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msMicAL Classic Rdidincs 
 
 Colonial Pioneers. 
 
 James Parton. 
 
 With introduction. 
 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 Effingham Maynaed & Co., Publishers/ 
 
 771 Bboadway and 67 & 69 Ninth Street. 
 
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KELLOGG'S EDITIONS. 
 
 SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS. 
 
 Bacb plag In ^ne .Volume. 
 
 Text Carefhlly Bzpnrgated f<»r Use in IHixed Classes. 
 
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 nent English scholars. 
 
 We are confident that teachers who examine these editions will pro- 
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 KING HENRY V. 
 
 KING LEAR. 
 
 KING HENRY IV., Part I. 
 
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 MaiUnff price, 80 cents per copy. Special Price to Teachers. 
 
 Full Descriptive Catalogue sent on appucation. 
 
HISTORICAL CLASSIC READIiVGS—.Vo. g. 
 
 Colonial Pioneers, 
 
 Governor Bradford. 
 William Brewster. 
 Thomas Hutchinson. 
 Lord Baltimore. 
 Peter Stuyvesant. 
 
 William Johnson. 
 James Logan. 
 Captain Kidd. 
 Rev. Samuel Parris. 
 Capt. Henry Hudson. 
 
 7 
 
 JAMES PARTON, 
 
 author of 
 Life of Horace Greeley," "Life of Andrew Jackson," 
 Benjamin Franklin," etc. etc. 
 
 Life and Times of 
 
 Witf) Knttotruction* 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 Effingham Maynard & Co., Publishers, 
 
 771 Broadway and 67 & 69 Ninth Street, 
 
Historical Classic Readings. 
 
 Wzl/i Inti-oductions attd Explanatoiy Notes. 
 For Classes in History, Reading, and Literature. 
 
 From 40 to 64 pages each. Price, 12 cents per copy ; $1.20 per 
 dozen ; $9.00 per hundred ; $80.00 per thousand. 
 
 The following Numbers, uniform in style and size with this 
 volume, are now ready : 
 
 1. Discovery of America. Washington Irving. 
 
 2. Settlement of Virginia. Capt. John Smith. 
 
 3. History of Plymouth Plantation. Gov. William Brad- 
 
 ford. 
 
 4. King: Philip's War, and Witchcraft in New England. 
 
 Gov. Thomas Hutchinson. 
 
 5. Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 John Gilmary Shea. 
 
 6. Champlain and His Associates. Francis Parkman. 
 
 7. Braddock's Defeat. Francis Parkman. 
 
 8. First Battles of the Revolution. Edward Everett, 
 
 9. Colonial Pioneers. James Pakton. 
 
 10. Heroes of the Revolution. James Parton. 
 
 Other Nuifibers in Pi-eparatio7i. 
 
 EFFINGHAM MAYNARD & CO., Publishers, 
 
 771 Broadway and 67 & 69 Ninth Street, 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 17 
 
 Copyright, 1890, by Effingham Mavnakd & Co. 
 
Introduction. 
 
 James Parton was born in Canterbury, England, Feb- 
 ruary 9, 1822. When five years old he was brought to 
 America and given an education in the schools of New York 
 City, and at White Plains, N. Y. Subsequently he engaged 
 in teaching in Philadelphia and New York City, and for 
 three years was a contributor to the Home Journal. Since 
 that time, he has devoted his life to literary labors, contrib- 
 uting many articles to periodicals and publishing books on 
 biographical subjects. While employed on \\\^ Home Journal 
 it occurred to him that an interesting story could be made 
 out of the life of Horace Greeley, and he mentioned the idea 
 to a New York publisher. Receiving the needed encourage- 
 ment, Mr. Parton set about collecting material from Greeley's 
 former neighbors in Vermont and New Hampshire, and in 
 1855 produced the " Life of Horace Greeley," which he after- 
 wards extended and completed in 1885. This venture was 
 so profitable that he was encouraged to devote himself to 
 authorship. In 1856 he brought out a collection of Humorous 
 Poetry of the English Language from Chaucer to Saxe. 
 Following this appeared in 1857 the " Life of Aaron Burr," 
 prepared from original sources and intended to redeem Burr's 
 reputation from the charges that attached to his memory. In 
 writing the " Life of Andrew Jackson " he also had access to 
 original and unpublished documents. This work was pub- 
 lished in three volumes in 1859-60. Other works of later 
 publication are: "General Butler in New Orleans" (1863 
 and 1882); ''Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin" (1864); 
 " How New York is Governed " (1866) ; "Famous Americans of 
 
 3 
 
4 INTRODUCTION . 
 
 Recent Times," containing Sketches of Henry Clay, Daniel 
 Webster, John C. Calhoun, John Randolph, and others (1867); 
 "The People's Book of Biography," containing eighty short 
 lives (1868); "Smoking and Drinking," an essay on the evils 
 of those practices, reprinted from th^ Atlantic Monthly (1869); 
 a pamphlet entitled "The Danish Islands: Are We Bound 
 to Pay for Them?" (1869); "Topics of the Time," a col- 
 lection of magazine articles, most of them treating of ad- 
 ministrative abuses at Washington (1871); "Triumphs of 
 Enterprise, Ingenuity, and Public Spirit" (1871); "The 
 Words of Washington" (1872); *' Fanny Fern," a memorial 
 volume (1873); " Life of Thomas Jefferson, Third President of 
 the United States" (1874); "Taxation of Church Property" 
 (1874); "La Parnasse Frangais: a Book of French Poetry 
 from A.D. 1850 to the Present Time " (1877); " Caricature and 
 other Comic Art in All Times and Many Lands " (1877); " A 
 Life of Voltaire," which was the fruit of several years' labor 
 (1881); "Noted Women of Europe and America" (1883); and 
 "Captains of Industry, or Men of Business who did some- 
 thing besides Making Money: a Book for Young Americans." 
 In addition to his writing Mr. Parton has proved a very 
 successful lecturer on literary and political topics. 
 
 In January, 1856, Mr. Parton married Sara Payson 
 Willis, a sister of the poet N. P. W^illis, and herself famous 
 as " Fanny Fern," the name of her pen. He made New York 
 City his home until 1875, three years after the death of his 
 wife, when he went to Newburyport, where he now lives. 
 The London Athenceum well characterizes Mr. Parton i^s " a 
 painstaking, honest, and courageous historian, ardent with 
 patriotism, but unprejudiced; a writer, in short, of whom the 
 people of the United States have reason to be proud." 
 
 The contents of this book have been selected from among 
 the great number contributed from time to time by Mr. Par- 
 ton, and are considered as particularly valuable and interest- 
 ing reading. 
 
Colonial Pioneers. 
 
 Governor William Bradford, 
 
 The First Historian of the Pilgrim Fathers in New England. 
 
 In the year 1606, William Bradford, a sickly English 
 youth of sixteen, was accustomed to walk by a foot-path 
 through the fields every Sunday, from his native village 
 Austerfield, to attend a religious service at the house of 
 William Brewster in the village of Scrooby. The reader 
 may think this an unimportant circumstance to mention ; 
 but many sons of New England, while traveling in old Eng- 
 land, have gone a long distance out of their way to visit 
 those villages, and tread the path by which young Bradford 
 made his way to Brewster's house. It was a walk of three 
 or four miles. Austerfield is now a village of thirty brick 
 houses, two of which, it is said, look as if they might have 
 been standing in Bradford's day ; and the little church in 
 which he was baptized is still standing, and contains many 
 objects that have undergone no alteration since. 
 
 Left an orphan at an early age, he was taken home by 
 his grandfather, who designed to bring him up a farmer, 
 like himself and all his ancestors from time immemorial. 
 His bodily strength being unequal to hard labor, he spent a 
 great portion of his youth in study, and thus became con- 
 versant with the Latin and Greek authors, whom he fre- 
 quently quotes in his writings. 
 
g COLON IAL PIO NEERS . 
 
 The ministers of the Estabhshed Church, at that time, 
 had become, many of them, incredibly degraded in mind 
 and morals — to the great grief and disgust of such as this 
 thoughtful and studious youth. The minister of Austerfield 
 was even unusually ignorant and licentious. William Brad- 
 ford, therefore, who had imbibed the principles of the 
 Puritans, joined the little congregation which gathered at 
 Scrooby. Many of his neighbors and some of his nearest 
 relations laughed at him, and called him Puritan, which was 
 then a term of reproach ; but he held on his way in spite of 
 ridicule and opposition. Despised by the ignorant populace, 
 and hunted down by the government, the Scrooby con- 
 gregation were frequently obliged to change their place of 
 meeting, and, though using every precaution, they were 
 liable, whenever they met, to be seized, cast into prison, and 
 heavily fined. 
 
 The patience of these worthy people was at length ex- 
 hausted. Or, to use the language of William Bradford : 
 
 " So, after they had continued together about a year, and 
 kept their meetings every Sabbath, in one place or other, 
 exercising the worship of God among themselves, notwith- 
 standing all the diligence and malice of their adversaries, 
 they, seeing they could no longer continue in that condition, 
 resolved to get over into Holland as they could." 
 
 It was a desperate resolution, and one that evidently 
 struck their friends with amazement. All of them, except 
 the minister and one or two others, were farmers, un- 
 acquainted with any other trade or business, and singularly 
 unfitted to earn their livelihood in a country like Holland, 
 where the language, customs, and occupations of the people 
 were all equally strange and foreign to them. Bradford 
 himself, though his parents had left him a considerable 
 estate, possessed nothing, because he was not yet of age ; 
 nor could he expect help from his uncles, with whom he then 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS . 7 
 
 lived, for they hated the Puritans. Nevertheless the youth 
 had cast in his lot with the church at Scrooby, and he deter- 
 mined to go with them. 
 
 The enterprise was the more difficult, because the king 
 had forbidden the Non-conformists to leave the country, and 
 no spy was more welcome to the Tory magistrates of the 
 time than one who came to give information of innocent 
 people designing to abandon England for such a reason as 
 theirs. The seaport most convenient for their purpose was 
 Boston, in Lincolnshire, about forty miles distant from 
 Scrooby. This poor company of farmers, after selling their 
 household goods as best they could, concealing the act from 
 hostile neighbors, \vere obliged to procure secret means of 
 conveyance to Boston ; and w^iile hiding there, to bribe the 
 captains of vessels to secrecy, and offer extortionate rates 
 for a passage. Several times. Governor Bradford states, 
 when they had paid their passage, and made every arrange- 
 ment for their departure, their captain betrayed them, and 
 left them, and their goods the prey of the king's officers. 
 One instance of this nature he relates in a most simple and 
 affecting manner. 
 
 After many disappointments, a large company of them, 
 one of whom was Bradford himself, hired a whole ship, and 
 a time was appointed for their coming on board. In the 
 darkness of the night they left their hiding-places in Boston, 
 bearing with them their personal effects, and rowed off to 
 the vessel lying at anchor in the stream. This captain also 
 was a traitor. The king's officers came on board the next 
 day; " who took them," says Bradford, *'and put them into 
 open boats, and there rifled and ransacked them, searching 
 them to their shirts for money ; yea, even the women further 
 than became modesty ; and then carried them back into the 
 town, and made them a spectacle and wonder to the multi- 
 tude, w^hich came flocking on all sides to behold them." 
 
g - COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 Robbed thus of their money, books, and apparel, they 
 were carried before the magistrates ; by whom they were 
 committed to prison. After a month's imprisonment, they 
 were all dismissed except seven, one of whom was Bradford ; 
 and these leaders of the fugitives were kept in prison until 
 the next court. Before they were released the winter was 
 well advanced, and these poor, innocent people, who had 
 then no homes of their own, lived during the rest of the 
 rigorous season in the homes of their friends about Scrooby. 
 
 Undismayed, they renewed the attempt in the spring, 
 this time hiring a Dutch ship, hoping to find a Dutch cap- 
 tain more faithful than those of their own nation. On the 
 shores of the broad Humber, not far from the town of Great 
 Grimsby, there was a lonely place suitable for their purpose, 
 where the Dutch captain agreed to meet them on a certain 
 day, and take them on board his vessel. As the time drew 
 near, the company gathered at Hull, a city on the other 
 side of the Humber, and about fifteen miles distant from 
 the place agreed upon. 
 
 When the day came the women and children were placed 
 on board a small vessel at Hull, and conveyed to the 
 rendezvous, while the men crossed the Humber at Hull, 
 and made their way by land. When the women arrived 
 there was no ship in sight ; and as they were sick with the 
 roughness of the sea, they begged the sailors to put into a 
 creek near by, where their boat would be at ease. The 
 sailors complied with their request, and in the course of the 
 night the tide fell and left them aground. In the morning 
 the ship arrived ; but the women could not stir until the 
 tide rose. To save time, the Dutch captain sent his boat 
 to get the men aboard whom he saw ready and walking 
 about the shore. One boat-load was got safely on board 
 the vessel, but just as the boat was ready to push off for 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. 9 
 
 another load, the captain saw a great company of armed 
 men, horse and foot, coming to capture his passengers. 
 
 "• Sacrament !" cried the Dutchman, swearing the famiHar 
 oath of his country, and instantly weighed his anchor, and 
 put to sea with a fair wind. 
 
