Class _£V44__ Book d 2 .h_ GopyiiglitN"_ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 7^ MISSOURI THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., Limited LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO TARR AND McMURRY GEOGRAPHIES S UPPLEMENTA R Y I 'OL UME MISSOURI J. U. BARNARD PRINCIPAL HrXIBOLDT SCHOOL, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1908 All rights reserved U8«ARY Of OONoSe^ Two CeplM HecetvAi MAR ]8lii03 iU8» Ol. XXc. no. oopy'b. Copyright, 1908, By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published March, 1908. NoriDooli i^rfgs I. S. CushiiiK Co. — Herwiuk & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. PREFACE The author has aimed to get hold of the salient facts and forces whicli have made the state of Missouri what it is. The contour of the region, the character of its soil, the products of its farms and factories, and the centers of commerce, together with the means of transportation, have been chosen as the main subjects for treatment in these pages. Place geography has been enforced by presenting products in their proper relation to their origin, as it has been gen- erally admitted that isolated facts have small value, and that cor- related ideas lead back to great principles and systems. Causes are here reached by a study of effects as concrete results. While the adult may go from causes to effects, the child most naturally goes from effects to causes. What is it, whence came it, how did it come to be as it is, is the order of the child-mind. The common things of the everyday lives of the pupils are rich with materials for training and culture, and the teacher should learn their value in teaching local and state geography. With but few exceptions, the illustrations found in the volume are from original sources, and the author hopes they will add clear- ness and interest to the discussion. J. U. BARNARD. Principal Humboldt School, Kansas City, Missouri, February 25, 1908. CONTENTS Historical Development General Geographical Features of the State The Soils of the State Agriculture and Horticulture The Mineral Wealth of the State Live Stock and Poultry Manufactuuincj Interests State Government State Institutions Transportation Cities and Towns of the State Appendix : Value of Surplus Products by Counties Statistics of Counties .... Cities with Population between 1,000 and :5.000 Cities with Population of o.OOO and over . PAGE 1 MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS The Capitol at Jefferson City Frontispiece ^ Map of Missouri fa^'i^m 1 -^ The Mississippi Valley 1 Missouri and her Neighbors *2 Platte Purchase 5 A Modern Farmhouse 6 Principal Surface Divisions . 8 Relief Map of Missouri fadnff ^ Scene in the Rolling Prairie in Cass County 9 Principal Soils of the State 12 Meadow and Cornfields in Saline County 15 Principal Cotton Counties of Missouri 1(3 One of the Products of the Garden 17 An Apple Orchard at Willow Spring .18 Packing Peaches for Shipment at St. Elmo 19 A Steam Drill at Work 21 Lead, Zinc, and Coal 22 View of Zinc Mine near Joplin 28 The Head of a Fine Herd in Cass County 24 A Herd of Herefords feeding in a Rich Valley in Jackson County . . .25 A Car-load of Fine INIissouri IVIules 26 P'ine Chickens from Jackson County 27 A View at Washington, including the Cob-pipe Factory .... 28 Senatorial Districts 80 Congressional Districts .31 Judicial Circuits 83 Congressional Township 34 Main Buildings of Normal School at Kirksville 35 Academic Hall, Cape Girardeau Normal School 30 General View of Buildings, Warrensburg Normal School . . . .87 University of Missouri — Administration Building 88 Mississippi River Steamer 40 ix MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE City Hall, St. Louis . . .• 43 The Long Bridge across the INIississippi River at St. Louis . . . .45 ]\Iissouri Wharf at Kansas City 46 In the Retail Section of Kansas City 47 Sheep from the Pastures ready for the I^Iarket 49 View of Zinc Mines at Joplin . 51 Avery's Bluif, Noel, Missouri .52 In the Cypress Swamps in Southeast IMissouri ...... 55 A Beautiful Scene among the Many in the Southern Part of the State . . 56 MISSOURI !\ - t I i g I i @ 1 t I f ; ^ 3 ^ I I I I I iM. = V/5i, (if ^^,*^'"'V-Jj^ ^ 5'! MISSOURI HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Growth. — Missouri occupies a central position in the LTnited States. In population and material resources she ranks fifth among the states of the country. Her development has been rapid, and her growth in the elements of strength has been satisfactory to lier citizens (Fig. 2). The first settlers came from the North and the East, and from the lands beyond the sea. At a later time they came from Vir- ginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky, — a hardy, industri- ous, and intelli- gent people bent upon making homes in the then new West. Mis- souri has kept Fk;. -2. The Mississippi Viilley. pace with the progress of the surrounding states ; her central posi- tion in the Mississippi Valley, her fertile soil, and favorable cli- mate liave contributed much to her great progress and develo})ment (Fig. 3). Explorations. — Explorers, many of them, came to "sp}' out the land," but as a rule little of permanent value was accomplished by them. Some were looking for personal wealth, — gold and silver and precious gems, — while others desired to add to the possessions 1 2 MISSOURI of their own countries. Perhaps the most important thing they did was to make known the riches of the soil of the new country, the value and extent of its mineral wealth, and the promise of reward for honest toil. I)e Soto. — Among the men whose desire led them to hunt for fame and wealth in the new country was Hernando de Soto, a Spanish explorer, who spent much time in conquest. He succeeded ^^"^H %- [•'; 1 1 B R A ^-l I W A i ^ V^ "^ ^ A s K A ^1 y ^ i i r %^ME^TOATsi ^ ) 1 i 1 1 — .-1- l^^^s^s^^V HOGS V^ O 1 Kansas IK^^S^^ " /" L ■ \'"" "^';:/.o- )j-s^v-4 i 1 i 1 j j ^7/ T E N N. OKLAHOMA JR j 1 ARKANSAS^ --I ■ ' 1 1 ^~""^^- ^'-^---, I'm I s si i l( 1 i Fig. 3. Missouri and her Neighbors. in acquiring half a million dollars, and fitted out an expedition to the New World. Attracted by the reports of fabulous wealth to be found in Florida and in the region beyond, he landed at Tampa Bay and traveled over the country to the Mississippi River, which he reached in 1541. Here at the lower Chickasaw Bluff, a short distance below the present site of Memphis, Tennessee, De Soto and his men crossed the Mississippi and entered Missouri near New Madrid County. Spurred on by further promise of wealth, he changed his course to the westward and penetrated the state some two hundred miles, probably well into the Ozark Mountains. He found his way to Hot Springs, Arkansas, where he passed tlie winter of 1541-1542. But De Soto's men grew discouraged and became desperate. They HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 6 turned again toward the sea and turned back to the Mississippi, near the city of Natchez. Here De Soto was seized with a malignant fever from which he soon died. " In the midst of the solemn night his sorrowful companions wrapped the dead hero's body in a flag, and rowing out a distance from shore, sunk it in the Mississippi." Marquette and Joliet. — In the year 1673 Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, and Joliet, a fur trader, moved Ao\ni from the North and entered the Mississippi River. For a full month their canoes carried them to the South, beyond the mouth of tlu; Arkansas River, to within a short distance of the southern line of the state by that name. They turned their boats up-stream and entered the mouth of the Illinois. Marquette gave attention to his work as a mission- ary among the Indians, while Joliet looked after matters of trade, giving out hatchets and trinkets in exchange for articles which he secured from the Indians. La Salle. — In 1062 La Salle explored the Mississi[)[)i River to its mouth and in formal way took possession of tlie entire country in the name of France. Thus, for the first time, a detinite claim was made to this territory which La Salle called Louisiana in honor of his king. In the fifty years which followed many attempts were made at settlements, but always with a view to mining gold and silver. In 1705 a prospecting party of French ascended the Mis- souri River to the present site of Kansas City. At a still later date an expedition was led into the interior of the state from the south- east, over the Ozark Mountains to the Osage River ; and then on to the west for a distance of about one hundred miles. Most of their time was taken up, however, with hunting and fishing and mining. Settlement. — It was not until 1735 that a permanent settlement was effected in this territory. This was at Ste. Genevieve, within tliree miles of the present town of that name, some sixty miles to the south of St. Louis. The people traded with the Indians and learned to mine the lead they found there in such abundance. After preparing it for the market, the lead was shipped down the river in boats to New Orleans and thence to France. St. Louis. — St. Louis was the second important i)ermanent settlement made on Missouri soil. Pierre LacltMlc, a shrewd busi- ness man, was the founder of the place. He secured a monopoly of the fur trade with the Indians, explored the region about the Mississippi, cleared away the timber for the town, and established 4 MISSOURI a lucrative business. This was about 1764. Here was the begin- ning of the largest city in the state. St. Charles. — About this time, probably later (1769), St. Charles was founded. The meaning of tlie original name was "The Village of the Hills." It was the seat of the first forts that were built for the protection of the people against the attacks of the savages. Many Indian wars were fought here, and numerous massacres occuri-ed in the place. Change of Ownership. — It was in 1763 that France ratified a treaty by which she surrendered her title to Missouri, and Spain acquired ownership of the territory, while England got possession on the east of the Mississippi. Many of the French on the east side of the river, desiring to escape English rule, crossed over into Missouri, thus greatly increasing the number of French, inhabitants under Spanish rule. Spanish rule in Missouri was very satisfactory to the people. The lands were systematically surveyed, grants of land previously made were confirmed, and confidence was greatly strengthened. The people were not burdened with taxes, and the spirit of freedom pervaded the colonies. By secret negotiations, however, about the year 1800, France came again into possession of the country. In recent years the number of inhabitants had been constantly increasing. New colonies had been established, and these had made rapid growth, so that by 1800 the entire population of Missouri exceeded six thousand people. In less than four years from this time, when the transfer from France to the United States was made, the number had increased to more than nine thousand. Louisiana Purchase. — France held the territory for a compara- tively short time. Several circumstances contributed most strongly to bring about a transfer of the territory to the United States : — 1. England was at war with Napoleon, and she was in a position to thwart any effort he might make to take possession of the terri- tory in a definite way. 2. Napoleon needed all the forces at his command to operate on land, and he saw that he could not successfully oppose the move- ments of England. 3. He was also greatly in need of money to meet the expenses of the army. 4. In addition to these discouragements which confronted Napo- leon, President Jefferson was protesting against France making any attempt to assume control of the territory. HISTOEICAL DEVELOPMENT ATCHISON ! j ! N U A W A Y ' Under such conditions as these, and l)eing especially anxious to put the territory beyond the control of England, Napoleon offered to sell it to the United States. Terms were arranged, and the pur- chase was made in 1803 for tlie sum of fifteen million dollars. In 1804 the formal transfer was made to the United States, and nine hundred thousand S(j[uare miles of territory were added to our domain. Daniel Boone. — Daniel Boorie, the great liunter and explorer of these early times, moved from Ken- tucky to Missouri in 1795 and settled in what is now Warren County. He did great service to his country by his explorations. Congress gave him one thousand acres of land in recognition of the services he had rendered. He died in 1820 in St. Charles County, about six miles from the Missouri River. After a })eriod of twenty-five years his remains and those of liis wife were taken back to Kentucky, wliere they were reinterred with pomp and ceremony. The Platte Purchase. — Six counties constitute what is known as the Platte Purchase, a triangular eorner of the state situated between the Missouri River and a line drawn from the mouth of the Kansas River due north to the Iowa border. This tract was ceded to the United States by the Sac, Fox, and Iowa Indians, and by an act of Congress in 1837 it became a part of the state of Missouri (Fig. 4). Such movements as those discussed above — the discoveries, settlements, and purchases of large areas of country — tell the story of the geographical growth of a great section of the United States. Life of the Pioneer. — The lot of the pioneer was not an easy one. In the first place the soil was in its primitive or wild state. The timbered regions were covered with natural forests, composed of hickory, elm, ash, oak, walnut, and maple. These lands were cleared off and fenced by the settlers and made ready for the crops. In the prairie country the tough sod was broken out by heavy teams ; usually the ox team was in use, For a time there were no sawmills, Fig. 4. Platte Purchase. 