mtam ih BRIEF HISTORY OF BY THEODORE H. HITTELL DISCOVERV AND EARLY VOYAGES 8bl •H67 J LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Chap.. .P.. Copyright No.. Shelf.H,$^ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. AUG 23 1898 HERNANDO CORTES. [From Rivera's " Lo3 Gobernantes de Mexico," Mexico, 1872. In the Sutro Library, San Francisco. ^ BRIEF HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA THEODORE H. HITTELL With an Introduction and Suggestive Correlations by RICHARD D. FAULKNER, Principal Franklin Grammar School, San Francisco, California Maps, Portraits and Other Illustrations BY CHARLES J. HITTELL BOOK I THE STONE EDUCATIONAL COMPANY San Francisco 1698 ! :>S«5:j Entered, according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1898, by THEODORE M. HITTELL, In the oiRce of tVie Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. ALL RIGHTS KESEKVED. TWO COPIES Rf CtlVEO. 2ftd COPY, ^V^^^^^J2- ^ 3. 18§8. ^ K'=S^'=6 ^^n INTRODUCTION. BY RICHARD D. FAULKNER. The history of California is unique. Its periods of growth are distinct epoelis. It did not grow out of complex situations. A series of log-ical events succeeded each other, apparently in natural sequence, until a typical State of the United States was completely evolved. Its history since its admission is equal in interest to its romantic past and its thrilling" present. A study of the history of such a State can not fail to inter- est, instruct, and inspire its future citizens. The early history of the State, being the narrative of explorations in which the motive of the explorers is readily perceived, serves as an admirable introduction to the history of the United States, with which it is closely correlated. Its study can therefore be introduced early into the course of the elementarj'^ schools, and if completed, it will be an excellent preparation for a survey in the secondary schools of the whole history of the American continent. It was dilticult, until Mr. Theodore II. Hittell in 1897 com- pleted his "History of California" in four volumes, to give to the pupils of the public schools a conception of the history of the State, without great labor on the part of the teacher; but it was generally recognized by teachers that the completion of this work made it possible to do so with the minimum of expense in time and effort. But to further minimize time and effort on the part of teachers, and at the same time to give pupils an opportunity of acquiring for themselves directly f^^ome knowledge of the history of the State, the author of the "History of California" has written, with all his charm of stj^le and historical accuracy, a "Brief History of California" that can be read and comprehended by the pupils of the grammar grades of the public schools. In the "History of California," the history of the State is dis- cussed in twelve subdivisions termed books, the titles of which (iii) iv INTRODUCTION, are: Early Voyages, The Jesuits, The Franciscans, The Spanish Governors, The Mexican Governors, The Last Mexican Gov- ernors, The Americans, Early Mining Times, Progress of San Francisco, State Growth, Early State Administrations, Later State Administrations. The plan of the "Brief History of California" is substan- tially that of the "History of California," and in many cases the same language is used. It consists of tvv'elve subdivisions or books — the titles, however, differing slightly from those of the larger work. It is to be published in three forms: First, each subdivision or book under its own title, as each, though an integral part of the whole, is complete within itself; second, in parts, a part consisting of three of its subdivisions or books; third, in a single volume. It is designed as a text-book for instruction in the history of the State and for supplementary reading. It is believed that provision can be made for its use in schools, with but slight revision of Courses of Study, as it correlates closely on the one hand with the history of each pupil's neighborhood and on the other with the "Histor3' of the United States." It is thought that the time required for instruction in local and State history will be more than offset by the alertness of mind which it will produce in awakening the interest of the pupils in their immediate surroundings, and in the past, present, and future of not only the section in which they live, but of the State and of the great country of which it is a part. It is suggested that Part I be introduced into the sixth grade. Part II into the seventh. Part III into the eighth and Part IV into the ninth. But this is only a suggestion. It is expected that Boards of Education will exercise their discretion in its grading. The plan of its publication is intended to give flexibility to its introduction into the schools. The maps, portraits, and other illustrations of the "Brief History of California" are carefully drawn by Mr. Charles J. Hittell from the most authentic sources, and may be relied upon as correct. It is the aim that they shall be educative within themselves, not only as suggestive of sources of infor- mation but also from an artistic standpoint. August 4, 1S98. CONTENTS BOOK I. DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. CHAPTER I. PAGE AMEllICA AND INDIA, Columbus' search for India, and belief that he had reached it 1 Consequences of his mistake; stories of India's wealth 2 Effect upon Spanish people; Balboa's South Sea, and what was thought about it 3 Afag-ellan's voyage to East Indies, and what the Spaniards still thought 4 CHAPTER II. CORTES AND CALIFORJTIA. Cortfis' belief in wealth of northwest, and Sandoval's island of pearls and gold 5 Voyages of Maldonado, Mendoza, Mazuela, Recerra and Grix- alva, and discovery of California by Fortuiio Ximenez Expedition to California by Cortes in person 7 How he tried to console his suft'ering people, and romantic origin of the name California 7 How and why Cortes applied the name 8 CHAPTER III. THE SEVEN CITIES OF CIBOLA. Wanderings o4 Cabeza de Vaca, and his reports about the interior of the continent 9 Expedition of Father Marcos de Niza in scai-ch of Cibola... 9 (V) ^i CONTENTS. PAGE His view from a mountain- top of the famous seven cities. . . 10 Effect of his marvelous reports 11 Ulloa's voyage and survey of the coasts of Sinaloa and Sonora 11 His survey of both sides of Lower California 12 Arrival at Cabo del Engano and struggles with the north- west winds 13 Summarj^ of Cortes services to California; his return to Spain and death 14 CHAPTER IV. COKONAJ)0 AND ALARCON. Coronado's expedition to Cibola and what he found there... 15 His march to the Eio Grande and to Quivira 16 His return to New Spain, and fate of first settlers at Quivira 17 Voyag-e of Alarcon, and discovery of Colorado river 18 Pedro de Alvarado's projects and death 19 Domingo del Castillo's map of California 20 CHAPTER V. CABRILI.O. Cabrillo's voyage, and discovery of Alta California 21 Discovery of coast and islands from San Diego to Point Con- cepcion 22 Discovery of Point of Pines and Ano Nuevo, and his un- timely death 22 Ferrelo's continuation of Cabrillo's voyage 24 His discovery of Capes Mendocino and Blanco, and return to New Spain 24 Summary of services of Cabrillo and Ferrelo 25 CHAPTER VI. THE PHILIPPINE TRADE. Expectations of finding wealth in northwest abandoned 26 Discovery of Philippine islands, and effect 26 Voyages to and conquest of Philippines 27 How the world was divided by the pope between the Span- iards and Portuguese 28 Dispute as to line of division in the East Indies 29 CONTEXTS. Vii PAGE How and why Philippine trade took the way of America... 29 Why east-bound I'hiiippine galleons skirted California, and results 30 CHAPTER YIL DRAKE AND NEW ALBION. Francis Drake, and his determination to attack Spaniards in the Pacific 32 His voyage; plunder of Spaniards, and taking of ship Caca- f uego 32 VvTtempt to find a way homeward north of America, and coasting down to Point Reyes 33 Stop at Drake's bay, and intercourse with Indians 34 Supposed transfer of sovereignty by Indians to I^ngland.... 35 What the ceremonies really amounted to, and Drake's action 36 Excursion inland, and appearance of country 36 Drake's monument of his visit, and name of New Albion 37 His departure and voyage back to England 37 CHAPTER Yin. CAVENDISH, WOODES ROGERS, AND SHELYOCKE. Cavendish's voyage; plunder of Spaniards, and taking of Philippine galleon off Cape San Lucas 39 How Spaniards, abandoned on shore, were saved by Sebas- tian Viscaino 40 Voyage of Woodes Rogers, and rescue of Alexander Selkirk from Juan Fernandez 41 Plunder of Spaniards, and taking of Philippine galleon at Cape San Lucas 42 Attack on second Philippine galleon; desperate fight, and how galleon escaped 42 Shelvocke's voyage; Simon Hatley, the man that "shot the albatross" 43 Ravages upon the Spaniards; stay at Cape San Lucas; out- come of his depredations 44 CHAPTER IX. THE STRAITS OF ANIAN. Supposed existence of Straits of Anian 45 vlii CONTENTS. PAGE Voyages of Urdaneta, Chaque, Ladrillero and Gali 46 Pretended discoveries of Maldonado 47 Accounts of passage of straits by Juan de Fuca 47 Voyage and shipwreck of the San Augustin 48 Results of belief in the various stories 49 CHAPTER X. VISCAINO. First voyage of Viscaino 50 Viscaino's second voyage; stop at San Diego 51 Visit to Santa Catalina island; its people, temple and idol.. 52 At Point Concepcion; passage to Monterey , 53 Stay at Monterey and excursion inland 53 At Point Reyes; passage to Cape Blanco, and return to Nevv^ Spain 54 Martin de Aguilar and his supposed river 55 Viscaino's project for a third voyage; retirement and death 55 CHAPTER XL THE PEARL FISHERS. Decay of Spanish enterprise 57 Maritime discoveries of the Dutch; the Pichilingues 57 Voyage of Iturbi, and the pearls he collected 58 Farming out of the pearl fisheries 59 Voyages of Ortega and Carboneli 60 Voyages of Casanate, Piiiadero and Luzenilla, and abandon- ment of monopoly 60 CHAPTER XH. ADMIRAL ATOXDO. Expedition of Admiral x\tondo 62 His voyage with Father Kino and settlement at La Paz 62 Fierceness of Guaycuros Indians 63 How Indian assault was repelled 64 Removal of settlement to San Bruno 64 How Kino taught the resurrection 65 Breaking up of settlement; conquest of California by civil power a failure 65 MAPS, PORTRAITS AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. HERNANDO CORTES. [From Rivera's "I^iOS Gobernantes de Mexico," Mexico, 1872. In the Sutro Library, San Francisco.] Frontispiece TOSCANELLI'S MAP OP 1474. [Used by Columbus on his tirst voyage.] 2 THE SHIPS OF COLUMBUS. [From models exhibited at World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893.] 3 GONZALO DE SANDOVAL. [From "Das Alte Mexiko" by Th. Arnim, Leipzig, 1865] 5 MAP OF NEW SPAIN. [Illustrating expeditions of Cortes.] Facing G THE PUEBLO OF ZUNI. [From photograph by Taber.] 10 CASTILLO'S MAP OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. [Showing Cabo del Engano and Ulloa's Route. From Venegas' "Noticia de la California," etc. The inscription on the map, half Latin and half Spanish, reads in English, "Domingo del Castillo, Pilot, made me in Mexico, in the year of the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ, 1541."] 13 ANTONIO DE MENDOZA, Viceroy. [From "Los Gobernantes de Mexico."] 15 MAP INDICATING PIONEER ROUTES. [Cabeza de Vaca, Marcos de Niza, Coronado, and Alarcon.] — 17 PEDRO DE ALVARADO. [From "Das Alte Mexiko."] 19 JUAN RODRIGUEZ CABRILLO. [From Art Collection in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.] — 21 POINT OF PINES. [B'rom sketch made by W. B. McMurtrie. in 1851, five miles S. % W. (by compass) from Point. Published in U. S. Coast Survey Chart of Monterey Harbor, 1852.] 23 SPANISH GALLEON. [From "Les Marins du XV. et du XVI. Siecles."] 28 MAP ILLUSTRATING LINE OF DEMARCATION 30 (ix) X MAPS, PORTRAITS AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS. SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. CFrom portrait by William Sharp, after Miraveldt, in Super- visors' Chamber, San Francisco.] 3a MAP OF DRAKE'S BAY. ' [From Survey of the Rancho "Punta de los Reyes," approved by U. S. Surveyor-General, November 5, 1859.] 34 PRATER-BOOK CROSS. [Erected in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, in commemora- tion of Christian services at Drake's Bay in 1579.] 38 SIR THOMAS CAVENDISH. [From "Lives and Voyages of Drake, Cavendish, and Dam- pier," etc.. Harper & Bros., New York, 1873.] 39 MAP SHOWING SUPPOSED STRAITS OF ANIAN. [From Zaltieri's Map of 1566, published in Venice and followed by Ortelin's in 1570.] 45 SEBASTIAN VISCAINO. [From Art Collection in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.] 50 COUNT OF MONTEREY, Viceroy. [From "Los Gobernantes de Mexico."] 52 PHILIP IIL, KING OF SPAIN. [From "Los Gobernantes de Mexico."] 59 CHARLES II., KING OF SPAIN. [From "Los Gobernantes de Mexico."] 62 TRIUMPH OF THE CROSS 66 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. [It is deemed proper, on account chiefly of the many Span- ish names adopted and used in California, to give a pronounc- ing- vocabulary of the principal words. As a preliminary it may be briefly stated that in Spanish the vovs^els always have the same sound and are pronounced as follows: a like ah, or a in far; e like ay in may; i like ee in see; o like oh, or o in no; u like oo in food; y, when a vowel, like ee. Final e is always sounded. Of the consonants; c before e or i is sounded like th in thin, though some prefer the sound of s; before a, o or u and before consonants, it is pronounced like k; ch like ch in chair or church. g before e or i is pronounced like h; in other cases, like g in game. h is silent; hua is pronounced like wa in water. 