . Aubry English. French. English. French. Louisburg Near Fort Duquesne.. Fort Niagara Montmorenci Plains of Abraham. . Johnson . . . Wolfe Wolfe Aubry . . . . Montcalm . . Montcalm . . English. French. English. 3 miles above Quebec . Murray. . . . De Levi. . . . French. VI. 15. What is said of tho siege of Detroit? 16. By what name is the war known? 17. What is said of the closing career of Pontiac? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 109 EEVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGB 1. How many troops did the Euglish liave iu the field in 1758 ?. . 100 2. "What was the object of the division under Amherst ?......... 100 3. Give an account of Amherst's operations and success 100 4. "What was the object of the division under Abercrombie ? 100 5. Give an account of Abercrombie's operations 101 6. "What was the object of the division under Forbes ? 100 1. Give an account of Forbes's operations 102, 103 8. Give an account of the expedition against Frontenac 10^2 9. "Why did the Frencli abandon Fort Duquesne, in 1758 ? 103 10. "What further can you give of the history of that fort?. . . . 103, 108 11. In what year did the EngUsh determine to take Canada? 103 12. "Who succeeded Abercrombie as commander-in-chief? 103, 104. 13. "What part against Canada was assigned to "Wolfe ? 1 04 14. Give an account of W^olfe's operations imtil July 104, 105 15. "What part against Canada was assigned to Prideaux? 104 16. Give an account of his operations and fate 104 17. "What was done and also omitted by his successor ? 104 18. "What part against Canada was assigned to Amherst? 104 19. Give an account of Ms march and tardj' operations 104 20. "What was done against Quebec by "\\"olfe, in July, 1759? .... 105 21. "What was done by "Wolfe on the night of the 12th Sept., 1759? 106 22. "When did the battle of the Plains of Abraham occur? 106 23. "What were the memorable words of the dying Montcalm ?. . . . 106 24. "When didtlie French surrender Quebec to the English?. . . . 106 25. "Why did they not hold out longer before surrendering ? 106 26. '^''hat was the great object of the English campaign of 1759?. 103 27. Did the English accomplish tlie object during that year ? 106 28. By whom was Montcalm succeeded in command of the French? 106 29. "What was the consequence of Amherst's inactivity?. 106 30. "When did De Levi commence operations against Quebec?. . . . 107 31. "What mistake did the British make ? lOt 32. Give an account of the battle fought near Quebec .'...., 107 33. What prevented the French from recovering the city ?...... 107 34. How did the English get Montreal and the rest of Canada ?. . 107 35. What took place on the 10th of February, 1763 ? 107 36. What territory did the French surrender to the English?. . . . 107 37. What stations or posts were included in the surrender ?. . . .107, 108 38. What was the consequence of surrendering them ? 108 39. Who was then the principal Indian chief in that section ?. . . , 108 40. How was the " Pontiac War" brought to a close ? 108 110 SECTIOlSr I"V, THE AMEKICAlSr REYOLUTIOK— CAUSES OF THE WAE. I. The expenses which Great Britain had incurred in the French and Indian War had increased her national debt more than three hundred millions of dollars. The EngUsh minis- try, asserting that this had been done in defending the colonies, declared that the Americans ought of right to share in the burden ; and, accordingly, it was proposed by the min- istry, George Grenville being at its head, that a direct revenue should be drawn from the colonies by a system of taxation. It was also affirmed that, regardless of the manner in which the national debt had been contracted or augmented, or even in the absence of any debt whatever. Parliament possessed the inherent right to tax America. II. On the other hand, it was maintained that the colonies had been founded at their own expense ; and that they had already contributed more than their fair proportion in defend- ing themselves, while the advantages accruing from their preservation were shared by England in common with them- selves. The colonists also maintained that they could only be justly taxed by a legislature in which tliey were repre- sented. Inasmuch, therefore, as they were not allowed to send representatives to the British Parliament, that body had no right to impose upon them any taxes whatever. III. Beside, the policy of Great Britain towards her Ameri- can colonies, from the very beginning of their existence, as Causes of the Revolution. — I. Questions. — 1 How much did the French and Indian War add to Great Britain's debt? 2. What assertion did the British ministry make? 3. What declaration did they deduce therefrom ? 4. What proposition was accordingly made ? 5. What strong affirmation was made? II. 6. What was maintained by the Americans, as regards the founding of their colonies? 7. What, as regards their contribution for defense in connection with the advantages? 8. What, as regards the principle of taxation ? III. 9. What is said of the policy of Great Britain '! 10. What were the " Writs of Assistance ?" AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Ill shown in the " Xavigation Act," with the oppressive measures that preceded and those that succeeded, even down to the au- thorization of the "Writs of Assistance," in 1761, had been unjust and ilUberal, and calculated to incite a rebellious spirit. These " Writs of Assistance" were general search-warrants, which empowered custom-house officers to break open ships, stores, and private dwellings, in search of merchandise which, it was suspected, had paid no duty; and the writs also empow- ered the officers to compel sherifts and others to assist in the odious task. IV. When, therefore, the news of the Stamp Act, passed by Parliament in 1*765, reached America, intense indignation was produced throughout the country. By the provisions of the act, all instruments in writing, such as deeds, bonds, and notes, as well as printed pamphlets, newspapers, almanacs, etc., were to be executed on stamp- ed paper, to be purchased from the agents of the British gov- ernment. V. The first burst of opposi- tion appeared in the legislature of Virginia, where Patrick Hen- ry* distinguished himself by his bold and manly eloquence. In Massachusetts too the opposition was fearless, and, upon the re- commendation of her Assembly, a Colonial Congress, composed PATRICK HENRT. Patrick Henry was born in Virginia, in 1736. He died in 1799, the • of Washington's death. IV. Questions.— 11. When Tvas the Stamp Act passed ? 12. How was the news of its passage received in America ? 13. What was exacted by the provisions of the Act ? V. 14. What is said of Patrick Henry ? 15. Of the opposition in Massachusetts ? 16. What recommendation did the Massachusetts Assembly make? IT. How many colonies were represented in the Congress? 18. Who was the presiding officer of the Congress? 19. Where was the Congress held ? 20. What was the result of their deliberations ? 112 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. of delegates from nine colonies, with Timothy Ruggles,* of Mas- sachusetts, for president, was held in New York, to consult with reference to the general safety. The result of their de- liberations was the adoption of a Declaration of Rights, a Petition to the King, and a Memorial to both Houses of Par- liament. VI. So intense was the popular indignation against the Stamp Act, as also against the officers appointed to distribute the stamps, that when the day came on which the obnoxious law was to go into effect, there were no officials courageous enough to carry it into execution. AH the stamped paper was either destroyed or concealed ; and, for a time, all transactions requiring stamps were entirely suspended. VII. At length business resumed its previous course, being conducted without stamps. In addition to this general oppo- sition, the merchants of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and other places, agreed to import no more British goods while the Stamp Act remained a law. A change in the British ministry occurring, William Pitt and others exerted themselves in opposition to the obnoxious measure, and it was repealed in 1*766, the year after its enactment. YIII. The news of the repeal caused great rejoicing through- out America, but, as the sequel proved, without adequate cause ; for, notwithstanding the repeal of the Stamp Act, Par- liament, still claiming the right to tax the colonies, passed, at the same time, another law, called the Declaratory Act, which affirmed the right claimed, in all its length and breadth. It * Notwithstanding the patriotic stand talien by Rugfflea before the hostilities of the Revolution actu- ally commenced, he soi>n headed a body of loyalists and ioueht against the Americans. At the close of the war he went to Nova Scotia, and there resided till his death. VL Questions. — 21. What was the effect of the feeling against the Stamp Act? 22. What was (lone with the stamped paper? 23. What was the consequence, for a time, as regards transactions? VII. 24. How did business afterward shape itself ? 25. In what way did the mer- chants show their opposition to the Stamp Act? 26. (xive the closing history of the act. VIII. 27. How was the news of the repeal received in America? 28. How did It appear that the cause for rejoicing was illusory? 29. How was the asserted right to tax the colonies shown in 176T ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 113 was attempted to exercise the right so claimed by the passage of a bill, in the following year, 1767, for levying duties on glass, paper, painters' colors, and tea, imported into the colo- nies. Two other obnoxious acts were also passed during the same year. IX. The intelligence of these enactments produced a revival of the feelings which had been caused by the passage of the FANEtm. HALL, IN 1776.* Stamp Act. Non-importation associations were formed, the members of which were pledged not to import or use any ar- ticles of British production, subject to duty. The Massachu- setts Assembly i>:cued a circular to the other Colonial Assem- blies, asking their co-operation in efforts to obtain redress : in response, the most of them rdopted resolutions protesting against the odious enactments. * Faneuil Hall, in Bo3ton, was used by the patriots during: the Revolution, and, for that reason, is often called the " Cradle of American Liberty." The original building, comprising a market-place on the ground floor, a town-ball, and other rooms, was erecteii by Peter Faneuil, permission having been previ- ously granted bv the authorities of Boston. In 1761 it n-as'destroyed by fire, but in 1763 it was rebuilt at the ex|)en9e of t*he town, and when the British occupied Boston, in 1775, they used the hall for a theatre. In 1S05 the building underwent considerable alteration, when it was also enlarged. IX. Questions. — 30. How did the news of these enactments aflfect the colonists? 31. What organizations were formed? 32. What was done by the Massachusetts Assembly ? 3S.S. How did the other colonies respond ? 114 AMERICAN REVOHITION. X. The people of Boston were particularly decided in their opposition to one of the enactments known as the " New Rev- enue Law ;" and, in consequence, repeated collisions took place between them and the custom-house officers. For the purpose of overawing the Bostonians, the Governor of Massa- chusetts requested General Gage, the commander-in-chief of the British forces in America, to station troops in the city. In compliance therewith, two regiments arrived from Halifax, in September, 1768; but their presence still more exasperated the people, and affrays ensued, in one of which, called the " Boston Massacre," the soldiers fired upon the populace, kill- ing three men and wounding others. XL Before the news of the " massacre" reached England, an act was passed by Parliament, revoking all the duties laid in 1767, excepting tliat of threepence per pound on tea. As, however, the people of America were contending, not against the amount of taxes imposed, but against the principle of tax- ation without I'epresentation, the concession was by no means satisfactory. The Non-importation associations continued, but, of course, only as against the importation and use of the article upon which a duty was still laid. The tea for New York and Philadelphia was sent back to London, without being landed ; in Charleston it was stored in cellars, where it perished. XIL At Boston, on a cold moonlight night in December, 1773, a party of men, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships, broke open the chests of tea, emptied their contents into the water, and then quietly retired. In retaliation for X. QtTESTiONS. — 34. Wherein did the people of Boston evince particular opposi. tion? 85. What was the consequence? 36. What request did the governor of Mas- sachusetts make? 37. Why did he make the request? 88. How was the request complied with? 39. Give an account of the Boston massacre. XI. 40. What concessions were made hy Parliament in 1T70? 41. Why was not this concession satisfactory to the colonists? 42. To what extent did the agreement of the Non-importation associations continue ? 43. How was the tea which arrived disposed of ? XII. 44. Give an account of the doings of the " Boston Tea Party."' 45. How was the act retaliated ? 40. How did the Salem people behave upon the occasion ? 47. How, the people of Marblehead? 48. What other obnoxious act was also passed? AMEKICAN REVOLUTION-. 115 this defiant destruction, the British g-overnment determined to punish Boston ; and the Boston Port Bill, intended to close that port to all commerce, and transfer the seat of the colonial g-overnment to Salem, was accordingly passed. But the peo- ple of Salem refused to thrive at the expense of their neigh- bors, and Marblehead, fifteen miles distant from the despoiled town, oflFered her port, free of charge, to the Boston merchants. Other acts, which were considered gross violations of the char- ters and rightful privileges of the colonies, were also passed. Among these was one for quartering the king's troops on the colonies, at the people's expense. XIII. Meanwhile, delegates were chosen to represent the colonies at Philadelphia. Here, in September, 1*774, a general congress, known as " The First Continental Congress," or the " Old Continental Congress," convened, to deliberate on such measures as the united interests of the colonies might require. Fifty-one delegates, representing all the colonies except Geor- gia, were present, and Peyton Randolph,* of Virginia, was chosen President. XIV. Their first act was the passage of a resolution com- mending the conduct of the people of Boston in their oppo- sition to the obnoxious laws of Parliament. They also agreed upon a declaration of rights, recommended the suspension of all commercial intercourse with Great Britain, and voted an address to the king, another to the people of Great Britain, and a memorial to the Canadians. XV. General Gage, who, in addition to his position as commander-in-chief of the king's forces, had been recently ap- * Peyton Randolph was born in Virginia, in 1723. As stated above, he was the President of " The First Continental Congress." He was also elected President of the second Congress, held at Philadelphia in tho following year, but political duties calling him to Virginia before the close of its session, he was succeeded in the position by John Hancock, of Massachusetts. His death was sudden, occurring at Philadelphia, to- wards the close of October, 1775. XIII. Questions. — 19. What convention took place in 1TT4? 50. How many- delegates were present? 51. Name the twelve colonies that were represented. 52. WTio was chosen president of the Congress ? XIV. 53. What measures did they pass? XV. 54. What appointment had Gage received? 55. What did he determine upon? 56. What did he do in conformity with the determination ? 116 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. pointed governor of Massachusetts, determined, in this crisis, upon more active measures. He fortified Boston Neck, and seizing the military stores which the Americans had collected at Cambridge and Charlestown, conveyed them to his head- quarters. XVI. The people everywhere were excited, but their feel- ings were controlled by a prudence befitting the solemnity of the occasion. A conflict with the " mother country" seemed to be inevitable. The Massachusetts Assembly, though dissolved by the governor, had again convened as a Provincial Congress, and adopted a plan for organizing the militia. The men in Massachusetts capable of bearing arras were daily trained in military exercises, and pledged to take the field at a minute's notice ; hence their name of " minute men." Military meas- ures were also adopted in other colonies, and a general deter- mination was manifested to resist, even with arms, the new oppressions attempted to be imposed by Great Britain. EVENTS OP IT 7 5. I. The British government was not idle. Gage's forces at Boston had been so augmented by arrivals from England that in the beginning of April, 1775, he found himself in com- mand of three thousand troops. II. For the purpose of destroying the stores which the Americans had collected at Concord, a town about sixteen miles from Boston, he dispatched, at night, a detachment of eight hundred men, under Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn; XVI. Questions. — 57. What is said of the excitement of the people ? 58. In what respect did the Massachusetts Assembly undergo a change? 59. What is said of the "minute men?" Events of 1775. — I. 1. What activity had Gage shown? II. 2. What expedition was sent out under Smith and Pitcairn? 3. In what manner was it Intended the expedition should be conducted ? 4. How was the in- tention foiled? 5. In what direction from Boston is Concord? (See map, p. 37.) 6. In what direction from Boston is Lexington? (See same map.) 7. When did the British reach Lexington ? 8. What did they find there ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 117 but notwithstanding the intended secrecy of the expedition, the alarm was given, and the " minute men" were aroused in every direction by messages and signals from Boston. When the British reached Lexington, lialf the distance to Concord, before sunrise, on the morning of the 19th of April, between sixty and seventy of the citizens were drawn up under arras. CONCORD, MASS., IN 1774. III. Pitcairn rode forward and shouted, " Disperse, you reb- els ; throw down your arms and disperse ;" but, not being obeyed, he ordered his men to fire. Then was shed the first blood of the Revolution. Eight of the men of Lexington were killed, nine were wounded — a quarter of that heroic band had thus fallen — and the others dispersed. The British proceeded to Concord, and destroyed all the stores they could find. In the mean time the "minute men" from all directions had be- gun to assemble, and a skirmish ensued, in which several pei-- III. Questions. — 9. Describe what took oLace at Lexington. 10. At Concord. 118 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. sons were killed on both sides. Towards noon the 1775. invaders hegan their retrograde march for Boston. IV. The Americans pursued the retreating troops, keep- ing up a constant fire upon them from behind trees and stone fences. Colonel Smith was severely wounded, and his men, fainting and exhausted, were in danger of being en- tirely cut off, when they were joined at Lexington* by are-en- forcement of nine hundred men, under Lord Percy. A short interval for rest and refreshment was allowed, and then the nnited detachments of the British continued the retreat, taking the road to Charlestown. The minute men followed as be- fore, keeping up the pursuit until after sunset. The loss of the British during the memorable aflair of this day was about two hundred and eight, in killed, wounded, and missing ; that of the x\mericans was about ninety. V. The tidings of the day's contest spread with wonderful rapidity, and the militia from New Hampshire, Connecticut, and other parts of New England, hastened to join their breth- ren of Massachusetts in forming a camp in the neighborhood of Boston. Here General Artemas Ward, of Massachusetts, was exercising a limited command, by virtue of an appointment from the Provincial Congress of that colony ; but the men from the different colonies appeared mostly as independent corps, imder leaders of their own choosing. This was not all. The effect of the day's strife took a direction which nobody could have anticipated, — people began to talk of a separation from England, and of an independent government of their own. VL It being deemed important to secure Ticonderoga and Crown Point, in Mav, 1775, a number of volunteers from Ver- * Lexington, the scene of the first encounter iietween the British and Americans in the Revolutionary contest, is situated about ten miles northwest from Boston, and seven miles east from Concord. At the time of the encounter the town contained about seven hundred inhabitants. IV. Questions. — 11. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit as far as Lexing- ton. 12. How were the British aided at Lexington ? 13. Give an account of what afterwards took place. V. 14. What effect did the battle of Lexington have ? 15. Under -what organi- zation were the American forces which were collected near Boston? 16. What other effect did the day's strife have ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 119 nil mont and Connecticut, under Ethan Allen and Bene- dict Arnold, captured both places without loss ; and, by this fortunate achievement, a large supply of military and naval stores fell into the hands of the Americans. VII. So closely were the British troops at Boston hemmed in by the provincials, that the place began to experience the priv^itions of a besieged city. The timely arrival of re-enforce- ments from England, under Generals ilowe, Burgoyne, and Sir Henry Clinton, enabled Gage to act with more decision ; and that commander issued a proclamation, in which he declared all Americans in arms to be rebels and traitors, but otfered pardon to those who should return to their allegiance. To this oflPer two exceptions were made — John Hancock* and Samuel Adams f — their offences being pronounced too great to admit of pardon. VIII. The Americans, antici- pating that the British had de- signs against the country be- yond Charlestown, determined to seize and fortify the heights commanding the neck of the johj^ hancock. peninsula. Accordingly, on the evening of the 16th of June, Colonel Prescott was sent with a detachment of one thou- sand men to execute this perilous enterprise. * John Hancock was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1737. In 1775 he was elected President of tha Continental ConErress, and in 1776 he signed the Declaration of Independence. He died in Quincy, in 1793. t Samuel Adams was born in Boston, in 1722. He and John Adams were related, having the same great-grandfather, making them second cousins. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence. His death occurred in Boston, in 1803. VI. Questions. — ^17. Give an account of the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. IS. How are these two places situated ? (See map, p. 85.) VII. 19. What is said of the condition of the British troops in Boston ? 20. By whom was Gage joined from England ? 21. What is said of a proclamation ? 22. Who were excluded from the offer In the proclamation ? 23. Why were they ex- cluded ? VIII. 24. On what business was Prescott sent? 25. Why did the Americans wish to occupy the heights ? 120 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1V75. IX. On attaining tbc ascent of Bunker Hill* he con- cluded, after consulting his officers, to deviate from the letter of his orders and fortify Breed's Hill, because the latter was nearer to Boston, and had a better command of the town and shipping. The consultation and change delayed matters until midnight. Then the work commenced.* Every man of the thousand seized, in his turn, the pick-axe and spade ; and by the dawn of day a strong redoubt was completed. X. The British, on discovering the works on Breed's Hill, began a cannonade fi'om ves- sels in the harbor, and also from a battery on Copp's Hill, in Boston ; but with little or no effect. They theifmade preparations for an as- sault. About three thousand troops, under Generals Howe and Pigot, crossed over to Charlestown, while, mainly through the ex- ertions of General Putnam, about five hundred men were added to Prescott's force in the course of the day. XL Meanwhile the British had set fire to the village of Charlestown, by means of shells thrown from Copp's Hill ; and, * Bunker Hill monument, an obelisk two hundred and twenty-one feet high, erected in commemoration of the battle, now stands on the spot where the redoubt was built on Breed's Hill. Its corner-stone was laid by General Lafayette, on the I7th of June, 1825, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle. An immense con- course of persons was present on the occasion, including nearly two hundred revolutionary soldiers and forty surviving patriots of the battle, and President John Quincy Adams, with his entire cabinet. Daniel Webster delivered the oration. IX. Questions. — 26. What conclusion did Prescott afterward come to ? 27. Why- did he so conclude ? 28. How was the work then carried on ? X. 29. What did the British do on discovering the worlis ? 30. How next did they proceed ? XL 81. When was the battle of Bunker Hill fought? 32. Give an account of it. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 121 1775. amid the glare of its flame, Howe and Pigot advanced to the attack. Twice did they get to within a few rods of the redoubt, wlien tlie Americans, each time, opened upon them so deadly a fire that they were repulsed with heavy loss. General Clinton arriving, the third charge was more successful ; and the Americans, their ammunition being en- tirely exhausted, were forced to retreat. XII. The loss to the British, in killed and wounded, accord- ing to their own account, was more than a thousand men : the Americans lost less than half that number, though among their slain was Joseph Warren,* one of the ablest and most popular of the patriot leaders, and an estimable man. His loss was deplored as a severe calamity to the cause of freedom. XIII. Though the British had gained the hill — the ground contended for — the victory to them was more disastrous and humiliating than an ordinary defeat ; while, to the Americans, the defeat had the effect of a triumph : it gave them confidence in themselves, and conse- quence in the eyes of their enemies. The day's doings, too, convinced the people that the military training and experience which the Putnams, the Starks, and the Washingtons had acquired, in the " school" of the French and Indian War, had been gained to some purpose. JOSEPH •WAKKEN. * Joseph Warren was bom in Roxbury, Mass., in 1741. After having been graduated at Harvard Col- lege, he studied medicine, and became a physician of extensive practice in the city of Boston. He was one of the leading men in resisting the unjust and oppressive measures sought to be fastened upon the colonies by Great Britain, holding as he did, at the time of his death, two ot' the most responsible civil positions under the commonwealth of Massachusetts, and a commission as major-general. XII. QiTESTiONS.— 33. Whatlossdid the British sustain in the battle? 34. What, the Americans? 35. "What is said of Warren? XIII. 36. How did the victory aflfect the British? 37. How, the Americans? 88. Of what did the people become convinced ? 122 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. XIV. On the very day of the capture of Ticondero- ga, May 10, the second Continenta,! Congress convened at Philadelphia. That body voted to raise an army of twenty thousand men, and, on the 15th of June, by a unanimous vote, elected George Washington commander-in-chief. Washing- ton, who, at the time, was a delegate in the Congress from Virginia, rose in his place, and, with dignity and modesty, accepted the appointment, but declined all compensation for his services : he only aslced for the payment of his expenses. He thereupon resigned his position in the Congress, and re- paired to Cambridge, three miles from Boston, where, on the 3d of July, he took command of the army, then numbering about fourteen thousand men. XV. While the revolution was gaining strength at the east, in the south it was also making progress. Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, having seized some powder and re- moved it to a vessel in the York River, Patrick Henry, at the head of a corps of volunteers, demanded and received com- pensation therefor. Some months later, in December, a force, consisting of British regulars, tory volunteers, and negroes, which had been collected by Dunmore, attacked a body of Virginia patriots near Norfolk ; but the assailants were re- pulsed with great loss. In revenge, Dunmore, at a later period, reduced the town of Norfolk to ashes. XVI. It having been ascertained that the British intended to invade the colonies from Canada, Congress determined to anticipate the movement, by carrying the war into that pro- XIV. QtTESTiONS. — 39. When did Allen and Arnold capture Ticonderoga? 40. What also occurred on that day? 41. What two acts of Congress are mentioned? 42. How did Washington receive the appointment? 43. What did Washington there- upon do ? XV. 44. Describe the Tcjrk River. (See map, p. S5.) 45. What event is men tioned in connection with the York River? 46. What was done by P.atrick Henry? 4T. Give an account of the battle near Norfolk. 4S. How did Dunmore gratify his revenge? 49. How is Norfolk situated? (See map, p. 24.) XVI. 50. What scheme of invasion did the British intend? 51. How was it determined to anticipate the movement? 52. What advantage did the possession ot Canada promise? 53. What forces were sent? AMERICAN EEVOLUTION. 123 vince. Beside, if Canada were gained, its use to the British as a place of rendezvous and suppl}^ would be prevented. Two forces were accordingly sent ; one by the way of Lake Cham- plain, under General Schuyler* [ski'-ler), and the other by the Kennebec Kiver, commanded by Arnold. XVII. Schuyler proceeded down Lake Champlain, and encamped on an island at the head of the Sorel {so-relV) River, but sickness compelling his return to Albany, the com- mand devolved upon Montgomery. Ethan Allen,f who, at the setting out of the expedition, had been engaged in reconnoiter- ing the country between the Sorel and the St. Lawrence, was again dispatched in the same direction, this time for recruits. Instead, however, of prosecuting the business on which he was sent, he crossed the St. Lawrence to make an attack upon Montreal. The result of this reckless enterprise was defeat ; and he was sent a prisoner to England, in irons. This mis- hap did not m the least interfere with the operations of the main force ; and before the middle of November, Montgom- ery, by a series of well-directed movements, had acquired GENERAI, SOmjTLER. » Philip Schuyler i the French and Indi; 9 born at Albany, New York, in 1733. He was enjra' war and accompanied Sir William Johnson in 1756. His death occurred at Albany, in 1 S04. him to Ven IS born in Connecticut, in 1742, or thereaboutB. His narents, soon' after his birth, took in re.i»HT,„ tl,. .1.- t^Ti " v" 1 f !r *,°r """''"""', he was One of the most determined of the settlers IhoTp wh A!h a V iT^A^J^^ Vermont territory. As colonel of an armed force he protected iJi^t^eN.wVorl HT'""''^l'T'^*ir ''''?°'''™"'"''''^'''^ Hampshire, and dr.ve out of the dis- offhe lR.!3lrii ? "^ 7';?t™"ble3 continued about ten years, when the more important events of the Revolution put an end to the hostile acts, though the controversy was afterward renewed Allen fandHaHf.r^'nr'''"/!"^"?'"'"',!^'™';''- After lueferinRa captivity of more than two ArsinEuff" land, Halifax, and one of the jirison-ships of New York, he was exchanged. He never afterward activefv engaged m military serTice ; but died at Burlington, Vt., in 1789. alterwald actively XVir. Questions.— 54. Near wh^it boundary-line is the head of the Sorel Eivcr? (See map, p. 124.) 55. In what direction from the head of the Sorel is Montreal? CSee same map.) 56. How long did Schuyler's connection with the expedition con- tinue? 57. Give an account of xVllen's doings. 5a Give an account of Montgomery's enccesses. 124 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. PART OP THE SOREL EIVER. ,HF<. possession of Fort Chambly [sham'-ble), St. John's, and Montreal, and was thereby master of a large part of Canada. lie then proceeded against Quebec. XVIII. In the mean time Arnold, hav- ing performed a tedious march through the wilderness, enduring almost incredi- ble toils and hardships, appeared before Quebec ; but not being sufficiently strong to attack the city alone, he retired twen- ty miles up the St. Lawrence, and there awaited the arrival of Montgomery. A junction of the two forces was etfect- ed in the beginning of December, and, with Montgomery in the chief command, the entire army, numbering but nine hundred effective men, proceeded to take a position before Quebec. XIX. After a siege of three weeks without gaining any ad- vantage, it was resolved to attempt the capture of the place by an assault. Accordingly, at dawn on the last day of the year, and while a violent snow-storm was prevailing, the Ameri- can army, in four columns, advanced to the attack. Mont- gomery,* who led one of the columns, had gained some ad- vantage, when a discharge of grape-shot, from a single cannon of the enemy, made deadly havoc, killing him and one of his aides instantly, and mortally wounding others. Ilis column at once retreated. Arnold, who led another of the columns, was severely wounded and borne from the field, and Captain Morgan assumed the command. Morgan took refuge in a stone house, from which he defended himself awhile, but, * Richard Montgomery wi in the Continental Congress. 1 Ireland, in 1736. In 1775 he was* a representative from New York XVIII. Questions. — 59. What had Arnold been doing in the mean time ? 60. When did Montgomery's and Arnold's forces unite? 61. What movement did they then malce ? XIX. 62. Give an account of the battle of Quebec. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 125 seeing no prospect of relief, he and his few followers were com- pelled to surrender. XX. Arnold, though wounded and disabled, took command of the troops that had effected a re- treat, and, in an encampment a short distance from Quebec, pass- ed a rigorous winter. In the spring, General Wooster arrived from Montreal and took the com- mand ; and he, in turn, was suc- ceeded by General Thomas. The British, having received large re-enforcements from England, assumed the offensive, and before June, 1776, the Americans had abandoned one place after another, and entirely evacuated Canada. GENEEAL MONTGOMEET. XX; Questions. — 63. What did Arnold do after the battle ? 64. By whom was he succeeded in the command? 65. What further is stated of military operations in Canada? REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 1 . How did the expenses of the French and Indian War affect the national debt of Great Britian ? 110 2. What assertion, having reference to the increased debt, did the British ministry make ? 110 3. Wliat principle, in relation to taxing the colonies, was also main- taiaed by the ministry ? 110 4. What two assertions were made by the colonists, in reply, respecting the expenses which had been incurred in found- ing the colonies, and in aiding the " mother country'' to prosecute the war ?.. 110 5. What principle of taxation did the colonists maintain ? 110 6. Inasmuch as the principle was not respected by the British government, what deduction was drawn therefrom ? 110 126 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE T. What had been the policy of Great Britain toward her Ameri- can colonies from their first establishmerit ? 110, 111 8. In what year were the "writs of assistance" authorized ?. . . . Ill 9. "What obnoxious act was passed by Parliament, in 1*765 ? ... . Ill 10. What effect did the news of its passage have in America?. ... Ill 11. What were the obnoxious provisions of the act ? Ill 12. Who, in Virginia, was the first to oppose the act in public?. ... Ill 13. How did Massachusetts show her opposition to the act ? . . 111,112 14. Give an account of the Colonial Congress Ill, 112 15. Give the further history of the Stamp Act 112 16. What law was passed at the time of the repeal of the Stamp Act ? 112 IT. By what act was the " right to tax America" again asserted ? . 113 18. State the circumstances which led to the Boston Massacre. . . . 114 19. What concession had been made by Parliament before the news of the " massacre" reached England ? 114 20. Why was not the concession satisfactory to the colonists ?. ... 114 21. What became of the tea sent to America? 114 22. When and where did " The First Continental Congress" meet? 115 23. What acts, recommendations, &c., were passed by the Congress? 115 24. What active measures did General Gage adopt? 115, 116 25. What preparations were then made by Massachusetts ? 116 26. Who commanded the exi^edition sent by Gage in April, 1175 ? 116 21. What was the object of that expedition ? 116 28. State what took place at Lexington and Concord 117, 118 29. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit 118 30. At what place, and how, did the Americans form a camp?. . . 118 31. What was achieved by Allen and Arnold in May, 1775 ? 119 32. Give the preliminaries of the battle of Bunker HiU 119, 120 33. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill 120, 121 34. What was done by Congress and Washington m June and July? 122 35. What took place in Virginia in the year 1 775 ? 122 36. Where, atthe North, didthe Americans resolve to carry the war? 122 37. Why did they determine to go against Canada ? 122, 123 38. How were operations against Canada commenced? 123 39. How far did Schujder proceed, and why did he return? 123 40. Give an account of Arnold's doings and misfortune 123 41. What progress did Montgomery make before December?. . 123, 124 42. What can you state of Arnold's operations meanwhile ? 124 43. What was done by Montgomery and Arnold, acting together ? . 124 44. What was afterward done in Canada by Arnold alone? 125 45. How did the operations against Canada end?. ,.,..,,,,,..,.. 125 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 127 EVENTS OP 1776. I. Owing to various causes, Washington's army in the vicinity of Boston had dwindled to less than ten thousand men, but by great exertions it was augmented to fourteen thousand before the close of February, 1776. Congress, be- lieving that this force would be required in other directions, urged Washington to attack the British, and, if possible, drive them from the city. This accorded with his own desire, which had been previously made known ; yet, in a council of his officers, the recommendation was rejected as involving too much risk. A plan of action was, however, adopted, by which a line of fortifications was in one night erected on Dorchester Heights, which comjjletely commanded the citv and harbor of Boston. II. Howe, who had succeeded Gage* in the command, see- ing that he must either dislodge the Americans at once or evacuate the city, resolved on an attack ; but a violent storm preventing it till the Americans were strongly fortified, his only alternative was evacuation. An understanding was thereupon informally entered into, by which the British should be allowed to embark without molestation from the batteries, upon con- dition that they would not set fire to the city. In accordance therewith, on the l7th of March, 1776, they evacuated Bos- ton, accompanied by fifteen hundred famihes of loyahsts, and sailed for Halifax. e last royal governor of Mnssachusetts. He was an active officer during the nd, during Braddock's campaign, he and Washington met Events of 1T7C.— Questions.— I. 1. What tluctuations took place in the number of Washington's army? 2. What was Washinsjton urged to do? 3. To whom did he submit the recommendation ? 4. What was its fate ? 5. What works were erect- ed instead ? II. 6. By whom was Gage succeeded in command of the royal forces? 7. What two alternatives were presented to Howe? S. Upon what did he resolve? 9. Why did he not carry it out? 10. What is said of a certain understanding ? 11. When did the British leave Boston ? 12. By whom were they accompanied ? 13. In what direction from Boston is Halifiix ? 128 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. -.HHo ^^^- A little more than two months before their ae- parture, a secret expedition, conducted by Clinton, had been dispatched by water in a southerly direction. Surmising its destination to be New York, Washington gave General Charles Lee authority to raise volunteers in Connecticut and march to the protection of that city. It happened that on the very day of Lee's arrival in New York, Clinton appeared off Sandy Hook, just outside the harbor. IV. Foiled in his design against the city, Clinton sailed southward ; and Lee, who had been appointed to the command of the southern forces, pushed rapidly on, watching, as best he could, his movements. At Cape Fear Clinton was joined by Sir Peter Parker and Lord Cornwallis (corn-ivol'-lis), with a fleet and troops from England, and the whole force pro- ceeded against Charleston, in South Carolina. V, The people of Carolina had received intelligence of the intended attack, and were making great exertions in the erec- tion of defenses at various places in the harbor. A fort of palmetto Avood, on Sullivan's Island, garrisoned by about five hundred men under Colonel Moultrie (jnole'-ire), commanded the channel leading to the town, and wasKionsidered, in con- nection with Fort Johnson, on James Island, the key to the harbor. A combined attack by land and water upon Sulli- van's Island was commenced on the morning of the 28th of June, 1776. After a conflict of nine hours, during which Clinton was foiled in his attempt to reach the island, and the fleet was much shattered, the vessels drew off, and the British abandoned the enterprise. III. Questions.— 14. What expedition was sent under Clinton? 15. In what way did Washington undertalie to anticipate Clinton's designs? 16. What coinci- dence occurred ? IV. IT. In what direction did Clinton then sail? IS. What took place at Cape Fear? 19. Where is Cape Fear? (See map, p. 79.) 20. Against what place did the British then proceed? V. 21. IIow were the people of Charleston prepared ? 22. What fort is between Forts Moultrie and Johnson? (See map, p. 129.) 23. Give an account of the battle of Fort Moultrie. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 129 "vrciNTnrcrF CHARLESTON VI. While success was thus attending the American arms at the South, Con- gress was preparing to declare a separa- tion of the political relations existing be- tween Great Britain and the colonies. On the 7th of June, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, offered the following resolu- tion : '■'■Resolved, That these united colonies are, and of right ouglit to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit- ish crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dis- solved." VII. Thereupon a discussion took place which continued for three days, when tlie farther consideration of the subject was postponed to the 1st of July. In the mean time, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin,* Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston, were appointed a committee to draft a Declaration of Independence. Lee's resolution was passed by a large majority on the 2d of July ; and the De- claration OF Independence, which had been prepared by I born in Boston, in 1706. He died in Pliiladelphia, in 1790. VI. QtTESTiONS. — 24 What was Congress doing in the mean time ? 25. Kecite the resolution which was offered by Lee. 26. When did he offer it ? VII. 27. What is said of the discussion that followed? 28. What committee was appointed? 29. What became of Lee's resolution? 80. Give the further history of the Declaration. fi* 130 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. DK. FEANKLIN. Thomas Jefferson, the chairman of the committee, was unanimously adopted on tlie 4th of July, 1776.* Everywhere the action of Con- gress was heartily approved by the people, and the Declaration was received in assemblies, cities, and among the troops, with de- monstrations of joy. VIII. In the beginning of July, General Howe arrived from Hali- fax, and took possession of Staten {stat'-hi) Island, -at the entrance of New York Bay. This he made the rendezvous for a powerful army intended to act against New York. He was soon joined by his brother, Admiral Lord Howe, from England, and by Clinton from the South : these, with other arrivals, including a body of Ger- mans, or Hessians [hesh' -ans), as they were generally called, gave him an army of thirty-five thousand men. IX. The design of the British was to seize the city of New York and the country along the Hudson River, establish a communication with Canada, separate the New England from the other States, and overrun the populous portions of the re- volted districts. Washington's army, in the vicinity of New York city, amounted to twenty-seven thousand men ; but, as many of these were sick, and many others were with- * The old State House, in Philftdelphia, where Congress met, is still standing. It is generally known by the name of Independence Hall, though the room in which the Declaration of Independence was adopted and signed, received at first that appellation. The building was erected in 1735, but its bell- tower was not put up until 1750. A bell which was imported from England, expressly for the tower, was found cracked upon its arrival, and thereupon it was recast in the city of Philadelphia, and raised to its place in 1753. Upon fillets around its crown are the words : Proclaim libeHy throughotU all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof. It has a world-wide reputation as the " Liberty Bell." VIII. Questions.— 31. Of what island did Howe take possession ? 32. In what direction from New York city is Staten Island ? (See map, p. 131.) 83. By what additions did he acquire an army? IX. 34. What was the design of the British? 35. What is said of Washington's army? AMEKICAN REVOLUTION. 131 out arms, his effective force did not exceed seventeen tliousand X. Lord Howe and his brother, having been commissioned to grant pardons to all who would lav down their arms and return to their allegiance, undertook to make known their pow- ers by a proclamation addressed to the people, and by letters to Washington. The letters were not received, because they were addressed to George Washington, Esquire, instead of being addressed to him as commander-in-chief of the Ameri- can army. This rejection of the letters was owing, not to any official pride on the part of Washington, but to a con- viction that to receive them would compromise American rights and dignities. XL Baffled in the attempt, Howe detei'mined to strike an effective blow without further delay. His troops were accord- ingly landed on the western end of Long Island, and, in three divisions, by three different roads, they advanced towards the American camp at Brooklyn, which was then in command of General Putnam.* XIL While two of the divisions were engaging the Americans, the third, under Clinton, having taken a circuitous route, fell upon their rear. Some of the patriots, by a desperate effort, cut their way through the host of foes, but a great many were either killed or taken prisoners. The loss of the KEW YORK BAY. » Israel Putnam was born in Danvcrs, MMsachiisetts, in 171S. He toot an active part i and Indian war. Hia death occurred in 1790, at Brooklyn, Connecticut. X. QcTESTiONS. — 36. What special commission had Lord Howe and his brother received ? 37. How did they undertake to make known their powers ? 3S. How were the letters addressed ? 39. What was their fate ? 40. Why were they rejected ? XI. 41. What did Howe then determine upon? 42. Where were his troops land- ed ? 43. What passage of water did he cross in going from Staten Island to Long Island? (See map, p. 131.) 44. What plan of advance did the British adopt? XII. 45. Give an account of the battle of Long Island. 132 AMERICAN REVOLUTION, Americans, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was 1776 . . nearly two thousand ; that of the British was less than four hundred. This conflict, generally known as the battle of Long Island, was fought on the 27th of August, 1776. XIII. On the night of the 29th, while a heavy fog was hanging over Brooklyn, and concealing the movements of the Americans, the troops were embarked, under Washington's supervision, and in safety they all crossed to New York city. This retreat was undoubtedly one of the most signal achieve- ments of the war, and redounded greatly to the military repu- tation of Washington. XIV. As the evident design of the British was to encom- pass the American army on the Island of New York, Wash- ington called a council of his officers, and, influenced by their opinion, abandoned the city and retreated to the northern part of the island. A part of the British army, thereupon, crossed the East River and took possession of the city. XV. Desiring to gain a knowledge of the condition and plans of the enemy remaining oa Long Island, Washing- ton applied for a discreet officer to enter their lines and pro- cure this intelligence. Captain Nathan Hale,* of Connecticut, volunteered for the service. Hale reached the British camp, and obtained the information desired, but on his return was arrested. lie was taken before Howe, by whom, without even the form of a regular trial, he was ordered for execution the next morning. He died a patriot and a hero, saying with his last breath : " I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." * Nathan Hale was born inConnecticutjin 1755. After being graduated at Yale College, he became a teacher. Immediately after the battle of Lexington, he entered the army as lieutenant, and before the close of the year was promoted to be a captain. His death occurred on the morning of the 2'2d of Sept., 1776. The tree on which he was hung, was one cf an orchard owned by Colonel Rutgers, and stood "near the present intersection of East Broadway and Market street," New York city. XIII. QiTESTioNS.— 46. Give an account ofWashlngton's masterly retreat to New York. XIV. 47. Why did Washington abandon the city of New York ? 48. To what place did he retreat ? XV. 49. Relate the circumstances connected with the di'ath of Nathan Hale. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 133 GENERAL PUTNAM. XVI. About the middle of Sep- tember, a large detachment of the British crossed the East Riv- er, at a point toward the upper part of New York Island, and formed a line almost across the island. On the morning of the 16th, they advanced, in strong force, towards the American lines, two miles oil", when a spirited skirmish took place, resulting in the defeat and pur- suit of the British. Though the Americans lost Colonel Knowlton and Major Leitch {leech), their principal officers en- gaged, the affair was of advantage, inasmuch as it was the first gleam of success in the campaign, and consequently tended to revive the spirits of the army. XVII. It was evident, from Howe's movements, that he in- tended to get above AVashington's army and destroy his com- munications with the Eastern States. While three English frigates were sent up the Hudson to cut off the communication with New Jersey, Howe passed through the strait at the east of New York Island, and landed the greater part of his army in Westchester county, beyond the Harlem River. To render these movements fruitless, Washington withdrew his troops further north, to White Plains, and here, the British following, a partial though severe engagement took place, on the 28th of October, in which the Americans suffered defeat, losing be- tween three and four hundred men, a loss about equal to that of the enemy. XVIII. During the following night the Americans had so improved and strengthened their position, that Howe con- XVI. Questions. — 50. Give an accouut of the battle that took place on the 16th of September. XVII. 51. What did Howe's movements indicate? 52. Describe the movements. 53. Give an account of the battle of White Plains. 54. In what direction from Tar- rytown is White Plains? (See map, p. 47.) 134 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1776. cJiided not to renew the contest until the arrival of re- enforcenients ; but before these came Washington with- drew his troops still further north, to the hills of North Castle. Instead of following, the British general turned his attention to the American posts on the Hudson, with the apparent de- sign of invading New Jersey, and marching against Philadel- phia. XIX. Leaving one detachment, under Lee, at North Castle, and another, under Colonel Magaw, at Fort Washington, the .American commander crossed the Hudson with the main body of his army, and entered New Jersey. On the 16tli of November, 1776, the British made an attack upon Fort Wash- ington, situated on New York Island, about eleven miles above the city, and, although they were successful, the victory cost them a thousand men. XX. They then, in large force, commanded by Cornwallis, crossed the Hudson and took possession of Fort Lee, nearly opposite Fort Washington, which had been abandoned on their approach. Closely pursued by Cornwallis, Washington retreated through New Jersey, and, early in December, crossed the Delaware with his diminished and disheartened army. Congress, then in session at Philadelphia, soon after adjourn- ed to Baltimore. XXL Lee,* who had. been urged by his commander-in- chief to hurry to the support of the main army, instead of obeying, at first delayed, and then advanced, leisurely. Hav- * Charles Lee was born in England, in 1731. He was with Braddock in the battle of the Monongahcla, and with Abercrombie in the assault on Ticonderoga. He afterward served in the Russian army. His death occurred at Philadelphia, in 178"2. XVIII. Questions. — 55. Wh}' did not Howe afterward renew the contest? 56. By what movement was Howe foiled ? 5". In what direction from Verplanck's Point is North Castle ? (See map, p. 47.) 58. What was Howe's next movement? XIX. 59. On what stream of water was Fort Washington situated ? (See map, p. 47.) 60. Give an account of the battle there. XX. 61. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit. 62. What movement did Congress make ? 63. On what river is Philadelphia situated? (See map, p. 142.) 64. Baltimore? (See map, p. 237.) XXL 65. How did Lee obey Wasliington's order to hurry to his support? 66. What misfortune befell him ? 67. What was then done with Lee's detachment ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 135 GENERAL LEE. ing incautiously taken quarters at a distance from his detach- ment, he was surprised and taken prisoner by a scouting party of the enemy. Sullivan, who had been made a prisoner at the battle of Long Island, and recently exchanged, then took command of the detach- ment, and pi'omptly conducted it to Washington's camp across the Delaware. XXII. Owing to the reverses which the array had sus- tained, a feeling of gloom and despondency prevailed among the patriots. This was soon dispelled by a bold enterprise accomplished by Washington. On the night of the 25th of December, 1 7Y6, a division of the army crossed the Delaware under his command — two other divisions, in consequence of the ice, not having succeeded in getting over — and at eight o'clock on the morning of the 26th, attacked a body of Hes- sians stationed at Trenton. Kahl,* their commander, was mortally wounded, between thirty and forty of his men were slain, and nearly a thousand taken prisoners. Washington's loss was only four men, two of whom fell iu the battle, and two were frozen to death. XXIII. Conscious that he could not hold Trenton against the superior force which the British could concentrate there in a few hours, he recrossed the Delaware with his prisoners and spoils. The victory restored confidence to the Americans, » The name of this officer was also spelled Rail, and in other ways. After the battle he i to the house of a Quaker family, where Washington and Greene visited the dying man. convej'ei XXII. Questions. — 03. In what direction from Philadelphia is Trenton ? (See map, p. 6S.) 69. When did a battle take place there ? 70. Give an account of the battle. XXIII. 71. Why (lid Washington abandon Trenton? 72. What effect did the result of the battle have? 73. What induced Washington to again proceed to Tren- ton? 136 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1776. while it startled and mortified tlie British. Encour- aged by his success, and finding his army strengthened very much by recent recruits, Washington resolved to act on the offensive. With that view he again crossed the Delaware and took post at Trenton, tliongh the enemy were assembled in great force at Princeton, only ten miles distant. EVENTS OP 1777. I. After being joined by troops under Generals Mifflin and Cadwallader, Washing- ton's whole force at Tren- ton, on the 1st of January, 1777, did not exceed five thousand men. Fortunately, Congress had invested him with almost dictatorial powers in all things relative to the operations of war, and, thus empowered, he was making efforts to augment his army by the addition of artillery bat- talions. II. Towards the evening of the 2d of January, Cornwallis, at the head of a large body of troops, reached Trenton, and after making several attempts to cross the stream which runs through the town, and being as often repulsed with loss, he concluded to give his wearied troops a night's repose, and de- fer hostilities until morning, feeling sure of then capturing Washington and his entire army. III. Washincrton's situation was indeed critical. To retreat CENTRAL PART OF NEW JERSEY. Events op 1777. — I. Questions. — 1. How large was Washington's army at Trenton in the beginning of 1777 ? 2. With what extraordinary power had Congress invested Washington? II. 3. Give an account of what took place on the 2d of January. III. 4. Describe the situation in which Washington was placed. 5. What bold expedient suggested itself to his mind in this critical position ? 6. In what direction from Trenton is Princeton? (See map, p. 186.) 7. When did the battle of Princeton take place ? 8. Describe it. 9. What otficer did the Americans lose ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 137 across the Delaware, which was then very much obstructed by floating ice, or to remain and risk a battle with a superior force, appeared full of danger. In this hour of darkness, a bold expedient suggested itself, and he adopted it. Leaving his camp-fires burning, he marched by a circuitous route to- ward Princeton, intending to surprise and attack the British troops left there. At sunrise, January 3d, the van of his forces encountered, near Princeton, a part of the British troops, already on their march to join Cornwallis. At first the American militia gave way, but Washington coming up with a select corps, turned the tide of battle and routed the enemy. The loss of the British, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was about four hundred men ; that of the Americans did not exceed thirty, but among them was General Mercer, who was mortally wounded. IV, Washington's army was encamped at Morristown during the first months of 1777. The place had not been se- lected for winter quarters, but, being well protected by forests and rugged hills, no change was made until the latter part of Mdy, when the encampment was removed to Middlebrook. V. Early in 1776, Congress sent Silas Deane to France, to solicit aid for the United States. He was af- terward joined by Dr. Franklin and Arthur Lee. France hesitated to extend any open assistance, but secretly aided the Americans by loans and gifts of money, and by supplies of arms, provisions, and clothing. And what aid France did not extend as a nation, was, to FLAG OF THE UNITED STATES, ADOPTED IN JULY, 1777. IV. Questions. — ^10. Where did Washington's army spend the first months <"'f 1777 ? 11. Why did the army remain there so long 1 12. When and to what place did the army remove f 13. In what direction from Morristown is Middlebrook ? (See map, p. 6S.) V. 14. What persons were sent to France for aid ? 15. In what way did France respond? 16. What is said of Lafayette f 138 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. -.HhrH some extent, at least, accorded by her citizens. The Marquis de Lafayette was a notable example. At his own expense he fitted out a vessel, and, in the spring of 1777, arrived in America. He at once joined the armv of Washington as a volunteer without pay, but was soon after appointed by Congress a major-general. VI. Toward the close of April, 1777, General Tryon, late royal governor of New York, made an expedition eastward. With a force of two thousand men he marched against Dan- bury, Connecticut, and, after destroying the stores which had been c£)llected there by the Americans, burned the town. Fearing an attack from the militia, who were assembling in great force, he retreated to his shipping in Long Island Sound, being repeatedly harassed on his retrograde march by de- tachments of the Americans, commanded by Generals Wooster, Arnold, and Silliman. Tryon's loss, during the expedition, amounted to nearly three hundred men : that of the Americans was not so large, but Wooster was among the slain. VIL The destructive ex'pedition against Danbury was fully retaliated in less than a month after. Colonel Meigs {piegz)^ with a party of Connecticut militia, crossed Long Island Sound, destroyed the British stores and shipping at Sag Harbor, and, carrying ofi" ninety prisoners, returned to Con- necticut without the loss of a man. VIII. This gallant exploit was followed, in July, by another of equal, if not greater daring. Colonel Barton, with a small party of resolute men, at night crossed Narragansett Bay to the Island of Rhode Island, surprised and captured General Prescott, the British commander there, and returned VI. QtTBSTiONS. — 17. When and by whom was the town of Danbury burned? 18 In what direction from New Haven is Danbury ? 19. Give an account of Tryon's expedition. 20. What officer did the Americans lose ? VII. 21. How is Sag Harbor situated ? (See map, p. 47.) 22. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Colonel Meigs. VIII. 23. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Colonel Barton. 24 'Wliat was afterward done with rrescott ? AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 139 safe to the mainland with his prisoner. This achievement put it into the power of the Americans to recover Lee, an oflBcer of equal rank with Prescott, and the exchange was ac- cordingly effected in May, 1778. THE JERSEY PRISON-SmP.' IX. As spring approached, it became evident that Howe's scheme in New Jersey was to draw the Americans from their camp at Middlebrook, and bring on a general engagement. In furtherance of the plan, he concentrated the main body of his army at New Brunswick, within ten miles of the camp ; and, in one attempt, a skirmish took place between a corps under Cornwallis and Stirling's brigade, in which the British had the advantage. The scheme, however, foiled : Washing- ton continued to pursue his " Fabian policy," and, at length, the whole force of the enemy in New Jersej' was withdrawn to Staten Island, leaving the American commander in complete possession of the State. • During the Revolution, the British used the hulks of their decaying ships for the imprisonment of Americans captured by them. One of these, the Jemey Prisun-Ship, is proverbial in our revolutionary history on account of the great numbers who were confined there, and of the cruel and inhuman treat- ment they received. She' was anchored in the Wallabout, a small bay on the Long Island shore, opposite New York, and used as a prison - ship until the close of the war. IX. QirESTiONS. — 25. What became evident as spring approached? 26. Did the British succeed ? 2T. To what place did the British withdraw ? 140 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ^ X. The troops thus withdrawn, amounting to eigh- teen thousand men, were embarked on board the fleet commanded by Admiral Lord Howe, and the vessels put to sea, leaving a large force under Clinton still at New York, to retain possession there, and make the city a base of other operations then in progress. The destination of the fleet being unknown to Washington, he remained for many days in painful uncer- tainty about it. XL At last the mystery was explained. The object of the British was to get possession of Philadelphia, but, on reach- ing Delaware Bay, they were deterred from entering by re- ports that measures had been taken to obstruct the navigation of the Delaware River. The Admiral, it afterward appeared, then determined to make for Chesapeake Bay, and, in that wav, approach as near as possible to the city. Accordingly a landing was effected at a point on the Elk River, a stream flowing into the bay from the north. XIL Washington hastened to dispute the march of the British, and, with the main part of his army, took a position at Chad's Ford, on Brandywine Creek. On the 11th of September, the enemy advanced in two divisions, and while one, under Knyphausen (nip-how' -zen), made a direct attack upon the left wing of the Americans, the other, under Howe and Cornwallis, crossed the stream above, and unexpectedly fell upon their right. The patriots defended themselves with great valor, but were at length forced to give way. The loss of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was full twelve hundred men ; that of the British was about five X. QiTESTioKS.— 2S. What disposition did Howe make of his troops? 29. On what subject did W^ashington feel a painful uncertainty? Xr. 30. How was the mystery of Howe's movements explained? 31. By what route did the British finally proceed ? 82. What town is situated at the mouth of the Elk River? (See map, p. 142.) XII. 33. Where did Washington take a position to dispute the march of the British ? 84. Is Chad's Ford nearer the mouth of Brandywine Creek than Wilming- ton ? (See map. p. 142.) 35. Give an account of the battle of Brandywine. 36. What distinguished officer, on the American side, was wounded ? 87. What otha distinguished officer was in the battle ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 141 Lundred. Lafayette, who was wounded, and Pulaski (pu-las'- ke), a Polish nobleman, were both in the battle, doing brave service for the cause of liberty. "Washington's head-qijaeteks at brandtwine. XIII. Durino- the following- night, the Americans retreated to Chester, where they rendezvoused, and next day marched toward Philadelphia. Washington, desiring to save the city XIII. Questions.— 38. To what place did the American army retreat during tho night? 39. State how Washington's determination to meet the enemy again was frustrated. 40. Give an account of the battle of Paoli. 