• ^- ^;/\--^^'-; \..^°.«<> ..^^* \ ■•^o^^/:^%\^ ^°-n^. ■"■"°' <*' "^ "' A° "^-^ o rs J i i =0 1 ^ ^ Ibli] 1^ @ .2 « © ^ £ .2 ^ g%^ ■^2-" S = § ■g 1^ «^-S cj •£> C « o .2 111 o E ® Si« CONCISE HISTORY MASSACHUSETTS, ITS FIRST SETTLEMENT, (AND FOR FOURTEEN YEARS, THE HISTORY OF ALL NEW ENGLAND.) FOR THE USr: OF SCHOOLS AND FAMILIES. BY MARY CLARK NEW- YORK : DANIEL AND GEORGE F. COOLEDGE. BOSTON ; MUNROE AND FRANCIS. 1837. "<^'?. 1 1876. :) ADVERTISEMENT. That mind must be possessed of uncom- on apathy, which can contemplate the 3tory of Massachusetts, (for fourteen years e history of all New-England,) from the cy when the little band of Pilgrims, in arch of " a faith's pure shrine," first land- ' on the inhospitable shore of Plymouth, rough the eventful two hundred years •rich have since rolled away, without deep jotion ; without some kindlings of enthu- siastic admiration of the pure and lofty aim, the all-sustaining piety and fortitude, the unquenchable love of liberty which inspired the Fathers, and the spirit of freedom and of patriotism which, in later times, animated the sons, leading both to glorious deeds and great achievements ; without acknowledg- ing the protecting Power whom the Pilgrim Fathers came hither to worship unmo- IV ADVERTISEMENT. lested, who has caused " a Uttle one to be- come a thousand," a feeble colony to become " a great nation." It is hoped that no apology will be deem- ed necessary for an attempt to furnish the YOUTH of Massachusetts with a History of their native state in so condensed a form, as shall put it in the power of every one to obtain a knowledge of the leading facts. Such is the object of the compiler of this little work. To facihtate the acquisition of this knowledge, by young learners in schools and families, the interrogative form has been adopted, and the events arranged in chrono- logical order. The best authorities have been consulted, and care has been taken to render the work as correct as possible. The immediate answers to the questions are as brief as can well be, and printed in larger type. The passages in small type may be attentively read by the pupil, and so much of them recited by him on going through the book a second time, as shall be deemed proper by the judicious teacher. Boston^ December, 1830. CONVERSATIONS ON THE HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. CONVERSATION I. Discovery of New England by Gosnold. — Coast explored by Capt. Smith — Former name of New-England. — Settlement of New- England. — Puritans. — Mr. Robinson's congregation. — Reasons for their emigration to America. — Preparatory measures. — Voy- age and landing. — Events and discoveries after their arrival. — Plymouth founded. — Character of the First Settlers. a. When and by whom was New-Eng- land discovered ? A. In 1602, by Bartholomew Gosnold, the first English commander who reached Ameri- ca by sailing on a due west course. Q,. What was the circuit of former naviga- tors ? A. By the West-India Isles and the Gulf of Florida. Q,. What part of New-England did he first discover ? A. A promontory in Massachusetts Bay, to which, from the great quantity of codfish ta- ken by him there, he gave tlie name of Cape Cod. Q. What further discoveries did he make ? A. Sailing along the coast to the southwest, he discovered and gave names to several pla- 1* X 6 CONVERSATIONS ON THE ces, and touched at two islands, one of which he named Martha's Vineyard,* and the other Ehzabeth Island.t From this place he returned to England in less than four monihs from the time of his departure: having made the quickest voyage to the new world then known. + Q. What celebrated navigator next visited New-England ? A. Capt. John Smith, who, in the year 1614, explored with accuracy that part of the coast reaching from Penobscot (in Maine) to Cape Cod. On his return to England he laid a map of it before prince Charles.^ and gave such a splendid description of the beauty and excellency of the country, that the young prince, in the •warmth of his admiration, declared it should be called New- England. Cape Ann was so named by the prince from respect to his mother. Anne of Denmark, wife of James I. Q.. What had this part of North America previously been called ? A. North Virginia. Q.. Was New-England inhabited at that time ? A. It was, by a race of men called Indians or savages^ who lived wild in the woods. Savage, s. a wild, uncivilized man. * Now called Noman's Land. t The westernmost of the islands that bear the name of Elizabeth. I He resided three weeks on the most western of the Eliz- abeth islands, on which he built a fort and storehouse. Want of provisions induced him to give up the design of a settle- ment. The cellar of his storehouse was discovered by Dr. Belknap in 1797. 6 Afterwards King Charles I. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 7 Q. When and b)^ whom was the first settle- ment made in New England ? A. In 1620, by a company of Dissenters or Puritans,* a part of the congregation of Rev. John Robinson of Leyden, in Holland, who with his people emigrated to that place from England, in the year 1G08, to enjoy that re- ligious freedom which was denied them in their own country. The principal reasons of their dissent from the established church were, objections to its rites and ceremonies, which they conceived were not wholly free from the corruptions of the Romish church, and the low state of piety among its dig- nitaries and ministers. Q,. What were their declared reasons for removing from Holland to America ? A. " The unheaithiness of the low country where the)" resided ; the hard labours to which tliey were subjected ; the dissipated manners of the Hollanders, particularly their lax obser- vance of the Lord's day ; and the apprehen- sion of war" between Holland and Spain. They were also animated with the hope of spreading- the gospel in the remote parts of the earth, and forming a sys- tem of civil government unfettered with the arbitranj institu- tions of the old world. d. What measures did they take prepara- tory to their removal ? Emigrate, v. to remove from one place to another Dissent, v. to disagree in opinion. Dignitary, s. a clergyman of higher rank. Arbitrary, a. despotic, absolute. * So called because they dissented from the Church of Eng- land, and sought greater purity in simple forms of worship and church discipline. 8 iCONVERSATIONS ON THE A. They first sent agents to England to procure a pateiit^ and ascertain whether the king would grant them liberty of conscience Iq the distant country of America. Q,. Did those agents effect their object ? A. They did not ; but, the following year, (1619,) agents were again sent, who, after long attendance, and much expense and la- bour, obtained a patent under the seal of the Virginia company.* But they could prevail with the king no further than to en- gage he would not molest them, provided they were peace- able subjects. Q,. What further preparations did they make ? A. They agreed that some of their num- ber should go to America to prepare a place for the rest. Mr. Robinson, their minister, was persuaded to stay in Leyden with the greater part of the congregation, and Mr. Brewster, their elder, was to accompany the first adven- turers. Several of them sold their estates and made a common l^ank. This, with money re- ceived from other adventurers, enabled them to buy the Speedwell, a ship of 60 tons, and to hire in England the May-Flower, a ship of 180 tons, for the intended eriterprize. Patent., s. a writing comprising some right or privilege. Molest, V. to disturb, to trouble, to vex. Enterprize, s. a hazardous undertaking. * A company which had been formed in England, and had obtained grants of American territory, from King James I. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 9 Q.. When did they leave Leyden ? A. On the 2 of July 1620, and sailed from Southampton, England, on the 5 of August, same year. On the 10 of November, they ar- rived in Cape Cod harbour. The adventurers. 120 in number, aAer an affecting parting^ with their brethren and friends,* left Leyden and sailed to England, in July, and embarked for America from Southamp- ton, August 5 ensuing. On account of the leakiness of the small vessel, they were twice obliged to return, and at length dismissing it as unfit for service, the passengers, to the num- ber of 101 (19 being obliged to remain behind for want of ac- commodation in the ship) put to sea in the May-Flower on the 6 of September. After a boisterous passage, they, at break of day on November 9, discovered land at Cape Cod. Q,. Was this the place of their destination 7 A. It was not. They had intended to settle near Hudson's river, but the captain, having been bribed in Holland, steered his course northward, and after encountering dangers from shoals and breakers, near the coast, a storm coming on, they dropped an- chor in Cape Cod harbour. Here they were secure from winds and shoals, and as the season was far advanced, and sickness raged among them, it became necessary that they should take up their abode at this place. Q,. What did they do previously to their landing 1 A. They drew up a civil compact^ in which they agreed to be governed by the majority .f This was signed b}^ 41 of their number, on Destination, s. purpose for which any thing is appointed. Shoal, s. a shallow, a sand bank. Breaker, s. a wave broken by rocks or sand banks. Compact, s. a contract, an agreement. * On this occasion Mr. Robinson preached to them from Szra viii. 21. t This was the more important on account of their being vilhout the limits of their patent. 10 CONVERSATIONS ON THE the 11 of November, and Mr. John Carver was chosen their governor for one year. Q.. Wliat was their next proceeding ? A. To explore the adjacent country. The same day, 16 men, well armed, with a few others, were sent on shore to make discoveries, but they returned at niglit without having found any person or habitation. On Monday the 15 the company again disembarked, for further discoveries, and on Wednesday, Myles Standish and others, in searching for a convenient place for settlement, saw 3 or G Indians, whom they followed until night, and not overtaking, they were constrained to lodge in the woods. Next day they discovered heaps of earth, which they dug open, and finding within implements of war, concluded they were Indian graves 3 replaced what they had taken out, and left them inviolate. In different heaps of sand they found baskets of corn, a large quantity of which they carried away, in a great kettle,* found at the ruins of an Indian house, intending to pay the owners when they should find them. This providential discovery gave them seed for future harvest, and preserved the colony from famine. t Q,. What other event took place among them during the month of November ? A. The birth of Peregrine, son of William and Susanna White. Tliis was the first Eu- ropean child born in New-England. Q,. What were some of the most important events in the ensuing month ? A. The discovery of a place for settlement, their landing, and building a house for com- mon habitation. On the 6 of December, the shallop was sent out with seve- Adjacent, a. lying close, bordering on. Constrain,v. to compel. Inviolate, a. unhurt, unbroken. Shallop, s. a small sail-boat. * Some ship's kettle, and brought from Europe, t It is remarked, by Gov. Bradford, that for this corn, six mouths after, the owners wore paid to their satisfaction. I HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 11 ral of the principal men, Carver, Bradford, Winslow, Stand- isli, and 8 or 10 seamen, to sail round the bay in search of a place for settlement. The next day they separated, part of them travelling on shore, and the others coasting in the shal- lop. On the morning of the 8, those on the shore were sur- prised by a flight of arrows, from the Indians 5 but on the dis- charge of the English muskets, they quickly disappeared. The shallop, after imminnd danger from the loss of its rudder and mast in a storm, and from slioals which it narrowly escaped, reached a small island on the night of the 8, and the next day, which was the last of the week, the company here reposed themstlves, with pious gratitude for their preservation.* Od the same island they kept the Christian sabbath. The day following, December ll,t they sounded the harbour and found it fit for shipping, went on shore, and explored the adjacent land, where they saw cornfields and brooks, and, judging the situation fit for settlement, they returned with the welcome in- telligence to the ship. On the 15, they weighed anchor, and proceeded with the ship to the newly-discovered port, where they arrived the following day. On the 18 and 19, they went on shore for discovery, but returned at night to the ship. On the morning of the 20, after imploring divine guidance, they went on shore and fixed on a place for settlement on a high ground, facing the bay, where the land was cleared and the water excellent. On Saturday the 23, they commenced fell- ing and carrying timber to the spot for the erection of a build- ing for common use. On Sabbath day the 24, the people on shore were alarmed by the cry of Indians, and expected an assault, but they continued unmolested : and on Monday, 23, they began to build the first house. On the 28, they began a platform for their ordnance upon a hill, which commanded an extensive prospect of the plain beneath, of the expanding bay, and the distant ocean. t In the afternoon, they divided their whole company into I'j families, measured out the ground, and Imviinent, a, impending^, near. Unmoltsted, a. free from disturbance. Ordnance, s. cannon, great guns. * This was afterwards called Clark's island, "because Mr. Clark, the Master's mate, first stepped abhore thereon j" which name it still retains. t Corresponding to Dec. 22, N. S. which is annually ob- served at riymouth, in commemoration of the Landing of the Fathers. \ The fortification was made on the summit of the hill, on which Plymouth burying ground now lies, and the relics of it are still visible. 12 CONVERSATIONS ON THE assigned to every person, by lot, half a rod in breadth, and three rods in leng'lh, for houses and gardens. Although most of the company were on board the ship on the Sabbath, Dec. 31, yet some of them kept sabbath for the first time in their new house. Gl. What precise time may be fixed as the epoch of their settlement ? A. December 31, 1620, the first day of oc- cupying their new house. Q,. What name did they give their infant plantation ? A. Plymouth. Probably in grateful remembrance of the Christian friends whom they found at the last town they left in their native country 5 or, as some suppose, from respect to the company within whose ju7-isdiction they found themselves situated. This was the foundation of tlie first English town in New-England. Q. Wliat were some of the most prominent traits in the character of the early Plynrouth settlers, who are now spoken of by the char- acteristic appellation of The Pilgrims ? A. Wisdom, patience, perseverance, energy and decision, courage, fortitude, self-denial, fervent and rational piety, conscientious adhe- rence to what they believed to be right, and an unconquerable attachment to civil and reli- gious hberty. They were strictly a religious people. They voluntarily made the greatest of all earthly sacrifices, in forsaking friends, home and country, and relinquishing the comforts of civilized Epoch, s. the time at which a new coraputation is l>egun, from which dates are numbered. Jurisdiction, s. extent of power, district. Adherence, s. attachment. RtlinquUhf v. to forsake, to quit. Mi HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS, 13 life, to enjoy the privilege, which man in power often denies to his fellow man, viz. frkedom to worship God agreeably to the dictates of conscience. Many were martyrs in the no- ble cause ; Iml those who survived obtained the reward of this glorious privilcg'e, which was transmitted to succeeding gene- rations, and is now enjoycil by the people of New-I>n«land in the greatest perfection that civil authority has power to bestow. CONVERSATION II. Jiew Patent.— Plymouth town built.— Sickness at Plymouth.— Mili- tary arrangements. — First Indian visit. — Visit from Massasoit. — Death and cbaracter of Governor Carver. — First marriage at Plymouth. — First duel. Gl. When was granted the new patent to the Pl)^mouth Company ? A. It was dated tlie 3 of November, 1620, and granted by king James to the Duke of Lenox, the Mai'quises of Buckingham and Hamilton, the Earls of Arundel and Warwick, and Sir Fcrdinando Gorges, with 34 associates and their successors : Styling them " The Council established at Plymouth in the county of Devon, for the planting, ruling, ordering, and governing of New-England in North America." Qi- What part of the territory was put in their possession by this patent ? A. That which lies between the 40 and 48 degree of north latitude in breadth, and *' in length by all the breadth aforesaid, through- Marquis, s. an order of nobility next to a duke. Earl, 3. an order of nobility next to a marquis. 2 14 CONVERSATIONS ON Till': out the main land from sea to sea," with cer- tain powers and privileges. This patent was the sole basis of all the subsequent patents and plantations, which divided this country. Gi. Wiicn did tiio Plymouth colonists pro- ceed to the erection of their projected town ? A. On the 9 of January, 1G21, and huilt it in two rows of houses for greater security. On the 14, their common house took fire from a spark whicb fell on its thatched roof, and was entirely consumed. Several persons were sick in the house at the time, but they all eflect- ed a timely escape. d. Was there much sickness among tliem during the winter ? A. There was a mortal sickness, which commenced soon after their arrival, and, with- in the first three months, swept of! half their number. It was probably owing to their unnsual exposure and hard-- ships, the severity of the winter, and the want of such provi- sions as they had been accustomed to. Yet their submission to the will of God, their readiness to help one another, and their bright hopes of another and better world, sustained them in all their distresses, and enabled them to persevere through all the diiHculties of their situation. AVhen did they first meet for the purpose of making military arrangements ? A. On the 17 of Februar)^, when Myles Standish was chosen captain, and invested with power pertaining to that otfice. Q,. When did they receive the first Indian visit ? Project, V. to scheme, to plan. Thatch, s. straw laid upon the top of a house to keep out th*' weather. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 15 A. March 16, when an Indian came boldly, alone, into the street of Plymouth, and surpri- sed the inliabitants by calling out, " Welcome, EngUshnien ! welcome. Englishmen !" His name was Samoset, a sagamore of the country lying at the distance of about 5 days' journey. Having conversed with the English fishermen who had come to the coast, and learned of them to speak broken Eng- lish, he informed the Plymouth people, that the place where they were situated was called by the Indians, Paluxet 5 that all the inhabitants had died of an extraordinary plague about four years since, and that there was neither man, woman, nor child, remaining. No natives, therefore, were dispossess- ed of this territory to make room for the English, except by the providence of God previous to their arrival. Q,. What was the effect of the visit upon Samoset ? A. Such as to conciliate his friendship and good will. Being hospitably treated by the white people, he was dispo- •sed to preserve an intercourse with them, and on his third visit, March 22, was accompanied by Squanto, a native, who had been carried off by Hunt in 1G14, and aiterwards lived in En- gland.* 'I'hey informed the English, that Massasoit, the great- est king of the neighbouring Indians, was near, with his broth- er and a number of his people ; and wiiliin an hour be ap- peared on the top of a hill over against the English town, with 60 men. Mutual distrust prevented, for some time, any ad- vances from either side. Squanto, at length, being sent to Massasoit, brought back word that the English should send one of their number to parley with him. Rlr. Edward VVinslow was accordingly sent. Two knives and a copper chain were sent to Massasoit at the same time, and to his brother a knife and a jewel, with " a pot of strong water,'' a quantity of Dispossess, v. to deprive, to disseize. Hospilahhj, ad. with kindness. * Hunt was the master of a ship, who visited New-England and carried off several of the natives, whom he took into Spain ; but Squanto escaped to England. 16 CONVERSATIONS ON THE biscuit, and some butler, all which were e^^ladly accepted. Mr. Winslow, in a speech to Massasoit, signified that king' James saluted him with words of love and peace, and that the Eng- lish governor desired lo see him, to trade, and confirm a peace with him as his next neighbour. The Indian king heard this speech with attention and approbation. After partaking of llie provision sent by the English, and imparling the rest to his company, he looked at i\Ir. Winslow's sword and armour, in- timating his wish to buy it, but found him unwilling to part with it. At the close of the interview, Massasoit, leaving Mr. Winslow in the custody of his brother, went over the brook which separated him from the English, with a train of 20 men, whose bows and arrows were left behind. Here he was met by Capt. Standish and Mr. Williamson with 6 musketeers, who conducted him to a house then building, where were pla- ced a green rug and 3 or 4 cushions. The governor now ad- vanced, attended with a drum and trumpet, and a few mus- keteers. After mutual salutations, the governor called for refreshments, which the Indian king pai'.ook himself and im- parted to his followers. A league of friendship was then agreed on, and it was inviolabhj observed above 30 years. Q,. What were the next pulphc acts of the colonists ? A. On the next day, March 23, they con- cluded their military business, made some laws adapted to their present state, and confirmed Mr. Carver as their governor the succeeding year ; but he died soon after, to the great re- gret of the colony. Q,. What was his character ? A. He was a man of great prudence, in- tegrity, and firmness of mind, of distinguished piety, humihty, and condescension. He possessed a considerable estate, the greater part of which he expended in promoting the interests of the infant colony. Q,. Who was his successor ? Musketeer, s. a soldier whose weapon is liis musket. Inviolably, ad. without breach or failure. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 17 A. Mr. William Bradford ; and Mr. Isaac Allerton was appointed his assistant : both of whom, by renewed elections, were continued in office several years. Q,. When was the first marriage solem- nized at Plymouth ? A. On the 12 of May, 1621, between Mr. Edward Winslow and Mrs. Susannah White. Q,. When was the first duel fought in New-England ? A. June 18, same year, by two servants, both of whom wxre wounded. They were sentenced to the punishment of having the head and feet tied together, and of lying 24 hours without meat or drink. But, after suffering in that painful posture for one hour, at their master's intercession and their own humble request, with promise of amendment, they were released by the governor. CONVERSATION III. Embassy sent to Massasoit. Their reception. Conspiracy against the English. Submission of tlie Indian saclieras. Bay of Massa- chusetts explored. Arrival of new settlers. Scarcity of provi- sions. Threat of war from Canonicus. Fortification of Plymouth. Death of Squanto. Excursion of the governor among the na- tives. Q,. What was one of the first official acts of Governor Bradford ? A. Sending an embassy to Massasoit, Solemnize, v. to dignify by particular formalities. Official, a. pertaining to a public charge. Embassy, s. a public message. 2' 18 CONVERSATIONS ON THE consisting of Mr. Edward Winslow and Ste- plien Hopkins, with Squanto for their guide, to confirnv the league ; to explore the couiitr)^ ; to learn the strcngtli and situation of their new friend ; to carry presents ; to apologize for some supposed injuries ; to estahlish a friendly intercourse, and procure seed corn for the en- suing season. They found in many places marks of the plague which had desolated the neig-libourliood of Patuxet 5 and passed through fine old cornfields and pasture grounds, destitute of cattle and. inhabitants. Skulls and bones appeared in many places where the Indians had dwelt. Q,. How were they received by Massasoit t A. On their arrival at Pokanoket, his place of residence, about 40 miles from Plymouth, they were kindly w^elcomed by the Indian sov- ereign, who renewed his assurances of contin- uing the friendship, which, as his influence was very extensive, it was happy for the colony that they had secured. Q,. When was mischief meditated against the colonists by Corbitant, and who was he ? A. • In August, 1621. He was a petty sachem of Massasoit, who, becoming discon- tented, endeavoured to alienate the affections of Massasoit's subjects from him that they might join the Narraganscts, who Avere hostile to the English. Q,. Did he succeed in his designs ? Desolate, a. solitnry, deprived of iohabitants, laid waste. Sachem, s. a chief. Alienate, v. to transfer. Hostile, a. adverse, at enmity. