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BOSTON 
 
 COMMERCIAL METROPOLIS IN 1850. 
 
 HEK GROWTH, POPULATION, WE^iLTH AND 
 PROSPECTS. 
 
 As ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN HuNT'S MERCHANTS' MAGA- 
 ZINE FOR November, 1850. 
 
 BY 
 
 E, H. DERBY. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 REDDING & Co., STATE STREET. 
 
 1850. 
 
BOSTON: 
 
 COMMERCIAL METROPOLIS IN 1850. 
 
 Boston, tlic commercial center of New England, lips at the head of 
 Massachusetts l^ay, near the eonfluence of Charles and Mystic Rivers. These 
 streams are navigable for a few miles only, but uniting with Neponset and 
 Weymouth Rivers form one of the noblest harbors in the world. It is 
 land locked, accessible to ships of the line, susceptible of easy defense, rarely 
 if ever obstructed by ice. Extending fuurteen mih's from Point Alderton 
 to Medford, and. in width at least eight miles from Chelsea to Ilinghara; it 
 covers seventy-five square ro.iles, and would hold all the shipping of the 
 Union. 
 
 The entrance for large vessels is very narrow, barely sufficient for two 
 ships to sail abreast. It is defended by three fortresses, two of which, situate 
 on Georges and Castle Islands are on the largest scale, and constructed with 
 all the improvements of modern science. The third, or Citadel, on Governors' 
 Island, has been recently begun. These will effectual ly command the 
 entrance, and when finished may be considered impregnable. 
 
 This harbor is well adapted to commerce. The Peninsula and Island 
 of P)Oston are literlly fringed with wharfs and docks, while around the har- 
 bor, and its attiuents, are clustered many cities and villages into which 
 lioston overflows, all of which have piers or landing places, viz: Ilingham, 
 Hull, Weymouth, Quincy, Milton, Dorchester, Roxbury, IJrookline, Brighton, 
 JVewton, Wati/rtown, Cambridge, Charlestown, Chelsea, Maiden, Medford 
 and Somerville. 
 
 The space occupied by Boston projjcr is small for a commercial city. 
 
 The early settlers diose for their residence, in 1630, a Peninsula. It was 
 connected with the main by a narrow isthmus, (occasionally overflowed by 
 the sea,) and divided at high tide into two islands. The entire tract con- 
 tained six hundred acres. Itw;is called Shawmut, or Trimountain, and 
 derived its name from its springs and three lofty hills. The spot was un- 
 
4 Boston : A Commercial Metropolis in 1850. 
 
 doubtcdly selected for pure water, facilities for coininerce, and security from 
 wolves and Indians. 
 
 Boston soon became an important seaport. As early as lY40 she was 
 distiniiuished for her enterprise and commerce, and Avas particularly noted 
 for her ship building and tisheries. Her population was then 1 "7,000. 
 
 After this for more than half a century, viz: until 1790, her growth was 
 checked by the Indian, French and English wars, and the restrictive policy 
 of Eno;laiid. In 1790 her poi)ulation was found to be but eighteen thou- 
 sand and thirty-eight. I5efore the revolution she was the first commercial 
 city on the coast. Her reputation was identified with the country ; and the 
 colonists were generally known as liostonians among the French and Cana- 
 dians. r>ut during tlie revolution her citizens were compelled to abandon 
 their fire-sides, their stores and churches were injured, or l)urnt by the British 
 troops, and their commerce literally ruined. Iler sacrifices, too, for the com- 
 mon cause were se\ere, and her recovery slow. New York and Philadelphia, 
 consequently, outstripped her. I>ut siiiee 1790 Boston has made great 
 advances. She embarked largely in the trade to India and China; in 
 voyages to the Noith-west coast, in the fisheries, the carrying trade, and she 
 opened an extensive business with Eussia, China, the Indies, Mediterranean, 
 South America, Liverpool and the Bi'itish Provinces. When commerce was 
 paralyzed by the embargo and war of 1812,slie began manufactures. These 
 have expanded intu every variety of form. They have fostered a large trade 
 both coastwise, and with the British Provinces. More recently she has taken 
 a deep interest in railways, and opened to herself an interior to which nature 
 gave her no access. To complete her railways she has used a large capital, 
 and paid some extra interest. Their benificent influence is, however, appa- 
 rent, and the future promises accessions to her commerce. 
 
 EXPANSION OF BOSTON. 
 
 A Peninsula less than one square mile in extent was soon found insufficient 
 for Boston ; and the State annexed to her Dorchester Point, a Peninsula 
 containing six hundred acres. To this she is wedded by four bridges. At 
 a later i)eriod, ferries were established to Noddles Island, an area of six hun- 
 dred acres, and this island now forms a ward of the city. Some hundred 
 acres have also been reclaimed from the sea ; but these narrow limits, less than 
 two miles s([uare, prove entirely inadequate, and have long been exceeded. 
 
 The population of Boston, outside of her chartered limits, alivady equals 
 the j)o]iulation within. AVe should do injustice to Poston were we to con- 
 fine her to such narrow l)ounds, or within such arbitrary lines. Her true 
 ■limits, as a conmiercial metropolis, are those marked out by her business 
 men for tlieir stores, ])iers, shops and dwellings — the space occupied bv 
 those who resort daily to her banks and warehouses, or meet at her exchange. 
 How is it with her sister cities? Philadelphia, by the last census, embraced 
 witliin her chartered limits less than half her iidiabitants ; the residue were 
 difl^us('d through the extensive districts of Spring (rarden, Moyamensing and 
 Nortiiern Liberties. She virtually extends, under dilleivnt charters, from 
 Pichniond, six miles down the Delaware. 
 
 New York reaches fourteen miles from Kings Bridge to (lie l>attery. 
 
 New Orleans embraces three distinct munici] alities, on l he Crescent of 
 the Mississippi. 
 
 hoiidon, the queen of commerce, contains but six hun In d acres, and less 
 than one hundred and thirty thousand people in her chirt r d limits; but 
 
Boston: A Commercial Metropolis in 1850. 5 
 
 her streets stretch eight miles on the Thames. Within her metropolitan 
 districts are eighteen square miles of buildings, and three millions of i)eople. 
 
