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 I 
 
 PreaHi6/e. 
 
 WE, the people of the United Slates, in order lo form a more perfect union, establish .justice, insure 
 
 doiTieMic irAinjuiltiiy, provide for the conimoD defence, pfoiiiote Itie general welfare, aud secure Ihe 
 
 bjeKtii-gs of liberty to ourselves nad our poslenly, do ordam and establish this couilitutiou for tbe 
 
 United dilates of Aiiierica. 
 
 ARTICLE \— Of the Legislature, 
 
 SECTION 1. 
 I. All legislslive powers herein granted, sliall tie vealed in a congress of the United States, whicli 
 shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 
 
 SECTION 11. 
 
 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the 
 people of the seventi stales , and the electors iu each slale sbill have the qualiti cat ions requisite for 
 etcclors of the tnosi numerous branch i>f Ihe slate legisUtuce. 
 
 2. No person sh.ill be a rep resem alive wlio shall not have att.iined to the aje of tweoly-fivc years, 
 and been seven years a citizt^ii of (he Untied ^stales, and who shall not, wheu elected, be an inbabitaul 
 of lint state in vvliich he t,h\i\ be chosen 
 
 3. Rrpresenialivcs and direct t.iites shall be apportioned among the several states which may be 
 inclu'lcd within tins union, accoiding lo their respedive numbers, whicli shall be determined by 
 adding to Ihe whole number of fri-e prrsons, mcludiiii; Ihose bound to service for a term of ye^irs, and 
 exclmlius Indians not taxed. ihrce-fiUhs of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made 
 within iliree years after ihe firr.1 meeting nf ihe Congress of ibe United States, and within every subse- 
 quent term of len year>, in such mam er as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives 
 shall not exceeil one for every Ihrlv thousand, but each state shall have at least one represenlative ; 
 i\nit until such enuni-raJion shall be made, the slale of New Hampshire shall be entitled lo choose 
 three ; Maisachu-'eUt ei^hl ; Rliodt hland and Prcv<dc>ice Planlaliom one ; dmnecliciU five ; Ntw 
 Yarli 911 ; A^f lo Jtrsty four ; Poinryluama eighl ; Delaware one ; Maryland six ; firgima ten ; 
 Norl/i Carolina five ; Snuih CarolDia five ; and Gewgm three. 
 
 4. Wtien vacancies happen in Ihe representation frorii any slate, the executive aulhority thereof 
 sh.ill issue writs of election to fill up such vacancies. 
 
 5. Thu Hou?e of RcpresenUlives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and shall have the 
 sole power of iuipeachmeut. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by 
 the leeislaiure therenf, for six years: and eich senalor shall have one vole. 
 
 2. Imniednlely afier th-y shall be aMiembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be 
 divided, as rquallv as may be, into ihree clashes. The seits of the senators of ihe first class shall be 
 vacated at the ex'pinlion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fiiurlh year, 
 and of the third class at the expiration of the sixlh year, so that one-lhird may be chosen every 
 second year ; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or olherwiie, duringlhe recess of the le^isblure 
 of any slate, the executive thereof may make temporary appointuieuts until the next meeling of the 
 legislature, which shill ihen fill such vacancies. 
 
 3. No person shill be a senator who shall n^t have attained to the s^e of thirty' years, and been 
 nine years a citizen of Ihe United Slates, and »vho shall not, when elected, be an lubabitaut of that 
 slate for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 4. The Vice-President of ihe United Slates shall be Preaident of the Senate, but shall have no vote, 
 unless they be equally divided. 
 
 6. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a pre.fident pro tempore, in the absence of 
 Ihe Vice-President, or when he shall exercise Ihe office of President of Ihe United Stales. 
 
 6. The Senate shall have Ihe sole power to in- all impeachmeois. When siMing for that purpose, 
 they ihall be on nalh or affirmation. When the President of the United Stales is tried. Ihe chief 
 juKlice shall preside : and no person sh^ll be convicted witliout the concurrence of two thirds of the 
 members present. 
 
 7. Judfiiient in case of impeachment shall not exlenrl further than to removal from office, and dis- 
 qualificalion to hold and enjoy any office of honour, Iruvt, or profit, under Ihe Umled Slat'S ; but the 
 parly convicted shall, neverlhekss, be liable and subject to mdictuieut, trial, jiidgment] and punish- 
 lueat according to law. 
 