41. Into what body of water does the Schuylkill flow ? (See map, p. U'2.) 42. In what direction from Philadelphia is Paoli ? (See same map.) 142 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. HHH ^^ possible, recrossed the Schuylkill [skool'-kil), with the determination of seeking the enemy and giving battle. The two armies met, and were on the point of engag- ing, when a violent rain-storm prevented. To add to the dis- aster of Brandywine, General Wayne, who had been detached with about fifteen hundred men to get in the rear of Howe's advancing army, and cut off his baggage train, when near Paoli (pd-o'-le), on the 20th of Septembei*, was surprised by A midnight attack, and defeated with great loss. XIV. A movement on the part of the British, which threat- ened the magazine and military stores at Reading (^red'-ding), induced Washington to make a counter-movement and take a position at Pottsgrove. Philadelphia, thus abandoned, was entered by the British on the 26th of September, 1777. Howe prepared to make the city his winter-quarters, while the main body of his army was encamped at Germantown, four miles distant. XV. Some days after, Washington, on learning that a strong detachment of the British had left for the reduction of Forts Mifflin and Mercer, determined to attack the force re- mainino- at Germantown. Ac- PUILADELPHIA AND VICINITY. cordingly, early on the morn- ing of the 4th of October, the Americans advanced upon the encampment of the enemy, and, for a time, had the ad- vantage ; but a fog which pre- vailed, and a stone house into which several companies of British troops had thrown themselves, favored the party attacked, and, after one of the XIV. Questions.— 43. How is Beading situated ? (See map, p. 142.) 44. How is Pottsgrove situated ? (See same map.) 45. Why did Wasliington occupy Potts- grove •? 46. What was the consequence ? 47. Where did the main body of tho British encamp for the winter? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 143 bloodiest and most obstinate conflicts of the war, the patriots were repulsed. The loss, on the part of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was about a thousand men ; on the part of the British, about half that number. XVI. Seven or eight miles below Philadelphia, the Ameri- cans had erected two forts on opposite sides of the Delaware River. One of these, called Fort Mifflin, was at Mud Island, near the Pennsylvania shore, and the other. Fort Mercer, was at Red Bank, on the New Jersey side. It was evident that while these two forts were in the hands of the Americans, and the obstructions remained which had been placed in the river, the British shipping could not ascend to Philadelphia, and consequently the army there would not readily obtain supplies. XVII. Howe was aware of this, and, in concert with his brother, a plan of operations was agreed upon for the reduc- tion of the forts and the removal of the obstructions. Ac- cordingly, on the 22d of October, both forts were attacked : Mercer, by a land force of two thousand Hessians, under Count Donop ; and Mifflin, by a powerful naval force of frigates and other vessels. But, in both cases, the British were most signally repulsed, with heavy loss. Donop was mortally wounded ; about five hundred of the Hessians and marines were either killed or wounded, and two of the largest ships were destroyed. Colonel Green, who commanded at Fort Mercer, Colonel Smith, who commanded at Fort Mif- flin, and Commodore Hazelwood, who did good service in command of a small fleet of galleys, were thanked by Con- gress for their courageous conduct, and to each was afterwards voted a sword. XV. QtTESTioNS. — 48. In what direction from Pottsgrove is Germantown ? (See map, p. 142.) 49. While at Pottsgrove, what information did Washington receive? 50. When did the battle of Germantown occur? 51. Give an account of it. XVI. 52. How are Forts Mifflin and Mercer situated ? 53. What was evident in connection with the two forts? XVII. 54. What plan of operations was agreed upon ? 55. When were the two forts attacked? 56. Give an account of the two battles? 57. How was the gallant Conduct of the American commanders afterwards noticed ? 144 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1777. XVIII. On the tenth of November a second attempt to reduce Fort Mifflin was commenced. After a heroic defense of five days, during which the British kept up a de- structive fire from a battery which they had erected, and also from their ships-of-war, the gar- rison set fire to and evacuated the fort, and crossed over to Red Bank at night by the light of the flames. Washington endeavored to keep possession of Fort Mer- cer, but before he could send a sufficient force, Lord Cornwallis, with two thousand men, appear- ed before it. As a defense against such odds was hopeless, the place was abandoned. XIX. During the winter of 1 777-78, Washington's troops were quartered in huts at Valley Forge, on the west side of the Schuylkill River, about twenty miles from Howe's head- quarters at Philadelphia. Here they suff"ered greatly for want of food, clothing, and comfortable quarters, and many of the officers resigned in consequence of not receiving their pay. In a letter which Washington addressed to the President of Congress, on the 23d of December, he says: "We have no less than two thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight mert now in camp unfit for duty, because they are barefoot and otherwise naked." COLONEL MOULTBIE. XVIII. Questions. — 58. When did the British a second time undertake to reduce Fort Mifflin? 59. Give an account of what followed. 60. What is said of Fort Mercer? XIX. 61. Where did Washington's army make their head-quarters during the winters of 177S-'79? 62. In what direction from Fort Mifflin is Valley Forge? (See map, p. 142.) 63. What is said of the sufferings of the Americans at Valley Forge ? 64. What statement did Washington make in a letter? AMERICAN^ REVOLUTION. 145 BURGOYNE'S INVASION. I. The failure of the campaign of 1776 against Canada, left the British at liberty to make hostile demonstrations from that quarter, and they were not slow in availing themselves of it. An army of ten thousand men, consisting of British and German troops, and a large body of Canadians and Indians, was concentrated at St. John's, on the Sorel River. II. The immediate design of General Burgoyne, who com- manded this large army, was to invade the United States by the way of Lake Champlain, and force his way to Albany. He further designed to effect a junction of his own army with that of one from New York city, and thus cut off Washing- ton's communications with the Eastern States. Before making any advance, however, he sent a detachment, under St. Leger, to proceed by way of Oswego, cap- ture Fort Schuyler {ski'-ler), situ- ated, on the Mohawk River, and then rejoin him at Albany. III. Burgoyne, at the head of his invading host, moved slow- ly up the lake, and, after taking possession of Crown Point, pro- ceeded to invest Ticonderoga, which was then garrisoned by a force of three thousand men, under General St. Clair,* This commander had determined GENERAL 8T. CLAIE. * Arthur St. Clair was bom in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1735. He was with Wolfe in the battle of tha Plains of Abraham, and wnth Washington in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. He died near Greens- burg, Pennsylvania, in 1818. Bttegotne's Invasion. — I. Questioj^s. — 1. What was the consequence of tha failure of the Canada campaign in 1TT6? 2. Where did the British army of invasion concentrate? 8. How is St. John's situated? 4. Is St. John's north or south ol Eouse's Point? (See map, p. 124.) II. 5. Who commanded the army at St. John's? 6. What was Burgoyne's im. mediate design ? 7. What further design did he have ? 8. What detachment did he B»nd out? 146 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ■tHHH to hold out to the last extremity, but, to his dismay discovering that the enemy had erected batteries on Mount Defiance, a rocky height commanding the fort, he determined upon a speedy retreat. IV. On the night of the 5th of July, while dispatching his ammunition and stores for Skenesborough [skeenz'-bur-ro), now \¥hitehall, the army crossed over to Mount Independence, and took a road through the woods, on the east side of the lake, towards Fort Edward, the head-quarters of General Schuyler, who then commanded the American forces at the north. Early on the inorning of the Yth, the rear division of the retreating army was overtaken at Hubbardton, Vermont, and, after a severe battle, routed with considerable loss. The ammunition and stores were also overtaken at Skenes- borough, and destroyed. V. Schuylei', deeming his force, which then numbered only about four thousand men, inadequate to make a successful stand against that of the invaders, gradually fell back to the islands at the mouth of the Mohawk. Burgoyne reached Skenesborough, and thence his march was slow and difficult, owing to the impediments which Schuyler had placed in his way, by destroying the bridges and felling immense trees across the roads. III. Questions. — 9. In what part of the State of New York is Lake Champlain situated? (See map, p. 62.) 10. What State is on the east of the lake? (See map, p. 62.) 11. How is Crown Point situated? (See map, p. 149.) 12. Ticonderoga? (Ditto.) 13. Mount Defiance ? (Ditto.) 14. Up what lake did Burgoyne sail ? 15. What place did betake possession of? 16. What place did he then proceed to in- vest? 17. By whom was Ticonderoga defended? IS. What had St. Clair deter- mined upon ? 19. Why did he not carry out his determination ? IV. 20. What did St. Clair do with his ammunition and supplies? 21. In what direction from Fort Edward is Whitehall? (See map, p. 149.) 22. To what place did the American army cross? 23. Where is Mount Independence? (See map, p. 149.) 24. What road did the army then take? 25. When was the battle of Hub- bardton fought? 26. How is Hubbardton situated? (See p. 149.) 27. Give an account of the battle fought there. 2S. What became of the ammunition and stores ? V. 29. To what place did Schuyler retire? 80. Into what river does the Mohawk flow? (See map, p. 149.) 31. Why did Schuyler retire to the islands at the mouth of the Mohawk? 32. What is said of Burgoyne's march after leaving SkeneS' borough ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 147 VI. While approaching Fort Edward, an act of barbarity was perpetrated which excited wide-spread abhorrence. This was the murder of Miss McCrea. The lady, it appears, was on a visit to a friend residing near the fort. Several Indians, part of one of Burgoyne's marauding parties, burst into the house where Miss McCrea was, and carried her otf. On the way, a quarrel arose among the savages as to whose j^rize the captive was. The dispute becoming furious, one of the In- dians, in a paroxysm of rage, killed her, and bore off her scalj) as a trophy. According to some authorities Miss McCrea was killed by a shot, intended for one of her captors, which was fired from an American gun at the fort. VII. St. Leger, who, it will be recollected, had been sent against Fort Schuyler, on reach- ing the place, and finding it reso- lutely defended by Colonel Gan- sevoort, determined upon a siege. The besiegers were a motley force, composed mostly of Brit- ish and Indians, the latter led by the famous Brant, with some Royalists, Hessians, and Cana- kosciusko.* dians. On the 6th of August, two days after the commencement of St. Leger's operations, General Herkimer, with a body of militia, while advancing to the relief of Gansevoort, fell into an ambuscade at Oriskany, (o-ris'-kan-e), within a few miles of the fort, and Avas mortally wounded. * Thaddeus Kosciusko, a Poliah patriot, was born about 1755. He was with Gates in the two battles oE Stillwater, and subsequently distinguished himself as an adjutant of Washington. His death, which oc- curred in Switzerland, in 1817, was caused by a fall from his horse over a precipice. VI. Questions. — 33. Give an account of the murder of Miss McCi-ea. 34. How is Fort Edward situated ? (See map, p. 149.) TIL 35. Against what place had St. Leger been sent? 36. Where was Fort Schuyler? (See map, p. 148.) 37. By whom was Fort Schuyler defended? 38. Upon what did St. Leger determine ? 39. Why did he not make an attack at once ? 40. Of whom did tlie besiegers consist? 41. Give an account of the battle of Oris- kanv. 148 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. riCINITY OF FOKT BCHUTLEK. 1^77. VIII. At the same time, and for tlie purpose of making a diversion ill favor of Herkimer, of whose ap- proach Gansevoort had been in- formed, a spirited sortie from the fort was made upon the camp of the besiegers, who were driven away or fled, and a large quantity of baggage and stores was seized. The Americans retreated in good order to the fort just as St. Leger came np with re-enforcements. IX. Scluiyler, upon hearing that Gansevoort was so closely pressed, sent a detachment of eight hundred men to his relief. Arnold, who commanded it, by contriving to send a report ahead, exaggerating the number of his force, so worked upon the fears of St. Lcger's Indian allies that they fled, and the siege was abandoned. X. While these events were taking place on the Mohawk, others, of no less importance, were being enacted nearer to Burgoyne. That commander, in consequence of the delays to which he had been subjected, found himself in want of supplies for his army. Learning that large quantities were stored at Bennington, he sent a detachment of five hundred men, mostly Hessians, commanded by Colonel Baum, to seize them. The detachment was met a short distance from the town, on the 10th of August, 1777, by a body of New Hamp- shire militia, under General Stark, and entirely defeated, Baum being killed. The victors then dispersed in various directions about the field. VIII. QrE8TiON8. — 42. Give .an account of the sortie from the fort. IX. 43. Give an account of Arnold's stratagem. X. 44. What did Burgoyne find himself in need of? 45. How came it that his supplies were gone? 46. By what method did he undertake to procure supplies? 47. How is Bennington situated? (See map, p. 149.) 4S. When did the battle of Bennington take place ? 49. Give an account of it. 50. What error did the Ameri- cans commit after the battle ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 149 XL At this juncture, five hundred Hessians, whom Bur- ^oyne had sent to the aid of Baum, came up. These were joined by many of their coun- trymen who had fled. Stark was endeavoring to gather to- gether his scattered men, when, fortunately. Colonel Warner,* with a fresh body of militia, arrived from Bennington, and the enemy were again defeated. XII. The reverses experi- enced by the British at Fort Schuyler and Bennington, se- riously embarrassed the move- ments of Burgoyne, and weak- ened and dispirited his whole army. Just then, when the Americans were in good force to confront the British, a change was made in the com- mand of the patriot army of the north — General Gates, by act of Congress, was appointed to succeed Schuyler. XIII. Gates advanced to Bemis Heights, a little above * Seth Warner was born in Connecticut, about 1744. He took part in the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, in 1775 ; was at the battles of Bunker Hill, Bennington, and Bemis Heiglits, and was with IMontgoniery in Canada. He died in Connecticut, in 1185. MASS. 8AEAT0GA AND VICINITY. XI. Questions. — 51. What occurred at this juncture? 52. How did fortune favor the Americans ? XII. 53. How did the defeat of the British at Bennington affect them ? 5t. Who was appointed to succeed Schuyler ? 55. What injustice was done to Schuyler by the change? XIII. 56. To what place did Gates advance ? 5T. In what direction is that from Bennington? (See map, p. 149.) 58. What movement did Burgoyne make? 59. When was the first battle of Stillwater fought ? 60. Give an account of it. 61. By what other name is that battle also known ? 150 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. -.HHH Stillwater, and Burgoyne crossed the Hudson, arriving within two miles of the American camp. On the following day, September the 19th, was fought the first battle of Stillwater, sometimes called the battle of Bemis Heights, in which Arnold was the leading spirit, and the bravest among the brave. Both parties claimed the victory ; but, though the British remained on the field of battle, their progress toward Albany was effectually checked. XIV. The two armies remained in sight of each other for more than two weeks, Burgoyne, in the mean time, strengthening his position, to await the co-operation of Clin- ton from New York. Despairing of aid from that quarter, the British commander determined, if possible, to cut his way through the American lines. Then, October the 'Zth, occurred the second battle of Stillwater, or, as it is often called, the battle of Saratoga. XV. After a fierce conflict of sev- eral hours, in which the British lost General Fraser a-nd other valuable officers, beside over four hundred men, they were compelled to give way. Though having no command assigned him, Arnold was the most active in the battle, and was severely wounded just as victory was decid- ing for the Americans. XVI. Burgoyne* retired to Sara- toga shortly after, where, finding GENERAL BCKGOTNE. » John Burgoyne vr&s born in England, nbout 1730. After his surrender to Gates he returned to Eng- land, being then a prisoner on parole, where he was coldly received in Parliament, of which bodyhewaa a member. He died in London, in 1792. XIV. Questions. — 62. How long did the two armies remain in sight of each other? 63. What did Burgoyne do in the mean time? 64. What did he at last de- termine to do? 65. When did the second battle of Stillwater occur? 66. By what other name is that battle also known ? XV. 6T. Give an account of the second battle of Stillwater. XVI. 68. To what place did Burgoyne then retire ? 69. What was his condition at Saratoga? 70. When did he surrender? 71. What did the Americans acqiiire by the surrender? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 151 himself so surrounded that all chance of retreat was cut off, and being without provisions, on the l7th of October he surrendered his whole array, numbering more than five thousand men, prisoners of war. By the surrender, the Ameri- cans acquired a fine train of artillery, five thousand muskets, and a large quantity of clothing, tents, and military stores. XVII. In the mean time Sir Henry Clinton had ascended the Hudson as far as Forts Clinton and Montgomery, and captured the two forts ; but, in- stead of hastening to the co-oper- ation of Burgoj'ne, he sent an ex- pedition to devastate the country, intending thereby to make a diver- sion in favor of the northern Brit- ish army. The troops garrisoning Ticonderoga and other forts on the northern frontier, upon heai*- ing of Burgoyne's surrender, aban- doned their posts and fled to Can- ada, and Clinton's expedition returned to New York. XVIII. The all-important successes of Gates* at Bemis Heights and Saratoga formed an unsatisfactory contrast with Brandywine and Gerraantown, and served the purpose of a faction, subsequently known as " Conway's Cabal," who were laboring in secret to undermine the popularity of Washington. The leading conspirator, the one from whom the cabal de- rived its name, was Thomas Conway, who had come from Europe with a military reputation, and been appointed a major-general in the American army. GENERAL GATES. * Horatio Gntes Inland, in 172S. He was an officer in Braddoclv's expedition, ereiy wounded in the battle of tlie Monongaliela. After the Revolutionary War, he rei ' ' Virginia, until 1790. He then removed to New Yorli, where he XVII. Questions. — 72. "Whnt had Sir Henry Clinton done in the mean time? 73. Howwere the two forts, Clinton and Montgomery, situated? (See map, p. 47.) 74. What expedition did he send? 75. What effeet did Burgoyne's surrender have upon the expedition, and the British troops on Lake Champlain ? XVIII. 76. What invidious contrast was made ? 7". What is said of the cabal and the leading conspirators? 152 AMERICAN REVOLUTIOX. ^HHt, XIX. A knowledge of tliis intrigue coining to Washington, his despondency, occasioned by the dis- tresses at Valley Forge, was very much augmented, but during the trying season he comported himself with dignity ; and time fully vindicated the wisdom of Congress in electing him to be the commander-in-chief of the army. XX. In November, 1777, Articles of Confederation for the government of the United States were adopted by Congress. These, however, in consequence of not being rati- fied by all the States previous to 1781, did not go into effect before that year. KU1N8 or rOKT TICONDEKOGA. XIX. Questions.— TS. Did Wasliington hear of the intrigue against him? 79. How (lid the knowledge affect him ? SO. What was his conduct under the circum- stances? 81. "What is said of the wisdom of Congress in connection with the sub- ject? XX. 82. When did Congress adopt the Articles of Confederation ? S3. When did the Articles go into effect? S4. Why did they not go into ettect sooner? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 153 REVIEW QUESTIOXS. PAGE 1. What measures were taken to drive the British from Boston ? . 121 2. When and under what circumstances did they leave the city? 127 3. What authority did Washington give to General Charles Lee? 128 4. When, where, and by whom was Clinton's force increased?. . . 128 5. How was Charleston prepared for defense ? 128 6. Give an account of the battle of the 28th of June, 177G 128 1. What was done in Congress on the 7th of June, 1776? 129 8. What on the 2d of July and the 4th of July ? 129, 1.^0 9. What extensive preparations were made by the British? 130 10. What was their design in making the preparations ? 130 11. Give an account of the battle of Long Island 131, 132 12. Of Washington's retreat to Xew York and evacuation of the city 132 13. Of Howe's subsequent movements to intercept Washington. 133, 134 14. How did the British get Fort Washington and Fort Lee ? 134 15. How did Gen. Lee behave when ordered to join the main army ? 134 16. How did the British succeed in making him a prisoner ? 135 17. Give an account of the battle of Trenton 135 18. Give an account of the battle of Princeton 136, 137 19. Why were Dr. Franklin and others sent to France? 137 20. What can you state of the generous conduct of Lafayette ?. . . 138 21. What expeditious were made in April, May, and July ? 138 22. In what way did Howe proceed from New Jersey to the Elk R. ? 140 23. Give an account of the battle of Brandywine 140, 141 24. Give an account of Wayne's disaster at Paoli 142 25. When did the British army enter Philadelphia? 142 26. Give an account of the battle of Germantown 142, 143 27. Give an account of the two battles fought October 22d 143 28. How were Forts Mifflin and Mercer afterwards lost? 144 29. What can you state of Washington's army at Valley Forge ? . . 144 30. What army did the British concentrate at St. John's, Canada?. 145 31. Give an account of St. Leger's operations 145, 147, 148 32. Of Burgoyne's movements against Ticonderoga 145, 146 33. Of the battle of Hubbardton 146 34. Of the two battles fought near Bennington 148, 149 35. By whom was Schuyler superseded in the Northern command ? 149 36. Give an account of the battle of Bemis Heights 149, 150 37. Give an account of the battle of Saratoga 150 38. What was Burgoyne finally compelled to do? 150, 151 39. What account can you give of Conway's Cabal? 151, 152 40. What can you say of the Articles of Confederation? 152 154 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. EYENTS OP IT 7 8. I. The success of the Americans at Saratoga decided the negotiations which had been set on foot in 1776. France acknowledged the independence of the United States, and a treaty of alliance and commerce was concluded between the two countries. The commissioners by whom the treaty was made met at Paris, — those on the part of the United States being Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee, — and on the 6th of February, 1778, signed the important docu- ment. II. In England the tidings of Burgoyne's surrender pro- duced alarm, which was aggravated by apprehensions that France was about to espouse tlie cause of the Americans ; and instead of the determination formerly manifested by the British ministry, to conquer the rebellious colonies at any cost, a more conciliatory spirit began to prevail, and two bills, in keeping with this feeling, were passed by Parliament. III. Commissioners were sent to America, with ah dispatch, to negotiate a restoration of peace ; but Congress refused to treat with them until Great Britain should withdraw her fleets and armies, or acknowledge the independence of the United States. IV. One of the commissioners, in his eagerness to forward the end of his mission, attempted to bribe General Joseph Reed and Robert Morris, members of Congress. Said Reed, in reply, " I am not worth purchasing ; but, such as I am, the king of Great Britain is not rich enough to do it." Events of 1778. — I. Questions. — 1. How did the American success at Saratoga affect matters in France? 2. Who were the American commissioners by whom the treaty was negotiated? 3. When was it signed? II. 4. How did the success at Saratoga afifect the cause in England ? 5. What was done by Parliament? III. 6. Who were sent to America ? 7. How did Congress act toward them f IV. 8. What is said of the attempt at bribery 7 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 155 V. France, immediately upon the conclusion of the treaty with the United States, fitted out a squadron, commanded by D'Es- taing* {des-taing'), the first object of which was to blockade the British fleet, then in the Dela- ware. VI. In the mean time, Gen- eral Howe had resigned his com- mand, and General Clinton been D'ESTArNo. appointed his successor. The British government, fearing for the safety of their fleet in the Delaware, and apprehending a result to their main army similar to that of Burgoyne's, ordered the ships to leave the river, and the troops to abandon Philadelphia, and both forces to proceed to New York. Consequently, D'Estaing, in his first intention, was foiled, for, before his arrival. Admiral Howe had sailed. VII. On the 18th of June, Clinton completed the evacua- tion of Philadelphia, crossed the Delaware, and commenced his march through New Jersey toward New York. Wash- ington gave pursuit, and at Monmouth, on the 28th of June, a severely contested battle was fought. In the early part of it, Lee's division fell back, and was in fall retreat just as Washington came up. Lee was sharply rebuked by the com- mander-in-chief, and directed to assist in further operations ; * Charles Hector Count d'Eataing was a native of France, born in 1729. He was a member of the Assembly of Notables in the French Revolution, but, falling under the suspicion of the Terrorists, was guillotined in 1794. V. Questions. — 9. How did France commence to assist the Americans? VI. 10. What change took place in the British command ? 11. In what intention was D'Estaing foiled? 12. W'hat was the cause ? 13. Why did Clinton leave Phila- delphia? VII. 14. When did he leave? 15. In what direction did he go? 16. Whatmove- ment did Washington make? IT. When did the battle of Monmouth take place? 18. In what direction is Monmouth from Philadelphia? (See map, p. 68.) 19. What ia Monmouth now called ? Atis. — Freehold. 20. Give an account of the battle. 156 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ■.hhq ^^ complied, and during the remainder of the battle displayed both faithfulness and courage. VIII. Though, at the close of the day, the result of the engagement was indecisive, the advantage was clearly with the Americans, and they slept on their arms, intending to re- new the contest on the following morning ; but Clinton silently departed before dawn, and proceeded on his march. The loss of the British in the battle reached five hundred, and this was increased by more than a thousand desertions, prin- cipally among the Hessians, before the march was ended. The Americans lost more than two hundred, many of whom fell from the excessive heat and fatigue of the day. IX. Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke he had received on the battle-field, he addressed two disrespectful let- ters to Washington on the subject, and, at his own request, was tried by a court-martial. Three charges were made out against him, namely : disobedience of orders, misbehavior before the enemy, and disrespect to the commander-in-chief. A tedious investigation of more than a month was had, when he was found guilty and sentenced to be suspended from all command for a year. X. Lee never rejoined the army, but, just before the close of the war, died in Philadelphia. It is certain that his con- duct, on more than one occasion during the war, gave rise to painful suspicions ; and the evidence is now strong that, once at least, he was ready to act a treacherous part. XL During the summer of 1Y78, an enterprise was decided upon by Washington and D'Estaing, having for its object the VIII. QcrBsnoNS. — 21. Wliat is said of the result? 22. What prevented a re- newal of the contest? 23. What losses were sustained by each party ? IX. 2t To whom did Lee address two disrespectful letters ? 25. Why did he do BO? 26. What action was taken at his request? 27. What charges were brought against him ? 28. What was the result of the trial ? X. 29. When and where did Lee die ? 30. What is said of his conduct during the war? XI. 31. What enterprise did Washington and D'Estaing decide upon? 32. What force did the enemy have there at the time ? 83. How did the French and Ameri- cans commence operations? 34 In what direction from Providence is Newport? (See map, p. 87.) AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 157 expulsion of the British from the Island of Rhode Island, which place had been made a military depot and stronghold by them. The enemy's force there, at the time, consisted of about six thousand men, commanded by General Pigot, whose head- quarters were at Newport. In accordance with the plan of attack, the French fleet entered the harbor of Newport and anchored near the town, while Sullivan,"* commanding the American troops, crossed from Tiverton and landed on the northern part of the island, XII. Just as arrangements were matured for a com- bined attack, Lord Howe, who had heard of Pigot's danger, and hastened to his relief, made his appearance with his large fleet. The new-comer entirely diverted the French commander from his object, who, tempted by the hope of a naval victory, sailed out to meet Howe. GENERAL SULLIVAN. The two fleets were about to engage when a furious storm came on, which parted and disabled them. XIII. D'Estaing returned to Newport, but, instead of co- operating with the Americans, as agreed, he announced his intention of sailing for Boston, to refit his ships. Against this contemplated desertion, not only Sullivan, but Lafayette and Greene, who were then with the army at Rhode Island, re- monstrated, but without efiect. In the mean time, Sullivan had advanced almost to Newport, but, finding himself deserted * John Sullivan was born in Berwick, Main position in the army before the close of the wf 1795. n 1740. In consequence of ill health, he resigned hi» His death occurred at Durham, New Hampshire, in XII. Questions. — 35. Describe what took place in connection with D'Estaing's fleet. XIIL 36. Upon D'Estaing's return to Newport, what announcement did he malce? 3T. How was the announcement received by the Americans? 38. What bad Sullivan done in the mean time ? 158 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. by the French, he withdrew to the northern part of the island, followed up by the British. XIY. Here, on the 29th of August, occurred an engage- ment known as the battle of Quaker Ilill, or, taking its name from another eminence, on which the Americans had thrown up a redoubt, the battle of Batt's Hill. After a loss, in killed, of over two hundred on each side, the British retired. Learning that a fleet with troops was coming to the aid of Pigot, Sulli- van gained the mainland, by a night movement, just in time to avoid being intercepted by Sir Henry Clinton. XV. A little later in the season, a marauding expedition, commanded by General Grey, committed great devastation, burning vessels in Buzzard's Bay, sacking New Bedford and Fair Haven, and, at Martha's Vineyard, levying an immense contribution in sheep and cattle. But no acts of the enemy during the entire war were considered of greater atrocity than those committed by the Tories and Indians at Wyoming, iu Pennsylvania, and at Cherry Valley, in New York. XVI. Early in July, 1778, a large force of Tories and In- dians, under Colonel John Butler, entered the Valley of Wy- oming, spread desolation in every direction, and defeated, with great slaughter, a body of the inhabitants, who had march- ed out to check their ravages. In November, of the same year, a force of the same mixed character fell upon the settle- ment of Cherry Valley, and killed, or carried into captivity, many of the settlers. XVII. Towards the close of the year. Sir Henry Clinton sent an expedition of two thousand men to invade Georgia. XIV. Questions.— 39. When did the battle of Quaker Hill take place ? 40. Give an account of it. 41. What is said of Sullivan's escape? XV. 42. Give an account of Grey's expedition. 43. Where is Buzzard's Bay? (See map, p. 3T.) 44. In what direction from Newport is New Bedford? (See same map.) 45. Where is Fair Haven? Arts.— On the Acushnet River, opposite New Bedford, with which it is connected by a bridge. 46. Where is Martha's Viiiey.ard? (See map, p. 37.) 47. What acts of the enemy were looked upon as of peculiar atrocity? 48. Where is Cherry Valley ? (See map, p. 62.) 49. Where, Wyoming ? (See map, p. 62.) XVI. 50. Give an account of the " Massacre at Wyoming." 51. Of the "Massacre at Cherry Valley." AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 159 Colonel Campbell (kam'-el), who commanded it, proceeded against, Savannah, then defended by a force of only six hun- dred regulars and two or three hundred militia, under General Robert Howe, and, on the 29th of December, made an attack. The Americans were defeated with much loss, and, in conse- quence. Savannah fell into the hands of the British, and was retained by them until July, 1783. EVENTS OF 1119. I. Savannah having fallen into the hands of the British, no other post in Georgia remained to the Americans except Sun- bury {sun' -ber-e). On the 9th of January, 1779, General Pre- vost, who had arrived from Florida with a body of troops, captured this post, and, assuming the command of the British forces in the South, ordered Campbell to occupy Augusta, for the purpose of giving encouragement and support to the loy- alists in that region. II. The Tories along the western frontiers of Carolina, having organized themselves into a body, and placed Colonel Boyd in command, marched to join the royal army under Prevost. Throughout their entire route, they committed depredations and cruelties upon the property and persons of the patriots ; but at Kettle Creek, Georgia, they were attacked, on the 14th of February, by a force of Carolina militia, under Colonel Pickens, and utterly defeated, Boyd being among the killed. III. Encouraged by this success. General Lincoln (link'-on), who had arrived to take command of the American troops at XVII. QiTESTiONS. — 52. What expedition was Bent against Georgia? 53. How is Savannah situated ? (See map, p. 164.) 54. When did a battle occur ? 55. Give an account of it. 56. What was the consequence ? Events op 1179. — I. 1. What post in Georgia remained to the Americans after the fall of Savannah? 2. State how and when this, too, was lost. 3. What command did Prevost assume ? 4. What order did he give ? 5. In what direction from Sa- vannah is Sunbury? (See map, p. 164.) II. 6. What organization of Tories was effected? 1. What is said of their acts ? depredations, etc. ? 8. When did the battle of Kettle Creek take place ? 9. Where did it take place ? Ans. — ^At Kettle Creek, Georgia, near its junction with the Sa- vannah Kiver. 10. Give an account of the battle. 160 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. the South, sent General Ashe to drive the British from Augusta, and confine them to the country near the sea. Campbell fled at his approach ; but at Brier Creek, Georgia, Ashe was surprised by Prevost, on the 3d of March, and de- feated, losing nearly his whole army by death, captivity, and dispersion. Elated with victory, Prevost advanced against Charleston, but the timely arrival of Lincoln forced him to retire. IV. Learning that a body of British troops was stationed at Stono Ferry, ten miles southwest from Charleston, Lincoln determined, if possible, to drive the enemy from a position so menacing to the city. Accordingly, on the 20th of June, the attempt was made,, but, after a severe engagement, the Ameri- cans were repulsed. V. While these operations were being carried on at the South, General Try on made two more expeditions against Con- necticut, and Clinton captured Stony and Verplanck's Points, on the Hudson. In Tryon's second expedition, he destroyed some salt-works at Horseneck, and dispersed a body of troops under Putnam ; in his third, he plundered New Haven, and laid East Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk, in ashes. VI. Washington, desiring to recapture Stony Point, plan- ned a midnight attack under General Wayne.* On the 15th of July, Wayne set out, and, dividing his force into two col- * Anthony Wayne was bom at Wayne3boroug:h, Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1745. He died at Presque Isle^ now Erie, in 179(5, while on his way from the West, where he had been on public business. III. Questions. — 11. Who succeeded General Robert Howe in the command of the American troops at the South? 12. On what expedition did Lincoln send Ashe? 13. How is Augusta situated ? (See map, p. KU.) 14 When did the battle of Brier Creek take place ? 15. Into what body of water does Brier Creek flow? (See map, p. 1G4.) 16. Give an account of the battle. IV. 17. When did the battle of Stono Ferry take place ? 18. Where was the battle fought ? 19. Give an account of it. V. 20. In the mean time, what had the British done at the East and Nortli ? 21. How is Stony Point situated? (See map, p. 1G9.) 22. Which is the near- er to Peekskill, Stony Point or Verplanck's Point? (See map, p. 169.) 23. How are New Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk situated? (See map, p. 47.) 24. Where is East Haven? Ans. — Four miles east from New Haven. 25. What did Tryon ao complish in his second expedition? 26. In his third? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 161 GENERAL WATNE. umns, for simultaneous attacks on opposite sides of the fort reached the outworks before the alarm was given : the two columns then forced their way with the bayonet, in the face of a tremendous fire of grape- shot and musketry, and, meet- ing in the centre of the works, the garrison surren- dered at discretion. The entire loss of the Americans was fifteen killed, and eighty-three wounded : the British lost upward of six hundred, in killed and prisoners. This achievement, considered one of the most brilliant of the war, was effected without the firing of a single gun on the part of the victors. VII. Only four days after, July 19, another gallant exploit crowned the eff"orts of the Americans. The British post at Paulus (pa«y'-^M5) Hook,* in New Jersey, opposite the city of New York, was surprised at night by Major Henry Lee, and one hundred and fifty men of the garrison were made prison- ers. VI II. These two successes were counterbalanced by a com- plete reverse, experienced about a month later, in Maine. A squadron of armed vessels, fitted out by Massachusetts, pro- ceeded against a military post which the British had estab- lished on the Penobscot River. Just as the Americans were about to make an assault, after an ill-judged siege of fifteen days, a British fleet arrived and defeated them with great loss. * Panlus Hook was so called for a number of years. Ita name was afterwards clianged to ** the city ot Jersey," and ia 1838, by act of incorporation, it was called Jersey City. VI. Questions. — 27. What place did Washington desire to recapture ? 2S. How is Stony Point situated? (See map, p. 1G9.) 29. When was the battle of Stony Point fought? 30. Give an account of it 31. How is Wayne's achievement considered? VII. 32. Give an account of the exploit at Paulus Hook. VIII. 33. Describe the Penobscot Kiver. (See map, p. 103.) 34. Give an account of the reverse on the Penobscot. 162 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ■tHHQ IX' ^s many of the Indian tribes, especially those in the western part of New York, were constantly war- ring upon the border settlements. General Sullivan was sent to check their depredations, as also to avenge the " Massacre of Wyoming." On his march, he was joined by General James Clinton, from the vicinity of Albany, when the united forces amounted to about five thousand men. After defeating a body of Indians and Tories at Newtown, now Elmira, in a conflict known as the " Battle of Chemung" (she-mung'), he penetrated as far as the Genesee (jen-e-see') River, destroying forty Indian villages and a vast amount of corn. This chastise- ment greatly intimidated the Indians, and their murderous excursions became less frequent. X. The winter of lV79-'80 set in early, and was very se- vere. Washington made his winter quarters at Morristown ; and, though he made great exertions for the comfort of his troops, they still were at times on half allowance, and suffered greatly for want of sufficient clothing and shelter. XI. D'Estaing, it will be remembered, sailed from Rhode Island for Boston, to refit his ships, after they had been dis- abled in a storm. From Boston he went to the West Indies. In September, 1779, he returned, and prepared to co-operate with Lincoln in an attempt to recover Savannah. On the 9 th of October, after a siege of about three weeks, the two com- manders made a combined assault, but were repulsed with the loss of nearly a thousand men, in killed and wounded. Among those who fell was the gallant Count Pulaski, a Po- lish patriot, who had distinguished himself at the battle of Brandywine, and had otherwise rendered good service to the American cause. IX. Questions. — 35. Upon what expedition was Sullivan sent? 36. By whom was he joined? 37. Where is Elmira? (See map, p. 02.) 3S. What took place there? 89. What did Sullivan accomplish? 40. Describe the Genesee River. (See map, p. 62.) X. 41. What is said of the condition of Washington's army during the winter of n79-'80? XL 42. What Is said of D'Estalng's movements ? 43. Give an account of the attempt to recover Savannah. 44 What officer of note did the Americans lose? AMERICAN REVOLUTION-. 163 PAUL JONES. XII. In September of this year, one of the most obsti- nate naval engagements ever fought took place off Flam- borough Head, England. It was between a small squad- ron of French and American vessels, commanded by Paul Jones,* and two British frig- ates that were convoying a mer- chant fleet. At about seven, on the evening of the 23d, the battle commenced. The Bon- Homme Richard, Jones's flag- ship, coming in contact with the Serapis, one of the frigates, commanded by Captain Pear- son, Jones lashed the two vessels together. The contest con- tinued with great fury till ten at night, when the Serapis struck. The other frigate in the mean time had surrendered to the Pallas, one of the vessels of the squadron. Jones, find- ing that his own ship was sinking, was compelled to transfer his crew to the Serapis. XIII. Great Britain found an additional antagonist this year, in Spain ; that power with a view to regaining Gibraltar Jamaica, and Florida, joined France and declared war against her. EVENTS OP 1180. I. The principal military operations of 1780 were carried on in South Carolina. Sir Henry Clinton, with a fleet com- manded by Arbuthnot, having sailed from New York to pro- * John Paul Jones was bom in Scotland, in 1747. At the ftije of twelve, he was apprenticed to a ship- master who was engaged in the American trade. When tile Americaa Revolution ijroko out, he was in Virginia. Hisnanaewas John Paul, to which, for some unknown reason, he added Jones. After the Revolution, he entered the Russian naval service, and died at Paris, in poverty and neglect, in 1792, XII. Questions. — i5. Where did a naval battle take place on the 23d of September, 1779? 46. What was the character of the battle ? 47. Give an account of it. XIII. 48. What additional antagonist appeared against Great Britain ? Events of 1780. — L 1. Where were the principal military operations of 1780 carried on? 2. When did Sir Henry Clinton appear before Charleston? 3. How is Charleston situated? (See map, p. 164.) 4. What took place at Monk's Cor- ner? 5. Where is Monk's Comer? (See map, p. 164.) 6. Give an account of the euprendet of Charleston. 164 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1 780 ^^^*"^ against Charleston, appeared before that city in February, and, on the 1st of April, commenced a regu- lar siege. While it was in progress, an American force, sta- tioned at Monk's Corner, to keep open a communication between the city and the interior, was surprised by Colonel Tarleton, and put to flight. On the 12th of May, Lincoln, the American commander, unable to hold out any longer, surrendered, and every man in Charleston became a prisoner of war. II. To complete the subjugation of South Carolina, as Clin- ton contemplated, three expeditions were sent into the inte- rior. The first was to scour the country along the Savannah ; the second, to go against the post of Ninety-Six ; while the third was to pursue a body of troops which had been sent II. QiTESTioNS.— 7. Why did Clinton send three expeditions ? 8. What special objects had each ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 165 to the relief of Charleston, but, on learning of the surrender of that city to the British, had turned back, and were march- ing towards North Carolina. III. The first and second expeditions met with no opposi- tion. As Buford, the commander of the retrograding Ameri- cans, was moving very rapidly, and had a long start of the third expedition, Cornwall is, its commander, detached Tarleton with a force of dragoons and mounted infantry, to lead the pursuers. At Waxhaw Creek, on the 29th of May, Tarleton overtook the retreating Americans, and, impetuously falling upon them, gave no quarters, but massacred or maimed nearly every man. IV. Sir Henry Clinton, believing South Carolina to be completely subdued, sailed for New York, leaving Cornwallis to carry the war into North Carolina and Virginia. In this opinion, however, Clinton was mistaken : for Generals Sumter and Marion, by their partisan warfare, kept alive the spirit of freedom. Although the former was repulsed at Rocky Mount, yet at Hanging Rock, only a week after, he attacked a large body of British and Tories and gained a decided victory. V. Previous to the surrender of Charleston, Washington had sent the Baron De Kalb with re-enforcements, for the pur- pose of aiding Lincoln ; but, owing to various difficulties, De Kalb advanced no further than Deep River, in North Carolina, where, hearing of the fate of Charleston, he deter- mined to await further orders. "While thus waiting. Gates, who had been appointed by Congress to succeed Lincoln in III. Questions. — 9. How did the first and second expeditions succeed? 10. When did the battle of Waxhaw Creek take place? 11. Give an account of it. 12. Into what river does Waxhaw Creek flow? (See map, p. 164.) IV. 1.3. Why did Clinton return to New York? 14. Whom did he leave in com- mand? 15. What is said of Sumter and Marion? 16. What is said of the b.-ittles at Eocky Mount and Hanging Rock ? 17. Where are these two places situated ? (See map, p. l&l.) V. 18. How did Washington endeavor to prevent the loss of Charleston ? 19. Give nn account of De Kalb's movements. 20. Into what body of water does the Deep River flow? (See map. p. 104..) 21. Who was Lincoln's succoSBor in command at the South ? 22. To what place did Gates march his army ? 166 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1780. the command, at the South, arrived and took charge. The army then marched to Clermont, in South Carolina. VI. At this time there were two large forces of the British in South Carolina : one at Charleston, under Cornwallis, and the other on the Santee River, under Lord Rawdon. On hear- ing of the approach of Gates, Rawdon concentrated his troops at Camden, twelve miles from Clermont, at which place Corn- wallis soon arrived with a small number of troops and took the command. On the 15th of August, Gates sent re-enforce- ments to aid Sumter in capturing a train of supplies intended for the enemy ; and, on the night of the 15th, he advanced towards Camden, for the purpose of attacking the British should they march out in force to repel Sumter. VII. On the same night, by a singular coincidence, Corn- wallis sallied from Camden to attack the camp at Clermont. Just after midnight the two vanguards met at Sanders Creek, and a slight skirmish took place, and early in the morning a general battle commenced. After a desperate contest, the American reg- ulars, being deserted by the militia, and overwhelmed by superior num- bers, were forced to retreat, with a loss in killed, wounded, and prison- ers, of about a thousand men. De Kalb* was among the mortally wounded, and died three days after. The loss of the British was between three and four hundred. This con- test, fought on the 16th of August, GENERAL DE KALB. » The Baron De Kalb i America with Lafayette, i ; a native of Alsace, a German province in possession of Fra VI. Questions. — 23. Where, at the time, were the British in force in South Caro- lina? 24. Describe- the Santee River. (See map, p. 164.) 25. How is Camden situ- ated? (See same map.) 26. What movements did Rawdon and Cornwallis make before the 16th of August ? 27. What did Gates do on the 15th and 1 6th ? VII. 2S. Give an account of the battle of Sanders Creek. 29. When did it take place? 30. By what other names is it also known? 31. What officer of note did th« Americans lose ? AMKRICAN REVOLUTION. 167 1780, is known as the battle of Sanders Creek. It is also known as the first battle of Camden, or, it is quite as often simpl}^ designated as the battle of Camden. VIII. Sumter was successful in capturing the train of sup- plies ; but the defeat of Gates not only left him without any co-operation from that quarter, but let loose the enemy against him. He was pursued by Tarleton, and at Fishing Creek, a tributary of the Wateree, was surprised and routed with great slaughter. IX. Believing South Carolina to be at last subdued, Corn- wallis proceeded to overrun North Carolina. His first measure was to detach Major Ferguson to overawe the in- habitants favoring the patriot cause, and embody the loyalists under the royal banner. A large number of Tories and dis- reputable persons flocked to Ferguson's standard, and, as a consequence, his progress was attended by many disgraceful excesses. X. These acts of violence so exasperated the inhabitants, that, on the 7th of October, a hastily-formed force, consisting of bodies of mountaineers and backwoodsmen, under the general command of Colonel William Campbell, of Virginia, attacked the enemy at King's Mountain,* in South Carolina. Fer- guson and one hundred and fifty of his men were killed, and the remainder, to the number of more than eight hundred, » King's Mountain is the name of a village in Kovth Caroliuu. Near it, but in South Carolina, is the eminence of the same name, which was the scene of the battle. The conflict took place about a mile and a half south of the boundary-line between the two States, YIII. Questions. — 82. What is said of Sumter's success and subsequent defeat? 83. By what name is the Wateree liivcr known in North Carolina? Ans. — The Catawba. 3-1. At what i)lace was Sumter surprised and routed by Tarleton ? 85. Into what stream does Fishing Creeli tiow? 3G. Into what stream does the Wateree flow? (See map, p. 164.) IX. 37. Under what delusion did Cornwallis proceed to overrun North Carolina? 38. What was his first measure ? 39. What is said of the persons who flocked to Ferguson's standard ? 40. What was the consequence ? X. 41. When was the battle of King's Mountain fought ? 4'2. Was the battle fought in North or South Carolina? 4-3. In what direction is King's Mountain from the Cowpens? (See map, p. 164.) 44. Of whom did the American force at King's Mountain consist? 45. Give an account of the battle. 46. What oflicer did the Americans lose ? 47. How did the result of the battle afifect Cornwallis ? 168 MERICAN REVOLUTION. 1780. suiTendered. Though the Americans had only twenty men killed, the loss of Colonel Williams, a brav4 and efficient officer, who was among the slain, was very much felt. The blow was a severe one to Cornwallis, and compelled him to make a retrograde march into South Carolina. XI. Marion* [md'-re-un), by his stratagems and expedients, con- tinued to frustrate the purposes of British detachments, and Sumter, appearing again in the field after his rout at Fishing Creek, was victorious in two engagements — one at Fishdam Ford, with Major Wemyss [tvemz), and the other at Blackstocks, with Tarleton. XII. At the north, in the mean time, events of great importance were taking place. Sir Henry Clinton, having heard that a mutinous spirit was breaking out in Washington's army, deemed the occasion propitious for an expedition. Accord- ingly, a force of five thousand men, under Knyphausen, advanced into New Jersey, took possession of Elizabeth, and burned " Connecticut Farms," a village now called Union. In a second advance, also led by Knyphausen, the British were met at Springfield, on the 2.3d of June, and repulsed. GENEKAL MARION. » Francis Marion was born in South Carolina, in 1732. The amount of service which he rendered the patriot cause during the Revolution can hardly be estimated. He was sometimes at the head of an inde- pendent force, surprising relief and supply parties of the British, and often rescuing captive Americans ;and then he and Sumter would be engaged in some daring enterprise, or he would aid Greene. AH attempts of the enemy to overreach or baffle him were entirely futile. He was an honest man and a pure patriot. His death occurred in 1795. XI. QtTESTiONS. — 48. What is said of Marion's successes? 49. Of Sumter's? 50. Where is Fishdam Ford? (See map, p. 164.) 51. Where is Blackstocks? (See map, p. 164.) XII. 52. What prompted Clinton to send an expedition into New Jersey? 58. What expedition did he send ? 54. What did Knyphausen accomplish in his first advance? 55. How is the village of Union situated? (See map, p. 68.) 56. How is the city of Elizabeth situated? (See map, p. 186.) 5T. What was the city of Elizabeth formerly called 1 .4ns.— Elizabethtown. 58. When did a battle take place at Springiield? 59. What was the result? 60. How is Springfield situated ? (See map, p. 136.) AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 169 TREASON OP ARNOLD. XIII. The year 1780 is particu- larly memorable for the treason of Arnold. In 1V78, directly after the British had evacuated Phila- delphia, Washington appointed Arnold to the command of that city, as the state of his wound, re- ceived at Stillwater, would not per- mit liim to resume active duty. At Philadelphia he lived at an ex- pense far beyond his income, and, to meet the demands of his credi- tors, appropriated public funds to his own use. Charges were pre- ferred against him, and, though acquitted by a court-martial of actual criminal intent, he was adjudged to be reprimanded by Washington. XIV. The decision of the court was received by Arnold ■with an ill grace, and with evident emotions of resentment ; and though Washington administered the sentence with great delicacy and consideration, Arnold felt the disgrace, and de- termined to effect a plan by which he might wreak his ven- geance, and, at the same time, repair his fortune. XV. He had already made secret advances to the enemy. XIII. Questions. — 61. For what is the year 17S0 partieularly memorable ? 62. When was Arnold appointed to a command at Philadelphia? 63. Why was he not given a command requiring greater activity? 64. What is said of Arnold's style of living at Philadelphia? 65. What misappropriation of funds did he make? 66. What followed ? XIV. 67. How did Arnold receive the decision of the court ? 6S. How did Wash- ington perform his unpleasant task? 69. Upon what did Arnold determine? XV. 70. Of what had Arnold already been guilty ? 71. What command did he solicit? 72. What correspondence was he at that time engaged in? 73. What is said of the importance of West Point ? 74. Where is It situated ? (See map, p. 169.) 75. How did Arnold's request strike Washington ? 76. Why then did he grant the request? 170 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. under a feigned name; and while actually engaged in a treasonable correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton, he solicited the command of West Point, then the strongest and most important fortress in the United States. Washing- ton expressed surprise that an officer so remarkable for energy and activity should seek a post where there was compara- tively so little to be done ; but, having confidence in Arnold's patriotism, he granted the request; aknold's uead-qtjaetees, opposite west point. XVI. The treasonable correspondence bad now been car- ried on eighteen months. The plot was ripe. Arnold was m the command of an important fortress which he proposed to betray into the hands of the British ; and Major Andre, aide- de-camp to Clinton, was sent to complete the plan of treason and adjust the traitor's recompense. Andre left New York, XVI. Questions. — 77. How long had Arnold carried on his correspondence with Clinton before the treasonable plot was ripe? 7S. On what mission was Andr6 sent? 79. Who was Andr6 ? SO. How did Andre reach Arnold ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Ill proceeded up the Hudson, and, at a place about six miles below West Point, met Arnold and completed the bargain. XA^II. Instead of returning by water, as had been previ- ously arranged, circumstances compelled Andre to cross to the east side of the Hudson, and proceed towards New York by land. When near Tarrytown, he was stopped by three militiamen — John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart — and searched. In his boots were found a number of papers in Arnold's own hand-writing ; and he was therefore pronounced a spy. In vain he remonstrated, and attempted to bribe his captors ; they conducted him to North Castle, the nearest military station of the Americans. XVIII. Colonel Jameson, the commander at North Castle, in stead of initiating measures for the capture of Arnold, stupidly dis- jDatched a letter to that officer, in- forming him of the circumstances of the arrest. The traitor, startled and alarmed upon reading the let- ter, immediately escaped on board the British sloop-of-war Yulture, the vessel which had been intend- ed for Andre's return, and took refuge in New York. XIX. Andre was conveyed to Tappan, a village on the west side of the Hudson, opposite Tarrytown, and there tried by a court-martial, found guilty, and, agreeably to the law BEKEDICT ARNOLD. SVII. Questions. — SI. What chanse was made in Andi-6's traveliii? arrange- ments? 82. What was the consequence? 83. Where is Tarrytown? (See map, p. 109.) 84. Give the names of the three persons who arrested him. 85. What was the result of the search? 86. Did Andre endeavor to eflFect his release, or not? 87. By what means? S3. What did his captors do with him ? S9. Where is North Cas- tle? (See map, p. 47.) XVIII. 90. Who commanded the Americans at North Castle? 91. What folly did he perpetrate ? 92. What was the consequence ? SIX. 93. Whither was xVndrc taken ? 9-t. How is Tappan situated ? 95. Where was he executed? (See map, p. 169.) 96. How was Arnold rewarded for his treachery ? 172 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ^ and usages of nations, executed as a spy Arnold* was made a brigadier-general in the British service, and received six thousand three hundred pounds sterling as an additional reward for his treachery. * Benedict Arnold was bom at Norwich^ Connecticut, in 1740. After the Revolution he was engaged In business for a time at St. John's, New Brunswick, He went to England, and at London, where ha died iu 1801, he lived iu obscurity, everybody avoiding him with disgust. EEVIBW QUESTIONS. PAGE 1. What foreign negotiations were commenced in 1776? 154 2. "What acknowledgment did France make in 1778 ? 154 3. What treaty was also made at the same time ? 154 4. Who, on the part of the United States, signed the treaty?. ... 154 5. What effect did Burgoyne's surrender have in England? 154 6. Upon what mission were commissioners sent to America?. . . . 154 7. How did Congress act with reference to the commissioners?. . 154 8. What error did one of the commissioners fall into? 154 9. How did General Reed reply to him ? 1 54 10. What foreign squadron was fitted out to aid the Americans?. 155 11. By whom was Howe succeeded in the command of the British? 155 12. Why did not D'Estaing capture the British fleet? 155 13. When did Chnton evacuate the city of Philadelphia ? 155 14. By whom was he pursued towards New York? 155 15. When did the battle of Monmouth occur ? 155 16. Give an account of the battle 155, 156 17. What was the loss of the British during the battle and retreat? 156 18. How did Lee take the rebuke from Washington ? 156 19. Upon how many and what charges was he tried? 156 20. What is said of the investigation and its result ? 156 21 Give the subsequent account of Lee , 156 22. Where was Pigot in command during the summer of 1778?... 157 23. What rendered the place important at the time ? 157 24. What enterprise was decided upon against it? 156, 157 25. Into what harbor did D'Estaing's fleet enter ? 157 26 What was done by Sullivan at the same time ? 157 27 How was D'Estaing diverted from the attack upon Newport?. 157 28. Upon his return to Newport, what announcement did he make? 157 29. How was the announcement received by the Americans?. .. . 157 30. Give an account of the battle that took place on the island. . 158, 159 REVIEW QUESTIONS. l73 PAGE 31. What fortunate retreat did Sullivan afterward make? 158 32. Give an account of Grey's marauding expedition 158 33. "When did the " Massacre of Wyoming" take place ? 158 34. When did the "Massacre of Cherry Valley" take place?.. .... 158 35. Upon what southern expedition was Campbell sent? 158, 159 36. Give an account of the battle between him and Gen. R. Howe 159 37. What did the Americans hold in Georgia at the opening of 1779? 159 38. When and by whom was Sunbury captured ? 159 39. How did the force under Colonel Boyd originate 159 40. Give an account of the battle between him and Pickens 159 41. Who, in 1779, commanded the American troops at the South? 159 42. On what expedition did Lincoln send General Ashe? 160 43. Give an account of the battle between Ashe and Pre vest 160 44. Give an account of the battle of Stono Perry 160 45. What was done by Tryon mliis second andtliird expeditions?. 160 46. By whom was the recapture of Stony Poiut planned? 160 47. Give an account of Wajme's brdliant achievement 160, 161 48. What brilliant success crowned the efforts of Major Lee? 161 49. Where, in Maine, had the British established amiUtary post?. 161 50. Give an account of the expedition against it 161 51. On what westward expedition was Sullivan sent? 162 52. What did he accomplish during the expedition ? 162 53. What preparations were made, in 1779, to recover Savannah?. 162 54. Give an account of the battle of Savannah 162 55. What account can you give of Pulaski? 141, 162 56. Where did Paul Jones have his famous naval battle? 163 57. Give an account of it 163 58. Give an account of the operations against Charleston 163, 164 59. What expeditions did Clinton send into the interior? 164, 165 00. What success did they meet witli ? 165 61. After Lincoln's capture, who succeeded to his command? .... 165 62. Give an account of the battle of Sanders Creek 166 63. Give an account of the battle of King's Mountain 167, 168 64. Of the events wliich led to Arnold's treason 169 170 65. What place did Arnold propose to surrender to the British?.. . 170 66. Whom did Clinton send to negotiate with Arnold ? 170 67. At what place did Andre and Arnold meet ? 171 68. State the circumstances of Andre's arrest 171 69. What further account can you give of Andre ? 171, 172 70. How did Arnold succeed in making his escape? 171 71. How did the British afterward reward him ? 172 174 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. EVENTS OP 1781. L The Pennsylvania line of troops, to the number of thir- teen hundred, having experienced much suflfering through ,want_pf pay, clothing, and provisions, left their camp at Morris- town, with the intention of inarching to Philadelphia and de- manding redress from Congress. At Princeton they were over- taken by two emissaries whom Clinton had sent, for the pur- pose of inducing them by bribes to enter the service of the king. II. Though smarting under the neglect to which they had been subjected, the troops were not to be bribed. Regarding Clinton's attempt as a reflection upon their fidelity to the cause of freedom, they seized the emissaries and conducted them to General Wayne, to be treated as spies. While at Princeton a committee of Congress met the disaffected sol- diers, and, after making concessions and granting relief, settled the difficulty. The two emissaries were tried by court-martial, found guilty, and executed as spies. III. The plan of concession by which the troubles with the Pennsylvania troops were settled, had a pernicious effect ; for the example of the Pennsylvanians was soon followed by a part of the Jersey troops, who claimed like treatment ; but Washington, by vigorous measures, not only quelled this second mutiny, but repressed all similar manifestations among other portions of the army. IV. However much these two demonstrations were regretted at the time, they produced a quickening and salutary eftect upon Congress. Direct taxes were resorted to, an agent was sent to Europe for aid, the Bank of North America was char- tered, and other efficient measures were adopted for the support Events of 1781. — I. Questions. — 1. What is said of the mutiny of the Pennsyl- vania troops? 2. Where and by whom were they overtalcen ? II. S. What did the troops do with the emissaries? 4. What was finally done with them ? 5. IIow was the difficulty with the troops settled ? III. 6. What is said of the method by which the difficulty with the Pennsylvania troops -was settled? 7. How was that soon shown? 8. How were the Jersey troops dealt with ? 