''£:ffi3:k. . " ■:;;■■:;■;■ rWrf '•'■-'• mmw. 0mm:m THE Centennial Liberty Bell. •• INDEPENDENCE HALL; ITS TRADITIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND ITS SIGNERS. WITH JLN A-IPIPEHSTDIX EMBRACING The Opening Ceremonies of the International Exhibition, AND OF THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Of July 4th, 1876. BY JOS. S. LONGSHORE, M. D., AND BENJAMIN L. KNOWLES, Esq. " Proclaim Liberty throughout all the Land ; unto all the Inhabitants thereof." PHILADELPHIA: CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER. 624, 626, 628 MARKET ST. 1876. W' V ELzz/ Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by JOS. S. LONGSHORE, M. D., In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. GRANT, FAIRES & RODGERS BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS, PHILADELPHIA. PREFACE. ADVERTISEMENT. American Independence constitutes the central idea presented in the following pages ; commencing with a concise history of Independence Hall, where Indepen- dence was declared and promulgated. An account of the Bell that proclaimed it. A reference to some of the acts of vandalism and outrages in 1776, that drove the colonists to seek Independence as their only re- fuge against a further continuance, and more aggrava- ted acts, of oppression and injustice. Also a series of transactions of the Continental Congress, in relation to Independence, immediately preceding its final action on the subject. The adoption of the Declaration ; the signing ; and brief biographical sketches of the signers thereof. Letters of Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, in relation to the Declaration, its authenticity, &c. The Appendix, detailing the opening ceremonies of the great International Exhibition, commemorative of our National Independence ; and finally, the celebration of iii iV PREFACE. the Fourth of July, 1876, the centennial anniversary of our National birth-day. The extracts from the proceedings of Congress are exact copies taken from the secret Journal of the Hpuse, in which the orthography, punctuation and style of the times are preserved, affording an opportunity for insti- tuting comparisions between the written expressions of that time, and those of the present, and for noting the difference. It will be observed that the improvements in the republic of letters, within the last hundred years, are as obvious as those seen in other departments of art, such as are now being demonstrated in the great International Exhibition in this city. L. 15* TABLE OF CONTENTS. The old State House or Independence Hall.— When known only as the State House— When as Indepen- dence Hall— This Hall, and the old « Liberty Bell,"— Objects of attraction to visitors — For what purpose the hall was built, and when— When the East and West wings were built— The cost of building— City Library — The wings removed— The present wings built— Their cos t — Their present use — Dimensions of the interior of the Main Building— First floor— East room— Its uses West room, its uses— Committee of Restoration — "Na- tional Museum"— Second story, its former and present uses— Banqueting Room— Council Chambers, 7 to 15 The Steeple.— The Original Steeple, Height, Decay, re- moved — Re-erected— Clock— Seybert Clock and Bell, io-il State House Bells and Clocks.— " Liberty Bell"— Inde- pendence Bell— The Original Clock— A New Clock and Bell— The Centennial Liberty Bell— Removal of the Bell and Clock— The New Seybert Bell and Clock, . n-23 Washington Monument, 2 4 Meeting of the Early Congresses, and the Inaugura- tion of the First two Presidents, . • 24 First Congress Under the Constitution, . . 24 Historical Events of 1776, . • • • 2X > Cannonading and Burning of Norfolk, Virginia,. . 25-27 The Flag, ...... 2 7 The King's Speech, . Thomas Paine, ..... Z l Common Sense, . . . . • ' England.— Thirty Kings— Volumes have been written— The Sun Never Shone— But Great Britain— Britain— But Eu- rope — England only — Much hath been said — Chal- lenge—Every Thing — It is repugnant— England to Eu- rope—America to itself— The King— Reconciliation— The Colonies— The King of America— The present— A manifest— Every quiet method— A Government— The King's Speech— Samuel Adams— New England 29-33 Evacuation of Boston.— The British Army— Washington— Vi CONTENTS. Lord Howe — The Loyal Inhabitants in Boston — The Fleets — Every roof — The Commander-in-chief — The mu- nitions of war — This Bloodless Victory — Washington en- tered Boston — First Important Victory — Journal of Con- gress — Vote of Thanks by Congress — The Washington Medal — Its value — Its whereabouts — Letters from John Hancock — From John Adams, . . . 34-40 Instructions from Virginia. — Richard Henry Lee's reso- lution in Congress — Committee appointed to prepare a Declaration — Committee on Confederation — Committee to treat with Foreign Powers — The Deputies of Penn- sylvania — New Jersey Delegates — Mr. Dickinson's Speech — Resolution of Independence agreed to — Speech of John Adams — Mr. Webster's addition to it — Declara- tion of Independence agreed to — Signed — Read to the Army, &c, — Read to the populace of Philadelphia — Amendment — The signers and signing of the Declara- tion, ...... 4 I ~5 6 Delegates Constituting the Congress July 4, 1776, . 56 New Hampshire, Massachusetts — Rhode Island, Connecti- cut — New York, New Jersey — Pennsylvania — Delaware — Maryland — Virginia, North Carolina — South Carolina — Georgia — Number of delegates July 4 — Number Au- gust 2, . . . . . . 56-60 The Original Declaration Restored to the old Hall, 60 Proceedings. — Mr. Alonzo Bell's speech — Mayor Stokley's response, ...... 62-63 Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Samuel A. Wells — From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison — From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams — From John Adams to Abigail his wife, ...... 64-71 Colonial Legislatures, Conventions, Committees or I Councils of Safety, Committees of Correspon- dence, ...... 71-75 Events of 1776. History of Our Flag, . . 75—78 Signers of the Declaration of Independence, . 79 New Hampshire, Josiah Bartlet, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton, . . . . . . 79 Massachusetts, Samuel Adams, John Hancock, John Adams, Elbridge Gerry, Robert Treat Paine, . . 79-85 Rhode Island, Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery, . 86-87 Connecticut, Roger Sherman, William Williams, Samuel Huntington, ..... 88-89 New York, William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris, . ... 89-90 New Jersey, Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, D. D., L.L. D., Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Adam Clark, 90-91 CONTENTS. Vll Pennsylvania, Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, M. D., Ben- jamin Franklin, LL. D., John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross, ...... 91-101 Delaware, Csesar Rodney, Thomas McClain, Geo. Reed, 101-102 Maryland, Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, . . . 102-104 Virginia, George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jef- ferson, Benjamin Harrison, Francis Lightfoot Lee, Thos. Nelson, Carter Braxton, . . . 104-112 North Carolina, William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn, ...... 112-114 South Carolina, Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton, . . 114-116 Georgia, Burton Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton, 11 7-1 18 Contents of the Appendix. Opening Day of the International Exhibition — The Grounds of the Exhibition — Funds — What other Nations have done — Ceremonies at the Grounds — Programme — The Opening Ceremonies — The Exhibition opened by the Grandest Ceremonies ever Witnessed in America — The scene at Mr. Child's residence — A Grand Holiday — The Ceremonies — Arrival of the Emperor of Brazil — Arrival of Distinguished Guests — The President and Cabinet — The Supreme Court — The Diplomatic Corps — Legislative Bo- dies and Officials — United States Centennial Commission — The Centennial Board of Finance — Women's Centen- nial Executive Committee — Naval Officers — Officers of the Army — Entrance of President Grant — Prayer by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Simpson — Whittier's Centennial Hymn — Mr. John Welsh's Address — The Cantata — The presen- tation by Gen. Hawley — The President's Reply — The Procession through the Buildings — The number of Visi- tors — Police Arrangements, . . . 1 19-15 1 The Centennial Celebration of the Adoption of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1876. — The Public Ledger — The close of the Century — Scenes in the City — The Illuminations and Decorations — The Great Torchlight Demonstration — The scene at Independence Hall and Square — Ringing in the New Century — The Centennial Fourth of July — The Celebration of the birth of the New Century — The Military — Total Abstinence Societies, and the Monster Mass Meeting — The fireworks in the Park — Incidents and Occurrences in the Streets — Ceremonies in Independence Square — Reading the Origi- Vlil CONTENTS. nal Declaration — The Oration — The Distinguished Guests and the Great Multitude — Gen. Hawley's Address — The Vice President's Address — Prayer by Bishop Stevens — Welcome to all Nations — Greeting from Brazil — The National Ode — Old Hundred— Unveiling of the Humboldt Monument in the Park — The Total Abstinence Benevo- lent Union Demonstration — Ceremonies — Rev. Patrick Byrne — Mr. John H. Campbell — Dr. Michael O'Hara — Rev. James O'Reilly — Woman's Declaration of Rights, ...... 152-186 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. THE OLD STATE HOUSE OR INDEPENDENCE HALL AND THE LIBERTY BELL. "The State House," previously to the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, was known by that name only. To Philadelphians this title still remains the more familiar one, and it is not generally spoken of by any other. After Independence was declared in 1776, it received the name of "Independence Hall," and among people outside of the city, and foreigners especially, it is known and alluded to by that title alone. The Old State House and Liberty bell are centers of attraction, to which most visitors to the city gravitate, as if by a natural impulse, and by the quiet, pensive, earnest attention they bestow upon every object and relic preserved within its halls, and the low and reflec- tive tone of their voices, as they pass from object to ob- ject, show that they feel they are within consecrated enclosures ; and the deep reverential impression depicted upon their countenances, as they gaze upon the old Liber- ty Bell, with its disabling fracture, and read the date of its casting, and its memorable inscription, "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land and to all the inhabi- tants thereof," indicate their inner emotions, and that 2 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. they regard the relic before them as one, made sacred by the part it played in the great revolutionary drama, in those " times that tried men's souls." The State House, formerly considered a large and stately edifice, but in these days regarded as of very modest pretensions, is a plain structure two stories high, presenting a semi-antique style of architecture ; and is located on the south side of Chestnut street, midway between Fifth and Sixth streets. It was originally de- signed as a place for transacting the public business of City and Colony. The building was commenced in 1729, and completed in 1734, at a cost of $16,000. The two wings extending east and west, from the central building, were not erected until 1739 and 1740, and at an additional cost of $12,000. The second story of the east wing, was occupied by the City Library, founded by Dr, Franklin in 1731 ; it continued there from 1740 to 1773, when it was removed to " Carpenter's Hall," where it remained until 1 790. It is now known as the "Philadelphia Library" and is located at the N. E. corner of Fifth and Library streets. These wings were removed about the year 1829. Mr. Watson, in his " Annals of Philadelphia," in relation to this event, remarks, " For many years the public papers of the Colony, and afterwards of the City and State, were kept in the east and west wings of the State House, without any fire-proof security, as they now pos- sess. From their manifest insecurity, it was deemed pro- per, about nineteen years ago (now forty-seven), to pull down these former two-story wings, and to supply their places by those which are now there. In former times such important papers as rest with the Prothonotaries were kept in their offices at their family residences." The present wings are occupied as offices, for the Law Department of the City Government. The interior of the main building is one hundred and ten feet in length by forty-five in width. The first floor is divided into two rooms, forty-five feet square, by a hall-way twenty feet wide, running the entire width of INDEPENDENCE HALL. £ the building, from north to south. The two rooms are situated on the east and west of the hall. The east room being on the left, and the west one on the right as you enter. Previously to the year 1775, the east room was occupied by the Provincial Assembly, and the west one by the Supreme Court of Judicature. In this year the second Continental Congress assembled in the east room, on the tenth of May, and continued in possession of it until the early part of 1777, when Congress retired to Lancaster, thence to York, Pennsylvania, on account of the near approach of Lord Cornwallis and the British Army. They remained in session in York for nine months. It was in this room that emanated those peti- tions and prayers to the British Government for a re- dress of grievances, for reconciliation and peace, that were contemned, scorned and despised. It was here the representatives of the colonies, goaded by repeated wrongs, oppressions and outrages, ceased to supplicate, but prepared for defence. It was here, that they, on the Fourth of July, 1776, broke the yoke of British bondage, and declared the thirteen United Colonies, free and independent States. Here mighty minds went forth in discussing great principles, and grappled, in mortal combat, with the stupendous results of their Declaration. Here error was stricken down by truth. Here right triumphed over wrong. During that period of American history, be- tween the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, July 4th, 1776, and the ratification of the Constitution of the United States, on the 17th of September, 1787, there was no fundamental law for their government ; the responsibilities of the existing emergencies, as well as the future prospects of the country, necessarily de- volved upon that Congress, requiring the greatest wis- dom and prudence, as well as patriotism and firmness to guide the ship of state through the most turbulent and darkest period of the revolutionary struggle, and estab- lish the basis of a Republican form of Government, des- tined for an indefinite perpetuity, and to embrace, ulti- 4 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. mately, in its benign influence the entire human race. Here was adopted the immortal manifesto that secured the freedom of America, and here that devoted band of patriots attached to it, their signatures, pledging their lives, their liberty, and their sacred honor to maintain and defend its principles. This is emphatically the Mecca of Equal Rights, the birth-place of freedom, the Temple of Liberty ! Ye, liberty-loving, devoted pil- grims, bare your heads, as you enter its portals, for the spot is sacred ! consecrated by the blood of your fathers, shed to secure you the religious and civil liber- ties, you are now enjoying. After the room was evacuated by Congress, it was next occupied by the Representative branch of the State Legislature ; which was removed to Lancaster in 1799, and thence to Harrisburg in 181 2. After which it was used for the reception and preservation of the portraits of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, many of which at this time decorate its walls, and articles of furniture, and other relics, possessing some special in- terest, derived from their association with past histori- cal events. Washington delivered his memorable " fare- well address " in this room, September 7, 1796. It has been frequently used as the reception-room of distin- guished visitors, and the Presidents of the United States. Previously to the late visit of Gen. Lafayette (1824), says Sherman Day, " Some dunce in office who had control of the Building, by way of making the room where the Declaration took place more worthy, as he thought, of the nation's guest, for whose use Councils had appropriated it, had all the antique architectural decorations and furniture of the room removed and caused it to be fitted up in modern style with mahogany furniture, tapestry, &c. This silly act was not discov- ered until too late, and it greatly diminished the plea- sing associations that must have thronged the heart of Lafayette, as he stood once more in that sacred hall. The error has been since repaired, so far as it could be, by restoring the hall as far as possible to its ancient ap- INDEPENDENCE HALL. Pearance. " The corpse of the venerable John Quincv Adams here lay in state, February iS^R ™ -r X to Massachusetts for burial. The Zm his, subs que"? \y, been used for the same purpose, on several sSaV occasions. Ehsha Kent Kane, M. D„ the A etc Ex' sasasaa 2=3 Suisse akrtcnTf th % Pr f entWritin S contain s «ot only a large collection of the portraits of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, which adorn fe walls on "est but a tlt SeVeral ? th6r hiSt0dC a " ides of gTeat i°n" teres , but the original, engrossed copy of the Declara- tiZ Tf'^f M t gna Cha " a of a11 °™ rel gfous! poU teal and civil rights, as it received the signatures of its illustrious framers one hundred years ago.-It i a m - a[r°e iThaTno?^ ""' ^ Ca * t0d ™ S °f this' imlt tal relic had not exercised more care, even in regard to meTif no?™ V^ "^ The ^ of tSr ,- ment s not a sufficient reason, for its present faded condition the entire obliteration of many of the names a d the al ffl Qf ^ ^ of he ment, or paper may change its color by time but chem- ical action alone, other than that of toe?' or the £- mosphere, ean account for this wanton de trucHon of the coloring matter in the ink, that which gives the do- cument all its value. Culpable carelessness^cr iminal design somewhere has contributed largely to this most o a f m Geo a rt W Ul !-- And alS ° t,K ° H "™ 1 commission of George Washington, as General-in-chief of the fohn r Han r oT y ' %**' ^ '* *™, and signed b^ ration Th' ' S '^ f exhibition wi * the Decla- ration. 1 hese precious documents are thoroughly pro- tected against injury or loss, by new fire-proof safes pSttTf?' 7 f °, ** ™' *> whiIe th S afford ntsoer inn I V^' give an opportunity for their ron^W 7 Ae th0 , usands of visitors that daily throng that ancient and venerable hall. They are to 6 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. remain here during the season of the centennial exhi- bition. The numerous pictures suspended upon the walls, would at first impress the visitor with the idea that he had entered an art gallery, rather than that he was be- holding the portraits of the distinguished men, who in that very room, acted so conspicuous a part one hundred years ago, in rolling back the tide of British aggression, securing the Independence of their colonies, and estab- lishing the principles of universal liberty for all man- kind. Honored be their illustrious names ! Revered and cherished their immortal memories ! ! The West room has always been occupied by the Courts until within a very few years ; it is at present in the use of the Committee of Restoration, a committee consisting of Col. Frank M. Etting, chairman ; the President of Select Council, George Smith, Esq., Pre- sident of Common Council, Joseph L. Cavan, Esq., Commissioner of City Property, William Dixey, Esq., and John L. Shoemaker, Esq., assisted by a committee of thirteen ladies, instituted by the City Councils in 1873, for the purpose of collecting and restoring to Inde- pendence Hall all such relics and articles of interest, possessing a revolutionary history as could be procured. Through the indefatigable energy and perseverance of the committee with Col. Etting at its head, a very large and valuable collection of rare and ancient articles of that description have been accumulated, and are now upon exhibition in this room, prominent among which are the portraits of many of the distinguished men of the last century, who rendered important services to their country in the hour of its greatest trial. But the most attractive article of .all is the old "Liberty Bell" resting upon the same old, rough and undressed tim- bers, that supported it one hundred years ago, when it rang out the joyful tidings of the birth of a new gov- ernment, a new member in the family of nations, free and independent. This collection of revolutionary relics is known as the "National Museum" and is -at- INDEPENDENCE HALL. 7 tracting great attention from the visitors now in the City, attending the great International Exhibition. The second story is approached by a wide open stair- way at the southern end of the main entrance hall. The Rev. Jacob Duche, he who made the opening prayer in the first Continental Congress, that assembled in Carpenter's Hall, Sept. 4, 1774, in describing "the ( State House ' as it is called " in 1771, says, " The up- per story consists of a long gallery, which is generally used for public entertai?i??ie?its , and two rooms adjoining it, one of which is appropriated for the Governor and his Council; the other, I believe, is yet unoccupied." In the earlier days of Colonial prosperity, when peace and harmony characterized the relations between the Colonies and the parent Government, before avarice and the thirst for power, on the part of the latter be- gan to oppress the inhabitants of the American pro- vinces, the State House was often the theatre of festive scenes, where the generous board, and treacherous chalice, invited the epicure, the inebriate, the mode- rate and grave to partake of the rich viands and exhil- arating draught, upon which occasions our gay an- cestors held high carnival in honor of royal officials, and other distinguished guests. Soon after the com- pletion of the building, in 1735, William Allen, Esq., then Mayor of the City, gave here at his own expense, a dinner, said to have been the most sumptuous and costly, and the most numerously attended, by invited citizens and distinguished strangers, of any entertain- ment that had previously been held in the city, and the praises bestowed upon it for elegance and generous hos- pitality were universal. When the new Colonial Governor, Capt. Wm. Denny, arrived in 1756, during the session of the Colonial Assembly, that body gave him a grand recep- tion in this room, attended by "the civil and military officers and clergy of the city." And in 1757, when Lord Loudon, Commander-in-Chief of the King's forces in the Colonies, visited the city, the municipal 8 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. authorities honored him with a grand feast, to which were invited officers of distinction, strangers, clergy- men, and a large number of citizens. The delegates elected to the first Congress, that met in Carpenter's Hall in 1774, were also sumptuously provided for by the citizens, upon their arrival in the city, and partook of a magnificent dinner, spread in this room, in com- pany with a large number of invited guests, strangers, clergy, officers, etc., amounting to about five hundred in number. These entertainments were considered beneficial not only in a political point of view, but also in promoting general confidence and good-fellowship among the people. Previously to the occupancy of the east room on the first floor, by the Continental Congress in 1775, it was used for the meetings of the Colonial Assembly. Upon its being taken possession of by Congress, the Assem- bly removed to the room on the second floor, which now ceased to be a mere banqueting-room, and became a hall of legislation. The Provincial conference of 108 members, Thomas McClain President, met in this room June 18, 1776. They approved of the action of their delegates in Congress, in relation to Independence, so far as it had then proceeded, and recommended the calling of a Convention to form a State Constitution. The Convention for forming the new State Constitu- tion assembled here July 15, 1776, Dr. B. Franklin, President. The old Provincial Assembly, which had legislated for the Colony for nearly one hundred years, expired on the 26th of September, 1776. After the election of a Legislature, to consist of a Senate and House of Representatives, under the new Constitution, the Senate held its sessions in this room. The American officers captured at the Battles of Brandywine (September 11), and Germantown (Octo- ber 4, 1777), were retained in this room as prisoners of war. The National Convention that met to form the THE STEEPLE. 9 United States Constitution, in 1787, assembled in this room. The State Senate continued to meet here until it was removed to Lancaster, in 1799. In 1802, Charles Wilson Peale, a painter of some dis- tinction, obtained possession of it for the exhibition of his large collection of curiosities, known as "Peale's Museum." He retained possession of it for twenty- years. He was one of the founders of the "Academy of Fine Arts," and contributed several pictures of merit to that institution. He visited England, and re- ceived instructions from Benjamin West in portrait painting. He painted a number of the portraits of the signers of the Declaration of Independence for his mu- seum, that now form a part of the collection that adorns the walls of the lower east room. The next we learn of this large saloon is, that it was divided into two rooms and appropriated to the use of the United States Courts. In 1855, Councils had the partitions forming the Court Rooms removed, and two apartments fitted up in good style for their own use, which form the Select and Common Council Chambers at this time. THE STEEPLE. At the rear of the main building, attached to the wall facing the south, is a brick structure, extending from the ground to an altitude far above the level of the roof of the hall, which forms a vestibule to its southern en- trance. This structure constitutes the base of the steeple, and its interior is of sufficient dimensions to allow of the ascent of the broad, winding stairway, lead- ing to the second story of the hall, as well as to the upper apartments of the steeple, and to allow ample space for the ingress and egress of visitors, through the vestibule besides. At the top of this brick structure commences the framework of the steeple, of nearly the same dimensions, sufficiently large to admit of being IO THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. divided into two or three small rooms, which formerly constituted the dwelling of the Bell-ringer and his fami- ly. Some years ago, there was quite a lively little sen- sation created among the uninitiated through the city, by an announcement in the morning papers that a child was born in the State house steeple the night before. Above this elevated family residence is another apart- ment, occupied by the great clock, and the next above by the bell, which is about one hundred and forty feet above the surface of the ground, and which is much contracted in comparison with the apartments below. It has open out-looks, affording a grand opportunity for observing the outspreading city below, the winding courses of the two rivers for a great distance, and the varied and undulatory appearance of the country, and points of interest for many miles around, forming, in the whole, one of the grandest and most picturesque landscapes the eye could rest upon. Shooting up from the belfry is the spire, twenty feet, making the entire height one hundred and sixty feet, exclusive of the spindle, bearing the ball, vane, etc. The original steeple, as it was seen prior to 1778, was but one hundred and fifty feet high. On account of the decayed state of a portion of the timbers, it was taken down in this year, until but ninety-six feet of it was left standing ; this was surmounted by a small bel- fry, to protect the bell ; the clock, which presented but one dial-face, was at the west end of the building.* In 1828, the steeple was re-erected. In reconstructing it, care was taken to preserve the original plan, and its ancient appearance, as far as possible. At the present time workmen are engaged in strength- ening the structure, preparatory to the reception of the new clock and bell, presented to the city by Mr. Henry Seybert, a wealthy and benevolent citizen. Heavy iron rods are being put through the brick work at the * There is considerable discrepancy in regard to the date of this event. Some writers put it at 1 774, and others, which we think more correct, at 1778, and others at 1781. THE STATE HOUSE BELLS AND CLOCKS. II base of the wooden structure, to prevent spreading, and heavier timbers are being substituted for the present supports of the bell and clock floors. It is expected this magnificent present of Mr. Sey- bert's will be placed in the steeple during the present summer. A fine old clock, which stood in the steeple, which was constructed and used as a regulator for the large clock, has been cleaned and repaired, and now stands in the office of the Commissioner of City Property. It is a fine piece of workmanship, and has a dial with twenty-four divisions, the hour hand making one revo- lution in twenty-four hours. There is also, in one of the old rooms of the steeple, what remains of the transit instrument used by Prof. Rittenhouse in 1769, to observe the transit of Venus. The observation was a failure on account of the weather being cloudy. THE STATE HOUSE BELLS AND CLOCKS. Soon after the completion of the State House, in 1734, the subject of procuring a suitable bell for the steeple, began to be agitated by the good people of Phil- adelphia. Some careful, economical citizens opposed the measure as unnecessary, and one involving a useless and extravagant expenditure of money. After discussion and agitation for a number of years, a more liberal policy prevailed, and the vexed question was decided in favor of the procurement of the bell. The Colonies not being prepared to do the work, the peo- ple were dependent upon the skill and labor of Eng- land to furnish the desired article. In the latter part of the year 1750, the order for, and a full description of the proposed bell were sent to London, and in 1752 it was landed in Philadelphia. Its arrival is represented as creating considerable excitement, and many citizens visited the vessel to examine the long coveted object, and congratulate each other and the city on its success- ful and safe passage across the ocean. During its transit 12 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. from the vessel to the steeple it met with an accident that rendered its ringing qualities so imperfect as to create universal dissatisfaction and disappointment. It was the opinion of some, at the time, that the crack occurred in the first attempt at ringing, while others averred that it resulted from carelessness and rough handling during its removal. It was of but little conse- quence how or when the accident occurred, the result was, that the project was a great failure, as the bell proved to be good for nothing. "THE LIBERTY BELL." A proposition to have the bell recast in Philadelphia, under the direction of Isaac Norris, Esq., then Speaker of the Assembly, was accepted by the firm of Pass & Stow, who after several attempts, succeeded in 1753 in produ- cing, accordingto Mr. Norris' declaration "agoodbell." Its weight was 2030 pounds. It was at the instance of Mr. Norris, that this new bell was made to bear the beautiful motto: " Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land, to all the inhabitants thereof," which proved to be signally prophetic, for in less than a quarter of a century after, at the reading of the Declaration of Independence in the State House Yard, on Monday, July 8th, 1776, at 12 o'clock, to the populace, it proclaimed the glad tidings of the birth of a new nation, free and independent. From this day it received the distinctive title of the THE LIBERTY BELL. 1 3 " Liberty Bell," at the sound of which, the fires of li- berty were kindled, and orators became eloquent. Its glory has been chanted in song, and its praises rehearsed in story until " Liberty Bell " have become household words in every family, and a theme of veneration on freedom's altar everywhere. There is a legend that the bell was rung immediately after the adoption of the Declaration on the 4th of July, 1776, but there appears to be no authentic evidence that such was the fact, nor that there were any demonstrations of general rejoicing on the evening of that day. But on the contrary the people were too solemnly impressed with the weight and magnitude of the occasion to give way to hilarity and mirthful enjoyments. Some are represented to have been jubilant and confident of ultimate success, others more sedate and thoughtful, weighing the matter more ear- nestly, and prepared to wait for future development, and others timorous and trepid, fearing the step had been prematurely taken, and that troubles more serious than any they had yet encountered might be the result. While the royalists (tories) were outspoken in their antagonism to the measure, and vehement in their de- nunciations of the high treason that had been perpe- trated against the parent government, in fact the peo- ple were more content to remain in the quiet contem- plation of the great event of the day than to partici- pate in any noisy expressions or manifestations of de- light at the consummation of the great act. And the bell was allowed to remain silent. But after a few days' consideration, and a public proclamation of their de- clared rights, they began to realize the change in their civil and political relations, their transition from vas- sals to freemen, from dependence to independence, from serfs to sovereigns, and they all united, the coura- geous, the timid and the trembling, as one man to sustain the glorious document that made them free. On that evening, July 8th, the old bell struck for Lib- erty, and the masses took up the signal. ^Bonfires were kindled, and the King's Arms were torn down from 14 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. over the State House door, and consigned to the flames, cannons were fired, parades with music crowded the streets, and general manifestations of patriotic ar- dor prevailed throughout the city. The following scrap of fancy literature, which has found its way into some of the popular magazines and school-books of the country, is educating the people in an error, both historical and sentimental. Were we to transfer the scene from the adoption of the Declaration in Independence Hall on the evening of July 4th to the reading of the same, in the State House Yard, July 8th, at noon, and let the old bell ringer 140 feet up in the belfry, be too far off to hear the closing words of the reading, and have the boy trained to give the signal when to ring, at the close, we would have a pic- ture representing more truly the actual state of the case, at the time than the one presented below. L. INDEPENDENCE BELL. "When it was certain that the ' Declaration ' would be adopted and confirmed by the signatures of the dele- gates in Congress, it was determined to announce the event by ringing the State House Bell, which bore the inscription, ' Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, to all the inhabitants thereof!' and the old bell-man posted his little boy at the door of the hall to await the instruction of the door-keeper when to ring. At the word, the little patriot scion rushed out, and flinging up his hands, shouted,- ' Ring ! Ring ! ! Ring ! ! V 1. There was tumult in the city, In the quaint old Quaker town, And the streets were rife with people Pacing restless up and down ; People gathering at corners, Where they whispered each to each, And the sweat stood on their temples, With the earnestness of speech. 2. As the bleak Atlantic currents Lash the wild Newfoundland shore, > > > INDEPENDENCE BELL. j? So they beat against the State-House, So they surged against the door; And the mingling of their voices Made a harmony profound, Till the quiet street of Chestnuts Was all turbulent with sound. 3. " Will they do it ?" « Dare they do it?" " Who is speaking?" « What's the news ?" " What of Adams ?" " What of Sherman ?" " O, God grant they won't refuse !" " Make some way, there !" « Let me nearer !" '* I am stifling I" " Stifle, then j When a nation's life's at hazard, We've no time to think of men !" 