11 has the sound of Hi in million and n the sound of ni in minion. q is always followed by u and another vowel and has the sound of k (the u being silent), s has the hissing sound like ss and never the z sound, which is not used in Spanish. z is pronounced like th, though some prefer the sound of s. Special attention is called to the accent ', which is always strong.] Acapulco — AJi-cali-pooV-koh. Alarcon, Hernando de — .1///- Acus — Ah'-koos. iiahn'-dbh day Ah-Jar-kohn' . Aguada Segura (safe watering- Alvarado, Pedro de — Pay'-droh port) — Ag-icah'-dah Say-goo'- day Ahl-vah-rah'-doJi. rah. Anian — Alin-yalm'. Aguilar, Martin de — Mahr-teen' Ano Nuevo (new year) — Ahn'- day Ah-ghee-lahr^. yoh Tioo-ay'-voh. (xi) Xll PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. Apostolos Yalerianus — Ah-pust'- . o-los Vah-layr-ee-ahn'-ufi. Ariea — Ah-ree'-kah. Atondo y Antillon, Isidro — Eess'-ee-droh Ak-toJin'-doh ee Ahti-teel-yo?in\ Badajoz — Bah-dah-7iolith\ Balboa, Vasco Nunez de — • Yahsfi'-koh Noon'-yayih day Bahl-hofi'-ah. Becerra de Mendoza, Diego — Dee-ay'-goh Bay-thayr'-rah day May7i-doh'-thali. Big-onia — Bee-gohn'-yah. Blanco (white) — Blahn'-koh. Buena Guia (good guide) — Bway'-nah Ghee'-ah. Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez— Ahl-vahr' ISloon'-yayth KaJi- hay'-thah day Yah' -kali. Cabo Bajo (low cape) — KaW- boh Bah'-hoTi. Cabo del Engaiio — Kah'-hoh del Ayn-gaJm'-yoh. Cabrillo, Juan Kodriguez — Whatcn RoJid-ree'-gayth Kah- hreeV-yoh. Cacafuego — Kah-kah-fway'-goh. Canoas, Pueblo de las (town of the canoes) — Pwayb'-loh day lahss Kah-noli'-aliss. Carboneli, Estevan — Ayss-tay'- vahn, Kahr-boh-nay'-lee. Casanate, Pedro Portel dc — Pay' -droll Pohr-tayV day Kah- sah-nali'-tay. Castillo, Domingo del — Doli- mcen'-goh del Kahss-teel'-yoh. Cavendish — Cav'-en-dish; by some pronounced Kan'-dish, Cedros (cedars) — Tliay'-droliss. Cermenon, Sebastian Rodriguez — Say-ba li ss t-yahn' Roh d-ree'- gaytli Tliayr-mayn-yolin'. Cerros (hills) — Thayr'-rohss. Chile — Tcliee'-lay, but by some pronounced Chil'-lee. Cibola — Tlieeb'-oh-lah; by some pronounced Seeb'-oli-lah. Colorado (red) — Koh-loh-rah'- doll. Concepcion — Kolm-thayp-iJiee- olin'. Coras — Koh'-rahss. Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de — Fran-tlieess'-koh Valisi^'- kayss day Koli-roli-nali'-doli. Cortereal, Caspar — Gahss-pahr' Kor-tay-ray-aM'. Cortes, Hernando — Ayr-nahn'- doli Kor-tayss'. Culiacan — Koo-lee-ali-kalm'. Darien — Dali-ree-ayn'. Defoe— Dee-f oil'. De Verde — Day Vayr'-day. Ecuador — A y-kicali-dolir' . El Dorado — Ayl Doli-rah'-doh. Engaiio, Cabo del (cape of de- ceit) — Kah'-boli del Ayn-gahn'- yoli. Escalona, Luis de — Loo-eess' day Ayss-kali-loli'-n all. Estevanico — Ayss-tay-valin-ee'- koh. Ferrelo Bartolom# — Balir-tohl- oh-inay' Fayr-ray'-loh. Fuca, Juan de — WlMWti day Foo'-kah. PRO XO UNCI NG VOCABULARY. XIU Gali, Franoisco — Fran-tlwess'- koJi Gah'-lec. Gallapagos — Gahl-yafiiV-ah' gohss; by some pronounced Gahl-yah-pay'-yus. Gicamas — Hce-ka?i'-mahss. Grande, Rio (great river) — Ree'-oh Grakn'-day. Grixalva, Hernando de — Ayr- nahn'-doli day Grec-hahV-rah. Guatemala — Gwah-tay-mali'- luh. Guatulco — Gwah-tooV-koh. Guayaquil — Gwy-ah-keeV. Guay euros — Gwy-koor'-ohss. G uaymas — Gwy'-mahss. Herodotus — He-rod'-o-tus. Hurtado de Mendoza — Oohr- tah'-doh day Mayn-doh'-thali. Ibimuhueite — Ee-bee-moo-hicay- €c'-tay. Islas de Poniente (islands of the setting sun) — Eess'-lahss day Poh-nce-ayn'-tay. Iturbi, Juan— Whaicn Ee-toor'- bee. Jalisco — Hah'lees'-koh. Java — Hah'-vah. Juan de Fuca — Whawn day Foo'-kah. Juan Fernandez — Whawn Fayr- nahn'-dayth. Kiihn — Keen. Kino, Eusebio Francisco — Go- sayb'-yoli Fran-thcess' -koh Kee'- iioh. Ladrillero, Juan Fernandez — Whawti Fayr-nahn'-dayth day Lah-drcel-yay'-roh^ Ladrones (robbers) — Lah- drohn'-aysa. La Paz (peace) — Lan Fahth. Las Virgincs (the virgins) — Lahss Vcer'-hee-nayss. Legaspi, Miguel Lopez de — Mee-gayV Loh'-payth day Lay- gahss'-pee. Lemaire — Lay-mayr'. Loma (hill) — Loh'.-mah. Loreto — Loh-ray'-toh. Luzenilla, Francisco — Fran- tJieess'-koh Loo-thay-neeV-yah. Madrid — Mad-reed'. Magdalena — Mahg-dah-lay'-na li. Magellan, Fernando — Fayr- nahn'-doJi Mah-hayl-yahn' ; by some pronounced May-geV- lan. Maldonado, Lorenzo Ferrer de — Loh-rayn'-thoh Fayr-rayi'' day Malil-doh-nah'-doh. Maldonado, Pedro Nuiiez — Pay'-droh Noon'-yayth Mahl- doh-nali'-doh. Marata — Mah-rah'-tah. Mayo — My'-oh. Mazat\'dn—M ah-that-lahn\ Mazuela, Juan de — Whaicn day Mah-thiray'-lah. Mendocino — Mayn-doh-theen'- oh. MeAdoza, Antonio de — Ahn- tohn'-yoh day Mayn-doh'-lhah. Mendoza, Diego Becerra de — Dee-ay'-goh Bay-thayr'-rah day Mayn-doh'-thah. Mendoza, Hurtado de — Onhr- tah'-doh day Mayn-doh'-thah, Monterey — Mon-tay-ray' . XIV PR ONO UNCING VO CA B ULAR Y. Narvaez, Panfilo de — Pahn'-fee- loh day Nahr-vah'-ayth. Navidad (nativity) — Nah-vee- dahd'' Newfoundland — Noo'-fund-land. Nieve (snow) — Nee-ay'-vay. Niza, Marcos de — MaJir'-koJiss day Nee'-thah. Nuestra Seiiora de la Incar- nacion y .Desengaiio (Our Lady of the Incarnation and Undeceit) — Noo-ayss'- trah Sayn-yoW-rah day lali Een-kaJir-nah-tJiee-ohn' ee Day- sayn-gahn'-yoh. Ortega, Francisco de — Fran- theess'-koh day Ohr-tay'-gali. Padilla, Juan de — WMwn day Pqh-deel'-yali. Panama — Pah-nah-maW . Payta — Py'-taJi. Peru — Pay-roo'. Philippine — Phil-ip-peen\ Pichilingue — Pee-cheel-een'-gay. Piiiadero, Bernardo Bernal de — Bayr-nahr'-doJi Bayr-nahV day Peen-yah-day'-roJi. Pinos (pines) — Pee'-nohss. Poniente, Islas de (isles of the setting sun) — Eess'-lahss day Poh-nee-ayn'-tay. Posesion (possession) — Poli- sayss-yolm' . Pueblo de las Canoas (town of the canoes) — Pwayh'-loh day lahss Kah-noW-ahss. Pueblos (towns) — Pwayb'-lohss. Puerto Seguro (secure port) — ■ Pwayr'-toh Say-goo'-roh, Quivira — Kee-vee'-rah. Eeyes (kings) — Ray'-ayss. Eio Grande (great river) — Ree'-oTi Grahn'-day. Eogers, Woodes — Woodz Rog- ers. San Agustin — 8ahn AJi-goos- teen'. San Bernabe — Sahn Bayr-nah- hay\ San Bruno — Sahn Broo'-noh. San Clemente — Sahn Clay- mayn'-tay. San Diego — Sahn Dee-ay'-goh. Sandoval, Gonzalo de — Gohn- thah'-loh day Sahn-doh-vahV. San Geronimo — Sahn Hay-rohn'- ee-moh. San Jose del Cabo — Sahn Eoh- say dayl Kah'-boh. San Juan Capistrano — Sahn Whaicn Kap-pees-trah'-noh, San Lucas — Sahn Loo'-kahss. San Migiiel — Sahn Mee-gayV. San Salvador — Sahn Sahl-vafi- dohr\ Santa Ana — Sahn'-tah Ahn'- nah. Santa Barbara — SaJin'-tah Bahr'-bah-rah. Santa Catalina — SaJm'-tah Kah- tah-lee'-nah. Santa Cruz — Sahn'-tah Krooth; by some pronounced Eroos. Santa Rosa — Sahn'-tah Roh'-sah. Santos, Todos los (all the saints) — ToW-dohss lohss Sahn'-tohss. Santo Tomas — Sahn'-toh Toh- mahss'. PR ONO UNCING VOCABULAR V. XV Sardinas (sardines) — Sahr-dee'- iiahss, Se jo — ^ay'-h oh. Seville — Say-ieeV-yay; in Eng- lish usually pronounced Say'-veel or Say-veeV. Sinaloa — Seen-ah-loh'-ah. Shelvocke — l^hcV-vok. Sonora — Soh-noh'-rah. St. Julien — Sahng Jool-yahng'. Tatarrax — Tah-talir-rax'. Tehuantepec — Tay-whaiCH'-tay- payk. Ternate — Tayr-nah'-tay. Tidore — Tce-doli'-ray. Todos los Santos (all the saints) — Toh'-dohss loJiss Sahn'-tohss. Totonteac — To-tohn-tay-ak' . Ulloa, Francisco de — Fran- thcess'-koh day Ool-yoh'-ah. Urdaneta, Andres d&—Ahn- drayss' day Oor-dah-nay'-tah. Vaca, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de — Ahl-vahr' Noon'-yayth Kah- bay'-thah day Vah'-kah. Valerianus, Apostolos — Ah- post'-o-Jos yah-layr-ee-ahn'-us. Valparaiso — Yahl-pah-ry'-soh. Van Shouten — Fahn Shoot' -en. Verde, De — Day Tayr'-day. Victoria (victory) — Veek-tohr'- yah. Virgines, Las (the virgins) — Lahss Yeer'-hec-nayss. Viscaino, SebavStian — Say- bahsst-yahn' Yeess-ky'-noh. Woodes Rogers — Woodz Rog'- crs. Ximenez, Fortuno — Fohr-toon'- yoh Hec-may'-nayth. Zacatula — Tha-kali-too'-lah. Zuni — Thoon'-yee. Zufiiga, Caspar de, Conde de Monterey — Gahss-pahr' day Thoon-yee'-gah, Kohn'-day day Mon-tay-ray' . BRIEF HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA, BOOK I. Discovery and Early Voyages, CHAPTER I. AMERICA AND INDIA. To understand the circumstances under which California was discovered, and therefore how its history commences, it is necessary to go back to the time of Christopher Columbus. It must be recollected that, when he undertook his famous voyage in 1492, he was in search of a western route to Asia; and that, when he discovered America, he supposed he had reached India. It was for this reason tliat he called the natives of the new land Indians — a name which was soon applied to all the aborigines of America. It was also for the same reason that the islands he found afterwards got to be called the West Indies, to distinguish them from the East Indies. As a matter of fact, the natives of America were no more like the natives of India than they were like the Span- iards; and, as for the West Indies, they were at least three thousand miles further away from India than Spain, whence Columbus had sailed. (1) DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. TOSCANELLI'S MAP OF 1474. [Used by Columbus on his first voyage.] But this belief — that India had been reached — though a great mistake, was of immense importance and had far- reaching consequences. From the earliest ages, India had always been regarded as a land of unlimited wealth. Herod- otus, the so-called father of history, who wrote nearly five hundred years before the Christian era, spoke in glowing terms about it and particularly of its production of gold, which he represented as guarded by large and savage ants and fierce, fire-breathing griffins. It is probable that this fanciful and seemingly absurd story originated in the sim- ple circumstance that the gold mines of India were worked by warlike tribes of men, who were as laborious as ants, and that, to reach them, deserts had to be crossed, which were as hot as the supposed scorching breath of griffins. How- ever this may have been, it is certain that the old stories of the riches and greatness of India, thus started in the far dis- tant past, grew and expanded as time passed on; and that, in the days of Columbus and his successors, the most extrava- gant notions were entertained, not only about its gold, but also about its silks and spices, its rare gems and costly gums, the AMERICA AND INDIA magnificence of its princes, the grandeur of its courts, the extent of its Idngdoms, and the countless number of its people. hi THE SHIPS OF COLUMBUS. [From models exhibited at World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893.] It was this idea of the marvelous, treasure-bearing coun- tries of India, lying open to conquest, that induced the Spaniards, after discovering the West India Islands and finding in them little of the wealth they expected, to per- sist, at great labor and expense, in carrying their explora- tions further and further. They still regarded the lands they had found as portions of India, though poor portions, and believed that the rich portions could not be far beyond. Accordingly, when Vasco Nuiiez de Balboa in 1513 crossed over the Isthmus of Darien and discovered a great ocean, he supposed it the sea that was known to wash the southern shores of India; and he therefore called it the South Sea. This again was a great mistake; for, instead of being the sea washing tlie southern shores of India, it was the largest and grandest ocean on the globe; and it could no more properly be called the South Soa — though it continued 4 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. for many years to be known as such — than the Atlantic Ocean could properly be called the North Sea. In 1520, when Fernando Magellan discovered the straits that bear his name and sailed through them into the vast expanse of waters to the west, he recognized it as a new and great ocean; and, on account of its calmness and smoothness in comparison with the storm-vexed Atlantic, he called it the Pacific. He not only recognized and gave it a proper name; but he also sailed for many thousand miles across its broad bosom, and in 1521 discovered the Philippine Islands, which were in reality a part of the Indies that Columbus supposed he had reached in 1492. But, notwithstanding Magellan's discovery that the real Indies, of which such mag- nificent and attractive accounts had been told, were at least ten thousand miles from America, still the Spaniards thought that the two countries stretched out towards, and abutted upon, each other; that all the northern parts of the Pacific Ocean were dry land, and that all the regions be- tween America and India, if not properly parts of India, were at any rate quite as rich and populous. SUGGESTIVE COKRELATIONS. TO THE TEACHER. The question — Why was Columbus in search of a western passage to Asia? — naturally suggests itself on the reading of the second sentence of Chapter 1 of this book. It is presumed that the teacher will, preparatory to or in connection with the study of the chapter, discuss with the class the facts required for its proper answer. The following questions involve the answer. If the sub- ject, as outlined in them, is already familiar, they will serve for a review. AMERICA AND INDIA. 4 a FOR THE PUPIL. (To be studied with the Teacher.) 1. Name the three routes by ship and caravan over which the trade between Europe and Asia was carried on early in the fifteenth century. NOTE.— See map, Fiske's "History of the United States," p. 22, Ciord^^'s "History of the United States," p. 4, or McMas- ter's "School History of the United States," p. 10. 2. What necessity arose for finding- an ocean route to India? 3. When, by whom, and in what direction, was the first at- tempt made to find an ocean route? 4. In what particulars did the geographers, Ptolemy and Mela, disagree about the great continent that they both sup- posed existed south of the Equator? NOTE.