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 19 A. He did not. Squanto and Hobomock, two faithful friends of the white people, going- to Namasket where Corbitant then was, to make observation, were threatened with death by him, and he seiz- ed and detained Sqnanloj but Hobomock escaped. To coun- teract the evil machinations Qi Corbitant, and liberate Squan- to, Myies Standish with 14 men, and Hobomock for their guide, were sent to Namasket. On their arrival, Corbitanl's J'aclion i\e(\. The design of the English expedition was ex- plained to the natives, with threats of destruction incase of insiirrer.tion against Massasoit, or violence to any of his sub- jects. This resolute enterprise rtruck the neighbouring Indians with such terror, that, on the 13 of September following, nine sachems voluntarily came to Plymoulii, and acknowledged submission to king James, and their example was followed by other chiefs. Q. When, and for what purpose did the colonists first explore tlie Bay of Massachusetts ? A. In September, 1621, to see the country, rmake peace, and trade with the natives. Qi' When was the first arrival of new set- tlers at Plymouth ? A. November 11, 1621 ; when 35 persons arrived, with a charter procured for the Plym- outh colonists by the adventurers in London, who were originally concerned in the enterprise. Q,. How did the governor and his assistant dispose the people who came over for residence? A. Into several families ; and, on account of the scarcity of provisions, the people were restricted to half-allowance. Q,. Did tlie colonists suffer for want of sustenance ? Machination, s. artifice, scheme. Faction, s. a party. Insurrection, s. a rebellion. Dispose, V. to place, to adjust. Restrict, v. to limit. 20 CONVERSATIONS ON THE A. They did. For two or three months, being destitute of bread, they were obhged to subsist on fish anc^ spring water. As the ship, which broug^ht over the new settlers, came with scanty supplies, the colonists were obliged to victual her home j and in consequence of this, and the accession to their number; before the next spring they were reduced to great straits. Q,. What contributed to heighten their distresses ? A. A tlireat of war from Canonicus, the Narraganset chief, expressed l)y a message " in the emhlematic style of the ancient Scythians, viz. a bundle of arrows, bound to- gether by the skin of a serpent." Q,. How was this message answered by Governor Bradford ? A. By returning the skin filled with pow- der and ball. This had the desired effect. The Indians were afraid to let it remain in their houses, and at length sent it back to Plymouth unopened, and remained quiet. d. Did the English judge it necessary to take measures for further security ? A. They did ; and accordingly impaled and fortified the town. Q,. What loss did the colony sustain in 1622. A. That of their valuable friend, the faith- ful Squanto, who had rendered them many essential services. He had accompanied Gov. Bradford on an excursion to purchase corn of Accession, s. increase by something- added. Emblematic, a. comprising an emblem, allusion. Impale, v. to fence with a pale, to inclose. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 21 the Indiaos. and during tlieir absence, he fell sick and died. On his dealh-bed, he requested the governor to pray for him that he might " go to the Englishman's God in heaven." Q. Had the governor success in the object of his excursion ? A. He had. He was treated with great respect by the several tribes which lie visited ; he purchased in the whole, 28 hogsheads of corn, for which he paid in goods received from England j and the trade was conducted with mutual justice and confidence. CONVERSATION IV. Settlement at Wessagfusset. — Conspiracy against it. — Measures ta- ken to suppress it. — Drought. — Arrival of new settlers. — First neat cattle. — Settlement at Cape Ann. — Plymouth colony. — Mount WoUaston settled. — Discovery of Naumkeak. — Loss of a trading vessel. — Death of Mr. Robinson.— llis character. — Disorders at Mount Wollaston.— Friendly messages from the Dutch.— Trade at Manomet. Q,. When and by whom was the first set- tlement made in Massachusetts Bay ? A. In 1622, by a company from England under the direction of Thomas Weston. Q. What was the name of tlicir plantation ? A. Wessagusset. Q,. Were they in danger from hostile in- tentions of the Indians ? A. They were. A conspiracy was formed against them, of which they were .apprized by the following means. In the spring of 1623, in- Conspiracy, s. a plot. 22 CONVERSATIONS ON THE tellig-ence came to Plymouth that Massasoit was sick, and the governor sent Edward VVinsIow and John Hampden," with HobomocU, to visit him. They found him very ill, but, by cordials administered by Mr. Winsiow, he revived. After their departure, Hobomock informed them, that Massasoit had pri- vately charg'ed him to tell Mr. Winsiow that there was a plot of the Massachusetts (Indians) against VVessagusset 5 that, lest the Plymouth people should avenge their brethren, they also were to be destroyed ; and that he advised to kill the conspir- ators, as the onl}- means of security. On receiving this intelligence, the governor ordered Stand- ish to take with him as many men as he judged sufficient, and if a plot should be discovered, to fall on the conspirators. Ac- cordingly Slandish, with 8 men, sailed to the Massachusetts, discovered and killed the conspirators, and returned, bringing' the head of one of them, Wittuwaniat, which, for a terror to the Indians, was set up on the fort. This so terrified the others, who were concerned in the conspiracy, that the> fled into swamps and desert places 3 and thus their design was entirely frustrated. Q.. For what was the spring of 1623 re- markable ? A. A severe drought. For 6 weeks after planting there was scarcely a drop of rain. At this lime they had discontinued their mode of labouring in common, and each laboured on his own ground. This change was made with a view of exciting the idle to diligence, and all tjo greater exertions. But the drought threatened to blast all. At this melancholy crisis, the government appoint- ed a day of fasting and prayer. In the morning the sky was clear, and the earth parched ; but, before the close of the re- ligious exercises, the clouds gathered, and the next morning began soft and gentle showers, which continued, with intervals of fine weather, for 14 days ; on which account, a day of pub- lic thanksgiving was soon after observed. Q,. What important events took place in Avenge, v. to revena^e. Frustrate, v. to defeat, to disappoint. Crisis, s. critical time. * Supposed to be the Hampden afterwards distinguished in England by his spirited resistance to the arbitrary impositions of Charles I. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 23^ the colony during- tbe niontlisof July iind Au- gust, 1(323 ? A. The arrival of two ships iVoin England with necessary supplies, and a number of new settlers. In September, the same year, one of them returned, in which Mr. AVinslow went over as agent for the colony. Q. When w^ere the first neat cattle brought to New^-England ? A. In March, 1624, by Mr. Winslow^ Q,. When was the first settlement made at Cape Ann, and by w^iom ? A. In 1624, by persons from England, sent over by some merchants and other gen- tlemen, at the instance of Mr. White, a cele- brated minister of Dorchester. Q,. What alterations were made in the Plymouth colony during tliis year, and w^hat was the state of the town at this time ? A. On motion of the governoij there were appointed him five assistants instead of one, as had hitherto been the case. Every man w^as allowed an acre of land lor liimself and family, for jjermanent use. Plymouth con- tained at this time 32 dwelling-houses, and about 180 persons. Beside their cattle brought by Mr. Winslow, their stock consisted of a few goats, and plenty of swine and poultry. Their town, half a mile in circumference, was impa- led, and on a high mount w itliin it w as their Instance^ s. importunity, solicitation. Ptrmanent^a. durable. 24 CONVERSATIONS ON THE fort, made of wood, lime and stone, and a handsome watch-tower. Q. What was the state of the plantation at Wessagusset ? A. Its few inhabitants received this year an accession to their number from Weymouth, England, and the town is supposed to have been hence called Weymouth. Q. When and by whom w^as Mount Wol- laston settled ? A. In 1625, by Captain WoUaston and a few persons of some eminence, with 30 ser- vants, from England. Among them was Thomas Morton, afterwards the cause of great trouble to the sober inhabitants of the country, Q. Who was at this time chosen agent to manage affairs at Cape Ann ? A. Mr. Roger Conant, then of Nantasket ; and Mr. Lyford, of the same place, having been invited to be minister to the plantation^ they removed to Cape Ann, and in the autumn were followed by Lyford's people. Q. When and by whom was Naumkeak discovered ? A. By Roger Conant, who, conceiving that it might he a convenient place for settlement, gave notice of it to his friends in England. This information gave rise to a project for pro- curing a grant to settle a colony in Massachu- setts Bay. Gl. What other events are recorded con- HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 25 cerning the colonists as happening during the year 1025 2 A. The loss of a trading vessel, which had been sent from London, and was laden back by the Plymouth people with codfish and with beaver and other furs, to make payment for goods previously received. Also the departure of Myles Standish to England, as agent for the colony ; and the death of Rev. Mr. Robin- son ^ whose memory is yet precious in New- England. Q. What was his character ? A. That of a truly good and excellent man ; distinguished by his natural abilities, highly cultivated mind,, liberality of sentiment^ and exalted piety, blended with the mild and amiable virtues. His decease was deeply lamented by his people in Holland and America. He was highly respected and esteemed by tb« whole city and university of Leyden. Q,. What was the state of affairs at Mount Wollaston in 1626 ? A. Un prosperous. Daring- the absence of Capt. Wollaston, and through the in- fluence of Morton, the lieutenant was deposed, and great dis- order, dissipation, and waste of goods ensued. Gi. When did the Plymouth colony pur- chase all the property of the adventurers ? A. In 1627, through the agency of Isaac AUerton, who had been sent to England for that purpose. To effect the payment, new arrangements and a new divi- Depose, v. to degrade, to divest of office.- a 26 CONVERSATIONS ON THE sion of lands were made among the colonists, thoug-h without affecling-the previous divisions. Q. When did messengers with amicable letters arrive at Plymouth from the Dutch col- onv at Hudson's river ? A. In 1627. Their propositions of friendly intercourse were reciprocated by the governor, and a grateful sense of kindnesses received from the Dutch in their native country, was expressed on be- half of the colonists. Q. When and why did the Plymouth peo- ple establish a place for trade at Monamet ?* A. In the same year, for the greater con- venience of trade with the Dutch, and to avoid the dangerous navigation around Cape Cod. CONVERSATION V. Colony ot Massachusetts founded.— Arrival of John Endicott at Naumkeak. — Salem founded. — ^Coirection of abuses at Mount Wollaston. — Massachusetts patent confirmed. — Form of govern- ment tstablished. — Progress of Naumkeak. — Charlestown founded. — Plymouth patent.— Population of Plymouth. Q,. When was laid the foundation of the colony of Massachusetts ? A. On the 19 of March, 1628. At this time, a patent was obtained by Sir Henry Roswell, Sir Jolm Young, and four others, for all that part of New-England lying between 3 Amicable, n. friendly. * Now Sandwich. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 27 miles north of Menimac river, and in lengtli within the described breadth from the Atlantic ocean to the South sea. Willi this company were afterwards associated John Win- throp, Isaac Joliiison, Matthew Cradock, Thomas Goffe, and Sir Richard Saltoiistall. Q. Who were first sent over by this com- pany, and to what place ? A. A few persons, under the command of John Endicott, to carry on the plantation at Naunikeak. Q. Which was the first permanent town in Massachusetts, and when and by whom was it founded ? A. Salem : founded in 1628, by John Endicott, on his arrival at Naumkeak. Q.. When were the abuses corrected at Mount Wollaston ? A. In 1628. The rin_^leader, Morton, having been found incorrigible, Captain Siaudish was sent with a military force, who dispers- ed the worst of the company, and brought Morton to Plymouth, from whence he was sent to England. Q. When was the patent of the Massachu- setts colony confirmed by the king ? A. On the 4th of March, 1629. d. Was the form of government for the colony settled the same year ? A. It was, on the 30 of April. John En- dicott was chosen governor, and Francis Hig- ginson, with six others, were appointed his counciL Incorrigible, a. bad, beyond correction or am^ndmeQt. 28 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Q. What town was settled in 1629 ? A. Lynn. " By two brothers of the name of Edmund and Francis In- g-alls, from Lincolnshire, England."* Q. What had been the progress of the in- fant colony at Naumkeak in the summer of 1629? A. It contained at that time six houses, besides that of Governor Endicott ; and the number of planters was 300. From this time it was called Salem. Q,. When was Charlestown founded, and by whom ? A. In June, 1629, by Thomas Graves and others to the number of 100, who remo- ved from Salem to Mishawum, and there laid the foundation of the town.f Q. When were the first ministers ordain- ed at Salem, and who were they ? A. August 6, 1629 ; they were Mr. Fran- cis Higginson and Mr. Samuel Skelton. Q. When was the last Plymouth patent obtained, and in whose name was it taken out ? A. In January, 1630, in the name of " William Bradford, his heirs and assigns." Q. What additional lands did it convey ? A. A considerable territory around the * See History of Lynn, by Alonzo Lewis. t A small settlement had been made there, in the summer of 1628. by three brothers, of the names of Ralph, Richard, and William Sprague, with the voluntary consent of the Indian sagamore residing in the place. (See Everett's Centennial Address. Charlestowji, 1830.) HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 29 original settlement of Plymouth, and a large tract of land on Kennebeck river in Maine. Q. What was the number of inhabitants in Plymouth at tliat time ? A. Nearly three hundred. CONVERSATION VI. Arrival of Gov. Winthrop.— Dorchester founded.— First day of thanksgiving. — Watertown, Boston, and Roxbury settled — First general court at Boston. — Death of Mr. Johnson. — Death of Fran- cis Higginson. — Newtown LCambridge]founded. — Ipswich founded. — Sumptuary laws. — Settlement at Connecticut river. — Small-pox among the Indians. Q,. When did Governor Winthrop and his company arrive at Massachusetts, and at what place did they first land ? A. June 12, 1630, and landed first at Sa- lem, whence they soon after passed to Charles- town.* a. What was the whole number of per- sons attached to this company ? A. They were in all 15CJ0 persons, of va- rious occupations, who came in a fleet of 17 vessels, ten of whicli arrived at nearly the same time with Governor Winthrop, and the other 7 before the end of the year. Gl. Did they all proceed to Salem ? * Governor Winthrop removed liom Charleslown to Boston in the autumn of 1631. 30 CONVERSATIONS ON THE A. Four principal men, Warham, Mav- erick, Rossiter, and Ludlow, arriving sooner than the rest, were put ashore at Nantas- ket, and in a few days removed to Matapan, where they began to build a town. Q,. What was the name of the town thus founded '? A. Dorchester. Q,. When and on what account was the first day of public thanksgiving kept in the Massachusetts colony ? A. On the 8 of July, 1630, for the safe arrival of the fleet. Gi. Who was the first minister of Charles- town, and when was he installed ? A. Mr. John Wilson, installed August 27, 1630. Q,. When was the first court of assistants hold en at Charlestown ? A. August 23, same year. The first question proposed was, How the ministers should be maintained. Q,. When and by whom were Watertown, Boston, and Roxbury settled ? A, All in the summer and autumn of 1630 ; Watertown, by Sir Richard Saltonstall and Mr. Phillips ; Boston, by Mr. Johnson and some of the principal inhabitants of Charles- town ; and Roxbury, by Mr. Pynchon and others.* Install, V. to invest with office. * There was residing on the peninsula, [Boston,] at that HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 31 Q. When was the first general court hol- •den at Boston ? A. October 19, 1630. Q,. Were the Massachusetts colonists visit- "cd with sickness, soon aftei* their arrival at Charlestown 1 A. They were, of whom several died. Amon^ these was the Lady Arbella Johnson,* and, a month afterwards, her husband, Mr. Isaac Johnson. He was Ihe first magistrate who died in Massachusetts, and was distin- guished for piety, wisdom, and public spirit. Q,. What other eminent man died in the colony this year ? A. Francis Higginson, one of the minis- ters of Salem, a zealous and useful preacher. He was mild in doctrine, but strict in discipline ; grave ia his deportment ; cautious in his decisions : firm to his purpo- ses ; and exemplary in his life. Gi. When was Newtown [afterward Cam- bridge] founded ? A. In 1G31. Q,. Wlien was the first considerable acces- sion made to the settlers at Newtown J time, a Mr. William Blackstone, who came and invited the Charlestown settlers thither, on account of an excellent spring of water on that side of the river. The peninsala was then call- ed by the English, Trimonfitain, and by the Indians, Shawmut, Mr. Blackstone was an Episcopal clergyman, who had pre- viously settled at Shawmut,and being the first English inhabitant there, was the rightful owner of the whole peninsula. He would never join any of the N. E. churches, alleging as a reason, " I came from England, because I did not like the lord bishops, and I cannot join with you, because I would not be under the lord brethren." He finally removed to Rhode-Island. * A daughter of the Earl of Lincoln. She came " from a par- adise of plenty to a wilderness of wants," and was unequal to the trials of so gr«at a transition. 32 CONVERSATIONS ON THE A. In 1632, by a company from England. In this year they built their first meetinghouse. Deputy-governor Dudley, secretary Bradstreet, and other gentlemen of note, also settled there about this time. Q,. When was the first meetinghouse be- gun to be built in Boston ? A. In 1632, by the congregation of Boston and Charlestown. Q,. Who was their minister ? A. John Wilson, also the first minister of Charlestown. The church in the latter place having become large, the members amicably divided themselves into two churches, one of which was in Boston and the other in Charlestown, where Mr. Thomas James became the pastor. Q,, When and by whom was Ipswich founded ? A. In 1633, by John Winthrop, son of the governor, and twelve others. Q,. Who was the first minister of Ipswich ? A. Rev. Nathaniel Ward. Q,. What sumptuary laws were passed this year in Massachusetts ? A. Laws agahist idleness, luxury, and extortion. The court ordered, that no artificers, such as carpenters and masons, should receive more than two shillings a day, and labourers but 18 pence, and proporlionably 5 and that no com- modity should be sold at above 4 pence in the shilling above the cost of the goods in England. Q,. When was tbe first settlemeiit made at Connecticut river, and by whom ? Sumptuary, a. relating to expense. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 33 A. In 1(333. by a company sent from Ply- mouth, who were mvited thither by the natives* Q,. What remarkable calamity befel the Indians in Massacbiisetts in 1633 ? A. Tlie breaking oat of the small-pox among tliem, of wliich several of their chiefs and very many of their people died. Above 30 of John Sagamore's people of Winisimet were buried in one da^'. John Sagamore, by his own desire, was brought among the English, where he died in the persuasion that he should go to the Englishman's God, leaving his son to be brought up by Mr. Wilson. The colonists visited them in their sickness, administered to their necessities, buried their dead, and took home many of their children. Q.. What were some of the most important results of labour in the Massachusetts colony in 1633 ? A. A ship of 60 tons w^as built at Med ford ; the first water-mill in the colony w^as erected in Dorchester, and another at Roxbury ; and rye was produced for the first time. CONVERSATION VII. -Change in the government of Massachusetts.— Dangers from the government abroad. — Dangers from the natives at bome. — Banish- ment of Roger Williams.— Surrender of Plymouth charter. — New- bury, Concord, and Hingham settled. — Sir Henry Vane. — Emigra- tion to Connecticut.— Murder of John Oldham.— Ann Hutchinson. — Harvard College founded. — Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company. — Earthquake. — First printing press. — Southampton settled. — Extreme cold. — Hugh Peters.- Progress of New-England* Q. When were the first representatives assembled in Massachusetts 'i 34 CONVERSATIONS ON THE A. May 13, 1G34 ; the government being thus changed from a simple to a representa- tive deQuocracy, Q.. Was the colony in particular danger this year ? A. It was, both from the tyranny of gov- ernment abroad, and from the natives at home. The Indians in Connecticut manifested their hostile disposition by murdering Capts. Stone and Norton, who went in a small hark to Connecticut river to trade ; together with the men who accompanied them. Q.. Was it supposed that the Pequots were concerned in this murder 7 A. It was, and messengers were accord- ingly sent to treat with them, but without sat- isfaction. The Pequots, however, afterwards sent messengers with gifts to the Massachu- setts colony, and the governor and council con- cluded with them a treaty of peace and friend- ship. Q,. When and why was Roger Williams, a minister of Salem, banished from the colony of Massachusetts ? A. Ill 1634, on account of his religious opinions ; principally for his insisting that '' the magistrate had no right to deal in mat- ters of conscience and religion." Democracy, s. a government lodged with the people. A democ- racy is simple, when the people assemble to make their own laws; >-f/>;eie>u«tu'e, when they choose, or elect a small part of their number to assemble and make laws for the whole, £urk, s. a small ship. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 35 d. Wliat other important events took place ill the colony in 1634 ? A. The erection of a fort on Castle Island, and the death of Samuel Skelton, one of the first ministers of Salem. d. What was the character of Mr. Skelton? A. He was eminent for learning and vir- tue ; '• a man of gracious speech, full of faith, and furnished with gifts from above." Q.. When was the charter of Plymouth Council surrendered to the crown ? A. In 1635. Q.. What arbitrary measures were taken by the king and his ministry against Massa- chusetts ? A. Soon after the surrender of Plymouth charter, a quo icarranto was brought by Sir John Banks against the governor, deputy- governor, and assistants of the corporation, and it was finally adjudged that their liber- ties and franchises should be seized into the kins^'s hand. Gi, What towns were settled in 1635 ? A. Newbury, Concord, and Hingham. Q., When was Sir Henry Vane chosen STovernor of Massachusetts ? A. In 1636. Quo warranto. A writ, issuing from the crown, against tbe members or officers of a corporation, upon the presumption or supposition that tlie corporation lias forfeited its charter. The writ is called a 7110 ivananto, because it demands by what war7-ant, or authority, the corporation, of the members there- of exercise their corporate power, having forfeited their charter. Franchises, s. immunities, privileges. 