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C.ORlKlGHT DEPOSm SUPPLEMENTARY EDUCATIONAL MONOGRAPHS Published in conjunction with THE SCHOOL REVIEW and THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL JOURNAL Vol. Ill September 1920 No. 2 Whole No. 13 THE HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO FROM 1 803 TO 1 850 By EDWARD ALANSON MILLER* Ph.D. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CHICAGO, ILLINOIS mOntgnph PUBLICATIONS EDITED BY THE FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO JOINT EDITORIAL COMMITTEE CHARLES HUBBARD JUDD, Chairman JOHN FRANKLIN BOBBITT SAMUEL CHESTER PARKER HENRY CLINTON MORRISON Articles and editorials of the School Review ROLLO LA VERNE LYMAN MORTON SNYDER Reviews GUY THOMAS BUSWELL ROLLA MILTON TRYON Articles and editorials of the Elementary School Journal FRANK NUGENT FREEMAN HARRY ORRIN GILLET Supplementary Educational Monographs WILLIAM SCOTT GRAY MARCUS WILSON JERNEGAN SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE ON CURRENT EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS THE SCHOOL REVIEW THE School Review is an open forum for the discussion of progressive movements in secondary education. It prints scientific studies in regard to the junior high school, supervised study, standards and tests, problems of organization and class instruction, etc. It presents practical material in the form of discussions of classroom methods and administrative devices. It includes a department of reviews which keeps the reader in touch with significant publications from month to month. THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL JOURNAL THE Elementary School Journal emphasizes progressive movements in elementary education, publishes studies which contribute results of value to teachers, pro- motes the scientific study of school problems, and devotes much space to reviews of recent literature and to news notes on major movements in education. THE SUPPLEMENTARY EDUCATIONAL MONOGRAPHS 0* THE Supplementary Educational Monographs present a body of scientific and practical material covering reading, arithmetic, penmanship, algebra, and the administrative organization of elementary schools and high schools. These represent a type of quantitative scientific material which is indispensable to the student of current educational problems and to the school administrator. The monographs include a series of significant historical surveys of American education. ' SUPPLEMENTARY EDUCATIONAL MONOGRAPHS Published in conjunction with THE SCHOOL REVIEW and THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL JOURNAL Vol. Ill September, 1920 No. 2 Whole No. 13 The History of Educational Legislation in Ohio From 1803 to 1850 First printed in Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly Volume XXVII, Nos. i and 2 The History of Educational Legislation in Ohio From 1803 to 1850 By EDWARD ALANSON MILLER, Ph.D. Professor oj Education Oberlin College THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Copyright 1920, By THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Published September 1920 JUL II 1922 ©CI.A681096 •^i^ PREFACE Ohio's educational history has been an especially interesting one. Many causes have combined to make it so. It was the first state admitted from the Northwest Territory, and as such carried on the earliest experiments with the great state-wide grant of school lands that has characterized our policy since that time in the admission of new states to the Union. It was settled with unexampled rapidity, changing from a wilderness frontier to a great and prosperous commonwealth in a single generation. The settlement was a singularly heterogeneous one, coming from the East, the Middle States, and the South, with a considerable influx directly from Europe. These early settlements were being estab- lished, too, while those democratic and individualistic tendencies that marked the first decades of the nineteenth century were in progress. During these years the district school idea was at its height in Massachusetts and the East, the private academy was displacing the town grammar school, and state control of public education was at low ebb. These causes, with others more local in nature, were instrumen- tal in shaping the educational activities of the state in the first fifty years of its history and have left their imprint on all the later development. It is my purpose to give a careful study and interpretation of the educational legislation of the state from territorial days down to 1850. In this legislation one finds the truest expression of the constructive educational thought and activity of the period. In such a study there must be included not merely the laws that bear on the development of a state system of public education, but the much larger number that are concerned with private educational ventures of various kinds. To these must be added those laws that bear on higher and professional education, all that touch upon supplementary agencies of any kind, and also any provisions made for the indigent, defective, and delinquent classes. A study of this kind is needed as a background before any adequate state or national history of education is possible. Such a study also gives the general student of history a view of one of the vi PREFACE most important phases in the social development of a state, and a closer acquaintance with the growth of some of the most important institutions that society has discovered to aid it in its progress. I have attempted in the following pages to present the material in such a way that it will be of service to the general student, and also in the appendixes to furnish a guide for anyone desiring further information from the source material on any particular phase of the state's educational activities. The plan of arrangement is as follows: A discussion and inter- pretation of the laws passed from 1803 to 1850; Appendix A, a classified list of the titles of the more important acts; Appendix B, a complete index, page and volume, to all the legislation that in any way touches upon education, in the session laws of Ohio from 1803 to 1850, including both the general and the local laws. In many cases I have not given the exact titles in the appen- dixes, for the sake of both brevity and clearness; enough of titles and content to indicate the general meaning of the act is given. In Appendix A a brief abstract of the laws is also included where it seemed necessary to give more information than the title itself conveys. This is especially the case in the acts of incorporation of that large number of secondary and higher institutions that were so abundant in the first fifty years of Ohio's history. A complete tabulation of these acts is here given, and, as it is the only complete list of these institutions that has been made, it seemed best to preserve in a few words the chief points of historical interest that appear in the laws. I felt this to be particularly the case with the secondary schools. These have nearly all passed out of existence, and, as they mark one of the most important stages in the development of our secon- dary education, a somewhat more complete abstract is given than that dealing with most of the other subjects. The public-school laws are more easily accessible and they are usually indicated by title only. There was an exceptionally large amount of legislation, especially of a local and special character, dealing with the school lands. The more important of these acts are included by title in the first appendix with a mere tabulation of those that had only local significance. The laws in Appendix A are grouped under the following headings: PREFACE vii I. The public-school system. 1. General legislation. a) Acts to incorporate the original surveyed townships including provisions for districting, establishing schools, apportioning money, etc. b) General school laws. c) Special acts concerning public schools. d) Fines, fees, etc., applied to the support of public schools. 2. City and town school charters. a) Laws concerning common schools in cities and towns. b) Acts concerning local school funds. c) Acts concerning schools for poor children. II. Laws concerning school lands. 1. General laws concerning school lands. 2. Special acts concerning school lands. III. Secondary and higher education. 1. Acts incorporating secondary institutions. 2. Acts incorporating school associations. 3. Acts concerning higher institutions. a) Colleges, universities, and theological seminaries. 4. Acts concerning professional education, o) Medical education. b) Legal education. IV. Acts concerning the education of defectives, dependents, and delin- quents. 1. Education of defectives. 2. Education of dependents. 3. Education of delinquents. V. Acts concerning the education of teachers. VI. Acts concerning supplementary educational agencies. Appendix B furnishes a page and volume index to all laws, resolutions, and memorials that have any educational significance in either the general or the local laws from 1803 to 1850. The indexes in the volumes of the session laws themselves are some- times defective, and they are, too, an unreliable guide, as many important items are found in laws the titles to which give no hint that they contain material that relates in any way to education. The primary source material has been the session laws of the state of Ohio. The Revised Statutes for this period have also been consulted. It was found necessary to examine all the laws of the period, special and general, as the titles and indexes were not dependable. A considerable quantity of material was also found in the resolu- tions and memorials. viii PREFACE The United States Statutes at Large were used to secure federal legislation concerning school lands in Ohio. Nashee's A Compilation of Laws, Treaties and Ordinances Which Relate to Lands in the State of Ohio was relied upon especially for acts passed during the territorial period. The earliest congressional legislation was secured from the Journals of the American Congress, reprinted by Way and Gideon, in 1823, under the title as given. The chief secondary sources consulted are indicated in the bibliography. CONTENTS CHAPTER General Introduction PAGE xi I. The Sources of Ohio's Public-School System 1 Introductory. Ohio's admission to the Union. Consti- tutional provisions for education. Traditions of decentral- ization. Early settlements and centers of influence. Growth in population. Conflicting educational ideals. Dominant educational influences at the time of settlement. New Eng- land influences. School lands. Early practice in New England. Its extension in Ohio. The Ordinance of 1785. The Ohio Company and Symmes Purchases. The state- wide grant. New England men and school legislation. Ephraim Cutler and the law of 1821. Caleb Atwater and his report. Nathan Guilford and the law of 1825. The work of Samuel Lewis and the law of 1838. The schools that preceded the school laws. II. The Development of the Public-School System 16 Organization. Summary. School support. Rates. Revenue from school lands. Permanent funds. State school fund. Surplus revenue. Taxation. Fines and pen- alties. Control and supervision. Certification of teachers. Curricula. Length of school year. School officers. Schools for colored children. City and village schools. Cincinnati. Cleveland. Portsmouth. Zanesville. General laws for cities and towns before the Akron Act. Dayton. Columbus. Mt. Vernon. Akron. Akron Act made general in applica- tion. III. The Public-School Lands 54 Various tracts and grants. Methods of survey. School grants for the different tracts. Reasons for lack of uni- formity in the method of granting the lands. Location of the tracts receiving grants other than Section 16. Legislative responsibility for the school lands. Formal legal guarding of school rights. Methods of making the grant productive. Temporary leasing. Results. Permanent leasing. Results. Atwater's report. Cessation of leasing. Memorial to Congress for authorization to sell the school lands. The sale of the lands. State losses in selling the leased land. Summary. CONTENTS IV. Secondary and Higher Education 75 Secondary education. Legal provisions. The recom- mendations of Superintendent Lewis for township high schools. Kinds of secondary institutions. Method of in- corporation. Enumeration and classification of secondary schools. Education societies. Denominational influences. Curricula. Manual labor influence. Limits of state control. Higher education. Enumeration of institutions incorporated. State influence on higher education. Ohio University. Miami University. State aid to other colleges. Denomina- tional influences. Agricultural education. Summary. Pro- fessional schools. Medical education. Legal education. V. The Education of Defectives, Dependents, and Delinquents 99 Legislation concerning the education of the deaf and dumb. Legislation concerning the education of the blind. Legislation concerning dependents. Orphan asylums. Edu- cation of delinquents. VL The Training of Teachers 106 State attitude. Voluntary associations. The Western College of Teachers. The Teachers' Institute. Private enterprises. County teachers' institutes authorized. Pri- vate normal schools. VII. Supplementary Educational Agencies 110 Libraries. Lyceums. Institutes. Athenaeums and literary societies. College societies and fraternities. Mis- cellaneous organizations of educational significance. 114 VIII. Conclusion Main features. Decentralization. Permissive legisla- tion. Educational experimentation. Advanced position on taxation for schools. Lack of efficient organization. The blunder of 1840. Disastrous experience with school lands. Attitude toward secondary and higher education. Influence of early history on the later educational development of the state. Appendix A 119 A Classified Collection and Abstract of the Educational Legislation of the Period: 1803-50. Appendix B 179 A Page and Volume Index to All Educational Legisla- tion in the Session Laws of Ohio from 1803 to 1850. Bibliography 225 Index 231 GENERAL INTRODUCTION This monograph is the second of a series on the history of the educational legislation of various states, principally in the period 1776-1850. In the first monograph, "Educational Legislation and Administration in the State of New York from 1777 to 1850," by Elsie Garland Hobson, there will be found a general introduction to this series explaining its scope and purpose. Attention is called to the fact that these monographs represent an effort to vitalize Ameri- can educational history by emphasizing its institutional aspects, heretofore greatly neglected. The tendency to consider educational theory and method as the chief subject-matter of our educational history has done much harm, for no great progress can be made toward a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of Ameri- can education until we have an accurate knowledge of all the laws passed by each state, affecting either public or private education. That knowledge is not now available. It may be noted also that detailed studies of this sort are of great importance to students of the general history of the United States, or the individual states, as well as to those who are especially interested in our social, religious, economic, or political history. The lack of such studies is the reason for the inadequate and inaccurate account of American education in general and special histories of the types mentioned above. The present volume is of special interest because it shows how the first frontier state formed from the Northwest Territory reacted to the problem of education and how it dealt with the difficult problem of the management of the federal land grants for the endowment of public education. The experience of Ohio had great influence on the attitude of other western states toward this problem. Professor Miller has made available information from original sources, hitherto practically inaccessible, and has given in the appendixes the data which make it possible for one to inves- tigate in still greater detail the relation of the state of Ohio to education to 1850, so far as it is expressed in the legislation. Marcus W. Jernegan University of Chicago March 24, 1919 xi CHAPTER I THE SOURCES OF OHIO'S PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM INTRODUCTORY Ohio was admitted into the Union as a state February 19, 1803.^ It was the first state admitted from the Northwest Territory and the first state to which the grant of Section 16 for school purposes was made. The legislation concerning school lands was intimately connected with the development of the public-school system, and in the method to be adopted to make this great grant productive of the desired results Ohio had no precedents or warnings for her guidance.^ The constitution adopted when Ohio became a state remained in force until 1851. It made no specific provisions for education, but stated that means of education^ should be encouraged by legislative enactments; that all institutions of all grades, endowed in whole or in part from revenues derived from the donations of the United States, should be open without distinction to all scholars; and that associations of persons might receive letters of incorpora- tion from the legislature to enable them to hold estates for the support of their schools, academies, colleges, and universities. No provision for public schools was made by any general law during the first eighteen years after Ohio's admission, the first school law being passed in 1821.^ From this period until 1850 eight general school codes were enacted with numerous amendments and supplementary acts and a mass of special legislation concern- ing particular districts or territories. The traditions of Ohio were from the first against centraliza- tion.^ The first constitution was formed soon after the bitter political struggle between Jefferson and Adams, and at a time when the arbitrary domination of the territorial governor, Arthur ' Statistical Abstract of U.S., 1910, p. 21. ^ Land set aside for individual towns had been common in New England and elsewhere, but there was no precedent to direct action in the case of a state-wide grant intended for the use of the individual townships. 'O.L., I., Art. 8, Sec. 3; Art. 8, Sec. 25; Art. 8, Sec. 27. ^O.L.,XIX. 51. * Orth, TIte Centralization of Administration in Ohio, p. 11. 1 2 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO St. Clair, had prejudiced the people against centralized executive power. Nowhere is this prejudice against centralized administra- tion better illustrated than in the various phases of educational legislation. The tendency throughout the period under discussion was to depend largely upon local initiative and control. The encouragement of education by legislative provision specified in the constitution was interpreted by the legislature to mean the passing of a larger number of local acts to meet the special needs or desires of particular districts, or even, in the case of school lands, the desires of individuals, while the general laws may be said to have pointed out methods of organization and control rather than to have devised any efficient system of supervision or penalties actually to bring about specific educational results. The general laws are largely permissive in character, with the initiative left in many cases to the discretion of the local community. There are doubtless other reasons for this than the prejudice against the acts of Arthur St. Clair and the general political state of mind in the West during the early period of Ohio's history. Ohio in its early statehood was a frontier community, settled by a class of people that in the very nature of the case were com- pelled largely to be self-reliant and to solve their own problems, educational as well as other. It was a heavily timbered area. Means of communication were difficult. It would have been a hard matter to establish any general system of control or super- vision in the early period, and when means of communication had become simplified, through a system of state roads and canals,^ the people had become habituated to attending to their own edu- cational needs. The settlers in Ohio, too, had no common educational back- ground. They came from New England, from Virginia, Maryland, and Kentucky, and, in fact, from nearly all the older states.^ A glance at the map on page 55 shows that the state was divided into a number of separate districts such as the Western Reserve, the Ohio Company's Purchase, the Symmes Purchase, the Vir- ginia Military Lands, and the United States Military Lands. The early settlements in these sections were usually made up of people who came into the wilderness together from one or another of the older states of the Union. * A large part of the early legislation of Ohio is concerned with state roads, turnpike companies, plank roads, canals, etc. 2 .\t\vater, A History oj the State of Ohio, Natural and Civil, p. 351. SOURCES OF OHIO'S PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 3 Each of these districts, in its customs and ideals, reflected the current thought and practice of that part of the country from which its settlers came, and in no field was this more evident than in that of education. The Ohio Company's Purchase and the Western Reserve were at first largely settled by colonists from New England. Marietta, dating from 1787, and Cleveland, from 1796, were the respective centers of influence in these two districts. Three colonies were planted in the Symmes Purchase in 1788; the one at Losantiville, later rechristened Cincinnati by Governor St. Clair, was destined to be in many ways a leader for the entire state as well as for the Miami country. The early settlers here, as at Marietta, had many of them seen service in the Revolutionary War. They came from no single locality, but New Jersey men seemed most prominent in the early settlement, aided by the other Middle States.^ Later there were many settlers from Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, and the New England states. The Virginia Military Lands,^ located between the Little Miami and the Scioto rivers, received its first settlers from Virginia and the South. General Nathaniel Massie and Duncan McArthur founded Chillicothe, on the Scioto River, in 1796, the first colony in this district. On the eastern edge of the state, south of the Western Reserve, are the so-called Seven Ranges, the name given to the ranges of townships first surveyed in Ohio. While there was no such coloni- zation here as in the districts already named, the first settlers were largely from Pennsylvania, and of German stock, with a con- siderable number of Irish, Scotch, and Scotch-Irish. The United States Military Lands seem to have had no early homogeneous group, but drew settlers from all the older states. There was also a considerable French settlement at Gallipolis and a sprinkling of French all along the Ohio River. From 1830 on there was a very considerable German influence from the influx of German immigrants that began at that time.' The population increased with astonishing rapidity after Ohio was admitted as a state, constant accessions from the older states were added to the early settlements, and in the years from 1810 to • Charles Cist, Cincinnati in 1841 — Its Early Annals and Future Prospects, p. 38; Hinsdale, The Old Northwest, pp. 288-89. ^ Ibid., p. 290; Western Reserve Historical Society, II, pp. 153-54. 'Orth, The Centralization of Administration in Ohio, p. 164; Chaddock, Ohio Before 1850. A Study of the Early Influence of Pennsylvania and Southern Populations in Ohio, p. 30. 4 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO 1840 tlic transformation from a thickly wooded frontier to a settled farming; community had largely taken place. The census figures from 1800 to 1850 give some idea of this transformation. At the beginning of the century the population was 45,365; fifty years later it had increased to 1,980,329. The record of increase by decades which follows gives an even better picture of the sudden changes that must have occurred : 1800 45,365 1810 230,760 1820 580,434 1830 937,903 1840 1,519,467 1850 1,980,329' The census figures for the last decade of this period show a foreign-born population of 218,193. In 1850 there were almost as many people of foreign birth in the state as its entire population had amoimted to only forty years earlier in 1810. These people of foreign birth were largely of German stock. It was no easy problem to develop a system of education to meet the needs of this surprising growth, coming as it did from all the older states and from foreign shores. There was in these early years no agreement as to the means of financing any general system of education, nor any real agreement as to the needs of such a system. The educational traditions were quite different in different portions of the state. Samuel Lewis in his second annual report in 1838 says: "The people have not hereto- fore followed any particular system. The directors of each district have done that which was right in their own eyes, and generally adopted, as far as they could, the particular system of the state from whence they came."^ Those from the South brought tradi- tions of the private school and parental responsibility for education. The New F^ngland settlers brought with them the idea of a public- school system, with taxation and public control, but unfortunately for Ohio's subsequent educational history the New England migra- tion came at a period when the public-school sentiment in Massa- chusetts and the East was at a comparatively low ebb, and when the decentralizing tendency that gave Massachusetts the district- school legislation of 1789 was at its time of greatest influence. ' Statistical Abstract of U.S., Washington, 1911, p. 40. 2 Ohio Documents, 1838, Doc. 32, p. 30. SOURCES OF OHIO'S PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 5 From this time for nearly forty years the process of decentralization went on. Martin says the year 1827 is "the high-water mark of modern democracy and the low-water mark of the Massachusetts school system."^ The New England influence in Ohio began with the Marietta colony in 1787. By 1830 the population of the state had reached nearly a million, and it was during just these years that the school sentiment in Massachusetts was lowest. It was at this time, too, that the academy was supplanting the Latin grammar school of the colonial period as the typical secondary school. The New England settlers favored the public-school idea, but it was the highly decentralized district system with which they were familiar. The academy idea was the common possession of settlers from all the states. The common school as a district school, the secondary school as an academy, were two fundamental conceptions in the minds of all those who were active in securing Ohio's early school legislation. While many influences were thus instrumental in shaping Ohio's early educational history, her debt to New England for the men and ideas most significant in determining her early public-school system is so large that a brief sketch of a few of these men and of the forces that worked through them is a necessary prerequisite to an intelligent study of the development of that system. The most important of these forces were, first, the school lands ;^ secondly, the conception of a state system of schools; and, thirdly, the idea of state-wide taxation for the benefit of such a system. The use of public lands for the aid and support of schools had its origin in New England. The men most instrumental in urging Ohio's first law, giving a legal basis to the conception of a state system of schools, were born in New England. The men most active in legalizing the idea of state-wide taxation to support this system were also New England born, and the man who did most to make these ideas, incorporated into law, actually operative in the establishment of schools and to give a real organization to the system legally created was a man of New England birth. When Ohio was admitted as a state. Section 16 in each town- ship, or an equivalent amount of land in those districts not belong- ' Martin, The Evolution oj the Massachusetts School System: A Historical Sketch, p. 92. ^ A discussion of the school lands, with maps, methods of survey, etc., is given in chapter iii. 6 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO ing to the United States, was permanently set aside for the use of schools. This grant gave for the use of schools an amount of land equal to one square mile, or 640 acres, for each surveyed township of 36 square miles. The practice of using public lands for the support of schools had been from early colonial times a common New England device, and by 1647 certain towns had "assumed responsibility for the support of schools out of public property, partly through gifts of land to schoolmasters, partly by setting aside tracts of land as a permanent endowment."^ This New England practice first found state-wide expression when Ohio was admitted to the Union, and from that time on became an established policy in the admission of all later states. The Ordinance of 1785 "for ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the Western territory "^ reserved Section 16 in each town- ship "for the maintenance of public schools within the said town- ship." This provision, according to Donaldson,^ was the inception of the rule of the reservation of certain sections of land for school purposes. The first action in accord with this provision occurred within the next two years, when Manasseh Cutler, as agent for the Ohio Company, completed the bargain for the lands acquired by the company at the mouth of the Muskingum.^ Not only did Mr. Cutler obtain a reaffirmation of the provision for the grant of Section 16 for school purposes, but a grant of Section 29 in each township for the support of religion, and also an added grant of two townships for the support of a university. It was this bargain of the Ohio Company, engineered by Manasseh Cutler, that put into actual operation the provisions of the Ordinance of 1785 con- cerning school lands. This was followed immediately by the Symmes Purchase, between the Miami rivers, and Sections 16 and 29 were similarly reserved. With the admission of Ohio as a state the same provision for schools. Section 16 or its equivalent for each township, was extended to the remainder of the state except the portion still held by the Indian tribes. Ultimately the reservation was extended to all territory within the state. * Jemegan, "The Beginnings of Public Education in New England," School Review, XXUI, 379. 2 Laws of U.S., 1789-181S, Vol. I, chap, xxxii. ^ T. Donaldson, The Public Domain, chap. xiii. * Hinsdale, The Old Northwest, p. 268. SOURCES OF OHIO'S PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 7 In this state-wide grant was found an interest that directed the attention of settlers in all parts of the state, and from all parts of the United States, to the purpose for which the grants were made, the schools. The first legislation concerning schools is found in efforts made to work out a method of handling the school lands, and they remain during Ohio's early statehood one of the persistent incentives to educational legislation and a constant suggestion of a state school system. The first general school act for Ohio was passed January 22, 1821.^ It is a significant fact that the four men most instrumental in putting on the statute books of Ohio laws providing for a tax- supported system of common schools were all born in Massa- chusetts. These men were Ephraim Cutler, Caleb Atwater, Nathan Guilford, and Samuel Lewis. Ephraim Cutler, of Ames, Washington County, near Marietta, was the son of Manasseh Cutler, the inspired lobbyist of the Ohio Company. He was born in Edgartown, Massachusetts, but spent his boyhood in Killingly, Connecticut, with his grandparents and came to Ohio in his early manhood. He was one of the drafters of the state constitution, and it was due to his efforts that there were incorporated the clauses providing that "religion, morality and knowledge, as essentially necessary to good government," were to be supported by the General Assembly and "that schools and the means of instruction shall forever be encouraged by legis- lative provision."^ Judge Cutler in December, 1819, introduced a bill in the House of Representatives providing for a system of common schools. The bill as introduced was passed by the House, but was allowed to die without action in the Senate. It was this bill, however, that led to the law of 1821, a substitute measure that did little more than outline a method of school organization and in so doing recognized the state's responsibility of legislating for schools. Caleb Atwater was born in North Adams, Massachusetts.^ He was appointed one of a committee of seven, in December, 1821, to consider the subject of schools and school lands and report to the House of Representatives. As a result of the deliberations of this committee a commission of five was appointed, January, 1822, 'O.L.,XIX, 21. ^ Cutler, Life and Times of Ephraim Culler, pp. 8, 1 14. ' History of Franklin and Pickawy Counties, Ohio, p. 98. 8 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO to report to the next General Assembly on a system of common schools. This commission collected much valuable material, which was presented to the Assembly in 1823, but the friends of education were in a minority, and no legislative action was taken during that session. One of the members of this commission was Nathan Guilford, a book-dealer and publisher of Cincinnati, the editor of The Freeman's Almanack, a western counterpart of Poor Richard, popularly known as Solomon Thrifty s Almanack. Mr. Guilford was born in Spencer, Massachusetts,^ and was (educated at Yale. He was a constant advocate of popular educa- tion and of taxation for schools in Ohio. Samuel Lewis, Ohio's first and greatest state superintendent of schools, was born in Falmouth, Massachusetts,^ but came to Ohio as a boy. He was the author of, and prime mover for, the school law of 1838, which gave to Ohio its first completely organized school system. The act of 1821 had done little more than legalize means by which the settlers in the townships could move to lay off districts and establish schools. It made no provision for taxation and organized no definite system. It was, however, important as the first state recognition of a system of common schools. It was evident to friends of public education that the law of 1821 was inadequate and ineffective, and there began at once a campaign for a more effective law. Nathan Guilford used the sayings of Solomon Thrifty to arouse the people of the state to the need of a free common school educa- tion. In 1824 he says: "The Legislatures of Ohio and Kentucky have taken the subject of free schools into consideration. It is hoped that their zealous endeavors to establish a system of common education will be crowned with success. Millions unborn would rise and bless them."^ Caleb Atwater and his committee , after careful study and much correspondence, had recommended a commission of seven to report on the subject of the school lands and a school system. This com- mission^ consisted of Caleb Atwater, Rev. John Collins, Rev. James Hoge, Nathan Guilford, Ephraim Cutler, Josiah Barber, and 1 Randall and Ryan, History of Ohio, III, 374. ^ William G. W. Lewis, Biography of Samuel Lewis, p. 13. s "Maxims and Advice of Solomon Thrifty," The Freeman's Almanack, 1824. * Atwater, A History of the State of Ohio, Natural and Civil, p. 259. SOURCES OF OHIO'S PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 9 James Bell. The number corresponded with the total number of different grants of school lands, and each man was to study and report upon the condition of the lands in the territory assigned him. Caleb Atwater was assigned the Congress Lands; John CoUins, the Virginia Military Lands; James Hoge, the Refugee Lands; James Bell, the United States Military Lands; Ephraim Cutler, the Ohio Company Lands; Nathan Guilford, the Symmes Purchase Lands; and Josiah Barber, the Connecticut Western Reserve Lands. It was evidently the original opinion of many of the settlers in Ohio, and perhaps the design of Congress, that these land grants, if properly managed, would support public schools without a tax upon the citizens. There was a growing belief, however, that this one source of income would continue to prove inadequate. Nathan Guilford, who strongly advocated taxation, did not serve upon the commission, evidently believing that he could aid the cause of education better as a free lance. He addressed a public letter to the chairman of the board arguing for a school tax upon property and insisting that an adequate school fund could not be raised from the school lands alone. The commission had been directed to report upon three topics: the actual condition of the school lands; a bill proposing a system of school law; a report on the necessity and value of the system proposed. Pamphlets were issued on these topics and widely cir- culated, and they served to awaken an interest throughout the state in public education. The system proposed was modeled on the New York state system.^ It provided for an economical management of the school lands, but made no provision for taxation. The legislature of 1823 was, however, opposed to any liberal action for public education. Atwater says: "In this legislature were many influential men who were opposed to a school system, to a sale of school lands and to internal improvements This session had a majority of both houses opposed to a school system and the sale of school lands, and all that was done by them was to quarrel about these subjects. They finally broke up in a row and went home."2 In the campaign for the state election of 1824 the subjects of internal improvements, the public-school system, and the taxation ' Lewis, Biography of Samuel Lewis, p. 101. 2 Atwater, A History of the Slate of Ohio, Natural and Civil, p. 261. 10 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO system of the state were the main issues before the people. A majority favorable to the public schools and internal improvements was chosen, among them Nathan Guilford, elected to represent Cincinnati. When the legislature assembled, Governor Morrow presented the necessity for adequate legislation on all these ques- tions. His message recognizes the difficulty of bringing people of divergent educational views, with no common educational inheri- tance, to united action for public schools. In discussing the subject he says:^ "In this state there are causes, extensive in their nature, for difference of opinion on the subject. The population is com- posed principally of emigrants from the different States of the Union, with habits and modes of thinking on the subject, as dif- ferent as are the regulations of the States from whence they came. . . . . The act of the 22nd of January, 1821," he declares, is ineffective because the establishment of schools and school districts was made optional for the voters in each township. "Was this act made positive, and in some respects modified, we should have a system in force — perhaps not perfect — for the regulation of com- mon schools, which could be further improved, as experience under it should point out its defects." A joint committee^ was at once appointed in the General Assembly to study the subject and report an adequate bill. Mr. Guilford was made chairman of this com- mittee and drafted the report and bill, which finally passed both houses without amendment and became the law of 1825. There was a widespread feeling in the state against imposing a tax for general school purposes, but Mr. Guilford and Mr. Cutler stood firm for this measure, and, with the assistance of the supporters of the public-school idea, insured its passage by forming an active coalition with those legislators who were working in the interests of internal improvements, especially the advocates of state canals. In this work Mr. Guilford showed himself a skilled lobbyist and shrewd judge of men in his personal campaign among the members of both houses.' While the vote was proceeding in the house Mr. Cutler stood beside Mr. Guilford as they anxiously awaited the outcome, and when the result was announced, and it was assured that taxation for education had prevailed, he turned to his companion and » Taylor, A Manual oj the Ohio School System, pp. 132, 133. "^Ibid^X). 141. ' Lewis, Biography of Samuel Lewis, p. 103. SOURCES OF OHIO'S PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 11 exclaimed: "Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to thy word, for mine eyes have seen thy salvation." The great initial victory for public education had been won, and had been won primarily by New England ideas backed up by New England men. It remained to give these ideas and this system effective organi- zation. This was not accomplished until thirteen years later, in 1838, under the leadership of Samuel Lewis, when a wholly new school code was adopted. Following the act of 1825 there were numerous modifications and amendments of the law, but no essen- tial change in the system of administration was made until 1838. The law of 1825 had made no provision for centralized control, and had created no adequate machinery for uniting the various schools and districts established into a true state system. There was no state, county, or township supervision, and but little actual knowledge, and no control, of what various communities were doing educationally. While the law had established the fundamental principle of taxation for schools, the actual system remained a head- less, disjointed, decentralized, and ineffective one. The first suggestions for reform came from the friends of educa- tion in Cincinnati. A group of teachers and other earnest advo- cates of popular education had organized a voluntary association known as the College of Teachers or Western Academic Institute.^ This body met annually for the discussion and study of educational topics and attracted to its meetings, not only Ohio teachers, but educational leaders from the other western states as well. Partly as a result of a demand for a better organization created through the discussions of this association,^ a bill was introduced in 1837 to create the office of state superintendent of common schools. It met with determined opposition, but finally passed the House by a vote of 35 to 34, and became a law in March, of the same year, with a decisive vote in its favor in the Senate. Samuel Lewis, of Cincinnati, was the first and only incumbent of the office, which he held for three years. The law of 1838 was a direct result of the work of his first year and of his study of the needs and conditions of schools as he saw them while touring the state visiting the schools and addressing meetings in an attempt to arouse people to an active interest in the need of better school ' O.L., XXX, 232. 2 Lewis, Biography of Samuel Ltwis, pp. 119, 120. 12 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO conditions. In this work he visited more than three hundred schools, traveHng on horse-back over twelve hundred miles over the rough country roads, visiting schools by day, addressing public meetings by night, and everywhere preaching the gospel of a better school system and a free education for every Ohio boy and girl. He always found it hard, and often discouraging work. He whites from Cleveland in November, 1837: I arrived here today almost worn down; have rode on an average twenty-six miles a day this week. I generally spend three or four hours a day in conversa- tion, answering questions, giving explanations, and making suggestions. It is harder than it would be to deliver an address every day an hour and a half long. .... I fear you overvalue my efforts I shall, however, do my best. I leave here on Monday, if health permit, and shall get along as fast as I can to Columbus, visiting on my route, as I suppose, about sixteen counties The task before me is so great, that with all my time and close attention, I shall hardly be able to get through. In a later letter he writes: On Saturday last, I delivered an address at Canton, and after riding twenty- six miles on Monday, spoke in the evening to a large audience, and I believe I did good I work hard day and night, and I find it a kind of up-hill business. If men would only do something, even in opposition, it would be better than it is. Almost every man agrees with me; thousands listen and applaud; and even candid men of sense declare they have never heard this subject treated with so much interest, and then leave it to go alone, or get on unaided by their efforts. Still I am not discouraged, but am determined to work on till my report is in, hoping at least for the final triumph of sound principles and practice. ' His report for the year 1837, based on his own observation and such statistics as he could gather from the county auditors, gave the first assembled information about the common schools of the state. The report found the legislature in a receptive mood, and the law of 1838 was passed with but little opposition. The essential feature of the new law, in comparison with those that had preceded, consisted in the fact that it gave organization and headship to the system. The new code retained the state superintendent at the head of the schools; the act of 1837 had created the ofifice, but had done nothing to change the rest of the law or the machinery of adminis- tration. In each county the new law made the county auditor also the county superintendent of schools, and, as such, responsible 1 Lewis, Biography of Samuel Lewis, p. 123. SOURCES OF OHIO'S PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 13 to the state superintendent in all educational affairs. Similarly in each township the township clerk was made the township superin- tendent of schools, subordinate to the county superintendent. An organization had been established by means of which an authorized state officer could reach out into the most remote dis- trict of the state, either to give help or information or to see that the law was obeyed. If equipped with the proper men, Ohio, through this law, had the mechanism for effective educational administration. The real strength of the system rested in the office of state superintendent. Mr. Lewis filled the office for three years, and in those three years did the same kind of work for Ohio that Horace Mann was doing for Massachusetts. Unfortunately for Ohio and her subsequent educational history, Mr. Lewis, because of failing health, gave up the office after three years of tireless service, and the legislature, because some opposition had developed, transferred the work to the office of the secretary of state. This office was given four hundred dollars additional for clerk hire, and the work became the collection of statistics and making of reports, not the administration of a state-wide school system. We have seen that the old New England idea of using lands for schools first found application in Ohio, and that New England men were chiefly instrumental in giving to the state the first law of 1821, the principle of taxation in 1825, and the organized system of 1838. We may now turn to a more detailed study of the laws themselves. Before doing this, however, we must say a few words about the schools from 1803 to 1821, the date of the first school law. The general type of common schools during this period was the pay or subscription school.^ The following agreements and adver- tisements give a picture of the practice, such that any added explanation is unnecessary. An advertisement in the Western Spy, October 22, 1799, reads as follows: English School. — The subscriber informs the inhabitants of this town that his school is this day removed, and is now next door to Mr. Thomas Williams, skin-dresser. Main Street. Gentlemen who have not subscribed may send their 1 Historical Sketches of Public Schools in Cities, Villages, and Townships of lite State of Ohio, a Centennial publication; gives an account of the development of the school system in 47 cities and villages of the state. In 41 cases the writers mention some form of private school as preceding or paralleling the public school. 14 HISTORY OF ILDUCATIONAL Lr.GISLATION IN OHIO scholars on the same terms as subscribers, (commencing this day). He also intends to comnicnre an evening school in the same house on the third day of November next, where writing and arithmetic, etc., will be taught four evenings in each week, from 6 to 9 o'clock, during the term of three months. The terms for each scholar will be two dollars, the scholars to find firewood and candles. He akso furnishes deeds and indentures, etc., on reasonable terms. James White* 'Hiis is ^ivcn by VcMial)k', together with the following, appearing ill a Cincinnati paper in 1804: Notice. — The jjublic in general and my former subscribers in particular, are respectfully informed that I e.xpect to commence school again on the 1st day of January, 1805. I shall teach reading, writing, arithmetic and English gram- mar, indiscriminately, for two dollars per quarter. The strictest care will be given to the school, as my circumstances will then admit of my constant presence with the school. Those who place confidence in my abilities and fidelity may be assured that both will be employed to please the parents who shall commit, and bcnefil the children who shall be coniinitted to my care. Ezra Spencer^ The two iigreements between teacher and parents which follow illustrate the common practice in the employment of a teacher and establishment of a school: This article between the underscribed subscribers, of the one part, and Jabez P. Manning, of the other, Witnesseth: That said Manning doth on his part engage to teach a school at the school-house near the center of Youngstown for the term of one quarter, wherein he engages to teach reading, writing, arithmetic and English grammar; and furthermore, that the school shall be opened at 9 o'clock A.M. and close at 4 r.M., of each day of the week (Saturday and Sunday excepted), and on Saturday to be opened at 9 o'clock and close at 12 o'clock a.m., and we, the subscribers, on our part individually engage to pay unto the said Maiming $1.75 for each and every scholar that we subscribe at the end of the term; and we, furthermore, engage to furnish the necessary expense of furniture, wood, and all other things necessary for the use of the school. Furthermore, we do engage that unless by the 6th of April of the present year the number of scholars subscribed amount to 35, that the said Manning is in no way obligated by this article. I'urthermore, we allow the said Manning the privilege of receiving five scholars more than are here specified. {Signed) J. P. Manning' YouNC.sTovvN, March M, IS18. We the subscribers, do hereby mutually agree to hire Miss Sally Rice to teach a school in the school-house near Mr. William Smith's, for the term of ' \'cniil)lc, /<ci,';h"i");« ('/ I.ilcriiry Culture in the Ohio Valley, Historical and Biographical Sketches, pp. 185, 186. '■* Idem. ' Historical Sketches of Public Schools in Cities, Villa,ies, and Toxvnships of the State of Oliio. Kvans, 'YounKstown Public Schools." SOURCES OF OHIO'S PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 15 three months, to commence on the 9th day of June, instant. She is to commence the school at the hour of 9 o'clock in the forenoon, and keep until 12; and at the hour of 1, and continue until 4 o'clock in the afternoon. She is to teach reading, and to instruct the young Misses in the art of sewing; and to keep all necessary regulations as is usual in schools; for which we agree to give her the sum of one dollar and twenty-five cents per week during the said term, which sum shall be assessed in proportion to the number of scholars we have set to our names. Provided, also, that in case more are sent by any individual than he has sub- scribed for, or any persons send who do not subscribe, they shall be assessed in proportion to the number they send; the money to be assessed and collected by a committee to be appointed for that purpose. And for the performance of the foregoing we hold ourselves bound. Dated this 8th day of June, A.D., 1814.' This last agreement was for a school taught in Warren, Wash- ington County, and was signed by 19 subscribers, guaranteeing 283/^ pupils, Ephraim Cutler leading with four, while five sub- scribers sign for only one-half a pupil each. * Cutler, Life and Timet of Ephraim Cutler, p. 172. CHAPTER II THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM, 1803-50 The general educational legislation of this period is concerned only with the district school. There was no general legislative enactment to establish secondary or higher institutions of learning as a part of the state system of education, and it was not until 1847 that there was any legislation to make provision for town and city schools and a graded system, other than that found in special town and city charters. The chief legislative enactments that divide this period and mark especially important phases in the growth of the system of public schools are as follows: 182 1' — The first school law. Recognition of state need and responsibility. 1825- — The second school law. The first tax for schools. 1838' — A state system organized. A definite school fund guaranteed and the schools,^ in theory, made free. 1847-48* — The Akron Act passed. A system for town and city schools established. These dates mark off periods that may be roughly characterized as follows: 1803-21 — Subscription or pay schools. 1821-25 — State recognition of the public-school idea. 1825-38 — Property taxation to aid schools. 1838-50 — Operation under a loose state organization. 1847-50 — The development of town and city school systems. Numerous school laws were passed from 1825 to 1838, but the changes were minor in character and developed no new principles. A clearer view of the growth of the public-school system can be gained if the more important phases of that development are treated separately, showing the various stages that each of these phases passed through during the entire period. "O.L., XIX, 51. *0.L., XXIII, 36. 'O.L., XXXVI, 21. * School rates were not definitely abolished from the public schools until after 1850 (Taylor, .4 Manual oj the Ohio School System, Introduction, p. 4). ' O.L., XLV, local, 187. 16 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 17 For the purposes of this discussion the following topics have been selected, and are discussed in the order given below: The Organization of the School System, 1803-50 Methods of Common-School Support Control and Supervision of Schools Certification of Teachers School Studies Length of School Year School Officers Schools for Colored Children City and Village School Systems THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SCHOOL SYSTEM, 1803-50 It may be said that the school system of the state had its begin- ning in the grant of one section in each township for the use of schools that Ohio received from the United States when she became a state. ^ This grant, wasted as it afterward was, served as one center of common educational interest and brought the topic of common schools constantly before legislators and people. The unit of organization during the entire period was the dis- trict. The earliest legislation bearing in any way upon the organi- zation of schools is found in an act of January 2, 1806,^ establishing the method of incorporating townships. This act provides: That so soon as there are twenty qualified electors in any original surveyed township of six miles square, or fractional township within the state wherein there is the reserved section number 16, granted by the Congress of the United States for the special use of schools; they are hereby authorized under the provision hereafter provided, to elect three trustees and one treasurer for the purpose of taking into their care the section above mentioned, who shall be a body politic, capable of suing and being sued, pleading and being impleaded. This early legislation precedes any specific school act, and is found in the laws concerning the organization of the township. It is the undoubted result of the grant of school lands and is an indication of the importance of this grant in keeping before the people the ideal of state-wide education. All parts of the state had land set aside for school use. This was the one common fact in all attempts to meet local educational * A description of this grant and the use made of it will be found in the discussion of the school lands in chapter iii. 2 0.L., IV, 66. 18 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO needs. On this subject there had to be legislation general in nature. It was the one subject of common educational interest. This earlier legislation was concerned primarily in determining how the scant funds from this source might be legally used, either to support for short periods schools that depended solely on this source of income, or to supplement and assist private and subscrip- tion schools of various kinds. The trustees chosen in compliance with this legislation of 1806 were given authority to divide the township into districts for the purpose of establishing schools, but were not directed to do so. They were, however, directed to divide the profits^ arising from the school lands, among the districts that were established, in pro- portion to the inhabitants. In passing this act the legislature was evidently primarily interested in the management of Section 16, not in the establishment of schools. Those townships that wished to do it were given the right to organize districts and use the funds obtained from the school lands to support their schools. It is evident from subsequent legislation,^ and from the reports of Superintendent Lewis,' that these funds were also used to pay or lessen the expense of subscription schools already under way in the community. In all laws touching on this subject, following the act of 1806, the township trustees are the officers charged with the duty of dividing the township into school districts, but the final decision as to whether such divisions are to be made does not legally rest with them, although in practice it is evident that it often did so. In 1814,^ in an act supplementary to the foregoing, it was made obligatory upon the trustees to lay the township off in districts upon the application of six householders of the township, but no penalties were imposed for a failure to do so. This same act directed that those establishing a school in a district should choose three (school) trustees, whose sole duties seemed to be to get from the teacher a certified list of the pupils who had attended the schools, and the length of time they had been taught, and present it to the township trustees as a basis for the distribution of the revenue from the school section. ' Legal provision had been made as early as 1803, the year Ohio was admitted, for renting the school lands. See chapter iii for a discussion of the legislation concerning the treatment of these lands. *0.L., XXXIV, 19. ' Ohio Documents, 36th G.A., Doc. 17, pp. 9, 10. «O.L.,XIU, 295. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 19 On January 22, 1821,^ Ohio's first general school act was passed. By its provisions the method of organizing districts legalized in 1814 is evidently repealed though it is not so specified. The specific provisions of the act that concern organization are that the voters in each township should have the right to vote upon the question of districting the township. In case the vote was in favor of such districting, the trustees were directed to lay off the school districts in such a way as to have not less than twelve nor more than forty householders in one district. They were also directed in their districting to have regard to any school companies incorporated, so as to include the members within one district. The householders in each district were to elect annually a school committee of three and a collector. The duty of the latter was evidently to collect rates for the support of the school from those who sent children to it, the tax for building a schoolhouse in case such a tax was levied, and any amount levied as necessary for pay- ing the rates for the indigent children of the district. This law also required the directors to appoint a district clerk, whose duties were to keep a record of the meetings, make out the tax bills when a tax was levied, and keep such accounts as the school committee might direct. The legislation up to this point has been chiefly concerned in providing an organization for two purposes: a fair and legal method for distributing the revenues that arose from the school lands, and a method by which local communities could legally lay out their districts and set up schools. There was nothing in this earliest legislation that in any way approached a state system or compelled any state-wide action concerning education. It was the evident intention of the next general law, passed in 1825,2 to establish a system that should be state-wide in its operation. Its great advance over preceding laws was, however, in its use of the principle of state-wide taxation rather than any significant change in the organization of schools. The establish- ment of districts and schools remained a local and decentralized activity, and no true state system was formed. It was made the duty of the township trustees to lay off" each incorporated township in the state into one or more school dis- tricts. Certain negative penalties were imposed in this law upon »0.L., XIX, 21. 2 O.L., XXIII, 36. 20 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO townships that were not divided into districts and upon districts that did not employ teachers, but any real compelling force that such a provision might have had was destroyed by the excessive liberality of the time limitation allowed for meeting the minimum requirements of the law. No township was entitled to receive any portion of the moneys collected for school purposes, either from the school lands or from taxation, unless it was laid off into districts. (It might be laid off in one district six miles square and meet the legal requirement.) Furthermore, if it were not laid off into districts within five years, the money due it arising from the school tax was apportioned to the other townships of the county which had been so laid ofif. Similarly, any district which for a period of three years failed to hire a teacher and keep a school was penalized by having the money due it apportioned to the districts that obeyed the law. This did not refer to the money from Section 16. By the terms of the original grant, this was set aside for the use of the schools of the township, and the funds from it could not be alienated to the use of another township. The law of 1825 provided for a school tax, and the penalty for not districting the township consisted^ in losing after a five-year period the township share in this tax. No provision was made other than this for the enforcement of the law. There were no penalties for the township trustees, and no officers whose duty it was to see that the law was carried into effect. It was the evident idea of the legislators that the incentive afforded by a share in the school tax would be sufficient to bring about the erection of school districts in all the townships of the state. That this was not the universal result is shown by the fact that throughout the period, even as late as 1849,^ there reappear in general laws and in amenda- tory and supplementary acts constant directions to the township trustees to lay off the township into school districts. The later directions probably usually refer to the organization of new counties and townships in the more unsettled portions of the state. In general, the townships seem to have followed the mandates of the law and availed themselves of the opportunity to share in the money raised by the tax. 1 O.L., XXIII, 36. 2 O.L., XLVII, 52. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 21 Mr. Lewis in his first report as state superintendent, in 1837,^ showed that there were 7,748 organized school districts in the state. There were 1,129 townships in 71 of the 75 counties of the state, which would give an average of nearly seven school districts to the township, an indication that the law was quite generally- obeyed. There was, however, no uniformity in the amount of territory included in the districts (an entire township might be organized as one district), and, as Mr. Lewis pointed out, the number in each township did vary from one or two to eighteen. The district lines were "frequently made on personal considerations, or to defeat some contemplated improvement. It is not uncom- mon to find districts so bounded as to exclude whole tracts of land from the operation of the law."^ The report further indicates that there were individual townships even in the older counties that had not organized school districts at the date of the report, 1837, "and many more in the new counties that have just com- menced operations." The organization within the district was effected by the district meeting choosing three directors, who were to have direct control and management of the schools. It should be kept clearly in mind in this and subsequent legisla- tion that the directors are officers of the district, the trustees are officers of the township. The only compulsory feature in the district organization was a fine of two dollars, which was provided for by an amendment in 1830,^ imposed upon any person who was elected school director or treasurer and refused to serve. This provision was repeated in the general laws of 1832'' and 1834.^ These amendments were evidently caused by frequent refusal to serve by those elected to the school offices in the local districts. That the work was a real burden and rested upon a small army of local school officers may be seen in another quotation from the state superintendent's first report: There is no feature in the present law more burdensome than that of requiring so many officers to spend several days in every year in doing what would be better done by one-fifth the number The amount of time now required, > Ohio Documents, 36th G.A., Doc. 17, p. 45, ^ Ibid., p. 20. ^O.L., XXVIII, 57. *0.L., XXIX, 414. * O.L., XXXII, 25. 22 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO if the officers do their duty, will, if computed at the average price of day labor, amount to a heavier tax than is assessed in money for the support of schools, .... There are now 38,740 officers, enough certainly to break down any system however otherwise good.' To summarize: On the side of local organization, the law of 1825 directed the township trustees throughout the state to lay off the townships into school districts, in which the electors might organize by choosing directors, the only compulsion for either township or district coming from a loss in the share of the school tax. County contact with the township and district was first estab- lished in the law of 1825,^ by which the county officials were made responsible for the collection and distribution of the school tax,^ and through the appointment of a board of examiners by the Court of Common Pleas. This county relationship was concerned only with the distribution of school funds and the examination"* of teachers, and had in it no direct element of control or supervision. The certification of teachers by a county authority, rather than a local authority, did, of course, introduce one element of control. The next step in the direction of county organization was taken in the law of 1836,^ which provided that the county auditor should open an account directly with each school district in the county, and made the further provision that each district school clerk should report annually to the county auditor. The county auditor became the intermediary officer in gathering information for the use of the state as to the general school conditions. It is evident that the legislature felt the need of information regarding school conditions throughout the state as a basis for legislative action. The directions are specific as to the information wanted and include the following items: the enumeration of white children from four to twenty-one years old in the district; the time the school had been kept in the district; the time the school had been supported by the school fund; the time the school had been sup- ported by taxation; the time the school had been supported by voluntary subscription; the amount of money from each source; the number of children that had been taught; the whole amount ^ Ohio Documents, 36th G.A., Doc. 17, p. 19. ^O.L., XXIII, 36. ^ See p. 33 for full explanation of this tax. * See p. 41. * O.L., XXXIV, 19. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 23 spent for teachers' v/ages; the amount paid for schoolhouses and repairs, giving as separate items the sum raised by taxation for this purpose and that raised by voluntary subscription. Each county auditor was directed to make an abstract^ of the information so gathered for his county, and to report the same annually to the General Assembly. It will be seen that the law up to this point connected the state, county, and district in a loose organization through a system of reports and through certain financial contacts in the collection and distribution of the school tax. The system lacked a supervising head with definite respon- sibility for following up the directions given by the law and for seeing that the information asked for was actually gathered and used. The legislature evidently realized this, and the following year,2 1837, passed a law creating the office of superintendent of common schools, with an annual salary of five hundred dollars. The chief duties of the office so created were to collect and tabulate statistics, to investigate the conditions of the various school funds resulting from the sale of lands, and, in general, to study the school needs of the state and suggest plans for better regulation and control of educational affairs to the General Assem- bly. Samuel Lewis, of Cincinnati, was appointed to the office April 1, 1837.^ Following his recommendations, the legislature- enacted in 1838'* an act for the support and better regulation of common schools and to create permanently the office of superin- tendent of common schools. Mr. Lewis had recommended legis- lation the preceding year, which had included : school libraries; a state school fund of two hundred thousand dollars; township high schools; township Boards of Education; evening schools in towns and cities; county superintendents; a school journal to be distributed to school officers gratuitously; encouragement for the formation of Teachers' Institutes; authority ^ It was largely from these abstracts that Mr. Lewis made up the statistical tables in his first report. He recognized the incompleteness and inaccuracy in them, but despite that gathered much valuable information. In commenting upon the laxness shown in the reports he says: "If all the districts had reported accurately, the result would be bad enough; but they have not There are in the state 75 counties of which 62 have reported in whole or in part; some are extremely defective, not only on account of the work of the school officers, but also the extreme carelessness of some of the auditors. Most of the auditors, however, have done the best they could with the materials furnished." (Ohio Documents 36th G.A., Doc. 17, p. 45). 2 O.L., XXXV, 82. ^ O.L., XXXV, local, 560. *0.L., XXXVI, 21. 24 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO for districts to borrow money to erect school-houses; the employment of women as teachers; and full reports from teachers and school officers.' The resulting legislation was the most important and complete act bearing upon public education passed in Ohio from 1803 to 1850, and was the last school code passed during the period. Much of its effectiveness was destroyed by subsequent amendments that will be indicated, but the act in itself attempted to establish an organized system of common schools for the state, with state, county, township, and district officers. The state superintendent stood at the head of the system. In each county the county auditor was made superintendent of common schools for the county, and in each township the township clerk was made superintendent of common schools for the township. The district meeting elected three directors, as in the case of the preceding laws. The district clerk was directed to make an annual report to the district meeting and to file a copy of his report with the township clerk. This report was to contain full financial and educational statistics of the district for the year. The duties of the township clerk, acting as superintendent, were as follows: to take an enumeration of the youth of school age in each district of the township (for failure to do this a fine of liiilS was imposed upon him); to fill vacancies that occurred in any board of directors in his township; to appoint direc- tors in case the district meeting failed to elect them, or in case the directors failed to serve, and, if those who were appointed refused to serve, to perform the duties of the directors himself for the dis- trict in question. He was directed further to report annually to the county superintendent an abstract of the reports made by the district clerks, and it was made his duty to visit each common school in the township at least once a year to examine the teacher's record and the discipline and mode of instruction and to keep a journal of his observations. He was also directed by the law to estimate each year the additional amount necessary to be raised in the district to maintain six months' school for all children. The chief duties of the auditor as county superintendent of schools consisted in transmitting an abstract of the reports from each township to the state superintendent, and in distributing blanks, circulars, and other information from the state superin- tendent to the proper township and district officers. 1 Ohio Documents, 36th G.A., Doc. 17, pp. 11-34. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 25 It will be seen that in its working the system was nominal rather than actual, so far as any control of the local unit, the dis- trict, was concerned. It was designed chiefly to afford convenience for the collection of data needed by the state superintendent, and the dissemination of information from the state superintendent's office. It did provide for district officers, and even the possible establishment of schools, where the district failed to act, by giving the township clerk power to exercise the authority of the directors, and it also made some pretense at supervision through the same officers. Aside from this, it was a loose and inefficient system, depending for its value upon the energy and ability of the state superintendent in arousing educational sentiment throughout the state and upon the thoroughness with which the township clerk performed the duties laid upon him. There was still no actual compulsion in the law. The strong points of the system consisted in the definite relation- ship established through state, county, township, and district officers, and the possibility of dissemination and collection of educational information through these channels. Its real effective- ness depended upon the wise leadership of the state superintendent. The law pointed out the way to a school system, and the superin- tendent, as an authorized educational agent, could do much to arouse state-wide interest in the schools. In his Third Annual Report, in 1839, Mr. Lewis speaks of the law in the following words: This law, though not perfect, was the best that could be passed; and with all its imperfections, I still think it is better adapted to our wants than any other school law that has come under my notice. It gives to the people the power to do their own business, whether in townships or districts, as the majority may think best. The widest possible latitude is given for popular action. The most that the law does is to prescribe certain general rules within which the people can act under the sanction of the law, and it gives to such popular action the aid of law to effect its purpose. An arbitrary law imposing duties binding upon the people without their assent could prescribe the forms and details of the work in a few words and with great simplicity. Such would do for despotic countries, but in a free country where the actors are a people whose action depends upon their own wills, there must be a wide scope given, allowing each district to accom- modate its own peculiar views, requiring it only to keep within the general out- lines (and they must be only outlines) laid down by the law.' The effectiveness of the organization was destroyed by action of the legislature March 23, 1840,^ when the office of state superin- • Third Annual Report of the Superintendent oj the Common Schools, made to the Thirty-eighth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, p. 4. ^ O.L., XXXVIII, 130. 