 SECTION IV, 
 
 1, The limes, places, and manner of holding election* for senators and representatives, shall be 
 prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any lime, by law, make 
 or alter auch regul.ilions, except as to iht pUce of choosihsc senators. 
 
 2. The Congress shall assemble at leasl once in every year, and such mealing shall be oo the first 
 Monday lu December, unless Ihey shall by law appoint a different day. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 1, Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of ils own members ; 
 and a nnjority of each shall conslilute a ({uorum to do business ; but a smaller number may ailjourn 
 from day lo day, and may be auttiorized to conipel'lhe altcndance of absent members, in such manner 
 and under such penalties is each Hou^e may provide. 
 
 2, E:tch House may determine the rule nf its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly 
 behaviour, and, wilh 'ne concurrence of two-lhirds, ex[iel a member. 
 
 3, Each House shall keep a jnuriial of iis proceedintfs, and from time to time publish the same, 
 excepting such parts as may m their judgment require secrecy ;-and the yeas and nays of Ihe members 
 of eiiher House, oo any question, shall, at Ihe desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on Ihe 
 journal, 
 
 ■1, Neither House during the session of Congress shall, without the consent of Ihe other, adjourn 
 for more than three d;iys, nor lo any olher place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitlmg. 
 
 SECTION vr. 
 
 1, The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, lo be ascertained 
 by taw, and paid out of Ihe treasury of Ihe United Stales. They shall in all cues, except treason, 
 felony, and breich of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of 
 their respective Houses, and in going lo or returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in 
 eiiher House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 2, No senator or representative shall, during Ihe time for which he was elected, be appointed to 
 any civil office under the aulhority of Ihe United Stales which shall have been created, or the emolu- 
 ments whereof shall hive been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under 
 the Untied States shall be a member of either House during bis continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may 
 propose or concur wilh amendments, as on other bills. 
 
 2, Every bill which shall have pas-ed the Hou-e of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it 
 become a law, be presented to the President of Ihe United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but 
 if not, he shall return it, wilh his objections. In th^it House in which it shall have originated, who 
 shill enter Ihe objection at laree on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such recon- 
 tideraHoii, two-lhirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with Ihe 
 objectinni, to Ihe olher House, by which it shall likev'ise be reconsidered, anil if approved by two- 
 thirds of ihal House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be 
 determined by yeas and nays, and Ihe names of the persons voting for and against Ihe bill shall be 
 entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President 
 
 within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, Ihe same shall be a law 
 in like manner as if he had signed it, unless Ihe Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, 
 in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 3. Every order, resolution, or vole to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
 sentatives may be necessary, (except a question of adjournment,) shall be presented lo the President 
 of the United Slates; and before Ihe same shall lake effect, shall be approved by him, or being dis- 
 approved by him, shall be repassed by two-lhirds of Ihe Senate and House of Representatives, accord- 
 ing to the rules and Ijmilations prescribed in the case of a bill. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 The Congress shall have power — 
 
 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for Ihe 
 common defence and general welfare of the United Stales ; but ail duties, imposts, and excises shall 
 be unilonn throughout Ihe Uniied Stales; 
 
 2. To borrow money on the credit of Ihe United Stales: 
 
 3. To regulate commerce wilh foreign nations, and among (he several slates, and wilh the Indian 
 tribes; 
 
 ■1. To establish a uniform rule of oaturalizalion, and uniform laws on Ihe subject of bankruptcies, 
 throughout the United Sates : 
 
 5. lo coin money, regulate Ihe value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights 
 and measures; 
 
 6. To provide for the punishment of counierfeiling the securities and current coin of Ibe United 
 Stales : 
 
 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads; 
 
 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and 
 inventors the exclusive right lo their respective writings and discoveries ; 
 
 9. To conslitotc tribunals inferior lo Ihe Supreme Court : 
 
 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies commitled on Ihe high seas, and offences against the 
 law of nations : 
 
 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on 
 land and water; 
 
 12- To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer 
 term than two years; 
 
 13. To provide and maintain a navy ; 
 
 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces : 
 
 15. To provide for calling forth the mililia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, 
 and repel invasions; 
 
 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and diicipliniog the militia, and for governing such part of 
 them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the 
 appointment of the officers and Ihe authority of training Ibe militia according to Ifae discipline pre- 
 scribed hy Congress 
 