36 CONVERSATIONS ON THE a. How long did he continue in office ? A. But one year ; at the expiration of which time, Gov. Winthrop was again elected. Q. Who emigrated this year from Massa- chusetts ? A. Mr. Hooker and Mr. Stone^ the minis- ters of Cambridge, [then Newtown,] with their whole church and congregation, men, women, and children ; travelling 100 miles, with no guide but their compass, through a hideous, trackless wilderness, to Connecticut. Mrs- Hooker was carried on a litter. They drove 160 cattle, and subsisted on the milk of the Gows during the journey. Q.. How was the government of Con- necticut organized ? A. Under a commission from Massachu- setts, granted to Roger LudloAV and seven oth- ers, who were invested with all the powers of government. Gt- What act of the Massachusetts legisla- ture in 1636, manifested their regard for the interests of education ? A. The act appropriating £400 for the erection of a public school in Newtown [Cam- bridge.] d. What nmrder was perpetrated by the Indians this year ? A. That of John Oldham, of Massachu- Organize, v. to construct. Perpetrate v. to commit. HISTORY OB' MASSACHUSETTS. 37 setts, Avlio was murdered in his barl^ near Block Island Q,. What measures were taken by the gov- ernment on this occasion ? A. They sent 80 or 90 men, under the command of John Endicott, to obtain satisfac- tion of the Pequots, who w^ere considered as abettors of the murder, but the expedition was unsuccessful. And ftirther, to prevent the Narragansets from joining' the Pequots, a treaty of peace was concluded with them. The Narragansets were at this time estimated at 3000 fighting' men. Q. What circumstance occasioned consid- erable excitement in the colony of Massachu- setts in 1637 ? A. A great theological disturbance, caus- ed by Mrs. Anne Hutchinson. A woman of talents and influence, who, for endeavouring to disseminate her peculiar religious tenets, was banished by the court, and excommunicated by the church of Boston, of which she was a member, John Wheelwright, a brolher-in-law to Mrs. Hutchinson, afterwards minister of Exeter, N. H. and Samuel Gorton, were also banished from the colony this year, on account of their religious opinions. Q,. When was Harvard College founded, and by whom ? A. In 1638, by John Harvard, a worthy minister of Charlestown. Jbetlor, s. supporter or encouragcr. Theological^ a. lelaling' to the science of divinity. Disseminate, v. to scatter, to spread. 4 28 CONVERSATIONS ON THE He deceased this year, and left a legacy of about 850 pounds* to the school at Newtown, w hich soon after, in honour of its earliest benefactor, took the name of Harvard College, d. What was the principal object in found- ing this college ? A. Besides promoting the interests of gen- eral literature, to provide for posterity an edu- cated ministry " when the learned ministers, they then enjoyed, should sleep in the dust." Thus careful were the venerable founders of New-England to cherish the interests of learning and religion, as the main supports of all good government. Q,. What colony owes its rise to the reli- gious differences at this time existing in Mas- sachusetts ? A. Rhode-Island. John Clark and some others went to Providence in 1638, in search of a place where they might have liberty of conscience, and, by the aid of Roger Williams, purchased Aquit-neck [Rhode-Island] of the natives, which attracted so many set- tlers, that, in a few years, it became very populous. Q. Were arbitrary measures still pursued in England against the American colonies 'I A. They were. An order was issued, May 1638, to prevent the departure of 8 ships for New-Englaud, then in the Thames. B}' this order, Oliver Cromwell, Sir Arthur Haslerig, John Hamp- den, and other patriots, were hindered from coming to America. d. When was the origin of the Ancient and Honourable Artillery company in Boston ? A. In 1638. Boston at that time " was rather a village than a town,'^ containing no more than 20 or 30 houses. The same year 3000 settlers arrived there, who came in 20 ships. About 3200 dollars. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 39 Q. Wlien was the first earthquake re- corded in the annals of New-England ? A. On the first of June, 1638. The earth shook with such violence, that in some places the people in the streets could not stand without difficulty, and most moveable articles were thrown down. Q,. What instance of justice towards the Indians occurred in Plymouth colony in 1638 ? A. The execution of three Englishmen, for the murder of an Indian near Providence. Q,. When was the first printing-press set up in New-England ? A. In 1639, by Stephen Day ; and this was also the first in North America. Q,. When was Southampton, Long-Island, settled, and by whom ? A. In 1640, by several of the inhabitants of Lynn ; with Mr. Abraham Pierson for their minister. Q,. How long did Southampton continue under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts? A. Until the year 1663, when it was an- nexed to the government of Connecticut. Q,. What rendered the winter of 1641 remarkable ? A. Its extreme cold. The harbour of Boston, where ships ordinarily anchored, was so deeoly frozen over, as to be passable for horses, carts and oxen, for five weeks. Q.. What persons were sent to England this year, on business for the colony ? A. Hugh Peters, minister of Salem ; 40 CONVERSATIONS ON TFIK Thomas Welde, minister of Roxbury ; and William Hibbins, of Boston. d. Did these ministers ever return to New- England I A. They did not. Mr. Welde was cjtxted in the reigii of Cliarles II. and Mr. Peters, by busying hinistlf loo much in the political afl'airs of that time, rendered himself u/>«(i.rjo?w to the fnially victorious party, and was executed in 1660. He was a useful, business man, and Salem had rapidly increased during his ministry. Q. When were Dover, Portsmouth, and Exeter assigned to Massachusetts' jiuisdiction I A. In lt)41. Q. When did Governor Bradford surren- der to the freemen of Plymouth colony, the patent which had been taken out hi his name ? A. Also in 1641 ; reserving to himself no more than an equal right among the colonists. Q. What was the progress of New-Eng- land down to the year 1643 I A. Fifty towns and villages had been planted ; forty churches had been erected ; a castle, several prisons, and forts. Ships had been built, of from 100 to 400 tons ; and five of them were at sea. The expense of settling ilie single colony of Massachusetts was about £200,000. Eject, V. to expel from nn office or possession. Obnoxious, a. Tiable to punishment. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 4i CONVERSATION VIII. Union of the colonies.— Myantonomoh. — Uncas. — Division of Mas* sachusetts into counties. — Persecution of the Baptists. — Nantasket, Eastham, and Rehobotii seUled.— Iron work at Braintree.— Passa- conaway. — John Elliot. — His mis&ion to the Indians. — First in- stance of execution for witchcraft. — Singular combination. — Death and character of Governor Winthrop. Q,. For what was the year 1643 remarkable ? A. For beiiior the memorable epoch of the union of the New-England colonies. Q,. What were some of the reasons for this union ? A. The dispersed state of the colonies ; the vicinity of the Dutch, Swiss, and French ; the hostile disposition of the Indians ; the im- possibility of obtaining aid from England in any emergence ; and in fine, the alliance al- ready formed between the colonies by the ties of religion . Q,. Wliat were the advantages of it ? A. It rendered them formidahle to their neighbours ; maintained harmony among themselves ; and was probably the grand in- strument of their preservation as a people ; besides being serviceable in civilizing and christianizing the Indians. Soon after this Duperse , v. to scatter. Emergence., s. sudden occasion, pressing necessity. Formidable, a. terrible, dreadful. 42 CONVERSATIONS ON THE union, several Indian sachems came in and submitted to the Enghsh government, among whom were Myantonomoh the Narraganset, and Uncas the IMohegan chief. Q,. What is said of Myantonomoh ? A. That he was " a very goodly person- age, of tall stature," politic, and of high de- signs. He was slain in 1643, by Uncas, be^ ing taken prisoner by him in a war between the two tribes. Gov, Hopkins says of Myantonomoh, that he was " the most potent prince New-England had ever any concern with," and remarks, that "the savas^e soul of Uncas doubted whether he ought to take away the life of a great king, who had fallen into his hands by misfortune," but by the advice of the com- missioners for the united colonies, and, to the regret of suc- ceeding generations, he was cruelly put to death in cold blood.* Gov. H. adds, " Surely a Rhode-Island man may be permitted to mourn his unhappy fate, and drop a tear on the ashes of Myantonomoh, who, with his uncle Canonicus, were tlie best friends and greatest benefactors the colony ever had." Q,. What is said of Uncas ? A. That he was a faithful friend to the English ; That, so early as the year 1638, fearing he had given them offence by entertaining some of the hostile Pequots, he went to Boston with a present, which being accepted by the governor, Uncas made a speech, concluding with these words : " This heart" (laying his hand upon his breast) '* is not mine, but yours. Command me any difficult service, and I will do it ; I have no men, but they are all yours. I will never believe any Indian against the English any more." He was dismissed Politic, a. artful, cunnuig'. * But without being tortured. We cannot, at this distance of time, arraign the 7Horiidslreet, formerly governor of the state, ageil 91 years. He was the you nicest of all the assistants who came over with the first charter of Massachusetts, — was afterwards secre- tary, agent, commissioner for the united colonies, and at length governor. Though possessed of no vigorous or splen- did talents, he appears, by his integrity, prudence, moderation and piety, to have merited and acquired the confidence of all classes of people. He married a daughter of Gov. Thomas Dudley, a woman of distinguished genius and learning, and au- thor of a volume of poems. His descendants are respectable. Q, VVlicn was Stoiigliton Hall built, and ' by whom l A. hi 1698, at the expense of Lieut. Gov. Stoughtoii, a respectable magistrate and patron of learning, in honour of whom it was named. Q,. W hen was the Ihst considerable fire in Salem I A. In 1C)9S ; it destroyed several houses, and considerable otiier property. Q. When was Brattle-Street Church built in Boston .^ A. In 1699, when Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Colman, who had been oidained in liOndon, took the pastoral care of the church and society. Q. What A\'as the population of Boston in 1700 / A. About 7,000. The town contained at this time about 1000 houses. Q. What was the number of inhabitants in the colonies about the commencement of the eighteenth century ? A. 262,000. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 69 CONVERSATION XIII. Earl of Rellomont. — Small-pox in Boston. — Queen Anne's War. — Eastern Indians.— Deerfield attacked by the Indians.— Col. Church. — First Newspaper in Boston. — Unsuccessful expedition against Port. Royal. — Indian Depredations. — Port Royal taken. — Unsuc- cessful expedition against Canada. — Fire in Boston. — Treaty of Utrecht.— Gov. Shute. Q.. When did Richard, earl of Bellomont, become governor of New York, Massachusetts and Ne\v-Hamj3shire ? A. In 1(399. Q,. Wliat wa.s his character ? A. He was condescending, aflable and courteous, and rendered himself very popular in his government. Q. Who succeeded him ? A. Joseph Dudley, already mentioned as president of New-England, who arrived with a commission from queen Anne, as governor of Massachusetts and New-Hampshire, in 1702. He continued in that office until the year 1716. Q.. What remarkable events happened in 1702 ? A. The appearance of the small-pox in Boston, whicli spread through the town, and swept olF 300 of the inhabitants ; and the declaration of war against France by queen Anne, by which the American colonies again became involved in a French and Indian war. 70 CONVERSATIONS ON THET Q,. When did governor Dudley hold a conference with the Eastern Indians ? A. In 1703 ; when they assured him that they had not a thought of breaking the peace, that the union was " Firm as a mountain, and should continue as long as the sun and moon." But ill the space of about six weeks after, a body of French and Indians, in various parties, attacked all the settlements from Casco to Wells, killed and took 130 persons, burning and destroying all before thera. Q. When was the town of Deerfield assaulted ) A, In 1704, by 300 French and Indians, commanded by Hertel de Roville. The centinel was asleep, and the snow was of such depth, as to admit an entrance over the pickets of the fort, in the centre of the town. The assailants, availing" themselves of these advantages, fell instantly on the unguarded inhabitants, slew 33, and took 112 prisoners. Setting fire to the town, they left it in a conflagration, and proceeded to Canada. Q.. Who was sent on an expedition against the Indians, to the Eastward this year ? A. Col. Benjamin Church, so distmguished for his bravery m Philip's war. He sailed from Boston in May, with 530 soldiers, and dur- ing the summer, destroyed two towns, did considerable dam- age to the French and Indians at Penobscot and Passama- quoddy, and even insulted Port Royal. Q,. When was the first newspaper pub- lished in Boston ? A. In 1704, by Bartholomew Greene. It was called the Boston News Letter, and was the first paper published in America. Assault^ V. to attack, to invade. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 71 Q,. What towns were attacked by the Indians in 1706 ? A. Chehnsford, Sudbuiy, Groton, Exeter, Dover, and others. Q,. Wliat military expedition was under- taken by New-Engkmd in 1707 ? A. An attack on Port Royal. By two regiments under the command of Col. March, who embarked in 23 transports, furnished with whale boats, under convoy of the Deptford man of war, and the province gal- ley. But after some skirmishes, and ineflectual attempts to bombard the fort : from disagreement and misapprehension of the state of the fort and garrison, the enterprise was aban- doned. Q. When was Haverhill assaulted by the French and Indians ? A. In 1708, about break of day on the 9 of August. They burned several houses, and plundered the rest. Mr. Rolfe the minister, and 30 or 40 other persons were killed, and many taken prisoners. The two daughters of Mr. Rolfe, six or eight years old, were remarkably preserved. His maid at the moment of alarm, sprang out of bed, ran with the two children into a cellar, and covered them with two large tubs, which the Indians did not move.* Q,. When was Port Royal actually cap- tured by the English ? A. In 1710, by a fleet under the command of Col. Nicholson. They sailed from New-England on the 18 of September, and on the 1 of October the place surrendered, after the loss Transport, s. a vessel of carriage, in wliich soldiers are conveyed Bombard, v. to attack with bombs, [shells filled with gunpowdejr.] * One of them was afterward the wife of Col. Hatch of Dorchester 5 the other of Rev. Mr. Checkley of Boston. 72 CaNVERSATIONS ON THE on the part of the English of 14 or 15, besides 26 drowned by the wreck of a transport. Q. Was any other expedition planned during this wai* ? A. One was planned and undertaken in 1711, for the reduction of Canada, which had long been a favourite object with the English ; but after several disasters, among which was the loss of 1000 men by shipwreck, the un- dertaking was relinquished. d. What other remarkable event occur- red in 1711 ? A. A great fire in Boston, which consumed all the houses on each side of the main street^ from School-street to the foot of Cornhill ; among which were the town-house, and the church. Q,. When was the treaty of peace conclu- ded at Utrecht ? A. On the 30 of March, 1713, by which the American colonies were again relieved from the miseries of war. A treaty with the Eastern Indians, at their own request, was concluded at Portsmouth, by Gov. Dudley, in July, same year. d. When was the New North church built in Boston ? A. In 1714 ; and in this year was built the first schooner at Cape Ann. Q,. Who succeeded Joseph Dudley in the office of governor 7 A. Samuel Shute, appointed in 1716, who had been an officer under the Duke of Marl- HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 73 borough, a celebrated English general, and had been wounded in one of the principal bat- tles in Flanders. Q.. How long was he in office ? A. About 6 years. He returned to Eng- land, and died in April, 1742, aged 80 years. Q,. When did governor Shute hold a con- ference with the Eastern Indians ? A. In 1717, at Arrowsick Island, when the treaty of Portsmouth was renewed. Q. What was the number of sailors em- ployed in the trade of Massachusetts in 1717? A. 3493, and 490 ships; making 25,406 tons. Q,. What rendered the winter of 1717 remarkable ? A. The greatest snow ever known in New-England, which fell in the months of February and March, to the depth of 8 feet on a level. Q,. What sum was contributed by the churches in Boston in the year 1718, towards the pious charity for promoting the conversion of the Indians to the Christian faith ? A. Four hundred and eighty-three pounds. Q. When was the second church in Salem formed J A. In 1718 ; and an edifice was built for its use in Essex-street. The inhabitants of Salein unliJ this time Lad constituted but one religious society. 74 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Q,. What newspaper was begun to be pub- lished m Boston in 1719 1 A. Tlie second wliicii made its appearance in British America, named the Boston Gazette, printed by J. Frankhn. Q,. When was the Aurora Borealis fust seen in New-England ? A. On the 17 of December, 1719, to the great consternation of the people. It was first seen in Old England in 1715, and filled the coimtry with great alarm. Q. W1iat remarkable act was passed by the legislature of Massachusetts in 1720 ? A. An act for the suppression of idleness and immorality. By this act the selecimen or overseers of the poor were em- powered to set to work all persons, able of body, having no means to maintain tliem, that live idly, and have no ordinary trade or business to get their living by." Q.. W hat was the number of Indians at Martha's Vineyard at this time 1 A. About 800. They lived in small villages, each village having an Indiaa preacher. d. When was tea first used in New-Eng- land ? A. In 1720. Since which time, from being a luxunj used only iu the fam- ilies of the wealthy or voluptuous, it has come to be classed with the ordinary necessaries of life. Aurora Borealis, i. northern light. Ltixury, 3. delicious fare. yolnptuoiif, a. fond of luxury. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 75 Q.. Wliat distinguished man died at Rox- biiiy in 1720 ? A. Joseph Dudley, formerly governor of tlie state, in the 73 year of his age. He was a son of Thomas Dudley, and was born at Roxbury, 23 September, 1647. He received his education at Harvard Collef^e, and was early broun^ht into public life, beingf elected a representative when but 25 years of a^e, and a counsellor when less than 30. He was an officer in Philip's war, and in 1682 was sent to England as agent for Massachusetts ; return- ed as president of New-England in 1686 ; went again to Eng- land in 1689, and returned as chief justice of New- York in 1690. He was eight years lieutenant-governor of the Isle of Wight, and was governor of Massachusetts and New-Hamp- shire from 1702 to 1705. He was a man of learning, an accomplished gentleman, ambitious in his views, even at the expense of his country ; fond of ceremony in government ; was attached to congrega- tional principles, and an observer of the duties of religion. CONVERSATION XIV. Inoculation for small-pox introduced. — Fourth newspaper. — Militia of Massacbuseits.— Hostility of eastern Indians.— Act respecting funerals.— Great storm and tide,— Lovewell's fight.— Treaty of Falmouth. — Great earthquake. —Gov. Durnet. — Gov. Delcher. — Militia. — Commerce of the colony. — Salem.— Episcopal church in Salem. Gl. When and by whom was inoculation for the small-pox introduced into New-England ? A. In 1721, by Dr. Zabdiel Boylston of Boston, it being recommended by Rev. Dr. Cotton Mather. The small-pox was at that time making great ravages in Boston and vicinity. 76 CONVEIISATIONS ON THE Q,. What newspaper was begun to be pub- lished at Boston tliis year ? A. The New-England Courant, by James Frankhn, brother of the celebrated Dr.Frankhn. Q, AVhat was the number of the mihtia of Massachusetts in 1722 I A. It consisted of 16 regiments of foot, and 15 troops of horse. Q. What Indians manifested a hostile dis- position to the people of New-England at this time ? A. The eastern Indians, who were offend- ed with the English for making settlements m their vicinity, and harassed them by perpetual depredations. Their discontents were supposed to have been heightened by Father Ilalle, a French Jesuit, residing' at Norridgewock in Maine ; and a body of men, under Col. Weslbrooke, was sent to seize him as the principal instigator of the mischief. But he escaped into the woods, and they merely brought off his strong box of papers. The Indians, in revenge, beside other acts of hostility, destroyed the town of Berwick. At length, in 17i4, the government issued a declaration of war, and offered a bounty of £100 for every Indian scalp. Cap- tains Moulton and Harman of York, each at the head of 100 mefn, invested and surprised the village of Norridgewock, kill- ed Ralle with about 80 of his Indians, recovered captives : destroyed the chapel, and brought away the plate and furniture of the altar, and a devotional flag, as trophies of their victory. U. What law respecting funerals was pass- ed in Massachusetts in 1724 ? A. An act retrenching the extraordinary expense attending them. And prohibiting the giving of scarves, as had been custom- ary, od the penalty of £20. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 11 Q,. What remarkable event happened m 1724? A. A great storm, attended with a very uncommon tide. At Boston the tide rose 2 feet higher than it had ever been known to rise before. At Hampton, the sea broke over its natural limits, and inundated the marshes for many miles. Q,. When and where was Love well's battle fought ? A. On the 8 of May, 1726, at the village of Peqiiawkett, in Fryeburg, Maine. Q. What was the character of this battle ? A. It was one of the most fierce and ob- stinate which had ever been fought with the Indians. Out of 34 men, who composed Capt. Lovewell's company, 18, including the captain, were killed, or perished from their wounds. Gl. When was the treaty of peace with the eastern Indians formally ratified at Falmouth ? A. In 1726/ Q,. When did the great earthquake hap- pen in New-England '\ A. On the 29 of October, 1727. It commenced at about 40 minutes past ten at night, in a very clear and serene sky, when every thing seemed to be in a most perfect calm and tranquillity. The motion was nndu- lalory. The doors, windows, and moveables, made a fearful clattering. Stone walls and the tops of chimneys were shaken down. Its duration was about 2 minutes. Undulatory^ a, rooTing in the manner of waves. * Hutchinson remarks, that " this treaty has been applaud- ed, as the most judicious which has ever been made with the Indians." 7* 7^ CONVERSAT'IONS ON TtlE Q,. Wlio was the successor of Governor Shute, and wlieii was he appointed to office ? A. Wilham Burnet, who was appointed governor of New- York and New-Jersey in 1720, arid of Massachusetts and New-Hamp- shire in 1728. Q.i What is known of Governor Burnet ? A. He Avas son of Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Sahsbury, in England, and was born at the Hague in Holland, in March, 1688 ; arrived in Boston in July, 1728, and was received with unusual pomp. Q,. How long was he in office ? A. But little more than a year, as he died in September, 1729, at the age of 41. He was a man of superior talents, and in many respects of an amiable character ; was deeply acquainted with books, and his library was one of the richest private collections in America. Q,. Who succeeded him 'J A. Jonathan Belcherj the last governoi' whose commission united both Massachusetts and New- Hampshire. He was son of Andrew Belcher, a member of the council of Massachusetts 5 was born in January, 1682 ; educated at Har- vard College, and received his first degree when 17 years of age. He went to England, and was absent six years ; return- ed, and became a merchant in Boston ; was elected one of the council, and in 1729 was sent to England as agent for his na- tive province, and returned in 1730 as governor. He was re- moved from office in 1741, in consequence of false charges made by his enemies } but he repaired to court, and made liis innocence appear, was restored to royal favour, and received the appointment of governor of New-Jersey, in which province he died, 31 August, 1757, in his 7G year. His character perhaps has been viewed in too favourable a light. For, though he was distinguished for a regular attend- niSl'ORY OP MASSACHtJSETfS. 