 Boston, witii less scope than New York, h;is, Hke New Orleans, Pliila 
 delpliia ;ind London, over-stept her sea-girt isles. She has attached lierself 
 to the main by one wide natural avenue, the neck, paved and planted with 
 trees, by one granite structure, the Western Avenue, a mile and a half in 
 length ; by six bridges, seven railways, and three ferries, one terminating in a 
 railway. Seven railways branch into sixteen, and ten avenues divide into 
 thirty within the first nine miles from her exchange. These diverge like a 
 fan, and on the streets thus made is found a large population under separate 
 munici])alities. As land rises in value, hotels, offices and blocks of stores 
 xisurp the place of dwellings. The old residents, leaving the low and 
 reclaimed land to foreign laborers, plant themselves in the suburbs. 
 There they build tasteful houses, with flower-plats and gardens ; availing of 
 the frequent omnibuses, or of special trains run almost hourly,'''' and com- 
 muting for passage at 820 to S40 a year ; they reach their stores and offices 
 in the morning, and at night sleep with their wives and children in the 
 suburbs. No time is lost, for they read the morning and evening journals 
 as they go and return. Some of the wards appropriate for stores thus rise 
 in value, but diminish in population. The suburbs extend, and the commer- 
 cial community grows in a widening semi-circle. 
 
 Dr. Lardner well remarks in his late treatise on railways : " The ]iopu- 
 lation of a great capital is condensed into a small compass, by the difficulty 
 and inconvenience of passing over long distances ; hence has arisen the 
 densely populated state of great cities like London and Paris. If the speed 
 by Avhich persons can be transported from place to place be doubled, th 
 same population can, without -inconvenience, be spread over four times the 
 area ; if the speed be tripled, it may occupy nine times the area." 
 
 Boston, the first of our American cities to adopt improved modes of loco- 
 motion, — instance her early stages, her Middlesex Canal and Quincy Railway 
 — is entitled to avail of these laws of science, and in computing her population 
 and wealth should embrace the surrounding districts within nine miles, or 
 half an hour's distance, equivalent to a two miles' walk, from her exchange. 
 
 The following table exhibits the population and wealth of the metro- 
 politan district of Boston, by the census and valuation of 1850 and 1840, 
 with the growth of each. 
 
 This district is sixteen miles in length, by nine and a half average width ; 
 about one fourth of it is occujiied by water, marsh, or rocky hills too steep 
 for buildinof. 
 
 
 
 Population 
 
 Population 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 
 Distance 
 
 by t^tate 
 
 by U. Slates 
 
 by State 
 
 Assessed 
 
 Assessed 
 
 N.imc of 
 
 from 
 
 census, 
 
 census, 
 
 census 
 
 valuation. 
 
 valuation. 
 
 district. 
 
 exchange. 
 
 1640. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Boston 
 
 
 83,979 
 
 93,383 
 
 fl38,788 
 
 $94,581,600 
 
 :};|l79,525,00a 
 
 Roxbury 
 
 2 
 
 8,310 
 
 9,089 
 
 18,316 
 
 3,257,503 
 
 13,712,800 
 
 Charlestown . 
 
 2 
 
 10,872 
 
 11,484 
 
 15,933 
 
 4,033,176 
 
 8,862,250 
 
 Cambridge . . 
 
 3 
 
 8,127 
 
 8,409 
 
 14,825 
 
 4,479,501 
 
 11,434,458 
 
 Brookline . . . 
 
 3 
 
 1,123 
 
 1,365 
 
 2,353 
 
 743,963 
 
 5,382,000 
 
 Chelsea 
 
 3 
 
 2,182 
 
 2,390 
 
 6,151 
 
 696,781 
 
 3,472,650 
 
 Dorchester . . 
 
 4 
 
 4,468 
 
 4,876 
 
 7,578 
 
 1,691,245 
 
 7,199,750 
 
 * Two hundred and forty railway trains daily enter, or leave Boston, conveying more than 10,000 
 passi^ngers dialy. 
 
 t Population of Boston and environs in 1820, 8(1,096. 
 
 X The valuation of all these towns is official except Brighton, which is estimated from previona 
 returns, the assessors not being ready to furnish the return for 1850. 
 
Boston: A Commercial Metropolis in \%oO. 
 
 
 
 Population 
 
 Population 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 
 Distance 
 
 by Stuto 
 
 by 11. States 
 
 by State 
 
 Assessed 
 
 Assessed 
 
 Name of 
 
 t'rdiii 
 
 census, 
 
 census, 
 
 census. 
 
 valuation, 
 
 valuation, 
 
 district. 
 
 cxchiinge. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1840. 
 
 18.™. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Maiden 
 
 4 
 
 3,027 
 
 3,351 
 
 5,017 
 
 586,136 
 
 1,461.436 
 
 Mciifoid .... 
 
 4 
 
 2,275 
 
 2,478 
 
 3,581 
 
 1,095,195 
 
 2,128,470 
 
 Brighton 
 
 5 
 
 1,405 
 
 1,425 
 
 2,253 
 
 458,485 
 
 1,146,212 
 
 Soniorville.. . 
 
 5 
 
 new 
 
 new 
 
 3,110 
 
 new 
 
 2,778,125 
 
 W. Gamb'dge 
 
 5 
 
 1,338 
 
 1,363 
 
 2,120 
 
 472,423 
 
 2,330,281 
 
 K Cheisea. . . 
 
 5 
 
 new 
 
 new 
 
 819 
 
 new 
 
 772,000 
 
 JIubose 
 
 5 
 
 new 
 
 new 
 
 1,190 
 
 new 
 
 483,419 
 
 "Watortown. . 
 
 G 
 
 1,896 
 
 1,810 
 
 2,592 
 
 973,835 
 
 2,614,100 
 
 Winchester.. 
 
 6 
 
 new 
 
 new 
 
 1,320 
 
 new 
 
 866,432 
 
 Stoiichani. .. . 
 