— See maps, Fiske's "History of the United States," pp. 24-25. 5. Why did some inquiring minds shortly after 1471 begin to ask whether there could not possibly be a shorter route to India than around Africa? 6. What was the theory of Columbus about a shorter route? TO THE PUPIL. In not to exceed a half page of foolscap, written upon one side only, write three paragraphs upon The Discovery of America. The paragraphs should contain answers to the questions below, which are the same as you have just studied, only restated in a dift'erent form. Be careful that what you write be not merely a series of sentences answering the questions, but a plain and direct nar- rative which shall include their answer. 1. How and by what three routes was trade between Europe and Asia carried on early in the fifteenth century? 2. What necessity arose for finding an ocean route to Asia? And when, by whom, and in what direction, was the first attempt made to find such a route? 3. In what way, and about what time, did the difference of opinion between the geographers, Ptolemy and Afela, 4b DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. influence the thought of the time to seek a route supposed to be still shorter? What theory was advanced for such a route, and who was its strongest advocate and first to practically test it? REFEEENCES. TO THE TEACHER. It is suggested, in connection with the thought contained in this Chapter, that the class be given some idea of the condi- tion of Europe before the discovery of America and some con- ception of the physical characteristics of the continent as affecting historical development. Of course any presentation of the subject should be in accordance with the age and grade of the pupils. In "A New History of the United States" by Horace E. Scudder are two supplementary chapters, which discuss the thoughts indicated. The titles o? the chapters are: — "The Preparation in Europe for the Discovery and Occupa- tion of North America," and "The Physical Preparation of North America for Occupation by European People." A translation of the extant abridgment of the journal, kept by Columbus on his first voyage, is Selection No. 17 — "Discovery of America" — in Hart's "American History told by Contem- poraries," Vol. I. A few references should be made to Sources. It is pre- sumed the teacher will obtain and make use of such as are proper correlations to the thought contained in the various chapters. The Topics — What are Sources, Educative Value of Sources, Use of Sources by Teachers, Use of Sources by Pupils, Cautions in Using Sources — are discussed in Hart's "American History told by Contemporaries," Vol. I. SUGGESTIONS FOR ORAL DISCUSSION OR WRITTEN EXERCISES. How America was taken for India, and why the Indians were called Indians. How and why the India-idea led to American explorations. CHAPTER II. CORTES AND CALIFORNIA. When Hernando Cor- tes conquered Mexico in 1521, he entertained the same idea that he was merely upon the thresh- old of India. When he found gold and silver in not inconsiderable quan- tities among the Aztecs^ he felt justified in his be- lief in the greater wealth and barbaric splendor of the unknown regions be- yond. And he was still more confirmed in this belief by a report, brought him by one of his lieutenants, named Gonzalo de Sandoval, in 1524, about an island lying at a distance of ten days' journey from the ocean coast west of Mexico, which was said to be inhabited by women only and to be very rich in pearls and gold. This strange story — which constitutes the first account of California that can be found in the old records — though it may be doubtful whether Cortes credited it in all its particulars, excited his imagination to such a degree that (5) GONZALO DE SANDOVAL. [From " Das Alte Mexiko," by Th. Arnim, Leipzig, 1865.] 6 DISCO VER Y A ND EARL Y VO YA GES. he spent the next thirteen years of his life and almost all his fortune in building ships and sending expeditions to search out the supposed wonderful island, and in collecting and finally leading a little army, and going in person to take pos- session of it. The first of Cortes' ships that steered in the direction of California was placed in charge of Pedro JSTuhez Malclonado. It sailed from Zacatula on the Pacific in 1528 and advanced as far as the Santiago river in Jalisco. Cortes next, in 1532, sent two ships, one in charge of Diego Hurtado de Mendoza and the other in that of Juan de Mazuela. They sailed from Acapulco and proceeded up along the coast as far as the mouth of the Mayo river, where a mutiny occurred, and Mazuela's ship was sent back with the muti- neers. Hurtado proceeded further north and reached the mouth of the Yaqui river, where he and his men were killed by the Indians. The mutineers in Mazuela's ship met the same fate on their way back along the coast of Jalisco. Notwithstanding these misfortunes, Cortes sent two new vessels from Tehuantepec in 1533. One was in charge of Diego Becerra de Mendoza and the other in that of Her- nando de Grixalva. They sailed only a short distance to- gether and then separated. Grixalva ran out some distance into the ocean and discovered the island of Santo Tomas, a couple of hundred miles south of Cape San Lucas, but found that it contained neither wealth nor human inhabitants. Becerra de Mendoza, on the other hand, ran up the coast as far as Jalisco, where a second mutiny broke out, which was headed by Fortuno Ximenez, the chief pilot of the ship. The mutineers, after killing Becerra, compelled his friends to go ashore and then sailed with the vessel directly away from the ill-fated coast. After being out of sight of land for a number of days, they finally discovered what they sup- posed to be an island, but was in fact the place now known CORTES AND CALIFORNIA. 7 as La Paz in Lower California. And thus it was that Cor- tes' mutinous pilot. Fortune Ximenez, in 1534, became the discoverer of California. Ximenez, as appears, disembarked on the supposed island and was there killed, with twenty of his companions, by the Indians. But a sufficient number of the sailors re- mained to navigate the vessel back to Jalisco, where they gave information of the discovery that had been made, and added that the supposed island was well peopled and that its coasts abounded in pearls. Cortes, as soon as he heard this report, notwithstanding the great losses he had sustained, immediately fitted out another expedition consisting of three sliips, which sailed from Tehuantepec, and some four hun- dred persons with whom he embarked on the vessels at Chi- ametla in Jalisco; and, to insure faithful service, he put him- self at the head of the adventurers. In May, 1535, he landed at the same place where Ximenez had been killed, and gave to it the name of Santa Cruz. He at once began inves- tigations about the country; but it proved to be the most barren and forbidding he had ever beheld. There were a few natives, but they w^ere the poorest, most abject, most degraded human creatures he had ever met. There were also some pearls along the shore, but not a particle of gold or silver or other wealth was to be seen. In a very short time, on account of the failure of those whom he had ordered to follow him with further stoies, his provisions ran low. His people began to suffer; and, when they began to suffer, they began to complain. He tried to console them with the promise of better times to come. He said that they had unfortunately struck a rough part of the country, but that further on they would undoubtedly find wealth and splendor enough to satisfy their most ardent longings. He also, as there is reason to believe, called their attention to the statements of a noted romance, published in 8 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. Spain in 1510, affirming the existence of an island, called California, which lay "on the right hand of the Indies, very near to the terrestrial paradise/' It was said to be sur- rounded by steep rocks and almost inaccessible cliffs and to be peopled by women who lived the life of Amazons. These women were represented as of great bodily strength and courage; and it was added that their arms, as well as the trappings of the wild beasts, which they rode on their warlike expeditions, were entirely of gold — that being the only metal the island produced. This story, which it will be noticed was in substance the same as that told by Sandoval in 1524, Cortes seems to have repeated to his suffering followers for the purpose of cheer- ing up their spirits. He tried to make them believe that the barren rocks and cliff's they saw around them were only the surroundings of the wonderful island thus represented as lying close to the Indies and near the terrestrial paradise. However this may have been, it is certain that he supposed the country to be an island and that he gave to it the name, previously used in the romance referred to, of California. He himself believed it rich, and he made many attemj^ts to explore it. But as far as he was able to penetrate, it con- tinued to present the same rough and forbidding features. It was, in that part of it, a country of rocks and cliffs; its scant vegetation mostly thorny; its inhabitants poor, naked savages. There was no wealth and no indications of bar- baric splendor. Under the circumstances, Cortes, in the beginning of 1537, feeling himself obliged to give up fur- ther search, returned, with most of his people, to Mexico; and he was soon afterwards followed by the remainder. And thus ended the first attempt of the Spaniards to settle California. CORTES AND CALIFORNIA, 8 a SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. TO THE TEACHER. The natural outgrowth of the study of this Chapter and the succeeding one is the creation of an interest in the previous career of Cortes, or in other words, in the conquest of Mexico, and incidentally in the half-civilized tribes that existed not only in Mexico but elsewhere in America. In the following detached sentences, the career of Cortes is traced from his birth until he scuttled and sunk his ships pre- paratory to his march on Mexico. The pupil should be required to combine the detached state- ments into sentences, and the sentences into paragraphs. It is not necessary that the sentences be of one type. The sentence that will express clearly and directly the thought to be con- veyed is the one to be used, whether it be simple, complex or compound. Of course long and involved sentences should be avoided. To get good results, it will be necessary to have the children write and rewrite. Criticise papers individually. Make free use of the blackboard. No effort shows quicker results than patient, painstaking work in English. TO THE PUPIL. The following detached statements are to be combined into sentences, and the sentences into paragraphs. The teacher will explain to you what you are required to do, and how it is to be done. Do the work so well that you will be prepared, when you have studied the succeeding chapter, to complete the story of The Conquest of Mexico in the order of the occurrence of the events, without reference to the book and without using the same expressions. THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO. Hernando Cortes was born in Medillin, Estremadura, Spain, in 1485. He came over to the West Indies in 1504. He served with distinction in the expedition sent in 1511 to conquer Cuba. The expedition was under command of Diego de Velae- 8b DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES, quez. It was sent from the island of Hispaniola. The Gov- ernor of Cuba, Velasquez, appointed him in the autumn of 1518 to command an important expedition fitted out for opera- tions on the Mexican mainland. He was at that time Alcalde of Santiago de Cuba. Early in March, 1519, he landed at Tabasco on the southern shore of the Gulf of Campeachy. The natives were unfriendly and fought him. He defeated them. He seized a fresh stock of provisions. He proceeded to San Juan de Ulloa. From that place he sent messengers to Monte- zuma with gifts, and messages in the name of the king of Spain. He next founded Vera Cruz, a little to the north of its present site. He framed a municipal government for it. He then resigned his commission from Velasquez and was at once elected Captain-General by his municipality. He sent his flag- ship with influential and devoted friends to Spain to tell the king. He had his other ships scuttled and sunk. 1. What is the meaning of Alcalde? 2. Where is Santiago de Cuba? 3. Locate the following Mexican states: Tabasco, Vera Cruz, Puebla, Tlascala and Mexico. 4. What is the modern name for the island of Hispaniola? THE EXPEDITIONS OF CORTES. Complete the Table from the text of Chapters II and III. NO. EXPLORER. SAILED FROM. DATE. HIGHEST POINT REACHED. DIS- COVERED. 1. Maldonado. jHurtado. 1 Mazuela. /^Becerra. \ Ximenez. ^Grixalva. Cortes. Ulloa. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. On Gulf of Cal- ifornia? 2. Coast of Lower California? 