9. What was the effect ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 17, EGBERT MORRIS. of the army and the maintenance of the government. Througli the exertions of Robert Morris,* as su- perintendent of the national treas- ury, and by the help of the bank, was Congress mainly enabled to prosecute the war. V. Early in 1781, two months after he liad joined the British, Arnold was appointed to the command of an expedition against Virginia. With about twelve hundred men, he sailed up the James River to Richmond, plundered and destroyed public and private property there, and all his movements, in every direction, were marked by ravages and distress, VI. Descending the river, he took post at Portsmouth, An opportunity for his defeat and capture seeming full of promise, Washington arranged a plan by which troops under Lafay- ette,f co-operating with a French fleet from Rhode Island, were to make the attempt. But the effort failed in conse- quence of the British fleet, under Arbuthnot, overtaking that of the French oft' the capes of Virginia, and, after an engage- ment of about an hour, compelling it to return. VII. Gates's defeat at Sanders Creek caused his removal from the command of the Southern troops, and the appoint- ment of Greene in his place. Establishing a camp on the * Robert Morris was born in Lancashire, England, in 1734. He came to America when thirteen years olil, and was educated at Philadelphia. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. After the Revolution, he lost, by land speculations, an immense fortune which he had gained in the China trade, and he died at Philadelphia, in 1806, in comparative poverty. + The Marquis de Lafayette was born in France, of an ancient and distinguished family, in 1767. He was in the battles of Brandywine, Monmouth, and Yorktown, and was a member of the court that tried Andr6 as a spy. He died in Paris, in 1834. IT. QcTESTiONS. — 10. What is said of the effect which the two uprisings of the troops had upon the Congress? 11. What measures did Congress adopt? 12. What is said of Kobcrt Morris's exertions ? V. 1.3. When did Arnold commence operations in behalf of those to whom he had deserted? 14. What is said of his expedition? 15. Describe the James Elver. (Sec map, p. 85.) VI. 16. How is Portsrao'ith situated ? (See map, p. 44.) 17. What plan of cap- ture did Washington arrange? 18. Why did it fiiil ? 176 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1781. LAFAYETTE. Great Pedee, tlie first care of the new commander was to reorganize the army, after which, separating it into two divisions, he sent one, under Morgan, to check the devastations of tlie British in the western part of South Carolina; the other, he retained under his own immediate command. VIII. CornwalHs no sooner heard of the movement of Mor- gan, than he dispatched Tarle- ton to disperse his force or drive it out of the State. Morgan, on receivincj inteliiorence of the approach of the British, was at first inclined to make a stand where he was encamped, but, being informed of the superior- ity of their numbers, he retreated and took a position near the Cowpens. Here Tarleton found him, on the morning of the 1 7 th of January. IX. Upon the signal being given, the British rushed for- ward with a shout, and a conflict ensued, in which, though Tarleton was confident of success, up to almost the very close of the battle, the Americans were completely victorious, inflict- ing a loss, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, of more than eight hundred men, while their own did not exceed seventy. The battle of the Cowpens was one of the most decisive of the Revolution. The patriots fought, actuated by a desire to re- venge the wrongs and outrages which the Tories and English had committed upon them, their neighbors, and their homes, VII. Questions. — 19. What change in commanders ttid Gates's defeatat the South cause? 20. Where did Greene establish a camp? 21. Into what river does that flow ? (See map, p. 1(U.) 23. How did he divide his army, and what did he do with one of the divisions? VIII. 23. What expedition was dispatched by Cornwallis ? 24. What movement did Morgan make? 25. Where is the Cowpens? (See map, p. 164.) 26. When did the battle of the Cowpens take place ? IX. 2T. Give an accoimt of the battle. 2S. What is said of the decisiveness of the battle ? 29. What is said of the desire which actuated the patriots? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 177 GENERAL MORGAN. and the result was a blow which perceptibly paralyzed the power of the royalists in the South. X. Morgan* did not linger on the battle-field. Believing that Cornwallis would advance upon him with an overwhelming force as soon as he should hear of Tarle- ton's defeat, the victor set out in a northeasterly direction, his ob- ject being to get across the Cataw- ba before the enemy, then only twenty-five miles distant, could intercept him. Nor was he mis- taken with regard to the movement of Cornwallis. That com- mander soon received the inglorious tidings from the Cowpens, and, starting off in pursuit of Morgan, reached the Catawba at evening, on the 29th, just two hours after the Americans had forded the river. He halted, intending to cross in the morning, but during the night a heavy rain set in, and by daybreak the stream was so swollen as to be impassable. XL Greene, who had received intelligence of the victory and pursuit, hurried forward with only a guard of dragoons, and, reaching the east side of the Catawba, took command of Morgan's division, and continued the retreat. x\fter some de- lay and opposition, Cornwallis effected a crossing, and reached the Yadkin only in time to capture a few wagons which had lingered in the rear of the retreating army. Another fall of rain, which had occurred during the day, overflowed the ford » Daniel Morgan was born in New Jersey, in 1736. He was with Braddock in the expedition of 1155, perfonning the humble duties of teamster. At the breaking out of the Revolution, he joined Washington at Cambridge, with a ritle corps. He accompanied Arnold across the wilderness to Quebec, and partici- pated in the attempt to capture that city. In the battle of Bemis Heights he took a distinguished part. His death occurred in 1802, at Winchester, Virginia. X. QcESTiONS. — 30. WTiy did Morgan hurry away after his victory? SI. What movement did Cornwallis make? 32. How were the Americans aided, as if provi- dentially ? XI. 33. Who now assumed command of the American army? 34. Give an ac- coimt of the pursuit as far as the Yadkin. 35. Describe the Yadkin. (See map, p. 164) 36. How were the Americans aided the second time? 8* 178 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Cornwallis had expected to use, and lie was therefore compelled to find a crossing higher up. XII. By stratagems and manoeuvers, Greene succeeded in reaching the Dan River, and eftected a crossing just as the astonished enemy appeared on the opposite bank. Grieved and vexed, CornwaUis abandoned the pursuit, and marched southward to Hillsboro (hilz'-hur-rch). XIII. Greene * recrossed the Dan, and, with his force increased to over four thousand men, felt himself to be in sufficient strength to confront Cornwallis with boldness. But at Guil- ford (f/Jdl'-furd) Court House, in North Carolina, he was attack- ed on the 15th of March, and, after one of the severest actions of the war, was forced to retreat. His loss, in killed and wounded, amounted to four hundred men, in addition to which, many of the militia deserted. The result, though a victory to the British, cost them, in killed, wounded, and missing, more than five hundred men, and so disabled Cornwallis as to compel him to retreat from the field of victory. XIV. Undismayed by his reverse, Greene determined to follow the victor, and again give battle. The pursuit was GENERAL GREENE. * Nathaniel Greene was born of Quaker parents, at Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1742. He aided, at the ftegrinninff of the Revolution, in driving the British from Boston, and he took a disting:uished part in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandy wine, Germantown, and Quaker Hill ; and commanded in the battles jif Guilford Court House. Hot)kirk'a Hill, and Eutaw Springs. He died of "sun-stroke," in Georgia, near Savannah, in 1786. XII. QtTESTioNS. — 37. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit after leaving the Tadkin. 3S. Desoribe the Dan Eiver. (See map, p. 164.) 39. To what place did Oornwallis then march ? 40. Where is Hillsboro? (See map, p. 164.) XIII. 41. AVhat bold movement did Greene make ? 42. At what place did Corn- wallis attack Greene ? 43. When was the attack made ? 44 How is Guilford Court House situated ? (See map, p. 164.) 45. Give an account of the battle. XIV. 46. What singular pursuit followed ? 47. At what place did Greene almost succeed in overtaking Cornwallis? 4S. Describe the Deep Elver. 'See map, p. 164.) 49. Where is Wilmington? (See map, p. 164.) AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 179 eagerly kept up for several days, and the retreating enemy was almost overtaken at the Deep River ; but there, in conse- quence of the bridge being broken down, and also because of the fatigue of his men, Greene had to give up the chase. Cornwallis did not halt until he reached Wilmington. XV. Discharging a large number of the militia whose term of service had expired, Greene, with his reduced army, formed the bold resolve of entering South Carolina, and attacking the enemy at Camden. Lord Rawdon, who commanded the post at that place, wrote to Cornwallis, informing him of the threat- ening danger ; but, believing that he would not be able to reach Camden in time to aid in its defense, Cornwallis took advantage of Greene's absence from North Carolina, and marched through that State into Virginia, where his array was strengthened by large additions. XVI. Greene appeai'ed before Camden, but, finding the enemy there stronger, in position and numbers, than he had anticipated, withdrew to Hobkirk's Hill, about two miles distant. Here he was partly surprised by Rawdon, on the 2oth of April, but succeeded in forming his troops and repel- ling the first advance against him. Victory, for a time, hung in the balance : more than once, the British drove the Ameri- cans before them, but were compelled to recede before the impetuous charges of the patriots. At length, a regiment of the Americans was charged so furiously that it broke and fell into disorder. The enemy followed up this success vigorously, until the disheartened Americans retreated in one mass. XVn. Each party lost about two hundred and fifty men, XV. Questions. — 50. What movement into South Carolina did Greene then make? 51. Why was his resolve a bold one? 52. Of •wh.at did Eawdon inform Cornwallis? 53. Why did not Cornwallis go to the rescue of Eawdon? 54. What did Cornwallis do instead? XVI. 55. Why did not Greene attack E.awdon at Camden ? 56. To what place did Greene withdraw? 57. What occurred there? 5S. When did it occur? 59. Give an account of the battle. XVII. 60. What loss did each party sustain in the battle ? 61. Why did not the British follow up their advantage? C2. Whither did Eawdon go, directly after the battle? 63. In what situation did he find himself there? 64. What was ho theu compelled to do ? 180 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. but, as at the battle of Guilford Court House, the 1781 British, though victorious, were too much cut up to allow them to pursue the advantage which they had gained. They re-entered Camden, but finding their supplies cut off by the Americans, and realizing that by the northward march of Cornwallis no aid could be expected, they adopted the only alternative, that of evacuation, and Camden was left in flames. XVIII. A number of successes, in rapid succession, now at- tended the American arras at the South. In pursuance of Greene's plan of operations. Colonel Henry Lee was detached with a small body of troops, known as " Lee's Legion," and, in consort with Marion, Sumter,* Pickens, and other partisan chiefs, carried on a harassing warfare against the enemy's scat- tered posts. Forts Watson, Motte, and Granby, fell into the hands of the Americans, and Augusta, Georgia, also surren- dered after a siege of about two weeks. XIX. Only three posts in South Carolina — Ninety-Six, Eutaw Springs, and Charleston — remained in the hands of the British. Greene proceeded against Ninety-Six,f but after besieging it for almost a month, and making an unsuccessful assault, the approach of Rawdon compelled him to raise the siege, and he retreated before the arrival of the enemy. A foray which he subsequently planned, againstthe British troops in the vicinity of Charleston, was partially successful. XX. As the fortunes of the British were beginning to dc- * Thomas Sumter wns born in South Carolina, about 1734. During the Revolution he took an active and able part as one of the partisan leaders at the South. The qualities of bravery, determination, and cheerfulness, which he exhibited, endeared him to his followers, who bestowed upon him the sobriquet of the " Carolina Ganie-Cock." Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, was so named in honor of him. His death occurred in South Carolina, in 18^2. t The post of Ninety-Six was so called, because it was ninety-six miles from Prince George, a frontier foit in the northwestern part of South Carolina. XVIII. Questions. — 65. How did tbo American arms then fare ? 66. What is said of Colonel Lee and others? 67. Name four of the places that fell into the hands of the Americans. G8. Give the situation of the four places. (See map, p. 164.) XIX. 69. IIow many posts were then left to the British? TO. Give the situation of the three places. (See map, p. 164.) 71. Give an account of Greene's attempt against Ninety-Six. 72. What is said of a foray ? XX. 78. What call did Rawdon make upon the people? 74. How came he to make such a call ? 75. Who was Colonel Isaac Uayne ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 181 cline, even Charleston itself being threatened, Rawdon called upon all persons who had given in their adhesion to the royal cause, to repair at once to his standard. Among the persons so called was Colonel Isaac Hayne, a distinguished patriot of South Carolina, who had been assured, when he took the oath of adherence, that he would never be required to take up arms against his countrymen. XXI. Believing this call to be in violation of the agree- ment, and being thus compelled to assume the sword either for or against the patriots, he did not hesitate to choose the former. At the head of a troop of horse he gained some advantages, but, being surprised and captured, was taken to Charleston. After a brief examination, without any trial what- ever, he was sentenced to be hung ; and, although the citizens ^ united in petitioning for his pardon, the sentence was duly executed on the 4th of August. XXII. Towards the latter part of August, Greene, who had been for several weeks on the " high hills of Santee," broke up his encampment to march against Stuart, who was then not twenty miles off. As he advanced, Stuart retreated to Eutaw Springs. Here, on the 8th of September, Greene, with a force not exceeding two thousand men, attacked the enemy, twenty-three hundred strong. XXIII. The contest was desperate, and, at one time, vic- tory seemed certain for the Americans ; but the British rally- ing, Greene drew off his troops, taking with him about five hundred prisoners. The enemy decamped during the night. In this battle, which may be said to have ended the contest in South Carolina, both parties claimed the victory. Washing- XXI. Questions.— 76. What belief did Hayne hold respecting Eawdon's calif 77. What course did he consequently adopt ? 7S. What further account can you give of him? XXII. 79. What movement did Greene make in August? SO. Where was a bat- tle fought in the next month ? SI. Near what river did the battle tako place ? (See map. p. 164.) S3. How did the battle commence? XXIII. S.3. Give a further account of the battle. S4. What maybe said of the battle as regards the contest South ? 85. How did Washington consider the result ? 182 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. , ^ ton considered it a victory for the Americans, as the 1/81 . . advantage certainly was with them. XXIV. Cornwallis's operations in Virginia, during the sum- mer of 1781, were very distressing to the patriots, property to the vahie of several millions having heen destroyed thereby. Lafayette had endeavored to check these operations, but owing to the inferiority of his force, was not able to make a stand against Cornwallis. XXV. Clinton, believinor New York to be menaced by a combined force of French and Americans, -directed Cornwallis to take a position near the sea, from which he might readily send re-enforcements to the city, when called upon. The order ■was obeyed. Cornwallis took post at Yorktown, on the south side of York River, Virginia, opposite a promontory called Gloucester (f/los'-ter). XXVI. The expected arrival of a French fleet, under Count de Grrasse (du rp-ass), in Chesapeake Bay, induced Washing- ton to abandon the design which he had meditated against New York and proceed against Cornwallis, but, while doing so, to continue preparations as if against New York. The consequence was, that before Clinton became aware of the real intentions of the American commander, a body of French troops from Rhode Island and Washington's army were well on their way to Virginia. XXVII. Clinton, finding it too late to adopt any direct measures against the great southward movement wherein the XSiy. Questions. — 86. What is said of Cornwallis's operations during the sum- mer of 1781 ? 87. What had Lafayette endeavored to do ? XXV. 88. What direction was sent to Cornwallis? 89. Why was he so directed? 90. How did Cornwallis obey? 91. How is Yorktown situated? 92. In what direc- tion is Yorktown from Hampton? (See map, p. 287.) XXVI. 93. Why did Washington abandon his design against New York ? 94. What new project did he then determine upon ? 95. In what way did he undertake to deceive the enemy? 96. Before Clinton became aware of his intentions, how far had his project progressed? XXVII. 97. What expedition did Clinton hurry off? 98. What w.as his object in sending the expedition? 99. When did Arnold reach the harbor of New London? 300. How is New London situated? 101. How was it defended? 102. Into what body of water does the Thames flow? (Sec map, p. 1S3.) AMERICAN REVOLIJTION. 183 NEW LONDON AND VICINITY. French and Americans were combined, undertook to recall Washington by hurrymg off an expedition of devastation to the eastward, under the command of Arnold. At daybreak, on the morning of the 6th of September, Arnold appeared oft' the harbor of New London, with a large fleet, carrying a strong land and marine force. New Lon- don is situated on the west bank of the Thames River, three miles from its mouth ; .and the approach to it was defended by Fort Trumbull, on the west side of the river, and Fort Griswold on the east. XXVIIL The invaders were landed in two divisions ; one, under Colonel Eyre (ire), on the east side, and the other, com- manded by Arnold himself, on the west or New London side. Arnold advanced, meeting with but little resistance in taking Fort Trumbull, or in making himself master of the town. The militia which manned the fort, finding it untenable, aban- doned their post and went to the aid of Fort Griswold, on the opposite side of the river, XXIX. Meanwhile, Eyre proceeded against Fort Griswold, ■which had been hastily garrisoned by about a hundred and fifty militia, under the brave Colonel Ledyard. After a des- perate contest, iu which the assailants were repeatedly re- pulsed, losing their commander and many men, the fort was at last carried. L-ritated by the opposition which they bad met, the victors set upon the garrison without mercy, killing and maiming more in the massacre that followed than in the previous contest. Colonel Ledyard was among the first slaughtered. Major Bromfield, a malevolent Tory, who lisbed. He died in India, in 1805. :er the Revolution he was appointed to an importa ctorie3 by wbich.tbe British authority there waa Hoally eatab- XXXII. Questions.— 117. What naval movement took place? US. What did Graves afterwards do? XXXIII. 119. What Is said of the besiegers' cannonade ? 120. What attempt at escape did Cornwallis make ? 121. What prevented the success of the attempt ? XXXIV. 122. State the circumstances of Cornwallis's surrender. 186 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. CLOSE OF THE REYOLUTION", AND EVENTS TO THE BE- GINNING OP "WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. I. The surrender of Cornwallis caused great rejoicings throughout the United States, being considered a death-blow to the war. The effect in England was as might have been anticipated. Public opinion became so decidedly opposed to the further prosecution of hostilities, that, upon the formation of a new ministry, negotiations were entered into for the es- tablishment of peace. II. A convention of commissioners from the two countries met at Paris, four of whom, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens, represented the United States, and, on the 30th of November, 1782, they signed a prelimi- nary treaty. A cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the American army on the 19th of April, 1783, the eighth anni- versary of the battle of Lexington ; and, on the 3d of Septem- ber following, a definitive treaty of peace was signed at Paris. III. By the terms of the treaty, Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the United States, allowed boundaries extending to the great lakes on the north and the Mississippi on the west, and conceded an unlimited right to fish on the banks of Newfoundland. Florida was, at the same time, re- turned to Spain. IV. The close of the war found the national treasury empty : the States were unable to respond to the call of Congress for money, and the resource of foreign loans was about exhausted. Close of the Revolution. — I. Questions. — 1. What effect did Cornwallis's sur- render have in America and England ? II. 2. Where did peace commissioners from the two countries meet 1 3. Who were the American commissioners? 4. When was a preliminary treaty signed? 5 What toolc place on the eighth anniversary of the battle of Lexington ? 6. When was a definitive treaty signed ? III. 7. What did the United States secure by the terras of the treaty ? IV. 8. What was the condition of thintrs at the close of the war? 9. What was the consequence? 10. Where was the influence of Washington felt? 11. What ar- rangomeuts were soon made ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 18^ The government was unable to meet the just claims made upon it, and the consequence was general discontent, particu- larly among the officers and privates of the army. Through the influence of Washington the discontents in the army were soothed, and arrangements were soon after made by which Congress granted five years' whole pay to the officers, instead of, as by resolution passed in 1780, half-pay for life. Four months' whole pay was granted to the soldiers, in part pay- ment of their claims, V. In conformity with general orders of Congress, tlie army was disbanded on the 3d of November, 1783; and on the 25th of the same month, Sir Guy Carleton, who had suc- ceeded Sir Henry Clinton, evacuated New York. After the retirement of the British from the city, Washington met his officers there, and, " with a heart full of love and gratitude," took leave of them. VI. Washington then re- paired to Annapolis, where Congress was in session at the time, and, on the 23d of De- cember, 1783, resigned to that body his commission as com- mander-in-chief of the Ameri- can army. His simple and impressive address upon the occasion, and the touching re- sponse of General Mifflin,* the president of Congress, GENEKAL MIFFLIN. » Thomas Mifflin was born in Philadelphia, in 1744. By birth and education he was a Quaker, but, not- withstanding the peace principles of that sect, he was one of the first to enlist in the military service at the breaking out of the Revolution. He was with Washington at Cambridge : in the battle of Long Island be fought with credit, and he was also in the battle of Trenton. His death occurred at Lancaster, Penu.,inl800. , V. Questions. — 12. When was the American army disbanded ? 13. When was New York evacuated by the British ? 14. Alter the British left, what affecting scene occurred ? VI. 15. To what place did Washington then repair? 16. Where is Annapolis? (See map, p. 24.) 17. State what took place at Annapolis. 18. To what place did WashlngtoB then hasten ? 19. How is Mount Vernon situated? (See map, p. 24.) 188 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. affected the assemblage to tears. lie then hastened to his home at Mount Vernon, where, in the retirement of private life, he hoped to spend the remainderof his days. MOUNT VERNON.* VII. Peace was no sooner established than it was foun^ that, by the Articles of Confederation, Congress had no power to discharge the debts incurred by the war ; and this • Mount Vernon, the home of VVashinston and the place of his burial, is situated on the western bank of the Potomac, fifteen miles from Washin]E:ton city. The place, comprising the mansion, the tomb, and two hundred acres of the oricinal estate, was sold, in 1858, by John A. Wasliington, a nephew of fJeorge Washington, to the " Ladies' Mount Vernon Association," for ^200,000. " It is the design uf the association hold it in perpetuity as a place of public resort and pilgrimage." VII. Questions. — 20. Wb.it difSculty was found in reg.ard to the debts of the Ee volution? 21. What was the consequence? 22. How did Congress undertake to raise funds ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 189 condition of things was productive of embarrassments which for a Avhile threatened to deprive the people of the fruits of their seven years' contest for independence. As there was no other alternative, the individual States were called upon for funds, and they, in response, resorted to direct tax- ation. VIII. The efforts thus made by the States were productive of great excitement, especially in Massachusetts, where the opposition grew to an open insurrection, known as Shays's Rebellion. Daniel Shays, its leader, made some bold moves against the courts of the State, as well as against the military power; but the outbreak was suppressed, in 1787, with but little bloodshed, by a strong force sent against the insurgents. IX. This daring attempt to destroy the government, though unsuccessful, filled its friends with gloomy apprehensions. Other causes increased the distrust, until at last it began to be generally felt that the Articles of Confederation were not at all adequate to the exigencies of the Union, and that measures should be taken either to revise them, or substi- tute others in their place. X. Accordingly, a convention of delegates from all the States, except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, and their first act, by a unanimous vote, was to make George Washing- ton their presiding officer. Instead of revising the Articles of Confederation, as was at first intended, they formed a con- stitution, after months of deliberation, and adopted it on the 17th of September, 1787. This, with some amendments •made in after years, still exists as the Constitution of the ^Inited States. XI. The Constitution was then submitted to the people for ratification, and after a thorough discussion, lasting in some VIII. QtiESTiONS. — 23. Give aD account of Shays's rebellion. IX. 24. How did Shays's attempt affect the public inind? 25. What, at Inst, be- gan to be generally felt? X. 26. What, accordingly, took place? 27. What was the first act of the conveur tioa ? 28. What did the convention aocomplish 7 190 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. of the States for two or more years, it was accepted by every one of the thirteen States. When it had been adopted by eleven (the reqnisite number was nine), it became valid, and went into operation on the 4th of March, 1789, XL Questions. — 20. To whom was the Constitution then submitted? 30. For what purpose? 31. Was the Constitution thoroughly discussed or not? 32. How long did the discussion last in some of the States? 83. How many States finally ac- cepted it? 34. When did it go Into operation? 85. How many States had adopted it up to that time ? 36. Which of the States had not adopted it when it went into effect? A)iK — North Carolina and Rhode Island. NAMES OP OFFICERS, MENTIONED IN THIS WORK, WHO PARTICI- PATED, ON THE SIDE OF THE AMERICANS, IN THE REVOLUTION^ ARY WAR. Geu. William Alexander (Lord Stiilins-) Col. Ethan Allen Gen. Benedict Arnold Gen. John Ashe Col. William Barton Col. Zebu Ion Butler Gen. John Cadwallader Col. William Cami)bell Gen. George Clinton Gen. James Clinton Gen. Thomas Conway Baron De Kalb Count D'Estaing Gen. Peter Gansevoort Gen. Horatio Gates Count de Grasse Col. Christopher Greene Gen. Nathaniel Greene Capt. Nathan Hale Col. Alexander Hamilton Col. Isaac H.ayno Gen. William Herkimer Gen. Robert Howe Gen. Isaac linger Capt. John Paul Jones Col. Thomas Knowlton Gen. Henry Knox Col. Thaddeus Kosciusko Gen. Lafayette CoL William Ledyard Gen. Charles Lee Col. Henry Lee 1783 1789 1801 1781 1831 1795 1786 17S1 1812 1812 1780 1794 1812 1S06 17SS 17S1 1786 1776 1804 1781 1777 1785 1S55 1792 1776 1806 1817 1834 1781 1782 1818 Major Leitch Gen. Solomon Lovell Gen. Benjamin Lincoln . . . Gen. Ale.x. McDongall Gen. Francis Marion Gen. Hugh Mercer Gen. Thomas Mifflin Gen. Richard Montgomery Gen. Daniel Morgan Col. William Moultrie .... Capt. Jonas Pai-ker Col. Andrew Pickens Col. William Prescott Gen. Casimir Pulaski Gen. Israel Putnam Gen. Joseph Reed Count de liochambeau. .. . Gen. Arthur St. Clair Gen. Philip Schnyler Gen. G G. Silliman Col. Samuel Smith Gen. John Stark Gen. John Sullivan Gen. Thomas Sumter Gen. .John Thomas Col. Seth Warner Gen. Artemas Ward Gen. Joseph Warren . Gen. Georjre Washington . Gen. Antlionr Wa\ne Col. Marinas' Willett Col. James Williams Gen. David Wooster 1776 1810 1786 1795 1777 1799 1775 1802 1805 1775 1817 1795 1779 1790 1785 1807 1818 1804 18.39 1822 1785 1882 1776 1785 1800 1776 1799 1796 1880 1780 1777 PROGRESSIVE MAPS, N? 2. East (rfthe >Iississippi m Tit CLOt^f ||tvm«jfw»W:, 13 l-oiij. fi-piri Wash'ltn. 1 ^\_i AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 191 PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE EEVOLUTION. * The asterisk indicates the successful party, + Doubtful. DATES. BATTLES. COMMANDEKS. MEN ENGAGED. American. British. Am'ricn British. 1775. April 19, June 17, Lexington Parker Prescott Smith* Gen. Howe*.. unknwn 1,500 1,700 3,000 Bunker Hill Dec. 31, 1776. June 2S, Montgomery . Carleton* 900 1,200 Fort Moultrie Moultrie* Parker 400 4.000 Aug. 27, Long Island Putnam Gen. Howe*.. 10,000 20,000 Oct. 2S, White Plains McDougall . . . Leslie* 1,600 2,000 Nov. 16, Fort Washington . . Magaw Gen. Howe* . 8,000 5,000 Dec. 26, 1777. Jan. 3, Washington*. . Rahl 2,400 1,000 Princeton Washington*. . Mawhood 3,000 1,800 July 7, Hubbanlton.. Warner Eraser* 700 1,200 Aug. 6, J Herkimer Willett* St. Leger. .. ) J. Johnson., j 1,000 1,500 F. Schuyler, sortie . Aug.16, 1 Bennington (1st). . . (Second battle) Stark* Warner* Baum . . . ( Breyman ) ' ' ' 2,000 1,200 Sept. 11, IJrandyn'ine Wasliington. . . Gen. Howe* . . 11,000 18,000 Sep. 19. Bemis Heights Gates* Burgoyne 2,500 3,000 Sejjt. 20, Paoli Wayne Washington . . Grey* Gen. Howe*.. 1.500 3,000 15,000 Oct. 4, German town 11,000 Oct. 6, i Fort Clinton Fort Montgomery.. Jas. Clinton / Gov. Clinton ) Sir H.Clinton* 600 3,000 Oct. 7, Gates* Burgoyne. . . . Douop ... 8,000 4,500 2,000 Oct. 22, -j Fort Mercer... Col. Greene*. . 450 FortMifliiu Col. Smith*. . . Gen. Howe . . . 400 Mixed. N6v. 16, 177S. June 28, Fort Mifflin Major Thayer. Gen. Howe*.. 400 Mi.xed. Monmouth Washington* . (Uinton 12,000 11,000 July 3, Aug. 29, Wyoming Col. Z. Butler. Sullivan* John Butler* Pigot 400 5,000 1,100 5,000 Rhode Island Dec. 29, 1779. Jan. 9, Feb. 14, March 3, Savannah Robert Ilowe. Campbell*.... 900 2,000 Sunburv Lane Prevost* Boyd . .. 200 300 1,200 2,000 700 1,800 Kettle Creek Brier Creek Pickens* Ashe Prevost* .... June 20, Stono Ferry Lincoln Maitland* 800 1,200 July 15, Stony Point Wayne* Johnson 1,200 600 Aug. 13, July J 9, Penobscot Lovell Major Lee*. . . McLean* Sutherland . . . 900 350 3,000 250 Paulus Hook Aug. 29, Chemung Sullivan* Brant 4,000 1,500 Sept. 23, Flamboro' Head . . . Paul Jones* . . Pearson squad'n 2 vessels Oct. 9, 17S0. April 14, Lincoln Prevost* 4,500 2,900 Monk's Corner Huger Tarleton* .... 300 600 May 12, Charleston Lincoln Clinton* 8,700 9,000 May 29, Wa.xhaw Buford Tarleton* .... 400 700 Juue 23, Springfield Greene* Knyphausen . . 3,000 5,000 July 30, Rocky Mount Sumter Turnbull* ... 600 500 Aug. 6, Hanging Rock Sumter* Brown 600 500 Aug. IG, Sanders Creek Gates Cornwallis* . . 8,000 2,200 Aug. IS, Fishing Creek Sumter Tarleton* .... 700 350 Oct. 7, King's Mountain. . . Campbell*.... Ferguson 900 1,100 Nov. 12, Fishdam Ford Sumter* Wemyss 500 450 Nov. 20, 1781. Jan. 17, Blackstocks Sumter* Tarleton 500 400 Tarleton . 900 1,100 2,400 March 15, Guilford C. H Greene Cornwallis* . . 4,400 April 25, Hobkirk's Hill Greene Rawdon* 1,200 900 June 18, Ninety-Sis Fort Griswold Greene Cruger* 1,000 550 Sept. 6, Ledyard Eyre* 150 800 Sept. 8, Eutaw Springst Greene Stuart 2.000 2,800 Oct. 19, Washington* . Cornwallis .... 16,000 7,500 192 Washington's administration. yC »>^ _/ O (Cupids' cl' V:/-^^-'^^ ■^ i7^' ^ - x- 1. = r '' 1 1 1^ ''"'f ' ''/^^ h4 " IVTrtfli ^nii' A Beoi ia\» \, 1 r". r> \<5 ^ W'wc3,/fs:s JBbomvTigtmv j rl2FayeUe/-Ch-eenVma r /-Ifewarl< -.. ' I 1 / 1^ / \ 'i:'i^r /• 'lavauwaJi jayettev ?jC^ "^ i/^oiiy Spring's "^.^^^^"Sc""""/^ {QuesUons to he answered from the above majj.) Where did the battle of Tippecanoe occur? Harmar's defeat ? St. Clair's defeat? Wayne's victory ? How is Fort Mackinaw situated ? In what direction is it from Detroit? From Fort Wayne? From Greenville? How is Sandusky situated? In what direction Is it frtm Cairo ? From Nashville ? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 193 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGH 1. Give an account of the two mutinies among the troops in 1781 . . 174 2. Give an account of Arnold's expedition against Virginia 175 3. What plan was arranged for his capture ? 175 4. Why did it not succeed ? 175 5. Who succeeded Gates in the Southern command ? 175 6. Relate the events which led to the battle of the Cowpens. .175, 176 7. Give an account of the battle, with its results 176, 177 8. Of Cornwallis's pursuit of Morgan and Greene 177, 178 9. Of the battle of Guilford Court House, with its result 178 10. What course did Greene pursue after the battle? 178, 179 11. What events led to the battle of Hobkirk's Hill? 179 12. Give an account of the battle, with its result 179, 180 13. What advantages rapidly attended the American arms ? 180 14. What were Greene's operations against the post of Ninety-six ? 180 15. Relate the case of Colonel Isaac Hayne 180, 181 16. What battle took place on the 8th of September, 1781 ? 181 17. Give an account of it, with its results 181, 182 18. Where, in Virginia, did Cornwallis take post? 182 19. What deception was practiced upon Chnton ? 182 20. What method did he adopt to recall Washington?. . . 182, 183 21. What plan of action against New London did Arnold adopt?. . 183 22. How did Arnold carry out his part of the plan ? 1 83, 184 23. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Griswold. . .... .183, 184 24. How and by whom were the British atTorktownmvested?.184, 185 25. What naval action took place off the capes of Virginia ? . . . . 185 26. Give an account of the siege of Yorktown, with its results. . . 185 27. What was the consequence of Cornwallis's surrender ? , 186 28. When and where was a definitive treaty of peace signed?. . 186 29. What was secured to the United States by the treaty ? 186 30. In what condition was the national treasury at that time ?. . . . 186 31. What sources for supplymg the treasury were cut off?. . . 186, 187 32. What discontents followed, and how were they checked? 187 33. When and where did Washington resign his commission? . . . 187 34. What can you say of the ceremony on the occasion? 187, 188 35. What led to the insurrection known as Shays's Rebellion? 188, 189 36. Give an account of that insurrection 189 37. What opinion existed about the Articles of Confederation?. . . 189 38. What convention was accordingly held, and with what result?. 189 39. What further history of the Constitution can you give ?. . .189, 190 9 SECTION" V, FROM THE BEGINNINa OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION, IN 1789, TO THE CLOSE OF JEFFERSON's, IN 1809. WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTKATION. I. The first election for President of the United States resulted in the choice of George Washington, he receiv- ing the whole number of electoral votes. At the same time John Adams of Massachusetts was elected Vice-president. New York was then the capital of the Uni- ted States, and in that city Washington ap- peared before the first constitutional Con- gress, and was inaugu- rated on the 30th of April, 1789. II. Congress having created three executive departments, — of state, treasury, and war, — the heads of which "Washington's Administration. — I. Questions. — 1. "Who was the first President of the United States? 2. Who was the first Vice-president? 3. When was Wash- ington inaugurated? 4. Where did his inauguration take place? 5. What po- litical relation did New York hold to the Union at that time ? WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 195 were to coDstitiite the Presid ent's cabinet, Washington ap- pointed Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton, of New York, Secretary of the Treasury, and Henry Knox,* of Massa- chusetts, Secretary of War. The condition of the treasury was the first thing to be considered, and Hamilton, the secretary of that department, was directed to report a system of revenue. The tusk imposed upon him was difficult, but it was per- formed with ability ; and, upon his recommendation, the pub- lic debts incurred during the war were assumed by the general government. IH. In 1700, a law was passed, establishing the seat of gov- ernment at Philadelphia for ten years, and afterward locating it somewhere on the Potomac ; and, in the following year, the Bank of the United States was incorporated. For many years, both New York and New Hampshiref had laid claim to the territory of Vermont, called, originallv, the JVeto Hamiishire Grants. New York having finally yielded her GENERAL KNOX. * Henry Knox was bom in Boston, in 1750. During the Revolution he commanded the artillery, and ■was in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandy wine, Germantown, Monmouth, and Yorktown. He was a member of tlie court-martial for the trial of Andre. His death occurred at Thomaston, Maine, in 1806. t Xew Hampshire had laid claim to the territory, and between the years 1760 and 1768, her governor made grants of more than a hundred townships in it, whence it acquired the name of New Hampshire Grants. The claim of New York was based upon the grants made to the Duke of York by Charles fl. II. Questions. — 6. What departments did Cons;ress create? 1. Whom did Wash- ington appoint at the head of the respective departments ? 8. What was the first thing for the consideration of Congress? 9. What was Hamilton directed to do? 10. How was the task performed ? 11. What was done upon his recommen- dation? III. 13. What was done by Congress in relation to the seat of government? 13. What in relation to a national bank? 14 When was Vermont admitted into the Tjnion? 15. Why had not the admission taken place .it an earlier day? 16. By what name was Vermont originally called? IT. When was Kentucky admitted? JS. What is said of the previous history of Kentucky ? 19. AV^ben was Tennessee ftdniitted? 20. What is said of the previous history of Tennessee? 196 WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. claim for $30,000, Ver- mont became the four- teenth State of the Uni- on, in 1791. Kentucky, ■which had been previ- ously claimed by Virgin- ia, was admitted in the following year ; and Ten- nessee, originally a part of North Carolina, was admitted in 1796. IV. For a number of years after the Revolu- tion, the British continu- ed to hold certain forts on the northwestern frontier, contrary to the requirements of the trea- ty of 1783, by which they were called upon to relinquish them to the Americans. This fact, as well as the imprudent language used by the officers of the forts, and by British traders in that region, led the Indians to believe that the people of America would be deprived of their national existence, and be again subjected to Great Britain. V. This belief made them overbearing and hostile ; and, in 1790, they commenced war upon the settlements. Washing- ton at first used pacific means ; but, these failing, an expedition, under General Harmar, was sent against the hostile tribes. Harmar destroyed several of their villages, and large crops of corn ; and then dividing his army into two bodies, the better, as he thought, for pursuit, reckoned upon a speedy conquest. In this he was doomed to sad disappointment. He encountered IV. Questions. — 21. What treaty violations were the British guilty of? 22. What belief did the Indians contract regarding the American Government ? 23. How was this belief caused? 24. When had a treaty been made by the English? WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 197 the savages at two dif- ferent times, once, on the l7th of October, and again, on the 2 2d, in the northeastern part of Indiana, and was both times defeated, with severe loss. VL A second expedi- tion was then sent, com- manded by General St. Clair; but he was not more successful than Harmar. While en- camped in the western part of Ohio, in 1791, he was completely sur- prised, and defeated with the loss of about six hundred men. VII. A third expedi- tion was then planned, and the command given to Gen- eral Wayne, the " Mad Anthony" of the Revolution. Wayne marched against the Indians, defeated them at the battle of the Maumee, in 1794, and laid waste their coun- Y. Questions.— 25. What did the belief of the Indians lead to? 26. How did Washington at first act towards the Indians? 27. What expedition did ho then send? 23. What did Harmar accomplish ? 29. Give the further account of the ex- pedition. 30. AVhat town is situated near where Harmar's two battles were fought? Ang. — Fort Wayne. 81. How is Fort Wayne situated ? ^ln«.— At the confluence of the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's Rivers. 32. What river do the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's form? (See map, p. 192.) VI. 33. Give an account of the second expedition sent again.st the Indians. 34. Where did St. Clair's defeat take place ? 35. What town is situated near the place ? (See map, p. 192.) VII. 36. What was then planned against the Indians ? 37. Give an account of the expedition. 33. Into what body of water does the Maumee flow? (See map, p. 193.) 89. What was the consequence of Wayne's victory and vigorous measures? 40. What elections took place at the expiration of the first presidential term ? 198 Washington's administration. try. His success, and subisequent vigorous measures, so humbled tlie savages that, in 1795, they consented to a treaty, by which a large tract of country was ceded to the United States. This treaty was made at Fort Greenville, in the western part of Ohio, where the town of Greenville now stands. Washington, whose first term of ofiice expired on the 4th of March, 1793, was unanimously re- elected : Adams was also rechoscn to the vice-presidency. VIII. The great revolution in France, which broke out during Washington's administration, was powerfully felt, in its principles and effects, in this country. When France declared war against England (the revolution there still being in pro- gress), and looked to us for aid, a large part of the people here, remembering the assistance which she had given us in our struggle for independence, would gladly have seen the United States engaged in the trans-atlantic struggle, siding ft'ith their former ally. IX. M. Genet {zhe-na), minister to the United States from the French republic, presuming upon the favor with which his country was regarded here, began to fit out privateers in our ports, to cruise against the vessels of nations at war VIII. Questions.— 41. What is said of the effect of the French Revolution in this country ? 42. How did a large part of the people here feel towards France ? WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 199 with France. Persisting in this course, in opposition to the remonstrance of the President, he was recalled by request of Washington, M. Fouchet (foo-shd'), his successor, was instructed to assure the President that France disapproved the conduct of his predecessor. X. The first measure adopted by the United States govern- ment for raising a revenue by internal taxation, was the law of 1791, imposing a duty on domestic liquors. This law, from the first, was very unpopular in certain sections of the country, especially in the western part of Pennsylvania, where the op- position to it grew to an open rebellion in 1794, known as the Whisk?/ Insurrection. The approach of a large body of mili- tia, sent by Washington to enforce obedience, had the desired effect, and the rebellion was suppressed without bloodshed. XL Although the treaty of 1783 established peaceful rela- tions between the American and British governments, yet it was not long before each party accus- ed the other of having violated its stipulations ; and so bitter did the spirit of the complaints and recriminations become, that a war seemed inevitable. XII. To avoid this calamity, the President sent John Jay* as a special envoy to England, where, john jat. * John Jay was born in the city of New Yorl;, in 1745. In 1789, when Washinprton became President of the United States, so exalted was bis opinion of Jay's honesty and fitness, that be tendered him a Jav preferred the hench.'and. consequently, was tile first Chief-Justice of • ■ 18i'9, at Bedford, Westchester Co., New York. IX. Questions. — 43. What did Genet, the French minister, undertake to do? 44. Why did he presume upon such an undertaking? 45. WTiat was the consequence to Genet? 46. Who was his successor? 47. "WTiat instructions did Fouchet receive from his government? X. 4S. What was the first government measure for raising a revenue by internal taxation? 49. How was the law regarded by the people? 50. Give an account of the Whisky Insurrection. XI. 51. What accusations were made by the governments of the United States and Great Britain, each against the other? 200 ADAMs's ADMINISTRATION. in 1794, a treaty was concluded. This was published in the United States, and its provisions at once caused a prodigious storm of excitement and opposition, because they were regard- ed as being too favoi'able to the English. In the following year, however, the treaty was ratified, and the threatened con- flict happily avoided. At the close of the second term, Washington, having declined a re-election, retired to the qui- etude of his home at Mount Vernon. JOHN ADAMS'S ADMmiSTKATIOlS^. I. The second President of the United States was John Adams. His inauguration took place at Philadelphia, on the 4th of March, 1797.* II. The neutral position taken by the United States in the war between France and England, gave oftence to the former government ; and " Jay's Treaty," which had been ratified in 1795, by the American Senate, considerably augmented the unfriendly feeling. This was boldly made manifest by the act of the French government, in authorizing depredations to be committed upon the commerce of the United States, and in ordering our minister, Mr. Pinckney, to leave France. III. One of the first acts of President Adams was to con- vene Congress in extra session, to consider these outrages. • The cabinet selected by Adacna consisted of Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State ; Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury; James McHenry, Secretary of War ; and Charles Lee, Attorney General. The navy department was not created until n98, when llenjamin Stoddard wafl appointed its head. XII. Questions. — 52. What did Washington do to avoid a war 1 53. What was the result of Jay's mission? 54. By what nanae Is the treaty known f Ans. — "Jay's Treaty." 55. How was the treaty received in the United States? 56. Why was it 80 received ? 57. What course did Washington pursue at the end of his second presidential term? 58. How is Mount Vernon situated? (See map, p. 24.) John Adams's Adshnisteation. — I. 1. Who was the second President of the Uni- ted States? 2. When and where was he inaugurated? II. 3. What offended the French government? 4. How was the offense aug- mented? 5. How was the feeling of the French government manifested ? III. 6. What was one of the first acts of President Adams ? 7. How did the Amer- ican government undertake to adjust the dliflculties? 8. With what result? ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 201 Three envoys were sent to France, with authority to adjust all difficulties, but the French government refused to receive them, and even order- ed two of them, whom they looked upon as less friendly than the third, to quit the country. IV. The insult to the envoys excited great indignation in the United States ; and Congress at once a- dopted measures for putting the country in a state of defense, authorized a standing army and naval arma- ment, and appointed Washington command- er-in-chief of the entire land forces. V. Hostilities at sea soon commenced. In one case, an American schooner was taken, and, in another, a French frigate was captured by the United States frigate Con- stellation. The decided stand taken by the Americans had its effect upon the French government; and overtures of peace were made, which resulted in a treaty, concluded in 1800, with Napoleon Bonaparte, who had become First Consul of France. YI. But Washington did not live to see the troubles termi- IV. QlTESTiONS. — 9. What was the consequence of the insult to the envoys ? V. 10. What hostile acts actually took place? 11. What was the effect? VI. 12. What mournful event took place before the troubles with France were terminated ? 13. When and where did Washington die ? 1-1. How was his death regarded ! 9* 202 ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. natcd : lie died at Mount Vernon, on the 14tli of December, 1*799. His death was regarded as a national bereavement. Congress paid honors to his memory, and the whole people mourned the loss which each person felt that he had individu- ally sustained. VII. In conformity with the provisions of the law passed in 1790, in relation to the future seat of government, the capital of the United States was removed from Philadelphia to Washington, during the summer of 1800. THE CAPITOL AT WASinKOTON. VIII. Adams was President for only one term, or four years. Towards the close of it a fierce strife took place between the two great political parties of the day, the Federalists and the Republicans, in relation to the presidential succession. Thomas Jefterson was the successful candidate, defeating Adams, his opponent ; and, at the same time, Aaron Burr, of New York, Avas elected Vice-President. VII. Questions. — 15. When was the capital of the United States removed to Washington? 16. How is Washington situated? (See map, p. 24.) VIII. 17. For how long was Adams president? 18. What took place towards the close of it? 19. Who were the successful candidates ? JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 203 JEFFEESON'S ADMINISTEATION. I. The third Pres- ident of the United States was Thomas Jefferson. His inau- guration took place in the new capitol, at Washington, on the 4th of March, 1801.* During his adminis- tration, the Ohio Ter- ritory,! wliich had previously formed the eastern part of the Northwest Territory, adopted a State gov- ernment, and, in 1802, was admitted into the Union as the State of Ohio. II. In 180B, a most important addition was made to the ter- ritory of the United States, by the purchase of an immense tract of land, for which fifteen millions of dollars were paid to France. The territory thus acquired included not only the ■^,0^"^-^" * Jefferson's cabinet consisted of James Madison, Secretary of State ; Henry Dearborn, Secretary of War; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury ; Robert Smith, Secretary of the Navy ; and Levi Lin- coln, Attorney-General. + After the Revolutionary War, a dispute arose between several of the States respecting the ownership of the Ohio Territory, whicli was put an end to by the whole being ceded to the United States. Jefferson''8 Admimisteation. — I. Questions. — 1. Who was the third Presi dent of the United States? 2. When and where did his inauguration take place? 3. When was Ohio admitted into the Union ? 4. WTiat is said of Ohio's previous hiS' tory? 204 Jefferson's administration. present State of Louisi- ana, but a vast region extending to the Rocky- Mountains. One of the first advantages secured by this purchase was the free navigation of the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, III. In the same year, 1 803, Commodore Preble [preb'-el) was sent to humble the pi rates of the Barbary States, who, notwith- standing the tribute which the United States had paid, in imitation of European nations, to secure their commerce in the Mediterranean from molestation, were becoming more insolent and exacting. IV. Preble first appeared against Morocco, and, after exact- ing terms of the emperor, proceeded eastward. Before he had time to reach Tripoli, the frigate Philadelphia, one of the vessels of his fleet, which had preceded him, while reconnoit- ering in the harbor of Tripoli, struck on a rock, and was cap- tured by the Tripolitans, who consigned her crew to slavery. V. As the captured frigate added to the defenses of the place, and would undoubtedly be sent out to cruise, it was deemed important to recapture or destroy her. The latter IL Questions. — 5. How was the State of Louisiana acquired by the United States ? 6. What advantage accrued from the purchase ? III. 7. What expedition was sent across the Atlantic in that year ? 8. What had the Barbary pirates done ? IV. 9. What was the first thing accomplished by Preble? 10. Give an account of the loss of the Philadelphia. JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 205 COMMODOKB DEOATUE. being considered, the more prac- ticable, Lieutenant Decatur,* with a few brave companions, entered the harbor on the night of the 15th of February, 1804, boarded the Philadelphia, killed or drove into the sea every one of the Tri- politan crew, and, after setting the vessel on fire, escaped without losing a man. VI. About a year later, Mr. Eaton, an agent of the United States, concerted an expedition with Hamet, the exiled though rightful heir to the throne of Tripoli, against the reigning sovereign. He left Egypt, accompanied by Hamet, with a force of about five hundred men, four-fifths of whom were Arabs : the other fifth was composed of adventurers, prin- cipally Greeks, and only nine Americans. Vn. He accomplished a remarkable march of several hun- dred miles across a desert country, and captured Derne, a Tri- politan city, after a fierce struggle. He held the place for several weeks, despite the exertions of an opposing army, and finally routed the enemy in a general engagement, in which more than three thousand men took part. In the midst of his successes, a treaty of peace was concluded between the reigning bashaw and Mr. Lear, the American Consul-Geueral at Algiers. • Stephen Decatur, Jr., was born in Maryland, in 1779. The aifair between the Chesapeake and Leop- ard, in 1807, in the opinion of Decatur was disgraceful to the Americans, and he did not hesitate to animad- vert freely upon the conduct of Commodore Barron, who commanded the Chesapeake on that occasion. The consequence was a duel with Barron, at Bladensburc, Md.,as lateas 1 820, in which Decatur was killed, and Barron was so severely wounded that he was not expected to live, and he only recovered after months of great suffering. V. Questions. — 11. Wh.it was deemed important with regard to the captured frigate? 12. Why? 13. What, consequently, was determined upon? 14. Give an account of the exploit. VI. 15. What expedition was concerted against the reigningsovereign of Tripoli? 16. From what place did the expedition start ? 17. Of whom was it composed? VII. IS. What is said of the march? 19. What city did Eaton capture? 2a Give an account of his subsequent successes. 206 JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. ALEXANDER HAMILTON. VIII. In July, 1804, the un- fortunate duel between Alexander Hamilton* and Aaron Burrf oc- curred : the latter, at the time, was Vice-President of the United States. This sad affair, which re- sulted in the death of Hamilton, grew out of a political quarrel between the two men. By it Burr's political influence was com- pletely destroyed ; and when Jef- ferson was re-elected President for a second term, George Clinton, of New York, was chosen Buri"'s successor as Vice-President. IX. After his retirement from the vice-presidency. Burr made a journey to the Southwest, and there his conduct sub- jected him to strange suspicion. He made considerable pro- gress in the organization of an expedition which, it was alleged, was designed for the invasion of Mexico. His ultimate pur- pose, it was further alleged, was to establish an empire which should embrace one or more of the Southwestern States of the Union. X. By order of the President of the United States he was arrested, taken to Richmond, Virginia, and there tried on a * Hamilton was born in the Island of Nevis, West Indies, in 17.57. At the ag:e of thirteen he was sent to New York to be educated. He was one of the first to take up arms at the beginning of the Revolution, and as captain of an artillery company, performed a creditable part in the battle of Long Island. By his aclivit.v and intelligence he attracted the attention of Washington, and. after the battles of Trenton and Princeton, in which he took part, he accepted an invitation from the commander-in-chief to take a place in his staff as aide-de-camp. He afterwards participated in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. t Burr was born at Newark, New Jersey, in 1756. In 1775 he was engaged in the expedition against Canada, and accompanied Arnold upon his toilsome march through the wilderness. He was in the battles of Quebec and Monmouth. His death occurred at Staten Island, N. Y., in 1836. VIII. Questions. — 21. What sad affair, in Tvhich two public men were the princi- pal actors, took place diirinj; Jeiferson's administration ? 22. When did it take place ? 23. At what place ? Ans. — At Iloboken, New Jersey, opposite the city of New York. 24. What position was Burr holding at the time? 25. What was the cause of the duel? 26. What was the result of it? 27. What was the consequence to Burr? IX. 2S. In what project was Burr subsequently engaged? X. 29. What order did President Jefferson issue with regard to Burr? 30. Wh.at Is said of the trial and its result? JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 207 AAKON BUEB. charge of treason. The trial was a protracted one ; but, under a ruling of the court, which did not involve the merits of the charge, he was acquitted. XI. The wars in Europe, grow- ing out of the French revolution, continued during Jefferson's ad- ministration. That between Eng- land and France, though it at first proved profitable to the Ameri- can shipping interests engaged in the carrying trade between the ports of the two hostile nations, re- sulted in the adoption of measures injurious to our commerce. XII. To annoy and cripple her adversary, England declared the whole northern coast of France in a state of blockade. Napoleon retaliated by the " Berlin Decree," in which he pro- nounced the British islands in a state of blockade. But the crowning grievance was the " right of search," asserted by Great Britain, under which claim American vessels were boarded, and all sailors of English birth found on board, were impressed as subjects of the king. XIII. An event occurred in June, 1807, which brought things towards an issue. The American frigate Chesapeake, when off the capes of Virginia, was attacked by the British frigate Leopard. The Chesapeake, being unprepared for ac- tion, struck her colors, after having three men killed and eighteen wounded. Four of her crew, who were claimed by the commander of the Leopard as British deserters, were then XL Questions. — 31. How did the war between England and France aftect Amep- ican interests? XII. S'2. What did England do to annoy and cripple her adversary? 33. How did Napoleon retaliate? 84. What was the crowning grievance of which Americans complained? XIII. 35. "What event brought the relations of gi-owing hostility between Eng, land and America towards an issue? 36. When did it occur? 37. What did the outrage provoke President Jefferson to do? 208 Jefferson's administration. transferred to the Leopard. This outrage provoked the Pres- ident to issue a proclamation interdicting the entrance of British armed vessels into the ports or waters of the United States. XIV. Although the act of the Leopard was disavowed by the English government, no reparation was made; and towards the close of the year the British " Orders in Council," forbid- ding all trade with France and her allies, were issued. Bona- parte again retaliated by issuing the " Milan Decree," inter- dicting all trade with England and her colonies. XV. In consequence of this policy of the two European nations, so destructive to our commerce. Congress laid an embargo upon all American vessels, forbidding them to leave the ports of the United States. As the act of Congress not only failed to obtain an acknowledgment of American rights, but, on account of its ruinous effects upon the shipjuiig in- terests, was very unpopular among tlie commercial classes, it was repealed, and the non-intercourse law, prohibiting all com- merce with France and Great Britain, was substituted. XVI. At this point in the liistory of the country, Jefferson, following the example of Washington, declined a second re- election to the presidency, and terminated his political career. He was succeeded by James Madison, of Virginia. XIV. Questions. — 3S. How was the outrage committed by the Leopard treated ' by the British government ? 39. What is said of rei>aration ? 40. When were the British " Orders in Council" issued ? 41. What were the " Orders in Council ?" 42. How did Bonaparte again retaliate ? XV. 43. What action did Congress take in consequence of the trade-interdicting policy of France and England ? 44 Why was the embargo act afterward repealed ? 45. What law was substituted for it ? XVI. 4G. Why was not Jefferson continued in the presidency for more than eight years? 47. By whom was he succeeded ? REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAOB 1. Wliat event took place on the 30th of April, 1789 194 2. How was Washington's cabinet constituted ? 195 3. How were the State debts of the war disposed of ? 195 4. What controversy had existed between N. Y. and N. H. "? . . . 195 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 209 PAGK 5. How -was the controversy finally settled ? 195 196 6. When were Kentucky and Tennessee admitted to the Union ?. 196 1. In what respect did the British violate the treaty of 1783?.. . 196 8. To what war did this treaty violation conduce ? 196 9. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Harmar. .196, 197 10. Give an account of the expedition conducted by St. Clair 197 11. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Wayne. . .197, 198 12. How did the French Revolution influence the people of the U. S. ? 198 13. Give an account of the Wliisky Insurrection 199 14. Why was John Jay sent as a special envoy to England?, 199 15. What was the result of Jay's mission? 199, 200 16. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1797 ? 200 17. How did the difficulty with France originate? 198, 199, 200 18. What were the events of the difficulty ? 200, 201 19. What sad event took place towards the close of 1790?. . . .201, 202 20. When did Philadelphia cease to be the capital of the U. S. ? . . . 202 21. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1801 ? 203 22. Which State was added to the Union in 1802 ? 203 23. How was Louisiana acquired by the United States? 203, 204 24. On what expedition was Com. Preble sent in 1803 ? 204 25. What can you state of the loss of the frigate Philadelphia?. . . 204 26. Give an account of her recapture and destruction 204, 205 27 Give an account of Hamet's expedition and successes 205 28. When did the duel between Hamilton and Burr take place ?. . . 206 29. What was the result of it? 206 30. How did the result afl'ect Burr's political influence? 206 31. In what expedition was Burr afterward engaged?. . . 206 32. How was the expedition brought to an end? 206, 207 33. How did the European wars affect American commerce? 207 34. What decrees were issued by England and France ? 207 35. Of what grievance did the United States especially complain ? 207 36. Relate the affair between the Chesapeake and Leopard.. . .207, 208 37. Did the Enghsh government apjjrove the Leopard's attack?. . 208 38. Was any reparation made for the injury done by the Leopard ? 208 39. What " orders" and " decrees" were afterwards issued ? 208 40. What can you say of the embargo laid upon U. S. vessels ?. . . 208 41. Why was the act repealed, and what substitute was passed ?. 208 42. What did Jefferson decide upon towards the close of his sec- ond presidential term ? • 208 43. Whose example did he follow in this respect ? „ 208 44. Did he afterward participate in political matters ? 208 14 SECTION VI. Madison's administration; from march 4th, 1809, to MARCH 4th, 1817. THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. MADISON'S ADMimSTRATIOK I. The fourth Pres- ident of the United States was James Madison. His inau- guration took place at Washington, on the 4th of March, 1809, at a crisis in the affairs of the na- tion which required of his administration the utmost caution, prudence, and reso- lution.* The United States were on the verge of Avar with Great Britain. Na- poleon revoked his hostile " Decrees" in 1810, but the British " Orders in Council" continued in active force. * Madison's cabinet consisted of Robert Smith, Secretary of State ; William Eustia, Secretary of War ; Paul Hamilton, Secretary of the Navy Albert Gallatin, "Secretary of the Treasury ; and Cassar A. Rod- ney, Attorney-Geueral. Madison'8 ABMonsTEATioN. — I. QUESTIONS. — 1. Wlio was the fourth President of the United States? 3. When did his inauguration take place? 3. What was peculiarly required of Madison's administration ? 4. Why ? 5. What concession did Napoleon make? 6. What is said of the British " Orders in Council?" Madison's administratioit. 