26 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO tendent was abolished and the work of tabulating and transmitting school statistics and other educational information was transferred to the office of the secretary of state. The one other point at which the law had promise of effective- ness was In the creation of the township and county superintendents. The weakness, of course, was In attaching these offices as mere appendages to the duties of the county auditor and the township clerk. The supervisory duties of the township clerk were made depen- dent upon the decision of the township trustees In 1839,' and the amount of pay for the supervision of any one school was limited to a maximum of one dollar for any one year. This made actual supervision practically Impossible. The results of these two acts were to leave the system without effective leadership and largely to destroy any possibility of controlling the school work of the district through supervision. There were portions of the state where the organization was felt to be Ineffective. Samuel Lewis had advocated county supervision, and the appointment of the county auditor to this position was felt by many not to meet edu- cational needs. Voluntary associations of teachers- discussed the question of school organization In their conventions. In 1846 Henry D. Barnard, of Connecticut, came to Ohio and lectured In numerous towns and cities,^ urging the cause of free public schools. As one result of these discussions numerous petitions were cir- culated In the northern and central portions of the state, asking for a law that would give county supervision. In 1847^ the legis- lature passed a weak permissive act applicable to twenty-five counties located largely in the Western Reserve and In the central portion of the state near Columbus. This act shows clearly the general legislative willingness to legalize educational procedure and the unwillingness to adopt means to enforce the measures given the sanction of law. The twenty-five counties In question were allowed to have county superintendents. The initiative was left in the hands of the county commissioners, who were authorized to set aside such sum as they deemed proper for the payment of a county super- 1 O.L., XXXVII, 61. ^ See chapter vi, p. 106, for a brief account of some of these associations. ' Taylor, A Manual of the Ohio School System, p. 359. < O.L., XLV, 32. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 27 intendent. They were allowed to levy a tax for the purpose if they wished to do so. If a sum were set aside for the support of this office, the county superintendent was elected by the district clerks of the county. He became chairman of the county Board of Examiners, and was directed to visit annually each common school in the county as a supervising officer. The provisions of this act were made applicable to all counties in the state the next year, 1848.^ The act remained virtually a dead letter in the original twenty-five counties as well as in the rest of the state. It simply pointed out a way in which a county might legally appoint a county superintendent of schools if it really wished to do so, and it left the initiative in the hands of the county commissioners, who were likely to be guided in action by financial considerations more than by educational needs. ^ The legislature in 1850^ passed another act that created again the office of state superintendent, but in a quite different form. This law was not permissive in form, but never actually came into operation since the General Assembly, which was the appointing body, allowed it to lapse through its failure to appoint the officers provided for in the law. In brief, this law provided for a state board of public instruction to consist of five members, appointed by the General Assembly. The first members were to be appointed for one, two, three, four, and five years. After that one member was to be appointed each year. Each member, during the last year of his term, was styled the state superintendent of common schools and carried on the duties of that office. These duties were largely limited to the collection of statistics and the reporting of the results to the General Assembly. The state was to be divided into four districts by the board, and each of the other members was to serve as a district superintendent. In this service they co- operated with the county examiners, and their signatures were necessary to give validity to teachers' certificates. The state superintendent was to prepare questions for all teachers' examina- tions. Teachers were required to pay one dollar on the receipt of certificates. The payment of this dollar entitled each teacher to receive a state educational paper and to attend teachers' institutes. 1 O.L., XL VI, 86. 2 Two counties, Ashtabula and Sandusky, elected superintendents under this law (Taylor, A Manual of the Ohio School System, p. 360). 3 O.L., XLVIII, 44. 28 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO All fees and subscriptions to the school paper were to be paid to the state treasurer, and out of the fund so created the salaries of the state board were to be paid. The salaries were one thousand dollars for each district superintendent, and twelve*^ hundred dollars for the state superintendent. The law specifically provided that no money from any other source should be used in the pay- ment of these salaries. This law represented the efforts of the teachers' associations and the friends of education throughout the state. They were successful in getting the law upon the statute books by placing the responsibility for financing it upon the teachers themselves. The law, however, as has been said, was never put in active operation. Summary. — The district was the unit of school organization throughout this period. A state organization was formed in 1838 with county and township officers. The effectiveness of the county and township organizations was largely nullified by the fact that the duties of the school officials were attached to offices primarily created for other purposes. The greatest possibility of usefulness in the system rested in the state superintendent, and this office, after a three years' trial, was abolished, and its duties transferred to the office of the secretary of state, where it became largely a clerical function. METHODS OK COMMON-SCHOOL SUPPORT The subject of the support of common schools during this period is an involved one as there are many sources of revenue and frequent changes in legislation. These sources may be classified as follows: school rates paid by parents; the revenue from school lands; permanent funds; revenue from the United States surplus; a guaranteed state school fund; state taxation for school support; county taxation for school support; optional township taxation for school support; district taxation for school support; revenue from fines, penalties, and fees of various kinds; district taxation for school buildings; voluntary contributions for school buildings; contributions and bequests. Rates paid by parents. — It has already been said that the earliest schools in Ohio were subscription or pay schools. The responsibility for the education of the child during the first twenty- two years of statehood rested on the parents, not upon society or the state, except as the money received from Section 16 might DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 29 assist in maintaining the local school. The principle of school rates for at least a portion of the expense was recognized in the laws of 1821,1 1829,2 i831,» 1834," and 1836.^ In the three acts last cited it was provided that the parents should pay any addi- tional amount needed, unless it were raised by voluntary subscrip- tion. Provision was also made for the exemption of indigent students. School rates, as a source of revenue, were not specifically recognized in the code of 1838,^ but reappeared the following year in an amendment,^ and remained until 1850 as a legal source of support. The practical working of the law and its amendments is well shown by another quotation from Mr. Lewis' first report: As it will be impossible to give a full history of my observations, an example of the several classes must suffice. In one town a free school is taught three months in the year, by one teacher, in a district where more than one hundred children desire to attend; they rush in and crowd the school so as to destroy all hope of usefulness, the wealthy and those in comfortable circumstances, seeing this, withdraw their children or never send them; the school thus receives the name of a school for the poor, and its usefulness is destroyed. This example is one that represents nearly all the free schools in the State, as well in the country as in the cities and towns. Another and much larger number of the districts, adopt a practice of which the following is an example: The district has funds which would pay a teacher one quarter or less, but in order to keep up a school as long as possible, it is divided between two or more quarters; the teacher makes his estimate of the amount, besides public money, that must be paid by each scholar and gets his subscription accordingly. Here none send but those who can pay the balance; of course the children of the poor, the very intemperate and careless, with some- times the inordinate lovers of money are left at home. This mode though it defeats the primary object of the law, really secures a greater aggregate amount of instruction than the other. Another class proceeds on the same plan, with the exception that the teacher is bound to take the very poor free, if they prove their total inability to pay. This is but little, if any, better than the last, since the poor woman must humble herself, and in effect take the benefit of the poor law, before she can get her children into school Another part of this class is, where the directors agree with the teacher at so much per month, and, after expending the school money, levy, under the statute, i0.L.,XIX, 51. H).L., XXVII, 73. 'O.L., XXIX, 414. ^O.L., XXXII, 25. ^O.L.,XXXlV, 19. "O.L., XXXVI, 21. 'O.L., XXXVII, 61. 30 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO a tax on the scholars for the residue, sometimes admitting the poor, and some- times rejecting all that are unable to pay the difference. In some towns all the teachers receive a portion of the public money at the rate of so much per scholar, which they deduct from the subscription price. In these cases the schools are all strictly private, and no provision whatever is made for the poor. The officers in one place where this practice prevails, said that "if the schools were free, they would be so crowded as to be useless, unless they had more funds, but by the mode they adopted, every man who sent to school got a part of the public money;" if he was not able to pay the balance he was punished by losing the whole; which is certainly a bad feature in the practice, and a gross violation of law. Another custom is not to draw the school money for several years, and then, say once in two or three years, they can keep a crowded free school from three to six months. In some places public schools have not been taught this two years. These examples give the practice in all the school districts in the State; the second and third named prevail the most generally; but it is not uncommon to find all the examples adopted in different districts in the same township.' Revenue from school lands. — The revenue from Section 16, or land given in lieu of Section 16,^ was by the terms of the grant to be used for the education of the children of the township or district of^^country to which it belonged. The basis of distribution within the township finally came to be the number of white unmarried youth from four to twenty-one years. The different bases of dis- tribution used before this were as follows: 1805' — So that all citizens in the township shall obtain equal advantages. ISIO"* — In proportion to the scholars and the time taught. 1825^ — In proportion to the number of families in each district. 1834" — In proportion to the unmarried white youth from four to twenty-one. In the Virginia Military District the basis for distribution by the act of February 9, 1829,^ was made all children from the age of four to sixteen, instead of four to twenty-one. This was changed to children from the age of four to twenty-one in 1831,^ and a five- hundrcd-dollar penalty was assessed upon county auditors if they failed to make triennially a report of the number of school youth * Ohio Documents, 36th G.A., Doc. 17, pp. 8 ff. *0.L., Ill, 47, Enabling Act, reprinted. 'O.L., ni, 230. *0.L., VHI, 100. *0.L., XXni, 36. «0.L., XXXII, 25. ^O.L., XXVII, 51. * O.L.. XXIX, 229. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 31 of this age in their respective counties. In 1836^ the proportionate amount of territory in each county was used as the basis of appor- tionment in this particular district. Permanent funds. — Schools lands: In 1809^ the school lands set aside for the Virginia Military District were offered for sale at a minimum price of two dollars per acre, and the funds were deposited with the state treasurer to be funded and the income used for the support of schools within this district. The policy of selling the school lands in the rest of the state was adopted in 1827^ and was followed immediately by another act^ creating a permanent school fund. The money from the sale of school land was to be paid into the state treasury and placed to the credit of the particular townships to which the land belonged. This was impossible in the case of such districts as the Western Reserve, the Virginia Military District, and the United States Military District, as the land had not been given to the townships, but to the districts as a whole. In these cases the money was set aside for the use of schools in the territories named. The amount so paid in constituted an irreducible fund upon which the state pledged its faith to pay an annual interest of 6 per cent for the use of schools in the township or district.-^ The lands were to be sold at the appraised value with no minimum price attached. This act also provided that the money from the sale of the salt lands, which had not been originally given for the use of schools, should become a permanent fund belonging in common to the people of the state for school use. To this fund was to be added any dona- tions, bequests, etc., that might be made to the state for the use of schools. The moneys from the two last sources were to be funded until 1832, and thereafter interest was to be distributed to the counties of the state in proportion to the white male inhabitants over twenty-one years of age. These funds were loaned to the state for the purpose of building canals in 1830,^ and from this time on the principle was followed of using the funds for state purposes and pledging the faith of the state for the payment of annual interest on the debt so incurred. > O.L., XXXIV, 469. 2 0.L., VII, 109. 3 O.L., XXV, 56. «0.L., XXV, 78. s The money paid into the treasury from the school lands was used by the state in its canal projects, and interest was paid upon the debt so incurred. « O.L., XXVIII, 56. 32 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO The amount of funds derived from this source is shown for the years 1830, 1836, and 1846, as follows r^ Virginia Military School Lands. U.S. Military School Lands. . . . Salt lands Section No. 16 Western Reserve School Lands . Moravian Tract School Lands. . Totals $47,014.31 27,895.50 10,004.20 82.626.31 $167,540.32 1836 1846 $117,884.64 101,256.71 24,788.22 563,578.63 147,027.01 $135,033.96 119,871.09 999,963.24 158,659.01 1,049.82 $954,535.21 $1,414,577.12 Surplus revenue. — In 1837^ the surplus revenue received from the United States was apportioned among the counties, the net income from this source to be used for the support of common schools. The method used for deriving an income was as follows: each county was held responsible for the payment of 5 per cent interest annually on the amount apportioned to it.^ This 5 per cent Vi'as paid annually to the state treasurer and redistributed throughout the state for the use of schools. Any amount of revenue that the county had derived from the fund above 5 per cent might be retained by it and used for internal improvements, for the support of common schools, or for the building of academies. The entire fund apportioned to Ohio from this source was $2,007, 260. 34.'* This fund was used in this way for the support of schools until 1850, but was finally pledged by the state for the payment of debts incurred in the building of state canals, and passed from the school finances subsequent to this date. State school fund. — The law of 1838'' established for the first time a guaranteed state common-school fund of two hundred thousand dollars. This was to be derived from the interest on the surplus revenue,^ the interest on the proceeds of salt lands, and the revenue' from banks, insurance, and bridge companies. The state was to supplement from other funds whatever amount was * O.L., XXVIII, Auditor's reports; O.L., XXXV, Auditor's reports; O.L., XLV, Auditor's reports. "O.L., XXXV, 97. ^The amount distributed to the Ohio counties in 1837 was $1,882,418.92. *Ohio Documents, 36lh G.A., Doc. 3, p. 8. ^O.L., XXXVI, 21. * Ohio's share of the surplus revenue distributed to the several states by the United States amounted to $2,007,260.34. ^ The revenue from the state tax on banks, insurance, and bridge companies is reported by the state treasurer in 1837 as $64,931. .S3. Ohio Documents, 36th G.A., Doc. 2, p. 3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 33 needed to bring the total annual revenue up to two hundred thou- sand dollars. The added amount, when necessary, was raised, in fact, by a state tax. The amount of this guaranteed fund was subsequently in 1842^ reduced for one year to one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and in the following year^ the money arising from licenses on peddlers, from auction duties or licenses on auc- tioneers, and from taxes levied on lawyers and physicians was added to this fund, the effort evidently being to raise the amount of the fund without the necessity of taxation. The basis for dis- tribution of this fund to the counties was made the number of white youth between the ages of four and twenty years, resident in the county. Taxation.— -The principle of taxation for the support of schools first appeared in the general school act of 1825,^ by which the county commissioners in each county were directed to levy a tax of one-half mill on the taxable property of the county for the use of schools. This principle continued from this date, and was later supplemented by a state tax and an optional township or district tax. The pro- visions of the laws concerning taxation up to, and including, the general law of 1838 are summarized in Table I, page 34. (This includes only taxation for school support. The provisions for taxation for school building purposes are given separately.) In 1839^ the law was amended to allow the county commis- sioner to reduce the county tax to any sum not less than one mill, instead of maintaining a flat rate of two mills throughout the state as the act of 1838 had done, and in 1847,^ the sentiment against taxation for school support was so strong in the General Assembly that the county commissioners were forbidden to levy more than two-fifths of a mill for the use of schools. This was the lowest point reached in taxation for school support after the law of 1825. The following year, 1848, the privilege of levying a local tax for the support of schools was extended from the township to the dis- trict.^ The district clerks were directed to make an estimate of the ' O.L., XL, 59. ^O.L., XLII, 38. *0.L., XXni, 36. * O.L., XXXVn, 61. ^ O.L., XLV, 60. •O.L.. XLVI,83. 34 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO amount needed in addition to the funds provided under the laws in force to keep a school in session for six months. The district meeting was then allowed to decide by vote whether an additional tax should be levied for this purpose. In no case could this added district tax exceed one mill. The same year the county commis- sioners were authorized to raise the tax from two-fifths of a mill to 1 milU but they were not directed to do so. TABLE I Year Amount Remarks County tax required'. . . 1825 i^mill County tax required^. . . 1829 % mill County tax required'. . . 1831 % mill County commissioners may assess J^ mill additional. County tax required^. . . 1834 1 mill County commissioners may assess J^ mill additional. County tax required^. . . 1836 VA mills County commissioners may assess A '""iH additional. County tax required'. . . 1838 2 mills Township tax' 1836 Optional If the county commissioners failed to levy the additional ^-mill tax, the township might vote to raise an additional 13/^-mill tax. Township tax 1838 Optional The township might vote an added amount necessary to maintain schools six months.* Not to exceed 2 mills additional. State tax 1838 Variable An amount necessary added to the revenue from the permanent fund to produce v$200,0009 annually." One- half mill levied by the state in 1838. ' O.L., XXIII, 36. 2 O.L., XXVII, 73. 3 0.L., XXIX, 414. * O.L., XXXII, 25. 5 O.L., XXXIV, 19. 6 0.L., XXXVI, 21. ' O.L., XXXIV, 19. «0.L., XXXVII, 61. » Reduced in 1842 to $150,000 (O.L., XL, 59). 10 O.L., XXXVI, 85. The status of taxation for the support of schools at the close of the period was as follows: The state guaranteed a fixed school fund derived from various sources. When other sources failed to make up this sum, a state 1 O.L., XLVI, 28. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 35 tax was levied to do so. (The fund had been reduced from two hundred thousand dollars in 1838 to one hundred and fifty thousand dollars in 1842.) The county commissioners were directed to levy a tax in each county. This had been two mills in 1838, but was reduced to two- fifths of a mill in 1847, and was left optional, but not over one mill, in 1848. Each township might vote to raise an added two-mill tax for the support of schools in the township. Each district might vote to raise an added one-mill tax for the support of schools in the district. The progress that had been made by the law of 1838 with its state-wide county tax of two mills and state tax amounting to one-half mill had been largely lost by allowing the county com- missioners to reduce the amount of the county tax and by the reduction of the guaranteed school fund to one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Taxation for school buildings. — The law of 182P authorized the householders in any school district by a two-thirds vote to levy a tax to build a schoolhouse and to pay for the schooling of indigent pupils, and stipulated the tax should not exceed one-half the amount that might be levied for state and county taxes the same year. The next law, that of 1825,^ simply said that the district meeting should provide means for building a schoolhouse and for furnishing fuel, but gave no further directions as to how money was to be raised. In 1827^ a maximum of three hundred dollars for a schoolhouse was established, and the district meeting might, by a three-fifths vote, decide whether the district should be taxed for building purposes or not. If it was decided to raise the money by a tax and the amount falling on any householder was less than one dollar, a minimum sum of one dollar was charged against him. The tax might be commuted by labor on the schoolhouse or by the furnishing of material for it. This last law evidently aroused opposition on the part of non-resident taxpayers, and in 1830^ an amendment to the school law provided that not more than fifty dollars might be levied in any one year for building purposes unless one-third of the property in the district was owned by residents. ^O.L., XIX, 51. 2 O.L., XXm, 36. ' O.L., XXV, 65. * O.L., XXVIII, 57. 36 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO If one-third to one-half of the property was so owned, the amount raised might be one hundred dollars. If one-third to two-thirds of the pro|:)erty was owned by residents, the sum was increased to two luMidred dollars. This method of raising the money for buildings remained with but slight changes until 1838. The mini- mum tax for a resident taxpayer was reduced from one dollar to fifty cents in 1830,' and to twenty-five cents in 1836.2 In 1838^ the decision as to a building tax for a schoolhouse was for the first time left to a majority vote of the district meeting, and the partial exemption for non-resident taxpayers and the minimum tax features disappeared. Fines, penalties, licc7ises, fees, etc. — In 1827^ the principle of using fines for the support of schools, assessed for various offences, first appears. By the provisions of this act all fines imposed and collected by justices of the peace for offences committed were to be used for the support of schools in the district in which the offences were committed. This was repeated in 1829,^ and then disappeared from the school law, but the principle reappeared in a series of acts concerning various offences and remained as a definite method of school support to the end of the period. These offences and fines are .so numerous that they are given here only in tabulated form (Table II). TABLE II Date of Penalty .Area to Which Offense I'iNES Were Law Min. Max Distributed 1829*.... Selling liquor without license. . $10.00 $ 50.00 County 1829*.... Liquor-seller permitting riot- ing, drunkenness, or ganil)iing 10.00 50 . 00 County 183()t.... Killing nuiskrats out of season. 1.00 each Township 1831t... Sabbath-breaking 1.00 5 . 00 Township 183U.... Selling ficjuor on Sunday "to others than travelers" 5.00 Township 18.^U.... Disturbing religious meetings. 20.00 Township 18311.... Profanity .25 1.00 Township 1831t... Exciting disturbance in a tav- ern, etc .50 5 . 00 Township 183U.... Playing bullets, running horses or shooting guns in town . . . .50 5 . 00 Township 1831t... Liquor tlealcr keeping nine-pin alley 10.00 100.00 Township 'O.L., XXVni,.S7. ''O.L., XXXIV, 19. 'O.L., XXXVI, 21. <O.L.,XXV, 65. ' O.L., XXVU, 73. •O.L., XXVIl, 11. fO.L., XXIX, 469. JO.L., XXIX, 161. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 37 TABLE n — Continued Date of Law 1831t. 183U.., 1831t.. 183U... 1831t... 1831t.. 18311... 1831§. 1831§... 183111 . . 183111.. 1831**.. 1831**.. 1831**.. 1834tt.. 1834tt.. 1834§§ . 183811 II . 18401111. 1840***. 1841ttt. 1844tlt. 1845§§§. 1846I1IIII Offense Penalty Exhibiting a puppet show, jug- gling, etc Tearing down public notices Selling liquor within one mile of a religious gathering. . . . Bull-baiting, bear-baiting, etc Cock-fighting Horse-racing on a public road Justice of peace failing to pay over fine collected Selling at auction without license Failure to render account of auction sales Peddling without license Exhibiting circus without per mit Neglecting to have fish in- spected Failure to bury offal Inspector demanding more than legal amount, or pur- chasing articles condemned Selling salt without inspection Medical malpractice of various kinds Obstructing navigation in Mus- kingum River , Officer or corporation disre garding court orders in quo warranto procedure Keeping breachy or unruly ani- mals Harboring intoxicated Indians Selling liquor within two miles of any religious society gath- ered in a field or woodland. . Allowing Canada thistles to mature Knowingly selling seed which contains Canada thistle seed Firing cannon on the public street Gambling or keeping a gamb- ling-house Min. $ 5.00 $ 10.00 10.00 20.00 100.00 100.00 Double the amount collected 100.00 20.00 5.00 1000.00 100.00 100.00 5.00 50.00 50.00 1.00 per bbl. 100.00 .25 5.00 5.00 5.00 500.00 50.00 10,000.00 1.00 25.00 50.00 10.00 20.00 50.00 500.00 Area to Which Fines Were Distributed Township Township Township Township Township Township Township State, for lit- erary pur- poses District County County County County County County County County District District Township Township Township Township County JO.L., XXIX, 161. §0.L., XXIX, 304. IIO.L., XXIX, 313. H O.L., XXIX, 446. **0.L., XXIX, 477. ttO.L., XXXII, 47. tJO.L., XXXII, 20. §§0.L., XXXII, 38. II IIO.L., XXXVI, 68. UHO.L., XXXVIII, 4. •**0.L., XXXVIII, 57. tttO.L., XXXIX, 34. ttJo.L., XLII, 37. §§§0.L., XLIII, 17. II 11 IIO.L., XLIV, 10. 38 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO In addition to the fines listed, the fees received from licenses for liquor selling/ for peddling,^ and for auctioneering^ were applied for the use of schools. There were also a number of local acts of this character applying to particular towns or counties.* In 1830,^ in the act incorporating the town of Steubenville, it is provided that for every license granted to "all groceries, porter, ale, and other houses of entertainment" there shall be paid into the county treasury "the sum of five dollars for the use of the common schools of the county." A similar provision is found in the act incorporating the city of Chillicothe,® in 1838, except that the money is to be paid to the district of the city. Acts of the same general nature occur, applying to Medina, Huron, and Erie counties,^ and to the towns of Cuyahoga Falls, ^ Fulton,^ and Akron, ^^ and in 1845 an act was passed authorizing the towns of Painesville and Norwalk^^ to levy an annual tax "on all dogs six months old and upwards" for the use of common schools. CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OF SCHOOLS Ohio was especially weak in developing any plan of control or supervision. The law of 1825^'^ and succeeding laws said that the county examiners might visit and inspect schools, but there was no compulsion placed upon them, no pay for the duty if performed, and no authority given to them in case they decided to make such inspection. In 1838^^ the establishment of the offices of state, county, and township superintendents would seem, at first view, to give the machinery for efficient control and supervision, but an inspection of the law will show that the actual control exercised was weak and ineffective. The only man in the entire system who was primarily engaged in school work was the state superintendent, and at the end of three years the office was abolished,^* and the work 'O.L., XXVII, 11. 2 O.L., XXIX, 313; O.L., XL VI, 36. ^O.L., XXIX, 304. * O.L., XXVin, 165: O.L., XLV, 131. * O.L., XXVIII, 165. » O.L., XXXVI, 274. ^O.L., XLV. 131. * O.L., XLVI, 269. ^O.L., XXXII, 116. '0 O.L., XXXIV, 433. " O.L., XLIII, 379. l^O.L., XXIII, 36. I'O.L., XXXVI, 21. " O.L., XXXVIII, 130. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 39 transferred to the secretary of state, who was allowed four hundred dollars a year for the extra clerical work thus placed upon him. Samuel Lewis^ in the three years he served as state superin- tendent accomplished much, but it was through arousing sentiment in favor of common schools and in collecting and presenting edu- cational facts to the General Assembly and to the state at large, and not through the working of the system, except as it aided him in the collection of the desired facts and as he educated school officers in their duties through manuals, reports, and other edu- cational material.^ With the transfer of the office to the secretary of state it became, naturally, largely clerical in character, as the secretary of state was devoted primarily to other duties. Similarly, the office of county superintendent was simply added to the duties of the county audi- tor, and that of the township superintendent to the duties of the township clerk. These men, too, were primarily chosen for work of a different nature, and the school duties were in many instances an unwelcome addition. It is true that the law gave the township superintendent certain control over the district, investing him with powers to appoint directors if the district failed to elect them, or to perform in person the duties of the directors if those he appointed failed to serve. There was no machinery, however, to compel the township super- intendent to act in the matter. He was also required by law to visit the schools in each district once in each year, but in 1839^ it was made optional with the township trustees to excuse him from this duty, and his total pay for supervision in any one school was fixed at a maximum of one dollar for the year. On the whole the township clerks seem to have accepted the responsibility and to have acted for the best interests of the schools. Mr. Lewis in his second report speaks of the working of the law at this point as follows: Elections have very generally been held in the districts in September, 1838, and where they have been omitted the township clerks have, in most cases, made proper appointments, so that there are now school officers in nearly all the school districts and they are making the arrangements for schools The power 1 Taylor, A Manual oj the Ohio School System, p. 335. ^ O.L., XXXVI, local, 402, 410. »0.L., XXXVII, 61. 40 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO of township clerks, to appoint district officers, is sometimes complained of, but without this provision or some other effecting the same object, organization could not take place. There will be this winter at least one thousand schools that but for this pro- vision would not have existed. Township clerks only act where the district has forgotten or neglected to act, and it would be unpardonable to suffer fifty thousand youth to go without instruction for want of officers to regulate the schools I am satisfied that most of the township clerks desire most heartily to promote the interest of the schools, pay or no pay, but they are gen- erally poor and cannot afford to spend much time without compensation. Letters every day coming to my hands satisfy me that no money will be better laid out than that which secures the services of patriotic and public spirited township superintendents.' While these quotations show the general attitude of these newly appointed officers as favorable to the schools, there were many individual instances where, through hixity or ignorance, the work was not done. One of the county auditors writing to Mr. Lewis says: "Great difficulties are found in school matters by the negligence of school district officers and township clerks, not that they are opposed to the common school system, but they complain of having so much to do without compensation, consequently they will not bother themselves with the matter."^ Another says: "I can assign no reason for the neglect of the township clerks in this matter .... but from want of attention merely " "The township clerks have not generally made accurate returns."^ "The carelessness of district officers has given township clerks an excuse, and my report is very deficient," are among other comments from auditor's letters cited by Mr. Lewis. The only effective measures to compel the districts to establish schools were through the retention of the district's share of money from the school fund, and the moneys collected by taxation, in case of failure to keep school. The law of 1825^ said that no dis- trict might receive its share of the money so collected except for the wages of a teacher duly employed and certified. There was no specification as to the length of time the teacher must be em- ployed. If the district failed for a period of three years to hire a teacher and keep a school, the money due it was to be appropriated > Ohio Documents, ,S8th G.A., Doc. 17, p. 51. 2 Ohio Documents, 37th G.A., Doc. 32, p. 67. s Ibid., p. 70. *0. L., XXIII, 36. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 41 to the districts that did so. In 1829^ the provisions were repeated, and a minimum term of three months was estabHshed as a con- dition of receiving the district's proportion of school tax due. There was a fine of two dollars assessed on any person elected as a director or clerk and refusing to serve,^ and also fines on the district officers responsible for making returns of the enumeration of school youth^ in case of failure to report. It was found necessary in 1848^ to pass a special act for the purpose of securing school statistics from the districts and townships. This forbade the township treasurers to pay any teacher a salary unless there was presented with the order an abstract of the teacher's record of attendance. The township treasurer was fined ten dollars unless he settled annually with the auditor of the county, and the possession of these abstracts was a necessary preliminary to the settlement. Other than this the state devised no means for controlling the educational procedure of the district. CERTIFICATION OF TEACHERS In 182P the district school committee was authorized to employ competent teachers, and no mention was made of certification. In 1825® the principle of county certification appeared and with the exception of a two-year period, 1836 to 1838, remained until 1850. The law of 1825 provided for the appointment of three examiners of common schools in each county by the Court of Com- mon Pleas, who should examine and certificate teachers and, as previously noted, might visit and examine schools. No teacher could legally recover any part of the pay due from public funds unless a certificate had been granted to such teacher. In 1827^ the Court of Common Pleas was allowed to appoint such number of examiners as they might deem expedient, not to exceed one for each organized township in the county. It was the evident intent of this law to allow single examiners, for the sake of convenience, to examine within the township. * O.L., XXVII, 73. ^O.L., XXVIII, 57. 'O.L., XXXIV, 19. *0.L.. XLVI,28 'O.L., XIX, 51. fO.L., XXIII, 36. 'O.L., XXV, 65. 42 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO In 1829^ the Court of Common Pleas was directed to appoint not less than five examiners nor more than the number of organized townships in the county, and any two examiners might grant certificates. In 183P the examiners were directed to give the certificate in the branches in which the teacher was found qualified to teach, and no certificate was to be granted unless the candidate was qualified to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic. The examiners might require the examination to be public and could determine upon uniform forms of certification. This law was evidently deemed a little too rigorous and was amended at the following session in December, 1831,^ to permit a district that wished to do so to employ a female teacher to teach reading, writing, and spelling only, and the examiners were author- ized, on the presentation of a written request from the directors, to grant a certificate in these subjects. In 1834"* the court was directed to appoint five examiners, and the examination was to be given publicly each month at the county seat, with the provision that the examiners might appoint one examiner in each township to examine female teachers only. Reading, writing, and arithmetic were required for all certificates. In 1836^ the township became the unit for certification, and the method of choosing examiners changed. Each township was to elect annually three examiners, but with the code of 1838^ the county became definitely the unit for certification, and the mode of appointment was again by the selection of the Court of Common Pleas. The number of examiners was fixed at three. Examina- tions were to be held quarterly by the board. Each teacher must be qualified to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic, and the certificate stated what other branches the teacher was qualified to teach. No teacher in any common school was allowed to teach a study not named in the certificate. In 1849^ English and geog- raphy were added to the requirements for certification. ' O.L., XXVII, 73. ''O.L., XXIX, 414. ' O.L., XXX, 4. * O.L.. XXXII, 2S. * O.L., XXXIV, 19. •O.L., XXXVI, 21. ^ O.L., XLVII, 43. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 43 SCHOOL STUDIES No mention was made of the subjects to be taught in the com- mon schools until 1834/ when reading, writing, and arithmetic and "other necessary branches" were specified. The state insisted on nothing more than these subjects, but in 1838^ allowed other studies to be taught at the option of the directors, and allowed any other language beside English to be taught, but the three R's must be taught in English, This was amended in 1839^ as a con- cession to German settlers^ to allow each school district to have its school taught in whatever language it might prefer. In 1849^ on application of three householders the directors were instructed to add English and geography to the subjects taught. LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR The minimum length of the school year was first fixed at three months in 1829^ for any school receiving an appropriation of the money raised by taxation, and as much longer than three months as the appropriation paid the wages of the teacher. Nothing was done to extend the time until 1838,^^ when the township superin- tendent was directed to estimate for the township the amount it would be necessary to raise by taxation in addition to the funds already provided to furnish six months good schooling to all the white youth of the township. The decision as to raising the amount needed to maintain the schools six months was decided by the voters at the township election, who voted "school tax" or "no school tax." A six months' school remained the ideal held up by the law for district schools until 1850. That this modest ideal of a six months' school was not com- monly reached is shown in Mr. Lewis' first report, in which he gave the total number of children of school age in the state as 468,812; the number attending more than two months and less than four as 84,296, and those attending over four months as 62,144.^ These figures show that 322,372 children of school age ^O.L., XXXII, 25. *0.L., XXXVI, 21. ^O.L., XXXVII, 61. ' Taylor, A Manual of the Ohio School System, p. 170. *O.L., XLVII, 43. « O.L., XXVII, 73. ^O.L., XXXVI, 21. ' Ohio Documents, 36th G.A., Doc. 17, p. 44. 44 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO either attended school less than two months in the year or that they did not attend at all. In his last report, three years later, for 1839, he gives the total number of schools (public) as 13,049 — partly estimated — and the average length of the term as four months; the total number of pupils in attendance as 455,427, an increase of over 300,000.^ These figures are a significant indication of the changed attitude toward public schools that the law of 1838 had wrought under the leadership of a capable and devoted state superintendent. SCHOOL OFFICERS The township trustees were throughout the period given the power of establishing districts. District officers were as follows: 1814 — Three district trustees.^ 1821 — Three district trustees and a collector.' 1825 — Three directors.'' 1827 — Three directors and a treasurer to be appointed by the directors.^ 1829 — Three directors, a clerk, and a treasurer.^ 1838 — Three directors, the directors appointing one of their own number as clerk and treasurer.'' The law of 1838 also created the offices of state, county, and township superintendents, the two latter being ex officio attached to the offices of county auditor and township clerk. 1840 — The office of state superintendent was abolished, and its clerical functions transferred to the office of the secretary of state.^ 1848 — Counties were given the right on their own initiative to elect county superintendents of schools.' SCHOOLS FOR COLORED CHILDREN The first provision found in the general laws for the education of colored children occurs in 1848,^° when a department of common schools for black and mulatto children was created. Prior to this time the property of colored people had been exempt from taxa- tion for school purposes. This law provided that their property should be taxed the same as property of white people, and the 1 Ohio Documents, 38th G.A., Doc. 17, p. 44. 2 0.L., XIII, 295. 'O.L., XIX, 51. * O.L., XXIII, 36. * O.L., XXV, 65. * O.L., XXVII, 73. ^O.L., XXXVI, 21. 8 O.L., XXXVIII, 130. » O.L., XLVI, 86. >0O.L.,XLVI, 81. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 45 money used to support colored schools wherever they were estab- lished, but added to the common school funds in those districts in which colored children were allowed to attend the common schools. Any city, town, village, or township containing twenty colored children was created a district for the purpose of establishing a colored school, and the colored citizens were given authority to organize by the election of directors, in accord with the general school law. If there were less than twenty colored children in the areas enumerated, they were allowed to attend the common schools unless there was a written protest filed by someone having a child in the school. In the latter case they were not allowed to attend, and the property of colored people was not taxed. At the next session of the legislature, in 1849,^ the law was changed, and the authorities in towns, cities, villages, and townships were required to create one or more districts for colored children if they were not admitted to common schools. The colored citizens then organized with their own officers and supported the schools by taxation upon their own property. CITY AND VILLAGE SCHOOLS Ohio's growth in population in the early decades of the nine- teenth century was a phenomenal one. In 1800, three years before statehood, her rank in population was eighteenth. In 1820 she stood fifth in the sisterhood of states, and in the next ten years the numbers within her borders again almost doubled, jumping from 581,434 in 1820 to 937,903 in 1830.^ This growth in the early years was almost wholly a rural one. In 1820 there were only two towns in the state with a population of 1,000 or over: Cincinnati with 9,640, and Dayton, estimated to have 1,000. Ten years later Cincinnati had grown to a city of 24,830, Dayton and Columbus were approaching 3,000 each — 2,950 and 2,435, respectively — while three other towns, Cleveland, Springfield, and Canton, had just passed the 1,000 mark. In the years from 1830 to 1850 the growth of towns and cities was a rapid one. Cincinnati had increased to 46,340; Dayton, Columbus, and Cleveland had each passed 6,000, and there were eight other towns in the state with a population of over 2,000 each according to the census reports of 1840; while by 1850 Cincinnati 1 O.L., XLVII, 17. 2 Statistical Abstract of U.S., Washington, 1911, p. 34. 46 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO was a thriving metropolis of 115,435, Columbus and Cleveland were vigorous young cities of 17,000 each, Dayton had something over 10,000 inhabitants, and Zanesville and Chillicothe were rapidly approaching this number, while fifteen other centers had attained a population of 3,000 to 6,000 each.i The school legislation of the first thirty years of Ohio's statehood recognized only the district school in the general school laws that were passed. This was partly a reflection of the rural character of the state in these early years, and partly a result of the decentraliz- ing tendency in school affairs that the early settlers had brought with them. It was not until the law of 1838 was passed that any recognition was given to the fact that the educational needs of cities and towns were not the same as those of the country districts. Samuel Lewis speaking to the legislature at this period said : In towns and large villages, the common schools are poorer than in the country. In the latter, neighborhoods depend more upon them, and, of course, take a deeper interest in their control, while in the former there is too frequently but little attention paid to these schools by persons able to provide other means of instruction.^ A few cities and towns had early felt the inadequacy of the general laws in providing any suitable system of schools, and had asked and received special charters from the state. By 1840 a number of municipalities had organized their schools under special charters, and in the years from 1840 to 1850 there was a general awakening in the urban communities to the need of better provi- sion for public schools. This aroused interest was shown in the school charters of Cin- cinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, Portsmouth, Zanesville, Dayton, Columbus, Mt. Vernon, and, finally, Akron, and the generalization of the "Akron Act" in such form that all municipalities in the state — of 200 or more inhabitants — could make use of it. There was much that was progressive and enlightened for the period in the legislation for Ohio's cities and towns from about 1830 to 1850. The one great lack — found in all Ohio's school legisla- tion prior to 1850, and for a half-century after that — was the lack of any form of compulsion. The general applications of the laws for municipalities were wholly permissive in character. They ' U.S. Census Reports, 1830, 1840, 1850. 2 Ohio Documents, 36th G.A., Doc. 17, p. 10. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 47 simply pointed out ways in which the schools could be legally established and organized, but, however excellent and needed these ways might be, no municipality was under the slightest compulsion to follow them. The earliest special legislation for towns is found in the case of Marietta.^ The legislature in 1825 granted her the right to vote in town meeting a sum for the support of schools. There was no further legislation for Marietta until 1841,^ when an act was passed dividing the town, which had been united into one district by the law of 1838, into separate districts again, with three directors for each, and the ordinary rural district system. Cincinnati. — Cincinnati was the leader in all the early efforts for better educational conditions. In 1829^ she set an example to the rest of the state by securing a school charter that gave the city an organized, tax-supported, free system of common schools. This charter divided the city into ten districts, two for each ward, and provided for the building in each district of a two-story building of brick or stone. The city council was required to provide at the expense of the city for the support of common schools, and to levy a tax of one mill on all the property of the city as long as needed to defray the expense of acquiring sites and erecting buildings, and an additional tax of one mill for the support of schools. The voters in each ward elected annually a trustee and visitor of common schools. The persons so elected constituted the Board of Trustees and Visitors of Common Schools, and had general super- vision of school affairs. They were authorized to employ teachers and to visit schools as often as once a month. They also were to appoint six examiners and inspectors, whose duty it was to examine and certify teachers, and to visit and inspect schools. Once a year a public examination of the schools was to be given under the direction of the mayor, the Board of Trustees and Visitors, and the Board of Examiners. The schools were to be open at least six months of each year, and to be free to all white children. Black and mulatto children were specifically excluded. Reading, writing, spelling, and arithmetic made up the curriculum. 1 O.L., XXIII, local, 65. 2 O.L., XXXIX, local, 22. ' O.L., XXVII, 33. 48 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO While numerous amendments occur, there are few significant changes before 1850. In 1840^ German schools were established, and evening schools provided for "such male youth over twelve years of age as are prevented by their daily avocation from attend- ing day schools." The latter schools were to be open in the months of November, December, January, and February. In 1845- the trustees were authorized to divide the city into suitable districts without reference to ward boundaries, and in 1846^ they were given power to establish such other grade of schools as might seem necessary and have such other studies taught therein as they might prescribe. In 1850^ provision was made for the annual election by the qualified voters of a "Superintendent of Common Schools, whose duty it shall be to visit and superintend all the common schools in said city, to establish courses of study, and perform such other duties as the Board may prescribe." City of Ohio and Toledo. — In 1836^ and 1837^ the city councils in these two cities were given general superintendence over the common schools, with power to divide the city into districts, to erect school buildings, and to make provision for the government and instruction of children therein. It was left wholly optional to the city council as to what should be done. Cleveland. — Provision for the government of the Cleveland schools was included in the city charter, adopted in 1836.'' The provisions were quite similar to the Cincinnati plan. The council appointed one person from each ward instead of the voters electing as in Cincinnati. The people so appointed constituted the Board of Managers of Common Schools. In 1848^ the Board of Managers was made five for the entire city instead of one from each ward, and the council was authorized to establish a high school, for which purpose the city was to con- stitute one high-school district. Portsmouth and Zanesville. — In 1838^ the city charter of Ports- mouth was amended to include most of the provisions of the Cin- > O.L., XXXVIII, local, 157. 2 0.L.,XLIII, local, 413. 3 0.L.,XLIV, local, 91. ^ O.L., XLVIII, local, 662. * O.L., XXXIV, local, 226. « O.L., XXXV, local, 32. ^O.L., XXXIV, local, 271. 8 O.L., XLVI, local, 150. 9 O.L., XXXVI, local, 329. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 49 cinnati plan, and in the following year^ the city of Zanesville secured a charter for the support of schools that had many similar features. The Zanesville charter provided for the election of six directors to be known as the Board of Education. The schools were to be kept in constant operation except for "reasonable vaca- tions," and any deficiency in funds sufficient to keep the schools in constant operation was raised by a levy upon the parents. The board was allowed to exempt indigent students from payment of school fees. General law for cities and towns before the Akron Act. — The general law of 1838^ made each incorporated city, town, or borough, not specially regulated by charter, a separate school district. The voters in such a district elected three directors, who were given corporate authority and power to increase the number of directors so that there might be one for each subdistrict. They were author- ized to divide the territory for which they were responsible and to establish schools of different grades therein. The question of an additional tax to furnish a school at least six months each year was to be decided by the vote of the community. The general law, as was so usual in Ohio legislation, merely pointed the way, but did not attempt to enforce the organization of city and town schools. The one compulsory feature that appears occurred the next year, 1839,^ and stated that in towns, cities, and boroughs it was the duty of the directors to provide a sufficient number of night schools for the male youth over twelve years of age whose "daily avocation" kept them from attending day schools. While this law was com- pulsory in form, there was no machinery devised for its enforcement. Dayton, Columbus, and Alt. Vernon.— In 1841* and 1845^ the cities of Dayton, Columbus, and Mt. Vernon were granted special charters for the government of their schools. Dayton and Colum- bus each continued the principle of school rates in addition to taxa- tion. The schools were to be kept in constant operation except for vacations, and any deficiency made up by a levy on the parents. The general features of control were similar to the Cincinnati plan. The Mt. Vernon charter retained the district system and made each council member a special school director for his ward. Build- " O.L., XXXVII, local, 194. ^O.L., XXXVI, 21. 'O.L., XXXVII, 61. * O.L., XXXIX, local, 135. ^ O.L., XLIII, local, 57; O.L., XLIII, local, 150. 50 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO ing taxes were to be collected from the subdistricts in which the buildings were erected, and were not assessed on the property of the city in general. Akron. — In 1847^ Akron secured school legislation that was especially significant, as the legislature the following year- allowed cities, towns, and villages to adopt the provisions of the act and its amendments on petition of two- thirds of the voters, and in 1849' enacted most of its provisions into a general law. By this means the Akron law became the plan usually followed in the establish- ment of graded schools in Ohio. This legislation is of sufficient importance to merit a brief description of the steps that were taken in securing it, and the school conditions in Akron preceding its enactment. The description, with some omissions, is the one given by Judge Bryan in an "Historical Sketch of the Akron Public Schools." In 1846 there were within the incorporated limits of the village of Akron six hundred and ninety children between the ages of four and sixteen. Of this number there was an average attendance at the public and other schools the year through of not more than three hundred and seventy-five. During the sununer of 1846 one of the district schools was taught in the back-room of a dwelling house. Another was taught in an uncouth, inconvenient and uncom- fortable building gratuitously furnished by Captain Howe for the use of the district. There were private schools, but these were taught in rooms temporarily hired and unsuited for the purpose in many respects It was, in view of this state of things, that Reverend I. Jennings, then a young man and pastor of the Congregational Church of Akron, self-moved, set himself to reorganize the common schools of Akron. There were many friends of a better education in the place who co-operated with Mr. Jennings, and on the 16th day of May, 1846, at a public meeting of the citizens, a committee was appointed of which he was chairman "to take into consideration our present educational provisions and the improvement, if any, which may be made therein."' As a result of this interest, a committee of three was appointed to draw up plans and secure necessary legislation. The plan of the committee was as follows : 1. Let the whole village be incorporated into one school district. 2. Let there be established six primary schools in different parts of the village so as best to accommodate the whole. * O.L., XLV, local, 187. '^ O.L., XLVI, 48. 'O.L., XLVII, 22. * Historical Sketches of Public Schools in Cities, Villages, and Townships oj the State of Ohio. Bryan, "Historical Sketch of the Akron Public Schools," pp. 1-28. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 51 3. Let there be one grammar school centrally located where instruction may be given in the various studies and parts of studies not provided for in the primary schools and yet requisite to a respectable English education. 4. Let there be gratuitous admission to each school in the system for the children of residents, with the following restrictions, viz. : No pupil shall be admitted to the grammar schools who fails to sustain a thorough examination in the primary school, and the teachers shall have power with the advice of the superintendents to exclude for misconduct in extreme cases, and to classify the pupils as the best good of the schools may seem to require. 5. The expense of establishing and sustaining this system of schools shall be provided for: first, by appropriating all the school money the inhabitants of the village are entitled to, and whatever funds or property may be at the disposal of the board for this purpose; secondly, by a tax to be levied by the Common Council upon the taxable property of this village for the balance. 6. Let six superintendents be chosen by the Common Council, who shall be charged with perfecting the system thus generally defined, the bringing of it into operation, and the control of it when brought into operation. Let the six superintendents be so chosen that the term of office of two of them shall expire each year. The essential provisions of the plan adopted by this committee were incorporated in the law enacted February 8, 1847.- The more important features of this law may be summarized as follows : 1. The election of a board of education of six members, which should have full control of school property and school funds. 2. The incorporation of the city into one school district. 3. Provision for six or more primary schools and one central grammar school to teach "subjects requisite to a respectable En- glish Education." 4. Free admission to all schools. 5. Examinations for promotion, and teachers given the power to classify pupils. 6. Assessment as a tax by the city council of the amount estimated by the board for erecting schoolhouses and for conducting the schools. ' O.L., XLV, local, 187. 52 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO 7. All school property vested in the city council. 8. Three examiners appointed by the council. 9. Annual public examinations. In the original law there was no limit placed on the amount that might be estimated as necessary for school expense by the Board of Education, and the law directed the council to levy the estimate as a tax. In 1848/ in order to make a concession that would meet the objection of the property-owners who opposed this feature, the maximum tax that might be raised in any one year for current expense was placed at four mills. The power of making the levy was taken from the council and placed in the hands of the Board of Education, which reported its estimate direct to the county auditor, who was directed to assess the amount in the same manner as other taxes. On February 14, 1848," the act was extended to any incor- porated town, city, or borough in the state upon petition of two- thirds of the qualified voters. This required too large a majority to allow the act to be adopted in localities where there was not an overwhelming sentiment in favor of better school conditions, and in the following year^ a general act was passed for cities and towns which might be adopted by a majority vote. The main provisions of this act were similar to the Akron laws, as may be seen by inspec- tion of its chief features: 1. Any incorporated city, town, or village including within its limits and the territory attached, for school purposes, two hundred inhabitants might organize into a single school district. 2. The question of adopting the law to be decided by a majority vote of the community. 3. A board of education of six members elected by the voters. 4. Building expenses and purchase of sites to be decided by popular vote. When so decided and reported to the county audi- tor, the amount to be levied as a tax upon the property of the community. 5. Primary and graded schools provided for. No language other than English or German to be taught. 6. Schools to be free to all children in the district. * O.L., XLVI, local, 40. " O.L., XLVI, 48. ^O.L., XLVII, 22. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEM 53 7. Schools to be kept in operation not less than thirty-six nor more than forty-four weeks each year. 8. Board of education to estimate the amount needed for running expenses not to exceed a four-mill tax annually. Auditor to levy the amount estimated as a tax. 9. If the amount raised is insufficient to keep the schools open thirty-six weeks, the balance to be raised by school rates on the parents. Indigent pupils exempt from such rates. 10. A board of three examiners to be appointed by the school board. In 1850^ the provisions of this act were extended to townships and to special districts, provided such township or district had five hundred inhabitants. The question of the adoption of the law was left, as in the case of towns, to the majority vote of the territory interested. By far the most interesting and significant feature in the edu- cational legislation of Ohio in the years just preceding 1850 are these laws passed for towns and cities. They indicate an awakening in the urban districts to the need of universal free education. Cin- cinnati had pointed the way to the other cities of the state since 1829, and had been followed by a considerable number of munici- palities. The law passed for the benefit of Akron came when the social consciousness of towns and cities was ready for it, and the legislature responded to this sentiment by allowing communities to adopt its provisions, at first by a majority of two-thirds, but within a year by a simple majority.^ The state made possible a town or city system that, on the whole, was an excellent system for the period, but the question of organizing under the system was left wholly to the educational interests or municipal pride of the individual communities. » O.L., XLVni, 40. ^ Not all towns that adopted it were satisfied. Between 1847 and 1850 three special acts were passed repealing the provisions of the Akron law in the case of three towns that adopted it. Seven other special acts for schools in towns and cities were passed in these three years to meet the desires of municipalities that wished certain different features. CHAPTER III THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL LANDS An enormous mass of legislation was passed by the General Assembly of Ohio, between the years 1803 and 1850, concerning the state school lands. Many of these laws were general in char- acter, many applied to large individual tracts such as the Western Reserve, the Virginia Military Reserve, the United States Military Lands, and the Ohio Company and Symmes Purchases, and in addition to these there were approximately five hundred that were wholly local or special in their application. A brief description of the more important of these reserves and purchases, some explanation of the various systems of survey used in Ohio, an account of the varying nature of the school grant in these different divisions, and a study of the accompanying maps and diagrams are an almost necessary prerequisite to any clear understanding of this legislation. The most important of these grants, with their total acreage, including the school lands, are as follows:^ Acres The Virginia Military Reserve 4,204,800 The Western Reserve 3,840,000 The United States Military Lands 2,560,000 The Ohio Company's Purchase 1,227,168 The Symmes Purchase 311,682 In addition to these there were a number of smaller tracts, but the names of only two of them appear in the discussion of the school land legislation. These two were the Refugee Tract, 138,240 acres, and the Moravian Tract,^ 12,000 acres. Over 12,000,000 acres were included in these various special districts. The remaining portions of the state were known as Congress Lands, and belonged to the federal government.^ That portion of the government land which lay on the eastern border of the state, just south of the Western Reserve, was the first to be ' A. A. Graham, "The Land and Township System of Ohio," A nnual Report of the Secretary of Slate to the Governor of the State of Ohio for the Year ISS5, pp. 22, 23, 25, 29. 2 F. H. Swift, A Ilistory of Public Permanent Common School Funds in the United States, 1795-1905, p. 370. ' The Indians still had title to lands in the state. Most of these titles were vested in the government by 1817, but the last titles were not stilled until 1842 (A. A. Graham, "The Land and Township System of Ohio," Annual Report of the Secretary of State to the Governor of the Stale of Ohio for the Year 1SS5, p. 28). 54 PUBLIC-SCHOOL LANDS 55 Fig. 1. — Land grants and Congress lands in Ohio 56 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO ] [ II 36 30 24 18 12 6 6 5 4 3 2 1 35 29 23 17 11 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 34 28 22 16 10 4 18 17 16 15 14 13 33 27 21 15 9 3 19 20 21 22 23 24 32 26 20 14 8 2 30 29 28 27 26 25 31 25 19 13 7 1 31 32 33 34 35 36 III IV 2 1 3 4 3 2 4 1 Fig. 2. — Methods of surveying Ohio lands PUBLIC-SCHOOL LANDS 57 surveyed into townships, and was commonly spoken of as the Seven Ranges, because seven ranges of townships west from the Pennsylvania line were included in this first survey.^ It has already been pointed out that a state-wide grant of land for school purposes began with Ohio's admission as a state, and that the precedent thus established has been followed in admitting all the later states.^ It is also true that the rectangular method of laying out townships with meridian lines, sections, towns, and ranges was first practiced in the Ohio surveys,' and the method here established became, too, the universal practice in all sub- sequent government surveys. Two great American inventions were thus first tried in Ohio — the state-wide grant of school lands, and the rectangular method of survey into six-mile square townships, with thirty-six sections, of one mile square, in each. Ohio was not only the first state to receive Section 16^ as a school grant; it was the first state to have any Section 16. The surveys in Ohio, however, were not all uniform in the method of laying out and subdividing the townships. The Seven Ranges, as has been said, were first surveyed. The townships here were laid out six miles square, and divided into thirty-six sections, each one mile square, but the numbering of the sections differs from that in the later surveys. The numbering was that shown on page 56, Fig. I. Section 1 is located in the lower south- east corner of the township, and the sections are numbered upward, in tiers of six, from the base line of the township. This method of laying out townships and numbering sections was also used in the Ohio Company and Symmes Purchases. In the Western Reserve and the United States Military Lands the townships were laid out in five-mile squares instead of six, and at first were not surveyed into sections, but simply divided into four 20,000-acre blocks in each township and these numbered as shown in the diagram on page 56, Fig. IV. The Virginia Military District is the only part of Ohio in which the rectangular system of survey was not employed. The early 1 A. A. Graham, "The Land and Township System of Ohio," Annual Report of the Secretary of State to the Governor of the State of Ohio for the Year 1885, p. 20. ^ See page 6. ^ Western Reserve Historical Society Tracts, II, 188. * Section 16 was the section reserved for school purposes in each township in the "Congress Lands" of Ohio and in the Ohio Company and Symmes Purchases. The precedent established has been followed in all the later states, and Section 16 has regularly been the school section. Since 1848, with the admission of Oregon, Section 36 has been added to the school grant. 58 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO settlers here chose each "for himself his lands, locating them by any natural boundary, however irregular it might be, taking care only to get the full amount of land demanded by the warrants."^ "This led to no regular survey, and, as a consequence, an irregularity in township and county lines followed, which were generally based on the boundaries of the warrants." The rest of the state was made up of Congress Lands, and in all of these the method of survey was that of the six-mile square town- ship, and the division into sections. The manner of numbering the sections was changed from that in the Seven Ranges and in the Ohio Company and Symmes l^urchases. Section 1 in these lands is located in the upper right-hand cor- ner—the northeast corner — of the township, and the sections are numbered to the west and east alternately, Section 6 lying in the northwest corner of the township, and Section 7 located just be- neath Section 6 and numbering back to the east again, as shown in the diagram on page 56, Fig. II. This method of numbering was settled by federal legislation in 1799- and has remained the same since that time. The Land Ordinance of 1785-'' "for ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the Western Territory," provided that "there shall be reserved the lot No. 16 of every township for the main- tenance of public schools within said township." In accordance with this provision, as has been seen. Section 16 was reserved for schools in both the Ohio Company and Symmes Purchases. In these two tracts there is also found a reservation for religion as well as for education, a thing not true elsewhere in the state. As a part of the bargain in the purchase of these lands Section 29 in each township was granted by the government to the purchasers for religious purposes, and these sections have ever since been known as the Ministerial Lands. When Ohio was admitted to the Union the provisions of the Ordinance of 1785, concerning school lands, were carried out as fully as possible in the rest of the state. In all of the Congress Lands Section 16 in each township was permanently reserved for 1 Annual Report of the Secretary of State to the Governor oj the State oj Ohio for the Year ISXS, p. 25. The stalcmcnts concerning the surveys in Ohio are in the main based on A. A. Graham's article on "The Land and Township System of Ohio," Annual Report of the Secretary of Stale to the Governor of the Stale of Ohio for the Year 1SS5, pp. 18-29, and Col. Charles Whittlesey's discussions on "Surveys of Public Land in Ohio," Western Reserve Historical Society Tracts, U, 187-91 and 281-86. ^ Western Reserve Historical Society Tracts, II, 282. * T. Donaldson, The Public Domain, chap. xiii. PUBLIC-SCHOOL LANDS 59 the schools of the township. It was not in the power of Congress to grant Section 16 in such tracts as the Western Reserve, the Virginia MiHtary Reserve, and the United States MiHtary Lands. These lands either did not belong to the federal government or there were prior claims and unsatisfied land warrants that stood in the way of any such granting of specific sections. The United States did not own the land on the Western Reserve, and in the case of the so-called Military Lands the private ownership of much of the land, through the taking up of land scrip or bounties by the soldiers of the Revolu- tion, in the service of the federal government and Virginia, might conflict in any township. For this reason the assigning of school land in these portions of the state could not take the form of reserving Section 16 in each township. Some other method of setting aside one thirty-sixth part of the land for the use of the schools in these regions had to be devised. The land originally reserved for schools in the Virginia Military Lands was, in amount, one thirty-sixth of the entire tract, to be selected by the legislature of Ohio from the unlocated lands, after the warrants issued by the state of Virginia had been satisfied.^ In 1807^ Congress, in response to a petition from the state legislature,^ appropriated eighteen quarter-townships and three sections in lieu of the original grant. These new lands, however, were not located within the Reserve itself, but to the northeast, between the Western Reserve and the United States Military Reserve. This territory was in Congress Lands, title to which had been purchased from the Indians. In two very significant ways a grant of this kind differed from the grant of Section 16 in each township. In the first place, an assignment of this character could not be made for the township individually, but had to be for the schools of the Virginia Military Reserve as a whole. Secondly, the school lands were at a distance, and not something immediately at hand and under the observation of all as in the case of Section 16 in each township. Something of this same sort was true in the case of each of the other large reserves, and this was bound to be reflected in some differences in legislation concerning these various grants. ^ U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. II, 225. 2 Nashee, A Compilation of Laws, Treaties and Ordinances Which Relate to Lands in the State of Ohio, p. 157. ^O.L., V, 132. 60 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO The land reserved for the United States Mihtary Tract^ was similarly assigned by quarter-townships, but the reservation was made within the United States Military Lands themselves. The amount of the grant in this case was fourteen quarter-townships. It must be remembered in comparing this grant or that of the Western Reserve with those of other parts of the state that the townships in these two regions contain only twenty-five square miles, as compared with thirty-six elsewhere. The school lands first selected for the Western Reserve consisted of fourteen quarter-townships, not located in the Reserve itself, but in the United States Military Lands. To this was added by the act of Congress in 1834^ land that amounted to 37,758 acres, to be selected from the unlocated lands of the United States within the state, by sections, half-sections, and quarter-sections. This additional grant of 1834 was in lieu of one thirty-sixth part of that land in the Western Reserve, which belonged to the Indian tribes when Ohio was admitted, but the Indian title to which had been extinguished in 1805. The Moravian Tract, mentioned once or twice in the legislation, was a comparatively small reserve of 12,000 acres in Tuscarawas County, originally granted by Congress to the Society of United Brethren, in trust for Christian Indians. These lands reverted to the United States in 1824, and in the same year Congress^ set aside one thirty-sixth part of the tract for the use of schools. The location of the more important of these various tracts can be most easily gained by consulting the map on page 55. The Western Reserve is a strip of land on the northern boundary of the state approximately thirty-five miles wide and one hundred and twenty miles long, extending west from the Pennsylvania border. It was this land, which Connecticut claimed and to which she refused to cede her interests when the other states were yielding their claims in the Northwest Territory to the United States, that was known as the Connecticut Western Reserve, or, more generally, simply as the Western Reserve. The Virginia Military District is located between the Scioto and Little Miami rivers, projecting to the northward considerably past the middle of the state. It takes its name from the fact that * U. S. Statutes at Large, Vol. II, 225. 2/6«</., Vol. IV, 679. ' Ibid.. 56. PUBLIC-SCHOOL LANDS 61 this portion of the state was "reserved by Virginia from her cession of the territory northwest of the Ohio River, for the satisfaction of land bounties issued to her troops upon Continental establish- ment."