79 ance on the duties of religion, and often expressed his hiffh sense of its importance J for his dig^nity of deportment, franlt- ness, love of justice, truth, and benevolence ; he was extremely liberal in his censures, both in his conversation and letters, and was particularly bitter ag-ainst his enemies, bestowing upon them in his private correspondence, and upon some who were hig-h in office, terms of severe reproach, and coarse and ludi- crous epithets. Q. Wliat was the number of the mihtia in Massachusetts m 1730 ? A. 5000. And nearly 500 ships and 4000 sailors were employed in the foreign traffic of the colony. Q. What was the commercial state of the colony in 1731 7 A. Its trade was computed to employ 600 sail of ships and sloops, making at least 38,000 tons, one half of which traded to Europe. And from 5000 to 6000 men were employed in its fisheries. Q,. How large was the town of Salem in 1732? A. It contained 520 houses, 5000 inhabi- tants, and 1200 taxable polls. Qi When was the first Episcopal church built in Salem ? A. In 1733. Ludicrous, a. burlesque, exciting laughter^ Poll, s. the head. 80 CONVERSATIONS ON THE CONVERSATION XV. Freemason Lodge in Boston. — First public market in do. — Throat distemper. — Stockbridge. — Sliipping in Massachusetts. — Faneuil- Hall. — Declaration of war by Great-Britain against France. — Capture of Louisbourg. — Expedition against Canada. — Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.— ludians. — Remarkable drought. — Law against theatrical entertainments. — New style. — &mall-pox. — Reduction of Nova-Scotia. —Earthquake.— Death of secretary Willard. Q.. When was the first lodge of Freema- sons holden in Boston ? A. In 1733 ; and then- first pubUc proces- sion was in 1789. Q,. When was the first pubhc market es- tabhshed in Boston ? A. In 1734. Q,. For what was the year 1735 remarkable? A. For an epidemic disease, [cynanche ma- ligna,] or throat distemper. It first made its appearance at Kingston, N. H., in May, making great ravages in that place and vicinity; and in Sep- tember it appeared in Boston, where of 4000 persons who had the distemper, 114 died. In New-Hampshire, the mortality was much greater. It gradually spread over all the colonies, principally affecting children, Q.. What township was granted to the Housatonic Indians in 1736 ? A. Stockbridge, which at that time con- tained 90 Indians, of whom 52 were baptized. Q,. What progress was making in regard to the shipping of Massachusetts in 1741 ') A. There were on the stocks 40 topsail HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 81 vessels of about 7000 tons. Tn Marblehead there were about 160 fishing schooners of about 50 tons each. Q,. AVhen and by whom was Faneuil- Hall, which has been styled the " Cradle of American Liberty," built in Boston ? A. fn 1742, by Peter Faneuil, Esq., who gave it to the town, and died just at the time of its completion. Gi. What was the number of dwelling- houses in Boston, in 1742 ? A. 1719. 0,4 What was the state of the shipping in New-England in 1743 7 A. It is said to have consisted of at least 1000 sail, besides fishing barks. Ship build- ing declined at this period. Q. How many men in the military estab- lishment of Massachusetts were employed this year in the public service ? A. 114. d. What rendered the year 1744 remark- able ? A. The declaration of war by Great-Bri- tain against France, in which the American colonies were again involved. I Q,. What extraordinary achieveme?it was i performed by the New-England colonists dur- I ing this war ? A. The capture of Louisbourg at Cape Bre- Jchievenunti s. an exploit. 82 CONVERSATIONS ON THE ton, a place so strong!}^ fortified as to be deem- ed i??ipregnable, and from this circumstance called the Dunkirk of America. The siege of this place was attended with almost incredible labour and hardship. Cannon were drawn, with extreme dif- ficulty for fourteen nights successively, from the landinp^-place throug-h a morass to the camp. The men, with straps over their shoulders, and their feet sinking in mud, performed the service, which horses or oxen, on such ground, could not have done. Q,. What large vessel was launched this year at Boston ? A. The ship Massachusetts, of about 400 tons, designed to carry 26 and 9 pounders ; and the command of it given to Edward Tyng. Q,. What was 2^rojected by Gov. Shirley in 1746? A. An expedition against Canada, and the other dominions of the French in North America. The colonies readily furnished their quotas of men, but no assistance arriving from England, it was thought proper to de- fer the undertaking. Q.. What gave great alarm to the people of New-England in the autumn of 1746 ? A. InteUigence that a large French fleet under the command of Duke d'Anville, had arrived at Nova-Scotia, to prosecute an inva- sion of New-England. Impregnable, a, in such a manner as to defy force. Dunkirk, s. a seaport in the north of France, which in the time ■■ of Lewis the XIV. was one of the best fortified ports in the kingdom. J Project, V. to scheme, to form in the mind, to contrive. i 1 HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 83 In consequence, defensive preparations were made ; G'lOO of the inland militia were sent into Boston, and the country was kept in a state of anxiety for 6 weeks; but the loss of their commander, a pestilence, and many other disasters happening to the fleet, the ships which escaped destruction, returned singly to France. Q.. What circumstance excited great alarm in Boston in the year 1747? A. The impressment of several of the citizens by Commodore Knovvles, while lying with a number of men of war at Nantasket, to make good his losses by desertion. On this occasion, the inhabitants were highly exasperated, several thousands of them assembled round the town-house when the court was sitting-, and violent measures were pur- sued ; nor could the people be appeased, until they obtained the dismissal of those who were impressed. Q, What happy event occurred in 1748 ? A. The conclusion of a treaty of peace between England and France, signed at Aix- la-Chapelle, in the month of October, by which Cape Breton was restored to the French. Qt. What was the trade of Boston this year ? A. 500 vessels cleared out from the port for foreign trade, and 430 entered, exclusive of coasting and lishing vessels. Q. Did the cessation of arms between the belligerent powers put a stop to the incursions of the Indians ? A. Not entirely. But, some of the eastern tribes at length showing a disposi- tion to be peaceable, a treaty was concluded with them in September, 1749, at Casco Bay, founded on that of Gov.Dum- mcr 23 years previous. Belligerent, a. waging' war. Incursion, i. attack, niitr.hievmis ocrtintnce, iRvasioii. 84 CONVERSATIONS ON TPIE Gl. What calamity bcfel the inhabitants of New-Euglaiid in 1749 ? A. A severe clrouglit, attended in many places with swarms of devouring insects. Such was its effect on the grass, that some of the people were obhged to send to Pennsylvania, and others to England for hay. Q,. What remarkable act was passed by the Massachusetts legislature in 1750 ? A. A law prohibiting theatrical entertain- ments : " Which," as expressed in the preamble, '' not only occa- sion great and unnecessary expenses, and discourage industry and frugality ; but likewise tend greatly to increase immo- rality, impiety, and irreligion." Q. When was the New Style adopted I A. In 1752, from which time the year, instead of beginning on the 25 of March, was computed from the 1 of January. The 3 day of September was now dated the 14, and other days were reckoned accordingly. Ct. What disease prevailed in Boston this year ? A. The small-pox. Of 5544 persons, who had it the natural way, 514 died ; of 2100, who had it by inoculation, 31 died. Gl. What gave rise to difficulties between the French and English in 1753 ? A. Disagreement respecting an important tract of American territory, which was claimed by each nation. In this originated a war which continued 10 years, and in which the colonies sustained a part. HISTORV OF MASSACHUSETTS. 85 Q. What interesting anniversary was this year publicly celebrated in Boston ? A. That of the Society for encouraging industry and employing the poor. About 300 young female spinsters, decently dressed, appear- ed on the common, where their w heels were placed regularly in 3 rows, and a female was seated at each wheel. The wea- vers also appeared cleanly attired in garments of their own weaving. One of them, working in a loom on a stage, was carried on men's shoulders, attended with music. An im- mense number of spectators attended 3 and the Rev. Mr. Cooper delivered a discourse on the occasion. The institution, however, continued but 3 or 4 years. Q,. What were some of the events of the year 1754 ? A. The appearance of hostilities in the eastern Indians, against whom defensive meas- ures w^ere taken, and a renewal of the treaty obtained ; and the passage of the excise act ; and incorporation of the Massachusetts Marine Society by the legislature. Q. What enterprizc was planned by the English in 1755 7 A* The reduction of Nova-Scotia. The troops, drawn from the colonies for this purpose, were nearly all taken from Massachusetts, at the head of whom was Lieut. Col. Winslow, an officer of great respectability. They embarked at Boston in May, the command of the expedition being given to Lieut. Col. Monokton, a British officer of res- pectable military talents. The expedition was a most success- ful one, with the loss to the English of but 20 killed, and about the same number wounded, Gi, What remarkable event happened on the 18 November, 1755 ? A. The most terrible earthquake which had ever been known in the country. 8 86 CONVERSATIONS ON THE It began, in Boston, a little after 4 o'clock, in a serene and pleasant night, and continued nearly 4J minutes ; throwing down nearly 10 chimneys, besides shattering 1500. Many other effects of its violence were to be seen in 13oston and else- where. Its motion was undulatory. Q,. What eminent man died in Massachu- setts in 1756 ? A. Josiali Willaid, secretary of the prov- ince, in the 76 year of his age. He filled the office of secretary nearly forty years, and, dur- ing some part of the lime, was counsellor and judge of probate. He was son of Rev. Samuel VVillard of Boston, and educated at Harvard College, where he was graduated in 1698. He was eminently useful in his public offices, and exemplary for his piety and christian zeal. His death was universally re- gretted. CONVERSATION XVI. Massachusetts legislature jealous of their rights. — Second capture of Louisbourg. — First Stamp Act.— Canada taken. — Gov. Shirley. — Gov. Pownall — Gov. Bernard. — Great Fire in Boston. — Writs of assistance. — James Otis. — Events in '61. — William Dummer. — Newspapers. — Treaty of Paris. — Taxation of the colonies. — Ilollis Hall.— Stamp Act — Excitement produced by it,— General con- grass.— Houses, &.c. in Boston.— Repeal of the Stamp Act.— Duties. —Indians. — Petition to the king. — Non-importation agreement. — Revolutionary signs.— Troops quartered InBoston.— Essex Gazette. d. On what occasion did the Massachu- setts legislature manifest a jealousy of their liberties in 1757 ? A. Having been informed by the governor that a regiment of Highlanders was expected in Boston, they provided barracks for the ac- commodation of 1.000 men at Castle-Island. But the provision was declared to be made, not as an expense which could of " of right" be HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 87 demanded of the inhabitants, but as an ad- vance of money on tlie national account. An occurrence soon after put this right to the test ; a short controversy ensued with Lord Loudon, the commander of the British troops, and an address was sent to the governor by the general court, in which they asserted their rights as British subjects, and showed that spirit of independence, which in sub- sequent years led the people to throw off the yoke of oppression. Q.. Wiien was Louisbourg again captured by the English ? A. In 1758, on which occasion Massachu- setts furnished 7000 men. Q,. When was the first stamp act passed in Massachusetts ? A. In 1758. Q.. In what year was Canada taken by the Enghsh ? A. In 1760. The city of Quebec, though strongly fortified by nature and art, was taken in 1739 5 principally by means of the brave General Wolfe, who fell in the attack, as did the brave Gene- ral Montcalm in the defence, of the city. But the entire re- duction of Canada was not effected until the year 1760, since which time it has remained in peaceable possession of the Bri- tish ; nor were the colonies, until the rupture between them and the mother country, troubled with incursions from the In- dians. Q.. Who succeeded Jonathan Belcher as governor of Massachusetts ? A. William Shirley, who acted a conspicu- ous part at the taking of Louisbourg in '45, and was the first governor after the separation from New- Hampshire. He was a native of England, and was bred to the law. He arrived at Boston about the year 1733, and practised in his profession till he received his commission of governor in 1741. He went to England in 1745, leaving the administration of affairs to Lieut. Gov. Speucer PhipS; and returned in 1753. SS CONVERSATIONS ON THE In \15i, he held a treaty with the eastern Indians, and ex- plored the Kennebeck, erecting *£ or 3 forts. In 1736, being* coinmander-in-chief of the British forces in North-Ainerica, he planned an expedition against Niag-ara, and proceeded him- self as far as Oswego. In the last of June, 1756, he was su' perseded in the connmand by Abercrombie. The same year, 1 he was recalled to England. After having been governor oC one of the Bahama islands a number of years, he returned to Massachusetts, and died at his seat in Roxbury, March 24, 1771. The abolition of the paper currency was owing, in a great degree, to his firmness and perseverance. His penetra- tion and unremitting industry gained him a high reputation, but he seems not to have deserved much commendation as a military officer. Q,. Who succeeded him m office ? A. Thomas Powiiall, appointed governor ill 1757. He was a friend to liberty, and opposed to the design which •\Vas early formed of taxing ihe American colonies, and his ad- ministration was successful and popular. But discontents were at length raised by some in the colony, and, being of a peace- able disposition, he solicited to be recalled. He was appoint- ed to the government of South-Carolina in 1760, and after- wards returned to England, where he was eniployed in public business, and was member of three successive parliaments. He finally retired from public life, and died at Bath in 1805, aged 83 years : retaining his faculties in full vigour in bis la- test days. Q. Who was successor to Gov. Pownall ? A. Francis Bernard, who arrived in Bos- ton in Aui^ust, 1760. The administration of affairs had been in the hands of Lieut.- Gov. Hutchinson, from the time of Gov. Pownall's departure. Gov. Bernard was a man of arbitrary principles, a staunch royalist, and his administration was shaf>ed accordingly. The people, at length, became so disaflected. that they petitioned for his removal ; and, in 1769, he was recalled to England. Q,. When did the conflagration, denomina- ted the Great Fire, liappen in Boston ? Abolition, s. the aet of abolishing, or de&troying. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 89 A. In 1760, on the 20 of Maicli. It raged so violently, that, in about 4 hours, it destroyed neMy one-tenth part of the town, and 220 families were com- pelled to look to their neighbours for shelter. Q,. What was the state of affairs in Mas- sachusetts in 1761 ? A. Much disturbed. Lieut, Gov. Hutchinson, then Chief Justice of the state, ex- erted a disastrous influence in public affairs, aiding the royal authority in opposition to the interests of the people. Disputes arose between the general court and the governor, one of which was concerning writs of assistance, the object of which •writs was to assist the custom-house officers in their prescribed duties. Q,. Who made a very able and energetic plea against these writs in the superior court at that time ? A. James Otis, a lawyer of distinguished talents, and an ardent advocate of American liberty. Q. What was the remark of Mr. [aAerwards President] Adams, on this occasion ? A. After giving a summary of the plea, which he said was f)ronounced " in a style of oratory that he never heard equal- ed in this or any other country," he observed, " I do say, in the most solemn manner, that Mr. Otis's oration against the writs of assistance, breathed into this nation the breath of life." Q. What other remarkable events took place in 1761 ? A- On the 12 of March, two shocks of £^n earthquake occurred, which were felt in all the New-England colonies ; and on tbe 23 of Oc- tober, a most violent storm of wind and rain, which did great damage to the houses, stores, 8* ^0 CONVERSATIONS ON THE wharves,&c. and to the shipping in Boston har- bour. Also the death of WiUiam Dummer, for- merly Lieut. Governor of the province, a man highly esteemed for his piety and beneficence. He left a considerable part of his estate for pious and chari* table uses, and laid the foundation of Dummer Academy in Newbury, Q. How many newspapers were regularly published in Boston in 1762 ? A. Four; viz. the News-Letter, the Even- ing Post, the Gazette, and the Advertiser or Post Boy. Q.. When was the treaty of peace between England and France ratified at Paris ? A. In 1763. 't'hus a close was pot to the war which had so long distress-* ed the colonies, and which is to this day spoken of in New- England, as •' the old French war." Q. What appears to have been the favour- ite object of the British ministry, for many years previous to 1764 ? A. The taxation of the American colonies, without their being represented in parliament. Their right so to do was debated in tlie house of commons in March, 1764, and the question decided in the affirmative. Soon after, a resolution was voted, purporting that " it was proper to charge certain stamp duties in the colonies and plan-< tations ;" and on the 5 of April ensuing, parliament passed an act granting certain duties in the colonies. Intelligence of these proceedings was received in Massachusetts with that spirit of independence, which characterized the people. They immediately sent instructions to the provincial agent in Eng« land, in which they assert their privileges as British subjectS| and deny the right of parliament to tax them without their con* I HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. SI Sent. Spirited instructions were also given by the people of Boston to their representatives. Q.. What addition was made to the Col- lege buildings in 1764 ? A. An edifice, which, in honour of the HoUis family in England, was named HoUis- Hall. But, soon after its completion, Harvard Hall, containing the library of the college, above 5000 volumes, and a valuable philosophical apparatus, was consumed by fire. The general court was at this lime sitting in Cambridge, on account of the small-pox being in Boston. Q. When was the famous Stamp Act pass- ed in parliament ? A. In 1765, it having been virtually in- cluded in their resolution the preceding year. Q. Wliat member of parhament strongly opposed the passage of the bill ? A. Col. Barre, whose name deserves to be had in grateful remembrance by every Ameri- can. Q. How did this act affect the colonies ? A. It excited through the whole country a most serious alarm. It was viewed as a violation of the British constitution, and destructive of the first principles of liberty ; and combinations %vere every where formed against its execution. In Boston, much tumult and riot occurred, and the officers, concerned in executing the act, were particularly obnoxious to the rioters, ■who destroyed their property, and committed many deeds of violence. The house of Lieut. Gov. Hutchinson, one of the best in the province, was left completely in ruins, nothing re- maining but the bare walls and floors. The plate, family pic* ».ures, most of the furniture and wearing apparel, with about <£900 sterling in money, and the manuscripts and books which Virtually^ adv^ in effect ^2 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Mr. Hutchinson had been 30 3'ears in collecting', besides many public papers, were either carried off or destroyed, and him- self was obliged to escape by secret passages to save his life. To the honour, however, of the town, they voted unanimously to use all means for preventing such disorders for the future, thereby expressing their disapprobation of what had been done. Q. What important measure was proposed in the Massachusetts legislature in 1765 ? A. The assembhng of a general congress, which was accordingly adopted by the several states, and their first meeting holden at New- York ill October, same year. Timothy Rug- gles of Massachusetts was chosen president. Q. What work, contributing essentially to promote the cause of liberty and independence, was published this year in Massachusetts ? A. A Dissertation on the Canon and Feu- dal Law, containing very just sentiments on the rights of man, by John Adams. Q. How many houses were in Boston at this time ? A. 1676, and 2069 families. Q, What effect did the resistance of the colonies to the stamp act produce in England ? A, Such as to procure, by the assistance of that friend of America, the great Mr, Pitt, the repeal of that odious measure in March, 1766. Q. How^ was the news received in America ? A. W^ith the usual demonstrations of joy, ringing of bells, fire- works, and festivals. Q. What act of parliament in 1767 gave great offence to the colonies 1 HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 93 A. The act imposing duties on paper, glassy, painters' colours, and teas, imported into the colonies. Also acts providing' quarters for soldiers, and establishing a custom house in America. To these acts, none of the States were more decided iu their opposilitiou, than that of Massa- chusetts. Q. Does it appear, from facts in the histo- ry of Massachusetts, that the general conduct of the government towards the Indians was justifiable ? A. It does. In an address to the governor in 1767, on an occasion when the subject of the Indian trade, &c. was brought before the as- sembly, they remark, " that greater care was taken of the In- dians, by our pious ancestors, during the old charter, and by this government under the new, even to this day, than was ever required of us by the British government. Nothing hath been omitted by the province, since 1633 lo this day, which justice or humanity required, for their interest, within this ju- risdiction." Q. What important vote was passed in the general coiut of Massachusetts in 1768 ? A. To petition the king for redress of grie- vances. And, to secure the co-operation of the other colonies, the court drew up a circular letter and addressed it to the repre- sentatives and Z>Mr^esses of the people throughout the continent. Q. What agreement was entered into by the merchants and traders of Boston at this time ? A. An agreement of non-importation. By this they were not to import, nor purchase any kind of goods or merchandize, imported from Great-Britain from Jan. 1769 to Jan. 1770, excepting a few enumerated articles ; nor to import or purchase of any who shall import from any other Burgess, s. a citizen, a freeman of a city, a represesentative of a town corporate. 