211 II. In May, 1811, an affair occurred which tended to widen the breach which already existed between Great Britain and the United States, though, in this case, the British were the greater sufferers. The British sloop-of-war Little Belt, Cap- tain Bingham, when off the coast of Virginia, fired into the American frigate President, Commodore Rodgers, but found her fire returned with such heavy broadsides, that, in a few minutes, thirty-two of her crew were killed or wounded III. About the year 1804, the Indians on the western fron- tiers, incited by British emissaries and influenced by the ap- peals of Tecumseh,* one of their boldest and most active warriors, began to form a confederacy against the people of the United States. A brother of Tecumseh, known as the " Pi'ophet," who by his predictions and promises had ac- quired great influence over the tribes along the Wabash, was a leading agent in the business of bringing about an alliance. IV. Genei-al Harrison, then governor of the Indian terri- tory, marched towards the western frontier and approached Tippecanoe, the town of the Prophet, situated at the junction of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers, in the present State of Indiana. The Prophet, in the absence of Tecumseh, at once proposed a conference, to take place the next day, and requested the Americans to encamp for the night at a place which he designated. Ilarrison, suspecting treachery, or- dered his troops to sleep on their arms. This proved a fortu- nate precaution, for, early on the following morning, Novem- ber Yth, 1811, the Indians made a furious attack upon the x\merican camp ; but, after a desperate and bloody contest of * Tecumseh, or, as the name is sometimes written, Tecumtha, was a chief of the Shawnee Indians. He was born on the baul£S of the Scioto River, in Ohio, about 17*0. " The Prophet's" name was Elkswatawa. . II. QuKSTiOKS. — T. Give an account of the naval aflfair which took place in May, ISll. S. What Jirt the aflfair tend to ? III. 9. What took place among the Indians about the year 1S04? 10. Who was Tecumseh's principal co-operator in bringing about the alliance ? IV. 11. Where was the battle of Tippecanoe fought ? 12. What town is situated T\'>t far from the battle-ground ? (See map, p. 192.) 13. When was the battle fought? 14. Give an account of it. 212 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. two hours, they were repulsed. This battle ruined the plans which Tecuraseh had formed, and his next attempt against the Americans was in the alliance which he formed with the English, in 1812. EVENTS OP 1812. V. The United States government had endeav- ored to induce the British government td abrogate its " Orders in Council," and negotiate terms for sus- pending the impressment of American seamen, but in vain. That government absolutely refused, and nothing remained but war. VI. Accordingly, in June, 1812, the President of the United States, in conformity with an act of Congress, issued a procla- mation declaring war against Great Britain ; and preparations were at once made for raising a large army. General Dearborn, of Massa- chusetts, an officer who had served with credit in the Revolu- » La Salle, « celebrated French naTisrator, was bom in Ronen, about 1635. His death occurred in 1687. He made four visits to America. In his first, while endeavoring to find a pass-ige by water to China, he explored Lake Ontario. In his third, he descended the Mississippi. The fourth was made for the pur- pose of settling Louisianii. A fleet, containing more than two hundred colonists, sailed from France, but instead of landing near the mouth of the Mississippi, by mistake they proceeded to Texas. After La Salle had passed two years in Texas, some portion of the'time in the vain attempt to reach the Mississip- pi, his nepnew was murdered by one of his few remaining followers, and he was shot by another. V. Questions.— 15. How had the United States endeavored to avert the war? VI. 16. When was war declared? 17. Who was placed at the head of the army? 18. Before the commencement of hostilities, what revocation on the part of England took place ? 19. But what was still insisted upon ? Madison's administration. 213 tion, being appointed commander-in-chief. Before hostilities actuall}' commenced, the British government had revoked its " Orders in Council," but the " right of impressment" was still insisted upon. VII. At the time of the declaration of war, General Hull, the governor of Michigan {mish'-e-gun) Territory, was march- ing with two thousand men from Ohio to Detroit, his purT pose being to accomplish the reduction of the hostile Indians of the Northwest. In anticipation of the war with England, he had been invested with discretionary power to invade Canada. VIII. Learning, while on the march, that war had been declared, he crossed the Detroit River, with the avowed in- tention of going against Fort Maiden {inaul'-dcn)\ but, instead of at once marching upon the place, he encamped at Sand- wich, eighteen miles distant, and thus gave the enemy an opportunity to prepare for defense. IX. In the mean time Fort Mackinaw, an American post situated on an island at the outlet of Lake Michigan, was sur- prised by a force of British and Indians, and captured before the garrison had even heard of the declai'ation of war. This loss was a severe one, as the fort was the key to that section of the country, and the grand depot of the fur companies there, X. Hull, while at Sandwich, sent a detachment to convoy a party who were approaching his camp with supplies. Van Horn, the commander, neglecting to exercise sufficient caution, was led into an ambush near Brownstown, August 5, by six VII. QiTESTiONS. — 20. On what expedition was General Hull engaged? 21. With what discretionary power was he invested ? VIII. 22. What information did Hull receive while on this march ? 2.3. What river did he cross ? 24. What was his avowed intention? 2.5. Whore is Fort Mai- den? (See map, p. 211) 26. Is Sandwich north or south of Fort Maiden? (See same map.) 27. What advantasre did Hull's halt at Sandwich give to the British? IX. 28. Give an account of the loss of Fort Mackin.aw. 29. Where is Fort Mack- inaw situated? 80. In what direction from Detroit is Fort Mackinaw? (See map, p. 192.) X. 31. Give an account of the defeat of Van Horn. 214 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. DETROIT JOTD J o hundred British and Indians, and utterly defeated. XL After waiting nearly a month at Sandwich, Hull re- crossed the river and took post at Detroit, to the great vexation and disappointment of his troops. Three days after the defeat of Van Horn, a second detach- ment, under Colonel Miller, was sent to convoy the supply party. As Miller approached Brownstown, on the evening of the 9th, he came upon the British and Indians, who were protected by a breastwork of logs and branches of trees, and, after a sharp contest, completely routed them. XII. The withdrawal of Hull across the Detroit embold- ened General Brock, the British commander, who began to erect a battery opposite the American post. Not being mo- lested, he became still bolder, and, on the 16th of August, crossed the river with seven hundred regulars and six hundred Indians, and demanded an immediate surrender of Detroit. XIII. The Americans were strongly posted, and confident of victory in the conflict which seemed to be before them ; and yet, to the great indignation of his troops, Hull ordered them to withdraw to the fort, and a white flag, in token of sub- mission, to be lifted above the works. By tbis act of sur- XI. QtiESTioNS. — 32. What retrograde movement did Hull make ? 33. Give an account of the victory gained by Miller. XII. 34. Give an account of Brock's operations against Detroit. XIII. 85. What is said of the ability and disposition of the Americans to defend themselves at Detroit? 86. What made them indignant ? 37. What did the Brit- ish acquii-e by the surrender ? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 215 render, not only Detroit, but the whole Territory of Michigan, passed into the hands of the enemy. XIV. Hull's conduct, two years after, underwent ex- amination by a coui't-martial, and though he was acquitted of treason, the court pronounced him guilty of cowardice, and he was sentenced to be shot ; but, in consideration of his age and revolutionary services, the sentence was remitted by President Madison. Hull's* conduct was severely criticised at the time, as well as in after years ; but a series of letters which he published in 1824, and a volume which appeared at a still later period, together form a complete vindication of his surrender, as regards either the charge of treason or cow- ardice. XV. During the year 1812 a second invasion of Canada was made in another quarter. On the morning of the 13th of October, Colonel Sol- omon Van Rensselaer {yan-ren' -se-ler), with a detachment of only two hundred and twenty- five men, crossed the Niagara River to storm the heights of Queens- town. The command- er having been severely wounded at the landing. BURUNGTON HEI&HTS' ^j. t. (-•<>"'' [p""''i"*<»" NIAGARA -t-^y^XaT.* FRONTIE * William Hull was bnrn in Connecticot, in 1753. He was in the battles of ^Vhite Plains. Trenton. Princeton, Bemis Heights, Saratoga, Monmouth, and Stony Point ; and in ail of them fought with courage. His death occurred in Massachusetts, in IS'25. XIV. QmssTiONS.— .38. To what was Hull's conduct afterward subjected ? 89. "What sentence was pronounced upon him ? 40. Why was not the sentence exe- cuted ? 41. How was Hull's conduct subsequently regarded ? XV. 42. At what place did the second invasion of Canada occur? 43. Describe the events that took place on the morning of the 13th of October. 44. What town, in New York, is opposite Queenstown ? (See map, p. 215.) 216 Madison's administration. his troops, led by Captains Ogilvie and Wool, gal- lantly moved forward, carried a British battery, and gained the heights. XVI. The enemy, re-enforced by several hundred men under Broclv, attempted to regain the battery, but were repulsed, and Brock was killed. While this struggle was going on at the west side of the Niagara, a large body of militia was col- lected at Lewiston, on the east side. General Stephen Van Rensselaer, a cousin of Solomon, and the superior in com- mand of the troops in that quarter, endeavored to send re- enforcements across the river, but only about a thousand men could be induced to go : the rest professed to consider it wrong to invade the enemy's country. XVII. On the afternoon of the same day, 13th, the Amer- icans on the heights were attacked by fresh troops, under General Sheaffe (shefe), from Fort George, and nearly all were killed or taken prisoners. General Van Rensselaer, disgusted with the conduct of the militia, soon retired from the service, when the command on the Niagara frontier devolved on Gen- eral Smyth. Smyth accomplished nothing: after projecting two invasions of Canada, neither of which was carried out, he also resigned. XVIII. The triumphs of the Americans on the ocean, du- ring 1812, were as decided as their reverses on the land. The first of importance was the capture of the sloop Alert by the frigate Essex, Captain Porter. The second, of greater im- portance, was achieved by Captain Isaac Hull,* nephew of General Hull, on the 19th of August, off the coast of Massa- * Captain Isaac Hull, afterward Commodore, was bom in Derby, Conn., in 1775. During the war with the Barbary States, from 1803 to 1805, he served with distinction in the squadrons of Commodores Preble and Barron, and co-operated with Eaton in the capture of Derne. He died in Philadelphia, in 1843. XVI. Questions. — 45. Give an account of the repulse and loss sustained by the British. 46. V^here was the main body of the American militia at the time sta- tioned? 47. Why did they not cross over to Queenstown ? XVII. 48. Give a further account of the battle of Queenstown. 49. Who suc- ceeded General Van Rensselaer in the command of the forces on the Niagara fron- tier ? 50. Why had Van Eensselaer resigned ? 51. What can you state of Smyth and bia operations ? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION, 217 chusetts. Hull commanded the American frigate Constitu- tion, and Dacres the British frigate Guerriere [gare-e-are'). The action between the two frigates lasted about forty min- utes, and resulted in the capture of the Guerriere. The cap- tured vessel had been so much injured it was found impossible to bring her into port, and she was consequently burned by the victors. XIX. In October, the American sloop-of-war Wasp, Captain Jones, while cruising oft' the coast of North Carolina, fell in with the British brig Frolic, Captain Whinyates, and after a conflict of three-quarters of an hour, boarded her. A melancholy scene of destruction was presented. The decks were covered ■with the dead and the wounded. Not twenty of the Frolic's crew escaped unhurt. Scarcely had the enemy's vessel been taken possession of, when an English ship of seventy-four guns hove in sight, and captured both vessels. XX. A second naval victory by the Americans occurred in this same month, October. The frigate United States, Com- modore Decatur, encountered the British frigate Macedonia {inas-se-do' -ne-d) west of the Ca- nary (Jca-na'-re) Islands, and, after an action of nearly two hours, compelled her to surrender. She was taken to New York. XXL A little more than two months later, the Constitution, then commanded by Commodore Bainbridge, gained her second victory, in the capture of the frigate Java (jah'-vd). The ac- ^ \./ / COMMODORE BAINBRrDGB. XVIII. Questions.— 52. What comparison is made between the land reverses and the ocean triumphs ? 53. Which was the first important naval victory ? 54. The second? 55. When did the action between the Constitution and the Guerriere take place ? 56. Give an account of it. XIX. 57. Give an accoimt of the action between the Wasp and the Frolic. 58, What event deprived Captain .Jones of the fruits of his victory ? XX. 59. Give an account of the action between the United States and Macedonian. 10 218 Madison's administration. tion took place off the coast of Brazil, on the 29th of December, and lasted nearly two hours. Bain- bridge,* finding the captured frigate so much riddled that it was impossible to get her into an American port, destroyed her by fire, and the Constitution then put into San Salvador, where the prisoners were landed on parole. XXII. In the belief that the navy of the United States would be entirely destroyed or captured by that of England, it had been decided, at the beginning of the war, to lay up our ships to save them. But, happily, that policy was soon departed from. American privateers, too, scoured the ocean, and British commerce suffered in every direction. During the year 1812, more than three hundred vessels, with not less than three thousand prisoners, beside valuable cargoes, were taken by the Americans. EVENTS OF 1813. I. For the campaign of 1813 three armies were raised. That of the West, near the head of Lake Erie, was commanded by General Harrison; that of the Centre, between Lakes Erie and Ontario, by General Dearborn ; and that of the North, near Lake Champlain, by General Hampton. II. The leading object of the army of the West was to re- cover Michigan and avenge the disgrace of Hull. A division of the army, composed mostly of Kentnckians, commanded by » William Bainbridge was born in Princeton, N. J., in 1774. In 1803 he was in command of the frigate Philadelphia when that vessel struck on a rock and was captured in the harbor of Tripoli. He and his crew, of more than three hundred persons, were taken prisoners by the Tripolitans and held in captivity nineteen months. He died in Philadelphia, in 1833. XXI. Questions. — 60. Give an account of the action between the Constitution and tlie Java. 61. What did Bainbridge do with his prize and prisoners ? I XXII. 02. What policy had been decided upon at the beginning of the war, with reference to American ships? 6:3. Why was that decision made? 64. What is stated of the successes of the Americans on the ocean, during the year 1S12? Events op 1813. — I. 1. What armies were raised for the campaign of 1S13? II. 2. What was the object of the army of the West? 3. What command did Winchester have ? 4. What place did he reach in January? 5. How did his men at first employ themselves there ? 6. What did he learn while there ? 7. What request did he receive ? Madison's administration. 219 General Winchester, reached the rapids of the Mauuiee on the 10th of January. Here, while constructing huts for the re- ception of supplies, Winchester learned that Frenchtown, then a small settlement, nearly forty miles distant, was threatened with an attack from a body of British and Indians. He, at the same time, received an urgent request from the inhabi- tants to come to their assistance. HI. Accordingly, he sent a detachment of five hundred men, under Colonel Lewis, in advance, while he prepared to follow. Lewis, ascertaining that the British and Lidians were already in possession of the town, hurried forward, and, on the 18th of January, made a charge upon the enemy, driving them into the woods. On the following daj^ Winchester arrived. The Americans were, on the 2 2d, attacked by a force of fifteen hundred British and Indians, commanded by General Proctor. They made a brave defense, but Winchester, who had been made prisoner during the engagement, agreed upon a capitu- lation, and the Americans surrendered on condition that they should be protected. But Proctor failed to observe the condition : his Indian allies murdered the wounded prisoners who were unable to travel, and then set fire to the houses. IV. Upon hearing of Winchester's defeat, Harrison took a position on the Maumee River, whei-e he constructed a forti- fied camp, which, in honor of the governor of Ohio, he called Fort Meigs (megz). On the 1st of May, Proctor advanced against this fort, and, with a force of not less than a thousand British and Indians, commenced a siege. Four days after, III. Questions. — S. How -did he act in response to the request? 9. "What did Lewis accomplish? 10. What battle took place on the following day ? ^7i^.— The battle of Frenchtown. 11. Give an account of it. 12. Give an account of the massa- cre that followed. 1.3. How is Frenchtown situated? (See map, p. 214.) IV. 1-4. "Where did Harrison make a stand, upon hearing of "Winchester's misfor- tune? 15. Describe the Maumee. (See map, p. 192.) 16. Is Fort Meigs above or below Toledo? (See map, p. 214.) 17. How was Fort Meigs threatened? IS. Give an account of the event that took place on the 5th of May. 19. "When and why did Proctor abandon the siege ? 220 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. General Clay* arrived, with twelve hundred Kentuck- 1813 ians, and ^successfully attacked the besiegers, compel- ling them Jo disperse ; but, unfortunately, a large body of his troops, wliile pursuing the enemy, was surrounded and cap- tured. On the ninth day of the month, Proctor, deserted by his allies, and despairing of success, withdrew, and returned to Fort Maiden. V. In a little more than two months after, Proctor and Tecumseh again threatened Fort Meigs ; but, finding it well garrisoned, terminated a brief siege by a sullen withdrawal. Proctor's next movement was against Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky, now Fremont, situated on the Sandusky River. The place was garrisoned by only one hundred and fifty men, under the command of Major Croghan,j- a young man not yet twenty-two years old, and they had but one gun, a six-pounder. Proctor's force consisted of more than twelve hundred men, half regulars and half Indians. VI. A cannonade was directed against the fort until a breach was effected, when the enemy, on the 2d of August, attempted to carry the place by assault ; but they were met by a volley of musketry and a discharge from the six-pounder with such terrible effect, that, panic-struck, they fled in confu- sion, leaving one hundred and fifty of their number killed or wounded. VII. The naval supremacy on Lake Erie (e'-re) and Lake Ontario {on-ta'-re-6), became an object of much importance to the belligerent governments, and, as early as the beginning of October, 1812, preparations were in progress, on both sides, to * Green Clay was born in Virginia, in 1757. After his success in driving the British and Indians from the siege of Fort Meigs, he was left in coDimand there, and defended the fort when it was a second time threatened. He died in 1826. + George Croghan was born in Kentucky, in 1791. He was in the battles of Tippecanoe and Fort Meigs (May 5), and served with Taylor in Mexico. His death occurred at New Orleans, in 1849. V. Questions. — '20. What can you state of the second demonstration aarainst Tort Meigs ? 21. To what object did Proctor next direct his attention ? 22. In •what direction from Fort Meigs w.as Fort Stephenson? (See map, p. 214.) 23. How was Fort Stephenson prepared to resist Proctor ? VI. 24. Give an acooant of Proctor's efforts against the fort. MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 221 secure it. To Commodore Chauncey* was given the general command of the American naval forces on the two lakes, while to Commodore Perryf was assigned the immediate command on Lake Erie. On the part of the enemy, Sir James Yeo held the general command, and Commodore Barclay the spe- cial one on Lake Erie. Yin. By the first of August, 1813, two squadrons had been fitted out on Lake Erie. One of these, the American, consisted of nine vessels, carrying fifty -four guns ; and the other, the British, consisted of six vessels, carrying sixty- three guns. They met, on the 10th of September, near the western extremity of the lake, when a hard-fought battle of four hours' duration took place, resulting in a complete and brilliant victory to the Americans, every vessel of the enemy having surrendered. In dis- patching information of his victory to General Harrison, Perry wrote : " We have met the enemy, and they are ours." IX. The consequences of the victory were highly impor- tant. The Americans complete- ly established their naval su- premacy on the lake, Detroit was evacuated by the British, the Indians of Michiojan were COMMODORE PERKY * Isaac Chnuncey was born in Connecticut, in l""'i. When a younj; man, he was enraged in the mer- chant service, and during a voyage, a mortal sickness prevailed, leaving him on board as the only survivor. He navigated the vessel mto port, for which he was rewarded by being appointed to the command of her. gainst Tripoli, and during the war of 1812, he rendered important service on Lake He served in the t Ontario, by his active co-operatio"n with the lan3 forces. His death occurred at W'ashington, in 1840. t Oliver Hazard Perry was born at Newport, R. I., in 1785. He died at Port Spain, Island of Trinidad, of yellow fever, contracted while he was engaged on government service, up the Orinoco River, in South America. VII. QtTESTioNs. — 25. What is said of tlie naval supremacy on Lakes Erie and On- tario? 26. What command was given to Chauncey? 2T. To Perry? 28. ToTeo? 29. To Barclay? VIII. 30. How large a fleet did Perry command ? 31. Barclay? 32. When did the battle of Lake Erie take place? 33. What produced enthusiasm among the Americans? Ans. — A flag floating from the mainmast of Perry's ship, iii)on which were the dying words of Lawrence: "Don't give up the ship." 34. Give an account of the battle. 35. How did Perry inform Harrison of his victory ? 222 Madison's administration. intimidated, and the way to success for the army at Fort Meigs was clearly opened. Harrison saw his opportu- nity, and was not slow to profit by it. X. Having been re-enforced by a large body of Kentuckians, under Governor Shelby, Harrison resolved to seek Proctor and give him battle. While, in conformitv with his orders, a regi- ment of horse, one thousand strong, proceeded by land, cross- ing the river at Detroit, the rest of the army crossed Lake Erie in Perry's fleet, and landed near Fort Maiden. But Proctor, on hearing of Barclay's defeat and Harrison's ap- proach, was seized with alarm ; and when the fort was reached, it was found deserted, and Proctor and Tecumseh were in full retreat towards the Thames {temz) River. The Americans followed in eager pursuit, and, on the 5th of October, overtook them near the Moravian village on the Thames, about eighty miles from Detroit. XI. The enemy, seeing that a battle could not be avoided, took a favorable position on a narrow strip of land between the river and an extensive swamp. The Americans charged, breaking the line of the British, and soon compelling them to surrender; but the contest with the Indians was more obsti- nate. At length, Tecumseh fell, mortally wounded, and the savage warriors dispersed in all directions. Proctor was gone: he had lied at the first onset, leaving his carriage, private pa- pers, and even his sword, behind him. XII. Besides six hundred prisoners taken by Harrison, sev- eral cannon and a large quantity of stores and ammunition fell into his hands. By the victory thus achieved, the terri- tory which Hull had surrendered was entirely recovered, the IX. Questions. — 36. What were the important consequences of the battle ? X. 3T. What accession arrived for Harrison's army ? 38. What did Harrison re- Bolveupon? 39. How did the two parts of his army proceed? 40. Why did not Proctor remain at Fort Maiden ? 41. How is Fort Maiden situated ? (See map, p. 214.) 42. What is said of the flight of Proctor and the pursuit? 43. When was the battle of the Thames fought ? XI. 44. Give an account of it. 45. Where waa the battle fought? (See map, p. 214.) MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 223 destruction of Tecumseh's Indian Confederacy was completed, and the war on the western frontier was terminated. XIII. In the spring of 1813, several months before the suc- cesses of Perry and Harrison had been achieved, the Southern Indians were visited by Tecumseh and urged to take up arms against the whites. The Creeks yielded, and began to com- mit depredations upon the settlements of the Americans. In the latter part of August, fifteen hundred of their wai'riors surprised Fort Mims,* on the Alabama River, and massacred nearly three hundred men, women, and children. XIV. This sanguinary and unprovoked attack aroused the whole South, and a large force, under Generals Jackson and Coftee, marched into the country of the Creeks to avenge the deed of horror. Sev- eral battles were fought in quick succession, at Talladega, Autossee, Emucfa, and other places, in every one of which the Indians were defeated. XV At length a thousand w\arriors, with their women and children, made a final stand at Tohopeka, or, * The name of this place was also written Fort Mimms. The fort was situated on the east side of the Alabama, about ten miles above its junction with the Tombigbee. XII. Questions. — 46. "What were the fruits of Harrison's victory ? XIII. 47. What hafl Tecumseh been about in the spring of 1S13? 4S. What fol- lowed? 49. What is said of the massacre, at Fort Mims? 50. In what direction from Mobile was Fort Mims? (See map, p. 223.) XIV. 51. What effect did the massacre nave upon the people of the South ? 52. What can you say of the battles that were fought? 53. Give the location of tha three places named. (See rnap, p. 223.) 54. What two rivers uniting form the Ala- bama River ? Ans. — The Coosa aud the Tallapoosa. 224 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 1813. as the whites called it, the Horse- Shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa River, where they had established a camp, skillfully fortified. Here, on the 27th of March, 1814, they were attacked by a force of three thousand men, under Jack- son. The doomed Creeks, being hemmed in on all sides by their assailants, fought with the energy of despair, and not till almost six hundred of their number were slain did the battle cease : their defeat was complete. XVI. While these events were transpiring at the South, others of equal moment were taking place at the North. To- wards the latter part of April, 1813, General Dearborn, with seventeen hundred men, embarked on board Chauncey's fleet, at Sackett's Harbor, with the design of going against York, the capital of Upper Canada. XVn. On the 2'7th, the fleet anchored off" that town, and on the same day the troops eff"ected a landing in the face of a severe fire from British and Indians, commanded by General Sheaffe. Still they pressed forward, led by General Pike,* and were carrying every thing before tliem, when the enemy's magazine exploded, mortally wounding Pike, and making sad havoc among his men. After a moment's pause, the Ameri- cans continued to advance, and were soon in possession of the town. XVIII. The capture of York havina: been attained, Dearborn GENERAL PIKE. * Zebulon Montgomery Pike was born in New Jersey, in 1779. He made two important expeditions, one in 1805 and 6, to explore the sources of the Mississippi, and the other about a year after, to examine llie region west of the Red River. XV. Questions. — 55. Where did the battle of Tohopeka take place ? (See map, p. 223.) 56. Give an account of the battle. XVI. 57. What movement was made on Lake Ontario towards the latter part of April 1 XVII. 5S. When did the battle of York take place? 59. Give an account of it. 60. Bj what name is York now known? Ans. — Toronto. 61. How is Toronto sit- uated? (See map, p. 215.) MADISON S ADMINISTRATION, 225 after several days' delay, during which he received re-enforce- ments, proceeded to attack Fort George, situated on the Ni- agara River, near its mouth. The British made but a short defense, and then retreated to Burlington Heights, at the western extremity of Lake Ontario, pursued by a lai'ge force, under Generals Chandler and "Winder. On the night of the 6th of June, nine days after the capture of the fort, the Brit- ish suddenly fell upon the camp of the pursuing Americans, and, though they were repulsed, in the darkness and confusion both Chandler and Winder were made prisoners. XIX. The British in Canada, on being informed that Chaun- cey's fleet, carrying a large body of troops, had sailed from Sackett's Harbor, sent a thousand men across the lake in Yeo's fleet, to attack the place. Sir George Prevost, the British commander, effected a landing on the 29th of May. The militia flred a couple of volleys upon the invaders, and then, panic-struck, broke and fled. A small body of regulars acted with more firmness. While the advance of the British was held in check by a galling fire from the regulars. General Brown,* the American commander, rallied the militia, and led them by a cir- cuitous route, as if ho designed to seize the enemy's boats and cut off" their retreat. The strata- gem succeeded completely, and the British made a rush for their boats, leaving their dead and wounded behind. XX. Dearborn remained at Ft. George more than a fortnight^ » Jacob Brown was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in 1775. He died in Washington, in 182S. XVIII. Questions.— 62. Against what place did Dearborn next proceed? 63. "Was Fort George above or below Queenstown ? (See ma]), p. 215.) 64. What suc> cess did Dearborn meet with against Fort George? 65. What took place afterward? XIX. 66. How is Sackett's Harbor situated? (See m.ap, p. 62.) 67. What in- duced the British to attack the place? 68. When did they attack it? 69. Give an account of the battle. 10* GENERAL BROWN. 226 Madison's administration. after the misfortune to Chandler and Winder, without doing any thing. Not so the British. They busied themselves in taking possession of the mountain passes there, thus narrowing the limits of Dearborn's position, and cutting off his communications with the country. At length, a detach- ment of six hundred men was sent to break up a post whicli the British had established seventeen miles from the fort. After pro- ceeding fifteen miles, the Americans were suddenly surround- ed by a body of British and Indians, and compelled to surrender themselves prisoners of war. Dearborn,* not long after, resign- ed his command, and was succeeded by General Wilkinson. XXI. Genei'al Armstrong, upon whom President Madison had recently conferred the appointment of Secretary of War, devised a plan for the invasion of Canada, by which the two armies — that of the Centre, under Wilkinson, and that of the North, under Hampton — were to form a junction on the St. Lawrence, and proceed against Montreal. XXII. In passing down the St. Lawrence, the fleet of boats employed in conveying Wilkinson's army, was harassed by the Britisli whenever an opportunity occurred. Near Williams- burg, a strong detachment was landed to make an advance, disperse a body of the enemy, and cover the descent of the fleet. At Chrysler's {kris'-lers) Field, a severe battle ensued on the 11th of November, in which the Americans, though losing about one-fifth of their entire force engaged, maintained their position. * Henry Dearborn was born in New Hampshire, in 1751. He was in the battle of Bunker Hill, was with Arnold in tlie expedition through the wilderness of Maine, and participated in the battle of Quebec, where he was taken prisoner. Being exchanged, he served under (iates in the Northern campaign, and did good service at the battle of Monmouth, in Sullivan's expedition against the Indians, and in the suc- cessful operations before Yorktown. He died in Massachusetts, in 1829. XX. QtTESTiONS. — 70. What is said of Dearborn's inactivity at Fort Erie? 71. "Wliat, of the activity of the British? 72. Give an account of the mishap to the American detachment. 73. Who succeeded Dearborn in the command ? XXL 74. What office did Armstrong hold ? 75. What plan of action did he devise? XXII. 76. What annoyance did Wilkinson experience while sailing down the St. Lawrence ? 77. What did he do when near Williamsburg ? 7S. How is Williams- burg situated ? (See map, p. 62.) 79. When did a battle talce place near Williams- burg ? 80. By what name is that battle known t 8L Give an account of it. Madison's administration. 227 XXIII. Hampton,* in the mean time, had entered Canada, encountered the British near St. John's, and been defeated. In consequence of a hostile feeling which existed between him and Wilkinson, he declined to co-operate with that com- mander, but made his way back to Lake Champlain, and left his army in winter quarters at Plattsburi;;, under the com- mand of General Izard. Wilkinson went into winter quarters at French Mills, about nine miles east of St. Regis. XXIV. During 1813, there were many severe battles on the ocean ; and though the American seamen were not so uni- formly successful as in the preceding year, their gallantry continued to be the theme of admiration. On the 24th of February, the sloop-of-war Hornet, Captain Lawrence, when off the mouth of the Demerara River, fell in with a British brig, which, after an action of only fifteen minutes, struck her colors and raised a signal of distress. She proved to be the brig Peacock, Captain Peake, and was so riddled that she sunk in a few minutes after the surrender, carrying down with her nine of her own crew and three of the Hornet's. XXV. On his return to the United States, Lawrence was promoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, then lying in Boston harbor. In the forenoon of June 1st, the British frigate Shannon, Captain Broke, appeared off the harbor for the express purpose of meeting the Chesapeake. Though the American frigate had imperfect equipments and an ill-assorted crew, while the British ship had a select crew and * Wade Hampton was born in South Carolina, in 1755. He took an active part in the Revolutionary War, serving under Marion and Sumter. After he retired from the army, in 1814, he engaged in agricul- tural pursuits, and was considered the wealthiest farmer in the United States, owning extensive planta- tions, and about three thousand slaves. He died in South Carolina, in 1835. XXIII. Questions. — 82. What misfortune had befallen Hampton in the mean time? S3. How is St. John's situated ? (See map, p. 231.) 84. What did he neglect to do? 85. Wh}? 86. Where and in whose charge did he leave his command? ST. How is Plattsburg situated? (See map, p. 149.) SS. Where did Wilkinson go into winterquarters? 89. Where is St. Regis? Ans. — On the south side of the St. Lawrence. XXIV. 90. What is said of the naval successes of the Americans during the year 1813? 91. Give an account of the action between the Hornet and Pelican. XXV. 92. How was Lawrence rewarded for his victory over the Peacock ? 93. What movement was made by the Shannon ? 94. In what condition were the two ships for action ? 228 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. was in the best possible condition, Lawrence still felt impelled to go out and engage her. XXVI. At about six o'clock in the afternoon the two vessels met, and a terrific contest of fifteen minutes ensued. Lawrence* was mortally wounded in the early part of the action, and his last injunc- tion as he was borne below was, " Don't give up the ship." The Chesapeake, after having all her superior ofiicers either killed or wounded, was boarded by the en- emy and her flag hauled down. XXVIL The second disaster to the American navy that oc- curred during the year was the loss of the brig Argus, Captain W. H. Allen, f on the 14th of August. After Allen had con- veyed the American minister, Mr. Crawford, to France, he proceeded to cruise in the waters about England, and was suc- cessful in taking a large number of prizes and capturing prop- erty to the amount of two millions of dollars. While in the English Channel he fell in with the sloop-of-war Pelican, and in the action which ensued, and which resulted in the capture of the Argus, he was mortally wounded. He was taken to Plymouth, England, where he died on the day after the action. XXVIIL Fortune next favored the Americans. On the 5th of September, Lieutenant Burrows, while in command of LAwr.ENf'i;. » James Lawrence waa born in Burlinston, N. J., in !781. He was one of Deeator's party that board- ed and destroyed the frigate Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli, in 1804. + William henry Allen waa born in Rhode Island, in 1784. He was the first lientenant of the frigate United Stales when that vessel captured the Macedonian. XXVI. Questions. — 95. Give an account of the action. XXVIL 96. What vessel did Lieutenant Allen command in the summer of 1813 ? 97. What duty did he perform before making a cruise? 98. What were his suc- cesses? 99. When did the Argus and Pelican meet? 100. Give an account of the action between them. XXVIIL 101. Where did a naval action take place on the 5th of September? 102. Give an account of it. 103. What honors were paid to the dead commanders? 104. Where is Portland ? (See map of Maine.i MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 229 the brig Enterprise, fell in with the British brig Boxer, Capr tain Bl ythe, off the coast of Maine. An action of forty min- utes ensued, resulting in the capture of the Boxer. Both commanders were killed in the engagement, and their bodies were buried side by side at Portland, with the honors of war. XXIX. In 1812, Captain Por- ter,* commanding the American frigate Essex, in a short cruise captured a number of British merchantmen, and, after an action of only eight minutes, took the sloop-of-war Alert. In 1812 and '13, Porter, in command of the same vessel, made a long and re- markable cruise of more than a year, in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Besides capturing a great many ships, and making prisoners of more than four hundred men, he did immense service to the American shipping by the pro- tection which he afforded. XXX. At length, on the 2Sth of March, 1814, he was at- tacked in the harbor of Valparaiso [val-pa-)~i'-so), by two British war vessels that had been expressly dispatched in quest of him, and, after one of the most desperate conflicts of the war, was forced to surrender. COMMODORE PORTBE. th David Porter was born in Boston, Mass., in 1780. When the frigate Philadelphia was captured by Fripolilans, in 1803, Porter was made captive and held nineteen months. In 1824 he commanded an xpedition ajainst the pirates of the West Indies. He subsequently entered the service of Mexico, as com- nander-in-chief of her naval forces ; but, in 1829, returned to the United States. At the time of his death, vhich occurred at Constantinople, in 1843, he was resident minister of the United States there. XXIX. Questions. — 105. "What were Porter's successes in 1S12 ? lOG. What, in 1813? XXX. 107. Where was he attacked by two British war vessels? lOS. W^hcre is Valparaiso ? (See map of South America.) 109. Give an account of the action. 230 REVIEW QUESTIONS. REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 1. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1809 ? 210 2. Give an account of the naval action which occurred in 1811 ?. 211 3. What hostile movement among the Indians was begun in 1804? 211 4. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe 211, 212 5. What were the causes of the War of 1812 ? 212 6. When did President Madison issue his war proclamation ? . . . . 212 1. On what exj^edition was Gen. HuU engaged at the time ? 213 8. What movement agamst the British did he first make ? 213 9. What can you say of the loss of a fort further north? 213 10. Give an account of the first battle of Brownstown 213, 214 11. Give an account of the second battle of Brownstown 214 12. Give an account of Brock's operations and Hull's surrender. . . 214 13. What further account can you give of Hull himself?. 215 14. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown 215, 216 15. Of the action between the Constitution and Guerriere. . . .216, 21^ 16. Of the action between the Wasp and the Frolic. . , 21T 17. Of the action between the United States and Macedonia 21t 18. Of the action between the Constitution and the Java 217, 218 19. State the events prehminary to the battle of Frenchtown. 218, 219 20. Give an account of that battle, with the massacre 219 21. Under what circumstances was Fort Meigs constructed ? 219 22. What can you say of Clay's oijerations and success? 219, 220 23. Give an account of the battle of Fort Stephenson 220 24. What hostile preparations were made on the northern lakes ? 220, 22 1 25. Give an account of the battle of Lake Erie 221 26. What effects did the result of the battle have? 221, 222 27. State the events prehminary to the battle of the Thames 222 28. Give an account of it, with the effects of the victory 222, 223 29. State the events preliminary to the battle of Tohopeka 223 30. Give an account of the battle of Tohopeka 223, 224 31. Of the expedition from Sackett's Harbor against York 224 32. Of the expedition from the same place against Fort George 225 33. Of the British expedition against Sackett's Harbor 225 34. Of the operations of Wilkinson and Hampton 226, 227 35. Of the action between the Hornet and Feacock 227 36. Of the action between the Chesapeake and Shannon 227, 228 87. Of Lieutenant Allen's operations and sad fate 228 38. Of the action between the Enterprise and the Boxer 228, 229 39. Of Porter's operations and final defeat 229 Madison's administration. 231 EVENTS OF 1814, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. L In the early part of 1813, a proposition from the Rus- sian Emperor was received, m which he offered to mediate be- tween the belUgerent powers, England and the United Stages. It was accepted on the part of the American government, and President Madison appointed three commissioners to proceed to St. Petersburg to negotiate a treaty. It was not, however, accepted on the part of the other belligerents ; but towards the close of the year the American government was informed that Great Britain was ready to make a treaty of peace. Accord- ingly, two persons were added to the commission previously appointed, and, in January, 1814, they sailed for Europe, where they joined their three associates. The belligerent governments however continued to prosecute war measures, and even with more vigor than before. II. Towards the close of February, 1814, Wilkinson broke up his winter quarters at French Mills and removed to Plattsburg, and Brown marched to Sackett's Harbor, taking two thousand men, mainly for the protection of the fleet there. III. Late in the following month, Wilkinson* advanced as far as Rouse's Point, where he determined to erect a battery, but the British penetrating his [j;7to.NTgEAL^^ inueuil , 'pflcTunnblK Lti Colle "RousesPt „,, .N,,. PAET OF THE SOREL RIVER. * James Wilkinson was born in Maryland, in 1757. He served in Canada the statf of Gates, in 1777. During Washington's administration he was ei frontier against the Indians, and commanded one of the divisi->n3 of Wayni Maumee. He subsequently was governor of the Louisiana territory, and an plans of Burr, in 1806. He died in Mexico, in 1825. under Arnold, in 1776. and on gaged on the Northwestern 's army in the battle of the active agent in exposing the Events op 1S14, and Close op the War. — Questions. — I. 1. When did a pro- position come from the Emperor of Eussia? 2. What was it? 3. What action was taken in relation thereto by the American government? 4. What by the British government ? 5. Of what was the American government afterward informed ? 6. In accordance therewith, what action was tal^en by the American government? II. 7. What movement did Wilkinson make toward the close of the winter? 8. To what place did General Brown march? 232 Madison's administration. iQ-iA design, concentrated a force of two thousand men at La Colle Mill, three miles below the point. An at- tack which he made upon the British, on the last day of the month, was unsuccessful, and he returned to Plattsburg. In consequence of this defeat, he threw up his command and asked to be tried by a court-martial. Gen. Izard was appointed to succeed him. IV. Brown did not remain long at Sackett's Harbor ; but, having been appointed to the command of the army destined to act on the Niagara frontier against Canada, he made haste to carry out the views of the Secretary of War for another invasion of the enemy's territory. Preparations being com- pleted, on the 3d of July a large force, the advance of Brown's command, crossed the Niagara River, and took Fort Erie without a struggle. Pushing forward next day along the bank of the river, the American army reached a plain on the south side of the Chippewa River, in view of the enemy's camp on the other side of that stream. V. General Brown determined to attack the British in their position ; and, apparently, the British commander in- tended a similar operation against the Americans, for the morning of the 5th beheld both armies deploying into the plain. The battle that ensued was severe, resulting in the defeat of the British, who made good their retreat across the Chippewa. This brilliant victory was owing to the admirable discipline of the American army, no less than to the skill and bravery of General Scott. VI. The British commander, General Riall, made no at- III. Questions. — 9. What movement did Wilkinson make from Plattsburg ? 10. How did the British anticipate him? 11. How are Rouse's Point and La Colle situ- ated? (See map, p. 124.) 12. When did the battle of La Colle Mill take place? 13. Give an account of it. 14. What was the consequence to Wilkinson? IV. 15. To what command had Brown been assigned while at Sackett's Harbor? 16. Give an account of the taking of Fort Eric. IT. How was Fort Erie situated? (See map, p. 233.) 18. What movement was made on the 4th of July ? V. 19. What is said of the intention of the two commanders ? 20. Give an ac- countof the battle of Chippewa. 21. How is Chippewa situated? (See map, p. 233.) 22. To what was the success of the Americans at Chippewa owing ? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 233 tempt to dispute the passage of the Chippewa, but, hurriedly burning the bridge after he had effected a crossing, continued his retreat to Burhngton Heights, near the head of Lake On- tario. The American army rested but two BURUNOTON NEI&HTS NIAG-ARA -r.>i»()'ixan«, FRONTiEl days after the battle, then advanced across the Chippewa and took post at Queenstown, in- tending to make a fur- ther advance towards Fort George, which the British then held. Not having the necessary cannon with which to attack the fort, they fell back, after a few days, to the Chippewa. VII. Here, on the 25th of July, Brown was informed that General Drummond, who had reached Fort George with re-enforcements, had crossed the Niagara to attack Fort Schlosser {shlos' -ser), where supplies for the American army were deposited. Be- lieving that a demonstration against the forts at the mouth of the river would induce the British to return. Brown ordered Scott to advance with twelve hundred men. Vin. A march of but two miles had been accomplished when, about sunset, Scott unexpectedly came upon a British force of two thousandmen advantageously posted at Lundy'sLane, in the immediate vicinity of Niagara Falls. The most obstinate bat- VI. Questions.— 23. What was Kiall's movement after the battle? 24. What Brown's ? VII. 25. Where was Brown on the 25th of July? 26. What information did he get there ? 27. Where is Fort Schlosser situated ? 28. What order did Brown give to Scott? 29. What was his object? VIII. 30. Where is Lundy's Lane? (See map, p. 233.) 31. Give an account of the battle fought there while Scott was in command. 234 Madison's administration, ^ tie of the war ensued. Scott took the offensive; and though the enemy outnumbered him, he sustained the unequal contest for an hour, when General Brown, with the main body of the army, arrived upon the field. In the mean time, the British force had been largely augmented by re-enforcements under Drummond, who took the command. IX. It became evident to Brown that a battery, which the British had j^laced on a commanding hight, and which swept all parts of the field, must be captured or the Americans be defeated. Upon asking Colonel Miller* if he could take it, the fearless soldier replied, " I'll try, sir." At the head of his regiment. Miller steadily advanced up the hight, while, at every step, his ranks were thinned by the enemy's fire ; but his troops pressed forward, and,dn one determined charge, gained possession of the battery, and drove the enemy in con- fusion down the hill. ' X. Three times did the British rally and attempt to regain their lost battery, but without success : they were repulsed with fearful loss at every assault. Finally, at midnight, they withdrew, leaving the Americans in quiet possession of the field, each party losing about eight hundred men in killed and wounded. Brown and Scott having both been severely wounded, the command devolved upon General Ripley, who retired with his forces to Fort Erie, where General Gaines arrived soon afterward, and, being a senior ofiicer, assumed th^ command. XI. In a few days, General Drummond advanced against Fort Erie, and with a force of five thousand men, commenced a siege. On the 1 5th of August, eleven days after, the enemy * James Miller was born in New Hampshire, in 1776. He took part in the capture of Fort Erie and in the battle of Chippewa. He died in New Hampshire, in 1851. IX. Questions. — 82. What, during the battle, became evident to Brown? 33. What question was asked and reply given ? 34. Give an account of Miller's heroic achievement. X. 35. Give a further account of the battle. 36. What officers were wounded in the battle? 37. Who. after the battle, took the command? 38. Whither did Eipley retire? 89. Bywhom was he succeeded ? Madison's administration, 235 undertook to carry the fort by assault, bat were repulsed with the loss of more than a thousand men. Though the wounds which Brown had received at Lundy's Lane were yet un- healed, he repaired to the fort and took the command. XII. Having ascertained that formidable preparations were being made for pressing the siege, he resolved not to await their completion. Accordingly, at noon, on the l7th of Sep- tember, a sortie was made with nearly the whole of his dis- posable force. In the space of an hour, the advanced works of the besiegers, which had cost nearl}^ fifty days' labor to erect, were destroyed, and about seven hundred of their num- ber either fell or were taken prisoners. Drummond, upon being informed soon afterward that Izard was approaching with re-enforcements, retired to Fort George. The Ameri- cans, in November, abandoned and destroyed Fort Erie, and, crossing the Niagara, went into winter quarters. XIII. Izard, when he started from Plattsburg on his march for the relief of Brown, left General Macomb* [ma-koom') in command of only fifteen himdred men ; but, as the enemy beffan to threaten Plattsburg:, this force was augmented by volunteers from Vermont. Sir George Prevost, at the head of fourteen thousand men, a large number of whom were vet- erans who had served under AVellington, in Europe, marched against Macomb ; and the British fleet on Lake Champlain, commanded by Commodore Downie (down'-e), sailed to attack the American fleet, under Commodore MacDonough {inac-don'-6). » Alexander Macomb was bom in Michigan, in 1782, He died at Washington, in 1841. XI. Questions. — 10. Ilowwas Fort Erie threatened by Drummond? 41. Wbat took place on the 15tli of August? 42. Who afterward took command at Fort Erie? XII. 4.3. When did Brown make a sortie from the fort? 44. What induced him to make it? 45. What was his success ? 46. Why did Drummond afterward retire to Fort George? 47. What did the Americans do in November? XIII. 4S. In what state for defense did Izard leave Plattsburg? 49. IIow svaa Macomb's force augmented ? 50. What southward movement did Prevost make J 51. Wiat movement was made by Downie ? 236 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 1814. XIV. Macomb withdrew his forces to the south side of the Saranac River, and prepared to dispute any attempt which the enemy might make to cross, while Prevost took a position on the north side, where he erected batteries. For four days the two armies were on the opposite banks of the Saranac, and all attempts of the British to force a passage were successfully resisted. XV. On the 11th of Septem- COMMODORE MACDONOUGH. ber, the battle of Plattsburg and of Lake Champlain took place. The British commenced tlie one on the land by opening a heavy cannonade upon the American works, while at the same time their fleet bore down and engaged MacDonough's* vessels, which were at anchor in the bay of Plattsburg. Af- ter an action of two hours and a quarter between the two fleets, flag after flag of the British struck, and the victory of MacDonough was complete. XVI. The contest on the land continued throughout the day. The British undertook to cross the Saranac, making the attempt in three columns, but without success. After the de- feat of Downie, the fire from their batteries slackened, and at nightfall ceased entirely. They then commenced a hasty retreat, leaving behind their sick and wounded, and a large quantity of military stores. Of the army of fourteen thousand men which Prevost led against Macomb, two hundred and fifty were * TTiomas MacDonoufrh was born in New Castle Co., Delaware, in 1783. He was one of Decatur^B party which boarded and destroyed the frigate Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli, in 1804. He died at sea, in 1815. XIV. Questions. — 52. How did Macomb prepare to meet Prevost ? 53. Where did Prevost take a position ? 54 What is said of his attempts to cross the Saranac ? 55. Into what body of water does the Saranac flow ? (See map, p. 149.) XV. 56. Give an account of the battle of Lake Champlain. XVI. 57. Give an account of the battle of Plattsburg. 58. What losses were sus- tained by each party ? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 237 killed or wounded, and more than two thousand deserted. The loss of the Americans was one hundred and twenty. XVII. During the greater part of 1814 the whole Atlantic seaboard was locked up by British cruisers, from which de- scents were often made upon small towns. About the middle of August, a squadron of the enemy arrived in Chesapeake Bay, bringing a large body of troops, commanded by General Ross, This force, it was evident, was intended to strike a heavy blow at some of the important cities. XVIII. Ross, with five thousand men, landed at Benedict, situated on the Patuxent River, twenty-five miles from its mouth. His first object was the destruc- tion of an American flotilla, commanded by Commodore Barney, which had harassed and injured the lighter vessels of the enemy's fleet, but which was then lying in the Patux- ent. As the British approach- ed, Barney, rather than have his boats fall into their hands, burnt them. XIX. Ross's next object was the capture of Washing- ton ; but, instead of making a direct march, he proceeded by the way of Bladensburg, where he met with some op- position from the militia under General AVinder, but the only XVII. Questions. — 59. What is said of the operations of British cruisers during the most of ISU? 60. What arrival took place in August? 61. What was the evi- dent intention of the force? XVIII. 62. Where did Ross land? 63. On which side of the Patuxent is Bene- dict? (See map, p. 23T.) 64 "What was Boss's first object ? 65. Did he succeed t PAKT OP ■VTEGINIA AND MABYLAND. 238 MADISON S ADMINISTRATIOi;^. ^ . check that he received was from a body of seamen and marines, commanded by Barney,* He reached Washington on the 24th of August, burned the capitol, presi- dent's house, and other buildings, and, after effecting this wanton destruction, made a hasty retreat to the shipping, a division of which was still in the Patuxent. XX. In the mean time, a division of the fleet had ascend- ed the Potomac as far as Alexandria, the people of which, to save their city from bombardment, sur- rendered their mer- chandise and ship- ping to the enemy. The two divisions of the fleet then uni- ting, it was determin- ed to make an attack on Baltimore. XXI. On the 12th BALTIMORE JLBTD "vicui'i'rs" of September, Ross landed his troops at North Point, fourteen * Joshua Barney was born in Baltimore, in 1"59. Thongh he was but a youth at the beginning of the Kevolution, he was appointed master's mate in a sloop-of-war, in which vessel he aided in capturing the town of New Providence, on one of the Bahama Islands. He was engaged in several naval enterprises, and was three times made prisoner. His death occurred at Pittsburg, Pa., in ISIS. XIX. Questions. — 06. What was his second object? CT. What route did ho take to Washington ? 68. On which side of the Potomac is Washington ? (See map, p. 237.) 69. In which direction from Bladensburg is Washington ? (See same map.) 70. What opposition and chocli did Eoss meet with on his march ? 71. When did he reach Washington ? 72. What did he effect there ? 73. What did ho then do ? XX. 74. What had another division of the ileet been doing in the moan time? 75. What did the British then determine upon. XXI. 76. When did Ross land at North Point. 77. What is the name of the other point at the mouth of the Patapsco ? (See map, p. 238.) 7S. How far is North Point from Baltimore? 79. What was done by the enemy's vessels on the 12th f 80. How far is Fort McHenry from Baltimore? SI. What befell Koss himself? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 239 miles from Baltimore, while sixteen of the enemy's ships moved up the Patapsco River, to bombard Fort McHeury, com- manding the channel, at the distance of about two miles below the city. On his march Ross was met by an advance corps of Americans, and, in a slight skirmish, killed. XXII. General Brooke, Ross's successor, gave the order to continue the advance, but the progress of the British at one point was disputed, for more than an hour, by a body of militia, commanded by General Strieker, The Americans then fell back in good order, and took a position near the defenses of the city. Brooke resumed the march, but the resolute front which the Americans presented, deterred him from making an attack until he could hear from the fleet. XXIII. In the mean time, Fort McHenry had been sub- jected to a heavy bombardment. The firing commenced on the morning of the 1 oth, and continued till near the follow- ing morning, but without making any serious impression. Brooke, therefore, seeing no prospect of success against the city, embarked his troops, and the whole force of the enemy withdrew. XXIV. During the summer, the authorities of Pensacola, then a Span- ish port, allowed the British to take possession of their forts, and fit out an expedition against Fort Bowyer (bo'- yer), now Fort Morgan, situated at the entrance to Mobile (nio-beeV) Bay. On the 15th of September, the fort was assailed by a British XXIL Qd-estions.— S2. Who succeeded Eoss ? 83. Give an account of the battle that took place. 84. "Why did not Strieker attack the Americans at their position near the defenses of Baltimore ? XXIII. 85. Give an account of the attack upon Fort McHenry. 86. What did Brooke then do? XXIV. 87. How is Pensacola situated ? (See map, p. 223.) 88. Did Pensacola belong to Spain or the United States in 1814? 89. Which of the belligerent powers did the authorities of Pensacola favor during the war? 90. How did that appear? 91. In what direction from Mobile is Fort Morgan? (See map, p. 223.) 92. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Morgan. 240 Madison's administration. fleet, aided by a combined force of Indians and ma- vines ; but the enemy were repulsed, losing one of their ships and many men. The other ships effected their escape, returning to Pensacola. XXV. Florida was then a Spanish province, but it was used by the English, who made Pensacola the rendezvous of their forces, and from that port fitted out expeditions against the United States. The Spaniards made not the least attempt to prevent this abuse of neutral territory ; indeed, it is certain they had no disposition to interfere with the operations of the English. Jackson, who, in 1814, was in command at Mobile, placed himself at the head of three thousand men, and marched upon Pensacola. Negotiations failing, he seized the town by force, and compelled the British to leave. XXVI. Returning to Mobile, he made preparations to meet an anticipated attack upon that place ; but learning that the Brit- ish were about to invade Louisiana for the special purpose of se- curing possession of New Orleans, he sent the mass of his troops to that city, and reached it himself at the beginning of Decem- ber. He found the city in no condition for defense, and at once adopted the most energetic measures to oppose the enemy. XXVII. Towards the middle of December, a British squad- ron entered Lake Borgne {born), the shortest avenue of ap- proach from the Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans, carrying a land force of over twelve thousand men, many of whom were veterans who had served under Wellington. This army was commanded by Sir Edward Pakenham, one of their most dis- tinguished military leaders. On the 14th, Lieutenant Jones, commanding a flotilla of American gunboats, was attacked by XXV. Questions. — 93. What is said of the use made by the English of Pensa- cola, and of the disposition of the authorities there towards the United States? 94. State what was done by .Tackson. XXVI. 95. Where did Jackson go after leaving Pensacola ? 96. What did he do there 1 97. What information did he receive while there ? 98. What course did he then pursue? XXVII. 99. With what force did the British advance against New Orleans? 100- What avenue of approach did they take to that city? 101. Give an account of the action of the 14th of December. Madison's administration. 241 a portion of the Britisli squadron, and, after a sanguinary en- gagement, was compelled to surrender, thus giving tlie enemy the control of the route to New Orleans. XXVIII. The vanguard of the British army landed on the 1 6th, and marched to a place on the Mississippi, about nine miles from New Orleans, where an encampment was formed on the morningof the 23d. Here the British were attacked by Jack- son on the following night. The contest was spirited, and the result advantageous to the Americans, as the enemy's advance was thereby checked, giving Jackson more time to prepare his line of defenses, four miles from the city. On the 28th of De- cember, and agaiH on the first day of the new year, the British attacked the American works, but without success. XXIX. Pakenham at length determined to make a general assault. Accordingly, on the 8th of January, 1815, the battle of New Orleans, which was the final contest of the war, was fought. The British advanced in the face of a destructive fire from the American batteries : when they were within reach of the muskets and rifles from behind the intrenchments, vol- ley after volley was poured upon them with such terrible eflfect, that they were thi'own into confusion. Pakenham was slain, and his troops fled in dismay, leaving two thousand of their number killed, wounded, and prisoners. The Americans lost only thirteen, seven killed and six wounded. XXX. A large number of citizens of the United States, be- longing to the Federal party,* had been opposed to the war from its very commencement, and they continued to oppose its prosecution till the close. These persons were mostly resi- * The people of the United States were, at that time, divided into two great political parties, calling themselves Democrats and Federalists. The former were iu favor of prosecuting tne war, while the latter were opposed. XXVIII. QtjESTioNS.— 102. Of the landing of the British, their march and en- campment. 103. Of the battle on the 23d of December, 104. Of the two following attacks. XXIX. 105. When did the battle of New Orleans take place? 106. Give an ac- count of it 107. What losses were sustained by both parties? 108. In what direc- tion from Mobile is New Orleans ? (See map, p. 223.) 11 242 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 1814. dents of New England. They regarded the war as un- necessary and impolitic ; the losses, too, which they were sustaining in their commerce and fisheries, were not with- out influence upon them. XXXI. For the purpose of considering their grievances, and devising means of redress, a convention was held at Hart- ford, Connecticut, in December, 1814. The friends of Presi- dent Madison and of the war looked upon this assemblage of delegates, commonly known as the " Hartford Convention," as a treasonable body ; but their doings were, to say the least, harmless, their principal act being the adoption of a document which presented a statement of grievances, and recommended several amendments to the Constitution. After three weeks of secret session, the convention adjourned. XXXH. The joyful tidings of peace at length reached the United States. In February, 1815, an English sloop-of-war arrived from Europe, bearing a treaty of peace which had been agreed upon by British and American commissioners who had assembled at Ghent, a city of Belgium. The document was signed on the 24th of December, fifteen days before the battle of New Orleans. The commissioners on the part of the United States, who had negotiated it, were HENRY CLAT.» » Henry Clav was born in Hanover Co., Virginia, in 1777. He died at Wasliington, m 1852, and it w: said of hini, in a enlogy pronounced by John C. BreckinridgS, a political adversary, tliat . ' As a leader . a delibsrative body, Mr. Clay had no equal i- * ° " XXX. Questions.