4. So they beat against the portal — Man and woman, maid and child ; And the July sun in heaven On the scene looked down and smiled j The same sun that saw the Spartan Shed his patriot blood in vain, Now beheld the soul of freedom All unconquered rise again. * * * * * 5. Aloft in that high steeple Sat the bell-man, old and gray ; He was weary of the tyrant And his iron-sceptred sway; So he sat with one hand ready On the clapper of the bell, When his eye should catch the signal, Very happy news to tell. 6. See ! see ! the dense crowd quivers Through all its lengthy line, As the boy beside the portal Looks forth to give the sign ! With his small hands upward lifted Breezes dallying with his hair, Hark ! with deep, clear intonation, Breaks his young voice on the air. 7. Hushed the people's swelling murmur, List the boy's strong joyous cry I 1 6 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. " Ring !" he shouts aloud ; " Ring, Grandpa ! Ring ! 0, Ring for Liberty I" And straightway, at the signal, The bell-man lifts his hand, And sends the good news, making Iron music through the land. 8. How they shouted ! What rejoicing! How the old bell shook the air, Till the clang of freedom ruffled The calm, gliding Delaware! How the bonfires and the torches Illumed the night's repose, And from the flames, like Phoenix, Fair Liberty arose ! 9. The old bell now is silent, And hushed its iron tongue, But the spirit it awakened Still lives — forever young. And while we greet the sunlight On the Fourth of each July, "We'll ne'er forget the bell-man, Who, 'twixt the earth and sky, Rang out Our Independence ! Which, please God, shall never die ! K. "The Liberty Bell," that sturdy old sentinel on the watch-tower of freedom, for fourscore years and more, guarded the interests of Philadelphia with all the fidelity of a most faithful and trusted servant, marking every hour "in time's rapid flight," sounding the alarm at the approach of danger, cheerily breaking the morning slumber, and calling the people forth to activity and life, on festive days, and tolling mournfully in times of general sorrow. In 1777, when the capture of the city was threatened by the near approach of the British Army, this bell and that of Christ Church were removed to the Delaware river, near Trenton, and there submerged, to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy. In this situa- tion they were permitted to remain until the close of the war, when they were returned to the city and re- stored to their former position. THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. 17 111 1835, while ringing for the funeral of Chief Justice Marshall, it received a fracture, which silenced its voice forever. It now occupies a prominent place in the National Museum, in Independence Hall, where it is preserved as a relic of great value. THE ORIGINAL CLOCK. The original clock, which was put upon the western end of the building about the year 1750, was removed and placed in the spire of St. Augustine's Church, at Fourth and Vine, and was destroyed with the church on the evening of May 8th, 1844, when that edifice was burned by the mob. A NEW CLOCK AND BELL. When the wood-work of the present steeple was put up in 1828, provision was made for the removal of the clock-face from the west end of the building to the steeple. The new clock and bell were put in the same year (1828). This bell, a distinct and different one from the liberty-bell, and which succeeded it after its fracture, was cast by John Wilbank of this city, and the clock was made by Isaiah Lukins. The weight of the bell is about four thousand pounds. THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. The Wilbank Bell, placed in position in 1828, was the immediate successor of the old Herald of Liberty, that proclaimed Independence in July, 1776. It was ordered by the Mayor to be rung for half-an-hour at Sunrise, Noon, and at Sundown, on May 10th, 1876, the day of opening of the great Centennial International Exposition, instituted in commemoration of the event that gave the nation birth a century ago. This order was significant of the occurrences of the three grand divisions of the century, to which these proceedings have reference, and most emphatically entitle it to the appellation of "The Centennial Liberty Bell." The 1 8 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. " Old Liberty Bell " proclaimed " Liberty throughout all the land to all the Inhabitants thereof;" but the proclamation failed to reach, and brought no cheer to the toiling slave. This Bell caught up the sound, and rolled back the echo, through the vista of a hundred years, carrying the boon of Liberty, the meed of re- joicing, to the heart of every man, rich or poor, black or white, foreign or native. The morning ringing, amid darkness and gloom, lowering clouds and falling rain, was indicative of the morning of the century, when Liberty struggled for utterance on the floor of Congress, and was crushed outside by the tyranny of George the Third. When hope and courage, mingled with doubt and despair, caused the stoutest heart to sicken at the gloominess of the prospect. Though opposed by mighty odds, endurance, bravery and perseverance at last broke the oppressor's wand, the oppressed took courage, and pushed hard the conflict, until the wavering ranks of the enemy began to yield, and the sun of prosperity to illumine their pathway to success and ultimate triumph. The conflict is over, the victory won, the oppressor vanquished, Liberty in the ascendant, Peace declared. The people of the distracted Colonies now busied themselves in establishing State Governments. A Na- tional Government was instituted. Agriculture, com- merce and the arts and sciences were cultivated, and the domain of the Government extended. Public hygiene and internal improvements were advanced. Ten new members had been added to the family of States, and the noon-sun of the century cast its rays on a highly prosperous and happy nation. So with the day in question ; the rains ceased to fall, the dullness passed away, the clouds were dissipated, and the Bell at noon rang out its merry peals beneath a cloudless sky and unobstructed sunlight. The disappointments of the morning vanished with the vanishing clouds ; the peo- ple, catching up the inspiration of the hour and occa- sion, were jubilant and happy. But the day was not permitted to continue fair and THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. 19 bright until its close; the clouds again gathered, the rain descended, and gloom and disappointment marred the pleasures of the occasion. So with the century to- wards its eve — a dark cloud gathered in the South — the rumblings of intestine commotion were heard from a distance. Liberty was driven from the realm and her name dishonored; the National Flag was discarded, and a bastard rag substituted in its place; all the Southern States seceded from the Union and set up a Con- federation of their own. High treason stalked through all the rebellious States at noon-day, uttering threats and imprecations against the life of the Nation. The hardy men of the North rallied under the old Stars and Stripes, and in the name of Liberty and the Union gave battle for the right. The strife was fierce and san- guinary. Thousands upon thousands of brave Ameri- cans gave their lives to their country, and millions upon millions were spent in its defense. At length the tide of battle turned in favor of the Union, and the haughty rebel was humbled in the dust. The Confederacy was broken up, and the old flag again waved over every State. The work of reconstruction and restoration placed the rebellious region again under the dominion of the General Government. And Liberty swayed her golden sceptre over three millions of slaves, raised to the dignity of freemen and vested with all the rights and franchises of citizenship. And after the storm, the setting sun of the century sent its departing rays over a united and prosperous country. The afternoon clouds of the opening day dispersed, and the ringing of the evening bell was cheered by the unclouded brilliancy of the setting sun. This day the bell thrice gave warning of the near ap- proach of the closing hours of the first century of American Independence. And on this, the eve of the Centennial day of the Nation's great rejoicing, in con- templating the past, the mind instinctively reverts to the days "along time ago" when the British Lion, England's cherished emblem of majesty, strength and 20 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. power, was driven from our shores, while yet in the feebleness of our veriest infancy. We see him now in the distance, as he surveys the vastness of our do- main, scrutinizes the citadels of our strength, and com- putes the immensity and invincibility of our power, lash- ing his sides with his huge tail, and shaking his mane with rage, and with a roar that shakes the earth, we hear him exclaim, "It is enough !" He retires to his lair, a hundred years older, and for taking the observa- tion, a hundred years wiser. Next our National bird, the American Eagle, perched upon the topmost bough of the tallest oak, from which he beholds the entire globe girdled with a belt of wires, over which pass human thoughts, wishes, desires, from city to city, country to country, and continent to con- tinent, with lightning speed — an American invention. He observes spread all over the surface of our and other continents a net-work of iron highways, upon which are coaches loaded with human beings, and other ve- hicles of transportation freighted with the commerce of the world, rushing with the velocity of the wind, and depositing at every point their passengers and freight. He sees the steamships spreading their sails on all our mighty rivers and every ocean, promoters of civilization in times of peace, and peacemakers in times of war — all the result of American genius. He sees in every city, town and hamlet, temples dedi- cated to science and learning, sending their tall spires heavenward, and applauds our American system of uni- versal education. Though he saddens at the mockery of our boasted free religion, he stretches his neck to its utmost extent, and opening his capacious throat, utters a scream that rends the air, "It is mine, all mine!" And spreading his broad wings soars away to his retreat in the cliffs of time, to watch the progress and guide the destinies of his great protege for another century. The dazzling Goddess of Liberty, with her counte- nance all radiant with happiness, rejoices as she beholds the millions of her votaries bearing the ensign of loy- THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. 21 alty in one hand and the ballot in the other, all clothed in the panoply of manhood ; a tear trickles down her beautiful cheek as she casts her sorrowing eyes upon woman, and sees her bondage, and raising the signal for more work, she departs ; and the Nation resolves, that before the opening day of the next Centennial Ju- bilee, the triumph of liberty shall be complete and suf- frage universal. THE REMOVAL OF THE BELL AND CLOCK. The last time the voice of this bell was heard in Philadelphia, was the evening ringing, on May ioth, 1876, at sundown, in honor of the opening of the great- est exhibition of the products of human ingenuity, the soil, and mine, that the world has ever beheld. The occasion was the most important one that ever called forth the sound of a. bell during the last century, or perhaps in the history of the world, save the closing act of the initiatory ceremonies instituting the new Gov- ernment, the greatest and mightiest of earth, in July, 1776. A few days after performing this, its last, grandest service, in honor of the most memorable event known to the history of mankind, commemorative of the world's crowning glory — The Birth of the American Nation — this bell, which has been in position since 1828, was lowered from the steeple into the lower hall, and placed in the corner of the vestibule recently occu- pied by its "illustrious predecessor," the Liberty Bell, where it will remain until some action is taken in refer- ence to it by Councils. It is in as good condition as when first put in use. Its future employment is wholly problematical. THE NEW SEYBERT BELL AND CLOCK FOR INDEPENDENCE HALL. The present removal of the Bell and Clock is to give place to the new ones presented by Mr. Seybert, for 2 2 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. which it is contemplated to have everything in readi- ness by the 4th of July, when, at noon, there will be a peal of thirteen strokes, one for each of the original States in the Union. The bell is composed of a mix- ture of 80 per cent, of copper, and 20 per cent, of tin. It has metal in it from cannon used in the revolutionary war by the British and Americans at the battle of Sara- toga, and from cannon used both by the Northern and Southern armies at the battle of Gettysburg. The bell is seven feet high, measures 23)^ feet around the lip, and weighs 13,000 pounds. The clapper is nickel plated and burnished, weighing 300 pounds. The hammer, which will strike the bell, weighs two hundred pounds. The bell was manufactured by Meneely & Co., of Troy, N. Y. The clock was manufactured by the Seth Thomas Clock Company of Thomaston, Conn. The dial plates are nine feet in diameter, being two feet larger than those on the present clock, and the clock will run for eight days without stopping. The pendulum rod carries a cast iron ball of 500 pounds, the rod and ball weighing together 700 pounds. From its composition, "The Seybert Union Bell" would be an appropriate title for it. June 14, 1876. — The new bell to be placed in the State House steeple, and which is described above, was delivered yesterday. It was conveyed to the front of Independence Hall swinging from a large catama- ran, drawn by nine horses, and attracted great atten- tion. It was placed upon a wooden platform, which was then, by the use of a screw-jack, raised to a height sufficient to permit heavy broad planks and rollers to be placed beneath it, and then, by the use of levers, rollers, etc., it was slowly forced along until near the statue of Washington, where it was permitted to remain for the night. The clock has been put up in the steeple, and the dials are in position, the last touches being given to them yesterday. The bell was raised to its position in the steeple, as soon as the necessary prepa- rations were completed; and when put to trial its THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. 2 % sound was found to be so defective that Mr. Seybert the donor, has determined to have it taken down and recast. Its cost was $5,000. THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. Immediately in front of Independence Hall stands a beautiful statue of the Father of his Country. It is of fine white marble, and about eight feet in height. The pedestal upon which it stands is of granite, and about twelve feet in height, making the whole figure about twenty feet. The pedestal bears the following inscrip- tion : l ERECTED BY THE WASHINGTON ASSOCIATION OF THE FIRST SCHOOL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA, JULY 4, 1S69. The statue was unveiled July 5. MEETINGS OF THE EARLY CONGRESS AND THE INAUGU- RATION OF THE FIRST TWO PRESIDENTS. The first Colonial Congress, called the Stamp Act Congress, met at New York, 1765. The first Continental Congress met in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, in 1774. Eleven Colonies only were represented, North Carolina and Georgia, failing to send delegates. Second Continental Congress, met in the State House, Philadelphia, 1775. Congress adjourned to Lancaster in 1777, and in three days adjourned to York, Pa., and remained there nine months. 24 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. FIRST CONGRESS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. The first Congress under the Constitution, consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1791, held its first two ses- sions in New York, and a third one in Philadelphia, in the building at the Southeast corner of Sixth and Chest- nut streets, known as " Old Congress Hall," and now occupied by the Highway Department and the City Courts. It continued to meet here until it was removed to Washington, D. C, in the year 1800. George Washington was inaugurated President of the United States, first term, in New York, April 30, 1 789. He was inaugurated, the second term, in Philadelphia, March 4, 1793, in the building occupied by Congress. John Adams was also inaugurated President in the same building, March 4, 1797. All the subsequent Presidents were inaugurated in Washington, D. C. L. HISTORICAL EVENTS OF 1776. CANNONADING AND BURNING OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, BY LORD DUNMORE, THE ROYAL GOV- ERNOR OF THE PROVINCE, JANUARY I, 1 776. This year, the most eventful in the history of America, opened on the inhabitants of Norfolk, with terror, dismay, and despair. The first day of the new year, was one of sadness and gloom, instead of festivity and joy. They witnessed an array of British war vessels abreast of their town, with active preparations for a most de- structive and desolating cannonading. About four o'clock, P. M., the firing commenced, and sixty pieces of artillery sent forth their missiles of death and destruction from four men-of-war. Not sat- isfied with this demonstration of civilized and Christian barbarity — inflicted upon defenceless women and child- ren ; as night approached the Governor ordered the warehouses on the wharfs, to be fired, and a large mer- chant vessel, which occupied the dock, to be burnt. The unemployed portion of the fleet, moored in the harbor, now furnished men and boats, in large numbers, to come ashore and aid in extending the fire in every direction along the river. The light material of which the houses were mainly constructed, and the wind, added to the rapidity of the extension of the flames, rendering the scene truly appalling to even the stoutest hearts. Women with their infants in their arms, as well as others, were seen, by the light of the conflagration, running to and fro, seeking refuge from the range of the cannon balls. The attempts of the British to land with their cannon were repeatedly defeated by the spunk and resistance 3 25 26 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. of the patriots. It was long after midnight before the merciless enginery of destruction was wholly silenced. The fire continued to rage for seventy-two hours, until nearly the whole of the town was reduced to ashes, or left piles of smouldering ruins. The old dominion derived no immunity from her past loyalty to the British Crown. No consideration for being the favorite colony of Elizabeth, who stamped upon its name the insignia of her own purity. No par- don for being the product of Raleigh's enterprise and fortune, or for the high regards of Shakespeare, Bacon and Herbert. No favors for having voluntarily estab- lished the Church of England — and prided themselves, on their ancestral fidelity to the line of British Kings. Thus the Colonial Governor, the Agent of the English ministry, the representative of the regal power of Great Britain, destroyed and desolated her fairest town, the seat of her commerce, religion and wealth. When the Commander-in-Chief heard of this desola- tion of the proud metropolis of his beloved Colony — the mingled emotions of rage and grief agitated his whole frame, and with emphasis and feeling he exclaimed, " I hope this and the threatened devastations of other places will unite the whole country in one indissoluble band against a nation, which seems lost to every sense of virtue and those feelings which distinguish a civil- ized people from the most barbarous savages." L. THE FLAG. On the first day of January, 1776, the same day that Norfolk was in sadness, in tears, and in ashes, the American Flag, with its thirteen stripes of red and white, was thrown to the breeze over the Continental Army at Boston. The blue field, instead of bearing the stars, the pride of every American citizen, now pre- sented the commingled crosses of St. George and St. Andrew, in red and white. The army at this time was only distinguished by its extreme feebleness, its brave- HISTORICAL EVENTS OF 1 776. 27 ry and endurance. Its roll numbered, but nine thou- sand, six hundred and fifty men, all told. At that time the free colored man, stood side by side and shoulder to shoulder with his white co-patriot, battling in a com- mon cause for the common rights of all. L. THE KING S SPEECH. The King's speech to parliament delivered in No- vember, reached the Continental Congress in Philadel- phia in the beginning of this year. Washington, thence- forward freely expressed the opinion, that a declaration of Independence was inevitable, and his comrades in arms, as well as others, were solemnly impressed with the same sentiment. General Greene in a letter to Mr. Ward, then a delegate to the Continental Congress, from Rhode Island, says, "The interests of mankind hang upon that body of which you are a member : you stand the representative not of America only, but of the friends of liberty and the supporters of the rights of human nature in the whole world ; permit me from the sincerity of my heart, ready at all times to bleed in my country's cause, to recommend a Declaration of In- dependence, and call upon the world and the great God who governs it, to witness the necessity, propriety and rectitude thereof." "The king," he said further, "breathes revenge, and threatens us with destruction ; America must raise an empire of permanent duration, supported upon the grand pillars of truth, freedom, and religion." The sentiment in favor of independence was becom- ing more and more general, sometimes manifesting it- self in loud expressions, but more generally affording food for silent meditation. The old sentiment, "Eng- land, with all thy faults, I love thee still," seemed to be in the ascendant, and to exert a controlling influence on many minds, until the royal proclamation pro- nounced them rebels. This created a new incentive for thought and action ; new ideas were evolved, and old 28 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. affections were subdued ; the commotion became gen- eral, the forum and the press were invoked to give ut- terance to the new convictions. A leader to concentrate, control and direct the spirit of independence, which, for the want of system, was distracting the public mind, became a necessity to act the part in the domain of thought, that Washington was acting in the field of battle, Morris in the depart- ment of finance, and Franklin in the world of negotia- tions. The man who entered the arena pen in hand, and most effectually accomplished this work, was THOMAS PAINE, an Englishman by birth, a Quaker by education, aged about forty years, and an inhabitant of America a little over a year. He was by nature and education fitted for the task he assumed ; an ardent lover of liberty, trained in the school of equal rights, insti- tuted by George Fox and his followers, bold and in- trepid in thought, simple, clear and fearless in his ex- pressions, scathing in his sarcasms, and terrible in his denunciations, he was emphatically the man for the times. A compeer of Franklin, Rittenhouse, Clymer, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Rush and men of that class, his influence among the patriots was as great, as his ge- nius and power of argument were subduing and con- vincing to the royalists. His first work was to prepare an essay on the existing relations between the Colonies and the mother country ; and when it was completed he submitted it to the gentlemen above mentioned, and asked them what title he should give it ! Rush replied call it "common sense." In order that the reader may form a correct idea of the character of the pamphlet, we present a few ex- tracts from it, as a part of the history of the country one hundred years ago. L. "The design and end of government is freedom and security. EXTRACTS. 20 In the early ages of the world, mankind were equals in the order of creation ; the heathen introduced government by kings, which the will of the Almighty, as declared by Gideon and the prophet Sa- muel, expressly disapproved. To the evil of monarchy we have added that of hereditary succession ; and as the first is a lessening of ourselves, so the second might put posterity under the govern- ment of a rogue or a fool. Nature disapproves it, otherwise she would not so frequently turn it into ridicule. ENGLAND, vSince the conquest, hath known some few good monarchs, but groaned beneath a much larger number of bad ones. " The most plausible plea, which has ever been offered in favor of hereditary succession is, that it preserves a nation from civil wars; whereas the whole history of England disowns the fact. THIRTY KINGS And two minors have reigned in that distracted kingdom since the conquest, in which time there have been no less than eight civil wars and nineteen rebellions. In short, monarchy and succession have laid not this kingdom only, but the world in blood and ashes. '' The nearer any government approaches to a Republic, the less business there is for a king ; in England a king hath little more to do than to make war and give away places. "VOLUMES HAVE BEEN WRITTEN On the struggle between England and America, but the period of debate is closed. Arms must decide the contest ; the appeal was the choice of the king, and the continent hath accepted the chal- lenge. "THE SUN NEVER SHONE On a cause of greater worth. 'Tis not the affair of a city, a coun- try, a province, or a kingdom, but of a continent, of at least one- eighth part of the habitable globe. 'Tis not the concern of a day, a year, or an age ; posterity are virtually involved in it even to the end of time. " BUT GREAT BRITAIN Has protected us, say some. She did not protect us from our ene- mies on our account, but from her enemies on her own account, America would have nourished as much, and probably more, had no European power had anything to do with governing her. France and Spain never were, nor perhaps ever will be, our enemies as Americans, but as subjects of Great Britain. " BRITAIN Is the parent country, say some ; then the more shame upon her conduct. 3* 3 and again elected, July 18, 1776. He was appointed the first superintendent of finance in the United States, in 1 781, a position corresponding to Secretary of the Treasury. This was in the darkest days of the Revolu- tion, and his efforts to procure funds for the Govern- ment, even when the army under Washington had dwindled down to a handful of half-clad and half-fa- mished militia, were of incalculable service. When the Government credit could not command one thousand dollars, he raised tens of thousands, by loans upon his own credit. Americans, says a distinguished historian, " owe as much acknowledgment to the financial opera- tions of Robert Morris, as to the negotiations of Benja- min Franklin, or even the arms of George Washington." He resigned his office in 1 784, was a member of the Convention which framed the Constitution of the United States in 1787, and was elected a Senator of the United States, 1788. He was imprisoned for debt, in his old age — a burning shame, an indelible disgrace to the nation, to whose service he had sacrificed his best days and best energies. He died May 8, 1806, aged 72 years. Benjamin Rush, M. D., Physician, was born in By- berry Township, Philadelphia County (now 2 2d Ward of the city) December 24, 1745. After completing his preliminary course of study, under the tutelage of Dr. Finley, principal of an academy at Nottingham, Mary- land, he entered Princeton College, New Jersey, in 1759, and at the age of sixteen, he took his degree. His early preferences were strongly in favor of the legal profession, but by the persuasions of his mother, and many warm friends, he was led to embrace that of medicine, and accordingly, in due time, he entered the office of Dr. Redman of Philadelphia, as a student. After re- maining with him for a year or two, in 1766 he went to Europe and studied medicine in Edinburgh, London, and went to Paris in the summer of 1768. He gradu- ated in the University of Edinburgh, and received the degree of " Doctor of Medicine." BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 93 Upon his return to America, he was elected profes- sor of Chemistry in the Medical College of Philadel- phia in 1769. The refusal of a number of delegates in Congress to vote for the Declaration, was followed by their withdrawal, and to fill a vacancy occasioned by this movement, Dr. Rush was elected in 1776. He, with a number of others, who were admitted under similar circumstances, did not sign the Declaration until August 2d, the same year, the time of its engross- ment. In 1777, he was appointed surgeon-general and phy- sician-general of the army. He rose to great emi- nence in' his profession, especially in reference to his management and treatment of the Yellow Fever that ravaged the city of Philadelphia so terribly in 1793. He was highly distinguished as a Medical writer, as well as an essayist of political and general topics. He voted for the adoption of the Constitution of the United States in the State Convention in 1787. In 1789 he became professor of the theory and practice of Medi- cine, in the Medical College of Philadelphia. He was appointed professor of the Institutes of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania in 1791, when the Medical College was united with the University. He was trea- surer of the Mint during the last fourteen years of his life. In 181 1, the Emperor of Russia sent him a diamond ring as a testimonial of respect for his medical skill. He died April 19, 1831, aged 67 years. Benjamin Franklin, LL.D., Printer, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, January 17, 1706. He is too well known and honored in America to require a lengthened biographical sketch here. He was kept in a common school for two or three years, and at ten years of age, was taken into the service of his father, who was in the business of a soap boiler and tallow- chandler. Tiring of the monotony of his situation, he longed for greater liberty, and broader field for activi- ty ; he conceived a strong desire for marine adventures ; to prevent his putting this youthful freak into execution, 94 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. his father bound him to his elder brother James, who was a printer. Here his desire for books and thirst for knowledge were in a measure satisfied. His faculties developed rapidly, and he made great intellectual ad- vancement ; by industry and steady application to his art, he soon became proficient therein ; so much so, that a spirit of jealousy began to manifest itself towards him ; the perception of which, caused him such dissat- isfaction that he resolved upon a separation. Accord- ingly at the age of seventeen he embarked on board a vessel about to sail for New York, and clandestinely left Boston, shaping his way for Philadelphia. Here there were but two printing establishments at that time, in one of which he soon found employment as a jour- neyman printer. In the following year he went to England, and worked at his trade in London for over twelvemonths. In 1726 he returned to Philadelphia. By his industry, integrity, temperance and other good qualities, he not only gained the esteem and friendship of his employers, but succeeded in establishing a busi- ness credit in the city, and with the assistance of some friends he established himself in business. In 1729 he became the editor and proprietor of a newspaper (the "Pennsylvania Gazette,") which his talents for writing soon rendered very popular and profitable. In 1732 he commenced the publication of "Poor Richard's Al- manac," which, on account of the useful information it contained for the people, acquired a wide reputa- tion. He also projected a library club, in 1 731. called the "Junto." Many of the books they collected formed the nucleus of the present Philadelphia Library at the northeast corner of Fifth and Library Sts. , and which is now one of the largest in the United States. By his talents, prudence, integrity and wisdom he continued to rise in the estimation of the community in which he lived, untill he was deemed worthy of the highest hon- ors which his country could bestow. He was appointed Government printer in 1 734, clerk of the General As- sembly in 1736, post-master of Philadelphia 1737. