^ A ffj ■m i ■ 1 1 \ . ■ 1U457I Copyright^" COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. THE STORY OF POMONA COLLEGE THE STORY OF POMONA COLLEGE BY CHARLES BURT SUMNER THE PILGRIM PRESS BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO \>^ & ^v Copyright, 1914 by LUTHER H. CARY THE PILGRIM PRESS BOSTON I 12 1915 ©CLA393232 TO THOSE WHO HAVE BUILDED THEIR LIVES INTO THE Foundations of Pomona this story is dedicated CONTENTS CHAPTER Preface I Beginnings II Organization III Early Favoring Conditions . IV Pomona Ideals .... V The First Trustees VI The College Site .... VII Preparatory Work VIII Music and Art .... IX Claremont X President Baldwin's Administration XI The Earlier Professors XII The College Campus . XIII Christian Life at Pomona . XIV President Ferguson's Administration XV Athletics ..... XVI Working Halls . . . XVII President Gates' Administration XVIII Dormitories XIX The Library and the Museum . XX The College Commons and Inn . XXI Additional Trustees XXII Additional Professors . XXIII Dedication Day .... PAGE I 1 16 26 39 52 72 86 103 116 128 152 174 187 203 218 231 247 269 282 297 306 320 334 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XXIV Pomona Organizations 343 XXV Pomona Publications 355 XXVI Financial Helpers 367 XXVII Crises and Campaigns ..... 384 XXVIII President Blaisdell's Administration . 400 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Mary L. Sumner Hall The College "P" on the Mountain . . . . The Original Home of Pomona College in Pomona President Cyrus Grandison Baldwin North prom the Library Steps Greek Theater .... President Franklin La Du Ferguson William Renwick Gymnasium Cyrus W. Holmes^, Jr., Hall . Frank P. Brackett Observatory . President George Augustus Gates A. K. Smiley Hall .... Andrew Carnegie Library D. K. Pearsons Hall op Science . President James Arnold Blaisdell The Pageant Frontispiece "^ facing page . 39^ 75-' 128 150'^ 183- 206 224 "" 232-^^ 245 260^ 280-" 345-^ 380-" 400 414- PEEFACE Eepeatedly in the past few years I have been urged by close friends of the College to write its history. The argument has been: **You have had peculiar opportunities from the beginning of knowing intimately both its external and internal affairs. Its location at Pomona was first suggested and practically assured by you. You assisted in its organization. During the first three years, before the coming of a president, throughout three administrations and so far in the fourth, as an officer on the ground, you have been closely concerned with its policies and its business. For seven years you were on both faculty and Board of Trustees. You must be familiar with facts and experiences, eddies, if not flood-tides and ebb- tides, unknown to any one else now living, with- out which the stream of its history cannot be accurately traced. Besides, you have your own viewpoint. You alone can speak from it. Others must speak from a different angle. The friends of Pomona have a claim on you. Christian educa- tion has a claim on you. The obligation is imme- diate. Delay has ceased to be a virtue. Several of the founders have passed away. Only three of the original members are stiU on the Board of Trustees* Even now, from lack of sources of corr 1^:1 PREFACE rect information, mistakes conveying wrong im- pressions get into publications which should be authoritative. ' ' Commanding responsibilities left me no time even to consider this obligation. At length a se- rious illness, some time after the period of man's activities is supposed to be past, led to more leisure. The approach of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the College, too, gave occasion for thought. Looking the field over carefully, I could see no likelihood that for a long time to come any one else at all familiar with College matters would have the leisure and be in circumstances to justify his undertaking this work. It meant a year or more of time to do it at all adequately, and con- siderable expense, with slow and small return. It was a labor of love. With others, I had fondly hoped that Professor Brackett would be our first historian. But work is particularly crowding him, and he is so essential to the college activities that it would probably be several years, all other things being favorable, before he could possibly undertake the task. Hence I have been led to write from the obser- vations and the experiences at my command, and draw out as best I could the purposes and spirit of the events in connection with the College, trust- ing that one or more besides myself may sooner or later write the history from a different view- PEEFACE point, and that by and by some master band will collect and arrange the data, pass final judgment, and draw out the philosophy, as