6 MISSOURI no factories of any kind. The dwellings were log houses, made of timbers taken from the forests, hewed flat with hand axes, and fitted together by saddle-notches. Hand-made clapboards were their shingles, and their doors were made out of rough boards, while the lock and hinges were of wood. Cook stoves were not in use, and farm machinery was of the crudest type. Modern Ideas. — In later years modern methods have been introduced everywhere, — in the house, on the farm, and in the shop. fi- ' .A^-" Fig. 5. A Modern Farmhouse. Labor-saving machinery is in general use, and old plans of w^ork have passed away. We have modern plows, harrows, and wagons ; and reapers, threshers, and planters are in common use. The log (;abin has long since clisappeared, and the substantially built dwelling, providing for every comfort and convenience, has taken its place (Fig. 5). Towns and cities have developed out of the needs of the people, and the great factory, provided with every form of machinery, does the work of a thousand men. Expansion. — The history of the expansion of government in the state is an interesting one, but it is too lengthy for recital here. The first legislative body, known as the council, was composed of GENERAL GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE STATE 7 one member from each of the five counties into which the state was divided. These counties were Cape Girardeau, New Madrid, St. Charles, Ste. (lenevieve, and St. I^ouis. On August 10, 1821, Missouri was admitted as a state, with twenty-four counties. At the present time there are one hundred and fourteen counties and the city of St. Louis. The city of St. Louis is without county organization, but sustains to the state the same rehitions as a county. ' Extent. — From the Mississippi River on the east to the Kansas line on the west it is 320 miles, and from the Iowa line on the nortli to the Arkansas line on the south it is 328 miles. The total area of the state is 69,415 square miles, 680 square miles being water surface. Practical Qitestions. — (1) Give a short account of the dispute which arose in Congress over tlie question of slavery at the time of the admission of Mis- souri into the Union. ("2) Who were the Confederate soldiers? The Federal soldiers? (:5) Did Missouri secede from the Union? (4) Should the remams of Daniel Boone have been kept upon ]\[issouri soil? (5) Trace the course of De Soto from Tampa Bay to Missouri and back to the place of his death and burial. Make a diagram of the route. GENERAL GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE STATE Surface Divisions. — The surface of the state divides itself into two great sections, the prairie section and the Ozark or elevated region. The two are loosely separated by a line drawn from Lamar to Sechdia, and from Sedalia through Warrenton, and on to the river a few miles below St. Louis. On tlie east and south of tliis line is found the rougher and mountainous region of the state, and on the west and north of it is found the prairie section. Prairie Region. — Most of the northern part of the state is a level prairie country, diversified with valleys and slightly elevated regions. Ridges and broken mounds break the monotony of the level stretches of the smoother country (Fig. 6). Where once native wild grasses covered thousands of acres we now find every product of field and meadow. With some exceptions the prairie section is well watered and contains highly cultivated agricultural lands. From the southern and southeastern border of this section the elevation gradually rises from six or eight liundred feet to an altitude of about eleven liundred feet in the northwestern part of the 8 MISSOURI state (Fig, 7). That portion which includes Hannibal and Louisiana is covered with bluffs and valleys, once covered with a tine quality of oak and elm timber. The southern part of the prairie section is especially well suited to the raising of a fine quality of winter wheat. The streams of the prairie section are fringed with timber, while the alluvial soils are among the richest and most jiroductive. The lower Fig. (i. Principal Surface Divisions. prairies are found in the eastern portion, while the higher prairies are found in the western part. Ozark Region. — This region lies in the southern part of tlie state, almost entirely on the south side of the Missouri River. The altitude of this section is much higher than any other portion of the state, rising from eight hundred to seventeen hundred feet above the level of the sea. This is the rugged part of the state where a large number of hills, or a series of hills, is found, with' many val- leys, more or less abrupt. In many parts the valleys are narrow and GENERAL GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE STATE 9 steep. The highest elevations are in Wright and Webster counties. Limestones, sandstones, and granites are found in different parts of the section, the limestone formation predominating. In the southern part of the state, including about eight counties, are large quantities of lands which were at one time worthless swamps. These have been thoroughly dried by a system of drainage, and they now pro- duce immense crops of corn and cotton. v-fc ' ^.. j#if^ "'i^r-Si^Mi^i. ^^^•tf'.'v^-! Scene in the Rolling Fniirie in Cass County Ozark Border. — Between the prairie and Ozark regions is what is termed the Ozark border. The extremes and variety of elevation of the two great divisions of tiie state are less marked here. (See Fig. 6.) Drainage. — From what has been said the drainage of the state will be easily understood. Missouri has two of the largest rivers in the world. The INIississippi River touches the entire eastern border of the state and drains extensive areas of land. The Missouri washes the northwestern part of the state, turns eastward at Kansas City, runs across the state, and enters the Mississippi a few miles 10 MISSOURI north of the city of St. Louis, making a distance of more than six hundred and fifty miles. Tributaries. — The Chariton, Grand, Phitte, and Nodoway are the principal rivers which enter the Missouri River from the north. The Fox, Salt, Fabius, and Cuivre rivers of northeast Missouri flow into the Mississippi. The waters of the Nishnabotna, One Hundred and Two, Platte, Grand, and Chariton find their way into the Missouri from the north ; while those of the Big Sniabar, Blue, Lamine, Osage, and Gasconade reach the Missouri from the south. The Des Peres and the Meramec, together with a large number of creeks, rising on the south of the Missouri, flow into the Mississippi ; while the Castor, the Little, the St. Francis, and the Black rivers move southwardly into the Arkansas and thence into the ^Mississippi. Current River, Eleven Point, White River, and many smaller tribu- taries carry off the waters of the southern slope of the Ozark Hills. Elk and Spring rivers drain off the waters of the southwestern portion of tlie state. Living Water. — iNIany very fine springs are found in the Ozark region of the state. Many of them are large enough and furnish force enough for the operation of mills and other factories. These large springs are numerous, especially in the southern counties, where, in some cases, ten million cubic feet of water is discharged each day. Throughout the j)rairie section of the state water is secured in great quantity for man and beast by boring, driving, and digging wells. Caves. — In the rougher portions of the state, mostly south of the Missouri, there are many interesting caves. The stalagmites and stalactites found in tlie chambers and the lakes discovered in some of them are objects of profitable study. The Hannibal cave, not far from the Mississippi River, just south of Hannibal, Cliff cave, thirteen miles south of St. Louis, Fiede's cave, and others in Phelps County, and the saltpeter caves along the Gasconade River are among the most important. The saltpeter from numerous caves in the state was at one time the source of profit in the making of gunpowder. Timber. — The timber products of ^Missouri surpass those of her neighljois, witli tlie possible exception of Arkansas. Forests of yellow pine, cypress, gum, and poplar are found in the southeastern portion of the state. Immense plants for the manufacture of lumber liave been established at favorable points in this section. Hardwoods G EN Ell A L GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE STATE 11 in large quantities are located in the southern part of the state and to a limited extent in other sections. jNIillions of feet are shipped over this and otlier states. Walnut, liickory, maple, and, in some places, cedar are worked in the uncleared areas of the state. Many of the most valua])lc s[)C('ies of timl)er are raj^idly disappearing, among them being wahiut and hard maple. Building Stone. — In almost every section of the state good building stone is quarried, and in some parts large quantities are taken. Some (i[ualities are shipped to other states. Limestone, of the hardest and most durable quality, and sandstone are in popular demand for bnilding purposes. Red and gray granites, found in great quantities, are in demand for the paving of the streets of towns and cities. St. Francis, Iron, and Madison counties furnish a hard granite for building purposes and for the making of a good quality of monuments. Gravel Pits. — In St. Louis and Franklin counties, and in some other sections, inexhaustible quantities of gravel and pebbles are found. These materials are valuable in the making of Macadam roads and streets. Climate. — The climate of Missouri, taken in combination witli the richness and variety of the soil found here, makes possible many varieties and grades of products. Missouri is in the central part of the Mississippi Valley, and hence is in the temperate zone. The two important elements of climate are temperature and moisture. A favorable showing is made when we look at these two elements. The yearly mean temperature of the state is fifty-four degrees, which is higlier than most of the surrounding states. Periods of extremes of heat and cold are of short duration as a rule. Daring the winter montlis the temperature at times falls to eight or ten degrees below zero, but rarely lower, but the heat of summer seldom reaches ninety- live degrees. The genuine hot Kansas winds are never known in Missouri. Tlie average rainfall for the state is slightly over thirty- nine inches, " ranging from thirty-four inches in the northwestern to forty-six inches in the southeastern counties. " The distribution of rainfall thi-ougli the seasons of the year is quite favorable to the growth and maturity of the crops. Questions. — (1) TTow does a ])rairie section differ from a liill country? (2) Give an acconnt of the New ]\Iadrid eartlKjuake. ('■]) Name navigable rivers in the state other than the Missouri and the ]\lississippi. (4) What timbers are most in use at this time for the niakinq; of huuber? 