94 CONVERSATIONS ON THE colony, any tea, paper, g[lass, or oiher goods commonly im- ported from Great- Britain, Gi, What otlier occurrences in 1768 indi- cated the approaching vevokition ? A. Disorders ensuing' the seizure of a wine vessel by the custom-house officers ; a conven- tion in Boston ; and the quartering of British troops in that place, the object of which was to protect the revenue officers in the collection of the duties. Q,. Why did the convention meet in Boston ? A. To deliberate on constitutional meas- ures for a removal of their difficulties ; the general court having been dissolved in tlie pre- ceding year by Gov. Bernard, The day before the convention rose, advice was received that a man of war and transports from Halifax, wiih ahout 900 troops, under cover of the cannon of the ships, landed without molestation, and to the number of 700 men, marched with muskets charg'ed, bayonets fixed, martial music and the usual military parade, to the common. In the eveniniS^, the selectmen were required to quarter the two regiments in the town, but they positively refused. A temporary shelter, how- ever in Faneuil Hall was allowed to one regiment, and the next day the State House, by order of the governor, was opened for their reception, and two fiflH pieces with the main guard were stationed in its front. The lower floor of the State House, which had been used by gentlemen and the merchants as an exchange, the representatives' chamber, the court house, Faneuil hall, — places intimately associated with ideas of justice and freedom, as well as convenience and utility, were now filled with regular soldiers. Guards were placed at the doors of the Slate House — the common was covered with tents — soldiers were constantly marching and countermarching to relieve the guards, and the centinels chal- lenging the inhabitants as they passed. The Sabhaih was profaned, and the devotion of the sanctuary was disturbed, by the sound of drums and other martial music. In, Novem- Quarter, v. to station or lodge soldiers. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 95 ber, several large transports arrived with more troops. Bui the colonists, tliough disgusted and injured, were not overawed. Q. When was the first newspaper pub- lished in Salem ? A. In 1768 ; the Essex Gazette. CONVERSATION XVII. Ministerial measures approved by Parliament. — Act of tbe General Court. — Opposition of Gov. Bernard. — He is recalled. — Massacre in Boston.— Disputes between tbe Legislature and Lieut. Gov. Ilutcliinson.— Repeal of Duties.— Bell Foundry at Stoughton.— Storm and Tide. — Gov. Hutchinson. — Committee of Correspond- ence. Tea destroyed. — Boston Port-bill. — Gov. Gage. — General Congress proposed. Q.. Were the rigorous measures of the Brit- ish ministry towards the colonies approved by parhament ? A. They were. In trie year 1769, resolves were passed by that body, cen- suring the whole course of proceedings in Massachusetts, and declaring thai the election of deputies, and the meeting of the convention, were daring insults to his majesty's authority, and audacious usmpalions of the powers of government. In an address to the king, they recommended that the names of offending persons in Massachusetts should be transmitted to him, and their offence:; heard and determined in England. This article gave great offence to the colonists. Gt. VVliat was stated to the governor by the general court at their session in 1769 ? A. Their expectation that he would " give effectual orders for the removal of the troops from the town and harbour, during the session of the assembly." Audacious^ a. bold, impudent. Usurpation s. forcible, unjust, unlawful leizure. 96 CONVERSATIONS ON THE The governor answered that he had no power over his Ma- jesty's ships in the port, or the troops in the town. But the house persisting in its complaints, and firmly declining- to do business, while surrounded by an armed force, the governor adjourned it to Cambridge. Q.. What act of the governor denoted his contmued attachment to his royal master ? A. On the 6 of July, he sent a message to the comtj desiring funds to be provided for discharging the expenditures incurred by Cjuar- tering his majesty's troops, and requiring pro- vision for the fuither quartering of them at Boston and Castle Island. Q,. Did the assembly comply with his de mands ? A. They did not. So far from it, they passed resolves, among others, to this effect : — that the establishment of a standing army in this col- ony in a time of peace, is an invasion of natural rights. That sending an armed force into this colony under pretence of as- sisting the civil authority, is highly dangerous to the people, unprecedented and miconstitutional. And on the 12 of July, in reply to the governor's question, whether they would or would not provide for the troops, the house replied :— ''As we cannot, consistently with our own honour or interest, much less with our duty to our constituents 5 so we never shall make any provision of funds for the purposes stated in your several messages." On receiving this reply, the go\ernor prorogued the court to the 10 of January, to meet at Boston. But he was recalled in August, and the management of public affairs left with Lieut. Gov. Hutchinson, Q,. When did the massacre, by the British soldiers, take place in Boston ? A. On the 5 of March, 1770. Unprecedented, a. not justifiable by any example. Unconstitutional, a. not according to the constitution. Prorogue, a. to put off. I HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 97 The iiihahitants having conlined to feel it an indig-nily to have soldiers quartered among them, mutual insults and inju- ries prepared the way for more serious difficulties. On the 5 of JNIarch, tlie soldiers while under arms, being pressed upon and insulted by [he popu/ace, dared to fire ; one of them, who had received a blow, fired at the aggressor, and a single dis- charge from six others succeeded. Three of the inhabitants were killed, and five dangerously wounded. The town was instantly thrown into commolion. The drums beat to arms, and thousands of the inhabitants assembled in the adjacent streets. The next morning, the Lieut. Governor summoned a council, by whom a messege was received from the town which had convened in full assembly, declaring their unani- mous opinion, *' that nothing could rationally be expected to restore the peace of the town, and prevent blood and carnage, but the removal of the troops."' This was agreed to, and the tumult subsided. One of the wounded men died, and the four killed were buried in one vault with the highest marks of respect. Such an immense concourse attended the funeral, that thej'^ were obliged to go in ranks, six a-breast, and a long train of carriages closed the procession, Q,. What was done Avilh Capt. Preston, the commander of the soldieis ? A. He was committed with them to jail, and all were afterward tried. The captain and six of the men were acquitted, and the other two were brought in guilty of manslaughter. The result of the trial reflected great honour on John Adams and Josiah Quincy, who were the counsel for the prisoners, and also on the integrity of the jury. Q. What was the next official act of Lieut. Gov. Hutchinson ? A. To postpone the assembly from Janua- ry (to which it had been prorogued by Gov. Bernard) to the middle of March, then to meet at Cambridge. Populace, s. the common people, the multitude. Unanimous, rt.bcinp of one mind, agreeing in design or opinion. Concourse, s. a multitude 98 CONVERSATIONS ON TIIK In his messajjc to lliem at tlio latter place, he took no noi'cc of the. Irag-ical ovpnl at Hoslon, hut in a few Hays after, lie sent a special messafje to the house, intbnnin?; them of a ri- fling atlair at Gloucester, in which a petty officer of the cus- toms was said to have been abuseil, and called on them to afford assistance in bring^ing the agents to justice. The reply of the assembly iridicated their deep sense of injury from their own executive government, as well as from the parent slate. In their reply, they also express the hope that ihe military power would soon be removed from the province, until which time they had nothing to expect but that tyranny and confusion would prevail. Q,. What controversy occupied a great part of the session ? A. A dispiu.o concern itig the removal of the general court. The Lieut. Governor asserting his authorit}' from the minis- try, peremptorily refused to yield to their wishes to assemble at their usual place in Boston, and they w»Te obliged to continue at Cambridge. d. What important bill passed in parlia- ment in 1770 ? A. The act repealing all duties on goods exported to the colonies, except the duty of three pence per pound on tea. Q,. Was this act satisfactory to the colonies ? A. It was not. As it was not merely the amount of the duties, but the prin- ciple of taxation to which the colonists were opposed, the duty on tea gave them great disquietude j and an association was immediately formed not to drink any tea until the act imposing the duty, should be repealed. Q,. Wliat manufactory was erected this year in Massachusetts 7 A. A bell foundery at Stoughton. Executive, a. active, not legislative. t IlISTORV OF MASSACHUSETTS. 99 Q. Wljcit other reiaarkable. event took place in 1770 7 A. A i^rcat storm in October, which swell- ed the ti(J{; at Bosion higher than had been known for nearly 50 years. It filled the stores and cellars, and did muoii damag-ej 50 or GO sail of vessels were cast ashore at Plymouth and elsewhere, and many lives were lost. Q. When was Lieut. Gov. Hutchinson appointed to the oflice of governor ? A. In 1771. Q,. What circumstance in his conduct was considered by the people as a dangerous inno- vation ? A. The refusal of his salary from the prov- ince, and receiving it out of the revenue chest, thus being made independent of the peojjle. At the session of the legislature in 1772, they passed resolu- tions expressing: their dissatisfaction with this new regulation of the British government, by which the governor derived his support from the crown, calling it an ''infraction of their charter." The governor replied to these resolutions in a laboured message, in which he attempted to invalidate the reasoning they contained, and assumed that the charter was a mere grant from the king, which he had a right at any time to alter or vacate, even without a charge of violation or non-per- formnnce on their part. Gt. VViiat course was pursued by the in- habitants of Boston at this crisis ? A. They first requested the governor to allow the general court to meet them, and, be- ing denied, tliey held a town meeting in No- Innovation,s. to change by the introductiun of novelty. Infraction^ s. breach, violaiion. Invalidate, v. to weaken, to deprive of force. [height. Crisis^ i. the point of time ut which any affair comes to the 100 CONVERSATIONS ON THE vember, at which was chosen a large commit- tee of respectable citizens. This commitiee drew up a report, which was printed, and 600 copies of it with an impressive letter were circulated through the towns and districts of the province. Q,. What was this committee called ? A. The Committee of Correspondence ; and it was the basis of the subsequent union of the colonies. Q,. When was tlie tea destroyed at Boston I A. In 1773. Three ships laden with this article arrived in the harbour, and the inhabitants tried every measure to send them back, but without effect. The destruction of the tea was therefore the only alternative. Accordingly a number of armed men, disguised like Indians, on the evening of the 16 of December, boarded the ships, and threw their whole cargoes, consisting' of 240 chests and 100 half chests of tea into the dock, without tumult, and without doing any damage to the vessels or any other effects. Q,. What transpired this year to increase the disaffection of the people towards Gover- nor Hutchinson ? A. The discovery of certain letters written by him to persons in England, by which it ap- peared that he was altogether opposed to the in- terests of the colonists. The assembly there- upon voted to petition the king for a removal of Gov. Hutchinson and Lieut. Gov. Oliver forever from the government of the province. Q,. What other remarkable events happen- ed in 1773 ? A. A violent tornado was experienced in August, at Salisbury, Mass. and its vicinity, HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 101 which lasted about 3 minutes, and destroyed about 8 buildings in Sahsbury and Amesbury. CI. How did the intelligence of proceedings in Boston alFect the British parliament ? A. It so enraged them, that they shut up the port of Boston, by passing an act called the Boston Port Bill. By this act the port of Boston was legally precluded from llie privilege of lamJing- and discharging, or lading and ship- ping goods, wares, and merchandize. 'J'his act was followed by two others, equally unjust and oppressive. These three acts were considered, in America, as forming a complete sys- tem of tyranny. Q.. Who Avas appointed successor to Gov. Hutchinson, after the renioval of the latter from office ? A. Gen. Gage, the commander-in-chief of the royal forces in North America. He arriv- ed in Boston, May 13, 1774. Q,. When did the port bill go into operation ? A. On the 1 of June, 1774, which, in many of the principal towns in the colonies, was observed as a day of mourning. Q,. Did it distress the inhabitants of Boston ? A. It did exceedingly. But, animated by the spirit of freedom, they endured their privations with inflexible fortitude, and their sufferings were soon mitigated by the sympathy, and relieved by the charity of the other colonists. Contributions were every where raised for their relief, corporate bodies, town meeiings, and provin- cial conventions sent them letters and addresses, applauding their conduct, and exhorting them to perseverance. Preclude. V. to shut out, or binder. Privul'ums, s. removal or destruction of any thing. Mitigate, v. to soften, to alleviate. 9* 102 CONVERSATIONS ON Ti^E! Q,. What important resolve was passed in the general court in June, 1774 ? A, A resolve proposing a general congress or meeting of committees from the several col- onies. Five delegates were accordingly chosen, and the speaker was directed to send information of this resolve to the other colonies, by whom it was gradually adopted. CONVERSATION XVIII. First continental congress. — Affairs in Massachusetts. — Streets first lighted in Boston. — Apprehension of hostilities — Preparations for defence. — Leslie's expedition — Lexington fight. — First provincial army — Authority of Gov. Gage renounced. — Troops arrive from England — Battle of Bunker-HlU.—Death of Dr. Warren.— Wash- ington appointed chief general. — He arrives at Cambridge. — Dis- posal of British and American armies. — Armed vessels. — Depar- ture of Gov. Gage. — Death of Josiah Quincy. Q,. When was assembled the first conti- nental congress ? A. On the 5 of September, 1774, at Phi- ladelphia. Q,. Did the aspect of affairs in Massachu- setts still continue inauspicious ? A. It did. Soon after Gov. Gage's arrival, two regiments of foot, with a small detach- ment of artillery and some cannon, were land- ed at Boston and encamped on the common. These were gradually reinforced by others from Ireland, New- York, Halifax, and Quebec. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 103 The jealousy of the inhabitants was thereby excited, and increased by the stationing of a British guard on Boston Neck, and by the perseverance of the British in repairing and man- ning the fortifications at the entrance of the town. On the 1 of September, Gov. Gage sent two companies and took posses- sion of the powder in the arsenal at Charlestown, and withheld from the proprietors what was lodged in Boston, At a meeting of delegates from the several towns in the county of Suffolk, it was resolved " that no obedience is due from the province to either or an}^ part of the late acts of par- liament 5 but that they should be rejected as the attempts of a wicked administration to enslave America." These resolves, the boldest that had been adopted, being forwarded to the con- tinental congress, were sanctioned by that august body. Qi, What important change took place re- specting the legislature of Massachusetts in 1774 ? A. They assumed tlie name and char- acter of a provincial congress. Having been prevented by the governor from assembling as a legislature, they resolved themselves into a provincial con- gress, and adjourned to Concord. Mr. John Hancock was chosen president, and measures were adopted for the defence of the province. d. When were lamps first used in the streets of Boston '!■ A. In 1774. The following publications issued from the press in Boston the same year : — Observations on the Boston Port Bill, &c. by Josiah Quincy ; A summary View of the rights of British America ; and the Royal American Magazine, the last peri- odical published there before the revolution. Q.. What information was communicated to the people, by the Massachusetts provincial cona^ress in 1775 ? Arsenal, s. a repository of things requisite to war. August, a. great, grand. 104 CONVERSATIONS ON TITE A. That there were signs of approachmg war. That, from the large reinforcement of troops expected io the colony, from the tenor of intelligence from England and from the general appearance of things, they had reason to apprehend that the destruction of the colony was intended j and they urged the immediate necessity of military prepara- tions, discipline, &c. They also passed resolutions for procur- ing and making fire-arms and bayonets. Those preparations were accordingly made, and provisions and military stores were collected and stored at different places. Gl. Who was sent by Gov. Gage to seize the mihtary stores deposited at Salem ? A. Colonel Leslie, with a detachment of soldiers. Having landed at Marhlehead, they proceeded to Salem, and, not finding the stores, they passed on to the drawbridge leading to Danvers, where a large number of people were assembled, and on the opposite side of which, Col. Pickering had mustered 30 or 40 men, and drawn up the bridge. Leslie ordered them to let it down, but they peremptorily refused. He then determined to ferry over a few men in a gondola } but the people perceiving iheir design, sprang into the gondola, and scuttled it with their axes. There was danger of in- stant hostility, but it was prevented by the prudent interposi- tion of Mr. Barnard, mini:ster of Salem. Leslie at length pledged his honour, that if they would lei the bridge dow'n, he would march but a few rods over it, and return without doing any thing further. The line was marked, the bridge was let down, Leslie marched to the bounds prescribed, returned, and embarked for Boston. Q. Wiien did hostilities actually commence? A. On the 19 of April, 1775, at Lexing- ton. The circumstances were as follows : — Gen. Gage, having purposed to destroy a quantity of military stores, which had been deposited at Concord, detached Lieut. Col. Smith and Major Pitcairn with 800 grenadiers and light infantry, who,at Scuttle, V. to sink by cutting' open the bottom. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 105 1 1 o'clock ill the evening of the 18, embarked in boats at the bottom of Boston Common, crossed Charles river, and landing at Phipps' farm in Cambridg-e, commenced a silent and expe- ditious march for Concord. Dr. Warren, having received no- tice of their design, sent messengers to Lexington, the day previous, who gave an alarm, which was rapidly spread by church bells, signal guns, and vollies. On the arrival of the British at Lexington, at 5 in the morning, almost 70 men, be- longing to the minute company in that town, were found on the parade, under arms. Major Pilcairn, galloping up to them, cried out, " Disperse, disperse, you rebels ; throw down your arms and disperse !" The sturdy yeomanry not instantly obeying, he advanced nearer, fired his pistol, flourished his sword, and ordered his soldiers to fire. A discharge of arms from the British troops with a huzza, immediately followed ; several of ihe provincials fell, and the rest dispersed. The firing continued, and the fugitives stopped and returned the fire. Eight Americans were killed, and several wounded. Q,. Did the British troops succeed in their attempt to destroy the niihtary stores at Con- cord ? A. They did. The inhabitants drew up in order for defence, but observing the superior number of the British, retired to a little distance to wait for reinforcements. The troops then proceeded to the town, and destroyed the stores. The militia being reinforced, approcached, and were fired upon by the regulars ; a skirmish ensued, and the regulars were lorced to retreat, with some loss. Q,. AVeve they pursued as the}^ retreated towards Boston ? A. They were. All the people in the ad- jacent country were by this time in arms, and attacked the retreating troops m every direc- tion. Volley, s. the simultaneous dischfiriSfe of several muskets. Yeomanry, «. collective body of farmers. Provincials, s. a term applied to the American soldiers to dis- tinguish them from the British, wlio were called Regulars. Fugitive, s. a runaway. 106 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Some fired from behind stone walls, and other coverts, others pressed on their rear and harassed them until they reached Lexington. Here they were joined by Lord Percy, with a detachment of 900 men, and 2 pieces of cannon. Hav- ing halted an hour or two, they recommenced their march, but tiie attack of the provincials was renewed at the same time, and a galling fire kept up by them. The close firing from behind stone walls by good marksmen, put the regulars in no small confusion, yet they kept up a brisk fire upon the militia and minute men. A little after sunset they reached Bunker-Hill, where, exhausted with fatigue, they re- mained during the night under the protection of a man of war, and next morning returned to Boston. Q,. What A\ as tlie number of killed and wounded in this excursion 1 A. Seventy-three of the regulars were kill- ed, 184 wounded, and 26 made prisoners ; total 283. Of the provincials, 50 were killed, 34 wounded, and 4 missing ; total 88. Q,. What did the provincial congress do immediately after the Lexington battle ? A. Being in session at the time, they sent an account of the battle to England, with dep- ositions to prove that the British troops were the aggressors. They also sent an address to the people of England pro- fessing their loyalty to the king, but expressing their determi- nation •' not lamely to sul>mil to the tyranny of his evil minis- try." They also say, " Appealing to heaven for the justice of our cause, we determine to die or be free." Q. Whcji and where was the first provin- cial army assembled ? A. Soon after the battle of Lexington, near Boston ; consisting of 20,000 men, who form- ed an encampment from Roxbury to the river Mystic. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 107 This army was increased by a larg-e body of troops from Connecticut, under the command of the celebrated Col. Put- man ; and by these joint forces, the king's troops were closely blocked up in Boston. Q. When did the provincial congress re- nounce the authority of Gov. Gage ? A. In May ensuing Lexington fight ; and his jurisdiction from this time was confined within the limits of Boston. Q,. What distinguished generals arrived at Boston in the same month from England ? A. HowCj Burgoyne, and Clinton, with a considerable reinforcement. Q,. What proclamation was issued by General Gage at that time ? A. Of pardon, in the king's name, to all persons " who shall forthwith lay down tlieir arms," and become peaceable subjects, Samuel Adams and John Hancock excepted. Q.. W^hen was the famous battle of Bunker-Hill.