we who have had an active part in the events narrated could not be expected to do. Such as it is, I have greatly enjoyed the work, and have found very cordial and hearty coopera- tion in it. I am indebted to both Dean Norton and Professor Brackett, among many others, for corrections and suggestions, and to Miss Grace Thomas, not only for much of the hand work, but for helping me to edit the copy. More especially am I indebted to my son. Dr. George Stedman Sumner, for suggestions of a broader and more general character, as well as for something of detail. In spite of the utmost endeavors of the most conscientious writers to avoid all prejudice and bias and unconsidered judgments, it is impossible to narrate events accurately without some per- sonal coloring. Whatever coloring of that sort there may be here is my own, and mine alone is the responsibility for it. [ xiii ] CHAPTEE I BEGINNINGS The first person known to have clierislied the idea of a college in Southern California was Mr. Myron H. Crafts, A native of Whately, Massa- chusetts, and a descendant in direct line of one who came to this country in the Mayflower, Mr. Crafts was an active, virile and most interesting character. At the age of thirteen he left school, and, pushing out for himself, in a few years built up a prosperous business in the City of New York. Induced to return to his native state for business reasons, he remained for some years at Enfield. Here he was married. Eeturning again to New York, he found time to take an active part in establishing the Five Points Mission. His spirit of enterprise at length took him west, and in Jackson, Michigan, his store was thrice burned ^^ because he was an abolitionist.*'* At Dimon- dale, where next he was in business, his wife died. Eemoving to Lansing, he entered the banking business, and after a year or two was called to Detroit as cashier of a bank. Prompted by the * It is an interesting fact that, notwithstanding this experience, a few years later a Sunday school class which he had taught in Jackson sent a silver communion service to the church he was trying to establish in San Bernardino. [1] STOEY OF POMONA COLLEGE same spirit of enterprise that brought him west, a true pioneer, he went to this remote region and invested in the Altoona Eanch, afterwards known as Grafton. This ranch, located to the east of San Bernardino, near and in the foothills, con- tained four hundred and fifty acres, was well wa- tered and very fruitful. At once a pronounced friend of the Indians who remained in this vicin- ity, he employed a large number of them on his ranch. Mr. Crafts, among his many public duties, was associated with Professor and Mrs. Ellison Rob- bins in educational matters. After the death of Professor Eobbins he married Mrs. Eobbins, who had come to California with her husband in 1854. Mrs. Crafts was a bright, efficient woman, a teacher before and after her first marriage, and had a school for Indians in their home at Crafton. Alike in tastes, in ideals and in fundamental purposes, Mr. and Mrs. Crafts were well mated. Both came into this section not primarily to make money, but to make effective lives and to help build up Christian civilization. Their home was attractive and very hospitable. In response to urgent entreaties this home became a sanatorium, where Helen Hunt Jackson stayed two successive seasons and where many another interesting per- sonage, from this State and from the far East, found a favorite resort. One of Mr. Crafts' last acts was to entertain the Congregational Asso- [2] BEGINNINGS elation at his home. Mr. and Mrs. Crafts were ardent workers in Sunday school and church. Through their labors a Congregational church was organized in San Bernardino in 1866. For some years this church worshiped in a hall owned by Mr. Crafts; in 1875 it erected the sec- ond Protestant church building in Southern Cali- fornia, on lots given by him. Mrs. Crafts, by reason of training, and long ex- perience in teaching the higher branches, and Mr. Crafts, from strong New England predilections, were interested in higher education. They re- garded this as one of the most efficient agencies in attaining the kind of civilization they were striving for. Good advocates, in private and in public, they kept these ideals before the commu- nity and before the churches. "When a district Congregational Association was formed they se- cured a provision in the constitution for an Edu- cation Committee, and the passing of a resolution ^ booking toward the establishment of a Christian Academy. ' ' The ministry of the new church was more or less temporary for a few years, but in 1875 Eev. and Mrs. J. T. Ford came from the East to take up the pastoral work. Here were congenial com- panions, and just