12 MISSOURI THE SOILS OF THE STATE Definition of Soil. —The soil is the upper part of the earth which contains the nutriment of plants, or is adapted to their support. There is a great variety of soils in Missouri, ranging from those of limited richness to those possessing the highest degree of fertility. (See Fig. 8.) Alluvium. — Large bodies of alluvial soil are found along the Missouri and the Mississippi rivers and in more limited areas along Fig. 8. Principal Soils of the State. a. Alluvium; h. Brown loam ; e. niack prairie ; d. Rolling prairie ; e. Level prairie ; /. Limestone shale clay; g. Sandy clay loam ; h. Red limestone clay, some flint ; i. Flinty limestone clay. the smaller streams. It is ricli and exceedingly pi'oductive, and varies in depth from six feet to two hundred. A large body of it is found in the southeastern corner of the state, comprising the whole of six counties and fractional parts of four or five others. Large THE SOILS OF THE STATE 13 sections of tins land have been reclaimed from overflow })y the construction of a system of drainage ditches. Under state laws districts for assessment purposes were established and organized. The entire expense of the work, including the surveys of the land and the digging of the ditches, was assessed against the lands to be benefited, and all at a cost of from two to three dollars per acre. Brotrn Lodin. — This soil is from twenty to two hundred feet deep. An important body of it is found in the northwestern corner of the state, comprising about three-fourths of what is known as the Platte Purchase. (See Fig. 4.) The land is exceedingly rich, drains itself easily, and yet holds enough of moisture for the growing of fine crops. Corn, wheat, and oats, alfalfa and other kinds of hay, fruits and vegetables in great quantities and of fine quality, are produced by this soil. It is easily cultivated, and the surface is undulating and yet sufficiently level to be subject to cultivation. Bhiek Prairie. — This is the soil of the high prairie, lying prin('i})ally to the west of the middle portion of north Missouri. It is very fertile, containing, as it does, a large amount of vegetable matter duly eondjined with other important ingredients. It ranges in depth from four to twelve feet, is black in color, and yields readily and easily to cultivation. It resists the drought and is not easily exhausted. Corn grows in great abundance, as do hay and grass, and stock raising is a leading industry in this section. lloUing Prairie. — The soil of the uplands of the rolling prairie is dark in color, and ranges in depth from two to five feet. It is cultivated without difficulty, readily al>sorbs the warmth, and produces in good quantities. The water courses are plentiful and the surface is rolling. The valleys are similar to the black prairie section previously discussed. Level Prairie. — In the eastern part of north Missouri is what may be termed the level prairie. The soil here is not so deep as other portions discussed above, neither is it so rich, but it is adapted to the raising of corn and other grains and the different kinds of hay. When properly cultivated, the soil retains its moisture for a long period. It does not easily lose its fertility from continuous cultiva- tion, and readily responds to natural fertilizers. Characterisfics. — The chief characteristics of the five kinds of soil mentioned above may be summarized as follows : — 1. The entire area is comparatively level, with here and there higher and rougher patches of land. 14 MISSOURI 2. The richness of the soil, decreasing in depth and fertility from west to east. 3. Its adaptability to successful farming and stock raising. 4. There is a very small amount of waste land in the entire area. Limestone Loam. — This soil is found in a limited area m the western part of the state, including all of Cass County, nearly all of Johnson, about half of Jackson, Bates, and Henry, and a fraction of Lafayette counties. It is rich and of a dark color, it is easily crushed or pulverized, and produces wheat, corn, and flax, and many varieties of grass. Smidy Loam. — This is a deep sandy soil and quite productive. It covers several of the best developed counties in the state, includ- ing Vernon and Barton and fractional parts of several counties on the east of them. Broom-corn, wheat, and corn, timothy and other grasses, grow easily and in abundance. Red Limestone Clay. — This is the soil of the Ozark border (p. 8). It is of a flinty red mixture, and ranges from one to four feet in depth. The wheat of this region is of a higli milling qual- ity, having a [)lump grain or berry of an exceptional quality. Flinty Limestone Clay. — The soil of the Ozark region as such is red or gray, and contains a large amount of flint. Hills and valleys prevail. This is ''The Land of the Big Red Apple." tSonie of the largest orchards in the world are found in this section of the state. Peaches and small fruit are raised in great abundance. Lai-ge areas of timbered land are still found here, and are valuable for the quan- tity of lumber produced. Its agricultural resources have been de- veloped to a limited degree only at this time. Soil Improvement. — 1. "Deep breaking of the soil, frequent and intelligent tillage, — these are the foundations of soil restoration." 2. Proper drainage by ditches and terraces allows the circulation of the air through the soil, thus aiding the plant in the a2)propriation of suitable food. 3. Fertility is restored or greatly increased by the use of fertil- izers, such as farm manures ; the rotation of crops, occasionally plowing under clover, cowpeas, and other crops, and by the applica- tion of commercial fertilizers. Qtestions and Sror.KSTiON's. — (1) Tt will be a profitable exercise for the children to make a cabinet collection of the soils of the conimniiity. (2) What is the nature of the richest soil of your neighborhood ? (3) IIow may soil be en- riched ? (4) Name some of the best commercial fertilizers, (ii) What is the effect upon soil, and especially upon crops, of a layer of compact clay beneath the gurface pf the ground ? How may such soil be improved ? AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 15 AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE jNIissouri is essentially an agricultural state, though manufac- turing and mining are important industries. Many of her j^eople are directly or indirectly interested in the cultivation of crojjs. Many of our staple foods are the products of our own soil. The annual surplus of our corn, wheat, and other products of the farm exceeds twenty-three million dollars. )w and Ooriitields in Saline County. Corn. — One-eighth of the corn of the United States and one-tenth of the entire crop of the world is raised in Missouri. Few states average larger crops or produce a better quality of this cereal. The soil, the climate, and other conditions of the state make the raising of corn especially successful. The annual crop ranges in value close to one hundred million dollars. The length of tlie warm season, the limited number of excessively hot days and niglits, the clear days of summer, and the frequency and distribution of rain, all add to the 16 MISSOURI success of the Missouri corn crop. While corn is raised in abun- dance in every county in the state, yet the prairie section (Fig. 9) constitutes the great corn area. Within recent years great advance- ment has been made in corn production by intelligent seed selec- tion, coupled with right methods of cultivation. The quality of the grain lias been improved, and the average per acre has been largely increased. Wheat. — Wheat is our second farm crop. It is raised in good quantities in two-thirds of the counties of the state, but the banner counties are found along the Missouri River, in the southwestern part r" J ! ^-T- — I « I IIOITELL I I ! I R E ti O \ I ; lU P L E V Fig. 10. Priucipal Cotton Couaties of of the state and along the Mississippi River, south of St. Louis. The annual yield ranges from sixty-two to seventy-five million bushels. In 190G the surplus flour and wheat combined, after supplying all the wants of the people, amounted to more than thirty-three million dollars. Hay. — Missouri produces large quantities of hay each year. The prairie region (Fig. 6) is especially noted for this product. While the banner counties are frequently found in north Missouri, yet Ver- non, Benton, and Bates produce very large quantities. The total value of the surplus hay of the state exceeds one hundred million dollars, most of it being baled and shipped to market over the railroads. Oats. — Oats is a general crop in the state, Lewis, Audrain, and Jackson counties raisingf the larger amounts. More than nine hun- AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 17 dred thousand buslu'ls arc sold each year, over and above what is needed for local use. Cotton. — While Missouri is not noted as a cotton state, yet cotton is raised in paying quantities in twelve of the southeast counties. (See Fig. 10.) The long warm summer season enables the cotton plant to mature before frost. In 1906 the total value of all cotton products raised in the state amounted to more than three and one- half million dollars. Grasses. — Besides the pastures which follow the cutting of the meadows, special grasses have been introduced to the great profit of the farmer. A fine quality of blue grass, together with other varieties, is raised in north Missouri, and clover and orchard grass have been introduced with great profit in the upland region. Alfalfa has been planted with good success in certain parts of the state. Other Crops. — Flax, rye, and broom -corn, clover and other varieties of grass seed, are raised with good profit. Potatoes are a good crop, the sweet and white varieties com- bined producing a surplus of more than a million two hundred thousand dollars. Tomatoes furnish a surplus of half a million dollars. Gardening. — Near the cities and large towns truck farming is a profitable business. At St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph, and other places the rich lands near the city are used for this purpose. (See Fig. 11.) " The keystone of successful gardening is to stir the soil. often with four objects in view: — One Fi(i. 11. Proilucts of the Garden. Stir it To destroy the weeds. To ventilate the ground. To enrich the soil by the action of the air. To retain the moisture by preventing its evaporation." — Agriculture for Beginners. Fruits. — Missouri raises large quantities and many varieties of fruit. Neatly trimmed and well-developed orchards are found in every county. For many years the northwest part of the state has 18 MISSOURI been noted for its large ajDple orchards that have annually attracted many buyers from other states. For some time the Ozark region has been recognized as the most successful fruit-growing section in the state. Its suitable soil and its favorable climate, together with the application of scientific principles, have combined to produce varieties and qualities of fruit scarcely attained elsewhere. The total surplus crop of fresh fruits in the state in 1906 was in excess of six and a quarter million dollars. m I. '■j^^.-e:^:. Fig. 12. An Apple Orchard at Willow Spring. Apjiles. — Apples develop and mature well throughout the state, and large quantities are raised in every county. jNIissouri apples are shipped to every part of the United States and to Germany, England, and other foreign countries. The surplus apple crop of 1906 was more than two million four hundred thousand dollars. (See. Fig. 12.) Peaches. — For some years, with rare exceptions, peaches have been confined largely to the southern part of the state. The soil of the Ozarks is specially adapted to their growth, and the south- AGRICULTURE AND UORTICULTURE 19 ern slope of the region protects the peach trees from the late frosts which are so fatal to the too early buds of other latitudes. (See Fig. 13.) Berries. — Berries are third in importance to apples and peaches. The southwestern part of the state is known for the quality and quantity of its strawberries and other small fruits. Tlie more extensive sections are planted near the shipping centers that the I'ackiiii; I't'SichL'S for Shipiuent at St. Elmo. markets may be the more easily reached. Neosho, Sarcoxie, Pierce City, Monett, Marionville, and West Plains ari; sliipping centers of this district. From one to two hundred dollars per acre is realized each year from tlic industry. The surjjlus strawberries of the state in 190() amounted to more than one million seven hundred thousand dollars. Grapes. — Grapes may be grown throughout the state. The Ozark region and the high lands along the rivers are especially well adapted to gra})e culture. Fine vineyards are freiiuently found 20 MISSOURI upon the hillsides. In many places wine making has become an important industry. Melons. — In the southeastern part of the state is found one of the greatest melon regions in the country. Scott, Dunklin, and Missis- sippi counties, in the order named, are the largest producers. The soil of this section is especially adapted to the industry, and large quantities of watermelons and cantaloupes are sent to the markets each year. More than three million melons are shipped from Scott County alone each year. Nurseries. — The largest nursery in the United States, and probably the largest in the world, is located at Louisiana, with good- sized branches in other parts of the country. Thousands of young trees are shipped from Missouri every year. A million-dollar investment is involved in this one nursery. Besides the sales made in our own country its salesmen are found in India, Germany, Austria, New Zealand, Korea, and China. (Locate these countries.) Questions. — (1) What methods are now used for harvesting corn? Have you ever seen a corn cutter? (2) What are the principal uses we make of corn? (3) Trace the handling of wheat from the time it stands uncut in the field until it reaches the table. (4) Name the grasses from which we make hay. What is meant by curing hay? (5) How do we keep fruits and vegetables for winter use? Name the principal kinds. THE MINERAL WEALTH OF THE STATE The mineral resources of the state are extensive. Coal, lead, and zinc are the most important varieties, to say nothing of the more common metals and minerals. Brick clay, fire clay, kaolin, terra cotta, and potter s clay lie almost undisturbed in their original beds. Coal. — Coal has been found in one-half of the counties of the state, in thirty-eight of which it is mined with profit at the present time. The coal area covers twenty-five thousand square miles of contiguous territory. Our coal is of the bituminous variety, except where, in a few cases, pocket deposits of cannel coal are found. The coal is largely consumed by our home markets because of the large amount of it mined in each of the surrounding states. (Name these states.) For some years the development of the mines has been quite rapid. Better facilities for mining coal, improved means of transportation, and the large number of new mines opened up in late years have greatly added to the amount and value of the coal inter- THE MINERAL WEALTH OF THE STATE 21 ests. The umouiit of annual output at this time is between seven and eight million dollars. The great coal-producing counties at this date are Macon, Lafayette, and Adair, in the order named. Uses. — The principal uses to which coal is put are three, viz. : — 1. The generation of steam for manufacturing and transporta- tion purposes, 2. The production of heat for domestic purposes. 