 G 
 
 1,007 
 
 1,017 
 
 2,043 
 
 217,960 
 
 539,000 
 
 Milton 
 
 7 
 
 1,684 
 
 1,822 
 
 2 222 
 
 663,247 
 
 1,200,800 
 
 Woburn .... 
 
 t 
 
 2,931 
 
 2,993 
 
 3,788 
 
 987,388 
 
 2,241,144 
 
 Qnincy 
 
 8 
 
 3 309 
 
 3,486 
 
 4,958 
 
 912,105 
 
 2,200,000 
 
 Saugus 
 
 8 
 
 .02 
 
 1,098 
 
 1,505 
 
 208,856 
 
 359,305 
 
 Dedham . . . 
 
 
 3,157 
 
 3,290 
 
 4,379 
 
 1,218,548 
 
 8,509,180 
 
 ifewton.. 
 
 9 
 
 3,027 
 
 3,351, 
 
 5,017 
 
 897,255 
 
 8,793,083 
 
 Waltham . . . 
 
 9 
 
 2,593 
 
 2,604 
 
 4,483 
 
 1,069,171 
 
 2,973,750 
 
 Lexington . . . 
 
 9 
 
 1,559 
 
 1,642 
 
 1,920 
 
 561,549 
 
 1,469,551 
 
 Lynn 
 
 
 
 9,075 
 
 9,367 
 
 13.613 
 
 1,319,656 
 
 4,191,648 
 
 Total 158,546 171,992 269,874 §120,114,574 $5266,646,844 
 
 l>y tliis talile, futiiulecl on data from official sources, it appears tliat the 
 assessed wealth of tliis metropolis amounts to rC?2G0,0'iG,844, a sum exceed- 
 ing the assessed wealth of New York. It also appears that this wealth has 
 increa.sed in the last ten years, from 6120,114,574 to ^200,040,844, show- 
 ing a ratio of one hundi-ed and twenty-three per cent, or more than 12 per 
 cent per annum. 
 
 It also appears that the population has increased from 158,540 to 209,874, 
 by the State census taken in 1840 and in 1850. But the State census does 
 not give the whole amount. It is prepared for a sjiecial purpose to district 
 the State for representatives, and the usage of the State is to omit prisoners, 
 paupers, lunatics, and also absent seamen. 
 
 The United States census, in 1840, gave an excess in this district of 
 13,440, or 8|- per cent for these omissions, and assuming the same result for 
 1850, we must add — 
 
 To amount of State census 
 Eight and a half per cent.. , 
 
 269,874 
 22,939 
 
 And we have a population of 292,813 
 
 This poi)ulation and wc^alth must preserve for this metropolis her station 
 among the three lirst cities of the Union. ■^'' 
 
 RAILWAYS AND STEAMERS. 
 
 Tlie growth of P.oston and her environs has been more rapid during the 
 past ten years than in any jtrevious decack'. The South has ascribed her 
 progress jirincipally to cotton mills. In common with commerce, the fish- 
 
 Thc public and corporate property in Boston .and its environs, not included in the above asssess- 
 ment-H, exceeds lwcnl\-oiic millions. In 1840 the assessed vahuiliou of the city of New York was two 
 hundred and llfty-two milHoiisone hundred and thirty-live thousand dollars. In 184!Mhe assessed 
 vuluntioii of New Vork w.is Si5t;,-J17,0ii:i ; in the same year, valuation of Brooklyn, Loni,'-lslan(l, was 
 «.lJ,i(i(.,.).iO. The valuanoM of WilliaMisburi,'h, Loni; Island, was §:i.(i7H,.''>():{. The assessed valuation 
 of Uauiinore was S7S,-.>.-.:3.r»S. The assessed value of real estate in Philadelphia (exclusive of the dis- 
 ^"^ij] Vii"n *^>''-'J>'"'*5 ""*' Ibc valuation of real and personal estate in Portland, Maine, was, in 1850, 
 
Boston : A Commercial Metropolis in 1850. ^ 
 
 eries and other mnnufactures, these liave doubtless contributed to Iter 
 increase ; but the cotton business grew more rapidly in the preceding ten 
 years, and is now less important than the manufactures of leather. 
 
 The principal cause has undoubtedly been the construction of railways, 
 and the establishment of a semi-monthly steam lines to Europe. Thesd 
 have given great facilities to her commerce, enlarged her market, attracted 
 merchants, stimulated every branch of manufiicture, created a demand for 
 houses and stores, and advanced the value of real estate. September 
 30th 1839, there were but one hundred and sixty-seven miles of railway 
 radiating from Boston. In August, 1850, Boston is wedded to one thou- 
 sand miles of railway in Massa^chusetts, thirteen hundred and fifty in the 
 five other States of New England, and six hundred and fifty more in New 
 York, In all, three thousand miles finished, or on the eve of completion. In 
 September 1830, her Railway horizon was bounded by Salem, Bradford, 
 Nashua and Providence. It now encircles a web spreading over Massa- 
 chusetts, and extends to the Kennebec, the St. Lawrence and the Lakes. 
 This great system of railways has been principally planned and directed by 
 her sagacity. In 1846 and 1847, its success led to some overaction, to a 
 few mistakes and a consequent pressure in the money market. Boston in- 
 vested largely in lines to the North, and in distant railways — the Michi- 
 gan Central, Mad River, Reading and Wilmington ; and she also ex- 
 pended five millions in an aqueduct, and as much more on f^ictory cities. But 
 the aqueduct is in operation. The northern lines will reach the St. Lawrence 
 in October. Her last investments promise to be remunerative, and will 
 bring with them a strong current of trade from newly acquired territory. 
 Railways have become the great interest of Boston, and her investment in 
 
 h eeds fifty millons of dollars. 
 
 STEAMERS. 
 
 The Cunard line of steamers was commenced July, 1841, and has run 
 nine years with unexampled success. There are also lines of steamers to St. 
 Johns, the Kennebec, and Penobscot, to Nahant, and Hingham, but in this 
 department Boston has disjjlayed less energy than in railways. It is true 
 she has now feeders and aliment for new lines of steamers. The ocean 
 too, invites her action. Being one day nearer to Europe than New York, 
 she can by her Telegraph give one day's earlier intelligence to the country. 
 
