B 3« CERTIFICATE NOTE-BOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY, 1814-1848 A Course of Study CONTAINING THIRTY-TWO TYPICAL QUESTIONS ARRANGED IN THE FORM OF £/G//T ONE-HOUR TEST PAPERS WITH FULL ANSWERS, HINTS, AND REFERENCES Brief Survey of the Period Hints on Answering Questions in History Suggestive Notes and Queries on Teaching History Select List of Books useful to the Teacher and Learner Notable Topics and Sayings of the Period Short Biographies and a Vocabulary J. S. LINDSEY. "The student is to read History actively and not passively." -R. W. Emerson. !,,„. "J^^nT Vrf' Z''"" "^ ""'' ^«^*'-««^«'''« ««. ^uch, in the main, the man himself will he. Modern History touches us so nearly . . . that we ar iZ 1 find our own way through it, and to on>e our knowledge to ourselvl^'-lZ.Z'l Cambridge HEFFER & SONS 1902. All Rights Reserved. CERTIFICATE NOTE-BOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY, 1814=1848 A Course of Study CONTAINING THIRTY-TWO TYPICAL QUESTIONS ARRANGED IN THE FORM OF EIGHT ONE-HOUR TEST PAPERS WITH FULL ANSWERS, HINTS, AND REFERENCES Brief Survey of the Period Hints on Answering Questions in History Suggestive Notes and Queries on Teaching History Select List of Books useful to the Teacher and Learner Notable Topics and Sayings of the Period Short Biographies and a Vocabulary J. S. LINDSEY. " The student is to read Hisloiy actively and not passively'' — R. W. Emerson. " Whatever a man's notions of these later centuries are, such, in the main, the man hirnsel/will be. Modern History touches us so nearly . . . that we are bound to find our own way through it, and to owe our knoivledge to ourselves." — Lord Acton. Cambridge HEFFER & SONS. 1902. All Rip-hf.<: Reserved. CLASSIFIED TABLE OF CONTENTS. A. AIDS TO STUDY. B. GUIDES TO BOOKS. Introductdry Sketch. Hints on Answering: History Questions. Formulae in History Questions. Topics of the Period (300). Chronological Synopsis. Contemporary Saying-s. Thirty-two Typical Questions. Additional Questions (44) Vocabulary of Political Terms. Page. Page, v.-vni. 3 I 8 4 9 5 10 II 5 6 12 7 47 48 45-46 Bibliographies. Teaching of History. Study of History. Text-Books, Atlases, etc : (i) General European History. (2) Special Period. Larger and Special Works. Historical Fiction : British and Foreign. Biographies, Memoirs, etc. C> SCHEME OF WORK (arranged according to /e/wrf.?, not countries) (i) Periods. I. Reaction, 1814-1818. Lodge, ch. xxiv. §§49-56 ; ch. xxv. §§1-6. Fyffe, ch. xi.-xiii., pp. 349-457. Phillips, ch. i.-iii. II. The First Struggle, 1818-1821. Lodge, ch. xx\^, §§7-10. Fyffe, ch. xiii., xiv., pp. 457-501- Phillips, ch. iv.-v. III. Greek Revolt, 1821-1830. Lodge, ch. xxv., §§ii-i8. Fyffe, ch. xiv., xv., pp. 501-602. Phillips, ch. vi.-vii. IV. Revolutions, 1830-1831. Lodge, ch. xxv., §§19-30. Fyffe, ch. xvi., pp. 603-646. Phillips, ch. viii., ix. ^•:" i-Prlk, «i§5iiE84S. "A ;*,• 'V Lodge, ch. °xxv.,''§§3V-°36. '•' ■ ■ • FYi»EEf .oh» pivii., J^y^ij,^ ^._ Pnii.'Lj'ps,°i:b3.x._?^i : °_ ," VI. Revolution, 1848. Lodge, ch. xxvi., §§1-27. Fyffe, ch. xix., xx. Phillips, ch. xii., xiii. VII. National Events, 1814-1848. SeiGNOBOS, Pari I., deals with mdividual countries, viz., England (2-4), France (5-7), Netherlands (8), Switzerland (9), Spain and Portugal (10), Italy (11), Germany (12-17), Scandinavia (18), Russia (19), Ottoman Empire, etc. (20-21 ). VIII.InternationalEvents,i8i4-i848. SeiGNOBOS, Parts II., III. : Transformations in the Material Conditions of Political Life (22), Church and Catholic Parties (23), International Revolutionary Parties (24), Metternich System, 1815-1830 (25) ; Rivalry between Russia and England, 1830-1854(26). (ii) Subject-Matter of Answers. France in Spring, 1814. The Hundred Days : Effects. Metternich 's Influence, 1814-1818. Holy .\lliance : Development. Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle. The Carlsbad Decrees. Latin Revolts. Troppau and Laibach. Latin Reactions. Castlereagh and Canning. Greek Revolt : Outside Influences. Greek Independence : Navarino. Charles X.'s Accession. French Revolution. Belgian Revolution. Polish Revolt. Mehemet Ali and Europe. French Revolution. Sonderbund. Liberalism : Growth, 1830-1848. Successful Revolt : Central Europe. Restoration ; Austrian Empire. Magyarism : Rise and Fall. German Parliament. Germany : Constitution. Prussia : History. Russia : Alexander I. Turkey : Eastern Question. Europe : Territorial Arrangements. Colonies of European Powers. Sea-Power : International Influence. Ideals : National, Constitutional. PREFACE. The kind reception given to the first instalment of " Problems and Exercises in English Histor}' " (Book B, 1399-1603) seems to warrant the belief that a similar book dealing with European History would be found useful by teachers and students ; and accordingly the special period prescribed by the Board of Education for the Teachers' Certificate Examination, 1902, has been selected for the experiment now submitted to the public. The period abounds both in romantic episodes and in suggestive political lessons : it is to the latter aspect that attention has been almost exclusively directed in the following pages. The author has selected for treatment those topics which are both intrinsicallj- important and likely to find a place in a paper on the " outlines " of the period. The book is not designed, to quote the words of the late Mrs. Sheldon Barnes, " to rob the child of the right to do his own thinking," but to help the "child" to exercise that "right." Practically the help here offered is threefold. The author has tried to pick out the best books to read ; to discover what our educational authorities consider our young students of History ought to read about ; and to point out, by precept and example, how to utilise the results of this reading. Thus the book is not a text-book, professing to contain everything that anybody need know about the period ; but it is rather of the nature of a note- book or exercise-book, intended to encourage and facilitate the habit of taking notes and writing essays on historical subjects. In mentioning books, where materials or notes for such essays may best be found, the author has deemed it expedient to pass over books designed to serve only a temporary purpose, and to give references only to books possessing permanent value or interest. At the same time, his omission to mention any book is not to be interpreted as condemnation. Little space has here been gi\-en to British History ; but in the author's companion volume entitled " Problems and Exercises in English History, Book G, 1688-1832," there will be found about a dozen answers on the period 1814-1832 and a fairly full bibliography of British History, both general and special (that is, on the period 1688-1832). J. S. L. PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR USE. I. PLAN OF THIS PAGE. The Preface states the general object and intention of the book; the Introduction, with its marg-inal references to the Questions answered in this Series, gives a bird's-eye view of its subject-matter ; the Synoptic Table of Contents not only provides a topical index but also suggests a Course of Study ; the present page explains the methods adopted by the author or recommended to the teacher and learner of Historv. A. Intentions. II. FORM OF THE BOOK. Each page has been made complete in itself, and is as a rule devoted to a single Topic or to closely related Topics ; and a large-size page has been adopted in order that a com- prehensive view of the Topic handled might be taken at a glance, and also that the book, in its interleaved form, should be suitable to serve as a basis for a note- book, or for lesson-notes. III. THE QUESTIONS do not profess to exhaust the period handled, but they ma}' be regarded as typical, in both matter and st3'le, of the questions usually proposed at our public examinations ; they follow the hig"hwa)'S of history and seldom deviate into bye-wa3-s ; and they are pitched rather above than below the usual standard, because ample material for the easier questions is supplied on the "Topics" and " Formulae " pages and in the Introductor}- Sketch. IV. THE ANSWERS do not profess to be exhaustive or authoritative : no answer to any historical question can possibly be either. They are mainly intended to form a standard of comparison with the answers worked out by the pupil himself; and, except where matter is enclosed in square brackets, they do not contain details which pupils of average abilit}' could not reasonably be expected to remember. Most of the answers are pre- ceded by "Jottings" such as the student is recom- mended to make for himself {sec Hints § 4) ; and all are followed by practical bibliographical notes to first- hand or good secondary authorities, of which some at least are readily accessible. B. Recommendations. The ideal would be that each pupil should make his own text-book ; the press of other subjects makes that ideal practically unattain- able ; it is therefore hoped that this book, and the series of which it forms a part, will render a sound compromise possible by doing a certain amount of mechanical work for the learner and teacher, and leaving- him to do the essential work of filling- in details according to his oivn judgment. In each of the Test Papers, into which they are grouped, there are usually some questions of tlie nature of "bookwork," while the remainder may be described as "riders" of varying difficult}'. The bookwork questions should be tried first, as the familiarity of the question will inspire the pupil with confidence to proceed to solve the problems — which require //;o«;g-/2;' rather than mere memory. Each test-paper is reckoned to require an hour for the working, but it is recommended that onl)' three out of the four questions be attempted. The teacher may profitably use these answers as the basis of lesson-notes — adding in his inter- leaved copy the illustrative matter, etc., which will stamp his lessons with the mark of indi- viduality. The student is warned against learning by heart these or any other answers. Such memorisation is not only immoral, but also destroys the stu- dent's power of tackling "unseen" questions. The answers to the four questions for each test- paper make up a separate sheet, and these can be supplied loose to teachers who desire to distribute copies to their pupils after they linve themsetves ivorked out tjieir own ans7vers. The pupil's own answers might well be bound up with these answers and kept for revision purposes. V. THE JOTTINGS represent the needful pre- liminary work of collecting and sorting one's ideas, before proceeding to write thein out. Something of this kind is quite as necessary in writing essays as in doing sums. Such jottings should be rnade in practice and could not do an}- harm in actual exarninations : many examining bodies insist on all rough work being shown, and the Government Departments often allow no "scribbling," even on blotting paper, except in the books provided for candidates. In this connection the author ventures to make two practical suggestions : — ( I ) For Private Students : that they should compare their own "jottings" with those here given before working out their own answers. {2) For Cl.^ss Use : that teachers should elicit facts and ideas on the subject in hand from the class, sift them out, put the most relevant as jottings on the Black Board, and let the class work out some answers with these jottings before them. An analogous practice in composition is often recommended bv teachers of Literature. VI. THE BIBLIOGRAPHIES at the beginning of the book and the Bibliographical notes at the foot of most of the pages are not meant for the guidance of advanced students or specialists in History, but for students who are taking Histor}- as a general class subject. Throughout, the author has borne in mind, that for educational purposes, at any rate during school years, History is not (or should not be) an isolated sub- ject, but that it can and must be brought iiito the closest relations with Geog'raphy and Literature. In making a selection the author has adopted the principle of giving the first place to first-hand contemporary sources ('where accessible in a form suitable for school tise J ior facts, and to first-rate modern authorities for the interpretation of facts. iVIere compilations he has either relegated to a second place or has ignored altogether ; there are so many that it would be invidious to choose amongst them. IMany books are mentioned in the hope that some at least may be within the reach of every student. It is fatal to trust entirely to an}' single book in History. I^" Attention is called to the fact that many parts of this Book (especially the Self-Testing App.\ratus) can be obtained separately in Leaflet Form, either in shigle copies or in quaiitities for class use. INTRODUCTION, A Survey of European History, 1S14-1848. Note. — This short sketch is intended (a) to separate the essential facts of the poUtical history of the period from the overwhelming- mass of details necessarily gfiven in even the most elementary accounts of the period ; (6) to indicate, by means of marginal references, the topics that are handled at greater length in the Answers pages, which form the bulk of the book. §1. A Brief Retrospect, 1789-1814 — The French Revolution of 1789 is generally regarded as one of the chief landmarks in European History : indeed, Continental writers often treat it as the dividing line between "Modern" and "Contemporary" History. Beginning with an attempt to improve the internal government of France, French assemblies successively " limited " and "abolished" the Bourbon monarchy of that country, and proclaimed their willingness to help other " peoples " to establish " the principles of the Revolution " — Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. Naturally, this universal revolutionary crusade roused a general spirit of hostility among other states ; and from 1793 onwards, France, under her various governments, waged almost continual war with Great Britain, and frequent wars with most of the Continental Powers of Europe. In all these wars, except that against Great Britain, she was successful for twenty years ; but the warfare was none the less a severe strain on her resources, and enraged most of the European States. The long Anglo-French struggle (dating back to 1688) was the dominant fact in the closing years of Napoleon's career. Failing to persuade Europe to join him in this rivalry, he forced the Powers into his system, .and, because of their mutual jealousies — specially those of Austria and Prussia — he divided and ruled them. Russia was too vast to treat in this way ; but in 1807 the Treaty ■of Tilsit was made between France and Russia, based on common dislike of Great Britain : and the " Continental System " was thereby established, which endeavoured to ruin Great Britain by a universal boycott of her goods. In 1808, Napoleon succeeded by trickery in overthrowing the Bourbon monarchy of Spain, on!