 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten 
 miles square) as may, by cession of particular slates and the acceptance of Congress, become the scat 
 of governmeotof the United Slates, and lo exercise like authority over all places purchased, by Ibe 
 consent of the legislature of the slate in which the same shall be, for the erection of funs, magazines, 
 arsenal", dock-yards, and other needful buildings: and, 
 
 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrving into execulion Ihe foregoing 
 powers, and all other powers vested by Ibis constitutiou in the government of Ihe United Slates, or 
 any department or officer thereof. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of Ihe states now existing shall think 
 proper lo admil, shall nol Le pnihiliiled by Ihe Congress prior lo Ihe year one thousand eight hundred 
 and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such imporiatiun, nol exceeding leu dollars for each 
 pe-s-iii. 
 
 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless when, in case of rebel- 
 lion or invasion, thepublic safely may require it. 
 
 3. No bill of allainde', or ex-posl-fai:to lasv, shall be passed. 
 
 4. No capitation or olher direct lax shall be laid, unless iu proportion to the census or euumeratioD 
 hereinbefiire directed lo be taken. 
 
 5. No lax or duly shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given 
 by any regulation of commerce or revenue lo ihe ports of one slale over tliose of another ; nor shall 
 vessels bound to or from one slate be obfged to enter, clear, or pav duties in another. 
 
 6. No money shnll be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; 
 and a regular statement and account of ibe receipts and expenditures of all public money snail be 
 publisheiJ from time lo time. 
 
 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United Slates, and no person holding any office of 
 profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolument, 
 office, or title of auy kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and 
 reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin a lender in pay- 
 ment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, cx-post-facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- 
 tracts; or grant any title of nobilily. 
 
 2. No state shall, without Ihe consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, 
 except what may be absolutely necessary for executing ils inspection laws; and the nett produce of all 
 duties and imposts Jaid by any stale on impoits or exports shall be for the use of Ihe treasury of the 
 United Slates, and all such laws shall be sul>ject to the rt^vision and control of Congress. No stale 
 shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time 
 of peace, enter iulo any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage 
 iu war, unless actually invaded, or in such immineut danger as will not admit o( delay. 
 
 vi5 
 
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 55 
 
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 ^d^djdadj^dj'^^o^&^oa'ij^^a'^ii^ojc^ 
 
 ARTICLE II.— 0/ the Executive. 
 SECTION I. 
 
 1, The executive power shill be vested in a President of tlie United States of America. He shall 
 hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-Prcstdeot, chosen for the 
 same term, be elected as follows ; — 
 
 2, Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of 
 electors, equal to the whole number of senators and represeolatives to which the state may be entilled 
 in Congress ; but no senator or represenlative, or person holding any office of trust or profit under the 
 United States, shall be appointed an elector. 
 
 3, The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom 
 one at leist shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And Ihey shall make a list 
 of all the persons voted for, and of the number nf voles for each ; which list Ihey shall sign and 
 certify, and transmit sealed tn Ihe seat nf the gnveroment of the United Stales, directed to the President 
 of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in Ihe presence of the Senate and House nf Ri-pre- 
 sentatives, open all the cerlificales, and the votes shall then be counted. The persnn having the 
 gre.ilest number of votes stiall be Ihe President, if such number be a majoriiv of the whole number of 
 electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such a majority, and have an equal 
 number of votes, Ihen the House of Re|iresent3iives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them 
 tor President ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on Ihe list, the said House 
 shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing Ihe President, the voles shall be taken by 
 Btatea, the representation from each sute having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of 
 
 IS 
 
 "A 
 

 S^ a member 
 O la a clinjcc: 
 
 
 r iiiembera from nvn-lhlnJs of the glale-s and a majority of all Ihe stales stiatl be iipc ssary 
 In every case after the choice of the fr^'sileiit, r|ie jiersnn hawiiiR itip ^reaiesi number 
 of votes of Ihe elr-c'ori shall be Vice-President, lim if Itiere should remain tivo or more who have 
 equal votes, the Senate shall choo« from Ihem by ballot the Vice-Presidtnt. 
 
 4. The Ciin?re-sa may detenitiiie Ihe time of chwiing Ihc electors and Ihe day on which they shall 
 *ive their voles, which day gfaall be the same Ihroushoul Ihe Uniled Siales. 
 