 ANNUAL PRODUCTIONS OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 By an official report made to the Legislature in 184 5, it appeared that the 
 annual products of Massachusetts were one hundred and fourteen millions of 
 dollars. Of these eleven millions were the produce of agriculture and the 
 forests, principally hay, fruit and vegetables ; twelve millions the proceeds of 
 the fisheries, and ninety one-millions manufactures. The income from com- 
 merce, freight, and investments in State loans, railways and cost of new 
 striicture, were not included. 
 
 FISHERIES. 
 
 In 1849, 204,000 barrels of whale and sperm oil, three-fifths of the 
 entire fishery of the Union, were brought into Massachusetts, also 231,856 
 barrels of mackerel. A large portion of these imports find their way to 
 Boston. 
 
8 Boston: A Commercial Metro2')oUs in l^bQ. 
 
 For more tlian a century Boston has been the chief mart for the sale of 
 dried fish, and a large proj)ortion of the fishermen engaged in both the cod 
 and mackerel fishery ri;sort to Boston for outfits and sales. 
 
 MANUFACTURES OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The principal branches in 1845 were : — 
 
 Miscellaneous ?19,35T,000 
 
 Boots, shoes, and leather 18,635,000 
 
 Cotton goods (817,473 spindles) 12,193,000 
 
 Woolen and -worsted goods 10,300,000 
 
 Manufactures of wood, iucludiug ships and carriages. . 11,596,000 
 
 Manufactures of metals, tools, &c 8,024,000 
 
 Oil, candles, and soap 4,931,000 
 
 Hats, caps, and bonnets 2,384,000 
 
 Paper 1,750,000 
 
 Cordage 906,000 
 
 Glass 758,000 
 
 Total $91,000,000 
 
 Of these productvS, twenty-one millions are manufactured within the city and 
 suburbs, tlie residue are principally sent to Boston for sale or shipment. A 
 portion go directly to New York, but as Boston is the market of a large 
 part of New England, the recei])ts from other States may be estimated to 
 supply the deficit. The raw materials, and supplies for operatives and foreign 
 imports, the latter amounting this year to nearly thirty millions, also pass 
 through this market, so that the annual home trade of Boston may be safely 
 set at two hundred millions of dollars. 
 
 This estimate is sustained by the business of the Suffolk Bank of Boston, 
 which redeems at ]>ar the bills of the country banks of New England. Its 
 redemption has in a single week of July, 1850, reached four millions six 
 hundred and forty-five thousand dollars. Allowing for some excess, this indi- 
 cates a business of two hun<lred millions per annum. 
 
 From the tabular statement of manufactures, it appears the cotton manu- 
 facture is less than one-seventh of the manufactures of the State. It has 
 made more show tlian other branches because conducted by associations in 
 large villages, while others are more dispersed. The tariff of 1846, has 
 somewhat checked its growth, and injuriously affected certain fabrics, such 
 as printing cloths, calicoes and fine muslins. It has also borne hard on iron 
 and liardware, linseed oil, and some descriptions of woolens. But the arti- 
 cles thus atlected do not constitute one-half of the manufactures of the State, 
 and the residue are still progessive. The manufjicture of leather, boots and 
 shoes, is particularly prosperous, and is now rated at twenty-five millions.* 
 Mouslin delain, carpets and sliawls are made on a large scale, and woolens 
 have increased to at least fourteen millions. 
 
 Ihe ca])ital embarked by Boston, however, in all manufactures is much 
 less than her investments in railways. It is now computed not to exceed 
 forty millions, jilanted principally out of the city. Her capital devoted to 
 commerce, iiieluding her investment in banks and insurance companies, 
 is at least fifty millions of dollars. 
 
 ^ Her investments in State and city loans may be set at $15,000,000; iu 
 New York mortgages (a favorite investment) §4,000,000. 
 
 * Iliilos, skins and l.'aUier nro now imported into Boston, in large qiiamtities, from i'/m-^n/irf and 
 f ranci, and nearly all parts of thu world, to bu manufactured inlo boots and shoes. 
 
Boston: A Commercial Metropolis in 1850. 9 
 
 SHIPPING OF BOSTON. TONNAGE. 
 
 Years. Registered. EnroUed. Total. 
 
 18-42 157,116 36,386 193,502 
 
 1843 165,482 37,116 202,599 
 
 1844 175,330 35,554 210,885 
 
 1845 187,812 37,290 228,103 
 
 1846 192,879 42,185 235.064 
 
 1847 210,775 44,038 254,812 
 
 1848 232,769 45,100 277,869 
 
 1849 247,336 45,123 292,459 
 
 1850 270,710 42,482 313,192 
 
 1821 only 127,124 
 
 FOREIGN COMMERCE. 
 
 AVithin tlie last ten years the foreign commerce of Boston has g-radually 
 increased, although it has not kept pace with the coasting trade, which has of 
 late been swelled by the accession of Tox;is and California. 
 
 Subjoined is a table giving the foreign arrivals, the exports, imports, and 
 duties for a series of years : — 
 
 Years. For. arrivals. Imports. Exports. Duties. 
 
 1842 1,738 $12,633,713 $7,226,104 $2,780,186 
 
 1843 1,716 20,662,567 7,265,712 3,491,019 
 
 1844 , 2,174 22,141,788 8,294,726 5,934,945 
 
 1845 2,305 21,591.877 9,370,851 5,249,634 
 
 1846 2,090 21,284,800 8,245,524 4,872,570 
 
 1847 2,739 28,279,651 12,118,587 5,448,362 
 
 1848 3,009 23,388,475 10,001,819 4,908,872 
 
 1849 3,111 24,117,175 8,843,974 5,031,995 
 
 1850, for 1st half only 16,329,501 4,426,216 3,126,472 
 
 1821, only 853 
 
 In foreign arrivals, imports and duties, Boston stands next to New York. 
 Her excess of imports over her exports is paid for by the earnings of her 
 vessels on foreign voyages, and by her coastwise shipments of granite, mar- 
 ble, ice, manufactures and other merchandise to the exporting cities of the 
 South, 
 
 LOCAL AND COASTWISE TRADE. 
 