}' to find himself face to face with a national resistance such as he had never before experienced. Aided by Great Britain, the " Peninsular War " became a running sore which steadily drained Napoleon's resources during the next five years. The Peninsular Campaigns combined with the Moscow Campaign of 1812, and with the Wars of Liberation in the following year, first to weaken and finally to ruin Napoleon. He repeatedly refused the favourable terms offered him by the Allied Powers ; and after they had occupied Paris in March, 1814, they compelled him to make an unconditional abdication. § II. Preliminary Survey of the Period, 1814-1848 Thus the period 1814- 1848 begins with the fall of Napoleon ; and it is influenced throughout by the facts and memories of the preceding "Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era." Throughout the period, the governments of Europe continually fear the rise of a similar phenomenon, which they believe to have sprung out of " Revolution " and "Jacobinism." These two names are the current terms (in the mouths of those in favour of the status quo) for two desires which exist, sometimes apart, sometimes together, in the minds of their opponents. These two desires may be named respectively "parliamentary government," as seen in ■Great Britain, and " nationalism," or the desire to make the State inclusively and exclusively correspond to a " nation." Thus, there are in every country two parties. The one wishes, from fear of what ma)' follow even the slightest change, to maintain the system both in Church and in State, both internal and international, which was established at Vienna in 1814-5. Specially do they guard against any revolution in France. The other desires parliamentary government, freedom of the press, and other " liberties " : it also desires that " States " should be conterminous with " nations," or at least each " nationality " wishes not to be dominated by others. This desire leads to aspirations for national unity in Italy and in Germany, to separatism in Belgium and in the various nationalities of the Austrian Empire. The party of movement, whether " liberal " or " national," is generally anti-clerical. Care must be taken not to identify these parties with sections of society. It is not always a case of "the Kings against the Peoples." Some nations are sljrongly clerical, e.g., Spain : others are intensely provincial, e.g., the subjects of the Kings of Prussia. In some countries, e.g., Poland, the cry for " liberty " is raised by nobles, in order that they may still rule their peasant-tenants in the feudal fashion that had for the most part been discouraged by Napoleon. There are also many other such cross-divisions, which make it necessary to study not only the history of individual countries, but also the general characteristics which are more or less common to Europe as a whole. At first, all governments were " reactionary" : even Alexander of Russia was soon converted from his early zeal for " liberty." But in the years 1830-2, Great Britain and INTRODUCTION. France completed their gradual separation from the more " despotic " governments of Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Finally, in 1848, in all but Russia, the "repressive" system broke down for a moment, even in Austria and Prussia, and Italy revolted against its Austrian " despots." But the forces of revolt did not agree together, and their mutual rivalries worked their common destruction during the years 1849-1852. § III. Reaction, 1814-1818 — in the spring of 1814, Napoleon fought a losing campaign in Eastern France, and was forced to abdicate. He retired to Elba, Louis XVIII. I was established in his stead, and the Congress of Vienna began to put Europe in order. Talleyrand was successfull)' restoring the diplomatic position of France, when Napoleon upset all calculations by returning to France and making a wild effort to re-establish his power. The campaign ended at Waterloo in June, 1815 ; and "the Hundred Days " left France in a far worse position in every way than it found her. 2 Suspected by Europe, she was a pre)' internally to fierce part}' passions, whose effects were long in disappearing. Meanwhile, Ferdinand VII. was "restoring" Spain, the Diet of the new German Confederation was being established, and, with the support of Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor, the princes in Germany and Italy were succeeding, more or less, in bringing their " estates " back to the system of the eighteenth century. 3 As exceptions to this general reaction, may be noted the conduct of the Duke of Weimar and that of Alexander of Russia, who not only gave a constitution to his kingdom of Poland, but was also trying to persuade Europe to accede to the Holy Alliance, and to base politics on the principles of the Gospel. Neither of his attempts towards Liberalism was successful : Poland disappointed him, and the Holy Alliance was gradually transformed, under Metternich's influence, into an instrument of reaction 4 and repression. The festival at the Wartburg might betray some of the feelings of discontent and desire which usually remained concealed ; but, on the whole, Europe appeared to be generally peaceful. §IV. The First Struggle, 1818-1821 — when the Congress of diplomatists met at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, they could congratulate themselves on the happy 5 inauguration of their method of governing " the United States of Europe " by congresses. France had now sufficiently advanced in reaction to prove herself not dangerous. The foreign troops were, therefore, withdrawn, and France was again admitted to the comity of nations. The minor matters which concerned the Congress were either satisfactorily settled or set aside. But no sooner had the Congress broken up than the murder of Kotzebue alarmed the reactionary statesmen. Conferences were held at Carlsbad and 6 Vienna in 1819 and 1820 ; and before the German Diet could ratify the measures of repression there decided upon, South Europe was in a blaze. In Spain, Naples, and 7 Portugal, military revolts broke out in 1820; in each case the rebels demanded, and for a time at least obtained, the establishment of the democratic constitution which Spain had had in 1812. In the Conferences of Troppau and Laibach, the Powers decided 8 that Austria should " restore " Ferdinand of Naples; and, owing to the overwhelming military superiority of the Austrian troops, the Neapolitan reaction was easily effected. §V. Revolt in the Southern Peninsulas, 1821-1830: (i) Iberian.— Mean- while, Spain was a prey for three years to civil war, and accordingly in 1823, France, now completely reactionary under the influence of Artois and the " Congregation," was commissioned by the Congress of Verona to " restore " Ferdinand of Spain. Portugal, p owing to its sea-coast and its connection with Brazil and Great Britain, was allowed to go its own course. Canning, now rising to influence in the counsels of George IV., 10 succeeded Castlereagh as Foreign Secretary in 1822 ; and this ministerial change marked a change of policy, which was doubtless partly due to differences of temperament between the two statesmen, but was still more due to change of circumstances. Liberalism in Europe was becoming more militant, and Great Britain began to stand out, at least to a certain extent, and in so far as her own interests were concerned, as an opponent of the policy of " intervention " adopted by the other Great Powers. (ii) Balkan. — Specially was this change apparent in the affairs of Greece. The aspirations of the Hellenes, long growing, had revealed themselves in 1821 in an attempt II on Roumania and in revolts in the Morea ; and by the summer of 1822 events had so developed that the Congress of Verona was concerned with Greek events as much as with Spanish. No common action was possible, however, because of mutual jealousies among the Powers. Turkey had called in Egypt to her help. Russia wished to regard Greek questions as her " domestic concern." Austria feared a land extension of Russia, while Great Britain and France in various ways feared her influence in the Mediterranean. Consequently, we have a long drift of diplomacy and vi^ar. Meanwhile, the Spanish INTRODUCTION. colonies in South America had shaken themselves free from the Mother Country ; and Georg-e Canning joined with James Monroe, President of the United States (1824) to protect the new " republics " from European interference. By 1827 the Greeks were in despair ; Egyptian troops and civil war among themselves had all but ended their power of resistance, and Capodistrias, who became President of Greece in this year, found an almost hopeless task. But European feeling was at last roused by the Turkish capture of Missolonghi in 1826; and though Russia and Great Britain still suspected one another, they agreed sufficiently to send into Greek waters a fleet which, in October 1827, 12 won the battle of Navarino. The destruction of the Turko-Egyptian fleet changed the fortunes of the war in the Balkan Peninsula. Great Britain and France gradually came to believe in the necessity of Greek independence, and Russia was at last obliged to agree to this, especially as the Western Powers would not allow her to take full advantage of her victories in the war of 1827-9. The Treaty of Adrianople , September, 1829, arranged the matters in dispute between Russia and Turkey ; and after Leopold's renunciation of the Greek crown, and long haggling as to boundaries, Otho of Bavaria became king in February, 1833, ^"^^ ^^ Greek question was settled for a time. §VI. The Revolutions of 1830-1831 Before the Greek question had been settled, the West had witnessed important events which led to the first open breach of the Vienna reconstruction of Europe. After the accession of Charles X. in France (1824), the reactionary forces had, if possible, greater success than in the later years of 13 Louis XVIII. In 1830 discontent had been increased by recent changes in the ministr}-, and by the evident intention of Charles to establish an absolutist constitution. The middle class revolted, helped by the mob of Paris, and ejecting Charles, set up his cousin 14 Louis Philippe as King of the French. The consequences of this " Revolution of July " in France were many. There were temporary outbursts in parts of Germany ; the Reform Acts of 1832 were carried in Great Britain and Ireland ; but specially important were the revolts in Belgium and Poland. Belgium broke away from Holland, to 15 which she had been tied in 181 5. The Eastern Powers were comparatively helpless because of the Polish revolt, and after a diplomatic tangle, owing to British fear of French aggression, Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, who had been momentary King of 16 Greece, became King of the Belgians. Meanwhile, Russia suppressed the Polish rising, and finally ended her experiments in governing the kingdom of Poland on special lines. § VII. The Period of Drift, 1831-1848 in the winter of 1831-2, Mehemet AH of Egypt rebelled against the Sultan of Turkey, began an easy conquest of Syria, and during the next year advanced into Asia Minor. His career developed the hostility between Russia and the Western Powers ; for whereas Great Britain and France in 1833 mediated between the Sultan and his victorious vassal, much to the advantage of the latter, Russia made with Turkey the Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi, which promised Russian 17 aid in maintaining the integrity of Turkey. Nothing, however, of importance happened in this matter till, in 1838-9, Turkey attempted to recover Syria from Mehemet Ali, and was defeated at Nissib. Then Russia, Great Britain, Prussia, and Austria joined to assist Turkey, while France was kept out of this "concert of Europe" by her jealousy of British as well as of Russian influence in the East. In 1840 Mehemet Ali lost Syria, and was confined to his viceroyalty of Egypt. During these years (1830-1848) the Iberian Peninsula was distracted by civil wars : in Spain, Don Carlos was urging his dynastic claims against the reigning Queen, Isabella, with the help of clerical and reactionary forces ; and Dom Miguel was playing a similar game in Portugal. These Levantine and Iberian questions proved a fruitful cause of jealousy among the Western Powers interested in the Mediterranean ; and in 1846 this jealousy was exhibited in the curious diplomatic episode known as the " Spanish 18 Marriages Question." Great Britain thought that France had outwitted her, and had secured a family succession in Spain, and Palmerston was resolved to be revenged. He found his opportunity in the question of the Sonderbund in Switzerland. The Roman Catholic cantons had made a separatist league for the protection of the Jesuits ; and France wished to have the matter brought before the Powers of Europe. Great Britain, however, urged the Swiss Confederate Government to speedy action ; and in 1847 the 19. Sonderbund was ended before Europe could intervene. These diplomatic failures con- tributed, along with social discontent and growing absolutism, to shake the throne of Louis Philippe. He and his minister Guizot fell in February, 1848. Meanwhile, in Central Europe there was a steady drift towards change. In 20 Germany, though all was outwardly quiet and Metternich was apparently all powerful, Liberal movements were working underground, and at times gave signs of existence. INTRODUCTION. Austria-Hungary, too, was becoming discontented, especially since the death of the Emperor Francis and the accession of Ferdinand (1835). The " patriots " took to Journalism, and the nationalities of the Austrian Empire were being stirred to life. The Hampach festival of 1832 and the newspapers of Kossuth and Gaj showed, to those who could see, that changes were imminent. In 1846 Austria was glad to use the peasants of Galicia to suppress a rising of Polish nobles ; in the same year the accession of Pius IX. to the Papacy roused hopes in Italy ; and in 1847 Frederick William IV. of Prussia stirred the waters by the meeting and the failure of his United Diet in Berlin. §VIII. "Storm and Stress," 1848 — The year 1848 was marked by almost universal revolt. In January, Palermo broke into insurrection, and won a new Neapolitan constitution. The people of Schleswig-Holstein revolted against absorption into Denmark. In February, Louis Philippe had to flee before the mob of Paris. In March, North Italy, Hungary, and Bohemia revolted against Austrian rule, and even 21 Vienna rose in insurrection, and compelled Metternich to retire from office. Germany began to stir in earnest, and the National Parliament met in May. From this time, however, the forces of