— 109. What is said of the course pursued by certain persons who were opposed to the war? 110. State what is said of their residence, opinions. &c. SXXI. 111. Give an account of the "Hartford Convention," and its doings. XXXII. 112. What news reached the United States in February, 1S15? 113. At what place did the commissioners meet who negotiated the treaty? 114. Who were the American commissioners? 115. When was the treaty signed at Ghent? MADISON 8 ADMINISTRATION. 243 Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, Jonathan Russell, James A. Bayard, and Albert Gallatin.* XXXIII. The two great points of dispute — the encroach- ments upon American commerce, and the impressment of American seamen — which were the main causes of the war, were left untouched by the treaty. The omission, however, was not important, inasmuch as, by the termination of the European war, all encroachments upon American commerce ceased, and, by the great success of the American navy and privateers, the impressment question was effectually disposed of. * Albert Gallatin was born in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1761. In 1780, he arrived in the United States, and at once aided the Americans, with his hands and money, in their military operations in Maine. He ■was, at one time, a teacher of French in Harvard CoUegCj was several times elected to the House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, and he was Secretary "ot the Treasury under Jeifersoa and Madison. His death occurred at Astoria, Long Island, N. Y., in 184y. XXXIII. Questions. — 116. In what respects was the treaty incomplete and un- satisfactory ? 117. By what events were these omissions rendered unimportant? PEINCIPAL LAND BATTLES. OF THE SECOND WAE WITH ENGLAND. * The asterisk indicates the successful party. DATES. BATTLES. COMMANDERS. MEN ENGAGED. American. British. Amer. British. 1812. Aug. 5, Aug. 9, i Oct. 18, 1813. Jan. 22, April 27, May 5, May 29, Aug. 2, Oct. 5, Nov. 11, 1814. March 30, July 5, July 25, Aug. 15, Aug. 24, Sept. 11, Sept. 12, Sept. 13, Sep. 15. Sept. 17, Dec. 23, 1815. Jan. 8, Brownstown Maguaga, or 2d of Brownstown . . . Queenstown Van Horn [Miller* Van Eensselaer Tecumseh* . . . Tecumseh Brock* 200 600 1,200 600 900 2,500 Frenchtown York Fort Meigs Sackett's Harbor. . . Fort Stephenson . . . Thames Winchester. . . Pike* Clay* Brown* .... Croghan* Harrison* Boyd Proctor* .... Sheaffe Proctor Prevost Proctor Proctor Morrison 800 1,700 1,200 1,000 100 3,500 1,200 1,500 1,500 2,000 1,000 1 1,300 2,000 2,000 Chrysler's Field . . . La Colle Mill Chippewa Lumiy's Lane Fort Erie (assault). . Bladensburg Wilkinson . . . Brown* Brown* Gaines* Winder Macomb* Strieker Armistead*. .. Lawrence* . . . Brown* Jackson . Hancock* Paall Drummond . . Drummond. .. Ross* Prevost Brooke* Cochrane Nicholls Drummond . . . Keane 4,000 1.900 8,500 2.500 8.500 3,000 2,000 1,000 120 2,500 2.000 2.000 2.100 5,000 5.000 5,000 14,000 5,000 16 ships. Mi.xed. 3,500 2,500 North Point Fort McHenry Fort Bowyer Fort Erie"(sortie) . . 9 miles from N. O.. New Orleans Jackson* Pakenham 0,000 12,000 244 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. PEINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAE WITH ENGLAND. * The asterisk indicates the successful party. ■WHERE FOUGHT. COMMAHDEK8. 1S12. Aug. 13, Aug. 19, Oct. 18, Oct. 25, Dec. 29, 1813. Feb. 24, June 1, Aug. 14, Sept. 5, Sept. 10, 1814. March 28, April 29, June 28, Sept. 1, Sept. 11, Dec. 14, 1815. Jan. 15, Feb. 20, March 23, Off Newfoundland . . Off Massachusetts . . . Off North Carolina. Near Canary Islands Off San Salvador . . . Off Demarara Massachusetts Bay . British Channel . . . Off coast of Maine . . Lake Erie Harbor of Valparaiso Off coast of Florida . Near British Channel Near Africa Lake Champlain Lake Borgne Off New Jersey Off Island of Madeira Off Brazil Am. Frig. Essex Br. Sloop Alert Am. Frig. Constitution. Br. Frig. Guerriere .... Am. Sloop Wasp Br. Brig Frolic Am. Frig. United States Br. Frig. Macedonian . . Am. Frig. Constitution. Br. Frig. Java Am. Sloop Hornet Br. Brig Peacock Am. Frig. Chesapeake.. Br. Frig. Sh.annon Am. Brig Argus Br. Sloop Pelican Am. Brig Enterprise . . . Br. Brig Boxer Am. 9 ves. 54 guns Br. 6 ves. 63 guns Am. Frig. Essex Br. Brig Phoebe Br. Sloop Cherub Am. Sloop Peacock Br. Brig Epervier Am. Sloop Wasp Br. Sloop Reindeer Am. Sloop Wasp Br. Sl()i>p Avon Am. 14 vessels, 86 guns. Br. 17 vessels, 95 guns . Am. 5 gunboats Br. 40 barges , Am. Frig. President Br. (Squadron) Am. Frig. Constitution.. Br. Ship Cyane , Br. Ship Levant , Am. Sloop Hornet Br. Brig Penguin Porter.* Laiigharne. Hull.* Bacre.s. Jones.* Whinyates. Decatur.* Garden. Bainbridge.* Lambert. Lawrence.* Peake. Lawrence. Broke.* Allen. Maples.* Burrows.* Blythe. Perry.* Barclay. Porter. Hillvar.* Tucker. Warrington.* Wales. Blakely.* Manners. Blakely.* Arbuthnot I McDonough.* Downie. Jones. Lockyer.* Decatur. Hayes.* Stevvart* Falcon. Douglass. Biddle.* Dickenson. "WAR WITH ALGIERS. XXXIV. During "The War of 1812," the Algerines, be- lieving that the United States were unable to protect their interests in the Mediterranean, resumed their old practice of XXXIV. Questions. — 118. What is said of the Algerines during " The War of 1812 ?" 119. Who was sent against them ? Madison's administration. 245 piracy, seized several American vessels, and insulted and plundered the consul of the United States. In May, 1815, a naval force, commanded by Decatur, was sent to the Medi- terranean. XXXV. On the llih of June, Decatur encountered the largest vessel in the Algerine navy, and captured her, after a running fight of twenty-five minutes. Two days after this success he captured another frigate, with more than five hun- dred men. He then ap- peared before Algiers, and compelled the Dey to liberate the American prisoners in his hands, and relinquish all future claims to the annual tribute which the United States had paid to Al- giers since 1795, for the purpose of securing the American commerce from molestation in the Medi- terranean. XXXVI. Decatur next proceeded to Tunis (too'-nis) and Tripoli, and from both powers exacted payment for American vessels which the English had been allowed to capture in their harbors during the war. They were likewise compelled to make indemnity for other losses which American citizens had sustained at their XXXV. QiTESTiONB. — 120. Give the account of Decatur's two successes against the Algerine vessels. 121. What did he further accomplish against Algiers ? XXX VL 122. To what two places did Decatur next proceed? 123. What did he MDipel the two powers to do ? 246 Madison's administration. hands, and to agree to abstain from further depredations upon the commerce of the United States. XXXVTI. During Madison's administration, two States were added to the Union: Louisiana, in 1812, and Indiana, previously a portion of the Northwest Territory, in 1816. Madison, having served two presidential terms, like Jefferson, followed the example of Washington, and declined a second re-election. He was succeeded by James Monroe, also of Virginia. XXXVII. Questions.— 124. When were Louisiana and Indiana admitted into the Union? 125. Why was not Madison elected President for atbirdterm? 126. By whom was he succeeded f EBVIEW QUESTIONS. pag: 1. "What peace proposition was made in 1813 ? 231 2. "What further cau you say of the proposition? 231 3. How came five U. S. commissioners to be chosen? 231 4. "^AHiat movement did Wilkinson make in Feb., 1814? 231 5. "Wliat movement, at the same time, was made by Brown? 231 6. Give an account of tlie battle of La Colle Mill 231, 232 7. "What was the consequence to Wilkinson of his defeat ? 232 8. What was Brown's object after leaving Sackett's Harbor?. . . . 232 9. When and how did the Americans capture Fort Erie ? 232 10. What battle was fought July 5, 1814? Ans. Battle of Chippewa. 11. What were the preliminary movements of the battle? 232 12. Give an account of the battle, with its results 21? 2 13. What was Riall's first movement after the battle ? .232, 233 14. What movements were made by the American army ? 233 15. What information did Brown receive on the 25th of July? . 233 16. State the preUminaries of the battle of Lundy's Lane 233 17. Which battle was the most obstinate of the war? 233, 234 18. When did the battle of Lundy's Lane take place ? „ . . . 234 19. Who commanded the Americans there before Brown arrived?. 234 20. Who beside Scott distinguished himself in the battle ? 234 21. State how Miller distinguished himself. 284 22. What efforts were made by the British to regain the battery?. 234 23. At what time and how did the battle end ? 234 24. Give an account of Drummond's assault upon Fort Erie. . .234, 235 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 247 PAGE 25. Who commanded the Americans on that occasion? 234 26. "Who took the command again after the battle ? 235 27. When did Brown make a sortie from Fort Erie ? 235 28. Why did he make it then instead of at a later day? 235 29. G-ive an account of it, with its result 235 30. What movements were afterwards made by both armies? 235 31. Who commanded at Plattsburg after Izard left? 235 32. Who commanded the army that advanced against Plattsburg?. 235 33. Of how many men did Prevost's army consist ? 235 34. Who commanded the American fleet on Lake Champlain? .... 235 35. Who commanded the fleet that sailed against MacDonongh ?. . 235 36. What positions did the two armies occupy before the battle ? . . 236 37. Give an account of the action between MacDonough and Downie 236 38. Give an account of the battle between Macomb andPrevost. . 236 39. With how many men did Prevost effect his retreat? 236, 237 40. What loss did the Americans sustain in the battle ? 237 41. What did the British cruisers effect during 1814? 237 42. What navalaccessious did the British have in Aug. of that year ? 237 43. How did General Ross commence operations ? 237 44. Why did Commodore Barney destroy his flotilla ? 237 45. What was Ross's object after the flotilla was destroyed? 237 46. Give an account of what took place at Bladensburg 237, 238 47. Give an account of Ross's operations at Washington 238 48. How was Alexandria threatened and finally saved ? 238 49. What city did the British nest determine to attack ? 238 50. What operations, under Ross, took place on the 12 of Sept. ? 238, 239 51. Whom did General Brooke succeed in command? 239 52. What operations took place under the command of Brooke ? . . . 239 53. How many of the British ships proceeded against Baltimore ?. 239 54. Give an account of the efforts made to reduce the fort 239 55. What aid did the people of Pensacola extend to the British ? . . 239 56. Give an account of tlie expedition against Mobile 239, 240 57. Give an account of Jackson's expedition against Pensacola . . . 240 58. Why did Jackson afterwards leave Mobile for New Orleans ?. . 240 59. How did the British commence operations against New Orleans ? 240 60. Give an account of the naval battle in Lake Borgne 240, 241 6 1 . Give an account of the battle nine miles from New Orleans . . 241 62. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans , . , 241 63. Give an account of the Federalists and their convention. . .241, 242 64. When, where, and by whom was the treaty of peace nego- tiated? 242, 243 65. Give an account of Decatur's success against Algiers, &c., 244, 246, 246 SECTION -VII. FROM THE BEGINNING OF MONROe's ADMINISTRATION, IN 181 7, TO THE CLOSE OF TYLEr's, IN 1845. MONEOE'S ADMINISTEATION. T. James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, Avas in- augurated at Washing- ton, on the 4th of March, IBlY ; and his adminis- tration commenced un- der very favorable cir- cumstances.* We were at peace with all foreign powers, our commerce rode every sea unmo- lested, and the strife at home, between the two great political parties, Democrats and Federal- ists, had entirely ceased. 11. Towards the close of 1817, the Seminole Indians, joined by some Creeks, commenced de- predations on the frontier settlements of Georgia and Ala- * President Monroe's cabinet consisted of John Quinry Adams, Secretary of State ; William H. Craw- ford, Secretary of the Treasury ; John C. Calhoun. Secretary of War ; Benjamin W. CrowDinshieldi, Secre- tary of the Navy ; and William Wirt, Attorney-General. Monroe's Administration. I. Questionb. — 1. When and -whore was Monroe inaugurated? 2. How did his administration commence? S. State the three cir- cniuBtanceB. MONROE S ADMINISTRATION. 249 bama. General Gaines was sent against them, but his force being in- sufficient, General Jack- son was ordered into service. Jackson soon overran the Indian country, and being con- vinced that the Semi- noles had been instigated to hostilities by persons in Florida, he seized the Spanish forts, both at St. Mark's and Pensa- cola. III. Two British sub- jects, Arbuthnot and Am- brister, having fallen into his hands, were tried by a court-martial, on a charge of having incited the Indians to hostilities, found guilty, and executed. Jackson's invasion of Florida, a territory be- longing to a nation at peace with the United States, and his summary proceedings in the prosecution of the war, were condemned by many persons ; but they were approved by the President and Congress. IV. A treaty was made in 1819, by which Florida was ceded to the United States ; but it was not till towards the close of 1820 that the King of Spain ratified the treaty, nor till July, 1821, that the government of Spain surrendered posses- sion of the province. Although the Seminoles, a tierce and II. Questions. — 4. What troubles commonced towards the close of 1817? 5. Who -was first sent against the Seminoles? C. Who was next sent? T. Of what was Jackson soon convinced? S. What did he accordingly do ? 9. How are St. Mark's and Pensacola situated ? (See map, p. 223, also of Florida.) III. 10. State the cases of Arbuthnot and Ambrister. 11. What acts of Jackson were much condemned? 11* 250 MONROE S ADMINISTRATION. warlike Indian race, occu- pied the best lands in the territory, immigration set in, and a considerable population soon estab- lished themselves in the country. V. The Mississippi Territory, which em- braced the present States of Alabama and Missis- sippi, was divided in 1817, and the western portion admitted into' the Union as the State of Mississippi. Illinois (il~ lin-ol), which up to 1800 had been a part of the Northwest Territory, and from that time to 1809, had formed, with Indiana, the Indiana Territory, and subsequently by itself the Illinois Territory, was admitted into the Union as a Stiite in 1818. Alabama was admitted in 1819. In 1820, Maine, which had, up to that time, been a district of Massachusetts, was organized as a State, and admitted into the Union. VI. The most important event of Monroe's administration, was the controversy preceding the admission of Missouri {mis-soo'-re) into the Union, by which, for the first time, the IV. Questions. — 12. State the facts connected with the acquisition of Florida. J8. What is said of the Seminoles and their possessions ? 14. Of Immigration to Florida? V. 15. When was Mississippi admitted into the CTnion ? 16. What can you state of the previous history of Mississippi? 17. When was Illinois admitted into the Union? 18. What can you state of the previous history of Illinois ? 19. When was Maine admitted ? 20. What can you state of the previous history of Maine ? VI. 21. What was the most important event of Monroe''s administration ? 22. How were the States arrayed on the slavery question ? Monroe's administration. 251 country was divided upon the slavery question ; the States of the North op- posing the admission of Missouri as a slave State, while those of the South favored such admission. VII. In Congress, the debate was long and acri- monious. At length a bill, known as the " Mis- souri Compromise," was passed, by which it was declared that slavery was prohibited forever in all territory north of tliirty- six degrees and thirtv minutes north latitude, and west of the Missis- sippi, Missouri excepted. Under this compromise, Missouri was admitted into the Union as a slave State, in 1821. VIII. Another important event of Monroe's administration was the recognition of the Spanish American republics, which had declared and maintained their independence for several years. In 1823, the year following the recognition. President Monroe declared in his annual message, that, " as a principle, the American continents, by the free and independent position • The territory now known as Alabama was originally apart of Georgia. . In 1738, all the region com - prising the present States of Alabama and Mississippi was organized as the territory of Mississippi. In 1817, its western portion became the State of Mississippi, while the other part continued to be the territory of Alabama until its admis&ion as a State. VIL Questions.— 23. What is said of the debate in Congrress? 24. What bill ■was passed ? 25. What was the important declaration of the bill ? 26. What is said of the admission of Missouri ? VIII. 27. What other important event took place during the administration of Monroe? 28. Recite the whole of the "Monroe Doctrine." 29. When and under what circumstances was that " doctrine" put forth 1 252 Monroe's administration. SEAL OF MAINE.* which they have assumed and maintaiued, are henceforth not to be considered as subject for future colonization by any European power ;" a declaration which has since been famous as the " Monroe Doctrine." IX. During Monroe's adminis- tration, two events occurred which are worthy of notice. The first was the President's tour, in 181 7, through the eastern and other States, for the purpose of making a personal examina- tion of military posts. The second was the visit of La- fayette to this country. The distinguished visitor arrived in the summer of 1824; and his tour, which was extended through all of the twenty-four States, was everywhere signal- ized by tokens of respect from a grateful people. X. Monroe, having served two presidential terms, declined, in imitation of his predecessors, Washington, Jefferson, and Madi- son, being a candidate for a third term, and was succeeded by John Quincy Adams, of Massa- SEAL OF MISSOUEI.t chusetts. * Authors are not agreed with regard to the derivation of the name given to this State. The prevailing opinion is that Maine was so called in compliment to Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. of England, who, it was supposed, owned the province of Maine, in France. The Coat of Arms of the State of Maine is de- lineated on the seal (given above), and contains the motto of the State, Dirigo, signifying I direct. t This State takes its name from the great river which passes through it. The word Missouri, signifying Mud River, was applied to the river by the Indians, because of the turbid character of that stream. The motto of Missouri (shown on the seal of the State above) is : Salua populi suprema lex — The welfare of the people is the first great law. IX. Questions. — 80. What account can yon give of Monroe's tour in 1817? 81. What of Lafayette's visit to the United States in 1S24? X. 32. Why was not Monroe elected President for a third term T 33. By whom was he succeeded? JOHN QUINCY ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 253 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. I. Four candidates were put in nomination to succeed President Monroe, and the con- sequence was that none of them had a majority of the electoral votes. The election then went to the House of Rep- resentatives, for the second time, Jetferson having been thus elect- ed, in 1801 ; and John Quincy Adams was chosen the sixth Presi- dent of the United States. His inaugura- tion took place at Washington, on the 4th of March, 1825.* II. On the fiftieth anniversary of American Independence, July the 4th, 1826, occurred the death of the two vencrahle ex-presidents, John Adams and Tliomas Jefferson. As this remarkable coinci- • The cabinet nf President John Quincv Adams was constituted as follows: Henrv Clav, Secretary of Stat« ; Richard Rush. Secretary of the Treasury ; James Barbour, Secretary of War; Samuel L. South- ard, Secretary of the Navv ; auj William Wirt, Attornev-General. Adams's Administration.— I. Qitestions.— 1. How many candidates were put in nomination to succeeii Monroe? 2. What was the consequence? 3. Where did the election then go? 4. Who was elected? 5. When did his inauguration take place ? II. 6. What remarkable coincidence occurred during the administration of John Quincy Adams? 1. When did it occur ? 8. State the parallels in their lives. 254 Jackson's administration. dence took pLace more than a year after the commencement of the tenth presidential term, John Adams lived to see his son President. When it is recollected that Adams and Jeifer- son were members of the committee that framed the Declara- tion of Independence; that both signed the important document; that both had been foreign ministers, vice-presidents, and presi- dents of the United States ; and that each had lived to a vener- able age, the coincidence of their deaths is indeed remarkable. III. The administration of John Quincy Adams was one of wisdom and peace ; and under it the nation made rapid in- crease in population and wealth. Towards its close the presi- dential contest for the succession was carried on with great animation and virulence, and resulted in the election of Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. I. The inauguration of Jackson took place at Washington, on the 4th of March, 1829,* and the new president at once commenced a series of vigorous measures which he carried out for eight years. The practice of removing office-holders, and appointing the political friends of the President, was begun by him. II. In his first annual message to Congress, President Jackson took strong ground against the renewal of the charter of the United States Bank, arguing that " such an institution is not au- thorized by the constitution." Notwithstanding this opposition, * President Jackson's cabinet consisted of Martin Van Buren, Secretary of State ; Samuel D. Inchnm, Secretary of the Treasury ; John H. Eaton, Secretary of War ; John Branch, Secretary of the Navy ; John McPherson Berrien, Attorney-General ; and William T. Barry, Postmaster-General. The Postmaster- General was, for the first time, made a member of the cabinet. In 1831, in consequence of a personal quarrel, changes were made in the cabinet. Edward Livingston was Secretary of State ; Louis McLane, Secretary of the Treasury ; Lewis Cass, Secretary of War ; Levi Woodbury, Secretary of the Navy ; and Roger 15. Taney, Attorney-General. Other changes* afterward took place. III. QtTESTiONS. — 9. What is said of the administration of John Quincy Adams? 10. Of the contest for the presidential succession ? 11. What was the result of the contest ? Jackson's Administkation. — I. 1. When was Jackson inaugurated ? 2. How did he commeuce and continue to govern? 8. What practice did he begin ? JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 255 'S^^^Ht- Congress, in 1832, passed a bill to rc- charter the bank, but Jackson vetoed it ; and as it subsequently failed to receive suffi- cient votes to secure its passage over the veto, the original charter ex- pired by limitation in 1836, and the bank then ceased to be a national institution. III. In 1832, the Northwest frontier suf- fered from Indian hos- tilities ; but after sev- eral skirmishes, most of the savages were driven west of the Mis- sissippi River, Black Hawk, their most noted leader, and from whom the contest became generally known as The Black Hawk War, was taken prisoner. After a detention of some months, during which he was conducted through Washington and other cities, for the pur- pose of convincing him that resistance against the power of the whites was useless, he was allowed to I'ejoin his people. IV. A tariif bill, which had been passed by Congress during the administration of John Quincy Adams, had been II. Questions.— 4. What stand did Jackson take with reference to the United States Bank? 5. What was his main objection ? 6. What action did Congress take ? 7. IIow came it that the bank ceased to be a national institution ? III. 8. Give an account of The Black IFaick War. 9. How was Black Hawk treated after the war? IV. ]0. What is said of a tariff bill, passed before Jackson was President? 11. How was the dissatisfaction increased ? ^.Q--iC?>-^'" 256 JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. BLACK HAWK. exceedingly distasteful to the cotton- growing States; and when, in 1832, an act was passed imposing addi- tional duties on foreign goods, the dissatisfaction was greatly increased, especially in South Carolina. V. A convention, held in that State, declared the tariff" acts uncon- stitutional, and, therefore, null and void. It also declared that duties should not be paid, and proclaimed that any attempts on the part of the general government to enforce the collection of duties would produce the withdrawal of South Carolina from the Union. One of the chief leaders of the nullifiers, as those persons in South Carolina who sustained the declarations of the convention were called, was John C. Calhoun,* who had recently re- signed the vice-presidency of the United States. Another leader, of not much less distinction, was Robert Y. Hayne, who, when a United States Senator, in 1830, was the first to declare and defend in Congress the doctrine of nullifi- cation, and to whom Daniel Web- ster, of Massachusetts, then replied in one of the most remarkable JOHN O. CALHOtTK. * John C. Calhoun was horn in the district of Abbeville, S. C, in 1782. He was for six years s repre- sentative in Congress ; for a number of years was a United States Senator; was Secretary or War in Mon- roe's cabinet ; aiid was twice elected Vice-President of the United States. In 1845, while Secretary of State in Tyler's cabinet, he was " the author of the annexation of Texas." He died at Washington, in 1850. V. Questions. — 12. What was declared by a South Carolina Convention ? 13. What else did it declare ? 14. Who was the frreat leader of the nullifiers ? 15_ What high position had Calhoun resigned? 16. Who was another leader of the nul- lifiers? 17. What did Hayne do in 1830? 18. Who replied to him ? 19, What is said of that reply ? Jackson's administration. 257 speeches ever delivered in Con- gress. Although Hayne was the first to declare this doctrine in Congress, Calhoun, in a paper known as the " South Carolina Exposition," was its author. VI. In this crisis, President Jackson acted with that prompt- ness and energy which were so characteristic of the man. By his direction an army, under General Scott, was ordered to Charleston ; and he issued a proclamation against the nullifiers and their doctrine, which met with a cordial response from every friend of the Union. A " com- promise bill," offered by Mr. Clay and passed by Congress, was accepted by Calhoun and his friends, and thus the danger which threatened the Union was averted. DANIEL WEBSTEK." THE SEMINOLE WAR. YII. Towards the close of 1835, the Seminole Indians, influenced by Micanopy, their head sachem, and by Osceola [os-e-o'-la), the most noted of their chiefs, and a man of great cunning and courage, commenced hostilities against the settlements of the whites in Florida. This outbreak of the Seminoles had its origin PAKT OP FLOKIDA. * Daniel Webster was born at Salisbury, N. H., in 1782. A large portion of his life was passed at Washington, either as a member of Congress or the cabinet. In 184i?, while Secretary of State in Tyler's cabinet, he negotiated with Lord Ashburton a treaty settling the differences between the United States and Great Britain in relation to the northeastern bo"nndarv, differences which had disturbed the relations of the two countries for more than sixty years. Webster died at Marshtield, Mass., in 1S52. VI. Questions.— 20. How did Jackson act in this crisis? 21. What was done by his direction ? 22. What proclamation did he issue ? 23. How was the danger to the Union averted? 258 JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. in an attempt to remove them from Florida to lands west of the Mississippi, in accordance with tbe terms of a treaty which had been made with some of the chiefs, but which a majority of the tribe did not consider binding. VIII. In consequence of the offensive conduct of Osceola in opposition to the fulfilment of the treaty, the government agent, General Thompson, put him in irons, and kept him a prisoner for six days at Fort King. By feigning penitence and making promises, Osceola obtained his liberty ; but, in- stead of doing as he had agreed, he placed himself at the head of a war party of Indians and fugitive slaves, and com- menced the work of slaughter and devastation. IX. On the 28th of Decem- ber, 1835, he approached a house in which Thompson and some friends were dining, and, making a sudden attack, killed five of the number, in- cluding Thompson, and car- ried off their scalps, in re- venge for the imprisonment which he had suffered. On tbe very day of Thompson's OSCEOLA. death, " Dade's massacre" oc- curred. Major Dade, with a detachment of one hundred and ten soldiers, while marching from Tampa Bay to join General Clinch, at Fort Drane, was suddenly attacked ; and that young commander and the whole of liis detachment, except four men, were massacred. YIL Questions.— 24. "What troubles broke out in 1835? 25. Why did the Sem- inoles so act ? 2G. What was the character of Osceola ? VIII. 27. Why was Osceola put in irons and imprisoned ? 28. In what direction was Fort King from Fort Dade ? (See map, i). 257.) 29. How long was Osceola kept at Fort King? 80. How did he obtain his liberty ? 31. What did he do instead of performing his promises? IX. 82. IIow did he have revenge for his treatment at Fort King? 33. Give an account of Dade's massacre. 34. In what direction was Dade marching when he was attacked? (See map, p. 257.) JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 259 X. On tlie 30th of December, two days after, Osceola en- countered an American force of six hundred men under Gen- eral Clinch, at the crossing of the Withlacoochee River, but, after a hard-fought action of upward of an hour, was com- pelled to retreat. In February and March, 1836, at the head of a force of more than a thousand Indians, he fought several actions against the troops under General Gaines, in the most important of which, occurring on the 29th of February, near the scene of Clinch's battle-ground, one American was killed, and more than thirty, including Gaines, were wounded. XI. In May, 1S36, a large number of the Creeks joined the Semi- noles, and in Georgia and Alabama, as well as Flor- ida, committed great de- vastations, compelling thousands of whites to flee for their lives. Gen- eral Scott, who had been appointed to the com- mand in the South, pro- secuted the war with vigor, but he was soon su- perseded by General Jes- sup. The Creeks were speedily reduced, and transported beyond the Mississippi. XII. In October, 1836, Governor Call, of Georgia, took command of the forces in Florida. A detachment of more than five hundred of his men X. Questions. — 35. Give an account of the battle of Withlacoochee. 36. Of the battles in February and March of 1S36. XI. 37. What took place in May, ISSG ? 33. Who was then sent against the In- dians? 39. Who -was nest sent? 40. How was the war ended as respects the Creeks ? 260 JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. encountered the Indians at a place a short distance from the scene of Dade's massacre ; and althoujrh the enemy dispersed after the action, yet neither. in this nor in other battles could the Americans claim a decided victory. XIII, For upwards of a year did Osceola* conduct the struggle against superior forces, with energy and skill ; but, in October, 1837, he ap- peared in Jessup's camp, near St. Augustine, with a flag of truce, for the purpose of holding a conference. Suspecting a repetition of treachery, and desiring to prevent further bloodshed, Jes- sup disregarded the flag and seized the chief, who was taken to Fort Moul- trie, and there kept m confinement till his death, which occurred on the last day of Jan- uary, 1838. XIV. The capture of Osceola did not end the war with the Seminoles. They amused Jessup for a while with overtures, but he, finding the Indians not sincere, directed Colonel Taylor (afterward General Taylor, and Pres- * Osceola was born in Florida. Hia father was i his mother was the daughter of an Indian chief. I Indian trader, an Englishman named Powell, XII. Questions. — 41. Who took command of the forces in Florida towards the latter part of 1836 ? 42. What is said of the battles fought by Call's forces ? XIII. 43. How long did Osceola conduct the struggle ? 44. In what manner did he conduct it? 45. What mistake did he make? 46. Why did Jessup seize Osceola ? 47. What further can you state of Osceola? VAN BUREN S ADMINISTRATION. 261 ident of the United States) to proceed against them. With about a thousand men Taylor accordingly marched, and on the 25th of December, 1837, encountered the Indians in strong force on the northern side of Lake Okeechobee, and defeated them in one of the most desperate and hotly con- tested battles in the annals of our warfare with the red men. XV. Though the Seminoles continued their hostilities through the administration of Jackson, as well as that of his immediate successor, they never again rallied in large force. A treaty was made with them in 1839, but it was not till 1842 that peace was finally secured. YAX BURET'S ADMINISTEATION. I. Jackson was succeeded in the presidency by Martin Van Bu- ren, of Xew York. Van Buren's ad- ministration was continued during one term, or four years, extending from the 4th of March, 1837,f the day of inauguration, to the 4th of March, 1841. OCEA.N STEAMER.* 183S, by the SiriuG and t President Van Buren's cabinet was constituted as follows : John Forsyth, Secretary of State ; Levi Woodbury, Secretary of the Treasury : Joel R. Poinsett, Secretary of War ; Mahlon Dickcrson Secretary of the Navy ; Benjamin F. Butler, Attorney-General ; and Amos Kendall, Postmaster-General. All of these, except Poinsett, had held their respective offices in Jackson's cabinet at the close of his last term. In 1838, Dickerson and Butler resigned, and James K. Paulding was appointed in the place of the former, and Felix Grundy in that of the latter. Grundv was succeeded in 1840, by Henry D. Gilpin, and Kendall by John M. Niles. • J } l < XIV. Questions. — 48. Did the capture of Csceola end the war or not? 49. Whom did Jcssup order to go against the Seminoles? 50. Give an account of the battle of Okeechobee. XV. 51. What is said of the subsequent part of the Seminole war? Van Buren's Adihnistration. — I. 1. Who was Jackson's successor in the presi- dency ? 3. When was Van Buren inaugurated? 262 VAN BUREN S ADMINISTRATION. II. Soon after liis inauguration, a revolution in monetary affairs took place, producing great distress in all branches of business throughout the country. Commerce and manufac- tures were prostrated, and the crash was finally consummated by the suspension of specie payments by all the banks. In this crisis, the President called an extraordinary session of Congress, but little was accomplished by it for the general re- lief. III. In the latter part of 1837 an in- surrectionary move- ment commenced in Canada, having for its object the overthrow of the British rule there, and the estab- lishment of an inde- pendent government. The movement enlist- ed the sympathy of Americans, particu- larly of those living along the borders in New York, and it engaged their active co-operation. A pro- clamation, issued by the President, forbidding interference in the aflfairs of Canada, together with the decided measures taken II. Questions.— 3. What took place soon after his inauguration ? 4. How were commerce, manufactures, and the banks affected ? 5. What did the President do in the crisis? III. 6. What insurrection at the North, beyond the limits of the United States, broke out in 1837 ? 7. What was its object ? 8. What proclamation did the Pres- ident issue ? 9. Why did he find it necessary to issue it ? HARRISON S ADMINISTRATION. 263 by the British authorities, had the effect intended, and the attempt at insurrection was suppressed. HAKEISON'S ADMINISTRATION. I. Van Buren's suc- cessor in office was William Henry Harri- son, of Ohio, the hero of Tippecanoe and the Thames. The inaugu- ration took place on the 4th ofMarch, 1841. His cabinet was judiciously composed,* and the people anticipated for him a successful admin- istration ; but within a month, and after a brief 3^ illness of only eight days, he died : the sad event occurring, on the 4th of April. II. By virtue of a provision of the Con- stitution, John Tyler, of Virginia, then Vice-President, became President ; his in- auguration taking place on the 6th of April, 1841. Thus, for the first time in the history of the United States, the admin- istration devolved on the Vice-President. * President Harrison's cabinet was constituted 33 follows: Daniel Webster, Secretary of State ; Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the Treasury; John Bell, Secretary of War; George E. Badger, Secretary of the Navy; Francis Granger, Postmaster-General ; and J. J. Crittenden, Attorney-General. Habrison's Administration. — I. Questions. — 1. "Who succeeded Tan Buren in the presidency ? 2. When was Harrison inaugurated? 3. What is said of his cab- inet ? 4. Of the anticipations of the people ? 5. What was the length of his admin- istration ? 6. How was it brought to a close ? II. 7. Who was his successor? 8. By what right did Tyler become President? 9. What is noted as peculiar in the accession of Tyler to the presidency ? 264 TYLER S ADMINISTRATION. TYLER'S ADMmiSTRATION.* ^^m^^^ i^ I. In 1842 serious difficulties occurred in Rhode Island, growing out of a movement which was stigmatized by its opponents as the Dorr Rebellion. The government of Rhode Island, at that time, Avas based upon the charter granted by Charles II., in 1663, and conse- quently no change had taken place in her fun- damental law during a period of almost one hundred and eighty years. The movement in 1842 had its origin in a determination among the citizens to substitute a liberal constitution in place of the old charter. II. The people soon became divided into two parties, those who favored the movement being called the suffrage party, and those who were opposed, the charter party ; and so vio- * President Tyler retained the cabinet offlcera of his predecessor until September, 1841, when all but Webster resigrned. His cabinet was then constituted as follows : Daniel Webster, Secretary of State ; Walter Forward, Secretary of the Treasury : John C. Spencer, Secretary of War ; Abel P. Upshur, Sec- retary of the Navy; Charles A. Wickliffe, Postmaster-General ; and Hugh S. Legar^', Attorney -General. In May. 1843, Webster resigned, and Legare was appointed acting secretary in his place. In the following month Legare died, and thereupon Upshur was transferred to the State Department, and Thomas W, Gil- mer was anpointed Secretary of the Navy. On the ?8th of February, 1844. both Upshur and Gilmer were killed by tne bursting of a gun on board the United States war steamer Princeton, while on an excursion on the Potomac. A large party, including the President and many ladies, were on board at the tim& John C. Calhoun was then made Secretary of State, and John Y. Mason, Secretary of the Navy. Tyler's Administration. — I. Questions. — 1. When did the "Do^r Rebellion" occur? 2. What was the object on the part of those engaged in it? TYLER S ADMINISTRATION. 265 lent did the controversy grow that both parties at length ap- pealed to arms. The Governor of the State, at the head of a large military force, marched against a body of the suffrage party, who had appeared in arms at Providence. Upon his approach they dispersed. They again assembled at another place, but, upon being approached, again dispersed without resistance ; and this ended the affair. A constitution, the one now in force, was soon afterward adopted. III. Thomas W. Dorr, the leader of the suffrage party in the insurrection, was afterward arrested, tried, convicted of high treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life. He was, however, par- doned in 1847 ; and, at a later period, his civil rights were restored to Hm, and the record of his sentence was ex- punged. ANNEXATION TEXAS. OP IV. A proposition for the admission of Texas into the Union caus- ed excited discussion throughout the whole country during the closing months of Tyler's administration. Texas had been a province of Mexico, but in consequence of the arbitrary policy pur- II. Questions. — 3. What division of parties soon took place ? 4. What is stated as evidence of the violence of the controversy ? 5. Give an account of the "Kebel- lion." III. 6. What account can you give of Thomas W. Dorr? 12 266 TYLER S ADMINISTRATION. sued by that government towards lier inhabitants, the most of whom were from the United States, they declared their in- dependence, and by force of arms sustained the declaration. V. A bill for the ad- mission of Texas, under certain conditions, was passed by Congress three days before the expira- tion of Tyler's term of office, and at once was signed by him. Tyler's last important official act was the signing of the bill admitting Florida and Iowa into the He was succeeded in the presidency by James K. Unic Polk, of Tennessee. IV. Questions. — 7. What important proposition was made in relation to Texas ? 8. What did the proposition cause ? 9. What can you state of the previous history of Texas? V. 10. What progress did the proposition for the admission of Texas make during Tyler's administration? 11. When were Florida and Iowa admitted into the Union? 12. Who succeeded Tyler in the presidency ? KEVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 1. In what condition were the United States, in 1811 ? 248 2. What Indian troubles commenced in 1817 ? 248 3. What did Jackson accomplish against the Indians? 249 4. When was Missouri admitted into the Union? 251 5. What controversy preceded the admission of Missouri?. . .250, 251 6. When and by whom was the " Monroe Doctrine " enunciated?.. 251 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 267 PAGE 1. "What interesting events occurred in 1817 and 1824? 252 8. How was John Quincy Adams elected to the Presidency? 253 9. When did the ex-Presidents, Adams and Jefferson, die ? 253 10. Give an account of Jackson's Bank controversy 254, 255 11. Give an account of the Indian war which broke out in 1832.. . 255 12. How did the "nullification troubles" in S. C. commence ? 255, 256 13. What action was taken by a convention in that State? 256 14. What can you state of J. C. Calhoun and Robert T. Hayne ? 256, 257 15. What anti-nullification measures did Jackson adopt? 257 16. What can you state of " Clay's Compromise BiU?" 257 17. What Indian troubles commenced in the year 1835 ? 257 18. What was the cause of the Seminole War? 257, 258 19. What was done to Osceola because of his offensive conduct?. . 258 20. By what means did lie obtain his liberty? 258 21. State the circumstances of Thompson's massacre 258 22. Give an account of the other event happening the same day. . . 258 23. Give an account of the battle which happened Dec. 30 259 24. What events took place in February and March, 1836 ? 259 25. State what was done by the Indians in May of the same year. . 259 26. State what you can of Scott's and Jessup's part in the war. . . 259 27. Who afterward took command against the Indians? 259 28. What can you say of a battle fought by a body of his men ? 259, 260 29. Under what circumstances was Osceola at last captured? 260 30. What can you state of his subsequent history ? 260 31. What was the last great battle of the war? 261 32. When and wliere did it occur ? 261 33. What can you say of the battle and its result? 261 34. Wliat further account can you give of the war? 261 35. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1837 ? 261 36. What can you say of the revolution in monetary affairs ? 262 37. Give an account of the Canadian insurrection 262, 263 38. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1 841 ? 263 39. Give an account of Harrison subsequent to his inauguration.. . 263 40. Who succeeded Harrison in the Presidency ? 263 41. What troubles occurred in Rhode Island in 1842 ? 264 42. How did the troubles originate ? 264 43. Give an account of the trouble 264, 265 44. What proceedings were afterward taken against Dorr ? 265 45. What was afterward done in relation to the proceedings ? 265 46. Wliat can you state of the early history of Texas ? 265, 266 47. What can you say of the bUl for the admission of Texas? 263 268 POLK S ADMINISTRATION. ISXEXTCO, CALIFORNIA, 'I'KXAS Sec. (Questions to be ans^cered from the above map.) How is San Antonio de Bexar situated ? Vera Cruz ? Alvarado ? Matamoras f •Jalapa? Puebla? Saltillof Leavenworth? San Francisco? Into what body of water does tlie Eio Grande flow? In what direction is Santa Fe from Leavenworth? Saltillo from Matamoras ? Victoria from Saltillo ? City of Mexico from Jalapa 1 POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 269 SECTION VIII. FROM THE BEGINNING OP POLk's ADMINISTRATION, IN 1845, TO THE CLOSE OF BUCHANAn's, IN 1861. POLK'S ADMmiSTKATION. I. Polk's inaugura- tion took place on the 4th of March, 1845.* His administration con- tinued during only one term, or four years, ending on the 4th of March, 1849; but it was an eventful one. At the beginning of it, he found the country involved in dis- 7i^ putes with Mexico, in r consequence of the pas- sage of the bill for the admission of Texas. On the 4th of July, 1845, the legislature of Texas approved this nrwy bill, and, by the act of approval, Texas was ad- * President Polk's cabinet was constituted as follows : James Buchanan, Secretary of State ; Robert J. Walker, Secretary of the Treasury, William L. Marcy, Secretary of War; George Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy; Cave Johnson, Postmaster-General; and John Y. Mason, Attorney-General Folk's Administration. — I. Questions. 1. When was Polk inaugurated? 2. "When did his term of office begin and end ? 3. In what disputes were the United States a party at the beginning of his administration? 4. When and by what .act was the annexation of Texas consummated? POLK S ADMINISTRATION. mitted into the Union, making the whole num- ber of States twcnty- eiirht. "WAR WITH MEXICO. II. The annexation of Texas led to a war with Mexico ; for, notwith- standing the independ- ence of Texas had been acknowledged by the United States, England, France, and other gov- ernments, Mexico still claimed it as a part of her own territory, and considered the act of annexation as sufficient cause of war. III. The Mexican minister at Washington having protested against the measure of annexation, and returned home, and his government having assumed a belligerent attitude, General Tay- lor, who was then in command of a camp in the western part of Louisiana, was directed to hold his army in readiness to protect the Texan territory. By the advice of the Texan authorities, he was induced to concentrate his troops at Corpus Christi* * Corpus Cliristi 13 a Latin term, signifying the body of Christ. f Texas has no motto. II. Questions. — 5. What did the annexation of Texas lead to ? 6. By what governments had the independence of Texas been acknowledged? 7. What claim -lid Mexico still maintain? 8. What then was the cause of the war between Mexico »nd the United States? III. 9. What course did the Mexican minister pursue ? 10. Wliat, his govern- ment? 11. Where was Taylor at the time? 12. What direction did he receive? 13. Where did he afterwards concentrate his troops? 14. Into what body of water does the Nueces flow? (See map, p. 271.) 15. Why did Taylor go to Corpus Christi ? POLK 8 ADMINISTRATION. 271 (Jcor'-pus kris'-te), situated on the western bank of the Nueces (noo-a' -thes) River, near its mouth, where, in November, his forces amounted to about four thousand men. EVENTS OF 1846. IV. The United States, by the annexation of Texas, claim- ed the Rio Grande [re'-o grahn'-da) as their boundary, while the Mexicans maintained that the western limits of Texas never extended beyond the Nueces. In conse- quence of these con- flicting claims, the country between the two rivers, in time, ac- quired the appellation of the " disputed terri- tory ;" and when, early in 1846, President Polk ordered Taylor to proceed with his forces to the Rio Grande, across this territory, the advance was treated by the Mexicans as the actual commencement of hostilities. V. On his route from Corpus Christi to the Rio Grande, Taylor established a depot at Point Isabel {iz-a-heV), about twenty-one miles northeast of Matamoras {mat-a-md' -ras). On reaching the Rio Grande he took a position opposite Matamo- ras, and erected a fortress, which was afterward named Fort IV. Questions. — IG. WTiat two boundary claims were maintained? 17. What region was known as the "disputed territory?" IS. What movement did Polk order Taylor to make? 19. How did the Mexicans regard the movement? V. 20. Where is Point Isabel ? (See map, p. 271.) 21. What use did Taylor make of the place ? 22. Where was Fort Brown ereoted ? 23. By whom was it erected ? 24. Why was it called Fort Brown? 25. Give an account of the disaster to Thorn- ton. T.ATX OIL'S CAMPAI GN Scale - I — . 1- I I— . ^_^ I , XO 30 50 80 lOO 272 , folk's administratioi Brown, in honor of its brave defender. Learning 1846. 1 1 -««■ • 1 T that the Mexicans were assembling troops at a point higher up the river, Taylor sent Captain Thornton, with a party of sixty -three dragoons, to reconnoiter. On the 26th of April, this little band was attacked, and, after a loss of six- teen men, was compelled to surrender. VI. Thus was shed the first blood in the war. The news of this affair produced the wildest excitement throughout the United States ; and a war-spirit, unknown before to exist, was at once aroused. The President sent a message to Congress, announcing that Mexico had " invaded our territory, and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil ;" and Con- gress, adopting the spirit of the message, declared that " war existed by the act of Mexico." VII. The Mexicans, in large force, having crossed the liio Grande for the purpose, as Taylor thought, of moving against Point Isabel, he inarched to the relief of that place, leaving a small garrison for the defense of Fort Brown. Having placed the depot in a better condition to resist an attack, he set out on his return to the fort. VIII. On the 8th of May, the Mexican army, numbering full six thousand men, commanded by General Arista {ah- rees'-tah), was discovered upon a beautiful prairie, called Palo Alto* [pah'-lo ahl'-to), drawn up in battle array, prepared to dispute his progress. Although the Americans numbered not more than two thousand three hundred men, they pressed for- ward to the attack ; and from noon till twilight, a hot contest was maintained. The enemy then were driven from their position, and the victorious Americans encamped upon the * Palo Alto, a Spanish term, signifying " tall timber." VI. QiTESTiONS. — 26. What eflfect did the news of it have in the United States T 27. What is said of the President's message? 28. Of the action of Conarress? VII. 29. Why did Taylor march to the relief of Point Isabel ? 30. Did he remain at the Point or not? 31. In what direction did he then march? VIII. 32. When did the battle of Palo Alto take ^.iace? 83. Give an account of it. 34. What loss was sustained by each party ? folk's administration. 273 battle-field. The loss of the Mexicans -was about six hundred ; that of the victors, was only nine killed and forty-four wounded, but among the mortally wounded was the brave Major Ringgold, Avho died four days after. IX. On the following day. May the 9th, Taylor resumed his march, and, towards evening, encountered the enemy under Arista, within three miles of Fort Brown, posted in and near a ravine called Resaca de la Palraa* {ra-mk'-kah da lah pahV- mah). The action was commenced on both sides by the artil- lery, but the Mexican guns, well aimed and rapidly discharged, were holding the Americans in check, when Captain May was ordered to silence them. At the head of his dragoons, May rushed forward with great fury, killed or dispersed the gun- ners, and captured General La Vega {lah vd'-r/ah). The charge being supported by the infantry, a general engagement en- sued ; and, after a most obstinate resistance, the Mexicans gave way, their retreat becoming a perfect rout. Their loss, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was at least one thousand, while the killed and wounded of the victors did not much exceed a hundred. X. During the greater part of Taylor's absence from Fort Brown, a period of nearly eight days, it had been subjected to a bombardment from the Mexican batteries in Matamoras. The gar- rison made a successful defense, though their heroic commander. Major Brown, was mortally wounded by the bursting of a shell. On the 18th of May, Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took possession of Matamoras without opposition ; but, owing to the difficulties experienced in getting re-enforce- ments and supplies, it was not till the end of more than three * Resaca de la Palma, a Spanish tenn,Bi{jnifying " a ravine of palm-trees," IX. Questions. — 35. When did Taylor next meet the enemy? 86. What battle ensued? 37. Give an account of it. 38. What loss was sustained by each party ? X. 39. How long had Taylor been absent from Fort Brown ? 40. What had occurred there during his absence ? 41. What is said of the defense made ? 42. What is said of the taking of Matamoras ? 43. How is Matamoras situated ? (See map, p. 271.) 44 How long did Taylor remain at Matamoras? 45. Why did ho not advance sooner ? 12* 274 folk's administration. months that he found himself strong enough to make a further advance, XL He then directed his march against Monterey (mon-td- ra'), an inland city of Mexico, strong in its natural defenses, and, besides, well garrisoned by about ten thousand regular troops, under General Ampudia {am-poo' -de-ah). After gar- risoning several towns on his route, he reached Monterey on the 9th of September, with a force of less than seven thou' sand men. On the 19tli he commenced operations; and, after a series of assaults, continued through three days, in which Generals Worth and Quitman rendered brilliant service, Am- pudia capitulated on the 24th. An armistice of eight weeks was agreed upon, or the truce was to continue till the ex- piration of that period, unless instructions to renew hostilities should be received in the mean time from either of the respec- tive governments. XII. Before the eight weeks had expired, Taylor received orders from Washington, directing him to renew offensive operations. Accordingly, one division of his army, under General Worth, occupied Saltillo [sahl-teeV-yo), while, at a lit- tle later period, another division, under General Patterson, took possession of Victoria, with the intention of going against Tampico (^tam-pe'-co), but ascertained, before proceed- ing, that the place had already surrendered to Commodore Conner, commanding the " Home Squadron" in the Gulf of Mexico. XIII. In the mean time. General Wool, with an army of about three thousand men, had set out from San Antonio de XL Questions. — 46. Against what place did he next proceed? 47. In what di- rection from Matamoras is Monterey ? (See map, p. 271.) 48. What is said of its defenses and the garrison then there? 49. When did he capture Monterey? 50. Give an account of the eflforts which resulted in the capture. 51. What is said of the armistice ? XII. 52. Why did Taylor renew offensive operations? 53. What was done by General Worth ? 54 What, by General Patterson ? 55. What, by Commodore Con- ner? 56. In what direction is Saltillo from Monterey ? (See map, p. 271.) 57. Vic toria from Monterey ? (See map, p. 268.) 58. Tampico from Monterey ? (See sam» map.) folk's administration. 275 Bexar (san an-to'-ne-o da ha-har'), a town in Texas, with the design of penetrating the province of Chihuahua (che-wak'- wah). After crossing the Rio Grande, and learning that Mon- terey was in the possession of the Americans, influenced by the advice of Taylor, he abandoned the design against Chihua- hua, and joined General Worth at Saltillo. XIV. In June, 1846, an expedition under General Kearny set out from Leavenworth (lev'-en-iviirth), on the Missouri River, to conquer New Mexico and California. Kearny ac- complished the march of nine hundred miles to Santa Fe (^san'-tahfd), the capital of New Mexico, and took possession of the country without opposition. After organizing a new government for the place, he proceeded westward, but soon met a messenger who informed him that California was already in possession of the Americans. All the troops with him, except a hundred, then returned to Santa Fe ; and, with the small force remaining, he completed his journey across the continent. XV. With less than a thousand men, being the main body of Kearny's invading army. Colonel Donii^lian, starting from Santa Fe, marched more than a thousand miles through Mex- ico, and arrived at Saltillo. During this brilliant achievement he fought and was victorious in two battles, one, that of Bra- cito* (brah-the'-to), on the 25th of December, 1846, and the other, of Sacramento {sah-crah-mane'-to), on the 28th of Feb- • BracHo, a Spanish word, signifying " Little Arm." It wa3 so called because of the little < in the river where the battle was fouglit. XIIL Questions. — 59. How is San Antonio de Bexar sitnated? (See map, p. 268.) 60. By what name is the place often called ? Ans. — San Antonio. 61. Where is Chihuahua? (See same map.) 62. What march did General Wool make? 63. Why did he not continue to Chihuahua? 64. What did he do instead? SIV. 65. What expedition set out in June? 66. In what direction is New Mex- ico from Leavenworth ? (See map, p. 268.) 67. What was Leavenworth then called 1 Ans. — Fort Leavenworth. 68. What did Kearny accomplish? 69. How is Santa Fe situated? (See map, p. 268.) 70. Give an account of Kearny's subsequent movements. XV. 71. What march did Doniphan make 7 72. What two successes did he achieve ? 73. How are Bracito and Sacramento situated ? (See map, p. 268.) 276 POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 1846. ruary, 1847. While these events — the successes of Taylor, Doniphan, and others — were transpiring iu Texas and the eastern part of Mexico, the Pacific coast had also become the scene of important occurrences. XVI. Before the breaking out of the war, John C. Fre* mont,* who had been brevetted captain for valuable services rendered the Government in western explorations, was sent to make a survey of the then unknown regions lying between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, as well as to dis- cover, if possible, a new and shorter route than the one al- ready known from the western base of the mountains to the mouth of the Columbia River. After a series of perilous ad- ventures among the mountains, and encounters with hostile Indians, he made his way into California, then a department of Mexico, to recruit his men, secure supplies, and obtain from the Mexican authorities permission to winter in the country. XVII. The permission was grant- ed, but in a few days it was revoked, the order of revocation requiring him to leave the country at once, accom- panied by a threat of destruction in case of non-compliance. His men being in an exhausted condition and not yet furnished with supplies, and consequently in no condition to re- pass the mountains at that time, he refused to go. Learning that Gen- joHN c. FREMONT. gj-^i QastTO, thc govcmor of the province, was mustering a force to come against him, he took * Fremont was bom in Savannah. Georgia, in 1S13. He co to the Rocky Mountains, and the others as far as California. iducted five exploring expeditions, the first XVI. QtTESTioNS.— 74 On what expedition had Fremont been sent? 75. What trials did he meet with ? 76. Why did he enter California? XVII. 77. Was the permission gi-anted or not? 78. What fickleness did the au- thorities of California betray? '79. Why did Fremont refuse to go? 80. Of what movement did he soon hear? 81. What defensive course did he then adopt? 82. What did Castro do instead of attacking Fremont? folk's administration. 277 a position on a mountain peak, thirty miles east of Monterey, where, in March, 1846, he built a rude fort, hoisted the Uni- ted States flag, and determined to defend himself, Castro gathered a force of not less than five hundred men in the vicinity of the Americans, but spent several days in doing little more than making idle threats. XVIII. At length Fremont, tired of inaction, and convinced that he could not obtain the needed supplies, withdrew with his party, and, taking a northern route, passed through the valley of the Sacramento, and slowly pursued his journey into Oregon. Here, on the 9th of May, he was overtaken by a messenger with dispatches from Washington, directing him to protect the interests of the United States in California. Retracing his steps, he found Castro already marching against the Amer- ican settlements on the Sacramento. The settlers flocked to Fremont's standard with such alacrity and in such large num- bers that he soon found himself able to confront the Mexican general. Several skirmishes took place, in which the enemy were defeated, and finally compelled to retreat towards the southern part of the province. XIX. On the 5th of July, 1846, California was declared to be independent, and free from all Mexican rule. A few days later. Commodore Sloate, who commanded the United States squadron on the Pacific coast, having previously received in- formation that hostilities had commenced on the Rio Grande, took possession of Monterey. Towards the latter part of the month, Commodore Stockton arrived at Monterey, took com- mand of the squadron, and, with Fremont's co-operation, soon gained possession of the whole of California. XVIII. Questions. — 83. What did Fremont do in consequence of the inaction of Castro? 84. Why did he retrace his steps from Oregon ? S5. What did he find as regards a movement of Castro ? S6. How did the settlers act ? ST. What successes did Fremont have ? XIX. 8S. What took place on the 5th of July? S9. What was done by Commo- dore Sloate? 90. Is the Monterey on the Pacific north or south of San Francisco? (See map, p. 268.) 91. What did Commodore Stockton accomplish ? 278 folk's administration. EVENTS OP 1847. I. In the mean time, it had been decided by the authorities at Washington that, in order to " conquer a peace," the central part of the Mexican Republic would have to be penetrated, and the capital itself menaced. Accordingly, a plan of inva- sion was arranged by which Vera Cruz, the most important Mexican city on the Gulf of Mexico, was to be captured ; and then an army, under General Scott, was to march through Mex- ico against the capital. This plan not only deprived Taylor of a large portion of his best troops, but it gave to Scott the chief command of the American forces in Mexico, he being the senior officer. II. Taylor's last engagement in Mexico was the battle of Bue- na Vista (Irwa'-nah vees'-tah), fought on the 23d of February, 1847, nearly five months after his preceding one, that of Mon- terey. Learning, towards the latter part of February, that Santa Anna {san-'tah an'-nah), the ablest of the Mexican gen- erals, with an army of not less than twenty thousand men, was moving to attack his little force of less than five thousand, he took a position at Buena Vista, a mountain pass nine miles in advance of Saltillo, and awaited the approach of the ene- my. On the morning of the 23d, the Mexicans appeared, and began the attack. The battle continued until sunset ; and, although the Mexicans fought with resolution, and more than once seemed on the eve of victory, their immense superiority in numbers and heroic fighting were of no avail ; they were signally defeated, losing, in killed and wounded, about two thousand. The loss of the Americans was between seven and eight hundred. Santa Anna made good his retreat with his Events of 184T. — I. Questions. — 1. What, in the mean time, had been decided at Washington ? 2. What plan of invasion was accordingly arranged ? 3. How did this operate as regards Taylor's troops and command ? II. 4. Which was Taylors last battle in Mexico? 5. When did it occur? 6. Give an account of it. T. What loss did the Mexicans sustain ? S. What, the Americans? 9. What was the effect of the victory along the Kio Grande frontier? folk's administration. 279 disheartened followers, and, during the rest of the war, the Americans were left in quiet possession of the frontier of the Rio Grande and the valley of that river. SCOTT'S CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. III. Scott's campaign was commenced by an attack on Vera Cruz, which was defended by the strong fortress of San Juan de Ulloa (san whahn da ool-yo'-ah), standing upon the island of the same name, about half a mile from the shore. On the 9th of March, 1847, he effect- ed the landing of his entire army, consisting of twelve thousand troops, without the least casualty ; and the city was at once invested from shore to shore. After a delay of several days, for the purpose of completing preparations, and also to induce, if possible, the Mexican commander to surrender, the Americans opened a tremendous fire from their land batteries, as well as from their fleet, under Commodore Conner. The bombardment was continued for five days ; and so destructive to life and prop- erty was it, that, on the 27th, the city and fortress were com- pelled to surrender. IV. The march towards the interior was commenced on the 8th of April, the army taking the national road by the way of Jalapa (Jial-lah'-pah). At Cerro Gordo {thar'-ro gor'-do), III. QiTESTioNB.— 10. How did Scott begin his campaign ? 11. How is Vera Cruz situated? (See map, p. 279.) 12. How was it defended? 13. "When did Scott effect a landing? 14. Give an account of the operations tliat followed. 