 Boston enjoys a large local and coastwise trade. The population of Mas- 
 sachusetts has risen from 718,592, by the State, and 737, VOO, by the United 
 States Census in 1840, to 973,715, by the State Census of 1850. This gives 
 one hundred and thirty-nine inhabitants to the square mile. For her area is 
 but seven thousand square miles. 
 
 Within her borders are two cities -with over 30,000 people each ; ten 
 with 10,000 to 20,000; ten towns with 0,000 to 10,000; twenty with 
 4,000 to 0,000.* Between these and the metropolis an active commerce 
 exists. The whole State draws but ^10,000,000 of produce from agricul- 
 ture, half of which is hay, and of course depends on other States for food . 
 and raw material. Boston is the principal mart, and by her iron arms she 
 reaches, through a populous interior, to the lakes and borders of the St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 The following table exhibits the principal coastwise importations of ]3oston 
 for several yeai"s. 
 
 • The country around Boston and its suburbs is very populous. A strip of land only six miles wide 
 surrounding; ihe metropolitan districts contains over 70,000 people. 
 
1849. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1821. 
 
 269,813 
 
 138,709 
 
 17,126 
 
 262,632 
 
 73,847 
 
 . ... 
 
 *987,988 
 
 550,359 
 
 259,030 
 
 3,002,593 
 
 1,834,861 
 
 641,680 
 
 621,613 
 
 577,359 
 
 160,871 
 
 38,199 
 
 20,740 
 
 8,392 
 
 663,530 
 
 
 
 156,556 
 
 
 
 200,560 
 
 
 
 10 Boston : A Commercial Metropolis in 1850. 
 
 COASTWISE IMrOKTATlONS OK CERTAIN ARTICLES INTO BOSTON. 
 
 Cotton bales 
 
 Anthracite coal tons 
 
 Flour bbls. 
 
 Corn bvisli. 
 
 Oats, rye, and shorts 
 
 Turpentine bbls. 
 
 Leather sides 
 
 Porl< bbls. 
 
 Lead pigs 
 
 Lai'o'c iinj)ui1ations are also made, ]")articulafly from New Orleans, of beef, 
 hemp, sugar, molasses, tobacco, and many other articles. 
 
 COASTERS. 
 
 Vessels of all sizes from 50 to 1,000 tons, are engaged in the coasting 
 trade. The toUowing table exhibits for a term of years the arrival of all 
 vessels coastwise, excepting sloops and schooners transporting wood, sand, 
 and stone, which amount to some thousands annually, and do not report to 
 the custom-house. 
 
 COASTWISE ARRIVALS. 
 
 1842 4,024 i 1847 7,004 
 
 1843 4,944 U848 6,002 
 
 1844 5,312 ' 1849 f 6,100 
 
 1845 5,631 I 1850, 1st half only 3,462 
 
 1846 6,732 I 1821, only ". 2,013 
 
 FREIGHT BY RAILWAYS. 
 
 Freiglit earnings of the four railways terminating in Boston in 1839 $287,310 
 
 seven " " " 1849 1,238,122 
 
 Tons transported by same in 1849 1,167,129 
 
 CATTLE TRADE. 
 
 Large sales of live stock are made weekly at Brighton near Boston, 
 brought principally from other States by railwav. Many horses are also 
 brought by the same conveyance. Cattle are kilk-d in the environs. 
 
 SALES AT BRIGHTON FOR 1849. 
 
 Beef cattle 46,465 
 
 Store cattle 20,085 
 
 Sheep 148,965 
 
 Swine 80,120 
 
 Amount of sales $1,765,670 
 
 " 482,040 
 
 " 297,910 
 
 " 430,646 
 
 Total value $2,976,265 
 
 Another large market for cattle and other live stock is now held weekly 
 at Cambridge.j: Large quantities of pork in bulk are in the winter conveyed 
 by railway to Boston from the interior of New York. In the year ending 
 Septemlter 1, 1850, .37,7 78 whole hogs were thus transported. The Fitch- 
 burg Kailway brings in annually about 100,000 tons of ice. The Old Col- 
 ony Railway, in a<ldition, transports the city ofial to Quincy. 
 
 • In llu; year cndiii? .^.-ptembor 1, 18.W, ilic whole exportation of flour from the United States to 
 Great Britain was :f9-.',74-.' barrels ; of corn, 4.rii:t,:i73 bushels. 
 
 t In 17J7 lIu" arrivals in f.omlon were forei!,'n, i!,U.52 ; coastwise, G,837. 
 
 X Tlie live stock olfered for sale for I he past year at the new market at Cambridge has been as fol- 
 ws:— oO,H4 cattle, 108,^24 sheep, 7,078 swiue, and 1,245 horses. 
 
Boston: A Commercial Metropolis in \^oQ. 11 
 
 TRADE WITH THE SOUTH AND WEST. 
 
 Vast quantities of imported and manufactured goods are sold annually by 
 Boston to the South and West, which are sent off both by railways and 
 packets. Lines of packets rim to all the great cities of the sea- coast. To 
 ilhistrate the magnitude of this business ; — a single packet, the President, 
 which sailed from Boston during the current month of August for New 
 Orleans, took 15,651 packages, princi]XAlly boot's, shoes, and other domestic 
 goods, consigned to 332 difierent consignees, and \alued at $390,000. 
 
 CALIFORNIA TRADE. 
 
 Boston has devoted a large amount of shipping to the California trade, 
 and has sent some thousand colonists to the Golden Gates. The vessels 
 selected are principally of the oldest class, least adapted to the European or 
 India trade, and tlie amount realized from their outward freight, averaging 
 thirty dollars per ton, approaches their actual value. 
 
 From January, 1849, to August, 1850, nearly 1,300 vessels have sailed 
 fro!n our Atlantic ports for California. Of these nearly one-foui'th have 
 leared from the port of Boston. The parties who have shipped by them 
 have met with varying success. For instance, on the early shipments of 
 luml^er a profit of 1,000 per cent was realized; on the late shipments, 
 expenses have frequently absorbed the whole. It often happens, however, 
 that one paying article makes up for the loss on many others. Many ves- 
 sels have found good employment at San Francisco. 
 