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 95 He instituted fire companies in Philadelphia, the first on the continent, and devised means for paving the streets, and lighting the city with gas. He took an in- terest in the military, and projected the "American Philosophical Society," the "Pennsylvania Hospital," and the "University of Pennsylvania. " He established the " General Magazine and Historical Chronicle," for the British Plantations, in 1741. In 1744, he was elected to the General Assembly, to which position he was re-elected for ten years consecutively. In 1753 he was appointed Deputy Post Master General of the Brit- ish Colonies. In 1754 he was a delegate to a Conven- tion of Representatives of the Colonies, that met at Al- bany, to consult upon the general defence and security against the French. In 1757 the General Assembly of the Colony sent Franklin to London to adjust a diffi- culty between that body, and the proprietary Governors, in regard to taxation, from which the Governors claimed exemption. He was successful ; and it was de- cided that the estates of the proprietaries should bear their due proportions of the public burdens. On his return in 1762 he received the thanks of the Assembly, for the able and faithful fulfilment of his mission, to- gether with a present of $20,000 as a remunerative re- cognition of his valuable services, during his five years' absence. "Franklin had already become distinguished in the scientific world, by his successful experiments on the nature of electricity. In 1752 he had made the impor- tant and brilliant discovery of the identity of lightning with the electric fluid, by means of a kite." The practical and scientific results of this grand philosophi- cal feat are familiar to every school-boy. And the high honors conferred upon him by the Universities of Edinburgh, and Oxford, and other celebrated European institutions of learning, are too well known, to require repetition here. In 1 764 Franklin was again sent, by the Assembly, as agent to England ; he was afterwards appointed g6 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. agent by several of the other Colonies. While he was there the odious Stamp Act was past, which occurred early in 1765, but through his earnest and persevering efforts, his talents, skill, and varied information, which were shown to great advantage, in the House of Com- mons, it was repealed during the following year. But other laws equally objectionable and oppressive, in re- lation to taxation, and the personal rights of the Colo- nists, remained in force, against which he pertinaciously protested. His opinions had great weight there, and the eyes of many of the leading statesmen were upon him. In the dispute between the American Colonies and the mother country, Franklin had sought earnestly and sincerely to prevent a disruption ; when, however, he became convinced that a separation was inevitable, he returned home and took an active part in promoting the cause of independence. He arrived in Philadelphia on the 5th of May, 1775, after an absence of more than ten years. The day after his arrival, he was unanimously elected by the Assembly of Pennsylvania, a delegate to the Second Continental Congress, which was about to assemble. He was again elected November 3d, and was one of the faithful band of patriots that faced and braved the storms of 1776. He was one of the committee of five appointed by Con- gress to frame the " Declaration of Independence." When he took the pen in hand to sign the immortal document, he archly remarked to those around him, " We must now hang together, or we will hang separate- ly." Towards the close of 1776, he was appointed ambas- sador to the court of 'France ', though more than seventy years of age he accepted the Commission and sailed in October. He arrived in Paris, December 21, where he was re- ceived with great deference and marks of high distinction. His mission was eminently successful ; a treaty was con- cluded and signed by Franklin and the French Minis- ter at Paris, February 6, 1778, America was declared BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 97 independent, and the French Government openly es- poused the cause of the Colonists. This treaty may be said to have secured the independence of the Ameri- can Colonies. After the surrender of Cornwallis and the cessation of hostilities, Franklin took an important part in the negotiation of peace with England, and signed the preliminary articles of a treaty of peace at Paris, November 30, 1782. The definitive treaty of peace was signed at Paris, by Franklin, John Adams and Jay, September 3d, 1783. His biographer says of this act, " Then did the bosom of this old Nestor of patriots swell with national pride, and emotions of irrepressible patriotism took possession of his soul. Then it was that, true to a former pledge, he put on a suit of clothes which, ten years before, on the occasion of his being insulted before the English Privy Council, he declared he would never wear again until he had signed England's degradation and America's Independence." Franklin afterwards negotiated with Prussia a treaty, in which he inserted an article against privateering. "This treaty," said Washington, " marks a new era in nego- tiation. It is the most liberal treaty which has ever been entered into between independent powers." He re- turned home in September, 1785. He was received with great demonstrations of joy by the entire country. The next month after his arrival, and at the age of eighty years, he was chosen President of Pennsylvania for one year, to which position he was re-elected in 1786 and 1787. He was a delegate to the Convention which met in Philadelphia in May, 1787, to form a constitution of the United States. At the close of the Convention he made a speech in which he said, "I consent to this Constitution, because I expect no better, and because I am not sure that it is not the best." His last public act was the signature of a memorial to Congress by the Abolition Society, of which he was President. He died April 17,1 790, aged 84 years. Not only the 9 gS THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. people of this country, but of England and France also, mourned the loss of so great a man. His remains are entombed in the cemetery of Christ Church, at the southeast corner of Fifth and Arch streets, Philadelphia. A few years ago a section of the brick wall, which in- closes the ground, a few feet east of Fifth street, on Arch street, was removed, and its place supplied with an iron railing, to afford pedestrians, as they hurry to and fro, an opportunity of casting a passing glance at the flat marble slabs that mark the resting-places of Benjamin Franklin and Deborah his wife. In view of the vast advantages derived from the life- long public services of Franklin, in securing indepen- dence, framing the new Government, negotiating with foreign powers, &c, it is a burning shame to the coun- try, a blot upon its national glory, and a deep disgrace to Philadelphia in particular, that a wasted, weather- beaten stone, seen only through this " hole in the wall," with its inscription rendered almost illegible by the scathing hand of time, should have so long remained the only mark indicating the tomb of the ablest statesman, the greatest Philosopher, and the wisest sage, America ever had. Let this, the Centennial year of our national existence be marked by the erection of a befitting monument to Benjamin and Deborah Franklin, as an expression of National gratitude for the great and enduring benefits received from the great and varied national services rendered by the illustrious dead. John Morton, Surveyor, was born in Delaware coun- ty, Pennsylvania, in 1724. He was appointed Justice of the Peace in 1764, by the Governor of the Province. He was soon afterwards chosen a member of the Gen- eral Assembly, and for a number of years was Speaker of the House. In 1766 he was made high Sheriff of the county. He held the office of presiding Judge of the Common Pleas and Quarter Sessions, and about the same time was elevated to the bench of the Supreme Court of the Province. In 1774 the Assembly of Pennsylva- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 99 nia appointed Mr. Morton a delegate to the General Congress. He was re-elected November 3, 1775. He died in April, 1777, aged 53 years. George Clymer, Merchant, was born in Philadel- phia, 1739. His political principles were decidedly Republican, and he was among the most ardent defen- ders of the Republican cause. In 1776, after two of the Pennsylvania delegates in the General Congress de- clined voting for the Declaration of Independence, and withdrew from their seats, Mr. Clymer and Dr. Rush were appointed to succeed them, and they both joyfully affixed their names to that instrument. In 1779 he was again elected to Congress, and again for the third time in 1780. He was a member of the Convention that formed the Federal Constitution in 1787. He was the founder of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. He was appointed to many important posts, directly by the people, besides "performing his official duties, with promptness and great ability. He died January 24, 1813, aged 73 years. James Smith, Lawyer, was born in Ireland about 1719 — exact day not known. He studied law in Lan- caster, Pennsylvania, and when admitted to the bar, removed to a frontier locality where Shippensburg now stands, in Cumberland county. He soon removed from there to the village of York, York county, where he re- mained during the rest of his life. He was an active and ardent supporter of the American cause ; he was often called upon by the people to serve them in various primary capacities. He was elected to the General Congress in 1776, to fill a vacancy, made by the with- drawal of a member, who refused to support the Decla- ration of Independence, and with Dr. Rush, George Clymer, and others, signed that instrument at its en- grossment on Parchment on the Second of August. Those elected to fill the vacancies, caused by the retir- ing members, did not take their seats until after the Declaration had been adopted. He died July 11, 1806. He was supposed to have been nearly 90 years old. IOO THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. George Taylor, Iron M aster, was born in Ireland in 1 71 6. Resided in Durham, Pennsylvania, afterwards purchased an estate on the Lehigh, then Northumber- land county, and erected Iron works there. He was a member of the Provincial Assembly five consecutive years. In 1776 he was elected to fill a vacancy in the General Congress, occasioned by a withdrawing mem- ber. He signed the Declaration on the Second of Au- gust. Mr. Taylor remained in Congress one year, and then withdrew from public life and settled in Easton, where he died February 23, 1781, aged 65 years. James Wilson, Lawyer, was born in Scotland, in 1742. In 1774 he was elected to the Provincial Assem- bly of Pennsylvania. In May, 1775, he was chosen a delegate to the General Congress. On December 3 of the same year he was again elected for the session of 1776. He voted for and signed the Declaration of In- dependence, and remained an active member of Con- gress until 1777. Towards the close of 1782 he was again elected a delegate to the General Congress, and took his seat in January, 1783. He was again elected to Congress towards the close of 1785, and took his seat the following March. He was an active member of the Convention that formed the Federal Constitution in 1787. Mr. Wilson was also a member of the Convention that framed the new Constitution for Pennsylvania in 1788. He was appointed by Washington one of the Judges of the Su- preme Court of the United States. He died at Edenton, North Carolina, while on official business, upon that Circuit, August 28, 1798, aged 55 years. George Ross, Lawyer, was born in New Castle, Del- aware, in 1730. He was admitted to the bar in 1751, and removed to Lancaster, Pa. He was elected to the Assembly of Pennsylvania, 1768. He was elected to Congress in 1774, and continued a member until 1777. In April, 1799, Mr. Ross was appointed Judge of the Court of Admiralty for Pennsylvania. He died at Lan- caster in July, 1780, aged 50 years. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1 01 He was distinguished for his sympathy towards the oppressed, especially in regard to the Indians who re- sided within his vicinity. He was eminently kind- hearted, benevolent and patriotic. DELAWARE. ( Then known as the lower counties on the Delaware.} Caesar Rodney, Farmer, was born at Dover, in the Province of Delaware, in 1730. He was a member of the Provincial Assembly in 1769, and was chosen its Speaker; he continued a member and the speaker of that body until 1774. He was elected a delegate to the General Congress in August, 1774, and took his seat at the opening of Congress, September 5. On May ri, 1775, he was re-elected. He was not present in Congress during the closing debates upon the proposi- tion for a Declaration of Independence in 1776, but was sent for by his colleague, Mr. McKean, so as to se- cure the vote of Delaware for that important measure. Mr. Read, declining to vote for it, would otherwise have left Delaware divided, she being able to give but one vote out of three for the measure. Mr. Rodney ar- rived in time to give his vote for Independence, and enjoyed the high privilege of signing the Declaration. Mr. Read also signed it afterwards, though he did not vote for its adoption. On Mr. Rodney's return to his constituents, they approved, by acclamation, of his acts in the National Council. He was appointed Brigadier- General of the Province, and devoted the remainder of his life to military duties. He died of a cancer in the cheek, early in the year 1783, aged about 53 years. George Read, Lawyer, was born in Cecil County, in the Province of Maryland, in the year 1734- He was admitted to the bar 1753, when only 19 years of age. He commenced practicing law in Newcastle, Delaware, in 1754. In 1763 he was appointed Attor- ney-General for the " lower counties on the Delaware," Kent, Sussex and Newcastle. This office he held until 9* 102 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. elected]a delegate to the Continental Congress, in 1774. In 1775 he was elected a member of the General As- sembly of Delaware, and was re-elected to the office eleven successive years. He was re-elected to Con- gress May 11, 1775, and was a member in 1776. He was a member of the Convention that framed the State Constitution of Delaware, and President of that body. He was also a member of the Convention that framed the Constitution of the United States, and Chief Justice of the State of Delaware. He died after a short and severe illness, in 1798, aged 64 years. Thomas McKean, Lawyer, was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1734. He was a delegate to a Convention that assembled in New York, 1765, with reference to the Stamp Act, called the "Stamp Act >y Congress. He was elected a delegate to the General Congress in 1774, and by re-elections remained an ac- tive member of that body until the ratification of the Treaty of Peace in 1783. He had been appointed in 1777 President of the State of Delaware and Chief Justice of Pennsylvania; the latter position he re- tained until 1799, when he was elected Governor of Pennsylvania, and by re-elections was continued in that office for nine years. He died June 24, 181 7, aged 84 years. MARYLAND. Samuel Chase, Lawyer, was born April 17, 1741, in Somerset County, Maryland. In 1761, at the age of twenty years, he was chosen a member of the Provin- cial Assembly of his native colony. He was a bold, fearless and energetic advocate of Independence, while most of those who surrounded him " fawned at the feet of royal power." Mr. Chase was one of the five dele- gates to the first Continental Congress in 1774. He continued a member of Congress until 1778. In 1796 he was nominated by President Washington, and con- firmed by the Senate, Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. He held the office about fifteen years. He was impeached in 1804 for misdemeanor in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1 03 relation to certain political trials. John Randolph, of Roanoke, instigated and conducted this impeachment, which resulted in the acquittal of Judge Chase. He died June 19, 181 1, aged 70 years. William Paca, Lawyer, was born in Hartford Coun- ty, Maryland, in 1740- He was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1774, was re-elected Sep- tember 13, 1775, and continued a member until 1778, when he was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the State. The delegates in Congress from Maryland were much embarrassed by the opposition of their constituents to independence, and their loyal ad- herence to the British Crown, as evinced in their in- structions, frequently repeated in the early part of 1776. In the latter part of June of that year the Con- vention withdrew their restrictions upon their delegates, and left them free to act according to the suggestions of their own judgments in the premises. Accordingly they cast their votes for independence on the fourth of July following. He continued to fill the office of Chief * Justice until 1782, when he was elected Governor of the State, which position he held one year, and then retired to private life. He died in 1799, aged nearly 60 years. Thomas Stone, Lawyer, was born in Charles Coun- ty, Maryland, in 1743. He was elected to the General Congress in 1774, and re-elected September 13, 1785. He was one of the committee who framed the Articles of Confederation adopted in November, 1777. He was again elected to Congress that year, and finally re- tired early in 1778. A colleague of Chase and Paca, he was equally earnest and decisive with them in his course in relation to independence, but his native modesty rendered him less aggressive. He died Octo- ber 5, 1787, aged 44 years. Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Lawyer, was born in Annapolis, Maryland, September 20, 1737. He was educated as a Roman Catholic, and at the age of eight years was sent to France for that purpose. He studied 104 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. law at Paris and London. Having returned to America about 1764, he inherited a very large estate in land in his native Province, and was reputed to be the richest man in Maryland. He was elected a member of the Provincial Assembly in 1775, an d delegate to Congress in July, 1776. When he signed the Declaration, he attached " of Carrollton " to his name, to distinguish it from that of his cousin, "Charles Carroll," and to identify himself more fully with the danger, as well as the honor, resulting from that manifesto. He was elected Senator of the United States in 1788. In 1810 he retired from public life. Strong and vigorous in de- bate, convincing and exhaustive in his writing, occu- pying a high social position by inheritance, and main- taining it by a life of honor and patriotism, with an un- tarnished reputation, he possessed an influence over his countrymen that very few statesmen enjoy in the same degree. He was the last surviving signer of the Decla- ration of Independence. He died November 14, 1832, aged 96 years. VIRGINIA. George Wythe, Lawyer, was born in Elizabeth City county, Virginia, in 1726, He was admitted to the bar, 1757. Was a member of the House of Burgesses for several years, before the Revolution. On the thirteenth of September, 1775, Mr. Wythe was elected a delegate to the General Congress, and was a member in 1776. In this year he was appointed one of a committee to re- vise the laws of Virginia. In 1777 he became Judge of the high Court of Chancery, and served as Chancellor of Virginia for twenty years. In 1786 Mr. Wythe was chosen a delegate to the Convention that framed the Federal Constitution, and was twice chosen a Senator of the United States under it. He died June 8, 1806, aged 80 years. Richard Henry Lee, Gentleman, was born in West- moreland county, Virginia, January 20, 1732. He was sent to England at an early age, by his father, to be educated, which was the custom of the times, among the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. I05 best families of the "Old Dominion." He returned to Virginia when nearly nineteen years of age. In 1757 he was elected to the House of Burgesses in Virginia. In 1765 he eloquently defended the resolution against the " Stamp Act," introduced by Patrick Henry. He was sent as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1774; in the proceedings of which body he took an active part. The memorial to the people of British America, authorized by the Continental Congress, is at- tributed to his pen. On June 7, 1776, in pursuance to his own sense of duty, and in obedience to the express instructions of the Assembly of Virginia, he introduced into Congress his famous resolution, declaring a total separation from the Mother Country, which he supported by a most eloquent and powerful speech. Mr. Lee was again elected to Congress in 1778 ; he became President of that body in 1784; and was elected a United States Senator from Virginia in 1789. Like most other Virginians he dis- approved of the Constitution. He died June 19, 1794, aged 62 years. Thomas Jefferson, Lawyer, was born at Shad well, in Albemarle county, Virginia, one biographer says April 2d, another 13th, 1743, near the spot that afterwards became his residence, and which he called Monticello. His name stands among the most eminent of American Statesmen. He entered a grammar school at the age of five years, and at nine commenced the study of the classics, with a Scotch Clergyman named Douglass. On the death of his father the Rev. Mr. Maury became his preceptor — and at seventeen he entered an advanced class at William and Mary College, where he remained two years. In 1762 he entered the office of Judge Wythe as a student-at-law, and after taking a five years' course with that distinguished jurist, he was admitted to the bar in 1767. While a student of law in 1765, Jef- ferson heard, in the House of Burgesses, Patrick Henry's great speech against the Stamp Act, and fired by its doctrines, he at once stood forth the avowed champion Io6 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. of American Freedom. His public career commenced in 1769 by an election to the Virginia House of Bur- gesses, where he listened to the " Great Orator of the Revolution," four years before. He made a strong but unsuccessful effort in that body, where he was at once active and popular, for the emancipation of the slaves. In 1773 he united with Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and others, in establishing the Committee of Cor- respondence, for the dissemination of intelligence be- tween the Colonies. Mr. Jefferson was one of the com- mittee for Virginia, and was a very active and useful member. Elected the next year to a Convention to choose delegates to the first Continental Congress at Philadelphia, he drew up for their instruction his famous document, of which he speaks thus in his biog- raphy. " I set out for Williamsburgh, some days before that appointed for our meeting, but was taken ill of a dysentery on the road, and was unable to proceed. I sent on, therefore, to Williamsburgh, two copies of my draught, one under cover of Peyton Randolph, who I knew would be in the chair of the Convention, the other to Patrick Henry. Whether Mr. Henry disap- proved the ground taken, or was too lazy to read it (for he was the laziest man in reading I ever knew) I never learned ; but he communicated it to nobody. Peyton Randolph informed the Convention he had received such a paper from a member, prevented by sickness from offering it in his place, and he laid it on the table for perusal. It was read generally by the members, ap- proved by many, though thought too bold for the pre- sent state of things ; but they printed it in pamphlet form under the title of ' A Summary View of the Rights of British America. ' ' ' It found its way to England, was taken up by the opposition, interpolated a little by Mr. Burk, so as to make it answer opposition purposes, and in that form it ran rapidly through several editions. This pamphlet gave great offence to Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Virginia, who threatened to prose- cute him for high treason. And because his associates BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 107 in the Virginia Assembly sustained Jefferson, Dunmore dissolved it. They then assembled in a private capaci- ty, and drew up a remonstrance, which had a powerful effect upon the people. The Governor perceived that his acts were futile, and he allowed the matter to rest. He was elected a delegate to represent Virginia in the Continental Congress in 1775, and took his seat June 21 of that year. His reputation as a statesman and accom- plished writer, at once placed him among the leaders of that renowned body. He served with distinguished ability on the most important committees — among which was that to draft a Declaration of Independence, sever- ing all allegiance and connection between the Colonies and the Mother Country. His colleagues on that com- mittee were B. Franklin, J. Adams, R. Sherman and R. R. Livingston. Mr. Jefferson, though the youngest member, was appointed its chairman, and at the request of the other members, assumed the delicate and respon- sible duty of drawing up the document, which with a few verbal amendments, and the striking out of the sec- tion relating to abolition of the foreign slave trade, was adopted July 4th, 1776, by the unanimous vote of all the Colonies, and signed by every member present ex- cept John Dickinson, of Pennsylvania. Mr. Jefferson, in alluding to the erasure of the slave trade portion of his draft, remarks, " The clause too reprobating the en- slaving the inhabitants of Africa, was struck out in com- plaisance to South Carolina and Georgia, who had never attempted to restrain the importation of slaves, and who, on the contrary, wished to continue it. Our northern brethren also, I believe, felt a little tender under those censures ; for though their people had very few slaves themselves, yet they had been pretty consid- erable carriers of them to others." It may be doubted if a State paper has ever been framed that has exerted, or is destined to exert, so great an influence on the destinies of a large portion of the human race. The Declaration of Independence, says Edward Everett, " is equal to anything ever born on Io8 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. parchment, or expressed in visible signs of thoughts." The heart of Jefferson in writing it, "adds Bancroft," and Congress in adopting it, beat for all humanity. During the summer of 1776 he was elected to a seat in the Virginia Assembly, and desirous of serving his own State, he resigned his seat in Congress, and de- clined the appointment of Commissioner to France, to take part in the deliberations of the State Assembly. Mr. Jefferson, Mr. Wythe and Mr. Pendleton, were ap- pointed a commission to revise the laws of Virginia. To Mr. Jefferson belongs the imperishable honor of being first to propose in the Legislature of Virginia the laws forbidding the importation of slaves, converting estates tail, into fee simple ; annulling the rights of primogeni- ture, confirming the rights of religious opinions, reforms which he believed would eradicate " every fibre of an- cient or future aristocracy." He also originated a com- plete system of elementary and collegiate education. From the early part of 1777 to the middle of 1779, Mr. Jefferson in conjunction with his colleagues, was assidu- ously employed in the arduous labors of effecting these and other great reforms in the governmental structure of his native State. In 1779 Jefferson succeeded Patrick Henry as Gover- nor of Virginia, and held the office during the most gloomy period of the Revolution. In 1781 he declined a re-election, because, in his opinion, a " military chief " would inspire greater public confidence at that critical period. Two days after retiring from office, his estate at Elk Hill was laid waste, and he and his family narrowly escaped capture by the enemy. On the 15th of June, 1781, Jefferson had been appointed, with Mr. Adams, Dr. Franklin, Mr. Jay and Mr. Lau- rens, a minister Plenipotentiary for negotiating peace, then expected to be effected through a mediation of the Empress of Russia, but the condition of his family obliged him to decline the appointment ; and the nego- t tiation was never entered upon. The following year, 1782, November 13, his appointment was renewed. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. IO9 Before his preparations for sailing, were completed, in- formation was received that a Provisional treaty of peace had been signed by the Commissioners already in London, to become absolute, on the conclusion of peace between France and Great Britain. Congress excused him from further proceedings in the matter. In 1774 he proposed and carried through Congress, a bill establishing the present Federal system of coinage, of dollars, halves, quarters, dimes, cents, and mills, which took the place of the English pounds, shillings, pence, &c. On May 7, 1784, Congress resolved that a minister Plenipotentiary should be appointed, in addi- tion to Mr. J. Adams and Dr. Franklin, for negotiating treaties of commerce with foreign nations, and he was elected to that duty. After negotiating with Denmark and Tuscany, and some ineffectual efforts with a few other powers, Mr. Adams was appointed Minister Ple- nipotentiary of the United States to London, and in July, 1785, Dr. Franklin returned to America, and Mr. Jefferson was appointed his successor in Paris. While in Europe he published his " Notes on Virgi- nia." In September, 1789, he obtained permission to return to America, and reached Virginia soon after Washington was elected as first President of the United States. In organizing the Government Washington offered him a seat in his cabinet as Secretary of State, which Jefferson, after some hesitation, accepted. He resigned his office December 31, 1793, and retired to Monticello. At the close of Washington's second term, he became the Presidential candidate of the Republican (since known as the Democratic) party, John Adams being the nominee of the Federalists. Adams received the highest number of votes, was declared President ; and according to the rule then in force, Jefferson being the next highest candidate became Vice President. He took his seat as President of the Senate, March 4, 1797. At the close of Adams' administration in 1800, Jefferson was elected President and Aaron Burr Vice President, and were inaugurated March 4, 1801. Jeffer- 10 IIO THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. son was re-elected President in 1804, and took his seat, the second time, March 4, 1805. His electoral vote was one hundred and forty-eight, to twenty-eight op- posed. In 1809 he voluntarily retired from office, after a prosperous administration of eight years. He re- turned to Monticello, where he spent the remainder of his life in domestic tranquillity, and the exercise of a most liberal hospitality. In 1 819 he took the chief part in founding the Uni- versity of Virginia, at Charlottesville, near Monticello, and acted as its rector until his death. In religion he was a free thinker. His last words were, a few minutes before the close, " I resign myself to my God, and my child* to my country." He died about 12 o'clock (noon) July 4, 1826, on the same day, and near the same hour, with John Adams, on the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, aged 83 years. EPITAPH. He wished his monument to be a small granite obe- lisk, with the following inscription, if any, written by himself. Here was buried Thomas Jefferson. Author of the Declaration of Independence ; Of the Statute of Virginia for religious Freedom And Father of the University of Virginia. Benjamin Harrison, Gentleman, was born at Berke- ly, on the James River, Virginia, about the year 1740. In 1764 he was elected to the House of Burgesses of Virginia. He was soon elected speaker, and became one of the most influential members in that Assembly, where he occupied a seat during the greater part of his life. Mr. Harrison was one of the first seven delegates from Virginia to the Continental Congress of 1774. He was again elected September 13, 1775. He was chairman of the Committee of the whole, during the deliberation * Mrs. Randolph. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Ill on the Declaration of Independence in 1776. From 17S2 to 1784 he was Governor of the State. He was also a member of the Convention which framed the Con- stitution of the United States in 1787. He was the father of General William Henry Harrison, President of the United States, in 1 840-1. He was again elected Governor of Virginia in 1791. He died two days after his last election, in April, 1791, aged about 51 years. Thomas Nelson, Gentleman, was born at Yorktown, Virginia, December 26, 1738. He was educated at Cambridge, England, whither he was sent at the age of 14 years. He remained there until 1761, when he re- turned to America. In 1774 he was elected to the House of Burgesses of Virginia, and there took the side of the patriots. It was during that session, that Lord Dunmore, the royal Governor of Virginia, dissolved the Assembly. Eighty-nine of the members, among whom was Mr. Nelson, met the next day in the Raleigh House, Williamsburgh, and formed an association far more effectual in throwing up the strong bulwarks of freedom, than the regular Assembly. On September 13, 1775, he was elected a delegate to the General Congress, for 1776. He was subsequently appointed Brigadier General and Commander-in-chief of the militia of the State. In 1781 he succeeded Jefferson as Governor of Virginia. He died Jan. 4, 1789, aged 52 years. Francis Lightfoot Lee, Gentleman, a younger brother of Richard Henry Lee, was born in Westmore- land County, Virginia, October 14, 1734. He was elected a member of the House of Burgesses of Virgi- nia, for Loudon County, in 1765, while his brother was a member of the same House for Westmoreland County. He continued a member of the Virginia Assembly, by re-election annually, until 1772, when he married the daughter of Colonel John Taylor, of Richmond, and moved to that city. He was soon elected a mem- ber for Richmond, and continued to represent that County until 1775, when he was elected a member of the Continental Congress. Though not a fluent de- 112 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. bater, he was an influential and useful legislator. His sympathies ran strongly in favor of the American cause. He was re-elected to Congress, and continued to serve until 1779. He died at Richmond, in April, 1797, aged 63 years. Carter Braxton, Gentleman, was born at Newing- ton, in King and Queen's County, Virginia, September 10, 1736. He was a member of theHouse of Burgesses of Virginia, in 1765, and was present when Patrick Henry made his great speech on his resolutions respect- ing the " Stamp Act," which act imposed heavy taxes upon the Colonies, without their being represented in the British Parliament, or being possessed of any means of redress, except open, combined resistance to its oppres- sive provisions. The passage of this Act did much to facilitate the cause of the patriots, and hasten Indepen- dence, by arousing the people to a true sense of their position, as the result of the tyranny exercised over them by the Mother Country. Mr. Wirt says, " It was in the midst of this magnifi- cent debate on these resolutions, while he was descanting on the tyranny of the obnoxious Act, that he exclaimed in a voice of thunder, and with the look of a god, ' Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third, (Treason,) and George the Third may profit by their example. If this be treason make the most of it."' Like many others who were members of the Virginia Assembly at that time, Mr. Braxton had the fires of patriotism kindled in his breast by that great display of patriotic eloquence and power, that continued to burn during the remainder of his life. In 1775 ne was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the death of Peyton Randolph. He died October 10, 1797, aged 61 years. NORTH CAROLINA. William Hooper, Lawyer, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, June 17, 1742. He was educated at BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. "3 Harvard University, where he graduated in 1760. He studied Law with James Otis. On the completion of his studies, he removed to North Carolina, and com- menced business in 1767, where he soon became emi- nent in his profession. In 1773 Mr. Hooper was elected a member of the Provincial Assembly of North Carolina for the town of Wilmington. The next year he was returned a mem- ber for the County of Hanover. From his first entrance into public life he sympa- thized with the patriots. In response to the proposition for a General Congress, a convention of the people was called to meet in Newbern, in the summer of 1774, at which Mr. Hooper, on August 25, was appointed the first delegate to the Continental Congress. On April 5, 1 775, he was again elected to Congress. He remained a member of that body until March 1777, when he re- signed his seat and returned home. He died at Hills- borough in October, 1790, aged 48 years. Joseph Hewes, Merchant, was born of Quaker pa- rentage, at Kingston, New Jersey, in the year 1730. He was educated at Princeton College ; served his appren- ticeship with a merchant in Philadelphia, commenced business there, amassed a small fortune, and about 1760 removed to Edenton, North Carolina, which be- came his home for the remainder of his life. He was elected a member of the Legislature of North Carolina, in 1763, and by re-election remained a member for several successive years. He was active in getting up a convention of the people of the State, to second the call of Massachusetts for a General Congress. The Con- vention which met in the summer of 1774, elected him one of the delegates to the Continental Congress, Au- gust 25. He was one of the Committee appointed to draw up a Declaration of Rights. On April 5, 1775, he was again elected to Congress, was a member in 1776, voted for and signed the Declaration of Inde- pendence. He resigned his seat in Congress October 2 9> T 779> on account of failing health, and died No- 114 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL, vember 10, in Philadelphia eleven days after his resig- nation, aged 50 years. John Penn, Lawyer, was born in Carolina County, Virginia, May 1 7, 1 741. Though his father was possessed of adequate means to afford him a good English educa- tion, at least, he seemed to be utterly neglectful of the intellectual culture of his son ; with the exception of a moderate attendance at a common county school, his educational opportunities were nothing. His father died, when he was about eighteen years old, leaving him sole heir to his estate. Instead of squandering it in extravagance and dissolute indulgences, and with vicious and dissipated companions, as is too often the case with the young and thoughtless ; he applied him- self diligently to study, and at the age of twenty-one was admitted to the bar. By close application to busi- ness, and his hitherto dormant native eloquence, he soon rose to eminence in his profession. In 1774 he removed to North Carolina, and on October 13, 1775, was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress. He remained a member for three successive years. He re- tired from public life in 1781, and died in September, 1788, aged 47 years. SOUTH CAROLINA. Edward Rutledge, Lawyer, was born in Charles- ton, South Carolina, in November, 1749. He went to England to finish his legal education ; at the age of twenty-five, he was elected a delegate from South Caro- lina to the first Continental Congress, and was present at its opening, at Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, Sep- tember 5, 1774. He was re-elected in 1775, and again on April 24, 1776. He was bold and determined in regard to Indepen- dence, when many of his own State, were opposed to the measure. In 1794, Mr. Rutledge was elected United States Senator, to supply the vacancy caused by the resignation of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney; in 1798 he was elected Governor of his native State, but BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. "5 did not live to serve out his official term. He died January 23, 1800, aged 51 years. Thomas Heyward, Jr., Lawyer, was born in St. Luke's Parish, South Carolina, in 1746. After com- pleting his preparatory education, and commencing the study of Law at home, he was sent to England, at about the age of twenty, to finish his legal course. While in England he acquired a distaste for British do- mination and Colonial submission, and shaped his course to avenge the wrongs of his countrymen. He was among the first in South Carolina to resist the op- pressive measures of the Home Government. He was placed in the first General Assembly that was organized after the abdication of the Provincial Governor. In 1775 he was chosen a delegate to the General Congress, and was re-elected April 24, 1776. He supported Mr. Lee's motion for absolution from British rule, with great earnestness. He voted for and signed the Declaration of Independence. He remained in Congress until 1778, when he accepted the appoint- ment of Judge of the Criminal and Civil Courts of South Carolina. He was captured by the enemy, and Mr. Rutledge, was kept as a prisoner of war for nearly a year. He died in March, 1809, aged 63 years. Thomas Lynch, Jr., Lawyer, was born in Prince George's Parish, upon the North Santee river, South Carolina, August 5, 1749. After receiving a good pri- mary education at Georgetown, South Carolina, at the age of thirteen years he was sent to England to con- tinue his studies, preparatory to a higher course of in- struction ; after completing which, he entered the Uni- versity of Cambridge, where he graduated, and then commenced the study of law. By permission of his father, he returned to South Carolina in 1772, and en- listed at once in the cause of the patriots. Mr. Lynch accepted a captain's commission in the first Provincial regiment raised in South Carolina in 1775. He was elected to the Congress of 1776, as successor to his father, Thomas Lynch, whose resignation was caused Il6 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. by his declining health. Thomas Lynch, Jr., did not remain in Congress long, for the declining health of both himself and father caused him also to resign his seat. In an attempt to take a voyage to the West In- dies, for the improvement of his health, in the latter part of the year 1779, he was supposed to be lost at sea, as the vessel was never heard of afterwards. At the time of the disaster he was about 30 years of age. Arthur Middleton, Gentleman, was born at Mid- dleton Place, the family residence in South Carolina, in 1743. According to the custom among the wealthy planters of the Southern Provinces, before the Revolu- tion, Arthur Middleton was sent to England when about twelve years of age, to perfect his education. He graduated at the University of Cambridge, at the age of twenty-two. He remained some months in Eng- land after leaving Cambridge, then spent two years traveling on the Continent, and returned to South Carolina in 1768. He was a member of the Commit- tee of Safety appointed by the Provincial Congress in 1775. In the winter of 1775-76, Mr. Middleton was one of a committee to form a government for South Carolina, and early in the spring of 1776 was elected a delegate to the General Congress at Philadelphia. He participated with the Patriots in the thrilling scenes of that session, and continued a member of Congress un- til the close of 1777, when he returned to South Caro- lina. He was taken prisoner by the enemy, and, with Rutledge, Heyward, and many other influential men, was sent to St. Augustine, in Florida, where he re- mained about one year, and was then sent as an ex- changed prisoner to Philadelphia. While remaining in the latter city, he was again elected to Congress from South Carolina. He held the office until November, 1782, when he returned to his family. He was a Re- presentative in his State Legislature until near the close of 1787. He died January 1, 1788, aged 45 years. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. II 7 GEORGIA. Burton Gwinnett, Merchant and Farmer, was born in England in 1732, emigrated to America, and arrived in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1770. After two years' residence there, he moved to Georgia. He fa- vored his tory proclivities for several years, but ulti- mately became convinced of the righteousness of the patriots' cause, and embraced it. The energy and en- thusiasm he manifested in promoting his newly-acquired principles, rendered him exceedingly popular with the patriots. In 1776 he was elected to Congress. He became President of the Provincial Council of Georgia in 1777, and was killed in a duel, by General Mcintosh, in May of that year, aged 45 years. Lyman Hall, M. D., Physician, was born in Con- necticut in 1 721, and graduated at Yale College, 1747. In 1752 he settled in Sudbury, in the district of Med- way, Georgia. He was among the first of the Southern patriots to raise their voices against British oppression and misrule. He was elected a delegate to the Conti- nental Congress in 1775, and re-elected May 20, 1776. After voting for and signing the Declaration of Inde- pendence, he returned home for a season. Dr. Hall was a member of Congress nearly all the time until 1780. In 1783 he was elected Governor of the State. He held the office one term, and then retired from public life. He died in the year 1784, aged 63 years. George Walton, Carpenter and Lawyer, was born of obscure parentage, in Frederick County, Virginia, in 1740. After finishing his apprenticeship at the carpen- ter trade, under an ignorant and brutal master, he re- moved to the Province of Georgia. Though he was deprived of time by day, and light by night, for intel- lectual improvement, he used torch-wood for light and devoted his earnings to study. Persevering in this course, his apprenticeship ended with his mind well stored with general knowledge. Soon after arriving in Georgia he began the study of law. He commenced Il8 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. the practice of law in 1774. He espoused the republi- can cause with earnestness and zeal Though the Pro- vince was slow to sever their allegiance with royal au- thority, in the winter of 1776 the Assembly of Georgia declared for the patriotic cause, and on May 20 elected five delegates to the Continental Congress, one of whom was Mr. Walton. He was deeply interested in the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, and voted for and gave it his signature. He remained in Congress until near the close of 1778. In 1779 he was elected Governor of the State, but did not hold that office long, for in January, 1780, he was again elected to a seat in Congress for two years ; but in the follow- ing October he withdrew from that body, and was again elected Governor of the State, and held the office a full term. Near its close he was appointed Chief Justice of the State, which position he retained until his death. In 1798 he was elected a member of the United States Senate, where he remained one year, and retired to private life, except in so far as his judicial duties re- quired his attention. He died in Augusta, Georgia, February 2, 1804, aged 64 years. 14 15* APPENDIX. OPENING DAY OF THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Hark ! on May ioth, 1876, "at morn's early dawn," the old Centennial Liberty Bell on the State House, rang forth its hoarse, loud peals, breaking in upon the quiet repose of the sleeping city. Hark ! again, another bell chimes in, and still another, and another, until a thousand merry bells, from Churches, Factories, Sta- tions, Locomotives, Steamboats, &c, great and small, unite in one discordant mingling of their heterogeneous voices. Again, Hark ! a shrill whistle pierces the early morning air, from some establishment where skill and industry unite in the production of fabrics for the pro- motion of human comforts and convenience. And another, another and still another, until a thousand whistles, from as many stationary and moving engines, penetrate the agitated atmosphere with their piercing shrieks of base and treble, which joined with the roar of the booming cannon from George's Hill, unite in saluting the incoming day — and making up the most discordant incongruity of sounds. Now look ! Roused from their morning slumbers by this ineffable confusion of noises, the people, men, wo- men and children are seen upon house-tops, and at windows industriously engaged in throwing to the morning breeze the nation's chosen colors. From the most elaborate and costly banner, on the highly finished staff, to the diminutive, penny flag, at- tached to its tiny stick ; those of every size, and of every Nation ; and composed of every material, from the regulation bunting to the starred and striped cotton fabric, were soon seen decorating the long rows of buildings, stretching as far as the eye could extend, and farther, throughout the length and breadth of the city. From the stately residences on the grand broad avenues, and the most humble abodes in the small courts and 120 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. alleys, streamed the National ensign. What ! was the city all a-crazed ? No, these demonstrations were but the evidences of the universal recognition of our Na- tion's glory, the general expression of patriotic ardor. This day had been set apart for the inaugurating cere- monies of the Centennial celebration of our Nation's birth, by the opening of the great International Exhibi- tion, of the products of the skill and industry of the civilized world ; and these manifestations were the throbbings of the great National Heart, heaving with emotions of National pride and National gratitude. The Legislature, having by law, made this a legal holiday throughout the State, business in Philadelphia was mainly suspended, and the day was given up to fes- tivity and a series of exalted enjoyments. The day closed amid a sheen of burnished glory, caused by the rays of the setting sun falling upon the flag-dressed city, rendering it ablaze with the effulgence of the display of American patriotism, and the evidences of devotion to American principles. As the evening advances, signs of the illumination become apparent. Public buildings, offices, dwellings, are decorated with flags and emblems suitable to the occasion, and richly furnished parlors elaborately adorned, all lighted up with unusual brilliancy, present- ing a gorgeous appearance, are all thrown open to public view, — and the hundreds of thousands of pedestrians promenading the streets, and the numerous masquerade parties, and grotesque bands, all derive pleasure and delight at beholding the grand spectacle, presented in honor of the great occasion. THE GROUNDS OF THE EXHIBITION. In the Park, west of the Schuylkill River, known as West Fairmount Park, are enclosed two hundred and thirty-six acres, for the use of the exhibition ; seventy- five acres of this, are under cover, within the five prin- cipal exhibition buildings and their annexes. The esti- APPENDIX. 121 mated cost of these buildings, including the fittings, preparation of the grounds, &c, is $6,724,850. There are nearly two hundred buildings within the inclosure, erected by different States and Countries, and exhibiting parties, at the expense of the builders, ex- clusive of the five principal structures put up by the Centennial authorities, at the above-mentioned cost. FUNDS. The funds for carrying into operation this grand scheme of International Exposition, were raised main- ly by Subscriptions to the Stock, National, State and Municipal appropriations, sale of concessions for build- ings, &c. WHAT OTHER NATIONS HAVE DONE. The following figures, taken from official files of the Interior Department, exhibit the interest which other nations have taken in the Exposition : APPROPRIATIONS. Brazil (232 centes) ..„ $116,000 China (50,000 taels) 70,000 Egypt 200,000 France (600,000 francs) 120,000 Germany (500,000 marks) 125,000 Japan 600,000 Mexico 300,000 Sweden and Norway (350,000 crowns) 93,800 Spain (750000 pesetas) 150,000 Switzerland (250,000 francs) 50,000 Austria (150,000 florins) 75>°°° Argentine Republic 72,000 Belgium (200,000 francs) 40,000 Australia (,£5,000) 25,000 Denmark (40,000 crowns) io,5°° Italy (200,000 francs) 40,000 Guatemala 12,000 The amount appropriated by the British Government cannot be exactly ascertained, but the Commissioners of that Government are warranted in expending such sums as will make a satisfactory dis- play. The appropriations made by the different countries, as above shown, are for the benefit of their own people, 11 122 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. m getting their products and works of art, to the Ex- hibition. In the Main Building there are over forty different countries, represented with space occupied by each. CEREMONIES AT THE GROUNDS. We are indebted to the urbanity of Mr. George W. Childs, the gentlemanly publisher of the Public Ledger, the prince of journals, and oracle of journalistic intelli- gence in Philadelphia, for the kindly manner in which he permitted us to transfer to our pages such portions, as we may desire, of that most admirable report of the opening proceedings and ceremonies, at the Exhibi- tion grounds on May 10, 1876, and published in the Ledger, on the morning of the eleventh. We the more cheerfully avail ourselves of his permission because no- thing we could write, would contain so many elements of satisfaction to the reader, as his publication does. PROGRAMME. The Opening Ceremonies. The following is the official and corrected programme for the opening of the Centennial Exhibition : United States Centennial Commission, International Exhibition, 1876, Philadelphia. Philadelphia, May 8, 1876. The United States Centennial Commission announces the fol- lowing orders and programme for the opening of the International Exhibition on the 10th instant: The Commission, with the concurring counsel of the Board of Finance, instructed its officers to give formal invitations only to persons in official positions, to those officially connected with the Exhibition, and to members of the press, by reason of the impossi- bility of discriminating among the numerous and generous support- ers of the enterprise. All the gates except those at the east end of the Main Building will be open to the public at 9 A. M., at the established rate of ad- mission. The Main Building, Memorial Hall and Machinery Hall, will be reserved for guests and exhibitors until the conclusion of the ceremonies, about I P. M., when all restrictions will be withdrawn. The President of the United States will be escorted to the Ex- hibition by Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, with a division or more of troops from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. APPENDIX. I23 Invited guests will enter the Main Building from the carriage concourse at the east end or by the south-middle entrance on Elm Avenue. The doors will be open to them at 9 A. M. They will pass to the platform in front of Memorial Hall through the north- middle doors of the Main Building, and should occupy their places before 10.15 A. M. All the space in the vicinity of the platform, save what may be needed for passage, ^vill be open to the public. Seats on the platform for the ladies invited are provided, and it is expected that they will join the procession if they choose. The orchestra of one hundred and fifty pieces and the chorus of one thousand voices will be under the direction of Theodore Thomas, assisted by Dudley Buck. PROGRAMME. 1. 10.15 A. M. — National Airs, by the Orchestra. 2. 10.30 — Arrival of the President of the United States. 3. Centennial Inauguration March, by Richard Wagner. 4. Prayer, by the Right Reverend Bishop Simpson. 5. Hymn, by John Greenleaf Whittier. Music by John K. Paine, of Massachusetts. Organ and Orchestral Accompaniment. 6. Presentation of the Buildings to the Commission by the Pre- sident of the Centennial Board of Finance. 7. Cantata, by Sidney Lanier, of Georgia. Music by Dudley Buck, of Connecticut. Basso Solo, by Myron W. Whitney, of Boston. 8. Presentation of the Exhibition to the President of the United States by the President of the Centennial Commission. 9. Address by the President of the United States. 10. Unfurling of the Flag, Hallelujah Chorus, Salutes of Artil- lery and Ringing of the Chimes. 11. Procession through the Main Building and Machinery Hall. 12. Reception by the President of the United States in the Judges' Pavilion. No flags or ensigns, except such as are permanently fixed in the buildings, will be displayed on the morning of the loth until the signal be given. The organs and other musical instruments and the bells will await the same notice. When the President of the United States declares the Exhibi- tion open, the flag on the staff near him will be unfurled as a sig- nal for the raising of all other flags and ensigns, the ringing of the chimes, the salute of one hundred guns on George's Hill and the singing of the Hallelujah Chorus of Handel, by the chorus, with organ and orchestral accompaniment. Immediately upon the announcement, the Foreign Commission- ers will pass into the Main Building and take places upon the gen- eral avenue opposite their respective sections. The President of the United States, conducted by the Director 124 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. General of the Exhibition, and followed by the guests of the day, will pass through the Main Building. As the President passes the Foreign Commissioners they will join the procession, and the whole body will move to Machinery Hall. On his way the President will be saluted by his military escort, formed in two lines between the buildings. In Machinery Hall, when the procession shall, as far as possible, have entered the building, the President, assisted by George H. Corliss, will set in motion the great engine and the machinery con- nected therewith. No further formal order of procession will be required. The President, and such of the guests as may choose to follow, will be escorted by the north main aisle of Machinery Hall to the doors of the eastern tower and to the Judges' Pavilion. The passage in return to the Main Building will be kept for half an hour. The President of the United States will hold a brief reception in the Judges' Pavilion. Should the weather render it impossible to conduct the exercises in the open air, they will be held in the Main Building, and the best regulations the circumstances may permit will be communica- ted to the guests upon their arrival. T. B. P. Dixey is announced as Master of Ceremonies. He will wear a white sash. He will be assisted by twenty-five aids, who will wear blue sashes. By order of the Centennial Commission. Joseph R. Hawley, President. John L. Campbell, Secretary. THE EXHIBITION OPENED BY THE GRANDEST CEREMONY EVER WITNESSED IN AMERICA. On the day appointed, the Centennial International Exhibition was formally opened at Fairmount Park by the President of the United States. This great event, which was accompanied by an imposing public demonstration upon the grounds, and heralded by salvos of artillery, has put into practical operation the vast enterprise to which Philadelphia has bent her energies for so long a time. It has been more than five years since this Exhibition received the sanction of law. Upon March 3, 1 87 1, Congress passed the act creating the United States Centennial Commission, under whose supervisory control the gigantic Exhibition has been planned and gradually unfolded to its present vast dimensions. Upon June 1, 1872, the act was passed which created the Centennial Board of Finance, thus calling into being the organization which raised the money necessary for the undertaking, and without whose energetic agency it might probably have been the merest vision. John Welsh and his coadjutors have held the magician's wand that has APPENDIX. I 2 5 conjured up Aladdin's Palace in the Park. Upon July 3d, 1873, the President proclaimed the contemplated Exhibition, and two days afterwards the Secretary of State sent notification cf this proc- lamation to every foreign nation with which we hold diplomatic intercourse. In January, 1874, the participation of the various Executive Departments was ordered; and on June 5th, 1874, Con- gress authorized the President to extend, in the name of the United States, a respectful and cordial invitation to the govern- ments of the world to be represented and take part in the Interna- tional Exhibition. Every one of the thirty-nine nations to which this invitation was extended not only accepted it, but sent goods in such profusion, that many have exceeded all their former efforts at international displays ; and they made preparations with such en- ergy that they excelled our own people in the speed with which their exhibits were got ready. Foreign gems and fabrics make up three-fifths of the display in the Main Building ; probably four- fifths in the Art Department, and a large proportion in every other; and the foreign representation far exceeded anything of the kind ever before seen in this country. It was upon July 4th, 1873, tnat l ^ e Fairmount Park Commis- sion formally transferred to the Centennial Commission the Exhi- bition grounds at Lansdowne, this event taking place in the pres- ence of three Cabinet Ministers, who represented the President, and of the Governors of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. It was upon July 4, 1874, that ground was first broken upon Lansdowne pla- teau for the Main and Memorial Buildings. The little sod then dug by the Mayor, and now, with its pretty flowers, preserved as a memento in his office, was the signal, for beginning the great work that has covered the Exhibition enclosure with its numerous build- ings. Since then the watching of the daily rise of the vast struc- tures in the Park has been a pleasant occupation of our people. They saw first the modest cottage built that contained the builders' offices, and which when finished, was the only edifice to be seen on the grand plateau, but which now is dwarfed by so many com- manding structures. Then the Art Gallery slowly rose — at first stark walls of brick,* then faced with granite — both the earliest and the latest of the buildings. They watched the Main and Machine- ry Halls grow acre by acre, and the Horticultural Hall, nestling among the trees, with its bright-colored walls and its pretty design. Then the magic wand called into being the Government and Agri- cultural buildings almost in a night, as it were, and with amazing rapidity sent up a hundred or more structures of all shapes, styles and sizes, in all parts of the grounds, designed to represent all architectures, and to satisfy, if not delight, all tastes. And then the occupancy came, the flags of all nations began to float over them, showing that England, Spain, Brazil, France, and in fact all peo- ples had got at last an actual home in the new world. To-day, the 126 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. work still goes on, with much yet unfinished, for the Centennial city can never be completely built. When a town or country ceases growth, its mission is in danger of being ended. But we must not linger on this theme. What had been done before was overshadowed by the event of this occasion. For months Philadelphia has been anticipating the ioth of May in the Centennial year. The day dawned in an outburst of patriotic ardor. The busy labor of the flag and decoration makers, public and private, saw the light. The city was literally enveloped in bunting — enwrapped in the flags of all nations. The stars and stripes found the English jack, the French and German tri-colors, the Austrian and Russian eagles, the elephant of Siam, the Chinese dragon, the sun of Japan, and the emblems of all the world aiding it in celebrating the Centenary. From pole and halyard, in festoons and clusters, they were flung to the Centennial breeze. How many square miles of silk and bunting waved in and over, around and through Philadelphia, it will be difficult to calculate. Everybody gave vent to joy with a flag, and the universality and remarkable character of this patriotic outburst in bunting, silk, and decorative art, is attested in the full description elsewhere given. The preparations for the display be- gan the day before, and, despite the lowering weather, the decora- tions fulfilled their part thoroughly. No feast or carnival of Europe or the Orient ever showed brighter decorations. The day opened with clouds and rain. It was a sore disappoint- ment, but could not be helped. Patriotism, however, after having been wrought up to the pitch displayed in Philadelphia, is not to be dampened by rain. At sunrise, the bell on Independence Hall sent forth the signal that the great day had come. The peal con- tinued a half hour, being taken up and spread over the city by all the bells and chimes, waking up the people who had not already begun the flag decorations. This was the formal announcement of the beginning of the Centennial Holiday, and, to add to the dis- play, the shipping in the harbor also ran up flags at sunrise. Thus opened the day. THE SCENE AT MR. CHILDS' RESIDENCE. A vast throng filled up Walnut and Twenty-second streets, around the residence of Mr. George W. Childs, the host of the President. Here had assembled the Cabinet officers and their wives. A full force of police under Captain Wood guarded the house, keeping the sidewalks clear of people. About 8.25 A. M., Governor Hartranft, accompanied by Adjutant General Latta, Col. North, and other officers, rode up to the door, being warmly cheered. At 8.30 the head of the military procession reached the house. President Grant appeared at the front door with Mr. Childs, the Cabinet also appearing, and as the President stepped out under the APPENDIX. 127 doorway the people loudly cheered him, handkerchiefs being waved by the ladies who rilled the opposite windows. The mili- tary column then moved, the troops numbering about 2800 men. As the different detachments passed they were heartily greeted. The sailors from the frigate Congress were particularly noticeable, and were loudly cheered. Capt. Ryan's company, the State Fencibles, as usual, attracted attention by their precision of drill, and were warmly commended by their distinguished spectators. Finally the City Troop, the President's immediate escort, ap- peared and formed in line on the north side of the street, facing the house. As they made this manoeuvre they were cheered, the dis- tinguished visitors on the steps also applauding them. The Presidential party then got into the carriages that were to take them out to the grounds. The ladies of the Cabinet, with the gentlemen accompanying them, then drove to the grounds by a different route. A GRAND HOLIDAY. It needed only the proof of a fine day, such as was made sure by 9 o'clock, to devote the entire city to holiday-making. The peo- ple went almost en masse out to the Centennial grounds, and the rural districts poured in their thousands to swell the throng. For weeks the public, for many miles around, had been preparing for the tenth of May. Every railway, steamboat, stage, turnpike and highway leading to Philadelphia brought in its populace, who were added to the vast aggregate moving in grand mass upon the Centennial. After setting up decorations and getting ready for the journey to the Park, the people started, thronging the streets, some tarrying to see the military escort of the President, but all pouring over the bridges that led across the Schuylkill, each one bent upon the same goal. Cars, carriages, cabs and vehicles of all sorts were loaded down and still vast numbers went on foot. It looked as if a great army was moving in vast divisions to capture the Centennial. Probably the largest number passed over Girard avenue bridge. But the Market, Chestnut, South and Callowhill street bridges all had their moving armies, and the masses finally came together, when the Lancaster and Girard avenue currents were all turned into Belmont and Elm avenues. Few places have ever seen such a mass of humanity as crowded the streets bordering the southern limits of the Exhibition during that morning. The cars were overladen, the sidewalks overflowed into the streets, and when the gates into the ground were opened the pres- sure began to be relieved, and steady streams of people poured through as fast as the guards permitted, the march of men, women and children continuing for a long while. The throng outside the grounds ; the waving bunting, the animated mass of humanity, all 128 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. lit up by the glad sunlight of a fair May morning, made a scene never to be forgotten. An American can only see one Centennial, therefore each made the most of it. THE CEREMONIES. The space reserved for holding the formal opening ceremo- nies was the large area bounded by the Main Building on the south and by Memorial Hall on the north. Memorial Hall stands upon a broad terrace, the front portion of which is paved with flagstones. Along the front of the hall and covering part of this pavement was erected a platform capable of accommo- dating four thousand people. Thac portion of the platform in front of the centre of the hall was square in shape, with a semi- circular stand projecting from the front, and placed directly across the avenue leading from the Main Building to Memorial Hall.- This stand was erected for the accommodation of the Emperor and the Empress of Brazil and their suite, the President of the United States and cabinet, and those persons most imme- diately concerned in the conduct of the ceremonies. From the ends of the pavilions, on the eastern and western corners of the building, the platform diverged from the east and west line in a southwesterly and southeasterly direction, thus giving it the general appearance of a parallelogram with square projections at the corners. The seats on this platform all looked toward the south, facing the northern side of the Main Build- ing, and with their backs toward Memorial Hall. The front of the central stand was covered with a large United States flag, across which was draped, in honor of the presence of the Em- peror of Brazil, the green and yellow folds of the Brazilian stan- dard. At the two corners of the entrance to the stands were displayed the flags of Great Britain and the United States, and to the right and left of the stands, respectively, the standards of France and Germany. In front of the balustrade, extending above the cornice of Memorial Hall, were placed handsome vases filled with a profusion of rare and beautiful plants. Im- mediately in front of the central stand were placed seats for the representatives of the press, of whom there were a great number. Over against the grand platform and facing it was erected an inclined platform, capable of accommodating one thousand per- sons. It adjoined the north line of the Main Building, and was occupied by the grand orchestra and chorus. This platform was arranged with tiers of seats, one above another, and was raised sufficiently above the ground to permit the passage of persons under it. A footway of asphalt was constructed under this platform, leading from the north centre door of the Main Building to Memorial Hall. The invited guests came in at three entrances ; one at the eastern end of the Main Building, APPENDIX. 129 another opposite the south centre door, and another near the ex- treme southwestern corner of the building. They passed up the grand central nave, or through the central aisle to the north cen- tre door and out; passing underneath the music platform to the grand stand in front of Memorial Hall. The platform for the musicians was decorated with a rich dis- play of bunting. On the right of the centre was the American flag, and on the left the standard of the Netherlands. On the extreme right was the standard of Switzerland, and on the ex- treme left was the Italian flag. Over the passage way leading under the building were hangings of white and blue bunting, on which were wreaths of gilt leaves- enclosing the letters "'76;" above these were the words, in yellow letters on blue ground, " Main Building," and draped above these were the standards of Great Britain and France. The decorations of both the music stand and the platform for guests, although not elaborate, were, as a whole, rich, striking and in thorough keeping with the character of the occasion. At eight o'clock a number of invited guests had arrived, and by nine o'clock there was a very general sprinkling of people over the space between the Main Building and Memorial Hall. At ten o'clock the stands and open space between them were thronged with people, and in a few minutes after ten the assem- blage had become so dense that it was practically impossible to make one's way from point to point without the assistance of the police. All the available space on the platform and terrace was soon occupied to its utmost capacity, and people began to climb up to all points in the vicinity from which views of the scene could be obtained. Groups of men and boys were perched upon the bronze statues representing "Pegasus led by the Muses," standing on either side of the approach to Memo- rial Hall, and every inch of space on the statues and on the backs of the horses was eagerly grasped for. Indeed, so great was the eagerness to obtain a place that two men seated them- selves one between the ears of each of the horses. Groups of people were also congregated on the roofs of the Main Build- ing, Memorial Hall, Photographic Hall, the north annexe to the Main Building, Machinery Hall, and every other accessible elevation in the vicinity. Viewed from the grand stand, the immense assemblage of people covering acres of ground had a most impressive appearance. The arrangements for receiving and seating the invited guests on the platform were under the charge of the Committee of Re- ception : ARRIVAL OF THE EMPEROR OF BRAZIL. At ten minutes after ten Thomas' orchestra commenced to play a variety of national airs, comprising the following : I. The Washington March. I30 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. 2. Argentine Republic ( March e de la Republica). 3. Austria. Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser. 4. Belgium. La Brabanconne. 5. Brazil. Hymno Brasileira Nacional. 6. Denmark. Volkslied — den tappre Landsoldat. 7. France. La Marseillaise. 8. Germany. Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland. 9. Great Britain. God save the Queen. 10. Italy. Marcia del Re. 11. Netherlands. Wie neerlandschbloed. 12. Norway. National Hymn. 13. Russia. National Hymn. 14. Spain. Riego's Spanish National Hymn. 15. Sweden. Volksongen, (Bevare Gud var Kung). 16. Switzerland. Heil dir Helvetia. 17. Turkey. March. 18. Hail Columbia. At twenty minutes after ten the Emperor and Empress of Bra- zil appeared, entering from the Main Building and passing along an avenue which was cleared for them, through the as- semblage to the platform. Senor A. P. Carvalho Borges, the Brazilian Minister to the United States, and lady, headed the suite. Senor Borges was dressed in the dark green uniform of Brazil, richly decorated with gold lace and covered with orders. He was followed closely by the Emperor and Empress. The Emperor was dressed in a suit of plain black. The Emperor and Empress were followed by the following ladies and gentlemen of their suite. Madame Silva Continho, Madame Saldanha, Dr. Silva Continho, Dr. Nicolao Moreira, Dr. Jose de Saldanha, Dr. Pedro Paes Leme, Counsellor Lopes Netto, Attache Luis de Saldanha. The Emperor was early recognized by the assemblage and was greeted with loud and prolonged cheering, which he ac- knowledged by raising his hat. On reaching the platform he was received by Hon. D. J. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, chairman of the Executive Committee of the United States Centennial Commission, who conducted the Emperor and his party to seats near the front of the central stand. Here the Emperor was met by Hon. Thos. W. Ferry, Presi- dent of the United States Senate. The Emperor and Senator Ferry engaged in conversation for some minutes, and the Em- peror recognizing Mrs. Grant (wife of the President of the United States) and Col. Fred. Grant, who were seated near by, turned and conversed with them. Mrs. Grant occupied a seat near the middle of the central stand. On her right was seated the Empress of Brazil, and on her left the wife of Senor Borges, the Brazilian Minister. Immediately in the rear of these were APPENDIX. 