reaction began to increase in power, and princes recovered from their first dismay. The King triumphed in Naples ; Croat and Serb began to organise themselves against Magyar-German ascendency. Jealousies arose among the Italians, and Sardinia was left almost alone to fight the national battles in North Italy ; she was defeated at Custozza in July by Radetzky, who captured Milan in August. Then, 22 while Jellacic was fighting the battles of the Emperor in Croatia, and Windischgratz took Prag in June, and Vienna in October, the Magyars were running riot under the guidance of Kossuth, and stirring the enmity of neighbouring nationalities. Croatia 23 declared war on them in September, and Trans)'lvania revolted in October. Their pride only rose with opposition, and in 1849 they proclaimed their independence ; but, after a long struggle, they were finally crushed by Austria, with the help of Russia. Meanwhile, the German Parliament had led Prussia into a false position in the Schleswig-Holstein 24 question, and its members had wasted months in academic discussions as to the Constitution of the Germany which they fondly imagined they had called into existence. They ingloriousl}' disappeared in 1849. But the end was not yet. § IX. A National Review, 1814-1848 — We have thus traced the story of Europe as a whole for thirty-four eventful years ; but while it is all important thus to preserve the unity, we must not forget that each country has its own history, and its own char- acteristics, political and national, religious and intellectual, social and enonomic. Germany was condemned in 1814-5 to a constitution which for many years offered a 25 passive resistance to all change; and even the storm of 1848 failed to do more than show that attempts at unification and reform were as yet premature. Prussia, under her two Frederick Williams, was merely waiting her turn. Her government promised much but 26 performed little, if an3'thing, in the way of constitutional change ; but she improved her law and administration and built up the Zollverein or Customs-Union which habituated Germans to Prussian leadership. Meanwhile Austria almost deserved to be called what her minister, Metternich, called Italy — " a geographical expression." France, Spain, and the minor states of the West were struggling towards constitutionalism of the British type. In comparison with the rest of Europe, Russia was stationary the whole period ; 27 and Alexander steadily went backward in his treatment of Poland and of European Liberalism. South-eastern Europe had but one development — the establishment of Greek independence. Egypt under Mehemet Ali was a mere disturber of the peace : his am- 28 bitious activities merel}- illustrated and increased Ottoman weakness and the jealousies of France and Great Britain in the Mediterranean. § X. An International Review, 1814-1848 in order to obtain a complete view of any tract of General History, it must be considered not only according to periods and countries, but topically ; and here the natural starting-point is geography. Very little happened in the way of territorial changes : besides Greece, Belgium achieved her inde- 20 pendence and Poland lost hers. Colonial questions, except in South America, were not of more than moderate importance. Great Britain was silently building up her second 30 Empire. This silence was owing mainly to her predominant sea-power, which also 31 enabled her to take part in the problems of the Eastern Question. The reason that such small results accrued from the endless unrest of our period was that reformers had incom- 32 patible ideals. The " nations " wanted unity, inclusive and exclusive ; they also wanted Parliaments; and these two could not be attained together. At the end of our period the ^' good time " was still only " coming." HINTS ON ANSWERING HISTORY QUESTIONS. A. Before Answering. 1. Read the question carefulliJl, and be quite sure that you clearly understand exactly what is required before attempting an answer. Marks are frequently lost through sheer carelessness, such as mistaking " Henry IV" for " Henry VI," as well as through not clearly understanding the object of the question. 2. Think before you write. Don't assume that a question is easy because it appears familiar, nor, on the other hand, that one which seems strange is necessarily difficult. A complex and apparently difficult question can sometimes be easily tackled if cut up into several simple ones. 3. Thinl< out "metliod" as well as "matter." A good method will assist the writer to recall points otherwise forgotten, as well as tend to enhance the value of the answer in other ways. It is not only " what is said " but the " way in which it is said ' that attracts attention. 4. liJahe a list of the points to be introduced into the answer, either mentally or on paper ; then endeav- our to arrange these points in logical order and work them up into a connected essay. 5. Answer in the terms of the question. If asked to sketch the political career of a man, don't pour forth details about his babyhood unless they illustrate some point in his political career If you are asked the " objects" of a law, don't merely reproduce the " provisions " given in the text-book But, on the other hand, 6. Don't be a slaue to the wording of the question. If asked, " What is the meaning of Mortmain ? ' you will not find it easy to continue your answer if you write down immediately, " Mortmain is — ." lUuch depends upon the way in which you begin your answer. 7. Observe proportion : as a general rule give about the same amount of time and space to each question ; or at any rate do not spend so much time over one question that you have to scamp the rest. Remember that no marks are obtained for questions " unanswered for lack of time." 8. Be especially careful in answering miscellaneous questions : — i e., questions in which you are asked for " notes " or " what you know " about a number of things You are not expected to set down all you know, and your whole answer should not be longer than your longest answer to questions dealing with one point only. B. While Answering. 9. Make it quite clear which question you are answering, not only by numbering your answers carefully, but also by giving a catch-word at the very beginning of your answer Be particularly careful in Miscel- lanies : e.g. if asked, "What do you know about Pitt, Plassey, Foynings and Puritans ?" you deserve no marks for such an answer as this ; — " A place in India People who lived in the Tudor period," 10. Rely upon Reason rather than Memory, whereby you will be saved from making those unfortunate mistakes which suggest that want of knowledge of the particular point under discussion is not your only weak point. 11. Tabulate where possible, paragraph always. Illustrate freely with sketch-maps, tables and drawings, and take pains to arrange your answer so as to give prominence to each separate part by the use of " head- ings" and numerals. But, on the other hand, 12. Remember that "Notes " are not "Answers," which should be connected, intelligible, and complete in themselves. "Notes" are allowable only {a) in tabular matter, (4) in filling up odd minutes at the end of your time, when you cannot work out a complete answer. 13. Don't under-rate the importance of dates : insert dates when you loiow them, but remember that an omission is less striking than a palpable mistake If you are not sure of a date, don't guess figures which, if wrong, will count against you, but say or show that the event of which you are treating is before or after some connected event the date of which you can state with certainty An intelligent approximation is better than a bad shot at an exact date. 14. Make your main points clear and prominent, and introduce details only so far as they illustrate these points. The essentials of a good " sketch " and a good " answer " are identical A few significant features grouped intelligently are preferable to " a large amount of reading photographed on a small plate." 15. Support your conclusions by facts : don't make unsupported assertions. If asked for the character or policy of a man illustrate your views by his recorded actions or speeches. 16. Be as brief as is consistent with lucidity: neither you nor the examiner have time to waste: but omit nothing that is essential to the clear understanding of the subject. C. After Answering. 17. Read your answers before you hand them in ; harmonize your statements and dates, and remember that " Nonsense is never right." 18. Re-write anything which you don't understand yourself. It is practically impossible to make clear to another that which is not clear to the mind of the writer. You may remember that " there is something about it in the book, ' but any attempt to reproduce the words of the " book " in an undigested form is not likely to satisfy the examiner. ^ 19. Cut out all unnecessary adjectiues and ambiguous terms, e.g., " Catholic," " Protestant," "constitu- tional," "legal," "just," "good." 20. Treat your examiner considerately and he will treat you considerately. You have to answer only one paper in History : he may have to read many thousand answers. Write legibly ; neither crowd nor spread out your writing; leave margins; avoid Ihe historic present; and don't use trite and hackneyed expressions, such as " Clive soon deserted the pen for the sword." Lindsey i. i THE TEACHING OF HISTORY. Select Questions. I. General. 1. What permanent educational value can be claimed for such History as can be taught at school ? How far are the results to be obtained by History only ? What pro- portion of school time may be fairly demanded as compared with Languages, Mathematics, and Natural Science ? 2. In a school for boys from 14 to 19 years of age, where, on the average, the pupils re- main for four years, one lesson a week of one hour, with adequate preparation, is assigned to History, (a) What periods would you select for teaching, and on what grounds ? {b) Construct a syllabus to cover four years for the use of eight forms, remembering that not more than a third of each form will be promoted every terra. 3. Give a list of the maps, pictures, diagrams, and apparatus which you think ought to be provided in a well-furnished schoolroom. 4. What is meant respectively by physical, commercial, mathematical, industrial, and historical geography ? Say which of these seems to you most important, and why. 5. What are the advantages of " learning by heart ? " What use would you make of it in teaching Grammar and History, or in an infant school ? 6. What are the advantages and disadvantages (if any) of encouraging the scholars to put their own questions at the end of a lesson ? II. Particular. 7. What is meant by the "heuristic" method of teaching? Briefly describe its pro- cedure, showing how far it can be adapted to History teaching. 8 Show by what means History can be taught in " regressive " order. 9. State what principles would direct your choice of a text-book for pupils over and under 16 years of age. Criticise a few of the ordinary school text-books from your point of view. How far is it possible to dispense with a text-book altogether ? ID. What means can you suggest besides the use of a text-book for making the History lesson profitable to older scholars ? 11. With elder pupils what written work would you set to be done out of school with the assistance of the text-book ? Show by examples the object of such work. 12. How far may a teacher aim at being "interesting " ? Of what devices would you make use with this object in view ? 13. How may visits to ancient buildings serve to illustrate lessons in English History ? 14. Show how a teacher may assist younger pupils in learning and remembering facts. 15. In teaching history, say what use (if any) you would make of chronological tables. Is it better to learn the date before or after the pupil knows something of an event, and becomes interested in it ? Give your reasons. 16. Make a list of stories and biographies illustrative of English History, (a) from 1066 to 1485, (6) from 1485 to 1837, such as you would think suitable for boys and girls about ten years of age. 17. It is sometimes said that one of the best ways of teaching history is by means of biography. Explain this. Name five or six persons whose biography would throw great light on the history of the eighteenth century, and sketch one such biography. 18. Show, by giving a short sketch case, the different points you would bring into promi- nence in giving a lesson on Alfred the Great to children in the lowest class and in the highest class of a school. 19. In giving a lesson on the Duke of Wellington, show what use you would make of comparison and contrast with any other character in history. 20. Write notes of a lesson on one of the following subjects : — A. For Young Pupils (30 minutes), {a) A Mediaeval Castle, (i) The Conquest of Wales, (c) Wolsey, {d) The Armada, {e) The Revolution of 1688, (/) The Union Jack, [g) a Shilling, {h) The Use of Laws. B. For Elder Pupils (45 minutes), (a) The British Race, (6) The Crusades, {c) The Hundred Years War, (rf) Elizabethan Seamen, [e) Divine Right of Kings, (/) The American Revolution, (g) The Expansion of England, [h) Party Govern- ment. THE TEACHING OF HISTORY. A Short Bibliography. The Teaching of History is treated in {,i) Special Books, (6) General Pedagogical Treatises, (c) Occasional Articles and Addresses printed mostly in educational papers For a full bibliography see— Sonnenschein (i) Fletcher, A. E. (2) muneoe, w. s. (3) Sonnenschein, W. S. (4) Wyer, J. I. Cyclopisdia of Education. [Third Edition] . Sonnenschein 7 Si J/zoo-ra/Zy o/£rf«i;a/joH [" International Education Series"]. Arnold i< 6 The Best Books. [D§i67]. [D section, separately, 6/- «ci] . Sonnenschein R. n- periods, each sub-divided according to countries, and therefore not supplying a synoptic view of events. Hole, Charles Brief Biographical Dictionary. Macmillan 4 6 There are also larger works, in most good libraries, by Cates, Chambers, Cooper, Thomas, \-inccnt. H. Special Period JVlanuals : may be divided into text-books and books of reference. (i) General Text-Books: arranged in order of length of period handled. Ceteris paribus. Lodge is the most useful book to those who require or can afford only a srnall good library ; next come Rose and Fj'ffe ; Phillips is the most detailed of one-volume manuals ; the most readable books — dwelling on general aspects rather than abounding in names — are Andrews and Seignobos. Lodge, Rich.\RD Modern Europe, 1453- 1878, [pp.809: no maps]. Murray 7 6 Standard text-book, by the Professor of History at Edinburgh University. Not " interesting " but well-arranged and trust- worthy: good index and chronological table. _ The only serious fault in the book is the absence of bibliographies. Tlie period 1814-1848 occupies parts of chapter xxiv.