 BANKING CAPITAL. 
 
 Capital of banks in Boston proper 119,280,000 
 
 In metropolitan districts 1,450,010 
 
 Estimated increase since January 1,000,000 
 
 Total 121,730,000 
 
 Average dividends for 1819 and 1850 over 7 per cent. 
 
 SAVINGS BANKS. 
 
 Ain't deposited. 
 
 Provident Institution for Savings, Boston $3,200,382 
 
 Suflblk Savings Bank, Boston 771,80'J 
 
 East Boston Savings I3ank 6,608 
 
 Aggregate in city proper, 1849 $3,977,799 
 
 In other metropolitan districts 961,530 
 
 te deposited by 29,799 depositors §4,939,329 
 
 "Whole amount deposited in Massachusetts' savings banks, in 1849, 
 §12,1 11,553 64. The average dividends of savings banks in Boston have 
 been for five years 8 per cent. 
 
 CAPITAL OF INSURANCE COMPANIES. 
 
 Stock Capital of Boston Companies, 155,483,000. There are also in the city 
 and environs sixteen mutual companies and several foreign agencies. 
 
 AQUEDICT. 
 
 As Boston grew in population and manufactures, the natural springs 
 which gave it the Indian name of Shawmut gradually failed, and the wato 
 deteriorated. The citizens were obliged to deepen the ancient wells from 
 year to year, and the wells on land reclaimed from the sea proved brackish 
 
12 Boston: A Commercial Metropolis in \B50. 
 
 and unwholesome. It was at length necessary to resort to a foreign supply. 
 Ill 1795 wooden pipes were laid by a private company from Jamaica Pond, 
 a beautiful sheet of water five miles from the exchange, and as the demand 
 increased, a ten inch jtipe of iron was substituted. Three thousand tenants 
 were thus furnished with a partial sup[)ly, and the enterprise was found very 
 remunerative. Jamaica Pond having jiroved insufficient, Boston, in 1846, 
 selected Cochituate Lake, in Framingham, twenty miles from the exchange, 
 and constructed a new aqueduct to supply the city. This was commenced 
 in August, 184G, and opened for use in (}ct(jber, 1848. 
 
 The mean elevation of the lake is 128 feet above the marsh level. The 
 water is carried 14| miles by a brick conduit of an elliptic form, measuring- 
 six feet four inches, by live feet, with a regular descent of 3-^ inches to the mile, 
 to a large reservoir in IJrookline. Here a pond of 22 acres, holding 
 100,000,000 of gallons, has been formed by closing the outlet of a valley. 
 This reservoir is 123 feet above the level of the sea. The conduit on its 
 way j)asses through two tunnels, one of which is half a mile in length, driven 
 through solid rock. A break occurs at Charles River, which the water 
 crosses by two parallel pipes of thirty inches diameter. From the Brookline 
 Reservoir it is carried in large iron pipes five miles to a granite reservoir in 
 the city on the summit of lieacon Hill, holding 2,500,000 gallons. Also 
 to another large reservoir on Dorchester Heights, South Boston, holding 
 6,000,000 of gallons. These are elevated 120 feet above the sea. From 
 these the water is distributed by TO miles of pipes through all the streets of 
 Boston proper, and has generally been introduced into the dwellings and 
 stores at the pxpense of the city. The head is sutScient to throw a three 
 mcli jet 92 feet high from the fountain on the Common, and to carry the 
 water to the rhanib('rs of all the inhabitants. The aqueduct is competent to 
 deliver 14,000.000 of gallons daily, and the source supplies 10,000,000, and 
 this quantity may be increased to 14,000,000 by other feeders within two 
 miles distance. The .authorities are now engaged in conducting a pi})e by 
 bridges across the Charles and Mystic Rivers, four miles further to East 
 Boston, passing under several deep and navigable channels by syphons. 
 The cost of this enterprise will amount to 85,000,000, which has been 
 principally borrowed on shoit loans, and funded in 5 per cent stock, issued 
 at par, or at a small discount. 
 
 Ihe amount of water rents the jiresent year, from January to Julv, have 
 been !s90,00(i. A large part of the inhabitants are suj.phed at live'dollars 
 per tenement; hotels, railways, and manufacturing establishments at higher 
 rates. The income promises to be progressive. 
 
 The city proper now is, and the suburbs soon will be, lighted with gas. 
 
 l'i:j!LlC EDIFICES. 
 
 Tlic princijial pulilic buildings in ]>oston and its vicinity are the Qiiiiioy 
 jMarket, a granite structure 500 feet by 38. The State House, a large and 
 commodious edifice, erected nearly fifty years since by the State. It occu- 
 ])ies an elivated position overlooking the Common, and is embellished by 
 two iron fountains. Faneuil Hall, an ancient brick edifice, the basement of 
 which rents for r<('7,000. The M ;issachusetts General Hospital, a large 
 stone structure at West Boston ; the old State House; the jSlassachu setts 
 Eye and Ear Infirmary ; the Institute for the Blind at South Boston ; the 
 Orphan Asylum; the Farm School; the City Hall, an4 Suffolk Court 
 House, large buildings of granite ; the Registry of Deeds ; the Merchants' 
 
Boston: A Commercial Metropolis in 1850. 13 
 
 Exchange, of granite also ; the Athen»um, a large and beautiful building of 
 free-stone, costing 8185,000; an elegant granite Custom-house; a Club- 
 house of free-stone, in the Italian style, costing §45,000 ; twenty-three large 
 school-houses, that have cost $703,000 ; forty -one primary school-houses, 
 costing §240,000 ; three theatres ; a museum, and two large buildings of 
 granite, used for concerts and lectures. Boston is also erecting an extensive 
 jail of Quincy granite, estimated to cost §480,000, and a spacious Alms- 
 house, to accomodate 1,500 paupers and emigrants, at Deor Island, to cost 
 §150,000. At Eainsford's Island she has also a Quarantine Hospital, and 
 buildings hitherto used for jails and alms-houses at West and South Boston. 
 In the environs are two large and elegant Court-houses at Dedham and 
 Cambridge ; a Town-hall at (.Quincy, of granite ; a Collegiate building at 
 Xewton, and ten College halls, an Observatory, and an Insane Hospital at 
 Cambridge. 
 