3. To a lindted extent for the making of gas and coke. Lead. — Lead has been n]ined in Missouri since 1720, the first discoveries of it having been made in the south- east part of the state. Renault and La Motte, under the authority of the French government, discovered Mine La Motte and mines about Potosi, and began to take out lead ore. However, " the only smelting of lead ores ap- pears to have been done on log heaps, a wasteful process, much practiced even of late years." At a later date, under the au- thority of the Spanish gov- ernment, the first regular shaft was sunk and a fur- nace erected. In 1819 forty-five mines were in operation in the state and eleven hundred persons were employed in them. Deep or underground mining did not begin in this country until the introduction of the diamond drill, a diamond-tipped rod or tube used in boring rock or other hard substances. (See Fig. 14.) Galena is the chief ore from which lead is obtained. It is found in many parts of the United States, especially in Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, and Colorado. Lead Areas. — There are three important lead districts in the state, the southwest, the middle district, and the southeast, the first and last named producing the larger amount of the product. The Fig. 14. A Steiiui Drill :it Work. 22 MISSOURI middle district, located south and west of Jefferson City, lies prin- cipally in four counties, Moniteau, Cole, Miller, and Camden. A limited number of mines is now open, and these are not extensively worked at this time. The southwest district includes Jasper, New- ton, and Lawrence as its best producing counties. This district is ricli in lead and other minerals. The southeast district includes Fig. 15. Lead, Zinc, and Coal. St. Frangois, Madison, Washington, Franklin, and Jefferson counties, the first named producing the larger quantities. (See Fig. 15.) Immense quantities of lead have been taken from the mines of this district, but according to the official reports of tlie state, Jasper County is first in the production, while St. Francois County is second. Uses. — Lead is put to a number of practical uses. It is used in making linings for casks, cisterns, and other vessels. Its compounds are in extensive use as pigments for the coloring of paints and in THE MINERAL WEALTH OF THE STATE 23 the manufacture of flint glass. These compounds are also used in type metal, solder, and pewter and in the manufacture of shot. Zinc. — The largest zinc mines in the country are found in Missouri. Zinc is usually associated with lead in this state, ex- cept in the southeast district where it is seldom found. In some fifteen counties it is found in paying quantities. The industry began in ISOT at Potosi, Washington County, where a small smelter View of Zinc Mine near Jt)pliii. was erected at that time. Six years later the Joplin-Galena district began to ship zinc in paying quantities ; now it is recognized as the largest zinc-producing area in the United States. (See Fig. lli.) Uses. — Because of its cheapness zinc is extensively used in the making of ornamental castings, being easily painted, plated, or bronzed. It is also extensively used in the form of sheets for roof- ing, the making of cornices, signs, and vessels, and also in the making of galvanized iron. Iron. — Much iron has been mined in Missouri in the past, but in recent years the industry has been reduced. The once-noted 24 MISSOUBI mines, Iron Mountain, Pilot Knob, and others, have been exhausted, thus greatly reducing the output. The largest iron-producing coun- ties are Crawford, St. Fran9ois, and Howell. Since 1900 the output of the ore has been increasing again. Suggestion. — Make a cabinet composed of the following minerals : — (1) A specimen of coal from the different mines in the state. (See the coal dealers of your place.) (2) Lead in the rough ore and specimens of the lead as it is put on the market. (3) Specimens of zinc in the same forms. (4) Secure iron ore from mines and the iron as it comes from the smelter. (5) All speci- mens should be properly labeled and classified. LIVE STOCK AND POULTRY The live stock interests of the state are extensive. A favor- able climate, a good soil intelligently cultivated, and easily accessi- ble markets are important conditions which are ours. Only four states exceed Missouri in the value of her investments in this industry, viz., Texas, Illinois, Iowa, and Kansas. (Where are these states ?) A million citi- zens of Missouri are vitally in- terested in the stock industry. Cattle, horses, mules, hogs, and sheep are the chief animals raised for profit. Every impor- tant breed is found in the state. Cattle. — Cattle are valuable for milk, for butter, and for beef ; that is, we have dairy cattle and beef cattle. Some cattle are especially good for dairy purposes, as the Jersey and the Holstein or Holstein- Friesian ; and others are especially valuable for their beef qualities, as the Shorthorn, the Hereford, and others. Corn, hay, oats, corn fodder, wheat straw, and pasturage are the principal feeds used for cattle. The fat cattle of the state are found in large numbers in the best markets. (See Figs. 17 and 18.) Dairying. — In recent years the dairying interests have developed rapidly. Greater attention has been given to dairy breeds of cattle, and to methods of making and caring for butter and cheese. Many fine dairy cows are found in the state, and large farms devoted to Fig. 17. The Head of a Fine Herd in Cass County. LIVE STOCK AND POULTRY 25 these interests are located in different sections, especially near the large towns and cities where transportation facilities are good. JModei-n creameries for the manufacture of butter have been estab- lished and specially constructed barns for housing the cows have been erected. The dairy products shipped to the markets in 1906 amounted to more than three million nine hundred thousand dollars. In milk, butter, cream, and cheese Buchanan County was in the lieiefiirds fecdiuii in a Kicli Nalli'V in Jackson Coiiutv. lead, while St. Louis County was second in milk and cream, and Jackson County took third rank. Horses. — Horses are used for saddle purposes, for driving, and for draft purposes. Each purpose is best met by certain breeds. We have the draft horses, light and heavy, the saddle horse, the coach horse, and the light driver. With the exception of Kentucky, " Missouri has more registered saddle horses than all the other states combined." (Name some of the breeds good for each use.) The state stands first in the number and quality of its mules. (See Fig. 10.) 26 MISSOURI Sheep. — The raising of sheep in Missouri is rapidly becoming a great industry. Large areas in the southern part of the state are especially well suited to it. Sheep are raised for their flesh and for their wool. (Name some of the leading breeds and state for what they are especially -useful.) A Car-load of Fine Missouri Mules. Poultry. — Conditions are favorable to the raising of poultry, and immense quantities are raised each year. The climate favors it, suitable feed is abundant, and the industry has developed rapidly in the past few years. Chickens, turkeys, geese, and ducks are raised in large numbers, the surplus amount reaching an aggre- gate of more than twenty-two million dollars in 1906. The sur- plus eggs shipped to market during the same period were in excess of sixteen million dollars. The Wyandottes, Plymouth Rocks, Brahmas, Cochins, and Leghorns, each with their various varieties, are among the most popular breeds of chickens. Great improvement has resulted from the introduction " of fine breeds of MA N UFA r TURING INTERESTS 27 Fig. 20. Fine Chickens from Jackson County. fowls, and by intelligent selection and crossing on the part of farmers and fanciers." (See Fig. 20.) Stimul.\ting Questions. — (1) Name the leading cattle markets to wliich Missouri shippers send their stock. (Give four.) (2) What are the railroads most used by shippers from your place to these markets? (8) For all purposes which \YOuld you rather own, an automobile or a good team of horses ? Give your reasons. (4) Name the most popular gaits for a saddle horse. (5) Tell what may be seen on a poultry farm. (G) At what time of the year is the wool clipi^ed from the sheep ? MANUFACTURING INTERESTS Missouri ranks high in the manufacture of many of the impor- tant articles of commerce. In the building of street cars and in the manufacture of tobacco it leads the world, St. Louis being the largest center in these industries. The printing and puhluhing industry is highly developed. A large amount of flour of a high grade is manufactured, the large cities producing extensive quan- tities, while merchant mills are found throughout the wheat-raising districts. The packing interests hold a prominent place among the factory products, Kansas City holding second place in the country and St. Louis ranking fourth in the industry. Located as it is, in the corn belt, and being in close proximity to the grazing lands of the West, the state has easily taken this high rank, hi recent years the products of the forest, such as lumber, railroad ties, and 28 MISSOURI woodeti u'ares, have attracted increased attention as the timber of the southern part of the state has been utilized. In the manufacture of shoes hirge gains are made every year. St. Louis ranks first as a jobbing center, and half the shoes she sells are made in her own factories. Shoe factories have been established also in Kansas City and St. Joseph and in many of the progressive towns of the state. The manufacture of the "Missouri meerschaum," a cob pipe made I : [HBHHHHBH^v-^. -«^< . mmttn r ii ifJ'i')ii«^ ^H^ ^^^■■|H|HR>«f(^ '-''^'<^<^^ ■'l^M ^3^^^^^^H ^^^™^^^V- ^^# '* IH^^H ^^^m§^ ^H i^^^^^^^HHp^, • ' - ^^1 ^^ 1 f^^^^^^^K/P^^ ^ ■»«■ '^^^^^^^^^H \^^^^^^^^^Mk—l^' '• ' ^ ' 'jtEL ^^ l^^^l Fig. 21. A View at Washington, includiuji the Cob-pipe Factory. from the cobs of corn grown especially for that use, has grown into an important industry in several counties, notably in Franklin and Gasconade counties and in a lesser degree in Pike and Warren counties. (See Fig. 21.) A pipe factory at St. Charles employs sixty men. The existence of large deposits of limestone rock has led to the establishment of extensive ee7nent factories in different parts of the state, the largest, at this time, being located in Ralls County, a few miles south of Hannibal. The entire product of the factories of the commonwealth puts it in the lead of any other state west of the Mississippi, and gives it fifth rank among the states of the entire STATE GOVERNMENT 29 country. Based upon the value of their ])roducts, St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Springtiekl, Jefferson City, St. Charles, and Ilanni- l)al are the largest manufacturing centers. Further consideration of this topic will be taken up in connec- tion with the principal cities and towns of the state. STniULATixc; t)ard of regents composed of seven members, including the State Superintendent, who is ex officio a member of each board. Besides these institutions there is the Teachers' College at Columbia for the training of teachers for the schools of the state. Graduation from the fnll normal course carries with it a life certiticate to teacli in tlie state. These General View of Buildings, Warrensburs Normal School. schools are supported by appropriations made from the treasury of the state by the (ieneral Assembly. State University. — The University, located at Columbia, is the highest educational institution in the state. It was founded in 1839, the corner-stone of the main building was laid in 1840, and instruction began in April, 1841. It is under the control of a board of curators, nine in number, ai)pointed by the Governor for a term of six years. The board appoints the president and professors of the institution, makes rules for the admission of pupils, and confers the usual univer- sity degrees. The School of Mines and Metallurgy, located at Rolla, gives special attention to mining and civil engineering, chemistry and metallurgy, and general science. The funds required for the manage- ment of the University and all of its departments come partly from the permanent endowment and partly from appropriations made by the General Assembly. (See Fig. 28.) 