-xxvi . pp. 625-70^. Sears, E. H. Outline of Political Groivtli in the Nineteenth Century, [pp.629]. Macmillan net 12 6 Treats each country separately, from 1789 till about 1899, in an ingenious and suggestive way. Good select bibliograpln". Rather a pamphlet in favour of Democracy than a historical treatise. Rose, J. H. A Century of Continental History, i-]9o-i8Bo. [pp. 420 : 8 maps and plans]. Stanford 6 By an experienced University Extension lecturer, whose later book on " The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era " (Cambridge Press, 6/-), has been very highly praised, even in France. Good outline: no bibliography. FvFFE, C. A. History of Modern Europe, 1792-1878. [pp 1,112: 2 Maps]. Cassell 10 6 Standard Work, by an Oxford history tutor. Also sold in three volumes at 7,6 each, the second volume covering cxacll\- the period extending from the Bourbon restoration to the fall of the July Monarchy, March 1848. No bibliograpliies. Phillips, W. A. Modern Europe, l&\y\?^. [pp. 58S : 4 maps]. Riving-lons net 6 o B\- an Oxford student of history. Begins after the battle of Waterloo, and bisects approximately at 1848 ; topieo-cliionological in arrangement. There is a short bibliographv not confined to Englisli liooks : and the lour excellent maps deal respecli\eh- with the n.ationalities in Austri.a-Hungary. the Unification of Italy. Europe in 1875, and the l!:ilkan IVninsula, 1878. Andrews, C. M. Historical Development of Modern Europe, 1815-1897. [pp. 956 : 3 maps]. Putnam 12 6 By an Associate Professor in History at Bryn Mawr College. This " Student's Edition " consists of tlie original two volumes printed on thin but good paper and bound up together with separate indexes. The first volume (ohtain.'iblc separateK at i - b) deals with the period 1815-1850, and includes a necessity which all the other manuals on the period lack— viz., a good introduction. The book is well-arranged and clearly written : it is rather a conimentar\ than a narrative ; .ind tliough il is longer th;ni F\n-e or Phillips, it is more truly an " outline:" Sfacnobos, Charles A Political History of Contemporary Europe, \8li^-l8g6. 2voIs. [pp.907]. Heincmann net 20 o By a Professor in the University of Paris. The original occupies but one volume and is much cheaper, hut has no iiuiex. (Colin, i2fr, paper, j6fr. bound). Covers the period in three ways: first, country by country (ch. ii.-xxi.), then deals with general social movements (ch. xxii.-xxiv.), and finally with international relations in five periods (ch, xx%'.-xx\iii.). (ii) Books of Reference: two atlases, and three chronologies. RoTiiERT, Ent-ARD Karten und Sliiszen aus der Geschiciite, \o\s. W . \ . (iogetbcr) Bagel 7mks. ^opf. Vol. IV. contains 34 maps illustrating German History, 1782-1870 (^mks, jopf): vol. V. contains 20 maps illustrating non- German history, 1553-1898, including six on 1814-1848 (4mks. jopf ). ScilRADER, Franz Atlas de Geographie Historique, vol. V. Hachette 7l''r. o The complete atlas (35 fr.) contains 55 large and many small maps, descriptive text and index. GOOCH, G. P. (Preface by Lord Acton) Annals of Politics and Culture, i^g2-\8(}C,. Camb. Press net -j 6 A scholarly compendiiun showing contemporary events in Politics and in Culture (including Literature) 011 facing pages. Fairlj- full classified bibliography ; elaborate index. Hassall, Arthur Handbook of European History, i^oo-iS-ji. Macmillan net 8 6 MORISON, M. Time-Table of European History, t^oo-iS-jQ. Constable net 12 6 Date-books showing the events in different connlrics in par.-illel columns. The former Is the handier, the latter is the more useful, Liiadsey. C.N.B. 5 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY: EUROPEAN HISTORY. Special Period, i8i4'i848 (2). III. Larger Works and Special Subjects: For principal foreign works, see Gooch, Phillips, Seignobos, etc. Alison, Sir Archibald History of Europe, i']Bean MVoj-j' (Macmillan, 10,6), and Practical Bearings of European ///i/0O'(Paul, 8 6). Callwell, C. E. The Effect of Maritime Command on Land Campaigns since Waterloo. Blackwood net 6 o Maurice, C. E. The Revolutimiarv Movement of i%Ji,?,-c)in Italy, Austria-Hungary , and Germany. Bell, R. 16 o " With some examination of the pre\ious thirty-three years " ; also list of dates and authorities. Standard work. Lowell, A. L. Governments and Parties in Modem Europe. 2 vols. Longmans 21 o LlEBER, Francls Civil Liberty and Setf-Govern?nent. Lippineott $3 50 May, Sir T. Erskine (Lord Farnborough) Democracy in Europe. 2 vols. Longmans 32 o Ancient and Mediasval history' treated very briefly : most of the book is devoted to growth of democracy in modern times, especi.ally in Western Europe. Dicey, A. V. The Laif of the Constitution. Macmillan 1 2 6 Chiefly valuable to students of this period as distinguishing clearly between British and foreign conceptions of "consti- tutionalism," and for its appendix on twelve French constitutions since 1789. Omond, T. S. The Romantic Triumph. [" Periods of Etiropean Literature "]. Blackwood net 5 o Forming volume XI. in Prof. S.aintsbury's twelve-volume History of European Literature. Brandes, George Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature. [To 1848]. 6 vols. Heinemann ciy., yiet (s o Vol. I., Emigrant (Eniigrr) Literature ; vol. II., The Romantic School in Germany ; vol. HI., The Reaction in France : vol. IV., N.aturalism in England : vol. \"., The Romantic School in France : vol. VI., Voung'Germany, Inviiluable. IV. Individual Countries: Besides articles in cyclopaedias (e.g.. Encyclopedia Britannica and Chambers' .£'«ri'r/(>y!>\l), Valentine McClutskv, H illy Reilv. W. O'Brien JVhen we were Boys. (vi) Social Effects of Industrial Revolution (besides Shirley and .'848, a programme of reto.m was nroposed at Heidelberg ; and Prussia took the lead in the "national movement. The Diet con- ente'd^o the nteeting of a German Parliament, theprogrammefor which was planned by a ^or-P"r!arnent or " Convention " in March-April. In May, 1848, the German National Parliament met, and got to work hi the autumn; but its ideals were impracticable, and conflicted with others-Danish Austrian etc Finally, when in April, 1849, the King of Prussia refused the Imperial crown, which the Parliament had oflfered, the movement failed and the Parliament gradually dispersed. Ill Answer. (i) German Confederation, 1815. The two or three hundred sovereisjn states of which German)- was composed in the eighteenth century had been reduced bv the Napoleonic war to thirty-nine. These were of greatly differing size and importance, Austria and Prussia being by far the two greatest. B)^ the Treaty 0/ Chaumont and the First Treaty of Paris. 1814, it was arranged by the Powers that Germany should be a confederation of independent sovereign princes, among whom the Free Cities were also to count. By the Act of Confederation (May-June, 1815) all members of the confederation were to have equal rights ; and the Diet, which was to con- sist of representatives of all the German governments, was to work out the detaIls^ By the Final Act of this year the Diet was to consist of a Narrower Assembly [hngere " Versa mmlnniA^x^hirem the eleven greater states had one vote each, while the others had six votes among them-and a General Assembly {Plenum), in which a two-thirds majority was necessary for ordinary measures, and a unanimous vote for fundamentals (Art. 7). Article n ambiguously required all German States to have Assemblies of Estates [la^id- ^tdndische Verfassung). The Diet was more like an international congress of ambas- sadors than like a domestic parliament : it had no executive authority under its control. (ii) German Particularism, 1819-1847. In 1819, in consequence of agitation in Ger- many, and especially the murder of Kotzebue, Austria and Prussia agreed at Teplitz in Auo-ust • and their resolutions were confirmed by a conference of eight governments^ at Cadsbad in September. The Diet met in the next year and was compelled to adopt their resolutions. The Carlsbad Decrees enacted various repressive measures against the Universities, the Press, and popular agitation in general. By the Final Act of I lenna sanctioned by the Diet in June, 1820, all provincial constitutions must be monarchical, and must not be obtained by force. The Revolutions of 1830 were followed by the Conventions of Miinchengratz and Vienna in 1833 : these made it still more possible for Metternich to control the Diet, which henceforth represented only the princes. Its attitude towards the Liberal movement in Hanover fully illustrates this. Thus till 1848 the German constitu- tion was worked through its Diet in the interests of Austria and according to the policy of Metternich. . „ , . .. ^■ (iii) German Nationalism, 1848. In the spnng ot 1848 the continuous agitation beneath the surface began to show itself more openly. A meeting of Liberals at Heidel- berg in March put forward a programme of reform ; and the King of Prussia (though in a hesitating and doubtful way) put himself at the head of the movement. On 30 March the Diet was induced to declare for the meeting of a German National Parliament ;_ and a Convention or ror-P«^/«OT('«/ meanwhile (31 March— 4 April) arranged the constitution of the Parliament which was to meet. It met on 18 May and discussed much, but it was ineffectual for any permanent good. In the Schleswig-Holstein question it came into collision with Denmark and Danish national feeling, and Prussia after hesitation refused to carry out its wishes. It was opposed by the Austrian authorities, who were making a constitution for that empire, and were determined that Austria should lead in the new Germany that was to be. The results of the fighting in Hungary, Bohemia, and Austria were favourable to the Austrian authorities ; and when the King of Prussia, in April i»49, finally refused the imperial crown of Germany which the Parliament offered to him, the possibility of effecting the political unification of Germany on a national basis_ dis- appeared for the present : Germany, like Italy, still remained ' ' a geographical expression. IV References. C. M. Andrews and C. Seignobos differ from the other general histories of Europe in giving a connected account of this subject : the former is long and narrative (ch. vi.), the latter short and analytic. Bryce, Holv Roman Empire, traces the history of Germany 180&-1870 wi h a master-hand ; G. B. Malleson, Refounding of the German Empire, deals with Ihe subject as one of the Events ot our own Time " ; and \V. Wilsonf The Stale, ch. vii., gives a useful short sketch of institutional development in Germany (with a bibliography). For the constitutional ideals ol Ihe time see George BrandesJ/«». Currents of Nineteenth Cfntury Literature, vols, ii., vi. There is no good history ol Germany m English. C.N.B. 37 '° PRUSSIA, 1814-1848. I. Question 26. Trace carefully the chief events of Prussian history, 1814-1848, (a) internal, (b) external. Had the change of sovereigns any effect ? II. Jottings. Frederick William III., 1797-1840. Acquisitions in 1814-1815. Rivalry with Austria in the German Confederation. For the German people against the Princes. \ constitution promised in 1815, but constantly postponed. Reasons for this. Administrative reform. Tariff reform and the Zollverein. Outmanoeuvred by .Austria and henceforward followed her lead. Frederick William I\'., 1840-1861. The United Diet in 1847. Revolution in Berlin, March, 1848. The Schleswig-Holstein affair. Reaction in November, 1848. Rejection of the German Emperorship. III. Answer. The period 1 814-1848 was divided between two Prussian reigns. (i) Frederick WiLLi.wi III., 1797-1840. Prussia had suffered much in the Napoleonic period, and though the King sympathised with the enthusiasm for Germany, which had united, 1812-1815, to overthrow Bonaparte, his many sorrows had taught him caution. (i) Prussian Policy. In the inspiration of the national movement, the King had promised to give to his various subjects a constitution ; and this promise he always intended to fulfil when the suitable time should arrive. But that happy moment did not come in his lifetime ; and indeed the changes that came to Prussia, even at the moment of the promise, made its fulfilment increasingly difficult, perhaps even impossible. Those changes consisted in a vast expansion. To the nucleus of German Brandenburg and Wendish Prussia were now added Pomerania (acquired from Sweden), half Saxony, Polish Posen, and the Rhinelands inhabited by Roman Catholics, of a different religion, therefore, from the Lutheran inhabitants of the old Margraviate. So cautious a politician as Frederick William III. might well believe the only possible bond of union among such heterogeneous populations to be a common allegiance to an absolute monarch. (2) German Policy. In his German policy the interests of Prussia led him to a more liberal programme. Prussia and Austria were still, as they had been for nearly a century, rivals in Germanv ; and as Austria, under the leading of Metternich, main- tained the power of the monarchs who together made up the governments of Germany, Prussia sympathised more with the feeling of German nationality. But in 1815-1818 Austria managed to outwit Prussia in the German Diet ; and before long the foolishness of some German enthusiasts brought about the reaction in which Prussia quietly followed the lead of Austria. (3) Zollverein. Constitutionalism and Nationalism proving thus but sorry dreams, Prussia fell back on the basis of material interests. While Metternich busied himself with diplomacy, the Prussian ministers carried out a series of administrative reforms, specially in finance and tariff reform. All internal " customs" among the various states composing the Kingdom of Prussia were abolished ; and then, by bringing heavy pressure to bear (by means of high transit dues) on her neighbours, especially on those whose territories were almost surrounded by portions of the Prussian Kingdom, she inaugurated and built up her famous Zollverein, or Customs-Union. Beginning in 1819 with a convention with the petty principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, it grew till all Central and Southern German}- was included in its beneficent rule. (ii) Frederick W^illi.