1. What Port? 2. What Island? CHAPTER III. THE SEVEN CITIES OF CIBOLA. Cortes had scarcely reached Mexico on his return from California, when the whole country became exceedingly interested in reported new discoveries in the interior of the continent. In 1537 Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and three companions, one of them a negro named Estevanico, made their appearance on the Pacific Coast and told a remarkable tale. They said that they belonged to an unfortunate expe- dition, which had in 1528 been conducted by Panfilo de Narvaez into Florida; that their leader and all his comrades, except themselves, had lost their lives; that they had man- aged to escape and, by pretending to be great medicine-men and performing a number of cures among the Indians, had found means to subsist and pass from tribe to tribe; and that, after wandering a distance of more than three thou- sand miles and for a period of upwards of nine years, they had reached the Pacific and thence came to Mexico. They affirmed that they had seen bags of silver and arrow-heads of emerald in abundance, and that they had passed nations^ and heard of others still further north, which possessed great cities and immense riches. Cabeza de Vaca's narrative induced a Franciscan friar of Culiacan in Sinaloa, named Father Marcos de Niza, to visit the nations of the interior, thus said to be so wealthy. He accordingly, in 1539, set out, with a number of Indian com- panions, and taking along the negro Estevanico as his guide, traveled for several months northward into what is now Nev/ (9) 1 DISCO VER Y AND EARLY VOYA GES. Mexico. There he heard of a country called Cibola, which contained seven great cities, lying close together and con- sisting of houses, several stories high, arranged in streets and having their portals adorned with turquoise stones. This news was brought him by messengers from Estevanico, who with most of the party had gone on in advance. As he traveled on, he heard more about the seven cities and their magnifi- cence, and also about three other great kingdoms, called Marata, Acus and Totonteac. But unfortunately, just as he was about to reach Cibola — which seems to have been the Zuhi country — he heard that Estevanico and all his com- panions had been seized by the inhabitants and put to death. THE PUEBLO OF ZUNI. [From photograph by Taber.] On the reception of this sad intelligence, Father Marcos was of course afraid to approach any nearer; but, being un- willing to retrace his steps without at least a glimpse of the place, of which he had heard so much, he ascended the sum- mit of a mountain and, looking down from it, beheld the famous cities in the distance. There were seven of them, as they had been described, lying not far apart, very similar to one another, consisting of high houses with flat roofs, seem- ingly built of stone and lime, and inhabited by a numerous and busy population. Being regularly laid out and white in color, they shone in the sunlight, so that the spectator had no THE SEVEN CITIES OF CIBOLA. H dilficulty in believing that their portals were adorned with precious stones. Upon getting back to the Spanish settle- ments, he sent to Mexico a description of all he had seen and a highly-colored account of all he had been told, adding also that the sea extended much further northward than was supposed and that there was a portion or arm of it not far from Cibola. The report of Father Marcos de Niza produced a fever of excitement throughout Mexico. Now, more than ever, it was supposed that all former discoveries and conquests in the new world would be cast in the shade, and that the dreams so long entertained of rich and populous nations — and it made little or no difference whether they were of India or some other country — would be realized. Not only was Cortes fully impressed with the general truth of all that was said and fully resolved to fit out a new expedition; but two rivals and competitors determined to do the same thing; for though Cortes had been named captain-general of New Spain, as Mexico was then called, and given the right to make discoveries and conquests in any other part of the new world, others claimed the same right. The first of these was Antonio de Mendoza, the viceroy, and the other was Pedro de Alvarado, a former lieutenant of Cortes, who was then governor of Guatemala. There was no other man in New Spain to compare with Cortes in energy; and, long before his rivals could get ready, he prepared three ships and dispatched them for the new EI Dorado. These he placed under the command of a trusted captain, named Francisco de Ulloa, who had been with him in California. His instructions were, as California was supposed to be an island and as Father Marcos de Niza had reported the sea or an arm of it to extend to the neigh- borhood of Cibola, to sail in that direction and keep within sight of the mainland all the way. Ulloa accordingly sailed 12 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. from Acapulco in July, 1539. He proceeded up the coast beyond the point previously reached and discovered the port, now known as Guaymas. where he landed and took posses- sion of the country, as was usual on such occasions. Again embarking with two ships, for one had been lost on the way, he sailed still further up the coast and soon noticed that there was land on both sides east and west. After going more than a hundred leagues and passing several islands, he found that the mountains on each side began to approach ]iearer and nearer; that the sea became shoal, and that its waters, which had been clear, began to grow thick and muddy. He ascended to the mast-head of his ship and, see- ing in the distant north that the lowlands from east and west stretched out towards each other, he satisfied himself that he could not advantageously sail any further in that direction. Being determined to turn round, TJlloa first landed and took possession as before. He then ran down along what proved to be the eastern shore of Lower California. It soon became evident that he was in a gulf; but he hoped and ex- pected to find an outlet, among the mountains on the west, to the ocean and then continue his voyage northward again in accordance with the instruction of Cortes. He, however, could discover no passage and, after several weeks' sailing, arrived at Santa Cruz, where he had been before. From there, after some detention, he resumed his voyage, still sail- ing south till he came to Cape San Lucas, the southern point of Lower California. This he doubled, and then ran up along the coast against cold northwesterly winds, keeping in sight of land all the way, until he came, on January 20, 1540, to a considerable island, now known as Cerros, which he called Cedros. There he landed and supplied his vessels with wood and water, after which he made several attempts to proceed further north. But each time he was driven back THE SEVEN CITIES OF CIBOLA. 13 by the northwest winds, wliich grew more and more violent and compelled him to remain at the island until April. By that time, many of liis companions had become dissat- isfied and insisted upon turning back. After some contro- versy, Ulloa finally consented that the larger of his ships might return; but, being determined to do his full duty, he courageously and manfully picked out the boldest and brav- est of the sailors; placed them in the smaller vessel, and with CASTILLO'S MAP OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. [Showing Cabo Del Engano and Ulloa's Route. From Veiiegas' " Noticia de la California," etc. The inscription on the map, half Latin and half Spanish, reads in English, " Domingo del Castillo, Pilot, made me in Mexico, in the year of the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ, 1541."] them, while the other :A\\\) turned southward before the wind, he again beat up against the northwesterly gales. But it seemed to be impossible for him to advance beyond a point, about thirty leagues north of Cerros island, which he called Cabo del Engano — the Cape of Deceit. By tliat time he found that his provisions would not last much longer, and he was compelled to abandon the further prosecution of his voyage northward. He accordingly turned south and fol- 14 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. lowed the other vessel as far as the coast of Jalisco, where he was basely assassinated by one of his own people. With this voyage ended Cortes' connection with Califor- nia. He failed to reach the best part of it or find any of its wealth. But he performed great and valuable services in its behalf. It was under his auspices that ships first breasted the waters of the Xorth Pacific; that the west coast of Mex- ico was minutely examined; that the gulf of California, which in his honor was long known as the sea of Cortes, was first made known to the civilized world; that the peninsula of Lower California was discovered and surveyed in almost its entire extent. His brilliant career in Mexico entitles him to a high rank among the conquerors of the earth; but it is in his Calif ornian expeditions that is to be found the best exhibition of his courage, his constancy and his forti- tude. In 1540, after learning the result of Ulloa's voyage, he returned to Spain for the purpose of obtaining some acknowledgment for the six hundred thousand dollars he had expended in recent expeditions. It seems to have been his intention, had he succeeded in Spain, to come back to America and resume his search in the northwest. But. though received, as before, with shows of honor, he was obliged to spend the remaining seven years of his life in vain solicitations. His great spirit fretted against his enforced inactivity, and he died, still unheard and unrequited, at a little village near Seville in December, 1547. SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. FOR THE PUPIL. (To be studied with the Teacher.) 1. From what place did the expedition led by Narvaez start? How was he equipped? At what point in Florida did he land? How did he become separated from his ships? THE SEVEN CITIES OF CIBOLA. 14 a IIow did he pursue his journey? Where and how did he lose his life? Where were a few of his men thrown ashore? From what point did they start on their wan- derings? What do you remember about Narvaez and Cortes? NOTE. — From the text you see how the experience of Cabeza de Vaca served to stimulate in the west the desire to explore the interior of the continent. It had the same effect in the east. 2. Who was authorized to conquer and occupy the country embraced within the patent of Narvaez? From what place did the expedition set out? When? How was it equipped? Where did it land? Trace briefly its wander- ings. Did he find any kingdoms worth plundering? What was the principal event of the expedition? What was the fate of its leader? In what famous conquest had he taken part? 3. In what way did expeditions into the interior of the conti- nent tend to correct the views commonly held as to a northwest passage? TO THE PUPIL. The following detached statements continue the story of The Conquest of ]Mexico. Tliey trace the career of Cortes from the commencement of his march upon Mexico until he captured the city. Combine them as you did the previous ones into sentences and the sentences into paragraphs. The para- graphs that 3'ou can form are indicated in the grouping of the statements. 1. When Cortes began his march to Mexico, his force con- sisted of 450 Spaniards. Many of them were clad in mail. He had half-a-dozen small cannon. He had fifteen horses. The horses terrified the natives. 2. At one place the Spaniards were received as gods. A fierce tribe, known as the Tlascalans, did not believe this and offered battle. The Spaniards defeated them. The Tlascalans then made an alliance with the Spaniards, They did this because the Aztecs were their enemies. The allies then 14b DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. inarched towards Mexico. The chief of one town attempted to entrap the Spaniards. He did not succeed in doing so. 3. The Spaniards first saw the City of Mexico, November 7, 1519. They entered it next day. When Cortes had been in the city six days, he seized Montezuma. An attempt was made to release him by his brother and two chiefs. Cortes captured them and put them in irons. The people did not know what to do while Montezuma was alive and in captivity. 4. The long winter passed in quiet. In April, Cortes heard that Panfilo de Narvaez had anchored on the coast with eighteen ships and not less than twelve hundred men. He had been sent by Velasquez with orders to arrest Cort§s. Cor- tes took three hundred men and marched at once to the Coast. He left one hundred and fifty men under Pedro de Alvarado to guard Montezuma and Mexico. He surprised, defeated and captured Narvaez. He enlisted the men in his service. He then marched back to Mexico. He arrived there the 24th of June. He saw at once that something terrible had happened while he had been away. 5. The Spaniards, left there, had massacred about six hun- dred of the people on the day of their spring festival. They had done so because they feared an attack. Many chiefs of clans were massacred. 6. As food was needed, Cortes released Montezuma's brother to open the markets. Instead of doing so, he called together the tribal council. It deposed Montezuma and elected him in his place. The Spaniards were fiercely attacked next morning. Montezuma tried to stop the attack. He could not. The people considered his authority gone. He was struck by a stone. He died on the last day of June. On the evening of the next day Cortes evacuated the city. The Indians fell upon his force in great numbers. It was a terrible night for him. It is known in history as "La Noche Triste — The Melancholy Night." Cortes wept. He did not for one moment, however, give up his purpose of taking Mexico. 