38 MISSOURI Care of the Blind. — The school for the education of the blind is in St. Louis. The location of the school has been changed recently, new dormitories erected, and many modern changes made. The general purpose of the institution is the education of blind persons who are of suitable mental and physical capacity. The age limit is from nine to twenty-five years. A person may have the benefit of the work for eight years, and in special cases the limit may be ex- tended to ten years. Fig. 28. University of Missouri — Administration BuiMin| One of thirty-three huildin§ Care of the Dumb. — Tliis school is at Fulton. It is for the bene- fit of children between the ages of eight and twenty-one years who are too deaf to be instructed in the public schools. In addition to the literary branches, instruction is given in several of the Jtrades, such as cooking, painting, harness making, gardening, sewing, and dressmaking. The attendance each year is nearly four hun- dred pupils. The control of the institution is vested in a board of managers, appointed by the Governor by the consent of the Senate. Feeble-minded. — An institution has been established at Marshall for " the humane, curative, scientific, and economical treatment of the feeble-minded and epileptic." " It is built upon the cottage plan, and an infirmary, chapel, schoolhouse, and workshop " have been included in the plan. The board of control of five members STATE INSTITUTIONS 39 must include two women, and the term of office of each member is live years. Soldiers' Homes. — The state supports two Sokliers' Homes. The one at Higginsville [)rovides for the care of dependent Confed- erate sokliers and '^ their wives, children, and orphans," under cer- tain rules and conditions. The one at St. .lanu's provides for Fed- eral soldiers and for their wives and widows if over fifty years of aL;-e. Each Home is controlled by a board of managers, appointed by the Governor. Dormitories, hospitals, and other buildings have been erected at the expense of the state, and many conveniences pro- vided for the comfort of the inmates. Sanitarium. — A sanitarium lias been established at Mf. Vernon, Lawrence County, for tlie treatment of consumpti(m or tuberculosis in its early stages. Suitable buildings have been erected, and rules and regulations have been adopted for the admission of patients to the institution. IJotli free and private patients are admitted under definite conditions under each case. Only those in the incipient stages of the disease are allowed to enter the institution. Hospitals. — Four ]iosi)itals ft>r the insane have been established in the state, Xos. 1, 2, o, and 4, located respectively at Fulton, St. Joseph, Nevada, and Farmington. The last named was opened in 1903, while the first one, located at Fulton, was opened in 1847. Dormitories, laundries, bakeries, water and liglit plants, carpenter shops, and other accessories have been provided. " Many of the patients find employment on the farm, in the gardens, and shops elsewhere about the institution." Al)out one-third of the patients are discharged as cured, while about half as many more are greatly benefited by the treatment they receive. Training Schools. — Tliere are two training (reform) schools, one at Booneville for ])oys and the other one at Chillicothe for girls. In addition to tlie literary and scientific instruction given the boys they are also trained in a large number of the trades, such as tailoring, blacksmithing, painting, building, and farming. The girls' school has been built on the cottage plan, and liberal provision has been made for training in the useful arts. Penitentiary. — The greatest penal institution in the state is the Penitentiary, located at Jefferson City. The first law looking to its establishment was passed in 1833, but the prison was not com- pleted until 18315, when the first prisoner Avas received. The confinement, punishment, and reformation of criminals are the 40 MISSOURI important ends to be subserved by the institution. The Board of Prison Inspection is composed of the State Treasurer, the State Auditor, and the Attorney-General. The chief ofiticer in control of the institution is the warden, who is appointed by the Governor for a term of four years. Stimulating Questions. — (1) What reasons can be assigned for state aid to the institutions mentioned in this section ? (2) Does the state need additional institutions at this time? (3) Should the state supervise institutious not sup- ported by public money? (4) Was it wise to make it possible for the Governor to sentence to life imprisonment instead of death in case of first degree murder? (5) Should there be a state parole system in this state ? TRANSPORTATION Importance. — Tlie effect of cheap transportation on the develop- ment of a community or state is very great. Products are valuable in proportion to their accessibility to markets. Because of a lack of transportation facilities, portions of Kansas once used corn for fuel. To cheapen the transportation of a product is to decrease the price to the buyer or to increase the profit to the seller. The improve- ment of the high- ways of transpor- tation contributes greatly to this general result — a decrease in the ex- pense of produc- tion. Waterways. — Because it is easier Fio. 29. to move a certain Mississippi River Steumer. ,, tonuage through water than over land," it follows that "water transportation is cheaper than land transportation." It is cheaper on the larger bodies of water than on the smaller ones, because, as a rule, the smaller waterways carry smaller vessels. River and canal transportation cost about one-half as much, on an average, as railroad transporta- tion. " Transportation by water, though slower, is much cheaper than by land, owing to economy in motive power" (Trotter'). The great waterways of the state are the Mississippi River, long a highway of traffic, and the Missouri River, largely neglected until TRA NSFOR TA TION 4 1 recently. (See Fig. 29.) Steamboat traffic on the Missouri River was renewed in lUOl!, and since then traffic companies have l)een organized, and steamers equipped and put int»» the trade with marked success. Appropriations have been made by Congress for the improvement of the stream by the removal of snags, sand bars, and other obstacles, and for the location of buoys and othci- signals. Certain smaller streams are navigable by small craft for limited distances. The (lasconadt; and the Osage rivers arc examples. Railroads. — Freight trains are faster and freight rates lower in this country tlian in any other. " Abundant, ra[)id, and cheap transportation has helpi'd to make the Linited States the leading commercial nation" (^A(hniis). INIissouri has kept pace with her sister states in road building, until now she has more than seven tliousand miles of railroad. /Supervision. — The o})eration of these roads is under the general supervision and inspection of tlie State Board of Railroad Commis- sioners. With three e\ci>[it ions, every county in the state is reached by one or more railroads. Ry a study of the lines in the state (Fig. 1) it will be found that the larger number extend east and west. (What reasons can you offer for this fact? What part of the state has the largest nund)er of roads? ^\'hy'.■') Electric Roads. — Electric roads have been built in the counties lia\ing the larger cities, some of them extending many nnles. St. Rouis, Jackson, Ruchaiian, Jasper, and other counties are examples. Highways. — State, county, and city authorities are now working togetlier for the im[)roven)eiit of the roads of the state. A system of highways and cross roads has been [)rojected to extend from Kansas City to St. Louis. Three main routes have been laid out : the Southern or Capital route, so named because it passes through Jt'ft'erson City; the Middled or College route, so named because it [>asses through a large number of college towns ; and the Northern route. Auxiliary roads will be constructed to connect with these main thoroughfares. Appro2)riafio7is. — The following financial arrangement has been made by law for the support of the work : — 1. An appro])riation of live hundred thousand doUai's, on con- dition that counties contribute a like amount. 2. The war claim fund of f(Mir hundred seventy-four thousand, one hundred ninety-eight dollars has been set aside for building and improving roads and bridges. 42 MISSOURI 3. The licenses from automobiles and chaffeurs are put into the road fund. 4. The proceeds of the sale of " future delivery " stamps must be devoted to this use. The above sums were set apart as a beginning toward the de- velopment of this great system of road improvement. Road Districts. — Under the "benefit assessment law" road dis- tricts are established by the County Court. The first Board of Commissioners is appointed by the court, but all subsequent boards are elected by the landowners, the election being determined by a majority. The expense of building or improving roads under this law is assessed against the road district, each owner paying an amount per acre based upon the distance of the land from the road. Stimulating Questions. — (1) Is the two-cents-a-mile passenger rate fair to the raih'oads? ("2) Are there reasons for increasing the penalty for injury to persons who travel on the railroads? (3) Should other transportation companies be held to an equal accountability with the railroads? (4) How do you account for the neglect of the waterways during the past few years ? (.5) Should cities and towns be assessed for the improvement of the public roads? (6) Should larger funds be expended for the purposes just mentioned? (7) Should the pub- lic highways be beautified by the planting of trees and shrubbery? CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE Classification. — Upon the basis of population the General As- sembly, under authority of the constitution, has divided cities and towns into certain classes. All cities having a given population may have a uniform organization, have the same powers, and be governed by the same rules and laws. Villages. — All towns with less than five hundred inhabitants, unless they have been organized under special charters, are classed as villages. Fourth Glass. — Towns ranging in population from five hundred to three thousand are classed here. Third Class. — Towns having three thousand and less than thirty thousand people. Second Class. — Towns of thirty thousand inhabitants and less than one hundred thousand. First Class. — All cities and towns of one hundred thousand or more inhabitants. Some cities and towns have not taken advantage of these pro- CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 43 visions, but retain the organization they had before the adoption of tlie present constitution. St. Joseph is an organized city of the second class, and it is the only one. Twenty-seven cities and towns exist under special charters ; thirty-four are organized as third class cities, and of villages and fourth class towns there are two hundred and thirty-two each. St. Louis. — St. Louis is the chief city in jNIissouri and the fourth in size in the United States. It is located on the west bank of the Mississippi River and twenty-one miles south of the mouth of the Missouri. Its river frontage at present covers twenty miles, and the entire area of the city is about sixty-five square miles. From the time of the founding of the place by Laclede in 1764 until the present its progress has been steady and satisfactory. Fur Trade. — Its early trade was largely in the furs of wild animals. Hunters and trappers made St. Louis the basis of their operations for many years while they pushed out farther into the wilder West, returning each year with larger amounts of furs and other products. After a time the surrounding country began a healthy growth, and local business conditions along substantial lines became fixed and definite. Following the sturdy French pioneer, City Hall, St. Louis. 