\m W., 1840-1861. In 1840 Frederick William III. was succeeded b)' his son, Frederick William IV.; and for some years it seemed as if the change of sovereigns had brought no change to the Prussian policy. But the son was more dreamy and less cautious than the father in both his own and confederate concerns. (i) Prussian Policy. In 1845, when Europe was full of unrest, he announced his intention to summon that United Diet for all his dominions which his father had never ventured to call. In vain did Russia and Austria warn him against the consequences. The Diet met in the spring of 1847, and, though its composition was thoroughly feudal, it entered immediately into a contest with its King. He was determined to have nothing to do with a "constitution": the members of his United Diet demanded to be treated as representatives of the people. The consequence was its dissolution in June, having achieved no result except to increase the unrest and create alarm. (2) German Policy. In the following March the explosion came, not only in Prussia, but throughout all Europe. The King of Prussia, unwilling to put down the Berlinese agitators by violence, yielded to their demands, summoned a United Diet for April, and for some time figured as the leader of the German national movement. But various practical difficulties dissipated his dreams : in November he dispersed his Diet by force, and five months later he declined the Imperial crown of Germany. IV. References. The student should collect the scattered notices of Prussia in his European histories and compare them with the connected account given sub Prussia in the better encyclopa^dias. A. Forbes, William of Germany., contains a biog^raphical sketch of Prussian history, 1813-1870: see, too, the first volume of H. von Sybel, Founding of the German Empire. Two facing- maps (\o. 30) in Putzger clearly show the territorial development of Brandenburg-Prussia. 38 ALEXANDER I. I. Question 27. Discuss the character of Alexatider I., illustrating your answer from his history. II. Jottings. Alexander I., Tsar 1801-1825 (father murdered after the " Battle of the Baltic") Early friendship for Napoleon. Later disillusionment. Attitude towards France, 1814-1815. The Holy Alliance. The Kingdom of Poland. Violence of Liberalism. Alexander's gradual change. The Greek question. Alexander's weariness. III. Answer. Few statesmen have attracted greater attention to their personal character and opinions than the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia; and none perhaps has more puzzled both contemporary observers and later historians. (i) Alexander and Napoleon, 1801-1815. Alexander became Tsar of All the Russias in 1801, when Bonaparte was just settling into power as First Consul ; and he outlived Napoleon's rule by ten years. He personally admired Napoleon ; and it was against the wishes of his Court and nobility that he made the Treatv of Tihit in 1807. That alliance was the beginning of the breach between the two Emperors. Even Alexander found the ruin of his country by Napoleon's "Continental System" too high a price to pay for such friendship; and the invasion of Russia in 1812 turned Alexander into a determined foe of Bonaparte. But his quarrel with the Emperor did not lead him to hate France ; and in 1814-15 his voice was decided and powerful on the side of mercy to the country that had suffered from Napoleon not less than others. In these years, too, to replace Napoleon, he had conceived a personal affection for Frederick William III. of Prussia, a friendship which lasted till the end of his life : and in 1815 he met Madame de Krudener, a Russo-Swiss mystic, whose influence was predominant for some years. (ii) The Holy Alliance, 1815-1818. Under these influences, Alexander was now a Liberal, believing religiously in nationalism and constitutional " liberty" — at least for every country but Russia. He obtained for himself from the other Powers the Kingdom of Poland in order that he might govern that country as a constitutional monarch and with the co-operation of a Diet ; and, more than this, he issued proposals for the famous Holy Alliance. He thought it possible to base the international relationships of Europe on the principles of the Christian religion. What he meant by this was a puzzle to his contemporaries, and is evidently too large a subject for us to treat now. iVletternich of Austria used it for his own purpose of maintaining "law and order" in Europe, and gradually converted it into an alliance of governments against the forces of " disorder" that threatened the established system in Austria and in Europe generally. (iii) Alexander and Metternich, 1819-1825, Between 1815 and 1820, even Alex- ander himself was gradually weaned from his high aspirations. The murder of his agent, Kotzebue, was only one among many events (perhaps the most striking of them) which changed Alexander's views. He was disappointed, too, with his Polish Diets, and came to take the position that Liberalism was good only when it did not oppose governments with violence. When the Greek question arose in 1822, he was beginning to weary of life, and to desire to end his days in peace. He could not refuse to do something for the cause of "Orthodox" Christians, for he was the official head of that branch of the Christian Church, but he knew and appreciated the difticulties of the diplomatic situation. He died in 1825, when the tangle was most complicated ; and his altitude is best under- stood by contrast with that of his younger brother and successor, who immediately took up a more vigorous course of action, and in whose days war broke out between Russia and Turkey. Without presuming to judge the man, we may venture to regard Alexander as a monarch with strong desires for personal friendship, and with high aspirations in politics, both internal and international, but whose career was doomed to successive disappointments, for whom the world was too much, and who at last grew tired of striving for political objects, even when their advantages were both obvious and attain- able. Such "world-weariness" is by many critics regarded as the dominant note of the Russian novelists who began to make their mark not long after the death of Alexander I. IV. References. The general histories of Europe provide adequate materials for answering this question : opinions, contemporary and later, on the Tsar's character should be collected. For greater details, A. 'Rs.mhz.w&^History of Russia, vol. iii., the Memoirsof Prince Czartoryski, 1795-1806, and Clarence Ford, Life and Letters of Madame de Krudener (i-]66-iS2^) may be consulted. The Lives and IVIemoirs of men like Castlereagh, Metternich, ami Wellington also coiitain first-hand impressions of the Tsar. The account given by a contemporary Englishman, E. D. Clarke, of his travels in Russia, 1816-1824, is to be found in some libraries. 39 EASTERN QUESTION, 1829-1848. 1. Question 2o. In what ways did the Eastern Question chiefly affect European politics for the twenty years after the Treaty of Adrianople ? II. Jotting;s. Treaty of Adrianople., 1829 : Mahmoud II. of Turkey and Nicholas I. of Russia (Polignac : Wellington), (i) Immediate: Great Britain and France resolved that Greece must be inde- pendent. Consequent settlement of the Greek question, (ii) Later: Mehemet All's career developed. («) Russia's growth of influence, (A) British distrust thereof, (r) Breach between Great Britain and France. These points illustrated by the Convention of Kiulayeh and the Treaty of Vnkiar-Skelessi in 1833 and the Quadruple Alliance of 1840. 111. Answer. The Eastern Question during' this period was successively centred on two regions — Greece and Egypt — and in each case it revealed notable divergences of view among the " Christian " Powers of Europe. (i) The Question of Greece, 1829-1833. The Treaty of Adrianople m 1829 suddenly ended the Russo-Turkish war which, after long threatening, broke out soon after the accession of the Tsar Nicholas I. Russia's unexpected success led the Western Powers to fear more than ever the results of Russian influence over Turkey ; and whereas the)' had previously aimed at maintaining, as far as possible, the integrity of Turkey, they now wished to make Greece not merely " autonomous," but completely independent, so as to diminish the area of Russian influence. By using both military and diplomatic means, they finally placed Otho of Bavaria on the throne of Greece in 1833. (ii) The Question of Egypt, 1833- 1840. No sooner had this matter been settled than the ambition of Mehemet AH of Egypt started another series of events in the East to which the attention of Europe was directed for another ten years. The ambitious viceroy's " dutiful " revolt against the Sultan and the success of his arms naturally brought Russia forward to the help of her protege : it was at once her duty (under the Treaty of Adrianople) and her interest (for "they that are whole have no need of a physician ") to protect the " sick man " against the strong man. The Russian action, as naturalh', stirred again the jealous)- of the Western Powers. The question between Great Britain and Russia is one which will perhaps never be settled. Russia has often protested her pacific intentions and her wish to do nothing in the East without the participation, or at least the consent, of the rest of Europe. British ministers have as often acted on the assumption that these protests are insincere and that the Russians have selfish designs on Turkey. This general question is beyond our ability to solve ; but the outward events of 1833 are clear. Great Britain and France mediated between Turkey and Egypt ; and in the Treaty of Kintayeh, the Sultan, under their guidance, granted to Mehemet Ali much of what he desired. Immediately afterwards, in the Convention of Unkiar-Skelessi, Russia promised to help Turkey against her enemies. When the war was renewed in 1839, the condition of things was somewhat changed. Russia now persuaded Great Britain to act together with the three Eastern Powers against Mehemet Ali, and France was isolated in Europe. The reason for the possibility of this situation was that Great Britain and France were also mutually jealous of one another's influence in Egypt. This jealousy has had illustrations from the battle of the Nile down to the battle of Tel-el-Kebir. In 1840 it led to angry feelings in France and almost to war. But France was afraid of going to extremities, and her repulse in this phase of the Eastern Question acted as a nail in the coffin of Louis Philippe's monarchy. For a time, though still not heartily in agreement. Great Britain and Russia had acted together in the East ; and when Tsar Nicholas came to London in 1844 he proposed that the two Powers should unite to wind up the affairs of the Ottoman Empire in Europe. The proposal was not accepted; and consequently ten years later the first war since Waterloo between Great Powers in Europe broke out on the Eastern Question. IV. Remarks, (i) Attention is drawn to the comment made above on the Brito- Russian attitude in the East. Students should adopt some such treatment of difficult questions rather than the unfortunatelj' too common one of attempting a solution of matters which are still in dispute even among the deepest scholars. They are not expected to solve all problems in history : all that is required is to show a satis- factory knowledge of the factors in such problems. Many questions are entirely insoluble, and are put in examination papers merely to test the knowledge and skill of the candidates in stating the difficult}'. (2) Attention may also be called to the historical geography of the Eastern Question. The past history is well stated and illustrated with useful maps in Freeman, Historical Geography of Europe. But the potential political geography of the future depends on new facts. It is obvious, from a mere inspection of the map, that it is as natural that Russia should strive for southward expansion to the open sea as that the British Isles should form a single state. There are three possible ways : Which be they? V. References. The subject is treated connectedl}' in Lodge, Modern Europe, ch. xxviii., and in Seignobos, Contemporary Europe, ch. xxv., xxvi. ; dispersedly in the other short histories of modern Europe. Biographies and Memoirs of Guizot, Metternich and Palmerston contain the opinions of the most influential statesmen ; also S. L. Poole, Life of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, The ofticial docinnents and treaties are printed with introduction and notes in T. E. Holland, The European Concert in the E(*stern Question, 40 THE MAP OF EUROPE, 1814-1848. I. Question 29. what -were the tei-ritoriiU arrmigements of 1814-1S15? What changes in them had taken place before the end of 1848 ? II. Jottings. Basis, Treaty of Chaumont, March, 1814: tbrmal settlement at "Congress of Vienna, 1814-5. Germany to consist of Austria, Prussia, and thirty-eight other States. Austria to receive Krakau, Venice, Lombardy. Prussia much increased North-west and East : question oi her compensation for losses in Poland. Saxony to lose, and Bavaria to gain. Finland and Poland to Russia. The Netherlands and Luxemburg joined as a barrier against France. Switzerland. In Italy, Sardniia to have Genoa. Restorations. Denmark loses Norway to Sweden. Great Britain, and colonial settlements. France restricted to boundary of 1789, modified. III. Answer. (i) territorial arrangements, 1814-1815. (i) Germany. Instead of the Holy Roman Empire with its three hundred "sovereign princes," there was to be a German Confederation consisting- of Austria, Prussia, and thirty-eight other States. Of these four were Ivingdoms, eight grand duchies, eleven duchies, eleven principalities, and four free cities. Austria became president of this confederation, but received no extension of territory in Germany — Qui}, keeping Salzburg instead of her abandoned territories in Swabia. Prussia obtained various readjustments of territory by way of compensation for losses : in exchange for Lauenburg she received the rest of Pomerania from Sweden ; she acquired the northern half of Saxony ; in addition to her shares in the two first partitions of Poland she had Posen and the town of Thorn ; and by way of satisfaction for losing much of her gains in the third partition, she received the Rhenish Provinces. The kingdom of Bavaria received the district round Mainz, formerly known as the Lower Palatinate. (2) Non-Germany. Most of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw (Napoleon's creation) became the kingdom of Poland, and was given to the Tsar Alexander, who also received Finland from Sweden ; though neither of these can be said to have been added to Russia. Great Britain caused the Powers to establish as a barrier against French aggression in the north a new kingdom for the house of Orange, made out of the United and the Austrian Netherlands of former times ; and to increase the strength of this ki^ngdom it was associated with the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, a member of the German Confederation. Switzerland was re-modelled and enlarged in the West at the cost of France. In Italy, the King of Sardinia, besides receiving back Savoy, etc., now acquired Genoa, which gave him a sea-board ; Austria received back her old territory of Lombardy (the Milanese), and her more recent acquisitions, Venetia and her Dalmatian dependencies ; the Pope was restored to his possessions, as were also