^ The United States had also set aside a large tract of land to be used in paying the claims of her soldiers in the Revolutionary War. This reservation was known as the United States Military Lands, and is located just a little to the east and north of the center of the state. It is a section of the state fifty miles in width on its eastern border, beginning at the northern line of the original Seven Ranges of townships first surveyed, and following the western boundary of the Seven Ranges fifty miles south. Its southern boundary extends from this point directly west to the Scioto River, while on the west the Scioto itself is the natural barrier; on the north it is bounded by the Greenville Treaty Line (the old Indian boundary line), running from the Scioto back to the Seven Ranges.^ In all these grants the purpose and intent of Congress was that the land should be for the use of schools in the particular township in which Section 16 was located, or where it was impossible to grant Section 16, that the lands should be for the use of the particular area for which the grant was made. The care of the lands was vested in the legislature of the state, for the use of the particular townships and districts interested.^ Some explanation of the excessive amount of legislation concerning these lands is found if one keeps clearly in mind the terms of the original grant and the ever-present tendency of the Ohio legislature to allow communities, so far as it could legally be done, to conduct their own affairs. In all the school-land legislation passed in Ohio during this period, the legislature, formally at least, guarded against any diversion of the money received from these lands, but largely fol- lowed the desire of the local township or territory as to the handling of the lands, after setting up the formal legal guards. The lands were not regarded, and were not intended, as a grant to the state at large, and it is perhaps only natural that an attempt should have been made to carry out the desires of the townships and ' Taylor, A Manual oj the Ohio School System, p. 83. */6tW., p. 85. ' Nashee, A Compilation oJ Laws, Treaties and Ordinances Which Relate to Lands in the State of Ohio, pp. 154, 155. 62 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO districts to which the lands were felt to belong. Added to this there was the disposition to be lenient with the early settlers on the lands. No doubt, justice was not done to the cause of educa- tion, but it must be remembered that the schools had no advocate, while the petitioner asking special privileges or terms in regard to the sale or lease of lands was a concrete fact with concrete desires and needs, and the legislature doubtless felt that it had done its whole duty if the terms of the grant were formally protected. Certain general policies of handling the lands may be outlined before the legislation is discussed in greater detail. These are: the policy of temporary leasing, 1803 to 1817; the policy of per- manent leasing, 1817 to 1823; preparation for selling the lands, with temporary leasing, 1823 to 1827 ; the policy of selling the lands outright, 1827 to 1850. The evident intent of the first acts concerning school lands was to devise a means of making them productive and valuable and to keep the lands themselves as a permanent source of revenue. On April 15, 1803, ^ the legislature passed an act that provided for leasing Section 16 for a term that was not to exceed seven years, and the lands in the United States Military Tract, which included both the grants to that tract and to the Western Reserve, for a period not to exceed fifteen years. The rent was to be paid by certain specified improvements. On each quarter-section (160 acres) fifteen acres were to be cleared and fenced in separate fields, five acres were to be sowed in timothy or red clover, three acres to be planted with one hundred thrifty and growing apple trees, and the remaining seven acres pre- pared for plow land. The leasing was to be carried on by agents in the several counties or districts appointed by the governor, and the leases were to be granted to those who guaranteed to make the required improvements in the shortest period of time. The intention was to attract settlers who were unable to buy land or pay rent, and have them by their labor turn the school land into an attractive and productive piece of property, which would command a definite revenue. The difficulty with the plan from the lessees' standpoint was that, just at the time the land became productive, he must either move or begin to pay rent for improvements which he himself had made. With land cheap and IQ.L., I, 61. PUBLIC-SCHOOL LANDS 63 abundant on every hand and terms easy, the ambitious and desir- able settlers were not attracted by a proposition that did not allow them to keep the land on which they settled and the improvements which they had themselves made. The results were evidently not satisfactory, for on February 20, 1805,^ an act was passed giving the township trustees authority to lease the lands in their respective townships for a term not to exceed fifteen years to those who made the most "advantageous proposals." This was followed in 1806^ by an act which allowed any surveyed township in which there were twenty electors to incorporate and choose trustees for the special management of Section 16. The section was to be laid off in lots of eighty to two hundred acres, and not more than one lot could be leased by any one person. It was made the duty of the trustees to guard against waste and to see that the terms of the lease were complied with. The provisions of these acts left the management of the lands and the terms of leasing wholly in the hands of the township, except for the fact that a fifteen-year term could not be exceeded and not more nor less than a specified amount leased to any one person. None of the acts so far had made any provision for the land granted to the Virginia Military Tract for the use of schools. It will be remembered that this consisted of some eighteen townships lying outside the district and not located so that it could be locally managed. By an act passed in 1809^ these lands were offered for sale to the highest bidder at a minimum price of two dollars per acre, the purchaser receiving a ninety-nine year lease, renewable forever, with no provision for revaluation. It was the evident design to sell these lands out at once and create a fund the proceeds from which might be available for school purposes when needed.'* The act provided that the lands were to be advertised in four newspapers within the state, and newspapers at Pittsburgh and Brownsville, Pennsylvania, and Wheeling, Virginia. The purchaser was to pay down the sum charged against each quarter section for the expense of surveying and offering the land for sale, and on the purchase price yearly interest of 6 per cent for- ' O.L., III, 230. ^O.L., IV, 66. ^O.L., VII, 109. ^ The money received was to be paid into the state treasury subject to appropriation by the state until it should be appropriated for the use of schools in the district (O.L., XIII, 307) . 64 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO ever. Succeeding legislatures were given the right to make such commutations as they might deem expedient. This clause was evidently intended to leave the way open for legislation that would permit a cash payment in lieu of the 6 per cent annual rental. The terms were meide still easier for the purchaser by the act of 1810/ which provided that the amount paid down on each quarter section should be ten dollars (to pay for surveying, adver- tising, etc.), and that the 6 per cent interest should not begin until five years from the date of sale. The postponement of interest money for five years was doubtless made to meet the competition of United States land offered for sale within the state on easy terms and with taxes deferred for the first five years after purchase. Each purchaser was required by this act to build a cabin and clear three acres of land within three years. In the same year- an act was passed allowing the township trustees to receive either money or produce as rent from Section 16, and requiring the lessee to make such improvements as the trustees thought proper, and in 1814'' it was made illegal for any lessee of school lands to act as township trustee or treasurer. This covers the main features of the land policy during the period of temporary leasing. Beginning with 1816* in the Virginia Military Tract, and 1817^ in the rest of the state, the policy was inaugurated of granting permanent leases with a revaluation of the lands at stated periods. The policy of selling the Virginia Military Lands was changed for the lands that were still unsold. The governor was to appoint "three disinterested persons to appraise them" and a register under a bond of ten thousand dollars was appointed to lease them. The leases ran for ninety-nine years, renewable forever, but the law provided that they were to be revalued in 1835 and each twenty years after that date, the rental to be 6 per cent on the appraised value, payable annually. This principle, with certain changes in details, was adopted the following year, 181 7, for the rest of the state,^ with the exception of the Western Reserve school lands. Those who held school lands 'O.L., VIII, 253. *0.I.., VIII, 100. ^O.L., XIII, 295. ^O.L.,XIV, 418. 6 O.L., XV, 202. ' Idem- PUBLIC-SCHOOL LANDS 65 under temporary leases were allowed to obtain permanent leases by making application to the county commissioners in the following manner: they must present, first, a certificate signed by the town- ship trustees that they had complied with their present lease, and, secondly, the consent in writing of the trustees of the organized township and of a majority of the citizens in unorganized townships to the granting of a permanent lease in the place of a temporary one. The land was then appraised by three appraisers appointed by the county commissioners, and the value of all improvements was made a part of the appraised estimate (improvements under temporary leases were a part of the rental paid). The township trustees were then authorized to grant leases for ninety-nine years, renewable forever, at the rate of 6 per cent annually, and with a revaluation each thirty-three years. The same method was fol- lowed in the case of unoccupied lands, excepting the provision concerning compliance with the former lease. In unorganized townships the county commissioners had charge of the leasing, and in the United States Military District the Court of Common Pleas. When land was revalued, it was to be appraised at the rate of unimproved land of the same quality in the vicinity. The appraiser was to consider only the general advance in land prices and not the value that had been added by the labor of the lessee. Another act passed in 182P directed that land in the United States Military Tract appraised at less than one dollar an acre should not be leased, and confirmed the principle of permanent leasing with minor changes in details of administration. Improve- ments made by settlers in this district were included in the valua- tion at the first appraisal after this date, being considered as a part of the rental on the temporary leases held by such settlers. These laws for permanent leasing at no time applied to the school lands belonging to the Western Reserve. While the general policy of ninety-nine-year leases with a revaluation at stated periods began in the years 1816 and 1817, there had been many individual leases of this type legalized by special legislative action. It was not, therefore, a totally new departure. Prior to 1817 twenty-five local acts had been passed by the legislature legalizing permanent leases for portions of the school land in various localities, and in the leasing of the Ministerial >0.L.,XIX, 161. 66 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Lands, Section 29, in the Symmes and Ohio Company Purchases, this plan had been adopted as early as 1806.^ The first school land to be so leased was the section belonging to the town of Marietta in I8O8.2 From this time until it became a general policy, the wishes or needs of various communities were met by these special legislative actions. It is interesting to note that in ten of the twenty-five acts so passed the reason assigned is the establishment of a flour mill, sawmill, or similar industry. In these cases Section 16 evidently furnished desirable mill sites and water power, but lessees were unwilling to erect mills, so essential to newly settled communities, without some guaranty of per- manence. In general, the policy of permanent leasing was found undesir- able. From the present standpoint it can be seen that if it had been persisted in, and the leasing and revaluation had been carefully managed, it would have preserved to the state a school property of enormous value, which would eventually have produced an income far in excess of the method of selling the lands and funding the proceeds. From the standpoint of the men of that time it was found undesirable because it did not succeed in producing any adequate revenue then for the schools. Land was abundant and cheap. Money for the support of schools was scarce. The state was rapidly filling up,^ but desirable settlers preferred to obtain land in fee simple. It doubtless appeared to those most friendly toward schools and education that it would be more desirable to take advantage of the opportunity to sell, getting the best terms possible and assuring to the schools some definite support from the grant that had been made. Up to this time the actual revenue derived from the lands had been very small. ^ Caleb Atwater, of Cincinnati, a warm friend of the schools, as chairman of a committee in the Lower House, said in a report to the Assembly in 1822: From all the committee have been able to learn it would seem^ that more money has been expended by the state in legislating concerning these lands than they have yet or ever will produce, unless some other method of managing them 1 O.L., IV, 38. ^O.L., VI, 96. ' See p. 4. * Atwater, speaking of the first eighteen years of the state's history, said: "Scarcely a dollar was ever paid over to the people for whose benefit the land had been given" (Atwater, A History of the State of Ohio, Natural and Civil, p. 253). !■ Ibid., p. 25S. PUBLIC-SCHOOL LANDS 67 be devised than any hitherto pursued The committee are impressed with the belief that unless these lands are soon sold .... no good and much evil will accrue to the state from the grant of these lands by Congress. He was not alone in his opinion. A memorial addressed to Congress by the General Assembly in the same year/ speaking of school lands in general in the West, said that these lands had as yet been very unproductive, and while the legislatures of the states in which they are situated are restricted by the conditions attached to these grants they must ever be so. Indeed, it may well be doubted whether more money has not been spent than the whole amount derived from the lands. The legislature at this session was evidently impressed by Atwater's report and convinced that the policy of leasing under any of the plans tried was a failure. The lands belonging to the Western Reserve were still being leased on temporary leases with a maximum of fifteen years' duration. Throughout the rest of the state the policy of permanent leasing was the authorized method. The unleased lands belonging to the Western Reserve were first withdrawn from leasing. This act, passed January 21, 1822,^ forbade any further leasing of unoccupied lands, and allowed occupied lands to be released not longer than to April 1, 1826. The following year, January 27, 1823,^ the legislature authorized the surrender of leases for school lands throughout the entire state, and forbade the granting of any new leases for a period of one year. The intent of this law was evidently not to compel a surrender of leases, but to provide a way in which they might be legally ter- minated at the desire of the lessee, with a prospect of sale in fee simple at some future time. This same act directed the various county auditors and the register of school lands in the United States Military District to make a complete report to the auditor of state showing "the whole amount of school lands in each county, what proportion is leased, what is vacant, how the lands are divided, distinguishing each tract by the number of acres, range, township, section and quarter, showing what parts are leased, what rent is reserved on each tract leased, how long the lease is to run, whether renewable, and if so, whether subject to reappraisement." * O.L., XX, 64. 2 O.L., XX, 34. 2 O.L., XXI, 33. 68 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO It is evident that neither the legislature nor any state officer knew just what the situation was in regard to school lands through- out the state. This lack of information was the natural result of the various policies adopted for handling the lands. In organized townships the township trustees were in charge of the leasing and in unorganized townships, the county commissioners. In the United States Military District the Court of Common Pleas super- vised the leasing of both the lands reserved for that district and those belonging to the Western Reserve, while in the Virginia Military District a land officer, appointed by the General Assembly, was in charge. There was no central office or body which had general supervision except the legislature itself. This body now felt the necessity of a general change of policy, but found that it lacked information as to what had already been done. The cessation of leasing and the acquiring of the information desired prepared the way for this general change in policy. It was felt that more advantageous results could be obtained by selling the lands outright, but there was doubt in the minds of the legisla- tors as to the authority of the state to permit the lands to be dis- posed of in this way. By the terms of the original grant, the lands had been set aside for the use of schools in the particular townships and districts forever. While the general management of the trust was vested in the legislature, it seemed doubtful if actual alienation of the lands was originally contemplated, even though the funds should be permanently invested for the use of schools. In 1824,^ a carefully phrased memorial was submitted to Con- gress, asking, first, for an additional grant of land for the use of schools in the Western Reserve,^ and, secondly, that Congress confirm the right of the state of Ohio to sell the school lands. As an indication of the sentiment of the time it is an interesting docu- ment. It shows, first, that the general attitude of the state toward the grant from the United States was that the lands had been ceded by the United States in return for certain concessions made by Ohio, and, secondly, the difficulties that inhered in the attempt to derive a revenue from the lands themselves. The memorial argues * O.L., XXII, local, 153. ^ When the original grant was made for the Western Reserve, no lands were set aside for the use of schools in the lands then held by the Indian tribes within the Reserve. When the Indian title was extin- guished, Ohio immediately asked for an additional grant equal to one thirty-sixth part of the land so held. This grant was finally made by Congress in 1834. (U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, 679.) PUBLIC-SCHOOL LANDS 69 that the original grants were in the nature of a compact made with the state and were "granted upon full consideration arising from the increased value of the remaining lands belonging to the United States and also from the relinquishment, on the part of the state of Ohio, of the right to tax the lands of the United States within the state of Ohio until five years after the sale thereof"; "that it was the intention of the parties to the compact aforesaid that one thirty-sixth part of all the lands within the state of Ohio should be granted to the people thereof for the use of common schools, and should be placed under the control of the legislature," and that the state is of right entitled to the additional grant for the Western Reserve. The memorial goes on to say that, in relation to the lands already appropriated, the legislature has "resorted to various methods of rendering them productive, and, in particular, that of leasing them to such individuals as have applied therefor; that experience has fully demonstrated that this fund will be wholly unavailing in their hands in its present shape"; that to accomplish the objects contem- plated "the legislature should possess unlimited control over the lands" with the power of disposing of them in fee. "The objections which are urged against the present mode of administering that fund are in the first place that by reason of the facilities which the state of Ohio affords for acquiring property in real estate, a necessity exists of leasing the lands to persons almost destitute of pecuniary means whereby the avails of these lands are rendered, at least, uncertain. In consequence also, that as these lands are detached over the whole of the state of Ohio, the expense which must necessarily be incurred by creating a superintendence over them renders them less productive than your memorialists conceive they might be rendered if the lands were sold and the proceeds concentrated in one fund." "The fact, also, before adverted to, that these lands must necessarily be entrusted to the possession of those of the lowest class of the community, and who possess no permanent interest in the soil, has produced a waste upon these lands of their timber and otherwise, equal perhaps to the whole revenue which may have been derived from them." The memorial recites further that the method of leasing "will invite and retain a population within her boundaries of a character not to be desired and in amount so great as to create an evil which 70 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO can only be conceived of in a country where every individual posses- sing a very moderate portion of industry and economy may, within a single year, appropriate to himself in fee a quantity of land sufificient to furnish means of support for an ordinary family." The memorial continues by saying "that these evils arise wholly from the system of granting leases and are such as cannot be remedied by legislative action, if, as some have supposed, the state have not the power, under the terms of the original grant, of dis- posing of these lands in fee." The memorialists believe that the state has the right, but "they are of the opinion that an act of the Congress of the United States declaratory of the extent of the grant aforesaid will be productive of much benefit in case the legislature of the state should hereafter determine to dispose of the same; that it will have the full effect of removing the doubt in the minds of the purchasers and thereby enhance the price which will be obtained for the same." They therefore asked Congress to grant them the right to dis- pose of the lands in fee, the proceeds to be invested in a permanent fund, the income of which should be applied for the use of common schools in the townships or districts to which the lands were orig- inally granted, provided that Section 16 should not be sold without the consent of the inhabitants of the township to which the land belonged. Congress passed the desired legislation February 1, 1826,^ and on January 27, 1827,^ the legislature passed an act directing each township in the state possessing school land to vote upon the ques- tion of its sale, and also authorizing the inhabitants of the United States Military Districf and the Virginia Military District* to decide the same question. Legislation authorizing a vote on the Western Reserve'' was not passed until the following year. In the meantime the policy of special legislation to meet local needs had continued. From 1817 to 1823,^ the period of permanent leasing, twenty-one local acts had been passed making special provisions for leasing or extending the time for making payments • U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, 138. 2 0.L.,XXV. 56. 'O.L.,XXV, 10.?. * O.L., XXV, local, 4.S. *0.L., XXVI, local, 135. *0.L., XIX, 35, 72, 75 are e.xamples. PUBLIC-SCHOOL LANDS 71 on leases, and from 1823 to 1827 eleven more acts were passed authorizing the revaluation of lands leased, changing the conditions for lessees, or authorizing short-time leases, etc. The general policy inaugurated by the legislation of 1827 and 1828 remained the policy of the state until 1850, though certain changes were made correcting some of the more undesirable features. The legislation of 1827 provided that the townships or districts interested should decide upon the sale of their school lands and described the method by which the sale was to be made in case the vote was favorable. It did not actually authorize the sale. This was to be done after the vote was taken by additional acts of the legislature, or in the case of the United States Military District by proclamation of the governor. The provisions governing the sale were as follows: Land that was unoccupied was to be appraised by the county assessor. The land was then advertised and offered for sale to the highest bidder by the county auditor. No bid could be received for less than appraised value. Payments were made to the county treasurer, and the money received by him was deposited with the state treasurer to the credit of the township or district to which it had belonged. When the money was all paid, the pur- chaser received a deed from the state. It was in the legislation concerning the occupied lands that the greatest loss occurred to the state. Holders of permanent leases were allowed to surrender their leases, and by the payment of the appraised value upon which it had been originally leased receive a deed in fee simple. The terms of payment were easy, running over periods of seven to ten years, and by subsequent legislation further extended in many cases. The following year, 1828,' the legislature authorized sales to be made in thirty-nine counties in which the vote had been favorable. From this time until 1850 there was a constant succession of local acts authorizing sales in various townships and counties; making provisions for leasing lands where the assent was not given to the sale; authorizing revaluation of lands where lessees thought the original valuation was too high, or the townships considered it too low; giving additional time in which to make the payments due; and in general enacting various laws that had only local application. Between 1827 and 1850 approximately four hundred such acts were > O.L., XXVI. local, 4. 72 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO passed. In 1828^ those townships that had not voted to sell their school lands were authorized to lease it for periods of not less than three years for improved lands nor seven years for unimproved lands. In case the consent of the townships had been given and the lands remained unsold, they might be leased from year to year on the best terms obtainable. The entire arrangement and responsi- bility were placed in the hands of the township trustees. In 1838,^ largely through the influence of Samuel Lewis, the state superin- tendent of schools, the practice of allowing the holders of permanent leases to surrender their leases, and, by payment of the first ap- praised value, receive a deed in fee simple, was stopped, and by an act of 1843' such surrender was authorized only upon the land being reappraised and the amount of its new valuation paid. From 1839'' on it was a common practice to include a minimum price below which the land could not be sold, and in 1845^ a general act was passed forbidding the sale of any school land in the state for less than fiVe dollars an acre. This act of 1845 is the last important school land legislation during the period 1803-1850. SUMMARY The Inst attempt of the legislature was to preserve the lands and make them productive through a system of short-term leases which provided for the payment of rents through improvements made upon the lands. This system was followed until 1817 with the exception of the land belonging to the Virginia Military District. The system of temporary leasing was found unsatisfactory, and in 1817 the state embarked on the policy of authorizing permanent leases with a revaluation of lands at periods of thirty to thirty-five years. This system also proved unsatisfactory in practice. From 1827 on the state legalized the sale of school lands in fee simple, but allowed the local community to decide whether the lands should be sold, and in case they were not, the management was left in the hands of the township trustees, with certain limita- tions as to the length of time for which leases might be granted. The money from lands sold was paid through the county treasurer's > O.L., XXVI, 80. » O.L., XXXVI, 63. » O.L., XLl, 20. <O.L., XXXVII. local. 88. » O.L., XLIII, 58. PUBLIC-SCHOOL LANDS 73 office into the of^ce of the state treasurer and placed at the disposal of the state, the state pledging itself to pay a 6 per cent annual interest upon the moneys so deposited for the use of the schools of the township or territory to which the land had belonged. The revenue from leased land was handled directly by the township trustees and apportioned among the school districts of the town- ships. The basis of apportionment in each case was the number of white unmarried youth between the ages of four and twenty-one. During the whole period the legislature heeded local needs and wishes through local and special legislation. The results of the system, or lack of system, entailed great loss. This loss was not due primarily to the leasing of the lands or the selling of them, but to the fact that the state had no central office whose business it was to oversee the lands and know exactly what the conditions were in regard to them, and to see that the laws in force were obeyed. The legislature was a changing body. It lacked necessary information for intelligent action in many cases, and it attempted to meet local conditions without complete knowl- edge of the facts. The chief specific points in the general policy that resulted in loss were: First, that of allowing permanent lessees whose lands had been appraised during the period from 1817 to 1823' to surrender their leases and obtain deeds by paying the original appraisal value. This policy was followed until 1838. Secondly,^ the policy of local appraisal. This might or might not work well. It depended wholly on the appraisers chosen. It was found necessary to forbid by law any appraiser purchasing land. Thirdly, that no minimum price was placed upon the school lands until 1845.^ Fourthly, the policy of local control in leasing and of special or local legislation. Where the school sentiment was high this * "Cases have come to my knowledge where land has been taken at six dollars, per acre worth at the time fifty dollars The tenants to be sure make their fortunes, but the schools are sacrificed" (Ohio Documents, 36th G. A., Doc. 17, p. 41). * "In one very aggravated case the assessor was a lessee on the land" (ibid., Doc. 17, p. 41). ' "It is not uncommon to find land sold for fifty, forty, thirty, twenty, ten, and in one case, as low as five cents per acre. Men have become the purchasers of whole sections for a mere trifle, and that some- times where it only required a few years to have realized five, ten, fifteen or twenty dollars per acre" (Third Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Common Schools, made to the Thirty-eighth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, p. 58). 74 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO might work well, but where it was low the results were likely to be disastrous. The state lacked any settled, clearly defined policy, and it lacked administrative machinery to oversee the policies that were initiated. The legislators, in general, were doubtless honest in their efforts, but they were in session but a few weeks each year and then were engaged on all classes of legislation. It was only as one had oppor- tunity to study the question in detail and in its bearing upon the state as a whole, and to carry on this work for a period of years, that a basis could be afforded for intelligent action. Samuel Lewis was enabled to give a portion of his time to this work in the three years from 1837 to 1840, and the legislation resulting saved thou- sands of dollars for the schools. A quotation from the report of John Brough, auditor of state in 1839 and 1840, furnishes a fitting conclusion to this summary. Mr. Brough had previously been a member of the legislature and as a member was evidently satisfied that the general policy followed by the legislature was desirable. The quotation shows the change in his opinion when, as auditor of state, he gave the question careful study. One of the most important items of state policy, and one which it is feared has been least investigated and understood, is the prudent management and judicious disposition of our school lands. Through the indefatigable labor of the state superintendent, public attention has been fully aroused to the waste that has been committed in this property, and a determination instilled to place additional guards upon the future. That determination cannot be too carefully cherished or rigidly adhered to. The investigations imposed by the ordinary discharge of public duty have thrown a light and sealed a conviction upon my own mind, at variance with my former opinions, which had been conceived upon a superficial knowledge of the subject; — and such will be the effect upon the mind of every one who will seek the records and gather the melancholy informa- tion they contain. Our school fund this year, arising from interest on sales of lands, and subject to distribution among the counties, is $73,618.78; and to accumulate this, we have sacrificed lands, which, if they had been judiciously held and managed, would have now given us at least ten times that amount and constituted a revenue sufficient to educate every child in the state.' 1 O.L., XXXVIII, Auditor's Report, 32-33. CHAPTER IV SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION SECONDARY EDUCATION The legislation concerning secondary education in Ohio prior to 1850 deals wholly with the incorporation of private secondary institutions, except in the case of a few city or town charters in the last few years of this period, which make provision for schools of "a higher grade" or for high schools. The state did not concern itself with secondary schools except to indicate the manner in which they might be incorporated and in placing certain limits upon their activities and upon the amount of property they might hold. Here again the principle was that of local initiative with the state willing to encourage local effort by legally recognizing the school established, but taking no respon- sibility or initiative for establishing, supporting, or controlling such schools. The constitution declared that every association of persons having given themselves a name might, on application to the legis- lature, be entitled to receive letters of incorporation to enable them to hold estates for the support of their schools, academies, colleges, universities, and for other purposes.^ When the legislature had granted the act of incorporation provided for, it considered its whole duty in the matter at an end. The idea of a free system of common schools gradually developed during the period and the conception of state-wide taxation for at least their partial support appears as early as 1825, but at no time prior to 1850 does the legislation show any conception of a state system of education embracing elemen- tary, secondary, and higher education. Secondary education was for those communities that wanted and could afford to pay for it. Mr. Lewis in his second report in 1838 had clearly in mind the beginnings of a state secondary system. He did not, however, advocate legislation that would in any way compel the state to take a part in the establishment of secondary schools, but rather a * O.L., I, 3, Art. 8, Sec. 27. 75 76 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO law (hat would allow iiulividiial towiishijis to establish such schools and support thtMii from public funds, with the method of establish- ment and support warranted by tiie law of the state. His advice to the legislature on the subject was as follows: There arc some townships that have the means and tlie desire of establishing central township schools or academies, and in most of our townships the youth over twelve years of age could with convenience attend such a school. The number of townships now prepared for this measure is small, but will be increas- ing. I recommend, therefore, a prov" iving the whole number of directors in the township authority to est; school, and assess upon the township such sum of money as may be .equired lor that purpose, and to this end they should from their own number appoint a board of five, who should for the time being control such central school. The mere passage of the law could do no harm to those townships who would refuse to avail themselves of its provisions, and would give to those desiring the privilege, the right to exercise it.' No action was taken upon (his reconnnendation, and no general legislation conct-rning secondary education was cMiacted prior to 1850. Some city charters made provision for schools above the elementary, but the state did not concern itself with secondary education as a recognized part of (he pid)lic-schooI system. The usual type of secondary ins(i(u(ion receiving letters of incorporation was an academy supported by a stock company, with shares selling for from five to fifty dollars each. A community that wished an education for its children beyond the three R's of the common school subscribed stock for the purpose of building and ecjuipping a school of higher grade. The management was ordinarily in the hands of a board of trustees elected by the stock- holders. In most c;ises the articles of incorporation do not mention tuition or rates, but in some cases it is specifically stated- that the rumn'ng expense of the school shall be assessed upon the parents in proportion to the number of children attending, and doubtless in all cases tuition was charged. Occasionally the trustees are authorized to set apart a fimd for the education of poor children.^ A school of this type was usually called an academy; less frequently the terms "institute" and "seminary" appeared. The names "seminary" and "institute" are not used, with one or two excep- tions, imtil after 1830. The name "high school" appears at this ' Ohio Pocumcnls, 37lh C.A,, Dor. M, p. 28. *0.L., XVI, 157. Towns o( n^irpcrslielil iiml Miulison, 1818. » O.L., IX, 57. Gallia Academy, 1811. SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION 77 same period and is used occasionally to designate a school of this same general type of organization, supported by an association of subscribers, who formed a stock company to raise the funds for the establishment or support of the school. The first high school chartered in Ohio was The High School of Elyria, February 22, 1830,^ followed the next year by the Woodward High School of Cincinnati.* The latter institution had been incorporated as the "Free Grammar School" as early as 1827,^ but '"s earlier function was declared to be the "better instruction of tli hildren" "in the rudiments of an English education." By on, L>^.n,, of the incorporation the trustees were directed t(j confine instruction to "the common and necessary branches of an English education" and not to extend it to the higher branches of such an education until the funds were sufficient to provide for all the poor children in the city. The total number of secondary schools incorporated from 1803 to 1850 was 172, classed as follows: Academies— 1803-10 4 1811-20 8 1821-30 10 1831-40 44 1841-50 27 93 Seminaries — 1803-10 1 1811-20 1 1821-30 1831-40 20 1841-50 10 Institutes— 1803-30 1831-40 13 1841-50 17 High schools— 1803-20 1821-30 1 1831-40 8 1841-50 5 32 30 14 ' O.L., XXVIII, local, 116. ^'O.L., XXIX, local, 43. " O.L., XXV. local, 62. 78 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Boarding school 1 Universal school 1 Independent school 1 3 Total 172 The names of these schools and the dates of their incorporation arranged in chronological order are shown on pages 78-83 and their location is shown on the map that accompanies this list. The Erie Literary Society, located at Burton, on the Western Reserve, leads the list in 1803, followed by academies in Dayton, Worthington, and Chillicothe in 1808. The Western Reserve far outstrips any other section of the state in the number of these institutions, having more than three times as many as any other section. The map shows, however, that with the exception of the western portion of the state, where the settlements were much later, these schools were fairly abundant in all parts of Ohio. The ambitious boy or girl had before him the incentive to a higher education than the common schools afforded and the possi- bility of attaining it without going to any great distance. The omnipresence of the Ohio man later in our country's history may be in no small part accounted for by the omnipresence of the Ohio academy and college. The list given and the institutions located on the map by no means give all schools of this type founded before 1850. Only those that received articles of incorporation from the state legisla- ture are here shown. Secondary Institutions in Order of Chartering, 1803-50 1. Erie Literary Society, Burton 1803 2. Dayton Academy 1808 3. Worthington Academy ^ 1808 4. Chillicothe Academy 1808 5. New Lisbon Academy 1810 6. Steubenville Academy 1811 7. Gallia Academy, Gallipolis 181 1 8. Cincinnati Lancaster Seminary 1815 9. Montgomery Academy 1816 10. Tallmadge Academy 1816 11. Florence Academy 1818 12. Cadiz Academy 1819 SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION 79 13. Union Academy, Muskingum County 1819 14. Lancaster Academy 1820 15. The Academy of Alma, New Athens 1822 16. Urbana Academy 1822 17. Rutland Academy 1822 18. Franklin Academy, Mansfield 1824 19. Norwalk Academy 1824 20. Belmont Academy, St. Clairsville 1824 21. Circleville Academy 1824 21J/^ Academy of Perry County 1827 22. Nelson Academy 1828 23. Hillsborough Academy 1829 24. The High School of Elyria 1830 25. Woodward High School, Cincinnati 1831 26. Columbus Female Academy 1831 27. Ashtabula Institution of Science and Industry 1831 28. Delaware Academy 1831 29. Kinsman Academy 1832 30. Canton Academy 1832 31. Farmington Academy 1832 32. Ashtabula Academy 1832 33. Huron Institute 1832 34. Chillicothe Female Seminary 1833 35. Ravenna Academy 1834 36. Union Academy, Wayne County 1834 37. Vinton Academy 1834 38. Springfield High School 1834 39. Female Academy of Mt. Vernon 1834 40. Stephen Strong's Manual Labor Seminary, Meigs County 1834 41. The Richmond Classical Institute 1835 42. Kingsville High School 1835 43. Conneaut Academy 1835 44. Windham Academy 1835 45. Granville Female Seminary 1835 46. Fellenburgh Institute, Brunswick, Medina County 1835 47. Western Female Seminary, Mansfield 1835 48. Wadsworth Academy 1835 49. Academic Institution of Richfield 1835 50. Hamilton and Rossville Female Academy 1835 51. Circleville Female Seminary 1835 52. Bishop's Fraternal Calvanistic Baptist Seminary, Athens County. . 1835 53. Universal School of Massillon 1835 54. Putnam Classical Institute 1836 55. Seneca County Academy 1836 56. Madison Liberal Institute , 1836 57. Wooster Academy 1836 58. Shaw Academy 1836 59. Academy of Sylvania 1836 80 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO .n^ J ^ Seminary A Institute •S High school Fig. 3. — Secondary institutions chartered in Ohio from 1803 to 1850 SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION XI 60. Granville Academy 1836 6 1 . Sharon Academy 1 836 62. Medina Academy 1836 63. Cieves Independent School 1836 64. Middieburg High School I {^3^-, 65. Warren Academy 1837 66. Sheffield Manual Labor Institute 1837 67. Neville Institute, Colimibiana County 1837 68. New I lagcrstown Academy I337 69. Berea Seminary 1837 70. Philomathean Literary Institute, Antrim I337 71. Monroe Seminary, Monroe County I837 72. Troy Academy J837 73. New Philadelphia Academy 1837 74. Massillon Academy 1837 75. C'leveland Female Seminary Ig37 76. Akron High School 1838 77. Cambridge Academy, Guernsey County 1838 78. Massillon I''emale .Seminary 1838 79. Western Reserve Wesleyan Seminary, Streetsborough 1838 80. Edinburgh Academy 1838 81. Wayne Academy Ig38 82. Norwalk Female Seminary 1838 83. Chester Academy, Geauga County 1838 84. Eaton Academy 1838 85. Sandusky Academy \S3S 86. Union Academy, Union County 1838 87. Dover Academy, Tuscarawas County 1838 88. Marion Academy, Marion County 1838 89. Bigelow High School, Xenia 1839 90. Martinsburg Academy, Knox County 1839 91. Blendon Young Men's .Seminary 1839 92. Ashland Academy, Richland County 1839 93. Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary, Kirtland 1839 94. Oxford Female Academy 1839 95. Asbury Seminary, Chagrin Falls 1839 96. Worthington Female .Seminary 1839 97. Universalist Institute, Ohio City 1839 98. Parkman Academy, (ieauga County 1839 99. Barncsville Male Academy 1839 100. Brooklyn Centre Academy 1839 101. Auglaize .Seminary, Wapakoneta 1839 102. Lithopolis Academy 1839 103. Meigs County High .School and Teachers' Institute 1839 104. Mt. Pleasant Boarding School 1839 105. Cuyahoga Falls Institute 1839 106. Ravenna Female Seminary 1839 107. New Hagerstown Female Seminary 1839 82 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO 108. Bascom Seminary of Waynesburg 1840 109. Greenfield Institute 1840 110. Streetsborough High School 1840 111. Willoughby Female Academy 1840 112. Protestant Methodist Academy of Brighton 1840 113. Edinburgh Academy 1841 114. Burlington Academy 1841 1 15. Athens Female Academy 1841 116. Canton Male Seminary 1841 117. Middletown Academy and Library Association 1841 118. Gustavus Academy 1841 119. Pine Grove Academy, Porter 1842 120. Canaan Union Academy 1842 121. Tallmadge Academical Institute 1842 122. Bath High School 1842 123. New Lisbon Academy 1843 124. St. Mary's Female Educational Institute, Cincinnati 1843 125. Maumee City Academy 1843 126. Lebanon Academy 1843 127. Oakland Female Seminary of Hillsborough 1843 128. West Lodi Academy 1844 129. Franklin Academy, Portage County 1844 130. Salem Academy 1844 131. Lorain Institute, Olmstead 1844 132. Waynesville Academy 1844 133. Keene Academy, Coshocton County 1844 134. Tallmadge Academical Institute, Second Incorporation 1845 135. Bedford Seminary 1845 136. Cincinnati Classical Academy 1845 137. Columbus Academical and Collegiate Institute 1845 138. Aurora Academical Institute, Portage County 1845 139. Cooper Female Academy, Dayton 1845 140. Akron Institute 1845 141. Rocky River Seminary 1845 142. Findlay Academical Institute 1845 143. Vermillion Institute, Haysville 1845 144. Cottage Hill Academy, Ellsworth 1845 145. Normal High School, Carroll County 1845 146. London Academy, Madison County 1845 147. West JefTerson Academical Institute 1845 148. Baldwin Institute, Middleburg 1845 149. Loudonville Academy 1846 150. Norwalk Institute 1846 151. Liverpool Seminary 1846 152. Mansfield Academical Institute 1847 153. Xenia Academy 1848 154. Richland Academic Institute 1848 155. Felicity Female Seminary, Clermont County 1848 SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION 83 155K- Medina Academy 1848 156. Oxford Female Institute 1849 157. Miller Academy, Washington 1849 158. Pomeroy Academy 1849 159. Springfield Female Seminary 1849 160. Cadiz High School 1849 161. Mansfield Female Seminary 1849 162. Mt. Pleasant Academy 1849 163. Elliott Female Seminary, Iberia 1850 164. Vinton High School 1850 165. Defiance Female Seminary 1850 166. Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, Hiram 1850 167. Tiffin Academy, Seneca County 1850 168. Xenia Female Academy 1850 169. Hartford High School 1850 170. Soeurs de Notre Dame Female Educational Institute, ChilHcothe. . 1850 School Companies and Associations 1. Union School Association, Harpersfield and Madison 1818 2. Milford Union School Society, Clermont County 1824 3. Jefferson School Association 1824 4. Literary Society of St. Joseph's (to erect academies) 1825 5. The Mesopotamia Central School Society 1826 6. Goshen School Association, Logan County 1828 7. Trustees of the Columbus Presbytery (to found an academy) 1829 8. The Education Society of Painesville 1829 9. The Bricksville Academical Association, Cuyahoga County 1831 10. St. Mary's Female Literary Society (to promote female education) 1B32 11. The German Lutheran Seminary of the German Lutheran Synod of Ohio and adjacent states (to promote learning, morality, religion) 1834 12. North Union School Association of Carroll County 1836 13. Rome Academical Company 1836 14. Springborough School Company, Warren County 1836 15. High Falls Primary Institute, Chagrin Falls (the education of youth) 1838 16. Newark Association for the Promotion of Education (to establish a high school) 1838 17. The Monroe Academical Association 1839 18. Harveysburg High School Company, Warren County 1839 19. Cincinnati New Jerusalem Church School Association 1841 20. Berkshire Education Society, Delaware County 1841 21. Western Reserve Freewill Baptist Academical Society (blacks and mulattoes not to be received on an equality with white persons) 1843 22. Sylvania High School Company, Lucas County 1844 23. Madison Education Society, Lake County 1846 There were also incorporated during the same period twenty- three school or education societies whose purpose was to found 84 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO academies or other schools, or in some way offer better educational facihties to the communities interested. The denominational influence does not seem to have been great in founding these secondary schools. Some twenty-one of the schools and societies are more or less denominational in control or in sympathy, as indicated by the act of incorporation or the name. In six cases the Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church either appointed the trustees or had some part in the appointment of them. The other schools and societies that show denominational influence are scattered among the Presbyterian, Baptist, Catholic, German Lutheran, and Quaker sects. It is true that prior to 1836 there were also eighty-four church incorpora- tions in which the churches were given a right to maintain a school by the articles of incorporation. The usual form in which this was done was by limiting the use of funds to the support of a church "and to any institution of charity or education connected there- with." In 1836' a general law was passed which gave any religious society incorporating after that date the right to apply property not exceeding an annual value of one thousand dollars to the sup- port of public worship and such institutions of learning and charity as might be connected with such society. How far the rights thus extended were used by the churches to found schools of secondary grade the laws themselves give no hint. Only a careful search of church records could do this. It is probable, however, that a secondary school of any importance would have followed the custom of the time and sought independent incorporation. The financial limitations both in special and in general acts would have prevented an extensive educational institution. The comparatively small denominational influence exerted on secondary schools was not due to any lack of religious or sectarian interest. Numerous sects and varied religious beliefs^ were com- mon, but this very multiplicity was a source of religious toleration, and in the founding of schools for the children of the community a common interest was found, in support of which the adherents of creeds that were not too divergent often united. There are frequent indications in the articles of incorporation of an effort to keep the schools free from any cause of religious >0.L., XXXIV, 17. * Chaddock. Ohio Before 1850. A Study of the Early Influence of Penttsylvania and Southern Popula- tions in Ohio, p. 313. SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION 85 controversy. Sections appear prohibiting the introduction or teaching of any religious tenets peculiar to any Christian sect.^ Sometimes there is recognition of the fact that there are other pos- sible causes of dissension, as when a clause appears providing that "no political, religious, moral or literary association shall have an ascendancy in the directory."^ The curriculum was not usually specified in the articles of incorporation, but was frequently hinted at in the right given to the trustees to determine what branches of the "arts and sciences" should be taught, or sometimes the phrase ran "learned languages, arts and sciences," or branches of a "polite and liberal education." The manual labor influence first appeared in 1834 with the incorporation of Stephen Strong's Manual Labor Seminary.' The Ashtabula Institution of Science and Industry had been founded as early as 1831,* but in 1835* the name was changed to the Grand River Institute, and there is nothing but the earlier name to indicate anything other than the ordinary secondary institution. The name of Pestalozzi's one-time associate, Fellenberg, was doubtless in the minds of the incorporators of the Fellenburgh Institute in Medina County in 1835,® though no mention is made of manual labor in the articles of incorporation. There are only four other secondary institutions whose articles of incorporation make any mention of this phase of education.' One of these, Bishop's Fraternal Calvanis- tic [sic] Seminary, chartered in 1835, specifies that there shall be manual labor for both males and females.* The only control the state exercised over these institutions was in limiting the amount of property they might hold, the amount of the annual income, or the amount of stock that might be issued. It was also common to find an express stipulation forbidding an incorporated company of this character to engage in the banking business or to issue any medium of exchange. The legislature, too, commonly reserved the right to alter the articles of incorpora- ' O.L., XIII, 132; O.L., XX, 11; O.L., XX, 27; O.L., XXII, 14. ^O.L., XIII, 132. 'O.L., XXXIII, local, 5. *0.L., XXIX, local, 137. 'O.L., XXXIII, local, 79. •O.L., XXXIII, local, 112. ' The Sheffield Manual Labor Institute, Bishop's Fraternal Calvanistic \sic] Seminary, the Huron Institute, and Kerea Seminary. *0.L., XXXIII, local, 328. 86 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO tion at any time, and in 1839^ a general act was passed to regulate incorporated literary societies, which included all associations for literary purposes except common schools, colleges, and universities. The first general provision of this kind was enacted as early as 1817, in a rather cumbersome act "to provide for the incorporation of schools and library companies. "^ By the terms of this law the association that wished to incorporate submitted the articles they had prepared to the "President of the court of common pleas," in the circuit in which the association was to be established. If the "president" approved, he indorsed the same and submitted them to the inspection of two judges of the supreme court. They were then examined by these judges and, if found comformable to the provisions of the law, were approved and indorsed, and deposited with the recorder of the county in which the association was located. This procedure established the association as a body politic and corporate under the laws of the state. It seems to have been from the first a dead letter, although not formally repealed. It was the first general law of the Ohio legislature that had primary reference to education, or educational institutions, and is of interest for this reason. By the provisions of the act of 1839 the capital stock and prop- erty of academies could not exceed forty thousand dollars, unless increased in the act of incorporation. The act also stated that no part of the funds of such an institution should ever be used for banking, nor should certificates of deposit or drafts which in any manner could be used as a circulating medium be issued. From this time on, too, the directors or trustees were held individually liable for all debts of the association. There was no thought of state supervision or control of these institutions until 1838,^ and then only to see that funds given were being used for the purpose for which they were donated. The law at that time directed the state superintendent to collect information concerning all funds and property given in any way for education, except in the case of chartered colleges, and allowed him to direct procedure against the corporation by the local prosecuting attorney in case any misap- plication of funds appeared. 1 O.L., XXXVII, 49. ^O.L., XV, 107. 5 0.L.,XXXVI, 21. SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION 87 HIGHER EDUCATION UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, AND THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS A large number of institutions of higher learning were incor- porated during this period of Ohio's history, the total number of such incorporations before 1850 being forty-four. Among these are a number which are still in existence, including some of the best known institutions in the state. In the period from 1803 to 1810 the Ohio University, 1804, originally chartered in 1802; Cincinnati University, 1807, and Miami University, 1809, were founded. Between 1821 and 1830 Kenyon College, 1824; Western Reserve University, 1826; Lane Seminary, 1829, were incorporated; followed in the period from 1831 to 1840 by Denison University, 1832; Marietta College, 1832; Oberlin College, 1834, and Muskin- gum College, 1837; while in the last ten years from 1841 to 1850 Wesleyan University, 1842; Wittenberg College, 1845; Otter bein University, 1849; Capital University, 1850; Urbana University, 1850, and Hiram College, 1850, appeared. A number of these institutions were not incorporated under the names which they now bear. Ohio University was originally incor- porated during the territorial period as the American Western University.^ Kenyon College first appeared as the Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church ,2 Western Reserve University as Western Reserve College,^ Denison University as the Granville Literary and Theological Institution,* Marietta College as the Marietta Collegiate Institute and Western Teachers' Semi- nary,^ Oberlin College as the Oberlin Collegiate Institute,^ and Hiram College as the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute.' In a few cases academies or other secondary schools were later given the right to confer collegiate degrees,^ while in some instances institutions incorporated as colleges or universities were doubtless, in fact, secondary in character, and in other cases were never actually founded, the act of incorporation representing only the purpose and ideals of the incorporators. 1 Nashee, A Compilation of Laws, Treaties and Ordinances Which Relate to Lands in the State of Ohio, p. 220. 2 O.L., XXIII, local, 12. ^O.L., XXIV, local, 93. * O.L., XXX, local, 88. s O.L., XXXI, local, 18. * O.L., XXXII, local, 226. ^O.L.,XLVIII, local, 627. 8 O.L., XLVI, local, 7; O.L., XXXVII, local, 308; O.L., XLIV, local, 65. 88 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO State influence on higher education. — The attitude of the state toward higher education as toward secondary education was marked by a wilHngness to legaHze by incorporation the educational aspira- tions of any group of people, while taking on itself a minimum amount of responsibility for the resulting institution either through support or control. Three townships had been set aside for the support of higher institutions of learning, two in the Ohio Company's Purchase^ and one in the John Cleve Symmes Purchase.^ The Ohio University at Athens and the Miami University at Oxford grew out of these two grants. These two institutions were under limited state control. The General Assembly appointed their trustees, deter- mined by legal enactment the manner in which their lands were to be disposed of, and in the acts of incorporation laid down certain regulations, but in no real sense did the state in this period assume any responsibility for them. Ohio University. — On December 18, 1799,^ the territorial legis- lature, by resolution, requested Rufus Putnam, with two associates, to lay off in the college townships (Townships 8 and 9 in Washington County) a town plat with a square for the colleges and lots for the president and professors, "bordering on or encircled by spacious commons." The following year the report of "said Putnam" was accepted, and the town of Athens established,^ and on January 9, 1802,'' the university was incorporated under the name of the American Western University, with Rufus Putnam and Return Jonathan Meigs, afterward governor of Ohio and Postmaster- General of the United States, as members of the first Board of Trustees. In 1803 Ohio was admitted as a state, and at the second session of the legislature, February 18, 1804,^ a second act of incorporation was passed, in which the name was changed to "Ohio University." A board of twelve trustees, exclusive of the governor of the state and the president of the university, ex-officio members, was ap- pointed, and power was given to them to appoint teachers and ' Nashee, A Compilation of Laws, Treaties and Ordinances Which Relate to Lands in the State of Ohio, p. 154. * O.L., III, Enabling Act, 69. ^ Nashee, A Compilation of Laws, Treaties and Ordinances Which Relate to Lands in the Slate of Ohio, p. 219 * Ibid., p. 220. « Idem. « O.L., II. 193. SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION 89 officers. Vacancies in the board could be filled temporarily by the board itself until appointments by the legislature at its next session. The faculty was directed to report to the corporation "from time to time" and to hold public examinations of the students of each class quarterly. Two townships were set aside "for the sole use, benefit and support of the state university forever," and direc- tions were given for laying off, appraising, and leasing the lands. This latter provision directed that the land should be leased on ninety-year liens, renewable forever with an annual rental of 6 per cent, revaluation at thirty-five and sixty years, and another revalua- tion at the end of the ninety-year period. All the land in the two townships, together with the buildings, was exempted from all state taxes. The statement given above includes all the points in which the state exercised any control. It appointed the trustees, it directed the faculty to report "from time to time" to the trustees, it directed that quarterly examinations of the students should be held, and it specified how the land granted for the use of the university was to be leased. The next year^ the legislature changed the form of the lease to ninety-nine-year leases, renewable forever, omitting the clause calling for a revaluation, and forbade the leasing of any land at less than one dollar and seventy-five cents per acre, but in 1807^ the trustees were authorized to lease the land that had been ap- praised at less than one dollar and seventy-five cents at its appraised value. The legislation of the next ten years is concerned only with different phases of leasing of the land and the appointment of trustees, but in 1817,^ an act was passed authorizing a lottery to raise the sum of twenty thousand dollars "to defray the expense of completing the college edifice lately erected at Athens, and to purchase a, library and suitable mathematical and philosophical apparatus for the use of Ohio University." On February 1, 1825,'* an appropriation of one thousand dollars was made for the purpose of paying debts and purchasing philosophical apparatus. In 1826,^ during the same period in which the sale of school lands was begun, 1 O.L., III, 79. ^O.L., V, 85. 3 0.L.. XVI, 37. *0.L., XXIII, 19. *0.L., XXIV. 52. 90 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO the trustees were authorized to sell the remaining lands in the college townships which were not encumbered by leases, and to convey title in fee simple to lessees who paid a sum which would yield at 6 per cent a revenue equal to the yearly rental. The money received from such sales was to be deposited with the state treasurer, and the state pledged itself to pay 6 per cent on the sums so de- posited and reserved the right to repay the money at any time.^ In 1836^ and again in 1837^ the legislature passed resolutions demanding reports from the university, particularly as to the expenditures and receipts, and in the second resolution asking for the number of professors engaged, the branches of literature and science taught by each, and a list of the number of students of each year from 1826 to 1837. In 1838* the commissioners of the Canal Fund were authorized to loan five thousand dollars to the university to be paid back in annual instalments of one thousand dollars each, with interest at 6 per cent, and in 1847^ the president and trustees were authorized to fund the debts of the university in an amount not to exceed ten thousand dollars, and the debt so funded was exempt from taxation. In 1843" the legislature passed an act declaring that it was the true intent of the law passed in 1805, authorizing ninety-nine-year leases, that the land should never be revalued. This meant a great annual loss to the university, as the lands were originally appraised and leased at a low valuation and rental, and by this act the rental could never be increased. The Supreme Court of the state had already passed on this question and had decided that the lands were legally subject to reappraisal. The act of 1843 was passed to nullify that decision.^ These chief points in the legislation concerning Ohio University in the period from 1803 to 1850 show how little there was of either state aid or state direction. One appropriation of one thousand dollars, authority to raise twenty thousand dollars by means of a lottery, a loan of five thousand dollars, and the privilege of funding a debt of ten thousand dollars without taxation, and the exemption ' The amount received from these sales was comparatively small. The state auditor's report from 1838 to 1848 shows a credit of $1,897.39 to Ohio University from this source. 2 0.L.,XXXIV. local, 643. ^ O.L., XXXV, local, 543. * O.L., XXXVI, local, 204. 6 O.L., XLV. local, 176. * O.L., XLI, local, 144. ^ F. W. Blackmar, The History of Federal and Slate Aid to Either Education in the United States, p. 217, SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION 91 of the lands in the college townships from state taxation comprise all the assistance of a financial nature given by the state. The appointment of trustees, the requirement of a report asked for twice, and certain general requirements specified in the charter include all of the control or guidance on the educational side. It is evident that the institution was not regarded in any true sense as a state university, if by that term is meant an institution supported by the state and governed by policies of state initiation. If further evidence were needed, it is found in a memorial addressed to Con- gress by the legislature in 1829,^ asking Congress to grant two town- ships of land for the support of colleges and universities. The memorial states that Ohio "has no adequate means of creating and fostering scientific institutions without resorting to the odious measure of direct taxation." "Possessing no national domains and having amongst its citizens few or none whose love of literature would prompt at the same time their wealth would make them able, to endow public seminaries of learning. . . . the interests of science must be neglected and languish, unless aid can be obtained in the mode now proposed." "Ohio has received no grant of this character, unless the land included in the Ohio Company's Purchase and Symmes' Purchase should be so considered, but neither the state nor the inhabitants of those districts have ever thus regarded them." They were intended to be for the special benefit of the inhabitants of those districts, and the location of the seminaries was confined to them. Miami University. — The legislation concerning Miami Univer- sity is of the same general type. The college township was located in I8O32 and the university incorporated in 1809.^ By the act of incorporation all benefits and advantages were to be open to all citizens of the state. A board of twelve trustees was appointed, and the faculty was directed to hold at least once in every year a public examination of the students in each class. Succeeding legislation was concerned only with the appointment of trustees, the leasing of college lands, and the collecting of rents, with the exception of an act in 1814* which required the trustees to make an accurate statement of all proceedings "both as respects the ' O.L., XXVII, local, 174. 2 0.L., I, 66. 3 0.L., VII, 184. « O.L., XII, 83. 92 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO disposal of land, as well as the state of the funds arising from the proceeds," to the legislature. There seems to have been no finan- cial aid of any kind extended to Miami University prior to 1850, and, as in the case of Ohio University, no control or initiation of educational policies. The state for the first time shows an awaken- ing responsibility in 1849^ by the appointment of a committee of three "to examine into and report to the next General Assembly the condition of the Miami University and the cause of its decline, with such recommendations as they may deem proper to make." Other institutions. — A grant of five hundred dollars each was made to two other institutions by the legislature by an act passed in 1836.^ The two institutions receiving this aid were the College of Ripley in Brown County and Franklin College in Harrison County. The act of incorporation for the College of Ripley' specified that vacancies in the Board of Trustees were to be filled by the General Assembly. Aside from this, these two institutions seem in no way to differ from others founded during the same period. The appro- priation made was evidently incidental and due to local influence, and did not indicate any general policy of state aid. It is also an indication that the state regarded other institutions in about the same way that it regarded Ohio and Miami universities. In 1828'* the legislature warmly seconded the efforts of Philander Chase, the president of Kenyon College, in his attempt to obtain a grant of lands from Congress for the support of that institution, and requested its senators and representatives to use their efforts in Congress to support such legislation. These instances include all of the state's activities in the interests of higher education. In the case of other institutions chartered, the state exercised no control, except that it became customary after 1830 to specify in the incorporating act that the right to amend or alter the charter was reserved by the legislature. There also appeared frequent limitations as to the amount of real property that might be held, or the annual income that might be derived from it. Denominational influences. — It is impossible to say from a study of the acts of incorporation how far denominational influence was instrumental in the founding of the large number of colleges and * O.L., XLVII, local, 398. 2 0.L.,XXXIV, local, 610. 3 O.L., XXVIII, local, 88. * O.L., XXVI, local, 176. SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION 93 universities that appeared during this period. It was certainly much more influential than in the case of secondary institutions. Twenty-one of the forty-four schools show evidence of denomina- tional influence either in the act itself or in the name given, while a few of them had from the first the preparation of ministers for a particular sect in mind. It is quite probable that others were under denominational influence where nothing in the charter or name indicates it. Agricultural schools. — It is interesting to note that as early as 1846^ a Farmers' College was incorporated in Hamilton County, whose purpose was declared to be "to direct and cultivate the minds of the students in a thorough and scientific course of studies particularly adapted to agricultural pursuits." This institution was the result of private initiative and was founded by a stock company. Summary. — The period was one of activity and interest in higher education with a determined effort to afford the advantages of college and university training to the young people of the state without the necessity of going beyond the state border for it. The state's attitude was shown in its willingness to assist through legaliz- ing such efforts by acts of incorporation, but with no conception of any adequate responsibility in the matter, even for those institu- tions which might naturally have been considered state foundations. MEDICAL EDUCATION During the first eight years of the state's history there was no legislation that bore in any way upon medical practice or indicated any state requirements for entering the profession. In 181P an act was passed to regulate the practice of physic and surgery. The state was divided into five medical districts each having three medical censors or examiners, and it was made obligatory upon anyone who wished to practice medicine as a means of livelihood to obtain a license from one of these boards of examiners. The qualifications for a license included satisfactory evidence that the candidate was of good moral character, and that he had attended three full years to the theory and practice of medicine under the guidance of some able physician or surgeon, or that he had a license from some medical society showing that he had been admitted as 1 O.L., XLIV, local, 165. '^ O.L., IX. 19. 94 HISTOKY OF ICDIICATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO a pnuiitioiuT. lie was also rf(|uir('<i to ^'ivo. satisfactory answers to such (iiicstions as nii^ht be ])iit to him by the examiners in "Anatomy, Materia Medica, Chymistry, and the Theory and Prac- tice of Physic." In 1S12' a medical society was incorporated, the state divided into seven medical districts, and the society j^iven power to apjioint examining committees to examine and license candidates and also to grant honorary decrees to such of the faculty as they mi^ht find of distin^uislu'd merit. Practicing without a license from some medical society or collej^e ol physicians was forbidden, and a penalty from hve to oni' hundri'd dollars was im|M)sed for each offense. in 181 7'"^ the candidate was recjuired, in addition tcj the examina- tion, to deliver a thesis U|)()n some medical subject, and in 1818'' those who had recei\c(l (he de,u;ree of Doctor ol Medicine in any university or other medical institution within the United States Were exempted from the necessity of being examined for a license. In 18P> ■' (hi' fust medical school in the state was incorporated in Cincinnati under the name of the Medical College of Ohio. The IM'camble recites that the students of medicine in Ohio are so distant from any well-regulated college as to labor under .serious disadvan- tages in the prosecution of their studies. The purpose of the college was to give instruction in physic and surgery and the au.xiliary sciences. There were four incorporators, and the act of incorporation evidently followed the desires of those responsible for the institution. Six professorships were created, and the subjects of instruction of each were indicated. The state very early assumed a certain amount of control of this institution, at first indirectly, through authorizing^' the State Medical Convention to appoint two delegates annually to .it lend the conunencement of the medical college, take part in the examination, vote on the candidates, and sign diplomas on behalf of the convention. This Medical Convention consisted of delegates from the various medical districts in the state, and was given at the same time (1821)" the exclusive right to grant licenses for practice. It was allowed to select each year two indigent > O.L., X, S8. •' O.L., XV, 19.S. SO.L., XVI, 105. «O.L.,XVU,37. » O.L., XIX, 28. • Idem. SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION 95 medical students and recommend them to the Medical College, whose duty it was to give them instruction gratuitously. In 1822^ on recommendation of the Medical Convention, a board of thirteen trustees of the college was appointed by the General Assembly, and they were given general control of the insti- tution, and it was provided that from this time the trustees were to be so appointed. In 1.825^ the legislature directed that the moneys raised by auction fees in Hamilton County should be appropriated for four years to the use of the Medical College, unless otherwise directed by the General Assembly.^ This was extended to five years at the next meeting of the legislature, and in 1831'* one-fourth of the money from the same source was appropriated for five years, not, however, to exceed twenty thousand dollars for the period. In 1838^ there were fifteen hundred dollars appropriated outright from the state treasury to be applied to liquidate any unsatisfied claims against the school. There were no other provisions for financial aid, but in 1833^ the medical examiners were allowed to appoint one indigent student from each medical district for free instruction, and on the same date the governor was requested to appoint a committee of five to investigate the organization, government, and condition of the Medical College, and to report to the General Assembly, suggesting "the proper means of advancing the prosperity and utility of the state medical college as an institution of the state, and of medical science therein." For the first thirty-five years there was no medical institution incorporated in any of the other cities of the state. Two other institutions were chartered in Cincinnati in 1828,^ the Western Eye and Ear Infirmary, whose trustees had power to appoint "surgeons, advising physicians, lecturers, and teachers," and the Cincinnati Medical Academy,^ designed to give a systematic course preparatory to admission to a medical college. 