44 MISSOURI came the Americans from Virginia, Tennessee, and the two Caro- linas. Later came the men from New Enghmd, with educational training and strongly imbued with the spirit of American freedom. By 1835 the population had reached eight thousand, and this number was doubled in five years. Water Transportation. — In 1815 the first steamboat landed in the city, and four years later the first steamer ascended the Missouri River. A steady development of the trade of this section began within a short time of these two events. River traffic assumed large proportions by 1845. The business activity of St. Louis greatly increased, and the trade territory of the city extended widely, especially to the west and north. Large cargoes, and many of them, arrived on the river front, and the levee became a place of great business activitv- The city became an important center for supply and distribution, and was soon recognized as a market for the products of the Mississippi Valley. Railroad Development. — While the river traffic was at its height, about the year 1851, the first railroad to the west of St. Louis, the Pacific, began to build its tracks. Up to about 1875 great activity centered about St. Louis and reached many miles in all directions. River traffic had been one of the strongest transforming and inspir- ing forces. The territory had grown into one of great agricultural resources, and millions of tons of freight had been shipped out to the world. The period of railway expansion which followed was no less marked and definite than the growth of waterways had been. The Civil War. — Of course the Civil War period aroused intense feeling and bitter rivalries, and many people suffered from the loss of property. The city suffered in all lines of business, and the country lost in all of its interests. After some years of depression, however, the old spirit of progress took hold of the people, old lines of activity were revived, and new enterprises were started. Scheme and Charter. — In 1876 the new plan of government, the scheme and charter, was adopted for the management of city affairs. Its manufacturing interests have expanded until the city is now one of the most important centers in the country. Its water and light systems are among the best, and its street car transportation is not surpassed anywhere. Its public buildings and business houses, some of them of great size, are imposing and attractive. Buildings. — The Union Trust Building, the Equitable, the Southern Hotel, the Planters, and the Jefferson are important exam- CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 45 The Lonn Bridge across the Mississippi River at St. Louis. pies. The Eads bridge, opened in 1874, and the Merchants' steel bridge, opened in 1890, are two of the finest structures in the country. (See Fig. 31.) There are about three hundred churches, representing nearly every variety of re- ligious belief, while the city's parks and boulevards are expressive of the high degree of culture which her people possess. There are numerous hos[)itals, both ^)rivate and })ublic, wliose construction is after the best plans. Education. — Tlie [)rivate schools of St. Louis are among the best of their kind. The Washington University, with several well- equipped departments, St. Louis University, Christian Brothers College, and others are among the noted institutions. Her libra- ries have been known for years for their com[)leteness and their adaptation to the needs of a growing city. The public school sys- tem is one of tlie best in the country. It is known for its thorough organization and for the correctness of the principles upon which it is based. The population, as given by the last census returns, was 575,238 ; as estimated by the city directory for 1906-1907, 731,990. Kansas City. — The central situation of Kansas City in a great trade territory gives it an advantage enjoyed by few cities of its size. She buys the products of a wide area, and she supplies the same area with the wares it needs. (What is meant by saying that Kansas City is tlie gateway to the West?) In the nundjer of her railroads she is next to Chicago. C(H(L — The natural resources from which the city draws her raw materials and other supplies are extensive and near at hand. She gets coal from Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, and Iowa. Some twenty coal-mining companies, with a total ca})ital of ten million dollars, make their headquarters here. Beside these are wholesale com- panies o{)erating one million dollars of capital not owned by Kansas City men. Tlie coal area surrounds the city, being found witliin the city limits and at distances twenty, fifty, and one hundred miles away in three or four directions. 46 MISSOURI Lumber. — Kansas City ranks among the first as a lumber market, the sale of yellow pine probably leading in amount. Cypress is also handled in large amounts in the city. Large areas of timbered lands in Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi are bought up by the large dealers, and the raw material is manufactured for the wholesale and retail markets. Hardwood lumbers are coming into increasing demand in Kansas City, four large yards being engaged in that trade. The sash-and-door industry and similar Fig. 32. Missouri Wliarf at Kansas City. lines do an extensive business over a wide territory. More than one hundred companies, employing an estimated capital of forty millions, are now active in the lumber trade of the city. The Southwestern Lumbermen's Association, with a membership of more than sixteen thousand, has its headquarters in Kansas City. Stock and Packing Interests. — These interests are the largest in the city, but one city in the country doing a larger amount of business, and that is Chicago.. Meat packing, including all its departments, involves more labor, works more capital, furnishes more men with business, and draws supplies from a larger territory than any other in the city. The stock-yards once used but twenty- CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 47 six acres, but now two hundred acres are required. The output of the six packing houses of Kansas City, including tliose just across the line in Kansas, amounts to seventy-five million dollars each year. Located in the heart of the corn belt, and being within easy reach of the grazing lands, it is not surprising that the packing interests should develop into large proportions. Probably one-third of the cattle of the United States is within easy shipping distance of Kansas City. Fig. 33, In the Retiiil Section of Kansas City. Implements. — Kansas City leads in the distribution of imple- ments and vehicles. A large territory on the west of the Mississippi River, rich in soil and agricultural interests of every kind, looks to Kansas City for its supplies in this line. The annual sale of wagons, buggies, and all kinds of farming implements amounts to twenty-five million dollars. Manufacturing. — The city is growing rapidly in manufacturing interests. In many lines marked growth has been made, especially in dry-goods, hats, caps, boots and shoes, millinery, groceries, machin- ery supplies, and building materials. The jNIanufacturers' Associa- 48 MISSOURI tion now has a membership of more than four hundred. The large industrial growth of the surrounding territory is indicative of the increased interests within the city itself. Boulevards. — Though incomplete, the parks and boulevards have added greatly to the attractiveness of the city. They are the won- der of the stranger and the pride of the citizen. Schools. — No city has a better system of schools. The manage- ment of the system is vested in a non-partisan board of six members, representative business and professional men. The plan of the system is broad and liberal, the aim being to give the children a genuine culture free from all religious and political bias. The buildings are modern and attractive, nothing being wasted for mere show and everything included for thorough, practical work. The course of study is constructed to secure tlie broadest culture and to impart the largest amount of knowledge and information. Emphasis is placed upon what are termed essential studies, that is, those wliich lay stress upon the practical phases of education. There are sixty-two schools in the city, requiring the services of eight hundred forty-two teachers. Population, 163,762 ; estimated now, 328,065. ]Vew Life. — For some years a transformation has been under way. Old buildings have been torn down, and new ones have been erected in their stead. Modern and imposing wholesale houses have been built, office buildings of the best construction have been erected, and a large number of modern buildings for the retail trade have gone up on the principal streets. St. Joseph. — St. Joseph is the metropolis of the Platte Purchase (Fig. 4j and the third city in size in the state. As an organized town it dates from 1843. Emigrants to California from Missouri and the surrounding country made St. Joseph their outfitting point, but its population three years later was less than one thousand people. Advajitages. — The city is located in a fine section of the country, especially strong in agricultural wealth, and fortunate in its position for the development of a substantial trade. Its citizens are public spirited and aggressive. Large numbers of them own the houses in which they live and have started in business with the intention of building a great commercial city. " St. Joseph is the wealthiest city of like population in the United States." Business. — St. Joseph ranks fourth among the cities of the coun- try as a dry-goods market. This business alone uses tliree millions CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 49 of capital, employs over two hundred traveling salesmen, and makes an annual sale of goods of twenty million dollars. Wholesale gro- ceries, hardware, boots and shoes, hats and caps, and othei- prod- ucts of various kinds bring the total sum up to a large amount. The wholesale millinery trade is another large interest, reaching an extensive territory, and giving employment to a large number of men and women. The jobbing trade in all of its details is one of the largest in the country for a city of its size. Fig. 34. Sheep from the Pastures ready for tlie Market. Matmfncturhig. — There has been great growth and development along this line within the last few years. Transportation facilities are good, and the supply of raw materials is extensive and easily reached. Factories for the making of robes, flannels, and blankets, and two large factories for making duck and denim are located here. Four tliousand operatives are employed in the making of woolen goods alone. Plow factories and pump companies do an extensive business and much saddlery and tinware are made. The manufac- ture of wagons, buggies, and carriages form prosperous businesses, while foundries and machine shops employ lai'ge numbers of men. 50 • MISSOURI Packing Industry. — The packing interests are the most exten- sive in the city. The facilities for handling stock of every kind are adequate and thoroughly modern in every detail. Four of the largest packing firms in the country do business in the place, and their products are shipped to all countries that use American meats. The stock-yards are modern "in construction, sanitation, and facil- ities." Their capacity is fifteen thousand cattle, twenty thousand hogs, and fifteen thousand sheep. In five years the receipts of live stock have increased more than one hundred per cent, while the packing houses made an increase of eighty-four per cent in the same time. The city now ranks fourth in the country as a packing center. (See Fig. 34.) Schools. — There are good private and church scliools in the city that receive a liberal patronage. The public schools rank high among the schools of the large cities. There are thirty-five well- organized schools, requiring the services of two hundred seventy- eight teachers. The ideals of the school board are high, and it is striving to reach them, while the people are willing to be taxed to meet all the expense. Population, 102,979; estimated at this time, 120,000. Joplin. — The genuine history of Joplin began in 1870 when a large amount of mineral was discovered. Mining became an absorb- ing interest from that date, and the place has made a steady growth to the present day. Public confidence in the place has increased, and business interests have expanded and multiplied. After mining lead for a few years it was found that zinc ore was much more valuable than lead. There are two kinds of zinc which command good prices on the market, the sulphide of zinc, called jack, and tlie silicate of zinc. The first is shipped away to zinc factories where fuel is plentiful, while the silicate is made into zinc-white, which is used in the making of paint. About one-seventh of the mineral taken from the mines of this district is lead, and this is manufactured into white lead, from which a superior quality of paint is made. Of the output of the zinc of the United States, four-fifths of it is taken from the mines of the Joplin district. There are smelters, foundries, machine shops, boiler and white lead works. The output of the mines ranges close to three million dollars, while the product of the entire Joplin district is three times that amount. (See Fig. 35.) The city is reached by four railway systems with forty passenger trains a day and four hundred freight cars each week. Its electric CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 51 car lines reacli the adjoining towns and cities and the important mining camps. Its baidvs, schools, and churches have kept up with its grow"th in other lines. Population, 26,023; estimated at the present time, 82,000. Springfield. — The rapid and substantial grow^th of Springfield began in 1870, upon the building of its first railroad, though its history