other Italian princes. Denmark lost Norway to Sweden and received only small compensation, viz., the duchy of Lauenburg. But then, she, like Saxony, had remained an ally of Francefor some time longer than her neighbours; and she had to suffer for her loyalty or indiscretion. France was reduced to her boundaries of- 1789, except that she retained the enclaves ot Avignon and the Venaissin on the Rhone. This territorial reduction was not intended to be so complete until after Napoleon's Hundred Days. That escapade cost her Chambifry and other parts of Savoy. Great Britain gained, in Europe, Heligoland from Denmark, Malta, and the protectorate of the Ionian Isles. (3) Non-Europe. There were further rearrangements of colonial territory among the Atlantic Powers. Great Britain received Trinidad from Spain, Mauritius, Tobago and St. Lucia from France. She also made some significant exchanges with Holland : she received Ceylon and the Cape of Good Hope, which helped to build up her Indian Empire, but she gave back to Holland the islands of the Farther East, e.g., Java, and also Curagao, etc. France received from Great Britain Martinique and the Isle de Bourbon, from Sweden Guadeloupe, and from Portugal Cayenne and her share of Guiana. (ii) Territorial Changes, 1815-1848. There were many territorial changes affecting European Powers— especially outside Europe— during the generation which followed the battle of Waterloo ; but only two of these modified the arrangements of 1814-S, viz., the separation of Holland and Belgium in the thirties and the annexation by Austria of the Polish Republic of Krakau in 1846. The establishment of the kingdom ot Greece in 1833 was not technically a change in " the territorial arrangements of 1814-5," for the Eastern Question had not been among the agenda of the Congress ot Vienna. IV. Remarks. This answer might be much simplified in both matter and method ; but it is at any rate less vague and incoherent than the question, which is a typical examination question. The reasons for and against these territorial arrangements actually made or suggested are more important than the territorial arrangements themselves. . V. References. The arrangements are given, variously grouped, in the several liistones ot liurope, in which the Congress of Vienna is either a starting, or a stopping, or a passing, point. 1 hey require illustration by a map, and by reference to the past: the best place to hnd both is in K. A. lols. ,>./,.). C.rrespojidence edited bv his brother. Sir Chari.e.s Stewart (12 vols,) Studv in P. M, Thornton " Foreign Secretaries," Qq. 4, 8, 10. Cavalgnac, Louis Eugene (1802-^7): French General in Morea. In Algeria 1832-48, where he "became Governor-general ; de- feated insurrection in Paris, June 1848 ; unsuccessful candidate against Louis Napoleon for Presidency of French Republic. Cavour, CamilloBcnsi, Count (1810-1861) : established tlic newspaper. 11 Risoy^imenlo, 1847; helped to obtain the Sardinian Constitu- tion, 1848; Prime Minister of Sardinia, 1852-1859. 1860-1. Lives bv BrANCHt. Massara. MazauE, J. A. R. Marriott, Countess Marttnenco Cesaresco. Chlopicki, Joseph (1770-1854) : Polish general and Dictator, 1830. Church, Sir Richard (1785-1873): British general; suppressed ban- ditti in Na|3les. 1815-20; first as volunteer, and later as general- issimo of Greek forces, did much to secure the independence of Greece : helped to secure the Greek Constitution of 1844. Life by .Mrs. E. M. Church. Q. 11. Codrington, Sir Edward (1770-1851); British admiral at Navarino, 1827. Life by JOH.v BofRCHiER (2 vols.). Q. 12. Constantine, Grand Duke (1779-1811): Brother of .\lexander I.; \'iceroy of Poland ; momentary tsar. 1825. Q. 16. Coulaincourt, .^rmand .\ugustin Louis de, Duke of Vicenza (1772- 1S27) : Napoleon's ambassador, 1814. Czartorysky, Prince ,\dam George (1770-1861); Polish patriot and Russian minister. His- "Memoirs and Correspondence with .\lexander I.," edited bv A. Giei.gad, is one of the chief authorities for the years 1800-25. Q. 27. Deak, Francis (1803-76): Hungarian patriot: leader in 1848.49. Wrote memoirs, edited b^ M. E. Gra.nt-Di;ff (Macmillan, 12,6) ; anonymous life !by ArnoLd Forsterj. Q. 23. Decazes, Elie, Duke of (1780-1860) : French Minister of Police, 181 ; ; Chief Minister, 1818-20, Q, 13, DeSBOlles, Jean Joseph Paul .Augustin, Marquess (1767-1828) ; m.ajor- general in French National Guard, 1814-15 ; Foreign Minister, i8ig. Q. 13. DiebitSCh, Count Sabalkanskv (1785-1851): Russian general against Turkey, 1829 ; against Poland, 1831.' - EotYiJS, Baron Joseph (1813-71); Hungarian patriot ; leader in 1848, Eapartero, Baldomero, Dukeof \'llloria(i7Q2-i879) : Spanish general and Progresslsta ; ousted Christina from the Regency, 1840-4-! ; exiled in England till 1854. Esterhazy, Prince Paul Anton (1786-1866): succeeded .Metternich as .\ustrlan Foreign Minister. 1848. Fouche, Joseph, Duke of Otranto (. 765-1820) ; served Louis X\'HI. and Napoleon till 1S16. His Mcn'ioirs have been translated Into English: studv in Brougham's "Statesmen of the Reign of George III. " "Q. 13. Fourier, Franrois Marie Charies (,772-1857) ; French Socialist writer. LIfein F. Aru:o, " Blographicsof Diitinguished Scientific Men" ; see loo J, S. Mti.i,, " Political Economy." Bk. II., ch. i. Q. 18. Gagern, Helnrich Wllliclm August, FicMic ofGcrniiin Bursclienschafl : Prime MIn President of German PaHianicnl, 184S Gaj, Ljudevlt (1810-72) ; Croat politlchiii :ind jomiuilist. Q. 20. GiObertl. Vincenzo(iSui-:;2): Italian patriot, priest and theologian: exiled i8i5: wrote in 1845 " Primato Morale e Civile degll Italiani" (" .Moral and Political Headship of Italv"), looking to Pap.acy to assume headship of Italv ; Sardinian Prime Minister 1848-49; exiled. O. 20. 1(1799-1880): lit He !-Da stadt ; olutic leade Gulzot, Francois Plcn-c Guillai statesman; held various otfii Prime Minister i84Cv4S: lei Sorbonne. Wrote Memoirs ;ind English Histoi-v (nn.st ofuliichhav .Vlison, J, S. Mill, \V. N. Senior, etc (1787-1874); French Liberal 1814-20 and 1853-40; French >n Modern rfi'story at the orks Fri ind e been translated). Studies by .. Qq. 17, 18. fteru-ards Prince, von (1750- Q. 6. Hypsilanti [or Vpsilanti]. Prince .\lexander (1792-1828): Greek; Russian general ; invaded Roumania, 1821 ; retired into Transyl- vania ; imprisoned. Q. 11. Ibrahim Pasha (1789-1841): .adopted son of Mehemet Ali, \'ali of Egypt ; for whom he conducted war in Greece. 1824-27, and in Syria, 1831-1839. Qq, 11,12,17. Jahn, Frederick Louis (177S-1852): " Tiirnvater," /.,■.. founder of Gymnasia In Germany. Kamptz. Karl Chrlstoph Albert Ilelnrich von (1769-1S49): Prussian politician: Director of Ministry of Police. 1817. Kanaris. Constantine (1790-1877): Greek sea capl:iin in war of independence. Klapka, George (1820-1892): Hungarian gener.al in 1848-49; escaped to England and wrote an account of "The War of Independ- ence In Hungary." Korais. Adamantios (174S-1838) : Greek man of letters ; inventor of the modern literary Greek language — a compromise between a " classical " Greek and the Romaic. O. II. C.N.B. 45 EUROPEAN HISTORY, 1814-1848. Biographical Appendix (2). Kossuth, Louis (1S02-94); Hungarian patriot; commenced journal- ist, 1841 ; leader in 1848 ; escaped to England, where he wrote '■Memoirs of My Exile " (Cassell, jo;6). There is a "copious memoir" of him in "Hungary: its History and Revolutions" (Bell, 36) ; and some account in F. W. Newman, " Reminiscences ot Two Exiles " ; also in J^ez'ieivqf Revieivs, and other such maga- zines and papers for 1894. Kotzebue, August Frederick Ferdinand von (1761-1819): dramatist and writer, employed by Alexander of Russia to report on German affairs ; murdered by Sand, Qq, 6, 13, 25; 27. Lafayette, Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Mohir, Marquess of (17,57-1834) : took part in the American Revolution, and the French Revolutions of 1789 and 1830. Memoirs edited by M. P. D. de NoAiLLES (translated) ; life by Bayard Tuckermann (Low, 2 vols., 12/-); study in Brougham. " Statesmen of George HL's Reign," and in Edith Sichel, " Household of the Lafayettes " (Constable, 6/-), Q. U. Laflltte, Jacques (1768-1844): Governor of the Bank of France : took a leading part in the Revolution of July ; French Finance Minister, 1830. Q, 14. Lamartine, Alphonse (1792-1869) : opposed Guizot ; leading member of the French Provisional Government, 1848 ; wrcite various brilliant but misleading sketches of French History (all trans- lated in Bohn's Standard Library, 8 vols, each 3/6), Study in Alison's Essays, vol. H. Latour, General Count Theodore (1780-1S48) : Austrian Minister of War, 1848; murdered, Ledru-RoUin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-74): wrote "Appel aux Travailleurs," 1846, in favour of universal suffrage ; French revo- lutionary leader, 1848. , Louis, Louis Dominique, Baron (1755-1837): as French Finance IMinister, 1S15, 1818, 1831-32, did much to establish the Bourbon Restoration and the Orleanist Monarchy respectively, Maassen, Karl Georg (1769-1834): Prussian Finance Minister; founder of the Zollverein. Manin, Daniele (1804-57;: Venetian revolutionary leader, 1848. Martlgnac, Jean Baptiste Silvere Gaye, Viscount of (1776-1S32) : with Angoulenic in Spain, 1823 : became viscount, 1824 ; mode- rate Liberal ; Minister, 1828-30. Qq. 13, 14. Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805 ?-i872): born at Genoa; Italian patriot ; ex- pelled, 1831 : formed the party of " Young Italy" ; expelled from Marseilles. 1832-33 ; went first to Switzerland, then to London. 1836 : in Italy, 1848-J9. Selections from his " Life and Writings " (6 vols.) are contained in a volume of the Scott Library (1/6), there are also studies in A. R. Marriott, "Makers of Modern Italy" (Macmillan, 2/6) and Countess Martinengo Cesaresco, ■■ Italian Characters in the Age of Unification." Q. 20. Hehemet Ali (1769-1849): Viceroy of Egypt, 1809-44; sent troops to help Sultan in the Greek war of independence ; warred in Syria, 1S31-39. Qq. 11, 12, 17, 31. Melbourne, William Lamb, Viscount (1779-1848): British Home Secretary, 1830-34: Premier (with short break) 1834-41. Life by H. DUNCKLEV (Low, 3,6), and W. M. T. TORRENS (Ward, Lock, 3/6) ; papers edited by L. C. Sanders ; study in A, Hay- ward's " Eminent St.itesmen." Metternich, Clement Wenceslas Lothaire, Count, afterwards Prince (1773-1859): Austrian State Chancellor, 1S09-48. Life by G, B. Malleson (W. H. Allen, 2/6) : much better (in French) by Charles de Mazade. His Memoirs, extending to 1835, have been translated by Mrs. A. Napier and B. W. Smith '5 vols.). Study in A. Hayward's " Eminent Statesmen." Qq. 3-11, 21. Miguel, Dom Maria Evarist (1802-66): brother of John IV. King of Portugal ; headed the Clerical partv in the civil war of 1828- 34. Qq. 17, 18. Mole, Count Louis Mathieu de {1780-1855) : French Foreign Minister 1830-31 ; Prime Minister, 1836-39. Monroe, James (1758-1831) : Fifth President of the United States of America, 1817-1825, during the "Era of Good Feeling"; author of the Message of 2 December, 1823, protesting against European Montmorency, Matthieu Jean Faicite de Montmorency-Laval, Viscovmt, afterwards Duke of (1766-1826) : French Foreign Minister, 1822. Murat, Joachim, Grand Duke of Berg. King of Naples(i767 or 1771 to 1815): Kingof Naples 1808-15; shot, October 1815. Q. 27. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) : Corsican by birth ; First Consid, 1799-1804; Emi^eror of the French, 1804-14, 1815; fought "Waterloo campaign, 1815 ; exiled to St, Helena, The best short lives in English are by J. R. Seeley (Seelev, 6/-), and W. O Connor Morris (Putnam, c/-) : there are longer lives by W. C. Hazlitt, Sir Walter Scott, W. M. Sloane, and J. H. Ro.SE ; also studies by Alison. Jeffrey, and Emerson. There are accounts of the Waterloo campaign by Chesney, Gardner, Hous- saye, O'Connor, Morris, J. C. Ropes, Siborne, etc. His life at St. Helen.a is the subject of many books, e.g., Lord Rosebery, "Napoleon ; The Last Phase" (Humphreys, 7s 6d. net). Oq. 1, 2, 31. Napoleon Bonaparte. Charles Louis (1808-73) : son of Napoleon's brother Louis; with Carbonari in Italy, 1831 ; attempt at Strass- burg, I 36 ; attempt at Boulogne, 1840 ; in prison at Ham, 1840- 46; President of the French Republic, 1848; Emperor of the French, 1832-70. Life b\- Bi.anchard Jerrold ; see too Victor Hugo " History of a Crime." Nesselrode, Carl Robert, Count of (1 a): Russian Cha cllor. Ney, Michel. Duke of Elchingen, Prince of the Moskawa (1769-1815): deserted to Napoleon 1815 ; executed by l.ouis XVHI. Q. 2. Palmella, Dom Pedro dc S'ousa-Holstcin, Duke of (1781-1850); at Vicnnii, 1S14 ; often in office as Liberal Minister under 'Maria, Queen of Portui;.il Palmerston, Henr> John Temple. Viscount (1784-.866) : British Secretary at \^^'lr, 1809-28; Foreign Secretary, 1830-41, 1846- 1851, Lii'es by L. C. Sanders (W. H. Allen, 2/6), Marquess OF LORNE (Low, 3'6!. E. Ashley (2 vols, o.p.) ; studies in Walter Bagehot. " Biographical Studies, " and P. M.Thornton "Foreign Secretaries." Qq. 17-20. Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850) : Secretary for Ireland, 1812-18 ; Home Sccretarv, 1822-27, 1828-1830; Premier, 1834-35, 1839, 1841-46. Short lives by J. R. Thl'RSFIELD 'Macmillan, 2/6) ; F. C. Mon- tague (W. 'H. Allen, 2 '6); Justin McCarthy (Low, 3/6); longer biographies by Lord Dalling and Bulwer, Guizot, and C, S. Parker (3 vols the standard life) ; also studies by Bagehot, Brougham, "and Ewald. Pepe, Guglielmo (1783-1855) : Revolutionary leader in Naples 1820-21 and 1848-49. His own accounts of these movements have not b^en trans lated into English. Q. 7. Perier, Casimir (1777-1832) : French leader, 1830 ; Minister, i: Pollgnac, Armand Jules Mi of (1771-1847) : French Ambassador French Prime Minister, April-July 1831 Radetzky, loseph Wenzel (1766-1858) : Austrian General, Goiernor-General in Italy, 1831-56. Qq. 21, 22. Radziwill, Michael (1778-1850) : Pohsh general, 1830. Reshid Pasha (1802-18.^8) : Turkish Ambassador in Loiidc M;iii>tcr to Abdul-Medjid II,, attempted to introduce lin;ince ;uid administration, and supported British infli Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septimanie du PI of (1766-1822) : French Minister, 1815-18 and 1820-21. Rlego, Rafael del (1785-1823) : Spanish Revolutionary oflfic executed. Saint Simon, Claude Henri. Count of (1760-18: philosopher. Schwarzenberg, Prince Felix (1800-52) : Austrian Minister, 1848- S'- Sebastian!, Horace Framjois, Count (1776-1851) ; French Foreign minister, 1830-35. Soult, Nicol.as Jean deDieu (1769-1851) : French War Minister, 1814 ; Joined Napoleon, 18:5; War Minister, 1830-47; Chief Minister, 1839-40. Q. 1. Stein, Henry Frederick Charles, Freiherr > ised Prussia after Jena ; exile in Ru national sentiment against Napoleon, J. R. Seelev, "Life and Time of Steit id Revolutionary Q, 18. lius. Count, afterwards Duke Great Britain, 1823-29 ; Qq. 13, 14. om (i7S7-'83i): reorgan- ;sia : stirred up German Best book on him is Sir (Camb. Press. 