1 O.L., XXI, 4. 2 O.L., XXIII, 19. 3 O.L., XXIV, 4. * O.L., XXIX, local, 66. ^ O.L., XXXVI, 37. «0.L., XXXI, local, 269. ^ O.L., XXVI, local, 28. * O.L., XXVI, local, 54. 96 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO From 1839 to 1850 eight other institutions were chartered in the state for various types of medical instruction. There were also incorporated nine local and county medical societies, evidently associations of physicians organized for the advancement of medical science. The State Medical Society was incorporated in 1848^ with power to organi/X' auxiliary societies. The state took no part in the control or support of the later institutions incorporated. LKGAL EDUCATION There is almost no legislation bearing on legal education prior to 1850. In 1819^ a law was passed that no person should be licensed to practice as an attorney unless he had studied law atten- tively for the period of two years previous to his application for a license. In 1846"^ appeared the first indication of any definite legal instruction in an act authorizing any male citizen of the state of good moral character to take the oath of ofiice and receive a license to practice on producing to two judges of the Supreme Court a certificate from the law department of the Cincinnati College. Colleges, Universities, and Theoi-ogical Seminaries Chartered in Ohio: 1803-50 1. Ohio University 1802 2. Miami University (locating college townships) 1803 Miami University (charter) 1809 3. Cincinnati University 1807 4. Worthington College 1819 5. Kenyon College 1824 6. (College of Alma 1825 } PVanklin College (name changed) 1826 7. Western Reserve College 1826 8. Lane Seminary 1829 9. College of Ripley 1830 10. The Trust cos of the firanviile Literary and Theoiogicallnstitiition . . 1832 11. Marietta Collegiate Institute and Western Teacher's Seminary. . . . 1832 12. Oherlin Collegiate Institute 1834 13. Willoughhy University of Lake Erie 1834 14. German Reform Synod of Ohio 1836 15. St. Clairsville Collegiate Seminary 1837 16. Muskingum College 1837 17. Baptist Literary and Collegiate Institute of Huron County 1837 18. Weslcyan Collegiate Institute 1837 19. Logan College 1838 '0.L.,XLVI, local, 231. *0.L., XVII,92. 'O.L..XLIV. local, 157. SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION 97 20. Theological Seminary of the Associated Reform Synod of the West. 1838 21. Central College of Ohio 1842 22. St. Xavier College 1842 23. Ohio Wesleyan University 1842 24. Lafayette University 1842 25. Germania College 1843 26. Providence College 1843 27. Beverly College 1843 28. < Methodist Female Collegiate Institute 1843 ( Wesleyan Female College (name changed) 1846 29. Bellefontaine College 1843 30. English Lutheran Theological and Collegiate Institute of Wooster. . 1844 31. Ft. Meigs University 1845 32. Protestant University of the United States 1845 33. Wittenberg College 1845 34. Farmers' College 1846 35. Marietta Female College 1847 36. S Muhlenberg College 1848 ( Judson College (name changed) 1849 38. Newton College 1848 39. Edinburgh College 1848 40. Mt. Washington College 1849 41. Otterbein University 1849 42. Capital University 1850 43. Cambridge College 1850 44. Geneva Hall 1850 45. Urbana University 1 850 98 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Fk;. 4. — Colleges, universities, and theological seminaries char- tered in Ohio from 1803 to 1850 Note: 37 shown on map is Medina Academy CHAPTER V THE EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVES, DEPENDENTS, AND DELINQUENTS The institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb and the bhnd were definitely recognized as a state responsibility, and ample and intelligent provision was made by the state for children of this class. This conception of the state's responsibility was not recognized at once, however, but was a matter of gradual growth. The deaf and dumb school preceded the school for the blind by ten years, and in the legislation that centers about it the gradual development of the idea of state responsibility for financial support can be seen. THE EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVES Education of the deaf and dumb. — In an act passed in 1822^ the Court of Common Pleas was authorized to appoint guardians for deaf and dumb persons, and the power of the guardians was ex- pressly extended to the protection, education, and maintenance of their wards. In case the guardian or parent was unable to teach such children to read and write, the law permitted the county com- missioners, on application, to appropriate money from the county treasury for such instruction. The law was wholly permissive in character and simply legalized appropriations for the instruction of deaf and dumb children in cases in which the county commis- sioners saw fit to grant aid. By the same law the township officers were required to report to the county auditors the number of deaf and dumb persons in the township, and the auditors were directed to report the results to the state auditor. This was followed at the next session in 1822^ by an act the sole purpose of which was to ascertain the number of deaf and dumb persons in the state. Five years later, in 1827,^ an act was passed to incorporate the "Trustees of the Ohio Asylum for PLducating the Deaf and Dumb." Eight trustees were named in the act of incorpora- ' O.L., XX, 49. *0.L., XXI, s. * O.L., XXV, 87. 99 100 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO tion, and they were authorized to receive gifts and bequests for the purpose of educating the deaf and dumb, and were directed to report to the next General Assembly as to the location of the schools, the kind of buildings needed, with an estimate of expense for buildings and instruction, and a plan for its organization and government. The funds of the institution were to be under the management of the trustees subject to the regulation of the General Assembly, and reports were required annually as to the expenses, number of students, number taught at state expense, and the number who paid tuition, together with general information as to the status of the school. The trustees were allowed to draw on the treasury of the state for the support of one indigent student from each judicial circuit an amount not to exceed one hundred dollars for any student, and no student was to receive such aid longer than three years. The governor was ex-officio president of the Board of Trustees, and it was specifically stated that the incorporated body was under the control and direction of the General Assembly. The idea of the legislature seems to have been to organize an institution under state management and control, but financed by private donations, with the state giving a minimum amount to the support of indigent students. The following year, 1828, the first appropriation of state money was made, amounting to $376.76.^ In 1829^ the trustees were authorized to open the asylum in rented houses until suitable buildings were erected, and an additional appropriation of one thousand dollars was made. The same year it was decided to locate the institution permanently in Columbus,' and the trustees were authorized to receive any donations of land or to purchase a site. In the meanwhile Congress had been urged* to appropriate a township of land, or an amount equivalent to that, located in smaller tracts, to aid in the education of the deaf and dumb. The grant was not made, and in 1830* another appropria- tion of one thousand dollars was made, and the trustees were again authorized to receive one indigent student from each judicial circuit at state expense, but the amount to be expended was reduced from •O.L.. XXVI, 4. * O.L., XXVII, 63. 'O.L.,XXVII, local, 171. * O.L., XXV, local. 113; O.L., XXVI, local. 178. »0.L., XXVIII 30. DEFECTIVES, DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS 101 one hundred dollars to seventy-five dollars for each student.^ The next year the number of students receiving state aid was increased to two from each circuit,^ a total of eighteen, and an appropriation of sixteen hundred dollars^ was made for expenses. This was followed in 1832 by an act appropriating one-fourth of the money arising from sales at auction in Hamilton County^ and by another fifteen-hundred-dollar appropriation from the treasury.^ The state had not reached a point where it was ready to assume the burden of the school, and it again applied to Congress in the same year^ for assistance through a land grant. In this memorial it was estimated that a proper housing and equipment would cost from fifteen thousand to twenty thousand dollars, with a total annual expenditure of nearly ten thousand dollars. It was pointed out that Ohio, in common with many other states, did not possess land of her own which might be appropriated, and that the only resource, unless Congress came to the state's aid, was by drawing from revenue derived by direct taxation for other purposes. The memorial declares that everyone will admit that this measure is impolitic and ought to be avoided, and that it may be deemed quite sufficient to provide in this way for indigent students.'' From this time on appropriations of fifteen hundred to three thousand dollars were common until 1846,^ when a systematic budget was evidently adopted and regular appropriations made to meet it. The appropriation for expenses in this year amounted to nine thousand dollars, with an added four thousand dollars for building needs. Provision was made in 1838^ by a two- thousand- dollar appropriation for the erection of workshops and the intro- duction of mechanical employment as a part of the work of the institution.^" ' There were nine judicial circuits. The expense Involved amounted to $675. 2 0.L.,XXIX, 427. 3 0.L.,XXIX, local, 246. * O.L., XXX, 20. *0.L., XXX, local, 318. » O.L., XXX, local, 336. ^ This memorial states that Ohio had established such a school, that it had been in operation two years, and that it had three teachers and nearly thirty pupils, with a prospect that the number of pupils would be doubled as soon as accommodations were furnished. *0.L., XLIV, 130. «0.L., XXXVI, 92. *" The legislature voted a grant of one hundred dollars annually in 1828 for two years to the trustees of a private school for educating deaf and dumb persons, located in Tallmadge Township, and bearing the name of the Tallmadge School for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. This is the only hint that appears in the legislation of a private institution of this kind {O.L., XXVI, local, 169). 102 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Education of the blind. — With the exception of two special acts to assist individuals, one afterward repealed, the state took no steps looking toward the education of the blind until 1835.^ In this year the governor was requested to direct the county auditors to make a complete report on the number of blind persons in the state,^ and in the following year^ a committee was appointed to study the question of the education of the blind in letters and mechanical arts and to report to the General Assembly the results of their findings with an estimate of the probable expense of establishing a public school for that purpose. This committee made a careful study of the subject. They quote largely in their report* from the address of Dr. S. G. Howe, director of the New England Institution for the Blind, which he had made to the trustees of that institution. In this address of Dr. Howe's there is given a synopsis of the development of the edu- cation of the blind in the different European nations and some description of the beginnings of such work in the New York and New England institutions. In addition to the information so gained the committee ad- dressed a list of specific questions to the directors of the New York, New England, and Pennsylvania institutions for the blind asking for definite information about expense, number of teachers needed, textbooks available, types of industry suitable to be taught in a school of this kind, and other questions of a similar nature. Pro- vision was also made for Dr. Howe to visit Columbus during the session of the legislature to "deliver lectures and exhibit one or two of the pupils in such a manner as to prove their attainments." The committee estimated the number of blind in the state as 500, basing the estimate on the United States census and the reports made by the county auditors. Of this number there were 60 under sixteen years of age whose names and residences were known. The report closes with the following recommendation: In order to commence a school it will be necessary to rent a suitable house, and furnish the books and apparatus for a class, and procure one teacher who is qualified to give instruction, and provide for the support of those children who 1 O.L., IX, 68; O.L., X, 68; O.L., XVII, 7. * O.L., XXXIII, local, 453. * O.L., XXXIV, local, 648. * Ohio Documents, 35th G.A., Doc. No. 10, pp. 1-24. DEFECTIVES, DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS 103 are indigent. For this purpose it is supposed that, if the Legislature shall deter- mine in favor of the measure, an appropriation of $1,500 will be necessary. — And if it shall be deemed expedient to purchase a site on which permanent build- ings may hereafter be erected, a further sum of $1,000 may be needed. It is desirable also, that as early as practicable, musical instruments may be procured, and the necessary arrangements may be made, for teaching music, not only as a solace and a pleasure to the blind in their disconsolate condition as strangers to sight; but as a means of contributing to their own support in the school, and afterward also. And it is especially desirable, and indeed highly important, that a superintendent of work, together with implements and materials for some prof- itable manufactures, should be furnished; and thus every pupil, when discharged, may be able to make his own living. In conclusion the Trustees .... beg leave, most respectfully and most earnestly, to recommend to the General Assembly the immediate establishment of an Institution for the instruction of the Blind.' On the Fourth of July, in 1837, the first "school was opened with prayer, in the Presbyterian Church in the presence of the Teachers and scholars of the Sunday Schools connected with the different denominations in Columbus, who, to the number of 900, had assembled to celebrate the sixty-first anniversary of Indepen- dence. On this day the Teacher and five pupils were present. This number was increased to nine, at the middle of September, and still further to eleven in the month of November."^ The experience of the legislature with the deaf and dumb school had prepared it to accept the responsibility for the school for the blind in a larger way, and in 1837^ trustees were appointed, and a sum of fifteen thousand dollars was authorized for buildings and ten thousand dollars appropriated for the purpose of building materials and to pay the expense of beginning the school at once. In 1838^ fifteen thousand dollars was appropriated to complete the building, and the trustees were authorized to receive twelve students at state expense. A tuition and maintenance fee not to exceed one hundred and twenty dollars annually was fixed for other students. The trustees were authorized to procure all necessary material and implements for the purpose of instruction in useful arts and trades. In 1843^ the limitation as to the number of students received at state expense was removed, and it was left to the discretion of the » Ohio Documents, 35th G.A., Doc. No. 10, p. 23. * Ohio Documents, 36th G.A., Doc. No. 10, p. 4. 3 O.L., XXXV, 1 16. * O.L., XXXVI, 49. * O.L., XLI, 57. 104 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO trustees. The regulations on this subject appear to have been administered leniently, both in the case of the school for the blind and in that for the deaf and dumb, as frequent resolutions appear allowing exceptions in special cases. In 1845^ the legislature made another appeal to Congress for a land grant to assist in the education of the blind and the deaf and dumb, asking that such a grant be made in all the states where it had not been done; but the grant was not made, and the state was forced to assume full responsibility for both institutions. THE EDUCATION OF DEPENDENTS The first appropriation authorized from the state treasury of Ohio for educational purposes of any kind is found in the case of an Indian orphan girl whose mother had been shot by a citizen without provocation. In 1820^ three hundred and fifty dollars was voted to pay for her support and education for seven years. This was repealed the following year,^ but in 1823"* twenty-five dollars annually was definitely appropriated for that purpose until she should reach the age of twelve years. This is the only time the state made any financial provision for the education of dependent children prior to 1850. In 1806'^ in an act concerning apprentices and servants it was directed that in all indentures for binding or putting out a child as servant or apprentice there should be a clause that every master or mistress should at least cause such child "to be taught and instructed to read and write." In 1824'' this was extended to embrace as much arithmetic as would include the single rule of three, and the further provision that at the expiration of the term of service each minor child was to receive a new Bible and two suits of wearing apparel. This embraces all the state provisions on the subject from 1803 to 1850, and it is interesting to note that the two laws last cited are the only laws passed during the period that in any way touch upon compulsory education, and these carry no penalties for failure to obey. ' O.L., XLIII, local, 434. *0.L., XVni,66. »0.L., XIX, 144. " O.L., XXI, 39. »0.L., IV, 72. "O.L., XXII, 381 DEFECTIVES, DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS 105 Orphan asylums and schools for poor children. — Orphan asylums were incorporated in Cincinnati in 1833,^ in Cleveland in 1837,^ in Columbus in 1838,'' and in Dayton in 1844.'' These four institu- tions were all incorporated by women, and were to be under the management of women, as indicated in the acts of incorporation. A second asylum was incorporated by a Catholic society in Cin- cinnati in 1843,'' and in 1845" an asylum for colored children was incorporated in the same city. The Stark County Orphans' Institute appeared in 1837,'' but its charter was revoked three years later because it had embarked in the banking business.* There were also three endowed schools incorporated for the benefit of poor children, one in Cincinnati in 1827,'' one in Zanesville in 1834,*" and one in Kendal in 1826." Their purpose, however, was to afford instruction free to children whose parents were unable to pay for it, not primarily to care for the wholly dependent. These three schools were the Woodward Free Grammar School, the M'Intire Poor School, and the Charity School of Kendal. THE EDUCATION OF DELINQUENTS Education of delinquents. — No state provision was made for the education of delinquents prior to 1850, and but little was done through private or municipal effort. In 1843'^ an act was passed for the regulation of county jails, which directed that each prisoner should be supplied with a Bible, and that the sheriff should keep a record of the means furnished for literary, moral, and religious instruction. In 1845'^ the directors of the penitentiary were author- ized to employ some suitable person as a religious and moral instructor, and in the same year the city of Cincinnati was author- ized to erect a house of correction.'^ These three laws, one of them local in application, comprise the entire activity of the state for the moral and intellectual advance of delinquents prior to 1850. ' O.L., XXXI, local, 52. « O.L., XXXVIII, local. 87. 2 0.L., XXXV, local, 51,?. »O.L., XXV, local, 62. »0.L., XXXVI, local, 185. '»0.L., XXXIV, local. 514. * O.L., XLII, local. 172. » O.L.. XXIV, local, 36. ''O.L.,XLI, local, 112. "'O.L., XLI, 74. «O.L..XLIII. local, 101. "O.L..XLIII, local, 446. ^ O.L., XXXV, local, 201. " O.L., XLIII, local, i^i; O.L., XLV, local, 112. CHAPTER VI THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS In the preparation of teachers, as in other phases of educational activity, Ohio depended upon the sentiment and effort of individ- uals and communities, and did nothing through state aid or direction other than to legaHze through incorporation the concerted efforts of groups of teachers or charter institutions established by private initiative. As a result of the educational awakening that accompanied the passage of the general school law of 1838, and the appointment of a state superintendent, some attention was given by the legislature to the state's responsibility, and the state super- intendent was asked in the same year^ to report to the next General Assembly "first, upon the expediency of establishing a state univer- sity or universities for the education of teachers and other students; second, if he shall deem it expedient to establish such university or universities then upon the subject of the proper system therefor, and the proper location thereof; third, also upon the proper mode of supporting same, the probable expense thereof to the state, and such other views and information in relation to the subject generally as he may deem it proper to communicate." Mr. Lewis in his report strongly urged the necessity for the need of schools to train those expecting to teach ,2 but no action was taken by the General Assembly to found such an institution. It was through the activity of voluntary associations of teachers and friends of education that the first efforts were made to raise the standard of the teaching profession. As early as 1829* such an association had been meeting regularly in Cincinnati for the discussion of educational problems, and at a general convention to which friends of education throughout the Mississippi Valley were invited an association was formed called the Western College of Teachers. As one result of this association the first educational 10.L..XXXVI, local, 418. 2 Ohio Documents, 37th G.A., Part 2, Doc. 72. ' Taylor, A Manual of the Ohio School System, p. 333. 106 TRAINING OF TEACHERS 107 journal in the Northwest, The Academic Pioneer, was established and continued for some ten years. The original association was incorporated by legislative action February 13, 1832,^ under the name of the Western Academic Institute and Board of Education, and its purpose was declared to be the promotion of "harmony, co-operation and efficiency in the diffusion of elementary knowledge, and discussing such sub- jects as may be considered conducive to the advantage of education generally." This association was intended to exercise an influence through the Mississippi Valley, and of its four vice-presidents one was from Harrodsburg, Kentucky, and another from Rising Sun, Iowa. Two years later, through the leadership of many of the same men, an act was passed to incorporate^ "The Teachers' Insti- tute." The preamble and first section are of interest and show an advanced educational sentiment on the part of the incorporators and a definite attempt to meet the needs for better trained teachers, and illustrate the general legislative willingness to legalize educa- tional effort through incorporation. Whereas it has been reported to the General Assembly that a literary institu- tion devoted to the instruction of professional teachers is much wanted within this state, and would be of much public utility. Therefore, be it enacted, etc., that there shall be established and instituted in the name hereinafter directed, a college for the instruction of candidates for professional school teachers, and for the purpose of qualifying such teachers in the best manner to instruct and govern schools, and other seminaries of learning, and to advance the intellectual and moral cultivation of youth. Among the incorporators were many warm friends of the public schools. The names of Lyman Beecher, John P. Foote, Nathan Guilford — through whose efforts the school law of 1825 took final form — Robert Picket, David L. Talbott, and others appear. The school for teachers that these men had in mind did not materialize, but there were continued until 1845 regular conventions of teachers and friends of education, and their discussions and influence were instrumental in awakening educational sentiment throughout the state.^ 1 O.L., XXX, local, 232. 2 0.L.,XXXII, local, 217. ' Taylor, A Manual of the Ohio School System, p. 334. 108 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO In 1832^ the Marietta Collegiate Institute and Western Teachers' Seminary, which three years later became Marietta College, was incorporated. The original purpose was declared to be "the instruction of youth in the various branches of useful knowledge, and especially the education of teachers for common schools." Other incorporations were the Wayne County Ohio Teachers' Association in 1833,^ the Teachers' Institute at Fairmound,' the Meigs County High School and Teachers' Institute,* and the American Lyceum of Education in Cincinnati.^ This last institution planned to establish a common school "for the purpose of furnishing a model school, and one in which experi- ments might be made as to the best modes and means of instruction, with a view to advancing the interests of common school education throughout the state." In 1847® the state passed a permissive act allowing teachers in eleven counties of the state to incorporate teachers' institutes. Ten of these counties were located in the Western Reserve. This act allowed the county commissioners in the counties named to use a portion of the money derived from the surplus revenue fund for the support of the institutes so organized. The counties had been held responsible by the act distributing the surplus revenue'^ for the payment of 5 per cent annually for the use of common schools. Any amount derived over this the counties had been allowed to devote to the support of common schools, the promotion of internal im- provements, or the building of academies. They were now allowed in the eleven counties named to include teachers' institutes among the objects to which aid from this extra fund might be extended. The money was to be used under the direction of the school examiners of the county in the employment of instructors and lecturers, and in the purchase of a common school library for the use of the association. This act was made general for the state in 1848^ by the same act that permitted counties to provide for county superintendents 1 O.L., XXXI, local, 18. 2 O.L., XXXI, local, 193. 3 O.L., XXXV, local, 417. * O.L., XXXVII, local, 257. s O.L., XXXVIII, local, 192. * O.L., XLV, 67. ^ O.L., XXXVI, 79. 8 O.L., XLVI, 86. TRAINING OF TEACHERS 109 if they wished to do so. The following year, 1849/ the county commissioners were allowed to appropriate from other sources whatever sum was needed to bring the total annual amount for this purpose up to one hundred dollars, but before doing so the teachers petitioning for such an institute were required to present evidence to the commissioners that they had already raised one-half of the total amount needed for the support of the institute, and the petition had to have the signature of forty regular teachers within the county, and also of the county board of examiners. The Farmington Normal School in Trumbull County on the Western Reserve was incorporated in 1849^ through the efforts of the citizens of Farmington, who gave a site and raised by voluntary subscription $2,575.00 for its support. A stock company was formed with shares selling at twenty-five dollars each. "One great object" of the school was declared to be "a thorough educa- tion of common or elementary school teachers, of both sexes, and to secure a course of intellectual and moral discipline for the youth of the country." Nothing else appears in the legislation of the state prior to 1850 that has any reference to the training of teachers. Many of the academies assisted in supplying the deficiency and special courses were often organized in them for training teachers. The state, however, had no direct contact with this work. Governor Hartley voiced a feeling that was held by many friends of education that the state ought to take an active part in training teachers when he said in his message of December 3, 1844:^ The subject of normal schools or seminaries for the education of teachers is attracting much attention in several of the states of the Union, and in other countries, and by the pre-eminent advantages afforded by this means for advanc- ing the cause of education, it commends itself to your favorable consideration. Departments for the education of professional teachers in Ohio and Miami Universities could be established under the authority of the state, and by a part of the means derived from the large endowments which these institutions have received from the government.'* 1 O.L., XLVII. 19. 2 0.L.,XLVII, local, 261. 'Taylor, A Manual of the Ohio School System, p. 180. ^ The plan proposed by Governor Bartley was the one finally followed by the state fifty-seven years later in establishing normal departments in these two schools. CHAPTER VII SUPPLEMENTARY EDUCATIONAL AGENCIES LIBRARIES The first recognition of libraries in the laws of the state is found in the charter of the Dayton Library Society, February 21, 1805.^ There is plenty of evidence, however, that the early settlers estab- lished libraries before this, but had not sought the legal sanction of a state charter. Venable^ says that the first library in the territory northwest of the Ohio was at Belpre, near Marietta. This was organized in 1796, and was first known as the Putnam Family Library, later as the Belpre, or Belpre Farmers' Library. This library was owned by a joint stock company, the common method of procedure in the formation of later libraries and library com- panies. Another of these early ventures, much better known than the preceding, was the so-called 'Coon-skin Library. This was located at Ames, Washington County, also near Marietta. The reason for the name popularly given to it and the circumstances of its beginning are thus told by one of the founders: At a public meeting of the* inhabitants of Ames, called to devise means to improve our roads, and to consult about making one to connect the settlement at Sunday creek with that on Federal creek, held in the autumn of 1802, the intellectual wants of the neighborhood became the subject of the conversation. It was suggested that a library would supply what was needed, but the settlers had no money, and with few exceptions were in debt for their lands. Mr. Josiah True, of Sunday creek settlement, proposed to obtain the means by catching 'coons, and sending their skins to Boston by Samuel Brown, Esq., who expected to go east in a wagon the next summer. Esquire Brown was present and assented to this proposition. Our young men were active hunters; the 'coon skins and other furs were furnished and sent to market, and the books were bought. The Rev. Thaddeus Harris and the Rev. Dr. Manasseh Cutler selected for us about fifty volumes of choice books, and to these additions were made from time to time. As the settlement increased and children grew up, readers were multiplied, and all could have access to the library.' 1 O.L., III, 288. 2 Venable, Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley, Eistorical and Biographical Sketches, p. 135. ' Cutler, Life and Times of Epkraim Culler, p. SO. 110 SUPPLEMENTARY EDUCATIONAL AGENCIES 1 1 1 These early attempts to furnish opportunity for community study and improvement were followed by an increasing number of similar organizations during the first four decades of the nineteenth century. Atwater, writing in 1838,^ said that most of the towns in Ohio had reading-rooms where a traveler could read all the principal newspapers and periodicals, and that libraries were increasing in number as well as size. The record of incorporations in the session laws bears witness to the probable truth of his statement. One hundred and ninety-two library societies had been incorporated by 1850. The record of incorporation in the preceding decades is as follows: 1805-10 6 1811-20 15 1821-30 45 1831-40 95 1841-50 31 192 The State Library at Columbus received regular appropriations from 1824^ on. In 1846'^ district school libraries were authorized, but their support was left wholly to the initiative of the district. The law authorized the district to raise by taxes a sum not to exceed thirty dollars for the first year, and not more than ten dollars for each succeeding year. The decision was left to a meeting of the taxpayers of the district, called for the purpose of voting on the question. LYCEUMS, INSTITUTES, ATHENAEUMS, AND LITERARY SOCIETIES In addition to the library societies, there were frequent incor- porations of lyceums, athenaeums, institutes, and literary societies, the total number of such incorporations being 64. These developed rapidly after 1830, prior to that time only three institutions of this type being incorporated. The record of their incorporation is as follows: * Atwater, A History of the Slate of Ohio, Natural and Civil, p. 348. ! O.L., XXII, local, 36. ^O.L., XLIV, 81. 112 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO 1805-30 3 1831-40 40 1841-50 21 64 These latter institutions seem designed to afford meeting- places for their members for discussion and opportunity for reading and study. The use of their funds is usually limited to the pur- chase of books, maps, charts, pamphlets, and newspapers. Among them were eight mechanics' institutes, seven of these incorporated after 1831. The first one of the latter was the Ohio Mechanics' Institute of Cincinnati in 1829,^ and its purpose was declared to be for "advancing the best interests of the Mechanics, Manu- facturers and Artizans by the more general diffusion of useful knowledge in these important classes in the community." COLLEGE SOCIETIES The first college literary society incorporated was the Erodel- phian Society of Miami University in 1831, ^ followed in the same year by the Philomathesian Society of Kenyon College.^ By 1850 twenty-three college and university societies were thus given sanction. Four of the number were incorporated under Greek-letter names. MISCELLANEOUS In addition to the various types of educational endeavor repre- sented in the preceding paragraphs there were also incorporated the following institutions, whose names indicate a wide range of literary and artistic interest supplementary to the regular educa- tional agencies: the Historical Society of Ohio, 1822;^ the Cin- cinnati Academy of Fine Arts, 1828;^ the Lancaster Harmonic Society, 1830;^ the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, 1831;^ the Eclectic Academy of Music in Cincinnati, 1835;^ the » O.L., XXVII, local, 92. 2 O.L., XXIX, local, 74. 3 O.L., XXIX, local, 196. * O.L., XX, local, 47. * O.L., XXVI, local, 30. « O.L., XXVIII, local, 179. ' O.L., XXIX, local, 122. «0.L., XXXIII, local, 161. SUPPLEMENTARY EDUCATIONAL AGENCIES 113 New Paris Musical Institute, 1843;i the Western Academy of Natural Sciences, 1836;2 the Cleveland Academy of Natural Sciences, 1840;-* the Cincinnati Astronomical Society, 1844;^ the Ohio Institute of Natural Sciences, 1849 i^ the Western Art Union, 1848;« the Columbus Art Union, 1849.7 ' O.L., XLI, local, 174. 2 O.L., XXXIV, local, 110. ' O.L., XXXVIII, local, 138. * O.L., XLII, local, 122. ^ O.L., XLVII, local, 256. « O.L., XLVI, local, 228. ^ O.L., XLVII, local, 267. CHAPTER VIII CONCLUSION The two essential features of Ohio's educational policy as illus- trated by the legislation passed from 180v3 to 1850 are, first, the lack of any efficient central control of local educational activities, and, second, the permissive character of a large part of the legis- lation passed, and the lack of any compulsory features. The large amomit of educational legislation enacted shows that there was no lack of educational interest in the state, either in the pubhc at large or in the people's representatives in the General Assembly. There was a widespread belief in universal education and a desire for it. While there was, as elsewhere, much opposition to taxation and to the idea of distributive responsibility for free schools, the general educational sentiment was good. The laws themselves show in many cases excellent educational possibilities. The weakness of the legislation was due to the fact that the theory followed seemed to be that the function of educational legislation was to establish general rules of organization and control in accord with which the (onimunit ies might regulate their own educational activities and have legal sanction for them, but that it was not the function of the state to develop any legal machinery that would definitely bring about educational results. The w(jrds of Samuel Ix'wis are so significant in this connection that they are (luoted once more. Speaking of the law of 1838, far the best educational legislation of the entire period, he said: It gives to the people the power to do their own business whether in town- ships or districts as the majority may think best. The widest possible latitude is given for popular action: the most that the law does is to prescribe certain general rules within which the people can act under the sanction of the law, and it gives to such popular action the aid of law to effect its purpose.' This expresses as well as it can be done the state theory that vscems to underlie all the educational legislation prior to 1850. ' Third Annual Report of the Sttperinlcndcnt of the Common Schools, made to the Thirty-eighth General Assembly of tlie Slate of Ohio, p. 4. 114 CONCLUSION US One result of this type of legislation was great freedom in edu- cational experimentation, with legislative sanction when that was asked for. In communities where the general school sentiment was high, as in Cincinnati, Cleveland, Akron, and some other towns and cities, this resulted in an excellent type of school system, and through this experimentation a legalized model was given to other communities throughout the state. The results were excellent for those communities which chose to follow the example set, and there were many that did so. On the other hand, there were no penalties in any of the legislation prior to 1850 to compel even towns and cities to organize schools other than those of the district type, and the only compulsion to organize schools of any kind was the loss of the community's share of the school tax if it did not do so. Ohio early took an advanced position on the right and desira- bility of taxing all property in the state for vSchool purposes. This principle appeared in 1825, when the commissioners of each county were directed to levy a half-mill for school support, and it remained in all subsequent laws in some form. With this principle estab- lished, the state did not concern itself further to compel either the taxation or the establishment of schools. These were matters to be decided by smaller local areas. The general idea seemed to be that self-interest and a desire to use the share of money to which each district was entitled would be sufficient incentive for the establishment of public schools in the districts throughout the state. The results of the next fifteen years show that this belief was in large part justified. Mr. Lewis estimated the number of district schools taught in Ohio in the year 1839^ at 13,049, and he based this estimate on actual reports from 5,442 districts in which 7,295 schools were taught. The state, however, took no responsi- bility for seeing that the children of the district attended the school so established, and but a minor responsibility for the activities that were carried on in it. This lack of compelling power and lack of efficient administra- tive officers made the system a loose and ineffective one, under which the various communities continued largely to do that which was right in their own eyes. The great educational blunder of Ohio was in the abolition of the office of state superintendent in 1840. Although the office as > Third Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Common Schools, made to the Thirty-eighth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, p. 48. 116 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO created in 1837 did not carry with it the possibihty of exercising any large legal powers, and was confined largely to the gathering of school statistics and the dissemination throughout the state of educational information concerning the laws in force and other matters of educational interest, it did centralize the educational interest of the state in one office, and had in it great possibilities of usefulness. The law of 1838, with the state superintendent at the head of the system, contained much of educational promise. It is not too much to say that if Mr. Lewis or a leader of equal ability could have continued the work begun so ably by him from 1837 to 1840, the educational development of Ohio might have paralleled that in Massachusetts under the guidance of Horace Mann. The explanation of its failure to do so must be found in the fact that, in spite of much educational interest, the people as a whole were not ready for such leadership. Whatever the causes may have been, the result was to leave Ohio educationally a generation behind the position she might have occupied had she lived up to the full promise of the law of 1838. Nowhere is there a better illustration of the need of a cen- tralized administrative ofiice capable of giving to the legislature advice founded upon knowledge of the facts, and of administering the policies adopted uniformly throughout the state, than in the legislation concerning Ohio school lands. Educational interest, state economic interests — such as the question of internal improve- ments — local interests, and, too often, individual interests were all presented to the legislature, which acted in many cases upon a one- sided presentation of the facts. The result was a mass of confused facts and conflicting legislation that as it multiplied left the legisla- tors themselves in ignorance as to the exact law that applied in particular cases. Opportunities for carelessness and downright dishonesty in the local handling of the funds and the selling and leasing of the lands were afforded, and, as the records show, not all local officials were either careful or honest. Aside from care- lessness and occasional dishonesty, the conflict between the im- mediate interest of a neighbor and the more distant interest of the schools, that often confronted the local appraisers of lands, must have been frequently disastrous for the schools. John Brough, the auditor of state, said in 1840 that "anyone who would seek the records and gather the melancholy facts they contained would be convinced of the waste that had taken place." CONCLUSION 117 The state had no clearly defined state-wide policy applicable in all instances and under all circumstances, and it lacked efficient machinery of government to administer carefully the policies that were initiated. It is not probable that dishonesty or wilful carelessness was the cause of the legislation that made great loss possible, but rather ignorance of conditions and a hand-to-mouth expediency to meet present needs. This could have been largely avoided through the establishment of a central office, interested primarily in preserving for the educational interests of the state the first state-wide grant made by the general government for the use of schools. There is little to be said in summarizing the state's attitude toward secondary and higher education. Ohio lacked in the beginning, and failed to develop during the period, any state edu- cational policy that embraced elementary, secondary, and higher education. Her interest in public education was an interest in public elementary education only, not in secondary or higher institutions. One explanation for this is doubtless found in the abundance of local secondary and higher institutions established by private initiative, and a second in the fact that the three town- ships granted by the government for higher education were located in the Ohio Company's Purchase and in the Symmes Purchase, and that the resulting institutions were regarded as largely local and only quasi-state in nature. With a lack of clearly recognized state institutions of college or university rank, there was no pres- sure from above for a system of preparatory schools under state control. Secondary education was still generally regarded as a privilege to be obtained by those who could afiford to pay for it, not as a recognized part of a free state system. Private secondary schools had been established in abundance. It was not surprising that the development of a state system of secondary schools came as a part of the general high-school movement that began to take on vigorous growth about 1850. The characteristic features of Ohio's educational legislation during her first half-century of statehood left a strong impression upon the state's educational policy for the next fifty years. The lack of any efficient centralized control, the absence of compulsory local supervision of any kind, an abundance of excellent permissive laws, which legalized advanced educational procedure without 118 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO compelling it, the passing of lawe general in form but local in applica- tion, lack of any state agency for training teachers for her schools — these continued throughout the next half-century, from 1850 to 1900, as marked traits of the state's educational procedure. It is only in very recent years that Ohio has freed herself from some of the most undesirable features of her early legislative inheri- tance and has adopted a modern, progressive, centralized state system of education, with state-wide supervision, that places her on a parity with her most advanced sister-states. APPENDIX A A CLASSIFIED COLLECTION AND ABSTRACT OF THE EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION OF THE PERIOD: 1803-50 GENERAL LEGISLATION ACTS TO INCORPORATE THE ORIGINAL SURVEYED TOWNSHIPS, INCLUDING PRO- VISIONS FOR DISTRICTING, ESTABLISHING SCHOOLS, APPORTIONING MONEY, ETC. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L. O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L. O.L, O.L, IV, 66, January 2, 1806. VIII, 100, February 6, 1810. XIII, 295, December 5, 1814. XXIX, 490, March 14, 1831. GENERAL SCHOOL LAWS XIX, 51, January 22, 1821. An act to provide for the regulation and sup- port of common schools. (The first school law.) XX, 86, January 31, 1822. Resolution. Seven commissioners to report a system of common schools. XXIII, 36, February 5, 1825. An act to provide for the support, etc. XXV, 65, January 30, 1827. An act supplementary to the above. XXV, 78, January 30, 1827. An act to establish a fund for the support of common schools. XXVII, 73, February 10, 1829. An act to provide for the support, etc. XXVIII, 56, February 18, 1830. An act in addition to the act to establish a fund, etc. XXVIII, 57, January 14, 1830. An act to amend the school law. XXIX, 414, March 10, 1831. An act to provide for the support, etc. XXIX, 423, March 2, 1831. An act to establish a fund for the support of common schools. XXX, 4, December 23, 1831. An act to amend the school law. XXXI, 18, December 3, 1832. An amendment regulating fees of county treasurers for handling school funds. XXXI, 24, February 13, 1833. An act supplementary to the act concern- ing the school fund. XXXI, 24, February 25, 1833. An act to amend the school law. XXXII, 25, February 28, 1834. An act to provide for the support, etc. XXXIV, 19, March 12, 1836. An act to provide for the support, etc. XXXIV, 654, March 11, 1836. Resolution for a committee to prepare a school district manual. 119 120 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO O.I.. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. 0.1-. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. XXXIV, 654, March 14, 1836. Resolution nriiitsliiiK C. E. Stowc to .study and report on European schools. XXXV, 82, March 27, 1837. An act crtatinj; the office of superintendent of common schools. XXXV, 560, Ajjiil 1, 1837. Resolution ai)|)ointin^ Samuel Lewis superin- tendent of common schools. XXXV, 97, March 28, 1837. An act for the distrihution, etc., of United States surplus revenue. XXXVI, 79, March 19, 1838. An act amending the preceding act. XXXIX, 41, March 27, 1841. An act further to amend the preceding. XXXVI, 21, March 7, 1838. An act for the support, etc. XXXVI, 399, December 16, 1837. Resolution granting certain privileges to the sui)erintcndent of schools. XXXVl, 411, March 9, 1838. Resolution ap]K)iiUing .Samuel Lewis super- intendent for five years. XXXVI, 73, March 17, 1838. An act concerning the distribution of the school fund in certain districts. XXXVI, 85, March 19, 1838. An act levying a tax for school purposes. XXXVI, 90, March 19, 1838. An act regulating the fees of county auditors. XXXVI, 402, January 4, 1838. Resolution concerning Professor Stowe's report on European education. XXXVI, 404, January 4, 1838. Resolution thanking Professor Stowe for the report. XXXVI, 404, January 16, 1838. Resolution appropriating $500.00 for Professor C. K. .Stowe for his labor. XXXVI, 410, March 7, 1838. Resolution providing for the distribution of the report of the superintendent of schools and C. E. .Stowe's report. XXXVI, 412, March 13, 1838. Resolution asking for the amount of school tax levied on colored people. XXXVI, 415, January 16, 1838. Resolution (hat 8,500 copies of the report of the superintendent of schools be printed and distributed. XXXVII, 394, January 16, 1839. Resolution that 9,500 copies of the annual report of the superintendent be printed and distributed. XXXVII, 61, March 16, 1839. An act amending the school law and creating permanently the oflicc of superintendent. XXXVIII, 130, March 23, 1840. An act to abolish the oflice of superin- tendent of schools. XXXIX, 44, March 29, 1841. An act to amend the school law and all acts amendatory thereto. XL, 49, March 7, 1842. An act to amend the school law. XL, 59, March 7, 1842. An act making appropriations. Reduces the school appropriation to $150,000.00. XLI, 59, March 11, 1843. An act further to amend the school law. XLII, 38, March 6, 1844. An act to increase the school fund. XLII, 48, March 12, 1844. An act to amend (he school law. XLIV, 81, I-'ebruary 28, 1846. An act authorizing districts to establish school libraries. APPENDIX A 121 O.L., XLIV, 114, March 2, 1846. An act to amend the preceding act of March 11, 1843. O.L., XLV, 26, February 8, 1847. An act to amend the school law. O.L., XLV, 60, February 8, 1847. An act to amend the act for levying taxes. O.L., XLV, 67, February 8, 1847. An act to incorporate teachers' institutes. O.L., XLV, 32, February 8, 1847. An act to provide for the appointment of county superintendents. O.L., XLVI, 28, January 21, 1848. An act to secure the returns of school sta- tistics. O.L., XLV, local, 187, February 8, 1847. An act for the support of common schools in Akron. (This act made general in 1848.) O.L., XLVI, 40, January 28, 1848. An act to amend the preceding act. O.L., XLVI, 48, February 14, 1848. An act making general the Akron Act. O.L., XLVI, 69, February 22, 1848. An act to amend the act for levying taxes. O.L., XLVI, 81, February 24, 1848. An act to provide a department of common schools for colored persons. O.L., XLVI, 83, February 24, 1848. An act amending the school law. O.L., XLVI, 86, February 24, 1848. An act amending the act to encourage teachers' institutes. O.L., XLVII, 17, February 10, 1849. An act authorizing separate schools for colored children. O.L., XLVII, 19, February 16, 1849. An act amending the act to incorporate teachers' institutes. O.L., XLVII, 22, February 21, 1849. An act for the regulation of public schools in cities and towns. O.L., XLVII, 39, March 6, 1849. An act amending the school law. O.L., XLVII, 43, March 12, 1849. An act to amend the school law. O.L., XLVII, 45, March 15, 1849. An act to amend the Akron Act. O.L., XLVII, 52, March 24, 1849. An act to amend the school law. O.L., XLVIII, 40, March 13, 1850. An act to amend the law concerning public schools in cities and towns. O.L., XLVIII, 41, March 22, 1850. An act concerning school district taxes, etc. O.L., XLVIII, 44, March 22, 1850. An act for the appointment of a state board of public instruction. O.L., XLVIII, 47, March 23, 1850. An act supplementary to the preceding. O.L., XLVIII, 728, January 28, 1850. Resolution for the appointment of a committee to report on the defects of the present school system. SPECIAL ACTS CONCERNING PUBLIC SCHOOLS Special acts for the following purposes were passed during the period from 1829 to 1850: Creating district or changing boundaries of districts 29 Allowing districts to make appropriations, borrow money or tax them- selves for school purposes 26 Authorizing the sale of school lots or other lots for school purposes. ... 18 Authorizing the apportionment of school funds when the school census had not been made 13 Changing the form or powers of the district organization 4 122 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Governing the distribution of school funds in special cases 6 Relief of individual school ofificers 2 FINES, FEES, ETC., APPLIED TO THE SUPPORT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS O.L., XXVII, 11, January 28, 1829. An act to regulate grocers and retailers of spirituous liquors. Licenses, $5.00 to $50.00. Fines for operating without license, permitting rioting, drunkenness, gambling, etc., $10.00 to $50.00. All moneys to go to the schools of the county. O.L., XXIX, 161, February 17, 1831. An act for the prevention of immoral practices. Sabbath-breaking— Fine $1.00 to $5.00 Selling liquor on Sunday — Not to exceed 5.00 Disturbing religious meetings — Not to exceed 20.00 Using profanity . 25 to 1 . 00 Exciting disturbance in a tavern, etc .50 to 5.00 Playing bullets, shooting, running horses in towns .50 to 5.00 Liquor dealer keeping nine-pin alley 10.00 to 100.00 Exhibiting a puppet show, juggling, etc 10.00 Tearing down public notices 10.00 Selling liquor within one mile of religious gatherings ex- cept by licensed dealers at place of business, etc 20.00 Bull-baiting, bear-baiting, etc., not to exceed 100.00 Cock-fighting — not to exceed 100.00 Horse-racing on public road 1 . 00 to 5 . 00 All moneys to go to the schools of the township in which ofTenses occur. O.L., XXIX, 304, March 14, 1831. An act regulating sales at auctions. Selling without license 500.00 Failure to render account, not to exceed 1,000.00 All moneys to go to State Literary Fund. O.L., XXIX, 313, March 14, 1831. An act for granting licenses. Peddling without license 20.00 to 100.00 All moneys to go to schools of district in which the ofTense occurs. O.L., XXIX, 446, February 28, 1831. An act to regulate public shows. Exhibiting circus without permit 100.00 Money to go to schools of the county. O.L., XXIX, 469, January 18, 1830. An act to protect the fur trade. Killing muskrats out of season 1 .00 Money to go to schools of township. O.L., XXIX, 477, March 9, 1831. An act concerning the inspection of certain articles. Neglecting to have fish inspected and barrels branded. . . 5.00 Failure to bury offal when fish are packed 5.00 to 50.00 Inspector violating regulations 50.00 Money to go to schools of the county. APPENDIX A 123 O.L., XXXII, 20, February 27, 1834. An act to provide for the punishment of certain crimes. Medical malpractice of various kinds 100.00 to 500.00 Money to go to schools of the county. O.L., XXXII, 47, March 3, 1834. An act for the inspection of salt. Selling or removing salt liable to inspection. Per barrel. 1.00 Money to go to schools of the county. O.L., XLVI, 36, February 7, 1848. Amending the act granting licenses, etc. Peddler's license fees to go to state school fund. Fine for peddling without license 50.00 Money to go to schools of the township. O.L., XLIII, 17, February 10, 1845. An act to prevent firing of cannon upon public streets, etc. Money to go to schools of the township 50 . 00 O.L., XLIV, 10, January 17, 1846. An act to prevent gambling. Proprietor of gambling-house or common gambler 500.00 Money to go to schools of the county. O.L., XLIV, 76, February 28, 1846. An act to protect enclosures. Fine not to exceed 100 . 00 O.L., XLII, 37, March 6, 1844. An act to prevent the introduction and spread- ing of Canada thistles. Allowing to mature or selling seed containing Canada thistle seed 10.00 to 20.00 Money to go to schools of the township. O.L., XXXII, 38, March 1, 1834. Obstructing navigation in the Muskingum River 50.00 O.L., XXXVI, 68, March 17, 1838. Officer or corporation disregarding court orders in quo warranto procedure. . . 10,000.00 Money to go to schools of the county. O.L., XXXVIII, 4, January 17, 1840. Keeping breachy or unruly animals . 25 to 1 . 00 Money to go to schools of the district. O.L., XXXVIII, 57, January 17, 1840. Harboring intoxicated Indians 5.00 to 25.00 Money to go to schools of the district. O.L., XXXIX, 34, March 26, 1841. Selling liquor within two miles of a religious society gathered in a field or wood- land 10.00 Money to go to schools of the township. CITY AND TOWN SCHOOL CHARTEPS LAWS CONCERNING COMMON SCHOOLS IN CITIES AND TOWNS O.L., XXIII, 65, January 8, 1825. An act authorizing the township meeting at Marietta to vote a sum for schools. O.L., XXVII, 33, February 12, 1829. An act creating a school system in the city of Cincinnati. O.L., XXXVIII, 157, March 19, 1840. Amending the preceding act. O.L., XLIII, 413, March 12, 1845. Supplementary. City of Cincinnati. 124 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO O.L O.L O.L. O.L. O.L, O.L. O.L. O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L. O.L O.L O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. XLIV, 91, February 11, 1846. An act for the better classification of the common schools of Cincinnati and Dayton. XLV, 193, February 6, 1847. An act authorizing the City Council of Cincinnati to levy taxes for school purposes. XLVIII, 662, March 23, 1850. An act authorizing the appointment of a superintendent of conmion schools in Cincinnati. XXXIV, 226, March 3, 1836. An act incorporating the city of Ohio. Pro- vides for school system. XXXV, 32, January 7, 1837. An act incorporating the city of Toledo. Provides for school system. XXXIV, 271, March 5, 1836. An act incorporating the city of Cleveland. Provides for school system. XLVI, 150, February 18, 1848. An act for the better regulation and sup- port of the Cleveland schools. XXXVI, 329, March 16, 1838. Amending the act to incorporate the town of Portsmouth. School system adapted from the Cincinnati charter. XXXVII, 194, March 12, 1839. An act for the support and better regula- tion of the schools in the town of Zanesville. XXXIX, 22, February 20, 1841. An act to regulate schools in the town of Marietta. XXXIX, 135, March 27, 1841. An act to incorporate the city of Dayton. Adapts provisions of the Cleveland and Cincinnati schools. XLHl, 57, February 3, 1845. An act for the support and better regulation of schools in the city of Columbus. XLVH, 230, February 16, 1849. Amending the preceding. XLIII, 150, February 26, 1845. An act incorporating the town of Mt. Vernon. Provides for the control of schools. XLVH, 205, March 9, 1849. An act concerning taxes, schools, and sewers in the city of Toledo. XLIV, 261, March 2, 1846. An act to regulate common schools in Maumee City, Lucas County, and in Elyria. XLV, 121, February 8, 1847. An act for the support and better regulation of schools in District 1, in Ravenna. XLVI, 185, •'"ebruary 18, 1848. An act for the support and better regula- tion of schools in Lithopolis. XLVI, 199, February 19, 1848. An act for the support and better regula- tion of schools in Lancaster. XLVIII, 647, February 13, 1850. Amending the preceding. XLVI, 237, February 24, 1848. An act for the support and better regula- tion of schools in Lebanon District, Warren County. XLVH, 253, March 21, 1849, An act repealing the Akron Act in the town of New Lisbon. XLVIII, 648, March 22, 1850. An act to repeal the provisions of the act for the regulation of schools in cities and towns etc., so far as it is in force in the town of Hanover. XLVIII, 662, March 21, 1850. An act to exempt Mt. Vernon from the provisions of the Akron Act. XLVIII, 373, March 21, 1850. Amending the act to incorporate the town of Fulton. (Providing for schools.) APPENDIX A 125 O.L., XLVIII, 421, March 19, 1850. An act incorporating the city of Piqua. (Providing for schools.) O.L., XLVIII, 446, March 21, 1850. An act to incorporate the city of Spring- field. (Providing for schools.) O.L., XLVIII, 648, March 1, 1850. An act extending the provisions of the act for regulation of schools in cities etc., to Union School District No. 7 in Springfield and Suffield Townships in Summit and Portage counties. O.L., XLVIII, 651, March 19, 1850. An act authorizing the citizens of Wooster to vote for or against the provisions of the Akron Act. ACTS CONCERNING LOCAL SCHOOL FUNDS O.L., XXVII, 22, January 5, 1829. An act establishing a fund for common schools in Clermont County. O.L., XXVII, 180, February 11, 1829. \ O.L., XXVIII, 56, February 2, 1830. { Acts supplementary to the preced- O.L., XXVIII, 57, January 14, 1830. j ing act. O.L., XXIX, 210, March 11, 1831. ) O.L., XXXII, 100, February 20, 1834; O.L., XXXVIII, 149, March 17, 1840. Acts establishing a common school fund in that part of Warren County in the Virginia Military District. O.L., XXVIII, 93, February 18, 1830. An act incorporating the trustees of the Windham School Fund. O.L., XXXVII, 50, February 16, 1839; O.L., XLI, 26, January 16, 1843. Acts supplementary to the preceding. ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOLS FOR POOR CHILDREN O.L., XXIV, 36, January 24, 1826. An act to incorporate the Charity School of Kendal, Stark County. O.L., XXVII, 76, February 10, 1829; O.L., XLVIII, 625, March 7, 1850. Acts supplementary to the preceding. O.L., XXV, 62, January 24, 1827. An act to incorporate the trustees of the Woodward Free Grammar School. O.L., XXXIV, 514, March 14, 1836. An act to incorporate the M'Intire Poor School, in Zanesvillc. O.L., XXXVI, 208, March 7, 1838. An act to incorporate the Emigrants Friends Society of Cincinnati. LAWS CONCERNING SCHOOL LANDS GENERAL LAWS CONCERNING SCHOOL LANDS Journals of the American Congress. 1774-88. Vol. IV, 520. May 20, 1785. An ordinance for ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the Western territory. United States Statutes at Large. Vol. I, 51. July 13, 1787. An ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio. 126 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Journals of the American Congress. 1774-88. Vol. IV, Appendix, 17. Powers to the Board of Treasury to contract for the sale of the Western territory. United States Statutes at Large. Vol. II, 175. April 30, 1802. Enabling Act for Ohio. Nashee's Compilation, page 161, Territorial Act. November 27, 1800. An act authorizing the leasing of school lands, etc., in Washington County. O.L., I, 61, April 15, 1803. An act to provide for the leasing of school lands. O.L., III, 230, February 20, 1805. An act directing the mode of leasing Section 16. O.L., III, 321, April 15, 1805. An act to provide for leasing school lands. O.L., IV, 66, January 2, 1806. An act to incorporate the original surveyed townships. (Leasing school lands.) O.L., VI, 125, January 14, 1808. An act accepting certain lands offered by Congress for the use of schools in the Virginia Military Tract, in lieu of those heretofore appropriated. O.L., VII, 109, February 17, 1809. An act directing the manner in which the school lands in the Virginia Military Tract shall be surveyed and dis- posed of. O.L., VIII, 100, February 6, 1810. An act to incorporate the original surveyed townships. (Leasing school lands.) O.L., VIII, 254, February 16, 1810. Amending the act concerning the disposi- tion etc., of the school lands in the Virginia Military Tract. O.L., XIII, 295, December 5, 1814. An act supplementing the act to incorporate townships. (Leasing school lands.) O.L., XIV, 418, February 26, 1816. An act directing the manner of leasing the school lands in the Virginia Military Tract. O.L., XV, 202, January 27, 1817. An act to provide for leasing the school lands. (99-year leases.) O.L., XIX, 161, February 21, 1821. An act to provide for leasing school lands in the United States Military District. O.L., XX, 34, January 31, 1822. An act regulating the school lands in the Connecticut Western Reserve. O.L., XXI, a, January 27, 1823. An act to authorize the surrender of certain leases, etc. (School lands.) O.L., XXV, 56, January 29, 1827. An act to provide for the sale of Section 16. O.L., XXV, 103, January 19, 1827. An act to provide for obtaining the consent of the inhabitants of the United States Military District to the sale of school lands, and to authorize the surrender of leases and the receiving of certificates of purchase. O.L., XXV, 45, January 29, 1827. An act to enable the inhabitants of the Vir- ginia Military District to vote on the sale of school lands. O.L., XXVI, 23, January 28, 1828. An act to provide for the sale of the school lands in the Virginia Military District and to authorize the surrender of leases and the receiving of certificates of purchase. O.L., XXVI, 135, February 11, 1828. An act to enable the inhabitants of the Connecticut Western Reserve to give their consent to the sale of their school lands. APPENDIX A 127 O.L., XXVI, 80, February 11, 1828. An act to provide for granting temporary- leases of certain school lands. O.L., XXVIII, 16, February 9, 1830. An act to amend the act providing for the sale of Section 16. O.L., XXVIII, 18, December 31, 1829. An act to enable the inhabitants of the Connecticut Western Reserve to give their consent to the sale of their school lands. O.L., XXIX, 490, March 14, 1831. An act to incorporate the original surveyed townships. (Management of the school lands.) O.L., XXIX, 187, March 3, 1831. An act making further provision for the sale of Section 16. O.L., XXXIII, 128, February 25, 1835. An act authorizing the electors in the several counties of the Western Reserve to give their assent to the sale of additional school land. O.L., XXXVI, 63, March 16, 1838. Amending the act to provide for the sale of Section 16. O.L., XXXVII, 78, March 18, 1839. An act for the relief of holders of leases on Section 16. O.L., XXXVIII, 62, March 21, 1840. Amending the act providing for the sale of school lands in the United States Military District. O.L., XXXVIII, 164, March 20, 1840. An act providing for the sale of three tracts of Moravian school lands in Tuscarawas County. 0,L., XLI, 20, February 2, 1843. An act to regulate the sale of ministerial and school lands and the surrender of permanent leases, O.L., XLIII, 58, March 4, 1845. An act to fix the minimum price of school lands. O.L., XLVI, 38, February 8, 1848. An act to enable the inhabitants of the Western Reserve to give their consent to the sale of their school lands. O.L., XLVII, 232, February 17, 1849. An act to provide for the sale of the Western Reserve school lands. SPECIAL ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOL LANDS 1803-17 Granting permanent leases 25 Concerning other features of leases 5 1817-23 Concerning leases 18 Extending time of payment of rent 3 1823-27 Calling for a revaluation of land 4 Granting one-year leases 2 For the relief of lessees 4 Leasing less than legal amount 1 1827-31 Calling for a revaluation of land 15 For surrendering leases 15 Authorizing sales of school lands 12 Making special provisions for leasing 5 128 HIS'IORY Ol' i:i)lICATI()NAI. LFCtUSLATION FN OHIO Distrihiitinji funds from leased lands 4 Leasing less than lenal amount 2 For the relief of lessees 1 1831-38 Providinti for sales 47 Changing provisions for surrendering leases 17 Postponing payments due 17 Leasing less than legal amount 7 Distributing funds from leased lands 6 Sfx-eial [jrovisions in lease 3 Concerning a revaluation of land 5 1838-45 Concerning the surrender of leases 21 Postponing payments 14 Acts legalizing sales 13 Special provisions for leasing 11 Sixty-four of the acts of this period included a minimum price ranging from (wo to thirty dollars per acre. The minimum price that appears most frequently is five <loIlars per acre, this appearing in forty-six of the sixty-four cases. This fixing of a minimum price occurs in these cases before any general act has been passed placing a minimum price on school lands. 1845-50 Authorizing sales of land, apjiroximately 100 Surr(;ndering leases 8 ICxtending time of payment 7 Leasing 2 In addition to the special acts classified above, there are a comparatively small number of miscellaneous acts concerning school lands that do not lend themselves easily to classification, and which are of very minor importance. The total number of special acts passed concerning school lands during this period is approximately 500. Si:(()NI)AU\' AND IIK.IIICR ICI )lI(;A'n()N ACTS INC{)R1'()I<ATIN(; SI':(()NI)AR Y I NS'lirtlTIONS Acts incor|)oiating academies, seminaries, institutes, high schools, etc. 1 Ik- acts incorporating tlu-se institutions are not given in full. Only the date of incorporation and the main points are indicated. These facts will indicate the incorporators, the control of the institution, the body supporting it, the property limitations, the curriculum and purpose, and the limitations placed upon the body by the act of incor])()ration. These provisions are not all indicated in the case of each act, but the jjoints that appear arc shown. O.L., I, 117, April U), 1803. The ICrie Literary Society; David Hudson and twelve others; board of trustees of ten to fifteen members; to support a seminary of learning, either a college or an academy. O.L., Vi, 17, I'Vbruary 15, 1808. The Dayton Academy; James Walsh and seven others; stock company, shares five dollars each; nine trustees; annual income not to exceed three thousand dollars. APPENDIX A 129 O.L., VI, 51, February 20, 1808. The Worthington Academy; James Kilburne and six others; seven trustees; stock company, shares five dollars each; annual income not to exceed ten thousand dollars. O.L., VI, 156, February 18, 1808. Chillicothe Academy; Robert Wilson and eight others; seven to eleven trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars; annual income not to exceed ten thousand dollars. O.L., VIH, 20, January 2, 1810. The New Lisbon Academy; Clement Vallan- digham and eleven others; twelve trustees; stock company, shares five dollars; annual income not to exceed three thousand dollars; to erect and keep in repair a house for an academy, and such other academical purposes as they shall deem mo.st conducive to the interest of said cor- poration. O.L., IX, 39, January 26, 1811. An academy at .Steubenville; Lyman Potter and fifteen others, twelve trustees; stock company, shares five dollars; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars. O.L., IX, 57, January 29, 1811. Gallia Academy in (iallipolis; Claude R. Mena- ger and fifty-nine others; seven trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars each; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; to use the funds in that way most beneficial for the encouragement of literature, and to set apart a fund for the education of orphans and poor children. O.L., XIII, 132, February 4, 1815. The Cincinnati Lancaster Seminary; William Lytle and nineteen others; seven directors; annual income not to exceed ten thousand dollars; no part of said funds shall be applied for the purpose of banking; no political, religious, moral or literary association sliall have ascendancy in the directory, and no religious tenets peculiar to any Christian sect shall ever be introduced into the seminary. O.L., XIV, 217, F"ebruary 13, 1816. Montgomery Academy, HamilLon County; Daniel Ilayden and six others; seven trustees; stock company, shares five dollars each; annual income not to exceed one thousand dollars. O.L., XIV, 440, February 27, 1816. Tallmadge Academy, Portage County; Elizur Wright and twenty-five others; seven to eleven trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars each; annual income not to exceed three thousand dollars; no funds shall be applied to banking. O.L., XV, 107, January 24, 1817. An act to provide for the incorporation of schools and library companies. This act provides that any association of six or more persons may, for the purpose of establishing a school and building a schoolhouse, or for the purpose of establishing a library, submit their articles of association to the president of the Court of Common Pleas and if he approve and indorse same, submit it to two judges of the .Supreme Court. If they in like manner approve and indorse the articles of association, they shall be recorded and deposited with the county recorder, and the incorporators shall have the usual corporate powers. O.L., XVI, 109, January 29, 1818. The Florence Academy of Arts and .Science, Huron County; Luther Havriss and nine others; annual income not to exceed two thousand dollars; no part of stock to be used for banking or other purposes. O.L., XVII, 97, February 1, 1819. Cadiz Academy, Harrison County; John Rea and eleven others; twelve trustees; stock company, shares five dollars 130 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO each; annual income not to exceed three thousand dollars; no part of funds to be used for banking. O.L., XVII, 186, February 6, 1819. Union Academy, Muskingum County; Andrew Howell and ten others; nine trustees; stock company, shares five dollars each; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; no funds to be used in banking. O.L., XVIII, local, 85, February 23, 1820. Lancaster Academy; P. Beecher and six others; seven trustees; stock company; annual income not to exceed two thousand dollars; trustees shall have power "of directing what branches of literature and the arts and sciences shall be taught." O.L., XX, local, 11, January 1, 1822. The Academy of Alma, New Athens, Harrison County; Joseph Anderson and eleven others; said corporation shall not deal in exchange, discount notes or follow any commercial busi- ness or pursuit; no religious doctrines peculiar "to any one sect of Chris- tians shall be inculcated by any professor of said academy." O.L., XX, local, 27, January 30, 1822. The Urbana Academy; John Reynolds and six others; seven trustees; stock company; annual income not to exceed two thousand dollars; no religious tenets peculiar to any Christian sect to be taught. O.L., XX, local, 30, January 31, 1822. Rutland Academy, Meigs County; Abel Larkin and four others; seven trustees; stock company, shares five dollars. O.L., XXII, local, 14, January 22, 1824. Franklin Academy, Mansfield; Ebon P. Sturges and fourteen others; fifteen trustees; stock company, shares five dollars; no religious tenets peculiar to any one sect of Christians shall be taught or inculcated in said academy. O.L., XXII, 72, February 21, 1824. Norwalk Academy, Huron County; Timothy Baker and four others; seven trustees; stock company; annual income not to exceed two thousand dollars; trustees shall direct "what branches of literature and of the arts and sciences shall be taught." O.L., XXXII, local, 85, February 17, 1834. Norwalk Academy changed to Norwalk Seminary; trustees to be appointed by the Ohio Annual Con- ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church; no teacher shall be allowed to teach any student the peculiar tenets of any sect or religious denomination without the consent of the parents or guardian. O.L., XXII, local, 104, February 24, 1824. Belmont Academy, St. Clairsville, Belmont County; James Caldwell and four others; five trustees; stock company, shares five dollars each. O.L., XXIII, local, 18, December 22, 1824. Circleville Academy; Andrew Houston and six others; seven trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars each; trustees shall determine what branches of literature and the arts and sciences shall be taught. O.L., XXV, local, 96, January 23, 1827. Academy of Perry County. O.L., XXVI, local, 167, January 24, 1828. The Nelson Academy; Jeremiah H. Fuller and eight others; nine trustees; stock company, capital stock not to exceed twenty-five thousand dollars; board "to direct what branches of literature shall be taught." O.L., XXVII, local, 152, February 9, 1829. Hillsborough Academy, Highland County; William Keys and six others; board of seven trustees; stock company, shares five dollars each. APPENDIX A 131 O.L., XXVIII, local, 116, February 22, 1830. The High School of Elyria, Lorain County; Heman Ely and four others; no part of the funds shall be applied to any other object than the support of the high school. O.L., XXIX, local, 43, January 15, 1831. The Woodward High School, Cin- cinnati; five trustees; endowment; to educate such children as have no parents living within the limits of said city; the benefits of this trust shall not be confined to any religious sect or sects, but shall be open to all children coming within the provisions of this act, whatever may be or whatever may have been the religious creed of their parents. Amended, January 7, 1836, O.L., XXXIV, local, 27. Sec. 1. Enabling the trustees to establish a college department to be called "The Woodward College of Cincinnati." Sec. 2. Granting power to confer all such degrees as are usually con- ferred in colleges and universities, provided that they shall not establish a medical, law or theological department. O.L., XXIX, local, 100, F"ebruary 9, 1831. The Columbus Female Academy; James Hoge and four others; three to five trustees; stock company, shares of one hundred dollars each; annual income not to exceed three thousand dollars; to be employed only for literary purposes. O.L., XXIX, local, 137, February 22, 1831. The Ashtabula Institution of Science and Industry; Giles Cowles and nine others. O.L., XXXIII, local, 79, February 17, 1835. Amended. Changing name to the "Grand River Institute." O.L., XXIX, local, 139, February 22, 1831. Delaware Academy; Ezra Griswold and eight others; nine trustees; income not to exceed five thousand dollars; no part of such property to be applied to any banking or commercial purposes. O.L., XXX, local, 30, January 19, 1832. Kinsman Academy, Trumbull County; Isaac Mcllvaine and ten others; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars. O.L., XXX, local, 47, January 25, 1832. Canton Academy; William Christmas and nine others; seven trustees; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; no part to be applied to banking, nor other than purposes that are purely literary; to manage the academy buildings hereafter erected on the public-school ground of said town of Canton for the purpose of this corporation, and the general interest of education. O.L., XXXI, local, 133, February 19, 1833. Repealed. O.L., XXX, local, 62, January 26, 1832. Farmington Academy, Trumbull County; Theodore Wolcott and four others; annual income not to exceed two thousand dollars; no part of property to be used for other than literary purposes. O.L., XXX, local. 