280 pole's administration. isA'7 ^ mountain pass, about fifty miles from Vera Cruz, Santa Anna was strongly fortified, prepared to resist the advance of the Americans. Scott had with him only about eight thousand men — those who were not sick and wounded having been left to garrison Vera Cruz and its fort — while Santa Anna had an army of nearly double the numeiucal strength of Scott's. V. On the morning of the 18th, a daring assault was made upon the works of the enemy ; and, before noon, the whole were in the possession of the Americans. Besides losing the most of their artillery and munitions of war, the Mexicans had one thousand of their number killed or wounded, and three thousand made prisoners. On the following day, April 19th, the Americans entered Jalapa: farther on in their march they took without opposition the strong castle of Pe- rote (pd-ro'-td), and, on the 15th of May, they entered the ancient and populous city of Puebla i^i)oo-d'-blah), VI. The American army had been so reduced by sickness, death, and other causes, that Scott deemed it advisable to rest at Puebla for re-enforcements. After a halt of nearly three months, during which Santa Anna had time to create a new army and to fortify the capital, he resumed his march, passing through a beautiful region without the least resist- ance, and reaching the town -of Ayotla {ah-yot'-lah), fifteen miles from the city of Mexico. VII. Finding that the direct route by the national road was strongly fortified, and being anxious to spare the lives of IV. Questions.— 15. When did Scott march from Vera Cruz? 16. What road did he take? 17. How is Jalapa situated? (See, map, p. 279.) 18. Where were the Mexicans posted to dispute Scott's advance ? 19. What is said of the strength of the respective armies ? V. 20. Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo. 21. Give an account of the further advance of the Americans, and their three captures. 22. In what direction from Vera Cruz is Perote ? (See map, p. 279.) 23. In what direction from Vera Cruz is Puebla ? (See same map.) VI. 24. At what place did Scott make a long rest ? 25. Why did he remain there 60 long? 26. What advantage did this give to the Mexicans ? 27. What is said of his further march ? POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 281 his men, Scott* turned southward, and, passing around Lake Chalco, encamped at San Augustin {san aw-gus-teen')^ about ten miles from the capital. Thence the approaches to the city were guarded by batteries at Contreras {con-tra'-ras) and San Antonio, and by the strong forts of Churubusco [choo- roo-boos'-co) and Chapultepec {chah-pool-td-j}^!^). VIII. In a night march, the Americans advanced upon Con- treras. At sunrise, on the 20th of August, they commenced the attack, and, in less than twenty minutes, the Mexican batteries were carried and the victory was complete. The garrison of San Antonio, being somewhat unsup- ported by the loss of Contreras, made but a slight resistance, and then retreated before the pursuing Americans, commanded by General Worth. On the same day, the 20th, a grand move- ment upon Churubusco was next directed, to which the vic- tory already achieved opened the way. After an obstinate and bloody conflict, the Mexicans, who were commanded by Santa Anna, though numbering at least twenty-five thousand, were driven from the fort and from every part of the battle- field. Some retreated to Chapultepec, the fortress nearest the capital, and others fled to the city itself. IX. On the day after these two battles, and while Scott was at an advanced position within three miles of the city, Santa Anna asked for an armistice, for the purpose, it was stated, of negotiating a peace. The request was granted, and 5^- GENEKAL SCOTT. * Winfield Scott was born in Petersburg, Virginin, in 1786. Died in 1867. VII. QiTEBTioNS. — 28. Why did Scott turn southward from Ayotla? 29. WJiero did he encamp? 30. In what direction is San Augustin from the city of Mexico? (See map, p. 279.) 31. How were the approaches from San Aug:ustin to the city of Mexico guarded 1 VIII. 32. Give an account of the battle of Contreras. 33. Of Churubusco. 282 POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 1847. for several days efforts were made to bring the war to a close, but without success. The Mexican com- mander not only refused to agree to the terms proposed by .the Americans ; but, while offering others, more becoming a conqueror, he actually violated the armistice by strengthening his defenses. X. Scott, losing all confidence in the integrity of his foe, declared the truce at an end, and ordered General Worth to storm the Moli- no del Rey (mo-le'-no dale rd), an outer defense of Chapultepec. Ac- cordingly, on the 8th of September, the attack was made ; and, after a hard-fought battle, in which Worth* lost nearly a fourth of his men, the Mexicans were driven from their position. Chapultepec itself, a strongly fortified castle, situated on a lofty hill, was vet to be taken before the capital could be reached. XL Several batteries were erected to bear upon the place, and, on the 12th of September, a heavy fire was commenced, which made several breaches through the stone wall defenses. On the next day, the 13th, the battle of Chapultepec was fought. The Americans, in two columns, the one headed by 6ANTA ANNA. * William Jenkins Worth was born in Hudson, Columbia Co., N. Y., in 1794. In the war of 1S12 he performed an honorable part , being twice promoted, once for gallant conduct in the battle of Chippewa, and again for important service in the battle of Lundy's Lane. His distinguished services, in 1842, against the Florida Indians, were also rewarded by prom"otion. He was with Taylor in Mexico, and for his achievements in the battle of Monterey he was brevetted a major-general. Afterward he joined Scott's army. His death occurred in Texas, in 1849. IX. Questions.— 34. WTiat request did Santa Ann.1 make? 35. Where was Scott at the time? 36. How did Scott tre.at the request? 37. What followed for several days? 38. What perfidy was Santa Anna guilty of? X. 39. What order did Scott give to Worth ? 40. When was the battle of Molino del Rey fought ? 41. Give an account of it. 42. What yet remained to be done ? XI. 43. How was Chapultepec menaced on the 12th of September ? 44. (iive an account of the nest day's battle. POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 283 General Pillow, and the other by General Quitman, advanced to the assault, and in the most gallant style carried the out- works and then the castle, though at the expense of many lives. XII. Quitman pur- sued the flying Mexi- cans ; and at night his division rested within the gates of the city, while Woilh's division, which had advanced Dy a circuitous route, halt- ed in the suburbs. Du- ring the night, Santa Anna, with most of his army and the princi- pal officers of govern- ment, fled from the city. On the following morn- ing, September 14th, the American army passed into the city, and run- ning up the United States flag on the na- tional palace, took for- mal possession of the Mexican capital amid the greatest enthu- siasm. XIII. The Mexicans, taking advantage of the weaknes.s of the garrison which Scott had left at Puebla, laid siege to the place; and, after Santa Anna's* flight from the capital, he * Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was born in Jalapa, Mexico, in 179S. XII. Questions. — i5. What is said of Quitman's .ind Worth's advance? 46. State wh^t toolc place on the following morning. XIII. 47. To what place in the mean time had the Mexicans laid siege ? 48. What circumstance had induced them to commence the siege ? 49. By Tvhom were they joined during the siege ? 50. Why did Santa Anna afterward leave the besiegers? 51. Give an account of the battle that followed. 284 POLK S ADMINISTRATION. joined the besiegers with some thousands of his fugitive troops. Learning that General Lane, with a body of re- cruits, was on his march from Vera Cruz to re-enforce Scott, Santa Anna left Puebla to intercept him. At Huamantla {whah-mant'-lah) the encounter took place, and though the Mexicans were vastly superior in numbers to the Americans, the result was, as usual, a total defeat to them. XIV. On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace was signed at Guadaloupe Hidalgo (f/tmh-dah-loo'-pdke-daJil'-r/o), a small town about four miles from the capital, and Mexico was soon after evacuated by the American armies. By the treaty, all the territory north of the Rio Grande, together with the whole of New Mexico and California, was relinquish- ed to the United States, On the part of the United States, it was agreed that 115,000,000 should be paid for the territory, and that debts due from Mexico to American citizens, to the amount of $3,000,000, should be assumed. After the treaty had been ratified by both governments, peace was proclaimed by President Polk, on the 4th of July, 1848. XIV. QtTESTioNS. — 52. When was a treaty of peace signed ? 53. At what place? 54. What territory did the United States acquire by the treaty? 55. What amount of money was paid by the United States ? 56. When did President Polk issue a pro- clamation of peace ? PEINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO. (The Americans were successful in every battle.) DATES. BATTLES. COMMANDERS. FORCES ENGAGED. a.\:erican. MEXICAN. AMER. MEX. 1846. May 8, May 9, Sept. 24, Dec. 25, 1S47. Feb. 23, Feb. 28, March 27, April IS, Aug.20, 1 Sept. 8, Sept. 13, Oct. 9, Palo Alto. Taylor. . . . Taylor. . . . Taylor.... Doniphan. Arista 2,300 2,200 6,600 500 6,000 5.000 10,000 1,200 Itesaca de la Palma. Arista Ampudia Ponce de Leon . Buena Vista Sacramento Vera Cruz Cerro Gordo Taylor. . . . Doniphan. Scott Scott Scott Scott Worth. . . . Scott Lane Santa Anna Trias Morales S.anta Anna Valencia Santa Anna Alvarez Bravo Santa Anna 4.700 900 12,000 8,500 4,000 8,000 3,500 7,200 500 17,000 4,000 6,000 12,000 7,000 25,000 14,000 25,000 1,000 Churubusco Molino del Eey Chapultcpec PROGRESSIVE MAPS, N?3. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 285 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGK 1. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1845 ? 269 2. By what process did Texas become a State of the Union ? 26G. 269 3. What was the consequence of the annexation of Texas? .... 270 4. Why did Mexico consider the annexation a cause of war ?. . . . 270 5. What powers had acknowledged the independence of Texas?. 270 6. Why did Taylor take his army from Louisiana to Texas ? 270, 271 1. What conflicting boundary claims grew out of the annexation ? 271 8. Why did Taylor advance to the Rio Grande ? 271 9. How was the advance of Taylor treated by the Mexicans ? 271 10. Where did Taylor estabUsh a depot? 271 11. Where did he take a position and erect a fortress? 271 12. What misfortune oocurred on the 26th of April, 1846 ? 272 13. How did the news of the affair affect the people of the U. S. ?.. 272 14. What effect did it have upon the President and Congress ? 27 2 15. What movements led to the battle of Palo Alto ? 272 16. Give an account of the battle, with its results . . .272, 273 17. Give the preliminaries of the battle of Resaca de la Palma 273 18. Give an account of the battle, with its results 273 19. What took place at Fort Brown during Taylor's absence ?.. . . 273 20i When did Taylor enter and leave Matamoras ? 273, 274 21. Give the preliminaries of the battle of Monterey. 274 22. Give an account of the battle, with its result 274 23. By whom were Saltillo. Victoria, and Tampico taken? 274 24. What can you state of Gen. Wool's march ? 274, 275 25. Give an account of Gen. Kearny's expedition 275 26. Of Doniphan's expedition and two battles .275, 276 27. Of Fremont and his expedition to California 276 28. What was done by Fremont in March, 1846 ? 276, 277 29. Give an account of Fremont's further operations 277 30. What was done in July, 1846, and by Com. Stockton ? 277 31. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista, with its results.. 278 32. Give an account of the taking of Vera Cruz 279 33. Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo 279, 280 34. Of Scott's progress from Cerro Gordo to San Augustin. . . .280, 281 35. Of the battles of Contreras and Churubusco 281 36. What eflbrts were made to negotiate a peace ? 281, 282 37. Give an account of the battle of the Molino del Rey 282 38. Of Santa Anna's flight and the taking of the city of Mexico 283 39. Of the siege of Puebla and battle of Huamantla 283, 284 40. Of the treaty of peace, with its principal provisions 284 286 TAYLOR S ADMINISTRATION. TAYLOR'S ADMINISTEATION. I. Polk's successor in the presidency was General Zachary Tay- lor, the hero who had achieved such bril- liant victories in the Avar with Mexico. His inauguration took place at Washington, on the 5th of March, 1849,* the 4th being Sunday. One of the earliest and most diffi- cult of the questions which commanded the attention of his administration, grew out of the acquisition of California and New Mexico. II. In February, 1848, gold began to be found in California in large quantities. When the news of the discovery reached the Atlantic States, and spread through- out the other States, a wonderful excitement was at once cre- ated, and in a verv short time thousands of emigrants were '■-^ * President Taylor's cabinet consisted of John M. Clayton, Secretary of State ; William M. Meredith, Secretary of the "Treasury ; George W. Crawford, Secretary of War ; William B. Preston. Secretary of the Navy ; Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the Interior ; Jacob Collamer, Postmaster-General ; and Reverdy Johnson, Attorney-General. The department of the Interior had been created by Congress on the 3d of March, two days before Taylor's inauguration. Tatlok's Administkation. — I. Questions. — 1. Who succeeded Polk in the Presi- dency ? 2. When w.as Taylor inaugurated? II. 3. When was an important discovery made in California? 4. What was It? 5. What was the consequence ? TAYLORS ADMINISTRATIOIT. 287 on their way to the land of gold. The rush thither was truly marvelous ; not only did people go from the United States, but they likewise flocked from Europe, Asia, South America, and even the isles of the sea. III. So rapidly did the territory become populated, that in September, 1849, there was a sufficient number of settlers there to constitute a State ; and a constitution was then adopted, preparatory to petition- ing Congress for ad- mission into the Union. An article of the Con- stitution, by which sla- very was excluded from California, became a cause for a violent dis- pute, not only in Con- gress, but in the legis- latures of the several States, and among the people throughout the Union. While Con- gress was in session, engaged in angry de- bate, President Taylor, after an administration of only one year, four months, and four days, died on the 9th of July, 1850, at the presidential mansion III. QrESTioNS. — 6. What did the people of California do in September, 1S49? T. What became a cause for a violent dispute in Conjrress and elsewhere? S. What calamity befeli the nation while Congress was in session ? 288 FILLMORE S ADMINISTRATION. FILLMOKE'S ADMINISTRATION. I. By the death of Taylor, the Vice-President of the Uni- ted States, Millard Fillmore, became President, taking the oath of office on the 10th of July, 1850.* II. The question in %^ ^s^^e*^^ relation to the admis- sion of California had been greatly compli- cated in Congress, by the application of New Mexico for admission into the Union, and by a claim on the part of Texas to a large por- tion of New Mexico. For the purpose of making " an amicable arrangement of all questions in contro- versy between the Free and the Slave States growing out of the subject of slavery," Henry Clay made a proposition, known as the "Omnibus Bill," or the "Compromise Act of 1850." * President Fillmore's rahinct was constituted as follows: Daniel Webster, Secretary of State; Thomal Corwin. Secretary of the Treasury ; Charles M. Conrad, Secretary of War; Alexander H. H. Stuart Sec- retary of the Interior; William A. Graham, Secretary of the Navy ; Nathan K. Hall, Posimaster-Gen- eral; and John J, Crittenden, Attorney-General. Fillmore's Administration. — I. Questions. — 1. Who succeeded Taylor? II. 2. How had the question of California's admission been complicated? S. "What was the object of the " Omnibus Bill ?" 4. Who offered that bill ? 5. By what other name is it also known ? Pierce's administration. 289 III. Although Mr. Clay's proposition did not pass Con- gress in the shape olfered, the result aimed at was attained, after Taylor's death, l>y separate bills. These provided for the admission of California as a free State ; territorial govern- ments for New Mexico and Utah, leaving the admission or ex- clusion of slavery to be decided by the people of the respec- tive territories ; the settlement of the claim made by Texas ; the abolition of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia ; and the surrender of fugitives from labor, this last bill being . known as the " Fugitive Slave Law." IV. Fillmore remained President during the unexpired part of the term for which Taylor was elected, a period of nearly two years and eight months, when he was succeeded by Frank- lin Pierce, of New Hampshire. PIEECE'S ADMmiSTRATION. I. Pierce was President for only one term, or four years, extending from the 4th of March, 1853,* the day of his inau- guration, to the 4th of March, 1857. II. His administration had scarcely commenced when the controversy was renewed between the slaveholding and non-slaveholding sections of the Union, the one being in favor of, and the other opposed to, the extension of slavery into the Territories of the United States. This fresh outbreak * President Pierce's cabinet was as follows: William L. Marcv, Secretary of State; James Guthrie, Secretary of the Treasury; Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War ; Jaiiies C. Dobhin, Secretary of the Navy; Robert McClelland, Secretary of the Interior ; James Campbell, Postmaster-General ; and'Caleb Cashing, Attorney-General. III. Questions. — 6. In what shape did Mr. Clay's bill afterward appear ? T. What did the separate bills provide for? 8. TVLat was the object of the "Fugitive Slave Law ?" IV. 9. For how long a time was Fillmore President? 10. By whom was he suc- ceeded ? Pierce's Administration. — I. 1. When was Pierce inaugurated ? 2. How long \7as he President ? II. 3. "What controversy was renewed at the beginning of his administration? 4. What were the slaveholding States in favor of ? 5. What the non-slaveholding f 6. How did this fresh outbreak begin ? 13 290 PIERCE S ADMINISTRATION. had its origin mainly witli Congress, in the introduction there of what is known as the " Kansas - Nebraska Bill." III. By the " Mis- souri Compromise Bill," passed in 1820, it was provided that, in consideration of the admission of Missouri as a Slave State, slavery should forever be pro- hibited in all the re- maining territories of the United States north of latitude thirty- six degrees and thirty minutes, the southern boundary of that State. By the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill," which Congress passed in 1854, this prohibition was repealed, and the two territories of Kansas and Nebraska w^ere duly organized. IV. No sooner had the bill passed than emigrants from both sections of the Union began to pour into Kansas, those from the North being determined to make it a free State, while those from the South were equally resolved the other way; and with such undue zeal was the strife carried on, that frequent collisions took place, in which blood was some- times shed. III. Questions. — 7. When was the "Missouri Compromise Bill" passed? 8. What was its Important provision? 9. When was the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill" passed? 10. What was its important provision? IV. 11. What began to be done as soon as the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill" was passed? 12. What were the people of the Nortli determined upon ? 13. What those of the South ? Buchanan's administration. 291 V. As the time for the next presidential election ap- proached, three candidates were pnt in nomination. James Buchanan was the choice of the Democratic party ; Millard Fillmore, of the American ; and John C. Fremont, of the organization opposed to the extension of slavery, known as the Republican party. After an exciting canvass, during which the repeal of the " Compromise of 1820," the troubles in Kansas, and the " Fugitive Slave Law," entered largely into the subjects of discussion, Buchanan was elected. BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. I. Buchanan's inauguration took place on the 4th of March, 1857;* and during his administration of four years, three free States — Minnesota, Oregon, and Kansas — were added to the Union. The controversy in relation to Kansas, in and out of Congress, was marked by much bitterness of speech, and only subsided upon the admission of the State, which occurred about a month before Buchanan retired from office. II. The slavery question continued to be the prominent topic of discussion ; and an event, which occurred in the fall of 1859, and which created intense excitement throughout the country, not only gave increased impulse to the discus- sion, but greatly aggravated the feeling then prevailing at the South against the North. This was "John Brown's Raid." Brown's object was the liberation of slaves. With that in view, he and twenty -one associates seized the arsenal at Harp- er's Ferry, for the purpose of making it a rendezvous ; but the movement was a total failure. Those engaged in it were overpowered by state and national troops, thirteen of their number were killed, two escaped, and the rest, including Brown, were tried and executed. • President Buchanan's cabinet was constituted as follows ; Lewis Cass. Secretary of State ; Howell Cobb, Sec retary of tbe Treasury ; John D. Floyd, Secretary of War ; Isaac Toucey. Secretary of the Nary ; Jacob Thompson Secretary of the Interior ; Aaron V. Brown, Postmaster-Cieneral ; and Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney-General. V. Questions. — 14. What is stated of the presidential election of 1856? BucHANAN'.s Administration. — !. 1. When was Buchanan inaugurated' 2. States admitted during his administration? 3 What, of the Kansas controversy? IT. 4. Give an account of " John Brown's fiaid." What effect did it have ' 292 BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. III. The Democratic party was divided be- tween Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, and John C. Breckin- ridge, of Kentucky. The Republican jiarty, opposed to the further extension of slavery, nominated Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois ; ■while the American party presented for its candidate John Bell, of Tennessee. After an exciting canvass, in which the slavery ques- tion was the all-ab- sorbing one, the elec- tion resulted in the success of the Repub- lican nominee. IV. When it became known that Lincoln would be the next President, public meetings were held in Charleston and elsewhere in South Carolina, at which resolutions were adopted in favor of the secession of the State from the Union. In pursuance of a special act of the South Carolina legisla- ture, delegates were elected to assemble in convention at Columbia on the 17th of December, 1S60. They accordingly met, but, in consequence of the prevaleTice of small-pox in that city, an adjournment to Charleston took place, where, on III. Questions. — 6. How was the Democratic party divided ? T. Who wore the other candidates? 8. To what was the liepublican party opposed? 9. What was the result of the election ? IV. 10. When Lincoln's success became known, how did the people of South Carolina act? 11. What convention was hold in the State? 12. What was done by the convention ? BUCHANAN 8 ADMINISTRATION. 293 the 20th of December, an ordinance of secession was unani- mously passed. V. In the mean time a great deal of interest was felt re- specting the forts in Charleston harbor, only one of which — Fort Moultrie — was garri- soned. Threats had been uttered and demon- strations made which rendered it probable that they would be seized by the South Carolinians. Towards the close of December, as the danger of an at- tack upon Fort Moultrie became more imminent, the commander. Major Anderson,* convinced that his position there would not be tenable if attacked by well-organ- ized and disciplined troops, on the 26th of December, 1860, withdrew the garrison, which consisted of only about eighty men, and established himself at Fort Sumter. VI. The excitement in Charleston, produced by this act of removal, was intense ; and it spread with lightning speed over the whole State. The authorities of South Carolina at once * Mujor Robert Anderson was born near Louisville, Ky., in 1805. In 1825. he was graduated at West Point. He was in the Seminole War, and with Scott's army in the Mexican War. At the battle of the Molino del Rey he was severely wounded. lu May, 1861, he was made brigadier-general in the U. S. army. V. Questions. — 13. Whnt interest was ftlt in the mean time? 14. What was the ground of concern respecting the forts? 15. Who commanded Fort Moultrie? 16. How many men did Anderson have with him ? IT. "What movement did he make ? IS. Why did he make the movement? VI. 19. How did Anderson's removal influence the people of Charleston and the other parts of the State? 20. What buildings did the State authorities seize ? 21. What disposition did they make of troops? 22. What was done with a view to a Southern Confederacy? 294 BUCHANANS ADMINISTRATION. UAJOB ANDEBSON. seized the United States custom - house, post- office, and arsenal, at Charleston, and sent troops to occupy Castle Plnckney and Fort Moultrie, in the harbor of that city ; and, at the close of the month, the State sent Commission- ers to the other Slave States, with a view to the formation of a Southern Confederacy. YII. On the 10th of January, 1861, the steamer Star of the West, which had been dispatched from New York with supplies and re-enforcements for Fort Sumter, arrived oft' Charleston, and was fired upon and driven back to sea by batteries erected to command the entrance of the harbor. The Star of the West thereupon re- turned to New York. During this month, January, five States, viz. ; Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana, following the lead of South Carolina, passed secession ordinances, and, on the 1st VII. Questions.— 23. Give the account connected with the Star of the "West, 24. Uow many States, iu January, 1861, followed the lead of South Carolina? 2SC When did Texas secede ? BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 295 of February, Texas did the same. VIII. Nearly all the forts, arsenals, navy- yards, and custom-houses within those States, and which belonged to the United States, were seized by the secession- ists. Fort Sumter, still held by Major Anderson, and Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, which had been saved by the de- cided action of its com- mander. Lieutenant Sleramer, were the only important forts which remained in the posses- sion of the general gov- ernment on the 1st of February. The posts at the southern extremity of Florida also remained in the hands of the government. IX. In the mean time, upon the recommendation of the legislature of Virginia, delegates had been ap- pointed by twenty-one States to a so-called " Peace Conference," to decide upon a plan " for a settle- ment of all difficulties and the preservation of the Union." The convention assembled at AVashing- PEN8AC0LA AND VICINITY. VIII. Questions.— 26. What is said of the seizure of forts, arsenals, &c. ? 2T. Of Forts Sumter and Pickens? 28. How is Fort Sumter situated ? (See map, p. 129.) 29. How is Fort Piclcens situated ? (See map, p. 295.) 30. Wh.at southern posts reniained in the hands of the government? 296 Buchanan's administration. ton, on the 4tli of February, and was organized by the unani- mous election of ex-President Tyler as chairman. After a session of three weeks it adjourned ; and the result of its labors, a series of proposed amendments to the Constitution, was laid before Congress, but without meeting the approval of that body. FOET BUMTEK. X. On the very day upon which the " Peace Congress" assembled, February 4th, a congress, composed of delegates from six of the Southern States, met at Montgomery, Ala. ; and, four days after, organized a Confederacy, by the adop- tion of a " Provisional Constitution," calling it the " Confed- erate States of America." This constitution was superseded, in little more than a month, by one intended to be permanent. On the 9th of February, Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was elected President of the Confederacy by the Montgomery Congress, and, on the 18th, he was duly inaugurated. XL In this distracted and sad condition were the affairs of the country upon the retirement of Buchanan from the presi- dency, and the assumption of the office by Lincoln. IX. Questions. — 31. 'When and where did the "Peace Convention" meet? 32. How many States were represented there? 33. Upon whose recommendation had the delegates been chosen? 34. Who was chosen president of the convention? 35. Give a further account of the convention and its doings. X. 36. Where did a second convention meet on the 4th of February? 37. What States were represented in that convention ? 3S. What was done by the conven- yon ? 39. What was done on the 9th and ISth of February ? SKCTIOlSr IX, FROM THE BEGINNING OF LINCOLn's ADMINISTRATION TO THE CLOSE OF Johnson's. — march 4, 1861, to march 4, 1869. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. I. On the nth of February, 1861, Lincoln left his home at Spring- field, Illinois, forAVash- ington. On his way he made brief stops at various cities, and was everywhere received with great enthusiasm. It had been arranged that his route from Harrisburgh should be through Baltimore, but, in consequence of the excited state of feeling existing be- tween the political clubs of the last-named city, and desiring to prevent an anticipated outrage, he made a night journey, arriving in Washington at an early hour on the morning of the 2 2d of February. His inauguration took place on the 4th of March, " amid a greater display of military force than had ever before been witnessed on such an occasion."* • President Lincoln's cabinet was constituted ns follo-ns: William H. Seward, Secretary of State; Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury ; Simon Cameron, Secretary of War ; Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Nary; Caleb B. Smith, Secretary of the luterior; Edward Batee, Attorney-General; and Mont- pomerj^ Blair, Postmaster-General. 13* 298 Lincoln's administkation. 11. In his inaugural address, Lincoln announced that he had " no jaurpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists ; " further stating that, in his opinion, he had " no right to do so." This assurance, however, did not satisfy the people of the South ; for they believed that the ultimate result of Lincoln's rule would be adverse to their interests in reference to slavery ; and, in the course they took, they were sustained by the conviction that their obligations to the general government were secondary to that which they owed to their respective States. THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. — EVENTS OF 1861. L The Confederates soon organized an army, and General Beauregard {bo' -re-gar d), who had been a major in the service of the United States, was placed in command of the forces intended to drive Anderson from Fort Sumter. On the morn- ing of the 12th of April, 1861, the first shot was fired upon the fort. After a bombardment of thirty-four hours, the de- fense being but feeble, in consequence of the smallness of the garrison and a poor supply of ammunition, Anderson was com- pelled to capitulate. On the 14th he departed with his com- mand, and sailed for New York. II. The news of this event, as it was flashed along the wires, produced an almost uncontrollable excitement through- out the country ; and the President's proclamation, issued on the following day, April 15th, calling for seventy-five thousand Lincoln's Administration.— I. Questions. — 1. Where did Lincoln live at the time of his election to the Presidencj' ? 2. What can you state of his journey to Washington ? 3. When was he inaugurated ? 4. What can you state of the occasion ? IL 5. What did Lincoln proclaim in reference to the Slavery question ? 6. With what effect ? 7. What conviction sustained the Southern leaders in their course ? Events op 186L — I. 1. What command was given to Beauregard ? 2. When did hostilities actually commence? 3. By whom were they commenced? 4. Why did not Anderson make a better defense ? 5. What was the result of the attack ? IL 6. What effect did the news have ? 7. News of what ? 8. What action did President Lincoln take? 9. What can you state of the response? 10. What took place in Baltimore ? 11. Where were the troops going? 12. What meetings of the people were held ? Lincoln's administration. 299 troops, was responded to at once by all the Free States. The national capital being menaced, troops were hurried off for its defense. A Massachusetts regiment, while thus on its way to Washington, was attacked, April 19th, in the streets of Baltimore, by a mob of Southern sympathizers, and two of the soldiers were killed, and a number wounded. This and other acts of the Secessionists aroused the people of the North : a great mass meeting was held in New York city, and similar gatherings took place in other cities, in favor of the Union. III. Nor were the Confederates inactive. They seized the arsenal at Harper's Ferry. They also made preparations to get possession of the navy-yard near Norfolk : the Union oflS- cers there, despairing of a defense, set fire to the government buildings, and scuttled and sunk most of the vessels in the harbor. Immense quantities of ordnance, shot, and shell thus fell into the hands of the Confedei>ates, and they also acquired by seizure, arsenals and strongholds in other direc- tions, as well as ships, steamboats, and government property wherever they could find it. In consequence of these acts, President Lincoln issued a proclamation, April 19th, declar- ing certain Southern ports closed ; and, eight days after, he issued an additional proclamation, extending the blockade to all ports in the Slave States south of Maryland. IV. It can hardly be said that the National Government made any offensive movement before the 24th of May. Then troops were sent into Virginia by order of General Scott, who commanded the army of the United States. Alexandria and III. QcESTioNS. — 18. What activity did the Confederates manifest? 14. IIow is Harper's Ferry situated ? (See map, p. 23T.) 15. Norfolli ? (Same map.) 16. Why did not the Union officers defend Norfollc ? 17. What did they do ? 18. What then fell into the hands of the Confederates? 19. What else did they acquire ? 20. What proclamation did Lincoln issue? 21. Wliy did he do so? 22. When did he do it? 23. What additional proclamation did he issue ? IV. 24. When did the Government begin in earnest to move against the insur- gents? 25. Who, at the time, was in command of the Federal armies? 26. What places did the Government troops occupy ? 27. Where are those places? (See map, p. 320.) 2S. What took place at Philip])! ? 29. At Big Bethel? 30. Where is Phi- lippi ? (See map, p. 320.) 31. Big Bethel ? (Map, p. 312.) 82. Give dates of the battles. 300 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. {(Jiiextions to be ansicered from t/ie above map.) Where is Port Hudson? Baton Eouge? Natchez/ Vicksburg? Memphis? Fort Pillow? Island No. 10? Paducah? Bowling Green ? Fort Donelson ? Fort Henry? Arkansas Post? Shreveport? Pea Eidge? Lawrence? Si)ringfield? Corinth? New Orleans? Ship Island ? Port Gibson? Iluntsville? Little Rock? LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 301 Arlington Heights were occupied, and a camp at Philippi was surprised, June 3d, tlie Confederates being completely routed; but seven days after, a Union force, sent from Fortress Monroe, was severely repulsed at Big Bethel. V. In the mean time efforts had been made by the Seces- sionists to take Missouri out of the Union : in this, however, they failed, mainly through the prompt action of General Lyon,* who captured a Confederate camp, defeated the enemy at Booneville, on the IVth of June, and frustrated the designs of the disloyal governor. On the 5th of July, a division of his troops, under Colonel Sigel (see-r/el) defeated a body of the enemy at Carthage ; and, on the 2d of August, at Dug Spring, the loyal forces were again victorious; but on the 10th, having been confronted by a vastly superior force, ans63, while making preparations to take charge of the squadron off Charleston. II. Questions. — 12. By whom wa.s Fort Henry captured ? 13. When was the capture made ? 14. Why did the Confederates abandon Bowlinsr Green? 15. Give an account of the movements against Fort Donelson. 10. What places did the Con- federates then abandon ? 17. Why did they leave ? III. 18. What expedition sailed from Hampton Roads ? 19. When did the vessels reach Hatteras Inlet? 20. When did they commence an attack? 21. What place did they attack ? 22. What success did the troops have? 23. Who commanded the troops? 2-t. What other success did the troops have? 25. What were the successes of the fleet? 26. What expedition was successful? 27. Give an account of the capture of Fort Pulaski. 28. Where is the fort situated 7 308 Lincoln's administration. and naval expedition was fitted out and placed under the command of General Burnside and Commodore Golds- borough. It sailed from Hampton Roads, and, though a destruc- tiv^e storm sprang up soon after, most of the vessels reached Hatteras Inlet by the lYth of January, and entered Pamlico Sound. On the Yth of Feb., the fleet opened a fire upon Roan- oke Isl., while the troops landed, and, storming the enemv'sin- trenchraents on the 8th, captured twenty-five hundred prisoners. This success was followed by the destruction of the Confed- erate flotilla at Elizabeth City, by the seizure of that and other places, and also by a victory gained by Burnside, at Newbern, on the 14th of March. An expedition, fitted out at Port Royal, against certain seaports in Florida, was entirely success- ful, and, on the 11th of April, Fort Pulaski, at the mouth j/' of the Savannah, was bombarded and captured. IV. No events of the war produced more interest than those which occurred at Hampton Roads, on the 8th and 9th of March. When Norfolk was abandoned, at the beginning of the war, the steamship Merrimac was sunk. She was, how- ever, soon raised by the Confederates, cut down almost to the water's edge, and covered with a plating of iron. On the 8th of March, she made her appearance in Hampton Roads, sunk the U. S. sloop Cumberland, and compelled the frigate Congress to surrender. Night set in, and it was anticipated, on the next day all the national vessels in the roads would be destroyed. During the night, however, a newly invented floating battery, the Monitor, commanded by Lieutenant Worden (wur'den), arrived from New York, and on the following day en- countered the Merrimac. After a contest of several hours, the latter, in a disabled condition, retreated to Norfolk. IV. Questions.— 29. Wh.at h.avoc was committed on the Sth of M.ircli, 1SG2 ? SO. Grive the previous history of the Merriinao. .31. By what n.ime did the Confed- erates call her? Ans. The Virginia. 32. What was the prospect for the 9th of March? 33. What occurred during the night? 34. What then followed ? 35. Whera is Hampton Eoads? (See map, p. 312.) 36. Norfolk? (Same map.) Lincoln's administration. 309 V. In Missouri and Arkansas, movements of importance had in the mean while occurred. The Confederates in those States were commanded by General Van Dorn. A division oi their army having retreated from Missouri before General Curtis, their forces, to the number of about twenty -five thou- sand, concentrated at Pea Ridge, where one of the most deter- mined battles of the war was fought. It took place on the 6th, 7th, and 8th of March, and resulted in the signal defeat of the Confederates. Curtis, in his official report, commended General Sigel and others of his officers for their gallant con- duct. VI. Early in March, General McClellan ordered an advance from Washington toward Richmond, the enemy falling back from the position at Centreville and Manassas, which he had occupied nearly a year, and taking up a new line of defense along the Rappahannock. On the 23d, General Shields, com- manding a Union detachment, gained a splendid victory at Winchester. McClellan having taken the field, an organiza- tion of military departments was effected, Gen. Halleck being assigned to the West, Gen. Hunter to the South, Gen. Butler to the Gulf, Gen. Fremont to West Virginia and Eastern Tennessee, Gen. Banks to the Shenandoah, Gen. McDowell to the Rappahannock, and Gen. McClellan to the Potomac. VII. After the Confederates had evacuated Columbus, they retreated down the Mississippi to Island No. 10, and to New Madrid, Missouri: they also took a strong position at Corinth. V. Questions.— 37. Where is Pea Eidge ? (See map, p. 300.) 3S. Give an account of the battle that took place there. 39. What commendation did General Sigel receive ? VI. 40. What movement was made early in March ? 41. What movement did the Confederates make in consequence ? 42. What success did General Shields have ? 43. What department organizations were effected? 44. Where is Winchester? (See map, p. 320.) 45. Into what river does the Rappahannock flow? (^Same map.) VIL 46. To what places did the Confederates retreat from Columbus ? 47. What took place at New Madrid? 4S. Describe the process by which the Confederates were compelled to evacuate Island No. 10. 49. Where is Columbus? (See map, p. SOD.) 60. New Madrid ? (Same map.) 51. Island No. 10 ? (Same map.) 310 Lincoln's administration. On tlie 14th of March, General Pope succeeded in takina: •1 c (5 9 ^ o New Madrid, and on the 16th the bombardment of the island was opened by the gunboat fleet of Commodore Foote. The plan of attack required the co-operation of Pope, but as that officer had no means of crossing the Mississippi, the difficulty- was overcome by cutting a canal twelve miles long, through the neck of land formed by a bend in the river opposite the island, by which the needed transports from Foote's fleet were enabled to reach him. As soon as his troops began to cross, April 7th, the enemy proceeded to evacuate the island;- and on the following day the place, with about six thousand prisoners, was in the hands of the Unionists. VIII. In the mean time the main body of the Western army, under Grant, was advancing toward Corinth. On the 6th of April, having reached Shiloh, near Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennessee, here, early in the morning of that day, it was attacked by the enemy, commanded by Johnston and Beaure- gard. The battle raged till near nightfall, the Union troops being compelled to retreat to the river, where the gunboats aided them to make a stand. Tlie arrival of re-enforcements under Buell enabled Grant to assume the offensive on the following day, and the enemy were finally driven back toward Corinth. The forces engaged in this battle, on both sides, numbered more than a hundred thousand men, and the losses were very severe. Johnston (Albert S.) was killed. IX. Halleck, having arrived from St. Louis, took command in person of Grant's victorious army. He at once commenced an advance upon Corinth, slowly progressing every day for nearly two months, when. May 30th, the place was found to YIII. Questions.— 52. Where is Corinth ? (See map, p. 300.) 53. 'Shiloh ? (Sam© /nap.) 54. Into what river does the Tennessee flow? (Same map.) 55. Describe what took pl.ace on the 6th of April. 56. Give an account of subsequent operations. IX. 57. Who then took command of Grant's army ? 58. Give an account of his movements. 59. Of Mitchell's movements. 60. Of operations at and near Fort Pillow. 61. Of operations at and before Memphis. 02. Where is Nashville? (See map, p. 300.) 63. Huntsville ? (Same map.) 64. Fort Pillow ? (Same.) 65. Memphis ? CSame.) Lincoln's administration. 311 be evacuated, A small body of troops under Mitchell mean- while had marched from Nashville, occupied several towns in Tennessee, and seized Huntsville, in Alabama. The Confede- rates, after their loss of Island No. 10, made a stand at Fort Wright, or, as it is also called. Fort Pillow. The fleet on the Mississi]5pi, commanded by Commodore Foote, descended the river, and was unsuccessfully attacked by the enemy's fleet near the fort — the fort itself being afterward abandoned. On the 6th, two days later, Commodore Davis, Foote's successor, gained a victory over the fleet defending Memphis, and the town, in consequence, fell into his hands. X. Lower down the Mississippi, the Union cause had met with a success of still more importance. This was the capture of New Orleans, on the 25th of April. Commodore Farragut's fleet of forty-five vessels, including a number of mortar-boats under the special command of Commodore Porter, ascended the Mississippi, and for six days bombarded Forts Jackson and St. Philip, on opposite sides of the river, about seventy-five miles below the city. Having broken the chain whidh had been stretched across the stream, Farragut ran past the forts, April 24th, and destroyed a squadron of the enemy's rams and gunboats. As he approached New Orleans, the Confede- rates set fire to the vast stores of cotton and sugar there. The two forts, Jackson and St. Philip, surrendered to Porter, and then General Butler moved up the river from Ship Island, and, taking formal possession of the city, placed it under martial law. XL At Alexandria, McClellan embarked his army, to the S. QciESTiONS. — 66. When was New Orleans captured by the Union forces ? 6T. When was the capture made? 68. By whom were the victors commanded? 69. Give an account of the achievement. 70. Who then took military possession of the city? 71. Where is New Orleans? (See map, p. 800.) XI. 72. How large an army did General McClellan have at Alexandria? 73. What movement did he make from Alexandria ? 74. Give an account of operations at Yorktown. 75. At Williamsburg. 76. At West Point. 77. Where is Alexandria? (See map, p. 237.) 78. Portress Monroe ? (Map, p. 320.) 79. Torktown ? (Same.) 80. Itichmoud ? (Same.) 81. Williamsburg ? (Same.) S2. West Point ? ni2 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 1862. number of eighty-five thousand men, for Fortress Mon- roe, whence he advanced upon Yorktown. A siege com- menced on the 5th of April, and continued, with much fighting, until the 4th of May, when the place was found to be evacuated. The Confederates retreated toward Richmond, pursued by the Union troops ; and at Williamsburg, where they were over- taken the following day, a severe action took place. The pursuers at first met with a serious check; but the timely arrival of General Kearny restored the battle, and the enemy fled. A division of the pursuing army proceeded up the York River, and, having landed near West Point, were unsuc- cessfully attacked on the 7th, XII. President Lincoln at this time visited Fortress Monroe, and having urged a movement upon Norfolk, an ex- pedition was accordingly dispatched under General Wool. Upon approaching the city, the Union commander was met by the civil authorities and informed that the place had been abandoned by the Confederate army. Besides so doing, burned the navy-yard near Norfolk ; MAP OF NORFOLK AND VICINITY. the Confederates had evacuated Craney Island, where they had erected formidable defenses ; and they also destroyed their iron-clad vessel, the Merrimac. They needed all their men to oppose the march of McClellan's army against Richmond. XIII. This army, in the mean time, was steadily advancing. By the 20th of May, most of the troops had reached the XII. Questions.— 83. What visit did the President make? 84. What did he urge ? 85. What success did General Wool have ? 86. W^hat previous acts had the insurgents comniitted? 87. Why did they do so? 88. Where is Norfolk ? (See map, p. 312.) 89. Craney Island ? (Same map.) XIII. 90. What advance did McClellan's army make by the 22d of May ? 91. When was the battle of Hanover Court House fought? 92. Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks. 93. What can you state of General McDowell's movements? 94. Into what river does the Chickahominy flow ? (See map, p. 29.) 95. Where is Fair Oaks ? (See map, p. 313.) 96. Bowling Greea ? (See map, p. 237.)" Lincoln's administration. 313 Chickahominy, a small river running through a swampy country; and, on the 22 d, the stream was crossed. Five days later, a detachment under General Porter defeated the enemy at Hanover Court House. At Fair Oaks, a position within about five miles of Richmond, a bloody battle took place on the last day of May and the first of June, the North losing five thousand men and the South eight thousand, without advantage to either side. McDowell, who had been ordered to co-operate in the movement against Richmond, reached Bowling Green, when he was directed by the President to march for the Shenandoah. XIV. Banks's division, at the time, was at Strasburg, and this force the enemy formed the plan of capturing ; but the Confederates meeting with resistance at Front Royal, Banks became aware of their purpose, and made a masterly retreat to the Potomac. Jackson, the pursuing general, advanced to Harper's Ferry, but, meeting with a repulse, made a retrograde movement. At Strasburg, he was overtaken, June 1st, by Fremont, who had made a forced niarch across the mountains, and was driven from the place. Fremont continued the pursuit, fighting an undecisive battle at Cross Keys and another at Port Republic. Although Jackson had failed to capture Banks's army, he had succeeded in preventing re-enforcements being sent to McClellan, XV. McClellan, believing that the force at his disposal was XIV. Questions. — 9T. Give an account of Banks's retreat from Strasburg. 9S, Where, on the Potomac, did Jackson meet with defeat? 99. What took place at Strasburg? 100. At Cross Keys ? 101. At Port Republic? 102. What was the result of Jackson's expedition ? 103. Where is Strasburg ? (See map, p. 820.) 101. Cross Keys? (Same map.) 105. Port Republic? (Same.) SV. 106. What change of base did McClellan effect? lOT. Why did he make the change? 108. What took place while the change was in progress ? 109. How was the army protected at Harrison's Landing? 110. Where is the White House ? (See map, p, 313.) 111. Harrison's Landing ? (Same map.) 112. What army changes were made? 14 \ wcHm^i^^ "^^^Si^ *^A / u %" *4S^* ^ Uf^'C^^ V >? 1\J3^ ....«,,,. r^ \ g^^^,^_ig°^^^=' fi^"^- V — «prTrR.<;™R« ^^^^ "^'"«R| 314 Lincoln's administration. not sufficient to protect his lines, which extended from 1 QfiC) '■ the White House, on the Pamunkey, where the array had its supplies, transferred his base of operations to Harrison's Landing, on the James. While this movement was in progress, the Confederates fell upon the Union troops, June 25th, and a series of destructive battles, lasting through seven days, took place. At this new position the Federal army remained until the 14th of August, protected by a fleet of gunboats. Prior to this, the corps of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell had been consolidated with the army of the Potomac, and the command given to General Pope, and, on the 1st of July, the President issued a call for three hundred thousand more volunteers. On the 11th, Halleck was appointed commander- in-chief. Grant succeeding him in the command of the army of the Mississippi. XVI. Other operations of importance had in the mean time taken place, both in the east and west. General Hunter had made an unsuccessful attempt upon James Island, and great damage had been done to the property of Union people in Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee, by guerrilla bands. A severe fight took place on the Yazoo River, July 15th, between the Confederate ram Arkansas and three Federal vessels, after which the ram ran through the fleets of Farragut and Davis to Vicksbui'g. Some days later she sailed down the Missis- sippi, to aid in an attack on Baton Rouge, In this movement, which proved unsuccessful, the ram was not able to take part, but on the following day, August 6th, after a brief action with the United States gunboat Essex, she took fire and was blown up. At luka [I-u'-kah), on the 19th of the following month, Rosecrans fought and dispersed the Confederate force under Price, and on the 4th of October he gained another victory at Corinth, XVI. Questions. — 113. In what did General Hunter fail? 114 Where did guerrilla bands destroy property ? 115. Give an account of the doings of the ram Arkansas. 116. What took place at luka? 117. At Corinth ? 118. Where is luka? (See map, p. 300.) 119. Corinth ? (Same map.) Lincoln's administration. 315 XVII. Freed from the necessity of defending their own capital, the enemy undertook to menace that of the Union. McClellan was ordered to withdraw from the James and co-operate with Pope against this movement ; but before he commenced the transfer of his troops a hotly contested battle was fought, August 9th, at Cedar Mountain, eight miles from Culpepper Court House, between a division of Pope's army, commanded by Banks, and a force under Jackson. The Confederates, though superior in numbers, were unsuccess- ful. The main army of the enem}^, commanded by General Lee, advanced, and, until the close of the month, the struggle between the two great armies was desperate. In a conflict, attended with great slaughter, occurring on the 29th and 30th, and known as the "second battle of Bull Run," Pope was defeated, and at night retreated to Centreville. At Chantilly, two days after, a body of Confederate troops was met and at last driven back, but not till they had killed two valuable Union officers, Generals Stevens* and Kearny.f XVIII. Pope's array fell back to the intrenchments before Washington, but Lee's, instead of following, turned northward and crossed the Potomac into Maryland. McClellan was then in command of all the troops concentrated near Washington for its defense. He pursued Lee, and, on the 14th of Sep- * Isau Ingalls Stevens was born in Massachusetts, in 1817. He graduated at West Point, was an officer in the Mexican war. Governor of Washington Territory, and a delegate in Congress. t Philip Kearny was born in the city of New York, June 9d, 1815. He went to Europe by direction of the United States Government, to report upon the French cavalry tactics, and was promoted for gal- iant conduct in the Mexican war, losing his left arm. His merits as a disciplinarian were very superior. XVII. Questions.— 120. What permitted the Confederates to menace the city of Washington? 121. What order was given to McClellan ? 122. What took place be- fore McClellan's troops began to move ? 123. Give an account of the battle of Cedar Mountain. 124. Of the other events of the month. 125. Of the battle of Chantilly. 126. Where is Culpepper Court House? (See map, p. 320.) 127. Cedar Mountain? 12S. Centreville ? (See map, p. 330.) 129. Chantilly ? (Same map.) XVIII. 130. To what position did Pope's army fall back ? 131. What did Lee's army do ? 132, What duty did McClellan have assigned to him just then ? 133. Give an account of the battle of South Mountain. 134. Of the surrender of Harper's Ferry. 135. Where is South Mountain? Ans. In Maryland, near Harper's Ferry. 136. Hafper's Ferry ? (See map, p. 320.) 316 Lincoln's administration. 1862. CE.NEl'.AI, LEE. tember, overtook and successfully attacked bim at South Mountain. At tbe same time a strong body of the Con- federate army was drawing around Harper's Ferry. These opened fire, and on the loth the place was surrendered, with eleven thousand men and vast munitions of war. XIX. The captors of Harper's Ferry entered Maryland, and, join- ing Lee at Antietam (an-te'-tam), were in time to aid him in the great battle fought there on the 1 7th. In this contest, which lasted from day- ligiit to nightfall, and which resulted in favor of the Union cause, not less than eleven thousand Federal troops were killed or wounded, while the loss of the enemy was even greater. On the night of the 18th, Lee withdrew his forces across the Potomac, having lost during his campaign in Maryland, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, more than twenty-five thousand men. XX. In Tennessee and Kentucky, the Confederates were very active during the summer. General Smith moved north- ward, and defeated a body of Union troops at Eichmond, Kentucky, on the 30th of August. His march thence to •Frankfort, during which he Avas joined by a guerrilla force under Morgan, caused great excitement in Cincinnati, and effectual measures were adopted by General ^Yallace to repel his advance across the Ohio. With the main army, of which XIX. Questions.— 13T. Give an account of the battle of Antietam. 13S. What (lid Lee afterward do ? 1.39. How many men did Lee lose during his campaign? 140. Where is Antietam ? (See map, p. 820.) XX. 141. Give an account of the battle of Richmond. 142. What was done by General Wallace ? 143. Through what place did General Bragg march ? 144. What placo did he intend to attack? 145. Why did ho not do so? 146. What took place at Munfordsvllle? 147. At Perry ville? 148. What plunder did Bragg escape with ? 149, Who succeeded Bnell in the command ? 150. How is Richmond, Kentucky, situated? Ans. Near Lexington. 151. Frankfort ? (See map, p. 320.) 152. Louis- ville ? (See map, p. 192.) 153. Perry ville ? (Same.) 154. Munfordsville ? (p. 300.) Lincoln's administration. 317 Smith's was an advanced division, General Bragg marched through Chattanooga, his point of attack being Louisville. Munfordsville, after a day's contest, was surrendered to the Confederates ; but Buell, who had followed up Bragg from the South, finally outstripped him, and, arriving at Louisville, put an end to further invasion by the enemy. On his retreat Bragg was successfully attacked at Perryville, October 8th, but he made good his escape, with nearly four thousand wagon loads of plunder. Buell was soon after superseded in the command by Rosecrans. XXL Although in the capture of New Orleans, and in other successes, the Federal Government had made progress toward regaining possession of the Mississippi, yet the enemy- still held Vicksburg and Port Hudson, and consequently their communication with States on opposite sides of the river con- tinued. An attempt made by Sherman to capture Vicksburg failed. Grant, who had advanced to co-operate, having been compelled to fall back, his line of communication having been cut by the enemy. Sherman's repulse took place on the 29th of December. XXIL The Army of the Potomac, having made an advance, were in the vicinity of Front lioyal on the lih of November. On that day McClellan was superseded in the command by Burnside, and, later in the month, the troops, led by their new commander, reached the Rappahannock, the design being to march against Richmond by the route from Fredericksburg. Owing to delay in the arrival of pontoons necessary for cross- XXI. Questions. — 154. To what end did the capture of New Orleans tend ? 155. What advantage did the holding of Vicksburg and Port Hudson give to the Confed- erates ? 15G. When and why did Sherman fail to t.ake Vicksburg? 157. Where is Vicksburg? (See map, p. 800.) 15S. What was done by the Confederate cavalry? Ans. Stuart made a raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania, completely passing around the Union lines. , XXII. 159. Who succeeded McClellan in the command of the army, November 7th ? 160. Where was the army then ? 161. Where is Front Koyal situated ? (See map, p. 820.) 162. What plan did Burnside undertake to carry out? 1C3. Why did he not cross the Rappahannock without delay ? 164. Give an account of the further •operations of Burnside ? 165. Where is Fredericksburg ? (See map, p. 320.) 318 Lincoln's administration. . ing the river, the enemy had time to throw up strong intrenchments on the hills in the rear of the city. The river was finally crossed on the 12th of December, and Fred- ericksburg taken possession of; but all attempts to carry the enemy's position failed, and on the 15th the army recrossed the river, having sustained a loss, in killed, wounded, and missing, of over twelve thousand men. EVENTS OP 1863. I. On the 1st of January, 18G3, President Lincoln issued his memorable emancipation proclamation, declaring " forever free all the slaves in the States in rebellion," excepting in such portions as were occupied by the national troops. This step was taken in accordance with a notice given by the Presi- dent a hundred days before. By it more than three millions of slaves were declared free. On the same day the city of Galveston was taken by the Confederates, and the naval force before the place captured, destroyed, or dispersed. II. In the latter part of 1802, Rosecrans moved from the vicinity of Cincinnati, intending to penetrate Alabama, and at Murfrcesboro' he encountered the enemy under Bragg. After a severe struggle, which lasted several days, victory, on the 2d of January, 1863, decided in favor of the national forces. Rosecrans remained at Murfrcesboro' several months. In June his army was again put in motion, and by a flank movement he compelled Bragg to retreat into Georgia. Events of 1868. — I. Qitestions. — 1. What Proclamation did President Lincoln issue? 2. When did he issue it? 3. Had he given notice of his intention to issue such a document? 4. When ? 5. What was the nature of the proclamation ? Ans. " It warned all the insurgents to lay down their arms and return to their allegiance, under the penalty that, in all the districts where the insurrection should he still maintained, with the support of the peoi)le, he would, on the first of January then next, proclaim, as a military measure, the freedom of the slaves." 6. What took place at Galveston ? 7. Where is Galveston ? (See map, p. 2GS.) II. 8. What movement did Eosecrans m.ake ? 9. Give an .account of the battle at Murfreesboro'. 10. Where is Murfreesboro' ? (See map, p. 192.) LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 319 JACKSON (stonewall). in. Burnside having, at bis own request, been relieved of tlie com- mand of the Army of the Potomac, was succeeded by Hooker. Toward tlie latter part of April the army again crossed the Kappahannock, but being met by the enemy under Lee at Chancellorsville, a severe bat- tle was fought on the 2d and 3d of May, to the disadvantage of the national troops. Hooker recrossed the river, and occupied his former camp opposite Fredericks- burg. In this attempt the army sustained a loss of about eleven thousand men ; that of the Confederates was less, but among their mortally wounded was "Stonewall Jackson,"* one of their ablest generals. IV. On the 9th of June, Lee's army, numbering nearly a hundred thousand men, began a northward movement. Hooker following. On the 15th President Lincoln issued a call for one hundred thousand men, to repel the invaders, who, cross- ing the Potomac, on the 27th were near Ilagerstown. On the following day the command of the pursuing army was trans- ferred to General Meade. At Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania, Lee concentrated his forces; and here, on the 1st, 2d, and 3d of July, one of the most important conflicts of the war took • Thomas Jonathan Jackson was born in Vircinia, January 21st, 1854. He was a graduate of West ri.int, served under Tavlor and Scott in tlla Mexican war, and was a jrofess r of tlie Military Instituta of his State. It was remarked by one of his associate otiicera tbat in the battle of Bull Run he "stood tike a stone wall ;" hence he was afterward popularly known as " Stonewall Jackson." III. Questions.— 11. Who, after Burnside, commanded the Army of the Poto- mac ? 12. Why was Burnside relieved of the command ? 13. What movement did the army soon after make ? 14. What account can you give of the battle that fol- lowed? 15. What did Hooker then do? IC. Where is Chancellorsville? (See map, p. 330.) IT. IT. How large an army did Lee have on the 9th of June, 1863? IS. What tnovemcnt did he then make ? 19. Who, after Hooker, commanded the Army of the Potomac? 20. Give an account of the battle of Gettysburg. 21. Where Is Gettys- burg? (See map, p. 820.) 22. Hagerstown? (Same map.) Lincoln's administration. 321 place. The invaders were finally defeated, and, with their army reduced one-third, they made a rapid retreat into Vir- ginia. V. In the beginning of the year a plan of attack against Arlcansas Post was concerted by Sherman and Admiral Por- ter. General McClernand arriving and taking the command of the Army of the Mississippi, the place, with its garrison of five thousand men, was captured on the 11th of January. At this time General Banks was in command of the Department of the Gulf, he having superseded Butler. After making vic- torious incursions over a large part of Louisiana, he proceeded to invest Port Hudson. VI. It was the chief object of Grant, then in command of the Army of the Mississippi, to open the great river. His first point of attack was Vicksburg, the strongest post held by the enemy on the Mississippi. Failing to get in the rear of the city, he moved his army down the west side of the river, while Porter's fleet ran by the batteries of Vicksburg. The army then recrossed the Mississippi below Vicksburg, and, near Port Gibson, May 1st, gained a decided victory. General Pemberton, who was the chief in command at Vicks- burg, had a force under liim of at least thirty thousand men. He sallied forth to attack the rear of the investing army, when a series of battles took place, from the 12th to the l7th of the month, in wliich he met with defeat. The investment was tlien made more complete, and the city's defenses were twice assaulted. Pemberton, however, still held out, hopino- for relief from General Johnston ; but in vain, and, with an V. Questions. — 23. Give an account of the capture of Arkansas Post. 24. Who, after Butler, commanded the Department of the Gulf? 25. What did Banks accom- plish in Louisiana ? VI. 26. What great object did Grant have in view ? 27. How did his army get from the east side of the Mississippi to the vicinity of Port Gibson ? 2S. What took place near the fort ? 29. How did Porter's iJcet get below Vicksburg ? 30. What battles took place ? 31. Give an account of the surrender of Vicksburg. 32. Where Is Vicksburg ? (See map, p. 300.) 33. Port Gibson ? (Same map.) 34. Port Hudson ? (Same.) 14* 322 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 1863. army on the verge of starvation, he surrendered the city on the 4th of July. YII. Banks's operations against Port Hudson continued until its commander was informed of the fall of Vicksburg, when he too surrendered. Thus was the Mississippi opened. In the assaults which had been made upon the enemy's works before Port Hudson, the colored troops, of which there were several regiments in Banks's army, behaved with so much bravery as to call forth official commendation. AVhile the Union forces were operating against Vicksburg and Port Hudson, as just related. Colonel Grierson made a cavalry raid of great boldness. Entering the State of Mississippi from the north, he broke the communications of the Confederates, destroyed stores, and effected captures, finally reaching Baton Bouge {bat'-07i-roozh) without serious loss. The news of the victories at Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Port Hudson, caused great rejoicings among the loyal people of the country. VHI. Almost simultaneously with Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, a bold raid Avas made into Indiana and Ohio by the partisan ranger, General Morgan. At first he met with considerable success, plunder- ing and destroying as he moved eastward ; but after having been pursued day and night for a dis- tance of nearly seven hundred miles, and baffled by the gunboats in an attempt to recross the Ohio, I West Virginia WAS admitted into the Union in 1S63. It includes most of that portion of the old State ring west of the Alleghany Mountains— hence its name. The motto of the State, Montani Semper signilies, Mountaineers are always free. VII. Questions. — 35. What success did General Banks have ? 