the sort of helpers needed. Both Mr. and Mrs. Ford were born and bred in New England and thoroughly wedded to New England ideas. The enthusiasm of Mr. and Mrs. [3] STOEY OF POMONA COLLEGE Crafts was contagious, and very soon the new pastor and his wife were as ardent advocates of higher education in Southern California as they. Together they labored for years before the time seemed ripe to push their project. The field was a hard one. The strong Mormon influence that had prevailed in this region for several years had not been helpful toward the propagation of New England ideas of religion or education. But set- tlers of a better sort came, gradually increasing the number of churches, until in 1883 it was deemed wise to propose in the Association the election of a large, strong, representative Educa- tion Committee from the various churches, and to authorize it to * ^ establish a Christian Academy or College." By unanimous vote such a commit- tee of seven members was chosen. The Commit- tee was made permanent, that it might be able to form large and adequate plans, with time to exe- cute them. This action was clearly an advance on the part of the churches towards the ideal of Mr. Crafts and Mr. Ford, in that the possibility of a college was recognized, in place of the academy first called for. During the next two years the growth was more rapid, and new churches multiplied rapidly. At the end of that time the Education Committee re- ported to the Association their purpose **to es- tablish a college of the New England type. " This [4] BEGINNINGS declaration was received with enthusiasm. Evi- dently the churches as well as the Committee had progressed beyond the thought of an academy or one of those low-grade, half-fledged institutions with the name '^college/' so common in pioneer communities, and felt that they must have a college of recognized character. The Commit- tee's way of putting their purpose is suggestive. Here they were, diagonally across the Continent three thousand miles from New England, and yet they naturally referred to its institutions as well understood for their standards and their work; and they made no mistake. Their reference was understood and approved. The year following this report of progress by the Education Committee was the famous year of 1886-87, referred to often as the ^'boom days" of Southern California. It was a most interesting period of its history. Particularly the winter of that year was a season of phenomenal activity. People came flocking into this region from every direction. Hotels were full and running over. Private houses were full. Crowds were on the streets of the cities and on the trains, and all manifested great interest in local movements. A multitude of men and many women were in the real estate business. Lands, especially city lots, were in demand at private sale and at auction. An auction of city lots was a great affair, often drawing together thousands of people, many of [5] STOEY OF POMONA COLLEGE them eager to invest. New enterprises were springing up like mushrooms in a night. People entered into these undertakings, lent their names and invested their money in a strangely thought- less and reckless way. The speculative spirit pre- vailed to a degree almost beyond belief to one who had not personally witnessed similar movements in the Middle West, as in St. Paul and Minneap- olis, Chicago and Kansas City. Indeed Southern California far outran the experiences of those cities. Men very generally at that time thought and planned with reference to the future of this section as if the future in its majesty were al- ready realized. Hesitancy, question, doubt of such realization, were almost unknown. To a new- comer the largeness of the plans and enterprises conceived and entered upon was as surprising as their number and their character. In nothing was this expansiveness of thought and action more noticeable than in religious and educational concerns. Churches were springing up in a day — often one, two, or three — ^where a settlement had hardly begun. In fact, sites given for churches to the different denominations were inducements to purchase property. One denomi- nation after another talked of an academy or col- lege. Some aspired to a university with allied schools. Each sect was anxious to have its own educational institution. The idea of uniting with other sects in higher education in such a field as [6] BEGINNINGS Southern California met with little toleration. Often an essential part of the larger land schemes was a plan for an educational institution. It was surprising to see how popular the idea of higher education had become. Nothing drew at- tention and fed the flames of excitement like the prospect of a college or a university. The