 5. No person excer>t a naturat-born cilizeo, or a cinzeo of Ihe United Stal.-a at the time of the 
 adoptioo of Ihis mnslilution, shall be eligible to the office of Pre'ideni ; neither shall any person be 
 eligible lo that office ivhft shall not have' altamed to the age of thirty-five yean, aud been fourteen 
 
 \IJ years a resident within the United Slates, 
 
 ifj 6. In case of Ihe removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to 
 Vu diiicharee the powers and duties of Ihe said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President ; and 
 ^ the Congress may by Ian- provide for the case of removal, death, reji«;natiin, or imbilily, both of the 
 ^ President and Vice-President, deelarini; what officer shaM Ihen act a» President ; and such officer 
 Pjj shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected. 
 ac 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compenMiion, which shall 
 ^ neither be increased nor diminished durmg Ihe period for which he shall have been elected, and he 
 ViD shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United Slates, or any of them, 
 f.'i 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmaiion :— 
 Sri " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that 1 will faithfully execute the office of President of the United 
 V^ Stales, and will, to Ibe best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the United 
 V^ States," 
 
 ^ 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 KD I. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United Slates and of the 
 
 ?i5 militia of Ihe several states, when called into the acloa] service of Ihe Uniled States ; he may require 
 
 oju the opinion in wri'ing of the principal officer in each of the executive dep-irlmenis, upon any subject 
 
 N^ relaline to the duties of their respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves aud 
 
 ^ pardons for offences aErainsl the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 ?i J 2. He fhall have power, by and with the advice and consent of Ihe Senate, to make treaties, pro- 
 
 Vo vided two-thirds of the senators present concur : and he shall nominate, and by and with Ihe advice 
 
 Vy and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, olhcr public ministers and consuls, judges of ihe 
 
 ^ Supreme Court, and all other olficers of the United Slates, whose appnintnienla are not herein other- 
 
 ?,'j wise provided for, and which shall be eslabli'ibed by law. But the Congress may by law vest the 
 
 Vl appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in Ihe President alone, in the courts of law, 
 
 Ki/^ or in the heads of departments. 
 
 \ij 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the 
 
 ^ Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at theead of their next session. 
 
 f^ SECTION III. 
 
 I. He shall, from time to time, give to Congress information of the state of Ihe Union, and recom- 
 mend to their cousideratioo such measures as he shall judge necessary aud expedient; he may, on 
 extraordinary occasions, convene t>olh Houses, or either of them ; and in case of disigreement 
 
 t between them, with respecl to the lime of adjournment, he may adjourn Ihem to such time as he shall 
 .^_ think proper ; he shall receive anihaasadors and other public minislers ; he shall take care that the 
 ^j laws be faithfully executed ; and shall commission all the officers of the United Slates. 
 
 ^ SECTION IV. 
 
 I. The President, Vice-PrC6ident, and all civil officers of the Uniled States, shall be removed from 
 office on impeachaient for ajid conviction of treason, bribeiy, or other high crimes aud misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III.— 0/ the Judiciary. 
 
 ^ SECTION I. 
 
 ^ifj I. The judicial power of Ihe United Slates shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such 
 
 g,'' inferior courts as Congress may, from lime to lime, order and establish. The judges, both of Ihe 
 
 2< Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold Iheir offices during good behaviour; and shall, at slated 
 
 CL? time-i, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their con- 
 
 ttinuauce in office. 
 
 ^ SECTION II. 
 
 ^ 1. The judicial power shall eslend to all cases in law and equity arising under Ihis constitution, Ihe 
 
 f^ laws of the United States, aud treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority : to all 
 
 Sli cases affecting ambassadors, othep public minislers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and mari- 
 
 oto time jurisdiction.; to controversies to which Ihe United Slates shall be a parly; to controversies 
 
 fi^ bc'ween two or more states ; between a state and cit'izens of another slate ; relween citizens of dif- 
 
 ^ fcreut states ; between citizens of the same stale claiming lands under grants of different stales ; and 
 
 sir between a state, or the citizens thereof and foreign slates, citizens, or subjecie. 
 
 o!9 2, In all cases affeCin; amba-isadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state 
 
 ^ shall be a party, the SupremeCourt shall have original jurisdiction. In all Ihe olher cases before 
 
 ^ mentioned Ihe Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such 
 
 "^ escejitions, and under such res;uIations as Congress shall make. 
 
 Ct5 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be 
 
 ^ held in the stale where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within 
 
 ^ any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as Congress may by law have directed. 
 