30. What was the consequence? 37. What is said of the conduct of the colored troops ? 38. Give an account of Grierson's raid. 39. Whiit effect did the news of victory have f VIII. 40. Into what States did Morgan make a raid ? 41. What success did he have ? 42. What pursuit was made ? 43. Where was he overtaken ? Ans. Near Kyger's Creek, Ohio. 44. What was the result? 45. What afterwiird took place? Lincoln's administration. 323 lie was overtaken by General Hobson, July 21st, and a large part of his force captured. He and about five hundred men succeeding in escaping, and were not taken until five days after. IX. During the year, the principal operations in the Caro- linas took place in the vicinity of Charleston. The Confede- rates undertook to recover their lost possessions in North Carolina, but without success, a demonstration which they made on Newbern failing, as did also their designs against Washington, on the Tar River. On the 7th of April, Admiral Dupont, commanding a fleet of iron-clads, made an attack upon the fortifications of Charleston harbor, but his vessels were driven off. A vigorous attempt to capture Charleston was made on the 10th of July, by the Union land and naval forces, under General Gillmore And Admiral Dahlgren {dal'- gre.n). Though this also failed, Morris Island, with the exception of its northern portion, containing Fort Wagner, was gained. Twice afterward, on the 11th and 18th, was the fort unsuccessfully assailed. At last the Confederates were forced to abandon the island altogether. During seven days in August, Fort Sumter was subjected to a bombardment so destructive as to reduce it to a mass of ruins, and shells were thrown into the city of Charleston itself. X. Bragg, who had been compelled by Rosecrans to retreat into Georgia, having been re-enforced by troops from Lee's IX. QtTESTiONB. — i6. What can you state of operations in North Carolina? 47. Give an account of the operations of April Tth. 48. July 10th. 49. Of the assaults. 50. What noted ofBcer was killed ? Ans. Colonel Shaw, " commanding the first regiment of colored soldiers from a free State ever mustered into the United States service." 51. What took place afterw.ird, during a period of seven days ? 52. Where is Charleston? (See maps, pp. 79 and 129.) 53. Morris Iskand ? (See map, p. 129.) 54. Where was Fort Wagner ? 55. What position on the island, beside Fort Wagner, did the Confederates hold? Ans. Battery Gregg, situated on the north point of the island. 56. Describe the Tar Eiver. (See map, p. 164.) X. 57. Give an account of the battle of Chickamauga Creek. 58. How was Eose- crans's army saved from defeat ? 59. What losses were sustained in the battle ? 60. What movement did Eosecrans make ? 61. Where is Chickamauga Creek ? (See map, p. 320.) 62. Chattanooga ? (Same map.) 324 Lincoln's administration. army under General Longstreet, turned upon bis pur- suers near Chickamauga Creek. The battle that fol- lowed, September 19th and 20th, was furious; and at the close of the second day General Thomas held a position from which the Confederates vainly by the most desperate efforts endeav- ored to force him ; this alone saved the Union army from utter defeat. On the following day, the entire array of Rosecrans fell back to Chattanooga. In this conflict the loss to the national army exceeded sixteen thousand men : the enemy's was certainly as large. XI. The army of Rosecrans at Chattanooga was for a time in danger of starvation. Its lines of communication had been cut by the enemy, who also occupied a threatening position on Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. At this time Thomas superseded Rosecrans, and General Hooker oppor- tunely arrived with re-enforcements. Generals Sherman and Grant also arrived, the latter holding the supreme command. Hooker stormed and carried Lookout Mountain, November 24th, and on the following day, Bragg was routed and driven back into Georgia. The losses on both sides were very severe XII. In the mean time Burnside had been sent from Ken- tucky to drive the enemy from East Tennessee. Bragg, on being informed of this, detached Longstreet against him ; consequently Burnside was besieged in Knoxville for a period of fifteen days. During the siege the enemy made a fierce assault upon Burnside's defenses, November 29th, but were repulsed. The victory at Chattanooga having enabled Grant to send Sherman to the relief of Burnside, Longstreet was compelled to flee. He made good his retreat, succeeding at last in rejoining Lee's army in Virginia. SI. Questions.— 63. What can you state of tlic condition of the army at Chatta- nooga ? 64. What relief came ? 65. What operations toolc place in November ? 66. Where are the two mountains spoken of? Ans. Northern part of Georgia. XII. 67. On what expedition was Burnside sent? 68. What can you state of the siege and assault ? 69. What compelled Longstreet to retreat ? 70. Where did he go ? 71. Where is Knoxville ? (See map, p. 192.) Lincoln's administration. 325 XIII. A great deal of activity was kept up for months by Generals Price, Marniacluke, and others, commanding portions of the Confederate army west of the Mississippi. They, how- ever, met with but little success. Marmaduke was repulsed at Springfield, January 8th, also at Cape Girardeau [jir'-ar-do), April 26th, and Price and he at Helena, Arkansas, July 4th, General Steele was afterward sent into Arkansas. lie pushed the Confederates with vigor, and by the close of October re- stored most of the State to the national authority. Bands of guerrillas, however, continued to plunder and destroy ; the sacking of Lawrence in Kansas being one of the many out- rages thus committed. XIV. The navy of the United States during the year was very active. It was divided into six squadrons, and employed along the Atlantic seaboard and in the western rivers in blockading duties, and in movements co-operating with the armies of Banks, Grant, and others. A number of vessels were also employed from time to time in cruising after Con- federate privateers. The blockade became so effective as to be fully respected by the nations of Europe, Wilmington alone, of all the Confederate ports, on account of its wide and numerous inlets, being at all successful in maintaining an in- tercourse with Nassau (yias-saw'), and other British ports. XV. Congress, by its several enactments, fully empowered SIII. Questions.— 72. What can yoii state of the activity of the Confederates west of the Mississippi ? 73. What took place at Springfield ? 74. At Cape Girar- deau? 75. At Helena? 76. At Lawrence ? 77. Where is Springfield ? (See map, p. 300.) 78. Cape Girardeau? (Same map.) 79. Helena? (Same.) 80. Lawrence? (Same.) XIV. 81. Into how many squadrons was the United States Navy divided ? 82. How was the navy employed? 83. How were other vessels employed? S4. What is said of the effectiveness of the blockade ? 85. Where is Wilmington ? (See map, p. 320.) 86. What is Nassau ? Ans. Nassau is the capital of the Bahama Islands. 87. Where are the Bahama Islands? (See map, p. 10.) XV. 88. What power did Congress confer upon the President ? 89. How large was the navy at the close of the year ? 90. How many men were in the army ? 91. What power did the conscription act confer? 92. How was the gre.at riot in New York brought about ? 93. Give an account of the riot. 94 When was West Virginia admitted into the Union? (See note, p. 322.) 326 Lincoln's administration the President to carry on the war, placing at his disposal all the money and men needed. The navy numbered at the close of the year nearly six hundred vessels, carrying twenty- five thousand seamen, and the arnij^ consisted of not less than half a million of effective men, of whom above sixty thousand were colored troops. Among the congressional enactments was a conscription act, empowering the President to recruit the army by drafting. By virtue of this authority, he ordered a draft of three hundred thousand men. An opposition to this measure was at once excited, which culminated in a riot in the city of New York, commencing July 13th, while the draft was in progress, and continuing four days. Buildings were sacked and burned, the Colored Orphan Asylum among the number, and the most fiendish acts were committed, particu- larly against the colored people. At length the police, aided by a military force, quelled the riot, but not before at least a hundred of those engaged in it had been killed. EVENTS OP 1864. I. In February, 1804, Sherman,* at the head of twenty-five thousand men, marched eastward from Vicksburg, nearly across the State of Mississippi. An expedition from Mem- phis, designed to co-operate with him, met with so much op- position from, the enemy as to be compelled to put back. Sherman effected the destruction of many miles of railroad, and on his march back to Vicksburg was accompanied by ibout six thousand of the slaves whom he had liberated. In the same month an expedition from Port Royal, under Gen- eral Seymour, was made into Florida, which resulted in severe disaster, the Union force being defeated at Olustee, on the 20tli inst, with terrible slaughter. Events op 1S64. — I. Questions. — 1. What march did Sherman make early in 1864? 2. What destruction did he effect? 3. What is stated of the slaves ? 4. Give an account of the battle of Olustee. 5. Where is Vicksbursr? (See map, ji. 300.) 6. Memphis? (Same map.) 7. To what place did Sherman's expedition extend? Ans. Meridian. (See map, p. 300.) 8. Where is Olustee ? (See map, p. 320.) * Wm. T. Lincoln's administration. 327 II. A concentration of forces took place at New Orleans early in 18G4 : tlicse, according to the plan of General Banks, were to co-operate with Porter's fleet in an expedition up the Red River as far as Shreveport. General Smith, commanding about ten thousand troops from Vicksburg, preceded Banks, took Fort De Russy, March 14th, and, two days after, entered Alexandria. A column from the main army here joined the expedition. At Cane River the enemy undertook to check the further advance of the Unionists, but they were repulsed. Near Mansfield, on the 8th of Api'il, they were entirely suc- cessful, and the Union army during the night retreated to Pleasant Hill : the enemy, following, renewed the attack on the following day, not, however, with a like result. Though the Unionists were successful in this last battle, their losses during the campaign were severe, and Banks ordered the army to fall back to the river. III. Meanwhile the fleet liad made progress up the river, but the retrograde movement of the army decided Porter to return. On his way back he was almost constantly annoyed by the enemy's batteries and sharpshooters on the banks of the stream. The water too had fallen so much that, when his vessels approached the rapids near Alexandria, they could not pass. In this emergency, a plan proposed by Lieutenant-Col- onel Bailey was adopted, and under his direction a dam was constructed across the river, by which the boats were enabled to go over the falls. The army returned to New Orleans and the fleet to the Mississippi. General Banks during this expe- II. Questions. — 9. Of what forces was the Red Eiver expedition composed? 10. How far up the river did General Banks design to go? 11. What did General Smith accomplish alone? 12. What took place at Cane Eiver? 13. At Mansfield? 14. At Pleasant llill ? 15. Describe the Eed Eiver. (See map, p. 300.) 16. Where is Shreve- port? (Same map.) IT. Fort De Eussy ? (Same.) IS. Alexandria ? (Same.) 19. Mansfield? (Same.) 20. Pleasant Hill? (Same.) 21. Camden? (Same.) 22. Little Eock? (Same.) III. 23. What eifect did Banks's retreat have npon Commodore Porter? 24. What annoyance did Porter experience ? 23. What difBculty did he meet near Alexandria ? 26. How was the difficulty overcome ? 27. What movements did the army and fleet then make ? 28. What account can you give of General Steele's movements ? 328 Lincoln's administration. dition had expected the co-operation of General Steele, from Arkansas. That officer made a successful advance as far as Camden, but the failure experienced by Banks left him no alternative other than a return to Little Rock. On his way he was harassed by the Confederates, and though he defeated them in a battle fought on the 30th of Apr, his losses were severe. IV. The withdrawal of forces from Vicksburg to engage in the Red River expedition emboldened the Confederates under General Forrest to make a raid into the western part of Ten- nessee and Kentucky. The garrison at Union City surren- dered after a slight resistance. On the following day, March 25th, two unsuccessful attacks were made upon -Fort Ander- son, near Paducah. Early on the morning of the 12th of April an attack was made on Fort Pillow. The garrison, con- sisting of between five and six hundred men, more than half of whom were colored troops, made a brave resistance, but the place at last was carried by assault, and three hundred of its defenders massacred. In North Carolina the Confederate soldiers were also successful, capturing Plymouth with the aid of the iron-clad ram Albemarle. In October, a little more than six months afterward, the Albemarle was sunk by Lieu- tenant Cushing, by means of a torpedo. The main defense of Plymouth being thus removed, the town was retaken on the 31st of the same month. V. The services which General Grant had rendered the country, added to his peculiar fitness as a commander of large armies, induced Congress to revive the grade of Lieutenant- General, with special reference to him. This grade had been IV. Questions. — 29. Why did Forrest decide upon making a raid? 30. What took place at Union City? 31. At Fort Anderson? 32. At Fort Pillow? 33. Give an account of the loss and recapture of Plymouth. 34. Where is Union City? (See map, p. 300.) 35. Paducah? (Same map.) 3C. Fort Pillow ? (Same.) 37. Plymouth ? (See map, p. 320.) V. 38. Why did Congress revive the grade of Lieutenant-Geueral ? 39. Give the previous history of the grade. 40. What was done in reference to General Grant ? 41. What preparations were begun ? Lincoln's administration. 329 proviously conferred on only two persons, Washington and Scott, and on the retirement of the latter, became extinct. Accord- ingly the President nominated Gen- eral Grant for this position, the highest in the military service of the country, and the nomination was confirmed by the Senate on the 3d of March. Vast prepara- tions were at once commenced for two campaigns, one against Rich- mond by the Army of the Potomac; and the other against Atlanta by an "e^t.-gen. grant. army of a hundred thousand men under Gen. W, T.Sherman. Early in May both armies began to move forward. VI. To oppose Sherman was an army sixty thousand strong, commanded by Gen. J. E. Johnston. The Union troops advanced from Chattanooga, and, by a flank movement, com- pelled Johnston to fall back to Resaca. From this position, after a severe contest of two days, May 14th and 15th, he was also obliged to retreat. Other battles were fought, the Union troops carrying line after line of rifle-pits, iutrenchments, and fortifications — most of the time through a mountain region — outflanking the enemy and pursuing him to the strong fortifi- cations of Atlanta. Johnston's " retreating policy " was loudly condemned by the Confederates, and he was conse- quently superseded in the command by General Hood. VII. From the 20tli to the 28th of July, Hood made three VI. Questions. — i2. What army did Sherman have against him? 43. From what place did Sherman commence his movement? 44. W'hat took place at Eesaca? 45. What account can you give of the operations before the fortifications of Atlanta were reached ? 46. Who succeeded Johnston in the command of the Confederate army ? 47. Why was Johnston removed ? 48. Where is Chattanooga? (See map, p. 320.) 49. Resaca? (Same map.) 50. Atlanta? (Same.) YII. 51. What can you state of the assaults made by Hood ? 52. Of Stoneman's expedition? 53. How did Sherman manage to divide the Confederate army ? 54. What took place at Jonesboro' ? 55. Why was Hood compelled to evacuate Atlanta? ft6. What were the losses of both sides ? 57. Where is Jonesboro' ? 380 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 1864. furious assaults upon the Union troops before Atlanta, but each time he was defeated with heavy loss. While besieging Atlanta, Sherman sent out cavalry expeditions to de- stroy the railroads by which it received re-enforcements of troops and supplies. General Stoneman, commanding one of these, not only failed to perform the task assigned him, but was de- feated, and thus the most important road remained in possession of the Confederates. This road Sherman, however, determined to cut. Moving with nearly the whole of his army for the purpose, he succeeded in getting between Atlanta and a large portion of Hood's army at Jonesboro, which force he defeat- ed ; and Hood, his army being severed, was compelled, Sep- tember 2d, to evacuate Atlanta. Sherman thus gained the object of his campaign, but at a loss in killed, wounded, and missing, of thirty thousand men : the enemy's loss during the &ame period exceeded forty thousand. VHI. As has been previously stated, the Army of the Potomac began to move toward Richmond early in May, crossing the Rapidan on the 4th of that month. Though General Meade commanded the army. General Grant was in the field and 2:)lanned its movements, as well as the movements of the other armies. Lee, who held a position south of the Rapidan, rather than retreat, pre- pared to resist the progress of the advancing army. The conse- quence was a fierce contest, known as the battle of the Wilder- ness, which, commencing on the morning of the 5th of May, ACDUIA Cl^ rALMOUTH ^^APPA °rR£D£RJCI announcement that slavery was constitutionally abolished was made on the 18th of December. III. Upon the assembling of Congress, in December, 1865, it appeared that the entire debt of the Government amounted to about two billions seven hundred millions of dollars, the great bulk of which had been contracted in the prosecution of the war. To raise the enormous sums required during the contest, loans were offered, and were freely taken by the II. Questions. — 5. As soon as hostilities were ended, what began ? 6. What proclamation was issued April 29th? 7. May 29th? 8. What can you state in rela- tion to the abolition of slavery? III. 9. The debt of the Government? 10. Of loans? 11. Duty on importations ? 12. Taxes on incomes? 13. Revenue-stamps? 14. Gold, as au article of merchan- dise? 342 Johnson's administration. loyal people. Still further to increase the ability of the trea- sury to meet the heavy drain upon it, the duty on importa- tions had been increased, taxes had been imposed on incomes and manufactures, and revenue-stamps required to be placed on bonds, mortgages, and other documents. A general sus- pension of specie payments by the banks of the North having taken place at the close of 1861, specie circulation soon gave way to that of paper, and gold became an article of merchan- dise, commanding a high premium. IV. In March, 1865, Congress passed an act known as the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. By the term Freedmen were meant all the colored people of the South, who, at the break- ing out of the late war, were slaves ; but who had afterward been declared free by proclamation of the President. The bill had for its object the supervision and relief of freedmen and loyal refugees. A second bill, amending and continuing in force the first, although vetoed by the President, was passed in July, 1866. V. It soon became evident that Congress and President Johnson were at variance on the subject of "Reconstructing the Union," the former being opposed to the restoration of tho States recently at war with the Union to their former political standing, until certain guarantees of protection should be extended to the colored population, and other conditions complied with by the States. A Reconstruction Act was, however, passed by Congress, notwithstanding the veto of the President, March 2d, 1867, and two supplementary Recon- struction Acts were also passed, in like manner. VI. In March, of the same year, a bill to regulate the tenure of certain civil offices was passed over the President's IV. When was the Freedmen's Bureau Bill passed? Who were meant by the term Freedmen ? What was the object of the Bill? What is said of the second Freedmen's Bureau Bill? V. What simn became evident as between Congress and the President? What position did Congress take? What is said of the Keconstruction Bill? Of the two Supplementary Acts? JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 343 veto. By this bill it is declared that persons holding, or appointed to, any civil office, by and with the advice and con- sent of the Senate shall be entitled to hold such office until a successor shall have been, in like manner appointed and duly qualified. This is known as the Tenureof- Office Bill. VII. During the year 1867, Nebraska was ad- mitted into the Union, and the territorial pos- sessions of the United States were very much enlarged by the addition of Alaska, formerly known as Russian Ame- rica. This vast tract of land was purchased of Russia, the price agreed to be paid being $7,200,- 000 in gold. VIII. In August, 1867, the President suspended Mr. Stanton, the Secreta- ry of War from office, be- cause, " upon important questions, the views of the secretary differed from his own." General Grant was ap- pointed to discharge the duties of the office. In December, the President notified the Senate of the change he had made, and of his reasons for so doing. The Senate having duly considered the reasons, passed a resolution of non-concurrence VI. state what you can in relation to the Tenure-of-office Bill. VII. What is said of the admission of Nebraska? What is said of Alaska? VIII. From what office was Mr. Stanton suspended? By whom was the suspen- sion made ? Why was it made ? What course in relation to the matter did the President afterward take? What course and action did the Senate take? What course did Mr. Stanton take ? 344 Johnson's administration. in the suspension ; and, thereupon, January 13th, 1868, 1868. Mr. Stanton resumed the exercise of the duties of Secretary of War. IX. On the 21st of February, the President sent a message to the Senate, declaring that he had removed Mr. Stanton from oflSce, and had placed General Lorenzo Thomas in his stead until a successor should be appointed. This produced great excitement in both houses of Congress. The Senate passed a resolution notifying the President " that under the Constitu- tion and laws of the United States, he had no power to re- move the Secretary of War and designate any other officer to perform the duties of that office." X. On the 24th, a resolution, impeaching President John- son of high crimes and misdemeanors, was adopted by the House of Representatives. In accordance therewith, nine articles of impeachment, prepared by a committee of the House, were, on the 2d of March, adopted ; and seven mana- gers were thereupon selected from among the members of the House, to conduct the impeachment before the Senate. XL Two more articles of impeachment having been added, in which the President was charged with declaring that Con- gress, as then constituted, was an illegal body, the trial was begun on the 30th of March, On the 16th of May a verdict of acquittal was declared on the eleventh article ; and, ten days after, a like verdict was rendei-ed on two other articles, when the Senate, as a court, adjourned and the trial ended. On the same day, May 26th, Mr. Stanton resigned his position as Secretary of W^ar. In the fall of the same year (1868), Gen- eral Grant was elected President to succeed Johnson. IX. What course did the President take in the following February? What was the effect in Congress? What resolution did the Senate pass? X. What resolution was afterward adopted by the House of Eepresentatives? What subsequent action was taken by the House? XI. How many articles of impeachment, in all, were brought against the Presi. flent? What charge was made in the last two? What is said of the tria! a id the result? What course did Mr. Stanton then take? Who was elected President of the United States to succeed Johnson ? CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 345 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS RELATING TO THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1492. America discovered by Christopher Columbus, Oct. 12 1497. Labrador discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot, . . . July 3. 1498. Coast of North America explored by Sebastian Cabot. Continent of South America discovered by Columbus, Aug. 10. 1499. South America visited by Amerigo Yespucci. 1512. Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon, April 6. 1513. The Pacific Ocean discovered by VascoNuiiezde Balboa, Sept. 29. 1520. Carolina visited by Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon. 1521. Mexico conquered by Fernando Cortez. 1524. Coast of North America explored by John Verrazani. 1528. The conquest of Florida undertaken by Pamphilo de Narvaez. 1534. The St. Lawrence River discovered by James Cartier,. June. 1539. Ferdinand de Soto undertook to conquer Florida. 1541. The Mississippi River discovered by De Soto. 1562. Colony of Huguenots settled at Port Royal entrance. 1564. Colony of Huguenots settled in Florida. 1565. St. Augustine, Florida, founded by the Spaniards, Sept. 18. Huguenot colony in Florida destroyed by the Spaniards, Oct. 1. 1583. Newfoundland taken possession of by Sir H. Gilbert.. 1584. Amidas and Barlow explored the coast of North Caro- lina. 1585. First attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 1587. Second attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 1602. Cape Cod discovered by Bartholomew Gosnold, May 24. 1605. Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, settled by the French. 1606. London and Plymouth Companies received charters, . . April 20. 1607. Jamestown settled by the London Company, May 23. The Plj-mouth Company began a settlement on the Kennebec River, Aug. 21. 1608. Quebec settled by the French, under Champlain, July 3. 1609. Virginia received its second charter, June 2. The Hudson River discovered by Henry Hudson, . . . Sept. 21. 1610. "The Starving Time" in Virginia. 1612. Virginia received its third charter, March 22. 1613. Pocahontas married to Rolfe, April. 346 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1613. French settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia destroyed by Samuel Argall. 1614. The coast of New England explored by John Smith. New York settled by the Dutch. 1616. The culture of tobacco commenced in Virginia. 1620. Commencement of Negro slavery in the English colonies, Aug. Charter granted to "The Council of Plymouth," Nov. 3. Massachusetts settled at Plymouth, Dec. 21. 1621. Treaty with Massasoit made, April 1. 1622. First Indian massacre in Virginia, April 1. 1623. New Hampshire settled at Little Harbor and Dover. .. 1633. Connecticut settled at "Windsor, Oct. 1634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's, April 6. 1636. Rhode Island settled at Providence. Harvard College founded. 1637. The Pequod War. 1638. Delaware settled near "Wilmington, April 1641. New Hampshire settlements united to Massachusetts. 1643. Union of New England colonies formed, May 29. 1644. Second Indian massacre in Virginia, AprQ. 1645. Clayborne's Rebellion in Maryland. 1650. North Carolina settled on the Chowan River. 1651. The " Navigation Act" passed by Parliament. 1652. The Maine settlements united to Massachusetts. 1655. Civil "War in Maryland. New Sweden conquered by the Dutch, Oct. 1663. Carohna granted to Clarendon and others. 1664. New York became an English Province, Sept. 8. New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. 1610. South Carolina settled on the Ashley River. 1673. Virginia granted to Culpepper and Arlington. 1675. King Philip's war commenced, by an attack upon Swan- zey, July 4. 1676. Bacon's Rebellion. 1680. Charleston founded. New Hampshire made a Royal Province, Sept. 28. 1682. Pennsylvania settled. Delaware granted by the Duke of York to "WiUiam Penn, Aug. 31. 1686. Andros arrived at Boston as governor of New England, Dec. 30. 1689. King Wilham's "War commenced. Attack upon Dover, July 7. 1690. Schenectady, burned by the French and Indians, Feb. 8. Port Royal taken by the English under Phipps, May. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 347 1692. " Salem "Witchcraft" delusion prevailed. 1697. King 'William's W'ar terminated by the "Treaty of Ryswiek," Sept. 20. 1702. Queen Anne's "War commenced. 1710. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, captured by the EngUsh, . . . Oct. 13. 1713. Queen Anne's "War terminated by the "Treaty of Utrecht," April 11. 1729. North and South Carolina became separate provinces, July. 1732. "Washington born in "Westmoreland county, Virgina, . Feb. 22. 1733. Georgia settled at Savannah, Peb. 12. 1741. "The Negro Plot" in New York. 1744. King George's "WaF commenced in America. 1745. Louisburg captured by the English, June 28. 1748. King George's "War terminated by the "Treaty of Aix la Chapelle," Oct. 18. 1753. "Washington sent with a letter from Dinwiddle, Oct. 31. 1754. "Washington delivered St. Pierre's reply to Dinwiddle,. Dec. 11. The battle of the Great Meadows, May 28. Congress of Commissioners met at Albany June. The battle of Fort Necessity, July 4. 1755. French expelled from Nova Scotia by Monckton, .... June. Braddock's defeat at the battle of Monongahela, July 9. The British defeat by Dieskau near Lake George, Sept. 8. Dieskau defeated by the British at Lake George, Sept. 8. 1756. Great Britain declared war against France,. ... May 17. France declared war against Great Britain, June 9. The French, imder Montcalm, captured Oswego, Aug. 14. Indians defeated at Kittaning, Sept. 8. 1757. Fort AVilliam Henry surrendered to Montcalm, Aug. 9. The massacre at Fort "William Henry, Aug. 10, 1758. Lord Howe killed in a skirmish near Ticonderoga, . ... July 6. Abercrombie repulsed by Montcalm at Ticonderoga, . , . July 8. Louisburg taken by Amherst and "\r\^olfe, July 26. Fort Frontenac surrendered to the English, Aug. 27. Grant defeated by Aubury near FortDuquesne Sept. 21. 1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the French. Niagara surrendered to the English, under Johnson,... July 25. Battle of Montmorenci, July 31. Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Sept. 13. Quebec surrendered to the English, Sept. 18. 1760. The French, under De Levi, attempted the recovery of Quebec (battle three miles above the city), April 28. 348 CHEONOT.OGICAI, TABLE. 1760. Montreal and the rest of Canada surrendered to the English, .-,...„,.. Sept. 8. 1763. The peace of Pai'is between Great Britain and France, Feb. 10. Florida ceded to Great Britain by Spain, , Feb 10. 1765. The Stamp Act passed by Parliament, c ....... March 8. A colonial Congress met at New York, .,...,..^..,.. Oct. 7. 1766. The Stamp Act repealed by Parliament, March 18. 1767. A bill imposing duties on glass, paper, etc., passed,.. .. June 29. 1768. A body of British troops arrived at Boston,. ......... Sept. 27. 1770. "The Boston Massacre,".., ...................... . March5. AU duties, except on tea, repealed by Parliament,... . . April 12. 1773. The cargoes of tea at Boston thrown overboard, Dec. 16. 1774. "Boston Port BiU" passed by Parliament, March. " The First Continental Congress" met at Pliiladelphia,. Sept. 5. 1775. The battle of Lexington, , April 19. Ticonderoga, New York, captured by AUen and Arnold, May 10. Crown Point, New York, captured by the Americans,.. May 12. Washington elected commander-in-chief, June 15. The battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. Washington took command of the army, July 12. Montreal surrendered to Montgomery, Nov. 13. Battle of Quebec, Dec. 31. 1776. Norfolk, Virginia, destroyed by Lord Dunmore, Jan. 1. Boston evacuated by the British troops, March 17. The battle of Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, June 28. The Declaration of Independence, July 4. The battle of Long Island, New York, Aug. 27. The city of New York abandoned by the Americans,... Sept. 15." The battle of White Plains, New York, Oct. 28. The battle of Fort Washington, New York, Nov. 16. Fort Lee, New Jersey, taken by the British, Nov. 18. Gen. Lee surprised and taken prisoner, Dec. 13. The battle of Trenton, New Jersey, Dec. 26. 1777. The battle of Princeton, New Jersey, Jan. 3. Tryon's first expedition against Connecticut, April. Meigs's expedition against the British at Sagg Harbor,. May 23. Invasion of New York by Burgoyne, June. Ticonderoga abandoned by the Americans, July 5. The battle of Hubbardton, Vermont, July 7. Gen. Prescott captured by Colonel Barton, July 10. Murder of Miss Jane McCrea, near Fort Edward, July 27. Fort Schuyler, New York, besieged by St. Leger, Aug. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 349 1777. The battle of Oriskany, near Fort Schuyler, Aug 6. The battle of Fort Schuyler, Aug. 6. The battle of Bennington, Vermont, Aug. 16. The battle of Brandywiue, Pennsylvania, Sept. 11. The battle of Bemis Heights, or first of Stillwater, .. . Sept. 19. The battle of Paoli, Pennsylvania, Sept. 20. Philadelphia entered by the British, Sept. 26. The battle of Gerraantown, Pennsylvania, Oct. 4. Forts Clinton and Montgomery taken by the British,. . Oct. 6. The battle of Saratoga, second of Stillwater, Oct. 7. The surrender of Burgoyne, Oct. 17. The British repulsed at Fort Mercer, New Jersey, Oct. 22. The British repulsed at Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania,... . Oct. 22. Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress, Nov. 15. Fort Mifflin abandoned by the Americans, Nov. 16. "Washington encamped at VaUey Forge, Pennsylvania, Dec. 11. 1778. American Independence acknowledged by France,. . .. Feb. 6. Treaty of Alliance with France, Feb. 6. British commissioners sent to America. Philadelphia evacuated by the British, June 18. The battle of Monmouth, New Jersey, June 28. The battle of Wyoming, Pennsylvania, and massacre, July 3. The French fleet under D'Estaing arrived, July 11. The battle of Rhode Island, Aug. 29. Grey's ravaging expedition to the eastward, Sept. Ferguson's expedition against Egg Harbor, Oct. The massacre at Cherry YaUey, New York, Nov. 11, 12 The battle of Savannah, Georgia, Dec. 29. 1779. Snnbury, Georgia, captured by the British, Jan. 9. The battle of Kettle Creek, Georgia, Feb. 14. The battle of Brier Creek, Georgia, March 3. Tyron's second expedition against Connecticut, March. Stony Point, New York, captured by the British, May 31. Verplanck's Point, New York, captured by the British, June 1. War declared against Great Britain by Spain, June 26. The battle of Stono Ferry, South Carolina June 20. Tryon's third expedition against Connecticut July. The battle of Stony Point, New York, July 15. British garrison at Paulus Hook surprised by Lee,. . July 19. The battle of the Penobscot, Maine, Aug. 13. Sullivan's expedition against the Indians. " The battle of the Chemung," New York, Aug. 29. .550 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1779. Savannah besieged by the French and Americans, .... Sept. Oct. Jones's naval battle ofi' the coast of England, Sept. 23. D'Estaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah, Oct. 9. 1780. Charleston besieged by the British, Ap. May. The battle of Monk's Corner, South Carolina, April 14. Cliarleston surrendered to the British, May 12. The battle of Waxhaw, South Carohna, May 29. The battle of Springfield, New Jersey, June 23. French fleet arrived at Newport, Rhode Island, July 10. The battle of Rocky Mount, South Carolina, July 30. The battle of Hanging Rock, South Carolina, Aug. 6. The battle of Sanders Creek, South Carolina, Aug. 16. The battle of Fisliiug Creek, South Carolina, Aug. 18. Arnold's treason. Andre executed as a spy at Tappan, New York, Oct. 2. The battle of King's Mountain, South Carolina, Oct. 7. The battle of Fishdam Ford, South CaroUna, Nov. 12. The battle of Blackstocks, South CaroUna, Nov. 20. 1781. Revolt of the Pennsylvania troops, Jan. 1. The battle of the Cowpens, South Carolina, Jan. 17. The revolt of New Jersey troops, Jan. 18. Arnold's depredation in Virginia, Jan. CornwaUis's pursuit of Morgan and Greene, Jan. Feb. Articles of Confederation ratified by the States. The battle of Guilford Court-House, North Carolina, . . March 15. The battle of Hobkirk's Hill, South Carolma, April 25. Siege of Ninety-Six by General Greene May, Jun. The battle of Ninety-Six, South CaroUna, June 18. Colonel Hayne executed by the British at Charleston, July 31. Arnold's expedition against Connecticut, Sept. The battle of Fort Griswold, Connecticut, Sept. 6. The battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina, Sept. 8. The siege of Yorktown, Virginia, Oct. The surrender of CornwaUis at Yorktown, Oct. 19. 1782. Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris, Nov. 30. 1783. Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in the American army, April 19. Savannah, Georgia, evacuated by the British, July 11. Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris, Sept. 3. American army disbanded by orders of Congress,. . . . Nov. 3. New York evacuated by the British, Nov. 25. Charleston, South Carolina, evacuated by the British, Dec. 14. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 35J 1783. Washington resigns his commission, Dec. 23. 1787. Shays's Rebellion in Massachusetts. Constitution of the United States agreed on by the convention of delegates at Philadelphia, Sept. 17. 1789. The first Congress under the Constitution met at New Yorl^, March 4. Washington inaugurated President of the United States, April 30. 1790. Harmar defeated by the Indians in Indiana, Oct. 17,22 1791. United States Bank established at Philadelphia. Vermont admitted into the Union, Mar. 4. St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Ohio, Nov. 4. 1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union June 1. 1793. The difficulties v^ith France. 1794. Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee, Aug. 20. "Whisky Insurrection" in Pennsylvania. 1795. "Jay's Treaty" with Great Britain ratified, June 24. Treaties with the Western Indians, Spain, and Algiers, 1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union, June. 1. 1797. John Adams inaugurated President of the United States, March 4 1799. The death of Washington, Dec. 14. 1800. The seat of government removed to Washington. Treaty of peace conducted with France, Sept. 30. 1801. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President, March 4. War declared against the United States by Tripoli June 10. 1802. Ohio admitted into the Union Nov. 29. 1803. Louisiana purchased of France, April 30. Commodore Preble sent against Tripoli. 1804. The frigate Philadelphia destroyed by Decatur, Feb. 15. The duel between Hamilton and Burr, July 11. 1805. Derne, a Tripolitan city, captured by Eaton, AprU 27. Treaty of peace concluded with Tripoli, June 3. 1806. British blockade from the Elbe to Brest declared, May 16. Bonaparte issued his " Berlin Decree," Nov. 21. 1807. British "Orders in Council" prohibited coast trade with France, Jan. 7. American frigate Chesapeake attacked by Ihe Leopard. . June 22. British armed vessels ordered to leave the United States, July. British " Orders in Council" prohibited all trade with France and her allies, Nov. 1 1. Aaron Burr tried for treason, and acquitted, Sept. Bonaparte issued his "Milan Decree," Dec. 17. 352 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1807. Embargo on American ships laid by Congress, Dec. 22. 1809. Commerce with Great Britain and France interdicted by Congress, March 1. James Madison inaugurated President, March 4. 1811. Action between the President and Little Belt, May 16. Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana, Nov. 1. 1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union April 8. War against Great Britain proclaimed by the United States, June 19. Invasion of Canada by Gren. Hull, July 12. Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, Michigan, July 17. The first battle of Brownstown, Michigan, Aug. 5. The second battle of Brownstown, Aug. 9. Surrender of Detroit, Michigan, by Gen. Hull, Aug. 16. British sloop Alert taken by the Essex, Aug. 1 3. British frigate Guerriere taken by the Constitution, . . Aug. 19. The battle of Queenstown, Canada, Oct. 13. British brig Frohc taken by the Wasp, Oct. 18. British frigate Macedonian taken by the United States, Oct. 25. British frigate Java taken by the Constitution, Dec. 29. 1813. The battle of Frenchtown, Michigan, Jan. 22. British brig Peacock taken by the Hornet, Feb. 24. Madison commenced a second presidential term, March 4. The battle of York, Canada, April 27. Fort Meigs, on the Maumee, besieged by Proctor, . . . May 1. The battle of Fort Meigs, Ohio, May 5. Fort George, Canada, taken by the Americans, May 27. The battle of Sackett's Harbor, New York, May 29. American frigate Chesapeake taken by the Shannon, . . June 1 . The battle of Fort Stephenson, Ohio, Aug. 2. American brig Argus taken by the Pelican, Aug. 14. Creek War commenced by the massacre at Fort Mims, Aug. 30. British brig Boxer taken by the Enterprise, Sept. 5. Perry's victory on Lake Erie, Sept. 10. The battle of the Thames, Canada, Oct. 5. The battle of Chrysler's Field, Canada, Nov. 11. 1814. The battle of Tohopeka, the last of the Creek War,.. . March 27. American frigate Essex taken by the British war ves- sels Phoebe and Cherub, March 28. The battle of La Colle Mill, Canada, March 30. British brig Epervier taken by the Peacock, April 29. British sloop Reindeer taken loy the Am. sloop Wasp . June 28. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 353 1814. Fort Brie captured by the Americans, July 3. The battle of Chippewa, Canada, July 5. The battle of Lundy's Lane, or Bridge water, Canada, July 25. The first battle of Fort Erie, Canada, Aug. 15. The battle of Bladensburg, Maryland, Aug. 24. The city of Washington taken by the British, Aug. 24. British sloop Avon taken by the Am. sloop Wasp,. . . Sept. 1. McDonough's victory on Lake Chaiuplain, Sept. 11. The battle of Plattsburg, New York, Sept. 11. The battle of North Point, Maryland, Sept. 12. The battle of Fort McHenry, Maryland, Sept. 13. The battle of Fort Bowyer, Alabama, Sept. 15. The second battle of Fort Erie, Canada, Sept. ] 7. The British driven from Pensacola by Gen. Jackson, . Nov. 7. The battle on Lake Borgne, Louisiana, Dec. 14. Hartford Convention, Dec. The battle nine miles from New Orleans, Dec. 23. Treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain, Dec. 24. 1815. The battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8. The U. S. frigate President captured by a British squadron, Jan. 15. The Cyane and Levant taken by the Constitution,.. . . Feb. 20. The British brig Penguin taken by the Hornet, March 23. War with Algiers declared by Congress, March. Commodore Decatur sent against Algiers, May. 1816. Bank of United States rechartered for twenty years, . . . April 10. Indiana admitted into the Union, Dec. 11. 1817. James Monroe inaugurated President, March 4. Mississippi admitted into the Union, Dec. 10. The Seminoles and Creeks commenced depredations. 1818. General Jackson went against the hostile Indians, . March. Arbuthnot and Ambrister executed, April 30. Pensacola seized by General Jackson, May 24. Illinois admitted into the Union, Dec. 3. 1819. Alabama admitted into the Union Dec. 14. 1 820. Maine admitted into the Union, March. 15, Florida ceded to the United States by Spain, Oct. 1821. Missouri admitted into the Union, Aug. 10.. 1824. Lafayette visited the United States, , Aug. 1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated President, , . March 4 1826. Death of the two ex-presidents, Adams and Jefferson, July 4. 354 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated President, March 4. 1831. Death of Ex-president Monroe, , July 4. 1832. " The Black Hawk War." "Nullification" in South Carolina. 1833. Bemoval of the Government funds from the U. S. Bank, Oct. 1835. "War with the Seminoles commenced. Gen. Thompson and friends massacred by the Seminoles, Dec. 28. Major Dade and party massacred by the Seminoles, . . . Dec. 28. 1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union, June 15. 1837. Michigan admitted into the Union, Jan. 26. Martin Van Buren inaugurated President, March 4. The battle of Okechobee, Florida, Dec. 25, 1838. "The Canadian Rebellion." 1841. William Henry Harrison inaugurated President, March 4. Death of "William Henry Harrison, AprQ 4. John Tyler inaugurated President, April 6. 1842. The war with the Seminoles terminated. The " Dorr Rebellion" in Rhode Island. 1845. Joint resolutions for the annexation of Texas signed by President Tyler, March 1. James K. Polk inaugurated President, March 4. Florida admitted into the Union, March 3. Texas admitted into the Union, Dec. 29. 1846. Thornton's party captured by the Mexicans, Texas,.. . April 26. Fort Brown bombarded by the Mexicans, May. The battle of Palo Alto, Texas, May 8. The battle of Resaca de la Palma, Texas, May 9. Congress declared " war existed by the act of Mexico," May 11. Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took Matamoras, . . May 18. Monterey, Mexico, surrendered to Gen. Taylor, Sept. 24. The battle of Bracito, Mexico, Dec. 25. Iowa admitted into the Union, Dec. 28. 1847. The battle of Buena Vista, Mexico, Feb 23. The battle of Sacramento, Mexico, Feb. 28. The surrender of Vera Cruz to General Scott, March 27 The battle of Cerro Gordo, Mexico, AprQ 18. The battle of Contreras and Churubusco, Mexico, .... Aug. 20. The battle of Molino del Rey, Mexico, Sept. 8. The battle of Chapultepec, Mexico,.. Sept. 13. City of Mexico entered by the Americans under Scott, Sept. 14. The battle of Huamantla, Mexico, Oct. 9. 1848. Treaty of peace signed at Guadalupe:, Hidalgo, Feb. 2. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 355 1848. "Wisconsin admitted into the Union, , May 29. 1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated President, March 5. 1850. The death of President Taylor, July 9. Millard Fillmore inaugurated President, July 10. California admitted into the Union, Sept. 9. 1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated President, March 4. 1854. " Kansas-Nebraska Bill " passed, June. 1857. James Buchanan inaugurated President, March 4. 1858. Minnesota admitted into the Union, May 11. 1859. Oregon admitted into the Union, Feb. 14. John Brown's raid into Virginia, Oct. 16. 1860. Secession Ordinance passed by South Carolina, Dec. 20. 1861. Secession of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, and Xorth Carolina declared. Steamer Star of the "West, off Charleston, fired into,. Jan. 9. Kansas admitted into the Union, Jan. 29. " Southern Confederacy " formed at Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 4. Jeff. Davis inaugurated President of the " Confed- eracy," Feb. 18. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of the United States, March 4. Fort Sumter attacked by the Confederates, Ap. 12, 13. President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops, April 15. Volunteer troops attacked in Baltimore, April 19. The President issues a second call for troops, May 4. Union victory at Philippi, Virginia, June 3. Confederate victory at Big Bethel, Virginia, June 10. Union victory at Romney, Virginia, June 11. Union victory at Booneville, Missouri, June 1 7. Meeting of Congress in Extra Session, July 4. Battle of Carthage, Missouri, July 5. Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia, July 11. Battle near Centreville, Virginia, July 18. Confederate Congress meets at Richmond, July 20. Battle of Bull Run, Virginia, July 21. Battle of Dug Spring, Missouri, Aug. 2. Battle of "Wilson's Creek, Missouri, -A-ug. 10. Forts Hatteras and Clark, N. C-, captured, Aug. 29. Confederates take Lexington, Missouri Sept. 20. 356 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1861. Battle of Edward's Ferry, or Ball's Blufif, Virginia,. . Oct. 21. Capture of Port Royal entrance by Union fleet, Nov. 7. Battle of Belmont, Missouri, . ? Nov. 7. Mason and Slidell taken from English steamer, Nov. 0. 1862. Battle of Mill Spring, Kentucky, Jan. 19. Fort Henry captured by Union fleet, Feb. 6. Roanoke Island captured by Union forces, Feb. 8. Fort Donelson captured by Union forces, Feb. 16. Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., Mar. 6, 8. U. S. ves. Congress and Cumberland sunk by the Merrimac, March 8. Engagement between the Monitor and Merrimac, . . . March 9. Newbern, N. C, captured by Union troops March 14. Battle at Winchester, Virginia, March 23. Battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, Tenn. Ap. 6, 7. Capture of Island No. 10, Mississippi River, April 7. Fort Pulaski, Ga., captured by Union fleet, April 11. New Orleans captured by Union forces, April 25. Battle of Wilhamsburg, Virginia, May 5. Norfolk, Va., surrendered to the Unionists, May 10. Confederates retreat from Corinth, Miss., May 28, 29. Battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, May 31, June 1. Memphis, Tenn., surrendered to the Unionists, June 6. Seven days' contest on the Virginia peninsula, June 25 to July 1. The President calls for 300,000 more troops, July 1. Battle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Aug. 9. Pope's battles between Manassas and "Washington, . .Aug. 23, 30. Battle near Richmond, Kentucky, Aug. 30. Invasion of Maryland by Lee's army, Sept. 5. Battle of South Mountain, Maryland, Sept. 14. Harper's Ferry surrendered to the Confederates,.. . , Sept. 15. Battle of Antietam. Maryland, Sept. 17. Battle of Munfordsville, Kentucky, Sept. 17. Battle of luka, Mississippi, Sept. 19. Battle of Corinth, Mississippi, Oct. 4. Battle of Perry ville, Kentucky, Oct. 8. Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, Dec. 13. Union Repulse at Vicksburg, Mississippi, Dec. 29. Battle of Stone River, or Murfreesboro', Tennessee,. Dec. 31. 1863. The President's Emancipation Proclamation issued,. Jan. 1. Battle of Murfreesboro' /esumed and ended, Jan. 2. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 357 1863. Arkansas Post captured by Union forces, Jan. 11. Bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, April 7. Union cavalry raid, under Grierson, in Mississippi, . . April. Battle at Port Gibson, Mississippi, May 1. Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia, May 2, 3. Battle of Raymond, Mississippi, May 12. Union victory near Jackson, Mississippi, May 14. Battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi, May 16. Battle at Big Black River, Mississippi, May 17. Second invasion of Maryland by Lee's army, June. "West Virginia admitted into the Union, Jime 20. Battle of Gett3'sburg, Pennsylvania, July 1-3. Vicksburg surrendered by the Confederates, July 4. Port Hudson surrendered by the Confederates, July 8. Great riot in New York city, July 13-16. Morgan defeated near Kyger's Creek, Ohio, July 21. Morgan captured near New Lisbon, Ohio, July 26. Fort Wagner, S. C, captured by Union troops, Sept. 6. 5attle of Chickamaiiga, Georgia, Sept. 19, 20. Knoxville, Tenn., invested by the Confederates,. . . . Nov. 18. Union victory at Lookout Mountain, Georgia, Nov. 24. Union victory at Missionary Ridge, Georgia, Nov. 25. Union victory at Knoxville, Kentucky, Nov. 29. 1864. President orders a draft for more men, Feb. 1. Battle of Olustee, Florida, Feb. 20. Grant created Lieutenant-General, March 3. Fort De Russy, La., captured by Union troops, March 14. Battle of Cane River, Louisiana, March 26. Battle of Mansfield, or Sabine Cross Roads, La., .... April 8. Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana, April 9. Fort Pillow, Tenn., captured by the Confederates,. . . April 12. Plymouth, N. C, surrendered to the Confederates,. . April 20. Army of the Potomac commenced a forward move- ment, May 3. Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia, May 5-7. March from Chattanooga against Atlanta commenced, May 7. Battles near Spottsylvania Court House, Virginia, . . May 7, 12. Battle of Resaca, Georgia, May 15. Battle of New Market, Virginia, May 15. Army of the Potomac crossed to south side of the James, June 14. 358 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1864. Battle between the Kearsarge and Alabama, June 19. Invasion of Maryland by Early's army, July 5. Battle of Monocacy, Maryland, July 9. President calls for 500,000 volunteers, July 18. Battles before Atlanta, Georgia, July 20, 22, 28, Chambersburg, Pa., sacked and burned, July 30. Explosion of mine and Union repulse at Petersburg, July 30. Confederates defeated in Mobile Bay, Ala., Aug. 5. "Weldon railroad seized by Union troops, Aug. 18. Atlanta, Ga., captured by Union army, Sept. 2. Battle of Winchester, Virginia, Sept. 19. Battle of Fisher's Hill, Virginia, Sept. 22. Battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia, Oct. 19. Confederate ram Albemarle destroyed by torpedo, . . Oct. 28. Plymouth, N. C, recaptured by Union troops, Oct. 31. Nevada admitted into the Union, Oct. 31. Battle of Franklin, Tennessee, Nov. 30. Battle near Nashville, Tennessee, Dec. 16. Savannah, Ga., captured by Union army, Dec. 21. 1865. Fort Fisher, N. C, captured by Union troops, Jan. 15. Constitutional Amendment aboUshing slavery passed by Congress, Jan. 31. Columbia, S. C, captured by Union troops, Feb. 17. Charleston, S. C, captured by Union troops, Feb. 18. "Wilmington, N. C, captured by Union troops, Feb. 22. Battle of Bentooville, North Carolina, Mar. 19, 20. Battle near Goldsboro', North Carolina, March 21. Battle of Fort Steadman, Virginia, March 25. Petersburg and Richmond captured, April 3. Surrender of Lee's army, April 9. Mobile, Ala., captured by Union forces, April 13. President Lincoln assassinated, April 14. Andrew Johnson inaugurated President, April 15. Surrender of Johnston's army, April 26. Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia, May 10. Slavery declared abolished Dec. 18. 1867. Nebraska was admitted into the Union March 1. Alaska was purchased for $7,200,000 June 20. 1868. The House of Rep. impeached President Johnson . . Feb. 24. The President was declared acquitted April 26. 1869. Ulysses S. Grant inaugurated President March 4. PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. KO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 8. 9 lu. 11. IL'. ]■.;. H. 15. 16. 17. 18. PltKSIDENTS. RESIDENCE. INADGUBATED. VICE-PRESIDENTS. John Adams. Thomas Jefferson. Aaron Burr. George Clinton. George tJlinton. Elbridge Gerry. Daniel D. Tompkins. John C. Calhoun. John C. Calhoun. Martin Van Buren. Richard M. Johnson. John Tyler. George M. Dallas. Millard Fillmore. William R. King. John C. Breckinridge. Hannibal Hamlin. Andrew Johnson. Schuyler Colfax. George Washington. . John Adams. Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren . . . William H. Harrison. John Tvler Virginia Massachusetts . Virginia Virginia Virginia .Massachusetts . April 30, 17S9 March 4, 1797 March 4, 1801 .... j March 4, 1809 .... J March 4, 1817 March 4, 1825 March 4, 1829 . . . . ) New York Ohio Virginia Tennessee . . . . Louisiana New York .... . New Hampshire Pennsylvania . . Illinois Tennessee Illinois March 4, 1837 March 4, 1841 April 6, 1841 March 4, 1845 March 5, 1849 July 10, 1850 March 4, 1853 March 4, 1857 March 4, 1861 . . . . | April 15, 18C5 March 4, 1869 James K. Polk Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce. .. . James Buchanan . . . Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant {Questions to be ansicered from the above Table, and in connection with the preceding one.) 1. When was "Washington inaugurated President of the United States f 2. How- many years did lie serve ? 3. Who, during the same period, was Vice-President ? 4. What States were admitted into the Union while Washington was President? 5. Who succeeded Washington in the presidency? 6. When was John Adams inaugu- rated? 7. How many years did he serve? 8. Who, during the same period, was Vice-President? 9, Were an j' States admitted into the Union while John Adams was President? 10. Who succeeded John Adams in the presidency? 11. When was Jefferson inaugurated? 12. How many years did Jetferson serve? 13. Who was the Vice-President during his first term of office? 14. Who, during the second ? 15. What State was admitted into the Union while he was President? 16. By whom was he succeeded ? 17. When was James Madison inaugurated? IS. For how many years was he President? 19. Who were the Vice-Presidents during that period? 20. Name the two States that were admitted into the Union during his presidency? 21. Who was his successor in office? 22. When was Monroe inaugurated ? 23. Hov,- many years was Monroe President? 24. Who, during the same period, was Vice- President? 25. Name the five States that were admitted into the Union during Monroe's presidency?, 26. Who succeeded Monroe in the presidency ? 27. When was John Quincy Adams inaugurated? 28. Did he serve four or eight years? 29. Who was Vice-President during that time? 30. Were any States admitted into the Union while John Quincy Adams was President? 31. Who succeeded him in the presidency ? 32. When was Jackson inaugurated ? S3. Was he President four or eight years ? 34. What two States were admitted during Jackson's administration ? 35. What two during Tyler's? 36. What two during Polk's? 37. Which one dur- ing Fillmore's? 38. Were any admitted during Pierce's? 39. What three were admitted during Buchanan's ? 40. What was the length of Jackson's administra- tion? 41. Of Van Burens? 42. H.arrison's? 43. Tyler's? -14. Polk's? 45. Tay- lor's? 46. Fillmore's? 47. Pierce's? 48. Buchanan's? 49. Who were Vice-Presi- dents during Jackson's administration? 50. Who w.as during Harrison's? 51. Tyler's? 52. Polk's? 53. Taylor's? 54. Fillmore's? 55. Pierce's? 360 SETTLEMENT OF THE STATES. SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES. SETTLED. When. Where. By Whom. Virginia IGOT Jamestown English . . . * New York 1614 New York Dutch S* Massachusetts . . . 1620 Plymouth English . . . a New Hampshire . 1623 Little Harbor . . . English . . . -^ * Connecticut 1633 Windsor Engbsh . . . S * Maryland 1634 St. Mary's English . . . .SP* Rhode Island .... 1636 Providence English . . . O* Delaware 1638 Wilmington . . . . Swedes . . . pl» North Carolina. . . 16.j0 Chowan River . . English . . . .2* New Jersey 1664 Elizabeth Dutch •S* South Carolina . . . 1670 Asliley River. . . English . . . H* Pennsylvania .... 1682 Philadelphia English . . . s* Georgia 1733 Savannah English . . . 1791 Vermont 1724 Fort Dummer. . . English . . . Kentucky 1775 Boonesboro English . . . 1792 Tennessee 1757 Fort Loudon. . . . English . . . 1796 Ohio 1788 1699 Marietta Iberville English . . . French .... 1802 1812 Louisiana 17.!0 1716 Vincennes Natchez French .... French .... 1816 1817 Mississippi Illinois 1720 1711 1625 1764 Kaskaskia Mobile French .... French .... French .... French.. . . 1818 1819 1820 1821 Alabama Maine Bristol Missouri St. Louis Arkansas 1685 Arkansas Post. . French .... 1836 Micliigan Florida .......... 1670 1565 Detroit French .... Spaniards . Spaniards . English . . . French .... 1837 1845 St. Augustine . . . S. A. De Bexar. . Texas 1692 184§ 1846 1848 Iowa 1833 1669 Burlington Green Bav Wisconsin California 1769 San Diego Spaniards . 1850 Minnesota. ...... 1846 St. Paul Americans . 1858 Oregon 1811 Astoria Americans . 1859 Kansas Americans . 1861 1863 West Virginia. . . Nevada Carson City Americans. 1864 Nebraska 1867 {Questions to he answered from the above Table.) When and where was Virgina settled? New York? Massachusetts? Now Hampshire ? Connecticut ? Maryland ? Rhode Island ? Delaware ? North Caro- lina? New Jersey? South Carolina ? Pennsylvania? Georgia? When was Ver- mont admitted into the Union? Kentucky? Tennessee? Ohio? Louisiana? Indiana? Which Ave States were admitted diiring the five succeeding years? When were Arkansas and Michigan admitted ? Florida and Texas? Iowa? Wis- wnsia? California? Minnesota? Oregon? Kansas? West Virginia? GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 361 GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. (One of these questions, in most cases, is sufficient for a lesson; and then the pupil had better answer it in writing in the form of a composition.) PAGB 1. Name in order the principal events from 1492 to 1524 * 2. Give an account of Columbus and his discoveries H, 12, 13 3. Of the Cabots and their American discoveries 13, 14 4. Of Amerigo Vespucci and his two voyages to South America. . 13 5. Of Ponce de Leon and his two voyages to Florida 14, 15 6. Of Balboa and his discovery of the Pacific 15 7. Of De AyUon and his two expeditions to Carohna 15, 16 8. Of Cortez and his conquest of Mexico 16, 17 9. Of Narvaez and his expedition to Florida 17 10. Of De Soto and his expedition for conquest and wealth 17, 18 11. Of Verrazani and his North American explorations 18 12. Name in order the principal events from 1524 to 1583 298 13. Give an account of Cartier and his two voyages to America. . . 18 14. Of the Huguenots and their settlements in America 19, 20 15. Of the two attempts made by Gilbert to settle in America. . 20, 21 16. Name in order the principal events from 1583 to 1608 * 17. Give an account of Raleigh and his attempts at settlement.. 21, 22 18. Of Gosnold, his voyage in 1602, and efforts in Virginia.. .22, 27, 28 19. Of the origin of the London and Plymouth Companies 23, 24 20. Name in order the principal events from 1608 to 1616. ... * 21. Give the history of Jamestown to the end of RatcUffe's rule 25, 27, 28 22. Give the further history to the close of Smith's rule. 28, 30, 31, 32 23. Till the commencement of the Revolution.. . 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 24. Name in order the principal events from 1616 to 1637 * 25. Givoannccountof Captain John Smith. 27, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 37, 38 26. Of the Pilgrims and their settlement in New England. 38, 39, 40, 41 27. Of New Hampshire till the beginning of the Revolution. ... 43, 44 28. Of Connecticut tiU the beginning of the Revolution. 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 20. Of Roger Williams, and Rhode Island till the Revolution. 49, 42, 50 30. Name in order the principal events from 1637 to 1663 * 31. Give an account of the " Union of the New England Colonies." 52 32. Of the persecution of the Quakers in Massachusetts 52, 53 33. Of King Phihp's War 53, 54, 55—34. King WiUiam's War 56, 57, 58 35. Of Queen Anne's War, 58, 59—36. Of King George's War, 59, 65 37. Of Henry Hudson, his voyage and discoveries 60 38. Give the history of New York under the Dutch governors 61, 62, 63 39. Its subsequent history till the Revolution 63, 64, 65 40. Name in order the principal events from 1663 to 1682 * * See the Chr.mological and other t.ibles at the end of the History. 362 GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. I'AGE 41. Give the colonial history of New Jersey. 6G, G7, 68. 42. Name the events in the colonial history of Maryland, 70, 71, 72, 73. 43. Id the colonial history of Pennsylvania 73, 74, '75, 76, 77. 44. Name in order the principal events from 1682 to 1710 * 45. In the colonial history of North and South Carolina... 78, 70, 80, 81. 46. In the colonial history of Georgia 81 82, 83. 47. Name in order the principal events from 1710 to 1753 * 48. Of 1 754—49. Of 1755.— 50. Of 175G * 51. Of 1757.-52. Of 1758.— 53. Of 1759 * 54. Give an account of Gen. Wolfe 100, 104, 105, 106. 55. Give an account of Gen. Montcalm 95, 90, 97, 101, 106. 5G. Give the causes of the Revolution. 110, 111,112, 113, 114, 115, 116. 57. Name in order the principal events from 1760 to 1775 * 58. Name in order the principal events of 1775 * 59. Ofl776.— 60. Ofl777.— 61. Of]778 * 62. Of 1779.-63. Of 1780.— 64. Of 1781 * 65. Of 1782.— 66. Of 1783 * 67. Give an account of Gen. Joseph "Warren 121 68. Of Gen. Schuyler 123, 146, 148, 149 69. Of Gen. Montgomery 124, 100, 123 70. Of Gen. Putnam 131, 120, 132, 133 71. Of Gen. Charles Lee 134, 128, 135, 138, 139, 155, 156 72. Of Gen. Gates 151, 149, 150, 165, 166, 167, 175 73. Of Gen. Sullivan, 135, 157, 158, 162.-74. Gen. Lincoln, 159, 160, 164 75. Sir Henry Clinton, 119, 121, 128, 130, 131, 140, 150, 151, 155, 156, 158, 163, 164, 165, 168, 170, 174, 182, 181. 76. Gen. Howe 119, 120, 127, 130, 131, 132, 133, 139, 140, 142,155 77. CornwaUis, 128, 134, 136, 137, 140, 165, 166, 167, 176, 177, 178, 179, 182, 185. 78. Arnold, 172, 119, 123, 124, 125, 148, 150, 169, 170, 171, 183, 175, 184 79. Gen. Lafayette 175, 138, 141, 157, 175, 252 80. Gen. Greene 178, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181 81. Gen. Morgan 177, 124, 125, 176, 177 82. Gen. Marion,168, 165, 180.-83. Gen. Sumter. . .180, 165, 168, 180 84. Name the battles of 1775.-85. Of 1776.— 86. Of 1777 191 87. Of 1778.-88. Of 1779.— 89. Of 1780.-90. Of 1781 191 91. Name the events of Washington's administration, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200. 92. Of John Adams's administration 200, 201, 202 93. Of Jefferson's administration 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208 94. Name in order the principal events from 1782 to 1787 * GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 36:3 95. Prom 1787 to 1792.— 06. From 17 92 to 1799 * 97. From 1799 to 1805. — 96. From 1805 to 1809 * 99. From 1809 to 1812 * 100. Name in order the principal events of 1812 * 101. Of 1813.— 102. Of 1814— 103. Of 1815 * 104. Name in order the principal events from 1815 to 1818 * 105. From 1818 to 1826—106. From 1826 to 1836 * 107. Give an account of Gen. Wayne 160, 142, 161, 197, 198 108. Of Gen. St. Clair 145, 146, 197 109. Of Dr. Benjamin Franklin 129, 90, 137, 186 110. Name the battles of 1812.-111. Of 1813.— 112. Of 1814... 243 113. Give an account of the war with Algiers 244, 245, 246 114. Give an account of Henry Clay 242, 243, 257, 288, 289 115. Of John C. Calhoun * 116. Name the events of Monroe's administration 248, 249, 250, 251, 252 117. Give an account of Lafayette 175, 138, 141, 252 118. Name the events of John Quincy Adams's administration 253, 254 119. Of Jackson's administration 254, 255, 250, 257, 258,259, 260, 261 120. Account of Jackson 255, 223, 224, 240, 241, 249, 254, 25G, 257 121. Of Van Buren and his administration 262, 254, 261 122. Of Harrison and his administration 263, 211, 218, 219, 220 123. Of Tyler and his administration 264, 265, 266 124. Name in order the principal events from 1836 to 1845 * 125. Name in order the principal events of 1845 * 126. Of 1846.