promi- nence of this consideration so early in local his- tory reminded one of the early days of New England, where in less than a score of years after the landing of the Mayflower, Harvard College had its beginning. Then one 's mind ran along the pages of history to Yale, Dartmouth, Williams, Oberlin, Beloit, Drury, Carleton, Yankton, Forest Grove and Whitman — the whole line of Congrega- tional colleges, not to speak of others, extending across the Continent. Evidently the same spirit pervaded this new section of the country so cos- mopolitan in its population. The settlers, so few at first, if not already fa- miliar with the New England type of Christian education, were acquainted with it as their num- bers grew. The increase of the early eighties was more and more rapid, until with the great inrush of people in 1886-87 the churches were multiplied in numbers, grew in importance, and were ready to assert their strength. The future prosperity of Southern California was felt to be assured. Every one was full of hope and expectation. With the multitude, the churches began to live in the fu- [7] STOEY OF POMONA COLLEGE ture. The nucleus had been so thoroughly indoc- trinated with the idea of Christian education, and so many of the newcomers were the product of Christian education, that all hailed with gladness the reported progress of the Education Commit- tee. They were ready for action. Every com- munity was keenly alive to the situation. The College was an immediate necessity, a matter of course. ** Where shall it be located"?" was the question on many lips. It must be accessible to all. Selfish considerations must not prevail. It must have spacious grounds, and much money would be needed to build, equip and maintain it. Ideals were high. The location would have a commer- cial as well as a moral value. The first proposition which came to the Educa- tion Committee seemed on its face attractive. It was from the Land Company of Beaumont, a village on the Southern Pacific Railroad near the edge of what was then called *^the desert." By invitation a visit was made by the Committee to Beaumont, to examine the property and weigh the proposition. Messrs. Ford, Hunt, "Wells and Beattie of the Committee, and Mr. Sumner by special invitation, under the guidance of Mr. A. H. Judson, representing the Land Company, spent a day and night on the ground. This was March 31, 1887. It was the height of the season in this region. Everything in the realm of nature vas at its best. Much had been done in the way [8] BEGINNINGS of development and something in tlie way of beau- tifying Beaumont. All were delighted with the appearance and the possibilities of the place. The hotel was new, comfortable and well kept. The evening was spent around an open fire in dis- cussing college matters, past, present and future. College questions were by no means new to the little company. To one who had just come to this section the most vivid impression now remaining is the prevailing optimism, the supreme confi- dence and even enthusiasm with which all looked forward to the undertaking of building a college. Another memory is of the recognition of the di- vine hand in the college enterprise, and with it a sublime idealism. A great future was foreshad- owed. There was no trace of anxiety. The way was clear, the time ripe, the forces ready, the out- come as certain as the laws of nature. The ques- tion came surging back again and again to that newcomer, what did this mean? These men had long had this matter in mind; they knew all the conditions. "Whence this confidence? "Was it the inspiration of an all-wise Providence, or was it simply one phase of the prevailing optimism in Southern California? It was well that the future was hidden in the glamor of the hour. "Who shall say that these men could have borne the test had all the future been revealed to them? On the other hand, their idealism fell far short of what the present dis- [9] STOEY OF POMONA COLLEGE closes. They reasoned from the history of other like colleges. Could they have looked beyond the present on the larger success in store, the inter- vening burdens would have seemed of little moment. The next morning the following vote was passed: ** Whereas, the founding of a college of the New England type in Southern California is desirable; and Whereas Beaumont offers great climatic advantages, with the prospect of secur- ing donations of grounds for campus, and lands estimated to yield two hundred thousand dollars ; therefore, Resolved ; That the committee view the location of a college at this point with favor, and will so report to the Association in May. Also Resolved: That if certain lands are secured, ful- filling the above expectations, we are heartily in favor of locating