 ^ SECTION III. 
 
 &D 1. Treason against the United Stales sLall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering 
 
 ^(^ to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No peison shall be convicted of treason, unless on 
 
 /Pi the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court. 
 
 KB 
 |5 
 
 5y 
 
 Congress shall have power to decl.ire Ihe punishment of treason ; but no attainder of treason 
 o'o shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 
 
 ^ ARTICLE l\ .—Miscellaneous. 
 
 @ SECTION I. 
 
 Vv I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceed?- 
 
 ft^ ings of every other slate. And Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manlier IQ which such 
 
 ^ acb, records, aud proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the privileges aod immunities of citizens in the 
 several slates. 
 
 2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice 
 ami be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he 
 fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the slate having jurisdiction of the cr'imt, 
 
 3. No person held to service or labour in one slate, under Ihe laws thereof, escaping into another, 
 shall, in conseqi/ence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour; but 
 shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 I. New stales may be admitlcd by Congress into this Union ; hut no new slate shall be formed or 
 erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any sla'e be formed by the junction of Iwo or 
 ^^ more slates, or parts oE states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well 
 ^ as of Congress. 
 
 "Jitt, 2. Congress shall h.ive power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations respecting 
 the territory, or other properly t)eIonging to Ihe United Slates ; aud nothing in this constitution shall 
 construed as to prejudice any claims of the-United Stales or of any particular stale. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ SECTION IV. 
 
 Sjv I. The Uniled Stales shall guarantee to every stale in this Union a republican form of government, 
 
 oo and shall protect each of Ihem against invasion ; and, on anplication of the legislature, or of the 
 
 g^ executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against aomeslic violence. 
 
 |§ ARTICLE y .—Of Amendvients. 
 
 ^\ I. Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amend- 
 
 ff\ menlsto this consli'ution ; or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several slates, 
 
 ^£ shall call a coDventiou for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all inteota 
 
 and purpo-ses, js part of this conslllulion, when ratified by the legislatures of ihree-fourlhs of Ihe q— d 
 
 .'evcral stales, or liy conventions in three fourths Ihereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification ^ 
 
 lay he prnpiwiol by Congress; [invided, Ihat no amendment which msy be made prior to the year t'J 
 
 n^y manner affect Ihe tirst and fouri 
 
 a; iinvii 
 
 thousand eighl hundred and eigli , __ _ ..„„.„ 
 
 ninth section of ihe first article ; and that no slate, without its consent, shall be deprived of its eqi^T S^ 
 suffrage m the Senate. ty 
 
 ARTICLE W— Miscellaneous. 
 
 led, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this constitution, shall «j5 
 United Stales under Ihis constitution, as under the confederation. V^ 
 
 , and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, KJ 
 
 1. All debts contracted,! 
 be as valid against 'he I 
 
 2. This constitution, 
 and all treaties mnde, or which shall be made, under the authority of Ihe United States, shall be the \^ 
 supreme law of the land ; and Ihe judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the con< ^ 
 sliiulion or laws of any sl:ite to ihe contrary notwithstanding. j^ 
 
 3 The senators and rej)re3Ciilalive4 before mentioned, and the members of the several slate legisla- \^ 
 
 lures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of Ihe United Siatrs and of Ihe several slates, shall vy 
 
 be bound by oath or affirmation to support Ihis con^tilnlion ; but no religious teal shall ever berequirel aT^ 
 
 as a qualification to any office, or public trust, under Ihe United States. Vjy 
 
 ARTICLE VIL— 0/ the Ratification. ^ 
 
 I. The ralificitioD of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishmenl of this ^ 
 
 Conslilution between the states so ratifying the same. ^jj 
 
 Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, y3 
 
 in Ihe year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eii:hiy-seven. and of the Independence of .°i? 
 
 the United Slates of America the twelfth, la witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our >i 
 
 names. - • - 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
 PraidnU, and Deputy from yirginia. 
 