131 seated Mrs. Hamilton Fish, Mrs. Marshall Jewell, Mrs. Alonzo Taft (wife of the Secretary of War), Mrs. Simpson (wife of Bishop Simpson), and Mrs. John Bigelow, of New York. On Mrs. Grant's left, and immediately in the rear of the Emperor of Brazil, were seated Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, President of the Women's Centennial Committees; Mrs. Governor Beveridge, of Illinois; Mr. Joseph B. Hawley and Hon. Wm. M. Evarts, of New York, wife and daughter. Further in the rear and to the right of this group were Sir Edward Thornton, Minister from Great Britain ; Lady Thornton and her two daughters. On the right of the Empress of Brazil was seated the Hon. Roscoe Conkling, United States Senator from New York. Arrival of Distinguished Guests. About twenty minutes before II, Gen. Phil. Sheridan, Lieute- nant General of the United States Army, appeared accompanied by his brother Col. Michael Sheridan. General Sheridan was recog- nized at once by the assemblage and was loudly cheered. He was followed by Gen. W. T. Sherman, General of the Army, accom- panied by his staff. Gen. Sherman was also received with loud cheering. Both Gen. Sherman and Gen. Sheridan were in full uniform. On reaching the platform, General Sheridan was introduced to the Emperor, who received him with marked cordiality, and en- gaged him for some moments in conversation. Shortly before the arrival of Gen. Sheridan a detachment of guards was sent to the front and opened a passage way through the mass of people congregated on the avenue connecting the two buildings and obstructing the passage from the Main Building to the platform. The throng was forced back by stretching two lines of rope and stationing policemen along each side. In the effort to crowd the people into a smaller space one man was seriously injured, and was carried away by the guards. The members of the Diplomatic Corps from Washington did not reach the stand in regular order, but arrived in detachments. The United States Senators and Members of the House of Representatives, officers of the Army and Navy, entered in the same desultory manner. The members of the Diplomatic Corps, and the army and navy officers were all in uniform, and made a very brilliant and striking appearance. Some of the costumes of the Foreign Ambassadors — for instances those of the representatives of Turkey, Egypt and China — greatly added to the varied and pic- turesque appearance of the scene. Among the guests seated on the platform were the following : The President and Cabinet. Ulysses S. Grant, President of the United States, and family. I32 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. Hon. Thomas W. Ferry, Acting Vice-President of the United States. Hon. Hamilton Fish, Secretary of the State, and lady. Hon. Benjamin II. Bristow, Secretary of the Treasury, and lady. Hon. Alphonso Taft, Secretary of War, and lady. Hon. George W. Robeson, Secretary of the Navy, and lady. Hon. Zachariah Chandler, Secretary of the Interior, and lady. Hon. Marshall Jewell, Postmaster General, and lady. Hon. Edwards Pierrepont, Attorney General, and lady. John L. Cadwalader, First Assistant Secretary of State, and lady. The Supreme Court. Hon. Morrison R. Waite, Chief Justice; Associate Justices, Hon. Nathan Clifford, Hon. Noah H. Swayne, Hon. Samuel F. Miller, Hon. David Davis, Hon. Stephen J. Field, Hon. William Strong, Hon. Joseph P. Bradley, Hon. Ward Hunt. The Diplomatic Corps. Count Ladislas Hovos, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- potentiary of Austria-Hungary. Chevalier Ernest Von Travers, Secretary of Legation of Austria- Hungary. Mr. Nicholas Shishkin, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Ple- nipotentiary of Russia. Baron Albert Blanc, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- potentiary of Italy. Count Litta, Secretary of Legation of Italy. Senor Don Emilio Benard, Minister Resident of Nicaragua. Mr. De Pestel, Minister Resident of the Netherlands. Mr. J. H. De Hegermann-Lindencrone, Minister Resident of Denmark. Seflor Don Manuel M. Perrator, Minister Resident of Costa Rica. Mr. A. Grip, Charge" d' Affaires of Sweden and Norway. Mr. M. De Bjornstjerna, Sectary of Legation of Sweden and Norway. Mr. C. D. Bildt, attache" of the Legation of Sweden and Nor- way. M. Maurice Delfosse, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- potentiary of Belgium. Mr. Amedee Vanden Nest, First Secretary of Legation of Bel- gium. Baron du Jardin, First Secretary of Legation of Belgium. Gregoire Aristarchi Bey, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Turkey. Baltazzi Effendi, Secretary of Legation of Turkey. Rustem Effendi, Second Secretary of Legation of Turkey. APPENDIX. 1 33 Senor Don Vincente Dardon, Minister Plenipotentiary of Sal- vador. M. A. Bartholdi, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo- tentiary of France. Count de la Rochefoucauld, Secretaiy of Legation of France. Count de Pourtales, Third Secretary of Legation of France. Senor Don Juan B. Delia Costa, Envoy Extraordinary and Min- ister Plenipotentiary of Venezuela. Senor Don Felipe Zapata, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of Colombia. Senor Don F. Agudelo, Secretary of Legation of the United States of Colombia. Senor Don Antonio Mantilla De Los Rios, Envoy Extraordi- nary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain, and lady. SeSor Don Jose De Soto, Second Secretary of Legation of Spain. Don Lois Polo De Bernabe, Third Secretary of Legation of Spain. Baron de Sant' Anna, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- potentiary of Portugal. Jushie Yoshida Kivonari, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Japan, and Mrs. Yoshida Tei. Mr. Yoshida Djiro, Secretary of Legation of Japan. Mr. Asada Yassenovi, attache of the Legation of Japan. Mr. Hangiro Assino, attache of the Legation of Japan. Mr. Seinoske Tashiro, attach^ of the Legation of Japan. Seflor Don Adolfo Ibanez, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Chili, and daughter. Right Honorable Sir Edward Thornton, K. C. Br. Envoy Ex- traordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Great Britain, and lady. Hon. Francis R. Plunkett, Secretary of Legation of Great Bri- tain. Capt. Wm. Gore Jones, R. N., naval attache of the Legation of Great Britain. lion. Power Henry Le Poer Trench, Second Secretary of Le- gation of Great Britain. Frank C. Lascelles, Second Secretary of Legation of Great Bri- tain. Francis C. E. Denys, Third Secretary of Legation of Great Bri- tain. Charles Fox Frederick Adam, Esq., Fourth Secretary of Lega- tion of Great Britain. Senor Don Manuel Rafael Garcia, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Argentine Republic. Senor Don Ignacio Mariscal, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Mexico, and Sefiora Laura D. Mariscal. Mr. Elisha H. Allen, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- potentiary of Hawaii. 12 134 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY CELL. Mr. Kurd Von Schrozer, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the German Empire. Baron Max Von Thielmann, Secretary of Legation of the Ger- man Empire. Mr. P. W. Biiddecke, Chancellor of Legation of the German Empire. Councillor A. P. De Carvalho Borges, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Brazil, and lady. Senhor Benjamin Franklin Torreao De Barros, Secretary of Le- gation, of Brazil. Seflor Don Vincente Dardon, Envoy Extraordinary and Minis- ter Plenipotentiary-of Guatemala. Mr. Stephen Preston, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- potentiary of Hayti. Legislative Bodies and Officials. The Senate of the United States. The House of Representatives of the United States. The Governors of the States and their staffs. The Governor, State Officers, Supreme Court, and Legislature of Pennsylvania. The Mayor, City Councils and City Departments of Philadelphia. Foreign Commissioners. United States Centennial Commission. Alabama. — Richard M. Nelson, Selma. Arizona. — Richard C. McCormick, Washington, D. C. ; Alter- nate, John Wasson, Tucson. Arkansas. — Alternate, George E. Dodge, Little Rock. California. — J. Dunbar Creigh, San Francisco. Colorado.—]. Marshall Paul, Fair Play ; Alternate, N. C. Meek- er, Greeley. Connecticut. — Joseph R. Hawley, Hartford ; Alternate, Wm. P. Blake, New Haven. Dakota. — John A. Burbank, Springfield; Alternate, Solomon L. Spink, Yankton. Delaware. — John K. Kane ; Alternate, J. H. Rodney, New Cas- tle. District of Columbia. — James E. Dexter, Washington. Florida. — D. Osborn ; Alternate, J. T. Bernard, Tallahassee. Georgia. — Alternate, Richard Peters, Jr., Atlanta. Idaho. — Thomas Donaldson, Boise City. Illinois. — Frederick L. Matthews, Carlinville. Indiana.- — John L. Campbell, Crawfordsville ; Alternate, Frank- lin C. Johnson, New Albany. Iowa. — Robert Lowiy, Davenport. Kansas. — Alternate, George A. Crawford, Fort Scott. APPENDIX. 135 Kentucky. — Robert Mallory, La Grange. Louisiana.— John Lynch, New Orleans; Alternate, Edward Pennington, Philadelphia. Maine. — Joshua Nye, Augusta ; Alternate, Charles H. Haskell, Bangor. Maryland. — John H. B. Latrobe, Baltimore. Massachusetts.— George B. Loring, Salem; Alternate, Wm. B. Spooner, Boston. Michigan.— Alternate, Claudius B. Grant, Houghton. Minnesota. — J. Fletcher Williams, St. Paul. Mississippi. — 0. C. French, Jackson. Missouri. — John McNeil, St. Louis. Montana. — Joseph P. Woolman, Helena. Nebraska.— Henry S. Moody, Omaha; Alternate, R. W. Furnas, Brownsville. Nevada.— Alternate, James W. Haines, Genoa. New Jersey.— Orestes Cleveland, Jersey City; Alternate, John G. Stevens, Trenton. New Mexico.— Eldridge W. Little, Santa Fe; Alternate, Stephen B. Elkins, Washington, D. C. New York.— N. M. Beckwith, New York city ; Alternate, C. 1 . Kimball, New York city. North Carolina.— Saml. F. Phillips, Washington, D. C. ; Alter- nate, Jonathan W. Albertson, Hertford. #/^._Alfred T. Goshorn, Cincinnati ; Alternate, Wilson W. Griffith, Toledo. Oregon.— Alternate, Andrew J. Dufur, Portland. Pennsylvania.— Daniel J. Morrell, Johnstown; Alternate, Asa Packer, Mauch Chunk. Rhode Island.— -George H. Corliss, Providence ; Alternate, Royal C. Taft, Providence. South Carolina.— -Wm. Gurney, Charleston. Tennessee.— Thomas H. Coldwell, Shelbyville; Alternate, Wil- liam F. Prosser, Nashville. 7^^.— William H. Parsons, New York; Alternate, John C. Chew, New York. £/fo£. Alternate, William Haydon, Salt Lake City. Vermont.— Middleton Goldsmith, Rutland. Virginia.— F. W. M. Holliday, Richmond. Washington Territory.— Elwood Evans, Olympia; Alternate, Alexander S. Abernethy, Cowlitz county. JfW Virginia.— Alexander R ; Boteler, Shepherdstown ; Alter- nate, Andrew J. Sweeney, Wheeling. Wisconsin— David Atwood, Madison. Wyom i ng — Alternate, Robt. H. Lamborn, Philadelphia. I36 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. The Centennial Board of Finance. John Welsh, Philadelphia ; William Sellers, Philadelphia ; John S. Barbour, Virginia; Samuel M. Felton, Philadelphia; Daniel M. Fox, Philadelphia ; Thomas Cochran, Philadelphia ; Clement M. Piddle, Philadelphia; N. Parker Shortridge, Philadelphia; James M. Robb, Philadelphia; Edward T. Steel, Philadelphia; John Wanamaker, Philadelphia ; John Price Wetherill, Philadelphia ; Henry Winsor, Philadelphia; Amos R. Little, Philadelphia; John O. James, Philadelphia; Thomas H. Dudley, New Jersey; A. S. Hewitt, New York ; William L. Strong, New York ; John Gor- ham, Rhode Island; William Bigler, Pennsylvania. Womeris Centennial Executive Committee. Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, President, Philadelphia ; Mrs. E. P. Bou- ligny, District of Columbia ; Mrs. Bion Bradbury, Maine ; Mrs. James T. Fields, Massachusetts ; Mrs. W. L. Dayton, New Jersey ; Mrs. Edward F. Noyes, Ohio ; Mrs. F. W. Goddard, Rhode Is- land ; Mrs. C. J. Faulkner, West Virginia ; Miss Elizabeth S. Ste- vens, New Hampshire; Mrs. Gen. G. W. Cullum, New York; Mrs. Governor Beveridge, Illinois. Naval Officers. Admiral Porter, Vice Admiral Rowan, Rear Admiral Davis, Rear Admiral Jenkins, Rear Admiral Scott, Rear Admiral Mul- lany, Commodore Ammon, Commodore Wyman, Commodore Ste- vens, Commodore Crosby, Commander Lull, Commander Crom- well, Commander White, Lieutenant Commander Pearson, Lieu- tenant Thomas, Medical Director Wilson, Paymaster Ames, Passed Assistant Surgeon Green, Lieutenant Paul, Professor Nourse, Pro- fessor Harkness, Surgeon Nelson, Lieutenant R. P. Rodgers. Officers of the Army. Gen. Sherman and Staff; Gen. Sheridan and Staff; General McDowell and Staff; General Hancock and Staff; General A. Meyer, O. P., and Staff; General L. H. Pelouze ; Lieutenant F. V. Greene, Engineers ; Capt. Gregory, Engineers ; Lieut. Metcalfe, Executive Officer Government Exhibits; Lieut. Whipple, Ord- nance ; Gen. Van Vliett, Gen. Dana, Capt. Rockwell ; Quarter- master Department : Col. S. G. Lyford, Ordnance Corps, chairman of the Board on behalf U. S. Executive Departments ; Col. Cris- pin, Ordnance; Col. Conrad, Infantry; Col. Hart, Cavalry; Major McKee, Ordnance; Lieut. T. J. Haines, Commissary; Lieut. George M. Wheeler (the Explorer), Engineers ; Gen. Thos. A. Ruger, Superintendent West Point Military Academy ; Gen. Meigs, Q. M. G., U. S. A.; General Park, Engineers. ENTRANCE OF PRESIDENT GRANT. At ten minutes before eleven o'clock the First Troop, Philadel- APPENDIX. 137 phia City Cavalry, marched upon the platform from the front en- trance to Memorial Hall, and cleared a passage way from the Hall to the front of the central stand, where seats were reserved for the Presidential party. They then formed in line on either side of the avenue, and presented arms. President Grant, leaning on the arm of General Joseph R. Hawley, passed out from Memorial Hall and down the line to the front of the platform. He was followed by Hon. Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State, leaning on the arm of Mr. John Welsh, President of the Centennial Board of Finance. Then came Hon. John F. Hartranft, with General Alfred T. Goshorn, Di- rector General of the Exhibition ; Hon. George M. Robeson, Sec- retary of the Navy ; Hon. Marshall Jewell, Postmaster General ; Hon. B. H. Bristow, Secretary of the Treasury ; Hon. Zachariah Chandler, Secretary of the Interior; Hon. Alonzo Taft, Secretary of War, and Mr. George W. Childs. When the President ap- peared the orchestra, at a signal from General Hawley, struck up " Hail to the Chief." The party took seats on the platform, in full view of the immense assemblage. The effect of the music up to this time had not been what was anticipated. The orchestra of 150 pieces being composed largely of strings, did not produce that volume of sound necessary for an outdoor concert, and the delicate shading of stringed instruments would have been more appropriate in a concert room. At the President's stand, and for a long distance in front of it towards the orchestra, no sound was heard, except that produced by the brass instruments. In the piano passages no sound whatever could be heard. This was in some degree owing to the noise made by the multitude, who, not hearing plainly, paid little attention to the music and became noisy. At 10.55, tne Centennial Inauguration March, composed ex- pressly for this occasion by Richard Wagner, was begun by the orchestra. The first few bars being played forte, and the people being expectant, the music was heard by a large portion of the multitude, who remained quiet to the close. It was favorably re- ceived, and the general expression was, that the composition was worthy the occasion, and would add to the reputation of the dis- tinguished composer. It was loudly applauded, and the cheers continued for some moments. President Hawley then introduced Right Rev. Bishop Simpson, who invoked the blessing of God in the following language : PRAYER BY THE RT. REV. BISHOP SIMPSON. Almighty and everlasting God, our Heavenly Father. Heaven is thy throne and earth is thy footstool. Before thy majesty and holiness the angels veil their faces, and ,the spirits of the just made perfect bow in humble adoration. Thou art the creator of all things, the preserver of all that exist, whether they be thrones or 12* I38 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. dominions or principalities or powers. The minute and the vast, atoms and worlds, alike attest the ubiquity of thy presence and the omnipotence of thy sway. Thou alone ai-t the sovereign ruler of nations. Thou raisest up one and castest down another, and thou givest the kingdoms of the world to whomsoever thou wilt. The past, with all its records, is the unfolding of thy counsels and the realization of thy grand de- signs. We hail thee as our rightful ruler, the king eternal, immor- tal and invisible, the only true God, blessed forever more. We come on this glad day, O thou God of our fathers, into these courts with thanksgiving, and into these gates with praise. We bless thee for thy wonderful goodness in the past, for the land which thou gavest to our fathers, a land veiled from the ages, from the ancient world, but revealed in the fulness of time to thy chosen people, whom thou didst lead by thine own right hand through the billows of the deep — a land of vast extent, of towering mountains and broad plains, of unnumbered products and of untold trea- sures. We thank Thee for the fathers of our country, men of mind and of might, who endured privations and sacrifices, who braved mul- tiplied dangers rather than defile their consciences or be untrue to their God, men who laid on the broad foundations of truth and justice the grand structure of civil freedom. We praise Thee for the closing century, for the founders of the Republic, for the immortal Washington and his grand associates; for the wisdom with which they planned, and the firmness and heroism, which, under Thy blessing, led them to triumphant suc- cess Thou wast their shield in hours of danger, their pillar of cloud by day, and their pillar of fire by night. May we, their sons, walk in their footsteps and imitate their virtues. We thank Thee for social and national prosperity and progress, for valuable discoveries and multiplied inventions, for labor-saving machinery relieving the toiling masses, for schools, free as the morning light for the millions of the rising generation, for books and periodicals scattered like leaves of autumn over the land, for art and science, for freedom to worship God according to the dic- tates of conscience, for a church unfettered by the trammels of State. Bless, we pray Thee, the President of the United States and his constitutional advisers, the Judges of the Supreme Court, the Sen- ators and Representatives in Congress, the Governors of our sev- eral Commonwealths, the officers of the army and the navy, and all who are in official position throughout our land. Guide them, we pray Thee, with counsels of wisdom, and may they ever rule in righteousness. We ask Thy blessing to rest upon the President and members of the Centennial Commission, and upon those asso- ciated with them in the various departments, who have labored APPENDIX. 139 long and earnestly, amidst anxieties and difficulties, for the success of this enterprise. May Thy special blessing, O Thou God of all the nations of the earth, rest upon our national guests, our visitors from distant lands. We welcome them to our shores, and we rejoice in their presence among us, whether they represent thrones, or culture, or research, or whether they come to exhibit the triumphs of genius and art, in the development of industry and in the progress of civilization. Preserve Thou them, we beseech Thee, in health and safety, and in due time may they be welcomed by loved ones again to their own, their native lands. Let Thy blessing rest richly on this Centennial Celebration. May the lives and health of all interested be precious in Thy sight. Preside in its assemblage. Grant that this association in effort may bind more closely together every part of our great Republic, so that our Union may be perpetual and indissoluble. Let its influ- ence draw the nations of earth into a happier unity. Hereafter we pray Thee, may all disputed questions be settled by arbitration, and not by the sword, and may wars forever cease among the sons of men. May the new century be better than the past. More radiant with the light of true philosophy, warmer with the emanations of a world-wide sympathy. May capital, genius and labor be freed from all antagonism by the establishment and application of such principles of justice and equity as shall reconcile diversified inter- ests and bind in imperishable bands all parts of society. We pray Thy benediction, especially on the women of America, who for the first time in the history of our race, take so conspicu- ous a place in a national celebration. May the light of their in- telligence, purity and enterprise shed its beams afar, until in dis- tant lands, their sisters may realize the beauty and glory of Chris- tian freedom and elevation. We beseech Thee, Almighty Father, that our beloved Republic may be strengthened in every element of true greatness, until her mission is accomplished by presenting to the world an illustration of the happiness of a free people, with a free church, in a free State, under laws of their own enactment, and under rulers of their own selection, acknowledging supreme allegiance only to the King of Kings and Lord of Lords. And as Thou didst give to one of its illustrious sons first to draw experi- mentally the electric spark from heaven, which has since girdled the globe in its celestial whispers of " Glory to God in the highest, peace on earth and good will to men," so to the latest time may the mission of America, under divine inspiration, be one of affection, brotherhood and love for all our race. And may the coming centuries be filled with the glory of our Christian civili- zation. And unto Thee, our Father, through Him whose life is the light of men, will we ascribe glory and praise, now and forever. Amen. I4-0 THE CENTENNIAL LIEERTY BELL. At the conclusion of the prayer at II. 20 o'clock, the hymn, written by John Greenleaf Whittier, music by John K. Paine, was sung. The chorus singers, 800 in number, rose at the signal of Theodore Thomas, musical director, and commenced the hymn. The effect was startling ; the full rich tones filled the whole space with melody, and before the first line was finished the people had broken out into applause, cheering and clapping their hands. The interruption was but momentary, however, and they re- strained their impulse until the close of the first stanza, when the cheering was renewed and continued until the commencement of the next one. Each stanza was applauded to the close, when the applause was renewed and continued with great warmth. whittier's centennial hymn. Our fathers' God, from out whose hand The centuries fall like grains of sand, We meet to-day, united, free, And loyal to our land and Thee ! To thank Thee for the era done, And trust Thee for the opening one. Here where of old, by Thy design, The fathers spake that word of Thine Whose echo is the glad refrain Of rended bolt and falling chain, To grace our festal time from all The zones of earth our guests we call. Be with us while the New World greets The Old World thronging all its streets, Unveiling all the triumphs won By art or toil beneath the sun ; And unto common good ordain This rivalship of hand and brain. Thou who hast here in concord furled The war flags of a gathered world, Beneath our western skies fulfil The Orient's mission of good will, And, freighted with Love's golden fleece, Send back the Argonauts of peace. For art and labor met in truce, For beauty made the bride of use, We thank Thee, while withal we crave The austere virtues strong to save, The honor proof to place or gold, The manhood never bought or sold. APPENDIX. 141 O ! make Thou us, through centuries long In peace secure, in justice strong; Around our gift of freedom draw The safeguards of Thy righteous law, And, cast in some diviner mould, Let the new cycle shame the old ! Mr. John Welsh, the President of the Centennial Board of Fi- nance, then made the presentation of the buildings. His appear- ance was greeted with hearty cheers of recognition by the people, who recognized the importance of the work accomplished by the Board of which he is the honored President. The presentation was made in the following language : MR. WELSH'S ADDRESS. Mr. President and Gentlemen of the United States Centennial Commission : In the presence of the Government of the United States, and of the several distinguished bodies by whom we are surrounded, and in behalf of the Centennial Board of Finance, I greet you. In readiness at the appointed time, I have the honor to announce to you that, under your supervision, and in accordance with the plans fixed and established by you, we have erected the build- ings belonging to us, and have made all the arrangements devolving on us necessary for the opening of the " International Exhibition." We hereby now formally appropriate them for their intended occupation ; and we hold ourselves ready to make all fur- ther arrangements that may be needed for carrying into full and complete effect all the requirements of the acts of Congress rela- ting to the Exhibition. For a like purpose, we also appropriate the buildings belonging to the State of Pennsylvania and the City of Philadelphia, erected by us at their bidding, to wit: Memorial Hall, Machinery Hall and Horticultural Hall. These and other substantial offerings stand as the evidence of their patriotic co-operation. To the United States of America, through Congress, we are indebted for the aid which crowned our success. In addition to those to which I have just referred, there are other beautiful and convenient edifices, which have been erected by the representatives of foreign nations, by State authority and by individuals, which are also devoted to the purposes of the Exhibi- tion. Ladies and Gentlemen : If in the past we have met with disap- pointments, difficulties and trials, they have been overcome by a consciousness that no sacrifice can be too great which is made to honor the memories of those who brought our nation into being. This commemoration of the events of 1776 excites our present 142 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. gratitude. The assemblage here to-day of so many foreign repre- sentatives uniting with us in this reverential tribute is our reward. We congratulate you on the occurrence of this day. Many of the nations have gathered here in peaceful competition. Each may profit by the association. This exhibition is but a school ; the more thoroughly its lessons are learned the greater will be the gain, and, when it shall have been closed, if by that study the nations engaged in it shall have learned respect for each other, then it may be hoped that veneration for Him who rules on high will be- come universal, and the angels' song once more be heard — *' Glory to God in the highest, And on earth peace, good will towards men." At the conclusion of his remarks, President Hawley arose and said, li The President of the United States Centennial Commission accepts the trust from the President of the Centennial Board of Fi- nance, and expresses the obligations of the Commission for the great services rendered by the Board of Finance." THE CANTATA. Then, at 11.35 o'clock, the singers arose and sang a Cantata composed for the occasion, the words by Sidney Lanier, of Geor- gia, music by Dudley Buck, of Connecticut. In this the chorus, orchestra, and the great organ joined. The latter is situated just at the rear of the singers, within the Main Building, the windows being opened to let out the sound. CANTATA. From this hundred-terraced height Sight more large with nobler light Ranges down yon towering years : Humbler smiles and lordlier tears Shine and fall, shine and fall, While old voices rise and call Yonder where the to-and-fro Weltering of my Long- Ago Moves about the moveless base Far below my resting-place. Mayflower, Mayflower, slowly hither flying, Trembling Westward o'er yon balking sea, Hearts within Farewell, dear England, sighing, Winds without, But dear in vain replying, Gray-lipp'd waves about thee shouted, crying — No ! It shall not be ! Jamestown, out of thee — Plymouth, thee — thee, Albany — APPENDIX. 143 Winter cries, Ye freeze : away ! Fever cries, Ye burn : away ! Hunger cries, Ye starve : away ! Vengeance cries, Your graves shall stay ! Then old Shapes and Masks of Things, Framed like Faiths or clothed like Kings — Ghost of Goods once fleshed and fair, Grown foul Bads in alien air — War, and his most noisy lords, Tongued with lithe and poisoned swords — Error, Terror, Rage and Crime, All in a windy night of time Cried to me from land and sea, No! Thou shalt not be ! Hark! . Huguenots whispering yea in the dark, Puritans answering yea in the dark ! Yea, like an arrow shot true to his mark, Darts through the tyrannous heart of denial. Patience and Labor and solemn-souled Trial, Foiled, still beginning, Soiled, but not sinning, Toil through the stertorous death of the Night, Toil, when wild brother-wars new dark the light, Toil, and forgive, and kiss o'er, and replight. Now Praise to God's oft-granted grace, Now Praise to Man's undaunted face, Despite the land, despite the sea, I was : I am : and I shall be — How long, Good Angel, O how long ? Sing me from Heaven a man's own song ! " Long as thine Art shall love true love, Long as thy Science truth shall know, Long as thine Eagle harms no Dove, Long as thy Law by law shall grow, Long as thy God is God above, Thy brother every man below, So long, dear Land of all my love, Thy name shall shine, thy fame shall glow !" O Music, from this height of time my World unfold : In thy large signals all men's hearts Man's Heart behold : Mid-heaven unroll thy chords as friendly flags unfurled, And wave the world's best lover's welcome to the World. 144 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. This production was received with great favor by the people ; some of the piano passages were not heard, and when long the au- dience became restless and noisy, but their attention was at once arrested when the sound again caught the ear. Some particularly fine passages were applauded. The multitude became at once quiet when Myron H. Whitney, of Boston, the celebrated basso, took his position in front of Mr. Thomas, preparatory to singing the bass solo. There was the greatest curiosity to see whether a single voice, and that of the greatest volume, could be heard under the circumstances. When Mr. Whitney commenced his part, however, it was recognized at once that he was the man for the occasion. Every note was dis- tinctly heard, even to the lowest with which the solo terminated, and which called forth such a burst of applause as probably the performer had never heard before. The chorus was resumed, but the people were not satisfied, and the applause was continued until after bowing his acknowledgments again and again, he consented to repeat the part. This he did equally as well as at first, and the performance was greeted as before. General Joseph R. Hawley, the President of the Commission, then made the Presentation of the Exhibition to the President of the United States. As he arose he was received with cheers. The presentation was made in the following language : THE PRESENTATION BY GEN. HAWLEY. Mr. President : — Five years ago the President of the United States declared it fitting that '* the completion of the first century of our national existence should be commemorated by an exhibi- tion of the natural resources of the country and their development, and of its progress in those arts which benefit mankind," and or- dered that an exhibition of American and foreign arts, products and manufactures should be held, under the auspices of the Govern- ment of the United States, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. To put into effect the several laws relating to the Exhibition, the United States Centennial Com- mission was constituted, composed of two Commissioners from each State and Territory, nominated by their respective Governors, and appointed by the President. The Congress also created our auxi- liary and associate corporation, the Centennial Board of Finance, whose unexpectedly heavy burdens have been nobly borne. A re- markable and prolonged disturbance of the finances and industries of the country has greatly magnified the task ; but we hope for a favorable judgment of the degree of success attained. July 4, 1873, this ground was dedicated to its present uses. Twenty-one months ago this Memorial Hall was begun. All the other one hundred and eighty buildings within the enclosure have been erected within twelve months. All the buildings embraced in the plans of the Commission itself are finished. The demands of applicants APPENDIX. 145 exceeded the space, and strenuous and continuous efforts have been made to get every exhibit ready in time. By general consent the Exhibition is appropriately held in the City of Brotherly Love. Yonder, almost within your view, stands the venerated edifice wherein occurred the event this work is de- signed to commemorate, and the hall in which the first Continental Congress assembled. Within the present limits of this great park were the homes of eminent patriots of that era, where Washington and his associates received generous hospitality and able counsel. You have observed the surpassing beauty of the situation placed at our disposal. In harmony with all this fitness is the liberal sup- port given the enterprise by the State, the city, and the people in- dividually. In the name of the United States you extended a respectful and cordial invitation to the governments of other nations to be repre- sented and to participate in this Exhibition. You know the very acceptable terms in which they responded, from even the most dis- tant regions. Their commissioners are here, and you win soon see with what energy and brilliancy they have entered upon this friend- ly competition in the arts of peace. It has been the fervent hope of the Commission that, during this festival year, the people from all States and sections, of all creeds and churches, all parties and classes, burying all resentments, would come up together to this birthplace of our liberties to study the evi- dence of our resources; to measure the progress of an hundred years; and to examine to our profit the wonderful products of other lands, but especially to join hands in perfect fraternity and promise the God of our fathers that the new century shall surpass the old in the true glories of civilization. And furthermore, that from the association here of welcome visitors from all nations, there may result not alone great benefits to invention, manufac- tures, agriculture, trade and commerce, but also stronger interna- tional friendships and more lasting peace. Thus reporting to you, Mr. President, under the laws of the gov- ernment and the usage of similar occasions in the name of the United States Centennial Commission I present to your view the International Exhibition of 1876. All eyes were now turned to the President, as he arose to reply. When recognized he was applauded for some moments, and then expressed himself as follows : THE PRESIDENT S REPLY. My Fellow Countrymen ; It has been thought appropriate, upon this Centennial occasion, to bring together in Philadelphia, for popular inspection, specimens of our attainments in the industrial and fine arts, and in literature, science and philosophy, as well as in the great business of agriculture and of commerce. J 3 146 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. That we may the more thoroughly appreciate the excellences and deficiencies of our achievements, and also give emphatic expression to our earnest desire to cultivate the friendship of our fellow mem- bers of this great family of nations, the enlightened agricultural, com- mercial and manufacturing people of the world have been invited to sendhither corresponding specimens of their skill to exhibit on equal terms in friendly competition with our own. To this invitation they have generously responded ; for so doing we render them our hearty thanks. The beauty and utility of the contributions will this day be sub- mitted to your inspection by the Managers of the Exhibition. We are glad to know that a view of specimens of the skill of all na- tions will afford to you unalloyed pleasure, as well as yield to you a valuable practical knowledge of so many of the remarkable re- sults of the wonderful skill existing in enlightened communities. One hundred years ago our country was new and but partially settled. Our necessities have compelled us to chiefly expend our means and time in felling forests, subduing prairies, building dwellings, factories, ships, docks, warehouses, roads, canals, ma- chinery, etc., etc. Most of our schools, churches, libraries and asylums have been established within an hundred years. Burdened by these great primal works of necessity, which could not be pretermitted, we yet have done what this Exhibition will show in the direction of rivaling older and more advanced nations in law, medicine and theology ; in science, literature, philosophy and the fine arts. Whilst proud of what we have done we regret that we have not done more. Our achievements have been great enough, however, to make it easy for our people to acknowledge superior merit wherever found. And now, fellow-citizens, I hope a careful examination of what is about to be exhibited to you will not only inspire you with a profound respect for the skill and taste of our friends from other nations, but also satisfy you with the attainments made by our own people during the past one hundred years. I invoke your gener- ous co-operation with the worthy commissioners to secure a brilliant success to this International Exhibition, and to make the stay of our foreign visitors — to whom we extend a hearty welcome — both pro- fitable and pleasant to them. I declare the International Exhibition now open. At the conclusion of the President's remarks, which was at ex- actly 12 o'clock, at a given signal the American flag was run up on the staff at the highest peak of the Main Exhibition Building. At the conclusion of this ceremony, which was accompanied by a salute of artillery of 100 guns on George's Hill, the assemblage commenced to disperse, some towards one building and some to another, according as they wished to obtain a more favorable position to see the dignitaries on some portion of the route traveled APPENDIX. 