the college at this point, and will contract for the same prior to the meeting of the Association if necessary.'' A week after the visit to Beaumont the Com- mittee was invited to examine a proposition from Lugonia, in what is now a part of Redlands. Again by request Mr. Sumner acted with the Committee. The site was commanding and at- tractive, the very spot Mr. Sumner, spending a vacation in California, had visited three years before under Mr. Ford's guidance as that se- lected by Deacon Crafts and Mr. Ford for the Col- lege. This offer, too, included with the campus a [ 10 ] BEGINNINGS liberal subscription in land and money, in value estimated at one hundred and eighty thousand dollars. The prospect of a choice between two such propositions was most encouraging. And yet to some of those inspecting them, neither of the two was ideal. The questions were asked whether it would not be possible to secure a place more eas- ily accessible to all Southern California, and whether a site might not be found in a better all- the-year-round climate. At that time the means of communication was very different from what it is today, and the possibilities of **the desert'^ had not yet been brought to light. Imperial County, already so rich and prosperous, had not found a place even in the imagination. Just these objections, at all events, led to hon- est efforts to find another location. As usual, searching was rewarded by finding — this time an ideal site. It was on a mesa near the foothills five miles north of Pomona, and had just come into the hands of Mr. H. A. Palmer, one of the most active supporters of the movement for a Congregational church at Pomona. The land was supposed to be very valuable. Parties were seek- ing it for a tourist hotel. An appeal was made to Mr. Palmer, and not in vain. The College would help the Church, and the Church would help the College. Mr. Palmer gave eighty acres. It was Saturday evening when he put pen to pa- [ 11 ] STOEY OF POMONA COLLEGE per. That same night the Misses Wheeler, two ladies from Boston who were spending the win- ter in Pomona, added forty acres adjoining Mr. Palmer's eighty, and other persons gave one thousand dollars in money. With this start the matter was put before the congregation the next morning at the close of the church service, and was received kindly and heartily. The result was a subscription in land and money from Pomona and vicinity estimated to yield one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. At the May meeting of the District Association all the churches of like faith united to form the General Association of Congregational Churches of Southern California. This General Associa- tion appointed the Education Committee of the District Association as its Education Committee, adding five new members and thus making a strong committee of twelve. Full power was given this Committee to act on any and all matters pertaining to the location and organization of a college, with instructions to decide on the location within thirty days. Such limitation in so weighty a matter shows clearly the mercurial temper of the popular mind in real estate matters. The Beaumont proposition had already been with- drawn, and the Lugonia proposition was with- drawn before the final action of the Committee. An offer from Pasadena and one from Kiver- side were in the air, and their presentation [12] BEGINNINGS was expected, but they did not mature. Such matters could not wait. Quick action was a necessity. A meeting of the enlarged committee was called for May 18 at The First Congregational Church, Los Angeles. The burning of a neighboring build- ing compelled adjournment, and the meeting was held the next morning at ten o'clock. All the members were present except Messrs. Weitzel and Mack: namely, Messrs. Beattie, Ford, Hunt, Mills, Murphy, Oakley, Park, Sheldon, Smith and Wells. After full and free discussion, informal action was taken on the site to be accepted. A very large majority voted for the site near Po- mona. This informal action was then made for- mal by a unanimous vote. The approval was contingent on a guaranteed water supply, which was afforded later by Mr. Palmer. The Commit- tee then elected nine trustees in the following or- der : Eev. James T. Ford of San Bernardino, Mr. Henry K. W. Bent of Pasadena, Andrew J. Wells of Long Beach, Mr. Henry A. Palmer of Oakland, Eev. Charles B. Sumner of Pomona, Eev. Charles B. Sheldon of Pomona, Mr. Seth Eichards of Boston, Massachusetts, Eev. James H. Harwood, D.D., of San Diego, and Mr. Nathan W. Blan- chard of Santa Paula. The decision as to the number which was to constitute the Board of Trustees, and the election of others if any others were required, were left [13;] STORY OF POMONA COLLEGE