— 127. Of 1847 * 128. Give the names with the dates of the battles of 1846 284 129. Give the names with the dates of the battles of 1847 285 130. Give an account of Gen. Taylor 286, 260, 270, 271, 287 131. Of Fillmore and his administration 288, 289 132. Of Pierce and his administration 289, 290, 291 133. Of Buchanan and his administration 292, 269, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296 134. Of President Lincoln 297 135. Name in order the jjrincipal events from 1847 to 1860 * 136. Name the presidents in the order of their succession * 137. Name, in order of settlement, the thirteen original States. ... * 138. State when and where each was settled * 139. Name the events connected with the early history of Boston 42, 55, 114, 115, 119, 120, 127. 140. New York.— 141.— Baltimore.— 142. Philadelphia. 143. Charleston. — 144. Savannah. — 145. Albany. 146. Give an account of Gen. Washington 194, 88, 89, 90, && 14 364 GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 147. How was slavery the cause of the Great Civil War f 291, 292, 298 148. What States passed secession ordinances ? * 149. Give an account of the Battle of Bull Kun, with its conse- quences 299-302 150. Of General Scott 232-234, 257, 278-283, 299, 303 151. Of afiairs west of the Mississippi in 1861 . . . 30I 303 804 152. Name in order the most important events of 1861 .... * 153. By what acts were the English connected with the contest in America during the year 1861 ? 394 305 S06 154. What did General Grant accomplish during 1862 ■? . . 307,310 155. Describe McClellan's movements during that year . . 309-317 156. Foote's. — 157. Burnside's. — 158. Curtis's. — 159. Pope's. 160. Farragut's. — 161. Banks's. — 162. Jackson's. — 163. Lee's. 164. Name in order the most important events of 1862 .... * 165. What proclamations did Lincoln issue 1 . 298, 299, 303, 318, 331 166. Describe Rosecrans's movements during 1863 . . . 318-326 167. Burnside's. — 168. Hooker's. — 169. Lee's. — 170. Meade's. 171. Grant's. — 172. Banks's. — 173. Morgan's. — 174. Bragg's. 175. Name in order the most important events of 1863 .... * 176. Give an account of Sherman's movements during 1864. 326-337 177. Banks's. — 178. Forrest's. — 179. Grant's. 180. GeneralJ. E. Johnston's. — 181. Hood's. — 182. Lee's. 183. Butler's.— 184. Semmes's. — 185. Sigel's. 186. Sheridan's —187. Farragut's. — 188. Tlionias's. 189. Name in order the most important events of 1864 .... * 190. Give the history, as far as you can, of Fort Fisher .... 337 191. Describe Siierman's movements during 1865 .... 337-339 192. Describe how Richmond at last was taken .... 338, 339 193. Name in order the most important events of 1865 .... * 194. State how Johnson became President 340 195. By what process was slavery in the United States abolished? 341 196. Relate the events which led to Johnson's impeachment 342-344 197. What were the subsequent events in the case ? 344 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, JULY 4TH, 1776. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have con- nected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident : — that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with cer- tain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, govern- ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new gov- ernment, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dic- tate that governments long established, should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, 4 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former sys- tems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submit- ted to a candid world : — He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestima- ble to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fitiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for oppo- sing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, in- capable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the mean time, ex- posed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convul- sions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of for- eigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their sub- stance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neigh- boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an ex- ample and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our govern- ments : For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them- selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases what- soever. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and per- fidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall them- selves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose char- acter is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British breth- ren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdic- tion over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must therefore acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war — in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Su- THE I ECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. preme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the ncatne and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit- ish crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish com- merce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And, for the support of this declara- tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Provi- dence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, en- grossed, and signed by the following members : JOHN HANCOCK. New Hampshire. Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. Massachusetts Barj. Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. Rhode Island. Stephen Hopkins, WiUiam EUery. Connecticut. Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. New York. WiUiam Floyd, Pliilii? Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey. Richard Stockton, John Withe rspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. PennsTjlvania. Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. Delaware. Ctesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. Maryland. Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone. Charles Carroll, of Car- roUton. Virginia. George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Xelson, jun., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. North Caivlina. William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, - John Penn. South Carolina. Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, jun., Thomas Lynch, jun., Arthur Middleton. Georgia. Button Gwinnett, Lyman HaU, George Walton. CONSTITUTION OF TIIS UNITED STATES. UNITKO STATES, -fhe device of the Seal of the United States was adopted June i?0, 1782, as follows: "Arma—Pale- wayB of thirteen pieces, nr^ient and gulea; a chief azure; the escutcheon on the breast of the Americaa eagle displayed proper, holding; in his dexter talon an olive-branch, and in his sinister a bundle of thir- teen nrrowfa, all proper, and in his beak a scroll, inscribed with this motto, ^^ B pluHhua UjiumJ" For the Crest — over the head of the eaffle, , , , , a glory, on breaking through a cloud, proper, and surround- ing thirteen stars, forming a constellation, argeni, on an azure field." ORIGIN OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. I. WiiEK the Kevolutionary struggle commenced, there were three forms of Colonial government in force among the colonies, namely : the Provincial or lioyal, the Proprietary, and the Charter. II. The Provincial or Royal government was that which was under the control of a governor, who, appointed by the king, administered aftairs according to instructions from his royal master. The colonies of this class were New Hamp- shire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Okigik of the CoNSTiTtTTioN. — I. QnESTioNS. — 1. What forms of government existed among the colonies previous to the Revolution ? IT. 2. What was the Provincial or Koyal government? 3. Which of the colonies CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. III. The Proprietary government was that which was under the control of one or more proprietors, who derived their authority by grant and privileges conferred by the king. Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, were subject to the proprietary rule. IV. The Charter government was that wherein certain political rights were secured to the people by royal charter. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, Avere charter governments. V. In July, 1V75 — a year before the Declaration of Inde- pendence — Dr. Franklin submitted to Congress a sketch of Articles of Confederation between the colonies. By this plan it was proposed to establish a Confederation, and continue it until a reconciliation with Great Britain should take place ; or, in the failure of that event, to make it perpetual. It ap- pears, however, that Franklin's plan was never discussed. VI. On the 11th of June, 1*776, — the very day on which the Committee to prepare the Declaration of Independence was chosen — Congress resolved that a committee should be appointed to prepare and digest a foiTQ of Confederation, to be entered into by the colonies. VII. On the 12th of July following, this committee, con- sisting of one from each State, reported a draft of Articles of Confederation, which was considered and debated from time to time, until the loth of November, 1777, when, with some amendments, it was adopted. VIII. These Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1778 by all the States except Delaware and Maryland, and by HI. Ql'estions.- — 4. What was the Proprietary government? 5. Which of the colonies were subject to the Proprietary rule ? IV. 6. What was the Charter Government? 7. Which of the colonies were pro* vided with charters ? v. 8. When was a sketch of Articles of Confederation first submitted to Congress 7 9. By whom was it submitted? 10. What was proposed by Dr. Franklin's plan? VI. 11. When was the Committee to prepare the Declaration of Independence appointed ? 12. What resolution was passed by Congress on that day ? VII. 13. Of how many persons did the committee consist ? 14. When did they submit their report ? 15. What was done with the report? 10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Delaware, in 1779; but, in consequence of the delay on the part of Maryland, they did not go into effect until the 1st of March, 1781, the day on which they were signed by the delegates from that State. IX. It was soon found that the Articles of Confederation were not adequate to the wants of the G-overninent. They were deficient as regards the regulation of commerce, the settling of controversies between the States, and the makinsr of treaties with foreign nations; and especially deficient in not conferring the necessary power upon Congress to liquidate the debts incurred during the war. X. Consequently, a convention of delegates firom all the States, except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, in May, 1787, for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation ; but it was thought best by a majority of the delegates to adopt an entirely new form of government, instead of making any at- tempts to amend the defective one then in existence. Accord- ingly, after four months' deliberation, the present Constitution, — except some changes which were made in after years, — was adopted by the Convention on the l7th of September, 1787. XI. The new Constitution was submitted to the people, who, in the newspapers, legislative halls, and elsewhere, discussed it with earnestness and thoroughness. It met with considerable opposition, but, by the 4th of March, 1789, when it went into operation, it had been adopted by all the States, with the exception of North Carolina and Rhode Island.* * Delaware adopted U on the 7th of December, 1787 ; Pennsylvania, on the 12th of December ; New Jersey, on the ISth of December; Georgia, on the 2d of January, 1788; Connecticut, on the 9th of Janu- ary ; Massachusetts, on the 6th of February ; Maryland, on the 28th of April ; South Carolina, on the 23d of May ; New Hampshire, on the 21st of June ; Virginia, on the 26th of June ; New York, on the 26th of July ; North Carolina, on the 21st of November, 1783 ; and Rhode Island, on the 29th of May, 1790. VIII. Questions. — 16. When did the States ratify the Articles of Confederation? 17. When did the Articles of Confederation go into cflFcct? IX. IS. What was soon ascertained with reference to the Articles of Confedera- tion ? 19. In what respects were they deficient ? X. 20. What convention was held in May, 1787? 21. What was done by the convention 7 XL 22. To whom was the Constitution submitted? 23. Where was it discussed? 24. When did it go into operation? 25. Which of the St.ites had adopted it at that time? THE COISTSTITUTION" THE UiMTED STATES OF AMERICA. PREAMBLE. We, tlie people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general wel- fare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMEXT. SECTION I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Preamble. — 26. "What is the introductory part of the Constitution called? 27. What is the object of the preamble? A»-s. — To state the purposes of the Constitution. 28. How many and what purposes are stated in the preamble ? 29. By whom was the Constitution ordained and established? 30. Recite the preamble. 31. IIow many and what dep.artments of government are established under the Constitution ? Ans. — Three: the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. 32. What is the legis- lative department? An^. — The power that enacts the laws. 33. What is the execu- tive department? Ans. — The power that enforces the laws. 34. What is the judi- cial department ? Ajis. — The power that interprets the laws. ARTICLE I. THE LEGISLATIVE DEPAKTMEXT. Sec. I. — 35. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat? 36. In whoia Is the legislative power vested ? 3T. Of how many and what branches does Congress consist ? 12 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. SECTION II. 1st. Clause. The House of Representatives shall be com- posed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. 2d Clause. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty -five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 3d Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be appor- tioned among tlie several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and ex- cluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.* The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent terra of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not Sec. II. — \st Clause. — 8S. By whom are the representatives chosen ? 39. How often are they chosen ? 40. What qualifications are requisite for electors or rcpre- Bentatives? 41. What is an elector ? Ans. — One who has the right to vote in choos- ing an officer. 2d Clause. — 42. How old must a person be before he can be a repre- sentative? 43. How long must he have been a citizen of the United States? 44. What is the requisite in regard to his habitation ? 45. Now name the three qualifications requisite for a representative. Sd Clciuse. — 46. How are representatives and direct ta.xes api)ortioned among the States ? 47. How are the respective numbers of the rep- resentative population of the several States to be determined ? 48. What provision is made in regard to Indians? 49. What is meant by "all other persons?"' A?is. — Slaves. 50. When was the first census or enumeration to be made? 51. How often thereafter is the census to be made ? 52. How many inhabitants at least are required for one rep- resentative? 53. If a State should not have that number, what is the law? 54. Was the first representation in Congress based upon the actual population of the several States? 55. Which State at first sent the greatest number of representatives ? 56. Which two States sent the smallest number? 57. Of how many members did the first House of Kepresentatives consist? 5S. Of how many does the present House consist? Ans. — * See Article XIV. p. 39. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eig-ht, Rhode Island and Provi- dence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. Ath Clause. AVhen vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5th Clause. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. SECTION III. \st Clause, The Senate of the United States shall be com- posed of two senators from each State, chosen by the legis- lature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as ith Clause.— b^. How are vacancies in the representation of a State to be filled ? hth Clause. — CO. By whom is the speaker of the House of Eepresentatives chosen? 61. By whom are the other officers of the House chosen ? 62. "What sole power has the House? 63. What is meant by impeachment? Arts. — An impeachment is an accusation against a public ofiiccr, charging him with misconduct in the discharge of his official duties. Sec. III.— l.si Clause. — 64. Of wliom is the Senate composed? 65. By whom are the senators chosen ? 66. For how long a period are they chosen? 67. How does the mode of electing a senator differ from that of a representative ? Ans. — A senator of the United States is chosen by the legislature of his State; a representative is chosen by the people. 68. How do their terms of ofHce differ? A?is. — A senator is chosen for six years ; a representative for only two. 69. How many votes is each senator entitled to ? 70. Have the large States any more senators than the small ones? 2d Clause. — 71. Into how many classes were the senators at first divided? 72. In what order were their seats of office vacated? 73. What proportion of the Senate is elected every second year? 74. How often is one-third elected? 75. "When may the executive of a State fill a vacancy in the Senate? 76. For how long a time does a senator so appointed hold his office? 77. How is the vacancy then filled ? 78. Now state how vacancies In the Senate are filled. 14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the sec- ond year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at tlie expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second jea.r ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the re- cess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 3d Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citi- zen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 4th Clause. The vice-president of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 5th Clause. The Senate shall choose their other oflBcers, and also a president jyro temjwre, in the absence of the vice-presi- dent, or when he shall exercise the oflice of president of the United States. Qth Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall all be on oath or afliirmation. When the president of the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside : and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two- thirds of the members present. 3d Old Hue. — 79. How old must a person be before he can be a senator? SO. How long must he have been a citizen of the United States? SI. What is rec^uired of him in regard to residence? 82. Now name the three requisites for a senator. S3. How do they differ from those of a representative? (See page 12.) 4th Clause. — 84. Who is president of the Senate? 85. When only is he entitled to vote? bth Clause. — 86. What officers are chosen by the Senate? 87. What is meant by a " president pro tempore .'" Ans. — A " president pro tempore'^ is one chosen only for the time being. 88. When does the Senate choose a " president ^wo tempore .?" Gth Clause. — 89. What sole power has the Senate ? 90. What sole power has the House ? (See page 13.) 91. Under what solemnity does the Senate sit for the trial of impeachment? 92. When does the chief-justice preside in the Scn.ite ? 93. Who presides when the president of the United States is tried? 94. What proportion of the Senate is necessary to a conTiction ? CONSTITUTION OF THS UNITED STATES. 15 7/7i Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or j^rofit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punish- ment, according to law. SECTION IV. \st Clause. The times, places, and manner of holding elec- tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a difierent day. SECTION V. 1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualificatiuns of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel tlie attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. 2d Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its pro- 7th Clause. — 95. How far may judgment extend in cases of impeachment? 96. To •what is the convicted party further liable? Sec. IY.— 1s< Clause. — 97. What is prescribed by each State legislature in regard to elections for senators and representatives? 98. W'hat power has Congress over such regulations? 2d Clause. — 99. How often does Congress assemble? 100. On what day is it prescribed that the meeting shalltake place? 101. May a different day be appointed ? 102. How ? 9,KC.\.—\st Clause. 10.3. Of what is each house constituted the judge? 104. "What proportion constitutes a quorum? 105. What is meant by a quorum? Ajis. — By a quorum is meant a sufficient number to do business. 106. What power do a smaller number possess, as regards adjourning? 107. What else may they do, as regards ab- sentees? 2d Clause. — lOS. What power has each house, over the rules of its pro* ceedingB? 109. What power does each house possess for enforcing its rulea? 16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 3d Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed ings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4th Clause. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. SECTION VI. 1st Clause. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 3d Clause. — 110. What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal? 111. How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress? 112. What part of its journal may cither house withhold from publication? 113. When shall the yeas and nays be entered on the journal? 4th C/duiie.^ll-i. For what length of time may either house adjourn without the consent of the other? 115. How is each house restricted, as regards the place to which it may adjourn ? Sec. VI. — lit Clause. — 116. Are members of Congress compensated for their ser- vices? 117. How is the compensation determined ? US. Are members of Congress paid by their States, respectively, or by the general government ? Ans. — The sena- tors and representatives in Congress are not compensated for their services by the in- dividual States, but by the general government, out of the treasury of the United States. 119. What personal privileges are members of Congress entitled to ? 120. What are the three exceptions to the general privilege that the Constitution allows to Congressmen? 121. In what does treason consist? (See page 32.) 122. What is felony? Ans. — A felony is understood to mean a crime punish.able vnth death. 123. What is meant by a breach of the peace? Aiis. — "A breach of the peace is a viola- tion of the public order." 124. For what are members of Congress not to be ques« tioned? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 2d Clause. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. SECTION VII, 1st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall like- 'id Clause. — 125. To what offices cannot members of Congress be elected? '126. Suppose that a person holds an office under the United States, what then? Sec. VII.- — Isf Clause. — 127. In which branch of Congress must all bills for raising revenue originate ? 12S. What power has the Senate over such bills? ^d Clause. — 129. After a bill has passed both houses of Congress, what must be done with it? 130. What must the president do with the bill? 181. What is the president's act of objecting to a bill called? Ans. — The president's act of returning a bill with his ob- jections, is called a veto. 132. Why was the veto power given to the president? Ans. — The veto power was given to the president to enable him to protect the execu- tive department of the government against the encroachments of the legislature ; also with a view to greater security against the enactment of improper laws. 1.33. When the president vetoes a bill, what is the duty of the house to which it is sent? 134. When is the bill sent to the other house ? 135. What accompanies the bill to the other house? 136. Then what does that other house do with the bill? 137. If two- thirds approve of the bill, what then? 13S. Now state how a bill may become a law, notwithstanding the veto of the president. 1.39. When the two houses re- consider a vetoed bill, how do they determine the votes? 140. What record of names is imperative? 141. State how a bi'l m.iy become a law, even though the president has neither signed nor vetoed it. 142. In what case does a bill fail to become a law, though it has passed both houses of Congress, and is not vetoed? 18 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. wise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sun- days excepted) after it shall have been presented to liim, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, un- less the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 3d Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the president of the United States ; and before the same shall take eftect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. SECTION VIIX. The Congress shall have power 1st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and ex- cises ; to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- Sd Clause. — 143. What is necessarj' to be done with orders, resolutions, and votes, requiring the concurrence of both houses before they can take effect? l-t4. What is the object of the provision? Ans. — If it were not for the provision. Congress might pass laws, calling them orders or resolutions, and thus evade the president's veto. 145. When the president vetoes an order, resolution, or vote, what course does it take ? 14fi. In what case, requiring the concurrent action of both houses, has the president no veto power? Sec. VIII. — Isi Clauxe. — 14T. What power has Congress in regard to taxes, duties, imposts, and excises? 148. What are taxes? Ans. — Contributions of money exacted by government from individuals, for public purposes. 149. IIow many kinds of taxes are there? An.9. — Two kinds; direct and indirect. 150. What are direct taxes? Ans. — Those laid directly on the person or property of individuals. 151. W'hat are indirect taxes? Aiis. — Those laid on the importation, exportation, and consumption of goods. 152. What are duties? Atis. — Taxes on the importation and exportation of goods. 15-3. What are imposts? Ans. — Taxes on goods imported. 154. What ara excises? Ang. — Taxes on goods produced or manufactured in the country. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 posts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 3c? Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; 4 th Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout United States ; 5th Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and to fix the standard of weights and meas- ures; 6ih Clause. To provide for the punishment of counterfeit- ing the securities and current coin of the United States ; 7//i Clause. To establish post-offices and post- roads ; 8th Clause. To promote the progress of science and use- ful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; 9tk Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 2d Clause. — 155. "What power has ConErress in rcsjard to borrowing money? Sd Clause.— \h6. What, in regard to regulating commerce? ith Clause. — 157. What, in regard to a rule of naturalization ? 158. What is meant by naturalization ? Ans. — The act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the United States. 159. How long must a person reside in the United States before he can be naturalized? Ans. — Five years at least. 160. What power has Congress in regard to bankruptcies? 161. What is meant by bankruptcies? ^l?i«.^A person is a bankrupt when he is unable to pay hisjust debts, bth Clause.- — IC'2. What power has Congress in regard to coining money? 163. What, in regard to the value of money ? 164. What, in regard to for- eign coins? 165. What, in regard to weights and measures? Gih, Claii-^e. — 166. What power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting? 1th Clause. — 167. What, in regard to post-offices and post-roads? %th Clause. — 168. In what way may Congress promote the progress of science and arts? 169. For how long a time is the author of a book entitled to the exclusive right of publishing it 1 Ans. — Twenty-eight years. 170. What is the right called? Ans. — Acopyright. 171. May a copyright be renewed? An.obbery on the high seas. 178. What is meant by the term "high seas?" An. — The "high seas" are all the waters oft he ocean beyond the boundaries of low- water-mark. IWi Olause.—n9. What power has Congress in regard to declaring war? ISO. "What, in regard to "letters of marque and reprisal?" ISl. What are "letters of marque and reprisal?" .4«s.— Commissions granted by the government to individuals, authorizing them to seize the persons and property of the citizens or subjects of a nation that refuses to make satisfaction for some injury which it has committed. 1S2. What power has Congress in regard to rules concerning captures? 12Z. What is saiil of the writ of habeas corpus ? 22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3d Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 4:ih Clause. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeratiou herein be- fore directed to be taken. 5tk Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 6th Clause. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of coihmerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those of anotlier : nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one Siate, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. '1th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- tures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 8t?i Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 204. What is a writ of habeas corpus? Ans. — A written command from a judge or other magistrate, directing that the body of a certain person shall be brought before him. 205. What is the object of the writ? A)is. — The object ofa writ of habeas corpus is to provide a means of redress for all manner of illcgallmprisonment. 20G. Eepeat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas corpus. 207. la what cases may the privi- lege of the writ of habeas coqius be suspended ? Sd ClaiiHe. — 208. What Is said of bills of attainder or export facto laws ? 200. What is a bill of attainder ? Ans. — An act of the legislature, inflicting the punishment of death, without trial, upon persons supposed to be guilty of high crimes. 210. What is an ex post facto law? Ans. — A law which renders an act punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable at the time of its commission. Ath Clause. — 211. In what way may Congress lay a capi- tation or other direct tax ? 212. What is meant by a capitation ? Aiis. — A direct tax upon individuals. 213. How is the census to bo taken? (See page 12.) 5ih Clause. — 214. What prohibition is imposed np(m Congress in relation to articles exported from any State ? Gfh Clause. — 215. What preference is forbidden in relation to a reg- ulation of commerce or revenue? 21G. What freedom have vessels that arc bound from one State to another? Ith Clause. — 217. Under what circumstances only can money be drawn from the national treasury ? 21S. What publication must be made in regard to rcceijits and expenditures of all public money ? Sih Clause. — 219. What is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility ? 220. What is said of office-holders accepting presents, etc. ? 221. Under what cii'cumstances may an office-holder ac- cept a present ? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 SECTION X. 1st Clause. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money ; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and sil- ver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attain- der, ex 2}ost facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- tracts, or grant any title of nobility. 2d Clause. No State shall, without the consent of the Con- gress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 3d Clause. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actu- ally invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 222. Eepeat the clause relating to titles and presents. Sec. X. — Ist Clause. — 223. What prohibition is placed upon the several States as regards treaties, alliances, or confederations ? 224. What, as regards letters of marque and reprisal? 225. What, as regards the coining of money? 22G. What, as reg.ards bills of credit? 227. What is meant by bills of credit? Av.^. — Bills of credit, within the meaning of the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money among the people. 22S. What is constituted a legal tender in payment of debt? 229. What prohibition is placed upon Individual States, in regard to a bill of attainder? 230. AVhat, in regard to an ex post facto law ? 231. What, in regard to a law imi)airing an obligation ? 282. What, in regard to a title of nobility ? 233. Recite the clause just considered. 2cZ Clause. — 234. What prohibition are individual States under, as re- gards imposts or duties? 235. In what case only, may a State lay any imposts or duties? 230. What are inspection laws? Ans. — Laws requiring certain arti'les of commerce to be examined by officers called inspectors. 237. What is the object of inspection laws ? Ans. — To protect the public against fraud or imposition on the part of the producer, and to cause improvement after improvement in the quality of articles produced. 238. What disposition must be m.ade of the net produce of all duties and Imposts laid by individuals ? 239. What are the inspection laws of individual States. as regards imports or exports, subject to ? Zd Clause.— 2^0. W' hat prohibition are individual States under, as to the laying of a duty of tonnage? 24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ARTICLE II. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. SECTION I- 1st Clause. The executive power ?liall be vested in a presi- dent of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as fol- lows : 2d Clause. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the Avhole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 241. What is a duty of tonnairc' ? Ans. — A duty of tonnage, or a tonnage duty, is a tax laid on vessels at a certain rate per ton. 242. What prohibition are individual States under as to the keeping of troops? 24-3. What, as to the keeping of ships of war ? 244 What, as to nn agreement or compnct with another State, or with a foreign power? 245. WHiat, as to engaging in war? 246. Under what circumstances, then, may a State engage in war? ARTICLE II. TUB EXECUTIVE DEPAKTMENT. Sec. l.—Ut Clause.— Wi. Of wh.at does Article II. of the Constitution treat? 243. In whom is the executive power of the United States vested? 249. What is the pre.sident's term of office? 250. Ilowoftenmay a president be re-elected? Ans. — The Constitution does not limit the number of terms for which a president may be re- elected. 251. Who was the first president of the United States ? Ans. — Washington. 252. For how many terms dul Washington serve? Ans. — Two. 253. Why was not Washington elected for a third term ? Ans. — At the close of his second term of offlo3, Washington declined to be a candid.ate for a third term. 251. — What has been the effect of his declination ? Ans. — Washington's cx.ample. in declining to be elected for a third term, has become a ])recedent by which subsequent iiresidents have been guided. 255. IIow many and what presidents have served two terms each ? (See History, p. 309.) 25G. Which has the longest term of office; the president, a senator, or a repre- sentative? 257. What term has each? 25S. What is the vice-president's term ol office? 259. Who was the first vice-president of the United States? Ans. — Johs Adams. 200. By whom are the president and vice-president chosen? An.'s. — The president and vice-president are not chosen by the people directly, but by electors. 2a dause. — 261. In what manner does each State appoint electors? 262. What num- ber of electors is each State entitled to? 263. Who are prohibited from being electors? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 [The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two per- sons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State M'ith themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The presi- dent of the Sen.ito shall, iu the presence of the Senate and House of Representa- tives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person hav- ing the greatest number of votes sh.all be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more th.an one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Repre- sentatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for president; and if no person have a majority, then from the five hijrhest on the list, the said House shall in like manner choose the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each St.ite having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the Stall's, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the vice-president. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the vice-president] THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION, 1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of "vvhom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State "with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sig-n and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate ; — the president of the Senate shall, in the pres- ence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; — the person having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole num- TUE TWELFTH AMEND.MEKT TO THE CONSTITUTIOX. 2G4. "What has been done with the original clause of the Constitution prescribing the proceedings to betaken to electa president and vice-president? Ans. — It has been repealed, and its place supplied by the twelfth amendment to the Constitution. 265. Where do the electors for president and vice-president meet ? 2C6. In what way do they vote? 26T. What is prescribed respecting one of the persons for whom tbey shall not vote ? 26S. How is it required that their ballots shall be made out? 26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. bcr of electors appointed : and if no person have such major- ity, then fi-ora the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote : a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a mem- ber or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a president, when- ever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other con- stitutional disability of the president. 2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the vice-president : a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number 269. After voting, what lists are they required to prepare ? 270. What provision must bo complied with, before the lists can pass out of their hands? 2Ti. After the lists are signed, certified, and sealed, to whom are they directed ? 2T2. To wliat place are they then transmitted? 2T3. What does the president of the Senate do with the certificates ? 2T4. How is it determined who is elected president ? 275. Now de- scribe the manner in which the electors choose a president. 276. In the event of no choice being made by the electors, by whom is the president chosen? 277. From how many and what candidates must the House of Kepresentatives choose the presi- dent ? 27S. In what way must the choice be made ? 279. How are the votes taken in choosing the president? 2S0. How many votes is each State entitled to? 2S1. How many is each entitled to, when voting by electors? 2S2. In choosing the presi- dent by the House of liepresentativcs, how many constitute a quorum ? 28-3. In such case, how many States are necessary to a choice ? 284. Whenever the right of choos- ing a president devolves upon the House of Representatives, till what time may the right bo exercised ? 285. Now describe the manner in which the House of Eepre- Bcntatives choose a president. 2S6. In tlio event of both the electors and House of Representatives failing to choose a president, what takes place ? 287. How Is It deter- mined whom the electors have chosen for vice-president? 288. In the event of no person having a majority of electoral votes, by whom is the vice-president chosen? 289. When choosing a vice-president, how many senators are requisite to a quorum ? 290. IIow many are necessary to a choice ? 291. What is said of the eligibility to the ofiico of president, as compared with that of vice-president? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 3d Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president, shall be eligible to that o£^yice-president of the United States. 4th Clause. The Congress may determine the time of choos- ing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. 5th Clause. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 6^/i Clause. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the 4th Clause. — 292. What power has Congress over the time of choosing the electors? 293. What, as to the day on which ttie electors shall vote ? 294. In the event of Con- gress determining the day on which the electors shall give their votes, what sameness is prescribed? 295. When are the electors chosen ? Ans. — On the Tuesdaj' next after the first Monday, in the last November of each presidential term. 296. Where do the electors meet to give their votes ? Ans. — In their respective States, at a place ap- pointed by the legislature thereof. 297. What place is usually appointed for their meeting? Ans. — The capital of their State. 29S. "When do the electors meet to give their votes ? Atis. — On the first "Wednesday in the last December of each presidential term. 5th Clause. — 299. Whst person, as regards his plaice of birth, cannot be eligible to the office of president? 800. How old must a person be to be eligible to that office? 301. How many years must a person, to be eligible to that oflice, have resided within the United States? 802. Now state the legal qualifications of a president. 303. Eeclte the clai;se relating to the qualifications. 6th Clause. — 304. In >vhat contingencies does the oSi^e of president devolve on the vice-president? 305. What provision is made by the Constitution for the case of removal or death, etc., of the president ? 28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a president shall be elected. 1th Clause. ^]xq president shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Sth Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will fsiithfully execute the office of president of the United States, and will, to the best of ray ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitu- tion of the United States." / SECTION II. \st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for of- fences against the United States, except in cases of impeach- ment. 306. "What, for the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president ? SOT. In the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president, what officer shall, by law of Congress, act as president? Ans. — The president of the Senate, pro tem- pore, shall .act as president. 308. What is to be done, in c.ise there is no president of the Senate? Ans. — Then the speaker of the House of Eopresentatives sh.all act as president. 309. How long shall such officers, acting as president, continue to act? tth Clau.se. — 310. What does the Constitution provide as regards the compensation to be allowed to the iiresidcnt? 311. What restriction is imposed, in regard to any other emolument? 312. Kecite the clause relating to the president's compensation. 813. What is the sal.ary of the president? ^ h.?.— $25,000 a year, together with tho use of the presidential mansion and ita furniture. 814. What is the .salary of tho vice-president? Ans. — $3,000 a yeai. 8t/i Clazise.—Slb. What does the i)resident do, just before entering on the execution of his office? 316. Eepeat the oath or flfBrmation taken by the President CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 2c? Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concnr ; and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3c? Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session SECTION III. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration Sec. II. — \st Clause.— ZX1. In what relation does the president stand toward the army and navy? 318. When only can he command the militia? 319. Whose opin- ions may he require in writing? 320. Upon what subjects may he require the opin- ions? 321. Is he bound to be guided by such opinions? Ans. — Heisnot. 322. What executive departments have been established by Congress ? Ajis. — Six, namely : (1) Department of State, (2) Department of the Navy, (3) Department of War, (4) De- partment of the Treasury, (5) Post-office Department, and (6) Department of the Interior. 323. For what purpose were they established? Ans. — For the purpose of aiding the president in the executive and administrative business of the govern- ment. 324. How are the heads of the departments appointed? Ans. — By the presi- dent, with the advice and consent of the Senate. 325. How is the attorney-general appointed? An.'i. — In like manner with the heads of the departments. 326. Of whom does the president's cabinet consist? Ans. — Of the heads of the Departments and the attorney-general of the United States. 327. What powes has the president in relation to reprieves and pardons? 323. W^hat is a reprieve? Ans. — A limited suspension or delay of the execution of a sentence in a crimina) case. 329. With what exception is the president vested with the power to grant reprieves and pardons? Id Clause. — 330. What power has the president relative to treaties? 331. In whom is the appointing power vested ? 332. What is the first step in making an appointment? 333. What offices are enumerated, for which the presi- dent and Senate make appointments? 334. What may Congress do in relation to the appointment of inferior officers? 3 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. SECTION II. Is^ Clause. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 2c? Clause. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 2d Clause. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in conse- quence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. SECTION III. \st Clause. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the ter- ritory or other property belonging to the United States ; and Sec. II. — 1st Clause. — 3S3. What privileges and immunities are the citizens of each State entitled to ? Id Claiise.~SS9. What is said of persons charged with crime, fleeing into another State? 3d Clanse.—SQO. W'hat is s.aid of persons escaping from service or labor? 391. What persons are referred to in the third clause? Ans. — Fugitive slaves, and persons bound by indentures of apprenticeship. Skp. III.— 1s< Clause.— S92. By whom may new States be admitted into the Union? 393. What is said of the formation of now States? 394. How many States belonged to the Union at the adoption of the Constitution ? (See page 10.) 395. How many belong to the Union now? 2d (7nM.«c.— 396. What power has Congress respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States? 397. What construction as to claims is not to be put upon any part of the Constitution? 3* 34 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to preju- dice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. SECTION IV. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; and, on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitu- tion ; or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amend- ments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as a part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conven- tions in thi'ee-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate, Sec. IV. — 39S. Wlwl guarantee does the Constitution make to the several States in respect to their form of government ? 399. In what two events are the United States bound to protect individual States? AKTICLE V. MODE OP AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION. 400. Of what does Article V. treat ? 401. In what two ways may amendments to the Constitution be proposed ? 402. What two ways are provided for ratifying amendments ? 403. "What three restrictions upon the power of making amendments were originally imposed by the Constitution ? 404. Why have two of the restric- tions lost their force ? 405. What do " the first and fourth clauses" referred to, de- clare ? 406. What permanent restriction upon the power of making amendments still exists in full force? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 ARTICLE VI. 1st Clause. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. 2c? Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitu- tion or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 3c? Clause. The senators and representatives before men- tioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirma- tion to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VIL The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. ARTICLE VI. ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS PK0VISI0N8. 1st Clause. — 407. What debts and engagements does the Constitution, recognize? id Clause. — iOS. What is declared to be the supreme law of the land ? 409. By what are the judges in every State bound? 3d Clauxe. — 410. Who, besides the judges, are bound to support the Constitution? 411. In what way shall they be bound? 412. What prohibition is made in regard to religious tests? ARTICLE VIL 413. How many States were necessary to ratify the Constitution, in order to its establishment? 414. Where did the Convention meet which franjed the Constitu- tion? — A/is. Philadelphia. 415. In what yeivr was it framed? (See p. 10.) 416 Who was the president of the convention? Ans. — George Washington. 417. How many delegates signed the Constitution ? 41S. Which of the thirteen States wa not represented in the convention ? Ans. — Rhode Island. 419. How many Staie-i ratified the Constitution before it went into effect? A7is. — Eleven. 420. Whicl of the thirteen States did not ratify the Constitution until afterward ? Ans. — North Carolina and Rhode Island failed to ratify the Constitution until after it had been d'atified by the other eleven States and had gone into operation. 36 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. AMEJ^DMENTS, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE 8EVEEAI, STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establisliraent of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridg- ing the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of tlie people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the govern- ment for a redress of grievances. ARTICLE n. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed, ARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and par- ticularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or things to be seized. AMENDMENTS. 421. How may the amendments to the Constitution be regarded? An,s. — All the amendments to the Constitution, with the exception of the l'2tb, n\ay be rcgrarded as a declaration, securing to the people and States certain ri;ihts, beyond the possibility of bein;^ encroached upon by Congress. 1st Article. — 122. What declaration does the first amendment make, respecting: religion ? 423. What, respecting the freedom of speech? 424. What, respecting the freedom of the press? 425. Wh.it. respecting the right of petition? 2d Article. — i26. What is the declaration respecting the right of the people to keep and bear arms 7 Sd Article. — 427. What is said of quartering soldiers? 4thArticle.^42S. What is said of searches and seizures? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES." 37 ARTICLE V. No person sliall be held to answer for a capital or otlier- wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising- in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be com- pelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, Avithout just compensation. ARTICLE VL In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have com- pulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. ARTICLE VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined, in any court of the United States, than accordino* to the rules of the common law. 429. What is said of the issuing of warrants? bth Article. — 430. "What is said of holdin<; persons to answer for crimes? 431. "What is said of a second trial for the same offense? 432. What is the meaning of the clause, that no person shall "be twice put in jeopardy," etc.? A7i,'i. — It means that no person shall be a second time tried for the same offense, of which he h.as been legally acquitted or convicted. 433. When shall not a person be compelled to witness against himself? 434. What guar- antee of protection to life, liberty, .ind property is given? 435. When only can private property be taken for public use ? dtk Article. — 436. What right shall a per- son accused of crime enjoy ? 437. What right, as to the witnesses against him ? 438. What right, as to the witnesses in his favor ? 439. What right, as to the assistance of counsel? Ith Article. — 440. In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be pre- Berved ? 38 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ARTICLE VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Con- stitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE XL The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. ARTICLE XIII.* Section I. — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. II. — Congress shall have power to enforce this article by a^jpropriate legislation. ■ For the twelfth amendment, see paf^e 05, 441. In what way only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury be made ? StJi Article. — 142. What is said of bail, fines, r nd punishments ? 9th Article.— 443. "What is said of rights retained by the people? iOth Article. — 144. What is said of the powers reserved to the States ? l\th Article. — 145. What is said of the restriction upon the judicial power? ISth Article.— Soction I. — 446. What is said of slavery and involuntary servitude? Sec. II.— What power has Congress with reference to this subject? Give the history of Article 5III. of the Constitution. (See history, p. 341.) I4th Article.— ^Vhen was the 14th Article adopted? Ans. Having been ratified by three-fourths of the States it was declared adopted on the 2Sth of July, 1808. Sec. I.— Who are declared to be citizens of the United States? What restric- tion is imposed upon the States with regard to the privileges or immunities of citi- CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 ARTICLE XIV. Section I. — All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Sec. II. — Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in re- bellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- one years of age in such State. Sec. III. — No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or zens ? What, with regard to the lives, liberty, or property of persons? What, with regard to the protection of the law given to persons ? Sec. II. — How are representa- tives and direct tr.xes apportioned among the States? How does this provision of the Constitution differ from the one formerly in force? (See Article I., Sec. II., 3d clause, p. 12.) When shall a reduction be made in the basis of representation to which a State may be entitled ? Sec. III. — What class of persons, in consequence of their rebellious acts, are deprived of certain exalted privileges? Name the jirivi- leges which are withheld from them. Is it possible for any person belonging to that 40 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies there- of. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. Sec. IV. — The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for pay- ment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing in- surrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or eman- cipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec. V. — The Congress shall have power to enforce, by ap- propriate legislation, the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XV. Section L — The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous con- dition of servitude. Sec. it. — The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. class to have the privileges accorded him? How? Sec. IV. — What shall not be questioned as regards the debts of the United States? What debts, obligations, and claims are declared illegal and void? AVhat restriction is imposed npon the General Government and individual States.with resjiect to snch debts, obligations and claims? Sec. v.— What legislation may Congress enact, in regard to the provisions of Arti- cle XIV, ? BLOSS'S ANCIENT HISTORY ILLUSTEATED BY COLORED MAPS, AND A CHRONOLOGICAL CHART. FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND FAMILIES. T REVISED AND IMPRO\^D BY JOHN J. ANDEESON, A.M., AUTHOR OP A SERIES OF SCnOOL HISTORIES. This work is a condensed liistory of the world as known to the Ancioits of Europe and Asia. The narrative begins with the creation, and, continuing through the histories of Assyria, Egypt, and Rome, ends with the downfall of the Roman Empire. The style is exceedingly graceful and happy, combined with great brevity and clearness of statement. The study of Ancient History, which is usually so diy and uninteresting to the pupil, is, by the use of this work, made attractive and agreeable. The work contains large colored Maps and a Chronological Chart, and, in addition to questions at the bottom of the pages, has a different set of ques- tions at the end of the Sections, for topical review. It has also a full pro- nouncing index. From Miss Mary E. Thalheimer, Teacher of History in the Packer CoUegiatf Institute. Packer Collegiate Institute. Brooklyn, March 8th, 1869, .\ Bloss's Ancient History, as edited by Mr. Anderson, is used now for the second year in three Departments of the Packer Institute. * * * For my own part, I have only to express a veiy high appreciation of the work, for 1hq clear and attractive style of the narrative, and the great interest it has awakened in my classes. I know of no other School Histoiy which is at once so condensetl and so entertaining, which, including so many nations and such various periods of time, manages to maintain so much of the charm of an easy flowing narrative with the accuracy of a general outline. From Dr. T. S. Pinneg, Author of a series of English Grammars, Guide to Composition, dec. &c. I have used Bloss's Ancient History in my classes with decided success. In style, in selection and arrangement of matter, in the union of compre- hensiveness with brevity, and in its power of securing attention and interest, I know of no work that surpasses it. I can cordially recommend it as a model class-book. From Prof. J. Dorman Steele, Author of " Fourteen Weeks in Chemistry''^ and other works, and Principal of tlie Elmira Free Academy. In the Free Academy we have a large class in Bloss's Ancient History. The pupils are delighted with the study, and ray Preceptress tells me that it is the pleasantest text-book on history she ever used. FVom Prof. A. Markham, Principal Milwaukie Academy, Milioaukie, Wis. I have examined Bloss's Ancient History with very great pleasure "nd satisfaction. The Maps and Chronological Chart are excellent, and cuntri- bute largely to the value and completeness of the work. The interesting style in which the book is written cannot fail to render it an attractive text- book for the student. It is just such a text-book as we have long needed. From tlie Albany Evening Journal. This book exhibits profound research, with a familiar and discriminating knowledge of the elements from which history is drawn. It makes a handsome 12mo volume of 450 pages. Price, $2.00. Sent by mail, postage paid, on receipt of the price. Address the Publishers, CLARK & MAYNARD, 5 Barclay St., New York. ANDERSON'S SCHOOL HISTORIES. A School History of England. Illustrated with Maps. By John J. Anderson, A.M., Author of a Grammar School History of the United States, a Pictorial School History of the United States, a Manual of General History, etc , etc. 12m"o. 302 pages. Price $1.50. 1.— One of the aims of the author is lo give not only the political and mili- tary history of the country, but also to show its progress from time to time in civilization. 2.— The prvinunciation of proper names is given in con- nection with the names as they occur. 3.— In addition to the maps with the text, the work contains six finely engraved and beautifully colored historical maps, showing the geographical changes in the country at difiercnt periods in its liistory. 4. — An Appendix contains ah expoi^ition of the leading features of the English Constitution, and a geographical and historical account of the IJritish Possessions. 5.— The work is fully supplied with Chronological and Genealogical Tables, Biographical Notes, Subjects topically arranged by means of Review Questions and a Pronouncing Index. 6. — The volume embraces only 300 pages, and may therefore be easily completed in one or two school terms. From The Christian Union (Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Editor). With an accurate perception of the essential events of history, and a power (if concise statement that amounts to a gift, Mr. Anderson, without making his history colorless, has made it brief; and without either pre- suppoj-mg historical knowledge (m the part of young persons, or overwhelm- ing them with the customary "details that are certain to be forgotten, he has succeeded in drawing the course of events in broad, large outlines that we should think likely to endure in the pupil'f memory. So admirable, indeed, is tlie book in this respect, that it would prove of no'smad service to students of greater maturity than tliose for whom it is designed, either in settling the relative bearing and proportion of what they have read di^connectedly, or as a framework upon which to rear the fuller narratives of special histories, lu the detailed execution of his work, also, Mr. Anilerf^on has embodied many features of great utility — chronological and genealogical tables, maps showing the political divisions of Great Britain at dilferent periods s^iiice the Roman Invasion, marginal dates calculated to keep the sequence of events before the pupil'.s mind, in a word, all those appliances to whose neglect is largely due the usual unproductiveness of historical study at school. We have rarely seen a text-book that seemed to fulfill its purpose more efticiently than this. From Prof. Eben S. Steakns, Principal of the Eobinson Female Seminai'ij, Exeter, N. U. Prof. Anderson's History of England seems to me, as the result of a close examination, eminently adapted to the school-room. Conscious, apparently, that, a coinpend of history must, from the nature of the case, exclude much of narrative and interesting detail, the author has, with remarkable sliill and judgment, seized upon the most salient points and presented them in such apiu'opriate and forcible language, and so happily, that the student is beguiled through the drier^t abstractions. In this concise, yet vivid, manner, all that is essential to a general knowledge of English history is oflered lor study with- in limits which can be readily compassed by the circumstances of most schools and seminaries. The well drawn maps connecting geography with history, the carefully arrani;ed chronological tables with which the work abounds. and the pronunciation ol proper names constitute also distinctive and most; valuable features. The introduction of dates, of course not to be dispensed with, has been so arranged as not to interfere with the narrative, or to unnecessarily burden the student's raemoiy. Certainly, no other work of the kind, which I have ever examined, has impressed me so favorably as this ; and I shall be much disappointed if it does not so commend itself to teachers as to speedily obtain the very highest place among text-books. Published by CLARK & MAYNARD, New York. ANDEKSONS HISTOBIES. GIRLS' HIGH AND NORMAL SCHOOL, ) Boston, Sept. 17, 1866. ^ I liavc been acquainted with Anderson's Pictorial United States for some montlis, and consider it, by far, tlie best Scliool History of tlie United States yet published that I have seen. It excels in brevity, clearness, and accuracy of statement, and is unsurpassed injudicious selection of matter. W. H. Seavey, Pnncipal. Anderson^ s Manual of General History Jias been adopted hj tlie Board of Edu- cation of the City of New York, and is the only book on the subject authonzed to be used in tlie Public Grammar Schools of the city. College of the City of New York, ) JSfew York, March 31, 1869. f From such examination as I have been able to give the " Manual of General History," by John J. Anderson, A. M., I have formed the following opinion as to its merits : Its plan is comprehensive and judicious. The details are carefully chosen, and presented with clearness and accuracy. SuperHiious and tedious matter is excluded ; yet nothing of importance and within the grasp of young pupils is passed over in silence. At the same time I would not hesitate to make trial of it as a syllabus or framework for the more ample and minute inquiries of a college course. As a collection of facts to be committed to memory by students, whether of the higher grade or the lower, it appears to me to be superior to any other school-book on the subject. It is particularly worthy of praise for its coming right down to the present time ; and it is altogether the work of a highly intelligent teacher for intelligent scholars. To both these classes of persons I heartily recommend it. Chaules E. Anthox, Professor of History, etc.. College City of N. Y. From Prof. Tkomas H. Burrowes, President Agricultural College, Penn., ill tlie Pennsylvania School Journal. In a very small compass this book (Anderson's Manual of General History') gives the whole histoiy of the world from the creation till the end of Presi- dent Johnson's term of oflflce in this country ; and gives it, too, in as (ileasant and attractive style as probably is possible in a narrative which admits of nothing more than the briefest mention of the thousands of events to be recorded. We like especially the maps illustrating the chief historical periods —such as those of the Persian Empire, ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, that of Charlemagne and the contemporary monarchies, etc. These are very \^ instructive. We can endorse this as u good compeud of general history. SEP 28 1945 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 01 1 448 058 7