147 by the procession, or, despairing of that, to witness the displays in the various buildings. It took a long time, nearly an hour, before the large platform in front of Memorial Hall was emptied and the space between it and the Main Building was sufficiently cleared to obtain an unobstructed passage. THE PROCESSION THROUGH THE BUILDINGS. The ceremonies being concluded amid the plaudits of the mul- titude, the line of march was taken up for the Main Exposition Building. Chief Marshal Dixey called off the order of the proces- sion as follows : President Grant, the Empress of Brazil, and Mr. Alfred T. Go- shorn, Director General. The Emperor of Brazil and Mrs. President Grant. The Brazilian Minister, Senor Borges, and wife. Col. Fred. D. Grant and Mrs. Waite. Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite. Hon. T. W. Ferry, The President of the Senate. Joseph R. Hawley, President of the United States Centennial Com- mission. John Welsh, President of the Centennial Board of Finance. Daniel J. Morrell, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Commission. John L. Campbell, Secretary of the Commission. Frederick Fraley, Secretary of the Board of Finance. The Cabinet. The Supreme Court of the United States. The Diplomatic Corps. The Foreign Commissioners of the Exhibition. The United States Centennial Commission. Chiefs of Bureaus of Administration. The Centennial Board of Finance. Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson, Engineer and Architects of Main Building and Machinery Hall. H. J. Schwarzmann, Architect of Memorial Hall and Horticultural Hall. James H. Windrim, Architect of Agricultural Hall and the United States Government Building. Richard J. Dobbins, Contractor of Main Building and Memorial Hall. Philip Quigley, Contractor, Machinery Hall and Agricultural Hall. Aaron Doane, Contractor, Government Building. The Board of the United States Executive Department. The Women's Centennial Executive Committee. The Fairmount Park Commission. The Governors of the States and Territories. 148 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. The Senate of the United States. The House of Representatives. The General of the Army and Staff. The Admiral of the Navy and Staff. The Lieutenant- General of the Army and Staff. The Vice-Admiral of the Navy and Staff. The General Officers of the Army and Staffs. The Rear-Admirals and Commodores of the Navy and Staffs. Officers of the Army and Navy. Military and Naval Officers of Foreign Governments. Consuls-General and Consuls of Foreign Governments. Judges of the United States Courts, and Officers of the United States Executive Bureaus. Officers of the United States Coast Survey. Officers of the Naval Observatory Officers of the Smithsonian Institution. The Board of Judges of Awards of the Exhibition. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The Legislature of Pennsylvania. The Judiciary of Pennsylvania. The Board of State Supervisors of Pennsylvania. The State Board of Pennsylvania. The Mayor of Philadelphia. The Mayors of Cities. The Select and Common Councils of Philadelphia. The State Centennial Boards. The Women's Centennial Committees. The Advisory and Co-operating Committees and Boards of the Commission. International Regatta Committees, and Committee of the National Rifle Association. Officers of the City Department of Philadelphia. At the head of the line were Colonel H. D. B. Clay, command- ing the Centennial Guard, and his Adjutant, Captain Hoyt, who, with a detail of men, kept the passage way clear. The Presiden- tial party was flanked on both sides by a platoon of City Troopers, who also did duty along the line of the procession. The cortege entered the Main Exposition Building at the north entrance — the President and Gov. Hartranft receiving the enthusiastic applause of the multitude as they passed through the open space between the platform and the entrance door. Passing along the centre transept of the building, the party soon reached the nave, stopping as they did so, at the headquarters of the French Commission, where the Delegate and Resident Commissioner, were presented by Director General Goshorn to President Grant. Following the northern and easterly direction the departments APPENDIX. I49 of Switzerland and Belgium were next reached, and the same cer- emonies were gone through with. The beautiful building erected for the Brazilian exhibit was next arrived at, and here the party stopped for a few minutes. The Emperor Dom Pedro, and his Empress was saluted by the Com- missioners in charge, who came forward and kissed the hands of both imperial personages. The Empress stepped inside of the doorway for a moment and chatted with the Emperor with reference to the display made. At the Department of the Netherlands, to the east of that of Bra- zil, the usual introductions were gone through with, the soldiers drawn up in line in front of it saluting the President as he passed. The Department of Mexico was next passed, and its Commis- sioners presented to the President. At this point the procession left the nave, and taking the next to easternmost cross avenue went on to the south avenue. Here it passed through the greater portion of the United States exhibit. Arriving at the centre transept it passed along it to the nave, leav- ing to the left the German headquarters, where the officers of the commission, who were in waiting, were presented to the President. Next the Austrian department was inspected and then the procession made a detour to the north, taking in the exhibits of the English colonies, Canada, India, Australia, New South Wales, Victoria and New Zealand, the commissioners from each of which were in front of their respective departments as the party passed by. Returning to the nave, the English Department was reached, and here the President passed some minutes in conversation with Col. Sanford and Prof. Archer, the English Commissioners. Nor- way and Sweden were the next departments passed on the right hand side of the line, whilst to the left the departments of Austria and Russia were brought to the President's notice. In front of the department of Spain, and on the same side of the nave, the entire Spanish Commission stood in a body with the Spanish Engineers drawn up in line behind them. There a short stop was made, the President engaging in conversation with several of the Commis- sioners. Denmark was next passed, and then the procession came to a halt in front of the departments of Turkey and Egypt. Here another detour was made, and the departments of the Sandwich Islands, Portugal and Tunis, situated in the extreme southwestern end of the building, were visited, and their Commis- sioners presented to the President. Retracing its steps to the nave, the procession passed the departments of Japan, China, Peru, Chili and the Argentine Republic, on the left hand, and the Italian exhibit on the right hand, leaving the building by the western main entrance. When the Main building was first reached, the great organ at the far end began playing, '' Hail to the Chief," and the people who had obtained access to the edifice were loud in their 13* I50 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. greetings of the Nation's Executive. As one by one the several foreign departments were passed and the Commissioners in charge presented to the President, these latter fell into line in the rear of the Diplomatic Corps, their handsome court costumes or pictur- esque national attire giving additional brilliancy to the suite follow- ing in the wake of the President. The crowd inside was somewhat difficult to restrain, and it was with no little trouble that the passage way for the President's party was kept clear. When the nave was reached for the last time the City Troop took the lead of the procession, and by their arduous efforts succeeded in clearing a way from the western doorway over to Machinery Hall. In the open plaza a vast multitude had assem- bled, and was with difficulty restrained by the militia who had been there stationed. At this point the President and a portion of the procession reviewed the military forces and inspected the Bar- tholdi Fountain. They were then joined by the balance of the party, and proceeded to Machinery Hall. Entering the main eastern door of Machinery Hall amid the chiming of bells and the plaudits of the people, the procession moved slowly, without stopping, up the main aisle and halted at the large Corliss engine. President Grant and wife, the Emperor and Empress of Brazil, Col. Fred. Grant, Gen. Hawley, Director General Goshorn and John Welsh, Esq. , then advanced and as- cended to the platform surrounding the engine. All being in readi- ness, President Grant and the Emperor, Dom Pedro, grasped the han- dles of the acting valves, and at a concerted moment turned them. There was a slight hissing of steam audible and then the huge walk- ing beam was seen to slowly move, and gathering momentum, was soon in full play. At the first visible movement of the powerful and ponderous ma- chinery a cheer was given, and for a brief space the eyes of all were fastened upon the engine. They had enjoyed the scene but a little while when Gen. Hawley announced that the reception by the President, in the judges' hall, would be omitted. After leaving the great engine the procession moved straight down the main ave- nue in a westerly direction, passing on its way the several foreign departments. Meanwhile all the machinery in the vast building had begun running, and the din and clatter of the hundreds of ma- chines united with the music of the bands without, and the ringing of the chimes within, made it a confusion of sounds long to be re- membered. When the western entrance of the building was reached the procession passed out, and the President, Secretary Fish, Mrs. Grant, Colonel Fred. Grant and Secretary of War and Mrs. Taft got into carriages, and were driven to the residence of Mr. Childs, whose guests they were. The procession then broke up, the Emperor and Empress of Bra- zil and suite going up toward the lake and visiting the building in APPENDIX. 151 that vicinity and the rest of the distinguished guests and visitors going their several ways. As announced by General Hawley in Machinery Hall, the reception by President Grant in Judges' Hall did not come off, and the hundreds of persons who had gone thither for the purpose of meeting the Nation's Executive were much disappointed at the change in the programme. THE NUMBER OF VISITORS. An approximate idea only of the number of visitors could be reached, owing to the fact that the counting up of admissions had not been completed. The numbers most generally agreed upon, however, were from 250,000 to 300,000. Inquiry at the Pennsylvania Railroad and Reading Railroad ticket offices failed to elicit even an approximate statement as to the number of passengers to the grounds over these lines, because of the fact that the railway officials had been unable themselves to ascertain how many trains had come in. It was ascertained, however, that the travel over these lines was very great. Excursion trains were run from various portions of the country, and there was a large number of visitors from distantsec- tions. The horse-railway accommodations proved to be entirely inadequate for the occasion. A large number of persons were forced to walk out to the grounds and a still larger number were forced to walk in even after dark. The local trains of the Penn- sylvania and Reading Railroads were similarly overloaded. POLICE ARRANGEMENTS. Col. Clay, Chief of the Centennial Police, reports only six ar- rests, and those of suspected pickpockets against whom there was no definite proof. One pickpocket was arrested outside the grounds, but the parties could not be 'induced to appear against him. Within two weeks it is expected that a committing magis- trate will hold his court on the grounds and give witnesses an op- portunity to testify against thieves without unnecessary delay. Several persons, men and women, were overcome by their ex- ertions, or were crushed in the throng and were carried off the grounds; but it is believed no serious injury resulted. About one o'clock an alarm of fire was given, whether with or without cause is not known, but the fire apparatus was directed to the neighbor- hood of Horticultural Hall. A large-sized extinguisher drawn by two horses, a steamer and a hose cart started for the scene. The route was over a clay mortar road which had not been paved, and the poor horses soon found themselves hopelessly mired with the heavy apparatus. Fortunately their services were not needed. 152 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE ADOPTION OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, JULY 4, 1876. This day constituted the portal, through which the Government of the United States passed from the first Century of its existence into the second. It was an occasion, the appreciable recurrence of which can occur but once in the life-time of an American citizen, and forty millions of people demonstrated their realization of the fact, by the abandonment of their usual vocations, so far as cir- cumstances would permit, and joining in the grand manifestations of patriotism and national rejoicing, that distinguished the day above all others, throughout the whole extent of our vast domain. The occasion was, for the time being, the controlling power of the nation, and all the people yielded to its potent influence; every imaginable means of manifesting their devotion to its impor- tance was called into requisition, and such universal, spontaneous and enthusiastic demonstrations of rejoicing and patriotic zeal this country and possibly no other ever saw. While every borough, town and hamlet within our borders — had its celebration, and was the centre of attraction for its surrounding inhabitants, The Centennial City, with its magnificent, and stu- pendous International Exhibition, of the products, the skill and industry of the entire civilized world, was the grand focal centre, to which gathered the teeming myriads from every point of the compass in our own country, and the thousands of admiring and astonished visitors from foreign lands. Here the Municipal authorities, Military and Civic organizations, families and individuals, all united and vied with each other, in their endeavors to make the demonstrations commensurate with the occasion they were designed to celebrate. Indeed active preparations for a great and unusual event, were observable on the day previous to the Fourth. The city was again decorated with flags, of our own country and all others — which were displayed in greater profusion, if possible, than on the Tenth of May, the open- ing day of the great exhibition. Triumphal arches and platforms for observation, were erected along the route designated for the grand torch-light procession in the evening. The City Govern- ment, numerous civic organizations, various associations of trades- men, Societies and Orders for the promotion of benevolent, social and other laudable objects, and the citizens generally, had been for weeks preparing for this demonstration, which for vastness of ex- tent and brilliancy of display was never before equalled in this city, nor probably in any other. As well as a valedictory recogni- tion of the out-going century, with its vast achievements, its mani- fold and inestimable blessings conferred upon mankind, it was also an introductory greeting to the in-coming one, and the inaugura- APPENDIX. *53 tion of such salutatory ceremonies and proceedings, of the ensuing day, as should render it memorable throughout the century, the in- gress of which they were designed to honor. The whole atmosphere of the country seemed to be vital with the spirit of celebrations from the very inception of the year. Every important event that transpired during the year 1776 was re- membered and honored with a centennial celebration of the day of its occurrence. These local celebrations were the subject of observation and remark, long before the great swelling heart of the nation began to pulsate with the recent emotions that found vent in the patriotic demonstrations that signalized the Fourth of July 1876. L. The Public Ledger, issued Tuesday, July 4, 1876, speaks of this Demonstration as follows : — The Close of the Century — Scenes hi the City — The Illuminations and Decorations — The Great Torchlight Demonstration — The Scene at Inde- pendence Hall and Square — Ringing in the New Century. For the last few days the incoming stream of visitors to the city has been swelling hour by hour, until the capacities of the railroad and transportation companies have been severely taxed to provide ac- commodations for the thousands of Americans and foreigners who turn their faces towards Philadelphia to see the rising of the sun on the Second Century of American Independence, at the spot where the Republic had its birth. Within the past week the throng upon the already crowded thoroughfares in the centre of the city has steadily increased until yesterday afternoon locomo- tion was difficult and haste impossible. The principal hotels were filled to their utmost capacity long be- fore dark, and many an unfortunate late comer had trouble to find a place to lay his head. The streets were resonant with the blare of brass bands, and gay with the many colored uniforms of the visiting military from every portion of the country. In the middle of the day the procession of the Grand Army of the Repub- lic passed through the streets, attracting much attention, and ad- ding greatly to the general animation of the scene. The weather was very hot, but the burning rays of the sun were tempered by a delightful breeze, which prevented the heat from be- coming unendurable, and in the evening the weather for this time of the year was quite comfortable. The display of bunting was simply wonderful. Great as was the exhibition on Washington's Birthday and on Opening Day, it was, if possible, exceeded on this occasion. In every direction the eye could turn flags by thousands met the sight, and the vista along the streets was lost in clouds of brilliantly colored bunting. Banks, offices, churches, stores, public buildings and private residences, all were gay with flags, streamers and drapery. The decoration of private residences was especially noticeable, and citizens of every class united in testifying by outward signs their patriotic fervor. 154 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY CELL. Indeed, the dwelling-houses from which one or more flags were not hung out in honor of the day were the few exceptions to the almost universal rule. Along the main retail business streets the store-keepers arranged their windows with draperies of red, white and blue, or exhibited conspicuously goods and fabrics of the na- tional colors. Many of these displays were in exquisite taste, but the number was so great that to particularize in any case might be invidious and unjust. A feature of the general decoration, that has not been seen in Philadelphia for many years, was the erection of triumphal arches for the great civic torchlight procession of the evening to pass under. In the evening the illumination of the city was as general as the display of bunting. All the hotels and nearly all the prominent buildings were brilliantly lighted up. Particularly was this the case along the route of the torchlight procession. The residents of North Broad street made common cause, in order to make their beautiful thoroughfare surpass, if possible, any other portion of the city in brightness. Every house was lighted up and the windows thrown wide open. Early in the evening all the streets on the route of the proces- sion were filled with people who stood patiently for hours waiting for the pageant. Independence Hall and Square were the princi- pal objective points, and all the street cars running in that direc- tion brought crowded loads and deposited them at Chestnut street. The Ledger building was decked in its holiday suit of flags from each window, and the light from two powerful calcium lanterns was thrown upon the building, making that corner one of the most brilliant neighborhoods in the city. Over the door of Independence Hall was hung an allegorical painting of "the Century plant," representing a tree whose roots are the thirteen original States, the butt the Declaration of Inde- pendence, the trunk the Constitution, and the branches the various States; a framework of one hundred circles, representing the years of the century, surrounded the whole design, which was illumina- ted with a calcium light. The statue of Franklin, in front of the Pennsylvania Library Building, was also lighted up by the rays of a calcium light from the rooms of the Philosophical Society opposite. Around the State House the crowd kept thickening all the eve- ning until before the procession came along the entire block on Chestnut street was a solid mass of humanity. To provide against emergencies the Chief Engineer of the Fire Department had sta- tioned an engine, with steam up, a hose cart and truck, on Fifth street, below Chestnut. Hose connections were also made with the plugs in the square, to be ready for use at a moment's notice. In Independence Square another immense throng of people ga- thered and remained all the evening. At half-past II o'clock a APPENDIX. 155 concert was commenced by Beck's Philadelphia Band, which was posted on the platform, and performed a number of choice selec- tions under the direction of M. F. Aledo. The hymn, " My Coun- try, 'Tis of Thee," was sung by a large chorus, under the leader- ship of Mr. William Wolsieffer. The entire throng in the square joined by invitation in the singing. The familiar tune was excel- lently rendered, the crowd following perfectly the tune as marked by the conductor's baton. The piece was timed so that the last verse ended at exactly 12 o'clock, and the sound of the singing had scarcely died out when the voice of the new bell was heard ringing out the old and ring- ing in the new. Simultaneously with the first stroke of the bell, there was a perfect feu de joie of pistols, crackers, Roman candles and colored fires, and a tremendous shouting almost drowned the sound of the bell. Thirteen peals were rung, after which the Dox- ology, " Praise God from whom all blessings flow," was sung. On the Chestnut street front a similar scene of excitement was witnessed at the stroke of midnight, the crowd shouting themselves hoarse with cheers. Soon after twelve o'clock the procession commenced to pass the stand in front of Independence Hall, where the members of Coun- cil and their families were posted. At this point the crowd was fearful, and a lady was pushed against the wheel of one of the carriages containing the Spanish officers, and she was only saved from being run over by being lifted bodily into the carriage and carried along with the line. The demonstrations of applause were frequent and hearty, and as the carriages bearing distinguished foreigners, or Governors of States passed by, they were greeted with hearty cheers. The crowd stood its ground manfully until the entire long -pro- cession had passed by. 156 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. THE CENTENNIAL FOURTH OF JULY— THE CELE- BRATION OF THE BIRTH OF THE NEW CENTURY —THE MILITARY, THE TOTAL ABSTINENCE SOCIETIES, AND THE MONSTER MASS MEETING.— THE FIREWORKS IN THE PARK.— INCIDENTS AND OCCUR- RENCES IN THE STREETS. Never in the history of the American nation has the recurrence of the Fourth of July been received with such enthusiasm and fer- vor as that just passed, and it is probable that it will be very many years before such another celebration will be seen in Philadelphia. Commencing with the great civic pageant of Monday evening, and ending with the display of fireworks in the Park on Tuesday night, it was one continuous jubilee. The number of strangers in the city was greater than at any of the recent great gatherings. The large cities within easy distance sent a large proportion of their population to Philadelphia during the few days immediately prece- ding the Fourth. The arrivals were more generally from the surrounding country within a radius of say fifty miles, the trains arriving crowded in the morning and departing overloaded in the evening. The same torrid sun shone bright and clear, as on the previous day, but the same pleasant breeze relieved the intense heat and rendered the atmosphere bearable and even comfortable to 'the stroller on the shady sidewalk. Business was more generally suspended than usual on the Fourth of July and everybody made holiday. The streets were filled with people during the en- tire day, particularly early in the morning when the military and Catholic parades and the solemnities in Independence Square were drawing their thousands of spectators, and late in the afternoon and evening after the heat of the day was passed. A pleasant and noticeable feature was the very small amount of drunkenness or disorder, considering the excitement and the crowded condition of the city. The venders of " ice cold lemon- ade, five cents a glass," and " ice water, one cent a glass," were out in force and shouted the refreshing properties of their bever- ages in stentorian tones into the ears of passers-by, driving a flour- ishing trade amongst the heated and thirsty throng. The same gay suit of bunting that has been described in detail several times lately, decked the city, the display being greater, if possible, than upon the previous day. The horses of the street cars carried flags in their harness, and the cars of most of the roads were also ornamented with flags. Along the riverfront the shipping was all gaily ornamented with bunting, and the visiting men of- war in the stream displayed all their flags in honor of the day. APPENDIX. 157 Early in the morning the day was ushered in by the firing of guns from the war vessels and other localities, and the ringing of bells and chimes in various portions of the city. The inevitable fire cracker of course played a prominent part in the celebration, and there was the average number of accidents from the careless use of firearms. The chimes of St. Stephen's, St. Peter's and Christ Church were rung morning, noon and evening, and attract- ed much attention, Beck's Philadelphia Band was engaged by the city authorities, and posted on the platform in Independence Square, and gave a free concert during the entire day, except while the ceremonies were going on in the morning. The music was ex- cellent, and gave great satisfaction to large numbers of people who congregated in the square. Immediately after the close of the ceremonies on the platform, the Emperor, Dom Pedro, who had occupied a place among the distinguished guests, proceeded to the Ledger office, where he was received and shown through the entire establishment and intro- duced to the chiefs of the several departments. On leaving which he was recognized by the crowd in the street, and his carriage drove off amid a hearty hurrah. Ceremonies in Independence Square — Reading of the Original Declaration — The Oration — The Music — The Distinguished Guests and the Great Multitude. — The exercises in Independence Square were the most completely successful of any yet held in this sum- mer of anniversaries. The arrangements were most perfect, and were carried out so successfully that no hitch occurred from first to last. THE DISTINGUISHED GUESTS. The day was a beautiful one, and although very warm, a good breeze from the Southwest prevented much suffering. The guests were nearly all in their places at the hour of 10, set for the com- mencement of the exercises. Everybody was on the watch for dis- tinguished people, civil and military, and as each was recognized they were greeted with hearty cheers, which were taken up by the people in the square, and repeated. Gen. Jos. R. Hawley was first on the ground, prepared to receive them when they should arrive. Among the first was Bayard Taylor ; he was soon followed by Wm. M. Evai-ts, of New York; Governor Bagley, of Michigan; the Vice President of the United States, T. W. Feny ; Governor Lip- pitt, of the State of Rhode Island ; Ex-Governor Noyes, of Ohio ; Sir Edward Thornton, British Minister; Governor Hayes, of Ohio; Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil; Bishop Stevens, Bishop Simpson, John Welsh, President of the Centennial Board of Fi- nance ; Mayor Stokley, Presidents Smith and Caven, of City Coun- cils ; Prof. Archer, of the British Centennial Commission ; Gover- nor Hartranft, Generals Sherman, Sheridan, McDowell, Hooker, 14 I58 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. Benham and Merrill ; Brig. Gen. Forsythe ; Governor Oxtell, of New Mexico ; Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia ; Pay Inspector Russell, U. S. Navy, and some others well known in official cir- cles. Governor Hayes was one of the earliest recognized, and the cheers and calls for him induced him to walk back and lose him- self among the audience. Generals Sherman and Sheridan came together, and their presence was immediately recognized by cheers and cries for them to appear. By the time the platform was filled the entire square was covered with people packed as closely as possible. Many of the trees near and directly in front of the stand were filled with men who had climbed their rugged trunks, and in one instance the tree was so overloaded as to cause serious apprehensions of disaster. No acci- dent, however, occurred. A few minutes after ten o'clock, General Hawley requested all to be seated, and waved his handkerchief to Prof. P. S. Gilmore, under whose leadership was an orchestra of eighty pieces, and a chorus of five hundred voices selected and trained by Prof. Gilmore and Carl Sentz, especially for the occasion. The grand overture, " The Great Republic," was then played. This overture is arranged from the national air, Hail Columbia, by George F. Bristow, and as its familiar strains were recognized by the people between the two platforms, they greeted its production with enthusiastic cheers. GENERAL HAWLEY'S ADDRESS. General Joseph R. Hawley, President of the U. S. Centennial Commission, then took the stand and spoke as follows : Fellow-Citizens and Friends of all Nations : — One hundred years ago the Republic was proclaimed on this spot, and we have come together to celebrate to-day by peaceful and simple observance, our wonder, our pride and our gratitude. These presences to-day prove the good-will existing among all nations. To the strangers among us a thousand welcomes [applause] to the land we love, liberty, peace, justice, prosperity, and the blessing of God to all time. By direction of the Commission, I have the honor to an- nounce as the presiding officer of the day, Hon. Thomas W. Ferry, Vice President of the United States. The General was greeted with hearty applause both when he commenced and when he closed his remarks. THE VICE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. When the audience had become sufficiently quiet, Hon. Thomas W. Ferry, Vice President of the United States, spoke as follows : Citizens of our Centennial : — The regretful absence of the Presi- dent of the United States casts on me the honor of presiding on this eventful occasion. Much as I value the official distinction, I prize much more the APPENDIX. 