7. In a few days the Indians attacked him in almost over- whelming force. He defeated them. He sent to Hispaniola for horses, cannon and soldiers. On April 28, 1521, he began the siege of Mexico. The fighting was incessant and terrible. At last, on the 13th of August, the city was captured. CHAPTER IV. CORONADO AND ALARCON. In the meanwhile An- tonio de Mendoza, the viceroy of New Spain, set on foot two separate armaments for the con- quest of Cibola, one to go by land and the other by sea. The first was placed under command of Francisco Vasquez d e Coronado, governor of Jalisco, who was ordered to follow the same course taken by Father Marcos de Niza. The second one was embarked upon ships and confided to Hernando de Alarcon, with instructions to sail along the coast as far as the lati- tude of Cibola and then co-operate with the land army in subjugating the country. Coronado marched from Culia- can on April 22, 1540, with one hundred and fifty horse- men and two hundred infantry, besides some light pieces of artillery. He proceeded in a nearly northerly direction over a bare and rough region, passing several small streams and crossing a number of barren mountains and dry arid plains, (15) ANTONIO DE MENDOZA, Viceroy. [From '* Los Gobernantes de Mexico."] 16 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. until in about a month he arrived at the far-famed seven cities. His imagination, as well as that of all his compan- ions had been raised to the highest pitch of enthusiasm by the account of what Father Marcos de Niza had seen from the mountain; but all they could find, upon actually ready- ing the place, were several small towns, cojisisting indeed of large houses, with flat roofs, but without splendor or beauty, and inhabited by only a few hundred people. The coun- try, however, was pleasant and the climate delightful. Tlie soil in the neighborhood, though generally sandy, was in places fruitful and bore Indian corn, beans and pumpkins in great abundance. The natives were clothed, some in well- dressed skins and some in cotton garments. But there was little or no civilization, and neither gold, nor silver, nor tur- quoise, nor precious stones of any kind were to be seen. Disappointed thus in not finding what he sought, Coro- nado proceeded northeastwardly and, traveling a week or two longer and passing a number of other towns of the same gen- eral character as those he had left, reached a large river, which flowed towards the gulf of Mexico. It was in fact what is now known as the Eio Grande. The plains along this river were covered with buif aloes in such immense herds as to be absolutely innumerable. In that neighborjiood he heard of a rich country still further north, which was called Quivira and said to be governed by a king named Tatarrax, who wore a long beard, adored a golden cross and wor- shiped an image of the queen of heaven. It is not at all likely that Coronado, after what he had experienced, be- lieved this story. But still it excited his curiosity and in- duced him to search it out. Accordingly, taking along thirty horsemen and leaving the main body of his army where he then was, he set out for the far north. He trav- eled continuously for thirty days more, and during all the time was constantly surrounded by bands of bufl'aloes. At CO RON ADO AND ALAR CON. 17 lengtli he readied Quivira, wliicli seems to liave been situ- ated in the nei«j^hborlio()d of tlie Arkansas river and not far from tlie middle of the present state of Kansas. But though it exceeded Cibola in the fame of its magnitude and wealth, it now on examination proved quite as poor and inconsiderable; and there was nothing to indicate any king or golden cross or image of the queen of heaven in the whole country. MAP INDICATING PIONEER ROUTES. Cabeza de Vaca Coronado »-«- Marcos de Niza Alarcon < - 1 - By the time he had examined the neighborhood in differ- ent directions, the season was considerably advanced and Coronado resolved to hasten back. He therefore hurriedly set up a cross and inscription, commemorating his progress, and then, as rapidly as possible, retraced his steps to where he had left his main army. A few of his people, however, including Father Juan de Padilla, Father Luis de Esca- lona and a negro priest, had become so fascinated with the beautiful diversity of rolling hills, plains and streams • at Quivira that they determined to remain. T^nfortunately 18 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES, they kept with them a horse, a few mules, sheep and poultry and some ornaments, which so tempted the cupidity of the Quivirans that they soon afterwards despoiled and killed them all, except one, a Portuguese, who managed to escape and carry the melancholy intelligence of the massacre to the Spanish settlements. Coronado meanwhile, having rejoined his army, wintered on the Kio Grande river and the next year returned to New Sj^ain. His march was one of the longest, most difficult and most admirably conducted land expeditions of the old heroic Spanish days. On May 9, 1510, less than a month after Coronado marched from Culiacan, Alarcon sailed with two ships from Acapulco. He proceeded, in accordance with instructions, up along the coast to the head of the gulf of California. There, being brought to a stop by the shallowness of the water, he manned two small boats and on August 26 rowed into the mouth of a large river, which he named the Buena Guia but which has since been, and is now, known as the Colorado. This he ascended, in some places dragging his boats up against the strong current, and entered into inter- course with the Indians upon its banks. After tlius advanc- ing a considerable distance, he learned that Cibola was thirty days' journey to the eastward of where he was, and that Coronado and his army were then there. He immedi- ately tried to find means to communicate with them; but no one was willing to undertake the long and dangerous jour- ney across the country. . He thereupon returned to his ships and brought up all his small boats and as many of his men as they could carry, intending to march them in a body and effect the desired junction. But after many endeavors, find- ing that he could not hear anything further of Coronado, he at length gave up the attempt; and, a second time drop- ping down the river, he re-embarked in his vessels and returned to Acapulco. To him is due the discovery and CORONADO AND ALARCON. 19 part navigation of the Colorado river. He is also entitled to the praise of having distributed among the natives various European seeds and poultry. But so little did the results of his voyage satisfy the exorbitant expectations of the viceroy Mendoza that, upon his return, he found himself disgraced or at least neglected; and this unworthy treatment so wor- ried and preyed upon his spirits that he soon after- wards died. About the time of Alarcon's return, and while Coronado was still absent at Cibola and Qui- vira, Pedro de Al\^arado collected a great fleet at Navidad. He had twelve ships and several smaller vessels, well furnished with provisions. He had entered into a compact with Mendoza, by the terms of which all new discoveries and conquests were to be at their joint expense and for their mutual benefit. The two visited the fleet together and made arrangements that everything should be in readiness to sail in the spring of 1541. But it happened, as the appointed time approached, that an insurrection broke out among the Indians in the upper part of Jalisco; and, it being important that the province which was to constitute the base of their operations sliould be secure, Alvarado marched a portion of his forces into the rebellious region. While conducting an attack upon a rocky eminence where the insurgents had PEDRO DE ALVARADO. [From "Das Alte Mexiko."] 20 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. fortified themselves, he was struck by an innnense stone rolled down the declivity, thrown from liis horse and so severely bruised that he died in four days afterwards. By his death the fleet, which remained at Navidad, lost its leader; and, there being no one to take his place, the recruits disbanded and the ships lay idle at their moorings. Nor was it until the next year that these vessels were put to any use, when Mendoza, after quelling the disturbance in Jalisco, took charge of them. He, besides sending five across the Pacific to the Philippine islands, dispatched two under command of a Portuguese navigator of great reputa- tion, named Juan Eodriguez Cabrillo, to California, with specific instructions to continue the examination of its out- ward coast beyond what had already been ascertained. What was known of California at that time was deline- ated on an admirable map of the peninsula, with the gulf on one side and the ocean on the other as far north as Cabo del Engafio. This map had been drawn in 1541 by Domingo del Castillo, the chief pilot of Alarcon's expedition. He had evidently had access to the charts of Ulloa, for he not only gave the names of many places imposed by that navi- gator, but also outlined the coasts that had up to that time been visited by no one else. In the shape and size of the peninsula, in the position of its headlands, bays and neigh- boring islands, and in the relative distances of noticeable points, he was surprisingly accurate. And this is all the more remarkable, Avhen taken in connection with the fact that, for many years afterwards, the new maps that were made were not nearly so correct. Almost all of them for a century and upwards persisted in representing California as an island and for more than two centuries gave it a much distorted form. CORONADO AND ALARCON. 20 a SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. TO THE TEACHER. It is sug-g-ested that the pupil be not required at this time to remember the names of any Indian tribes, except those that they will name in answer to the fifth question. If later in the study of the "History of the United States," any tribe becomes of his- torical interest, attention can be called to the stock or race to which it belongs. In this way the pupil will ultimately not only know the principal stocks or races, but the important tribes that belong to each, without having- made any special effort to do so. FOR THE PUPIL. (To be studied with the Teacher.) If 3'ou have any difficulty in answering- the questions below, refer to Chapter I, Fiske's "History of the United States." 3. Name the three principal g-roups of Indians as they existed in North and South America in 1492. 2. Name one of the tribes representing the division living to the west of Hudson's Bay and southwardly between the Eocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast as far as the northern parts of Mexico. 3. Name the three stocks or races living east of the Rocky Mountains. 4. Where was the home of the remaining division? 5. Name two tribes of this division that are of most interest to us, and tell where they live, f). Of the three principal groups of Indians referred to in the first question, which wove excellent baskets? Which made pottery, or ornamental pipes or, in case of some tribes, coarse cloth? Fine cotton and woolen cloths were made by a tribe of which group? Which group had dogs? Which group had the llama and alpaca? Which lived in wigwams? Which in villages, with houses fitted to last some years and large enough to hold from thirty to fifty families? Which in pueblos? What two mean- ings has the word Pueblo? 20b DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 7. Compare the three groups as to their progress in agricul- ture, government, religion, or in any important particu- lars. 8. In a short paragraph, tell what you can of the ancient Indians east of the Rocky Mountains. REFERENCES. A translation from the narrative of Juan Jaramillo, who has left the best itinerarj^ of the expedition of Coronado, is selection No. 24 — "First Expedition to Kansas and Nebraska" — in Hart's "American History told by Contemporaries," Vol. I. It is republished from the "Fourteenth Annual Report" of the Bureau of Ethnology. It is recommended that the pupils read the selection, or that the teacher read it to them, making running comment upon it. McMaster's "School History of the United States." "A New History of the United States," Scudder. CHAPTER V. CABRILLO. Juan Rodriguez Ca- brillo sailed from Navi- dad on June 27, 1543. His two ships were named respectively the San Sal- vador and the A^ictoria. On July 2 he readied Santa Craz in Lov/er Cal- ifornia. Passing thence around Cape San Lucas, he ran northwesterly along the coast, carefully examining it all the way, till on August 20 he ar- rived at Cabo del En- gaiio, now called Cabo Bajo, the most northerly point on that coast reached by Ulloa or known to the Spaniards. From that place he sailed into untraversed waters. The first place he stopped at was what is now known as Las Virgines, where he anchored and went through the form of taking possession of the country; and he did the same at the bay of Todos los Santos. Leaving this place, he passed the Coronados islands and at the end of September, 1542, entered the port of San Diego, called by (21) JUAN RODRIGUEZ CABRILLO. [From Art CoUection in Golden Gate Park San Francisco.] 22 DISCOVERY A^'D EARLY VOYAGES. him San Miguel, and thus became the discoverer of Alta California and the first white man that laid his eyes or placed his feet upon its soil. After a short stay at San Diego, Cabrillo sailed on and discovered and visited the islands of San Clemente and Santa Catalina. Turning thence to the mainland, he anchored opposite an Indian town on the coast, where the natives came out to his ships in numerous canoes, for which reason he called the place Pueblo de las Canoas; and there again he went through the formalities of taking possession of the country. This place seems to have been at or near what is now known as San Juan Capistrano. Pursuing his voyage northwestwardly, he discovered the islands of Santa Cruz, Santa Kosa and San Miguel, and, sailing up the chan- nel between them and the mainland, found the coast along there to be charming and populous. At one place, opposite a beautiful valley, he anchored and traded with the natives, who came out in their canoes with fresh fish. But when he reached the long, low projection of Point Concepcion, the northwesterly winds blew so violently that he deemed it pru- dent to run out to sea; and for a number of days he beat off and on, without being able to make head against them. In the meanwhile the temperature fell; the weather became dark and lowering, and the storm increased to such a degree that he was compelled to run back some forty leagues and take shelter in a little port named Sardinas, in what was called by the natives the province of Sejo. It appears to have been at or not far from the present Santa Barbara. While there he was visited by an aged Indian woman, said to be the lady of the land, who remained for several days on board his ship. She was attended by many of her people; and it appears they all danced there to the sound of the Spanish pipe and tambour. From Sardinas, after replenishing his stock of wood and CABRILLO. 