 It is difficult to say which of the forlorn party were most 
 to be pitied — the men on board the vessel, borne away from 
 their wives and children, the women left hard and fast in the 
 middle of the creek, or the men who had to run and make 
 their escape from the troops. Bradford, to his honor be it 
 said, and a few others, staid to assist the women in their 
 agony. 
 
 " Pitiful it was," he says, "to see the heavy case of these 
 poor women in this distress ; what weeping and crying on 
 every side ; some for their husbands that were carried away 
 in the ship ; others not knowing what should become of 
 them and their little ones ; others, again, melted in tears, 
 seeing their poor little ones hanging about them crying for 
 fear and quaking with cold." 
 
 The helpless women were seized by the troopers ; but, 
 after being hurried from one place to another, and from 
 court to court, they were released, and found their way to 
 places of refuge. The interruption of the embarkation 
 proved to be a fortunate circumstance, for there arose soon 
 after so violent a storm, and one of such long continuance, 
 that if all the company had been on board the little vessel, 
 it would in all probability have gone to the bottom. For- 
 tunately too, Brewster, Robinson, Clifford, Bradford, and 
 other influential persons of the company remained in Eng- 
 land, and through their exertions the little congregation 
 found their way to Holland, and the distracted families were 
 reunited. Brewster and Robinson, it appears, like the faith- 
 ful captain and mate of a ship, would not leave England 
 until the last of the company were embarked. 
 
10 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 In Holland, as Bradford eloquently says, the poor pil- 
 grims saw '' fair and beautiful cities, flowing with abundance 
 of all sorts of wealth and riches ;" but in those riches these 
 English farmers had no part ; and " it was not long before 
 they saw the grim and grisly face of poverty coming upon 
 them like an armed man, with whom they must buckle and 
 encounter, and from whom they could not fly." 
 
 But they went to work, like men of sense, at whatever 
 honest thing they could find to do. At Leyden, where they 
 settled, Robinson, their minister, wrote and translated books; 
 Brewster gave lessons in English to the students of the 
 University; Bradford became a silk weaver, and, by and by, 
 when he came of age, he sold his inheritance in England, 
 and invested it in the silk business. He prospered so well 
 that he married in Holland, and was able to contribute 
 something to the assistance of his poorer brethren ; others 
 of the congregation became liatters ; others workers in wool ; 
 and some engaged in more laborious mechanical trades. 
 
 When, twelve years after settling in Holland, the pilgrims 
 emigrated to Plymouth in Massachusetts, Bradford went 
 with them, and he became the second governor of the colony, 
 serving it for many years with wisdom, courage, and fidelity. 
 Toward the close of his life he wrote that invaluable history 
 of the Plymouth Plantation, by which it is chiefly known. 
 He died in 1657, aged sixty-nine, *' lamented," as Cotton 
 Mather observes, " by all the colonies of New England, as a 
 common blessing and father to them all." 
 
 Some books have a history as strange as the events 
 which they record ; and this was the case with the one 
 written by William Bradford. It was lost for a hundred 
 years, and was then discovered where no one would have 
 thought of looking for the manuscript history of an Ameri- 
 can colony. Every one who has had occasion to look into 
 the early history of New England, is aware that the oldest 
 
COLONIAL PIOXEERS. H 
 
 books relating to the Plymouth colony frequently refer to 
 Governor Bradford's History of Plymouth, and draw from 
 it some of their most interesting information. In 1758, we 
 know that it was deposited in the tower of the Old South 
 Church in Boston, along with other precious works, both 
 printed and manuscript ; but from that time nothing was 
 heard of it until within these few years. As the Old South 
 Church, during the Revolutionary war, was used as a riding 
 school by the British troops, it was feared that Bradford's 
 History had been destroyed or carried off by some one 
 ignorant of its value. 
 
 In 1855, the Rev. John S. Barry, who was engaged in 
 writing a history of Massachusetts, observed, while reading 
 the Bishop of Oxford's History of the Episcopal Church in 
 America, that the author quoted passages from Bradford, 
 which, he stated, were derived from "a manuscript History 
 of the Plantation of Plymouth, in the Fulham library." 
 Fulham is a suburb of London, where the Bishops of Lon- 
 don have their summer residence. This led to the discovery 
 of the manuscript. It was found in the library of the 
 Bishop of London, where it had been, no one knew how 
 long, and where the Bishop had discovered it v/hen search- 
 ing for material for his work upon the history named above. 
 The Historical Society of Massachusetts caused an exact 
 copy of it to be made, which was published in 1856. Of all 
 the documents relating to the early history of New England, 
 this is by far the most interesting. 
 
12 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 William Brewster and the Pilgrims in England. 
 
 In the English county of Nottingham, on the high road 
 from London to Edinburgh, at a point about one hundred 
 and fifty miles from the English capital, is the ancient village 
 named Scrooby. The parish contains less than three hun- 
 dred inhabitants, farmers most of them, and the village is 
 only a small cluster of houses gathered near one of those 
 beautiful old churches which give such charm and dignity to 
 English rural landscapes. 
 
 A quarter of a mile from Scrooby church there is a 
 farm-house which once formed part of a stately mansion be- 
 longing to the Archbishop of York ; but which, in the latter 
 part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, had lost much of its 
 grandeur, and had come to be the residence of a gentleman 
 farmer, named William Brewster. The mansion has now 
 disappeared, except that a part of its stables, or some other 
 out-building, has been converted into the farm-house just 
 mentioned. The mansion, in the day of its glory, was sur- 
 rounded by a moat, the line of which can still be traced in 
 the indented soil. 
 
 William Brewster, who lived in this house, was a Puritan 
 of some learning, and much experience in the great affairs of 
 the world. After a short residence at the University of 
 Cambridge, he made his way to court, where he obtained in 
 due time a confidential clerkship under one of the secretaries 
 of state, Davison, an eminent Puritan of the time. Brews- 
 ter used to accompany the secretary when he waited upon 
 the queen, and once when he went upon an embassy to 
 Holland ; and thus he became familiar with one of the few 
 spots in Europe which then enjoyed a measure of religious 
 liberty. 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. I3 
 
 It was Davidson, the reader may remember, who issued 
 the warrant for the execution of Mary Queen of Scots, an 
 act which had the hearty approval of the intelligent and 
 well-informed Puritans of England. In accordance with her 
 timid and tortuous policy, Elizabeth feigned to be offended 
 with the secretary of state for issuing the warrant, and dis- 
 missed him from his ofifice, which deprived William Brews- 
 ter also of his place. 
 
 Brewster soon after retired to his native Nottingham- 
 shire, and took up his abode in the archbishop's vacant 
 manor-house, at Scrooby. His income during. his long resi- 
 dence there was derived in part, as I conjecture, from in- 
 vested property, and partly from the cultivation of land ; 
 and he derived some emolument from the office of postmas- 
 ter, which his patron may have procured for him. Not that 
 he was a village postmaster, in the modern sense of the term, 
 but rather a master of one of the posts between London and 
 Edinburgh, where couriers and post-riders obtained fresh 
 horses, leaving perhaps behind them a letter or two for some 
 important personage of the county. In a word, William 
 Brewster was a man of substance and respectability, a lead- 
 ing person in his parish, and held in particular respect as 
 a gentleman who had been at Court, and served one of the 
 queen's ministers both at home and abroad. 
 
 Like his old master, the secretary of state, William 
 Brewster was a Puritan ; in other words, he was a person 
 who preferred a plain and simple form of worship, without 
 imposing rites or vestments, to the ornate and elaborate 
 ceremonial ordained by Queen Elizabeth. Preferred is an 
 insuf^cient word to express the feelings of the more ad- 
 vanced Puritans. As the queen became more exacting in 
 her demands, the Puritans grew more scrupulous ; until what 
 had first been a preference, became a conviction for which 
 they were willing to peril liberty and life. In the latter 
 
14, COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 part of Elizabeth's reign, an act of Parliament was passed 
 declaring that any one who neglected to come to the Estab- 
 lished Church for a month, or attended any religious service 
 other than that of the Church of England, should be im- 
 prisoned until they should recant, and promise compliance 
 with the law. Those who refused to conform were liable to 
 banishment from the realm for life, under penalty of death 
 if they presumed to visit their native land. 
 
 This law, however, during the last five years of the 
 queen's reign, was not so vigorously enforced but that, in 
 all large towns, and in many rural villages, congregations of 
 Non-conformists gathered on Sunday without any great pre- 
 cautions as to secrecy, and joined in such a simple religious 
 service as their consciences approved. Many excellent 
 clergymen, however, were expelled from their livings, and 
 several men of learning suffered death or long imprisonment 
 for writings adverse to the observances of the national 
 church. There was just enough persecution to give to Puri- 
 tanism the additional charm of forbidden fruit. There was 
 enough to advertise and glorify, but not enough to crush it. 
 
 When Elizabeth died in 1603, and James I. was pro- 
 claimed in her stead, the Puritans rejoiced, for the new king 
 had been reared a Presbyterian, and had been much ad- 
 dicted to arguing, in his arbitrary and pretentious manner, 
 against Episcopacy. He was thirty-six years of age when 
 he came to the throne of England, and it was reasonable to 
 suppose that the opinions which he had cherished so long, 
 as king of Scotland, he would at least respect and tolerate 
 as king of Great Britain. 
 
 The Puritans were disappointed. On his way to London, 
 eight hundred clergymen joined in petitioning him to abolish 
 the surplice, the ring in marriage, the use of the cross in 
 baptism, and the rule requiring persons to bow at the name 
 of Jesus. They asked, also, that the Liturgy might be short- 
 
COLO NIA L PIOMEERS, 15 
 
 ened, Sunday more strictly observed, and the other hoHdays 
 made optional. In short, they asked the king to make the 
 Church of England Puritanic in its rites and observances, 
 while retaining its Episcopal form. The king's reply to this 
 petition was published in the form of a proclamation, an- 
 nouncing his determination to preserve the church as he 
 found it established by law, and forbidding all publications 
 against it. He threw himself and all his influence upon the 
 side of what we should call the High Church party. ''No 
 Bishop, no King," said he. In the presence of a number of 
 clergymen, he used these words : 
 
 *' I will have one doctrine, one discipline, one religion, in 
 substance and ceremony ; never speak more to that point, 
 how far you are bound to obey." 
 
 His deed accorded with his words. The Non-conformist 
 congregations were pursued with a rigor unknown in the 
 worst days of Elizabeth ; and not only that, but they were 
 forbidden to seek an asylum in other lands. But for this 
 foolish king, great numbers of persecuted Puritans would 
 have gone to Virginia soon after the settlement of James- 
 town in 1607, and Virginia might have become a Puritan 
 commonwealth. Not only were the Puritans prosecuted 
 with new rigor, but all other persons who presumed to differ 
 from the king in their creed or worship. In the year 161 1, 
 for example, two men of great worth and learning were exe- 
 cuted for professing doctrines precisely similar to those of 
 the late Dr. Channing of Boston, and most of our present 
 Unitarians. 
 
 The Puritans, however, increased in numbers and in posi- 
 tiveness of conviction, during every year of the reign of 
 James the First ; and before England was rid of him, we 
 may truly say that they were a majority of the educated 
 class. Consider, for example, this incident, which occurred 
 in Parliament in 1620. A bill being before the House for 
 
16 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 the more strict observance of Sunday, a member opposed 
 the bill, especially objecting to the day being called Sabbath, 
 and declaring his conviction that it was right for people to 
 amuse themselves on Sunday in games and field sports. 
 For this speech he was expelled from the House of Com- 
 mons, and in the sentence of expulsion his offense is styled, 
 '"'■great, exorbitant, and unparalleled^ This action, of course, 
 was aimed at the king, who had made himself profoundly 
 odious to the nation ; but it shows that a majority of the 
 House of Commons, in 1620, were at least political, if not 
 religious Puritans. 
 
 In several villages near Scrooby there were congregations 
 of Non-conformists in Elizabeth's day. In 1606, the third 
 year of the reign of King James, a company of Puritans as- 
 sembled at the house of William Brewster, at Scrooby, and 
 formed themselves into a church, in form and doctrine 
 closely resembling what we now call Congregational. The 
 principal member of this church, and its most liberal sup- 
 porter, was the person at whose house it. assembled. Its 
 minister was Richard Clifton, who had been once rector of 
 a church near by, from which he had withdrawn, or been ex- 
 pelled for non-conformity. He was fifty-three years of age 
 when the church was formed, and little else is known of 
 him, except that he was much beloved and trusted by the 
 people to whom he preached. He was assisted in the work 
 of instructing the congregation by John Robinson, who suc- 
 ceeded him in his office, and whose name will be forever 
 famous as pastor of the church of the Pilgrim Fathers when 
 they sailed for the New World in 1620. 
 