dates from 1830. It is a city of good homes, some four hun- dred of which were built in one year. It is in a high country whose '^' 1 i its^ Fig. 35. View of Ziui; iNIines at Joplin. health conditions are good, including climate, pure water, and proper drainage. The surrounding country produces an abundance of fruits and vegetables, while the agricultural lands supply the de- mands for grains and grasses. Fruit raising is a leading industry of the Ozark region, and Springfield is an important center for the distribution of its products. Apples by the train loads are shipped throughout the United States to the east and into European cities. The city does a wholesale business of ten million dollars each year, involving the capital and labor of twenty-four firms. More than twenty firms are engaged in manufacturing, wdth an output of seventeen and one-half million dollars. Tlie public schools are among the best in the southern part of tlie stale, wliiie Drury College is among the high class institutions of the state. State 62 MISSOUEI Normal School No. 4, with a modern course of study and a trained corps of teachers, is located here. Springfield has cotton and woolen factories, flour mills, wagon factories, and the railroad machine shops of the Frisco system. As a railroad center it is amply supplied with transportation facilities. Population, 23,267; estimated at this time, 35,000. Sedalia. — Here is one of the richest agricultural regions in the state, much of it a fertile undulating prairie. The city, now covering six square miles, was incorporated in 1864. It has eighty miles of streets and boule- vards, planted with trees in an artistic style. It has the county court- house, costing one hundred thousand dollars, and a forty thousand dollar city liall, both substantial and artistic buildings. There are three electric plants for liglit and power, two telephone systems, and four electric street car lines wdiicli radiate from the center of the business section. There are three trunk railroad systems with several im])ortant branch roads, making Se- dalia an important rail- road center for a large section of the state. The coach, repair, and general shops of these roads, located liere, give employment to two thousand men. Thirty firms are in the wholesale business, and about the same number are engaged in manu- facturing. The George R. Smith College is an endowed institution for the education of the colored people. There are also two busi- ness colleges which have a large attendance. The public schools of the city are well organized, and they are popular with the people. Population, 15,231; estimated at this time, 21,000. Hannibal. — Here is a substantial citv located on the west CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 53 bank of the Mississippi River. In the suri-ounding counties is a very fertile country especially adapted to the raising of corn, wheat, and oats. Tiie milling business early became an important industry because of the large surplus of very fine wheat raised in that locality. Many gravel roads are found in these counties, made in answer to the demands of progressive farming communities. Most of the city overlooks the river, its situation being favorable to perfect drainage and aiding greatly in the making of good streets. The city is fortunate in having water transportation in addition to the five railroads which reach in as many directions. (Why?) Boats ply the river to the north and sontli of the city, and reach all the cities and towns between St. Paul and New Orleans. There are more tluui one hundred factories in Hannibal besides the large railroad sho]:)S. In addition to flour, boots and shoes, cigars, lime, and cement are prominent among the articles manufactured. The largest Portland cement factory in the world is located just soutli of the city limits. Her lil)raries, liospitals, churches, and schools are modern and in keeping with her other institutions. Population, 12,780 ; estimated at this time, 18,500. Jefferson City. — Jefferson City, the capital of the state, is located in Cole County, on the south bank of tlie Missouri River. The state capitol, the penitentiary, and the supreme court are located here. Large manufacturing plants turn out many products for the markets. Ten thousand pairs of shoes is the daily output of live factories. Tlie largest saddle-tree factory in the world is found here, while large quantities of overalls, wine, l)rick, and flour are also manufactured. The Ceneral Assembly meets here every two years to make laws for the people. The state law libi'ary. kept here, is one of the finest in the country, and lawyers from all over the state consult its volumes. By act of Congress in 1820 Missouri was authorized to organize as a state ; the present site of the ca[)itol was selected in 1821, and the capitol building was completed in 1826. Tlie early sessions of the Legislature, until the capitol was com- pleted, were held at St. Charles. Population, 0,G*H ; estimated at this time, l-),o42. Carthage. — This is a city of great natural and artistic l)eauty. Handsome residences, fine boulevards, pretty lawns and parks, are found on every side. It is termed " the most beautiful city of its size in America." The altitude is high, the air and water pure, and the drainage good. It is in the great lead and zinc district, some of 54 Missoum the largest deposits of mineral being found at this place. Twenty producing mines are within a short distance of Carthage. Perhaps its most important product is building stone, a white limestone of superior quality and beauty. Large quantities of it are used in different parts of the country for building, trimming, making of monuments, and for paving purposes. It has four lines of railroad connecting it with the largest markets of this and other states. Cheap and rapid transit by electric lines connects it with the nearest towns. Machine shops and wagon factories, factories for making mattresses and bed-springs, together with furniture and canning businesses, give employment to a large number of men. The system ' of public schools is one of the best, including six ward schools and a first class liigh school. Population, 9,416 ; estimated at present, 14,500. Webb City. — Tliis is another good town in the midst of the min- ing district of soutliwest Missouri. Mining at this place began in a systematic way in 1877, and good quantities of mineral have been shipped out since. It is a modern city, having water, sewerage, electric light systems, and a fire department. Lead and zinc are found near the surface of the earth, and the mining of these minerals is carried on at small expense. A good white limestone for building purposes is found in good quantities. Population, 0,201 ; estimated at this time, 14,500. Moberly is tlie chief city in Randolph County, located in a beau- tiful level prairie. It is centrally located for business, being sur- rounded by a large coal producing area. Two important railroad systems, with several branches, cross at this point. The city has several manufacturing plants besides the railroad repair shops. It is surrounded by an excellent country. Population, 8,012 ; esti- mated at this time, 12,000. St. Charles is the county seat of St. Charles County. Extensive car works are located here, and they do a very large business. The city stands on the Missouri River, and in addition two trunk-line railroads pass through the place. (What are they?) Large quan- tities of tobacco are also manufactured. Population, 7,982 ; esti- mated at present, 11,000. Nevada is not far from the western line of the state in the midst of a good agricultural community. It has two trunk-line railroads, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, and the Missouri Pacific, and sev- eral branch lines. There is a candy factory, a foundry, and machine CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 55 shops, a large flouring mill, and a zinc smelter. One of the State Hospitals for the Insane is located liere. Its public school system is one of the best outside the large cities. Population, 7,461. Independence, the county seat of Jackson County, is ten miles east of Kansas City. Besides the railroads there is an electric line that connects it with Kansas City. It is a center of many fine rock roads, which add much to the business interests of the place, by furnishing easy means of transportation from the country to the city. There are several important manufacturing plants in the town. Population, 6,9()4. Chillicothe is the county seat of Livingston County. It has three trunk lines of railroad which reacli a line agricultural region. Stock raising and gen- eral farming predominate, large quantities of tine cattle being raised, especially Here- fords, Shorthorns, and Gallo- w^ays. Chillicothe is an im- portant market for mules and horses. The Industrial School for (lirls is located here, also the Chillicothe Normal School, a private institution for the training of teachers. Population, (!,*.K)5. Aurora is a vigorous nnning towai in Lawrence County. It has Avater works, gas and electric lights. It is in the fruit-growing sec- tion of the state, and a large amount of apples and small fruit is raised each year. Lead and zinc are found in paying quantities in the vicinity. The streets are paved with gravel. Population, 6,191. Kirksville, the county seat of Adair County, has two railroads, (me extending east and west and the otlier north and south. Tlie making of ax handles, wagons, and buggies form special industries. Tlie city is surrounded by prairie land witli the exception of the section to tlie west. Crain, bay, and fruit are important products Fig. 37. In the Cypress Swamps in Southeast ]Missouri. 56 MISSOURI of the farms. The E'irst District Normal School is located in this town. Population, 6,966. Columbia, the county seat of Boone County, is near the center of the state. It is in a rich country devoted to stock raising and gen- eral agriculture. Two academies, two female colleges, a Bible col- lege, and the University of Missouri are located in the place. While no main line railroad enters the town, there are two spurs or branches. The town is the greatest educational center in the state. Population, 5,651. De Soto is forty-three miles south of St. Louis on the Iron Mountain Railroad. It has an agri- cultural implement fac- tory, makes large quanti- ties of flour, and has the repair railroad shops. Population, 5,611. Brookfield is an impor- tant town in Linn County, halfway between Hannibal and St. Joseph. Cattle and corn are important products, and horses and mules contribute large amounts to the annual sur- plus of the countr}^ It is in the coal area, and many carloads of coal are sliipped in addition to the quantities consumed at home. The town has good railroad facilities. Population, 5,484. Trenton is one of the best towns in the northern part of the state. It is the seat of government of Grundy County. It has two good railroads, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, and the Quincy, Omaha and Kansas City. It has car shops, a canning fac- tory, and flour and corn-meal mills. Coal of good quality and in large amounts is mined in the immediate locality, the vein being eighteen inches in thickness. Population, 5,396. Louisiana is a progressive town in Pike County, on the Alissis- FiG. 38. A Beautiful Scene among the Many in the Southern Part of the State. CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 57 sippi River. A sash-and-door plant, a pearl button factory, lime works, and an extensive cement plant are among the industries of the place. The soil of the surrounding country is very rich, and large amounts of farm products are raised. Very large nursery interests are found here also. Population, 5,131. Mexico, the county seat of Audrain County, is located on two railroads. (Name them.) It has good business interests and is lo- cated in a fine farming community. Corn, wheat, and oats are im- portant farm products, while cattle and fine horses are extensively raised for the markets. The public schools are among the best in the state. Population, 5,099. Marshall is the county seat of Saline County, one of the richest counties in the state. It is in a wheat-raising section, and the manu- facture of flour is a large industry in the place. The Missouri Val- ley College and the Colony ior the Feeble-minded are both here, and both are well equij)ped for their work. The Missouri Pacific and the Chicago and Alton railroads pass through the place. Population, 5,086. Clinton, the county seat of Henry County, is in a very pretty country. The flour-mill interests are large, as the town is in a good wheat section. Stock and agricultural interests are also very large. P"'ine cattle and fine horses receive a large amount of attention. One of the largest tile works in the country is in Clinton. Trans- [)ortation facilities are good, there being three railroads through the [)lace. Population, 5,061. Qt^ESTiONS. — (1) Wliat are the manufacturing plants in your town or in the town nearest your home? What are tlie forces which led to their establishment? (2) Name three services performed for the people by the city or town. (3) Name the conditions which contributed most largely to the growth of each of the large cities in the state. (4) What reasons can be assigned for the location of so many large towns in southwest Missouri? (5) Can any explanation be given of the fact that the three large cities of the state are located on the large rivers? 