23 water, and tlie weather meanwhile moderating, Cabrillo again sailed to Point Concepcion, wliieh he doubled, and thence proceeded along the coast northwestwardly. It was in general rough and rock-bound. On November 17 he reached and doubled a })rominent and well-wooded point, then named and still called Point Pinos, and ran into what was afterwards called Monterey Bay. There he anchored and attempted to land, with the object of taking possession. POINT OF PINES. [From Sketch, made by W. B. McMurtrie In 1851, five miles S. % W. (by compass) from Point. Published in U. S. Coast Survey Chart of Monterey Uarbor, 1852.] but was prevented by the violence of the sea. Again pro- ceeding still further northwest along a rugged coast with high mountains, whose summits happened to be covered with snow, he reached Point Afio Nuevo, which he called Nieve. He was now, had he only known it, almost within sight of the grandest harbor in the world; but, the weather continuing stormy and the prospect gloomy, he turned around and ran down to the most westerly of the Santa Bar- ])ara islands, now known as San ]\rigucl though named by him Posesion, where he disembarked and determined to win- ter. And there, on January 3, 1543, he died, leaving Bar- tolome Ferrelo, his chief ])ilot, in command of the expedi- tion, with strict injunctions to continue his discoveries and examine the entire coast as far as it was possible to follow it. 24 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. Ferrelo, having buried his dead commander on the island and given it the name of Juan Rodriguez in commem- oration of the sad event;, set sail for the mainland; but, find- ing the northwesterly winds still violent, he was compelled to return, and remained there until the middle of February. He then sailed for Sardinas, but found that all the Indians, apparently on account of the advance of the season, had dis- appeared from the coast. The sea also continued rough, making the anchorage unsafe; so that he deemed it prudent to turn about and run down to the island of San Clementc, which offered a better shelter against the rigor of the storm. After a short stay at that place, he ran out in a southwest- erly direction in search of other islands; but, the winds sud- denly changing and blowing strong from the southward, he determined to take advantage of them and sailed northwest- ward. On February 25, he came again in sight of Point Pinos, which, however, he passed without stopping. He was carried along with such speed that on February 28 he discovered a very prominent point, which, in honor of the viceroy Mendoza, he called Cape Mendocino, the name which it still bears. There, the winds increasing to a violent gale, Ferrelo experienced such tumultuous blasts and heavy seas that the waves dashed over the ships; and, without being able to land or find shelter, he was driven to the northward in great risk and fear of being AVTCcked. There were signs of the coast not far off; but the fog was so thick that he could not see, except a very short distance before him. On "March 1, the fog partially lifted, and he discovered Cape Blanco in the southern part of what is now Oregon. By this time, finding his provisions nearly gone and what were left more or less damaged, he felt compelled to turn again and ran southeasterly for San Clemerite, where he intended to make another stay. But upon approaching that island CABRILLO, 26 in the night, the Victoria suddenly disappeared. Ferrelo, believing it lost yet deeming it his duty, without stopping., to make immediate search for it, sailed at once for the main- land and then down to San Diego, to Todos los Santos, to Las Virgines, and to Cerros island, where he arrived on March 24 and happily found the Victoria ahead of him. That little vessel, as it now appeared, had run over the rocks into the port of San Clemente on the night of separation and afterwards, not being able to find the San Salvador, had pur- sued its voyage alone as far as Cerros. From this place the two ships departed on April 2, sorely in want of provisions, and on April 18, after an absence of nearly a year, safely re-entered the port of Navidad. Thus to Cabrillo belongs the honor of the discovery of Alta California and to him, in connection with his pilot Ferrelo, the credit of sailing along its entire coast and ascer- taining its general shape and character. Tlie nature of his expedition; the inadequacy of his little vessels, the smaller of them not even having a deck; the rigid season in which he executed his voyage; the fortitude displayed and the suc- cess attained — all stamp him as a daring and intrepid, as well as a careful and prudent, navigator. His death in the midst of his undertaking imparts a melancholy interest to his memory; and the touching solicitude for the prosecution of his enterprise, exhibited in his dying injunctions to Fer- relo, justifies posterity in rendering the tribute of admira- tion to the heroic sense of duty which must have animated him. SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. TO TlIK PUPIL. 1. Make a list of the places on the coast of California at which Cabrillo or his chief pilot touched. Locate them on the map of California contained in your g-eography. CHAPTER VI. THE PHILIPPINE TRADE. The information acquired by Cabrillo dissipated any hopes, that may have remained in the minds of the Span- iards, of finding India or even a second Mexico or Peru on the northwest coast. No indications of wealth could be seen; the miserable natives wore no ornaments of gold or sil- ver or precious stones, and there were no exhibitions in the remotest degree pointing to rich kingdoms to be searched out or barbaric splendor to be won. Though the adven- turers, in beating up along the sea-board, noticed the beauty of the country where they could see inland and caught glimpses here and there of some of its delightful valleys, and though they could not have failed to observe, notwith- standing the winds to which they were sometimes exposed, the general equability of the temperature and the glories of the climate, they could not appreciate such advantages, be- cause these were not what they sought. The country was remote; and, as it promised nothing to tempt the cupidity or satisfy the avarice of the Spaniards, no further attention^ perhaps, would have been paid to California, had it not been for other interests springing up in an entirely dilTerent sec- tion of the globe, thousands of miles away. The interests referred to were those of the commerce growing out of the opening of a western passage from Spain to the spice islands of the East Indies and the establishment of the Spanish supremacy in the neighboring Philippines. The Portuguese had already taken possession of Ternate and (26) THE PHILIPPINE TRADE. 27 Tidore, having reached them by the way of the Cape of Good Hope, when Magellan, in the course of his navigation across the Pacific, discovered the Islas de Poniente or Islands of the Setting Sun, afterwards called the Philippines, which he claimed in the name and for the benefit of the Spanish crown. Here at last was not only accomplished the sublime idea, originally conceived by Columbus and always deemed of paramount importance by the Spanish court, of reaching Asia by sailing to the west; but here was also afforded to the Spaniards an opportunity of effecting a lodgment in, and maintaining a claim to, the famous and much-sought East Indies, Nor were they backward in taking advantage of it. Hardly had Magellan's discovery been announced, when sev- eral fleets were sent to follow his course and prosecute the Spanish claims in that quarter. In these objects all Span- iards took an interest, and for these purposes they were lavish of their treasure and their blood. After many expeditions had been despatched, immense sums of money expended, and great numbers of lives lost, Miguel Lopez de Legaspi succeeded in 1565 in establishing the Spanish supremacy and imposing the Spanish sway upon the Philippine islands. And no sooner had this result been effected, than that extensive trade across the Pacific by means of Spanish galleons began, which continued for over two hundred years: enriched the Spanish treasury, and materially aided in making the Spanish nation for a time the wealthiest and most powerful in the world. In 1566 a galleon, called the San Geronimo, the pioneer in this busi- ness, was sent out from Mexico; and the next year one of Legaspi's vessels returned thither. The navigation, thus commenced, soon ceased to be regarded as extraordinary and in a few years, as tlie winds and currents of tlie Pacific became better known, communication became frequent and regular. The annual galleons out from Mexico carried 28 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES, men, arms, unscrupulousness, chicanery and administrative ability; returning, they brought spices, silks, oriental treas- ures, jewels and gems. Why was there a struggle between the Portuguese and the Spaniards in reference to the East Indies? And why did the Philippine trade take the way of America, instead of the Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope? The answer to these questions is a curious and interesting one. It was on account of the respect paid by both nations to the au- thority of the pope. The Portuguese, when about initiating their voyages of discovery along the coast of Africa in search of a way to the Orient had solicited and obtained from the Roman pontiff a grant, so far at least as he could make one, of all the countries that should be discovered in the ocean as far as India, inclusive. Afterwards, when Columbus by sailing west discovered those islands of America, which he and all the world supposed to be a part of India, and took possession of them for the crown of Castile, a contest as to their title immediately arose between the Portuguese and Span- iards; and the result was a reference to the power, upon whose donation the Portuguese founded their claims. Alex- ander VI., then occupying the papal chair, unwilling to offend either party and apparently deeming the world wide SPANISH GALLEON. [From " Les Marins du XV. et du XVI. Sifecles."] THE PHILIPPINE TRADE. 29 enough for both, divided it between them and drew the famous line of demarcation north and south one hundred leagues west of the Cape de Verde and Azores islands, giving the Portuguese all east and the Spaniards all west of it. This line was afterwards, in 1494, at t!ie instance of the Portuguese, fixed by treaty two hundred and seventy leagues further west. So far all w^ent well. The Portuguese pursued their dis- coveries towards the east and took possession of everything they could master in that direction; w^hile the Spaniards did the same towards the west. But they met in the East Indian archipelago; and there the old strife was renewed. When Magellan discovered the Philippines, the Portuguese claimed them to be within their half of the world, while the Spaniards insisted to the contrary. Charts and maps were produced and longitudes calculated; but it was found that, to arrive at anything like a settlement of the line in that part of the world, it was necessary to ascertain the j)recise position of the line in the Atlantic, from which the count was to be made. Here a new difficulty presented itself. The Portuguese claimed it was three hundred and seventy leagues west of the most easterly of the Cape de Verde islands; the Spaniards that it was to be calculated from the most westerly. But, instead of resorting to the pope on this occasion, both nations agreed to refer the dispute to a convention of Spanish and Portuguese lawyers and cosmog- raphers, who met at Badajoz on the borders of Spain and Portugal in 1524. The result, as might have been antici- pated, was a disagreement. The Spanish judges decided in favor of Spain; and the Portuguese protested — thus leaving the question of title in the East Indies, as between the two nations, a fruitful source of long and bitter contention. In addition to the rights of discovery east and west thus insisted upon, the same two nations also claimed the rights so DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. of exclusive navigation — the Portuguese oi the route east- ward around Africa, and the Spaniards of that westward by the way of America. Each, asserting such monstrous claims, felt itself obliged to pay a certain sort of respect to those of the other. And thus it was that not only the ti^le of Spain to her American and East Indian provinces rested upon the assumed power of Pope Alexander VI. to give them MAP ILLUSTRATING LINE OF DEMARCATION. away; but it followed, as a consequence from such assump- tion and the division of the world in accordance with it, that the Spaniards were excluded from the Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope, and their commerce with the East Indies was compelled to cross the Pacific. What had all this to do with California? The answer is: a very great deaL It was soon found that the prevailing winds and currents of the ocean between America and Asia, while they favored a course within the tropics for vessels westward bound, rendered a much more northerly course almost a matter of necessity for their return. It was for THE PHILIPPINE TRADE. 