111, February 6, 1832. Ashtabula Academy, Ashtabula County; Mathew Hubbard and seven others; three to five trustees; stock company, shares twenty-five dollars each; income not to exceed three thousand dollars; property shall only be employed for literary purposes. O.L., XXX, local, 141, February 7, 1832. Huron Institute; Ebenezer Andrews and nineteen others; twenty trustees; to afford instruction to the youth of both sexes in the higher branches of an English education the learned 132 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO languages, and the liberal arts and sciences, and the trustees as their ability shall increase may erect a separate or additional departments for the pursuit of these and any other branches of a polite and liberal education, and may provide the requisite means for the employment of the students in manual labor such portion of their time as their health and other circumstances may require. O.L., XXXI, 188, local, February 21, 1833. The Chillicothe Female Seminary; John Woodbridge and five others of Ross County; five trustees; annual income not to exceed two thousand dollars; property and funds shall be converted to no other use than the promotion of female education. O.L., XXXII, local, 177, February 25, 1834. The Ravenna Academy; Darius Lemon and six others; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars. O.L., XXXII, local, 223, February 7, 1834. Union Academy, Wayne County; James Snodgrass and nine others. O.L., XXXII, local, 234, February 28, 1834. Vinton Academy, Gallia County; Samuel W. Holcomb and eight others; nine trustees; stock company, shares five dollars each. O.L., XXXII, local, 270, March 1, 1834. The Springfield High School, Clark County; nine trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars each; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars; "said high school shall afford instruc- tion to the youths of both sexes in the higher branches of an English educa- tion, or learned languages, or liberal arts and sciences, and such other branches of a polite and liberal education as may be prescribed by the trustees"; funds shall never be appropriated for any other purpose than that for which they were given. O.L., XL, local, 114, March 7, 1842. Ohio Conference High School. The Springfield High School passes to the control of the Ohio Annual Confer- ence of the Methodist Episcopal Church; nineteen trustees, trustees to be appointed by the Ohio Annual Conference of the M. E. Church, property not to exceed five thousand dollars. O.L., XXXII, local, 333, March 3, 1834. The Female Academy of Mt. Vernon; Hosmer Curtis and nine others; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; funds to be used exclusively for the purposes of education in literature and the arts and sciences; no part of the funds to be employed for banking purposes in any way whatever. O.L., XXXIII, local, 5, December 17, 1834. Stephen Strong's Manual Labor Seminary, Meigs County; seven trustees; instruction of youth in the various branches of useful knowledge; the rules and regulations concern- ing the admission of scholars shall give no preference on account of religious tenets or any cause, except good moral character and promise of future usefulness; that no religious tenets peculiar to any sect of Christians shall ever be taught or inculcated in the seminary, provided that nothing in the foregoing shall be so construed as to prevent a course or moral and religious instruction such as is consistent with the Christian religion, except such as is calculated to support sectarianism. O.L., XXXIII, local, 21, January 22, 1835. The Richmond Classical Institute, Richmond, Jefferson County; Thomas George and twelve others; thirteen APPENDIX A 133 trustees; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; property and funds shall be used for no purpose other than that of education. O.L., XLVI, local, 7, December 28, 1847. Changing the name of the Richmond Classical Institute to Richmond College. O.L., XXXIII, local, 48, February 12, 1835. Kingsville High School, Ashtabula County; stock company, shares ten dollars each; said property shall be applied to no other use than the establishment and maintenance of said school and the promotion of literature and sciences. O.L., XXXIII, local, 51, February 14, 1835. Conneaut Academy; Ashbel Dart and six others; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars. O.L., XXXIII, local, 87, February 19, 1835. The Windham Academy; Hiram Messenger and six others; income not to exceed two thousand dollars annually. O.L., XXXIII, local, 87, February 19, 1835. The Granville Female Seminary; Henry Carr and eleven others; annual income not to exceed two thousand dollars; for aiding and promoting literary and scientific purposes, and for the construction or purchase of buildings for said seminary. O.L., XXXIII, local, 112, February 23, 1835. Fellenburgh Institute, Brunswick, Medina County; John Berdan and ten others; funds shall be applied to the endowment, support and maintenance of a seminary of learning. O.L., XXXIII, local, 153, February 27, 1835. The Western P'emale Seminary, Mansfield; Elizur Hedges and eight others; property not to exceed five thousand dollars. O.L., XXXIII, local, 190, March 5, 1835. The Wadsworth Academy; William Eyles and four others; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars. O.L., XXXIII, local, 199, March 5, 1835. The Academic Institution of Rich- field, Medina County; Secretary Rawson and four others; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars. O.L., XXXIII, local, 305, March 7, 1835. The Hamilton and Rossville Female Academy; John Woods and eight others; five directors; stock company, shares ten dollars each; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; directors have power to "direct what branches of literature and of the arts and sciences shall be taught; no part of the funds shall be used for banking." O.L., XXXIII, local, 321, March 7, 1835. The Circleville Female Seminary; Guy W. Doan and seven others. O.L., XXXIII, local, 328, March 7, 1835. Bishop's Fraternal Calvanistic [sic] Baptist Seminary; Samuel G. Bishop and five others; property not to exceed twenty thousand dollars; that students may pay any part or all of their board and tuition in cultivating said land (one hundred acres) at a fair reward for their labor, as it is given for that expressed purpose and no other, and if circumstances shall require, may erect shops thereon and furnish materials for mechanics for the same purpose; also furnish places for female labor — sewing, braiding, and all such other kinds of labor as may be deemed expedient; no one shall be eligible for the office of trustee or president to superintend the instruction of said seminary unless he is a member of the Calvanistic or Regular Baptist Denomination, so called; nothing in this act shall be so construed to authorize the establishment 134 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO of a school for the practice of medicine; "other teachers and students may be received without regard to their religious tenets provided they are of a moral character, and be treated according to their merit." O.L., XXXIV, local, 6, December 30, 1835. The Universal School of Massillon; Alexander McCully and four others; funds shall not be applied for any other than literary or scientific purposes. O.L., XXXIV, local, 190, February 29, 1836. The Putnam Classical Institute; William H. Beecher and five others. O.L., XXXIV, local, 242, March 4, 1836. The Seneca County Academy; Samuel Waggoner and six others; annual income not to exceed two thou- sand dollars. O.L., XXXIV, local, 242, March 4, 1836. The Madison Liberal Institute; Ebene/.er Ward and four others; annual income not to exceed $2,000.00. O.L., XXXIV, local, 386, March 11, 1836. Wooster Academy; David Robinson and eight others; capital stock not to exceed twenty-five thousand dollars; stock company, shares five dollars; nine trustees; trustees have power "to direct what branches of literature and the arts and sciences shall be taught"; no part of funds shall ever be applied for banking purposes. O.L., XXXIV, local, 408, March 12, 1836. Shaw Academy, Cuyahoga County; ClifTord Belden and sixty-nine others; nine trustees; endowment and stock company, shares ten dollars each; property not to exceed twenty thousand dollars, annual income not to exceed two thousand dollars; "to afford greater facilities for the instruction of youth in literature and sciences, and for the inculcating of good morals on Christian principles." O.L., XXXIV, local, 458, March 14, 1836. The Academy of Sylvania, Lucas County; William Wilson and eight others; nine trustees; stock company, shares five dollars each; stock not to exceed twenty-five thousand dollars; trustees may "direct what branches of literature and the arts and sciences shall be taught." O.L., XXXIV, local, 460, March 14, 1836. Granville Academy; Jacob Little and ten others; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; funds shall never be used for banking purposes. O.L., XXXIV, local, 514, March 14, 1836. Sharon Academy, Medina County; Thomas Briggs and five others; property not to exceed five thousand dollars; proceeds shall be applied to the support of a school and to no other purpose whatever. O.L., XXXIV, local, 545, March 14, 1836. Medina Academy; U. H. Peak and thirty-one others; stock company, annual income not to exceed two thou- sand dollars. O.L., XXXIV, local, 547, March 14, 1836. The Clevcs Independent School, Hamilton County; "whereas the law regulating common schools does not sufficiently provide for schools such as would suit the wishes and circum- stances of the people in every section of the state, and that the citizens of the village of Cleves and vicinity may have a school where the difTerent branches of education may be taught such as has been contemplated by the provisions of the general school law"; Stephen Wood and four others; three trustees, a treasurer and secretary. APPENDIX A 135 O.L., XXXV, local, 20, December 30, 1836. Middleburg High School, Portage County; D. McNaughton and four others; five trustees; stock company, shares twenty-five dollars each; annual income not to exceed two thousand dollars; property not to exceed thirty thousand dollars. O.L., XXXV, local, 133, March 3, 1837. Warren Academy, Trumbull County; David Todd with eighteen others; nine trustees; stock company, shares fifty dollars each; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; funds to be used only for education; a seminary of learning for the instruc- tion of young persons of either sex in science and literature. O.L., XXXV, local, 139, March 7, 1837. Sheffield Manual Labor Institute; Robbins Burrell with seven others of Lorain County; labor, arts and sciences; no part of funds shall be used for banking purposes. O.L., XXXV, local, 185, March 10, 1837. The Neville Institute, Columbiana County; Alexander Young and eight others; six trustees to be appointed by the legislature; endowment; annual income not to exceed two thousand dollars. O.L., XXXV, local, 193, March 13, 1837. New Hagerstown Academy, Carroll County; Richard Brown and thirteen others; annual income not to exceed two thousand dollars. O.L., XXXV, local, 230, March 14, 1837. Berea Seminary, Cuyahoga County; James Giltruth and eleven others; twelve trustees; stock company; "literary and manual labor departments." O.L., XXXV, local, 262, March 16, 1837. The Philomathean Literary Institute, Antrim, Guernsey County; annual income not to exceed ten thousand dollars. O.L., XXXVII, local, 308, March 16, 1839. Changing the name of The Philo- mathean Literary Institute to Madison College. O.L., XXXV, local, 342, March 27, 1837. Monroe Seminary, Monroe County; William Mason and eight others; nine trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars each; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars; "That it shall be the primary object of this institution to cultivate the intellectual and moral faculties of the youth who may resort to it for instruction, to teach them the art of self-government, and fit them by a judicious course of moral discipline for future usefulness and happiness; provided that no peculiar tenets of any religious sect shall ever be taught in such institution nor shall any denomination of Christians be excluded." O.L., XXXV, 380, local, March 31, 1837. Troy Academy, Miami County; nine trustees; stock company, shares twenty dollars; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; instruction of young persons of either sex in science and literature; funds to be used for no other purpose than edu- cation. O.L., XXXV, local, 406, April 1, 1837. New Philadelphia Academy, Tuscarawas County; Joshua Simons and ten others; three to five trustees; stock com- pany, shares twenty dollars each; annual income not to exceed three thousand dollars; funds to be employed for literary purposes. O.L., XXXV, local, 425, April 3, 1837. Massillon Academy, Alexander McCulley and eight others. 136 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO O.L., XXXV, local, 511, April 3, 1837. The Cleveland Female Seminary; Henry Sexton and four others; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; trustees have power to assign professors and teachers "in the several departments of arts, science and literature." O.L., XXXVI, local, 52, February 8, 1838. The Akron High School, Portage County; Simon Perkins and six others; seven trustees; stock company, shares twenty dollars each; property not to exceed twenty thousand dollars; "it shall be the primary object of this institution to cultivate and strengthen the intellectual and moral faculties of the youth who may resort to it for instruction"; no peculiar tenets of religion shall be taught nor any denomination of Christians be excluded. O.L., XXXVI, local, 98, February 19, 1838. Cambridge Academy, Guernsey County; James Blackett and seven others; annual income not to exceed two thousand dollars. O.L., XXXVI, local, 98, February 19, 1838. Massillon Female Seminary, Stark County; O. N. Sage and ten others; stock company, shares fifty dollars each; "moral, physical and intellectual improvement and education of young females." O.L., XXXVI, local, 157, March 2, 1838. The Western Reserve Wesleyan Seminary; Isaac Winnans and twelve others; establishing and maintaining a seminary of learning in the town of Streetsborough. O.L., XXXVI, local, 159, March 2, 1838. The Edinburgh Academy; Ira Eddy and ten others; establish an academy in the township of Edinburgh, Portage County. O.L., XXXVI, local, 190, March 5, 1838. Wayne Academy; Ely B. Smith and fciU eight others; nine directors; with power to increase to fifteen. O.L., XXXVI, local, 210, March 9, 1838. Norwalk Female Seminary; Picket Latimer and nine others; nine trustees; stock company, capital stock twelve hundred dollars with privilege to increase to twenty thousand dollars, shares twenty dollars each; annual income not to exceed four thousand dollars; educating females only. O.L., XXXVI, local, 223, March 10, 1838. Chester Academy, Geauga County; Austin Turner and four others. O.L., XXXVI, local, 231, March 10, 1838. Eaton Academy, Preble County; five trustees; stock company, shares twenty dollars; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars. O.L., XXXVI, local, 235, March 10, 1838. Sandusky Academy, Huron County; Samuel B. Caldwell and twelve others; nine trustees, stock company, shares twenty dollars; capital stock not to exceed fifty thousand dollars; funds to be used only for education. O.L., XXXVI, local, 287, March 14, 1838. Union Academy, Union County; Reuben P. Mann and ten others; eleven trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; stock shall not be applied to banking purposes. O.L., XXXVI, local, 317, March 15, 1838. Dover Academy, Tuscarawas County; Wright Warner and ten others; annual income not to exceed six thousand dollars; funds to be used only for purposes of education. APPENDIX A 137 O.L., XXXVI, local, 362, March 16, 1838. Marion Academy, Marion County; Sanford F. Bennett and nine others; nine trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars; stock not to exceed fifty thousand dollars. O.L., XXXVII, local, 49, March 7, 1839. "An act to regulate incorporated Literary Societies." Sec. 1. "That all associations for literary purposes, except common schools, colleges and universities, which the General Assembly may here- after incorporate, shall be regulated as follows." The persons named in the act of incorporation, their associates, etc., by their corporate names may have succession for thirty years. Usual corporate powers, etc. Sec. 2. The capital stock and property of academies shall not exceed $40,000.00; that of libraries, lyceums and other literary associations, shall not exceed $5,000.00, unless extended in their respective acts of incor- poration, and no part of funds shall ever be used for banking, nor shall such institutions issue certificates of deposit or drafts, which can in any manner be used as a circulating medium. Sec. 3. Directors or trustees shall be held individually liable for all debts of their respective associations. Sec. 4. Any future legislature may alter or amend any act of incor- poration granted under this act when the public good requires such alteration. O.L., XXXVII, local, 6, January 5, 1839. Bigelow High School, Xenia; William Ellsberry and seventeen others; board of directors of eighteen members and the Ohio Annual Conference of the M. E. Church may appoint a visiting committee of three, who shall for the time being be members of the board; property not to exceed fifty thousand dollars; to afford instruc- tion in the common branches of a liberal education, and in the liberal arts and sciences; sectarian views of religion shall not be inculcated. O.L., XXXVII, local, 30, February 1, 1839. The Martinsburg Academy, Knox County; William Mitchell and eight others. O.L., XXXVII, local, 43, February 9, 1839. Blendon Young Men's Seminary; Mathew Westervelt and eleven others; vacancies in the board to be filled by the Methodist Annual Ohio Conference; partially by endowment; capital stock not to exceed fifty thousand dollars. O.L., XXXVII, local, 44, February 13, 1839. Ashland Academy, Richland County; John P. Reznor and eight others; three trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars each; stock not to exceed thirty thousand dollars. O.L., XXXVII, local, 79, February 26, 1839. Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary; Timothy Rockwell and ten others; twelve trustees; property not to exceed fifty thousand dollars; education of youth and preparation of teachers; trustees shall issue no circulating medium and shall be indi- vidually liable for debts. O.L., XXXVII, local, 80, February 27, 1839. Oxford Female Academy; John W. Scott and six others; seven trustees; property not to exceed ten thou- sand dollars; education of females in the town of Oxford. O.L., XXXVII, local, 109, March 5, 1839. Asbury Seminary, Chagrin Falls; John K. Halleck and twenty-nine others. 138 IIIS'lOkY f)l'' ICDUCATIONAI. LlXilSLATION IN OHIO O.L., XXXVII, local, 141, March 9, 1839. Worthington Female Seminary; William Bishop and ten others; stock company, shares twenty-five dollars; controlled partially by the M. E. Church, and partially local. O.L., XXXVII, local, 155, March 9, 1839. The Universalist Institute, Ohio City; Richard Lord and eij^ht others; a board of trustees; stock company, shares live dollars; no rules of a sectarian character either in religion or politics siiall be a(l()i)li'd. O.I.., XX.XVII, local, 156, March 9, 1839. Parkinau Academy, CeauKa County; j. r. Converse and six others. O.L., XXXVII, local, 172, March 12, 1839. The Harnesville Male Academy, IJelmont County; Lsaac Hoover and twelve others; thirteen trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars; cajjital stock not to exceed twenty thousand dollars; property to be used oidy for education; to cultivate and I tain the intellectual faculties of the youth who may resort to it for instruction, and rigorously to discountenance the inculcation of the peculiar tenets of any Christian sect or denomination. O.I... .XXXVII, local, 222, March 13, 1839. The Brooklyn Centre Academy; Joseph Wcller and fifteen others; annual income not to exceed three thou- sand dollars. O.L,, XXXVII, local, 254, March 16, 1830. Auglaize .Seminary, Wapakoneta; William .Slockdale and twelve others; property not to exceed fifty thousand dollars; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars. O.I.., XXXVII, local, 255, March 16, 1839. Lithopolis Academy; Samuel L. Wilson and twelve others; piopeity not to i-xceed ten thousand dollars; no part to be used for banking. O.I.., XXXVII. local, 257, March 1(). 1S3<). Meigs County High School and 'IV-acluTs' Institute; .Sanuiel llalliday and seventeen others; twenty trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; "to afTord great facilities for the instruction of youth in literature and science, and for the inculcating of good morals"; incorporation shall in no wise engage in the business of banking. O.I.., XXXVII, local, 262, March 16, \H.V). Mount Pleasant Boarding School; John Benjamin lloyle and three others; thirteen directors appointed by the l''rieiuls of Oliio; annual income not to exceed five thou.sand dollars. O.I... XXXVII, local, 282, March 16, 1839. Cuyahoga Falls Institute; Boswell Brooks and foiu' others; property shall be devoted to the purposes of education. O.L., XXXVII, local, 291, March 16, 1839. Raviima T'cmale .Seminary; board of twelve trustees; property not to exceed tilty thousand dollars; to alTord instruction in the arts and sciences. O.I.., XXXVII, local, .U4, March 16, 1839. New llagerstown l-Vmale Seminary; Richard Brown aiul eight others; seven trustees; capital stock not to exceed ivu thousand dollars. O.L., XXXVII I, local, 29, January 29, 1840. Bascom Seminary of Waynes- burgh; Daniel Schaelfer and seven others; stock company, shares twenty- five dollars each; capital stock ten thousand dollars. O.L., XXXVI II, local, 127, March 12, 1840. Greenfield Institute, Huron APPENDIX A 139 County; Jonas C'liilds and five others; proinolin^j and encouraging edu- cation. O.L., XXXVIII, local, 127, March 12, 1840. Streetshoroush High School; John E. Jackson and ten others; stock company, shares five dollars each; promoting and encouragiuK education; ca|)ital stock not to exceed five thousand dollars. O.L., XXXVIII, local, 155, March 17, 1840. WilIougiil)y Female Academy; Jonathan Lapliam and five others; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars. O.L., XXXVllI, local, 155, March 17, 1840. Protestant Methodist Academy of Brighton; Joseph Williams and five others; funds shall be exclusively applied to the education of literature and the arts and sciences. O.L., XXXIX, local, 51, March 20, 1841; Edinburgh Academy, Wayne County; John Andrews and seven others. O.L., XXXIX, local, 62, March 20, 1841. Burlington Academy, Lawrence County; ICIijah Fram[)t()n and thirteen others. O.L., XXXIX, local. 65, March 20, 1841. Athens I'Cmale Academy; K (.. Car- penter and nine others; act to become null and void if t lie c()iii|)any do not organize within five years. O.L., XXXIX, local, 125, March 27, 1841. Canton Male Seminary, Stark County; William l'\jglc and eight others; seven trustees, three to be elected by the Evangelical Congregation. O.L., XXXIX, local, 134, March 27, 1841. Middletown Academy and Library Association, Butler County; Francis J. Titus and four others. O.L., XXXIX, local, LS4, March 27, 1841. C.uslavus Academy, Trumbull County; Philo Cates and eight others; act shall be null and void if the academy fails to organize within five years. O.L., XXXIX, local, 134, March 27, 1841. Kinsman Academy, TriirMbuII County; John Kinsman and eight others. O.L., XL, local, 86, March 5, 1842. Pine Grove Academy in Porter; .Steijhan Sinon and four others. O.L., XL, local, 116, March 7, 1842. Canaan Union Academy; Jon.is Nolestone and four others. O.L., XL, local, 117, March 7, 1842. Tallmadge Academical Institute, Summit County; Asaph Whittlesey and seven others; presidt-nt and six directors; stock company, shares five dollars each, property not to exceed ten thou- sand dollars; instruction in the higher branches of education of males or females or both. O.L., XL, local, 119, March 7, 1842. Bath High .School, Summit County. O.L., XLI, local, 14, January 11, 1843. New Lisbon Academy, ((^lumbiana County; Fisher A. Blocksom and fourteen others. O.L., XLI, local, 46, January 25, 1843. .St. Mary's Female ICducational Institute of Cincinnati; Ilortcnse Monseau and five other woriicn. O.L., XLI, local, 62, I-ebruary 9, 1843. Maumee City Academy, Lucas County; John I'".. Hunt and nine; others. O.L., XLI, local, 127, March 7, 1843. Lebanon Academy, Warren Comity; Daniel Vorhees and four others; five trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars; "maintenance of an 140 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO academy for instruction in the various branches of education of males and females." O.L., XLI, local, 148, March 10,1843. Oakland Female Seminary of Hillsborough; Joseph J. Mathews and ten others; nine trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars; annual income not to exceed two thousand dollars; stock not to exceed six thousand dollars. O.L., XLII, local, 80, February 9, 1844. Lebanon Academy; J. Martin Williams, Thomas Corwin and six others; twelve trustees; stock company, shares twenty dollars; property not to exceed twenty thousand dollars; no funds to be used in banking; "to educate males and females in the higher branches of learning than are usually taught in the common schools of the county, and to instruct them in the elements of morality andiche great truths of the Christian religion"; the particular tenets or creed of any particular sect shall never be taught. O.L., XLII, local, 107, February 26, 1844. West Lodi Academy, Seneca County; John Carey and nine others. O.L., XLII, local, 115, March 4, 1844. Franklin Academy, Portage County; Thomas Earl and twelve others; buildings not to exceed ten thousand dollars; "to establish an academy and to promote and afford therein, both to males and females, instruction in the usual branches of a sound, practical and liberal education, and in the languages, arts and sciences." O.L., XLII, local, 178, March 12, 1844. Salem Academy, Ross County; Hugh S. Fullerton and four others. O.L., XLII, local, 184, March 12, 1844. Lorain Institute; Robert Cochran and six others; board of trustees; to afford instruction in literature, arts and sciences. O.L., XLII, local, 191, March 12, 1844. Waynesville Academy, Warren County; Burrcll Goode and eleven others; to establish an academy and promote and afford therein, both to males and females, instruction in the usual branches of a sound, practical and liberal education, and in the languages, arts and sciences. O.L., XLII, local, 210, March 12, 1844. Keene Academy, Coshocton County; Robert Farewell and four others; to estal)lish an academy and to promote and afford therein, both to male and females, instruction in the usual branches of a sound, practical and liberal education, and in the languages, arts and sciences; buildings not to exceed ten thousand dollars. O.L., XLIH, local, 12, January 9, 1845. Tallmadge Academical Institute, Summit County; Samuel L. Bronson and four others; four directors; stock company, shares twenty-five dollars each; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars; the maintenance of an academy for instruction in the higher branches of education, both for males and females. O.L., XLIH, local, 16, January 15, 1845. Bedford Seminary, Cuyahoga County; E. H. Holly and eleven others; twelve directors and a president; stock company, shares ten dollars; property not to exceed twenty-five thousand dollars; to maintain an institution for the instruction of youth in the various classes of education. APPENDIX A 141 O.L., XLIII, local, 39, January 23, 1845. Cincinnati Classical Academy; Elbert T. Bledsoe and two others; a rector and five or more trustees; capital stock not to exceed fifty thousand dollars. O.L., XLIII, local, 42, January 29, 1845. Name changed to St. John's College. O.L., XLIII, local, 65, February 6, 1845. Columbus Academical and Collegiate Institute; II. M. Hubbell and nineteen others; twenty trustees; to afford instruction in literature and in the arts and sciences; not to confer collegiate honors or degrees until ten thousand dollars property shall be acciuired. O.L., XLIII, local, 75, February 10, 1845. Aurora Academical Institute, Portage County; John E. Jackson; nine trustees; stock company, shares ten dollar"; stock not to exceed five thousand dollars. O.L., XLIII, loc. , 87, February 10, 1845. Cooper Female Academy in Dayton; Samuel Forrer and five others including Robert W. Steele; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; trustees may direct what branches of literature and the arts and sciences shall be taught. O.L., XLIII, local, 89, F'cbruary 10, 1845. Akron Institute; Samuel Perkins and six others; seven trustees; stock company, shares twenty dollars. O.L., XLIII, local, 121, February 26, 1845. Rocky River Seminary; Robert Cochran and ten others; literature, arts and sciences. O.L., XLIII, local, 203, March 4, 1845. Findlay Academical Institute, Hancock County; J. Ilughing and eight others; nine trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars; stock not to exceed fifty thousand dollars; shall not contract debts beyond the amount of the capital stock subscribed. O.L., XLIII, local, 229, March 4, 1845. The Vermillion Institute; Harrison Armstrong and fifteen others; ten trustees; stork company, shares twenty dollars; property not to exceed fifty thousand dollars; to educate males and females in letters and the sciences, and to instruct them in the ele- ments of morality and the great truths of the Christian religion; no part to be used in banking; the tenets or creed of any particular sect shall never be taught. O.L., XLIII, local, 289, March 8, 1845. Cottage Hill Academy in E:iIsworth; William Bottum and eight others; nine directors; stock company; annual income not to exceed ten thousand dollars. O.L., XLIII, local, 292, March 8, 1845. The Normal High School, Carroll County; Joseph Cable and eight others; property not to exceed ten thou- sand dollars; "the promotion of a highly moral and intellectual education in languages, arts and sciences upon the norma! plan"; a failure to organize said school within one year or to operate the school for the space of one year at one time shall act as a forfeiture. O.L., XLIII, IocaI,384, March 12, 1845. The London Academy, Madison County; Patrick McLane and two others; three to seven trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars each; capital stock twenty thousand dollars. O.L., XLIII, local, 409, March 12, 1845. West Jefferson Academical Institute, Madison County. James Burnham and eighteen others; nine trustees; stock company, shares five dollars each; capital stock not to exceed ten thousand dollars. O.L., XLIV, local, 4, December 20, 1845. Baldwin Institute, Middlcburg; Thomas Thompson and twelve others; trustees appointed by the North 142 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL IJCGISLATION IN OHIO Ohio Conference of the M. K. Church; annual income not to exceed three thousand dollars. O.L., XLIV, local, 107, February 14, 1846. Loudonville Academy, Richland County; C. N. Haskell and six others. O.L., XLIV, local, 122, February 19, 1840. Norwalk Institute; Joseph Lowry and four others; property shall not be devoted to any other purpose. O.L., XLIV, local, 236, February 28, 1846. Liverpool Seminary, Columbiana County; Alexander R. Young and twenty-five others; nine trustees; stock company, shares five dollars; stock not to exceed ten thousand dollars; instruction shall not be confined or restricted to pupils of any separate sect or denomination of religion. O.L., XLV, local, 9<), l'\-bruary 8, 1847. Mansfield Academical Institute, Mordecai Hartley and nine others. O.L., XLVI, local, 1 14, February 11, 1848. The Xenia Academy; David Medsker and seven others; seven directors; stock company, shares twenty dollars each; stock not to exceed twenty-five thousand dollars. O.L., XLVI local, 126, February 14, 1848. Richland Academic Institute; Logan County; Reverend G. G. Page and eight others. O.L., XLVI, loc;d, 135, February 14, 1848. The Felicity Female Seminary, Clermont County; Robert Chalfert and fourteen others; three trustees; stock company, shares twenty-five dollars each; stock not to exceed ten thousand dollars; that instruction in said seminary shall not be confined or restricted to pupils of any separate sect or denomination of religion. O.L., XLVI, local, 188, February 18, 1848. Medina Academy; Stephen N. Sar- geant and thirteen others; stock company, shares twenty dollars each. O.L., XLVII, local, 238, February 23, 1849. Oxford Female Institute, Butler County; Merman B. Mayo and eight others; nine trustees; stock company, shares twenty dollars each; real property not to exceed twenty thousand dollars; capital stock not to exceed twenty-five thousand dollars. O.L., XLVII, local, 241, February 28, 1849. Miller Academy in Washington; John K. Alexander and five others; the Presbytery of Zanesville in connec- tion with the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church and a board of five trustees; real property not to exceed twenty thousand dollars. O.L., XLVI 1 1, local, 618, March 23, 1850. Under control of the Zanesville Presbytery in connection with the General Assembly of the Old School of the Presbyterian Church. O.L., XLVII, local, 243, March 8, 1849. Pomeroy Academy, Meigs County; Charles R. Pomeroy and six others. O.L., XLVII, local, 263, February 17, 1849; Springfield Female Seminary, Clark County; J. S. Galloway and eight others; nine directors chosen by the Miami Presbytery; stock company, shares ten dollars each; stock not to exceed fifty thousand dollars; literature and the arts and sciences as directed by the board. O.L., XLVII, local, 273, March 9, 1849. Cadiz High School; Jonathan Dewey and six others; three trustees; slock company, shares fifty dollars each; properly not to exceed ten thousand dollars; all the necessary and useful branches of a thorough and liberal education. O.L., XLVII, local, 280, March 22, 1849. Mansfield Female Seminary, Richland County; James Johnson and seven others; five directors; stock company, APPENDIX A 143 shares ten dollars; capital stock not to exceed twenty thousand dollars; literature and the arts and sciences as directed by the board. O.L., XLVII, local, 284, March 28, 1849. Mount Pleasant Academy, Ross County; Timothy Stearns and four others; seven directors; stock com- pany, shares ten dollars; capital stock not to exceed twenty thousand dollars. O.L., XLVII I, local, 614, February 14, 1850. Elliott Female Seminary; Hugh Elliott and fourteen others; fifteen directors; capital stock not to exceed thirty thousand dollars; literature and the arts and sciences as directed by the board. O.L., XLVIII, local, 617, March 21, 1850. Vinton High School, Gallia County; Herman Wilkins and four others; a board of three trustees; stock company, shares ten dollars; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars. O.L., XLVIII, local, 625, March 23, 1850. Defiance Female Seminary, Defiance County; Sidney S. Sprague and five others; five trustees; stock company, shares twenty-five dollars each; stock not to exceed twenty thousand dollars; instruction shall never be confined or restricted to pupils of any separate sect or denomination. O.L., XLVIII, local, 627, March 1, 1850. Western Reserve Eclectic Institute; George Paw and eleven others; stock company, shares twenty-five dollars each; stock not to exceed sixty thousand dollars; the instruction of youth of both sexes in the various branches of literature and sciences, especially the moral sciences based upon the facts and truths of the Holy Scriptures. O.L., XLVIII, local, 630, March 21, 1850. Tiffin Academy, Seneca County; Henry Elbert and twenty-two others; seven trustees; stock company, shares twenty dollars each. O.L., XLVIII, local, 637, March 22, 1850. Xenia Female Academy; Thomas C. Wright and eleven others; nine trustees; stock company, shares fifty dollars each; real property not to exceed twenty thousand dollars; capital stock twenty-five dollars each; the arts and sciences and all necessary and useful branches of a thorough and useful education such as may be taught in the best female colleges and academies. O.L., XLVIII, local, 638, March 23, 1850. Hartford High School, Trumbull County; Seth Hayes and eight others; five trustees. O.L., XLVIII, local, 639, March 22, 1850. Soeurs de Notre Dame Female Edu- cational Institute, Chillicothe, Ross County; Julia Van Balton and four others (women). ACTS INCORPORATING SCHOOL COMPANIES AND ASSOCIATIONS O.L., XVI, 157, January 29, 1818. The Union School Association of the towns of Harpersfield and Madison; James A. Harper and twelve others; officers elected by the corporation; stock company, shares ten dollars, not to exceed seven hundred in number; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars; not to be used for banking. O.L., XXII, local, 106, February 21, 1824. The Milford Union School Society, Milford, Clermont County; James MacDonald and twenty-five others; five trustees; stock company, shares twenty dollars each. 144 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO O.L., XXII, local, 109, February 10, 1824. The Jefferson School Association; Timothy Hawley and eleven others; four trustees and a president; stock company, shares ten dollars each; property shall not exceed twenty thou- sand dollars. O.L., XXIII, local 44, January 28, 1825. The Literary Society of St. Joseph's; John A. Hill and three others; annual income not to exceed twelve thou- sand dollars; to erect and establish an academy at St. Joseph's in Perry County; an academy in Cincinnati, and an academy at Canton in Stark County; funds not to be used for any other than literary purposes. O.L., XXIV, local, 92, February 7, 1826. Mesopotamia Central School Society; confirming incorporation under the general law because of doubts as to the constitutionality of said law. O.L., XXVI, local, 67, January 29, 1828. The Goshen School Association, Logan County; Hardin Brown and four others. O.L., XXVII, local, 131, February 12, 1829. The trustees of the Columbus Presbytery; twelve trustees; annual income not to exceed three thousand dollars; for the sole purpose of establishing and supporting an academy and of carrying into effect such benevolent, literary or religious plans as may be connected therewith. O.L., XXVII, local, 147, February 11, 1829. The Education Society of Paines- ville, Geauga County; Isaac Gillett and eight others; stock company, shares ten dollars each (by an amendment of February 24, 1835); to establish an academy or other seminary of learning. O.L., XXIX, local, 42, January 12, 1831. Bricksville Academical Association, Cuyahoga County; Isaac M. Gorman and four others. O.L., XXXI, local, 4, December 17, 1832. The St. Mary's Female Literary Society, Elizabeth Sansberry and three others of Perry County; annual income not to exceed three thousand dollars; property of said society shall be converted to no other uses other than the promotion of female education. O.L., XXXII, local, 46, January 30, 1834. The German Lutheran Seminary of the German Lutheran Synod of Ohio and adjacent states; annual income not to exceed ten thousand dollars; that the funds of the corporation shall never be used or employed for any other purpose than the promotion of religion, morality and learning. O.L., XXXIV, local, 402, March 1, 1836. The North Union School Association of Carroll County; Jacob Everhart with seven others; money and funds of corporation shall be applied exclusively to the payment of a teacher and furnishing fuel for the school, and to no other purpose whatever except the purchase of a lot, the erection of a school building and dwelling house for a teacher. Amended March 12, 1844. O.L.,XLII, local, 221. Authoriz- ing said association to keep open four public schools and no more, and to own and equip four schoolhouses, and to draw a fair and equal pro- portion of the school funds of the county. O.L., XXXIV, local, 411, March 12, 1836. Rome Academical Company; three trustees; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars. O.L., XXXV, local, 3, December 17, 1836. The Springborough School Com- pany, Warren County; Joseph Stanton and eight others; three trustees; APPENDIX A 145 stock company, shares five dollars each; annual income not to exceed three thousand dollars; capital stock five hundred to five thousand dol- lars; to promote the organization of useful knowledge and a sound practical education. O.L., XXXVI, local, 107, February 23, 1838. High Falls Primary Institute in Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga and Geauga Counties; twelve trustees; property not to exceed fifteen thousand dollars; education of youth is the exclusive object of this corporation and its funds shall be exclusively devoted to the promotion of this object. O.L., XXXVI, local, 371, March 17, 1838. Newark Association for the Promo- tion of Education; Asa Beckwith and twenty others; twenty-one directors; stock company, shares ten to fifty dollars; stock not to exceed twenty-five thousand dollars; "the object of this corporation is to establish a high school with suitable houses and means of instruction for the education of both males and females." O.L., XXXVII, local, 166, March 12, 1839. Monroe Academical Association; David Kirkbridge and six others; three trustees and a president; stock company, shares fifty dollars; annual income not to exceed ten thousand dollars; "to cultivate and strengthen the intellectual and moral faculties of the youth who may resort to it for instruction, to teach them the art of self-government and to fit them by a judicious course of moral discipline for virtue, usefulness and happiness." O.L., XXXVII, local, 169, March 12, 1839. The Harveysburg High School Company, Warren County; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars; to establish a high school and to promote and afford therein instruction in the usual branches of a sound, practical and liberal education, and in the languages, arts and sciences. O.L., XXXIX, local, 11, January 29, 1841. The Cincinnati New Jerusalem Church School Association; Jacob L. Wayne and nine others; five trustees; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; not to issue any cir- culating medium or exercise any banking privilege; to establish and carry forward a school in the city of Cincinnati, wherein may be taught all branches of literature and science. O.L., XXXIX, local, 103, March 27, 1841. Berkshire Education Society, Dela- ware County; David Prince and three others. O.L., XLI, local, 85, February 17, 1843. Western Reserve Freewill Baptist Academical Society; S. B. Philbrick and nine others; promoting and encouraging education; if the managers shall receive blacks and mulattoes into the same upon equality with white persons it shall work a forfeiture of all the powers hereby granted. O.L., XLII, local, 60, February 15, 1844. The Sylvania High School Company, Lucas County; John P. Pease and three others; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars; the establishment of a high school and to promote and afford therein instruction in the usual branches of a sound, practical and liberal education and in the languages, arts and sciences. O.L., XLII, local, 163, March 12, 1844. The Western Reserve Freewill Baptist Educational Society; S. B. Philbrick and nine others; promoting and en- 146 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO couraging education and sustaining the Western Reserve Manual Labor Seminary in Chester. O.L., XLIV, local, 161, February 23, 1846. Madison Education Society; Joshua Harkwell and eight others; nine trustees; stock company, shares twenty dollars. ACTS CONCERNING HIGHER INSTITUTIONS COLLEGES, UNIVERSITIES, AND THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES Ohio University: Territorial Acts, Nashee's Compilation, p. 219, December 18, 1799. Resolution that Rufus Putnam, Ives Kleeman, Jonathan Stone, Esqs., be requested to lay off in Townships 8 and 9 in Washington County a town plat with a square for the colleges, lots for the president and professors, tutors, etc., bordering on or encircled by spacious commons. Territorial Acts, Nashee's Compilation, p. 220, January 9, 1802. An act estab- lishing a University in the town of Athens. Sec. 1. That there shall be a university instituted and established in the town of Athens by the name and style of the American Western Uni- versity, for the instruction of youth in all branches of the liberal arts and sciences, for the promotion of good education, virtue, religion and morality, and for conferring of the degrees and literary honors granted in similar institutions. Sec. 2. Creating a body politic. Sec. 3. Appointing the Honorable Rufus Putnam, Joseph Kleeman, Return Jonathan Meigs and seven others; created a body politic. Sec. 11. Vesting Townships 8 and 9 granted by Congress in said corporation forever. Sec. 18. The legislature may grant further powers or alter, limit or restrain any of the powers by this vested in this corporation. O.L., I, 148, April 16, 1803. Resolution appointing three commissioners to appraise the college townships in Washington Township. O.L., II, 193, February 18, 1804. Sec. 2. Creating a body politic and corporate by the name and style of the President and Trustees of the Ohio University, to consist of the Governor of the state, the President, and not more than fifteen nor less than ten trustees. Sec. 8. Vacancies caused by death shall be filled at the next meeting of the legislature. Sec. 9. The faculty shall direct and cause to be holden quarterly in every year a public examination, at which time the faculty shall attend, when each class of the students shall be examined relative to the proficiency they shall have made in the particular arts and sciences or branches of education in which they shall have been instructed. Sec. 13. Directing the trustees to lay off the town of Athens con- formably to a plan made out by Rufus Putnam and others. Sec. 14. Providing that the annual rents and profits shall be appro- priated to the endowment of the University. APPENDIX A 147 Sec. 17. Exempting the lands in the two townships appropriated, together with the buildings, from all state taxes. O.L., III, 79, February 21, 1805. Amendatory, providing for appraising and leasing the land in the two college townships for ninety-nine years, renew- able forever. No land to be valued for less than one dollar and seventy- five cents per acre. O.L., V, 85, January 23, 1807. Amendatory, authorizing the trustees to lease the appraised lots that have been appraised at less than one dollar and seventy-five cents. O.L., VII, 167, February 15, 1809. Sec. 2. Trustees shall have power until the the year 1811 to receive articles or produce from the lessees in payment of rent. O.L., XVI, 37, December 29, 1817. An act to authorize the drawing of a lottery for the benefit of the Ohio University. "Whereas the diffusion of science and literature has ever been found to be auspicious to the interests of liberty and the purity and permanence of republican institutions": Sec. 1. Seven commissioners are authorized to raise by lottery a sum not to exceed twenty thousand dollars to defray the expenses of building a college edifice and to purchase a library and suitable mathematical and philosophical apparatus. O.L., XXIII, 19, February 25, 1825. An act for the better regulation of the Medical College of Ohio and making certain appropriations therein named. Sec. 7. That the sum of one thousand dollars be appropriated for the use of the Ohio University to be paid out of the lottery fund and to be applied by direction of the trustees for the purpose of paying any debts that may have been contracted for the purchase of philosophical apparatus or for any addition to the Library. O.L., XXVII, 9, January 10, 1829. Amendatory, the Board of Trustees shall report annually to the Auditor of State the amount of money arising from the sale of lands situated in the college township; when the money is deposited with the Treasurer of State it shall be placed to the credit of the Ohio University. O.L., XXXIV, 643, March 7, 1836. Whereas by a resolution of January 30, 1827, it is made the duty of the President and Trustees of the Ohio Uni- versity annually to report the condition of said University: Resolved, That the President and Trustees of the Ohio University be required to report to the legislature a statement of the condition of said University. O.L., XXXV, 543, January 12, 1837. "Whereas the legislature of this state do possess a controlling power over the officers of the Ohio University, and whereas no report can be found on the files of this legislature made by the President and Trustees of said University": Requiring a report on the total amount of revenue and its source, amount of disbursements and the purpose, state of buildings, amount of debts due, to whom and for what expended, the number of professors engaged, the branches of literature and science taught by each, and a list 148 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO of the number of students in each year commencing with the first day of April, 1826 to the first day of January, 1837, inclusive. O.L., XXXVI, 204, March 7, 1838. An act providing for a loan to the Ohio University. Sec. 1. Authorizing the Commissioners of the Canal Fund to loan from the sinking fund five thousand dollars to the Ohio University to be paid back in annual instalments of one thousand dollars each, interest at six per cent. O.L., XLI, 144, March 10, 1843. An act to declare the true intent and meaning of the first section of the act entitled, "An act to amend an act entitled an act to establish a university in the town of Athens, passed February 21, 1805." Sec. 1. "That it is the true intent and meaning of said act that the leases granted under said act and the one to which that was an amendment should not be subject to a revaluation at any time thereafter." O.L., XLV, 176, February 8, 1847. An act to provide for the funding of debts for the Ohio University. Sec. 1. Authorizing the President and Trustees to fund any amount of the debts due from said University not exceeding ten thousand dollars in sums not less than one hundred dollars each, for such length of time and for such rates of interest not exceeding seven per cent per annum as may be agreed upon. Miami University: O.L., I, 66, April 15, 1803. An act to provide for the locating of a college town- ship in the District of Cincinnati. Sec. 1. That one township in the District of Cincinnati, or equivalent land equal to thirty-six sections, shall be located and entered for the use and support of an academy in lieu of the college township heretofore granted in trust to John C. Symmes and his associates. Sec. 2. Directing the Commissioners appointed to select such lands as are most valuable "having due regard to the quality of the land, the situation for health, the goodness of the water, and the advantage of inland navigation." O.L., VII, 184, February 17, 1809. An act to establish the Miami University. Sec. 1. For the instruction of youth in all the various branches of the liberal arts and sciences, for the promotion of good education, virtue, religion and morality, and for conferring all the literary honors granted in similar institutions; and benefits and advantages of the said University shall be open to all the citizens within this state. Sec. 2. Creating a body politic, a president and not more than fourteen or less than seven trustees. Sec. 8. The faculty shall cause to be holden in the said University at least once every year a public examination, at which time the faculty shall attend, etc. Sec. 10. Vesting the township granted by Congress in the Cincinnati District, in the said corporation for the sole use, benefit and support of the said University, with power to subdivide and sell the same for terms APPENDIX A 149 of ninety-nine years; renewable forever; subject to a revaluation every fifteen years; minimum price two dollars per acre. Sec. 11. The clear annual rents and profits to be appropriated "in such manner as shall most effectually promote virtue, and morality" and knowledge of such languages, liberal arts and sciences as shall hereafter be directed from time to time by said corporation. Sec. 15. Legislature shall have power to grant any further and greater powers or alter, limit or restrain any of the powers by this act vested. Sec. 17. Alexander Campbell, the Reverend James Kilbourne and The Reverend Robert G. Wilson appointed to select a permanent seat for the University. O.L., VIII, 94, February 6, 1810. Amendatory, That the trustees of the Miami University shall cause a town to be laid off on such part of land described in said act as they may think proper, to be known by the name of "Oxford." Sec. 2. The said University is hereby established on said land and such place as the trustees may think proper, and they are authorized to direct such building and buildings to be erected as they deem necessary. O.L., XII, 83, February 1, 1814. Amendatory. Sec. 1. Trustees are required to make an accurate statement of all proceedings both as respects the disposal of land as well as the state of the funds arising from the proceeds to the legislature. O.L., XVII, 131, February 5, 1819. Amendatory. Sec. 1. Not more than four trustees shall reside out of the limits of the John Cleve Symmes Purchase; none of them shall reside within the college township. O.L., XLVI, 291, February 7, 1848. Repealing so much of the act as provides that not more than four of the trustees shall reside out of the limits of the John Cleve Symmes Purchase. O.L., XLVII, 398. (No date). Resolution appointing a committee of three to examine into and report to the next General Assembly the condition of the Miami University and the cause of its decline, with such recom- mendations as they may deem proper to make, and that said committee shall have power to send for reports and papers, and to administer all acts necessary to said investigation. Cincinnati University: O.L., V, 64, January 23, 1807. An act to incorporate the Cincinnati University. J. S. Gano and forty-eight others. Sec. 3. "That all parcels of land, tenants, rents, annuities, profits on any goods, chattels, or any other effects .... and shall have power to appropriate any funds belonging to said corporation in improving the present university and making further improvements on the tract of land thereunto now belonging or for educating poor children"; stock company, shares ten dollars. O.L., V, 120, February 3, 1807. An act authorizing the citizens of Cincinnati and its vicinity to raise six thousand dollars for certain purposes; author- izes the appointing of commissioners to raise by lottery a sum not to exceed six thousand dollars for Cincinnati University. 150 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Cincinnati College: O.L., XVII, 46, January 22, 1819. Jacob Burrett and nineteen others incor- porated as trustees and faculty of the Cincinnati College; annual income not to exceed eleven thousand dollars; stock company, shares twenty-five dollars each; control thirteen trustees; the religious tenets that may be peculiar to any sect or denomination shall never be taught or enforced in the College; Board of Trustees may grant all or any of the degrees that are usually conferred in any college or university within the United States. O.L., XLIII, 376, March 11, 1845. Authorizing the trustees to borrow not to exceed thirty-five thousand dollars. O.L., XLIV, 157, February 21, 1846. Licensing law graduates. Worthington College: O.L., XVII, 155, February 8, 1819. An act to establish a college in the town of Worthington by the name and style of the "Worthington College" for the instruction of youth in all the liberal arts and sciences, in virtue, religion and literary honors granted in similar institutions. Philander Chase and eleven others created a body politic. Kenyan College: O.L., XXIII, 12, December 22, 1824. An act to incorporate the Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Ohio. Sec. 1. The Right Reverend Philander Chase, now Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and eight others, the present trustees, are created a body corporate; annual income exclusive of lands or tenants occupied by said seminary, not to exceed twenty thousand dollars. The General Assembly may at any time hereafter modify or repeal this act, but no such modification shall divert the real and personal property of the seminary to any other purpose than the education of ministers of the gospel in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. O.L., XXIV, 39, January 24, 1826. Supplementary. Sec. 1. The president and professors of said seminary shall be con- sidered as the faculty of a college, and as such have the power of conferring degrees in the arts and sciences and of performing all such other acts as pertain to the faculties of colleges for the encouragement and reward of learning, and the name and style by which the said degrees shall be con- ferred and the certificate of learning given shall be that of the president and professors of Kenyon College in the State of Ohio. O.L., XXVI, 176, January 11, 1828. Resolved, That this General Assembly approve of the object of the application of The Reverend Philander Chase to the Congress of the United States for a donation of a tract or tracts of public lands for the support of Kenyon College, and that the Senators and Representatives of this state in the Congress of the United States be requested to use their exertions in aid and support of the said application. O.L., XXXVII, 353, March 6, 1839. Supplementary. Sec. 1. Trustees shall have power in connection with said seminary to establish a college and halls for preparatory education. Sec. 2. Power to confer degrees as president and professors of Kenyon College. APPENDIX A 151 Sec. 3. The president and professors of said Theological Seminary shall have power to confer degrees in Theology by the name and style of the president and professors of the Theological Seminary of the Diocese of Ohio. Franklin College: O.L., XXIII, 22, January 22, 1825. An act to incorporate the College of Alma in the town of Athens, Harrison County. John Rhea and thirteen others are created a body corporate with full power to confer degrees. O.L., XXIV, 49, January 31, 1826. Amendatory. Changing the name to Franklin College. O.L., XXXIV, 610, March 14, 1836. An act making an appropriation to Frank- lin College in the County of Harrison and Ripley College in the County of Brown. Sec. 1. Appropriating five hundred dollars to each college, to be applied in such manner as the Board of Trustees shall direct. Western Reserve University: O.L., XXIV, 93, February 7, 1826. An act to incorporate the trustees of the Western Reserve College. Sec. 1. George Swift and eleven others are created a body politic to be styled the Board of Trustees of Western Reserve College with power to confer on those whom they may deem worthy all such honors and degrees as are usually conferred in similar institutions. Sec. 2. Said college shall be located in the Township of Hudson, Port- age County, and erected in a plan sufficiently extensive to afford instruc- tion in the liberal arts and sciences, and the trustees may erect additional departments for the study of any or all of the liberal professions. O.L., XLII, 95, February 23, 1844. Amendatory. Sec. 1. That the trustees of the Western Reserve College are authorized to establish a medical department in the City of Cleveland, and to confer degrees and other diplomas. Lane Seminary: O.L., XXVII, 118, February 11, 1829. An act to incorporate the Lane Seminary in the County of Hamilton. Sec. 1. "That there shall be and hereby is established in the County of Hamilton a theological institution for the education of young men for the gospel ministry by the name of the Lane Seminary." Sec. 3. "That the officers and members of the Executive Committee shall reside in the City of Cincinnati or this vicinity, a majority of whom together with all the professors and instructors of said institution shall be members of the Presbyterian Church in good standing under the general care of the General Assembly of the Church in the United States." Board of Trustees shall have power to confer any of the degrees in divinity usually granted in the colleges and universities of the United States. Sec. 5. "That a fundamental rule or principle of said institution shall be that every student therein when in good health shall be required to 152 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO spend not less than three nor more than four hours each day in agricultural or mechanical labor, the profits of which shall be applied to defray the expense of the institution and the board and tuition of the students." O.L., XXXVI, 22, January 16, 1838. Amendatory. The Board of Trustees shall consist of not less than thirteen nor more than twenty-five. College of Ripley: O.L., XXVIII, 88, February 9, 1830. An act to incorporate the College of Ripley in the County of Brown. Allan Trimbell and twenty-one others are created a body politic with full power and authority to confer degrees; annual income not to exceed twenty thousand dollars; no religious doc- trines peculiar to any sect of Christians shall ever be inculcated; vacancies in the trustees to be filled by the General Assembly. Denison University: O.L., XXX, 88, February 2, 1832. An act to incorporate the "Granville Literary and Theological Institution." Jonathan Atwood and six others; the present trustees of said institution are constituted a body politic; income from property not used by said institution or its officers or professors not to exceed five thousand dollars. Sec. 2. Trustees have power to confer on those whom they may think worthy all such honors and degrees as are conferred by similar institutions. Sec. 3. Trustees may increase their number, but not to exceed eighteen. O.L., XXXII, 215, February 27, 1834. Amendatory. Trustees shall have power to increase the number of trustees not exceeding thirty-six nor less than twelve. O.L., XLIII, 54, February 3, 1845. Amendatory. Changing the name to "The Granville College." Sec. 2. The trustees may as their ability shall increase erect additional departments for the study of any or all of the liberal professions. Marietta College: O.L., XXXI, 18, December 17, 1832. An act to incorporate the Marietta Col- legiate Institute and Western Teachers' Seminary. Luther G. Bingham and eight others are created a body politic; purpose, the instruction of youth in the various branches of useful knowledge and especially the edu- cation of teachers for common schools; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars. O.L., XXXIII, 53, February 14, 1835. An act to incorporate Marietta College. Sec. 1. That there shall be and there is hereby established in the County of Washington an institution for the education of youth in the various branches of useful knowledge by the name of the Marietta College. Sec. 4. Annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; funds shall never be used for purposes of banking. Sec. 6. Power to confer such honors and degrees as are usually con- ferred in similar institutions. O.L., XLIII, 4, December 31, 1844. Amendatory. It shall be lawful for the board to increase the number of trustees not to exceed twenty-five. APPENDIX A 153 Oberlin College: O.L., XXXII, 226, February 2, 1834. An act to incorporate the Oberlin Col- legiate Institute. Henry Brown and eight others are created a body politic to be styled the Board of Trustees of the Oberlin Collegiate Institute with power to confer on those whom they deem worthy such honors and degrees as are usually conferred in similar institutions. Skc. 2. That the said institution shall remain in Lorain County and shall afford instruction in the liberal arts and sciences and the trustees may erect additional departments for such other branches of education as they may think necessary or useful. Sec. 3. They may increase the number of trustees to twelve exclusive of the president. Sec. 4. The president shall be ex officio a member of the Board of Trustees and president of the same. Sec. 6. The funds to be applied in erecting suitable buildings and supporting officers and in securing books, maps, charts, and other appara- tus necessary to the well-being of the institution. O.L., XLVIII, 632, March 21, 1850. Amendatory, Changing the name of the Oberlin Collegiate Institute to Oberlin College. Willoughby University of Lake Erie: O.L., XXXII, 376, March 3, 1834. An act to incorporate the Willoughby Uni- versity of Lake Erie. Nehemia Allan and two others are created a body politic. Purpose — the instruction of young men and youth in the various branches of literature and sciences; annual income from real estate not to exceed five thousand dollars; power of conferring degrees in the arts, sciences, and professions. O.L., XLV. 7, January 14, 1847. Amendatory. Sec. 1. Trustees are authorized to transfer the medical department of said university from Willoughby and establish the same at the City of Columbus to be known as the Willoughby Medical College at Columbus. German Reform Theological Seminary: O.L., XXXV, 9, December 20, 1836. An act to incorporate the German Reform Synod of Ohio. Sec. 2. For the purpose of furthering the interests of the German Reform Church in Ohio by erecting a house or houses for a theological seminary or for establishing all the necessary conveniences for an institu- tion of learning wherein to prepare men for the gospel ministry. St. Clair sville Collegiate Seminary: O.L., XXXV, 55, January 30, 1837. An act to incorporate the St. Clairsville Collegiate Seminary. James Moore and thirty-eight others are created a body politic; "all property shall be for the purpose and no other of edu- cating females"; annual income from funds not to exceed ten thousand dollars; instruction and the means of education in the said seminary whether in the primary or collegiate department shall never be confined or restricted to the tenets of any separate sect or denomination of religion. 154 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Sec. 13. Corporation shall report annually to the General Assembly the number of scholars taught the preceding year and the condition of the corporation. Muskingum College: O.L., XXXV, 272, March 18, 1837. An act to incorporate the Muskingum College. Robert Wallace and eight others associated for the purpose of establishing a seminary of learning at or near the town of New Concord in Muskingimi County are created a body politic; nine directors with power to increase same to fifteen. Baptist Literary and Collegiate Institute: O.L., XXXV, 347, March 29, 1837. An act to incorporate the Baptist Literary and Collegiate Institute of Huron County. Sec. 1. For the education of young men. Sec. 2. Board self-perpetuating, not less than twenty-one nor more than twenty-five. Sec. 3. Officers and members of the Executive Committee shall reside in Huron County, a majority of whom, together with all the professors, tutors, teachers and instructors, shall be members of the regular Baptist Church in good standing. Sec. 5. "The design of this institution shall be to give a t^.jrough literary and collegiate education; the income and tuition of which shall be ap[)lied to defraying the expense of the institution and the board and (nil ion of (he students." Wesleyan Collegiate Institute: O.L., XXXV, 378, March 31, 1837. An act to incorporate the trustees of the Wesleyan Collegiate Institute. Jacob Ward and nine others are created a body politic; to be located at Olmsted and erected on a plan sufficiently extensive to afford instruction in the liberal arts and sciences. Logan College: O.L., XXXVI, 203, March 7, 1838. An act to incorporate Logan College. James Wallace and twenty others arc created a body corporate. Theological Seminary, Reform Synod: O.L., XXXVI, 34, January 22, 1838. An act to incorporate the Theological Seminary of the Associated Reform Synod of the West. Sec. 1. That there shall be established at Oxford in Butler County a theological institution for the education of young men for the gospel ministry; annual income of property not to exceed two thousand dollars. Central College: O.L., XL, 77, March 2, 1842. An act to incorporate the trustees of the Central College of Ohio. H. L. Hitchcock and thirteen others are created a body politic with power to confer on those whom they may deem worthy all such honors and degrees as are usually conferred by colleges; said college APPKNDIX A 155 shall afford instruction in the liberal arts and sciences usually taught in colleges; shall be allowed to have an academical department. St. Xavier College: O.L., XL, 84, March 5, 1842. An act to incorporate the St. Xavier College. "That there shall be and there is hereby established in the city of Cin- cinnati an institution, for the education of white youth in the various branches of useful knowledge, by the name of the Trustees of St. Xavier's College"; property not to exceed forty thousand dollars; no part of funds to be used in banking; trustees shall have power to confer honors and degrees. Ohio Wesley an University: O.L., XL, 111, March 7, 1842. An act to incorporate the trustees of the Ohio Weslcyan University. WniiKEAS, "The Ohio and North Ohio Annual Conference of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church have determined upon establishing an extensive university or college in this state to the support of which they arc pledged to use their utmost efforts, and which university is ever to be conducted on the most liberal principles, accessible to all religious denominations, and designed for the benefit of our citizens in general," therefore: Sec. 1. William Neff and twenty others are created a body politic. Sec. 3. That the Ohio and North Ohio Conferences of the Methodist Lpiscopal Church, or such other conferences as may be formed out of these conferences, shall fill the vacancies occurring in the Board of Trustees, and shall annually appoint any number of visitors not exceeding three for each conference, who shall attend the meetings of the Board of Trustees and shall constitute a joint board in the appointment and removal of all officers of the said university. Sec. 5. The university shall be styled the Ohio Wesleyan University and shall be located in or near Delaware, Ohio. O.L., XLI, 12, January 11, 1843. An act to amend the charter of the Ohio Wesleyan University. Trustees appointed by the Ohio and North Ohio Conferences of the M. E. Church. Lafayette University: O.L., XL, 119, March 7, 1842. An act to incorporate Lafayette University at New Carlisle, Clark County. Sec. 1. There is hereby established "an institution for the education of youth in the various branches of useful knowledge"; William G. Serviss and twenty others are appointed trustees; annual income of real property not to exceed five thousand dollars; funds shall never be used for banking; the said corporation shall have power to confer honors and degrees. Germania College: O.L., XLI, 12, January 11, 1843. An act to incorporate the trustees of the Ger- mania College. Jacob Leist and eight others are created a body politic for thirty years with power to confer honors and degrees; not less than eleven nor more than twenty-one trustees. Sec. 5. "The said college shall afford instruction in the liberal arts and sciences usually taught in colleges, and shall be allowed to establish 156 IIIS'IOKY Ol' i:i)lJ('Ari()NAL MX, I SI, ATI ON IN OilK) an acadcrnical (lcf)artnicnt for the; instniclion of studriils in the various branches of an aeadcniic a! education and {general knowledj^e not included in the usual collcj^iate course, and for the instruction of those who design to be teachers of schools." Providence Collci^r: O.L., XLI, 63, February 9, 1843. An act to incorporate Providence College and that for the purpose of establishing a college for the education of youth in Hie various branches of useful knowierlge. Wilson Shannon and twenty othcMs are created a body politic with power to confer honors and decrees; trustees not less than eleven nor more than twenty-one. Skc. 5. "The said college shall afford instruction in the liberal arts and sciences usually taught in colleges and shall be allowed to have an academical dej)artment, etc ." Sia:. 9. The |)rivate and individual property of the incorporators shall be held responsible for the paymcnl of debts of said college. Beverly College: O.L., XLI, 92, February 28, 1843. An act to incorporate the Beverly College at Heverly for the purpose of educating youth in the learned and foreign languages, the liberal arts and sciences, and literature; Hoard of Trustees not to exceed twenty-one; A. M. Ilryan and twenty others named as the first trustees incorporated a body politic; annual income not to exceed five thousand dollars; Ho.url of Trustees to be elected by the Pennsylvania Synod of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Methodist lu'tnale Collegiate Institute: O.I,., Xi,l, 146, March 10, 1843. An act to incorixmite the trustees of the Methodist h'emale Collegiate Institute of Cincinnati. Thomas A. Morris and I welve ol hers. Wesleynn Female Colic f^c: 0.1,., XLIV, 171, hebruary 24, 1846. An act to incorijorale the trustees of the Wesleyan Female College of Cincinnati. Thomas A. Morris and twenty- oner others; trustees to be chosen by the Hoard of Trustees of eight local Methodist Churches, and the ministers of the M. 1'^. Church in Cincinnati, with the agents and editors of the Western Hook Concern to be trustees ex oKicio; jnupose "the instruction of the i)upils therein in the arts and sciences and in all necessary and useful and ornamental branches of an edicieut and liberal education, such as is taught in the best female acade- mies;" power lo grant literary honors and degrees. Bellefontaine College: O.L., XLI, 220, March 13, 1843. An act to incorporate the Hellefontaine, Ohio, College. Josei)h Steven.son and fourteen others; to afford instruc- tion in the common branches of a liberal education and in the liberal arts and sciences; property not to exceed two hundred thousand dollars; a board of fifteen trustees. AIMMCNI^IX A 157 Sec. 10. If from any cause the corporation sliall <]isso!vo, the property of said institution, after its debts arc paid, shall go to the C.'oiunion School Fund of the Stale; of Ohio. English Lutheran Theological and Collegiate Institute: O.L., XLll, 189, March 17, 1844. An act to incorporate the Hoard of directors of the Enghsh Lutheran Theological antl Collegiate Institute of Wooster, Wayne County. William Godfrey Keil and eleven others; property not to exceed ten thousand dollars; power to grant degrees in the liberal arts and sciences; trustees apjjoiiited l)y the ICnglish ICvangclical Lutheran Synod. Ft. Meigs University: O.L., XLIII, 80, I'Y'bruary 10, 1845. An act to incorporate the trustees of Ft. Meigs University. John C. Spink and eleven others, location — Perrysburg, Wood County; "to be erected on a plan sufficiently extensive to afford instruction in the liberal arts and sciences" and that trustees may erect additional departments for instruction in the languages, arts and sciences, and in all of the liberal professions; power to confer degrees; degrees shall not be conferred until the corporation shall have obtained property to the amount of ten thousand dollars; tw(4ve trustees. Protestant University of the United Stales: O.L., XLIII, 338, March 10, 184.5. An act to incorporate the trustees of the Protestant University of the United States. William Wilson and twenty-nine others; location — in or near Cincinnati; "the promotion and advancement of education, the cultivation and diffusion of literature, science, and the arts, in all their departments and formalities." Skc. 11. The corporation shall have jxjwer to establish a sectarian religious test as a conrlition of enjoying th(; honors and privileges of the university, provided that it shall always be conducted in conformity to the Refornu'd Protestant religion as taught in i\u: Holy S(:ri()tures of the Old and New Testaments; degrees not to be conferntd until I he corjjoration shall have fifteen thousand dollars in property; annual income not to exceed twenty thousand dollars; said university shall re[)ort annually to the legislature. Wittenberg College: O.L., XLIII, 375, March 11, 1845. An act to incorporate the Hoard of Directors of Wittenberg College;; John Hamilton and fifteitn others; degrees shall not be conferred until the corporation have ac(piir(;d j)roperty to the value of ten thousand dollars; Hoard of Directors ap[)oint(;d by the English Iwangelical Synod of Ohio and the Miami Syno<l. Farmers' College: O.L., XLIV, 163, February 23, 1846. An act to incorporate the l-armers' College of Hamilton County. Charles Cheney and fourteen others; stock company, shares thirty dollars. 