159 fact that severally we hold, and successfully we maintain, the right to the prouder title of American citizen. It ranks all others. It makes office, unmakes officers, and creates States. One hundred years ago, in yonder historical structure, heroic statesmen sat, and gravely chose between royal rule and popular sovereignty. In- spired with the spirit which animated the Roman sage who, on the midst of Mars Hill, declared that of one blood were made all na- tions of men, those Continental sages echoed in the midst of Inde- pendence Hall their immortal declaration that all men are created free and equal. [Loud cheers.] Appealing to the God of justice and of battle for the rectitude and firmness of their purpose, they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor to the abstract principle of the freedom and equality of the human race. To-day, in this rounding hour of a century, appealing to the same God of justice and of peace, we praise Him for, and pledge our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor to maintain the spirit of that declaration now made universal by the fundamental law of the land. We, the people of the United States, in this Centennial memorial pay double tribute to the Most High One of grateful acknowledgment of the fulfilled pledge of our fathers to over- throw Royalism, and the other of joyful assurance of the fulfilling pledge of their sons to uphold Republicanism. The great Powers of the earth honor the spirit of American fidel- ity to the cause of human freedom by the exhibition of their wares and the presence of their titled peers, to grace and dignify the world's homage paid to the Centennial genius of American liberty. Three millions of people grown to forty-three millions ; and thirteen colonies enlarged to a nation of thirty-seven States, with the thirty-eighth, the Centennial State, forsaking eight territories, and on the threshold of the Union, abiding executive admission ; these attest the forecast and the majesty of the Declaration of 1776. It was nothing short of the utterance of the sovereignty of man- hood and the worth of American citizenship. Its force is fast supplanting the assumption of the divine right of kings, by virtue of the supreme law of the nation, that the people alone hold the sole power to rule. Nations succeed each other in following the example of this Republic, and the force of American institutions bids fair to bring about a general reversal of the source of political power. When that period shall come, Great Britain, so magnanimous in presence of this auspicious era, will then, if not before, praise the events when American Independence was won under Washington, and when freedom and equality of races were achieved under Lin- coln and Grant. [Long-continued cheering.] Now, citizens, you l6o THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. will join reverently in prayer, which will be offered by the ecclesi- astical successor of the first Chaplain of the Continental Congress. PRAYER BY BISHOP STEVENS. Right Rev. Bishop Stevens then offered the following prayer. '' O Almighty and Eternal God, we come before Thee to praise Thy glorious name, and to give Thee most humble and hearty thanks for the inestimable blessings which as a nation we this day enjoy. " We devoutly recognize Thy Fatherly hand in the planting and nurturing of these colonies, in carrying them through the perils and trials of war ; in establishing them in peace, and in permitting us to celebrate this hundredth birthday of our Independence. We thank Thee, O God, that Thou didst inspire the hearts of Thy ser- vants to lay here the foundations of peace and liberty ; to proclaim here those principles which have wrought out for us such civil and religious blessings, and to set up here a Government which Thou hast crowned by Thy blessing, and guarded by Thy hand to this day. "Thou hast safely brought us to the beginning of another cen- tury of national life. Defend and bless us in the same, O God, with Thy mighty power. Give peace and prosperity in all our borders, unity and charity among all classes, and a true and hearty love of country to all our people. Keep far from us all things hurt- ful to the welfare of the nation, and give to us all things necessary for our true growth and progress. '* Bless, O Thou Mighty Ruler of the Universe, Thy servants to whom are committed the Executive, the Legislative and Judicial government of this land. Be pleased to direct and prosper all their consultations to the advancement of Thy glory, the good of Thy Church, the safety, honor and welfare of Thy people ; that all things may be so ordered and settled by their endeavors upon the best and surest foundations, that peace and happiness, truth and justice, religion and true liberty may be established among us for all generations. Make us to know, therefore, on this day of our nation's festivity, and to consider in our hearts that Thou art God in Heaven above, and upon the earth beneath, and that there is no God else beside Thee. " Enable us to keep Thy statutes and Thy judgments which Thou hast commanded, that it may go well with us and with our children ; that we and they may fear Thy name and obey Thy Law, and that Thou mayest prolong the days of this nation through all coming time. " Pour out Thy Fatherly blessing upon our whole country, upon all our lawful pursuits and industries, upon all our households and institutions of learning and benevolence, that, rejoicing in Thy smile, and strengthened by Thy might, this nation may go on APPENDIX. l6l through all the years of this new century a praise and a joy of the whole earth, so that all who look upon it may be able to say, 4 Truly God is in the midst of her, she shall not be moved.' " These things and whatsoever else we need for our national preservation and perpetuity, we humbly ask in the name, and through the mediation of Thy dear Son, to whom with the Father and the Holy Ghost, be ascribed all might, majesty, dominion and power, world without end. Amen." The audience stood reverently with uncovered heads while the prayer was being made. WELCOME TO ALL NATIONS. At a signal the following hymn was sung by the chorus, accom- panied by the orchestra. The words were written expressly for the occasion by Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, and the music is « Keller's Hymn." I. Bright on the banners of lily and rose, Lo, the last sun of our century sets ! Wreath the black cannon that scowled on our foes. All but her friendship the Nation forgets ! All but her friends and their welcome forgets ! These are around her : But where are her foes ? Lo, while the sun of her century sets Peace with her garlands of lily and rose ! II. Welcome ! a shout like the war trumpet swell Wakes the wild echoes that slumber aroused I Welcome ! it quivers from Liberty's bell ; Welcome ! the walls of her temple resound ! Hark ! the gray walls of her temple resound ! Fade the far voices o'er hill-side and dell ; Welcome ! still whisper the echoes aroused ; Welcome ! still trembles on Liberty's bell ! III. Thrones of the Continent ! Isles of the Sea ! Yours are the garlands of peace we entwine ; Welcome, once more, to the land of the free, Shadowed alike by the palm and the pine. Softly they murmur, the palm and the pine ; " Hushed is our strife, in the land of the free ; " Over your children their branches entwine, Thrones of the Continents ! Isles of the Sea ! At the sound of the vocal music, which was much more easily 14* 1 62 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. heard than the instrumental, the multitude got quiet and listened attentively, applauding heartily at the close. THE ORIGINAL DECLARATION. The Vice President then introduced Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, grandson of the statesman in the Continental Congress who moved the resolution " That these Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent." Mr. Lee was received with applause, and Mayor Stokley advanced with the original Declara- tion of Independence in a frame covered with glass, and held it up before the people. The cheers which it caused, both on and off the platform, were continuous and loud. General Hawley then proposed three times three cheers, which were given with a will. After some time the Mayor handed it to Mr. Lee, who read it deliberately. He had just reached the words " life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," when the new bell tolled out the hour of eleven, and the reading was suspended until it had finished striking. At numerous points in the reading the sentiments ex- pressed were recognized, and approved by cheers. GREETING FROM BRAZIL. The Vice President then announced the next item on the pro- gramme as a contribution from Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Bra- zil, a hymn for the first Centennial of American Independence, composed by A. Carlos Gomez, of Brazil, at the request of the Empe- ror, who dignifies this event by his gracious presence. The multitude were vociferous in their calls for the Emperor, who finally took the stand and was introduced by the Vice President. Here he received a perfect ovation, and was apparently over- whelmed by the applause he created. He took his seat and the orchestra commenced. At first the instruments were but faintly heard, and the Emperor resumed his position on the stand with his ear bent to catch the music. As it progressed the audience be- came more quiet, and the full rich tones filled the air. The Em- peror testified his appreciation by his actions, and at the conclu- sion of the piece the applause was so long continued that the piece was repeated. THE NATIONAL ODE. Mr. John Welsh then introduced the well-known poet and au- thor, Bayard Taylor, who in a full rich voice that commanded at- tention, and received it, recited the following ode composed for the occasion : APPENDIX. 163 THE NATIONAL ODE. July 4, 1876. I.— I. Sun of the stately Day, Let Asia into the shadow drift, Let Europe bask in the ripened ray, And over the severing ocean lift A brow of broader splendor 1 Give light to the eager eyes Of the Land that waits to behold thee arise ; The gladness of the morning lend her. With triumph of noon attend her, And the peace of the vesper skies ! For lo ! she cometh now With hope on the lip and pride on the brow, Stronger and dearer, and fairer, To smile on the love we bear her — To live as we dreamed her and sought her, Liberty's latest daughter ! In the clefts of the rocks, in the secret places, We found her traces : On the hills, in the crash of woods that fall, We heard her call: When the line of battle broke, We saw her face in the fiery smoke ; Through toil, and anguish, and desolation, We followed, and found her With the grace of a virgin Nation As a sacred zone around her I Who shall rejoice With a righteous voice, Far-heard through the ages, if not she ? For the menace is dumb that defied her, The doubt is dead that denied her, And she stands acknowledged, and strong, and free ! II.— I. Ah, hark ! the solemn undertone On every wind of human story blown. A large, divinely-moulded Fate Questions the right and purpose of a State, And in its plan sublime Our eras are the dust of Time. The far-off Yesterday of power Creeps back with stealthy feet, Invades the lordship of the hour, And at our banquet takes the unbidden seat. 164 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. From all unchronicled and silent ages Before the Future first begot the Past, Till History dared at last, To write eternal words on granite pages ; From Egypt's tawny drift, and Assur's mound, And where, uplifted white and far, Earth highest yearns to meet a star, And man his manhood by the Ganges found — Imperial heads, of old millennial sway, And still by some pale splendor crowned, Chill as a corpse-light in our full-orbed day, In ghostly grandeur rise And say, through stony lips and vacant eyes : " Thou that assertest freedom, power and fame, Declare to us thy claim!" L— 2. On the shores of a Continent cast, She won the inviolate soil By loss of heirdom of all the Past, And faith in the royal right of Toil ! She planted homes on the savage sod: Into the wilderness lone She walked with fearless feet, In her hand the divining-rod, Till the veins of the mountains beat With fire of metal and force of stone 1 She set the speed of the river-head To turn the mills of her bread : She drove her plowshare deep Through the prairie's thousand-centuried sleep; To the South, and West, and North, She called Pathfinder forth, Her faithful and sole companion, Where the flushed Sierra, snowy-starred, Her way to the sunset barred, And the nameless rivers in thunder and foam Channelled the terrible canyon ! Nor paused, till her uttermost home Was built, in the smile of a softer sky And the glory of beauty still to be, Where the haunted waves of Asia die On the strand of the world-wide sea ! II.— 2. The race is conquering, Some fierce Titanic joy of conquest knows ; APPENDIX. 165 Whether in veins of serf or king, Our ancient blood beats restless in repose. Challenge of Nature unsubdued Awaits not man's defiant answer long; For hardship, even as wrong, Provokes the level-eyed, heroic mood. This for herself she did; but that which lies, As over earth the skies, Bending all forms in one benignant blow, — Crowned conscience, tender care, Justice, that answers every bondman's prayer, Freedom where Faith may lead or Thought may dare. The power of minds that know, Passion of hearts that feel, Purchased by blood and woe, Guarded by fire and steel, Hath she secured. "What blazon on her shield, In the clear Century's light Shines to the world revealed, Declaring nobler triumph, born of Right? 1—3. Foreseen in the vision of sages, Foretold when martyrs bled, She was born of the longing of ages, By the truth of the noble dead And the faith of the living fed ! No blood in her lightest veins Frets at remembered chains, Nor shame of bondage has bowed her head. In her form and features still The unblenching Puritan will, Cavalier honor, Huguenot grace, The Quaker truth and sweetness, And the strength of the danger-girdled race Of Holland, blend in a proud completeness, From the homes of all where her being began, She took what she gave to Man : Justice, that knew no station, Belief as soul decreed, Free air for aspiration, Free force for independent deed ! She takes, but to give again, As the sea returns the rivers in rain : And gathers the chosen of her seed From the hunted of every crown and creed. Her Germany dwells by a gentler Rhine ; 1 66 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. Her Ireland sees the old sunburst shine; Her France pursues some dream divine; Her Norway keeps his mountain pine; Her Italy waits by the western brine; And, broad- based under all, Is planted England's oaken-hearted mood, As rich in fortitude As e'er went worldward from the island wall I Fused in her candid light, To one strong race all races here unite : Tongues melt in hers, hereditary foemen Forget their sword and slogan, kith and clan, 'Twas glory, once, to be a Roman : She makes it glory, now, to be a Man I IL-3. Bow down! Doff thine Ionian crown ! One hour forget The glory, and recall the debt. Make expiation, Of humbler mood, For the pride of thine exultation O'er peril conquered and strife subdued ! But half the right is wrested When victory yields her prize, And half the marrow tested When old endurance dies. In the sight of them that love thee, Bow to the Greater above thee ! He faileth not to smite The idle ownership of Right, Nor spares to sinews fresh from trial, And virtues schooled in long denial, The tests that wait for thee In larger perils of prosperity. Here at the Century's awful shrine, Bow to thy fathers' God — and thine ! I.-4. Behold! she bendeth now, Humbling the chaplet of her hundred years ; There is a solemn sweetness on her brow, And in her eyes are sacred tears. Can she forget, In present joy, the burden of her debt, APPENDIX. 167 When for a captive race She grandly staked and won The total promise of her power begun, And bared her bosom's grace To the sharp wound that inly tortures yet ? Can she forget The million graves her young devotion set, The hands that clasp above From either side, in sad returning love ? Can she forget, Here where the Ruler of to-day, The citizen of to-morrow, And equal thousands to rejoice and pray Beside these holy walls are met, Her birth-cry, mixed of keenest bliss and sorrow ? Where on July's immortal morn Held forth, the people saw her head And shouted to the world : " The King is dead, But lo! the heir is born !" When fire of youth, and sober trust of age, In farmer, soldier, priest and sage, Arose and cast upon her Baptismal garments — never robes so fair Clad prince in old-world air. — Their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor! II.-4. Arise ! Recrown thy head, Radiant with blessings of the Dead! Bear from this hallowed place The prayer that purifies thy lips, The light of courage that defies eclipse, The rose of Man's new morning on thy face ! Let no iconoclast Invade thy rising Pantheon of the Past, To make a blank where Adams stood, To touch the Fathers' sheathed and sacred blade, Spoil crowns on Jefferson and Franklin laid. Or wash from Freedom's feet the stain of Lincoln's blood ! Hearken, as from that haunted hall Their voices call : " We lived and died for thee ; We greatly dared that thou mights't be; So, from thy children still We claim denials which at last fulfill, And freedom yielded to preserve thee free ! Beside clear-hearted Right 1 68 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. That smiles at Power's uplifted rod, Plant Duties that requite, And Order that sustains, upon thy sod. And stand in stainless might Above all self, and only less than God ?" III.— I. Here may thy solemn challenge end, All-proving Past, and each discordance die Of doubtful augury, Or in one choral with the Present blend, And that half-heard, sweet harmony Of something nobler that our sons may see ! Though poignant memories burn Of days that were, and may again return "When thy fleet foot, O Huntress of the Woods, The slippery brinks of danger knew, And dim the eyesight grew That was so sure in thine old solitudes, — Yet stays some richer sense Won from the mixture of thine elements, To guide the vagrant scheme, And winnow truth from each conflicting dream ! Yet in thy blood shall live Some force unspent, some essence primitive, To seize the highest use of things ; For Fate to mould thee to her plan, Denied thee food of kings; Withheld the udder and the orchard fruits, Fed thee with savage roots, And forced thy harsher milk from barren breasts of man ! III.— 2. O sacred Woman-Form. Of the first People's need and passion wrought — No thin, pale ghost of Thought, But fair as morning and as heart's blood warm — Wearing thy priestly tiara on Judah's hills; Clear-eyed beneath Athene's helm of gold; Or from Rome's central seat, Hearing the pulses of the Continents beat In thunder where her legions rolled ; Compact of high, heroic hearts and wills, Whose being circles all The selfless aims of men, and all fulfills ; Thyself not free, so long as one is thrall ; Goddess, that as a Nation lives, APPENDIX. 169 And as a Nation dies, That for her children as a man defies, And to her children as a mother gives, — Take our fresh fealty now 1 No more a Chieftainess, with wampum-zone And feather-cinctured brow, — No more a new Britannia, grown To spread an equal banner to the breeze, And lift thy ti-ident o'er the double seas; But with unborrowed crest, In thine own native beauty dressed, — The front of pure command, the unflinching eye, thine own ! III.— 3- Look up, look forth, and on ! There's light in the dawning sky; The clouds are parting, the night is gone : Prepare for the work of the day ! Fallow thy pastures lie And far thy shepherds stray, And the fields of thy vast domain Are waiting for purer seed Of knowledge, desire, and deed, For keener sunshine and mellower rain ! But keep thy garments pure : Pluck them back with the old disdain, From touch of the hands that stain ! So shall thy strength endure. Transmute into good the gold of Gain, Compel to beauty thy ruder powers, Till the bounty of coming hours Shall plant, on thy fields apart, With the oak of Toil, the rose of Art I Be watchful, and keep us so : Be strong, and fear no foe : Be just, and the world will know ! "With the same love love us, as we give; And the day shall never come, That finds us weak or dumb To join and smite and cry In the great task, for thee to die, And the greater task, for thee to live! Bayard Taylor. The sentiments of the Ode were frequently applauded, and at the close the author was greeted with a round of cheers. 15 I70 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. OUR NATIONAL BANNER. The next piece on the musical programme was a Triumphal March and a chorus, entitled ''Our National Banner;" words by Dexter Smith, of Massachusetts, music by Sir Julius Benedict, of England. The following are the words : I. O'er the high and o'er the lowly Floats that banner bright and holy In the rays of freedom's sun ; In the nation's heart imbedded, O'er our Union newly wedded, One in all, and all in one. II. Let the banner wave forever, May its lustrous stars fade never Till the stars shall pale on high ; While there's right the wrong defeating, While there's hope in true hearts beating, Truth and freedom shall not die. III. As it floated long before us, Be it ever floating o'er us, O'er our land from shore to shore ; There are freemen yet to wave it, Millions who would die to save it — Wave it, save it, evermore. At the conclusion of the singing Mr. Ferry introduced the orator of the day, Hon. Wm. M. Evarts, of New York, who was received with long- continued cheering. He delivered an address, which occupied over an hour in the delivery, at which the audience pa- tiently listened to the end, though but a small portion of them were able to hear his voice. _ At the conclusion of the oration the chorus sang grandly the great " Hallelujah Chorus," which was probably never better rendered in this city, and without doubt never as well in the open air. Each part, each solo, was distinctly heard in any part of the square, and it received the applause which it so richly deserved. OLD HUNDREDTH. The exercises were then closed by singing the Doxology, the Old Hundredth Psalm, in which all joined. After the services were ended, the people insisted on their right APPENDIX. 171 to see and call out their favorites. General Sherman yielded to their demands and stepped upon the platform, where he was round- ly cheered. He was followed by General Sheridan, who was as warmly greeted as ever. Mr. Evarts then brought forward succes- sively General Hooker, General McDowell, Governor Carroll, of Maryland, and Governor Newell, of New Jersey; and finally Governor Hayes, of Ohio, Republican candidate for President, con- sented to appear, and the applause was deafening. It was regretted that Governor Tilden was not also present, that he might be simi- larly recognized. Mr. Ferry then called for cheers for Mr. Evarts, Bayard Taylor, Gen. Hawley, the French Minister, the British Minister, John Welsh, Gov. Hartranft (who had been often called for but did not respond), and asked that in the absence of the Chief Magistrate, three times three should be given for him. The hospitality of Philadelphia also received three cheers, and finally the people in- sisted on giving three cheers for the Vice President. The cheers were all given until everybody was hoarse, and then the multitude broke up slowly and dispersed, some to their homes and others to hear the music in the square. At the close of the ceremonies the new bell tolled out the number of States. THE UNVEILING OF THE HUMBOLDT MONUMENT IN THE PARK. One of the most interesting features of the celebration was the un- veiling of the monument to Alexander Von Humboldt inFairmount Park, near Girard avenue bridge, which took place at eight o'clock in the morning. The Humboldt Monument Association was organ- ized in 1869, the corner-stone of the monument being laid on Sep- tember 19 of that year, under the presidency of the late William J. Horstmann. The monument consists of a granite pedestal, upon which is a bronze statue of Humboldt, nine feet in height, cast in Berlin fx>m a model by the distinguished sculptor, Frederick Drake, at a cost of $13,000. The entire cost of the monument is $18,000. At half-past seven o'clock a procession was formed at the Fair- mount avenue entrance to the Park. Lorenz Herbert acted as Chief Marshal, and the following gentlemen as assistants : Dr. G. Kellner, G. F. Kolb, Wilhelm Holdmann, Karl Schwarz, Tuisko G. Thomas, Robert Friedlander, Heinrich C. Sticlee, Joseph Kinike, George Doll and Dr. Oswald Seidensticker. The procession moved to the monument, where there was a large crowd assembled, among whom was a chorus, composed of the members of the various German musical societies, under the leader- ship of Mr. William Kunzel, and a large orchestra, under Mr. H. Oberkirsch. The proceedings were opened by an overture by the 172 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. orchestra, and the singing by the chorus of Beethoven's " Die Ehre Gottes." MR. GEORGE K. ZIEGLER, the President of the Humboldt Monument Association, then ad- dressed the assemblage in German. The following is a translation of his speech : Gentlemen : — This is the second time this organization meets on these grounds. The first time was on the 19th day of September, 1869, on which day my predecessor and lamented friend, William Horstmann, officiated at the ceremonies of laying the foundation for a monument to be erected to a man who was one of the bright- est ornaments of literature, and of wnom every German may be justly proud. Of his life and works you will hear more particular- ly from speakers who have kindly consented to address you on this occasion. His great work has been completed, and we assemble to-day for the purpose of dedicating it. " Now, gentlemen, as President of the Humboldt Association of the city of Philadelphia, I unveil the statue of Alexander Von Humboldt." At this point Mr. Ziegler pulled the rope which held the flag around the statue, causing it to fall off and expose the figure to the view of the assemblage, who gave three hearty cheers. Mr. Zieg- ler then continued his address, speaking this time in English, as follows : Gentlemen of Fairmount Park Commission : — Some years ago you generously granted this ground to a combination of German citizens of this city, for the purpose of erecting the statue of a man who was one of the greatest naturalists, and I may say who has done as much for science as any man of modern times, and the foundation for the monument was laid with appropriate ceremonies on the 19th of September, 1869. The work has been, after some considerable exertion, finally completed, as you will perceive from the beautiful statue now unveiled in your presence. Now, gentlemen, on this great and glorious day, the Centennial anniversary of American Independence, I, as President of the Humboldt Association, and in the name of said Association, do present to you, and through you to the public of the city of Phila- delphia, this statue of Alexander Von Humboldt; and let me add that the German citizens of the city of Philadelphia in erecting this monument in commemoration of their great countryman have done so also as a mark of esteem and loyalty to their adopted country. Abt's beautiful song il Deutsches Voelker Gebet" was then sung, after which Dr. G. Kellner was introduced, and spoke in German. His address is translated as follows : Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : The beautiful work that we have been preparing for years has finally been completed. All that can be said in its praise gains additional weight, from the APPENDIX. 1 73 fact that we are permitted to accomplish it in this glorious year, and celebrate its dedication on the most glorious day of the year. As German-Americans, as true sons of the new great Fatherland, with thankful inspiration we take places in the ranks of our fellow- citizens. With them we praise ourselves, happy to belong to the sovereign people of the greatest and most free republic, that has not, nor ever did have, her equal in the history of the world. The German element in this country does not consist only of na- turalized citizens. Several millions who belong to the German race trace their origin from the German pioneers who came over almost at the same time with the English Pilgrim Fathers of the Mayflower. Under the good and great William Penn, and to- gether with his companions in faith, they founded cities and vil- lages, cultivated the ground, and created the rich colony of Pennsyl- vania. In a few years we shall celebrate the two-hundredth anni- versary of the foundation of the first Germantown on American ground, the foundation of Germantown, which is almost cotempo- rary with Philadelphia. Thousands and tens of thousands of Ger- man-American heroes have helped to fight the battles of the Revo- lution, and assisted in establishing the freedom of the original thirteen States. All over the country where German- Americans celebrate to-day, together with their other fellow-citizens, this great day of liberation from European yoke, they celebrate also the memory of the heroic deeds of their German- American forefathers and predecessors, the deeds of their own great dead, who, like the Muhlenbergs, Steuben and De Kalb and others, belonged to the bravest and most renowned associates in arms of Washington. But the foundation of the great Republic was not a deed exclu- sively of American significance— it was a powerful cosmopolitan and historic event. With the Fourth of July, 1776, begins the latest chapter in the history of the world — the period of the eman- cipation of nations, of the civic law and labor state — and hand in hand with it took place a powerful revolution in the entire fields of industry. Originating in European ideas and struggles, but born on the maiden soil of the New World, through France she made her circuit through the old World, Her motto is "Reli- gious and political liberty and sovereignty of the people j" and her deeds are the emancipation of the laboring classes from the rule of privileged castes and of religious and worldly orders, the opening of continents and oceans for colonization, industry and commerce. Universal industry and universal commerce, and the fraternity of all civilized nations are her results. The Medusa head of War, de- stroying nations, this curse of barbarbic times, does still at times lift his distorted countentenance ; but culture is ever tugging along at her work, which must lead to permanent liberty and permanent peace. One of her most glorious means is the Industrial International 15* 174 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. Exhibition, which leads the competition of nations on the peaceful field of industry, art, science and invention. Great minds have laid the path for these movements of culture and stood or stand still as leaders at their head, men of labor, of invention, art and science. And among them standest thou as hero and master, lofty man, whose metallic figure we have just dedicated. One of the greatest of German origin, thou art, nevertheless, like the work of culture to which your life was dedicated, the property of all coun- tries and nations, a cosmopolitan in the fullest acceptation of the term. Here in free nature's temple we have erected his monument, for to her belong his works and workings, whose picture he presented to an astonished world in his Cosmos, the modern Bible of nature, in such a great and masterly manner. "What the wisdom and the industry of all times have discovered in relation to that which ex- ists to the entire whole of nature, he has translated to the people from the hieroglyphic language of scientists in inspired and inspir- ing words. As teacher of the world, as prophet, he stands a lofty figure, before which the learned of all people bow in thankful re- verence, whom they praise as a liberator from night and igno- rance. If such is the voice of the whole intellectual world, how much more must we, his countrymen, honor him, upon whom in first line part of the radiance of his renown must fall. The cosmopolitan and citizen of the world, Humboldt is and remains above all things, a true German. If, indeed, he derives the elegance and activity of diction in his master works from a French school, and if his perseverance, his speculative turn of mind and his lively interest in all public affairs have a truly American type, yet his thorough- ness, his philosophic depth, his extensive mind, his restless inves- tigation, are genuine German traits of character. This is the man whom we revere as our ideal of the most exten- sive culture, as the representative of true modern civilization. Not the conqueror, not the man of the sword, not kings and generals are the men who march at the head of modern times. Their war- like deeds may be ever so great and glorious, they can only be recognized as a necessary evil. Far above Washington, the great general, stands Washington, the great citizen and statesman. And high above all warlike heroes of the German race stands Alexander Humboldt, the great sage and teacher of nations. Through our reverence for him we desire to show that we German-American citizens recognize free, liberal education as the fundamental princi- ple of freedom. Therefore our public education must tend to break the pitiable yoke of ignorant prejudice, and remove that prin- ciple of mind-killing training, which is the enemy of all mental culture and strength of character and the source of all immorality, untruth, hypocrisy and corruption. His monument is our gift to APPENDIX. 175 the grand Centennial birthday of this nation. May it stand as a mark of gratitude of German love and German citizens towards the country, and its blessings for all time to come, and also as a monu- ment of the finest art. For it is the creation of one of the greatest sculptors of the age, of Frederick Drake, of Berlin. Great deeds and mighty results have filled the first century of our great republic. But freedom will never have a safe and sure abidance as long as the mental liberation is not made the watch- word of the nation. All the political and social reforms which are so urgently demanded can only be accomplished on the basis of education and culture. And the natural sciences, in their power- ful development above all, are the things that free the mind. " Nature is the empire of freedom," says Humboldt. Man is a son of Nature, and he need only follow this, his mother, and he will become free like her. May this be the march of development which shall characterize the second century of the republic, and upon which the German element in the United States may steadfastly take the lead. Alex- ander Humboldt's shining example be our guide and teacher in this. If we shall be able to be of service to our great republic in our endeavors we shall prove ourselves happy. And if the nation., as may be safely hoped, will advance on this track of development with determined energy, then the existence of our great republic will be secured for all time, and our most remote descendants will Still call out with us, Honor and Glory to our Great Fatherland. Long live the Union. The orchestra then performed several selections, after which MR. CHARLES S. KEYSER was introduced. He spoke in English as follows : The glare of the torches has faded against the midnight sky; the solemn tolling of the bells has ceased ; the old centuiy is laid away forever. This glorious morn of a grander century for freedom and humanity uplifts its golden crown, and amid the clangor of trumpets and the thunder of cannon, and the joyous welcoming of millions of free- men, goes on in its course from State to State to the farthest ocean — its western throne. We here discharge in our place the fipst duty of this grander century — honor to the great dead who have made all its nobler promises possible for humanity. Let each bring tribute to his own, for all are worthy of remembrance in this eternally memorable hour. Let the kings who wisely reigned, and by absolute forms and power absolutely wrought out their people's destiny to worthy results, be honored. Let the priests be honored who faithfully served, whatever creed, looking to man's happier state — wherever. Let the warriors be honored, who on battle-fields, or by the Delaware or Rhine achieved by bloody swords their land's deliverance. But, above all these, above all 176 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. who held or wore the mitre, sword or crown, we set the high-priest of nature and humanity — the man of the German race — Humboldt — the man of the dead past and of the living century. Beyond the pale of narrow creeds ; beyond the antipathies of race ; beyond the enduring hostilities of kingdoms and States, he leads with the new century the further and final deliverance of the human race. He goes before us, a gigantic form, weird-like and huge — the man of future and surer revelations. To Him we build no monument ; it is his form alone we set before us and make en- dure. His monument is everywhere. These clouds that waft along the summer air are its canopy ; and the far infinite stars and all revealing sun its light by day and night. This earth on which we stand is the foundation of- His throne — these rocks and trees and farther mountains and eternal seas keep in remembrance His name. Great High Priest ! of the material from which the earlier races conceived their God. Thou wert made in all their nobler attributes, Thou hadst a larger share — exhaustless life, immense, encompassing brain, self-abnegation for a world's saving from ig- norance, which alone is death without salvation — these are written in Thy name. O, ye noble men of the centuries forever gone ! O, ye who wrought out the deliverance of this earth's happier land from intolerance and the throne ! O, ye forgotten dead who have suffered in all ages that error robed and crowned with its long in- heritance might die, be with us in this work, to his name and fame who moved and lived with all the powers we yet allot as to gods, in the great laws of nature ; that so humanity, freed from the ser- vitude of the world's long centuries, might come at the last to its own, the universe and man. To the contemplation of these boundaries of human knowledge Humboldt raised humanity — and by the only sure pathway led them on to all its future possibilities. Even in this hour, beyond all others, be honor done to his name. The ceremonies concluded with a chorus and a grand march. THE TOTAL ABSTINENCE BENEVOLENT UNION DE- MONSTRATION. The dedication of the Catholic Total Abstinence Centennial Fountain, erected by the societies of the United States, and in- tended as a tribute to freedom and religious liberty, and the accom- panying parade, was a most splendid feature of the celebration The procession was uniformly a creditable display, and won ad- miration from all observers. The line was composed of about one hundred and fifty local organizations, escorting the na- tional delegates of the Annual Convention of the Union, and could not have numbered less than six thousand men. The ap- pearance of the entire line was interesting, the uniforms and rega- APPENDIX. 