^ A. . June 17, 177.5. The movements of the British army having excited an ap- prehension that General Gage intended to penetrate into the country, it was recommended by the provincial congress, that measures should be taken for the defence of Dorchester neck, and to occupy Bunker-Hill. On the 16 of June, a de- tachment of 1000 American troops took possession of I*>reed's (since called Bunker) Hill, and laboured during the night with such diligence, that by the dawn of day they had thrown up a redoubt about 8 rods square. The British at daylight began a heavy tiring from their ships, and from their fortifica- tions at Copps' Hill, and an incessant shower of shot and bombs was poured upon the American works, yet but one man Redoubt, s. a ridge or n)ound of eartb, behind or within which soldiers are protected from musket or cannon shot. 108 CONVERSATIONS ON THE was killed. About noon, 3,000 troops, the flower of the British army, were sent to dislodge them from their post. The roofs and steeples of Boston were crowded with British troops and citizens, to witness the doubtful conflict. The American army and the country people thronged the sur- rounding hills. Charlestown was now set on Are by order of the British commander, and 400 houses, including ihe meeting- house with its towering steeple, were soon in a blaze. The slow approach of the British gave time for General Putnam to address his men, whom he charged to be cool, and reserve their fire, "until they could see the whiles of their eyes." The order was obeyed, and on the near approach of their enemies, they began such a furious discharge of small arms, that the royal troops retreated with precipitation. A second time they were driven back with great confusion. They then redoubled their efforts, and General Clinton arriving at this critical moment, united his exertions with those of the other oflicers, and they succeeded in renewing the attack. The powder of the Americans beginning to fail, they were at length compelled to abandon their post. Fifteen hundred Americans were engaged in this action, and their loss amount- ed to 145 killed and missing, and 305 wounded. The royal army lost 1054, of whom 226 were killed, including 19 offi- cers 5 and 828 wounded, including 70 officers. Col. Prescotl of Massachusetts commanded the Americans within the redoubt. Q. What distinguished officer, on the A- merican side, was among the slain ? A. The accomphshed Dr. Joseph Warren, a general in the army, who foiigbit that day as a volunteer. A man whose memory will be endeared to his countrymen, and to the worthy in every part and age of the world, so long as virtue and valour shall be esteemed among mankind. d. Who was appointed by the continental congress, commander-in-chief of the American army ? A. George Washington, a native of Virginia, whose subsequent illustrious charac- HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 109 ter and services gained for liim the appellation of Father of his country. Q, When did he arrive at Cambridge to take the command of the forces ? A. On the 2 of July, 1775, and was joy- fully received. d. What was the state of the government in Massachusetts at this time ? A. Pursuant to the advice of the continent- al congress, the people had chosen represen- tatives, who elected a council, and the two branches proceeded to legislation. Q. How were the British and American ar- mies disposed after the arrival of Washing- ton ? A. The main body of the British was entrenclied on Bunker-Hill ; the other division occupied Boston Neck. The American army lay on both sides of Charles river. Its right occupied the hig-h ground about Roxbury, whence it extended towards Dorchester, and its left was covered by Mystic river, a space of 12 miles. Winter, Prospect, Plough- ed and Cobble hills, were each occupied by the American troops. Q.. When were the first armed vessels fitted out by Massachusetts ? A. In 1775, and in the same year a law was passed to encourage a naval armament. Q.. Did the armed vessels succeed in ma- king 'iny captures ? A. They did, 10 110 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Capt. Manly of Marblehead, who was early out, took an ordnance brig, containing' a large mortar, several pieces of cannon, a large quantity of small arms and ammunition 3 with all kinds of tools, utensils, and machines necessary for camps and artillery ; and also 3 ships laden with various stores for the British army. Q.. What Other notable events occiiiTed this year ? A. The departure of Gov. Gage for Eng- land, and the death of Josiah Qumcy. Mr. Quincy was an estimable man and inflexible patriot, and was educated at Harvard college, where he was gradua- ted in 1763. He was son of Josiah Quincy, merchant of Boston, who having acquired a handsome fortune, retired to the family seat at Braintree. Josiah Quincy, jr., was sent to England to promote the interests of America in 1774 j but his health failed, and on his return homeward, he died on the 20 of April, 1775, within sight of that beloved country which he was not permitted to reach. " He expired, not as afterwards did his friend and copatriot, Warren, on a field ever memora- ble and ever glorious, — but in solitude, amidst suffering, with- out associate, without witness 3 yet breathing forth a dying wish for his country, desiring to live only to perform for her a last and signal service." Memoirs of him have been pub- lished. Q.. What memorable observation was made, early in 1775, by Lord Chatliani, in the Brit- ish parliament 1 A. After having enlarged upon the ruinous events, which Avere coming upon the nation in consequence of the present dispute, and the ar- bitrary measures of the ministry, and observ- ing tliat his majesty would be undone, if those measures were persisted in, he said, " His majesty may indeed Vv^ear his crown, biit, the American jewel out of it, it will not be worth the wearing. The very first drop of blood will HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. Ill malvc a wound, that years, perhaps ages, will not heal." CONVERSATION XIX. Declaration of Independence.— British Troops evacuate Boston. — Vote of Thanks to Gen. Washington.— National Fast.— Capture of Col. I'auin. — Capture of Col. Burgoyne. — Aid from France. — Surrender of Cornwallis. — Constitution of Massachusetts. — First Governor. — Dark Day. — Peace. — Definitive Treaty. — Character of James Otis. — Instrumental Music introduced into N. E. Churches. — Shays' Rebellion. — Mint. — Charles River Bridge. — Dispute Set- tled.— Events in '37.— Cannon.- Beacon-Hill Monument. Q,. What great event began a new era in American history ? A. The declaration of Independence, by the continental congress, on the 4 of July, 1776. It was set forth in a written manifesto drawn up by Thomas Jefferson, who was at the head of the committee, which had been appointed for that purpose.* Q. What were the concluding words of this important state paper ? A. " And for the support of this declara- tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to Era, s. time from a particular date, or epoch. Manifesto, s. public protestation, declaration in form. * This committee consisted of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R- Livinsrston. 112 CONVERSATIONS ON THE each other, our hves, our fortunes, and our sa- cred honour." Q,. When and by whom were the British compelled to evacuate Boston ? A. In the spring of 1776, by the provin- cials, under the command of Gen. Washing- ton. The Americans having succeeded in diverting the attention of the British garrison, gained possession of Dorchester heights in the evening of the 4 of March, 1776, and 120G men im- mediately commenced erecting breast-works to shield them from the enemy. The ground was extremely hard, but the night was mild, and, by labouring with great diligence, at break of day they presented lines of defence which astonished the British garrison, to whom nothing remained but to aban- don the town, or dislodge the provincials. The latter was attempted, but a tremendous storm at night hindered the exe- cution of their design, and it was agreed in a council of war next morning, to evacuate the town as soon as possible. The Americans proceeded in strengthening and extending their works, and on the morning of the 17 of March, it was judged by the British that delay was no longer safe, and by 10 o'clock, A. M. the king's troops, with those Americans, (then called Tories,) who were attached to the royal cause, were all under sail. General Washington then marched triumphantly into Boston, where he was received as a deliverer. He soon after fixed his head quarters at New-York, where the greater part of the troops rendezvoused. A iew were left in Massachu- setts. Gt. What resolve was passed in congress on the 25 of the same month ? A. That thanks be presented to General Washington, and the officers and soldiers un- der his command, for their wise and spirited conduct in the siege and acquisition of Boston : and that a gold medal be struck in commem- Rcndtz-juus, V. to meet at a place appohited. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 113 oration of tlie event, and presented to his ex- cellency. Q. What was recoannended by congress at this time l A. A national fast : " Publicly to acknowledg-e the overruling providence of God, to confess and deplore our oftences against him, and supplicate his interposition for averting the threatened danger, and prospering our strenuous efforts in the cause of freedom, virtue, and prosperity." The 17 of May was observed accordingly. Q,. What event, in the language of Presi- dent JelFerson, was the " first hnk in the chain of successes that issued in the surrender of Saratoga," and the capture of Burgoyne ? A. The capture of Colonel Baum, near Bennington, Vermont, on -the 16 of August, 1777, by General .lohn Staik, with 33 officers and more than 700 privates taken, besides 226 left dead on the field. Q.. Wlien was the captuie of Burgoy^ie ? A. On the 17 of October, when the royal cirmy under this general, consisting of more than 9000, surrendered themselves prisoners of war. Q.. What foreign aid did the United States receive in 1778 ? A. That of France, which formed an alli- ance with the United States, sent hither a minister i>lenipotentiary^ and received one Plenipotenlinry, s. inyesteil with full power. 10' 114 CONVERSATIONS ON THE from this country, and contributed land and naval forces for their assistance. Q,. When was the constitution of Massa- chusetts framed and adopted 'I A. In 1780. Q,. Who was the first governor under the new constitution ? A. John Hancock, the inflexible patriot who had been proscribed by the Britisli gov- ernment. Q,. What day in the year 1780 has ever since been referred to as the Dark Day 7 A. The 19 of May. The darkness commenced between the hours of 10 and 11, A. M., and continued until the middle of the next night. The wind was in the South-wf^st, and the darkness appeared to come in with clouds in that direction. It extended from Falmouth, (Maine,) and was greatest in Essex county, Mas- sachusetts, in the lower part of New-Hampshire and in Maine. ''Candles were lighted up in the houses, birds sung their even- ing songs and disappeared 3 the cocks crowed as at break of day, and every thing wore the appearance and the gloom of night." Q,» When did Lord Cornwallis surrender his army ? A. On the 19 of October, 1781. Q,. What was the number of prisoners sur- rendered I A. About 7,000, including rank and file. Q,. How large was the allied army, to which that of Cornwallis surrendered ? Ak It has been estimated at 16,000 men, of whom 7,000 were French, 5,500 continen- tal troops, and 3,500 inilitin. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 11 5 Q,. Was the surrender of this army con- sidered as deciding the contest between Great- Britain and America ? A. It was. Though several hostile movements continued to be made by Ihe remaining British forces for some monlhs,yet no additional army was sent to invade the country. Q,. What w^as tlie number of troops fur- nished by Massachusetts in the revolutionary war 7 A. Eighty-three tliousand one hundred and eighty-two ; nearly one-third of the troops employed in the war. Q,. When was the joyful news of peace proclaimed in America / A. In 1783 ; being officially announced to the army on the 19 of April, precisely 8 years from the day of the first effusion of blood at Lexington* Q. When and wiiere w^as the definitive treaty of peace concluded, and by whom, on the part of America, was it signed ? A. On the 3 of September, 1783, at Paris, by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay. Q,. What distinguished patriot died in Massachusetts this year ? A. James Otis; ofwhom President Adams remarked, that he laid the foundation of the American revolution, " with an energy, and with those masterly abilitiesj which no other 116 CONVERSATIONS ON THE man possessed." He was highly distinguish- ed for genius, eloquence, and learning. No American, perhaps, had more extensive informalion. Besides his legal knowledge, he was a complete master of classical literature. He published Rudiments of Latin Pro- sody, with a dissertation on letters, and the power of harmo- ny in poetic and prosaic composition, 12mo., 1760; which has been considered a most clear and able treatise on the subject. Vindication of the conduct of the house of representatives, 1762; rights of the British colonies asserted, 1764; consid- erations on behalf of the colonies, 1765. His powerful mind was laid in ruins in September, 1769, in consequence of wounds received in an assault from some officers belonging to the British party, with whom he had been engaged in dispute. He was finally killed at Andover, on the 25 of May 1783, by a stroke of lightning, at about the age of 60 years. Gi. When was instiumental music first in- troduced into Congregational churches in New- England ? A. In 1785, an organ being at that time set up in the First church in Boston. Q.. By what was the year 1786 rendered memorable ? A. An insurrection in Massachusetts, head- ed by Daniel Shays. Q,. What were the immediate causes of tlie insurgency? A. Heavy taxes, necessarily imposed at the time. Q. Was it quelled without capital punish- ment ? Insurrection, } .... . . , ' > .V. a seditious risiMS'. Insurgency, 3 JnsHre^ents, s. peisoHS wiio rise in a soditloiis or rebellious manner . HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 117 A. It wasj though so great was the distur- bance, occasioned by the insurgents, that it was judged necessary to call out a body of 4000 troops, by whom the insurgents were surprised and discomfited, and fled with great precipi- tation. One hundred and fifty were made prisoners, and the princi- pal officers sought refuge in the neighbouring- slates. They were finally pardoned on certain conditions. Gl. When was the second mint estabhshed in Massachusetts ? A. In 1786, for the coinage of gold, siker, and copper. Charlestown bridge was opened for passengers the same year. Q,. When was the dispute between New- York and Massachusetts respecting certain lands, brought to an amicable conclusion ? A. In 1787. Q,. What other events are worthy of notice in 1787 ? A. l^he publication of Adams's Defence of American Constitutions ; a fire in Boston, south part, which consumed 100 houses ; and the death of Thomas Gage, the last governor of Massachusetts w^ho was appointed by the crown, Q,. To whom belonged the four first can- non used inthe revolutionary war ? A. Two of them belonged to a number of citizens in Boston, and two to the government of Massachusetts. These constituted the 4i 118 CONVERSATrONS ON THE whole train of artilleiy, possessed by the colo- nies at the commencement of the war. In the year 1788, historical inscriptions were placed on them by order of congress. Q. What important political event distin- guished the year 178S in Massaciiusetts ? A. The adoption of the federal constitu- tion. The convention for this purpose in Massachusetts met i January, and after several weeks discussion adopted the con stitution at the beg^inning- of February, on which occasion the citizens of Boston formed a numerous procession, composed of mechanics, with their respective badges, who were joined by the farmers from the neighbourhood with appropriate implements of husbandry. To add to the novelty of the scene, a small ship with mounted cannon, manned by seamen, was drawn by horses in the procession, and lired salutes. The dates of the most important events of the revolutionary war were soon after inscribed on a monument erected on Bea- con-Hill. This was " a plain column of the Doric order, rais- ed on its proper pedestal, substantially built of brick and stone." The height was about 60 feet. Upon the erection of the new Stale-house, the monument was taken down, and its site is now occupied by buildings and a street. The following was the inscription on the south side : — " To commemorate that train of events which led to the American revolution, and final- ly secured liberty and independence to the United States, this column is erected by the voluntary contributions of the citizens of Boston." On the west and north sides of the column, the re- markable occurrences of the war were chronologically re- corded 5 and on the east side,— " Americans, while from this eminence, scenes of luxuriant fertility, of flourishing com- merce, and the abodes of social happiness meet your view, for- get not those, who by their exertions have secured to you these blessings." Inscription, s. somethin p written or engraved. Site^s. local position, situation. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 119 BEACON-IIILL MONUMENT. 120 CONVERSATIONS ON THE CONVERSATION XX. Federal Government. — First President. — Washington visils New- England. — Encouragement of learning. — Influenza. — Biography of Franklin and Bovvdoin.— First American edition of the Bible. Biography of Gov. Hancock. — Fire in Boston. — National Thanks- giving. — First Method' Church in Boston.— Events of '97 — Mu- nicipal Court of Boston. — Vaccination. — Merino sheep. — Death and Character of Samuel Adams. — State Prison. — Stoughton Hall. — Great Solar Eclipse. Q,. When did the Federal Government go into full opei'ation 'i A. On the 30 of April, 1789, when George Washington was inaugnrated president, and John Adams vice-president of the United States. Q,. When did President Washington visit Massachusetts ? A. In October, same year, and was receiv- ed by the people with the most unequivocal tokens of respect and affection. Qi, What was particularly recommended by Governor Hancock in his message this year to the legislature ? A. The encouragement of learning, as ne- cessary to the support of a free government. Q,. What law was passed accordingly ? Inaugurate^ v. to invest with office, or to induct into offic*. Unequivocal, a, certain, undoubted. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 121 A. A law requesting all towns with 200 families to maintain a grammar school, agree- ably to former usage. All towns with this number and upwards, were required to employ as instructers, those who had been educated at some college, and were able to teach the Latin and Greek lan- guages. Q,. What disease prevailed extensively in America in 1789 ? A. The influenza. d. What distinguished men died in 1790 ? A. Benjamin Frankhn, and James Bow- doin, governor of Massachusetts. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, Jan. 17, 1706. His advantages for school education were few. At the age of 12 years, he was bound as an apprentice to his brother, who was a printer, and in this employment he made great proficiency. His talents were early developed, and he diligently employed his leisure hours in improving his mind by reading, thus lay- ing the foundation of his future eminence. About the year 1724, he went to Philadelphia, and from thence to London, where he resided as a journeyman printer two years ; practi- sing such economy as to save the greater part of his wages. In 1727, he was established in business as a printer and con- ductor of a newspaper in Philadelphia, and was distinguished for his efforts in the cause of literature and science, and in the promotion of the general good. After having been eminently useful in a variety of public of- fices in the service of his country, both here and in Europe, he was sent as ambassador to France in 1776, and had much influence in forming the treaty of alliance and commerce, from which such advantages were derived to America in the revolutionary struggle. He was also one of those who signed, the definitive treaty between Great-Britain and the United States, in 1783. His distinguished attainments in science and literature, gained for him the reputation of a scholar and phi- losopher, as did the wisdom of his political conduct the fame of a great statesman, and his unwearied exertions in the cause of benevolence, the character of a philanthropist. He died in 11 122 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Philadelphia, on the 17 of April, 1790, in the 85 year of his age ', and so wonderfully did he retain his mental faculties, that it was said of him near the close of life, " he was an or- nament to human nature." A collection of his works in Phi- losophy, politics, and morals, with a memoir of him^ in 3 vols. 8vo., was published in London, in 1806. Governor Bowdoin was born in Boston, August 18, 1727, and graduated at Harvard college in 1745. In '53, he was chosen representative from Boston to the general court, where he was a conspicuous member until 1756, when he was chosen into the council. Here he was eminently useful, but was neg- atived by Governor Bernard in 1769, and again elected repre- sentative. In 1775, he was president of the council, and con- tinued in that office most of the time until the adoption of the State Constitution, of which he contributed much to the forma- tion. In 1785 he was chosen governor, and was re-elected the following year. It was during his administration, and owing principally to his energy and perseverance, that the danger- ous insurrection ot Shays was quelled. He was a learned man, a constant and generous friend ot literature, was charit- able to the poor, lived a religious life, and died a peaceful and happy death, Nov, 6, 1790, in the 64 year of his age. Q. When were the first foho and the first quarto editions of the hible puhhshed in the United States ? A. In 1791, by Isaiah Thomas ; printed at his press in Worcester, Massachusetts. Q,. Who was the successor of Gov. Bow- doin. A. John Hancock, who had been the first governor under the new constitution. Q,. How long did he continue in office as Gov. Bowdoin's successor ? A. Prom the year 1787, when he was elected to office, until October 8, 1793, the day of his decease, being 56 years of age. He weis the son of Rev. Mr. Hancock of Braintree, and was born about the year 1737. On the death of his uncle HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 123 Thomas Hancock, he received a very considerable fortune, and became an eminent merchant. He was president of the Provincial Congress in 1774 j and, in 1775, was with Samuel Adams exempted in Gov. Gage's proclamation of pardon, as their offences were therein declared to be " of too Jlagitiotis a nature, to admit of any other consideration than that of con- dign punishment." He was at this time a member of the con- tinental congress, and in May, the same year, was chosen pre- sident of that body, in which capacity, in the year 1776, he signed the declaration of independence. In consequence of ill health, he took leave of congress in 1777, and received their thanks for his attention and impartiality in discharging the du- ties of his office. On the adoption of the present constitution of Massachusetts, he was chosen the first governor, and was annually re-elected until 1785, when he resigned. His ad- ministration was ver}- popular. Though not favoured with ex- traordinary powers of mind, nor remarkable for his personal attachment to literature and science, he was easy in his ad- dress, polished in his manners, affable and liberal, could speak with ease and propriety on every subject, and as president of congress, he exhibited a dignity, impartiality, quickness of perception, and constant attention to business, which secured him respect. In private life he was charitable and generous, and devoted much of his large property to useful and benevo- lent purposes. The poor shared liberally in his bounty, and he was a generous benefactor of Harvard college. Q.. What remarkable event occurred in Boston in 1794 ? A. A destructive fire, wliicli broke out near Milk-street, July 30, and consumed 7 rope- walks, and 43 dwelling-houses. Ninety-six buildings in all were consumed, and the amount of losses was estimated at nearly $200,000. a. How was the 19 of February, 1795, observed, agreeably to a proclamation of Pres- ident Washington ? Fla^tioiis, a. wicUed, atrocious. Condign, n. deserved, merited. - 124 CONVERSATIONS ON THE A. As a day of national thanksgiving Q,. When was the first Methodist church opened in Boston ? A. In 1796, by a Methodist missionary. Q. What were some of the events of the year 1797 in Massachusetts ? A. The launchins^ of the frio^ate Constitu- tion, a 44-gun ship, at Boston ; the alteration of the name of Castle WiUiam to Foit Inde- pendence ; the appearance of the yellow fever for the first time in Boston ; and the first oc- cupation of the new State-house. 