158 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Sec. 5. "The objects of this association shall be to direct and cultivate the minds of the students in a thorough and scientific course of studies, particularly adapted to agricultural pursuits"; real property not to exceed forty thousand dollars. Marietta Female College: O.L., XLV, 140, February 8, 1847. An act to incorporate the Marietta Female College; David C. Skinner and four others; a board of three to fifteen trustees; stock company, shares twenty-five dollars each, capital stock not to exceed twenty thousand dollars; the instruction of females in all the necessary and useful and ornamental branches of a thorough and liberal education. Muhlenberg College: O.L., XLVI, 19, January 11, 1848. An act to incorporate the Board of Directors of Muhlenberg College at the town of Jefferson, Harrison County. Moses Bartholomew and fourteen others; directors appointed by the English branch of the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and adjacent states; degrees shall not be conferred until the corporation have property to the value of ten thousand dollars. Judson' College: O.L., XLVI I, local, 259, February 10, 1849. An act to incorporate the Judson College at Jefferson, County of Harrison; transferring the rights, franchises, etc., of Muhlenberg College to the Board of Directors of Judson College. Newton College: O.L., XLVI, 211, February 19, 1848. An act to incorporate Nev/ton College, Hamilton County. Joseph Jackson and eleven others; stock company, shares fifty dollars; twelve trustees; "to direct and cultivate the minds of the students thoroughly in literary, classical and scientific studies for a regular course, and studies for an irregular course as the trustees may deem proper;" degrees shall not be conferred until the corporation have property to the amount of ten thousand dollars; real property not to exceed two hundred thousand dollars. Edinburgh College: O.L., XLVI, 220, February 21, 1848. An act to incorporate the Edinburgh College. George Hackett and sixteen others. Sec. 5. The said college shall afford instruction in the liberal arts and sciences usually taught in colleges, and shall be allowed to have an academical department, etc.; the corporation shall not confer degrees until it have obtained property to the amount of ten thousand dollars. Mt. Washington College: O.L., XLVI I, 236, February 21, 1849. An act to incorporate the Mt. Washing- ton College in Hamilton County; Thomas H. Whetstone and eight others; APPENDIX A 159 stock company, shares fifty dollars each; eight trustees; property not to exceed two hundred thousand dollars; "to direct and cultivate the minds of the students thoroughly in literary, classical and scientific studies for a regular course" and also an irregular course as the trustees shall decide; corporation shall not grant degrees until the college shall have obtained property to the amount of ten thousand dollars. Otierbein University: O.L., XLVII, 257, February 13, 1849. An act to incorporate the Otterbein University of Ohio. Louis Davis and two others named of the Scioto Annual Conference of the Church of the United Brethren of Christ, and Jacob Barger and two others named of the Sandusky Annual Conference of the South Church; power to confer degrees; location — Westerville; the corporation shall afford instruction in the liberal arts and sciences usually taught in colleges, and be allowed to have an academical department; they may use funds in the erection of buildings, purchase of lots, mechani- cal implements wherewith to maintain the manual labor connected with said university; no part of the property to be used for banking; honors and degrees shall not be conferred until the corporation have property to the amount of ten thousand dollars. Capital University: O.L., XLVIII, 619, March 2, 1850. An act to incorporate the Capital Univer- sity. James Manning and thirty others; purpose — the promotion of religion, morality and learning; trustees to be chosen by the Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, and by the Board of Trustees created by the act of incorporation. Cambridge College: O.L., XLVIII, 621, March 22, 1850. An act to incorporate the Cambridge Col- lege. John Fordyce and eight others are created a body politic to be styled "the Trustees of the Cambridge College of the Methodist Protestant Church"; vacancies in the board to be filled by the Muskingum Annual Conference of the Methodist Protestant Church and one member of the Conference shall annually attend the meetings of the Board; purpose — the instruction of students in the arts and sciences, in the learned profes- sions, and all branches of learning as are usually taught in the colleges of the country; "the college shall be conducted on the most liberal principles and open alike to all religious denominations and to the community in general." Geneva Hall: O.L., XLVIII, 622, March 7, 1850. An act to incorporate the Geneva Hall. J. B. Johnston and ten others; seven trustees; stock company, shares fifty dollars each; location — Northwood, Logan County; capital stock not to exceed fifty thousand dollars; the promotion of learning, morality and religion; power to establish a literary and theological department, the 160 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO theological department to be known by the name of "The Theological Seminary of the Reformed Presbyterian Church." Urbana University: O.L., XLVIII, 624, March 7, 1850. An act to incorporate the Urbana Univer- sity; a board of twelve trustees; Milo G. Williams and eleven others; purpose — to encourage and promote the diffusion of knowledge in all the branches of academic and scientific, and exegetic instruction, and to combine therewith instruction in the productive arts and practice of rural economy; power to confer degrees; to be under the management of persons recognized as belonging to the New Church. ACTS CONCERNING PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION MEDICAL EDUCATION O.L., IX, 19, January 14, 1811. An act regulating the practice of Physic and Surgery. Five medical districts created, three medical examiners in each to license applicants. O.L., X, 58, February 8, 1812. An act to incorporate a Medical Society. Seven medical districts. Power to appoint examining committees. Practicing without license $5.00 to $100.00 penalty for each offense. O.L., XI, 28, January 18, 1813. An act regulating the practice of physic and surgery. O.L., XV, 195, January 28, 1817. An act regulating the practice of physic and surgery. O.L., XVI, 105, January 30, 1818. Amendatory. Allowing any person who has received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from any medical school in the U. S. to receive license without examination. Medical College of Ohio: O.L., XVII, 37, January 19, 1819. An act to authorize the establishment of a medical college. Name: Medical College of Ohio. Location: Cincinnati. Professorships: Practice of Medicine, Anatomy, Surgery, Materia Medica, Obstetrics, etc., and Chemistry and Pharmacy. O.L., XVIII, 43, December 30, 1819. Amendatory. Two-thirds of faculty necessary to create or abolish professorships. O.L., XIX, 28, January 15, 1821. An act regulating the practice of Physic and Surgery. Creating the Medical Convention of Ohio, which may select annually two medical students destitute of means and recommend to the Medical College whose duty it shall be to extend to them gratuitously all its advantages. O.L., XIX, 58, January 22, 1821. An act establishing a Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum for the State of Ohio. Location: Cincinnati. Faculty of Medical College to give medical and surgical advice. Students may witness treatment of patients. APPENDIX A 161 O.L., XXI, 4, December 13, 1822. Amendatory. Medical College of Ohio. Corporate powers vested in a Board of Trustees instead of the faculty. Trustees appointed by the General Assembly. O.L., XXII, 142, February 26, 1824. An act to incorporate Medical Societies, etc. O.L., XXIII, 16, January 28, 1825. Amendatory to the preceding. O.L., XXIII, 19, February 15, 1825. An act for the better regulation of the Medical College of Ohio. Making certain appropriations, etc. O.L., XXIV, 4, December 31, 1825. An act to incorporate the Medical College of Ohio and to revise and repeal all existing laws concerning it. O.L., XXXI, 269, February 25, 1833. Resolution. Free tuition in Medical College to one indigent student from each medical district in the state, on appointment of the censors. O.L., XXXI, 272, February 25, 1833. Resolution. Governor to appoint a committee of five to inspect and report on the condition, etc., of the Medical College of Ohio. O.L., XXXVI, 37, March 7, 1838. An act for the relief of the Medical College of Ohio. Appropriating $1,500.00. Cincinnati Medical Academy: O.L., XXVI, 54, January 18, 1828. An act to incorporate the Cincinnati Medi- cal Academy. Benjamin Piatt and ten others. O.L., XXIX, 66, January 31, 1831. Amendatory. The Medical College of Ohio. Appropriating one-fourth of the money arising from taxes on auction sales in Hamilton County for a five year period to the Medical College, not to exceed $30,000.00. Ohio Medical Lyceum: O.L., XXXI, 207, February 22, 1833. An act to incorporate the Ohio Medical Lyceum in the city of Cincinnati. Medina Medical Lyceum: O.L., XXXII, 9, December 24, 1833. An act to incorporate the Medina Medical Lyceum. Lebanon Medical Society: O.L., XXXVI, 347, March 16, 1838. An act to incorporate the Lebanon Medical Society. Literary and Botanico Medical College of the State of Ohio: O.L., XXXVII, 208, March 8, 1839. An act to incorporate the Directors of the Literary and Botanico Medical College of the State of Ohio. O.L., XXXIX, 161, March 29, 1841. Amendatory. Locating the above cor- poration in Cincinnati during the continuation of the charter. Eaton Medical Society: O.L., XL, 83, March 3, 1842. An act to incorporate the Eaton Medical Society. 162 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Morgan County Medical Society: O.L., XLI, 145, March 10, 1843. An act to incorporate the Morgan County- Medical Society. Dudley Medical University: O.L., XLII, 179, March 12, 1844. An act to incorporate the Dudley Medical University of Wadsworth. Summit County Medical Society: O.L., XLII, 183, March 12, 1844. An act to incorporate the Summit County Medical Society. College of Dental Surgery: O.L., XLIII, 32, January 21, 1845. An act to authorize the establishment of a College of Dental Surgery. Location: Cincinnati. Medical Institute of Cincinnati: O.L., XLIII, 357, March 10, 1845. An act to incorporate the Medical Institute of Cincinnati. Name Eclectic Institute. At least five professors. O.L., XVII, 264, March 8, 1849. Amendatory. Increasing capital stock of preceding institution to $60,000.00. Starling Medical College: O.L., XLVI, 31, January 28, 1848. An act to incorporate the Starling Medical College in the City of Columbus. Lyne Starling gives $30,000.00 for support. Medical and Surgical Society of the County of Ashland: O.L., XLVI, 76, February 4, 1848. An act to incorporate the Medical and Sur- gical Society of the County of Ashland. Stale Medical Society of Ohio: O.L., XLVI, 231, February 22, 1848. An act to incorporate the State Medical Society of Ohio. Cincinnati Medical Institute: O.L., XLVII, 264, February 23, 1849. An act to incorporate the Cincinnati Medical Institute. Darke County Medical Society: O.L., XLVII, 274, March 18, 1849. An act to incorporate the Darke County Medical Society. Western College of Homeopathic Medicine: O.L., XLVIII, 629, March 1, 1850. An act to incorporate the Western College of Homeopathic Medicine. Cincinnati College of Pharmacy: O.L., XLVIII, 634, March 23, 1850. An act to incorporate the Cincinnati College of Pharmacy. APPENDIX A 163 LEGAL EDUCATION O.L., XVII, 92, January 28, 1819. Amendatory. An act to regulate the admis- sion and practice of attorneys, etc. Candidates must have studied law attentively two years prior to application. Cincinnati College: O.L., XLIV, 157, February 21, 1846. Amendatory. Certificate from the law department of Cincinnati College shall entitle to admission to the bar. ACTS CONCERNING THE EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVES, DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVES Education of the deaf and dumb: O.L., XX, 49, February 2, 1822. An act to amend an act concerning the safe- keeping of idiots, etc. Court of Common Pleas may appoint guardians of deaf and dumb persons. Guardians shall teach. If unable to do so County Commissioners may appropriate money for the purpose. All deaf and dumb persons to be listed in townships and be reported to the State Auditor. O.L., XXI, 5, December 28, 1822. An act to ascertain the number of deaf and dumb persons in this state. O.L., XXV, 87, January 30, 1827. An act to establish an asylum for the deaf and dumb persons. Eight trustees. Income not to exceed $30,000.00 Shall be forever under the control of the General Assembly. O.L., XXVI, 4, January 16, 1828. Amendatory. Adds three trustees. Appro- priation, $376.76. O.L., XXVII, 63, January 28, 1829. An act to provide further for the establish- ment of the asylum. Authorizes opening in October 1829, at Columbus. O.L., XXV, 113, January 9, 1827. Resolution. Instructing Senators and Representatives in Congress to try to obtain from Congress a grant equal to one township to aid in the education of the deaf and dumb in this state. O.L., XXVI, 178, January 29, 1828. Resolution. Renewing preceding effort. O.L., XXVII, 171, January 21, 1829. Resolution. Locating asylum at Colum- bus. Authorizing receiving donation of land or purchasing land for a site. O.L., XXVIII, 30, February 18, 1830. Amendatory. Twelve trustees; $1,000.00 appropriation. Provisions for indigent students. O.L., XXIX, 427, March 3, 1831. An act to establish an Asylum for the educa- tion of deaf and dumb persons and repealing all existing laws on that subject. O.L., XXIX, 246, March 10, 1831. Resolution. Appropriating $1,600.00. O.L., XXX, 20, February 13, 1832. Amendatory. One-fourth of all moneys arising from auction sales and licenses in Hamilton Co. appropriated to the use of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. O.L., XXX, 318, February 11, 1832. Resolution. Appropriating $1,500.00. O.L., XXX, 336, January 5, 1832. Memorial. Asking Congress for a grant of a township of land for the use of the asylum. 164 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO O.L., XXXI, 24, February 25, 1833. Amendatory. Three indigent pupils to be admitted from each judicial circuit in the state. O.L., XXXI, 237, February 25, 1833. Resolution. Appropriating $1,500.00. O.L., XXXII, 39, March 3, 1834. Amendatory. Provision for educating all indigent deaf and dumb persons between ages of 12 and 20. Appropria- tion, $2,213.10. O.L., XXXII, 427, March 3, 1834. Appropriation, $2,000.00. O.L., XXXIII, 435, March 9, 1835. Appropriation, $3,000.00. From this time on appropriations are usually made annually until 1846. From 1846 on regular budget appropriations are made. O.L., XLIII, 434, January 11, 1845. Resolution. Urging Congress to grant a portion of the public domain for institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb or the blind, in states where such institutions may be estab- lished. O.L., XLIV, 111, March 2, 1846. Amendatory. Salary of the Supt. to be $1,000.00. Six trustees to be appointed by the Gen. Assembly. Education of the blind: O.L., IX, 68, January 29, 1811. An act for the relief of David Phouts. Appro- priating $150.00 annually for the relief of five children born blind. O.L., X, 68, February 11, 1812. Repealing preceding act. O.L., XVII, 7, December 23, 1818. An act for the relief of John Twaddle. County Commissioners of Jefferson County authorized to make an annual allowance. Nine children, six born blind. O.L., XXXIII, 453, March 5, 1835. Resolution. Census of the blind O.L., XXXIV, 648, March 11, 1836. Resolution. Three trustees appointed to gather information concerning the instruction of the blind and probable cost of commencing a school. O.L., XXXV, 116, April 13, 1837. An act making provision for the instruction of the blind. Three trustees. Ohio Institution for the Instruction of the Blind. Provisions for site and buildings at or near Columbus. Author- izing $15,000.00 for building; provision for apparatus. O.L., XXXV, 559, April 1, 1837. Resolution. Extending thanks to Dr. Howe for his work in behalf of the blind. O.L., XXXVI, 49, March 10, 1838. An act making further provisions for the instruction of the blind. Authorizing completion of the building, receiving students from other states, giving free instruction to 12 indigent students, etc. O.L., XLI, 57, March 11, 1843. Amendatory. Extending privileges to indigent students. O.L., XLII, 21, January 27, 1844. An act reducing salaries. Superintendents of Blind Asylum not to exceed $700.00. Superintendent of Deaf and Dumb Asylum not to exceed $600.00. O.L., XLII, 253, February 3, 1844. Resolution. Authorizing employment of oculist by the asylum. O.L., XLII, 270, March 12, 1844. Resolution. Authorizing $150.00 for philo- sophical apparatus for the pupils. APPENDIX A 165 O.L., XLIV, 111, March 2, 1846. Amendatory. Salaries of Superintendents of Asylums for the Blind and Deaf and Dumb to be $1,000.00 each. Repeal- in? acts for support of pupils in these institutions. EDUCATION OF DEPENDENTS Individuals: O.L., XVIII, 66, February 26, 1820. An act for the relief of an orphan Indian child. O.L., XIX, 144, February 2, 1821. Repealing the preceding act. O.L., XXI, 39, January 25, 1823. An act for the relief and benefit of an Indian orphan child. Mother killed by a citizen of the state; $25.00 annually appropriated for education and maintenance until age of 12 years. Apprentices and servants: O.L., IV, 72, January 27, 1806. An act concerning apprentices and servants. Children bound out must be taught to read and write. O.L., XXII, 381, February 23, 1824. An act concerning apprentices and ser- vants. Arithmetic to the rule of three added to the preceding require- ments. A new Bible and two suits of clothes to be furnished at the end of the period of service. Orphan asylums, etc.: O.L., XXXI, 52, January 25, 1833. An act to incorporate the Cincinnati Orphan Asylum. O.L., XXXII, 216, February 27, 1834. An act to provide a fund for the relief of the widows and children of the clergy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Ohio. O.L., XXXV, 201, March 13, 1837. An act to incorporate the Stark County Orphans' Institute. O.L., XXXVIII, 87, March 3, 1840. Repealing the preceding act. The cor- poration had assumed banking privileges. O.L., XXXV, 513, April 3, 1837. An act to incorporate the Cleveland Female Orphan Asylum. Lowry Willy and 11 other women incorporators. O.L., XXXVI, 185, March 5, 1838. An act to incorporate the Columbus Female Benevolent Society. Mary Cressy and six other women. O.L., XLI, 112, March 2, 1843. An act to incorporate the St. Aloysius Orphan Asylum of Cincinnati. O.L., XLII, 172, March 12, 1844. An act to incorporate the Dayton Female Association for the benefit of orphans. O.L., XLIII, 101, February 18, 1845. An act to incorporate the trustees of the New Orphans' Asylum of Colored Children of Cincinnati. EDUCATION OF DELINQUENTS O.L., XLI, 74, March 13, 1843. An act for the regulation of county jails. Each inmate shall be furnished with a Bible. Sheriff shall keep a record of means furnished prisoners of literary, moral and religious instruction. 166 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO O.L., XLIII, 446, March 6, 1845. Resolution. Directors of Ohio Penitentiary authorized to employ a suitable person as a religious and moral instructor. O.L., XLIII, 393, March 12, 1845. An act to authorize the City of Cincinnati to erect a House of Correction. ACTS CONCERNING THE EDUCATION OF TEACHERS O.L., XXX, 232, February 13, 1832. An act to incorporate the Western Aca- demic Institute and Board of Education. Elijah Slack and 14 others. O.L., XXXII, 217, February 27, 1834. An act to incorporate the Teachers' Institute. For instructing professional school teachers. Lyman Beecher and eight others. Board shall report annually to the Secretary of the State of Ohio. O.L., XXXI, 18, December 17, 1832. An act to incorporate the Marietta Col- legiate Institute and Western Teachers' Seminary. O.L., XXXI, 193, February 19, 1833. An act to incorporate the Wayne County, Ohio, Teachers' Association. O.L., XXXV, 417, April 1, 1837. An act to incorporate The Teachers' Institute at Fair Mound, in Licking County. O.L., XXXVIII, 192, March 23, 1840. An act to incorporate The American Lyceum of Education in the City of Cincinnati. A model school and one in which experiments may be made to be one feature. O.L., XLV, 67, February 8, 1847. An act to incorporate Teachers' Institutes. Act in force only in the Counties of Ashtabula, Lake, Geauga, Cuyahoga, Erie, Lorain, Medina, Trumbull, Portage, Summit and Delaware. O.L., XLVII, 261, February 15, 1849. An act to incorporate the Farmington Normal School in the County of Trumbull. Edwin Loveland and eight others. Citizens raised $2,575.00 for school. Site donated. ACTS CONCERNING SUPPLEMENTARY EDUCATIONAL AGENCIES Libraries: O.L., III, 288, February 21, 1805. Dayton Library Society. O.L., V, 62, January 26, 1806. Library society to be known as "Granville Alexandrian Society," in the town of Granville, in the County of Licking. (Repealed later for banking activities.) O.L., VI, 127, February 10, 1808. New Town Library Company, in the County of Hamilton. O.L., VIII, 141, February 19, 1810. Western Library Association. O.L., VIII, 197, February 19, 1810. Poland Library Society. O.L., VIII, 251, February 19, 1810. Washington Social Library Company. O.L., X, 5, December 17, 1811. Wooster Library Society. O.L., X, 14, December 23, 1811. Lebanon Library Society. O.L., X, 178, February 20, 1812. Platonic Library Society, in the towns of Sunbury and Berkshire in Delaware County. O L., XI, 14, January 2, 1813. Circulating Library Society of Cincinnati. O.L., XII, 55, January 18, 1814. Boardman Library Society, in the County of Trumbull. O.L., XII, 61, January 19, 1814. Troy Library Society. APPENDIX A 167 O.L., XII, 147, February 10, 1814. Euclid Library Society, in the County of Cuyahoga. O.L., XIII, 11, December 22, 1814. Circulating Library Society of Cincinnati. O.L., XIII, 14, December 22, 1814. Village Library Society of Burton, in the County of Geauga. O.L., XIII, 75, January 13, 1815. Eaton Library Society, in the County of Preble. O.L., XIII, 285, February 16, 1815. Northern Social Library Company of Harpersfield. O.L., XIV, 6, December 16, 1815. Waynesville Library Company. O.L., XIV, 256, February 20, 1816. Fearing Library Society, in the County of Washington. O.L., XIV, 263, February 21, 1816. Social Library Company of Salem, in the County of Ashtabula. O.L., XVII, 154, February 8, 1819. Amendatory. Circulating Library Com- pany of Cincinnati. O.L., XX, 36, February 1, 1822. Amendatory. Social Library Company of Salem. O.L., XXII, 36, January 20, 1824. Relating to State Library. Sec. 1. Librarian, $200 per year. Sec. 2. Bond of $2,000. Sec. 3. Librarian shall give receipt for all books, etc., to the treasurer of the state. Sec. 4. Three hundred and fifty dollars appropriated annually for purchase of "useful books" and maps. Sec. 5. List of books needed may be submitted by members, judges, etc. Sec. 6. Covering resignation of librarian. Sec. 7. Provision for necessary furniture. O.L., XXIII, 3, December 29, 1824. Elizabethtown Social Library Society, In the County of Hamilton. O.L., XXIII, 101, January 28, 1825. Social Library of Kendal, in the County of Stark. O.L., XXIII, 76, February 7, 1825. Windham Library Society, in the County of Portage. O.L., XXIV, 5, December 23, 1825. Frederickstown Library Society, in the County of Knox. O.L., XXIV, 24, January 17, 1826. Preble County Library Society. O.L., XXIV, 35, January 24, 1826. Bloomfield Social Library Society, in the County of Trumbull. O.L., XXIV, 81, February 4, 1826. Social Library Society, in the town of Fairfield, County of Columbiana. O.L., XXIV, 85, February 7, 1826. Eldridge Library Association, in the County of Huron. O.L., XXV, 8, December 15, 1826. Franklin Library Company of Little Sandy. O.L,, XXV, 3, January 9, 1827. Dayton Library. O.L., XXV, 57, January 6, 1827. Buffalo Library Society, in the Counties of Guernsey, Morgan and Muskingum, 168 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO O.L., XXV, 56, January 23, 1827. Columbia Library Society, in the County of Lorain. O.L., XXV, 42, January 26, 1827. Brookficld Social Library Society of the County of Morgan. O.L., XXV, 55, January 26, 1827. Harmony Library Society, in the County of Fayette. O.L., XXVI, 3, December 14, 1827. Newburgh Library Society, in the County of Cuyahoga. O.L., XXVI, 4, December 18, 1827. Liberty Library Society, in the County of Butler. G.L., XXVI, 26, January 1, 1828. Hubbard Library Company, in the County of Trumbull. O.L., XXVI, 41, January 16, 1828. Union Library Society of Lexington. O.L., XXVI, 119, January 21, 1828. Yellow Spring Library Society, of the County of Greene. O.L., XXVI, 107, January 29, 1828. Lorain County Library Society. O.L., XXVI, 106, February 11, 1828. The Hartford Library Society, in the County of Trumbull. O.L,, XXVI, 161, January 29, 1828. Monroe Traveling and Circulating Library Society. O.L., XXVII, 5, December 22, 1828. Social Library Company of Madison, in the County of Geauga. O.L., XXVII, 10, December 24, 1828. Amendatory. Frederickstown Library Society. O.L., XXVII, 10, December 29, 1828. Social Library of Greene, in County of Trumbull. O.L., XXVII, 14, December 29, 1828. The Chester Library Association, in the County of Geauga. O.L., XXVII, 21, January 5, 1829. Sunbury Library Association, in the County of Delaware. O.L., XXVII, 63, January 30, 1829. Olive Social Library Society, of the County of Morgan. O.L., XXVII, 95, February 9, 1829. Nelson Library Society. O.L., XXVII, 96, February 9, 1829. Barlow Library Society, in the County of Washington. O.L., XXVII, 103, February 9, 1829. Granville Library, in the County of Licking. O.L., XXVII, February 2, 1829. Lyme and Ridgefield Circulating Library Society, in the County of Huron. O.L., XXVII, 127, February 11, 1829. Madison Library Association, in the County of Hamilton. Sec. 2. Milford Circulating Library Society declared a body politic. O.L., XXVII, 139, February 11, 1829. Vernon Library Association, in the County of Scioto. O.L., XXVIII, 8, December 31, 1829. Venice Library Society, in Butler County. O.L., XXVIII, 22, January 12, 1830. Bricksville Columbian Library Society, in the County of Cuyahoga. APPENDIX A 169 O.L., XXVIII, 23, January 12, 1830. Dresden Library Association in the County of Muskingum. O.L., XXVIII, 46, January 21, 1830. Windsor Library Society, in the County of Ashtabula. O.L., XXVIII, 62, February 2, 1830. Mesopotamia Social Library Company, in the County of Trumbull. O.L., XXVIII, 70, February 9, 1830. Marietta Library. O.L., XXVIII, 164, February 22, 1830. Newbury Social Library Society, in the County of Geauga. O.L., XXIX, 11, December 21, 1830. Dover Library Association, in the County of Athens. O.L., XXIX, 18, December 27, 1830. Ashtabula Social Library Association. O.L., XXIX, 25, December 21, 1830. Williamsburg Library Society, in the County of Clermont. O.L., XXIX, 41, January 6, 1831. Social Circulating Library Association, in village of Waverly, County of Pike. O.L., XXIX, 49, January 17, 1831. Hamilton and Rossville Library Society, in the County of Butler. O.L., XXIX, 50, January 17, 1831. Middleberry Library Company. O.L., XXIX, 57, January 31, 1831. Olmsted Library Company, in the County of Cuyahoga. O.L., XXIX, 67, January 31, 1831. Athens Library Society, in the County of Athens. O.L., XXIX, 83, February 7, 1831. Austinburg Social Library Association, in the County of Ashtabula. O.L., XXIX, 119, February 11, 1831. Wayne and Cherry Valley Union Library Association, in County of Ashtabula. O.L., XXIX, 142, February 24, 1831. Utica Library Society, in the County of Licking. O.L., XXIX, 179, March 2, 1831. Capitol Library Society of Columbus. O.L., XXX, 4, December 19, 1831. Harrisville Library Association, in the County of Medina. O.L., XXX, 60, January 31, 1832. New Paris Library Society, in County of Preble. O.L., XXX, 87, February 2, 1832. First Universalian Religious Library Society of Marietta. O.L., XXX, 133, February 7, 1832. Clarksfield Library Society, of Huron County. O.L., XXX, 134, February 7, 1832. Dark County Library Society, in the County of Dark. O.L., XXX, 244, February 11, 1832. Guernsey County Library and Reading Room. O.L., XXX, 267, February 11, 1832. Farmers' Library Company, in County of Seneca. O.L., XXX, 275, February 11, 1832. Library Society of London, in Madison County. O.L., XXX, 276, February 11, 1832. West Branch Library Association, in Miami County. 170 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO O.L., XXX, 277, February 11, 1832. Farmers' and Mechanics' Library Society of Berkshire, in the County of Delaware. O.L., XXXI, 10, December 24, 1832. Dane Law Library. O.L., XXXI, 31, January 15, 1833. Milford Library Association, in the County of Union. O.L., XXXI, 63, January 31, 1833. Cleveland Library Company. O.L., XXXI, 83, February 6, 1833. Farmers' and Mechanics' Library Associa- tion, in Aurora, Portage County. O.L., XXXI, 89, February 6, 1833. Massillon Library Society. O.L., XXXI, 94, February 7, 1833. Eden Library Association, in County of Seneca. Sec. 1. Incorporated name, "Eden Social Library." O.L., XXXI, 105, February 12, 1833. Franklin Library Association of Guilford, in the County of Medina. O.L., XXXI, 132, February 19, 1833. Fitchville Library Society, in Huron County. O.L., XXXI, 159, February 19, 1833. Wadsworth Library Society, in the County of Medina. O.L., XXXI, 195, February 23, 1833. Lancaster Library Association, in County of Fairfield. O.L., XXXII, 16, December 31, 1833. Rome Library Company, in County of Ashtabula. O.L., XXXII, 51, February 3, 1834. Richfield Social Library Company, in the County of Medina. O.L., XXXII, 122, February 21, 1834. Akron Lyceum and Library Association Company, in Akron, Portage County. O.L., XXXII, 150, February 24, 1834. Harmony Library Company, in Salena Township, Muskingum County. O.L., XXXII, 177, February 25, 1834. Gustavus Centre Library Company, in County of Trumbull. O.L., XXXII, 191, February 25, 1834. Lagrange Library Association, in the County of Lorain. O.L., XXXII, 195, February 25, 1834. Cincinnati Law Library. O.L., XXXII, 225, February 28, 1834. Springboro Library Company, in the County of Warren. O.L., XXXII, 238, March 1, 1834. Free Discussion Library of Andover, in Ashtabula County. O.L., XXXII, 265, March 1, 1834. Montville Social Library Company, in the County of Geauga. O.L., XXXIII, 38, February 3, 1835. Penfield Library Society, in Penfield Township, Lorain County. O.L., XXXIII, 38, February 3, 1835. New Lyme Young Men's Library Society. O.L., XXXIII, 117, February 24, 1835. The Milford Library Association. O.L., XXXIII, 119, February 25, 1835. Delaware Library Association, in the County of Delaware. O.L., XXXIII, 149, February 26, 1835. Roscoe Social Library Company, in the County of Coshocton. O.L., XXXIII, 149, February 26, 1835. Hinckley Social Library Company, in Hinckley Township, Medina County. APPENDIX A 171 O.L., XXXIII, 160, March 3, 1835. Darrtown Library Company, in the County of Butler. O.L., XXXIII, 197, March 5, 1835. Painesville Lyceum and Library Society. O.L., XXXIII, 305, March 7, 1835. Wellington Social Library Company, in Wellington Township, Lorain County. O.L., XXXIII, 320, March 7, 1835. Vermilion Library Company, of Huron County. O.L., XXXIII, 330, March 7, 1835. Urbana Juvenile Library. O.L., XXXIV, 25, January 5, 1836. Young Men's Mercantile Library Associa- tion of Cincinnati. O.L., XXXIV, 83, January 27, 1836. Bellville Library Company, in the County of Richland. O.L., XXXIV, 133, February 29, 1836. Highland Library Association. O.L., XXXIV, 197, March 1, 1836. Bedford Library Company, in the County of Cuyahoga. O.L., XXXIV, 383, March 10, 1836. Hopewell Library Company, in Muskingum County O.L., XXXIV, 467, March 14, 1836. Westfield Library Society, in Township of Westfield in County of Medina. O.L., XXXIV, 468, March 14, 1836. Brooklyn Library Company, in Cuyahoga County. O.L., XXXIV, 468, March 14, 1836. Greensville Library Association. O.L., XXXIV, 488, March 14, 1836. Port Washington Lyceum and Library Company, in County of Tuscarawas. O.L., XXXIV, 488, March 14, 1836. Rutland Library Association. O.L., XXXV, 47, January 10, 1837, Paris Library .Association, of Richland County. O.L,, XXXV, 53, January 23, 1837. Blendon Library Society, in the County of Franklin. O.L., XXXV, 96, February 18, 1837. North Royalton Social Library Society, in the County of Cuyahoga. O.L., XXXV, 104, February 27, 1837. Darby Creek Lyceum and Library Association, in the County of Union. O.L., XXXV, 119, March 2, 1837. Braceville Library Company, in the County of Trumbull. O.L., XXXV, 195, March 13, 1837. Monroe Lyceum of Natural History, and Library Association, in Ashtabula County. O.L., XXXV, 196, March 13, 1837. Ruggles Library Society, of Huron County. O.L., XXXV. 227, March 14, 1837. New Philadelphia Library Society. O.L., XXXV, 340, March 27, 1837. Sandusky City Lyceum and Library Asso- ciation, in the County of Huron. O.L., XXXV, 346, March 29, 1837. Parma Library Association, in Cuyahoga County. O.L., XXXV, 353, March 29, 1837. Creating an additional number of directors of the Platonic Library Society, of the County of Delaware. O.L., XXXV, 445, April 3, 1837. Amendatory. Young Men's Mercantile Library Association of Cincinnati. O.L., XXXV, 562, April 1, 1837. Resolution appointing a committee to select new works for State Library. 172 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO O.L., XXXVI, 106, February 23, 1838. Granger Library Association, in County of Medina. O.L., XXXVI, 127, February 27, 1838. Lenox Library Association, in Ashtabula County. O.L., XXXVI, 270, March 13, 1838. "Young Men's Association of the City of Toledo." Skc. 1. Funds to be used only for supporting a Lyceum and Public Library. O.L., XXXVI, 378, March 17, 1838. Painesville Library Association, in County of Geauga. O.L., XXXVII, 21, January 21, 1839. McConnelsville Library and Reading Room Association. O.L., XXXVII, 84, February 28, 1839. First Universalian Religious Library Society of Harmar. O.L., XXXVII, 126, March 7, 1839. St. Mary's Library Association, in County of Mercer. O.L., XXXVII, 144, March 9, 1839. Martinsville Silliman Institute and Library Company. O.L., XXXVII, 147, March 9, 1839. Franklin Library Association, in the County of Mercer. O.L., XXXVII, 217, March 12, 1839. Elizabethtown Circulating Library Society, in the County of Licking. O.L,, XXXVII, 219, March 12, 1839. Pcrrysburgh Lyceum and Library Associa- tion. O.L., XXXVII, 257. March 16, 1839. Worthington Literati. Sec. 1. To establish a library and lyceum. O.L., XXXVII, 263, March 16, 1839. Fredonia Social Library, in the County of Licking. O.L., XXXVII, 295, March 16, 1839. Fairfield Library Association, in the County of Huron. O.L., XXXVIII, 19, January 17, 1840. Youth's Neville Library Society. O.L., XXXVIII, 28, January 29, 1840. Marysville Library Institute. O.L., XXXVIII, 29, January 29, 1840. Oxford Library Society, in the County of Butler. O.L., XXXVIII, 36, February 3, 1840. Addison Library Association, of Cham- paign County. O.L., XXXVIII, 37, February 3, 1840. Athenian Library Society, in the County of Warren. O.L., XXXVIII, 45, February 7, 1840. Portsmouth Library Company. O.L., XXXVIII, 71, February 18, 1840. Kalida Lyceum and Library Associa- tion. O.L., XXXVIII, 111, March 9, 1840. Burlington Library Association, in the County of Lawrence. O.L., XXXVIII, 179, March 20, 1840. Twinsburg Library Association, in the County of Summit. O.L., XXXVIII, 183, March 21, 1840. Reading Mutual Improvement and Library Association, in Hamilton County. APPENDIX A 173 O.L., XXXVIII, 197, March 23, 1840. Repealing charter of Washington Social Library Company. O.L., XXXIX, 53, March 20, 1841. Franklin Library Association, of Carlisle and Elyria, in the County of Lorain. O.L., XXXIX, 54, March 20, 1841. Orange Library Association, in County of Cuyahoga. O.L., XXXIX, 103, March 27, 1841. Mayfield Circulating Library, in Town- ship of Mayfield, in County of Cuyahoga. O.L., XXXIX, 104, March 27, 1841. Franklin Library Society of Waterford, in Knox County. O.L., XL, 5, January 5, 1842. First Moral Library Association, of Williamsfield, in the County of Ashtabula. O.L., XL, 16, January 27, 1842. Chagrin Falls Mechanics' Library Association, in the County of Cuyahoga. O.L., XL, 31, February 15, 1842. Union Library Association of Richmond, in the County of Ashtabula. O.L., XL, 35, February 26, 1842. Dover Library Association, in the County of Cuyahoga. O.L., XL, 36, February 26, 1842. Donnelsvillc Library Association, in the County of Clark. O.L., XL, 85, March 5, 1842. Orwell Library and Reading Society, of Township of Orwell, Ashtabula County. O.L., XL, 113, March 7, 1842. Repealing Granville Alexandrian Society because of banking activities. O.L., XLI, 52, February 2, 1843. Badger Library Society, of Plain, in the County of Wood. O.L., XLI, 85, February 17, 1843. New Orange Library Society, of Cass, in Miami County. O.L., XLI, 91, February 28, 1843. Jefferson Library Association, of Township of Jefferson, in County of Ashtabula. O.L., XLI, 176, March 11, 1843. Mechanics' Lyceum and Library Association, of town of Warren, in County of Trumbull. O.L., XLII, 110, February 26, 1844. Champeon Library Association at Chagrin Falls, in the County of Cuyahoga. O.L., XLII, 169, March 11, 1844. Cincinnati Philosophical Library Association, in County of Hamilton. O.L., XLII, 213, March 12, 1844. Ravenna Library Association. O.L., XLIII, 58, March 6, 1845. Regulating the State Library. Sec. 1. The State Library shall be under control and management of board of commissioners consisting of Governor, Secretary of State, and State Librarian. O.L., XLIII, 61, February 3, 1845. Young Men's Book Association of West Canaan, in the County of Madison. O.L., XLIII, 64, February 3, 1845. German Library Association of Cincinnati. O.L., XLIII, 68, February 10, 1845. New Carlisle Social Library Company, in Clark County, and the Library Association of Harlem, Carroll County. O.L., XLIII, 70, February 10, 1845. Tallmadge Library Association, in County of Summit. 174 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO O.L., XLIII, 274, March 6, 1845. Miamisburg Library Association. O.L., XLIII, 311, March 8, 1845. Act for relief of creditors of Granville Alexan- drian Society. O.L., XLIII, 361, March 11, 1845. Incorporating certain literary societies: Sec. 4. Farmers' and Mechanics' Library Association of West Lodi, Seneca County. Sec. 9. German Catholic Library Association of Cincinnati. Sec. 10. Donnellsville Library Association, in Clark County. Sec. 13. Hanover Social Library Association, in Butler County. O.L., XLIII, 389, March 12, 1845. Linton Library Association, of County of Coshocton. O.L., XLVI, 149, February 18, 1848. Cleveland Library Association. O.L., XLVIII, 632, March 22, 1850. Young Men's Catholic Association of Cincinnati. Sec. 1. A library association. O.L., XLVIII, 640, March 23, 1850. Warren Library Association. O.L., XLII, 250, December 30, 1843. Resolution. Relative to the incorporation of churches, religious societies, library associations, literary societies, etc. Bills shall be referred to the standing Committee on Corporations, of the House in which presented, which committee shall be instructed to retain the same until near the close of the session of the General Assembly, when they shall report one bill for the incorporation of all such churches, and religious societies, one for the incorporation of literary societies, library associations, etc. O.L., XLII, 260, March 6, 1844. Resolution. Whereas, By resolution of the General Assembly of March 13, 1843, authorizing the Secretary of State to furnish each college, university and scientific and literary institution in this state, when called for at the office of the secretary, one copy each (of various reports). Resolved, To furnish documents in the same manner to all incorporated library associations. O.L., XLIII, 70, March 11, 1845. An act to regulate literary and other societies. Sec. 1, That from and after the passage of this act it shall be lawful for any literary, scientific. Odd Fellows or other benevolent association within this state, to elect any number of their members, not less than three, to serve as trustees and one member as clerk, who shall hold their offices during the pleasure of the society. Sec. 2. Proceedings of such election to be recorded with the county recorder. Sec. 3. Trustees shall have perpetual succession and shall possess the powers and privileges, and be subject to the restrictions imposed under the act entitled "An act to regulate incorporated literary societies," etc., passed March 7, 1831. Athenaeums, lyceums, literary societies, etc.: O.L., XXVII, 6, December 22, 1828. Zanesville Athenaeum. "Funds not to be employed for any other than literary purposes, the purchase of books, maps, charts, pamphlets and newspapers." APPENDIX A 175 O.L., XXIX, 126, February 14, 1831. Cincinnati Lyceum. Morgan Neville, named with 11 others, including Salmon P. Chase. Sec. 1. "with their associates who have united together for the purpose of promoting the diffusion of useful knowledge among all classes of the community." Sec. 3. "with power to establish such schools, classes and professor- ships, and appoint such professors, lecturers, and teachers therein as to them shall seem expedient." O.L., XXX, 229, February 13, 1832. Steubenville Athenaeum. O.L., XXXI, 58, January 29, 1833. Mount Vernon Lyceum. O.L., XXXI, 81, January 29, 1833. Cincinnati Literary Society. O.L., XXXI, 92, February 6, 1833. McConnelsville Athenaeum. O.L., XXXI, 117, February 13, 1833. Cleveland Lyceum. O.L., XXXI, 227, February 25, 1833. Urbana Athenaeum. O.L., XXXI, 234, February 25, 1833. Xenia Lyceum. O.L., XXXII, 8 December 24, 1833. Medina County Athenaeum. O.L., XXXII, 31, February 3, 1834. Young Men's Reading and Literary Society of Morgan, Ashtabula County. O.L., XXXII, 105, February 20, 1834. Springfield Lyceum. O.L., XXXII, 140, February 24, 1834. Elyria Lyceum. O.L., XXXII, 150, February 24, 1834. Guilford Lyceum. O.L., XXXII, 165, February 24, 1834. Chillicothe Lyceum and Mechanics' Institute. O.L., XXXII, 217, February 27, 1834. Zanesville Juvenile Lyceum. O.L., XXXII, 234, February 28, 1834. Circleville Athenaeum. O.L., XXXIII, 77, P'cbruary 17, 1835. Sidney Lyceum. O.L., XXXIII, 148, February 26, 1835. Gallipolis Lyceum. O.L., XXXIII, 396, March 9, 1835. Cuyahoga Falls Lyceum. O.L., XXXIII, 411, March 9, 1835. Peru (Delaware County) Lyceum. O.L., XXXIV, 190, February 29, 1836. The Wellsville Literary Institute. O.L., XXXIV, 191, March 1, 1836. Bedford Lyceum. O.L., XXXIV, 546, March 14, 1836. Brooklyn Lyceum. O.L., XXXV, 22, January 3, 1837. Putnam Lyceum. O.L., XXXV, 49, January 23, 1837. New Lisbon Lyceum. O.L., XXXV, 167, March 10, 1837. Columbus Literary and Scientific Institute. O.L., XXXV, 336, March 23, 1837. Litchfield Lyceum and Society. O.L., XXXV, 405, April 1, 1837. Stark County Lyceum. O.L., XXXVI, 39, January 26, 1838. Newark Athenaeum. O.L., XXXVI, 187, March 5, 1838. The Literary, Historical and Philosophical Society of Canton, Stark County. O.L., XXXVI, 270, March 13, 1838. Canal Dover Lyceum. O.L., XXXVII, 13, January 9, 1839. Johnstown Lyceum, Licking County. O.L., XXXVII, 18, January 11, 1839. Rockport Lyceum, Cuyahoga County, O.L., XXXVII, 168, March 12, 1839. Woodsfield Lyceum. O.L., XXXVII, 190, March 12, 1839. Conneaut Lyceum. O.L., XXXVII, 294, March 16, 1839. Malta Lyceum. O.L., XXXVIII, 6, December 23, 1839. Airington Lyceum. O.L., XXXVIII, 19, January 17, 1840. Ilarmer Lyceum. 176 HISTORY Ol- KDUCATIONAI. LEGISLATION IN OHIO O.L O.L. O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L. O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L. O.L, O.L, O.L, O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. XXXVIII, M), January 29, 1840. The Literary and Philosophical Society, SinilhfM'id, Jefforson ('oiinty. XXXVIII, 16.3, March 19, 1840. I-Vanklin Literary Society of Bcliville, Richland County. XXXIX, 7, January 26, 1841. Ridgevillc Lyceum, Lorain County. XXXIX, 9, January 28, 1841. Massillon Lyceum, Stark County. XXXIX, 27, March 11, 1841. Jamestown Literary Society. XXXIX, .S2, March 20, 1841. Columbus Literary Lyceum. XXXIX, 52, March 20, 1841. Heaver Lyceum. XXXIX, .S3, March 20, 1841. I'lankiin Institute, Portsmouth. XXXIX, 5.3, March 20, 1841. Lower Sandusky .Literary and Scientific Institute. XL, 121, March 8, 1842. Findlay Literary Lyceum. XL, 123, March 7, 1842. Wilkesville Lyceum, Gallia County. XLI, 9, January 10, 1843. Berlin Union .Society, Holmes County. XI. I, 14, January 10, 1843. Youn^ Men's Literary Association of Spring- field. XLI, 15, January 11, 1843. Defiance Literary Lyceum. XLI, 52, I'ebruary 2, 1843. Wayne Township Lyceum, Jefferson County. XLI, 86, I-'ebruary 17, 1843. Alex.indria Literary .Society. XLI, 175, March 11, 1843. Massillon Young Men's Polemic Society. XLII, 102, February 24, 1844. Erodelphian Society of Gallipolis. XLII, 112, March 4, 1844. Institute of Lower Sandusky. XLIII, 361, March 11, 1845. Newcomerstown Literary Society. Corwin Lilenuy Instil lit e, .S])ringboro, Warren County. XI.VIII, 635, March 21, 1850. Western Liberal Institute, Marietta. XLVIII, 640, March 23, 18,50. Mt. Pleasant Philomathean Society, Kingston Township, Ross County. Mechanics' institutes and lyceums: O.L., XXVII, 92, February 29, 1829. The Ohio Mechanics' Institute. Siic. 1. "for advancing the best interests of the mechanics, manufac- turers and artizans, by the more general diffusion of useful knowledge in these important clas.ses of the community." Skc. 2. May establish professorships and appoint such professors, lecturers and teachers, etc. O.L., XXXV, 339, March 27, 1837. Mechanics' Institute, Lebanon, Warren County. O.L., XXXVI, 365, March 16, 1838. First Mechanics' Lyceum of Marietta. O.L., XXXVII, 135, March 9, 1839. Dayton Mechanics' In.stitute. O.L., XXXVIII, 139, March 16, 1840. Farmers' and Mechanics' Institute, Greene Township, Hamilton County. O.L., XL, 16, January 27, 1842. Mechanics' Institute, Urbana. O.L., XL, 121, March 7, 1842. Ratavia Mechanics' Institute. O.L., XL, 122, March 7, 1842. Portsmouth Mechanics' Institute and Mechanics' Library Association. O.L., XLI, 226, March 13, 1843. Mechanics' Association of Fulton. APPENDIX A 177 College societies, fraternities, etc.: O.L., XXIX, 74, February 29, 1831. Erodclphian Society of Miami University. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. O.L. XXIX, 196, March 8, 1831. Philomathcsian Society of Kenyon College. XXXI, 65, January 31, 1833. Nu Pi Kappa .Society of Kenyon College. XXXII, 105, F^ebruary 20, 1834. Phylozetian Society of Western Reserve College. XXXII, 193, February 25, 1834. Philosophic Literary .Society of Franklin College. XXXIV, 289, March 7, 1836. Jefferson Literary Society of Franklin College. XXXIV, 381, March 10, 1836. The Calliopean Society of the Granville Literary and Theological Institution. XXXV, 3, December 19, 1836. Franklin Scientific and Rhetorical Society of Western Reserve College. XXXV, 5, December 19, 1836. Athenian Literary Society, Ohio Univer- sity. XXXVI, 15, January 5, 1838. Rush Medical Society of Willoughby University of Lake lirie. XXXVI, 186, March 5, 1838. Adelphic Society of Western Reserve College. XXXVII, 146, March 9, 1839. Philomathean Society of the Ohio Univer- sity. XXXVIII, 78, February 26, 1840. Alpha Kappa Society of Marietta College. XXXVIII, 104, March 6, 1840. Miami Society of Miami University. XXXVIII, 125, March 12, 1840. Union Literary Society of Miami Uni- versity. XXXIX, 4, December 24, 1840. Phi Delta Society of Western Reserve College. XXXFX, 44, March 20, 1841. Psi Gamma Society of Marietta College. XL, 23, February 4, 1842. Philomathean Literary Society of Monroe Academy. XL, 122, March 7, 1842. Amendatory. Philozethian Society, Western Reserve College. XLI, 30, January 19, 1843. Young Men's Franklin Society of Granville College. XLI, 125, March 7, 1843. Miami Union Literary Society of Miami Uni- versity. XLI, 220, March 13, 1843. Amendatory. Young Men's Franklin Society, to P'ranklin .Society of Granville College. XLI I, 102, February 24, 1844. Amendatory. Calliopean Society Gran- ville Literary and Theological Institution. XLI I, 102, February 24, 1844. Oberlin Young Men's Lyceum. XLII, 102, February 24, 1844. Handel Society of Western Reserve College. XLIII, 130, February 25, 1845. Hunterian .Society, Medical Department Western Reserve College. Miscellaneous organizations and societies: O.L., XX, 47, February 1, 1822. Historical Society of Ohio. 178 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO O.L., XXVI, 30, January 11, 1828. Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts. O.L., XXVIII, 179, February 22, 1830. Lancaster Harmonic Society. O.L., XXIX, 122, February 11, 1831. Amendatory. Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts. O.L., XXIX, 122, February 11, 1831. Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. O.L., XXXIII, 161, March 3, 1835. Eclectic Academy of Music, Cincinnati. O.L,, XXXIX, 50, March 20, 1841. Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts. O.L., XLI, 174, March 11, 1843. New Paris Musical Institute. O.L., XXXIV, 110, February 5, 1836. The Western Academy of Natural Sciences, Cincinnati. O.L., XXXVIII, 138, March 16, 1840. Cleveland Academy of Natural Sciences. O.L., XLII, 122, March 4, 1844. Cincinnati Astronomical Society. O.L., XLVII, 256, February 7, 1849. Ohio Institute of Natural Science, Cin- cinnati. O.L., XLI, 114, March 2, 1843. Columbian Association of Cincinnati (for dif- fusion of useful knowledge). O.L., XLVI, 228, February 22, 1848. Western Art Union. O.L., XLVII, 267, March 8, 1849. Columbus Art Union. O.L., XLVII, 268, March 8, 1849. Ohio Education Society of Evangelical Lutheran Church. O.L., XXXVI, 238, March 10, 1838. Society of United Christians, Berea (lit- erary and benevolent purposes). O.L., XXXIII, 317, March 7, 1835. Western Baptist Education Society. O.L., XLIII, 86, February 10, 1845. Ohio Baptist Education Society. O.L., XLIII, 361, March 11, 1845. Lower Sandusky Phrenological Mesmeric Institute of Sandusky County. APPENDIX B PAGE AND VOLUME INDEX TO ALL EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN THE SESSION LAWS OF OHIO FROM 1803 TO 1850 TERRITORIAL ACTS November 27, 1800, Nashee's Compilation, p. 161. An act authorizing the leasing of lands granted for the support of schools and for religious pur- poses in the County of Washington. December 7, 1800, Nashee's Compilation, p. 220. An act establishing the town of Athens in the County of Washington. January 9, 1802, Nashee's Compilation, p. 220. An act establishing a university in the town of Athens. PAGE Volume I 61 . An act to provide for the leasing of certain lands therein named. 66. An act to provide for the locating of a college township in the District of Cincinnati. 117. An act incorporating the trustees of the Erie Literary Society. 148. Resolution appointing three commissioners to appraise the two college townships. Volume II 193. An act establishing a university in the town of Athens. 297. Resolution to secure a law limiting the time in which military warrants may be satisfied in the Virginia district. Volume III 79. An act to amend an act entitled, "An act establishing a university in the town of Athens." 230. An act directing a leasing made of Section 16. 288. An act incorporating the Dayton Library Society. 321. An act to provide for the leasing of certain lands therein named. 459. Resolution appointing five trustees of the Ohio University. Volume IV 25 . An act to amend an act entitled, "An act authorizing the leasing of certain lands in the County of Washington, granted for religious purposes." 38. An act supplementary to an act entitled, "An act to amend an act entitled 'An act establishing a university in the town of Athens.' " 66. An act to incorporate the original surveyed townships. 70. An act making appropriations for the year 1806. 72. An act concerning apprentices and servants. 179 180 HISTORY Ol- KDUCATIONAI. LPXISI.ATION IN OHIO ''^'■''- VOLUMIi V 56. An act to incorporate the Society of St. John's Church in Worthington and parts adjacent. 62. An act for incorporating a library society in the town of Granville, County of Licking. 64. An act to incorporate the Cincinnati University. 85. An act to amend the several acts establishing the University of Athens. 86. An act to amend an act entitled, "An act incorporating the trustees of the Erie Literary Society." 120. An act authorizing the citizens of Cincinnati and its vicinity to raise si.v thousand dollars for certain purposes. 122. An act to incorporate the l-'irst Religious Society of Marietta. 132. Resolution concerning lands in the Virginia Military Reservation. Voi.tJMK VI 17. An act incorporating the Dayton Academy. 24. An act incorporating tiie Presbyterian .Society in Red Oak. 51 . An act to incorporate the Worthington Academy. 9() . An act authorizing the town council of Marietta to grant permanent leases of Section 16. 125. An act accepting certain lands offered by Congress for the use of Schools in the Virginia Military Tract in lieu of those heretofore appropriated. 127. An act to incorporate the New Town Library Company in the County of Hamilton. 151 . An act for the benefit of Henry Harrows. 156. An act to incorporate the trustees of the Chillicothe Academy. 1 72 . An act altering several acts establishing a university in the town of Athens. Voi-UMR VH 109. An act directing in what manner lands granted by Congress for the use of schools in the Virginia Military Tract shall be surveyed and disposed of. 165, An act supplementary to an act for leasing Sections Nos. 16 and 29 in fractional townships in the Ohio Company's Purchase. 167. An act amendatory to several acts appointing trustees to the Ohio Univer- sity and for other purposes. 184. An act to establish the Miami University. 192. An act for leasing Sections 16 and 29 in fractional townships within the Ohio Company's Purchase. 195. An act to amend an act authorizing the citizens of Cincinnati and its vicinity to raise $6,()()() for certain purposes. 219. An act for laying out and leasing Section 16 in fractional Township 4, in the Miami Purchase. VOLUMK VIII 12. An act to incorporate the Society for Propagating Gospel among the Heathen, formed by members of the Episcopal Church of the United Brethren. 26. An act to incorporate the New Lisbon Academy. 94. An act to amend an act entitled, "An act to establish the Miami Univer- sity." APPENDIX n 181 100. An act (o incorporate the orijj;inal surveyed townsliips. 141. An act to incorporate tlie Western Library Association. 197. An act to incorporate the I^oiand i.il)rary Society. 251. An act to incorporate the Washington Social Library Company. 2.S3. An act supplementary to the acts directing in wliat manner certain lands granted by Congress for the use of schools in the Virginia Military Tract shall be surveyed and disposed of. 254. An act amendatory to the above act. Voi.UMI'', IX 19. An act regulating the practice of physic and surgery. 30. An act investing the chsposition and management of lands therein men- tioned in a Board of Trustees under the title of The Trustees of the (iranville Religious and Literary Society, and for other purposes. 39. An act for the establishment of an academy at Stcubenvilic. 44. An act amending an act entitled, "An act to authorize the town council of Marietta to grant permanent leases of Section 16 in said town." 53. An act to incorporate the town of Athens. 57. An act to incorporate the (jallia Academy. 63. An act to amend the act entitled, "An act amendatory to the several acts appointing trustees to the Ohio University, and for oilier purposes." 64. An act to amend an act for the laying out and leasing Section 16 in frac- tional Township 4 in the Miami Purchase. 68. An act for the relief of David Phouts. V(M.UMi'; X 5. An act to incorporate the Wooster Library Society. 12. An act to authorize the trustees to sell and convey certain public lots in the town of Katon, Preble County, and for other purposes. 14. An act incorporating the Lebanon Library .Society. 29. An act authorizing the incorporated township N(j. 2, R. 6, to lease to William George a lot of land in .Section 16. 57. An act in addition to the act entitled, "An act to incorporate the original surveyed townships." 58. An act to incorporate a medical society. 68. An act repealing the act for the aid of Davifl Phouts. 73. An act authorizing the trustees of fractional School Section 16 in Tp. 1, of the 2nd Range, and Tp. 2 of the 3rfl Range, to grant permanently, for a mill site, a lot of land in each of said sections. 88. An act further to amend an act establishing the Miami University. 96. An act to amend the act to incorporate the town of Athens. 97. An act authorizing the trustees of the Ohio University to issue orders in certain cases, and for other purposes. 101. An act to amend an act for laying out and leasing Section 16 in fractional Township No. 4, 2n(l R. of townships in the Miami Purchase. 162. An act to aniend an act to authorize the town council of Marietta to grant permanent leases to Section 16. 182 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO PAOli 178. An act to incorporate the Platonic Library Society, Sunbury and Berkshire, Delaware (,'ounty. 198. Resolution appointing two trustees for Ohio University. Volume XI 14. An act incorporating the Circulating Library Society, Cincinnati. 27. An act to enlarge the college green of the town of Athens. 28. An act regulating the practice of physic and surgery. 51. An act incorporating the Fearing Religious Society. 61 . An act enabling the trustees of Tp. 6, R. 3, in Belmont County to make a permanent lease for part of the school land in said county. 161. An act to amend an act entitled, "An act to amend the act entitled, 'An act directing in what manner certain lands, etc., shall be disposed of.' " Volume XII 51. An act to amend an act entitled, "An act to amend the act entitled, 'Directing in what manner certain lands granted by Congress for the use of schools in the Virginia Military Tract shall be surveyed and dis- posed of.' " 55. An act to incorporate the Boardman Library Society in the County of Trumbull. 61 . An act to incorporate the Troy Library Society. 8v?. An act to amend the several acts establishing Miami University. 84. An act for the relief of John Stalker and others. 147. An act to incorporate the Euclid Library Society in the County of Cuya- hoga. 174. An act to enable the trustees of the original surveyed township No. 3, R. 8, in the County of Washington, and the trustees of the original sur- veyed township No. 6, R. 14, in C.allia County, to grant permanent leases to the school sections in said townships. Volume XIII 11. An act incorporating the Circulating Library Society, Cincinnati. 14. An act to incorporate the Village Library Society of Burton, County of Geauga. 75. An act to incorporate the Katon Library Society in the County of Preble. 106. An act to enable the township trustees in Champaign County to make a permanent lease of fractional School Section No. 16 for a mill site. 132. An act to incorporate the Cincinnati Lancaster Seminary. 166. An act to provide for granting permanent leases to certain tracts of school lands in the United States Military School lands. 285. An act to incorporate the Northern Social Library Company of Harpers- field. 288. An act to enable the inhabitants of the 3r(l Tp., R. 7, Washington County to grant ])ermancnt leases for School Section No. 16. 295. An act sujjplementary to the act entitled, "An act to incorporate the original surveyed townships." APPENDIX B 183 PAGE 302. An act to authorize the trustees of Zanesville Township to make a per- manent lease on a certain lot of school land. 305. An act to provide for the permanent leasing of Section 16, 4th Tp., Range 14, County of Gallia. 307. An act further to amend the act directing in what manner certain lands in the Virginia Military Tract shall be surveyed and disposed of. 310. An act for the relief of David Moore and others. 332. Resolution appointing four trustees for the Ohio University. 335. Resolution appointing nineteen trustees for Miami University. Volume XIV 6. An act to incorporate the Waynesville Library Company. 16. An act for granting a permanent lease for the S. E. quarter of Sec. 16, Tp. 3, R. 8, Greene County. 24. An act for granting a permanent lease to school lands in Stark County. 132. An act authorizing the trustees of the original surveyed townships of Fairfield County to grant permanent leases for reserve Section 16 within said county. 183. An act to grant permanent leases for Section 16 in the original surveyed township 2, R. 1, E. of the meridian drawn from the mouth of the Miami River. 217. An act to incorporate the Montgomery Academy. 220. An act authorizing the permanent leasing of a lot of school land in Ross County. 256. An act to incorporate the Fearing Library Society, Washington County. 263. An act to incorporate the Social Library Company of Salem, Ashtabula County. 266. An act to amend the act entitled, "An act to incorporate the Dayton Academy." 267. An act to vacate part of College Street in the town of Athens. 275. An act providing for the permanent leasing of Section 16 in Gallia County. 418. An act directing the manner of leasing the school lands within the Virginia Military Tract. 440. An act to incorporate the Tallmadge Academy, Portage County. 444. An act to provide for granting permanent leases of certain tracts of school lands in the U. S. Military Tract, Guernsey County. Volume XV 10. An act for leasing a certain part of Section 16 in the John Clcvc Symmes Purchase. 63 . An act to amend the act for granting a permanent lease of a certain Section 16 in Greene County. 107. An act to provide for the incorporation of schools and library companies. 195. An act regulating the practice of physic and surgery. 202. An act to provide for leasing certain school lands therein named (Section 16). 245. Resolution appointing a trustee for Ohio University. 184 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO PAGE Volume XVI 6. An act authorizing the leasing of a portion of Section 16 in Hamilton County to the Baptist Society for a meeting house. 16. An act for leasing a certain part of Section 16 in the County of Butler. 37. An act to authorize the drawing of a lottery for the benefit of the Ohio University. 79. An act exempting from taxation the lands belonging to the Erie Lit- erary Society. 98. An act to repeal the 1st Section of the act amending the act incorporating the Dayton Academy. 101. An act for the relief of John Jordan. 103. An act to authorize the auditor to proceed against William W. Cotgreve, Register of the Virginia Military school lands. 105 . An act to amend the act entitled, "An act to regulate the practice of physic and surgery." 109 . An act to incorporate the Florence Academy of Arts and Sciences in Huron County. 119. An act to amend the act entitled, "An act providing for the leasing of certain school lands therein named." 122. An act to prevent the sale of town lots for taxes in certain cases. 157. An act to incorporate the Union School Association of the towns of Har- persfield and Madison. 198. Resolution appointing twenty-six trustees of the Miami University. 203. Resolution appointing a Register of the Virginia Military school lands. Volume XVII 7. An act for the relief of John Twaddle. 31. An act for the relief of Jeremiah R. Munson. 35. An act for the relief of purchasers of the Virginia Military school lands. 37. An act to authorize the establishment of a medical school. 46. An act to incorporate the Cincinnati College. 92. An act to amend the act entitled, "An act to regulate the admission and practice of doctors and counsellors of law." 97. An act to incorporate the Cadiz Academy in the County of Harrison. 131. An act further to amend the several acts establishing the Miami Univer- sity. 132. An act to amend the act entitled, "An act authorizing the trustees of the original surveyed townships in the County of Fairfield to grant per- manent leases, etc." 139. An act to amend the act entitled, "An act authorizing the Auditor to pro- ceed against William W. Cotgreve." 144. An act to authorize the trustees of Tp. 2, R. 1, within the Ohio Company's Purchase in the County of Washington to make a distribution of school funds in said township. 149. An act for leasing Section 16, Tp. 15, R. 13, in Wayne County. 154. An act to amend an act entitled, "An act to incorporate the Circulating Library Company of Cincinnati." APPENDIX B 185 PAGE 155. An act to establish a college in the town of Worthington. 186. An act to incorporate the Union Academy in the County of Muskingum. 203. An act to enable the proprietors of the town of Mansfield to exchange certain donations therein contained. Volume XVIII General: 28. An act providing for the incorporation of townships. Local: 3. An act to amend an act to provide for the permanent leasing of Section 16, Tp. 4, R. 14, Gallia County. 43 . An act amending the act to establish a medical college. 45. An act further to amend the several acts establishing a university in the town of Athens. 54. An act to amend the act amending the act for granting permanent leases for a school section in Greene County. 61. An act to amend the act incorporating the Cadiz Academy. 66. An act for the relief of an orphan Indian child. 71 . An act for the relief of certain lessees of the Virginia Military school lands. 78. An act amending the act to incorporate the Union Academy. 85 . An act to incorporate the Lancaster Academy. 154. Resolution directing the agents for school lands in the U. S. Military Tract to report. 160. Resolution appointing three trustees of Ohio University. Volume XIX 28. An act regulating the practice of physic and surgery within this state. 35 . An act providing for the permanent leasing of Sections 16 and 29 of Gallia County. 51. An act providing for the regulation and support of common schools. 58. An act establishing a commercial hospital and lunatic asylum for the state of Ohio. 72. An act to provide for a revaluation of certain school lands. 75. An act for the relief of certain lessees of Section 16 in the Miami Purchase. 78. An act enabling the trustees of a certain school section in Clark County to make a permanent lease. 102. An act relative to permanent leases. 111. An act to amend an act levying a tax on land. 140. An act further to amend the several acts establishing the Miami Univer- sity. 144. An act for the relief of lessees of Section 16, Fairfield County. 144. An act to repeal the act for the benefit of an Indian orphan child. 145. An act authorizing a loan for the use of the state of Ohio. 155. An act authorizing permanent leases of a certain Section 16 in the County of Washington. 161 . An act to provide for the leasing of school lands within the U. S. Military school district. 166. An act to amend the 14th Section of the act to incorporate the original surveyed townships. 186 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO PAGE 212. Resolution appointing one trustee of the Ohio University. 212. Authorizing the State Auditor to settle the account of the Register for the Virginia Military school lands. 213. Resolution reappointing Mordecai Hartley register. Volume XX General: 6. An act to amend the act entitled, "An act relative to permanent leases," passed January 29, 1821. 49. An act to amend the act concerning the safekeeping of idiots, lunatics, etc., passed January 4, 1820. 53. An act supplementary to an act regulating the duties of county auditors and commissioners. 56. An act levying a tax on land. 84. An act supplementary to the act entitled, "An act to incorporate the original surveyed townships." Local: 10. An act granting further time to the lessees of school lands in the Virginia Military tract for the payment of arrearages in rent. 11. An act to incorporate the Academy of Alma in the town of New Athens, Harrison County. 21. An act authorizing the township trustees in Preble County to grant a permanent lease with new conditions on school lands. 27. An act to incorporate the Urbana Academy. 30. An act to incorporate the Rutland Academy in the County of Meigs. 34. An act regulating school lands in the Connecticut Western Reserve. 36. An act amending the act to incorporate the Social Library Association of Salem. 41. An act supplementary to the act allowing further time to the lessees of school lands in the Virginia Military Tract for the payment of arrearages of rent. 42, An act to authorize the inhabitants of Tp. 2, R. 8, Washington County to elect trustees for managing School Section 16 in said township. 47 . An act to incorporate the Historical Society of Ohio. 51. An act to amend the act entitled, "An act further to amend the several acts establishing the Miami University." 64. A committee report — Resolution concerning the granting of school lands. 86. Resolution authorizing the governor to appoint seven commissioners to report on a system of education for common schools. 87 . Resolution appointing two trustees of the Ohio University. Volume XXI General: 4. An act further to amend the act authorizing the establishment of a medical college. 5. An act to ascertain the number of deaf and dumb persons in this state. 26. An act levying a tax on land. APPENDIX B 187 PAGE 33. An act to authorize the surrender of certain leases, and for other purposes. Local: 5. An act repealing the act granting permanent leases for Section 16, Tp. 2, R. 1, E. 31. An act amending the act to incorporate the trustees of the Erie Literary Society. 39. An act for the relief and benefit of an orphan Indian child. Volume XXII General: 249. An act declaring what lands situated within the State of Ohio are subject to the payment of taxes. 381. An act concerning apprentices and servants. 418. An act to incorporate the original surveyed townships. Local: 14. An act to incorporate the Franklin Academy, Mansfield. 36. An act relating to the State Library. 68. An act further to amend the several acts establishing the Miami Univer- sity. 72. An act to incorporate the Norwalk Academy, Huron County. 82. An act authorizing a special leasing of the Virginia Military school lands. 104. An act to incorporate the Belmont Academy in St. Clairsville, Belmont County. 106. An act to incorporate the Milford Union School Society in Milford, Cler- mont County. 109. An act to incorporate the Jefferson School Association. 142 . An act to incorporate medical societies. 153. Resolution and memorial to Congress on the subject of school lands. 162. Resolution asking for school lands in the Western Reserve. 164. Resolution appointing trustees of the Ohio University. 186. Resolution appointing one trustee of the Ohio University. Volume XXIII General: 16. An act to amend the act incorporating medical societies, etc. 19. An act for the better regulation of the Medical College of Ohio, and mak- ing certain appropriations. 23. An act to amend the act levying a tax upon land. 25. An act for the relief of lessees of the Virginia Military school lands. 36. An act to provide for the support and better regulation of common schools. 47 . An act supplementary to several acts regulating the admission of attorneys, and for regulating the practice of physicians and surgeons. 58. An act establishing an equitable mode of levying taxes in this state. Local: 3. An act to incorporate the Elizabethtown Library Society, Hamilton County. 188 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO PAGE 10. An act to provide for the leasing of certain school lands therein mentioned. 12. An act to incorporate the Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episco- pal Church in the Diocese of Ohio. 18. An act to incorporate the Circleville Academy. 22. An act to incorporate the College of Alma in the town of New Athens. 30. An act authorizing the County Commissioners of Athens in Clermont County to perform certain duties therein named. 34. An act to provide for a valuation of certain school lands. 40. An act authorizing a revaluation of certain School Sections 16 in Gallia County. 44. An act to incorporate the Literary Society of St. Joseph's. 55 . An act to enable the trustees of Tp. 3, R. 8, Washington County, to revalue certain school lands. 65 . An act authorizing the township meeting of Marietta to vote a sum for schools. 76. An act to incorporate the Windham Library Association, Portage County 78. An act to authorize the Auditor of State to collect the amount due from William W. Cotgreve to the Virginia Military School funds. 101. An act to incorporate the Social Library of Kendal, Stark County. 106. Resolution appointing a trustee of the Ohio University. 112. Resolution appointing two trustees of the Ohio University. 114. Resolution for the purpose of ascertaining the value of school lands in this state. 116. Resolution appointing an agent for the Western Reserve school lands. 116. Resolution charging interest on the loan of the Virginia Military School Fund to a certain road fund. Volume XXIV General: 3 . An act making special appropriations. 4. An act to incorporate and establish the Medical College of Ohio. 15. An act amending the act for levying taxes. 52 . An act authorizing the trustees of the Ohio University to dispose of certain lands. 61. An act levying a tax for state purposes. 63. An act amending an act to incorporate the original surveyed townships. 78. An act further to amend the act incorporating medical societies. 79. An act making appropriations. Local: 5 . An act to incorporate the Fredericktown Library Society, Knox County. 24. An act to incorporate the Preble Library Society. 32. An act authorizing the Commissioners of Franklin County to donate certain public buildings in Franklinton to the Episcopal Seminary. 35. An act to incorporate the Bloomfield Social Library Society, Trumbull County. 36. An act to incorporate the Charity School of Kendal, Stark County. 39. An act supplementary to the act entitled, "An act to incorporate the Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church." APPENDIX B 189 PACE 49. An act to amend the act to incorporate the College of Alma. 57 . An act authorizing the County Commissioners of Clermont County to convey certain lands. 81. An act to incorporate the Social Library Society, Fairfield, Columbiana County. 85. An act to incorporate the Eldridge Library Association, Huron County. 87 . An act for the relief of James Fraizier, and others. 92. An act to incorporate the Mesopotamia Central School Society. 93 . An act to incorporate the trustees of the Western Reserve College. 122. Resolution appointing a register of the Virginia Military School Lands. 122. Resolution directing the Auditor to audit claims for interest against Wil- liam W. Cotgreve and others, to be paid out of the Virginia Military Fund if found just. 123. Resolution allowing the widow of said Cotgreve to receive rents of the house and lot which she now occupies, notwithstanding any sale which may be made by virtue of the judgment obtained by the Auditor. 123. Resolution appointing trustees of the Ohio University. 123. Resolution directing the Auditor to transfer interest on loans made for the Virginia Military School Fund to a certain road fund. 126. Resolution appointing an agent for certain school lands in the Western Reserve. Volume XXV General: 20. An act supplementary to the act to amend the act incorporating medical societies. 56. An act to provide for the sale of Section 16, granted by Congress for the use of schools. 65. An act supplementary to the act to provide for the support and better regulation of common schools. 78. An act to establish a fund for the support of common schools. 85. An act to loan the State of Ohio school money from the Virginia Military and U. S. Military Districts. 87 . An act to establish an asylum for the education of deaf and dumb persons. 103 . An act to obtain the consent of the inhabitants for the sale of school lands in the U. S. Military District, Local: 3. An act to incorporate the Dayton Library. 4. An act appointing trustees for the Miami University. 8. An act to incorporate the Franklin Library Company of Little Sandy. 18. An act to change a medical district. 24. An act for the relief of Henry Magner. 25. An act to provide for the revaluation of certain school lands in the Ohio Company's Purchase. 29. An act for the relief of certain lessees of the U. S. Military school lands. 37 . An act authorizing the revaluation of certain school lands in Guernsey County. 42. An act to incorporate the Brookfield Library Society, Morgan County. 190 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO PAGE 45. An act enabling the inhabitants of the Virginia Military District to vote on the sale of school lands. 55. An act to incorporate the Harmony Library Society, Fayette County. 56. An act to incorporate the Columbia Library Society, Lorain County. 57. An act to incorporate the Buffalo Library Society in the counties of Guernsey, Morgan and Muskingum. 62. An act to incorporate the Woodward Free Grammar School. 96. An act to incorporate the Academy of Perry County. 111. Resolution appointing a trustee of Miami University. 112. Memorial to Congress asking that a law be passed authorizing the sale of Section 29 in the Ohio Company's Purchase and the John CleveSymmes Purchase. 113. Resolution concerning a grant of land to aid in the education of the deaf and dumb persons. 114. Resolution directing the Auditor of State to procure a list of all appraise- ments of school lands in the United States Military district. 115. Petition asking for certain school lands in the Western Reserve. 118. Resolution appointing agents for school lands in the Western Reserve. 