 DONATIONS TO PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, AND FOR CHARITABLE PURPOSES. 
 
 The citizens of Boston have rarely been wanting in the cause of beneficence, 
 and many of their institutions are richly endowed. Previous to 1845, a 
 single institution, the Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean Asylum, 
 had received §040,942, and the entire amount of donations to such pubUc 
 objects was ascertained by the Hon. S. A. Eliot, late mayor of the city, to 
 have been, prior to 1840, §4,992,059. 
 
 PUBLIC CEMETERIES. 
 
 Very few interments are now made in the ancient burial grounds of 
 Boston. Several of them have been planted with trees and shrubs, and 
 contribute to the ornament of the city. In 1831 an association of gentle- 
 men purchased Mount Auburn, in Cambridge, a spot remarkable for its 
 natural beauties, and devoted 118 acres to a rural cemetery. "This is 
 probably the first instance in America of a large tract having been chosen 
 for its natural beauties, and improved by landscape gardening to prepare it 
 for the reception of the dead." It has been extensively copied in other parts 
 of the Union. During the past eighteen years, 1,750 lote have been sold, 
 realizing not far from §175,000. Roads and paths have been opened, a 
 granite gateway and chapel have been built, and more than half a mile of 
 iron paling constructed. Many tasteful monuments of marble have been 
 erected, and it has become a place of frequent resort both for the living and 
 the dead. At Forest Hill, Roxbury, is another beautiful cemetery. Others 
 are in progress at Brighton and at Woodlawn, a very picturesque spot in 
 Maiden. 
 
 CITY DEBT AND RESOURCES. 
 
 The city debt had been reduced by a cautious policy from §1,098,232 50, 
 in 1840, to §1,058,010 00, in 1840. Since that period the aqueduct and 
 otiier public improvements have carried the amount to §7,000,000. A strong 
 desire now pervades the community to prevent its future growth. The debt, 
 however, is not large when compared with the income, wealth, and resources 
 of the city, and may be eventually met by the income and sales of the city 
 property. The aqueduct is already productive, and may be made to supply 
 the environs as well as the city proper. 
 
 Boston possesses also, the Common, a beautiful park of forty-eight acres, 
 encircled by an iron fence ; the Public Garden, containing fourteen acres, 
 and several public squares and areas embellished by fountains. These are 
 all devoted to health and recreation. She owns also a lai'ge amount of 
 
14 Boston: A Commercial Metropolis in 1850. 
 
 valuable property wliicli may be sold : tliis includes most of the vacant laiul 
 iu Boston proper, viz : 4,500,000 feet of land and flats at South Boston ; 
 5,000,000 feet of laud and flats on the Neck, and east of the Harrison 
 Avenue, together, worth ^3,400,000 ; the City Wharf, valued at $600,000 ; 
 Quincy M;"u'ket, $500,000; Leverett-street Estate, 47,000 feet, 1100,000; 
 Old State House, ^$l 00,000 ; Bonds and Mortgages, $271,000 ; other real 
 estate, exclusive of aqueduct and public Imildings, $100,000 ; making a total 
 of $5,071,000. The use and sale of part of this property, and the income 
 of the residue, will provide eventually for the debt. The revenue the city 
 proper now derives from rents, interest, water, and other sources besides 
 taxes, exceeds $300,000 yearly, being nearly equal to the interest of the 
 debt.* 
 
 CITY TAXES. 
 
 The amount assessed for taxes has been as follows : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 1840 
 
 1841 
 
 1842 
 
 1843 
 
 1844 
 
 1845 
 
 1846 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 
 Amount of tax assessed. 
 
 Rate on $1,000. 
 
 Property assessed, 
 
 $546,742 
 
 $5 50 
 
 $94,581,600 
 
 610,412 
 
 6 00 
 
 98,006,600 
 
 637,779 
 
 5 70 
 
 105,723,700 
 
 712,379 
 
 6 20 
 
 110,056,000 
 
 744,210 
 
 6 00 
 
 118,450,300 
 
 811,338 
 
 5 70 
 
 135,948,700 
 
 931,998 
 
 6 90 
 
 148,839,600 
 
 1,014,674 
 
 00 
 
 162,360,400 
 
 1,131.821 
 
 6 50 
 
 167,728,000 
 
 1,174,715 
 
 6 50 
 
 174,180,200 
 179,525,000 
 
 The large sums thus reali/.i'd have been expended for great jniblic objects 
 — sucli as the school system, improvement of streets, an efiicient police and 
 fire deiiurtnmnt, the public health, and relief of the distressed. In the year 
 ending April 30th, 1848, for instance, the chief municipal expenditures 
 were : — 
 
 For schools and school houses $348,887 40 
 
 Streets — widening, lighting, and paving 400,728 16 
 
 Watch department 60,076 65 
 
 County expenses — courts, etc 44,584 01 
 
 Fire department 81,935 17 
 
 Alien passengers 1 7,336 96 
 
 House of Correction 34,194 78 
 
 House of Industry 55,558 30 
 
 Health and quarantine department 59,1 13 76 
 
 Police and ward meetings 29.292 68 
 
 Salaries 25,599 66 
 
 CANALS. 
 
 In noticing tlie public works to which Boston has contributed one has 
 been omitted, the Middlesex Canal, from the bend of the Merrimack liiver, 
 near Lowell, to Pjostou, a distance of thirty miles. This enterprise was com- 
 menced soon after the Kevolution, to turn the trade of the Merrimack from New- 
 buryport, its natural outlet, to Boston. It required more than twenty years 
 to raise the requisite funds, $600,000, and complete it, but it eflectually 
 turned the masts, spars, and ship timber of New Hampshire to ]3oston. It 
 became profitable after Lowell wa.s founded, but is now almost superseded 
 by the Boston and Lowell Kailway. This canal was one of the earliest 
 steps in the cause of public improvements in the Unitod States. 
 