1 ch I STATE HOUSE IN BOSTON. Q,. When and for what purpose was a monument erected at Lexington ? A. In 1799, by the inhabitants of Lexing- ton, under the patronage and at the expense of the legislature of Massachusetts, to the mem- HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 125 ory of their fellow-citizens, " who fell, on this neld, the first victims to the sword of British tyranny and oppression." MONUMENT AT LEXINGTON. IV 126 CONVERSATIONS ON THE a. What of the year 1800? A. The estabhshment of the municipal court at Boston, and the introduciion of vac- cination into New-England, by Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse of Cambridge. Gl. When and by whom were merino sheep first introduced into New-Engiand ? A. In 1802, by David Humphreys, min- ister to Spain. For this patriotic act, the Massachusetts Society for promo- ting Agriculture presented him with a gold medal. Q. Wliat distinguished citizen of Massa- chusetts died in 1803 ? A. Samuel Adams, the firm and decided patriot, who was selected as an object of ven- geance by the British government. He was born in Boston, September 27, 1722, and gra- duated at Harvard college in 1740. In 1776, he was one of the delegates who signed the declaration of independence. On the adoption of the constitution of Massachusetts, he was cho- sen a member of the senate, of which he was elected president. In 1789, he was chosen lieut. governor of the state, and was continued in that office until 1794, when he was elected gover- nor as successor to John Hancock, and was annually replaced in the chair of state until 1797, when he retired from public life. Mr. Adams was a man of incorruptible integrity, of christian principles and profession, and of exemplary piety. Though his countenance was majestic, and his manners digni- fied, he was possessed of a suavity of temper, which conciliated the affection of his acquaintance. He faithfully discharged the duties of social life, and died on the 2 of Octpber, 1803, in the 82 year of his age. Q,. When was the State-prison built at Charlestown ? Vacnnation, s. inoculation for the kine-pox. Suavity, s. sweetness. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 127 A. In 1805. Stoughlon Hall was also erected for Harvard university the same year j the former edifice of that name having fallen into decay. Q. For what was the year 1806 remark- able ? A. For a solar edipse on the 16 of June, by which the sun, near mid-day, was totally obscured for several minutes. The scene was at once beautiful and sublime. " The sky was unusually serene j not a leaf was in motion. Just before the greatest darkness, all nature seemed verging to a state of repose. The animals hastened to their noctui-nal retreats. The birds sang their evening lays." The stars were some time visible. The return of light wdiS instantaneous, but the full blaze of the sun was gradual. CONVERSATION XXI. Interdict.— Attack on the Chesapeake.— Embargo.— Theolog-ical Seminary alAndover. — Embargo repealed. — Catholic bishop at Bos- ton. — Reparation for the attack on the Chesapeake. — Secotid em- bargo. — War declared. — Gov. Strong. — First missionaries. — Peace. — North-American Review. — Boat navigation. — Seamen's meeting. — Sandwich Island missionaries. Q.. What event in 1807 induced President Jefferson to interdict the harbours and waters Nocturnal, a. nightly. Instantaneoiis, a. done in an instant. Interdict, v. to prohibit, to forbid. 128 CONVERSATIONS ON THE of the United States to all armed British ves^ sels, and forbid all intercourse with them ? A. An attack on the American frigate Chesapeake, by the British ship of war Leopard, in consequence of the refusal of Com- modore Barron of the Chesapeake to have his vessel searched for British deserters. A firing was commenced by the Leopard, by which 3 were killed and 18 wounded on board the Chesapeake, The latter being; unprepared for action, at length surrendered to the commander of the Leopard, who took possession of the Ches* apeake, mustered her crew, and, carrying- off four of the men, abandoned the ship, which was much injured by the attack. Q. To what was this outrage a prelude 7 A. To a series of difficulties, whlcli finall}^ led to open war between the two countries. On the 22 of December, ensuing this outrage, a general embargo was laid by the American government. Q,. What were the effects of this interrup- tion of commerce upon the people of Massa- chusetts ? A. Exceedingly distressing to all classes of the community, more especially in the sea- port towns. Q,. When was the Theolog'ical Seminary opened at Andover ? A. In 1808. Phebe Phillips, widow of Lieut. Gov. Samuel Phillips oi Andover, and their son, John Phillips ; Samuel Abbot of An- dover} Moses Brown and William Barileit of Newburyport i Prelude, s, somelliinsr inlrodiictory. HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 129 and John Norris of Salem, were the principal benefactors of the institution. Q.. When was the embargo repealed! A. On the 1 of March, 1809. Q,. Who succeeded Thomas Jefferson as president of the United States ? A. James Madison, in March, 1809. Q. Wiio was the first Roman CathoHc bish- op in Boston, and when was he consecrated 7 A. Tiie Rev. John Cheverus, a worthy prelate, consecrated in 1810, by Archbishop Carroll. Q,. Was reparation ever made by the Brit- ish for the attack on the Chesapeake ? A. It was, in 1811. The men who were forcibly taken from the frigate were then restored. But as hostilities were evidently approaching, a force of 25,000 men was raised by the American government, and preparations for defence were made throughout the country. Q,. When was the second embargo laid by the president, and how long did it continue ? A. On the 3 of April, 1812, for 90 days. Q,. When was war proclaimed by Presi- dent Madison ? A. On the 18 of June, 1812. Q,. What were some of the principal events during the war ? A. The surrender to the British of 2,000 men by General Hull ; the battle' of Fort George ; Commodore Perry's victory on lake Emhargo, s, a prohibition to pass ; a stop put to trade. Repeal, v. to revoke, to reverse. Cotutcrate., v. to dedicate to sacred purposes. 13Q Conversations on the Erie ; battle of Williamsburg in Upper Cana- da ; the burning of Newark and Buffalo ; the battle of Chippewa ; capture of the city of Washington, and the burning of the capitol ; capture of a British squadron on lake Cham- plain by Capt. Macdonougii ; and the battle of New Orleans. Q. How was Boston defended, when threat- ened by the British ? A. By the state militia, a p^rt of whom were stationed at the forts in Boston harbour, and a part at South Boston. Q, Who was governor of Massachusetts during the war ? A. Caleb Strong. Q. When were the first missionaries or- dained under tlie patronage of tlie American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions ? A. In 1S12, when 5 missionaries were or- dained at Salem, with a view of preaching the gospel in Asia. Q,. When was the treaty of peace between England and America ratified by the president? A. On the 17 of February, 1815. Q,. How long had the war continued ? A. Two years and eight months. d. What periodical work was commenced at Boston in the year 1815 ? A. The North- American Review. Q. When was boat navigation commenc- HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 131 ed between Boston and Concord, N. H. by way of the canals on the Merrimack ? A. In June, 1815» Q,. When was the Seamen's meeting open- ed in Boston ? A. In 1818; by Rev. Dr. Jenks, on Cen- tral-wharf. Q. What edifice was erected at Worcester, in 1819, and at whose expense ? A. A building for the library and cabinet of the American Antiquarian Society, at the expense of Isaiah Thomas, Esq. the first pres- ident of the society. Ci. What missionaries embarked from Bos- ton this year ? A. The first who were sent to the Sand- wich Islands, and also the first to Western Asia. CONVERSATION XXII. Separation of Maine from Massachusetts.— Governor.— Plymouth anniversary. — City of Boston incorporated. — First mayor. — Presi- dent Adams's donations. — John M'Lean's legacy to the Massachu- setts General Hospital. — Josiah Quincy elected mayor. — Visit of Lafayette. — Anniversary of Bunker-Hill battle. — Do. of Concord battle.— Gov. Brooks.— Gov. Eustis.- Events in 1826. Q,. When was Maine separated from Mas- sachusetts, and formed into a distinct state ? A. In 1820 ; on which occasion a conven- f 132 CONVERSATIONS ON THE tion met in Boston to revise the constitution of the state. d. Who was governor of Massachusetts at the time of the separation ? A. John Brooks, who succeeded Governor Strong in 1816, and remained in office until 1823. d. What were some of the most noticeable events during the last years of his adminis- tration ? A. The celebration of the 200 anniversa- ry of the Landing of the Fathers at Plym- outh ; the incorporation of the city of Boston ; and the donation of lands, &c. by President Adams, to duincy, his native town. Gi. By whom was the anniversary cele- brated ? A. By the Pilgrim Society, joined by the Massachusetts Historical, and the American Antiquarian Societies, and attended by a vast concourse of people. A " Discourse in Commemoration of the First Settlement of New-England was delivered in the Old Church, by the Hon. Daniel Webster, with thrilling effect. The day, the occasion, the hallowed place, the surrounding objects, the grave-yard, every thing, conspired to give it a deep and in- delible impression." Q,. When was the city of Boston incorpo- rated ? A. In 1822. d. Who was the first Mayor ? A. The Hon. John Phillips. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 133 On the 1 day of May, the commencement of the municipal 3'ear, the ceremonies of inducting^ the mayor and other officers were attended at Faneuil-Hall. Q,. What were the donations of the former President, John Adams, to his native town ? A. Nearly 200 acres of land, the whole proceeds of which to be applied to religious and literary purposes from generation to gene- ration ; also his whole library, consisting of many highly valuable books, in various lan- guages. Q.. By whom was a valuable legacy be- queathed to the Massachusetts General Hos- pital in 1823 ? A. By John M'Lean, of Boston, who at his decease left $100,000 in aid of that emi- nently useful institution.* Q,. Who succeeded Mr. Phillips in the mayoralty of Boston ? A. The Hon. Josiah Quincy, son of the revolutionary patriot of that name. Q.. What distinguished personage visited Boston in the year 1824, the first year of Mr. Quincy's election to the office of mayor ? A. General Lafayette, the French noble- man who left his country and engaged in the cause of American freedom in 1776, and ren- Mayoutlly, s. the office of mayor. * A legacy of ^20,000 has this year [1830] been left to the Massachusetts General Hospital, from the estate of the late Francis Lee, of Boston j and S1;000 by Mr. Joseph Belknap. 12 134 CONVERSATIONS ON THE dered many important services to the young nation in its struggle for independence, at a time when such services were pecuUarly valu- able. The manner of his reception by the same nation, after the lapse of nearly half a century, when it had become free and happy in its institutions, great in power, resources, and num- bers, and extensive in territory, is a sufficient proof that at least one republic has not been ungrateful. Q. How was he received in Boston ? A. As in every other place which he visit- ed in America, with the livehest demonstra- tions of joy, respect, and affection. He was welcomed at the town line, by the city magistrates, and a procession was formed Avhich moved through several streets and entered the common at the south end of the mall, and there it passed between two lines formed by the children of both sexes belonging to the public schools, and proceeded to the State House, where the General was welcomed in the name of the State, by Gov. Eustis. " The appearance of the entire of this truly grand procession, was august and im- posing. As it passed, Lafayette! Lafayette', sprang from the voice of multitudes that rolled on and on, like wave after wave of the ocean. Lafayette beat in every heart, glowed on every cheek, glistened in every swimming e^'e ', every tongue vibrated Lafayette. The whole city and country appeared to have arrayed themselves in all their glory, beauty, and strength, at once to witness and adorn the majesty of the spectacle." Gl. Who was elected president of the Uni- ted States in 1825 ? A. John Quincy Adams, son of John Ad- ams, who succeeded President Washington in 1797. Q. What anniversaries were celebrated this year in Massachusetts ? HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 135 A. The fiftieth anniversary of the battles of Concord and Bunker-Hill ; the former on the 19 of April, and the latter on the 17 of June. Q,. Where was the anniversary of the Con- cord battle celebrated ? A. On the spot where the battle was fought. Nearly 60 of those who bore arms that day were present. The corner stone of a monument was laid, prayers were offer- ed in the church, and an eloquent and interesting oration was pronounced by professor Everett. Q. Was the anniversary of tlie battle of Bunker-Hill also celebrated on the battle- ground ? A. It was, and the venerable Lafayette, being present on the occasion, assisted in lay- ing the corner-stone of the Monument, about to be erected on the spot. After which ceremony, the assembled multitude, among whom were many of the veterans of the revolution, who had come on this interesting occasion to revive their remembran- ces of that trying period, and to take a last look of the es- teemed Lafayette, having occupied seats erected on the North-eastern side of the liill in the form of an ainpJiitliea- tre, listened to an address delivered by the Hon. Daniel Webster. The enthusiasm excited by the intrinsic character of the oration was heightened by the presence of the " nation's guest" and the nation's benefactor, and the hoary-headed veterans who shared with him the dangers and the glories of the revolutionary contest. At the close of the exercises, in- vited guests, and others to the number of between 4 and 5,000 persons, dined under an awning at tables set on the summit of Bunker Hill. The address by Mr. Webster, " already bears an established character in the classical literature of our country." Amphitkeatre, s. a building baving rows of seats one above another. 136 CONVERSATIONS ON THE BUNKER-HILL OBELISK. The obelisk, according to the plan of a building committee of the Bunker-Hill Monument Association, is to have a base of 30 feet diameter, and 10 at the top, with a height of 220 feet. A hollow cone will rise from the centre, around which, a flight of winding stairs is to ascend to the very summit. The walls are to be constructed of 77 courses of stone, of 2 feel 8 inches in thickness, and each block weighing probably from 3 to 5 tons. Seven feet will be the diameter of the base of the cone, and 4 at its apex. Several courses of stone are laid. HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 137 Q,. What distinguished men died in Mas* sachusetts in the year 1825 ? A. Governor John Brooks, aged 72 ; and his successor in office, Governor WiUiam Eustis, also aged 72. John BrookS; M.D. LL. D., was born at Medford, in 1752. Af- ter finishing- a course of medical studies, he commenced practice in the town of Reading-, and wa.s chosen commander of the company of minute men raised in that town, at the approach of the revolution. On the news of the expedition of the British to Concord and Lexington, he instantly marched his company to Concord, and contributed much to the^am'c with which the troops retreated to their quarters in Boston. He now devoted himself to the cause of his country and the pro- fession of arms, and was distinguished during the war of the revolution for his courage and discipline, especially at the cap- ture of Burgoyne, when he vvas colonel, and at the battle of Monmouth, when he was acting adjutant-general. He uni- formly had the confidence of general Washington. At the close of the war, he resumed his profession, and sustained the character of " the conscientious; the skilful, and the benevo- lent physician 5" a character far more desirable than that of the highest proficient in military science. He was n delegate in the Slate Convention for the adoption of the Federal Con- stitution, and was one of its most zealous advocates. He was successively elected to the senate and executive council of the state ; and on the retirement of Governor Strong from office in 1816, was elected his successor. After having been con- tinued in this office for seven successive years, he retired to private life, followed by the love and blessings of a grateful people. He died at his residence in Medford. William Euslis, M.D. M. M. S. S. and LL. D., was born at Boston, in 1753, and graduated at Harvard college in 1772. At the commencement of the revolution, he was a student in medicine witli Dr. Joseph Warren, on whose recommendation he was early appointed surgeon of the regiment of artillery then at Cambridge. '• In all the duties pertaining to his office, Dr. Eustis was faithful, humane, and indefatigable." At the termination of the war, he began his professional practice at l>oston. He was two years a member of Gov. Panic, s. siuiden niid violent fear- 138 CONVERSATIONS ON THE Sullivan's council, and in 1800 was elected member of con- gress. In 1809, he was appointed Secretary of War, but soon retired from that department. In 1815, he was appointed ambassador to Holland ; and in 1821, was chosen member of congress. He succeeded Gov. Brooks in the chair of state, under circumstances peculiarly auspicious to a happy admmis- tration, and died in February, 1825, while in attendance at the General Court. Q. What were some of the occurrences and public improvements in Massachusetts in the year 1826 ? A.. Tlie estabhshment of the boundary line between Connecticut and Massachusetts, east of Connecticut river ; the opening of the Quincy rail-road ; and the completion of the New Faneuil-hall Market. *' This building is 636J feet in length, about 60 feet wide, and two stories high ; and is probably " one of the boldest, most useful, and most splendid public improvements that have recently taken place in the Eastern States." Divinity Hall for the Theological School at Cambridge, was this year fin- ished and dedicated. The Quincy rail-road was constructed for the transperia- tion of heavy granite stone for building purposes, more espe- cially for the erection of the Bunker-Hill monument. This rail-road is said to have been the first experiment of the kind in America, and is in length about 3 miles from the most dis- tant of the two quarries to the navigable waters of Neponset river, which empties into Boston bay about 8 miles south- easterly of the city. One horse on the railway draws a weight which on ordinary public roads requires 4 or 6 horses, and,the ground having a gradual descent most part of the vvay, im- mense blocks of beautiful Quincy granite are by means of this improvement conveyed to the landing-place, whence they are taken by water to Boston and other places. Transporlntion, s. removal, conveyance, carriago. Quarry, s. a Stone miite, a place wheie labourers dig, blast, or split the granite or other kind of stone HISTORY OP MASSACHUSETTS. 139 Q,U1NCY RAILWAY. Q,. What remarkable occurrence took place on the 4 of July, 1826 / A. The decease of the venerable John Adams, at his seat in Q,uincy, in the 91 year of his age ; and of Thomas Jefferson, at Mon- ticello in Yirginia. in his 83 year. Both were in the foremost rank of statesmen and patriots wlio vindicated the rights of their country, and having lived to receive the gratuiations of the 50 anniversary of her inde- pendence, both expired. Without the aid of panegyric, of painting' and of sculpture, their names will be preserved in the Declaration of Independence, and interwoven with the national history; their actions will present their truest portraits to posterity, and the respect of the republic to their memory will be their noblest monument. Q,. Who was the successor of Governor Eustis ? A. Ijevi Lincoln, who has been annually 140 CONVERSATIONS ON THE elected to the office of governor from the year Ij 1825. « He was lieut. governor during the administration of Gov- ernor Sullivan, in 1807, and the last year of Governor Brooks, in 1823. Gl. What has been the state of agriculturej commerce, and manufactures m Massachusetts during the five years of Goveinor Lincohi's administration ? A. Prosperous and flourishing. Q,. What national edifice for benevolent purposes was erected in Massachusetts in the year 1827 ? A. The United States' Marine Hospital, or asylum for sick and disabled seamen ; an elegant stone building, in the town of Chel- sea, about 3 miles from Boston. t MARINE HOSPITAL AT CHELSEA. ^t- HISTORY OF BIASSACHUSETTS. 141 Q.. What improvements have been made in education during tlie last five years 7 A. Very considerable improvements ; a- mong which are the establishment of infant schools ; the adoption of new methods and systems of instruction ; and the introduction of additional apparatus into the primary schools. Great improvements have been made in agriculture, by means of associations for the purpose, which have been formed in nearly every county in the state ; commerce, especially the coasting^ trade, has been very much increased ; and manufac- tures of almost every kind, have rapidly advanced towards perfection, and many of them are conducted on an extensive scale, particularly the manufacture of cottons at the thriving village of Lowell. The institution of Sabbath Schools during the last ten years, may also be reckoned as an important auxiliary to the interest of education. Q,. What event may be regarded as a presage of good to the moral interests of the community 1 A. The formation of Temperance Socie- ties ; Which, since the year 1826, have multiplied and extended not only in the state of Massachusetts, but throughout ail New-England, and in many other parts of the Union.* Gl, What remarkable events have occur- red in Massachusetts since the commencement of the year 1830 ? A uxiliury, a. helping, assisting. * The Massachusetts Temperance Society was formed in 1815. 142 CONVERSATIONS, tfcc. A. A very great tide at Boston in the month of March, and the celebration of the second centennial anniversaries of the settle- ment of Boston, and several of the adjacen towns. This tide was higher than any which had been known since the year 1724, and occasioned much loss, damage and incon- venience to the inhabitants of the less elevated parts of the city. The celebration of the centennial anniversary at Boston, was attended with many circumstances of interesting display. Q,. Into how many counties is Massachu- setts divided ? A. Fourteen : viz. Suffolk, Essex, Mid- dlesex, Hampshire, Plymouth, Bristol, Barn- stable, Duke's County, Nantucket, Worcester, Berkshire, Norfolk, Franklin, and Hampden. The 3 first were incorporated in 1643, and the last named in 1812. 3* I APPENDIX. APPENDIX. ABSTRACT OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MASSACHUSETTS. The legislature of Massachusetts, called the General Court, consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives, which (together with the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor) are elected annually by 'the people. The Senators are chosen on the first Monday in April, and the Representatives in Ma}^, at least ten days pre- vious to the last Wednesday in the month ; that being the day of the assembling of the legislature, or the General Election. The votes for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor are given on the first Monday in April. To be eligible to the office of Governor or Lieuten- 13 146 ABSTRACT OP THE ant-Govemor, the candidate must have resided in the state seven years, and during that time have been seized, in his own right of a free- hold of the value of £1000, ($3333,33,) and profess the Christian religion. To that of Senator, he must have resided in tlie state five years ; be, at his election, an inhabitant of the district for which he is to be elected, and seized of a freehold estate to the value of £300 ($1000), or possessed of personal estate to the value of £600 ($2000) ; to that of Rep- resentative, he must have resided one year in the town which he is chosen to represent, and seized therein of a freehold estate to the value of £100 ($333,33), or possessed of personal estate to the value of £200 ($666,66). , Every male citizen of 21 years (except paupers and persons under guardianship) who have resided within the common wealtli one year, and with- in any town or district six months, and shall have paid any state or county tax, which shall have been assessed upon him within two years I CONSTITUTION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 147 next preceding an election of the above offi- cers, is qualified to vote. Every corporate town, containing 150 rate- able polls, may elect one representative ; con- taining 375, two ; containing 600, three ; and so on, electing one for every 225 rateable polls as the towns increase. From the persons, returned as senators and counsellors, being 40 in the whole, nine are annually elected by joint ballot of both houses, to constitute a council for advising the Gover- nor in the execution of his office. The Gov- ernor is ex officio president, and the Lieut. Governor is a member of the council. All Judicial officers, the Attorney General, Sohcitor General, Sheriffs, Coroners and Re- gisters of Probate, are nominated, and with the advice and consent of the council, appointed by the Governor. The Secretary, Treasurer and Receiver General, are annually elected by Ex officio, Lat. By virtue of one's office. 