122. Resolution requiring the President and trustees of Ohio University to report annually to the General Assembly. Volume XXVI General: 4. An act to amend the act entitled, "An act to establish an asylum for the education of deaf and dumb persons." 4. An act directing the sale of sundry Sections 16. 7. An act authorizing the treasurer of Licking County to give bond. 10. An act amending the act providing for obtaining the consent of the inhabi- tants of the U. S. Military School District for the sale of lands. 23. An act providing for the sale of school lands in the Virginia Military District. 44. An act authorizing the register of the Virginia Military school lands to sell certain lots. 61. An act providing for the sale of school lands in the United States Military school district. 73. An act to loan to the State of Ohio certain school money. 80. An act to provide for granting temporary leases of certain school lands. Local: 3 . An act to incorporate the Newburgh Library Society, Cuyahoga County. 4. An act to incorporate the Liberty Library Society, Butler County. 8. An act for the relief of certain lessees. 13. An act to incorporate the Deacons of the Regular Baptist Church of Stillwater. 24. An act confirming the exchange of school lands in Bellville. 26. An act to incorporate the Hubbard Library Company, Trumbull County. 27. An act authorizing the proprietors of the town of Dresden to make changes in school lots. 28. An act to establish and incorporate the Western Eye and Ear Infirmary. APPENDIX B 191 PACE 30. An act to incorporate the Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts. 41. An act to incorporate the Union Library Society of Lexington. 47. An act authorizing the leasing of certain school lands. 54. An act to incorporate the Cincinnati Medical Academy. 67. An act to incorporate the Goshen School Association, Logan County. 78. An act authorizing a sale of the property of Cadiz Academy. 88. An act authorizing the revaluation of certain school lands. 106. An act to incorporate the Hartford Library Society, Trumbull County. 107 . An act to incorporate the Lorain County Library Society. 119. An act to incorporate the Yellow Spring Library Society, Greene County. 135. An act enabling the inhabitants of the Connecticut Western Reserve to give their consent to the sale of their school lands. 159. An act authorizing the trustees of Township 10, Harrison County, to execute new leases and revalue certain school lands. 161. An act to incorporate the Monroe Traveling and Circulating Library Society. 167. An act to incorporate the Nelson Academy. 169. An act granting aid to the trustees of the Tallmadge School for the educa- tion of deaf and dumb persons. 175. Resolution concerning a grant of school land in the Connecticut Western Reserve. 176. Resolution approving a grant of land for Kenyon College. 178. Resolution asking a grant of land for the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. 179. Resolution remitting taxes on lands belonging to Kenyon College, and to all land given to any school, academy, college, or university, or to the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. 180. Resolution appointing three appraisers of the Virginia Military school lands. 181. Resolution directing the clerks of the courts and the agents appointed to make out abstracts, etc., for the U. S. Military school lands. Volume XXVH General: 9. An act amending the act authorizing the trustees of the Ohio University to dispose of certain lands. 11. An act to regulate grocers and retailers of spirituous liquors. 32. An act to amend the act entitled, "An act to provide for the sale of Sec- tion 16." 33. An act in addition to the act entitled, "An act to incorporate and establish the City of Cincinnati, etc." 40. An act supplementary to the several acts authorizing the surrender of leases of U. S. Military school lands, and amending the act providing for the sale of said lands. 51. An act providing for the distribution of the proceeds of the Virginia Mili- tary school fund. 63. An act to provide further for the Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. 64. An act amending the act entitled, "An act for the sale of escheated lands in the Township of Gallipolis." 192 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO PAGE 73 . An act to provide for the support and better regulation of common schools. Local: 5. An act to incorporate the Social Library Company of Madison, Geauga County. 6. An act to incorporate the Zanesville Athenaeum. 9. An act authorizing the register of the U. S. Military school lands to grant certificates of purchase to certain individuals. 10. An act to amend an act incorporating the Fredericktown Library Society. 10. An act to incorporate the Social Library of Greene, Trumbull County. 14. An act to incorporate the Chester Library Association, Geauga County. 15. An act to amend an act entitled, "An act to incorporate the Gallia Academy." 17. An act for leasing certain school lands in Belmont County. 21 . ' An act to incorporate the Sunbury Library Association, Delaware County. 22. An act to create and establish a fund for the support of common schools in the County of Clermont. 26. An act for the sale of certain school lands in Wayne County. 32. An act for the relief of the purchasers of certain school lands in Lawrence County. 33 . An act to provide for the revaluation of certain school lands, Perry County. 36. An act for the relief of William Potter. 40. An act authorizing the revaluation of certain school lands therein described. 62. An act authorizing the conveyance of a certain tract of land therein des- cribed. 63. An act to incorporate the Olive Social Library Society, Morgan County. 64. An act authorizing the leasing of certain school lands in the Ohio Com- pany's Purchase. 68. An act for the relief of Henry Magner. 72. An act to incorporate the Methodist Church of Zanesville. 76. An act to amend the act incorporating the Charity School of Kendal. 88. An act authorizing the revaluation of certain school lands therein des- cribed. 90. An act authorizing the Auditor of Shelby County to sell certain Sections 16 in said county. 92. An act to incorporate the Ohio Mechanics' Institute. 95. An act to incorporate Nelson Library Society. 96. An act to incorporate the Barlow Library Society in Washington County. 99. An act to create and establish a common school fund in that part of the County of Warren composed of the Virginia Military District. 103. An act to incorporate the Granville Library, Licking County. 105 . An act to incorporate the Lyme and Ridgefield Circulating Library So- ciety, Huron County. 106. An act directing the sale of certain school Sections 16, Preble County. 112. An act authorizing the leasing of Sections 16 and 29 of the 11th Tp., R. 14. 118. An act to incorporate the Lane Seminary, Hamilton County. 127 . An act to incorporate the Madison Library Association, Hamilton County. APPENDIX B 193 PAGE 128. An act authorizing the revaluation of certain school lands in Muskingum County. 131. An act to incorporate the trustees of the Columbus Presbytery. 139. An act to incorporate the Vernon Library Society, Scioto County. 147. An act to incorporate the Education Society of Painesville, Cuyahoga County. 152. An act to incorporate the Hillsborough Academy, Highland County. 165 . An act authorizing the school directors in the Township of Fairfield, Butler County, to make a certain appropriation of money. 170. Memorial to Congress concerning school lands in the Western Reserve. 171. Resolution for the location of the deaf and dumb asylum at Columbus. 173. Resolution appointing a register of the Virginia Military school lands. 174. Resolution appointing two trustees of the Ohio University. 174. Memorial to Congress concerning a donation for the benefit of colleges and universities. 177. Resolution appointing two trustees of the Charity School of Kendal. 177. Resolution instructing the Secretary of State to have two thousand copies of the school law printed in German. 177. Resolution appointing trustees for the Medical College of Ohio. 178. Resolution for printing the school laws. 179. Resolution making certain appropriations to the Register of the Virginia Military School Lands. 180. Resolution directing the Auditor of State to transmit certain school moneys to Clermont County. Volume XXVHI General: 11. An act amending the act providing for the distribution of the Virginia Military school fund. 12. An act to incorporate the Township of Black River, Lorain County. 16. An act in addition to and further to amend the act providing for the sale of Section 16. 17. An act in addition to the act providing for the sale of school lands in the Virginia Military District. 30. An act to amend the act establishing an asylum for the education of the deaf and dumb. 35. An act further to amend the act providing for the sale of Section 16. 56. An act in addition to an act to establish a fund for the support of common schools. 57. An act to amend the act for the better support and regulation of common schools. 59. An act to amend the act to provide for the sale of certain lands granted by Congress to the State of Ohio. Local: 3. An act providing for the appointment of appraisers for the U. S. Military school lands, Guernsey County. 8. An act to incorporate the Venice Library Society, in Butler County. 10. An act for the relief of James Elder. 194 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO PAGE 18. An act to enable the inhabitants of the Western Reserve to give their consent to the sale of their school lands. 20. An act authorizing the sale of certain school lands. 21. An act authorizing the leasing of a certain school section therein named. 22. An act to incorporate the Bricksville Columbian Literary Society, Cuya- hoga County. 23. An act to incorporate the Dresden Literary Society, Muskingum County. 27. An act allowing the citizens of Rossville to appropriate certain lots for public uses. 28. An act to incorporate the First Congregational Church of Cincinnati. 46. An act to incorporate the Windsor Library Society, Ashtabula County. 52. An act authorizing the revaluation of certain school land in Gallia County. 53. An act appointing trustees for the Miami University. 55. An act authorizing the reappraisement of certain school land in Perry County. 56. An act supplementary to the act providing for distributing certain school funds in Clermont County. 57. An act to provide for the distribution of the proceeds of the Virginia Military School Funds heretofore appropriated to the County of Cler- mont. 60. An act for the relief of James McMullen. 62. An act to incorporate the Mesopotamia Library Company, Trumbull County. 70. An act to incorporate the Marietta Library. 82. An act providing for the payment of certain claims out of the United States School Fund. 88. An act to authorize the leasing of school lands therein named. 88. An act to incorporate the College of Ripley, Brown County. 92. An act to enable the Knoxville School Company, Jefferson County, to close the concerns of said company. 93. An act to incorporate the trustees of the Windham School Company. 94. An act to incorporate the First Free Church in Warren Township, Jefferson County. 102. An act to incorporate the First Lutheran Church in Ross Township, Jef- ferson County. 112. An act amending the act to provide for obtaining the consent of the United States Military District to sell their school lands. 113. An act to provide for the sale of certain school land in Belmont County. 116. An act to incorporate the High School of Elyria, Lorain County. 140. An act to incorporate the Associated Methodist Church of Springfield. 153. An act to provide for the revaluation and sale of a certain school section therein named. 153. An act to provide for the revaluation and sale of a certain tract of school land in Stark County. 157 . An act to authorize the survey of certain school lands in Fairfield County. 164 . An act to incorporate the Newbury Social Library Society, Geauga County. 165. An act to incorporate the town of Steubenville. APPENDIX B 195 PAGE 179. An act to incorporate the Lancaster Harmonic Society. 198. Resolution appointing trustees of the Charity School of Kendal. 202. Resolution appointing trustees for the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. 203. Resolution authorizing the sale of a certain Section 16 in Monroe County. 205. Resolution providing for distributing two thousand copies of the act pro- viding for the distribution of the Virginia Military School fund. 206. Resolution appointing a trustee of the Ohio University. Volume XXIX General: 161. An act for the prevention of certain immoral practices. 272. An act pointing out the mode of levying taxes. 304. An act regulating sales at auction. 313. An act for granting licenses. 414 . An act to provide for the support and better regulation of Common Schools. 423. An act to establish a fund for the support of Common Schools. 427 . An act establishing an asylum for the education of deaf and dumb persons, and repealing previous laws. 446. An act to regulate public shows. 469. An act to protect the fur trade. 477. An act for the inspection of certain articles therein named. 490. An act to incorporate the original surveyed townships. Local: 11. An act to incorporate the Dover Library Society, Athens County. 18. An act to incorporate the Ashtabula Library Association. 21. An act to incorporate the First Congregational Society of Twinsburgh. 25. An act to incorporate the Williamsburg Library Society, Clermont County. 25. An act to further amend the act providing for the distribution of the Vir- ginia Military School Fund. 26. An act authorizing the treasurer of Muskingum County to issue certificates of purchase for certain school lands. 31. An act to incorporate the First Presbyterian Society of Atwater. 41 . An act to incorporate the Social Circulating Library Association of Waverly, Pike County. 42. An act to incorporate the Bricksville Academical Association, Cuyahoga County. 43. An act to incorporate the Woodward High School of Cincinnati. 47. An act postponing the .sale of certain school lands in Columbiana County. 49. An act to incorporate the Hamilton and Rossvillc Library Society, Butler County. 50. An act to incorporate the Middleberry Library Company. 51 . An act for the relief of John M. Holly and John C. Coffing, Huron County. 57. An act to incorporate the Olmsted Library Company, Cuyahoga County. 66. An act to amend the act incorporating the Medical College of Ohio. 196 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO PACE 67. An act to incorporate the Athens Library Society, Athens County. 74. An act to incorporate the Erodelphian Society of Miami University. 81 . An act further supplementary to the several acts authorizing the surrender of leases of United States Military school lands, etc. 83 . An act to incorporate the Austinburg Social Library Association, Ashtabula County. 89. An act to incorporate the First Congregational Church in Burlington, Licking County. 90. An act authorizing the survey, appraisement and sale of all the school lands in the Connecticut Western Reserve. 100. An act to incorporate the Columbus Female Academy. 119. An act to incorporate the Wayne and Cherry Valley Union Library Asso- ciation in Ashtabula County. 121. An act directing the sale of certain school Sections 16 in Butler County. 122. An act amending the act to incorporate the Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts. 122. An act to incorporate the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. 126. An act to incorporate the Cincinnati Lyceum. 130. An act authorizing the Auditor of Pickaway County to grant certificates of purchase for certain school lands. 135. An act authorizing the Auditor of Seneca County to grant certificates of purchase for certain school lands. 137. An act to incorporate the trustees of the Ashtabula Institution of Science and Industry. 139. An act to incorporate the Delaware Academy. 142. An act repealing the final part of the 11th Section of the act to incorporate medical societies. 142. An act to incorporate the Utica Library Society, Licking County. 179. An act to incorporate the Capitol Library Society of Columbus. 184. An act for the relief of purchasers of certain school lands, Ross County. 185. An act supplementary to the act providing for the sale of school lands in the Virginia Military District. 186. An act authorizing the revaluation of a certain Section 16 Gallia County. 187. An act making further provision for the sale of Section 16 granted by Congress for the use of schools. 188. An act appointing one trustee for the Miami University. 196. An act incorporating the Philomathesian Society of Kenyon College. 202. An act to incorporate the First Congregational Church of Yellow Creek, Jefferson County. 204. An act for the relief of Hugh Porter. 207 . An act for the sale of certain school lands therein named. 210. An act to amend the act providing for the distribution of the proceeds of the Virginia Military School Fund for Clermont County. 215. An act for the relief of certain purchasers of school lands in Stark County. 229. An act to provide for the distribution of the proceeds of the Virginia Mili- tary School Fund. 235. Resolution appointing trustees for the College of Ripley. APPENDIX B 197 PAGE 235. Resolution granting certain historical documents to the Zanesville Athenaeum. 239. Resolution appointing trustees for the Ohio Deaf and Dumb Asylum. 240. Resolution authorizing the Auditor of Muskingum County to receive leases of school lands and grant certificates of purchase. 242. Resolution appointing an agent for school lands in the Western Reserve. 244. Resolution directing that all school lands sold shall be placed on the tax duplicate. 246. Resolution appropriating money for the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. 247. Resolution concerning the printing of the school laws. 249. Resolution directing several boxes of government documents to be sent to certain institutions. Volume XXX General: 4. An act to amend the act entitled, "An act to provide for the support and better regulation of Common Schools." 13. An act for the relief of certain lessees of school lands, etc. 20. An act amending the act to establish an asylum for the deaf and dumb. Local: 3. An act postponing the sale of a certain Section 16 in Columbiana County. 4. An act authorizing the trustees of a certain Section 16, Hamilton County, to divide said section. 4. An act to incorporate the Harrisville Library Association, Medina County. 30. An act to incorporate the Kinsman Academy, Trumbull County. 38. An act authorizing the Auditor of Shelby County to receive a lease and grant certificates of purchase for certain school lands. 47 . An act to incorporate the president and trustees of the Canton Academy. 60. An act to incorporate the New Paris Library Society, Preble County. 62. An act to incorporate the Farmington Academy. 64. An act to enable the lessees of certain school land in Richland County to surrender their leases, etc. 64. An act to incorporate the First Calvinistic Congregational .Society of Hudson. 84. An act appointing one trustee for the Miami University. 87. An act to incorporate the First Universalian Religious Library Society, of Marietta. 88. An act to incorporate the Granville Literary and Theological Institu- tion. 111. An act to incorporate the Ashtabula Academy, Ashtabula County. 132. An act to amend the act authorizing the survey, sale, etc., of school lands in the Western Reserve. 133. An act to incorporate the Clarksfield Library Society, Huron County. 134. An act to incorporate the Dark County Library Society. 141. An act to incorporate the Huron Institute. 157. An act to incorporate the P'irst Presbyterian Society of Middlebury. 178. An act to postpone the sale of a certain Section 16, Seneca County. 229. An act to incorporate the Steubenville Athenaeum. 198 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO PACE 230. An act to provide for the distribution of the Virginia Military School Fund. 232. An act to incorporate the Western Academic Institute and Board of Education. 234. An act to provide for the sale of certain Sections 16 in Hamilton County. 238. An act to authorize the Auditor of Guernsey County to grant certificates of purchase for certain school lands. 244. An act to incorporate the Guernsey County Library and Reading Room. 247. An act amending the act authorizing the Auditor of Seneca County to grant certificates of purchase, etc. 265 . An act for the relief of the lessees of a certain Section 16 in Morgan County. 267. An act to incorporate the Farmers' Library Company, Seneca County. 268. An act to authorize the Governor to make deeds in certain cases. 275. An act to incorporate the Library Society of London, in Madison County. 276. An act to incorporate the West Branch Library Association, in Miami County. 277. An act to incorporate the Farmers' and Mechanics' Library Society of Berkshire, Delaware County. 318. An act making appropriations. Deaf and Dumb Asylum. 324. Resolution appointing trustees for the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. 325. Resolution appointing trustees. College of Ripley. 325. Resolution appointing trustees of the Ohio University. 326. Resolution appointing a trustee for the Ohio University. 326. Resolution granting the Superintendent of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum use of the State Library. 327. Resolution appointing a Register of the Virginia school lands. 331 . Resolution appointing trustees of the Medical College of Ohio. 333. Resolution granting Caleb Atwater authority to make abstracts of certain documents. 336. Memorial to Congress concerning a grant for the use of a Deaf and Dumb Asylum. Volume XXX — Second Session Local: 8. An act making an appropriation to aid in the establishment of a Deaf and Dumb Asylum. 8. An act amending an act authorizing the survey, etc., of school lands in the Western Reserve. Volume XXXI General: 18. An act to amend the act entitled, "An act to prescribe the duties of the County Treasurer." 24. An act to amend the act establishing an Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. 24. An act supplementary to the act establishing a fund for the support of common schools. 24. An act to amend an act to provide for the support and better regulation of common schools. APPENDIX B 199 PAGE 26. An act to authorize the surrender of leases of School Section 16 in certain cases. 27. An act to repeal the act to incorporate medical societies, etc. Local: 3. An act to incorporate the First Congregational Society of Franklin, Portage County. 4. An act to incorporate the St. Mary's Female Literary Society. 5. An act making special provisions for the sale of a certain Section 16, Jef- ferson County. 10. An act to incorporate the Dane Law Library. 18. An act to incorporate the Marietta Collegiate Institute and Western Teachers' Seminary. 19. An act to incorporate the First Methodist Protestant Church of Xenia, Greene County. 28. An act to incorporate the First Presbyterian Congregation in Wellsville, Columbiana County. 31. An act to incorporate the Milford Library Association, Union County. 33. An act to amend an act to incorporate the Academy of Perry County. 52. An act to incorporate and establish the Cincinnati Orphan Asylum. 58. An act to incorporate the Mt. Vernon Lyceum. 58. An act making special provision for leasing a certain School Section 16 in Jefferson County. 62. An act authorizing the Auditor of Washington County to sell certain school lands. 63 . An act to incorporate the Cleveland Library Company. 65. An act to incorporate the Nu Pi Kappa Society. 67 . An act to incorporate the Miamisburg Union Meeting and School-House Company. 72. An act authorizing the lessees of certain school lands in Carroll County to surrender their leases, etc. 81. An act to incorporate the Cincinnati Literary Society. 81. An act to incorporate the First Congregational Society in Freedom, Portage County. 83. An act to incorporate the Farmers' and Mechanics' Library Association in Aurora, Portage County. 84. An act to authorize the Auditor of Sandusky County to sell certain land. 89. An act to incorporate the Massillon Library Society. 92. An act to incorporate the McConnelsville Athenaeum. 93. An act to authorize the Auditor of Seneca County to complete certain contracts. 94. An act to incorporate the Eden Library Association, Seneca County. 105. An act to incorporate the Franklin Library Association of Guilford, Medina County. 117. An act for the relief of Jacob Hammer. 117. An act to incorporate the Cleveland Lyceum, Cuyahoga County. 131. An act to incorporate the First Congregational or Presbyterian Church and Society of Granville, Licking County. 200 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO PAGE 132. An act to incorporate the Fitch ville Library Society, Huron County. 133. An act repealing the act to incorporate the president and trustees of the Canton Academy. 134 . An act extending the time for making payment by the purchasers of certain Virginia Military School Lands. 159. An act to incorporate the Wadsworth Library Society, Medina County. 160. An act authorizing the Auditor of Wayne County to apportion school moneys. 160. An act to incorporate the First Presbyterian Church of Mt. Leigh, Adams County. 174. An act amending the act to incorporate the trustees of Chillicothe Acad- emy. 178. An act prohibiting the sale of a certain Section 16 in Preble County. 186. An act appointing trustees for the Miami University. 187. An act providing for the sale of a certain Section 16 in Darke County. 188. An act to incorporate the Chillicothe Female Seminary. 193. An act to incorporate the Wayne County Ohio Teachers' Association. 195 . An act to incorporate the Lancaster Library Association, Fairfield County. 197 . An act to incorporate the Cincinnati Medical Society. 198 . An act to provide for the distribution of the proceeds of the United States Military School Funds. 204. An act to provide for the sale of a certain Section 16 in Wayne County. 205. An act concerning the sale of certain school lands in Preble County. 207 . An act to incorporate the Ohio Medical Lyceum in Cincinnati. 227 . An act to incorporate the Urbana Athenaeum. 234. An act to incorporate the Xenia Lyceum. 237. An act appropriating fifteen hundred dollars for the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. 238. An act relating to the Miami University lands. 248. An act concerning the sale of certain school lands in the Counties of Guernsey, Hancock and Champaign. 259. Memorial to Congress concerning a school grant in the Western Reserve. 265. Resolution appointing trustees of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. 266. Resolution concerning costs against certain delinquent lessees. 266. Resolution concerning agent of Western Reserve school lands. 267 . Resolution appointing trustees of College of Ripley. 268. Resolution appointing a register of the Virginia Military School Lands. 269. Resolution granting free tuition to an indigent student in each district in the Medical College. 272. Resolution directing the Governor to provide for an inspection of the Medical College. Volume XXXII General: 12. An act to provide for the revaluation of real property in this state. 20. An act to provide for the punishment of certain crimes therein named. APPENDIX B 201 PAGE 25. An act to provide for the support and better regulation of Common Schools. 38. An act concerning obstructing navigation, Muskingum River (fines for schools). 39 . An act further to amend the act establishing a deaf and dumb asylum. 47 . An act to provide for the inspection of salt. Local: 33. An act appointing trustees of Miami University. 76 . An act authorizing applying school funds on building, Guernsey County. 84. An act appointing a trustee of Miami University. 100. An act amending an act establishing the School Fund, Warren County. 143 . An act providing for the distribution of the School Fund of Carroll County. 168. An act authorizing the auditor to settle accounts. Section 16, Wayne County. 187. An act providing for the distribution of United States Military School Funds. 216. An act to provide a fund for the relief of widows and children of the clergy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Ohio. 427 . Making appropriations, Deaf and Dumb Asylum. ACTS INCORPORATING EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS Medina County Athenaeum, 8; Medina County Medical Lyceum, 9; Rome Library Company, 16; Young Men's Reading and Literary Society in Morgan, Ashtabula County, 31; German Lutheran Seminary, 46; Richfield Social Library, 51; Baptist Convention of Ohio, 63; (amendatory) Norwalk Academy, 85; Springfield Lyceum, 105; Phylozetian Society, Western Reserve College, 105; Akron Lyceum and Library Association, Portage County, 122; Elyria Lyceum, 140; Harmony Library Company, Muskingum County, 150; Guilford Lyceum, Medina County, 150; Chillicothe Lyceum and Mechanics' Institute, 165; Ravenna Academy, 177; Gustavus Center Library Company, Trumbull County, 177; Lagrange Library Association, Lorain County, 191; Philosophic Literary Society, Franklin College, 193; Cincinnati Law Library, 195; (amendatory) Granville Literary and Theological Institution, 215; Zanesville Juvenile Lyceum, 217; The Teachers' Institute, 217; Union Academy, Wayne County, 223; Spring- boro Library Company, Warren County, 225; Oberlin Collegiate Institute, 226; Circleville Athenaeum, 234; Vinton Academy, Gallia County, 234; Free Discussion Library, Andover, Ashtabula County, 238; Montville Social Library Company, Geauga County, 265; Springfield High School, 270; Female Academy, Mt. Vernon, 333; Willoughby University of Lake Erie, 376; (amendatory) The Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 380. ACTS CONCERNING CHURCH AND RELIGIOUS INCORPORATIONS MENTIONING EDUCATIONAL FUNCTIONS Presbyterian Church, Long Run, Columbiana County, 31; Free Will Baptist Church, Conneaut, Ashtabula County, 64; First Baptist Church Society, Ashtabula, Ashtabula County, 161; Mt. Zion M. E. Church, Clark County, 167; Presbyterian Church, Steubenville, 194; Baptist Church and Society, Conneaut, Ashtabula County, 329. 202 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO ACTS CONCERNING THE SELLING OR LEASING OF SCHOOL LANDS Guernsey County, 30; Virginia Military School Lands, 42; Huron County, 43; Jefferson County, 53; Hamilton County, 88; Columbiana County, 95; Butler County, 162; Athens County, 184; Allen County, 189; Tuscarawas County, 193; Washington County, 214; Stark County, 233; Sandusky County, 325. CITY AND TOWN ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOLS 46. (Amendatory). Town of Chillicothe; (amendatory) town of Fulton, 116; City of Cincinnati (Sections 29 to 36), 244. Resolutions concerning: Trustees, Charity School of Kendal, 435; trustees, Ohio University, 436; distributing school laws, 450; public lands for education, 452; trustees, Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 453; West Point Military Academy, 456. Volume XXXIII General acts: (Amendatory). The method of levying taxes, 48; incorporation of town- ships, 49. Local acts: (Amendatory). Distribution of Urited States Military School Funds, 15; appointing trustee of the Miami University, 33; distribution of interest of Western Reserve School Fund, 394; appropriation for the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 435. ACTS CONCERNING INCORPORATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS Stephen Strong's Manual Labor Seminary, 5; Richmond Classical Institute, Jefferson County, 21; (amendatory) Woodward High School, Cincinnati, 23; Penfield Library Society, Lorain County, 38; New Lyme Young Men's Library Society, 38; Kingsville High School, Ashtabula County, 48; Conneaut Academy, 51; Marietta College, 53; Sidney Lyceum, 77; renaming the Ashtabula Institute of Science and Industry, Grand River Institute, 79; Windham Academy, 87; Granville Female Seminary, 87; Fellenburgh Institute, Medina County, 112; Milford Library Association, 117; (amendatory) Education Society, Painesville, 118; Delaware Library Association, 119; Gallipolis Lyceum, 148; Roscoe Social Library, Coshocton County, 149; Hinckley Social Library Company, Medina County, 149; Western Female Seminary, Mansfield, 153; Darrtown Library Company, Butler County, 160; Eclectic Academy of Music, Cincinnati, 161; Wadsworth Academy, 190; Painesville Lyceum and Library Society, 197; Aca- demic Institution of Richfield, Medina County, 199; (amendatory) Miami Uni- versity, 298; Hamilton and Rossville Female Academy, 305; Wellington Social Library Company, 305; Western Baptist Education Society, 317; Vermilion Library Company, Huron County, 320; Circleville Female Seminary, 321; Bishop's Fraternal Calvanistic [sic] Baptist Seminary, 328; Urbana Juvenile Library, 330; (amendatory) Springfield High School, 341; Cuyahoga Lyceum, 396; Peru Lyceum, 411. APPENDIX B 203 ACTS CONCERNING CHURCH AND RELIGIOUS INCORPORATIONS MENTIONING EDUCATIONAL FUNCTIONS Associated Congregation of West Union, Columbiana County, 3; First Presbyterian Society, Ashtabula, 7; Wardens and Vestrymen of the Parish of St. Peter's Church, Rome, Ashtabula County, 80; First Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn, Cuyahoga County, 114; First Regular Baptist Church of Christ, Frankfort, Ross County, 127; First Congregational Society, Litchfield, Medina County, 181; M. E. Church and Society, Ashtabula County, 184; First Pres- byterian Society, Wadsworth, Medina County, 198; Union Presbyterian Church, Bloom Township, Seneca County, 212; First Congregational Society, Harrisville, Medina County, 218; First Presbyterian Congregation of Olivesburgh, Richland County, 251; First Baptist Church, Norwalk, Huron County, 253; First Congre- gational Society, Solon, Cuyahoga County, 256; First Congregational Society, Strongville, Cuyahoga County, 301; Immanuel Church, New Philadelphia, 322; Regular Baptist Church, Wooster, Wayne County, 339; First Congregational Society, Munson, Geauga County, 342; First Presbyterian Church, Jefferson, Franklin County, 346; First Baptist Church, Cherry Valley, Ashtabula County, 348; First Congregational Church, Vermilion, Huron County, 365; First Con- gregational Society, Kirtland, Geauga County, 374; First Universalist Society, Scipio, Seneca County, 401. ACTS CONCERNING THE SELLING OR LEASING OF SCHOOL LANDS Relief of Sylvester Pearson, Athens County, 13; (extending time of payment) Richland and Logan Counties, 34; (extending time of payment) Western Reserve, 35; Allen County, 57; Butler County, 78; relief of purchasers in certain cases, 91; (extending time of payment) Butler County, 115; Western Reserve (to vote on sale) 128; W^ayne County, 150; Seneca County, 178; Wood County, 206; Colum- biana County, 214; Wood County, 302; Crawford County, 344; Harrison County, 370; Allen County, 382; (extending time of payment) Richland County, 387. Resolutions concerning: Trustees, Charity School of Kendal, 438; Trustees, Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 448; to ascertain the number of blind, 453; Trustees, Ohio Medical College, 458; Trustees, Ohio Medical College, 464. Volume XXXIV General: Law to incorporate religious societies, 17; providing for the support of Com- mon Schools, 19; making appropriations (Deaf and Dumb Asylum), 39. Local: Authorizing the use of township money for Common Schools (Darke County) 446; (amendatory) distribution of Virginia Military School Fund, 469; appointing trustees, Miami University, 528; making an appropriation to Franklin College, 610. ACTS CONCERNING INCORPORATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS Universal School of Massillon, 6; Young Men's Mercantile Library Associa- tion, Cincinnati, 25; (amendatory) Woodward High School, Cincinnati, 27; 204 HISTORY ()!• i:Dn(ATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Bellville Library Company, Kichlaiid ("ounly, 83; Western At.idcMiy of Natural Sciences, 110; Ili^Iiland Library Association, 133; Wellsville Literary Institute, 190; Putnam Classical Institute, 190; Bedford Lyceum, 191; Bedford Library Company, Cuyahofja County, 197; (amendatory) Nelson Academy, 222; Seneca County Academy, 242; Madison Liberal Instituti;, 242; Jefferson Literary Society, Franklin College, 2H9; ('allioi)ean Society, (iranville Literary Institution, 381; Hopewell Library Company, 383; Wooster Academy, 386; North Union School Association, Carroll County, 402; Shaw Academy, Cuyahoga County, 408; Rome Academical Company, Ashtabula County, 411; Academy of Sylvania, 458; Granville Academy, 460; Westfield Library Society, Medina County, 467; Brooklyn Library Company, C^iyaho^a C'ounty, 468; Greensville Library Associa- tion, 468; Port Washington Library and Lyceum Company, Tuscarawas C!ounty, 488; Rutland Library Association, 488; Sharon Academy, Medina County, 514; Mclntire Poor School, Zanesville, 514; Medina Academy, 545; Brooklyn Lyceum, Cuyahoga County, 546; Cleves Imlcpcudent School, Ilamillou County, 547. ACTS CONCKKNING CHUKCH AND UELIGIOUS INCOKI'OKATIONS MICNTIONING EDUCATIONAL FUNCTIONS Associated Reform Church, Piqua, Miami County, 7; M. K. Church, Can- ton, Stark County, 11; hirst Con^jrcKational Church, Rome, Ashtabula County, 28; Presbyterian Church, Monroeville, JelTerson County, 43; German Reform Church, Dayton, Montgomery County, 45; First Methodist Society, Sandusky, Huron County, 47; Wardens and Vestrymen of Grace Church, Huron County, 51; Protestant Episcopal Church, Bellevue, Huron County, 53; First Congregational Society, Lagrange, Lorain County, 79; Lutheran and German Reform C'hurch, New Rimiley, Harrison County, 82; First Congregational Society, Concord, (ieauga County, 95; Cheviot Presbyterian Church, Hamilton County, 98; German Reform Church, Greene ('ounty, 119; Presbyterian Congre- gation, Carrolton, 182; M. K. Church, Wellsville, Columbiana County, 193; h'irst Presbyterian Church, Lower Sandusky, Sandusky County, 246; First Presby- terian Church, Knoxville, Jefferson County, 248; First Presbyterian Church, Norwalk, Huron County, 290; First Presbyterian Church, New Lisbon, 292; hirst Presbyterian (Miurch, Olive Township, Morgan County, 293; Akron and Middlebury Bajitist Church, 390; Imcc Will Ba|)tist Society, Ashtabula County, 478; Presbyterian Church, Hebron, Licking County, 483; hirst h^piscopal Church, Maumee City, Lucas County, 486; Wardens and Vestrymen, St. Paul's Church, Norwalk, 513; Second Baptist Church and Society, Geauga County, 524; {-"irst Baptist Chun h, Madison, Geauga Comity, 555; h'irst Baptist Church, Massillon, 587. ACTS CONCICKNING TIIK StCM.ING OK LKASINi; OK SCIlOOl, LANDS (Amendatory) Virginia Military District, 13; Carroll County, 16; Richland County, 72; Seneca County, 91; Jackson County, 118; Ohio Company's Pur- chase, 121; (extending the time of payment) Butler County, 128; Wayne Co unty, 130; Butler (bounty, 134; Seneca County, 134; Relief of Charles Stewardi 144; twelve mile reserve, 152; Crawford County, 218; Guernsey County, 312; Carroll County, 313; (extending the time of payment) Richland Comity, 373; Crawford County, 400; (extending the time of payment) Logan County, 447; (extending APPENDIX B 205 the time of payment) Richland County, 447; Ohio Company's Purchase, 523; Gallia County, 589. CITY AND TOWN ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOLS City of Ohio, Section 29, 226; City of Cleveland, Sections 19 to 29, 271; Town of Akron, Section 7, 433. Resolutions concerning: Register, Virginia Military School Lands, 639; report of Ohio University, 643; trustees, Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 643; distribution of school laws, 647; Committer on luluca(ioi) of Blind, (AH; trustees, College of Ripley, 649; School District Manual, 654; information on European school systems, 654; a deaf and dumb student, 662. Volume XXXV General: Declaring valid certain leases, 63; creating the office of Superintendent of Common Schools, 82; providing for a geological survey, 84; providing for distri- bution of the state's share of U. S. surplus, 97; to punish trespassers on public lands. 111 ; appropriations Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 113; provision for instruction of the blind, 1 16; receiving foreign pupils in Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 118; levying a tax for state purposes, 121. Local: Increasing the number of trustees and visitors of Common Schools, Cincin- nati, 141; appointing a trustee of the Miami University, 152; authorizing direc- tors to levy a tax for building purposes, Butler and Geauga Counties, 243, ACTS CONCERNING INCORPORATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS Franklin Scientific and Rhetorical Society, Western Reserve College, 3; Springborough School Company, Warren County, 3; Athenian Literary Society, Ohio University, 5; German Reformed Synod of Ohio, 9; Middleburg High School, Portage County, 20; Putnam Lyceum, Muskingum County, 22; Paris Library Association, Richland County, 47; New Lisbon Lyceum, 49; Blendon Library Society, PVanklin County, 53; St. Clairsville Collegiate Seminary, 55; North Royalton Social Library Society, Cuyahoga County, 96; Darby Creek Lyceum and Library Association, Union County, 104; (amendatory) St. Clairsville Female Collegiate Seminary, 108; Braceville Library Company, 119; Warren Academy, Trumbull County, 133; Sheffield Manual Labor Institute, 139; Columbus Literary and Scientific Institute, 167; Neville Institute, Columbiana County, 185; New Hagarstown Academy, Carroll County, 193; Monroe Lyceum of Natural History and Library Association, Ashtabula County, 195; Ruggles Library Society, Huron County, 196; Stark County Orphans' Institute, 201; New Philadelphia Library Society, 227; Berea Seminary, Cuyahoga County, 230; (amendatory) North Union School Association, Carroll County, 247; Philomathean Literary Institute, Antrim, Guernsey County, 262; Muskingum College, 272; (amendatory) Miami University, 303; Litchfield Lyceum and Society, Medina County, 336; Mechanics' 206 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Institute, Lebanon, Warren County, 339; Sandusky City Lyceum and Library Society, Huron County, 340; Monroe Seminary, Monroe County, 342; Parma Library Association, Cuyahoga County, 346; Baptist Literary and Collegiate Institute, Huron County, 347; (amendatory) Platonic Library Society, Delaware County, 353; Wesleyan Collegiate Institute, 378; Troy Academy, Miami County, 380; Stark County Lyceum, 405; New Philadelphia Academy, 406; Teachers' Institute, Licking County, 417; Massillon Academy, 425; (amendatory) Young Men's Library Association, Cincinnati, 445; Cleveland Female Seminary, 511; Cleveland Female Orphan Asylum, 513. ACTS CONCERNING THE SELLING AND LEASING OF SCHOOL LANDS (Extending time of payment) Virginia Military school lands, 10; Ohio Company's Purchase, 14; relief of John Feller, Fairfield County, 58; Muskingum County, 170; (repealing) relief of John Feller, 175; Monroe County, 184; Putnam County, 207; Crawford County, 221; Hamilton County, 224; Miami County, 229; (extending time of payment) Logan County, 230; (extending time of pay- ment) Butler County, 242; Carroll County, 243; Wood County, 247; Monroe County, 261; Darke County, 265; Washington, Meigs and Gallia Counties, 267; Crawford County, 275; Jefferson County, 290; Wood County, 297; Crawford County, 319; Wood County, 321; Ohio Company's Purchase, 352; Hardin County, 437; (amendatory) selling of Section 16, 446. CITY AND TOWN ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOLS City of Toledo, Section 29, 32. Resolutions concerning: Athens College (requiring reports), 543; trustees. Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 558; Dr. Howe's Report, education of the blind, 559; appropriation, State Super- intendent of Common Schools, 560; State Library, 562; trustees, Ohio Institu- tion for the Blind, 566. Volume XXXVI General: For the support of Common Schools, 21; for the relief of the Medical College of Ohio, 37; making further provision for the Institution of the Blind, 49; amend- ing the act for the sale of Section 16, 63; an act relating to information in the nature of Quo Warranto (fines for schools), 68; authorizing County Auditors to permit certain school districts to receive their portion of school funds, 73; (amen- datory) distribution of the surplus revenue, 79; levying a tax for state and school purposes, 85; regulating office of County Auditors (school duties), 90; appropria- tions, State Library, Deaf and Dumb Asylum, Professor Stowe's Report, and Superintendent of Common Schools, 92. Local: Authorizing certain school districts to borrow money for schoolhouses. Stark County, 164; authorizing the sale of public square, Winchester, Adams County(to erect school-house), 198; authorizing a loan to Ohio University, 204; for the relief of the town of Dover, Tuscarawas County, 211; authorizing a school district in Stark County to borrow money (building), 227; appointing trustees Miami University, 269. APPENDIX B 207 ACTS CONCERNING INCORPORATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS Rush Medical Society' of Willoughby University of Lake Erie, 15; (amen- datory) Lane Seminary, 22; Theological Seminary of the Associated Reform Synod of the West, 34; Newark Athenaeum, 39; Akron High School, Portage County, 52; Cambridge Academy, Guernsey County, 98; Massillon Female Seminary, Stark County, 98; Granger Library Association, Medina County, 106; High Falls Primary Institute, Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga and Geauga Counties, 107; Lenox Library Association, 127; Western Reserve Wesleyan Seminary, 157; Edinburgh Academy, 159; Columbus Female Benevolent Society, 185; Adelphic Society, Western Reserve College, 186; Literary, Historical and Philosophical Society, Canton, Stark County, 187; Wayne Academy, 190; Logan College, 203; Emigrants' Friends Society, Section 2, Cincinnati, 208; Norwalk Female Semin- ary, 210; Chester Academy, Geauga County, 223; Eaton Academy, Preble County, 231; Sandusky Academy, Huron County, 235; Canal Dover Lyceum, Tuscarawas County, 270; Young Men's Association, Toledo, 270; Union Acad- emy, Union County, 287; Dover Academy, Tuscarawas County, 317; Lebanon Medical Society, 347; Marion Academy, Marion County, 362; First Mechanics Lyceum, Marietta, Washington County, 365; Newark Association for the Pro- motion of Education, 371; Painesville Library Association, Geauga County, 378. ACTS CONCERNING CHURCH AND RELIGIOUS INCORPORATIONS MENTIONING EDUCATIONAL FUNCTIONS Society of United Christians, Berea, Cuyahoga County, 238. ACTS CONCERNING THE SELLING AND LEASING OF SCHOOL LANDS Monroe County, 38; (extending time of payment) Warren County, 49; Richland County, 50. CITY AND TOWN ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOLS (Amendatory) town of Fulton (Section 2), 199; (amendatory) City of Cin- cinnati (Section 6), 241; City of Chillicothe (Section 30), 274; (amendatory) Town of Portsmouth (Sections 14 to 23), 329. Resolutions concerning: State Superintendent of Common Schools, 399; Trustees, Medical College of Ohio, 402; Professor Stowe's Report (Elementary Public Education in Europe), 402; Members of the Geological Corps, 403; Geological Survey, 404; Professor Stowe's Report, 404; appropriating five hundred dollars. Professor Stowe, 404; trustees, Charity School of Kendal, 404; trustees, Ohio Institution for the Blind, 408; trustees, Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 409; Common School Reports and C. E. Stowe's Report, 410; appointing Superintendent of Common Schools, 411; school tax on colored people, 412; school lands in land acquired from Indians, 413; Report of Superintendent of Common Schools, 415; concerning a state University for teachers, 418. 208 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Volume XXXVII General: To regulate incorporated literary societies, 49; (amendatory) for the regula- tion of Common Schools, 61; authorizing the Canal Fund Commissioners to borrow money, 68; making appropriations of various items concerning education, 71; for the relief of holders of leases of Section 16, 78. Local: Authorizing school trustees to borrow money, Gallipolis, 20; (amendatory) trustees of Windham School Fund, 50; organizing Hamilton, Butler County, into two school districts, 51; authorizing Chillicothe to borrow money (school purposes), 64; concerning medical and surgical supervision of the Commercial Hospital of Ohio, 71; authorizing Troy and Miami Counties to borrow money, school building, 136; to remit a building tax, Ashtabula County, 224; to levy a school tax, 235; appointing trustees, Ohio University, 277; authorizing Wooster to borrow money (school purposes), 283; dividing Akron into two school districts, 385. ACTS CONCKKNING INCORPORATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS Bigelow High School, Xenia, 6; Johnstown Lyceum, Licking County, 13; Rockport Lyceum, Cuyahoga County, 18; McConnelsville Library and Reading Room Association, 21; Marlinsburg Academy, Knox County, 30; Blendon Young Men's Seminary, 43; Ashland Academy, Richland County, 44; Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary, 79; Oxford Female Academy, 80; First Universalian Relig- ious Library Society, Harmar, 84; Asbury Seminary, Chagrin Falls, 109; St. Mary's Library Association, 126; Dayton Mechanics' Institute, 135; Worthington Female Seminary, 141; Martinsville Silliman Institute and Library Company, 144; Philomathean Society, Ohio University, 146; Franklin Library Association, 147; Universalist Institute, Ohio City, 155; Parkman Academy, Geauga County, 156; Monroe Academical Association, Monroe County, 166; Woodsficid Lyceum, 168; Ilarveysburg High School Company, Warren County, 169; Barnesville Male Academy, 172; Conncaut Lyceum, 190; Literary and Botanico Medical College of the State of Ohio, 208; Klizabethtown Circulating Library Company, Licking County, 217; Perrysburgh Lyceum and Library Association, 219; Brook- lyn (\Mitre Academy, 222; Auglaize Seminary, 254; Lithopolis Academy, 255; Worthington Literati, 257; Meigs County High School and Teachers' Institute, 257; Mt. Pleasant Boarding School, 262; Fredonia Social Library, Licking County, 263; Cuyahoga Falls Institute, 282; Ravenna Female Seminary, 291; Malta Lyceum, 294; Fairfield Library Association, Huron County, 295; Philomathean Literary Institute changed to Madison College, Guernsey County, 308; New Hagerstown l'\Miiale Seminary, 344; (supplementary) Theological Seminary Protestant b^piscopal Church, 353. ACTS CONCERNING THE SICLLING AND LEASING OF SCHOOL LANDS (Extending time of payment) Butler County, 10; Columbiana County, 39; Jefferson County, 88; (relief of John Wolfe) Montgomery County, 130; Hocking County, 140; Cirecnc County, 170; Jackson County, 198; (extending time of pay- ment) Holmes County, 260; (relief of two lessees) Clark County, 315; Jefferson County, 387. AIMMCNDIX li 209 CITY AND TOWN ACTS CONCKKNIN(; SCHOOLS Support and l)cttcr regulation of pul)lic schools, /..mcsvillc, 1')1; (aimiida- tory) City of Cincinnati, Section 6, 297. Resolutions concerning: Report of tlie Siiperinlendent of Common Sdiools, .S94; trustees. College of Ripley, 395; trustees, Blind Asylum, 4().i; Miami University, 40,^; register, Vir- ginia Military District School Lands, 404; (exemption from liiitioii) (wo deaf and duml) students, 405; trustees, Deaf and Duml) Asylum, 414. VOLUMK XXXVIII General: Levying taxes. Section 1,3; an act concerning indosures (fines for schools), 4; inspection of salt (fines for schools), 23; (amendatory) an act for the punish- ment of certain ofTences, 57; (amendatory) incorporating townships, 58; (ameufla- tory) sale of Section 16, 61; (amendatory) sale of school lands. United States Military School District, 62; (amendatory) levying taxes. Section 1, 81; (extend- ing time of payment) purchasers of school lands, 83; abolishing the oflice of Superintendent of Common Schools, 130; making apjjroprial ions (various edu- cational items), 144. Local: Appointing trustees, Miami University, 96; (amendatory) regulating the fur trade (fees for schools), 129; to establish a school district, Warren Comity, 145; (amendatory) to establish a school fund in Warren County, 149. ACTS CONCliRNING INCOKPOKATION OK I.DUCATIONAL AND I.ITICKAKY INSTITUTIONS Airitigton Lyceum, 6; Ilarmer Lyceum, 19; Youth's Neville Lii)rary Society, 19; Marysville Library Institute, 28; Oxford Lil)rary .Society, Mutli-r County, 29; Bascom Seminary of Waynesburg, Stark County, 29; Literary and Philosophical Society, Smithfield, Jefferson County, 30; Addison Library Association, Cham- paign County, 36; Athenian Library Society, Warren County, 37; Portsmouth Library Company, 45; Kalida Lyceum, 71; Alpha Kappa Society, Marietta College, 78; (repealing) Stark County Or|)hans' Institute, 87; Miami Society, 104; Hurlington Libniry Association, Lawrence County, 111; Union Literary Society, Miami University, 125; Creenfield Institute, Huron County, 127; Streets- borough I ligh .School, 127; Cleveland A(ad(;my of Natural Sciences, 138; l'"armers' and Mechanics' Institute, Hamilton County, 139; Willoughi)y l'"cmale Academy, 155; Protestant Methodist Academy of Brighton, 155; I'ranklin Literary .Soc:iety, Bellville, Richland County, 163; (amendatory) establishing a college in Worthing- ton, 174; Twinsburg Library Association, 179; Reading Mutual Improvement and Library Association, Hamilton County, 183; American Lyceum of Education, Cincinnati, 192; (repealing) Washington Social Library Company, 197. ACTS CONCKRNING THE SELLING AND LEASING OF SCHOOL LANDS Steubenville land district, 14; Lawrence County, 42; relief of lessee, Harrison County, 62; Preble County, 66; Washington County, 77; Knox County, Kl; Greene County, 96; Lucas County, 97; (relief of Timothy livarls) Richland 210 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO County, 107; Williams County, 109; Allen County, 125; Columbiana County, 131; Scioto County, 132; Delaware County 133; Athens County, 143; Shelby County, 144; Akron School District, 145; (relief of two lessees) Washington County, 160; Tuscarawas County (Moravian school lands), 164; Lucas County, 177; (relief of lessees) Stark County, 178; Columbiana and Carroll Counties, 180; (amendatory) Ohio University lands, 183; (relief of David Holbrook) Morgan County, 195; Meigs County, 211. CITY AND TOWN ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOLS City of Cincinnati, Sections 9 to 12, 157. Resolutions concerning: Use of State Library, 217; deaf and dumb student, 217; interest on school funds, 220; report of Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 224; admission of certain indigent students to Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 233; trustees. Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 243; trustees, Ohio University, 244; trustee, Ohio Institution for Instruction of Blind, 246. Volume XXXIX General: Extending time for payment to purchasers of school lands in this state, 25; making appropriations (various educational items), 29; (amendatory) for the prevention of certain immoral practices, 33; (amendatory) providing for the distribution of this state's proportion of the surplus revenue, 41; an act declara- tory of the law in certain cases, and to prohibit the appraisers of land from pur- chasing same, 42; (amendatory) an act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools, 44. Local: Appointing trustees of the Miami University, 122; authorizing the trustees of Zanesville Township to lay off in school districts the part of the township not included in the limits of Zanesville, 128; to form a new school district, Franklin County, 177; to form a new school district, Troy Township, Richland County, 178. ACTS CONCERNING INCORPORATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS The Phi Delta Society of Western Reserve College, 4; The Ridgeville Lyceum, Lorain County, 7; Massillon Lyceum, Stark County, 9; The Cincinnati New Jerusalem Church School Association, 11; Jamestown Literary Society, Greene County, 27; Psi Gamma Society, Marietta College, 44; Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts, 50; Edinburgh Academy, Wayne County, 51; Columbus Literary Ly- ceum, 52; Beaver Lyceum, 52; Franklin Institute of the Town of Portsmouth, 52; Lower Sandusky Literary and Scientific Institute, 53; Franklin Library Associa- tion of Carlisle and Elyria, Lorain County, 53; Orange Library Association, Cuyahoga County, 54; Burlington Academy, Lawrence County, 62; Athens Fe- male Academy, 65; Berkshire Education Society, Delaware County, 103; Mayfield Circulating Library, Cuyahoga County, 103; Franklin Library Society, Water- ford, Knox County, 104; (amendatory) Berea Seminary, Cuyahoga County, 104; Canton Male Seminary, Stark County, 125; Middletown Academy, Butler County, 134; Gustavus Academy, Trumbull County, 134; Kinsman Academy, Trumbull County, 134; Literary and Botanico Medical College, 161. APPENDIX B 211 ACTS CONCERNING CHURCH AND RELIGIOUS INCORPORATIONS MENTIONING EDUCATIONAL FUNCTIONS (Amendatory) Incorporating the Wardens and Vestrymen of Grace Church in Sandusky City, 160. ACTS CONCERNING THE SALE AND LEASING OF SCHOOL LANDS (Amendatory) Allen County, 5; (relief of Hartman Bower) Sandusky County, 6; Stark County, 13; Sandusky County, 18; Darke County, 20; Columbiana County, 45; Hancock County, 73; Knox County, 85; Mercer County, 89; Wil- liams County, 93; Sandusky County, 116; Ohio Company's Purchase, 129; Marion County, 166; Lucas County, 168; Wood County, 170; United States Reserve of Lucas County, 171; United States Reserve of Lucas County, 173. CITY AND TOWN ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOLS To regulate Common Schools in the town of Marietta, 22; incorporating and establishing the city of Dayton (Sections 29 to 33), 135. Resolutions concerning: Trustees, Neville Institute, 183; trustees. Medical College of Ohio, 184; use of State Library, 185; trustee, Ohio Institute for the Blind, 186; trustee, Ohio University, 186; trustees. Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 190; deed for school land, 191; education of certain blind persons, 195. Volume XL General: (Amendatory) for the support and better regulation of Common Schools, etc., 49; making appropriations (various school items), 59. Local: Authorizing a school district in Muskingum County to sell a part of school- house lot, 24; to alter certain school districts, Bucyrus, Crawford County, 37; authorizing the levy of an additional tax. School District No. 2, Rome Township, Ashtabula County, 48; for the relief of the Fund Commissioners of Clermont County, 69; (amendatory) authorizing trustees of Troy Township to lay off a school district, 89; for the relief of the Mayor, Recorder and Trustees of Dresden, Muskingum County, 97; authorizing the sale of the public square in Jacksonville, Adams County (funds for school use), 103; making special appropriations in favor of Shelby, Cuyahoga and Lawrence Counties, 182. ACTS CONCERNING INCORPORATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS First Moral Library Association of Williamsfield, Ashtabula County, 5; Chagrin Falls Mechanics Library Association, Cuyahoga County, 16; Mechanics Institute, Urbana, 16; Philomathean Literary Society, Monroe Academy, 23; Union Library Association, Ashtabula County, 31; Dover Library Association, Cuyahoga County, 35; Donnelsville Library Association, Clark County, 36; (amendatory) Protestant Methodist Academy in the Village of Brighton, Cuya- 212 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO hoga County, 59; Trustees of the Central College of Ohio, 77; Iviton Medical Society, 83; St. Xavier College, 84; Orwell Library and Reading Society, Ashta- bula County, 85; Pine Grove Academy, Porter, Gallia County, 86; (amendatory) Urbana Academy, 88; (amendatory) Wesleyan University, 111; (repealing) Granville Alexandria Society, 113; Ohio Conference High School, Springfield, Clark County, 114; Canaan Union Academy, 116; Tallmadge Academical Insti- tute, 117; Hath High School, Hath, Summit County, 119; Lafayette University, New Carlisle, Clark County, 119; Findlay Literary Lyceum, Hancock County, 121; IJatavia Mechanics Institute, 121; Portsmouth Mechanics Institute and Mechanics Library Association, 122; (amendatory) Philozcjthian Society of the Western Reserve College, 122; Wilksville Lyceum, Gallia County, 123; (amenda- tory) Miami University, 123; (amendatory) Barnesville Male Academy, 128. ACTS CONCERNING THE SALE AND LEASING OF SCHOOL LANDS Athens County, 3; Seneca County, 36; Sandusky County, 66; Crawford County, 81; Marion County, 86; Crawford County, 89; Muskingum County, 101; Lucas County, 108; Perry County, 124; Lucas County, 128; Jackson County, 135; Meigs County, 137; Miami Purchase, 138; Sandusky County, 141; Williams County, 144; Putnam County, 150; Tuscarawas County, 173; Sandusky County, 198. CITY AND TOWN ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOLS (Amendatory) City of Cinciimati, Section 2, 143. Resolutions concerning: An indigent blind student, 205; trustees. Charity School of Kendal, 206; a certain blind student, 211; register of the Virginia Military District School Lands, 212; trustees, Ciiarity School of Kendal, 212; a certain deaf and dumb student, 215; a certain blind stutlent, 215; a certain deaf and dumb student, 216; a blind student, 217; a deaf and dumb student, 217; Ohio University lands, 218; trustees, Deaf and Duml) Asylum, 228; trustee, Ohio Institute for the Blind, 230. Volume XL — Second Session ACTS CONCERNING THE SELLING AND LEASING OF SCHOOL LANDS Lucas County, 2. Resolutions concerning: A certain deaf and (huub student, 7, use of State Library, 7. Volume XLI General: An act to extend the time of payment of purchasers of school lands in this state, 4; regulating the sale of ministerial and school lan<ls and the surrender of permanent leases thereto, 20; (amendatory) making further provision for the instruction of the blind, 57; (amendatory) for the support and better regulation of Common Schools, etc., 59; for the regulation of county jails, 74; making appropriations (various educational items), 95. APPENDIX B 213 Local: (Repealing) Incorporating the town of Mount Eaton, 49; authorizing the trustees of Milton Township, Trumbull County, to lay off the township into school districts, 60; authorizing the trustees of Painesville Township, Licking County, to divide the town into school districts, 62; appointing trustee of Miami University, 87; an act to erect the Risdon Common School District, 125; Mor- gan County Medical Society, 145; trustees of the Methodist Female Collegiate Institute of Cincinnati, 146; Oakland Female Seminary, Hillsborough, 148; making a special appropriation to Champaign County for school purposes, 155; New Paris Musical Institute, Preble County, 174; Massillon Young Men's Polemic Society, Stark County, 175; Mechanics Lyceum and Library Association of Warren, Trumbull County, 176; to divide the town of Lancaster into school districts, 216; to divide School District No. 1, Warren Township, Trumbull County, 219; to change the name of the Franklin Society of Granville College, 220; Bellefontaine Ohio College, 220; Mechanics Association of Fulton, Hamilton County, 226. ACTfc CONCERNING THE INCORPORATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS Berlin Union Society, Holmes County, 9; amending the charter of Ohio Wesleyan University, 12; trustees of the Germania College, 12; Young Men's Literary Association of Springfield, 14; New Lisbon Academy, Columbiana County, 14; Defiance Literary Lyceum, Williams County, 15; (amendatory) trustees of the Windham School Fund, 26; The Young Men's Franklin Society of Granville College, 30; St. Mary's Female Institute, Cincinnati, 46; Wayne Township Lyceum, Jefferson County, 52; Badger Library Society of Plain, Wood County, 52; Maumee City Academy, Lucas County, 62; Providence College, Harrison County, 63; New Orange Library Society of Cass, Miami County, 85; Western Reserve Free Will Baptist Academical Society, 85; Alexandria Literary Society, Licking County, 86; Jefferson Library Association, Jefferson Township, Ashtabula County, 91; Beverly College at Beverly, 92; Aloysius Orphan Society of Cincinnati, 112; Cambrian Association of Cincinnati for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 114; The Miami Union Literary Society, Miami University, 125; Lebanon Academy, Warren County, 127; (amendatory) the German Lutheran Seminary of the German Lutheran Synod of Ohio, 129; (declaratory) the Ohio University, 144. ACTS CONCERNING THE SALE AND LEASING OF SCHOOL LANDS Hamilton County, 61; Wood County, 90; Richland County, 90; Washington County, 110; Putnam County, 111; Hancock County, 111; United States Reserve, Lucas County, 112; Hancock County, 126; Monroe County, 141 ; Athens County, 141; Wood County, 142; Seneca County, 142; Athens County, 143; Tuscarawas County, 143; Columbiana County, 144; Williams County, 175; Darke County, 176; Paulding County, 177; Williams County, 217; Williams County, 218. CITY AND TOWN ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOLS (Amendatory) The City of Cleveland, 130. 214 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Resolutions concer7iing: Remission of taxes on certain university lands, 241; the instruction of a certain blind Chinese child, 245; reports from state instruction, 248; a deaf and dumb student, 248; a deaf and dumb student, 249; trustees. Asylum for Deaf and Dumb, 253; a deaf and dumb student, 253; compensation of Ephraim Cutler as Commissioner of Schools, 256; Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 261. Volume XLII General: An act in relation to the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 8; reducing the compensa- tion of members of the General Assembly and certain other state and county officers, 21; an act in addition to an act to provide for the inspection of salt (fines for schools), 33; preventing the introduction and spread of the Canada Thistle (fines for schools), 37; increasing the revenue of the state Common School Fund and making permanent the transfer thereto, 38; an act to amend an act entitled, "An act to extend the time of payment of purchasers of School Lands in this state," 39; an act to amend the act to regulate the sale of school and ministerial lands and the surrender of permanent leases thereto, 43; an act to amend the act entitled, "An act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools, etc.," 48; an act making appropriations for the year 1844 (various educational items), 78. Local: To erect a school district in Portage Township, Summit County, 3; to divide School District No. 1, Warren Township, Trumbull County, 19; authorizing School Districts 10 and 11, Painesville Township, Lake County, to levy a special tax, etc., 126; vesting the property belonging to the Knoxville School Company in the Knoxville School District in Jefferson County, 212. ACTS CONCERNING THE INCORPORATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS Sylvania High School Company, Lucas County, 60; Lebanon Academy, 80; (amendatory) Western Reserve College, 95; (amendatory) Calliopean Society of the Granville Literary and Theological Institution, 102; Acts to incorporate cer- tain societies therein named, 102: 1. The Oberlin Young Men's Lyceum, 2. Erodelphian Society, Gallipolis, 3. The Handel Society of Western Reserve College; West Lodi Academy, Seneca County, 107; Champson Library Association, Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga County, 110; Institute of Lower Sandusky, Sandusky County, 112; Franklin Academy, Portage County, 115; Cincinnati Astronomical Society, 122; (amendatory) Beverly College, 160; Western Reserve Free Will Baptist Educational Society, 163; Cincinnati Philosophical Library Association, Hamilton County, 169; Dayton Female Association for the Benefit of Orphans, 172; Salem Academy, Buckskin Township, Ross County, 178; Dudley Medical University of Wadsworth, 179; Summit County Medical Society, 183; Laurain Institute, 184; The Board of Directors of the English Lutheran Theological and Collegiate Institute at Wooster, Wayne County, 189; Waynesville Academy, APPENDIX B 215 Warren County, 191; Keene Academy, Coshocton County, 210; Ravenna Library Association, 213; (amendatory) North Union School Association of Carroll County, 221. ACTS CONCERNING THE SALE AND LEASING OF SCHOOL LANDS Hancock County, 6; Sandusky County, 29; Carroll County, 66; Gallia County, 67; Columbiana County, 83; Twelve Mile Square Reserve, 99; Morgan County, 111; Putnam County, 121; Williams County, 131; Meigs County, 132; Sandusky County, 132; Monroe County, 133; Crawford County, 146; Hocking County, 149; Hocking County, 155; Williams County, 156; Ottawa County, 156; Williams County, 157; Seneca County, 158; Monroe County, 161; Mercer County, 161; Meigs County, 178; Scioto County, 190; Delaware County, 194; Butler County, 206; Williams County, 206. Resolutions concerning: Incorporation of churches, religious societies, towns, literary societies, library associations, etc., 250; report of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 251; report of the Asylum for the Blind, 252; an oculist for the Asylum for the Blind, 253; clothing for certain blind, and deaf and dumb students, 256; trustees, Neville Institute, 256; trustees, Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 258; documents for library associations, 260; apparatus, etc., for the Blind Asylum, 270; trustees, Institution of the Blind, 270; trustees, Ohio Medical College, 271; trustees, Ohio University, 273. VolumeXLIII General: An act to prevent the firing of cannons upon public streets and highways (fines for the use of schools), 17; fixing the minimum price for school lands, 58 regulating the State Library, 58; regulating literary and other societies, 70 (amendatory) for the support and better regulation of Common Schools, etc., 98 making appropriations (various educational items), 129; (amendatory) for the support and better regulation of Common Schools, 132. Local: Authorizing certain investments of a fund bequeathed by Mrs. Eunice Buck- ingham for the purposes of Female Education, 42; to regulate the fur trade, etc., (fines for the use of schools), 140; for the relief of Johnathan D. Schultz, 255. To regulate Common Schools in the Township of Portland, Erie County, 285; for the relief of creditors of the Granville Alexandrian Society, 311; for the relief of School District No. 10 in Sugar Creek township, Greene County, 334; for the relief of the township of Hocking, Fairfield County, 353; to divide the town of Hudson, Summit County, into two school districts, 368; authorizing the trustees of Cincinnati College to borrow money to erect college buildings, 376; authorizing the towns of Painesville and Norwalk to levy a tax for the benefit of Common Schools therein, 379; authorizing the City of Cincinnati to erect a house of correc- tion, 393; for the relief of the Mount Pleasant Boarding School, 398; to attach certain territory to the City of Columbus for school purposes, 404; supplementary to an act increasing the number of trustees and visitors of Common Schools, Cincinnati, 413. 216 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO ACTS CONCERNING THE INCORPORATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS (Amendatory) Marietta College, 4; Tallmadge Academical Institute, Sum- mit County, 12; Calvinistic Book Concern, 15; Bedford Seminary, Cuyahoga County, 16; College of Dental Surgery, Cincinnati, 32; Cincinnati Classical Academy, 39, 42 ; (amendatory) Granville Literary and Theological Institution, 54; Ohio Baptist Book and Tract Society, 56; The Young Men's Book Association, West Canaan, Madison County, 61; German Library Association, Cincinnati, 64; Trustees of the Columbus Academical and Collegiate Institute, 65; New Carlisle Social Library Company, Clark County, and the Library Association of Harlem, Carroll County, 68; Tallmadge Library Association, Summit County, 70; Aurora Academical Institute, Portage County, 75; Fort Meigs University, 80; Ohio Bap- tist Education Society, 86; Cooper Female Academy in Dayton, 87; Akron Insti- tute, 89; New Orphans' Asylum of Colored Children of Cincinnati, 101; Rocky River Seminary, 121; Hunterian Society of the Medical Department of Western Reserve College, 130; (amendatory) the Summit College Medical Society, 141; Findlay Academical Institute, Hancock County, 203; Putnam Union Sunday School Depository, Muskingum County, 205; (amendatory) North Union School Association of Carroll County, 213; Vermillion Institute, 229; Miamisburg Library Association, 274; Cottage Hill Academy in Trumbull County, 289; Normal High School, Carroll County, 292; The Trustees of the Protestant University of the United States, 338; trustees of the Medical Institute of Cincinnati, 357; to incor- porate certain literary societies, 361; Sec. 3. Newcomerstown Literary Society, Tuscarawas County; Sec. 4. Farmers and Mechanics Library Association, West Lodi, Seneca County; Sec. 7. Corwin Literary Institute, Springboro, Warren County; Sec. 8. Middletown Academy in Butler County; Sec. 9. German Catholic Library Association of Cincinnati; Sec. 10. Donnelsville Library Association, Clark County; Sec. 11. Union Society of Oberlin Collegiate Institute, Lorain County; Sec. 12. Trustees and subscribers of the School Fund Society, Ross County; Sec. 13. Hanover Social Library Association in Butler County; Sec. 14. Erie County Antiquarian Society; Sec. 15. Lower Sandusky Phrenological Mesmeric Institute, Sandusky County; Board of Directors of Wittenberg Col- lege, 375; London Academy, Madison County, 384; Linton Library Association in Washington County, 389; West JefTerson Academical Institute, Madison County, 409. ACTS CONCERNING SELLING AND LEASING SCHOOL LANDS Putnam County, 9; Seneca County, 12; Mercer County, 18; Putnam County, 22; Fairfield County and Licking County, 30; Athens and Meigs County, 38; Lucas County, 39; Lucas County, 41; Marion County, 48; Twelve Mile Square Reserve, 66; Williams County, 92; Sandusky County, 115; Washington County, 120; Allen County, 124; Sandusky County, 125; Sandusky County, 126; Richland County and Knox County, 128; Williams County, 140; Hamilton County, 143; Sandusky County, 146; Putnam County, 169; Lucas County, 170; Lucas County, 176; Perry, Morgan and Muskingum Counties, 205; Holmes County, 221; Stark County, 224; Fairfield and Licking Counties, 236; Williams County, 256; Athens County, 270; Holmes County, 325; Monroe County, 343; Meigs County, 344; Marion County, 357; Monroe County, 364; Gallia County, 367; Fairfield County, 372; Belmont County, 397; Crawford County, 407. APPENDIX B 217 CITY AND TOWN ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOLS Columbus, 57; Mt. Vernon, 150. Resolutions concerning: Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society, 432; a certain blind student, 432; Government grants for aid of instruction of the deaf and dumb and blind, 434; a certain blind student, 435; sending school laws to certain counties, 438; dis- tributing court decisions to library institutions, 438; furnishing documents to the New York Historical Society, 441; trustees, Miami University, 442; copies of school laws to Summit County, 443; religious and moral instructor for the Ohio Penitentiary, 446; forwarding certain documents to Alexander Vattemare, Paris, France, 448; register of Virginia Military school lands, 450; reports from the Deaf and Dumb and Blind Asylums, 451; oculist for the Institution of the Blind, 451; admission of teachers into state asylums and the state library, 463; trustee, Ohio Institution for Blind, 464; trustees. Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, 465. Volume XLIV General: An act more effectually to prevent gambling (fines for the use of schools), 10; an act for the more effectual protection of enclosures, (fines for the use of schools) 76; an act in relation to religious, literary and other incorporated societies, 79; an act authorizing school districts to establish libraries for the use of Common Schools, 81; an act for levying taxes on all property in this state, etc., 85; an act to amend such acts in relation to the Asylums for the Deaf and Dumb and for the Blind, 111; (amendatory) for the support and better regulation of Common Schools, 114; an act making appropriations (various educational items), 130 . Local: For the relief of School District 5, Eaton Township, Lorain County, and School District 5, Caesar's Creek Township, Greene County, 3 ; an act for the relief of John N. Ingalls and Wesley Johnson, Muskingum County, 29; authoriz- ing the town of Putnam, Muskingum County, to divide School District No. 1, in said town, ii\ authorizing the city council of Cleveland to levy an additional tax for Common School purposes, 55; (amendatory) an act dividing the town of Lancaster into school districts, 89; authorizing Findlay Township, Hancock County, to divide District No. 1, 108; authorizing the directors of School District No. 1, Napoleon Township, Henry County, to exchange certain lots, 121; relief of trustees, Saybrook township, Ashtabula County, 121 ; authorizing the president of Chillicothe Academy to convey certain property, 123; an act for the relief of the sureties of Hamilton Robb, 200; authorizing the trustees of the several town- ships in Mercer County to select a section of land for school purposes in lieu of Section 16, 226; for the relief of School District No. 4, in Bath Township, Greene County, 238; to enlarge school house, Delhi Township, Hamilton County, 244; an act for the relief of School District 14, Fairfield County, 268. ACTS CONCERNING THE INCORPOR.