 Except Brewster, Clifton, and Robinson, all of the congre- 
 gation were farmers, or persons closely connected with agri- 
 culture. At that day, it was not usual for farmers to know 
 how to read and write. Shakespeare's father, for example, 
 who had not been long dead, did not possess these accom- 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. 17 
 
 plishments, though descended from a line of respecta- 
 ble farmers. It is no slight proof, therefore, of the superior- 
 ity of the persons who met every Sunday at Brewster's 
 abode, that a large proportion of them could sign their own 
 names, and read their native language. Theological discus- 
 sion had sharpened their wits and made them intellectual 
 beings. Any man who will pursue a great theme in a dis- 
 interested spirit for several years, weighing the arguments 
 for and against his own opinion, becomes necessarily an 
 educated person. He has a mental life, apart from the 
 daily life of toil and care to which all men are subject, 
 while they have bodies to nourish and families to rear. 
 
 When the church which met at William Brewster's house 
 had been in existence for about a year, persecution grew so 
 hot against them that they made up their minds to abandon 
 their country and seek in another land the rights denied 
 them in their own. Many Non-conformists from that part 
 of England, and one whole church from a village near by, 
 had already found refuge in Holland, which was then almost 
 the only spot in Europe where religious liberty had an ex- 
 istence. With unconceivable dif^culty and suffering the 
 Scrooby church mada its way to Holland, where they re- 
 sided for twelve years, earning their living by manual labor, 
 and then emigrated to Plymouth, in Massachusetts. 
 
 William Brewster died there in 1643, aged eighty years, 
 having lived long enough to see, upon the coast of Massa- 
 chusetts, many thriving settlements of English Puritans. 
 
 Thomas Hutchinson, 
 
 The Last of the Colonial Governors of Massachusetts. 
 
 At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, each of the 
 American colonies, except Rhode Island, had its governor 
 who was appointed by the King of England. 
 
Ig COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 The governors' salaries ranged from eight hundred to fif- 
 teen hundred pounds per annum, and as the posts were on 
 many accounts highly desirable, they were usually given to 
 court favorites, or to needy hangers-on of the ministry, who 
 continued to live in England, while the service was performed 
 by deputies, 
 
 Massachusetts, however, was ruled by a native of the 
 American soil — Thomas Hutchinson — born at Boston in 
 171 1, a graduate of Harvard College, fond of his country, a 
 diligent student of its history, an adherent of its religion, and 
 long held by his fellow-citizens in high esteem. 
 
 At the outbreak of the Revolution, he, like all the other 
 royal governors, sided with the king, and contributed mate- 
 rially to aggravate the differences between the colonists and 
 the royal government. 
 
 I think it probable that he would have been a royalist in 
 any case, simply because, though not wanting in practical 
 ability, he was a man of dull and limited mind.. He was an 
 American George the Third, and naturally assisted that 
 royal personage to muddle away the richest colonial empire 
 a nation ever possessed,. 
 
 During those trying years Dr. Franklin was puzzled to 
 account for the foolish and fatal proceedings of the British 
 government. He was talking upon this problem one day in 
 London with a member of Parliament, when he received im- 
 portant light upon the matter. The member said, in sub- 
 stance : 
 
 - *' The measures which so offend the people of Massachu- 
 setts do not originate with the ministry here, nor in England 
 at all.^ The sending out of the troops and the other colo- 
 nial grievances have been suggested and urged by Americans 
 themselves, men in high ofifice, who have written over and 
 over again to the ministry, arguing that nothing but y^;r^ 
 would subdue the American discontent." 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS . 19 
 
 Franklin doubted the statement ; whereupon the member 
 engaged to prove it, and a few days after brought him a 
 packet of thirteen letters written by Governor Hutchinson 
 Lieutenant-Governor Andrew Oliver, and other persons of 
 note in Boston, to a gentleman connected with the home 
 government. These letters went far to establish the truth 
 of the member's assertion. Six of the worst of them were 
 written by Governor Hutchinson, and they caused Dr. 
 Franklin to open his eyes very wide. 
 
 In these epistles the governor spoke of the leading patri- 
 ots, such as Hancock, Otis, and Samuel Adams, as " our in- 
 cendiaries." He expressed the opinion that these leaders of 
 the people ought to be brought to trial and punished as 
 criminals. Here are two or three of his most offensive sen- 
 tences : 
 
 *' There must be an abridgment of what are called English 
 liberties." " I doubt whether it is possible to project a system 
 of government in which a colony three thousand miles dis- 
 tant from the parent state shall enjoy all the liberty of the 
 parent state." " Laying taxes upon all cannot be thought 
 equal, seeing many will be punished who are not offenders. 
 Penalties of another kind seem better adapted." 
 
 The other letters were in the same taste, all agreeing 
 that unless the British government would arrest and convict 
 the " original incendiaries," restrain the liberty of the press 
 and of public meeting, anarchy would continue to prevail. 
 
 Upon reading these letters, Franklin's indignation 
 against the government was much allayed, because he saw 
 from them how grossly ministers had been misinformed and 
 misled by persons to whom they naturally looked for correct 
 information. He sent the letters to the Committee of Cor- 
 respondence in Boston to be shown to the leading patriots. 
 The letters by no means diminished their indignation. In- 
 deed, they made the governor so intensely odious that his 
 
20 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 position was scarcely tenable in the colony. The assembly 
 petitioned the king to remove him and the lieutentant-gov- 
 ernor from their posts, since they were "justly chargeable 
 with the corruption, misery, and bloodshed which have been 
 the natural effects of posting an army in a populous town." 
 
 The king was little disposed to comply with this request, 
 but in 1774 ''gave Governor Hutchinson leave" to visit 
 England. He left Boston not too soon for his own safety, 
 and he spent the remainder of his days in London. 
 
 At first he expected to return speedily to his govern- 
 ment, and he continued to mislead the king and ministry by 
 assuring; them that the troubles would soon be over. In this 
 he deceived himself as much as he did the ministers, for, as 
 before remarked, he was a man who had not the least com- 
 prehension of the movement which he had witnessed from 
 the beginning. He understood it as little as King George 
 himself, who was impatient to see his congenial governor. 
 Before he could attire himself in a suitable dress, he received 
 a summons to court, where, notwithstanding his ill-dressed 
 condition, he was "admitted, contrary to custom, to kiss his 
 majesty's hand in his closet." He had a conversation with 
 his majesty of two hours' duration, and was obliged to stand 
 all the time in the Awful Presence of the king. 
 
 " I am afraid you are tired, so long standing," said the 
 minister in attendance, at the close of the interview. 
 
 '' So gracious a reception," replied the governor, "makes 
 me insensible of it." 
 
 Upon returning to his lodgings, the governor wrote down 
 his conversation with the king at great length, but the " in- 
 terview " is by no means interesting or valuable. 
 
 " How do you do, Mr. Hutchinson, after your voyage ?" 
 asked the king. 
 
 " Much reduced, sir, by sea-sickness, and unfit upon that 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS . 21 
 
 account, as well as my New England dress, to appear before 
 your majesty." 
 
 The king accepted the apology for his clothes, and then 
 asked a great number of gossipy questions about persons 
 and things in Massachusetts, particularly about Hancock, 
 Adams, Gushing, and other noted patriots. He also asked 
 many questions concerning the climate and productions of 
 New England, and appeared to have considerable knowl- 
 edge of the country himself. The king said : 
 
 '* Nothing could be more cruel than the treatment you 
 met with in betraying your private letters. I remember 
 nothing in them to which the least exception could be 
 taken. Could you ever find how those letters came to New 
 England ?" 
 
 " Dr. Franklin, may it please, your majesty, has made a 
 public declaration that he sent tlicm." 
 
 *' I see," said the king, " they threaten to pitch and 
 feather you." 
 
 " Tar and feather, may it please your majesty ; but I 
 don't remember that ever I was threatened with it." 
 
 After two hours of rather trifling talk, the governor 
 withdrew to his abode, perfectly enchanted with the king, 
 who, on his part, was well content with the governor, and 
 continued to pay his salary as long as he lived, and, I be- 
 lieve, gave an office to his son. 
 
 It is difficult to tell from the governor's Diary, recently 
 published, which was the strongest feeling of his heart in 
 England — the yearning to return to his native land, or ad- 
 miration for the English king. He felt himself, as he wrote 
 one day, to be "a prisoner" in old England, " with his heart 
 and affections in New England ;" but, on the same day, he 
 wrote in his diary these words : 
 
 " I have just come in from the House of Lords, where I 
 saw the king give his assent to one of the American bills, 
 
22 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 and a number of others. The king is such a figure of a 
 man that, seated on his throne in his royal robes, there is 
 nothing here that affords such a feast to my eyes." 
 
 When he penned these words, the news of the battle of 
 Lexington was coming across the sea. Bunker Hill soon 
 followed, and' the governor perceived that his stay in Eng- 
 land was likely to be long. He lived liberally, however, 
 in England, kept a carriage, visited noblemen at their coun- 
 try seats, attended court, and wrote daily in a Diary which 
 gradually swelled to seven large volumes. During the war 
 his country house in Massachusetts was sacked and pillaged. 
 He did not live to see his country independent, though he 
 lived long enough to hear of Burgoyne's surrender, of the 
 French alliance, and of the beginning of the movements 
 which ended in the capture of Cornwallis. 
 
 He died in London in 1780, aged sixty-nine years, leaving 
 children and grandchildren. Peter Orlando Hutchinson, 
 one of his great-grandsons, has begun the publication of his 
 Diary and letters, which have their value, and show the gov- 
 ernor to have been as honest as a man of his caliber can 
 ordinarily be. He was, however, quite aware on which 
 side his bread was buttered, and he hked it buttered. 
 
 Lord Baltimore and Maryland. 
 
 In an English journal of 1 77 1, I read, some time ago, the 
 following paragraph : 
 
 *' Lord Baltimore's will has come over from Italy. It 
 appears that he has left the province of Maryland, in tail, 
 male, to Henry Harford, Esq., a child now at Richmond 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. 23 
 
 School; remainder in fee to his younger sister, the Hon. 
 Mrs. Eden." 
 
 The reader may not understand the precise meaning of 
 the law terms in this paragraph ; but he may certainly gather 
 from it that the sovereign state of Maryland, only ninety- 
 nine years ago, was the property of a school-boy, an item in 
 a nobleman's will; and it was by no means the most impor- 
 tant item. I could not but think of this when I sailed, not 
 long ago, out of the harbor of Baltimore, on an afternoon 
 when a fresh southerly breeze was wafting toward that flour- 
 ishing and important city whole fleets of Baltimore clippers, 
 oystermen, and other coasting craft. 
 
 The province had then been in the family of Lord Balti- 
 more one hundred and twenty-eight years ; but five years 
 after the paragraph was penned, it ceased to be private 
 property. The school-boy, Henry Harford, Esq., never 
 came into his inheritance ; for the people of Maryland took 
 their province into their own hands, and sent a fine regiment 
 to join the forces under General Washington, which distin- 
 guished itself at the battle of Long Island and elsewhere. 
 
 George Calvert, afterward Lord Baltimore, who was born 
 in Yorkshire, England, about 1582, graduated at Oxford 
 when he was only fifteen years of age, and after the usual 
 tour abroad, entered the -public service under James L, and 
 rose to the rank of secretary of state. The king, with whom 
 he was a favorite, knighted him, made him a peer of Ireland 
 with the title of Lord Baltimore, and settled upon him a 
 pension of a thousand pounds a year. The town of Bal- 
 timore, from which he derived his title, is now a small sea- 
 port near Cork, containing a population of less than two 
 hundred persons. 
 
 While he was still secretary of state, and when he was 
 fifty-two years of age, a remarkable change took place in his 
 religious opinions, He became a Roman Catholic. He 
 
24 COLONIAL PIONEERS . 
 
 resigned his office in consequence, freely confessing to the 
 king. the change which he had experienced. If the king had 
 been a consistent personage, this avowal would have es- 
 tranged him forever from George Calvert. He had said, 
 not long before : 
 
 " I can love the person of a Papist, being otherwise a 
 good man and honestly bred, never having known any other 
 religion ; but the person of an apostate Papist I hate." 
 
 But he did not hate George Calvert. On the contrary, he 
 kept him in the Privy Council, and manifested in various 
 ways an undiminished regard for him. Released from his 
 office of secretary of state, in 1624, Lord Baltimore had time 
 to carry out a scheme of colonization which he had long had 
 at heart. Some years before King James had given him a 
 patent of part of the island of Newfoundland, and he had 
 spent an immense sum of money in preparing his province 
 for a colony, even building a costly house for himself. The 
 colony was planted at length. In 1625, the death of the 
 king having dissolved the tie which kept Lord Baltimore in 
 his native country, he joined his colony in Newfoundland. 
 
 He was not long in discovering that the site was ill-chosen, 
 for the climate was cold and the soil unfertile. He persevered, 
 how^ever, for three years. Then he sailed southward on a 
 voyage of discovery, entered the Chesapeake Bay, ascended 
 the James, the Potomac, and the other waters of the Chesa- 
 peake, enchanted at every turn with the magnificence of the 
 waters, and the inviting fertility of the lands. He returned 
 to England, and obtained of the new king, Charles I., a grant 
 of the province lying to the north of the Potomac river, then 
 called Crescentia. The king, in honor of his wife, named it 
 Maryland. But this Lord Baltimore never again trod the 
 soil of the province which had been given him. He died in 
 1632, bequeathing it to his eldest son, who was zealous to 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. 25 
 
 execute his father's intentions, and prepared at once to found 
 a colony. 
 