31 this reason that the richly freighted galleons from the Phil- ippines, upon leaving those islands, ran up heyond the tropics; then, taking advantage of the westerly winds and Japan current, crossed over to about Cape ^lendocino, and from there ran down along the coast of California to Mexico and thence to Panama. The commerce so established pro- duced three results very important to California. First, it attracted the attention of English privateers, who lost no favorable opportunity of depredating upon the Spanish colonies and trade. Secondly, it occasioned a renewal of the search for the straits, which were long supposed to con- nect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans to the north of Amer- ica. And thirdly, it rendered the occupation and as far as practicable the defence of the Californian coast, along which the Philippine galleons were obliged to pass, a matter of very considerable concern. SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. TO THE PUPIL. 1. In what way did the information acquired by Cabrillo dissi- pate the idea, that had been entertained by the Span- iards, that they were upon the threshold of India? 2. If it had not been for interests springing- np in an entirely different part of the globe, would any further attention have been paid to California? 3. What interests are referred to? 4. What nation first reached India by an ocean route? 5. When, by whom, and in what direction, was the voyage made? 6. Were the Philippines cast or west of the line of demarca- tion antipodal to the meridian 370° west of the Cape de Verde islands? 31 a DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 7. If the authority of the pope had been respected, as to the division of the world between the Portuguese and the Spanish, to which nation did the Moluccas belong"? The Philippines? 8. To what nation do the Moluccas now belong? The Philip- pines? The island west of, and the archipelago to the southwest of, the Philippines? 9. Which of the Philippine islands is of the greatest impor- tance? What city on its western coast? 10. Name five commercial products of the Philippines. 11. Is the fiber known as manila hemp true hemp fiber? Is it obtained from a tree or a plant? From what portion? How long is the fiber? What makes it cheap? From what plant is the fiber knowH as henequin or sisal hemp mainly derived? Why is it called sisal hemp? Have you ever seen a species of the plant from which this fiber is derived? What drink do the Mexicans make from a species of it? Locate Sisal in Yucatan, also Merida and Progresso. Which has the greater tenacity and endur- ance, a rope made of manila hemp or one of sisal? Which is the cheaper? 12. Why is a place where rope is made called a ropewalk? Have 3^ou ever read Longfellow's poem, "The Eopewalk"? If you have not, do so. REFERENCES. Chisholm's "Handbook of Commercial Geography," p. 138. Romero's "Geographical and Statistical Notes on Mexico," p. 49. FOR THE PUPIL. (To be studied with the Teacher.) The answers to the questions below are obtainable from Fiske's "The Discovery of America," Vol. 11. The figures after the questions indicate the images of the volumes where the answers can be found. After having carefully answered each question in a complete sentence, combine your sentences into a paragraph. The heading — The First Circumnavigation of the Earth — might be given to the paragraph. THE PHILIPPINE TRADE. 31 b 1. Of what country was Magellan a native?— 184. 2. When, with how many men and ships, from what po t, and in whose sei-vice, was he when he sailed on his voyage of circumnavigation of the globe? — 191-192. 3. Give briefly the route of the voyage and some particulars of it. Include in your statement the first place touched after leaving port; the first place touched on the Brazil- ian coast; why the mouth of the La Plata was investi- gated; why he remained on the Patagonian coast from March 31 until August 24; what year it was; the date of the discovery of the Straits of Magellan; the course taken in the Pacific; and the first group of islands dis- covered.— 193-204. 4. When did he reach the islands since named the Philippines? —209. 5. W^hen, where and how did he lose his life?— 205-206. 6. How many of his men and ships returned to tell the story of the first circumnavigation of the earth? When? — 210. 7. As an achievement in ocean navigation, how does the voyage of Magellan compare with the first voyage of Columbus? Can you imagine anything that would surpass Magellan's REFERENCES. A translation of the bull of Alexander VI. from the Latin into black-letter English is selection No. 18 — "Papal Bull Divid- ing the New World" — In Hart's "American History told by Con- temporaries," Vol. I. It is given in Latin and English, Ap- pendix B, in Fiske's "The Discovery of America." CHAPTER VII. DRAKE AND NEW ALBION. The jGirst, the boldest and the ablest of the English adventurers, who preyed upon the Spanish commerce and settle- ments on the Pacific, was Francis Drake. He was born, within sight of the ocean, near Tavistock in Devonshire, and from very early years took to the sea. After several voy- ages across the Atlantic to the West Indies, in which he had many ad- ventures and acquired a lasting hatred of the Spaniards, he resolved to fit out a privateering expedition and attack them in the Pa- cific. It was a project of the most daring character; but he evidently knew what lie was about; and, when he got to work making his preparations, he found many prominent persons in England, even including Queen Elizabeth herself, to en- courage and covertly contribute to his enterprise. He sailed from Plymouth, England, on December 13, 1577, with five small vessels and one hundred and sixty-four (32) SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. [From portrait by William Sharp, after Miraveldt, in Supervisors' Chamber, San Francisco.] DRAKE AND NEW ALBION. 33 men. At Port St. Julien, on the eastern coast of Patagonia, where he stopped for a while, he reduced the number of his vessels to three, with which he sailed into the straits of Magellan; and, after a long and tedious passage, in the course of which both his attendant vessels separated from him and returned home, he ran out into the Paciiic. Con- trary winds drove him southward for some distance; and he discovered that the land south of Magellan's straits was an island or group of islands, at the extremity of which the Atlantic and Pacific oceans met; but, with constant atten- tion and able seamanship, he at length succeeded in beating up to northward and reached the Spanish settlements along the coasts of Chile and Peru. He had now but a single ves- sel, of only one hundred tons burden, the name of which he had changed from that of the Pelican to that of the Golden Hind. But, notv\dthstanding this apparently inadequate force, he resolutely attacked the Spaniards in various places; seized and plundered several of their vessels between Val- paraiso and Arica, and near Panama fought with and cap- tured a richly laden ship, called the Cacafuego, from which he took gold, silver, jewels and precious stones valued at three hundred and sixty thousand dollars. From there, he sailed up along the coast, taking several vessels carrying spices, silks and velvets, and at one place landed and seized still more gold, silver and jewels. He then, being laden with spoil, began to think of returning to England. In common with nearly everybody else of his time, he believed in the existence of a passage to the north of America; and he now resolved to seek it and find his way through it into the xVtlantic and thence back to Plymouth. He accordingly ran far out into the ocean and then turned towards the pole; but, after sailing for two months and finding the weatlior growing rougher and rougher and the seas more and more boisterous as he advanced, and his 34 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES, heavily laden ship being ill-adapted for buffeting the con- stant head-winds, he thought proper to give up the search for the supposed straits and make for land, which he sighted near Cape Blanco in about latitude 43°, the furthest point northward reached by Ferrelo in 1543. From there, turning southward and running down the coast for a stop- ping place, he passed the long, projecting promontory of Point Eeyes, on the south side of which he discovered "a MAP OF DRAKE'S BAY. [From Survey of the Rancho "Punta de los Reyes," approved by U. S. Sur- veyor-General, November 5, 1859.] convenient and fit harbor," now known as Drake's bay; and there he came to anchor on June 17, 1579. At this place he landed, set up a sort of fortification on the shore and remained thirty-six days. During that period, which it required to draw up his ship upon the beach and thoroughly clean, repair and refit it, he had sev- eral interviews with the natives. They were of very low grade, and seemed to take the English for superior brings. They approached with apparent reverence, bearing offerings of feather-ornaments, net-work, bows, arrows and quivers, DRAKE AND NEW ALBION. 35 skins of small animals, baskets of roots, seeds and other wild food, and little bags of what they called "tabah," probably something like wild tobacco. Drake, to disabuse their minds of the idea that the English were gods, caused relig- ious services, according to the English episcopal ritual, to be performed in their presence, in which he and all his men knelt and joined in prayers, thus indicating that they were all but creatures of the one, only. Everlasting God. After prayers, psalms were sung; and with the music the Indians were especially delighted. On the subsequent June 26, the natives, apparently from the entire region round about, collected in con- siderable numbers for the seeming purpose of doing honor to the strangers, and were marshaled by a tall, well- knit and finely-formed man, whom Drake supposed to ])e their chief or king. This person wore an exquisite head- dress and a mantle of squirrel or rabbit skins, which was thrown over his shoulders and hung down to his waist. He was accompanied, as is said, by a hundred warlike attend- ants. Before him marched a man bearing a stick of black wood four or five feet long, to which were attached two wreaths or crowns of net-work and feathers, three long strings of wampum or shell-work and a bag of tabah. This the English understood to be the royal mace or scepter. After him followed a multitude of men, entirely naked, with their long hair gathered at the back of the head and pinned with plumes or single feathers. All had their faces painted, some with white, some with black, some with other colors; and each bore a present. In the rear came the women and children, also bearing gifts. Upon getting near the camp, the scepter-bearer delivered an oration in a loud voice and then began a song and dance, in which the chief, or hioh as he was called, and all his attendants joined. Thus, singing and dancing, but with the utmost gravity, they approached 36 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. the camp; and, after several turns around it, they addressed themselves to Drake at great length and in such a manner that he seems to have supposed they offered him their prov- ince, resigned their right and title to the country and made themselves and their posterity vassals to the English crown. They appear in fact to have placed a featlier-crown upon his head, to have thrown about his neck their strings of wam- pum, saluted him with the name of "hioh," and then broken out into a song and dance of so loud and lively a character that it was deemed one of triumph. The whole ceremony appears to have been nothing more than an expression of desire on the part of the Indians to make the English commander a chief amongst them, includ- ing his investiture with the honors and dignities of the sta- tion. The English could not understand their language, nor was it possible for the Indians to communicate the ideas of dominion or vassalage, which were beyond their experi- ence or knowledge. On the other hand, the English in gen- eral knew nothing of the Indian tribal regulations; but, bringing with them only their experience of European insti- tutions, they supposed the country to be a kingdom and the head-man of one of its numerous rancherias to be its king. Whatever Drake's own personal opinion as a man of broad observation and wide experience may have been as to the real meaning of their actions, he was not disposed to neglect so favorable an opportunity of construing them into a ten- der of the sovereignty of a vast territory, which might at some day be of value and importance to his nativx* land; and accordingly he willingly accepted the supposed scepter, crown, and royal dignity and took formal possession of the country in the name of Queen Elizabeth for the use and benefit of the English nation. Before re-embarking, Drake and a number of his com- pany made a short excursion inland. They found the coun- DRAKE AND NEW ALBION. 