 • Seo Auditor'8 Report on Ways and Moans for 1848, and Report on Water and Water Kents. 
 
Boston: A Commercial Metropolis in 1850. 15 
 
 VIADUCTS, BRIDGES, AND WHARVES, 
 
 Some of the artificial structures which connect Boston with the main 
 deserve notice. The Western avenue, 7,000 feet long, leads from the old 
 Peninsula to Brookline, Roxbury, and Brighton. It is a solid structure of 
 granite, filled in with earth, costing ^700,000. Beside forming a wide 
 carriage road it creates a large water power, and has redeemed many acres 
 from the harbor. West lioston ]3ridge and Causeway, 6,190 feet long, 
 costing $76,067, connects Boston with Cambridge. Canal Bridge is 2,796 
 feet long: Warren l^ridge, 1,390 feet; Long Wharf, 1,800 feet long and 
 200 wide; Central Wharf, 1,379 feet long and 150 wide; India Wharf, 
 980 long. Along these wharves are continuous blocks of brick warehouses, 
 four to five stories high, and fifty to eighty feet deep, (granite. Commercial, 
 and Lewis's Wharves are of similar size, but have ranges of large stone 
 warehouses. 
 
 BUILDING MATERIALS. 
 
 The quantity of lumber inspected in Boston in 1849 was; — 
 
 Pine, spruce, and hemlock feet 67,241,681 
 
 Soutlicrn pine 2,843,512 
 
 Hard wood 2,982,713 
 
 Piue timber tons 4,725 
 
 Hard wood timber 3,460 
 
 Mahogany feet 1,088,110 
 
 Cedar 406,650 
 
 Aggregate landed in Boston proper 78,683,538 
 
 The quantity sent by railway into the country without inspection is con- 
 sidered equal to that inspected twice. The Inspector General estimates the 
 quantity of lumber landed in the metropolitan district around Boston quite 
 equal to that landed in the city proper. From 50,000 to 100,000 tons of 
 granite are annually quarried at Quincy. This gives employment to a large 
 amount of shipping. 
 
 MODERN WAREHOUSES. 
 
 With incre;vsed trade and manufactures a demand has arisen in Boston 
 for enlarged warehouses, and many have lately been erected of massive 
 granite, in long blocks, and 60 to 100 feet deep. The name of the estate 
 is frequently inscribed on these in block letters of granite below the cornice. 
 
 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The schools of Boston have been adverted to already. Their number and ' 
 excellence have, with her liberal patronage of literature, given to Boston the 
 title of Literary Emporium, and their merit and importance cannot be over- 
 rated. August 1, 1845, she had 125 primary schools with 7,892 scholars, 
 and 19 grammar schools with 8,115 scholars. In 1850 she has 178 
 primary schools with 11,376 scholars, and 22 large grammar schools with 
 9,154 scholars, and other schools with 471. The teachers of the pritnary 
 schools receive $300, and the masters of the grammar schools $1,500 per 
 annum. Boston also has a Latin and High School, in which the higher 
 branches are taught with, signal ability. They are surpassed by no private 
 schools in New England. All these schools are open to all classes free of 
 charge. Without the chartered limits are Harvard University with its Law 
 and Theological schools, a Baptist College, and many excellent schools and 
 academies.* 
 
16 Boston: A Commercial Metrojyolis in 1850. 
 
 LIBRARIES. 
 
 There are several public libraries in the city and environs. The Athenreum 
 Librarv, the ]>oston and Mercantile Libraries, the Law Librnrj^ the State, 
 and the several libraries of Harvard University, contahi together, more than 
 150,000 volumes. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 There are eighty newspapers established in Boston proper, several of 
 
 which are worked by steam presses, and have a wide circulation. The price 
 
 varies from one cent per number to eight dollars per annum. There are 
 also six published in the suburbs. 
 
 RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Boston and her suburbs contain over two hundred churches and places of 
 worship. They have also a General Hospital, two Insane Hospitals, an 
 Asylum for the Blind, an Eye and Ear Infirmary, a Lying-in Hos[)ital, an 
 Asylum for Orphan girls, and a Farm School for boys. Most of these are 
 liberally endowed. 
 
 UNITED STATES TROPERTY. 
 
 The United States have expended large sums in and around Boston, on 
 their fortresses and arsenal, extensive navy yard, dry dock, and rope 
 walks, and stores of cannon, arms, and materials, a custom-house, and 
 hospitals for sick and infirm seamen. All these are situated on Boston 
 harbor, and the pi'esent value of the investment is at least ^58,000,000. The 
 navy yard is second only to that of Norfolk. 
 
 GROWTH OF BOSTON. 
 
 Should the growth of Boston and her suburbs continue for twenty-five 
 years in its present ratio, her po])ulation will exceed 1,000,000, and her 
 assessed property rise to 81,500,000,000. She is entering upon the future 
 with encouraging i)rospects and enlarged resources, and has surmounted the 
 principal obstacles to her progress. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 If we would seek for a solution of the gi'owth of Boston in commerce, 
 wealth, and population, we may trace it not only to her central position and 
 admirable harbor, but to the enterprise, intelligence, and frugality of her 
 ^people. Her enterprise descends lineally from those bold ancestors who 
 planted an empire in the wilderness. She has inherited alike their spirit 
 and their love for letters. These have guided her enterprise. But it is one 
 thing to acquire and another to retain. The frugality which characterizes 
 the old Bay State is the great secret of accumulation. Here every artisan 
 aspires to own his house, and to leave a patrimony to his children. Having 
 secured his dwelling, he buys a single share in a bank, railway, or factory, 
 and gradually becomes a capitalist. And large are the acquisitions of adven- 
 turous, frugal, and well-directed industry. Floods, tempests and fire, em- 
 bargoes, and repeals of tarills, may sweep over and injure, but cannot destroy 
 it. in its strong and enduring vit;dity,'like the shell-fish, it clings to, and 
 thrives upon, its barren rock. E. il. D. 
 
 M) 18 1 
 
 • lu IsjU Koxbury alone has at her public schools 2,743 scholars. 
 

 
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