 It is evident that the planting of a colony in America by 
 English Catholics was an event highly interesting to the 
 Catholics of the time. A citizen of Maryland, a few years 
 ago, copied from the records of the Jesuits' college at Rome, 
 a report concerning the enterprise, written before the first 
 vessel had sailed. It was evidently designed as an adver- 
 tisement of the design, and was probably used to induce 
 Catholics to volunteer. It set forth that " His Most Serene 
 Majesty, in his munificence," had given this noble province 
 to the Lord Baron of Baltim.ore, and his heirs forever. 
 
 *' Therefore," continued the Jesuit writer, '' the most illus- 
 trious baron has resolved immediately to lead a colony into 
 that region ; first, and especialty, that into the same and the 
 neighboring places he may carry the light of the Gospel 
 where, it has been found out, that hitherto no knowledge of 
 the true God has shone. Then, furthermore, with this de- 
 sign, that all the companions of his voyage and labors may 
 be admitted to a participation of the profits and honor, and 
 that the empire of the realm may be more widely extended. 
 For this'enterprise, with all haste and diligence, he seeks com- 
 panions of his voyage." 
 
 He proceeds to say, that w^hosoever shall pay down one 
 hundred pounds to convey five men to the colony, shall re- 
 ceive a grant of two thousand acres of land. And such 
 land ! — land abounding in the most beautiful trees, fruits, 
 vegetables, and grain, as well as with the beasts and birds 
 most useful to man. 
 
 '* So great," said he, ** is the abundance of swine and deer, 
 that they are rather troublesome than advantageous. Cows 
 also are innumerable, and oxen, suitable for bearing burdens 
 or for food. . . . The neighboring forests are full of wild 
 bulls and heifers, of which five or six hundred thousand are 
 
26 COLONIAL PIONEERS, 
 
 annually carried to Seville from that part which lies toward 
 New Mexico. . . . There is hope also of finding gold, for 
 the neighboring people wear bracelets of unwrought gold, 
 and long strings or pearls." 
 
 It is evident that the Jesuit father, in describing Lord 
 Baltimore's province, drew from Captain John Smith's ac- 
 count of Virginia, and from Spanish descriptions of Florida, 
 Mexico, and the West Indies. 
 
 Adventurers were not wanting to sail to so pleasant and 
 bountiful a land. A good company of Catholics, under the 
 governorship of Leonard Calvert, a brother of Lord Balti- 
 more, sailed from the Isle of Wight in November, 1633. 
 There were two or three priests on board, who carried with 
 them all that is necessary for the proper celebration of the 
 Catholic worship. As soon as the anchor was hoisted, and 
 the ship under sail, the priests and people walked in proces- 
 sion about the vessel, and " placed the principal parts of it 
 under the protection of God, the most holy Mother, Saint 
 Ignatius, and all the other guardian angels of Maryland." 
 
 Sailors were then such slaves to custom and tradition, that 
 almost every ship which sailed to the new world went round 
 by way of the Azores, and so crossed the Atlantic. This 
 ship, by taking that roundabout course, sailed about nine 
 thousand miles, and consumed three months in getting from 
 the Isle of Wight to old Point Comfort in Virginia. After 
 spending a few days in visiting the Virginia settlements, the 
 ship continued its course up Chesapeake Bay to the river 
 Potomac, to which they gave the name of Saint Gregory. 
 The Indian name, however, refused to be set aside, and it 
 continued to be called by its ancient name. 
 
 After sailing up the Potomac some distance, exciting the 
 wonder of the natives — for this vessel of four hundred tons 
 was the largest ever before seen in these waters — they 
 reached three small islands, upon one of which they landed. 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. 27 
 
 There, for the first time in that part of America, March 25, 
 1634, the mass was celebrated. One of the fathers records 
 that, after the conclusion of the ceremony, they took up on 
 their shoulders a great cross which they had hewn from a 
 tree, and going in procession to the place that had been 
 selected for it, they erected it *' as a trophy to Christ the 
 Saviour." While some were engaged in setting up the cross, 
 the governor and the rest of the company knelt upon the 
 virgin soil, never before trodden by civilized man, and 
 *' chanted humbly the litany of the holy cross, with great 
 emotion of soul." 
 
 After a few days' stay upon this island, they sailed thirty 
 miles further up the river, and, landing upon the Maryland 
 side, selected a spot for their intended city, to which they 
 gave in advance the name of Mary. The county is still 
 called by that name, but the great city of Maryland was 
 destined to rise at another point, and was not founded for 
 nearly a hundred years after. 
 
 Thus was the colony of Maryland planted. For several 
 years its growth was slow, and I find it spoken of in the 
 records of the time as a " Mission." The priests, of whom 
 there were generally four or five, exerted themselves unceas- 
 ingly to instruct and convert the Indians, dealing with them 
 with scrupulous justice, and setting them an excellent ex- 
 ample of cheerful industry. One of the fathers relates with 
 exultation that among their converts was the principal chief 
 of the country, who cast aside his skins and put on a Chris- 
 tian coat, and dismissed all his wives but one, to whom the 
 fathers married him. 
 
 The Baltimore family, who had themselves suffered from 
 the religious intolerance of the age, early declared and made 
 it a fundamental law of the colony, that all religions should 
 be tolerated in their province, saying that they wished it to 
 be a sanctuary for the oppressed of every creed. This wise 
 
2g COLONIAL PIONEERS , 
 
 movement, so much in advance of tlie time, attracted many 
 emigrants. In twenty-six years after the planting of the 
 cross upon the island in the Potomac, there were twelve 
 thousand white people in Maryland ; and eleven years after 
 there were twenty thousand. Baltimore, which is destined 
 to be one of the great cities, not of America only, but of the 
 world, was not laid out until 1729, and in 1765 was only a 
 village of sixty houses. 
 
 Peter Stuyvesant, 
 
 Fourth Governor of New Netherlands. 
 
 In the Caribbean Sea, a few miles north of Venezuela, 
 there is an island, forty miles long and two wide, called 
 Curagoa, which produces abundant crops of indigo, sugar, 
 tobacco, and corn. This island was captured by the Dutch 
 in 1634, during their long struggle with Spain for their 
 national independence, and it remains in their possession to 
 the present day. Soon after its capture, an Amsterdam 
 company of merchants founded a colony there, and carried 
 on a profitable trade in the products of the island. 
 
 The first governor of this colony was Peter Stuyvesant, 
 afterward so famous as the governor of New Netherlands. 
 He was the son of a Dutch Calvinistic clergyman, and re- 
 ceived the classical education usually enjoyed at that day, 
 in Holland, by the sons of gentlemen. He became particu- 
 larly conversant with the Latin language, and he was fond, 
 all his life, of quoting Latin sentences, as the manner of 
 classical scholars then was. A Dutch author records that 
 his conduct at school was not too exemplary, but he cer- 
 tainly did not neglect his Latin. When his school days 
 were over he entered the army, and after serving some years 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. 29 
 
 he was selected by the West India Company of Amsterdam 
 to.be the Governor of their colony at Curagoa. He was 
 then thirty-two years of age, a fiery, valorous young soldier, 
 who took pleasure in the pomp and display of military life, 
 but, at the same time, was abundantly willing to share its 
 toils and perils. 
 
 While commanding at Curagoa, he headed an attempt 
 to capture the island of St. Martin from the Portuguese — an 
 attempt which his enemies called rash and his friends coura- 
 geous. The attack failed, and the governor was so badly 
 wounded as to lose one of his legs. In order to obtain 
 better surgical treatment, he returned to Holland in 1644, 
 where his leg was duly cared for, and his conduct at St. 
 Martin's was pronounced by the company '' a piece of Ro- 
 man courage." The wooden leg which was made for him 
 in Holland was adorned with bands of silver, which gave rise 
 to the story that he wore a silver leg. Indeed the valiant 
 governor was always fond of display. He was a man to 
 decorate a wooden leg with bands of silver. He remained 
 also a man of fiery temper, excessively fond of power, impa- 
 tient of contradiction, and haughty in his demeanor. But 
 he was honest, energetic, determined, and one of the bravest 
 of the brave. 
 
 When he had recovered his health, he was rewarded for 
 his past services by being appointed governor of the com- 
 pany's colony in New Netherland, the capital of which was 
 New Amsterdam, upon Manhattan Island. The colony was 
 not in a satisfactory condition. A bloody Indian war had 
 laid waste many a flourishing farm, and bereaved many a 
 worthy family ; and this war had been needlessly provoked, 
 and cruelly mismanaged. The colonists were oppressed 
 with taxes, and yet the treasury was empty. They were 
 discontented and discouraged, and there was great need of a 
 more competent governor, 
 
30 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 Upon Christmas-day, 1646, with a fleet of four vessels, 
 Governor Stuyvesant sailed for the New World. Upon his 
 way he visited the Dutch West Indies, where he gave evi- 
 dence of his haughty and resolute disposition. A captured 
 prize was to be disposed of, and the treasurer of the fleet 
 demanded a seat at the counsel table where the affair was 
 to be discussed. The governor repelled him, saying, 
 " When I want you I will call you." 
 
 Some time after the oflicer renewed his claim, when the 
 governor denied it more roughly than before, and would 
 not permit him to put his foot on shore during the whole 
 three weeks of his stay at the island of Curagoa. 
 
 On the I ith of May, 1647, six months after his departure 
 from Holland, Governor Stuyvesant's fleet entered the 
 beautiful harbor of New Amsterdam, and anchored near 
 the shore of Manhattan Island, then clad in the emerald 
 freshness of spring. It was a joyful day to the inhabitants, 
 who all turned out to greet the Governor at his landing, 
 with arms in their hands. There was so much firing on the 
 occasion, that almost all the powder in the town was wasted. 
 As he assumed command, he said to the people, in his bluff, 
 soldier-like way : 
 
 '' I shall govern you as a father his children, for the ad- 
 vantage of the chartered West India Company, and these 
 burghers and this land." 
 
 These words, and the frank bearing of the silver-legged 
 soldier who uttered them, heightened the general enthu- 
 siasm, and the people went to their homes full of joyous ex- 
 pectations of a happier future. 
 
 At that time the city of New Amsterdam contained 
 about ninety houses and seven or eight hundred inhabitants. 
 There were laid out about a dozen streets, none of which 
 were yet paved, and a good price for a building lot of an 
 ^cre was forty dollars. The rent of the best house in th^ 
 
COLONIAL PIONEER S. 31 
 
 city would not have exceeded twelve dollars a year. The 
 whole town was below Wall Street, and yet a large part of 
 even that small territory was gardens and orchards. Every 
 family kept its cow or cows, which were driven to the com- 
 mon pasture, out of town, by the public herdsman, who 
 collected the cows from house to house, blowing a horn to 
 give notice of his approach. He drove them by way of 
 Pearl Street, then called Cow Path, to the site of the present 
 City Hall Park, and this is the reason, it is said, why Pearl 
 Street is so crooked. 
 
 The joy of the inhabitants at the coming of Governor 
 Stuyvesant was not of long duration. His demeanor be- 
 came exceedingly haughty. He kept some of the leading 
 men of the city, who paid him a complimentary visit, wait- 
 ing for several hours bareheaded, while he kept his hat on, 
 says an old document, " as if he were the Czar of Muscovy." 
 Besides this, he played the part of New Broom with disa- 
 greeable energy. He was one of those governors who take 
 particular pleasure in issuing a proclamation. We have a 
 long proclamation of his, published soon after his arrival, in 
 w^hich innkeepers were forbidden to sell liquor on Sundays 
 before two o'clock in the afternoon, and after nine in the 
 evening. Being a rigid Calvinist, he forbade pleasure-seek- 
 ing on Sundays, and looked after the morals of the people 
 as though they were indeed his children. On the other 
 hand, he wisely forbade the selling of liquor to the Indians, 
 and made it a capital offense to sell fire-arms to them. The 
 Dutch at Albany had done great harm by selling guns to the 
 Five Nations, and Peter Stuyvesant did his best to put an 
 end to the traffic. 
 
 To replenish the treasury, he put in force an excise 
 upon wine and liquor, increased the export duty upon furs, 
 and collected arrears of taxes. In the hope of making a cap- 
 ture or two, he sent two small vessels to the West Indies in 
 
32 COLONIAL P IONEERS. 
 
 quest of the rich treasure-ships going home to Spain. He 
 had the fences repaired, seme of the streets straightened, 
 and the general appearance of the town improved. Soon 
 after his arrival he joined the church, caused the church 
 edifice to be completed, and established over it a clergyman 
 who had come with him from Curacoa to Holland, and from 
 Holland to America. 
 
 But with all this, he became more and more unpopular ; 
 for he was a soldier, and he had no other notion of govern- 
 ment except that of absolute command and unquestioning 
 obedience. The leading men desired the misconduct of 
 Stuyvesant's predecessor to be investigated ; but he would 
 not permit it. 
 
 " If this point be conceded," said he, '' will not these 
 cunning fellows claim, in consequence, even greater author- 
 ity against ourselves and our commission, should it happen 
 that our administration may not square in every respect 
 with their whims?" 
 