to the nine trustees chosen. It was further voted as the sense of the Committee **that a majority of the Board of Trustees should always be members of Congregational churches, and that this provision should be put in the deed of conveyance." The Committee then adjourned sine die. Thus the desire amongst Congregationalists to have an institution of higher education in South- ern California had grown and developed into a purpose to build a college of the New England type, a purpose so strong that it commanded the supreme attention and most considerate action of their assembled churches in the very first, and so peculiarly important, meeting of their General Association. The Association, with a manifest ap- preciation of the real nature of their action and in full assurance of the future, prepared the way for the establishment of such a college by the se- lection of a location, by setting apart a self -per- petuating body of representative men entrusted with its organization and destiny, and still fur- ther by putting into their hands funds deemed sufficient to start the enterprise on a scale com- mensurate with the ideals of these historic churches. Surely this was the worthy action of no mean body, and an action of no mean significance. It was nothing less than the first official act in the launching of Pomona College, which for twenty- [14] BEGINNINGS ^ve years already, alike in the home land and across Continent and oceans, in far distant non- Christian lands, has been offering her * ' tribute to Christian civilization. ' ' [15] CHAPTEE II OEGANIZATION It would be difficult to portray in too glowing colors the confident expectations, widely prev- alent in this section at the time the College was located, as to the future of Southern California. A dense population was speedily to have filled these valleys and mounted upon these hillsides; institutions were to have multiplied in number and developed in character with a rapidity far beyond belief even at the present day; this little section of territory was to have become in a few years a potent factor in our own country and in the Far East. Equally difficult would it be to exaggerate the prevailing change in conditions that took place, beginning but a few months after the events nar- rated at the close of the previous chapter. The visitors disappeared and none came to take their places ; artisans in great numbers were returning to the East; many enterprises were abandoned; financial failures were common; mortgages were prevalent; nearly every one was depressed in spirits ; croakers were on every hand. It was hard to get a hearing for any enterprise, however .it^ood and great, whether it were in distress or in a [16] ORGANIZATION hopeful condition. People were deaf to appeals, for the most part with good reason, for money in circulation was little seen. Artists could hardly paint the atmosphere too gray or the surroundings too forbidding, into which the college enterprise, just set forth with such bright prosx)ects, was doomed to enter. Even before the organization was completed threatening signs were in evidence. It required all the courage and impetus gained from earlier success to stem the current and push on toward the goal. When troubles began to thicken beyond endurance, it happened, as has frequently been the case in Pomona's history, that a kind Prov- idence at the opportune moment interposed in her behalf. Great confidence was reposed in the Education Committee of the General Association. Every one felt that these men would be free from prej- udice and selfish consideration and that their ac- tion would be far-reaching, conservative and wise. The churches were prepared to receive with favor their decision and the plans they should outline. The location determined upon was as- suredly the best available, and was accepted as ideal. The nine trustees, appointed from homes well scattered over the Southland, were of recog- nized fitness and known to be heartily committed to the enterprise. Not a word of grumbling was heard; no petty jealousy was manifest; no heart- [17] STOEY OF POMONA COLLEGE burnings were discovered. There was a great and wide-spread sense of relief and supreme sat- isfaction that the enterprise, actually started on so broad a basis, was entrusted to such admirable managers. The full importance of this general confidence could hardly have been understood at the time. Experience has revealed the fact that the secur- ing and the maintaining of confidence in the ad- ministration of its affairs, from the beginning unto the present day, have been prominent fac- tors in the success of the College. The effect is seen not only as objective, in winning approval more and more widely and in retaining the loy- alty of our constituency, but