 NE«r HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 William Samuel Johnson, 
 Roger Sherman. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 William Livingston, 
 David Brearly, 
 William Patterson, 
 Jonathan Dayton. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 Benjamin Franklin, 
 Thomas Miffiin, 
 Rotierl Morns, 
 George Cl>nier, 
 Thomas Fitzsinions, 
 Jared Ingersoll, 
 James Wilson, 
 Governeur Morris. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 George Read, 
 Gunning Itedford, jum, 
 John Dickinson, 
 Rich^ird Bassett, 
 Jacob Broom. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 James MHenry, 
 
 Daniel o( Si Tho. Jenifer, 
 
 Daniel Carroll. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 John B'air. 
 James Madison, jun. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 William Rto.int, 
 Richard IlfFbbs Spaight, 
 Hugh Williamson. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA 
 John R'llledge. 
 Chas Cniesworlh Pinckney, 
 Charles Pinckney, 
 Pierce Butler. 
 
 i 
 
 Attest, 
 
 WILLIAM JACKSON, Sto-clary. 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Ci5 
 vi5 
 
 i 
 
 
 Art, 1. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting Ihe 
 free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or Ihe right of the people 
 peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 
 
 Art. 2, A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of Ihe ^ 
 
 people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. "^ 
 
 Art. 3. No soldier shall, in time of peace, he quartered in any house without Ihe consent of the ^o 
 
 owner ; nor in lime of war, hut in a manner to be prescribed by law, (^ 
 
 Art. -1, The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against ^ 
 
 unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violaled ; and no warrants shall issue but upon proba- ^ 
 
 ble cause, supported by oath or affirmation, aud particularly describing the place to be searched, aud 0'^ 
 
 Ihe persons or things to be seized. (^ 
 
 Art. 5. No person shall be held to answer for a opital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a 5rv 
 
 presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in ^ 
 
 Ihe militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be siibjerl ^ 
 
 for the same offence to be put twice in jeopardy of life or lunb ; nor shall be compelled, in any /j^ 
 
 criminal case, to he witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or properly, without due ^7\ 
 
 process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. o|o 
 
 Art. 6. In all criminal prosecutions Ihe accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, CT) 
 
 by an impartial jury of the stale and district wherein Ihe crime shall have been committed, which /^ 
 
 district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to he informed of the nature and cause of ^ 
 
 the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for ^'^ 
 
 obtaining witnesses in his favour ; and to have Ihe assistance of counsel for his defence. ^ 
 
 Art. 7. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the ^ 
 
 right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by jury shall be otherwise re-examined in 5^ 
 
 any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. v.''o 
 
 Art. S. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual (7S 
 
 punishments inflicted. ^ 
 
 Art. 9. The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or ZS 
 
 disparage otlien retained by Ihe people. vS 
 
 Art. 10. The powers not delegated to the Uniled States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to 0\ 
 
 the slates, are reserved to the states respeciively or to Ihe people. ^ 
 
 Art. II. The judicial power of the United Slates shall not be construed to extend lo any suit in 5-P 
 
 law or equily commenced or prosecuted against one of the United Slates by citizens of another state, C'a 
 
 or by citizens or aubjects of another stale, or by cilizens or subjects of any foreign state, ^ 
 
 Art. 12. 5 '■ The electors shall meet in Iheir respective states, and vote by ballot for President ^ 
 
 and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not he an inhabitant of Ihe same state with them- oto 
 
 selves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots Ihe %^ 
 
 person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lisls of alt persons voted for as ^ 
 President and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which 
 
 sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, j^ 
 le President of Ihe Senate; the President of Ihe Senate shall, in the presence of the ^ 
 
 list they shall 
 directed to the 
 
 Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall Ihen be counted ; j^ 
 the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number pS 
 be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such a riajority. Ihen o^o 
 from Ihe persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on ihe list of those voled for as ^ 
 President, Ihe House of Representatives shall choose immediately by ballot the President. But in /Pi 
 choosing the President, the votes shall he taken by stales, the representation from each stale having 3^ 
 one vote ; a quorum for Ihis purpose shall consist of a member or members from Iwo-lhirds of Ihe ajo 
 slates, and a majority of all the states shall be neceisary to a choice. And if the House of Reprcien- ^ 
 tatives shall not choose a President whenever Ihe right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the /J\ 
 fourth day of March next following, Ihen the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of >5 
 the death or other consiitulional disability of the President. t'o 
 
 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be Ihe Vice-President, if '^ 
 such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a 
 majority, then from the two highest numbers on Ihe list Ihe Senate shall choose the Vice-President : a 
 quorum for the purpose shall consist of Iwo-lhirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority 
 of the whole number shall he necessary to a choice. 
 
 3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the officeof President shall be eligible to that of Vice- 
 President of the United States. 
 
 
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