 So, instead of bringing the ex-governor to trial, he ban- 
 ished his accusers. He also gave an indignant refusal to 
 those who claimed the right of appeal to the home govern- 
 ment. 
 
 "If any one," he declared, ''during my administration, 
 shall appeal, I will make him a foot shorter, and send the 
 pieces to Holland, and let him appeal in that way." 
 
 This was carrying it with a high hand ; but the fiery old 
 soldier found at last that he could not govern a colony in the 
 wilderness as he would a regiment of soldiers in garrison at 
 home. Money still refused to flow into the treasury ; the 
 Spanish prizes did not come in ; the people evaded unpopu- 
 lar taxes \ the Indians again threatened war. In these cir- 
 cumstances, the governor was obliged to allow the people 
 a voice in the government, and a colonial legislature of nine 
 members was summoned. This was the beginning of better 
 
COLONIAL PIOXEERS. 33 
 
 days, for it appeased the general discontent, and the people 
 paid more willingly the taxes imposed by their own repre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 Stuyvesant's Indian policy w^as pacific and wise. But 
 during a short absence of the governor, sixty-four canoes 
 full of Indian warriors, numbering two thousand, landed 
 one morning upon Manhattan Island before the dawn of 
 day, and went all over the town, pretending to be in search 
 of some of their own tribe. Their real object was to avenge 
 the death of a squaw whom one of the townsmen had shot 
 as she was stealing his peacheSo The colonists rushed to 
 arms, and succeeded at last in driving them to their canoes 
 and over the river. But in Hoboken, Staten Island, and 
 elsewhere the savages killed a hundred of the settlers, took 
 a hundred and fifty prisoners, and laid waste twenty-eight 
 farms. The governor hurried home and put the province 
 in a posture of defense ; but, at the same time, he used all 
 his arts to conciliate the Indians. He managed so w-ell that 
 in a few days they gave up their prisoners, and made a treaty 
 of peace. 
 
 From this time the colony prospered exceedingly. Emi- 
 grants arrived in greater numbers ; a city government was 
 organized ; and the vigorous measures of the governor bore 
 fruit. For seventeen years Peter Stuyvesant ruled the prov- 
 ince of New Netherland. In 1664 anew danger threatened. 
 England, which had always regarded the Dutch as trespass- 
 ers upon this coast, now prepared to enforce its claim. 
 Charles II. had made a present of this Dutch province to 
 his brother, the Duke of York, and sent a fleet of four ships 
 and four hundred and fifty troops to take possession. It 
 was useless to resist, for the fort was defenseless against 
 artillery. 
 
 "I would much rather be carried out dead," said the 
 governor, '' than surrender the place," 
 
34 COLO NIAL PIONEERS . 
 
 Upon reflection, however, he yielded, and on the eighth 
 of September, 1664, marched out of the fort at the head of 
 his httle garrison, with drums beating and banners flying. 
 The British flag was hoisted, and New Amsterdam became 
 New York. 
 
 After the surrender, he went to his farm, three miles out 
 of town, where he lived to the age of eighty, highly re- 
 spected by his fellow-citizens. A portion of this farm re- 
 mains to this day the property of his descendants ; and, dur- 
 ing the last forty years, it has so increased in value as to en- 
 rich a large circle of Stuyvesants and their connections. 
 The stately mansion of Mr. Hamilton Fish, who is con- 
 nected with the family by marriage, stands upon part of this 
 estate. The old pear-tree brought by Governor Stuyvesant 
 from Holland in 1647, and planted by his own hands, stood 
 until a few years ago, when it was knocked down by a heavy 
 load of timber. From its ancient root, however, a vigorous 
 young shoot is springing, and promises to carry down the 
 memory of Peter Stuyvesant for two centuries more. His 
 remains repose in the family vault under St. Mark's Church, 
 Second Avenue, upon the wall of which the original tablet 
 may still be read : 
 
 In this vault lies buried 
 
 Petrus Stuyvesant, 
 
 Late Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief 
 
 of Amsterdam, in New Netherland, 
 
 Now called New York, 
 And the Dutch West India Islands. 
 Died, August, a.d. 1682, 
 Aged 80 years. 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS.] 35 
 
 Sir William Johnson. 
 
 He mubt be a dull traveler indeed who can ride through 
 the valley of the Mohawk, on the cars of the New York- 
 Central railroad, with indifference. The mere beauty of the 
 scene, in the summer time, captivates the eye. At some 
 points the valley narrow\s to the breadth of a few miles, 
 through which the limpid Mohawk winds its way; while 
 near it the Erie canal, with numerous, slow-moving barges, 
 gives life and interest to the picture. 
 
 The view is bounded on one side by abrupt and lofty 
 hills, covered in some places with the primeval woods, down 
 which, in the spring, foaming torrents rush headlong to the 
 river. At other places, the forest has long since been shorn 
 away, and cattle are feeding on the smooth summits of the 
 hills almost directly above the traveler's head. The valley 
 itself, which is level almost to flatness, is of such fertility, 
 that after a hundred and fifty years of culture, it still pro- 
 duces the most luxuriant crops of broom-corn, maize, and 
 grain. 
 
 A great part of this beautiful valley, the value of which is 
 now almost incalculable, was, in 1734, given as the marriage 
 portion of a young lady of the city of New York — the 
 daughter of a noted man of that day, Etienne DeLancey — 
 when she married Admiral Sir Peter Warren of the British 
 navy. After his marriage, the Admiral added to his posses- 
 sions in the Mohawk valley by purchase, until he was the 
 possessor of the greater portion of the valley. The whole 
 region was then an unbroken wilderness, except where the 
 Indians had cleared a few acres for their corn-fields. 
 
 Admiral Warren had an Irish nephew named William 
 Johnson, born in County Meath in 171 5, something of a 
 scapegrace, who at the age of nineteen fell in love with a 
 
3(^ COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 young lady who was no fit match for a wild young Irishman 
 without property. Disappointed in love — so runs the tradi- 
 tion — he lent a willing ear to the proposal of his uncle, the 
 Admiral, that he should cross the ocean, and see what he 
 could do with this vast, unproductive Mohawk estate. 
 
 In 1738 he settled at a place twenty-four miles from 
 Schenectady, to which Sir Peter had given the name of 
 Warrensburg. For once, here was the right man in the right 
 place. In person young Johnson was tall, straight, and 
 strong, and his countenance had an expression of manly 
 gravity which was both winning and commanding. There 
 was much in him both of good and evil. He was honest, 
 brave, and eloquent ; but he was vain, boastful, and licentious. 
 He possessed a singular talent for adapting himself to every 
 situation and company in which he found himself. With 
 gentlemen he was a gentleman; with Indians an Indian; 
 and he could booze familiarly with the Albany Dutchmen, 
 who at first were the only white neighbors he had. If he 
 attended an Indian council, he was not too squeamish to cat 
 dogs' flesh, or dance with the warriors, or flirt with the 
 Indian girls ; but when the council was in session, he knew 
 how to assume that dignified bearing and to pour forth the 
 flowery eloquence in which Indians delighted. 
 
 He excelled, too, in those sports and feats of agility upon 
 which both Indians and white men at that time set so high 
 a value. He joined in the Indians' ball play ; he was a good 
 hunter; he had, in short, every quality of manhood which 
 either the red or the white inhabitants of the Mohawk valley 
 could appreciate. At the same time, who cared for his 
 faults? Indeed, it perhaps enhanced his influence, that, after 
 the early death of his wife — a German girl of the neighbor- 
 hood — he took mistress after mistress, now Dutch, now 
 Indian. The last of them, an Indian girl named Molly Brant, 
 bore him eight children, 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS, 37 
 
 He did great things with his uncle's Mohawk lands, 
 assisted by his uncle's capital. He carried on an extensive 
 trade with the Indians, acquiring over them a wonderful as- 
 cendency by his just dealing and easy manners. He ob- 
 served two rules : I. Never to deal with the Indians except 
 when they were sober; and, 2. Always to fulfill his promise 
 with exactness. If he once said No, he never yielded to 
 their solicitations ; and when he had said Yes, he would keep 
 his word, at whatever loss or inconvenience to himself. All 
 the Indians of the valley soon came to know this, and there 
 is no virtue which an Indian more values. He soon became 
 an adept in all the dialects of the region, and he frequently 
 appeared among the Indians wearing their dress, which gave 
 them particular delight. Of all the white men who ever 
 had to do with the children of the forest, no one has ever 
 wielded over them an influence so unbounded as William 
 Johnson of New York. 
 
 When he had been five years in the country, war broke 
 out between the French and English, and it became a mat- 
 ter of the utmost importance to keep the powerful tribes of 
 New York faithful to their alliance with the En^jlish. It 
 was William Johnson who frustrated at every point the 
 machinations of the French, and held firm the unstable 
 minds of the red men. Appointed by the government 
 superintendent of Indian affairs, he usually wore the dress 
 of an Indian chief, and visited all the tribes of the Six 
 Nations, distributing liberal gifts, and pronouncing eloquent 
 harangues. The result was, that the whole of the great 
 province of New York remained unmolested and at peace. 
 At the outbreak of this war, he built and fortified that large 
 stone house, opposite Warrensburg, which is still standing 
 and in good preservation. 
 
 From this time to the end of his life, he was generally in 
 the pubHc service, but continued actively to push his private 
 
38 COLONIAL PIONEERS . 
 
 fortune. He encouraged many families from the Highlands 
 of Scotland and the North of Ireland to emigrate and settle 
 on his lands, to whom he let farms on easy terms. He 
 mentions, in one of his letters of 1763, that his tenantry 
 consisted of one hundred and twenty families. 
 
 The old French war broke out in 1754. Again Johnson 
 was placed at the head of the affairs of the Six Nations, and 
 again he kept them faithful to their allegiance. Appointed 
 a major general at the same time, he led a little army of 
 hunters and farmers against Crown Point. Before he had 
 reached it, he was most vigorously attacked by the French 
 army, who at first gained an advantage which would have 
 been decisive if Johnson's army had been regular troops. 
 Instead of running away when they had been defeated, 
 every man took to his tree or rock or shelving bank, and 
 kept up a fire upon the French regulars which they could 
 not return with any effect. The French continued to ad- 
 vance, however, until they came to where General Johnson 
 had thrown up a hasty and rude breastwork of logs, from 
 which the French tried in vain to dislodge him. When the 
 enemy faltered and began to retreat, Johnson and his hunt- 
 ing-sliirted farmers took the offensive, and drove back the 
 Frenchmen with terrible slaughter. 
 
 It was for this victory that General Johnson was created 
 a baronet, and rewarded by Parliament with a gift of five 
 thousand pounds sterling. The king — George II.— made 
 him a colonel in the British army, and permanent superin- 
 tendent of Indian affairs at a salary of six hundred pounds 
 sterling per annum, which he enjoyed for the rest of his life. 
 
 A few days before this battle, he named the beautiful 
 sheet of water on the shore of which it was fought, Lake 
 George, '' not only," as he said, " in honor of his Majesty, 
 but to assert his undoubted dominion here." The old 
 French name was Lac Sacrement. He served, at the head 
 
COLONIAL F^^ONEERS . 39 
 
 of Indians and militia, to the end of the war, rendering 
 essential aid at some of the most critical affairs. He was 
 present with his Indian allies when Montreal and all Canada 
 were surrendered to the English, Upon the return of peace 
 the king granted him an additional reward of a liundred 
 thousand acres in the State of New York. 
 
 At the time of Pontiac's Conspiracy in 1763, Sir William 
 Johnson, for the third time, kept the Six Nations quiet, and 
 restored the panic-stricken settlers to confidence. From this 
 time to the beginning of the Revolutionary War he lived 
 the life of a great frontier lord, dispensing the profuse hos- 
 pitality, both to white men and Indians, which was then so 
 much admired. In 1764, just after the Pontiac war, he built 
 Johnson Hall, a large frame building, in which he passed the 
 rest of his days, and which is still standing. Around this 
 spacious residence he laid out the village still known by the 
 name of Johnstown, now the county town of Fulton county. 
 The Episcopal church there, which is still used, was built by 
 Sir William. An officer who visited him in 1765, made this 
 entry in, his diary concerning his visit : 
 
 ''July II, 1765. Dined with Sir William at Johnson Hall. 
 The office of superintendent very troublesome. Sir William 
 continually plagued with Indians about him — generally from 
 300 to 900 in number — spoil his garden and keep his house 
 always dirty." 
 
 This remarkable man was fortunate in the time of his 
 death. If he had lived another year, he would have been 
 compelled to take sides in the great controversy between the 
 Colonies and the mother country, and the probability is, that, 
 like most other persons who held office under the Crown, he 
 would have taken the wrong side. He was spared this mis- 
 fortune by dying in 1774. The old tradition that his death 
 was hastened by the conflict of feeling in his own mind on 
 this subject, may have had some foundations in truth, al- 
 
40 COLONIAL PIONEERS . ' 
 
 though the best investigators have rejected it. His son, Sir 
 John Johnson, joined the British forces, and lost his estates 
 in consequence. He died at Montreal, in 1 830, aged eig-hty- 
 eight. 
 
 James Logan, 
 
 Penn's Private Secretary. 
 