3 vols., 36,'-). Q. 2. Szechenyl, Stephen, Count of (1792- ? ) : Hungarian noble and patriot, 1831-4S; opposed to Kossuth's extremer ideas; went mad, 184S. Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de. Bishop of Autun, Prince of Benevento (1754-1838) : President of French Provisional Government, 1814-15; at Congress of Vienna, 1814-5; revo- lutionary leader, 1830; Ambassador to Great Britain, 1831-37. His " Correspondence with Louis XVI'I. during the Congress of Vienna" has been translated into English by M. G. Pallain (2 vols.) ; hi.s Memoirs, edited by the Due de Broglie, have been translated by R. Ledos de Beaufort and Mrs. A. Hall, (3 vols.). There are studies by Brougham and by Lord Dalling and Bulwer. Qq. 1,2,15. Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877): French joumaHst, who was a chief wirepuller in the Revolution of July 1830; minister of the Interior, 1832, afterwards Foreign minister ; in opposition, 1836- 40 : 1840 Foreign Minister (for six months) : opposed the Re- \'olution of 1848 ; afterwards President of the 'Third Republic ; wrote long histories ot the first French Revolution and of France under the Consulate and Empire. There is a short life of him as a writer by A. DE Remusat : also political studies by A, Hay- ward and W. N. Senior. 0. 18. Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852) : British General in India and the Peninsula ; at Congress of Vienna, 1815 ; in the Waterloo campaign, 1815 ; ambassader at Ai.\-la-Chapelle, 1818, at Verona, 1822, in Russia," 1826: Premier, 1828-30, and November- December, 1834: Foreign Minister, 1835-6: ii'i the Cabinet, 1841- 46. There are short lives by G, Hooper (Macmillan, 2/6), G. R. Gleig (Longmans, 3/6), and R. Waite (Longmans, 3'6) ; longer lives by C. D. Yonge. Sir Herbert Maxwell, and Arthur Griffiths: also military studies by O'Connor Morris, and F. Maurice. Qq, 1, 2, 12. WindischgratZ, Alfred, Prince (1787-1862): Austrian General in Bohemia and Vienna, 184S, Qp, 21, 23. Zumala-Carreguy, Thomas (i789-i8{5): Basque leader against "■ ■ ■ of theCarlis ' " Napolc- ssfuloft als, .S33-1835 46 EUROPEAN History, 1814-iSj Additional Questions.* A. — For First Reading : Chronological. ^;}. What were the main queslions raised at the Con- gress of Vienna ? Explain the attitude assumed by the chief Powers at the Cong^ress, and g'ive a summary of its results. 34. Explain how serious dissensions arose in the Conj^ress of Vienna. 35. Is it true that in the Cong-ress of Vienna the interests of dynasties were treated with more considera- ion than the wishes of peoples? 36. What attention was paid to the principle of nationality in («) the Congress of Vienna, (b) the Second Treaty of Pans ? 37. Describe the objects and chief actions of the Holy Alliance, 38. What were the real and what were the avowed motives of the Holy Alliance ? 39. Compare the aims and progress of Liberal ideas in France and Spain between 1818 and iS^s- 40. Who were the chief native patriots and who the most distinguished Philhellenes in the Greek War o( Independence? Summarise events to the Proclamation of the Monarchy. 41. Explain how some European Powers differed in views but acted in concert with reg^ird to Greek Independence. 42. Show how the relations among the Great Powers oi Europe compelled some of them to back up the Greeks in their efforts to gain independence. 43. Sketch the course of events which led to the Treaty of Adrianople. Why did not Russia get more by that treaty? 44. "CharlesX. of Francecontrasts with LewisXVIIl. as James II. of England with Charles II." Draw out the contrast with jegard to the two kings of France. 45. .\ccount for the failure to maintain the union between Holland and Belgium established by the Con- gress of Vienna. 46. How did Belgium become an independent State ? 47. Give some account of the opinions, character, and influence of the first King of the Belgians. 48. Sketch the effects upon («) Russiji, {b) Germany, of the French Revolution of 1830. 49. What was the political condition of the Poles immediately after the Congress c)f Vienna, and how was it subsequently modified ? 50. "The Quadruple Alliance was an answer to the Conference of Miinchengriitz." Explain this. 51. How did absolute monarchy become impossible for Spain after the death of Ferdinand VII. ? 52. What noteworthy ministers served under Louis Philippe? Review rapidly the reign. 53. Examine the chief elements of strength and weakness in the government of Louis Philippe ^md the causes of its ultimate downfall. 54. Trace the growth of discontent against the Orleanist Government in France from 1837 to 1848. 55. What were the elements making for union in Germany about 1840? B. — For Revision : Topical. 56. Sketch the career of Bernadotte as a soldier 01 fortune and as statesman and sovereign. 57. What influences shaped the character in youth or the Emperor Alexander I. ? Who towards the close 01 his career were his most intimate and confidential advisers ? Attempt a short general appreciation of his place in the history of Russia and of Europe. 58. What were the circumstances of the accession of the Emperor Nicholas I. to the Russian throne? What early triumphs of the reign in Asia are marked by the Peace of Turkmanchai ? 59. Contrast the influence of Metternich and Canning on European affairs. 60. Trace the career of Prince Louis Napoleon down to the time when he was elected President of the French Republic. What, at that date, was the current estimate of his character and capacities ? 61. Give some account of the rise and importance or Mehemet Ali. 62. How did the ambitious policy of Mehemet Ali lead to disputes among the European Powers, and how were those disputes ended? 63. What led to the French Expedition of 1830 against Algiers? Follow the history of conquest and colonisation in Algiers down to the end of the reign of Louis Philippe. 64. Compare the revolution of July with that or February in regard to their causes and their results. 65. Trace the influence of nationalist feeling on the movements of 1830 and r848 outside France. 66. .\bout 1 8 1 5 the Ottoman Empire had been declared to be moribund. What causes helped it to a fresh lease of life ? 67. How far was the principle of nationality concerned [a) in the formation of the kingdoms of Greece and of Belgium, and (b) in the extension of Switzerland ? 68. What is the importance in the history of Switzer- land of the last decade of your period ? 69. How far mav the formation and the dissolution of the Sonderbund be regarded as events of European importance ? Can you cite any modern parallels? 70. How do you explain the decline in the eighteenth century of the Imperial dignity and ideal, and the renewal and popularity of Imperialism in the nineteenth century ? 71. Note the chief landmarks in the relations between Hungary and the House of Hapsburg from the death of Joseph II, to the end of your period, 72. Estimate the extent of Austrian influence in Italy after 1815, and trace the rise of the opposition to it up to 1848. 73. Account for the growth of Italian patriotism and llustrate its influence in the later part of your period. 74. What progress was made between 1815 and 1848 in (he movement towards the unification of Italy? 75. What were the general features of the Socialist movement in Europe during the first half of the nineteenth century ? 76. What events in Europe facilitated the establish- ment of independent states in Central and Southern .America ? 77. In what wars did the United States of America engage between the years 1800 and 1848? What were the provocations in each case, and the results ? ' Extracted froii Kxaniination Papers, by permission of t lie Co Stationery Office, ) trotter of His Majesty's A BRIEF VOCABULARY OF POLITICAL TERMS. Note. — ^These political terms, some general, some particular, occur in most accounts of European History, 1814- 1848. They are not always as simple as they look ; and the student will do well to make sure that he knows the meaning of" each, and can distinguish between "synonyms." Terms in foreign languages are shown in italics. Abdication Abolitionist Absolute Absolutist Act Administration Agitation Agrarian Alliance Ambassador Ancien Regitne Anglican Annexation Arbitrary Aristocrac}' Army Articles Assembly Association Balance of Power Barricades Barrier Benthamism Bishop Blockade Bourgeois Bourgeois King Bribery Brigand Bundesstaat Bu rschenschaft Cabinet Canton Carbonari Cardinal Carlist Catholic Centre Chamber Chambrc Introxi- vable Chancellor Charter Chartism Church Citizen King Civil Civilisation Clergy Coalition Code Colony Combination Commerce Commission Committee Communism Compact Concert of Europe Concession Confederate Confederation Conference Congregation Congress Conscience Conscript Conspiracy Constituent Constitution Constitutional Continental System Convention Corn Law Corruption Corsair Cortes Cossack Count Coup d'Etat Court Criminal Customs Union Czar Debate Declaration Decree Delegate Democracy Denunciation Deputy Despotic Diet Diplomacy Dismemberment Dissenter Dissident Divine Right Doctrinaire Duke Dynasty Eastern Question Elective Emancipation Emigrant Emigre Emperor Empire Equality before the Law Establishment Excommuni- cation Executive Commission Expansion Federal Final Act Finance Fourierism Four Powers Franchise Fraternity Free Freedom Free Trade Fundamental Galilean German Parlia- ment Government Grand Army- Grand Duke Guerilla Hereditar)- Hetairia Hierarch}' Holy Alliance Holy O'&c^ Holy Places Holy Roman Empire Hundred Days Hundred Years Ideology lllyrism Imperial Independence Industrial Infidel Inquisition Insurrection Interim International Intervention Invasion Islam Jacobin Janissary Jesuit July Monarchy Jury Kaiserlich Khalif King Kingdom Klepht Koran Laity Landiiiehr Language Law Law, Civil Lay Left Legislation Legitimacy Legitimist Liberal Liberation Liberty Machinery Magyar Manchester School Manhood Suff- rage March Laws Mediation Mediatisation Middle Classes Minister Ministerial Res- ponsibility Missionary Monroe Doctrine Monsieur Moslem Mussalman Napoleonic Legend Nation National ,, Assembly ,, Guard ,, Workshops Nationality- Navy Negro Nobles Non-interven- tion Note Secrete Obscurantism Occupation Old Regiyne Oppression Orders Order in Council Ordinance Orthodox Padishah Panslavist Papacy Papal Parliament Parliamentarian Parliamentary Particularism Partisan Party Pasha Patriarch Patriotism Pavilion Marsan Peace Peasant Pro- prietor Peer People Persecution Pirate Plebiscite Plenipotentiary Police Political Pope Popish Porte Pragmatic Sanction Premier Prerogative President Press Prime Minister Prince Privileges Prohibition Proletariat Propaganda Property Quali- fication Prosecution Protection Protestant Provisional Govt Punctation Quadrilateral Quadruple Race Rebellion Reconstruction Red Republican Reform Regent Religion Representative Repression Republic Restoration Revolt Revolution Right Rights Romanticism Ro3alist Scrutin de Liste Secretary Self-Government Senate Serfdom Sick Man Slavery- Slave Trade Socialism Soldier Sovereign Sovereignty Spanish Marriages Staatenbund State Subject Suffrage Sultan Suppression Tariff Taxation Third Estate Three Days Tiers Etat Toleration Tractarian Treaty Tribune Tribute Triple Triune Kingdom Tsar Tugendbund Turnvater Twelve Points .Tyrant Ultra Ultramontanism Unconstitutional Union, Complete ,, Personal , , Real United States Utilitarianism Veto Viceroy Vor-Parlament White Terror Young Czech Italy Zollverein Lindsey. C.N.B. 48 IMPORTANT NEW EDUCATIONAL SERIES IN PROCESS OF PUBLICATION. Eight volumes, quarto (10.1 x Sin.), each containing' 80—100 pp. Price 2/- or 3/- nett each. Special Subscription Terms for the Series. Problems and 6xmi$e$ in English iiistory BY J. S. LINDSEY. OBJECTS OF THE SERIES. To show Students and Teachers of History Each Book contains What Books to Read 70-75 pp. Select Classified Bibliographies. What Subjects to Study ... - 60-80 Typical Questions. 300 Notable Topics. How to use the knowledge gained by reading 60-80 Complete Answers with Hints and References. The Complete Series of Eight Books contain (besides other useful matter) : 40 pages of Practical Bibliographies — described by the Athenaum as " sound." 16 ,, Typical Questions (available in separate form as Test Papers). 500 „ Specimen Answers — characterised by the Bookman as " sensible." PLAN OF THE SERIES. NETT PRICES. X Set (following the period divisions adopted by the Oxford Local Delegacy). Ordiuaiy. inter- 2" (A. io66-i3gg (March, 1902). Oxford Local, July, 1902 ; College of Preceptors, Senior, 2/- 3/-' ■2^1 igoi, 1902; London Intermediate Arts (Honours), 1902. gt; jB. 1399-1603 (Ready). College of Preceptors, Senior, 1901, 1902; Cambridge Higher 2/- 3/- £ ,^' I Local, June, 1902. "5-.^ /C. 1603-1715 (March, 1902). Oxford Local, July, 1902; London Intermediate Arts 2/- 3/- gjj J (Honours), July, 1903. s""^ 1 D. 1715-1820 ('JoKMar)', 7902J. College of Preceptors, 1901, 1902 ; London Intermediate 2/- 3/- O ' (Pass), July, 1902; Irish Intermediate, Preparatory Grade, June, 1902. Y Set (following the period divisions adopted by the Cambridge Local Syndicate). E. 4ng-i$og (In preparation). F. i5og-i6S8 (In preparation). Irish Intermediate, Senior Grade, 1902 ; London Inter- 2/- 3/- mediate Arts (Pass), 1902. G. 1688-1832 (November, 1901). 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CAMBRIDGE: HEFFER AND SONS AND OF ALL BOOKSELLERS 6 ^ SPECIMEN ANSWER PAGE— BOOK G. THE TWO UNIONS: CIRCUMSTANCES. •S _ I. Question 983. indicate the chief differences in the circumstances under which the ™ ^ 3 Scottish and the Irish Unions were effected. W ^ S » § 'o II. Jottings. Circumstances either "immediate" or "ultimate." " Immediate " circumstances include 3* "g^ >- recent instances of friction (ecclesiastical or commercial), or attempts at separation : the methods adopted to < g "^ effect the Unions; also pressure of international complications and need of unity. "Ultimate" circum- 0_ ^ •" stances include the length and nature of the constitutional connexion between the uniting kingdoms and c •^ Q their general condition — political, economic, and social. 3 5q .o Immediate circnnistaiices. (i) 1707 : England makes concessions to avoid separation, rendered probable by ft .s "S irritation over Darien failure, (ii) 1800: Ireland punished for attempt at separation, 'g8. n :H S Ultimate circumstances : Anglo-Scottish Union satisfactory : Brito-Irish unsatisfactory. Why ? g .0 s ^ ,^ « III. Answer. The circumstances under which the Legislative Unions of 1707 and g- H Z 1 80 1 were efFedled fall naturally into two groups : the immediate circumstances which a> J!I '^ occasioned, and the ultimate or remoter circumstances which conditioned, the two unions. J2. a 2 . . . >< c 'S (i) Immediate Circumstances. Both Unions took place during the course of great .