37 try there very different from the barren shore. Its green slopes were covered with thousands of deer and ahnost infinite numbers of small burrowing animals, probably ground squirrels, but called by the English conies. The weather also was much more pleasant than on the immediate coast. The excursion being necessarily made on foot, extended only a few miles. Some of the pine woods back of Point Reyes, and perhaps some of the redwood forests, and it may be some of the sheltered valleys, were seen. But there were no wide or distant views; and so the English under Drake, like the Spaniards under Cabrillo, though within less than a days travel of the most spacious and magnificent bay in the world, had no idea of its existence. Being now ready to sail, Drake set up, by way of memo- rial of his having been there and taken possession of the country, a large post, firmly planted, upon which he caused to be nailed a plate of })rass, engraven with the name of the English queen, the day and year of his arrival, the voluntary submission of the country by both king and people to Eng- lish sovereignty, and, underneath all, his own name. Fas- tened to the plate was an English sixpence of recent coin- age, so placed as to exhibit her majesty's likeness and arms. At the same time, partly on account of the possession so taken, but more especially because of "the white banks and cliffs, which lie towards the sea," Drake named the country New Albion — the word Albion meaning white and being also sometimes used as a name of England. He supposed him- self to be its discoverer and was not aware that thirty-six years previous the Spaniards had passed along the same coast and anticipated him. On July 23, after many ceremonies of a religious charac- ter, singing of psalms and taking farewell of the sorrowing natives, he stood out to sea. As liis ship pursued its course and lessened in the distance, the Indians ran to the tops of 38 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. their hills to keep it in view as long as possible and lighted iires, which indicated, long after they themselves could be distinguished from the vessel, that they were still watch- ful and were still doubt- less turning their strain- ing eyes and uplifted arms towards the depart- ing strangers. The next morning, Drake found himself near the Faral- lones, called by him the islands of St. James, at one of which he stopped and killed seals and birds. He then ran directly for the East Indies, and from there sailed by the way of the Indian ocean and around the Cape of Good Hope to England, arriv- ing at Plymouth with all his treasures on Septem- ber 26, 1580, after an ab- sence of nearly three years. His great exploit, one of the most remarkable ever accomplished, rendered him famous throughout the civilized world. Four months after his re- turn he was knighted and thus became Sir Francis Drake; and the queen, to do him special honor, dined on board his ship. PRAYER-BOOK CROSS. [Erected in Golden Gate Park, San Fran Cisco, in commemoration of Christian serv ices at Drake's Bay in 1579.] SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. TO THE PUPIL. 1. In what part of England is Plymouth? 2. Who sailed from that port for the Atlantic coast of America, September 16, 1020? DRAKE AND NEW ALBION. 3g a 3. In what direction from Plymouth is Tavistock? 4. In what year did Queen Elizabeth ascend the English throne? How long- did she reign? 5. In what respect does the motive that Drake had in making his voyage differ from that of Cabrillo? 6. Of what was he in search when he reached Cape Blanco? 7. Ho^v many years after the discovery of Drake's Bay was the battle of Bunker Hill fought? 8. In what direction from the Ciolden Gate are the Farallones? 9. Of what county are they a part? 10. What use is made of them by the United States Govern- ment? MEMOEIZE. Sir Francis Drake made the second circumnavigation of the globe, 1577-1580. He discovered Drake's Ba,y, June 17, 1579. He held the first Christian service in the English tongue on our coast. EEFERENCES. In connection with this chapter you should read selection No. 30 — "The Famous Voyage of Sir Francis Drake about the Whole Globe," also No. 31 — "The Piety of a Sea Rover," in Hart's "American History told by Contemporaries," Vol. I. 1. Of what advantage will it be to you to read these docu- ments? 2. Why are such sources of value to historians? SUBJECTS FOK ORAL DISCUSSION OR WRITTEN EXERCISES. The effect of Drake's voyage upon the geographical knowl- edge of North America. A description of Drake's Bay. 38 b DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. The Prayer Book Cross in Golden Gate Park. 1. In commenioration of what? 2. Why placed in Golden Gate Park instead of at Drake's Bay? 3. Its location, the view from it, etc. 4. The material of its construction. 5. Something of the man who presented it. NOTE. — The inscription upon the cross is as follows: "Presented to Golden Gate Park at the opening- of the Mid- winter Fair, January 1, A. D. 1894, as a memorial of the service held on the shore of Drake's Bay about Saint John Baptist's Day, June 24, Anno Domini 1579, by Francis Fletcher, priest of the Church of England, chaplain of Sir Francis Drake, chronicler of the service. Gift of George W. Childs, Esquire, of Philadelphia. "First Christian service in the English tongue on our coast. First use of the Book of Common Pray^er in our coun- try. One of the first recorded missionarj'^ prayers on our con- tinent. Soli Deo sit semper gloria." The last sentence of the above inscription is in Latin, and means "To the only God, let there be glorj- forever." If there is some place of historic interest in the State, in which you are particularly interested, but which you can not visit, write to the Superintendent of Public Schools of the County in which it is situated, and ask him to give you the names of some school children, who would write you about it. You should also offer to describe something in jour neighbor- hood, in which they might be interested but could not visit. CHAPTER VIIL CAVENDISH, WOODES KOCJEKS, AND SHELVOCKE. The fame and par- ticularly the wealth ac- quired by Drake induced an English gentleman, named Thomas Caven- dish, to follow in his wake not long afterwards. He sailed from Ply- mouth on July 21, 1586, with three small vessels and one hundred and |\ twenty-three men. Hav- ing passed the straits of ^Magellan and entered the Pacific by the end of Feb- ruary, he sailed up the west coast of South Amer- ica, seized and destroyed several small Spanish ships, and landed at, plun- dered and burned the town of Payta in Peru. Proceeding thence to the westerly coast of Mexico, he landed at and burned Guatulco and destroyed several vessels in the shipyard of Navidad. On September 20, he was at Mazatlan, where he abandoned the smaller of his ships; and with the other two, the larger of which was only of one hundred and twenty (39) SIR THOMAS CAVENDISH. [From " Lives anrl Voyages of Drake, Cav- endish, and Dampier," etc New York, 1873.] Harper & Bros., 40 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. tons and the smaller only half so large, he sailed over to Lower California to lie in wait for the annual galleon from the Philippines. He arrived at Cape San Lucas on October 14 and remained till November 4, when the object of his search hove in sight. Cavendish immediately gave chase and, after a long run and a severe conflict, succeeded in cap- turing it. The prize proved to be a vessel, called the Santa Anna, of seven hundred tons burden, carrying one hundred and ninety persons, mostly passengers, including a number of women, and a cargo of two hundred and forty-four thou- sand dollars in gold, besides large quantities of satin, silk, musk and other East Indian merchandise. After securing their prisoners, the captors carried the prize into a port, called Aguada Segura, on the easterly side of Cape San Lucas, where they put the captives on shore, transferred the gold and other most valuable portions of the cargo to their own vessels, and then set the Santa Anna on fire. As they did so, they fired a final gun as a parting; knell and sailed away with their plunder. Upon leaving Cape San Lucas, Cavendish bore for the East Indies; but scarcely had he lost sight of port, when a violent storm arose, which separated his ships, and the smaller of them was lost. Fortunately for the despoiled and despairing pas- sengers on land, the same storm drove the burning prize upon the beach and thus afforded them an unexpected means of escaping tJieir forlorn situation on a remote and desolate coast. There happened to be among them a man, named Sebastian Viscaino, who afterwards became a famous navi- gator in Californian waters. As he beheld the fiaming hulk driving in towards him, he at once organized the forces at hand; ran out to meet the promised rescue; boarded the fiery pile and, aided by the rain, soon extinguished the flames. He found a sound hull and in a short time made out of it a sufficiently safe conveyance to transport himself CAVENDISH, WOODES ROGERS, AND SHELVOCKE. 41 and Jiis companions across the gulf of California to the S})anisli settlements on the other side, whence all finally reached their destination. Meanwhile Cavendish, with one vessel, kept on his way across the Pacific. In due time he reached the East Indies, whence he sailed to the Cape of Cood Hope and on September 9, 1588, after an absence of two 3'ears and fifty days, arrived with his spoil at Plymouth. He too, like his predecessor, was knighted by the English queen, and was thereafter known as Sir Thomas Cavendish. It was not for more than a hundred years after Drake and Cavendish, that the next great English privateersmau appeared in the Pacific and visited California. This was Captain Woodcs Rogers, who, no less than they, "filled with terror all the coasts of the South Sea." He sailed from Bristol with two ships and three hundred and thirty-three men on August 1, 1708. The larger vessel was of three hundred and twenty tons burden and carried thirty guns, the smaller of two hundred and sixty tons and twenty-six guns. They doubled Cape Horn about the beginning of 1709 and at the end of January reached the island of Juan Fernandez, which lies in the wide ocean four hundred miles west of Valparaiso in Chile. There they found and rescued the celebrated Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor, who had been abandoned on the island four years and four months pre- viously by the captain of an English vessel, named Stradling. Pie came on board of Rogers' ship clothed in goat skins, looking wilder than the animals whose coats he wore, and told the affecting story of his desolation, his melancholy, his griefs, his terrors; how he gradually came to recover his spirits; his shifts and contrivances; how by the life he was compelled to lead he was "cleared of all gross humors'' and became as agile and active as the wild goats which he pur- sued; how he caught kids, tamed them to be his companions, taught them to dance with him and thus while away the 42 DISCO VER r AND EARLY VO YA GES. tedious hours of his solitude — in fine his narrative was the original upon which Daniel Defoe founded his beautiful and intensely interesting story of "Robinson Crusoe/' From Juan Fernandez Eogers sailed for the coast of l*eru, where he took and plundered a number of Spanish vessels. As he advanced northward he seized the town of Guayaquil in Ecuador and held it until ransomed. From Guayaquil he sailed by way of the Gallapagos islands to the coast of California and there cruised for the Philippine galleon, which was expected about the end of the year. By that time, more than a hundred years after Drake and Cav- endish, during which the Spanish ships in the Pacific pur- sued their courses and carried their treasures undisturbed by English privateers, the Philippine trade had increased so much that the annual galleon or galleons, for there were often more than one, carried treasure and merchandise some- times amounting in value to ten millions of dollars. He arrived at Cape San Lucas on November 1, 1709, and on December 21, espied, chased, attacked and, after a desperate conflict, captured a richly freighted Philippine galleon called Xuestra Senora de la Incarnacion y Desengaho. From his prisoners, he learned that a second galleon, called the Bigonia, still more richly freighted, was not far behind. This also he chased and attacked, but the Span- iards fought with great valor and finally succeeded in beat- ing off the English. Their success was due principally to the extraordinary spirit of the chief gunner, who compelled his men to keep up the fight by stationing himself in the powder-room and taking a solemn oath that he would blow the ship and all on board into atoms rather than allow it to fall into the hands of the assailants. After the escape of the Bigonia, the English, who had lost thirty men killed and wounded and had their rigging badly damaged, repaired their vessels and then sailed, taking their prize along, by CAVENDISH, WOODES ROGERS, AND SHELVOCKE. 43 way of the Ladrones, Java and the Cape of Good Hope, to England, wlicre they arrived in October, 1711. The only other; Englisli privateersman of note that touclied on tlie coast of California, though various others .sailed into tlie Pacific and depredated upon the Spaniards, was Captain George Shelvocke. He left Plymouth on Fel.)- ruary 13, 17 J 9, in company with Captain John Clipperton. each in command of a ship; but they soon separated and each pursued an independent voyage. Shelvocke was far from having tJie resolute and commanding spirit of a Drake, the strong and determined energy of a Cavendish or the unremitting, indefatigable tact of a Kogers. On the con- trary, he showed himself to be a bickerer and a blusterer; and his vessel appears to have been a scene of almost con- tinual dissension and disobedience. Among others with whom he disputed and quarreled was his first officer or mate, a fellow of morose and gloomy disposition, namo