 An anecdote which James Logan used to relate to his 
 circle of friends in Philadelphia, gives us the key to his 
 character. 
 
 He was crossing the Atlantic in the year 1699, with 
 William Penn, wdiose secretary he then was. He was a 
 native of the north of L'eland, where his father, a man of 
 learning, and educated for the Presbyterian church, became 
 an early convert to the Quakers, and taught for many years 
 a large school belonging to that society. In this school, and 
 under his father's tuition, James Logan w^as early imbued 
 with a love of learning and science, and had acquired at the 
 age of thirteen a proficiency in the ancient languages which 
 was considered remarkable. He afterw^ard pursued mathe- 
 matical studies w^ith great success, and became himself a 
 teacher of a grammar-school. Few young men of his time 
 were more accomplished than he ; since, in addition to his 
 classical and mathematical acquirements, he possessed a 
 knowledge of French, Italian and Spanish. 
 
 Being a member of the Society of Friends, he was 
 thrown into contact w^'th William Penn, one of the great 
 lights of that denomination, by whom he was invited to go 
 out with him to Pennsylvania, as his secretary and man of 
 business. At that time pirates and privateers frequently 
 assailed merchant vessels. The ship in which Penn and 
 
COLONIAL PIOXEERS . 41 
 
 Logan were passengers being chased by an armed vessel, all 
 the Quakers went below, as it is a tenet of their creed not 
 to fight, even in self-defense. But James Logan, a robust 
 and brave young fellow of twenty-five, proved himself on this 
 occasion to be a better man than Quaker, and took his 
 place at one of the guns to aid in beating off the expected 
 enemy. But the armed ship, on coming up, proved to be a 
 friendly vessel ; upon learning which, Logan went into the 
 cabin to communicate the joyful news. William Penn, then 
 relieved of his apprehensions, began to scold Logan for his 
 inconsistency in being willing to defend the ship. But 
 Logan said : 
 
 '* I being thy servant, William, why did not thee order 
 me to come below? But thee was willing enough that I 
 should stay and help fight the ship when thee thought there 
 was danger." 
 
 William Penn's reply to this home-thrust is not recorded ; 
 but the young man did not forget the lesson ; and in his 
 subsequent transactions in connection with Pennsylvania 
 affairs, he evidently bore the incident in mind. 
 
 Philadelphia in 1699 was a straggling village on the 
 banks o'f the Delaware, fourteen years old, of two or three 
 thousand inhabitants, though the province was rapidly fill- 
 ing up with immigrants. Penn soon returned to England, 
 leaving Logan in charge of his interests, and manager of his 
 estate — his agent and representative in all things. And 
 Logan it was who had to bear the brunt of the ceaseless 
 opposition of the colonists to the unwise, if not unjust, 
 exactions of the Penn family. It was he, too, who con- 
 ducted the negotiations with the Indians.* He had much to 
 do with a famous and powerful Mingo chief, named Shickel- 
 leny, upon whom Logan's exact justice and thoughtful 
 humanity made such an impression that he named his son 
 Logan ; and this was that eloquent Logan whose speech, 
 
42 COLONIAL PIONEERS, 
 
 preserved by Mr. Jefferson, still figures in many of our 
 school-books. 
 
 A world of trouble the agent had in pacif}'ingthe colonists 
 and maintaining the rights of the proprietor. Many of the 
 emigrants '' squatted" upon land in the interior, and ap- 
 peared to be exceedingly astonished when the agent de- 
 manded pay for the same ; while others went through the 
 form of purchase, took possession of their lands, and did 
 not meet their engagements. The simple truth is : they 
 were all farmers, and all raised wheat or tobacco, of which 
 they produced so much that there was a glut in America of 
 wheat, and of tobacco in England. The people had every- 
 thing in abundance except money, and the few much-desired 
 articles which could only be bought with money. In one of 
 his letters, written when he had been a few years in the 
 country, Logan uses such expressions as these: 
 
 " The tenants make my life so uncomfortable that it is 
 not worth the living. ... I know not what any of the com- 
 forts of life are. . . . Money is so scarce that many good 
 farmers now scarce ever see a piece-of-eight of their own 
 throughout the year. . . . What little there is of money is 
 in town ; and wheat, for two years past, has been worth very 
 little. . . . Pay for land near New Castle, to the amount of 
 three thousand pounds, is due, and I have received but two 
 hundred pounds, and that in produce." 
 
 William Penn, although he had a large estate in Eng- 
 land, was brought so heavily in debt by his province of 
 Pennsylvania, that he had scarcely money enough to sub- 
 sist upon, and was in danger of bankruptcy. 
 
 *' Oh, Pennsylvania!" he once exclaimed, ''what hast 
 thou cost me ? Surely above thirty thousand pounds more 
 than ever I got by thee." 
 
 He expected results from his venture too soon. If he 
 could have waited a few years longer, he would have had in 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. 43 
 
 Pennsylvania a valuable estate, which his sons enjoyed and 
 grossly abused down to the time of the Revolution. In due 
 time Logan laid down his agency and entered into private 
 business, seriously intending to acquire a respectable estate 
 of his own. He once gave the reason of this determination, 
 which may be worth considering. 
 
 "When I was a young man," he wrote, ''and secretary 
 to Penn, I felt an indifference to money, and deemed this a 
 happy retirement for cultivating the Christian graces. But 
 after I had had some experience in life, finding how little 
 respect and influence could be usefully exerted without such 
 competency as could give a man ready access to good soci- 
 ety, I thenceforward set myself seriously to endeavor, by 
 engagements in commerce (a new track to me), to attain 
 that consequence and weight which property so readily 
 confers." 
 
 In this he succeeded. He soon gained a considerable 
 estate, which enabled him to serve the colonies in important 
 offices, and to spend the evening of his days in the pursuit 
 of knowledge. 
 
 It was not until he was approaching three score years 
 and ten that he had occasion to put in practice the lesson 
 which he had learned of William Penn, on his passage across 
 the sea ; since Pennsylvania, during the first sixty-five years 
 of its existence as a colony, enjoyed peace with all the 
 world. In 1744, England being involved in war with great 
 powers in Europe, the colonies were threatened with attack, 
 and New England was engaged in active hostilities against 
 the French in Canada. Privateers ravaged the seas, and the 
 cities on the coast were filled with apprehensions of the 
 enemy's fleets. Philadelphia was without defense of any 
 kind. There was not a fort, nor a battery, nor an earth- 
 work, nor a cannon, nor a volunteer company, nor muskets 
 enough to arm one, nor any beginning of a militia systern, 
 
44 COLONIAL PIONEERS . 
 
 One stout pirate could have sailed up the Delaware and laid 
 Philadelphia under contribution. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, bookseller and postmaster, wrote an 
 artful and powerful pamphlet calling upon the people to 
 organize for the defense of their homes and families. In a 
 few days ten thousand men in the province had joined the 
 proposed organization, and nothing was thought of but 
 muskets and batteries, drilling and parades. The Quakers 
 were in a terrible dilemma between their sectarian principles 
 and the instincts of human nature. James Logan and some 
 others openly sided with Franklin, declaring that self-de- 
 fense was equally the dictate of nature and religion. Logan, 
 too old to serve in the field, subscribed five hundred pounds 
 for the purchase of cannon, besides affording Franklin all 
 the support of his influence and reputation. 
 
 " A Government without arms is an inconsistency," he 
 wrote to Franklin. 
 
 The great body of the Quakers, however, were more 
 disposed, as Mr. Logan remarked, to get estates than to 
 defend them. Some of the young men resorted to an 
 artifice in order to contribute money for the defense of the 
 town without offending their elders. They agreed to raise 
 money for "a fire-engine," and to intrust the same to Ben- 
 jamin Franklin, who proceeded to buy with it a great gun, 
 *' which," said he, with a twinkle in his eye, " is certainly a 
 fire-engine^ 
 
 Fortunately, the enemy did not attempt to enter the 
 Delaware river, and the aged philosopher was soon enabled 
 to resume his studies. Franklin, during this very year, 
 1744, published Logan's excellent translation of Cicero's 
 discourse upon old age, with an interesting preface by 
 Franklin himself, which continued to be republished in Eng- 
 land and Scotland for many years after the translator's 
 death. Several other works of science and scholarship he 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. 45 
 
 produced at this period of his Hfe, and he gathered round 
 him at his country-seat near Germantown an excellent 
 library and a valuable collection of objects relating to science. 
 He was the venerated chief of that small circle of scholars 
 and philosophers of which Franklin was the active and 
 informing spirit, into which Rittenhouse and Rush were 
 afterward admitted, and who will forever make the early 
 history of Pennsylvania an essential part of the annals of 
 mankind. Such men as Franklin, Logan and Rittenhouse 
 are the only permanent glory of a State. 
 
 James Logan died in 1751, aged seventy-seven years. 
 His remains lie buried in the Arch street ground belonging 
 to the Friends. His name and family are still among the 
 most honored in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Captain Kid and the Pirates. 
 
 From an early period in the history of New England the 
 coast was infested with pirate vessels. As early as 1632 we 
 hear of a man named Dixy Bull who turned pirate and 
 plundered the towns on the coast and the fishermen near it. 
 Governor Winthrop sent a pinnace in pursuit of him, which 
 cruised two months without success, and the pirate afterward 
 got safely to England, where he died a violent death. For 
 a hundred years after no ship approached the coast, nor 
 left it, without keeping a bright look-out for pirates, and few 
 seasons passed without ships being captured by these high- 
 waymen of the sea. 
 
 In that age wars were frequent between Holland, France, 
 England, and Spain. No sooner was vv^ar declared than pri- 
 vateering licenses were issued, and the more adventurous 
 sailors were eager to take advantage of them, and scour the 
 
46 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 sea in quest of rich prizes. Landsmen, too, used to club to 
 gether, buy a vessel, arm and equip her as a privateer, and 
 send her to sea in command of some daring captain noted 
 for his success in this kind of warfare. Occasionally a splen- 
 did prize was brought in, which would enrich the advent- 
 urers, and give a great impulse to the business. As long as 
 the war lasted, and as long as the privateers confined their 
 attacks to the enemy's ships, no one objected. But when 
 peace returned, there was a large body of men, afloat and 
 ashore, who had been demoralized by the roving, reckless 
 life of a privateer, and who were not at all disposed to settle 
 dowm again into the humdrum life of good citizens, or to be 
 satisfied with the regular gains of ordinary seamanship. 
 Many of these men became pirates, and preyed upon the in- 
 creasing commerce between Europe and America. 
 
 Ships upon the ocean were then few and far between, 
 and in time of peace there were few men-of-war serving as 
 the police of the sea. The consequence was, that a pirate 
 ship of some magnitude, well-manned and well-armed, usual- 
 ly had everything its own way for a time, and captured 
 every vessel it overtook. 
 
 The success of some noted pirates gave such a powerful 
 stimulus to the business that there appeared, at length, some 
 danorer of the total extinction of honest commerce. In one 
 of the letters of that learned and excellent Philadelphia 
 Quaker, James Logan, written in 1717, there is a remarkable 
 passage, which shows how numerous the pirates had become 
 on our coast : 
 
 *' We have been extremely pestered with pirates," he 
 writes, *' who now swarm in America, and increase their 
 numbers by almost every vessel they take. If speedy care 
 be not taken they will become formidable, \iQ.\\\^nozv at least 
 fifteen Jiundi'ed strong. They have very particularly talked 
 of visiting this place, many of them being very well ac- 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. 47 
 
 quainted with it, and some born in it ; for they are general- 
 ly all Englishmen, and therefore know our government can 
 make no defense." 
 
 Philadelphia was then only thirty-two years old, and be- 
 ing inhabited chiefly by Quakers, could have offered little re- 
 sistance to a pirate fleet manned by fifteen hundred sailors. 
 In that same year, 1 71 7, there was one week in October, 
 Mr. Logan mentions, when the pirates took and plundered, 
 in the Delaware, six or seven vessels ! Some Philadelphians, 
 who were taken prisoners, heard them say that they had 
 eight hundred men in Rhode Island, and another band in 
 North Carolina, all under the command of one captain. The 
 pirate vessel which made those captures had a crew of one 
 hundred and thirty men, " all stout fellows," says Logan, 
 *' all English and doubly armed." They said that they \\ere 
 only waiting for their consort of twenty-six guns to attack 
 and plunder Philadelphia. Nor was this a mere momentary 
 or occasional panic, for a year after the same James Logan 
 wrote : 
 
 '' We are now sending down a small vessel to seize those 
 rogues, if not strengthened from sea. We are in manifest 
 danger here, unless the king's ships take some notice of us. 
 It is possible, indeed, that the merchants of New York, 
 some of them I mean, might not be displeased to hear we 
 are all reduced to ashes. Unless these pirates be deterred 
 from coming up our rivers by the fear of men-of-war outside 
 to block them in, there is nothing but what we may fear 
 from them." 
 