also as subjective, in cheering, sustaining and strengthening the Board of Trustees and the Faculty in days of trial and distress. With every one in a waiting and expectant at- titude, few days could be allowed to pass after the adjournment of the Education Committee be- fore the appointees met to carry forward the or- ganization. At successive meetings the number of the trustees was fixed at fifteen, and the fol- lowing men were elected to fill out the quota: Judge Anson Brunson of Los Angeles, Rev. T. C. Hunt of Riverside, Rev. D. D. Hill of Pasadena, Mr. George W. Marston of San Diego, Mr. El- wood Cooper of Santa Barbara and Rev. J. K. McLean, D.D., of Oakland. The name of the Col- [18] ORGANIZATION lege was repeatedly discussed, and votes were taken without agreement. Finally ** Piedmont, ' ' the name given to the village to be built up about the College, was adopted. This was later changed to *^ Pomona,'' * temporarily, " as a concession to the city of Pomona, which had secured the change of name of the Santa Fe station between Piedmont and Pomona to ** North Pomona," in order to link the College more closely to that city. Finally, Articles of Incorporation, endorsed by Judge Brunson, were adopted and ordered filed. These Articles of Incorporation gave the name, *'The Pomona College"; the purpose, to build and maintain a college and a preparatory school or schools, distinctively Christian but not secta- rian, to be open to both sexes ; the location of the College, near North Pomona; the location of the preparatory school or schools, wherever desirable within the limits of the State ; the number of trus- tees, fifteen, a majority of whom must be mem- bers of Congregational churches. Then follow the names of the Trustees, and the names of some of the subscribers to the funds of the College, with the amounts subscribed. When the incorporation papers were returned, a meeting of the Board of Trustees was called, as required by law, for the adoption of by-laws. This meeting was held October 6, 1887, at the temporary home of Mr. C. B. Sumner, a house of five rooms situated on the west side of San [19] STOEY OF POMONA COLLEGE Antonio Avenue, just north of the Santa Fe rail- road. There were present Messrs. Blanchard, Ford, Hill, Hunt, Marston, Palmer, Sheldon, Sumner and Wells. The Committee on By-laws, Messrs. Hill, Palmer and Sumner, reported by- laws copied with modifications from those of a similar college in the Middle West. Each article was taken up and discussed. These discussions were a revelation of the personality of the mem- bers of the Board of Trustees. They proved themselves to be earnest, thoughtful men, not without experience in educational matters, intent on what they felt to be a great work. At times the room was pervaded by a sense of the gravity and sacredness of the task which was little short of oppressive. The discussion often turned upon different theories and fundamental principles of education, developing a wide range of thought and familiarity with these high themes. The at- tention of the Trustees was keen and absorbing. All day long and far into the night the discussion continued without flagging of interest. Article after article was adopted, and finally the by-laws as a whole were approved. When this work was finished, the formal organization of the Board was effected by the election of Mr. H. A. Palmer as President of the Corporation, Mr. Nathan W. Blanchard as Vice President, Mr. C. B. Sheldon as Treasurer, Mr. C. B. Sumner as Secretary, and Messrs, Palmer, Sheldon, Bent, Ford and [-20] OEGANIZATION Sumner as Executive Committee. On the ad- journment of the meeting one of the Trustees went home with Mr. Palmer, two accepted a prof- fered room at a neighbor's home, and the good cheer with which the rest adapted tliemselves to cramped quarters for the night proved them true pioneers, ready to accept thankfully the dictates of necessity. Pomona College was incorporated under the general laws of California for ^^corporations without profit.'' The president of the corpora- tion must be a member of the Board of Trustees and be elected to that office annually. If the president of the faculty, the college president, is not a member of the Board of Trustees, there must be two presidents or heads, one of the cor- poration and one of the College. President Bald- win, at his own request, was not made a member of the Board of Trustees; neither was President Blaisdell until the adoption of a new code of by- laws, in 1913, in accordance with which he was elected a member of the Board. Presidents Fer- guson and Gates were severally made trustees and presidents of the corporation. There have been some changes in both the cor- porate law and the by-laws. In 1898 the word <