\TION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS Baldwin Institute, Middleburg, Cuyahoga County, 4; (amendatory) Ver- million Institute at Haysville, Ohio, 65; Loudonville Academy, Richland County, 107; Norwalk Institute, 122; (amendatory) Cincinnati College, 157; Madison 218 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Education Society, Lake County, 161 ; Farmers' College of Hamilton County, 163; trustees of the Wesleyan Female College of Cincinnati, 171; the Liverpool Seminary, Columbiana County, 236. ACTS CONCERNING THE SELLING AND LEASING OF SCHOOL LANDS Crawford County, 11; Columbiana County, 13; Fairfield County, 25; Jef- ferson County, 35; Lucas County, 77; Gallia County, 78; Jefferson County, 80; Seneca County, 92; Connecticut Western Reserve School Land, 104; Seneca County, 124; Butler County, 126; Meigs County, 166; Monroe County, 244; Scioto County, 253. TOWN AND CITY ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOLS (^Amendatory) City of Cincinnati, 7; an act for the better classification of Schools of Cincinnati and Dayton, and for other purposes, 91; (amendatory) City of Toledo, 208; an act to regulate Common Schools in Maumee City, in the County of Lucas, and Elyria, in the County of Lorain, 261. Resoluiions concerning: Trustees, Charity School of Kendal, 293; copies of the school law for Wash- ington County, 293; Mclntire School Fund, 294; Reports of the Institution for the Blind, 295; reports for the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 296; printing report of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 296; the title to certain school lands, 298; copies of the school laws to Lorain County, 299; trustee, Miami Lfniversity, 302; copies of the school law, 315; trustees, Ohio University, 317; trustees. Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, 324; trustees, Institution for the Blind, 325. Volume XLV General: Amending the act to extend the time of payment to purchasers of school lands, etc., 21; repealing the act providing for the inspection of salt, etc., 22; amending the act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools, etc., 26; an act to provide for the appointment of county superintendents of Common Schools, and defining their duties in certain counties therein named, 32; an act regulating the sale of intoxicating liquors (fines for schools) , 39 ; an act mak- ing appropriations (various educational items), 56; an act to amend the act for levying taxes on all property, etc., 60; an act to incorporate teachers' institutes, 67. Local: Authorizing the sale of certain lots in the town of Jefferson, Fairfield County, and the application of the proceeds to the erection of a school-house, 73; authoriz- ing the president and trustees of Miami University to relinquish certain rents, 85; (amendatory) authorizing the city council of Cincinnati to erect a house of cor- rection, 112; an act to prevent Intemperance in Medina, Huron and Erie Counties, 131; for the relief of School District No. 2, German Township, Harrison County, and School District No. 10, Washington Township, Clermont County, 139; an act to quiet the title of certain lands in Paulding County, 149; an act to enable the town of Bellville to convey a lot of land, 166; an act to provide for the funding of debts for the Ohio University, 176. APPENDIX B 219 ACTS CONCERNING THE INCORPORATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS (Amendatory) Willoughby University of Lake Erie, 7; authorizing the establishment of professorships in the Farmers' College, Hamilton County, 67; (amendatory) Baldwin Institute, 89; Mansfield Academical Institute, and amending the act to incorporate the Ohio Mechanics' Institute, 99; Marietta Female College, 140. ACTS CONCERNING SELLING AND LEASING SCHOOL LANDS Wyandot County, 4; Belmont County, 5; Belmont County, 8; Stark County, 10; Washington County, 14; Carroll County, 53; Gallia County, 54; Fairfield County, 54; Van Wert County, 66; Williams County, 71; Richland County, 103; Seneca and Wyandot Counties, 104; Greene County, 116; Meigs County, 121; Hamilton County, 158; Seneca County, 167; Perry County, 173; Morgan County, 174; Delaware County, 174; Hamilton County, 176; Stark County, 191; Defiance County, 192. CITY AND TOWN ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOLS An act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools in School District No. 1 in Ravenna, 121; (amendatory) City of Cleveland, Section 1, 135; Town of Marion, Marion County, Section 9, 161. For the support and better regulation of Common Schools in the town of Akron, 187; authorizing the city council of Cincinnati to levy taxes for school purposes, 193. Resolutions concerning: Reports of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 196; Institution for the Blind, 199; the collection of natural curiosities for the State Library, 200; forwarding school laws to Sandusky County, 201; trustees Charity School of Kendall, 204; report of the Superintendent of Common Schools, 207; furnishing the Superintendents of the Asylums with copies of the revised laws, 208; trustees. Medical College of Ohio, 208; trustee, Ohio University, 212; trustee. Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and Blind Asylum, 223; employment of James Russell by Smithsonian Institute, 224. Volume XLVI General: An act to secure the returns of the statistics of Common Schools, 28; an act amending the act granting licenses to peddlers, etc. (fines for Common Schools), 36; an act to enable the inhabitants of the Connecticut Reserve to give their consent to the sale of their school lands, 38; an act to provide for extending the provisions of an act entitled "an act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools in the town of Akron," and the amendatory acts thereto, to the cities and incorporated towns of this state, 48; an act to amend the 18th Section of the School Law of March 7, 1838, 51; an act further to amend the act for levying taxes, 69; an act to provide for the education of black and mulatto per- sons and to amend the act entitled, "an act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools, etc.," 81 ; an act to amend the act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools, etc., 83; an act to amend the act to encourage teachers' institutes and to extend the provisions of the acts providing for teachers' institutes and county superintendents in the several counties of this state, 86; an act making appropriations (various educational items), 103. 220 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Local: An act to levy a tax on the Town of Lancaster, 5; authorizing the president and town council of Portsmouth to levy a tax for school and other purposes, 37; an act to provide for the erection of school-houses in Springfield, Clark County, 85; an act for thereliefof School District No. 1, Pickaway County and District No. 4, Ashland County, 139; authorizing the directors of School District No. 3, Moore- field Township, Harrison County, to sell a school lot, 150; authorizing the direc- tors of School District No. 6, Jefferson Township, Madison County, to sell a certain school lot, 157; authorizing the directors of School District No. 2, Gratis Township, Preble County, to sell a school lot, 176; authorizing the directors of School District No. 3, Montgomery Township, Ashland County, to sell the school-house and lot, 190; an act to incorporate School District No. 1 in Perry Township, Stark County, 223; amending an act to dispose of two escheated lots in Mansfield, Richland County, 232; an act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools in the Lebanon District in Warren County, 237; to regulate the sale of intoxicating liquors in the town of Cuyahoga Falls, 269. ACTS CONCERNING THE INCORPORATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY SOCIETIES Changing the name of the Richmond Classical Institute of JefTerson County, 7; the R. M. Bartlett's Commercial College, Cincinnati, 12; Board of Directors of Muhlenberg College in Jefferson, Harrison County, 19; the Gundry-Bacon Cin- cinnati Mercantile College, 21; Starling Medical College in Columbus, 31; (amendatory) Cincinnati Classical Academy, 46; the Medical and Surgical Society of the County of Ashland, 76; (amendatory) Miami University, 88; (amendatory) to enable the Knoxville School Company to close its concerns, 107; Xenia Academy, 114; Richland Academic Institute, Logan County, 126; The Felicity Female Seminary, Clermont County, 135; Cleveland Library Association, 149; Medina Academy, 188; Newton College, Hamilton County, 211; Edinburgh College, 220; The Western Art Union, 228; The State Medical Society of Ohio, 231. ACTS CONCERNING THE SALE AND LEASING OF SCHOOL LANDS Greene County and Pike County, 8; Wyandot County, 24; Wyandot County, 27; Muskingum County, ii; Scioto County, 35; Meigs County, 37; Allen County, 38; Paulding County, 48; Mercer County, 49; Montgomery County, 80; Williams County, 85; Richland County, 91; Montgomery County, 91; Seneca County, 92; Crawford and Wyandot County, 92; Sandusky County, 102; Muskingum County, 134; Morgan County, 137; Stark County, 139; Shelby County, 140; Montgomery County, 141; Defiance County, 144; Ashland County, 145; Ottawa County, 162; Carroll County, 188; Paulding County, 207; Lucas County, 219; Hamilton County, 241; Paulding County, 265; Mercer County, 274. CITY AND TOWN ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOLS (Amendatory) An act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools in the town of Akron, 40; (repealing) an act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools in School District No. 1, Ravenna, 51; (amenda- APPENDIX B 221 tory) an act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools in Zanes- ville, 54; for the better regulation and support of schools in the City of Cleveland, 150; for the support and better regulation of Common Schools in the town of Lithopolis, Fairfield County, 185; for the support and better regulation of Com- mon Schools in Lancaster, 199; (amendatory) an act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools in the City of Columbus, 259. Resolutions concerning: Virginia Military District School Lands, 282; report on medical societies and colleges, 286; report of the Superintendent of Schools, 286; trustees, Ohio University, 288; trustees, Miami University, 291; directing the printing of the Akron Law for Common Schools with the General Laws, 295; report of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, 296; correcting an error in the school funds in Troy and Sullivan Townships, Ashland County, 300; appointing a director of the Blind Asylum, 303; trustees, Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 307; furnishing Wyan- dot County with School Laws, 309; asking the Governor to examine and report upon the Deaf and Dumb and Blind Asylums, 317. Volume XLVII General: An act to authorize the establishment of separate schools for the education of colored children, and for other purposes, 17; amending an act to incorporate teachers' institutes, 19; an act for the better regulation of the public schools in cities, towns, etc., 22; (amendatory) an act for the support, etc., of Common Schools, 39; (amendatory) an act for the support, etc., of Common Schools, 43; (amendatory) an act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools in the Town of Akron, 45; an act making appropriations (various educational items) 45; (amendatory) an act for the support, etc., of Common Schools, 52. Local: An act in relation to taxes, schools and sewers in the City of Toledo, 205; an act to regulate a certain school district in Orwell Township, Ashtabula County, 224; an act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools in District No. 4, Washington Township, Preble County, 224; to organize School District No. 7, Liberty Township, Clinton County, 229; (amendatory) for the support and better regulation of Common Schools in Columbus, 230; to divide the town of St. Clairsville, Belmont County, into two school districts, 240; granting to the trustees, etc., of Greenfield Seminary authority to confer degrees and testi- monials, 240; authorizing the directors of School District No. 13, Jefferson Town- ship, Fayette County, to sell a school lot, 246 ; authorizing the trustees of Clay Town- ship, Knox County, to redistrict said township, 250; authorizing the county Auditor of Holmes County to levy an additional tax on a school district for school- house purposes, 252; amending an act to repeal the act for the support, etc., of Common Schools in School District No. 1, Ravenna Township, 253; (repealing) the provisions of the Akron Act for the town of New Lisbon, Columbiana County, 253; to amend the charter of the City of Ohio, 278; an act for the relief of John D. Burrill, 342. 222 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO ACTS CONCERNING THE INCORPORATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS Mt, Washington College, Hamilton County, 236; the Oxford Female Institute in Oxford, Butler County, 238; Miller Academy, 241; Pomeroy Acad- emy, 243; Ohio Institute of Natural Sciences, 256; Otterbein University of Ohio, 257; Judson College, Jefferson, Harrison County, 259; Farmington Normal School, Trumbull County, 261; Springfield Female Seminary, Clark County, 263; Cincinnati Medical Institute, 264; Columbus Art Union, 267; (amendatory) Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, 268; the Ohio Education Society of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 268; The Cadiz High School, 273; Darke County Medical Society, 275; Mansfield Female Seminary, Richland County, 280; Mt. Pleasant Academy, Kingstown, Ross County, and in relation to Hillsborough Academy, 284. ACTS CONCERNING THE SALE AND LEASING OF LANDS Wood County, 223; Seneca County, 228; Hardin County, 229; an act to provide for the sale of the Western Reserve School Lands, 232; Hancock County, 233; Wyandot County, 234; Champaign County, 234; Preble County, 235; Wyandot County, 235; Wyandot County, 237; Harrison County, 237; Gallia County, 238; Jefferson County, 240; Williams County, 242; Morrow County, 242; Seneca County, 242; Lucas County, 243; Seneca County, 244; Clark County, 245; Wood County, 245; Wood County, 245; Butler County, 247; Miami County, 247; Paulding County, 248; Hardin County, 248; Lawrence County, 249; Wyan- dot County, 249; Muskingum County, 250; Monroe County, 251; Warren County, 251; Stark County, 251; Meigs County, 252; Lucas County, 254; Athens County, 255; Jeff'erson County, 255; Lucas County, 340; Champaign County, 341. Resolutions concerning: Trustee, Miami University, 384; trustees, Ohio University, 386; trustee, Miami University, 388; agent, Western Reserve School Lands, 388; asking Gover- nor to examine and report on the Deaf and Dumb and Blind Asylums, 393; appointing a committee to examine and report on Miami University, 398. Volume XLVIII General: An act to amend the act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools in cities, towns etc., 40; an act in relation to School District taxes, pro- viding for the annual school district meetings, and requiring maps of school districts, 41; an act for the appointment of a State Board of Public Instruction, 44; an act supplementary to the act for the appointment of a State Board of Public Instruction, 47; an act to carry into effect an act entitled, "An act to provide for the sale of the Western Reserve .School Lands," 53; an act to exempt certain students from laboring on public roads, 69; an act making appropriations for 1850 (various educational items), 93. Local: To incorporate School District No. 9 in Liverpool and St. Clair Townships, Columbiana County, 641; to incorporate School District No. 11, in the Townships APPENDIX B 223 of Springfield and Beaver, Mahoning County, 642; to authorize the directors of School District No. 4, Delhi Township, Hamilton County, to appropriate certain funds for building purposes, 643; extending the provisions of the act for the better regulation of public schools in cities, towns, etc., to Union School Dis- trict No. 7, Springfield and Suffield Townships, Summit and Portage Counties, 648; an act amending and reviving the act to create permanently the office of Treasurer, Township No. 1, Range 1, Whitewater Township, Hamilton County, 663; authorizing the trustees of Monroe Township, Knox County, to redistrict said township, 668; an act to amend the act to create permanently the office of Treasurer, Township No. 1, Range 1, Hamilton County, and to give additional powers to the trustees of School Section No. 16, Greene Township, Hamilton County, 670. ACTS CONCERNING THE INCORPORATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS Elliott Female Seminary of Monroe County, 614; Vinton High School, Gallia County, 617; Miller Academy, Washington, Guernsey County, 618; Capital University, 619; Cambridge College, 621; Geneva Hall, Winfield, Logan County, 622; Urbana University, 624; (amendatory) the Charity School of Kendal, 625; Defiance Female Seminary, Defiance County, 625; Western Re- serve Eclectic Institute, Portage County, 627; Western College of Homeopathic Medicine, 629; Tiffin Academy, Seneca County, 630; (amendatory) Oberlin Collegiate Institute, 632; Young Men's Catholic Association of Cincinnati, 632; Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, 634; Western Liberal Institute, 635; Ripley Library Association, 636; Thompson Library Association, 636; Xenia Female Academy, 637; Hartford High School, 638; Soeurs de Notre Dame Female Edu- cational Institute of Chillicothe, Ross County, 639; Mt. Pleasant Philomathean Society, Kingston, Ross County, 640; Warren Library Association, 640. ACTS CONCERNING THE SALE AND LEASING OF SCHOOL LANDS Lucas County, 643; Jefferson County, 644; Hardin County, 644; Columbiana County, 644; Allen County, 645; Fairfield County, 646; Meigs County, 646; Ottawa County, 647; Belmont County, 648; Hardin County, 649; Lucas County, 649; Jefferson County, 650; Ohio Company's Purchase, 650; Lawrence County, 653; Defiance County, 653; Seneca County, 653; Lucas County, 654; Lawrence County, 654; Hancock County, 655; Paulding County, 655; Athens County, 656; Williams County, 656; Belmont County, 657; Lucas County, 657; Gallia County, 658; Harrison County, 658; Monroe County, 659; Gallia County, 659; Williams County, 659; Gallia County, 660; Putnam County, 661; Mercer County, 661; Town of Athens, 664; Crawford County, 665; Lawrence County, 665; Shelby County, 666; Darke County, 666; Hardin County, 666; Tuscarawas County, 668; Richland and Huron Counties, 669; Jefferson County, 669; Shelby County, 669; Sandusky County, 676. CITY AND TOWN ACTS CONCERNING SCHOOLS (Amendatory) An act to incorporate the town of Fulton (Sections 10 and 11), 373; an act to incorporate the town of Fremont, Sandusky County (Section 5), 404; an act to incorporate the city of Piqua (Sections 25 to 30), 421; an act 224 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO to incorporate the City of Springfield (Sections 29 to 32), 446; an act to incor- porate the City of Zanesville, Muskingum County (Sections 26 to 38), 473; (amendatory) for the support and better regulation of Common Schools in the town of Lancaster, 647; (repealing) the provisions of the act for the better regula- tion of schools in cities, towns, etc., for the town of Hanover, Columbiana County, 648; amending an act for the support and better regulation of Common Schools in the town of Akron, 650; authorizing the citizens of Wooster to vote for or against adopting the Akron Act, 651; exempting the town of Mt. Vernon from the provisions of the Akron School Law, 662; authorizing the appointment of a Superintendent of Common Schools in the City of Cincinnati, and for other pur- poses, 662; extending the powers of the Board of Education of the town of Put- nam, Muskingum County, 667; authorizing the Board of Education in the town of Cambridge, Guernsey County, to levy a school building tax, 695. Resolutions concerning: Certain school lands in Lucas and Williams Counties, 728; appointing a committee to examine and report on the school system of this state, 728; trustees, Charity School of Kendal, 729; trustees, Miami University, 729; trustees, Neville Institute, 730; trustees. Medical College of Ohio, 730; two deaf and dumb students, 742; a certain blind student, 742; forwarding school laws to Greene County, 743; forwarding school laws to Ashland County, 746. BIBLIOGRAPHY SOURCES Acts of the State of Ohio, First Session of the General Assembly, Vol. I, Chilli- cothe, printed by N. Willis, printer to the state, 1803. Acts of the State of Ohio, Second Session, Vol. II, Chillicothe, printed by N. Willis, printer to the state, 1804. Acts of the State of Ohio, passed and revised. Vol. Ill, Chillicothe, printed by N. Willis, printer to the state, 1805. Acts of the State of Ohio, Vol. IV, Chillicothe, T. G. Bradford and Joseph S. Collins & Company, printers for the state. Acts passed at the First Session of the Fifth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Vol. V, Chillicothe, Joseph S. Collins & Co., printer to the state of Ohio, 1807. Acts of the Sixth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Vol. VI, Chillicothe, R. D. Richardson, printer to the state of Ohio, 1808. Acts passed at the First Session of the Seventh General Assembly, Vol. VII. Chillicothe, J. S. Collins, 1809. Acts passed at the First Session of the Eighth General Assembly, Vol. VIII, Chillicothe, J. S. Collins & Company, 1810. Acts passed at the First Session of the Ninth General Assembly, Vol. IX, Zanes- ville, White, Sawyer and Chambers, 1811. Acts passed at the First Session of the Tenth General Assembly, Vol. X, Zanes- ville. Sawyer and Chambers, 1812. Acts passed at the First Session of the Eleventh General Assembly, Vol. XI, Chillicothe, Nashee and Denny, 1812. Acts passed at the First Session of the Twelfth General Assembly, Vol. XII, Chillicothe, John Bailhache, 1814. Acts passed at the First Session of the Thirteenth General Assembly, Vol. XIII, Chillicothe, Nashee and Denny, 1814. Acts passed at the First Session of the Fourteenth General Assembly, Vol. XIV, printed by Nashee and Denny for Bailhache, 1816. Acts passed at the First Session of the Fifteenth General Assembly, Vol. XV, Columbus, P. H. Olmsted, 1817. Acts passed at the First Session of the Sixteenth General Assembly, Vol. XVI, Columbus, P. H. Olmsted, state printer, 1818. Acts passed at the First Session of the Seventeenth General Assembly, Vol. XVII, Chillicothe, George Nashee, 1819. 225 226 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Acts of a general nature enacted, revised and ordered to be reprinted at the First Session of the Eighteenth General Assembly, Vol. XVIII, Columbus, P. H. Olmsted, 1820. Acts of a local nature passed by the First Session of the Eighteenth General Assembly, Vol. XVIII, Columbus, P. H. Olmsted, 1820. Acts passed at the First Session of the Nineteenth General Assembly, Vol. XIX, Columbus, David Smith, 1821. Acts of a general nature passed at the First Session of the Twentieth General Assembly, Vol. XX, P. H. Olmsted, 1822. Acts of a local nature passed at the First Session of the Twentieth General Assembly, Vol. XX, P. H. Olmsted, 1822. Acts passed at the Second Session of the Twentieth General Assembly, Columbus, P. H. Olmsted, 1822. Acts of a general nature passed at the Twenty-first General Assembly, Vol. XXI, P. H. Olmsted, 1823. Acts of a local nature passed at the Twenty-first General Assembly, Vol. XXI, P. H. Olmsted, 1823. Acts of a general nature enacted, revised and ordered to be reprinted at the First Session of the Twenty-second General Assembly, Vol. XXII, Colum- bus, P. H. Olmsted, 1824. Acts of a local nature passed at the First Session of the Twenty-second General Assembly, Vol. XXII, Columbus, P. H. Olmsted, 1824. Acts of a general nature passed at the First Session of the Twenty-third General Assembly, Vol. XXIII, Columbus, P. H. Olmsted, 1825. Acts of a local nature passed at the First Session of the Twenty-third General Assembly, Vol. XXIII, Columbus, P. H. Olmsted, 1825. Acts of a general nature passed at the Twenty-fourth General Assembly, Vol. XXIV, Columbus, George Nashee, state printer, 1826. Acts of a local nature passed at the Twenty-fourth General Assembly, Vol. XXIV, Columbus, George Nashee, state printer, 1826. Acts of a general nature passed at the Twenty-fifth General Assembly, Vol. XXV, Columbus, George Nashee, state printer, 1827. Acts of a local nature passed at the Twenty-fifth General Assembly, Vol. XXV, Columbus, George Nashee, state printer, 1827. Acts of a general nature passed at the Twenty-sixth General Assembly, Vol. XXVI, Columbus, P. H. Olmsted, state printer, 1828. Acts of a local nature passed at the Twenty-sixth General Assembly, Vol. XXVI, Columbus, P. H. Olmsted, state printer, 1828. Acts of a general nature passed at the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, Vol. XXVII, Columbus, Olmsted, Bailhache and Cameron, state printers, 1829. Acts of a local nature passed at the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, Vol. XXVII, Columbus, Olmsted, Bailhache and Cameron, state printers, 1829. Acts of a general nature passed at the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, Vol. XXVI II, Columbus, Olmsted and Bailhache, 1830. Acts of a local nature passed at the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, Vol. XXVI 11, Columbus, Olmsted and Bailhache, 1830. Acts of a general nature enacted, revised and ordered to be reprinted, passed by the First Session of the Twenty-ninth General Assembly, Vol. XXIX, Colum- bus, Olmsted and Bailhache, 1831. BIBLIOGRAPHY 227 Acts of a local nature passed by the First Session of the Twenty-ninth General Assembly, Vol. XXIX, Columbus, Olmsted and Bailhache, 1831. Acts of a general nature passed at the First Session of the Thirtieth General Assembly, Vol. XXX, Columbus, David Smith, state printer, 1832. Acts of a local nature passed at the First Session of the Thirtieth General Assem- bly, Vol. XXX, Columbus, David Smith, state printer, 1832. Acts of a general nature passed at the Second Session of the Thirtieth General Assembly, Columbus, David Smith, state printer, 1832. Acts of a local nature passed at the Second Session of the Thirtieth General Assembly, Columbus, David Smith, state printer, 1832. Acts of a general nature passed by the Thirty-first General Assembly, Vol. XXXI, Columbus, David Smith, state printer, 1833. Acts of a local nature passed by the Thirty-first General Assembly, Vol. XXXI, Columbus, David Smith, state printer, 1833. Acts of a general nature passed by the Thirty-second General Assembly, Vol. XXXII, Columbus, David Smith, state printer, 1834. Acts of a local nature passed by the Thirty-second General Assembly, Vol. XXXII, Columbus, David Smith, state printer, 1834. Acts of a general nature, passed by the Thirty-third General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Vol. XXXIII, Columbus, James B. Gardiner, printer to the state, 1835. Acts of a local nature passed by the Thirty-third General Assembly, Vol. XXXIII, Columbus, James B. Gardiner, printer to the state, 1835. Acts passed at the Second Session of the Thirty-third General Assembly, Vol. XXXIII, Columbus, J. B. Gardiner, 1835. Acts of a general nature passed at the First Session of the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, Vol. XXXIV, James B. Gardiner, printer to the state, 1836. Acts of a local nature passed at the First Session of the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, Vol. XXXIV, James B. Gardiner, printer to the state, 1836. Acts of a general nature passed at the First Session of the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, Vol. XXXV, S. R. Dolbee, printer to the state, 1837. Acts of a local nature passed by the First Session of the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, Vol. XXXV, James B. Gardiner, printer to the state, 1837. Acts of a general nature passed by the Thirty-sixth General Assembly, Vol. XXXVI, Samuel Medary, printer to the state, 1838. Acts of a local nature passed by the Thirty-sixth General Assembly, Vol. XXXVI, Samuel Medary, printer to the state, 1838. Acts of a general nature passed by the Thirty-seventh General Assembly, Vol. XXXVII, Samuel Medary, printer to the state, 1839. Acts of a local nature passed by the Thirty-seventh General Assembly, Vol. XXXVII, Samuel Medary, printer to the state, 1839. Acts of a general nature passed by the Thirty-eighth General Assembly, Vol. XXXVIII, Samuel Medary, printer to the state, 1840. Acts of a local nature passed by the Thirty-eighth General Assembly, Vol. XXXVIII, Samuel Medary, printer to the state, 1840. Acts of a general nature passed by the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, Vol. XXXIX, Samuel Medary, printer to the state, 1841. Acts of a local nature passed by the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, Vol. XXXIX, Samuel Medary, printer to the state, 1841. 228 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Acts of a general nature passed by the Fortieth General Assembly, Vol. XL, Samuel Medary, state printer, 1842. Acts of a local nature passed by the Fortieth General Assembly, Vol. XL, Samuel Medary, state printer, 1842. Acts of a local nature passed at the Adjourned Session of the Fortieth General Assembly, Vol. XL, Samuel Medary, state printer, 1842. Acts of a general nature passed by the Forty-first General Assembly, Vol. XLI, Columbus, Samuel Medary, 1843. Acts of a local nature passed by the Forty-first General Assembly, Vol. XLI, Columbus, Samuel Medary, 1843. Acts of a general nature passed by the Forty-second General Assembly, Vol. XLI I, Columbus, Samuel Medary, 1844. Acts of a local nature passed by the Forty-second General Assembly, Vol. XLI I, Columbus, Samuel Medary, 1844. Acts of a general nature passed by the Forty-third General Assembly, Vol. XLIII, Columbus, Samuel Medary, 1845. Acts of a local nature passed by the Forty-third General Assembly, Vol. XLIII, Columbus, Samuel Medary, 1845. Acts of a general nature passed by the Forty-fourth General Assembly, Vol. XLIV, C. Scott & Company, printers, Columbus, 1846. Acts of a local nature passed by the Forty-fourth General Assembly, Vol. XLIV, C. Scott & Company, printers, Columbus, 1846. Acts of a general nature passed by the Forty-fifth General Assembly, Vol. XLV, Columbus, C. Scott's Steam Press, 1847. Acts of a local nature passed by the Forty-fifth General Assembly, Columbus, Vol. XLV, C. Scott's Steam Press, 1847. Acts of a general nature passed by the Forty-sixth General Assembly, Columbus, Vol. XLVI, Chas. Scott's Steam Press, 1848. Acts of a local nature passed by the Forty-sixth General Assembly, Columbus, Vol. XLVI, Chas. Scott's Steam Press, 1848. Acts of a general nature passed by the Forty-seventh General Assembly, Colum- bus, Vol. XLVII, Chas. Scott, state printer, 1849. Acts of a local nature passed by the Forty-seventh General Assembly, Vol. XLVII, Columbus, Chas. Scott, state printer, 1849. Acts of a general nature passed by the Forty-eighth General Assembly, Vol. XLVIII, Columbus, Scott and Bascom, 1850. Acts of a local nature passed by the Forty-eighth General Assembly, Vol. XLVIII, Columbus, Scott and Bascom, 1850. Third Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Common Schools, made to the Thirty-eighth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, by Samuel Lewis, Columbus, Samuel Medary, printer to the state, 1839. Ohio Documents, 35th General Assembly, J. B. Gardiner, state printer, Colum- bus, 1836. Ohio Documents, 36th General Assembly, Samuel Medary, state printer, Colum- bus, 1837. Ohio Documents, 37th General Assembly, Samuel Medary, state printer, Colum- bus, 1838. BIBLIOGRAPHY 229 Ohio Documents, 38th General Assembly, Samuel Meclary, state printer, Colum- bus, 1840. United States Census Reports. United States Statutes at Large. Statistical Abstract of United States, IQIL Annual Report of the Secretary of Slate to the Governor of the State of Ohio for the Year 1885. Columbus, The Westbote Company, state printers, 1885. A Compilation of Laws, Treaties and Ordinances Which Relate to Lands in the State of Ohio, George Nashee, Columbus, 1825. Journals of the American Congress. Reprint, Way and Gideon, Washington, 1823, 4 vols. SECONDARY SOURCES Atwater, Caleb. A History of the State of Ohio, Natural and Civil. Cincinnati: Glezen & Shepherd, 1838. Blackmar, Frank Wilson. The History of Federal and State Aid to Higher Edu- cation in the United States. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1890. Brownell, F. C. Barnard's American Journal of Education, Vol. V. Hartford, Conn., 1858. Burns, J. J. Educational History of Ohio. Columbus, 1905. Chaddock, Robert E. Ohio Before 1850. A Study of the Early Influence of Pennsylvania and Southern Populations in Ohio. Columbia University, New York, 1908. Cist, Charles. Cincinnati in 1841 — Its Early Annals and Future Prospects, Cincinnati, 1841. Cutler, Julia Perkins. Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1890. Donaldson, T. The Public Domain. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1881. Graham, A. A. "The Land and Township System of Ohio," Annual Report of the Secretary of State to the Governor of the State of Ohio for the Year 1885, pp. 22-29. Hinsdale, Ann. "History of the Ohio School System," Report of the Commis- sioner of Education. Washington, 1901, Vol. I. Hinsdale, B. A. "Documents Illustrative of American Educational History," Report of the Commissioner of Education. Washington, 1892-93, Vol. II, 1225-1414. Hinsdale, B. A. The Old Northwest, Vols. I, II. New York: Townsend Mac Coun, 1891. Howe. Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio. Cincinnati: C. J. Krehbiel & Co., 1907. Jernegan, Marcus W. "The Beginnings of Public Education in New England," School Review, yiX.\\\. Chicago, 1915. King, Rufus. Ohio, First Fruits of the Ordinance of 1787. American Common- wealth Series. Boston and New York, 1888. Knight, G. W. "History and Management of Land Grants for Education in the 230 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Northwest Territory," Papers of the American Historical Association, 1884, Vol. I, 1-175. Lewis, William G. W. Biography of Samvel Lewis. Cincinnati: Methodist Book Concern, 1857. Martin, The Evolution of the Massachusetts School System: A Historical Sketch. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1902. Orth, Samuel P. The Centralization of Administration in Ohio. Columbia Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Vol. XVI, No. 3. New York, 1903. Randall and Ryan. History of Ohio. New York: Century History Co., 1912. Rice, V. M. Special Report on the Present State of Education in the United States, etc. Washington, 1867. Ryan, Daniel J. A History of Ohio. Columbus, 1888. Slocum, Charles E. The Ohio Country, etc., 1783-1815. New York: G. P. Put- nam's Sons, 1910. Swift, Fletcher Harper. A History of Public Permanent Common School Funds in the United States, 1795-1905. New York: Henry H. Holt & Co., 1911. Taylor, James B. A Manual of the Ohio School System. Cincinnati : H. W. Derby, 1857. Venable, W. H. Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley, Historical and Biographical Sketches. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1891. Whittlesey, Charles. Ohio Surveys. Western Reserve Historical Society Tracts, Vol. II, Tracts 37-72. Tract 59. Cleveland, 1888. Whittlesey, Charles. Surveys of the Public Land in Ohio. Ibid. Tract 61. Historical Sketches of the Ohio Educational Institutions and also of Benevolent and Reformatory Institutions of Ohio, 1876. (Centennial Volume.) Historical Sketches of Public Schools in Cities, Villages, and Townships of the State of Ohio, 1876. (Centennial Volume.) The Freeman's Almanack, "Maxims and Advice of Solomon Thrifty." Cincinnati: Oliver Farnsworth & Co., 1824. The Western Academician and Journal of Education and Science. Edited by John W. Pickett. Cincinnati: James R. Allbach, 1837-38. Transactions of the Western Literary Institute and College of Professional Teachers, Vols. IV, V, VI, VII, VIIL Cincinnati, 1835-36-37-38-39. County histories of Ohio. INDEX Academical Institution of Richfield, 79, 133. Academic Pioneer, 107. Academy of Alma, 79, 130. Academy of Perry County, 79, 130. Academy of Sylvania, 79, 134. Adams, 1. Addison Library Association, 172. Adelphic Society of Western Reserve College, 177. Agricultural Schools, 93. Airington Lyceum, 175. Akron, 30, 115, 170, schools of, 50-53. Akron Act, 16, 46, 121, 124, 125. Akron High School, 81, 136. Akron Institute, 82, 141. Akron Lyceum and Library Association Company, 170. Alexander, John E., 142. Alexandria Literary Society, 176. Alpha Kappa Society of Marietta Col- lege, 177. Allan, Nehemiah, 153. American Lyceum of Education, 108, 166. American Revolution, 59. American Western University, 87, 88, 146. See also Ohio University. Ames, 110. Anderson, Joseph, 130. Andover, 170. Andrews, Ebenezer, 131. Andrews, John, 139. Antrim, 85, 135. Apprentices, 165. Armstrong, Harrison, 141. Asbury Seminary, 81, 137. Ashland Academy, 81, 137. Ashland County, 162. Ashtabula Academy, 79, 131. 231 Ashtabula County, 131, 133, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175. Ashtabula Institution of Science and Industry, 79, 85, 131. Ashtabula Social Library Association, 169. Associated Reform Synod of the West, 154. Athenaeums, 111-112, 174-176. Athenian Library Society, 172. Athenian Literary Society of Ohio University, 177. Athens, 88, 146, 151, 169. Athens County, 169. Athens Female Academy, 82, 139. Athens Library Society, 169. Atwater, Caleb, 7, 8, 9, 66-67, 111. Atwood, Jonathan, 152. Auglaize Seminary, 81, 138. Aurora, 170. Aurora Academical Institute, 82, 141. Austinburg Social Library Association, 169. B Badger Library Society, 173. Baker, Timothy, 130. Baldwin Institute, 82, 141-142. Baptist Church, 84, 154. Baptist Literary and Collegiate Insti- tute of Huron County, 96, 154. Barber, Josiah, 8, 9. Barger, Jacob, 159. Barlow Library Society, 168. Barnard, Henry D., 26. Barnesville Male Academy, 81, 138. Bartley, Mordccai, 109, 142. Bartholomew, Moses, 158. Bascom Seminary of Waynesburg, 82, 138. Batavia Mechanics' Institute, 176. 232 iiis'ioKv ()!• i;i)i'c,\ri()\AL i.i:(;isi.ation in ohio Until IHkIi S<1i(,()I, K2, 1.^9. Hear baitini;, 122. Heaver Lyceum, 176. Heckwith, Asa, 145. [Bedford Lyceum, 175. Hedford i.ihrary ('ompaiiy, 171. Hedford .Seminary, X2, 140. Bcecher, Lyman, 107, 166. Heechcr, P., 130. Boechcr, William IL, 134. Helden, fjifford, 134. Hell, James, 9. Hell(-f()ntaine, 97, 156. HellefonlaineColleKe, 97, 156 157. Hellville, 176. Heilviile Lil)rary Company, 171. Helmont Academy, 79, 130. Helmonl Connly, 130, 13.S. Hel|)re, 110. Helpre I'armers' Library, 110. Heiinett, .Sanford F., 137. Herdan, John, 133. Herea, 17.S. Herea Seminary, 81, 135. Hericshire, 166, 177. Hcrkshire Education Society, K3, 145. Berlin Union Society, 176. Beverly, 156. Beverly (\)IieKC', 97, 156. liiKcIow Hinh School, XI, 137. [{iuKham, Lutiier (1., 152. Bishop, Samuel G., 133. liishop, William, 138. Bishop's Fraternal Calvinislic Semi- nary, 79, 85, 133-134. Bluckctt, James, 136. Bledsoe, Flbert T., 141. Blendon Library .Society, 171. lilendon Yountj Men's Seminary, 81, 137. Blind, F<:d Ilea t ion of, 102 101, 164. Blocksom, Fisher A., 139. Bloomfield .Social Library Society, 167. Boardman Library Society, 166. Board of ICducation, 49; diilies of, 51, 52, 53. Board of ICxaiiiiiiers, 27, 109. I'.oard of Managers, 48. iioard of Trustees, 76. Boston, Mass., 110. Bottiim, William, 141. Braceville Library Company, 171. Bricksville Academical Association, 83, 144 Bricksville Columbian Library Society, 168. Briggs, Thomas, 134. Brighton, 1,S9. Hronson, Samuel L., 140. Brookficid .Social Library Society, 167. Brooklyn ("entre Academy, 81, 138. Brooklyn library Company, 171. Brooklyn Lyceum, 175. Brooks, Boswell, 138. Brough, John, 74, 116. Brown, Hardin, 144. Brown, Henry, 153. ikown, Richard, 135, 138. Brown, Samuel, 1 10. Brown County, 92, 151, 152. Brownsville, Pa., 63. Brunswick, 133. Bryan, Judge, 50. liryan, A. M., 156. Buffalo Library Society, 167. Bull baiting, 122. Burlington Academy, 82, 139. Burlington Library Association, 172. Burnham, James, 141. Burrell, Robins, 135. iJurrett, Jacob, 150. Burton, 78, 167. Butler County, IV), 142, 154, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174. Cable, Joseph, 141. Cadiz Academy, 78, 129. Cadiz High .School, 83, 142. Caldwell, James, 1.50. Caldwell, Samuel B., 136. Calliopean Society of the (iranville Literary and Theological Institute, 177. INDEX 233 Calvinistic denomination, 133. Cambridge Academy, 81, 136. Cambridge College, 97, 159. Campljell, Alexander, 149. Canaan Union Academy, 82, 139. Canada thistles, 123. Canal Dover Lyceum, 175. Canal Fund, 90, 148, 175. Canton, 12, 131, 144; population of, 45. Canton Academy, 79, 131. Canton Male Seminary, 82, 139. Capitol Library Society, 169. Capital University, 87, 97, 159 Carey, John, 140. Carlisle, 173. Carpenter, E. G., 139. Carr, Henry, 133. Carroll County, 135, 141, 144, 173. Cass, 173. Catholic Church, 84. Catholics, 105. Central College of Ohio, 97, 154-155. Chagrin Falls, 137, 144, 173. Chagrin Falls Mechanics' Library Association, 173. Chalfert, Robert, 142. Champeon Library Association, 173. Champaign County, 172. Charity School of Kendal, 105, 125. Chase, Philander, 92, 150. Chase, Salmon P., 175. Cheney, Charles, 157. Chester, 146. Chester Academy, 81, 136. Chester Library Association, 168. Childs, Jonas, 139. Chillicothe, 38, 46, 78, 143. Chillicothe Academy, 78, 129. Chillicothe Female Seminary, 79, 132. Chillicothe Lyceum and Mechanics' Institute, 173. Christmas, William, 131. Cincinnati, 3, 10, 11, 4 5, 46, 47, 53, 66, 94, 95, 105, 106, 112, 113, 115, 123, 124, 131, 139, 144, 148, 149, 151, 155, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 165, 166, 169, 171, 173, 174, 178; schools of, 47-48; population of, 45. Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts, 112, 178. Cincinnati Astronomical Society, 113, 178. Cincinnati Classical Academy, 82, 141. See also St. John's College. Cincinnati College, 96, 150, 163. Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, 162. Cincinnati Lancaster Academy, 78, 129. Cincinnati Law Library, 170. Cincinnati Literary Society, 175. Cincinnati Lyceum, 175. Cincinnati Medical Academy, 95, 161. Cincinnati Medical Institute, 162. Cincinnati New Jerusalem Church School Association, 83, 145. Cincinnati Orphan Asylum, 165. Cincinnati Philosophical Library Asso- ciation, 173. Cincinnati plan, 48, 49. Cincinnati University, 87, 96, 149. Cincinnati, Woodward High School of. See Woodward High School. City of Ohio, Schools of, 48. City schools. Laws concerning, 123, 125. Circleville Academy, 79, 130. Circleville Athenaeum, 175. Circleville I"'emale Seminary, 79, 133. Circulating Library Company of Cin- cinnati, 166, 167. Clark County, 132, 142, 155, 173, 174. ("larksfield Library Society, 169. Clermont County, 125, 142, 143, 169. Cleveland, 3, 12, 45, 46, 48, 105, 113. 115, 124, 151; population of, 45; schools of, 48. Cleveland Academy of Natural Sciences, 113, 178. Cleveland Female Orphan Asylum, 165. Cleveland I-'emale Seminary, 81, 136. Cleveland Library Company, 170, 174. ('levcland Lyceum, 175. 234 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LICCISLATION IN OHIO CIc-vfs, 134. (Meves Iiulcpfiulcnt School, 81, 134. Cochran, Robert, 140, 141. Cock flighting, 122. College fraternities, 177. College of Alma, 96, 151. Sec also Franklin College. College of Dental Surgery, 162. College of Ripley, 92, 96, 151, 152. College of Teachers, 71. College societies, 112, 177. College townshi|js, 88, 91. Collins, Rev. John, 8, 9. Colored children, orphan a.syluiiis for, 165; schools for, 44-45, 121. Columbia Library Society, 167. Columbian Association of Cincinnati, 178. Columbiana Counly, 135, 139, 142, 167. Columbus, 12, 26, 45, 46, 49, 100, 102, 103, 105, 111, 124, 142, 153, 162, 163, 161, 169; population of, 45, 46; schools of, 49. Columbus Academical and Collegiate Institute, 82, 141. Columbus Art Union, 113, 178. Columbus l'"emale Academy, 79, 131. C'olumbus I'Cmalc Benevolent Society, 165. Columbus Literary and .Scientific In- stitute, 175. Columbus Literary Lyceum, 176. Colum!)us Presbytery, 144; trustees of, 83. Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum, 160. ("ommittee on Cor|K)iations, 174. Common Coimcil, Duties of, 51. Common .School l'"und, 157. Congress, 60, 61, 67, 68, 70, 91, 92, 100, 101, 104, 148, 150, 163, 164. Congress Lands, 9, 54, 58, 59 Conneaut Academy, 79, 133. Conneaut Lyceum, 175. Connecticut, 60. Connecticut Western Reserve, 9, 60, 126, 127. See also Western Reserve. Converse, J. P., 138. Coon-skin Library, 110. Cooper Female Academy, 82, 141. ('orwin, Thomas, 140. Corwin Literary Institute, 176. Coshocton County, 140, 170, 174. Cottage Hill Academy, 82, 141. County auditor, the county superin- tendent, 12, 24. Counly superintendent, 38. County commissioners, 65. Court of Common Pleas, 22, 41, 42, 65, 68, 99, 129, 163. ("owles, Ciles, 131. Cressy, Mary, 165. Cumberland Presbyterian Church, 156. Curtis, Ilosmer, 132. Cutler, Kphraim, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15. Cutler, Manassch, 6, 7, 110. Cuyahoga County, 134, 135, 140, 144, 145, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 175, 175. Cuyahoga I*'alls, 38. (\iyahoga Falls Institute, 81, 138. ("uyahoga Falls Lyceum, 175. D Dane Law Library, 170. Darby Creek Lyceum and Library Association, 171. Darke County, 169. Darke County Library Society, 169. Darke County Medical .Society, 162. Darrotown Library Com()any, 171. Dart, Ashbel, 133. Davis, Louis, 159. Dayton, 45, 46, 49, 78, 105, 124, 141; I)opulation of, 45, 46; schools of, 49. Dayton Academy, 78, 128. Dayton Female Association, 165. Dayton Library, 167. Dayton Library Association, 166. Dayton Library Society, 110. Dayton Mechanics' Institute, 176. INDEX 235 Deaf and dumb, Education of, 99-101, 163-164. Deaf and Dumb School, 99, 103. Defectives, Education of, 99-101, 163- 165. Defiance County, 143. Defiance Female Seminary, 83, 143. Defiance Literary Lyceum, 176. Delaware, 155. Delaware County, 145, 166, 168, 170, 171, 175. Delaware Academy, 79, 131. Delaware Library Association, 170. Dclincjuents, Education of, 105, 165- 166. Denison University, 87, 152. Denominational influence, 84-85, 92- 93. Dependents, Education of, 104, 165. Dewey, Jonathan, 142. District of Cincinnati, 148. Doan, Guy W., 133. Doctor of Medicine, Degree of, 94, 160. Donaldson, T., 6, 58 (note). Donnelsville Library Association, 173, 174. Dover Academy, 81, 136. Dover Library Association, 169, 173. Dresden Library Association, 169. Dudley Medical University, 162. Earl, Thomas, 140. Eaton Academy, 81, 136. Eaton Lil)rary Society, 167. Eaton Medical Society, 161. Eclectic Academy of Music in Cincin- nati, 112, 178. Eclectic Institute, 162. Eddy, Ira, 136. Eden Library Association, 170. Eden Social Library, 170. Edgartown, Mass., 7. Edinburgh Academy, 81, 82, 136, 139. Edinburgh College, 97, 158. Education, Secondary, 76-86, 117. Educational interest, 116. Educational policy, 117. Education Society of Painesvillc, 83, 144. Elbert, Henry, 143. Plldridge Library Association, 167. Elizabethtown Circulating Library So- ciety, 172. Elizabeth Social Library Society, 167. Elliott, Hugh, 143. Elliott Female Seminary, 83, 143. Ellsworth, 141. Elsberry, William, 137. Ely, Hcman, 131. Elyria, 124, 173. Elyria, High School of, 77, 79, 131. Elyria Lyceum, 175. Emigrants F"riends Society of Cincin- nati, 125. Enabling act, 126. English Evangelical Lutheran Synod, 157, 158. English Lutheran Theological and Collegiate Institute of Woostcr, 97, 157. Erie County, 38, 166. Erie Literary Society, 78, 128. Erodclphian Society of Gallipolis, 176. Erodelphian Society of Miami Univer- sity, 112, 177. Euclid Library Society, 167. European schools, 120. Evangelical Congregation, 139. Evangelical Lutheran Church, 159, 178. Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod, 158. Evening schools, 48. Everhart, Jacob, 144. Examinations, 42. Examiners, 41, 42. Eyles, William, 133. Fairfield, 167. Fairfield County, 170. Fairfield Library Association, 172. Fairmound, 166. 236 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Falmouth, Mass., 8. Farewell, Robert, 140. Farmers' and Mechanics' Institute, 176. Farmers' and Mechanics' Library Association, in Aurora, 170. Farmers' and Mechanics' Library Association of West Lodi, 174. Farmers' and Mechanics' Library Society of Berkshire, 170 Farmers' College, 93, 97, 157-158. Farmers' Library Company, 169. Farmington, 109. Farmington Academy, 79, 131. Farmington Normal School, 109, 166. Fayette County, 167. Fearing Library Society, 167. Federal Creek, 110. Federal Government, 59. Felicity Female Seminary, 82, 142. Fellenberg, 85. Fellenburgh Institute, 79, 88, 133. Female Academy of Mt. Vernon, 79, 132. Findlay Academical Institute, 82, 141. Findlay Literary Lyceum, 176. Fines for school purposes, 36-38, 41, 122-123. First Mechanics' Lyceum of Marietta, 176. First Moral Library Association, 173. First Universalian Religious Library Society of Harmar, 172. First Universalian Religious Library Society of Marietta, 169 Fitchville Library Association, 170. Florence Academy, 78, 129. Fogle, William, 139. Foote, John P., 107. Fordyce, John, 159. Forrer, Samuel, 141. Ft. Meigs University, 97, 157. Frampton, Elijah, 139. Franklin Academy, 79, 82, 130, 140. Franklin College, 92, 96, 151, 177. Franklin County, 171. Franklin Institute, 176. Franklin Library Association, 170, 172, 173. Franklin Library Company of Little Sandy, 167. Franklin Library Society of Waterford, 173. Franklin Literary Society of Bellville, 176. Franklin Scientific and Rhetorical So- ciety of Western Reserve College, 177. Franklin Society of Granville College, 177. Fraternities, 177. Frederickstown Library Society, 167, 168. Fredonia Social Library, 172. Free Discussion Library of Andover, 170. Free Grammar School. See Wood- ward High School of Cincinnati. Freeman's Almanack, 8. Freewill Baptist, S3, 145. French, 3. Friends, 138. See also Quakers. Fuller, Jeremiah H., 130. Fullerton, Hugh S., 140. Fulton, 38, 134, 176. Gallia Academy, 78, 129. Gallia County, 132, 143, 176. Gallipolis, 3, 129, 176. Gallipolis Lyceum, 175. Galloway, J. S., 142. Gambling 123. Gano, J. S., 149. Gates, Philo, 139. Geauga Co., 136, 138, 144, 145, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172. General Assembly, 23, 27, 39, 54, 67, 88, 92, 95, 100, 102, 106, 107, 114, 137, 149, 150, 154, 161, 163, 164, 174. Geneva Hall, 97, 159-160. George, Thomas, 132. INDEX 237 German Catholic Library Associa- tion, 174. Germania College, 97, 155-156. German Library Association of Cincin- nati, 173. German Lutheran Church, 84. German Lutheran Seminary of the German Lutheran Synod of Ohio, 83, 144. German Lutheran Synod, 83, 144. German Reform Church, 153. German Reform Synod of Ohio, 96 153. German Reform Theological Seminary 153. Germans, 3, 4. German schools, 48. Gillett, Isaac, 144. Giltruth, James, 135. Goode, Burrell, 140. Gorman, Isaac M., 144. Goshen School Association, 83, 144. Governor, 71, 95, 100, 173; duties of, 62, 64. Graham, A. A., 57, 58 (notes). Grammar School, 51. Grand River Institute, 85, 131. Granger Library Association, 172. Granville, 166. Granville Academy, 81, 134. Granville Alexandrian Society, 166 173, 174. Granville College, The, 152, 177. Granville Female Seminary, 79, 133. Granville Library, 168. Granville Literary and Theological In- stitution, 87, 96, 152, 177. See also Denison University. Granville Religious and Literary So- ciety, 96. Greek letter societies, 112. Greene, 168. Greene County, 168. Greene Township, 176. Greenfield Institute, 82, 138-139. Greenville Library Association, 171. Greenville Treaty Line, 61. Griswold, Ezra, 131. Guardians, 163. Guernsey County, 135, 136, 167. Guernsey County Library and Read- ing Room, 169. Guilford, Nathan, 7, 8, 9, 10, 107. Guilford, 170. Guilford Lyceum, 175. Gustavus Academy, 82, 139. Gustavus Centre Library Company, 170. H Hackett, George, 158. Halleck, John K., 137. Halliday, Samuel, 138. Hamilton, John, 157. Hamilton and Rossville Female Acad- emy, 79, 133. Hamilton and Rossville Library So- ciety, 169. Hamilton County, 93, 95, 101, 129, 134, 151, 157, 158, 161, 163,' 166,' 167, 168, 172, 173, 176. Hancock County, 141. Handel Society of Western Reserve College, 177. Hanover, 124. Hanover Social Library Association, 174. Harkwell, Joshua, 146. Harlem, 173. Harmer Lyceum, 175. Harmony Library Company, 170. Harmony Library Society, 167. Harper, James A., 143. Harpersfield, 143, 167. Harris, Thaddeus, 110. Harrison County, 98, 129, 130, 151, 158. Harrisville Library Association, 169. Harrodsburgh, Kentucky, 107. Hartford High School, 83, 143. Hartford Library Society, 168. Harveysburg High School Company, 83, 145. 238 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Haskell, C. N., 142. Havriss, Luther, 129. Hayden, Daniel, 129. Hayes, Seth, 143. Haysville, 82. Hawley, Timothy, 144. Hedges, Elizur, 133. Higher education, 87, 98, 117; state influence on, 88. Higher Institutions, Acts concerning, 146-160. High Falls Primary Institute, 83, 145. Highland County, 130. Highland Library Association, 171. High School of Elyria. See Elyria, High School of. Hill, John A., 144. Hillsborough, 140. Hillsborough Academy, 79, 130. Hinckley Social Library Company, 170. Hinckley Township, 170. Hiram College, 87. Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, 112, 178. Historical Society of Ohio, 112, 177. Hitchcock, H. L., 154. Hoge, James, 8, 9, 131. Holcomb, Samuel W., 132. Holly, E. H., 140. Holmes County, 176. Hoover, Isaac, 138. Hopewell Library Company, 171. Horse racing, 122. House of Correction, 166. Houston, Andrew, 130. Howe, S. G., 102, 164. Howell, Andrew, 130. Hoyle, John Benjamin, 138. Hubbard, Matthew, 131. Hubbard Library Company, 168. Hubbell, H. M., 141. Hudson, David, 128. Hudson Township, 151. Hughing, J., 141. Hunt, John E., 139. Hunterian Society, Medical Depart- ment, Western Reserve College, 177. Huron County, 38, 129, 130, 136, 138, 154, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172. Huron Institute, 79, 131-132. I Indian boundary line, 61. Indians, Christian, 60. Indian title (note), 68. Institute of Lower Sandusky, 176. Institutes, 111-112. Irish, 3. J Jackson, John E., 139, 141. Jackson, Joseph, 158. Jamestown Literary Society, 176. Jefferson, Thomas, 1. Jefferson, 158. Jefferson County, 132, 164, 176. Jefferson Library Association, 173. Jefferson Literary Society of Franklin College, 177. Jefferson School Association, 83, 144. Jefferson Township, 173. Jennings, I., 50. Johnson, James, 142. Johnston, J. B., 159. Johnstown Lyceum, 175. Judson College, 97, 158. K Kalida Lyceum and Library Associa- tion, 172. Keene Academy, 82, 140. Keil, William Godfrey, 157. Kendal, 105, 125, 167. Kenyon College, 87, 92, 96, 112, 150, 177. Keys, William, 130. Kirkbridge, David, 145. Kilbourne, James, 149. Kilburne, James, 129. Killingly, Conn., 7. Kingstown Township, 176. Kingsville High School, 79, 133. INDEX 239 Kinsman, John, 139. Kinsman Academy, 79, 131, 139. Kleeman, Ives, 146. Knox County, 137, 167, 173. Lafayette University, 97, 155. Lagrange Library Association, 170. Lake County, 166. Lancaster, 124. Lancaster Academy, 79, 130. Lancaster Harmonic Society, 112, 178. Lancaster Library Association, 170. Land Ordinance of 1785, 58. Lane Seminary, 87, 96, 151. Lapham, Jonathan, 139. Larkin, Abel, 130. Latimer, Picket, 136, Law of 1838, 49. Lawrence County, 139, 172. Leasing school lands, 126. Lebanon, 176. Lebanon Academy, 82, 139, 140. Lebanon District, 124. Lebanon Library Society, 166. Lebanon Medical Society, 161. Legal education, 96, 163. Legislation, School, 119-178. Legislature, 106. Leist, Jacob, 155. Lemon, Darius, 132. Lenox Library Association, 172. Lewis, Samuel, 4, 7, 8, 11-13, 21, 23- 24, 25, 26, 29-30, 43, 46, 72, 75-76, 106, 114, 115, 116, 120. Lexington, 168. Liberty Library Society, 168. Libraries, 110-111, 166-174. Library Association of Harlem, 173. Library companies, 129. Library Society of London, 169. Licenses, 122. Licking County, 166, 168, 169, 172, 175. Linton Library Association, 174. Liquor, 36, 38, 122, 123. Litchfield Lyceum and Society, 175. Literary and Botanico Medical College 161. Literary and Philosophical Society 176. Literary, Historical and Philosophical Society of Canton, 175. Literary Societies, 111-112, 137, 174- 176. Literary Society of St. Joseph's, 83, 144. Lithopolis, 124. Lithopolis Academy, 81, 138. Little, Jacob, 134. Little Miami River, 3, 60. Little Sandy, 167. Liverpool Seminary, 82, 142. Logan College, 96, 154. Logan County, 142, 144, 159. London, 169. London Academy, 82, 141. Lorain County, 131, 135, 153, 166, 167, 170,171, 173. Lorain County Library Society, 168. Lorain Institute, 82, 140. Lord, Richard, 138. Losantiville, 3. Loudonville Academy, 82, 142. Loveland, Edwin, 166. Lower Sandusky, 176. Lower Sandusky Literary and Scien- tific Institute, 176. Lower Sandusky Phrenological Mes- meric Institute, 178. Lowry, Joseph, 142. Lucas County, 124, 134, 139, 145. Lyceums, 111-112, 174-176. Lyme and Ridgefield Circulating Li- brary Society, 168. Lytle, William, 129. Mc McArthur, Duncan, 3. McConnelsville Athenaeum, 175. McConnelsville Library and Reading Room Association, 172. McCulley, Alexander, 134, 135. MacDonald, James, 143. Mcllvaine, Isaac, 131. 240 HISTORY OF KDUCATIONAL LlCCilSf.ATION IN OHIO M'Intirc I'oor Sdiool, 105, 125. McLane, Patrick, 141. McNaiighton, D., 135. M Madison, 143, 168. Madison College, 135. Madison County, 141, 169, 173. Madison Ivlucation Society, 83, 146. Madison Lil.eral Institute, 79, 134. Madison Lil)rary Association, 168. Malta Lyceum, 175. Mann, Horace, 13, 116. Mann, Reuben P., 136. Manning, James, 159. Manning, J. P., 14. Mansfield, 130, 133, 171. Mansfield Academical Institute, 82, 142. Mansfield Female Seminary, 83, 142. Manual Labor, 85. Marietta, 3, 66, 110, 123, 169, 176; special legislation for, 47. Marietta College, 87, 108, 152, 177. Marietta Collegiate Institute and Western Teachers' .Seminary, 87, 108, 152, 166, 177. .See also Marietta College. Marietta Female College, 97, 158. Marietta Library, 169. Marion Academy, 81, 137. Marion County, 137. Martin, Geo. H., 5. Martinsburg Academy, 81, 137. Martinsville .Silliman Institute and Li- brary Company, 172. Marysviile Library Institute, 172. Mas.sachusetts, 116; ]Mil)lic school sentiment in, 4. Massie, General Nathaniel, 3. Massillon Academy, 81, 135. Massillon Female Seminary, 81, 136. Massillon Library Society, 170. Massillon Lyceum, 176. Massillon Young Men's Polemic .So- ciety, 176. Mason, William, 135. Madison County, 141. Mathews, Joseph J., 140. Maumee City, 124. Maumee City Academy, 82, 139. Mayfield Circulating Library, 173. Mayfield Township, 173. Mayo, Herman H., 142. Mechanics' A.ssociation of Fulton, 176. Mechanics' Institute, Lebanon, 176. Mechanics' In.stitute, Urbana, 176. Mechanics' Instituteof Cincinnati, 112. Mechanics' Institute, 112; acts con- cerning, 176. Mechanics' Lyceum and Library Asso- ciation (Warren), 173. Mcfiical and Surgical Society of the County of Ashland, 162. Medical (\,llege of Ohio, The, 94-95, 147, 160-161. Medical C:()nvention, 94-95, 160. Medical Department Western Reserve College, 177. Medical districts, 160. Medical education, 93-96, 160-162. Medical Institute of Cincinnati, 162; also Fclectic Institute. Medical malpractice, 123. Medical societies, 99, 160. Medina Academy, 81, 83, 134, 142. Medina County, 38, 133, 134, 166, 169 170, 171, 172. Medina County Athenaeum, 175. Medina Medical Lyceum, 161. Medsker, David, 142. Meigs, Return Jonathan, 88, 146. Meigs County, 130, 132, 138, 142. Meigs County High .School and Teach- ers' Institute, 81, 108, 138. Menager, Claude R., 129. Mercer County, 172. Mesopotamia (Viitral .School Society, 83, 144. Mesopotamia Social Library Company, 169. Messenger, Hiram, 133. Methodist ICpiscopal ("hurch, 84, 130, 132, 137, 138, 141, 155, 156. INDEX 241 Methodist I'Y'iiuile Collegiate Institute, 97, 156. Methodist Protestant Church, 159. Miami County, 3, 135, 169, 173. Mianiishiirjj Library Association, 174. Miami Presbytery, 142. Miami Society of Miami University, 177. Miami Synod, 157. Miami Union i.iterary .Society of Miami University, 177. Miami University, 87, 88, 91-92, 96, 109, 112, 148-149, 177. Middiebiirg High School, 135. Middlel)urgh, 141. Middleburg High School, 81. Middleberry Library Company, 169. Middletown Academy and Library Association, 82, 139. Milford, 143. Milford Circulating Library, 168. Milford Library Association, 170. Milford Union .School Society, 83, 143. Miller Academy, 83, 142. Ministerial Lands, 58, 65-66. Mississippi Valley, 106, 107. Mitchell, William, 137. Monroe Academical Association, 83, 145. Monroe Academy, 177. Monroe County, 135. Monroe Lyceum of Natural History, and Library Association, 171. Monroe Seminary, 81, 135. Monroe Travelling and Circulating Li- brary Society, 168. Monseau, Hortense, 139. Montgomery, Academy, 78, 129. Montville Social Library Company, 170. Moore, James, 153. Moravian school lands, 127. Moravian Tract, 54, 60. Moravian Tract School Lands, 32. Morgan, 175. Morgan County, 167, 168. Morgan County Medical Society, 162. Morris, Thomas A., 156. Morrow, Governor, 10. Mt. Pleasant Academy, 83, 143. Mt. Pleasant Boarding .School, 81, 138. Mt. Pleasant Philomathean Society, 176. Mt. Vernon, 45, 60, 124, 132; schools of, 49-50. Mount V(!rnon Lyceum, 175. Mt. Washington College, 97, 158-159. Muhlenberg College, 97, 158. Muskingum Annual Conference, 159. Muskingum College, 87, 96, 154. Muskingum C!ounty, 130, 154, 167, 169, 170, 171. Muskingum River, 6, 123. N Nashee's Comi)ilatioii, 126, 146. Neff, William, 155. Nelson Academy, 79, 130. Nelson Library .Society, 168. Neville, Morgan, 175. Neville Institute, 81, 135. Newark Association for the Promotion of Kducation, 83, 145. Newark Athenaeum, 175. New Athens, 130. Newberry .Social Library Society, 169. Newburgh Library .Society, 167. New Carlisle, 155. New Carlisle .Social Library ("ompany, 173. Ncwcomerstown I,iterary .Society, 176. New Church, 160. New Concord, 154. New England influence, 4, 5, 11, 13. New England Institution for the Blind, 102. New Hagerstown Academy, 81, 135. New Hagerstown Female Seminary, 81, 138. New Lisbon, 124. New Lisbon Academy, 78, 82, 129, 1.39. New Lisbon Lyceum, 175. New Lyme Young Men's Library So- ciety, 170. 242 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO New Orange Library Society, 173. New Orphans' Asylum of Colored Chil- dren, 165. New Paris Library Society, 169. New Paris Musical Institute, 113, 178. New Philadelphia Academy, 81, 135. New Philadelphia Library Society, 171. Newton College, 97, 158. New Town Library Company, 166. New York State system of schools, 9. Normal High School, 82, 141. North Adams, Mass., 7. Northern Social Library Company of Harpersfield, 167. North Royalton Social Library Society, 171. North Union School Association of Carroll County, 83, 144. Northwest Territory, 60. Northwood, 159. Norwalk, 38. Norwalk Academy, 79, 130; see also Norwalk Seminary. Norwalk Female Seminary, 81, 136. Norwalk Institute, 82, 142. Norwalk Seminary, 130. Notestone, Jonas, 139. Nu Pi Kappa Society of Kenyon College, 177. O Oakland Female Seminary of Hills- borough, 82, 140. Oberlin College, 87, 96, 153. Oberlin Collegiate Institute. See Ober- lin College. Oberlin Young Men's Lyceum, 177. Odd Fellows, 174. Ohio, 68; admitted to the Union, 1, 88; first constitution of, 1; first school laws, 1, 19; first settlers of, 2—4; legis- lature of, 74. Ohio Asylum for Educating the Deaf and Dumb, 99-101. Ohio Baptist Education Society, 178. Ohio City, 124, 138. Ohio Company, 57, 58. Ohio Company Lands, 9. Ohio Company Purchases, 3, 54, 57, 58, 66, 88,91, 117. Ohio Conference High School, 132. Ohio Education Society of Evangelical Lutheran Church, 178. Ohio Institute of Natural Science, 113, 178. Ohio Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, 164. Ohio legislation, 61-74. Ohio Mechanics' Institute, 117, 176. Ohio Medical Lyceum, 161. Ohio Penitentiary, 166. Ohio River, 3, 61, 125. Ohio surveys, 57-58. Ohio University, 87, 88-91, 92, 96, 109, 146-148, 177. Ohio Wesleyan University, 97, 155. Old Presbyterian Church, 142. Olive Social Library Society, 168. Olmsted, 154. Olmsted Library Company, 169. Orange Library Association, 173. Ordinance of 1785, 6, 58. Orphan asylums, 105, 165. Orwell Library and Reading Society, 173. Orwell Township, 173. Otterbein University, 87, 97, 159. Oxford, 88, 149, 154. Oxford Female Academy, 81, 137. Oxford Female Institute, 83, 142. Oxford Library Society, 172. Page, G. G., 142. Painesville, 38, 144. Painesville, Education Society of. See Education Society of Painesville. Painesville Library Association, 172. Painesville Lyceum and Library So- ciety, 171. Parents support, 28-30. Paris Library Association, 171. Parkman Academy, 81, 138. INDEX 243 Parma Library Association, 171. Paw, George, 143. Pay school, 13-15. Pease, John P., 145. Peddling, 123. Peak, U. H., 134. Penfield Library Society, 170. Penfield Township, 170. Pennsylvania, 60. Pennsylvania Synod, 156. Perkins, Samuel, 141. Perkins, Simon, 136. Permanent funds, 31-32. Perry County, 130, 144. Perrysburgh, 157. Perrysburgh Lyceum and Library Asso- ciation, 172. Peru Lyceum, 175. Pestalozzi, 85. Phi Delta Society of Western Reserve, 177. Philbrick, S. B., 145. Philomathean Literary Institute, 81, 135. Philomathean Society of Ohio Uni- versity, 81, 177. Philomathesian Society of Kenyon College, 112, 177. Philosophic Literary Society of Frank- lin College, 177. Philomathean Literary Society of Monroe Academy, 177. Phouts, David, 164. Phylozethian Society of Western Re- serve College, 177. Physic, 93, 160. Piatt, Benjamin, 161. Picket, Robert, 107. Pike County, 169. Pine Grove Academy, 82, 139. Piqua, 125. Pittsburg, Pa., 63. Plain, 173. Platonic Library Society, 166, 171. Poland Library Society, 166. Pomeroy, Charles R., 142. Pomeroy Academy, 83, 142. Poor children, schools for, 105, 125. Poor Richard, 8. Portage County, 125, 129, 135, 136, 140, 141, 151, 166, 167, 170. Porter, 139. Portsmouth, 46, 48, 124, 176; schools of, 48-49. Portsmouth Library Company, 172. Portsmouth Mechanics' Institute and Mechanics' Library Association, 176. Port Washington Lyceum and Library Company, 171. Potter, Lyman, 129. Preble County, 136, 167, 169. Preble County Library Society, 167. Presbyterian Church, 84, 142, 151. Primary Schools, 51. Prince, David, 145. Profanity, 122. Professional education. Acts concern- ing, 191-194. Protestant Episcopal Church, 150, 165. Protestant Methodist Academy of Brighton, 82, 139. Protestant University of the United States, 97, 157. Providence College, 97, 156. Psi Gamma Society of Marietta Col- lege, 177. Public Schools, 121. Public School system. Methods of com- mon school support, 28-38; organi- zation of, 17-28. Putnam, Rufus, 88, 146. Putnam Classical Institute, 79, 134. Putnam Family Library, 110. Putnam Lyceum, 178. Q Quakers, 84. See also Friends. R Ravenna, 124. Ravenna Academy, 79, 132. Ravenna Female Seminary, 81, 138. Ravenna Library Association, 173. Rawson, Secretary, 133. 244 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Rea, John, 129. Reading Mutual Improvement and Library Association, 172. Reformed Presbyterian Church, 160. Refugee Lands, 9. Refugee Tract, 54. Regular Baptist denomination, 133. Revolutionary War, 61. Reynolds, John, 130. Reznor, John P., 137. Rhea, John, 151. Rice, Sally, 14. Richfield Social Library Company, 202. Richland Academic Institute, 82, 142. Richland County, 137, 142, 171, 176. Richmond, 132, 173. Richmond Classical Institute, 79, 132- 133. Richmond College, 133. Ripley, See College of. Ridgeville Lyceum, 176. Rising Sun, Iowa, 107. Robinson, David, 134. Rockport Lyceum, 175. Rockwell, Timothy, 137. Rocky River Seminary, 82, 141. Rome Academical Company, 83, 144. Rome Library Company, 170. Roscoe Social Library Company, 170. Ross County, 132, 140, 143, 176. Ruggles Library Society, 171. Rush Medical Society of Willoughby, University of Lake Erie, 177. Rutland Academy, 79, 130. Rutland Library Association, 171. Sabbath breaking, 122. Sage, N. O., 136. St. Aloysius Orphan Asylum, 165. St. Clair, Arthur, 1, 2, 3. St. Clairsville, 130. St. Clairsville Collegiate Seminary, 96, 153-154. St. John's College, 141. St. Joseph's, 144. St. Mary's Female Educational Insti- tute, 82, 139. St. Mary's Female Literary Society, 83, 144. St. Mary's Library Association, 172. St. Xavier College, 97, 155. Salaries, Supt. Deaf and Dumb Asy- lum, 164, 165. Salaries, Supt. of Blind Asylum, 164, 165. Salem, 167. Salem Academy, 82, 140. Sargeant, Stephen N., 142. Salt lands, 32. Sandusky Academy, 81, 136. Sandusky Annual Conference, 159. Sandusky City Lyceum and Library As- sociation, 171. Sandusky County, 178. Sansberry, Elizabeth, 144. Schaeffer, Daniel, 138. School for the Blind, 99. School funds, laws concerning, 125. School lands, 6, 54-74, 116, 127-128; laws concerning, 125-127; leasing of, 62, 64, 65, 72-73; revenue from, 30- 31; selling of, 62, 63-64, 72-73. School law. The first, 119. School Officers, 44. School tax, 115. School year. Length of, 43-44. Schools, City and village, 58—68; con- trol and supervision of, 38-41; in- corporation of, 154-155. Scioto County, 168. Scioto River, 3, 60, 61. Scioto Annual Conference, 159. Scotch, 3. Scotch-Irish, 3. Scott, John W., 137. Secretary of State, 13, 26, 39, 173, 174. Secondary education, 72-86, 117. Secondary institutions. Incorporation of, 128-146. Secondary schools, 5; incorporation of, 75-78. Seneca County, 140, 143, 169, 170, 174. INDEX 245 Seneca County Academy, 79, 134. Servants, 165. Serviss, William G., 155. Seven Ranges, 3, 57, 58, 61. Sexton, Henry, 136. Shannon, Wilson, 156. Sharon Academy, 81, 134. Shaw Academy, 79, 134. Sheffield Manual Labor Institute, 87, 135. Sidney Lyceum, 175. Simons, Joshua, 135. Sinon, Stephen, 139. Skinner, David C, 158. Slack, Elijah, 166. Smith, Ely B., 136. Smithfield, 176. Snodgrass, James, 132. Social Circulating Library Association, 169. Social Library Company of Madison, 168. Social Library Company of Salem, 167. Social Library of Kendal, 167. Social Library of Greene, 168. Social Library Society, 167. Society of United Brethren, 60. Soeurs de Notre Dame Female Educa- tional Institute, 83, 143. Society of United Christians, 178. Solomon Thrifty's almanack, 8. Special acts, 121-122. Spencer, Ezra, 14. Spink, John C, 157. Sprague, Sidney S., 143. Springboro, 176. Springboro Library Company, 170. Springborough School Company, 83, 144, 145. Springfield, 125, 176; population of, 45. Springfield Female Seminary, 83, 142. Springfield High School, 79, 132. Springfield Lyceum, 175. Stark County, 125, 136, 139, 144, 167, 175, 176. Stark County Lyceum, 175. Stark County Orphans' Institute, 105, 165. Starling, Lyne, 162. Starling Medical College, 162. Stanton, Joseph, 144. State Auditor, 163. State Board of public instruction, 121. State control, 85-86. State Library, 111, 167, 171, 173. State Literary fund, 122. State Medical Convention, The, 94- 95. State Medical Society, 96, 162. State School Fund, 32. State Superintendent of Schools, 38-39, 106, 115; office of, created, 11, 27; status of, 12-13, 27. State system of schools, 5. State treasurer, 73. State wide taxation, 5. Stearns, Timothy, 143. Steele, Robert W., 141. Stephen Strong's Manual Labor Semi- nary, 79, 85, 132. Steubenville, 38, 129. Steubenville Academy, 78. Steubenville Athenaeum, 175. Stevenson, Joseph, 156. Stockdale, William, 138. Stone, Jonathan, 146. St owe, C. E., 120. Streetsborough High School, 82, 136, 139. Studies, 43. Sturges, Ebon P., 130. Subscription school, 13-15. Suffield Township, Portage Co., 125. Suffield Township, Summit Co., 125. Summit County, 125, 139, 140, 166, 172, 173. Summit County Medical Society, 162. Sunbury Library Association, 168. Sunday creek, 110. Supreme court, 90, 96, 129. Superintendent of Common Schools, 23-24, 25 (note), 48, 120. Surgery, 93, 160. 246 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Surplus revenue, 32, 120. Swift, George, 151. Sylvania High School Company, 83, 145. Symmes, John C, 148. Symmes Purchase, 3, 6, 9, 54, 57, 58, 66,88,91, 117, 149. T Talbot, David L., 107. Tallmadge Academical Institute, 82, 139, 140. Tallmadge Academy, 78, 129. Tallmadge Library Association, 173. Taxation, 33-36; for schools, 33-35; for school buildings, 35-36. Teachers, Certification of, 41-42; edu- cation of, 166; training of, 106-109. Teachers' Institute, 107, 166. Teachers' Institute at Fairmound, 108, 166. Teachers' Institutes, 107, 121. Territorial act, 126. Theological Seminary of the Associated Reform Synod of the West, 97, 154. Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Ohio, 87, 151. See also Kenyon College. Theological Seminary of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, 160. Theological Seminary, Reform Synod, 154. Thompson, Thomas, 141. Tiffin Academy, 83, 143. Titus, Francis J., 139. Todd, David, 135. Toledo, 46, 48, 124, 149, 172; schools of, 48. Town schools, Laws concerning, 123- 125. Township clerk, 39-40; the township superintendent, 12, 24. Township superintendent, 39. Townshif) trustees, 63, 64, 72. Trimbell, Allan, 152. Troy Academy, 81, 135. Troy Library Society, 166. True, Josiah, 110. Trumbull County, 131, 135, 139, 143, 166,167,168,169,170,171, 173. Turner, Austin, 136. Tuscarawas County, 60, 127, 135, 136, 171. Twaddle, John, 164. Twinsburg Library Association, 172. U Union Academy, 79, 81, 130, 132, 136. Union County, 136, 170, 171. Union Library Association of Rich- mond, 173. Union Library Society of Lexington, 168. Union Literary Society of Miami Uni- versity, 177. Union School Association, 83, 143. Union School District, Springfield, 125. United Brethren, 159. United Christians, 178. United States, 32, 59, 60, 61, 68. United States land, 64. United States Military Lands, 3, 9, 31, 32, 54, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 126, 127. United States surplus revenue, 120. Universalist Institute, 81, 138. University School of Massillon, 79, 134. Urbana, 176. Urbana Academy, 79, 130. Urbana Athenaeum, 175. Urbana Juvenile Library, 171. Urbana University, 87, 97, 160. Utica Library Society, 169. V Vallandigham, Clement, 129. Van Balton, Julia, 143. Venable, 14, 110. Venice Library Society, 168. Vermilion Library Company, 171. Vermillion Institute, 82, 141. Vernon Library Association, 168. Village Library Society of Burton, 16? ■O j\j INDEX 247 Vinton Academy, 79, 132. Vinton High School, 83, 143. Virginia, 59, 61. VirginiaMilitaryLands, 3,9,30, 31,32, 54, 57, 59, 60, 63, 64, 68, 70, 71, 125, 126. Vorhees, Daniel, 139. W Wadsworth, 162. Wadsworth Academy, 79, 133. Wadsworth Library Society, 170. Waggoner, Samuel, 134. Wallace, James, 154. Wallace, Robert, 154. Walsh, James, 128. Wapakoneta, 138. Ward, Ebenezer, 134. Ward, Jacob, 154. Warner, Wright, 136. Warren, 15, 173. Warren Academy, 81, 135. Warren County, 124, 125, 139, 140, 144, 145, 170, 172, 176. Warren Library Association, 174. Washington, 142. Washington County, 88, 126, 146, 152, 167, 168. Washington Social Library Company, 166, 173. Waterford, 173. Waverly, 169. Wayne, Jacob L., 145. Wayne Academy, 81, 136. Wayne and Cherry Valley Union Li- brary Association, 169. Wayne County, 132, 139, 157, 166. Wayne County Teachers' Association, 108, 166. Waynesburgh, 138. Wayne Township Lyceum, 176. Waynesville Academy, 82, 140. Waynesville Library Company, 167. Weller, Joseph, 138. Wellington Social Library Company, 171. Wellington Township, 171. Wellsville Library Institute, 175. Wesleyan Collegiate Institute, 96, 154. Wesleyan Female College, 97, 156. Wesleyan University, 87. West Branch Library Association, 169. West Canaan, 173. Western Academic Institute and Board of Education, 11, 107, 166. Western Academy of Natural Sciences, 113, 178. Western Art Union, 113, 178. Western Baptist Education Society, 178. Western Book Concern, 156. Western College of Homeopathic Med- icine, 162. Western College of Teachers, 106-107. Western Eye and Ear Infirmary, 95. Wesleyan Female College, 156. Western Female Seminary, 79, 133. Western Library Association, 166. Western Liberal Institute, 176. Western Reserve, 3, 9, 26, 31, 54, 57, 59, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 70, 78, 108, 109, 127. Western Reserve Baptist Academical Society, 83, 145. Western Reserve College, 87, 96, 151, 177. See also Western Reserve University. Western Reserve College, Medical de- partment, 96. Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, 83, 87, 143. See also Hiram College. Western Reserve Freewill Baptist Edu- cational Society, 83, 145. Western Reserve Manual Labor Semi- nary, 146. Western Reserve School Lands, 32, 64, 65. Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary, 81, 137. Western Reserve University, 87, 151. Western Reserve Wesleyan Seminary, 81, 136. Western Spy, 13. Western Territory, 58, 125, 126. 248 HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN OHIO Westervelt, Mathew, 137. Westerville, 159. Westfield Library Society, 171. Westfield Township, 171. West Jefferson Academical Institute, 82, 141. West Lodi Academy, 82, 140. Wheeling, Va., 63. Whetstone, Thomas H., 158. White, James, 14. Whittlesey, Asaph, 139. Whittlesey, Charles, 58 (note). Wilkesville Lyceum, 176. Wilkins, Herman, 143. Williams, J. Martin, 140. Williams, Joseph, 139. Williams, Milo G., 160. Williams, Thomas, 13. Williamsburg Library Society, 169. Williamsfield, 173. Willoughby Female Academy, 82, 139. Willoughby Medical College, 153. Willoughby University of Lake Erie, 96, 153, 177. Willy, Lowry, 165. Wilson, Robert, 129. Wilson, Robert G., 149. Wilson, Samuel L., 138. Wilson, William, 134, 157. Windham Academy, 79, 133. Windham Library Society, 167. Windham School Fund, 125. Windsor Library Association, 169. Winnans, Isaac, 136. Wittenberg College, 87, 97, 157. Wolcott, Theodore, 131. Wood, Stephen, 134. Woodbridge, John, 132. Wood County, 157, 173. Woods, John, 133. Woodsfield Lyceum, 175. Woodward College of Cincinnati, 131. Woodward Free Grammar School, 105, 125. Woodward High School of Cincinnati, 77, 79, 131. Wooster, 125, 157. Wooster Academy, 79, 134. Wooster Library Society, 166. Worthington, 78, 150. Worthington Academy, 78, 129. Worthington College, 96, 150. Worthington Female Seminary, 81, 138. Worthington Literati, 172, Wright, Elizur, 129. Wright, Thomas C, 143. X Xenia, 137. Xenia Academy, 82, 142. Xenia Female Academy, 83, 143. Xenia Lyceum, 175. Yellow vSpring Library Society, 168. Young, Alexander, 135, 142. Young Men's Association of the City of Toledo, 172. Young Men's Book Association of West Canaan, 173. Young Men's Catholic Association of Cincinnati, 174. Young Men's Franklin Society of Gran- ville College, 177. Young Men's Literary Association of Springfield, 176. Young Men's Mercantile Library Asso- ciation of Cincinnati, 171. Young Men's Reading and Literary Society of Morgan, 175. Youngstown, 14. Youth's Neville Library Society, 172. 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