 The danger was all the greater, because some of the 
 merchants and contractors, who had fitted out privateers 
 during the war, continued to supply the same vessels, when, 
 at the return of peace, they had turned pirates. Sometimes, 
 indeed, the pirate ships were strong enough to hold their 
 own against a man-of-war. In the year 1723, for example, 
 
48 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 two pirate vessels came in near Sandy Hook when a British 
 man-of-war was going out of New York harbor. After a 
 desperate fight, the smaller of the pirates was taken, and the 
 whole crew of forty-two men were hanged in a row on Long 
 Island. But the other escaped, and made twenty prizes be- 
 fore she was caught. In the same year, 1723, twenty-six 
 pirates were hanged at Newport, Rhode Island. Indeed, it 
 was a common event, about that time, for pirates to be 
 strung up in a row in that wholesale fashion ; for, by this 
 time, the British government had begun to bestir itself and 
 put forth systematic efforts for the suppression of piracy. 
 
 Captain Robert Kid, born about 1650, was for many 
 years a resident of the city of New York, where he had a 
 wife and child, and whence he sailed, for several years, as a 
 respectable merchant captain and privateersman. So highly 
 was he esteemed, that no man's services w^ere in so much re- 
 quest among the merchants of New York, and every one 
 was eager for shares in a privateer which he was to command. 
 Among the old records of the city of New York his name 
 frequently occurs. Sometimes he is mentioned as demand- 
 ing the return of one of his sailors who had been impressed 
 into the king's service, and sometimes as bringing in a prize, 
 and paying to the king the tenth and to the governor the 
 fifteenth which the law allowed them. 
 
 About 1695 the piracies on the American coast had be- 
 come so numerous, and so destructive of commerce, that a 
 kind of society was formed in England, headed by the king, 
 William III., for their suppression. The company fitted out 
 and armed a ship of thirty guns, named the "Adventure," 
 designing that she should pursue and capture the pirates, 
 and sell their vessels for the advantage of the company. 
 When the ship was getting ready for sea, it so happened 
 that Colonel Robert Livingston, of New York, a member of 
 the well-known New York family of that name, was in Lon- 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS . 49 
 
 don. Colonel Livingston not only recommended Captain 
 Kid for the command of this vessel, but engaged to become 
 his security for the faithful performance of his duty. He 
 spoke of Captain Kid as a " bold and honest man," well 
 fitted to suppress the piracies in the American seas. The 
 appointment was accordingly given to Kid, and he received 
 the king's commission, which was directed *' to the trusty 
 and beloved Captain Kid." Bearing this commission, he 
 sailed from Plymouth in 1696, and bore away for the Amer- 
 ican coast. 
 
 Probably the pirates took the alarm ; for he cruised for 
 several months between Boston and Virginia without mak- 
 ing important captures. Occasionally he visited New York 
 harbor, anchoring off the Battery, and while there, took 
 pains to enlist a daring and numerous crew, until, at last, he 
 had a resolute band of a hundred and fifty men. Toward 
 the close of 1696 he struck across the Atlantic, bound for 
 the East Indies, and on the way made known to his crew 
 that he meant to turn pirate, and dash in among the richly 
 freighted ships of the Eastern seas. The men offering no 
 effective opposition, he continued his course around the 
 Cape of Good Hope, and made his way to the Red Sea, 
 where he began his depredations. He captured many ves- 
 sels, gaining, as is supposed, a prodigious booty, and at 
 length took a merchant ship of four hundred tons, laden 
 with precious merchandise. 
 
 With this vessel, and a vast amount of gold and silver 
 and precious stones, he started on his return to America. 
 The large ship he gave up to one of his band, and in his 
 own vessel he returned to our waters, and buried a large 
 amount of treasure on Gardner's Island, near the end of 
 Long Island. A portion of this, and perhaps all of it, was 
 afterward found by Lyon Gardner, the owner of the island, 
 who surrendered it to the p-overnor of Massachusetts : 
 
50 Colon tAL PiONEEkS . 
 
 namely, three bags of gold dust, containing about one hun- 
 dred and fifty ounces, two bags of golden bars, weighing 
 nearly six hundred ounces, tw^o or three bags of precious 
 stones, and several of broken silver. It is possible that he 
 buried treasure at other places on the coast. 
 
 Having secured so much treasure, the next thing to con- 
 sider was how he could get on shore to enjOy it. The Earl 
 of Bcllcmont, governor of Massachusetts, was one of the 
 stockholders in the original enterprise, and Kid, presuming 
 upon this fact, sent one of his men to Boston to learn from 
 the governor what treatment he might expect if he should 
 go ashore. The governor, it appears, replied in language 
 which admitted of two interpretations, one favorable to Kid's 
 hopes, and the other not. He went to Boston, and appeared 
 openly in the streets, where he was at once arrested. He 
 was sent to England for trial, but it was difficult to convict 
 him of piracy, owing to the commission which he bore ; and 
 after a long delay, he was arraigned on a charge of murder- 
 ing one of his crew, and condemned to die. Col. Livingston, 
 of New York, who owned one fifth of the vessel in which Kid 
 had sailed, befriended him to the last. He was hanged at 
 Execution Dock, in London, March 23, 1701. 
 
 For many years after his death, people living along the 
 coast of Long Island could not quite get it out of their 
 heads that Kid had buried vast treasures there, and they 
 spent a great deal of time in digging for them. The song 
 of Captain Kid, written soon after his execution, continues 
 to the present day to be popular among sailors, and you 
 may often hear it sung in the evening on the forecastle of 
 ships: 
 
 My name was Captain Kid, 
 Wlien I sailed, when I sailed ; 
 My name was Captain Kid, 
 And so wickedly I did, 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. 51 
 
 God's laws I did forbid, 
 When I sailed, when I sailed. 
 
 I roamed from Sound to Sound, 
 And many a ship I found. 
 And liieni I sunk or butiied, 
 When I sailed, when I sailed. 
 
 Farewell to young and old. 
 All jolly seamen bold ; 
 You are welcome to my gold, 
 For I must die, I must die. 
 
 Farewell, fcjr I nmst die ; 
 Then to eternity. 
 In hideous misery, 
 I nmst lie, I must lie. 
 
 Every sailor, however, has his own version of the song, 
 and sings as many stanzas as the patience of his hearers 
 wiU endure. 
 
 Samuel Parris, and the Salem Witchcraft. 
 
 Samuel Parris was the minister of the church in Sa- 
 lem, Massachusetts, in 1692, when tlie events occurred 
 which are usually spoken of as the Salem witchcraft. He 
 was a man of much talent as a preacher and composer of 
 extempore prayers; but by his arrogance and vanity he had 
 estranged so many of his flock, that he was in danger of 
 dismission. He had not been regularly trained to the 
 ministry. He had been for some years a merchant, and he 
 had brought with him from the West Indies several slaves, 
 wdiom he continued to hold and employ after his settlement 
 in the ministry. These negroes, besides being themselves 
 
5^ COLONIAL PIONEERS . 
 
 superstitious, as all ignorant people are, had lived among 
 Spaniards, who in that age were noted for their unquestion- 
 ing belief in witchcraft. 
 
 For four years, Cotton Mather's sermon narrating the 
 ingenious tricks of four Boston children, supposed to be be- 
 witched, had been circulating in Massachusetts. Nothing is 
 more remarkable in children than their propensity to imi- 
 tate ; and it came to pass, in the winter of 1691 and 92, that 
 some girls in Salem took it into their heads to repeat the 
 antics described in Dr. Mather's sermon, which had deceived 
 the wise men of Boston, and made such a stir throughout 
 America. Living near the residence of the minister, Samuel 
 Parris, these girls had been accustomed to talk with his 
 slaves about witches and witchcraft, and it is probable that 
 their interest in the subject had been much increased there- 
 by. How^ever that may be, these girls, six or seven in 
 number, the youngest nine and the oldest eighteen, fell into 
 the habit of coming together at the minister's house and 
 elsewhere, for the express purpose of practicing the devices 
 which they had learned from Cotton Mather's sermon, or 
 from the servants' conversation, or from both. 
 
 After practicing a while in secret, they began, before the 
 winter ended, to perform in the presence of others. They 
 would cry out without any obvious cause, twist their bodies, 
 creep into holes, get under chairs, throw themselves into 
 unnatural postures, gesticulate w^ildly, and utter incoherent 
 sounds. Sometimes they would pretend to be seized with 
 spasms, fall senseless to the floor, or wTithe about and shriek, 
 as if in agony. Scarcely a creature in the town appears to 
 have doubted, for one moment, that these antics were in- 
 voluntary. The children were regarded with the tenderest 
 compassion, as undergoing unaccountable and horrible suf- 
 fering. 
 
 The physician of the place was called in. A consulta- 
 
COLONIAL PIOXEERS . 53 
 
 tion was held, and the children were p''onounced be- 
 witched. 
 
 It was not unusual, in that credulous age, for doctors to 
 give opinions of this nature. When their science did not 
 avail, and a patient grew worse, it was consolatory to their 
 self-love, and beneficial to their reputation, to say that the 
 sick person was afflicted by an Evil Spirit ; and no explana- 
 tion of a mysterious malady was so readily believed as that. 
 
 The girls, finding themselves objects of so much atten- 
 tion, rose with the occasion. When people flocked in from 
 the country to witness their supposed torments, they ex 
 erted themselves to vary and intensify the exhibition. They 
 began at length to cry out in church-time, using such expres- 
 sions as, " Look where she sits upon the beam, sucking her 
 yellow-bird betwixt her fingers." Or like this : " There is a 
 yellow-bird sitting on the minister's hat, as it hangs on the 
 pin in the pulpit !" Sometimes, just before the minister 
 rose to preach, one would cry out, " Now stand up and 
 name your text." If the sermon was long, one would say, 
 perhaps, '' Now there is enough of that," or words to similar 
 effect. 
 
 No one thought of rebuking the girls for such conduct ; 
 for they were supposed to be under an influence which they 
 could not resist, and they continued to be regarded with 
 mingled awe, terror, and pity. Every one treated them 
 with the greatest attention and tenderness. A few persons 
 in the parish, it is true, soon recovered sense enough to dis- 
 approve the proceedings, and had the courage to absent 
 themselves from church; but whoever held aloof was re- 
 garded by the church generally as in some degree counte- 
 nancing the Evil One, and the minister, Samuel Parris, 
 appears to have marked them for destruction. 
 
 The excitement was a godsend indeed to this artful, vain, 
 and domineering clergyman. He was one of those persons 
 who delight in being the center of a scene, or a ceremonial. 
 
54 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 Power was dear to him for its own sake ; and besides believ- 
 ing, as every one then beheved, in the constant presence 
 and habitual interference of evil spirits, he rejoiced in every- 
 thing like commotion, excitement, and conflict. Restored 
 by these events to more than his former popularity and 
 power, he did all that was possible to foment the mischief, 
 and he contrived, ere long, to use the prevailing mania as a 
 means of intimidating his opponents. 
 
 His first step was to summon the clergy of the province 
 to meet in council at his house. The children were brought 
 in. They performed their antics as usual, while the reverend 
 gentlemen looked on in silent amazement and horror. At 
 length the ministers declared their belief that the Evil One 
 had taken possession of the girls, and that he had begun 
 his operations in Salem with a bolder front, and on a 
 broader scale than ever before, in either the New or the Old 
 World. When this decision of the council w^as made known, 
 the community absolutely lost its senses. To use the lan- 
 guage of Mr. Charles W. Upham of Salem, who spent many 
 years in the investigation of this subject : 
 
 " Society was dissolved into a wild and excited crowd. 
 Men and women left their fields, their houses, their labors, 
 and employments, to witness the awful unveiling of the 
 demoniac power, and to behold the workings of Satan him- 
 self upon the victims of his wrath." 
 
 And now the people began to ask, with a wild intensity 
 of eagerness, Who are the agents of the devil? Who are 
 the witches? The children were continually questioned: 
 " Who is it that bewitches you ?" Soon they began to 
 utter the names of poor, unfortunate women who had made 
 themselves disagreeable to their neighbors. One was named 
 Sarah Good, a forlorn, friendless, and forsaken woman. 
 Another was Sarah Osburne, a woman in humble life, of 
 respectable character, but connected with a family opposed 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. 55 
 
 to the minister of the parish. Another was a half idiotic 
 slave, belongincr to Parris. 
 
 In due time these three women were arrested, and ar- 
 raigned with unusual solemnity and pomp, and each of them 
 was subjected to a long examination. 
 
 '' Sarah Good," said the magistrate, '' what evil spirit 
 have you familiarity with?" 
 
 She replied : " None." 
 
 *^ Have you made no contracts with the devil?" 
 
 " No." 
 
 *' Why do you hurt these children^" 
 
 *'I do not hurt them. I scorn it." 
 
 *'Who do you employ, then, to do it?" 
 
 " I employ nobody." 
 
 The magistrate then told the children to look at her, and 
 see if this was the person who tormented them, and they all 
 answered that she was the one who did so. Upon this they 
 all pretended to be tormented, and performed their accus- 
 tomed wTithing and outcries. When the prisoner had again 
 protested her innocence, the magistrate asked her : 
 
 ''Whom do you serve?" 
 
 " I serve God." 
 
 "What God do you serve?" 
 
 " The God that made heaven and earth." 
 