177 lia worn being handsome and appropriate, and the excellent bear- ing of the men attracting general comment. As a fitting ending to the grand demonstration, the dedication of the fountain in the Centennial Grounds was made the occasion for some entertaining ceremonies, including addresses by the Hon. John Lee Carroll, Governor of Maryland, the great-grandson of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and others. In the morning at 7.30 o'clock the delegates to the National Convention, about 300 in number, marched from the Grand Ex- hibition Hotel and were escorted from the corner of Eighteenth and Vine streets by the several Cathedral Temperance organiza- tions, to the Cathedral, where they attended Pontifical High Mass, Archbishop Wood being assisted in the services by the Very Rev. James A. Corcoran, Assistant Priest; the Rev. James E. Mulholland and the Rev. John J. Elcock, Deacons of Honor ; the Rev. Daniel Brennan, Deacon of the Mass, and the Rev. Kilian Colt, sub-Deacon. The sermon was by Bishop John Quinlan, of Mobile,, the text being " Praise the Lord, all ye Nations ; all ye people, Praise the Lord." He spoke of the occasion as one of thankfulness to God for the Nation's prosperity in the century gone, the Catholic Church, particularly, having received many blessings that have swelled her numbers from twenty-five thousand adherents to seven millions, and while it was a time of civil rejoicing, it was also a time for earnest prayer for a continuance of Divine favor. He sketched in a cursory way the steps that have marked the ad- vancement of civilization, and referred earnestly to the blessings of religious liberty. After brief but warmly eulogistic references to the religious patriotism of Charles Carroll and the honorable Christian character of John Barry, both types of Catholicism, he closed by praying to Almighty God to make permanent the Government and put wis- dom into the hearts of our statesmen, that they may enact wise laws. The music was beautifully rendered under the direction of Mr. Michael Cross, the organist at the Cathedral. The following was the programme : Von Weber's Mass in G, complete; before the sermon, "Veni Sancti," by B. Can: at the Offertorium, " Laudamus Omnes in Domino." Quartette and chorus by A. Diabelli, solos by Misses Lopez, Cassiday, Jackson, Mrs. Heinrich, Mrs. Rattay, Messrs. Heusler and Heinrich. After the Mass the Roman Te Deum was chaunted by the stu- dents of St. Charles' Seminary, under the direction of Mr. E. McGonigle. After the services the delegates were assigned places on a plat- form on the sidewalk in front of the Cathedral, where, with Arch- bishop Wood, Bishop Ireland, of Minnesota (a Vice President of 178 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. the Union), Governor Carroll and members of the Clergy, the procession was reviewed as it passed on its way up Eighteenth street, saluting the stand and the Archiepiscopal residence. The parade formed on North Broad street, the right resting on Callowhill, and the left on Spring Garden. It moved shortly after 10 o'clock, and proceeded over the route previously chosen. The procession was a most brilliant and imposing pageant, making a gorgeous display, and was conducted with a precision that elicited universal admiration. At the Cathedral a large Papal flag was suspended above the street, between the American and the Irish flags. From this point a large number of persons viewed the parade. When the last society had passed the Cathedral, the delegates fell into line, and continued along the route of the parade as far as Green and Twenty-third streets. There special cars of the Read- ing Railroad conveyed the delegates to the Exhibition grounds. The procession entered the grounds at the gate north of the east end of the Main Building, shortly before I P. M., where it was re- joined by the delegates. Upon reaching the fountain, the delegates and speakers took seats upon the platform, while the societies were dismissed, and the members gathered in the circular roadway surrounding the structure. There was also a large gathering of other spectators. Seated upon the platform were, besides those who participated in the exercises, Bishop Ireland, the Rev. Lawrence Walsh, the Pres- ident of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of Connecticut, Rev. Christopher Hughes, the President of the Union of Providence, R. L, and other clergymen. The Ceremonies Began with the rendition of "Hail Columbia" by the Holy Family Cornet Band, after which the REV. PATRICK BYRNE, of Trenton, N. J., the President of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union in America, advanced and delivered the dedication address. He said, in substance : I have the honor to dedicate this fountain to-day to civil and religious liberty. I feel exceedingly honored by the duty imposed upon me on account of the extraordinary fes- tival which we are here to celebrate, the Centennial of Ameri- can Independence. It is also extraordinary in its Catholic signi- ficance, and I am deeply impressed. Last night I heard a bell proclaim the joy of the nation, and I then thought of another bell, which one hundred years ago, sounded notes of mightier im- portance, which brought these results of to-day. I thought of the tones of that call for liberty — a call that reverberated over the whole land. That was a call to men for a high and holy APPENDIX. 179 purpose, irrespective of creeds ; one in which all would share equally the blessings which it proposed to impart I need not tell you what the response to that call was, for you all remember the Declaration of Independence, And we are here to-day to taste of that liberty, and we contribute this structure for the perpetuation of liberty to all men, dedicating it to blessed liberty. Among those who responded most willingly and liberally in the defence of re- ligious liberty none were foremost of the Catholics. It was Mary- land that made the famous declaration that there should be religi- ous liberty, and her history since that time shows no departure from the spirit and purpose of her sires. We show to her our apprecia- tion by this monument, and wish it to be perpetuated. We will unveil the statue of an Irishman and a true American citizen — the saucy Jack Barry, father of the American Navy. We will also soon unveil another statue of that man who dared to sign his name and residence on the Declaration of Independence, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. Upon the conclusion of these remarks the statue of Commodore Barry was exposed to view, amid great applause. MR. JOHN H. CAMPBELL, the President of the Archdiocesan Union, was introduced by Father Byrne, and spoke briefly, explaining the origin of the pro- ject for the construction of the fountain, growing out of the desire on the part of the Catholic Temperance Societies to participate in some appropriate way in the celebration of the Centennial anniversary. The Catholic people, he said, wished to show the nation that they are as much attached to republican institutions as any other class, and they were represented there with all the rights of American citizens to proclaim that they are just as ready to uphold the Ameri- can flag to-day as were Barry and his compatriots in the earlier times. DR. MICHAEL O'HARA, chairman of the Committee on construction, then presented the fountain to the National Union with the following speech : To-day closes the most important century of history. This day a nation of freemen with one heart honors its founders. A year ago, Mr. President, I received from your hands this laborer's spade and turned the first sod. To-day witnesses the completed work. The ground on which it stands is already dedicated. The Le- gislature has not alone given it to the citizens of this Republic, but also as a public common for the whole world. We can commem- orate with peculiar interest this great day, as we have devoted our- selves to illustrate the fact that men " May rise on stepping-stones Of their dead selves to higher things." l8o THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. We appreciate the spirit of the great dead, who by their lives of self-denial and earnest effort for the common good, hoped no- bly, loved truly and fought successfully. The harvest of their honest faith and manly courage, we are now reaping. It is fitting that in the midst of the World's Exhibition of material force, we celebrate and consecrate the greatest need of nations, moral force. We agree with Emerson, " The true test of civilization is not the census, nor the size of cities, nor the crops ; no, but the kind of man the country turns out." At your bidding, gentlemen, the working-man has embodied the emotions of your hearts in this enduring "sermon in "stone," in perpetual memory of the principles of the Revolution — the brother- hood and equality of all men before God. The Centennial Committee of the Archdiocesan Union submit to you the result of their labors. They give thanks to our beloved Archbishop and the Reverend Clergy of this and other States, who have aided personally this great work, not forgetting grateful men- tion of "Old Ireland," who did not forget us. Thanks to our honored head for the noble part he has taken for this grand monu- ment. Thanks for the unflagging zeal and energy of the head of this Archdiocesan Union, its officers and members who, by their contributions in a time of great distress, all the more worthy for the great sacrifice, made the work secure. Thanks to the Work- ing Committee, headed by its indefatigable Chairman, John A. Daly. Thanks to the many others — and here we must make special mention of Charles S. Keyser, Esq., who, from the projec- tion of the idea from the artist's brain to the present moment, has given us freely his sympathy and cheer, his time and labor. We greet ye all with thanks for the common interest and aid by which it has been made ready for dedication, and, above and beyond all, most loyally do we honor the noble " Union of America," by whose decree the work was begun. It is the work of no one man, no one society, no one city ; and before the last statue arrives we hope it will be the work of every society, yea, of every individual member of the Union of America. Though the work appears incomplete, it will no less certainly be done, so our mission alike unfinished is the no less sure with the blessing of Heaven in its result. We war against a soul-stupefy- ing agent, a deadener of the heart, and a darkener of the reason. We must here resolve to fight with renewed vigor and energy as long as there is hope of victory. We will take new life from Moses, from Barry, from the Carrolls, from Father Mathew, and the many others to fight on — to make free the soul of man. The water will now flow from this fountain for the first time in the new century, the clear, cold water will run in many streams from the rocky mound, glittering in God's sunshine. You will drink of God's great gift, and give praise that you have seen this day. And APPENDIX. l8l while you drink think upon the war-cry of the Irish chieftain Hef- fernan ; it were well it were engraved on our souls. " Ceart ne suass aboo." The right from above forever. Governor Carroll being called upon, said that it was not in the programme that he should speak, and he feared if he should un- dertake to address a temperance gathering, away from home, the people in his own State would be apt to say, " That man has two colors." I will, however, thank you, he said, for your reception. I shall not speak of the sentiment of this occasion, for it beams on every face. The people, I know, will thank you for what you have done. You have commemorated American Independence, and sought to unite shattered feelings. For ages the people have striven to gain religious liberty, and gradually it has been wrung from crowned heads, until now the feudal system is only a mass of rubbish, and the people say to those who wield kingly prerogatives, u Thus far shalt thou come, and no farther." And now, one word about the religion we honor. If any man tells you that the Catho- lic is not loyal to his country, tell him to go forth and inscribe the allegation on the tombs of those we celebrate, and the marble there will blush for him if he cannot blush for himself. The ceremony of turning on the water was then performed by Governor Carroll and Mr. Charles S. Keyser, of this city, the sudden outpouring of the numerous jets being accompanied by long applause. The last speaker was the REV. JAMES O'REILLY, Spiritual Director of the Archdiocesan Union, representing Arch- bishop Wood, who delivered the following address : As spiritual director of the Archdiocesan Union of the C. T. A. B. Society, of Philadelphia, it is my pleasing duty to open the ded- icatory services which have brought us together on the great and glorious Centennial celebration of our existence as an independent republic. Just one year ago we met on this spot and commenced the magnificent work we are now about to dedicate ; and, although we have not been able, on account of the amount of labor required in its execution to present it to-day a complete gift to our beloved land, yet what has been done is well done, and the perfect monu- ment will soon stand an honor to the cause we represent, the grandest tribute offered on the Centennial festival in America for the most glorious object, in this its first public park. If our fellow-citizens throughout the length and breadth of the land rejoice on this day and are exceeding glad, if they testify in every way they can their thanksgiving for the priceless gifts they owe to that declaration of July 4th, 1776 >; if, like the Romans of old, whose proudest title was " civis Romanus sum," they feel that 1 82 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. they have had as just reason to boast that they are Americans, knowing well that it is not an empty name, but honorable and be- loved the whole world over. My brethren of the Temperance Union, as their fellow-countrymen, rejoice with them and express the same gratitude, the same loyal, affectionate and heartfelt devo- tion for this, your beloved country, whether it be your native land or the land of" your adoption. But you rejoice in a special manner as temperance total absti- nence men, to be able to dedicate on this glorious festival this fine monument, commemorative of a great blessing to yourselves and to thousands throughout the land, and as your trust, to remain for ages, telling your children and your children's children that towards the close of the first century of the Republic's existence, the Spirit of the Lord stirred up within the Catholic Church of these United States the first united public movement against intemper- ance ; that the movement was blessed by the Church, that in the first five years alone of its organization, it could show over 100,000 men pledged to total abstinence, and that as a public testimonial of their gratitude for the blessings they enjoyed, not only as American citizens, as American Catholics, but as American Catholic temper- ance men — they, on the 4th of July, 1876, dedicate the great Tem- perance Fountain in the public park of Philadelphia. When the address was finished Father O'Reilly pronounced the following blessing in Latin and the audience dispersed : " O God, by whose word all things are made holy, give Thy blessing to this Fountain, and grant that whosoever will make use with thanksgiving, according to Thy will and Thy law, may, through the invocation of Thy most holy name, receive from Thee health of body and spiritual protection, through Christ our Lord. Amen." The programme was interspersed with patriotic musical selec- tions. THE MILITARY. The military display on the 4th was the largest and most mag- nificent one ever seen in this city. The army and navy was well represented, as well as the volunteer organizations throughout the country, from Vermont to South Carolina, and they consisted of troops composed of material of which any country might feel proud. All branches of the service were represented, and many of the regiments in line, from this city as well as abroad, displayed the very perfection of military discipline and drill and soldierly bear- ing generally. The streets through which the military passed were overcrowded with spectators, notwithstanding the fierce rays of the July sun, and their patience and fortitude was rewarded by witnessing a display APPENDIX. 183 of arms such as will probably not be vouchsafed them again in this city for many years to come. At the conclusion of the route of the parade, the line was re- viewed at Broad and Chestnut streets by Governor Hartranft, just before the various organizations were dismissed from the parade. Earlier in the day the line was reviewed by General Sherman and General Hawley, from the small stand erected directly in front of Independence Hall, and on this stand were the following named distinguished personages : General Saigo, of the Japanese Centen- nial Commission ; Colonel Marlin, of Spain ; Mr. John Fernie, of England ; Captain Ulner, Lieutenant Brusivitz and Paymaster As- brink, of the Swedish frigate Balder; Capt. Ankarkrona and Lieut. Passe, of the Swedish corvette Norrkopping; the Governor of Maine, and Col. Richards, General Cilley, General Tilden and other members of his staff; ex-Governor Bigler, of Pennsylvania; Governor R. J. Lippitt, of Rhode Island ; Hon. Christ. C. Cox, Lieutenant-Governor of Maryland ; Rev. Dr. Cuyler, of Brooklyn, L. I. ; John Welsh, Esq., President of Centennial Board of Fi- nance; John Wanamaker, Esq., and a large number of the mem- bers of the Centennial Commission. There were also upon the platform a number of foreign Centennial Commissioners, military and naval officers, members of City Councils and prominent citi- zens generally. Just as General Bankson was passing the stand his horse stum- bled, and he fell to the ground with considerable force. It took about one hour and thirty minutes for the parade to pass the re- viewing stand, and many of the more prominent regiments were loudly cheered as they passed. The military formed on Broad street, displaying southwardly, and while many of the regiments and battalions formed on side streets, the line stretched down Broad street as far as Christian. By seven o'clock the various organizations commenced arriving on the ground, and at 9. 15 precisely, the line moved down Chestnut street to Fourth (passing the State House in review), down Fourth to Pine, up Pine to Broad. On arriving at Broad street the com- manding officers of the leading brigades formed in line, the right resting on Chestnut street, facing west. The commanding officer of the next brigade formed his men in columns of four, and moved northward on the west side and halt- ing at Chestnut street, formed into line facing east, and the visiting troops passed through to the lines and were then dismissed. WOMAN'S DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. A large meeting was held at noon at the First Unitarian Church, Tenth and Locust streets, under the auspices of the National Wo- man's Suffrage Association, for the purpose of hearing read a 1 84 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY BELL. Declaration of Rights of the Women of the United States, drawn up by the National Association. Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton presided, and the meeting was opened with singing by the Hutchinson Family. Mrs. Stanton stated the object of the meeting, and proceeded to read the Decla- ration. The Declaration recites that while the nation is buoyant with patriotism, and all hearts are attuned to praise, it is with sor- row that the women strike the one discordant note. For the violation of fundamental principles of our government, articles of impeachment against our rulers are submitted, as follows ; Bills of attainder have been passed by the introduction of the word " male " into all the State constitutions. The writ of habeas corpus is held in operative in every State in the Union in a case of a married woman against her husband ; The right of trial by a jury of one's peers is violated with refer- ence to women ; They are taxed without representation ; There are unequal codes for men and women ; Special legislation for women has made our most sacred rights the football of legislative caprice. Representation for women has had no place in the nation's thought. Universal manhood suffrage imposes upon women of this nation a more absolute and cruel despotism than monarchy, in that woman finds a political master in her father, husband, brother, son. The Judiciary of the nation has proved itself but the echo of the party in power. The declaration concludes w : th a demand for justice, equality, and all the civil and political rights that belong to citizens of the United States. It is signed by the following members of the National Associa- tion : Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Paulina Wright Davis, Ernestine L. Rose, Clarinda I. H. Nichols, Mary Ann McClin- tock, Amy Post, Sarah Pugh, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Clemence S. Lozier, Olympia Brown, Mathilde Franceske Anneke, Mathilde F. Wendt, Adelaide Thomson, Laura De Force Gordon, Ellen C. Sargent, Virginia L. Minor, Sara Andrews Spen- cer, Lillie Devereux Blake, Phoebe W. Couzins, Jane Graham Jones, A. Jane Dunniway, Belva A. Lockwood. The reading was received with applause. Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood, a lawyer of Washington city, de- livered a brief address " on the sins of our Judiciary," in the course of which she predicted that in 1976 women would be represented in the Judicial and the Legislative Halls of the Union. Miss M. J. Gage spoke on the writ of habeas corpus for women. Miss Phcebe Couzins, of St. Louis, who addressed the National APPENDIX. 185 Democratic Convention at St. Louis, on behalf of the Women's Suffrage Association, spoke of the efforts made to have the Women's Declaration presented at Independence Hall, yesterday. Lucretia Mott spoke of the progress of the Women's Right movement in America and England. Mrs. Sarah J. Spencer, of Washington, related to the meeting an interview she held with General Hawley on Monday, during which she asked him to allow the National Association to present their Declaration of Rights as a part of the ceremonies at Indepen- dence Hall on the 4th. She stated that General Hawley declined, for the reason that all arrangements had been made. However, she said she had never been forbidden by a man to do anything and allowed herself to sleep without doing it. Consequently the declaration was presented to Vice President Ferry on the platform, who received it in respectful silence. This brave deed had been done by Miss Anthony, assisted by Mrs. Gage, Mrs. L. D. Blake and herself. After Mrs. Spencer's remarks the meeting adjourned. THE FIREWORKS IN THE PARK. Before 6 o'clock last evening the street cars on the different lines running to the Park began to be crowded with people who were bound for the Park to see the display of fireworks by Professor Jackson, and for the next two or three hours they were packed to their utmost capacity, in some cases even the roofs being covered with boys and men. The Reading Railroad Company also run frequent trains from Broad and Callowhill streets, carrying hun- dreds of passengers at each trip. Carriages, wagons, transfer coaches, and every style of conveyance was called into requisition, and tens of thousands of men, women and children who found it impossible to obtain transportation thronged the streets leading to the Park, making their way afoot. At the Park the scene was one that is to be seen but once in a life-time. Out Callowhill, Green, Coates, and Spring Garden streets, and Girard avenue came a steady stream of pedestrians pouring into the gates, while every street car discharged its over- crowded passengers to add to the throng, until by eight o'clock such a mass of people was assembled as has probably never before been seen in one place in Philadelphia, or perhaps in the country. The fireworks were erected on the heights between the Brown street and Fairmount avenue entrances, along the line of the Reading Railroad, facing the Schuylkill, and the whole plateau, reaching from the Waterworks to Lemon Hill, and from the railroad to the river, was a solid, densely packed mass of humanity. The hills on the opposite side of the river were also completely covered with people. 1 86 THE CENTENNIAL LIBERTY EELL. The preparations for the display were complete, and everything seemed to promise a successful and beautiful exhibition, when about half-past eight o'clock, just as the performance commenced, by the burning of colored fires, the clouds which had rapidly been gather- ing began to drop rain, and vivid lightning and heavy thunder mingled with the artificial pyrotechnics. The immense crowd, however, stood their ground, and the exhibition proceeded. Sev- eral handsome pieces were fired, with excellent effect, and were loudly applauded. The lightning continued frequent and bright, at times dimming entirely the light of the fireworks. Soon the rain began to fall more rapidly, and in a few minutes had increased to a heavy shower. Professor Jackson and his as- sistants hurried things along and succeeded in setting off all the large pieces before they were destroyed by the rain, some of them being veiy elaborate and beautiful, particularly the great " Tem- ple of Liberty," which was last on the programme. The entire exhibition, however, which was intended to last two or three hours, was necessarily crowded into half an hour, a new piece being lighted before the one before it was entirely burned out, and the display closing about 9 o'clock. Taking the circumstance of the rain into consideration, however, the display was highly creditable. "When the last piece had been fired, then came the rush of the mass of people for home. In an instant every car and vehicle was overcrowded, and groups of people were seen running to meet in- coming cars to secure places for the back trip. The rain had set in quite heavily and only about one-fourth of the people were pro- vided with umbrellas, so that there was much hurry and excite- ment. It was simply impossible for any considerable proportion of the tremendous throng to secure either shelter or transportation, and all the highways were filled with people wet and disappointed, walking home through the rain. The Reading Railway Company and the Street Railway Com- panies did their best, but it would have taken the whole night to move the crowd in the East Park with all the means of conveyance available. In all the flurry and excitement, however, there seemed to be little or no quarreling or disorder, every one being intent on reaching home as soon as possible, without interfering with his neighbor. The rain also had the effect of clearing the streets down town, and long before midnight all that was left of their holiday appear- ance were the flags and transparencies. THE END. INDEX A PAGE Adams, John Quincy 5 Adams, John 46, 64, 69, 70 Adams, Samuel 28, 33, 79 Allen, William, Mayor 7 Amendment to the original draft of the Declaration 54 American Eagle 20 Annals of Philadelphia 2 Appendix 119 Assembly, Colonial .....8 Provincial 3, 8 B Bartlet, Josiah 74 Bell, Centennial, Liberty 14 Liberty, the old 1, 12 Original, the 11 Ringer 10 s and Clocks, State House, the 11 ■ Removal of «. 22 New Seybert 22 Biographical Sketches.. 79 Brandywine 9 Braxton, Carter 112 Boston, Evacuation of 34 British Lion, the 20 Government 3 Burning and Cannonading of Norfolk, Va 25 c Cannonading and Burning of Norfolk, Virginia 25 Carpenters' Hall ...7» 8 Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton 103 Centennial Liberty Bell I, 18 Chase, Samuel 102 City Library, 2 Clark, Abraham 9 1 I8 7 1 88 INDEX. PAGE Clock, original 17 and Bell 17 Removal of 22 Clymer, George 28, 99 Colonial Assembly 8, 71 Committee of Correspondence 71, 73 ■ or Councils of Safety 42 for Confederation 42 for Preparing Declaration 42 to treat with Foreign Powers 42 on Restoration 6 ■ Woman's Centennial Executive 136 Commander-in-Chief. 26 Common Sense 28, 32 Congress, Continental 3, 78 First 8 Meeting of the early 24 The first under the Constitution 24 Journal of. 39 Connecticut 88 Constitution of the United States, Ratification of 3 Cornwallis, Lord 3 Councils. 9 Court, Supreme of Judicature 3 's United States, of the 9 Declaration of Independence 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 50 Portraits of the Signers of 5, 53 Published, Resolution of 53 Action of Congress on the 49, 50 Read in Philadelphia 54 Delegates of New Jersey to Congress 43 Constituting the Congress, July 4, 1776 56 Number of, July 4 59 August 2 59 Delaware 101 Denny, William Cap, Colonial Governor 7 Dickinson's, John, Speech 43 Dunmore, Lord,Governor of Virginia .25 Duche, Jacob, Rev 7 East Room 3 Ellery, William 87 England 9 Epitaph Jefferson's no Events of 1776 > 75 Extract of Letters from Thomas Jefferson to Samuel A. Wells 64 INDEX. 189 PAGB Extract of Letters from Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe 67 ■ ■ John Adams 67 John Adams to Abigail, his wife 70 F Festive Scenes 7 First Floor 2 Congress under the Constitution 24' Flag, the 27 Flag, History of our 75 Floyd, William 89 Fox, George 28 Franklin, Dr. Benjamin 8, 28, 93 G General-in-Chief. 5 George Washington 5^ 39 Georgia 117 Germantown 9 Gerry, Elbridge 86 Goddess of Liberty 21 Gwinnett, Burton 117 H Hall, Independence ,....1 Carpenters' 7, 8 Lyman 117 Hancock, John 85 Hart, John 91 Harrison, Benjamin no Harrisburgh 4 Hewes, Joseph 113 Heyward, Thomas 115 History of our Flag 75 Historical Events of 1776 25 Hooper, William 112 Hopkins, Francis 43 Stephen 86 Hopkinson, Francis 91 House of Representatives 8 Huntington, Samuel 89 I Inauguration of the two first Presidents.. 24 Independence Hall 1 Declaration of 3, 5, 50 Instructions of Virginia to their Delegates in Congress ..41 International Exhibition ,7, 119 190 INDEX. PAGB J Jefferson, Thomas , 64, 67, 69, 105 K Kane, Kent, Elisha, M.D 6 King's Speech, the ■ 27 L Lancaster, Congress met in 3 Legislature met in 4» 9 Lafayette, General 4> 5 Lee, Lightfoot Francis m Richard Henry 104 Legislature, Colonial " Lewis, Francis 9° Liberty Bell « 1, 5 Centennial • *i» 18 Library, City 2 Philadelphia 2 Lincoln, Abraham 5 Livingston, Philip 9° Lord Loudon 81 Dunmore, Governor ofVirginia 25 Lynch, Thomas, Jr 115 M Magna Charta 5 Massachusetts Bay 79 Maryland 33. 102 McClain, Thomas 8 McKean, Thomas 102 Mecca of Equal Rights 4 Meeting of the early Congresses 24 Middleton, Arthur 116 Miscellany 75 Monroe, James 64 Morris, Lewis 9^ Robert 91 Museum, National, the • 7 N National Convention - • 9 Museum, the 7 New England 33 Jersey. Provincial Congress, in 43 Delegates to the General Congress 43, 90 Hampshire 79 Seybert's Bell and Clock 22 INDEX. I 9 I New York 89 No Fundamental Law ..3 North Carolina II2 o Original Declaration restored to Independence Hall 60 Proceedings.. ..60 P Paea, William 1:03 Paine, Robert Treat ........86 Thomas 28, 32 Parchment e Peal, Charles Wilson 9 Penn, John II4 Pennsylvania QI Philadelphia Library 2 Provincial Assembly 3 Conference t ...8 Public Entertainments 7 R Ratification of the Constitution of the United States 3 Read, George 101 Removal of the Bell and Clock 22 Representative System, their 63 Republican form of Government 4 Resolutions of Independence 41 Rhode Island 86 Rittenhouse, David, Prof. n, 28 Rodney, Caesar 101 Ross, George 100 Rush, Benjamin, M.D 28, 92 Rutledge, Edward ...114 s Second Story 7 Senate 8 State 9 Seybert's Clock and Bell 22 Sherman, Roger 88 Signers of the Declaration of Independence 50, 79 South Carolina ...114 Smith, James 99 State House 1, 2, 7 Legislature 4 Constitution 8 Senate 9 192 • INDEX. PAGK Steeple, the 9 original 9 Stockton, Richard 90 Stone, Thomas 103 Supreme Court of Judicature 3 T Taylor, George , ,ioo Temple of Liberty 4 Thanks, vote of to Washington 39 The Tyrant 33 Their Representative System 63 Thornton, Mathew 79 u Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States 50 United States Constitution , 9 Upper Story 7 V Virginia 104 Vote of thanks to Washington 39 w Walton, George 117 Washington 4, 5, 39 's Medal 39 , Monument 24 , vote of thanks to 39 Watson's Annals 2 Wells, Samuel A 64 West, Benjamin 9 Room 6 Whipple, William 89 Wilson, Henry 5 James 100 Williams, William 89 Wings of the State House, old 2 Witherspoon, John, D.D., LL.D 90 Wolcott, Oliver, M.D 88 Wythe, George 104 Y York, Pennsylvania 3 New 89 INDEX TO APPENDIX. A PAGE Address, Vice President's j^S ■ General Hawley's 158 Arrival of Distinguished Guests 131 Arrival of the Emperor of Brazil 129 B Bishop Simpson's Prayer 137 Stevens' 159 Board of Finance, Centennial, the 136 Brazil, Emperor of, arrival of the 129 ■ Greeting from - 162 Byrne, Patrick, Rev 178 c Campbell, John H, Mr 179 Cantata 142 Centennial Commission, United States 134 Board of Finance 136 Hymn, Whittier's 140 Celebration, July 4, 1876 152, 155 Ceremonies, the, 128, 178 At the Grounds 122 Opening of • 122 Child's, Mr., Residence of, the scene at 126 Corps Diplomatic, the 132 Court, Supreme, the 132 D Diplomatic Corps 132 Distinguished Guests, arrival of 131 E Entrance of President Grant 136 Exhibition, the Grounds of the 120 Opened with Grand Ceremonies, the 124 r 7 i93 194 INDEX TO APPENDIX. F PAGB Funds G General Hawley's Address 158 Grand Holiday, a 127 Grandest Opening Ceremonies of the Exhibition ever witnessed in America 124 Grant, President, entrance of 136 Greeting from Brazil 162 Grounds of the Exhibition, the 120 H Humboldt Monument, the unveiling of the 171 Hymn, Centennial, Whittier's 140 K Keyser, Charles S., Mr 175 L Legislative Bodies and Officials 134 M Military, the 182 N National Ode, the 162 Naval Officers.. 136 Number of Visitors 151 P Police Arrangements 151 Prayer by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Simpson 137 Bishop Stevens, by 159 Presentation by General Hawley, the 144 President Grant's Reply 145 Procession, the, through the Buildings 147 Public Ledger, etc 153 s Simpson, Bishop, Rt. Rev. prayer by the 137 Stevens', Bishop, prayer 159 Supreme Court, the 132 T The Cantata 142 INDEX TO APPENDIX. 1 95 PAGB The Centennial Celebration, of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1876 ,... 152 The Ceremonies 128 The Exhibition opening by the grandest Ceremonies ever witnessed in America ,.124 The Fireworks in the Park 184 The National Ode 162 The Number of Visitors 151 The Original Declaration 161 The President's Reply 145 The Procession through the Buildings 147 The Supreme Court 132 The Total Abstinence Benevolent Union Demonstration 176 The Unveiling of the Humboldt Monument in the Park 171 u United States Centennial Commission 134 V Vice President's Address, the 158 Visitors, Number of I S I w Welcome to all Nations (Music) 161 Welsh's, Mr. Address J4 1 What other Nations have done 121 Whittier's Centennial Hymn 14° Woman's Centennial Executive Committee 136 - Declaration of Rights l8 3 z Zeigler, George, Mr «i72 SPECIAL A NNOU NCEMENT. Pimn^letlkal ^niiwrntg OF PHIJLADEJLPHIA, ITo. 1131 Bro^rn Street, Commences its regular Annual Sessions on the First Monday of October, and continues them Five Months. This is the only legally authorized Medical School in the United States, where students of both sexes can obtain a thorough Medical Education based upon free thought and free inquiry; where their instructions are unbiased by preferences for, or prejudices against, any of the prevailing isms, sects or pathies, which at the present day, divide the profession into so many antagonizing factions, greatly impairing its useful- ness, and decimating its power for good ; but whei*e scientific medicine, and every known means of cure is thoroughly taught, irrespective of the claims of these contentious and disorganizing elements. PAOTJLTY: JOS. S. LONGSHORE, M. D., J. E. HOLCOMB, M. D. Prof, of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. Prof, of General and Special Anatomy. E. D. BUCKMAN, M. D., WILLIAM H. BLAKE, M. D., Professor of Physiology and Professor of Materia Medica, and Lecturer Microscopic Anatomy. on Mental and Electro-Therapeutics. ISAAC REHN, M. D., JAMES M. BUZZELL, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology. Professor of Surgery. N. R. LYNCH, M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. Lectures on special and collateral branches will be given during the term, by competent and able instructors. The facilities for studying practical anatomy, and making other demonstrations are ample. Terms Moderate; and opportunities for study superior to those offered by many of the partizan schools, where double the amount for instruction is demanded. No traffic in diplomas, nor bogus graduation tolerated in this school. Candidates for the degree of M. D. must be fully competent, and worthy of the honor conferred. For further information, address, E. J>. BUCKMAN, M. P., Dean, 1131 Brown Street, SPECIAL BOOK NOTICE. The Philadelphia System ef Obstetrics Containing eight hundred royal octavo pages, and near two hundred wood cut Engravings, in Twelve Parts. It contains all the modem advancements in the Obstetrical Art, and is designed for a Text Book for Students, and a work of reference for the Practitioner. By JOS. S. LONGSHORE, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics in the Penn Medical University of Philadelphia, Projector of the equal Medical Education of Women — Founder of the Woman's Medical College of Philadelphia, and one of the founders of the Female Medical College of New England, &c, &c, &c. FOB SALE BY THE AUTHOR No. 1430 North Eleventh Street, Philadelphia. PRICE, $6.00. PROFESSIONAL NOTICE. Prof. Jos. S. Longshore, M. D., for more than a quarter of a century Professor and Teacher of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, and the Practice of Medicine, having so far recovered from his late severe and protracted infirmity as to be able to partially resume his professional duties, would respectfully inform his friends, former patrons and the public, that he is prepared to devote a portion of each day to medical consultations at his office. Doctor L. proposes to confine his treatment especially to chronic diseases,, including those of the Head, Throat, Chest, Abdomen, and Pelvis, among which we would mention Ozena (Catarrh), Laryngitis (Sore Throat) , Asthma, Coughs, Consumption, Angina Pectoris; Diseases of the Liver, Dyspepsia, Anemia, Constipation, Diarrhoea, Hemorrhoids (Piles), Re- tention of Urine, Dysuria, Uterine Derangements; Nervous Diseases, Paralysis, Neuralgia, Rheumatism, &c, together with all Chronic Mala- dies, which often render life a burden and death a desirable relief. As it is exceedingly inconvenient and difficult for him to visit patients at their homes, persons afflicted with any of above mentioned diseases, who are desirous of availing themselves of the benefits of his long and varied ex- perience in the treatment of Chronic Maladies, are respectfully invited to call for consultation, or address him by letter at his office, giving a full descrip- tion and the prominent symptoms of the case.