58 APPENDIX VALUE OF SURPLUS PRODUCTS BY COUNTIES, 1906 Adair Andrew Atfhison Audrain Barry Barton Bates Benton Bollinger Boone Buchanan Butler Caldwell Callaway Camden Cape Girardeau Carroll Carter Cass Cedar Chariton Christian Clark Clay (Uiiitou Cole Cooper Crawford Dade Dallas Daviess DeKalb Dent Douglas Dunklin Franklin Gasconade Gentry Greene Grundy Harrison Henry Hickory Holt ./. Howard Howell Iron Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Knox Laclede Lafayette Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Linn SI, 770,970 ;,2!I5,740 :,()r)(),77;; :,.s2:i.:!.Vi ,4< is. ill's ;,()2ii.;Mti ;,72i,.Vis ,or)(;,7(;.-. 6;»(i,4.-d ;,.s7(i,'.i4'_' i,;32(;,ios :,122,4;!0 ;,050,714 :,3S2,(!r)0 (346,1()0 i.2i)r),23(j ,2:57,214 il!)l,185 s.S()2,77() !)()7.57(; v'-jio-'ur. ,14(>,S2() ,8;i5.2S2 :,!»s7,."i;;(; :,8()2,342 :,318.570 ,914,(;!i:! 8! 10,; 124 ,o;i:i,s',is n(;2.(;7ii Kid.lL'o 854.2.-.!) ,2(i(;.lS(; Livingston :\IcD('.nald -Macon .... Aladisou .. .M.-iries .... Marion .Mcivcr Miller Mississippi . . Moniteau Monroe Montgomery Morgan New Madrid. Newton Nodaway Oregon Osa.ge Ozark Pemiscot Perry Pettis I'helps , Pike Platte Polk I Pulaski Putnam Halls Kandolph . . . ivav i;ipi,- ,5;.«i,-is4 ,(i07,52:3 ,4!)0,782 ,735,787 "551!. ■;'.•! ,741,t)0-j ,(i90,172 ,104,S74 94r),87'.l ,.544,! Ku ,040.7(10 ^843',()iiii ,315,<».-.S 844 .(iO(; ,271,2S7 ,(i5!»,4"i7 ,71(i,47S ,74;i,.50(; ,526,192 ."^t. Prani^-ois . . . Sle. Genevieve St. Louis Saline Schuyler Scotland Stoddard . . Stone Sullivan Taney Texas Vernon W.irren Washington AVavne '..... Wei.ster ... Worth AVri-ht .... Total value, all counties. S 2,-304,394 904,350 3,961,135 1,763,608 576,2/30 2,334,583 1,091,400 603,119 2,956,298 1,389,591 2,721,147 1,837,977 795,191 3,469,915 3,419,015 5,024,236 5(i0,105 1,301,024 551,572 2,904,409 1,430,431 5,167,7.35 8.38,019 4,136,058 3,399,580 1,750,393 856,757 1,498,425 4,701,898 2.(;:i6,838 3,019,958 1,209,236 771,461 2,-537,515 1,177,918 11,151,240 1,120,562 6,681,106 6,928,076 1,704,805 1,153,8.51 3,982,905 709,-337 2,709,151 3,080,253 419,003 1,976,7:!8 700,880 798,03!) 3,736,473 1,054,363 627,079 1,-548,928 1,494,618 1,033,362 773,681 ; 291,921,946 APPENDIX 59 STATISTICS OF COUNTIES County, County Seat Kiikf^ ille .. Miiiih kport. Ada Aiidn'w, Sa Atcliisuii. i; All.llllill. MrXU-i, IJaiTs. ( ;i-.\ill,. Baiiuii, l.aiiKir l'.atr>. IWiil.-r Benton, Warsaw B..llin-rr. .Marble Hill Boone, C'ohiiiibia i,se])l luff Butler, Poplar Bl Caldwell, Kingston Callawav. Fufton Camden', Linnereek C'aiM' (Jirardeau. (same) Carndl, Carrollton ... Carter, Van Buren ... Cass, Hanisonvilli' . . Cedar, Stockton Chariton, Kevtesville. Cliristian. O/ark Clark, Kahoka Clav. Liberty Clinton. Blaitsburu'. . . Cole, JetTers,ni CilV .. Cooper, I'.ncnville:... Crawlonl, Sleelville . Dade, (uventiel.l Dallas, i'.nllalo Daxievs. Callatin .... DeKalb, .Mayville .... Dent, Salem Doti,iila.s, Ava Duidvlin, Keniiett .... Franklin, rnion (laseonade, Hermjiiiii. (ientry. Albany (Jreen. Siirin^tield (irnndy, Trenton Harri.s'on, Bethany • ■ . Henry, Clinton.."..... Hiekorv, Hermita.tje . Holt, (ireKon ....".... Howard, Favette Howell, AVest Plain .. Iron, (iraiiiteville .... Jaekson. Independenc Jasper, Cartha-e Jefferson, llillsboro ., JohiKSon, AVarrensbiin Kiio.x. Edina ' Laclede, Lebanon ... Lafayette, Lexington Lawrence, Mt. Yernoi LewLs, Monticello ... Lincoln, Troy Linn, Liuneiis 5(il 41.'0 5;?'2 680 7<)0 5<)0 874 820 010 ()80 417 702 42(i 8;5() 702 570 (;8f> r.0() 712 491 740 551 404 407 417 oiW 5(i2 747 493 530 531 420 7(i8 809 531 880 518 492 ()()8 432 730 740 408 4(10 450 !K)7 555 (i07 632 687 835 504 729 604 612 500 613 620 21,728 17,332 16,501 21,160 25,5;i2 18.2.-)3 30,111 16,.5.".f; 14, ( ;.-.(• 28,(i42 121,838 16,759 16,656 5"),984 13,113 24,315 26,4.-..-, (i.7n(; 23,6: Ki l(i,9j:; 2(;,S2(; 16. 9.;'. I I5,;!,s:; 18,w.ippi. Charleston M.Mjiteau, California .. Monroe, Paris Montgomery, Danvilb; Morgan, Versailles .... New Madrid, (same) . . Newton, Neosho Nodaway, Mary ville . . Ore-(Mi, 'Alton Osaue, Linn Ozaik. (;ainesville .... IVr'i'r.'rerrx ville .'.... I'eltis, Sr.hili;, rih'Ips, Holla Pike. Bowling (ireen .. Platte. I'latti' City Polk, Bolivar ..:. Pulaski, AVaynesville . Putnam, Unionville . .. Ralls, New Lt)ndon .... Bandulph, Hmitsville . Kav. Kichmond i;.Mi..l(ls, Centerville , Bililey, Doniphan St. Charles, (same) St. Clair, O.sceola Ste. Genevieve, (same) St. Francois, Farmington St. Louis, Clayton . . St. Louis city" Saline, Marshall Schuyler, Lancaster . Scotland, Memphis . . Scott, I'.eiiton Shannon, Eminen.'e . Shelby, Shelbyville. . Stoddard, Bloomtield Sullivan, Milan .. Taney, Forsvtbe . Texas. Ihinston .. \-eriiun. Nevada.. W-Avrru. Warrent. Wasbinuton, Poto; W ; ■nvillt Webster, iMar.shHeld. Worth, (irant City . . Wright, Hartville . . . 532 523 828 495 530 432 451 597 417 410 ()66 514 (il2 ()54 (i29 8(!4 787 (106 747 .509 4()8 620 410 (i33 518 480 489 5()1 830 ()23 4.5() 705 493 4()0 483 61 820 »)2 453 416 993 509 833 .509 ()48 648 11.57 8:;!) 410 744 770 .579 2(54 673 22,.302 13,.574 43,018 9,975 9,616 26,-331 14,706 15,187 11,837 15,931 19,71(i 16.571 12,175 11.280 27,001 :!2,9:i8 i:!,906 14,096 12.145 12,115 l5,i;;4 32,4;!8 14,194 25,744 16,193 23.255 10.:i!l4 ](i.688 12.287 24.442 24,805 8,161 i:;,186 44.474 17,907 10,3.59 24,051 50,040 5.55,2158 3;!, 703 10.840 i;j,232 13,092 11,247 16,167 24,(i69 9.892 20.282 10.127 19.192 31.619 14,263 15.;;09 1(;,640 60 APPENDIX CITIES WITH POPULATION BETWEEN 1,000 AND 3,000 AND THE RANK OF EACH IN THE STATE Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Albany Appleton Ash Grove Belton Bethany Bevier Bloomtield Bolivar Bowling Green . . Brecken ridge Brunswick California Cameron Canton Carl Junction Caruthersville . . . Centralia Charleston Clarence Deepwater Dexter Doniphan Edina Eldorado Springs. Excelsior Springs Farmington Fayette Ferguson Festus Fredriektown . . . . Gallatin Glasgow Granby Grant City Greenfield Greenville 2,025 1,133 1,(139 1,1111,-, 2,o',i:l 1,S(K 1.4T5 1,869 1,902 1,012 1,403 2,181 2.979 2,865 1,177 2,315 1,722 1,893 1,184 1,201 1,802 1,.'".0S 1,00,-, 2.137 1,851 1,778 2,717 1,015 1,256 1,577 1,780 1,672 2,315 1,406 1,406 1,051 Hamilton Ilarrisonville Hcnnaiin lli-li.-.- lliL-iIl^ville llold.-n Huntsville Humansville .... Jackson Kahoka Kennett Key tesville Kirkwood La Grange Lamar La Plata Lathrop Lebanon Lee's Sumnut .. . Liberty .M.alden Manvlinc Mai-i..iiville M'"'l>l'i.^ Mihiii Monroe City .... Montgomery City Mound City Mountain Grove . Mount Vernon .. Neosho New Franklin .. . New Madrid Norborne Odessa ' Oregon 1,804 1,844 1,575 1,151 2,791 2.126 1,805 ],(155 1,6,^)8 1,818 1,.509 1,127 2,825 1,.507 L345 1,118 2,125 1,453 2.407 1.402 2,6:30 1,290 2,195 1,757 ],929 2,(126 1,681 1.004 1,206 2,725 1,156 1,489 1,1^9 1,445 1,032 Oronogo Osceola Pacific Palmyra Paris" Pattonsburg . . . Pierce City Plattsburg Pleasant Hill... Princeton R()ck[)ort Kolla Salem Salisbury Sarcoxie . . . Savannah Seneca Shelbina Sikeston Slater Stanberry Ste. Genevifve . Sweet Springs., Tarkio Thayer Tipton Troy Unionville Vandalia Ver.sailles Webster Groves Wellsville Weston West Plains. ... Willow Springs Windsor 2,073 1,037 1,213 2.323 1,397 1,065 2.151 1,878 2,002 1,575 1,080 1,600 1,481 1,847 1,126 1,886 1,043 1,733 1,077 2,504 2,652 1,707 1,080 1,901 1,276 1,337 1,153 2,050 1,168 1,240 1,895 1,160 1,019 2.902 1,078 1,502 CITIES WITH POPULATION OF 3,000 AND OVER, WITH RANK IN THE STATE Cities i Pop. 1900 Cities i " 7. Pop. 1900 Cities i < -1 '^- Pop. 1900 Aurora 16 31 20 27 36 30 9 15 25 18 19 26 7 6,191 4,377 5,484 3,158 4,815 3,854 4,445 9,416 6,905 5,061 5,651 5,611 12i780 Independence Jefferson City . . . 14 8 4 2 17 33 22 34 24 29 11 39 13 6,974 9,664 26,023 163,752 5,966 4,190 5,131 4,068 5,086 4,577 5,090 8,012 3,115 7,461 Poplar Bluff ... Itich Hill Richmond St. Charles St. Joseph St. Louis Sedalia Springfield Trenton Warrensburg ... Washington Webb City 32 35 37 12 1 6 5 21 28 40 10 Boonville Brookfield 4,053 3,478 7,982 102,979 575,238 15,231 23,267 5,396 4,724 3.015 9,201 Butler Cape Girardeau . . CarroUton Carterville Carthage Chillicothe Clinton Columbia DeSoto Fulton Kansas City Kirksville Lexington Louisiana Macon Marshall Maryville Me.Kico Moberly Monett NEW PHYSICAL GEOGR.APHY By RALPH S. TARR, B.S., F.G.S.A. Professor in Cornell University, and co-aulhor of ike Tarr and McMurry Geographiei Price $1.00 Modern. This being the latest book on the subject, the author has been able to describe the results of the most recent investigations into important physical phenomena, such as the eruption of Mont Pelee. Arrangement. For the first time a text-book in the science has been prepared that proceeds from the simple to the complex. The study of springs, rivers, valleys, mountains, and hills introduces the pupil to the study, while the study of the atmosphere, the v^eather, and more difficult subjects is presented near the end of the book. Application. As each new principle is presented, it is applied to definite localities with which the pupil is already acquainted. This method increases the child's interest in the study. Illustrations. There are 568 photographs of the places mentioned in the text. Next to being on the ground, these views are the best aid to teacher and pupil. No other text-book can compare with Professor Tarr's work in this feature. Human Element. In the chapters on the Physiography of the United States, Rivers of the United States, Distribution of Plants, Distribution of Animals, and Man and Nature, the effects and opera- tions of physiographic laws are clearly and interestingly shown. Teachable. By means of a summary at the close of each para> graph, of Review Questions and Topics at the end of each chapter, and of simple home experiment directions, the book becomes by far the simplest high-school text-book on the market. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK )STON CHICAGO ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO THE MACMILLAN POCKET SERIES OP ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CLASSICS >^ ■^ Edited for school use, with full notes and biogfraphical introductions. Bound in cloth. Uniform price of Series, 25 cents a volume; special discounts on orders for class use. •Addison's Sir Roger de Coverley. Browning's Shorter Poems. Mrs. Browning's Poems (Selections from). ♦Burke's Speech on Conciliation. Byron's Childe Harold. Byron's Shorter Poems. *Carlyle's Essay on Burns, with Selections. Chaucer's Prologue to the Book of the Tales of Canterbury, the Knight's Tale, and the Nun's Priest's Tale •Coleridge's The Ancient Mariner. Cooper's Last of the Mohicans. Cooper's The Deerslayer. De Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater. Dryden's Palamon and Arcite. Early American Orations, 1760-1824. Jonathan Edwards' Sermons (Selections from) . •George Eliot's Silas Mamer. Epoch-making Papers in United States History. Franklin's Autobiography. •Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield. Hawthorne's Twice-told Tales. Irving 's Alhambra. •Irving's Life of Goldsmith. Irving's Sketch Book. Longfellow's Evangeline. ♦Lowell's Vision of Sir Launfal. *Macaulay's Essay on Addison. Macaulay's Essay on Clive. *Macaulay's Essay on Johnson. ♦Macaulay's Essay on Milton. Macaulay's Essay on Warren Hastings. •Milton's Comus, Lycidas, and Other Poems. Milton's Paradise Lost. Palgrave's Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics. Plutarch's Lives of Caesar, Brutus, and An- tony. Poe's Poems. Poe's Prose Tales (Selections from). Pope's Homer's Iliad. Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies, and King of the Golden River. ♦Scott's Ivanhoe. *Scott's Lady of the Lake. Scott's Marmion. Shakespeare's As You Like It. Shakespeare's Hamlet. *Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. *Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice, *Shakespeare's Macbeth. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. Shelley and Keats (Selections from). Southern Poets (Selections from) . Spenser's Faerie Queen, Book I. Stevenson's Treasure Island. ♦Tennyson's The Princess. •Tennyson's Idylls of the King. Tennyson's Shorter Poems. John Woolman's Journal. Wordsworth's Shorter Poems. Please note that the volumes starred (*) are the ones required for admission to South- ern colleges. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY BOSTON 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CHICAGO ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO TARR AND McMURRY GEOGRAPHIES SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME MISSOURI BY J. U. BARNARD PRINCIPAL HUMBOLDT SCHOOL, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1908 All rights reserved "^t Lb N '10