 Sarah Osburne also declared her innocence, and so did 
 the slave. The slave, however, pretended to be herself be- 
 witched, and showed much cunning in making the people 
 believe that she was one of the victims, instead of one of 
 the guilty. This w^oman said, after the excitement was 
 over, that her master had beaten her and compelled her to 
 accuse of witchcraft such persons as he designated. After 
 remaining in prison a year, she was sold to pay her jail fees. 
 Sarah Osburne died in prison after several weeks' confine- 
 ment. Sarah Good lay in jail chained and bound with cords. 
 
56 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 The children and their confederates, emboldened by 
 success, began now to accuse persons of more importance 
 in the community, selecting most of their victims from 
 families opposed to the minister. The trials went on until 
 five women were in Salem jail, who had been tried and 
 found guilty of witchcraft. All of them were executed on 
 the same day, and all of them were as innocent of harming 
 the children as their own mothers. 
 
 This wholesale execution served but to increase the ex- 
 citement. The clergy still preached alarming sermons upon 
 the subject, urging the magistrates to go on in the work of 
 warring against the devil by destroying his agents. During 
 the whole summer of 1692 the madness raged. Five were 
 executed in July, five in August, and in September the 
 astonishing number of a^/^/ virtuous and exemplary persons 
 were conveyed in one cart to the top of a hill in Salem and 
 hanged together. 
 
 But this awful scene closed the tragedy ; for the Gover- 
 nor, Sir William Phips, interfered, discharged all the remain- 
 ing prisoners, and terminated the proceedings. During the 
 prevalence of the mania, several hundreds of people had 
 been committed to prison, none of whom were released until 
 they had paid jail fees, court fees, and their board during 
 confinement. Twenty were executed, several died in jail, 
 and a great many families lost all their property. 
 
 With returning reason, Samuel Parris became more odi- 
 ous than before, and although the conservative party in the 
 church supported him to the last, he was ejected at length, 
 and spent the remainder of his days in poverty and obscurity. 
 Eighteen years after the legislature of Massachusetts de- 
 clared all the witchcraft judgments and convictions null and 
 void, and voted nearly six hundred pounds for distribution 
 among the injured families. 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 hn 
 
 Captain Henry Hudson's Trip to Albany in 
 Search of the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 American travelers and students have discovered much 
 curious information in their researches among the archives 
 and hbraries of European capitals. Some years ago one of 
 our historical students found, among the records, in Amster- 
 dam, of the ancient Dutch East India Company, the " ship 
 book" of the vessel in which Henry Hudson sailed up the 
 noble river that now bears his name. It was in the service 
 and at the expense of this East India Company that he 
 made the voyage. The vessel was named the Half Moon, 
 and she was of eighty tons burden — about as large as a good 
 sized North river sloop. She was a vessel of two masts, and 
 was built expressly for speed ; being what we should now 
 call a yacht. Her crew consisted of twenty men, some 
 Dutch and some English. The mate was a Dutchman, and 
 as she sailed under the Dutch flag and in the service of a 
 Dutch company, whatever land she might discover would of 
 course belong to Holland. 
 
 About sunset on the second of September, 1609, more 
 than five months after leaving Amsterdam, Captain Hudson 
 came in sight of those inviting headlands, now called the 
 hills of Navesink, which so agreeably salute the arriving 
 voyager as he approaches New York. Rejoicing in the 
 prospect, he sailed on the next morning, and before night 
 anchored inside of Sandy Hook, with the Narrows, leading 
 into New York bay, straight before him. So pleased was 
 he with the lands and waters about him, that he remained 
 in the lower bay fishing and exploring for a week. Doubt- 
 less he or some of his men walked upon the beach at Long 
 Branch ; and very pleasant it must have been to them in the 
 
58 COLONIAL PIONEER S. 
 
 bright, warm days of the first ^v'eek in September. Every 
 day the long-boat of the Half Moon was manned, and made 
 long excursions in what we now call Raritan Bay, and round 
 where Perth Amboy now stands, and up through the Nar- 
 rows into the beautiful harbor with its exquisite shores and 
 green islands. Hudson mentions in his Report, that the 
 lands about our harbor, in their virgin freshness, were '' as 
 pleasant with grass and flowers and goodly trees" as any 
 he had ever seen, and the breezes w^afted from them sweet 
 odors. Returning one evening from what w^e now call New- 
 ark Bay, the boat was attacked by two canoes full of Indians, 
 and before they were driven off they killed one of the crew. 
 
 After sounding and exploring for a week. Captain Hud- 
 son ventured to hoist his anchor, and sail up through the 
 Narrows as far as the opening of the strait between Staten 
 Island and New Jersey, where again he dropped his anchor, 
 and looked about him. Canoes full of Indians approached 
 the vessel, making signs of friendship, and offering for sale 
 oysters and beans. Captain Hudson would not permit any 
 of them to come on board, but was glad enough to buy the 
 excellent oysters which, at that day, as now, abounded in 
 the kills between Staten Island and the other shore. The 
 next morning a great fleet of canoes, twenty-eight in num- 
 ber, filled w^ith men, women, and children, hovered about the 
 vessel; but the captain feared to trust them, and let none of 
 them come on board. 
 
 All that region swarmed with Indians ; for the red man 
 was an excellent judge of a country to live in. He required 
 a place where land and water were conveniently blended, so 
 that he could procure for his subsistence the products of 
 both. Thus, in the earl}- days, the Indian population w^as 
 large in the valleys of great rivers like the Hudson, the Con- 
 necticut, the Potomac, the James, and the Mobile, and in 
 such regions as Rhode Island, where sea and land are inter- 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. 59 
 
 mixed. Nowhere, perhaps, in the northern States were the 
 Indians more numerous than in the valley of the Hudson ; 
 and the names of several of the tribes designate to this day 
 the places which they inhabited. Our island, for example, 
 was occupied by the Manhattans, and, thirty miles up the 
 river, the Sait-Sings dwelt, whose name, corrupted to Sing 
 Sing, is familiar to us all. On the other side of the river 
 were the Hackensacks, and lower down in the bay the Rari- 
 tans. The Indians on each side of the river were hereditary 
 foes, frequently at w^ar, although capable of uniting against 
 the Five Nations in the interior of the State. Amid this 
 numerous population, it was but natural that Captain Hud- 
 son, in his eighty ton vessel, and with his crew of twenty 
 men, should proceed with caution. 
 
 After spending the morning in viewing the beautiful 
 scene around him, and watching the Indian canoes which 
 surrounded the vessel, he hoisted his anchor and sailed up 
 the bay for six miles, and cast his anchor for the night oppo- 
 site Manhattan Island. The next morning, seeing the broad 
 river stretch before him as far as the eye could reach, he 
 entertained the hope that now at last he had discovered a 
 passage leading into the Pacific. The tide being favorable, 
 he drifted up the stream all day, and dropped his anchor in 
 the evening opposite to the site of the village of Yonkers. 
 The next day, a southerly breeze springing up, and assisted 
 also by the tide, the Half Moon was w^afted so rapidly up 
 the river, that when night fell she was in the midst of the 
 grand scenery of the Highlands, and anchored not far from 
 West Point. 
 
 The next day Captain Hudson was equally fortunate. 
 It was one of those beautiful September days, hazy in the 
 morning, but clear and bright soon after sunrise, which reveal 
 the loveliness of nature with a mingled depth and brilliancy 
 unknown at any other part of the year. I am sure, from 
 
60 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 
 
 the warmth of Captain Hudson's expressions, that he was a 
 man to enjoy the glorious scene around him. On this day 
 he made sixty miles, anchoring at night opposite Catskill, 
 in full view of the mountains. By this time, it seems, he 
 had changed his opinion of the natives ; for the next morn- 
 ing, when they came off to the vessel, bringing tobacco, 
 pumpkins, and the newly ripened ears of corn, he let them 
 come on board, and bought from them those products of 
 the country. 
 
 He lingered in that enchanting part of the river all the 
 morning, amusing himself with the Indians, and admiring 
 the picturesque magnificence of the view. In the afternoon 
 he sailed six miles further, and anchored about opposite the 
 site of the present city of Hudson. Beyond this point the 
 navigation becomes more difficult ; so that the next day he 
 made only eighteen miles, stopping for the night near Cas- 
 tleton. The next morning he went ashore with an aged 
 chief, who took him to his house and entertained him hos- 
 pitably. It was a region, he says in his diary, flowing with 
 abundance. The chief had enough corn and beans to load 
 " three ships ;" and two men who were sent out, as soon as 
 he arrived, to kill him some game, brought in very soon a 
 pair of pigeons. They also killed a fat dog, and dressed it 
 with shells for his supper, supposing that he would remain 
 all night. 
 
 *' The land," he added, V is the finest for cultivation that 
 I ever in my life set foot upon, and it also abounds in trees 
 of every description. These natives are a very good people ; 
 for when they saw that I would not remain, they supposed 
 that I was afraid of their bows ; and, taking their arrows, 
 they broke them in pieces and threw them into the fire." 
 
 Early the next morning he continued his voyage a few 
 miles further, and anchored very nearly opposite where the 
 city of Albany now stands. Here again the Indians came 
 
 i 
 
COLONIAL PIONEERS. 61 
 
 on board in great numbers, bringing corn, grapes, and pump- 
 kins, as well as skins of beaver and otter. The vessel re- 
 mained at this spot for several days, while the carpenter 
 hewed from the forest a new^ foreyard. On one of these 
 days the captain gave some of the principal chiefs so much 
 wine and brandy that they were all half drunk. The poor 
 Indians seem to have been entirely puzzled and confounded 
 by the effects of the strange liquid. 
 
 The reader can imagine the amazement of the Indians 
 along the banks of the Hudson, as the Half Moon made her 
 way up the stream. The tradition of it lingered among 
 their descendants for four generations: for we know that, 
 about the year 1760, a Moravian missionary heard the tale 
 related by aged Indians as they had received it from their 
 fathers and grandfathers. A long time ago, they told him, 
 some Indians who were out fishing in a wide part of the 
 river espied at a great distance something enormous float- 
 ing on the water, which they had never seen before. Going 
 ashore, they told their friends of it, and urged them to pad- 
 dle out into the stream and try to discover what it might 
 be. They did so, and they all gazed at the strange thing, 
 wondering what it was. Some said it was a huge fish or 
 animal, and others thought it a large house. It was plain, 
 however, that the tremendous object moved, and appeared 
 to be moving toward the shore. So they sent runners in 
 every direction to summon the chiefs and warriors. The 
 object drew near. It was evidently an immense canoe or 
 floating house, and they concluded that the Great Spirit was 
 on board, and they made haste to prepare a great feast with 
 which to regale him on his arrival When the great canoe 
 came up, a man with a white skin, and wearing a red garment, 
 hailed them in a friendly manner. And so they went on 
 relating the particulars of the interview, dwelling especially 
 
Q2 COLONIAL PIONEERS . 
 
 upon the delightful effects which followed the drinking of 
 the white man's fire-water. 
 
 Above Albany, as most readers know, the Hudson is but 
 a narrow and shallow stream. Captain Hudson now began 
 to see very plainly that this beautiful stream was only a river 
 of the country, and that he would never get to China by 
 means of it. He sent a boat's crew to explore further, who 
 went about ten miles above the present city of Troy, and 
 brought back the report that the river was navigable no 
 further. With great reluctance he turned his prow down 
 the stream. 
 
 In the ascent of the river he had occupied eleven days, 
 and he spent the same time in descending it, stopping often 
 where he had stopped before, and detained sometimes by 
 head winds. Near the mouth of the river he again found 
 the Indians hostile. At the upper end of the island of Man- 
 hattan, near what we now call Fort Washington, several 
 hundred Indians gathered to attack the vessel as she passed ; 
 but a single shot killing two of them, the rest took to flight. 
 Soon after a large canoe full of warriors boldly attacked the 
 Half Moon. Another shot from a small cannon stove and 
 sunk the canoe, causing the death of nine of the Indians. 
 He anchored that night near Hoboken, as far as he could 
 get from the warlike Manhattans. A day or two after, ex- 
 actly a month from the day of his arrival at Sandy Hook, 
 he set sail again into the broad Atlantic. 
 
 Five weeks after he cast anchor in the English harbor 
 of Dartmouth. He sent over a report of his discoveries to 
 Amsterdam, and received orders from his company to bring 
 his ship thither. Just as he was about to put to sea, he was 
 stopped by the English government, and ordered not to 
 leave England, since he owed his service to his own country. 
 All the English part of his crew received the same orders, 
 and several months passed before the Half Moon was per- 
 
COLONIAL PIOXEERS. (J3 
 
 mitted to return to Holland without her commander. Cap- 
 tain Hudson next sailed in the service of a London com- 
 pany, and made the voyage from which he never returned. 
 
 Mr. J. R. Brodhead, the historian of the State of New 
 York, whose researches have rescued for us much of our 
 early history that might otherwise never have come to light, 
 has ascertained the subsequent fate of the Half Moon. In 
 1611 she was one of a fleet which sailed to the East Indies, 
 and in the Indian Seas, in March, 161 5, she was wrecked and 
 lost. The river discovered by Hudson was named by the 
 Dutch the Mauritius, but the name would not adhere, as all 
 the rest of the world called it by the name of the discoverer. 
 
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