^ tS § foreign wars, mainly against France, and were primarily designed to increase the unity j^ q ^ "S^ and strength, offensive and defensive, of the British Isles, regarded as an international tj '^ § ^ Power. But these resemblances only mask deeper differences. The Anglo-Scottish ft ■-• ■G^ ■-§ Union took place after the Scots had made a serious threat to sever the personal union ; ^ p* ^ -^ and Queen Anne's advisers thought it worth while for England to persuade, rather than ^ >< g ~ try to compel, the Scots to desist from this attempt. This Union, therefore, was the re- a" "o Cei o suit of bargaining between two kingdoms meeting on equal terms, in which the stronger " ^ I ~^ southern kingdom deemed it expedient to give way on all the more important points at ^ '~^ U" issue. The Brito-Irish Union took place after the suppression of an armed attempt by a 3 to •^ "o considerable party in Ireland to break loose from Great Britain, with the aid of the foreign ^ 5' ° -o enemies of the latter Power. Naturally, therefore, the latter Union differed from the g p; ^ former in being a punishment and a restraint, rather than a bribe or a bargain. ;;i £| -g ^ The documents embodying the Unions bear witness to this " chief difference " between re S' ml ;j them : in the Anglo-Scottish Union, the term "treaty" is very prominent, and the whole m ,;„ "^ '~ tone is that of two independent kingdoms meeting on equal terms ; while in the Brito- 'f^ ^ ->^ § Irish Union the term " treaty " is much less prominent than the term " imperial," and the g J^ § 'gj general tone is that of the compulsory swallowing up of the smaller kingdom by the larger, a •* S -g The opponents of both Unions loudly accused the Government at Westminster of carrying ^' ^ E :g their measures by corrupt means, but these charges have been much more persistent in ft 3^ <-• g the case of the later Union. This difference, however, between the circumstances of the f " So 5 two Unions — if it really exists — can readily be explained by the great development of ^ g* o^ g the art of parliamentary " management " during the eighteenth century. D. "^ q ^ (ii) Ultimate Circumstances. In the deeper and more remote circumstances x ^ A K which affedted the two Unions, the chief differences appear to fall into three main groups ; S fj' - |j (i) National Unity. The kingdoms of England and Scotland had each attained a 3' ^. to i very considerable degree of unity before they came together in personal union (1603), but |J ^ P S Ireland began to be affedted (and still further divided) by English influence before it had V> ^ ^ ..^.^ independently attained national unity. jc ^ S (2) Length of Connexion. Ireland had been coming piecemeal under English 3 C "g control ever since the reign of Henry II : Scotland, though often under English influence g ■« g and occasionally under English control, had not come into enduring political partnership f^ g .^ with England till 1603, and had then joined England {a) as a whole, (b) on equal terms. ^^ bo § (3) Church. England and Scotland, though divided in church-government, had first tt ^ -2 come together through, and found their closest tie in, a common Protestantism. Ireland "^ ^ ^ was both divided against itself and separated from Great Britain by the adherence of the -t majority of its inhabitants to Roman Catholicism. It is mainly owing to the great differences in the circumstances of the two Unions in 3 these three respecfts that the earher Union has been on the whole satisfadtory in its results, w while the later Union has not proved satisfadtory to anybody. To these differences some r* might add differences in " Race," but it is doubtful whether marked racial differences can g' be traced in the British Isles, or can be made to correspond with their historic divisions. p- ft IV. References. For the terms see G. C. Lee, §§194, 208 : for the circumstances see any good history, TJ especially Lecky (first and last volumes), R. S. Rait, "The Scottish Parliament"; J. T. Ball, "Historical Review of Legislative Systems Operative in Ireland, 1171-1800." 79 ;^robIems anli e[]rerctse0 in iEitstorj By J. S. LINDSEY. SCHEME OF THE X SET — English History. 1066- 1 399. Ready, March, 1902. 1399-1603. Published, jfune, igoi. 1603-1715. Ready, March, 1902. 1715-1820. Ready, January, 1902. A. B. C. D. N.B. — This arrangement is adapted to the period divisions at present adopted by the Oxford Local Delegates, the College of Preceptors, and the Board of Education, BRITISH SERIES. Y SET— English History. E. 449-1509. In preparation. F. 1509-1688. In preparation. G. 1688-1832. Ready, November, 1901. H. B.C. P-I900. Ready, December, 1901. N.B. — This arrangement is adapted to the period divisions at present adopted by the Cambridge Local Syndicate, and the Oxford and Cambridge Joint Board. ORDER FORM. To Messrs. To W. Heffer and Sons, Booksellers, ^^ ^^ p^^^^ ^^^^^ Cambridge. Herewith I enclose cheque, postal order, for £ s. d. in payment of : — i. Subscription for the whole series, as described above. For Eight Books, A-H (ordinary edition) 15 o ,, ,, ,, (interleaved edition) ...... 22 6 For Seven Books (excluding B or G, which I have), ordinary . . . 130 !j >) ,, ,, ,, interleaved . . 20 o //, owing to any circumstances, of which the publishers shall be the judge, it is impossible to complete the series, the return of the balance left in their hands, after charging pro rata for any book or books which may have been delivered, shall cancel all obligation on the part of the publishers or of their agents. ii. Single Book only [Postage, 3d. for ordinary edition, 4d. for interleaved edition] . copies of Book ordinary, 2/- each ; interleaved, 3/- each copies of Book H, ordinary, 3/- each ; interleaved, 4/- each iii. Leaflets. Self-Testing Apparatus contained in Book 4pp. [Two pages of Questions ; Topics ; Formulae (Hints in B). Printed on one side of the paper only.] Practical Bibliographies : No. (i) Teaching and Study of History . . . 4pp. i/- 3d. (Together with Hints on Answering History Questions). No. (2) General British History No. (6) Special Period : 1399- 1603 . No. (9) „ 1688-1783 . No. (10) ,, 1783-1815 . No. (II) „ 1815-1837 . Dozen. 2/- Single Copies. 6d. 4PP- i/- 3d. 4pp. i/- 3d. 4pp. i/- 3d. 4pp. i/- 3d. 4pp. V- 3d. Natne M._ Total Address.. Please cross out the lines or words not required. LINDSEY'S PROBLEMS & EXERCISES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. £)pintons of tl)e 0reBS on Boob " B " (1899-1603). The only unfauourable notice received during the first three months after publication (on 28 June, 1901) has been inserted below in distinctive type. Arbroath Herald, I5rt ^»g-»j<, igoi.— The questions are fully represent- o jt ^ t.- -r- j i j ative of the period and are answered splendidly. Tabulated answers, Bedfordshire Times and Indepen- variety of type, and other means serve to make this a very helpful S'^H*' 9*'' August igoi.— Very use- book for revisal purposes ... All teachers should see it. f"' ™ practical school work. Athenseum, 2ist September, igoi. — A most valuable piece of apparatus in the hands of a skilful teacher or conscientious self-educator .... In Bookman, August, igoi. — An incentive the introduction, excellent hints are given as to method in answering to thought. questions, together with ten pages of sound bibliography .... As to the questions, we have tested them over a period with which we are Bookseller, August, igoi. — Mr. Lindsey thoroughly familiar, and find them, though not exhaustive, representa- may be congratulated on the thorough tive of the main currents, some being in the nature of book-work and way in which he has done his work. others of riders. We welcome a series so well planned, and, in this first book at any rate, well executed. All through, the experience of the teacher and examiner is in evidence. Belfast News Letter, nth July, igoi. — The answers are models of ac- d- • u r- ** ..r .v 7 curacy and neatness, and the student who can approach them without Brrmingham Gazette, i,th July, 1901. referring to his books or notes will obtain high marks at his examination. —^^ strongly recommend it. _ . ^ -1 -I-- J.J A ^ Dally News, 26^/2 fxily, 1901. — A very full bibliography of generally County Council Times, xoth August Mailable books ii given, and test papers are set and answered These ^^°^: t,i ■'r'™ ^®y ■/ ■ ^as made should prove valuable to examinees, as showing what examiners want, a notable achievemerit as a pioneer ^^^ jj^^f^ ^^j j^^ ^i,l recommend them to all students who want m educational methods. ,^ 1,^ g^i^= ^ i^ ^1^^;^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^i^^ Echo, 11th July, igoi. — The student who is working for an examination , .v . will find the book of very great value and, indeed, indispensable ; since Educational News, 13^ July, 1901.— it not only supplies him with information, but teaches him by example ^^^ . °°°^ ■""', P'^°^^ °\'°^ utmost how to present his knowledge .... The series .... will materially service to teachers and lecturers m aid in the intelligent study of English History. history. Guardian, nth September, igoi. — The compiler's idea is a novel one, and Glasgow Herald, 6th July, igoi. — Mr. presents features that may be useful to the busy schoolmaster, par- Lindsey has made a careful study of ticularly when the inevitable examinations are approaching, and he his authorities. wishes to test the results of his teaching from a standpoint other than his own. Literary World, 27^ September, igoi. — The author has done his work conscientiously and very satisfactorily. The questions are of high Notes and Queries, yd August, igoi. merit, the hints are practical, and the answers exhibit mach research — A mere eFam bOOk. and notable accuracy. Reading Mercury, I'^th July, igoi. — Intended to benefit the teacher as School World, August, igoi. — A book well as the pupil, with bibliographies for the one and model answers for the practical teacher's library. for the other. The test papers should be useful to boys and girls on the eve of an examination. Teachers' Aid, -zist September, igoi. — We cannot too strongly recommend the book to students of history. The questions have been answered in a scholarly manner, and the answers convey much information Spectator, yd August, igoi. — A useful concerning various topics which cannot be met with in the ordinary contribution to the great present- run of text-books. The style of the answers, too, will materially day art of examining and being ex- assist the learner to reason out certain consequences and inferences amined. for himself, and thus the ability to set out his knowledge in both logical and orderly sequence will be gradually acquired. Weekly Register, 6th September, 1901. — Whether as an educational Westminster Review, September, 1901. adjunct, or as a historical monograph, or as an exhibition of skill and — A remarkable example of industry patient labour, it deserves to be very carefully weighed, both by and scholarship. teachers and learners .... We are attracted by the writer's general honesty. W. HEFFER AND SONS, PUBLISHERS, CAMBRIDGE. ENGLISH HISTORY , 1688—1832. BOOK "G." Synopsis of Contents. Pages. Left-Hand Pages. Pages. Right-Hand Pages. iii, iv Preface and Practical Suggestions. v-vii Reference Summary of the Period. viii Chronological Synopsis of Events. I *Hints on Answering History Questions. 2 Teaching History : Method Questions. 3 Bibliography : Teaching of History. 4 Bibliography : Study of History. 5-8 Bibliography : General British History. 9, 10 Bibliography: Special, 1688-1714. 11-13 Bibliography; Special, 1714-1783. 14-16 Bibliography: Special, 1783-1815. 17-19 Bibliography: Special, 1815-1837. 20 *Notable Topics (300), 1688-1832. 21 *Formulae in History Questions. 22 •^'Thirty " Junior " Questions : 6 Papers. 23 ^Thirty "Senior" Questions: 6 Papers. Pg- Q. I. 1688— 1714. ("Junior.") Pg. Q. I. 1688— 1714. (" Senior,") 24 702 War in Ireland, 1689-1691. 25 707 Constitutional Changes, 1688. 26 708 New Standing Army. 27 713 Act of Settlement and Bill of Rights. 28 718 Anglo- Scottish Union : Causes, Terms. 29 719 Scotland, 1688- 1707. 30 724 Spanish Succession War : Causes, etc. 31 725 Peace of Utrecht : Arguments. 32 728 Ten Names : Persons and Places. II. 1714— 1763. 33 729 Jealousy of Foreigners. II. 1714— 1763. 34 740 George I's Title. 35 739 Hanoverian Foreign Policy. 36 746 Walpole : Career and Ministry. 37 741 Whigs under First Two Georges. 38 752 Septennial Act : Calendar. 39 751 Protestant Nonconformists, 40 754 Charles Edward's Movements, 1745-6. 41 753 Six Acts of Parhament. 42 766 Seven Years' War : Causes, etc. III. 1760 — 1783. 43 767 Austria and George II. III. 1760 — 1783. 44 774 " George, be a King ! " 45 775 George and Ministers, 1780- 1784. 46 786 America v. Great Britain. 47 787 Seven Years' War & Amer. Revolution. 48 788 Treaties of 1763 and 1783. 49 789 Command of the Sea, 1760-1783, 50 792 Irish Autonomy, 1782. 51 793 Ireland, 1760-1782. 52 798 Five Episodes : Importance. IV. 1783— 1815. 53 955 Clive and Warren Hastings. IV, 1783— 1815. 54 802 Pitt, especially 1783-1793. 55 805 Regency Crisis, 1788. 56 808 Fox and Nelson : Public Careers. 57 809 French Revolution and England. 58 818 Anglo-Irish Union : Account. 59 819 Catholic Emancipation : George III. 60 828 Peace of Amiens, 1802-3. 61 829 Four Episodes : Connexions. 62 838 Five Naval Battles : Selection. V. 1815— 1832. 63 839 Six War Incidents, 1793-1815, V. 1815— 1832, 64 844 Three Episodes : " Six Acts," etc. 65 843 Social Discontent after the War, 66 848 Navarino : Circumstances. 67 849 Canning and Castlereagh. 68 856 ReHgious Toleration : George IV, 69 857 Catholic Emancipation : Peel, etc. 70 858 Ten British Statesmen : George IV. 71 859 Industrial Revolution. 72 860 Parliamentary Reform : Abuses. VI. 1688— 1832. 73 861 Parliamentary Reform : Struggle. VI, 1688— 1832. 74 974 Chief Jacobite Attempts. 75 975 Ten Party Names, 1688- 1832. 76 978 Acts of Parliament : George III. 77 979 Parliamentary Reform : Delay. 78 982 Two Parliamentary Unions ; Terms. 79 983 The Two Unions : Circumstances. 80 986 List of Wars in Century XVIII. 81 987 Second Hundred Years' War. 82 990 Notable Events in each Reign. 83 991 Marlborough and Wellington. *NoTiCE. — ^The pages distinguished by asterisks are issued separately, printed on one side of the paper only, and sold in packets at the following rates, prepaid and post-free: — 12 copies, 8d. ; 20 copies, i/- The bibliographies, etc., enumerated above under pp. 1-20, can also be had separately in four-page leaflets (3d. each). The publishers will be pleased to entertain proposals and furnish estimates to teachers or lecturers in History desiring to have any pages supplied in a modified form to meet the needs of special classes. [Pages 1-8, 11-16, 19 also appear in Book D.] Lindsey O