148 ABSTRACT OF THE joint ballot of both houses ; but the Treasurer and Receiver General cannot be elected for more than five years successively. Major- Generals are also elected by both houses, but not annually ; Brigadier Generals are elected by the field officers of their Brigades ; Colonels and Majors by their Captains and Suhal- terns ; and Captains and Subalterns by their companies respectively. The Governor ap- pohits the Adjutant General ; Major Generals their Aids ; and Brigade Generals their Brigade Majors ; and the commanding officers of Regi- ments their Adjutants and Q,uarter-Masters. The Justices, (except Justices of the Peace, and Notaries Public whose commissions ex- pire once in 7 years, but may be renewed,) hold their offices during good behaviour ; and Judges of the Supreme Court, are, ex officio, justices of the peace through the State. The General Court have power to constitute Suhaltern, n. an inferior officer, acting under the immediate direction of another, as lieutenants, comets, ensigns, &c. CONSTITUTION OP MASSACHUSETTS. 149 a City Government in any town which contains 12,000 inhabitants, if a majority of its inhab- itants vote therefor, at any legal meeting holden for that purpose. Amendments may be made to the Consti- tution, if agreed to by a majority of the Sena- tors and two thirds of the House of Represen- tatives voting thereon, of two successive General Courts, and approved and ratified by a majority of the qualified voters, voting there- on in meetings legally holden for that purpose, in the several tow^ns in the Commonwealth. The Constitution was formed in 1780, and amended in 1821. 150 APPENDIY, 1 SALARIES OF OFFICERS IN MASSACHU^ SETTS GOVERNMENT. Governor, $3666,67 Lieut. Governor, 533,33 Chief Justice of the S.J. Court, . . . 3500,00 Threeother Justices of the S.J. Court, each, . 8000,00 Attorney-General, 2000,00 Solicitor-General, 2000,00 Secretary, 2000,00 Treasurer, 2000,00 Adjutant-General, 1500,00 Reporter of Decisions in S. J. Court, • . 1000,00 Counsellors, Senators, and Representatives, $2,00 each for each day's attendance, and $2,00 for every ten miles travel.— President of the Senate and Speaker of the House, $4,00 per day, for each day's attendance; I GOVERNORS. GOVERNORS OF THE COLONIES OF PLYMOUTH AND MASSACHUSETTS. Tear, Kings cf En- Governors of Governors oj" Mat' gland. Plymouth. sachxisetts. 1620. James I. John Carver. 1621. » William Bradford. 1625. Charles L » 1630. » John Winthrop. 1633. » Edward Winslow. „ 1634. Thomas Prince. Thomas Dudley. 1635. » William Bradford. John Haynes. 1636. » Edward Winslow. Henry Vane. 1637. William Bradford. John Winthrop. 1638. „ Thomas Prince. » 1639. „ William Bradford. „ 1640. „ » Thomas Dudley. 1641. » 5> Richard Bellingham. 1642. >5 John Winthrop. 1644. ,, Edward Winslow. John Endicott. 1645. „ William Bradford. Thomas Dudley. 1646. 5) »j John Winthrop. 1649. The Conitilonwealth. „ John Endicott. 1650. n » Thomas Dudley. 1651. » » John Endicott. 1654. 55 » Richard Bellingham. 1655. „ j> John Endicott. 1657. » Thomas Prince; » 1660. Charles IL » » 1665. Richard Bellingham. 1555 APPENDIX. jm Year. Kings of En- Governors of Governors of Massa- gland. Plymouth. chxisetts. 1673. Charles II. Josiah Winslow. John Leverett. 1679. » „ Simon Bradstreet. 1630. n Thomas Hinckley. n 1685. James II. » M 1686. M n Joseph Dudley. 1687. » Edmund Andros. Edmund Andros. 1689. William III. Thomas Hinckley. Simon Bradstreet. 1692. >5 The Colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts united. GOVERNORS OF 1693. William III. THE PROVINCE CHUSETTS, OF MASSA k 1702. 1714. 1716. 1728. 1730. 1740. 1757. 1760. 1770. 1774. 177S. Anne, George I. William Phips. Richard, Earl of Bellomont. Joseph Dudley. Samuel Shute. George II. ... William Burnet. Jonathan Belcher. William Shirley. Thomas Pownal. George III. . . . Francis Bernard. Thomas Hutchinson. Thomas Gage. The British Government terminated, and was succeeded by a Provincial Congress, which, with the Council, governed during the RevoluticHi. APPENDIX, 153 GOVERNORS OF THE STATE OF MASSA- CHUSETTS, Year. Presidents of the United States. Governors. 1780. John Hancock. 1785. James Bowdoin. 1787. John Hancock. 1789. George Washington, . „ 1794. ?» Samuel Adams. 1797. John Adams, Increase Sumner-' 1800. » Caleb Strong. 1801. Thomas Jefferson, „ 1807. „ James Sullivan. 1809. James Madison, Christopher Gore 1810. „ Elbridge Gerry. 1812. » Caleb Strong, 1816. II John Brooks. 1817. James Munroe, » 1823. » . William Eustia, 1825. John Q. Adams, Levi Lincoln. 1829. Andrev/ Jackson, . ' M 154 APPENDIX, COUNTIES. Counties. Iiicorp'd. Cap. Town,. Sdffolk . . , . . May 10, 1643. Boston. Essex . .. .. (f 1643. Salem. Middlesex . u 1643. Cambridge. Hampshire . ... May? , 1662. Northampton Plymouth . 1685. Plymouth. Bristol . . 1685. Taunton. Barnstable 1685. Barnstable. Duke's . . 1695. Edgartown. Nantucket. Nantucket 1696. Worcester 1732. Worcester. Berkshire 1761. Lenox. Norfolk 1793. Dedham. Franklin 1811, Deerfield. Hampden . 1812. Springfield. APPENDIX. 155 ANCIENT TOWNS, ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOWNS, SETTLED BEFORE 1692, IN THE COLONIES OF PLYMOUTH AND MASSACHUSETTS. Amesbury. Aiidover. Atlleboro', (p.) Barnstable, (p.) Beverly. Billerica. Boston. Boxford. Bradford. Braintree. Brid^ewater,(p.) Brookfield. Cambridge. Charleslown. Chelmsford. Concord. Dartmouth, (p.) Dedham. Deerfield. Dorchester. Dunstable.* Duxbury, (p.) Eastham, (p.) Falmouth, (p.) Gloucester. Groton. Hadley. Cochituit, Chequocket, Coatult, P, Shawsheen, Shawmut, Saughtuckquett, Squebaog, . Mishawum, Musketaquid, Coxit, Coquit, . Pocomtuck, Matapan, Mattakuset, . Nauset, Succonuset, 1643. 1639. 1626. 1653. al626. al643. 1330. 1651. 1660. 1630. 1628. 1653. 1635. 1635. al668. 1630. 1637. 1644. 1686. 1639. al655. 1647. Inc'd. 1668. 1646. 1694. 1639. 1668. 1655. 1630. 1685. 1675. 1640. 1656. 1G73. 1630. 1629. 1655. 1635. 1664. 1636. 1682. 1630. 1673. 1637. 1646. 1686. 1639. 1655. 1661. * The greater portion, and principal settlement now New- Hampshire. i5t> APPENDIX. Indian Name. SetUed Inc'd. Harwich, (p.) Satuket, 1694. Hatfield. 1670, Haverhill. Pentucket, . . ' 1641. 1645. Hingham. . 1633. 1635. Hull. Nantasket, . 1641. 1644. Ipswich. Agawam, . 1633. 1634. Lancaster. Weshakim, 1643. 1653. Lynn. Saugus, . . 1629. 1630. Maiden. . 1148. 1649. Manchester. . . 1640. 1645. Marblehead. 1631. 1649. Marlborough. Okonunakamesit. 1660. Martha'sVineyard.t Capewak. Marshfield, (p.) . al640. 1640. Medfield. 1640. 1651. Medford. . . 1630. 1630. Mendon. . 1667. 1667. Middleboro',(p.) Namasseket, Titicut, 1660. Milton. Unquety. 1662. Monamoy; (p.) . 1686. Nantucket. Coatuc, &c. . ' 1659. 1659. Newbury. Quascacunquen, . 1635. 1635, Newton. Nonantum, . . 1691. Northampton. Nonotuck, . 1654 1654. Northfield. Squakeag, . . 1673. 1713. Plymouth, (p.) Patuxet, . 1620. 1620. Reading. . 1640. 16^t4. Rehoboih, (p.) Seakunk, . 1644. 1645. Rochester, (p.) Scipican, &c. 1686. Rowley. . ' . 1639. 1639. Roxbury. . 1630. 1639. Salem. Naumkeag, . 1626. 1628. Salisbury. . .1639. 1640, Sandwich, (p.) Monamet, 1639- Scituate. (p.) Satuit, . . 1633. 1636. Sherburne. 1674. Springfield. Agawam, * . 1635. 1645. Stowe. Shabbakin, &c. . 1683. Sudbury. . ' . 1638. 1639. Swanzey, (p.) . 1667. Taunton, (p.) Cohannet, 1639. Topsfield. . * 1642. 1650. t Comprising Edgartown and Tisbury, both incorporated iu 1671. APPENDIX. 157 "Water town. Wenham. Westfield. Weymouth. Woburn. Worcester. Wrentham. Yarmouth, (p.) Indian Name. Settled Iiicor. 1630. 1630. 1639. 1643. . 1659. 1669. 1624. 1635. ■ . . . 1640. 1642. Packachoog,orQuonsigomog-, '83. 1684. Wollomonuppoag, . . 1673. 1639. 1639. Waranoke, Wessajjusset, Nobscusset, POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS AT DIF- FERENT PERIODS. 1701 70,000. 1749 220,000. 1755 234,000. 1^65 ^48,000.^ were 20,000. 1790 378,000. not including Maine 1800 . 422,000. „ 1810 472,000. „ 1820 523,287. „ 1830 610,000. „ 14 158 APPENDIX. EMINENT MEN. A LIST OF EMINENT MEN, BELONGING TO MAS- SACHUSETTS, WHO HAVE DECEASED. Abiel Abbot, D. D., of Beverly 3 died at New York, on his return from Cuba, 7 June, 1823, aged 58. Samuel Adams, Governor of Massachusetts, and patriot of the revolution; died October 2, 1803, aged 81. John Adams, patriot of the revolution, and President of the United States; died July 4, 1826, aged 90. John Alden, magistrate of Plymouth colon}', one of the first settlers; died September 12, 1687, aged 89. John AUin, minister of Dedhani 3 died August 26, 1671. aged 75. James Allen, minister of the first church in Boston ; died September 22, 1710, aged 78. Fisher Ames, statesman and orator, president elect of Har- vard college ; died July 4, 1808, aged 51. Nathaniel Appleton, D. D., a learned theologian, minister of Cambridge; died February 9, 1784, aged 93. Isaac Backus, D.D., pastor of a Baptist church in Middle- borough; died November 20, 1806. aged 82. William Balch, minister of Bradford ; died in 1792, aged 88. John Barnard, minister of Marblehead; died January 24, 1770, aged 88. Thomas Barnard, minister of Salem ; died in 1776, aged 62. Edward Bass, D. D. bishop of Massachusetts, died Septem- ber 10, 1803, aged 77. Jeremy Belknap, D. D., ordained at Dover, N. H. Februa- ry 18, 1767, installed at Boston, April 4, 1787; died June 20, 1798, aged 54. Author of the History of New-Hamp- shire, and American Biography. Richard Bellingham, Governor of Massachusetts ; died December 7, 1672, aged 80. James Bowdoin, Governor of Massachusetts, an eminent scholar and philosopher; died November 6, 1790, aged 63. Zabdiel Boylston, physician; died March 1, 1766, aged 86- Introduced innoculation tor small pox, into America. William Brewster, one of the first settlers of Plymouth.. APPENDIX. 159 Theophilus Bradbury, judg-e of the Superior Court j died September 6, 1803, aged 63. William Bradford, second Governor of Plymouth colony; died May 9, 1657, aged 68. Simon Bradstreet, Governor of Massachusetts; died at Salem, March 27, 1G97, aged 94. Simon Bradstreet, minister of Charlestown, an eminent Greek scholar; died December 31, 1741, aged 72. William Bratlle, minister of Cambridge j died February 15, 1717, aged 56. Eleazer Brooks, Brig. General in the revolution; died November 9, 1806, aged 80. Peter Bulkley, first minister of Concord; died March 9, 1659, aged 76. Jonathan Burr, minister of Dorchester; died August 9, 1641, aged 37. Nathaniel Byfield, judge of the Vice- Admiralty, and mem- ber of the council, and an eminent merchant; died at Boston, June 6, 1733. Mather Byles, minister of Hollis Street Church, Boston ; distinguished for learning : died July 5, 1788, aged 82. John Brooks, Governor of Massachusetts, an eminent phy- sician ; died ftlarch 1, 1825, aged 73. Robert Calef, merchant of Boston, author of a book against the opinions of Cotton Mather, concerning Witchcraft; died April 13, 1719. John Carver, first Governor of Plymouth colony ; died at Plymouth in 1621. Charles Chauncy, second President of Harvard College, an eminent scholar; died Feb. 19, 1672, aged 81. Charles Chauncy, D. D. minister of Boston ; died February 10, 1787, aged 82. Ezekiel Cheever, schoolmaster of Boston ; died August 21, 1708, aged 93. Benjamin Church, of Duxbury, an officer in the Indian wars; died January 17, 1718, aged 79. Peter Clark, minister of Danvers ; died June 10, 1768, aged 72. Benjamin Colman, first minister of Brattle-Street Church, Boston ; died August 29, 1747, aged 72. Elisha Cooke, physician of Boston, member of the council of Massachusetts; died October 31, 1715, aged 78. Elisha Cooke, son of the preceding, member of council, and agent for the colony, in England; died August 1737, aged 59. William Cooper, minister of Boston, died December 29, 1743, aged 60. 160 APPENDIX. Samuel Cooper, D. D. son of tlie foregoing; minister of Boston, first Vice President of the A. A. S.5 died December 29, 1783, aged 58. John Cotton, minister of Boston, an eminent scholar ; died December, 1652, aged 67. Thomas Cashing, LL. D., Lieut Governor of Massachu- setts ; died February 28, 1788, aged 63. Robert Cushman, one of the first settlers of Plymouth 5 died in 1625. Tristram Dalton, one of the first senators of Massachusetts in Congress; died June 1817, aged 79. Samuel Danforth, minister of Roxburyj died November 19, 1674, aged 48. William Douglass, physician of Boston, and historian 5 died October 21, 1752. Thomas Dudley, Governor of Massachusetts ; died July 31, 1653, aged 77. Paul Dudley, grandson of the preceding, Chief Justice of Massachusetts, and a benefactor of Harvard College; died January 21, 1751, aged 75. Jeremiah Dummer, agent for the Massachusetts colony, in England; died March 19, 1739. )Villiam Dummer, Lieut. Governor, and Governor pro tem. of Massachusetts; died October 10, 1761, aged 82. Founded Dummer Academy at Newbury. Henry Dunsier, President of Harvard College ; died Feb- ruary 27, 1659. Jonathan Edwards, President of Union College j died August 1, 1801, agod 56. John Eliot, minister of Roxbury, styled " the Apostle of the Indians ;" died May 20, 1690, aged 86. Andrew Eliot. D. D., minister of Boston; died September 13, 1778, aged 58. John Endicoit, Governor of Massachusetts ; died March 15, 1665. aged 26. William Eustis, Governor of Massachusetts 3 died February 6, 1825, aged 72. Peter Faneuil, founder of Faneuil Hall in Boston ; died March 3, 1743. Nathan Fiske, D. D., minister of Brookfield; died Novem- ber 24, 1799, aged 66. Jedidiah Foster, Justice of the Superior Court ; died Octo- ber 17, 1769, aged .59. Thomas Foxcroft, minister of Boston, ordained November 20, 1717 ; died June 18, 1769, aged 72. Benjamin Franklin, born in Boston, January 17, 1706, and APPENDIX. 161 died at Philadelphia April 17, 1790, aged 84. " A Philoso- pher and Statesman." Daniel Gookin, author of Historical Collections of the Indi- ans, and Major General of Massachusetts; died March 19, 1687; aged 75. William Gordon, D. D., minister of Roxbury, and Histori- an of the American War; died at Ipswich, Eng. October 19. 1807, aged 77. Samuel Green, one of the earliest printers in America, — Cambridge; died January 1, 1702, aged 87. Jeremy Gridley, editor of the Rehearsal, and King's Attor- ney General; died September 10, 17G7. Elbridge Gerry, minister to France, Gov, of Massachu- setts, and Vice President of the United States; died at Wash- ington, November 28, 1814. Christopher Gore, Governor of Massachusetts, an eminent lawyer; died March 1, 1827, aged 69. John Hancock, Governor of Massachusetts, and President of the Continental Congress ; died October 8, 1793, aged 66. Jason Haven, minister of Dedham; died May 17, 1803, aged 70. Francis Higginson, first minister of Salem; died in August, 1630, aged 42. John Higginson, son of the preceding; died December 9, 1708, aged 92. Leonard Hoar, M. D., President of Harvard College; died November 28, 1675. Thomas Hollis, founder of the Professorship of Divinity and Mathematics in Harvard College ; died in February 1731, aged 72. Edward Holyoke, President of Harvard College j died June 1, 1769, aged 80. Edward Holyoke, M. D. LL.D., son of the preceding; died March 31, 1829, aged 100. Thomas Hooker, minister of Cambridge, afterwards of Hartford, Conn., and one of the most eminent divines of New- England ; died July 7, 1647, aged 61. Samuel Hopkinu, a distinguished theologian ; died Decem- ber 20, 1803, aged 82. William Hubbard, Historian of Massachusetts, and of the Indian Wars ; died September 14, 1704, aged 83. Thomas Hutchinson, Chief Justice, and Governor of Massa- chusetts, and Historian; died in England in June, 1780, aged 69. 14* 162 APPENDIX. Rufus King-, Representative in Congress, &c. ; died April 29, 1827, aged 72. Henr}' Knox, Major General in the U. S. Army, and Sec- retary of War; died in Maine, October 25, 1806. John Leverett, agent for the colony in England, and Gover- nor of Massacliuselts ; died March 16, 1678. John Leverejtt, President of Harvard College j died May 3 1724. John Lowell. Judge of the U. S. Circuit Court; died at Roxbury, ]May 6, 1802, aged 68. John Lathrop, born in Boston, January 1772, educated as a lawyer. A poet of some note. John Mason, one of the first settlers of Dorchester, and author of a History of the Pequot War, aged 72. Richard Mather, minister of Dorchester ; died April 22, 1669, aged 78. Samuel Mather, son of the preceding, graduated at Har- vard College, and settled in the ministry in England; died October 29, 1671 , aged 45. -Increase Mather, D. D., brother of Samuel, President of Harvard College : died August 2.3, 1723, aged 84. Cotton Mather, D. D., son of Increase, minister of Boston, a man of vast learning; died February 13, 1728, aged 65. Thomas Mayhew, Governor of Martha's Vineyard ; died in 1681, aged 90. Thomas Mayhew, son of the former, and minister of Mar- tha's Vineyard; lost at sea in 1657. John Mayhew, son of the preceding, minister of the Vine* yard ; died February 3, 1689, aged 37. Experience Mayhew, son of the preceding, held the same office ; died November, 29, 1758, aged 85. Jonathan Mayhew, D.D., minister of Boston, son of the pre- ceding; died July 9, 1766, aged 46. George R. Minot, Historian of Massachusetts, and Judge of Probate, Suffolk County; died January 2, 1802, aged 44. Zephaniah Swift Moore, first President of Amherst College j died June, 1825. Nathaniel Morton, secretary of Plymouth colony, and au- thor of the New-England Memorial ; died 1685, aged 73. Jedidiah Morse, minister of Charlestown, Historian and Geographer; died at New-Haven, June 1826, aged 65. John Norris, merchant of Salem, one of the fiaunders of the Theological Institution at Andover, member of the Senate of Massachusetts ; died December 22, 1308, aged 57. John Norton, minister of Boston, an eminent scholar and divine; died April 5, 1663, aged 57. APPENDIX. 163 James Norton, minister of Newbury, eminently skilled in the Greek language ; died October 22, 1656, aged 48. Nicholas Noyes, minister of Salem, a learned and useful man j died December 13. 1717, aged 70. Urian Oakes, President of Harvard College, a great Latin scholar ; died July 25, 1681, aged 50. Andrew Oliver, Lieut. Governor of Massachusetts ; died March 2, 1774, aged 68. Peter Oliver, brother to the former, Judge of the Superior Court i died in England, October, 1791, aged 79. James Otis, statesman and patriot of the revolution 3 died by lightning, May 23, 1783, aged 58. Samuel Parker, D. D., several years an instructer in New- bury, succeeded Bishop Bass, as Bishop of the Episcopal Churches of Massachusetts j died December 6, 1804. Thomas Parker, first minister of Newburvj died April 1677, aged 82. Isaac Parker, Chief Justice of Massachusetts, President of the Convention of 1820 ; died July 25, 1830, aged 63. Jonathan Parsons, minister of Newburyport, a distinguished scholar j died July 19, 1776. Robert Treat Paine, one of the signers of the Declara:tion of Independence 5 died May 12, 1814, aged 83. Robert Treat Paine, son of the preceding, a scholar and poet; died November 13, 1811, aged 38. Elijah Parish, minister of Byfield ; died October 15, 1825, aged 63. Moses Parsons, minister of Byfield; died December 14, 1783. Theophilus Parsons, son of Moses, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; died May 1813, aged 60. Thomas Pemberton, merchant of. Boston, member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, author of Massachusetts Chronology, &lc. ; died July 3, 1807, aged 79. Hugh Peters, minister of Salem, sent to England as agent for the colony in 1641, and executed there for treason, Octo- ber 16,1660. Samuel Phillips, Lieut. Governor of Massachusetts, and held several other offices ; died February 10, 1802, aged 50. William Phipps, knighted by king James II., and Governor of Massachusetts ; died February 18, 1695, aged 44. Timothy Pickering, a statesman and political character; died January 29, 1829, aged 83. Thomas Pownal, Governor of Massachusetts, a friend to American liberty died in England, February 25, 1805. 1G4 APPENDIX. Thomas Prince, Governor of Plymouth colony ; died March 29, 1673, aged 72. Thomas Prince, minister of the Old South, Boston 3 died October 22, 1758, aged 71. Israel Putnam, Major General in the U. S. Army, celebra- ted for his adventure with a wolf in a cave ; died at Brook- lyn, Conn. , May 29, 1790, aged 72. Josiah Quincy, an able lawyer and politician, and patriot of the revolution } died at sea, April 24, 1775, aged 31. Ezekiel Rogers, first minister and leader of the settlement at Rowley 5 died January 30, 1661, aged 71. John Rogers, President of Harvard College; died July 2^ 1662, aged 53. Sir Richard Saltonstall, one of the promoters of the settle- ment of Massachusetts; died in England, in 1658. Richard Saltonstall, sou of the preceding, assistant in 1637 ; died in England, April 29, 1694, aged 84. Nathaniel Salstonstall, son of Richard, assistant in 1679, and Judge of the Supreme Court ; died 21 of May, 1707, aged 67. Simeon Strong, Judge of the Supreme Court, a scholar, civilian and theologian ; died December 14, 1805, aged 70. Caleb Strong, Governor of Massachusetts ; died Novem- ber 1820, aged 76. Nathaniel P. Sargent, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; died October 1791. Samuel Sewall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, an eminent scholar; died January I, 1730, aged 78. Joseph Sewall, son of Samuel, minister of the Old South Church, Boston ; died June 27, 1679. aged SO. Stephen Sewall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, a school-master and preacher ; died September 10, 1760, aged 57. Stephen Sewall, first Hancock professor of Hebrew at Harvard College ; died July 23, 1804, aged 70. Thomas Shepard, minister of Cambridge; died August 25, 1649, aged 44. William Shirley, Governor of Massachusetts ; died March 24, 1771. Myles Standish, first military commander in Massachusetts; died in 1656. Samuel Stiliman, D. D., Baptist minister of Boston; died March 13, 1807, aged 69. _ William Stonghton, Lieut. Governor of Massachusetts, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, &c; died July 7, 1701^ aged 70. APPENDIX. 165 James Sullivan, Governor of Massachusetts, Attorney Gen- eral, «fcc. ; died December 10, 1808, aged 64. Increase Sumner, Governor of Massachusetts ; died June 7, 1799, aged 53. Thomas Symmes. minister of Bradford j died October 6, 1725, aged 47. Thomas Thacher, first minister of the Old South Churth, Boston, also a learned physician ; died October 15, 1678, aged 58. Benjamin Wadsworth, President of Harvard College j died March 16, 1737, aged 67. John VValiey, counsellor, and Judge of the Superior Court ; ^died January 11, 1712, aged 68. / Nathaniel Ward, minister of Ipswich, a man of great wit and humour; died in 1653, aged 82. John vV ard, son of Nathaniel, minister of Haverhill j died December 27, 1693, aged 87. Artemas Ward, first Major General of the American Army, and member of Congress; died October 28, 1800, aged 73. Joseph Warren, Major General in the American Armyj slain at the battle of Bunker-Hill, June 17, 1775, aged 35. John Warren, professor of Anatomy and Surgery in Har- vard College, and President of the Massachusetts Medical Society ; died April 4, 1815, aged 62. Joseph Willard, D,D., President of Harvard College; died, September 25, 1804, aged 65. Josiah Willard, secretary of Massachusetts 39 years ; died December 6, 1756, aged 75. John Williams, minister of Deerfield ; died June 12, 1729, aged 65. Roger Williams, minister of Salem, and founder of Rhode- Island ; died April 1683, aged 84. Ephraim Williams, founder of Williams' College, and officer in the French war; killed near Lake George, Septem- ber 8, 1755. John Wilson, first minister of Boston; died August 7, 1677, aged 78. Edward Winslow, Governor of Plymouth colony j died in the West-Indies, May 8, 1655, aged 60. Joseph Winslow, son of Edward, first native governor in New-England, a brave soldier ; died December 18, 1680, aged 57. John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts, a most worthy and useful man; died March 26, 1649, aged 61. 166 APPENDIX. John Winthrop, F. R. S., Hollis professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, in Harvard College, 40 years ; died May 3; 1779, aged 64. John Wise, minister of Ipswich, (now Essex,) a distinguish- ed friend of civil and religious liberty, a scholar and orator j died April 8, 1725, aged 73. Samue! VVorcester, D. D., minister of Salem, secretary of the American Board of Commissions for Foreign Missions j died June 7. 1821. APPENDIX. 107 MANUFACTORIES. The legislature of Massachusetts has ever fostered the jS^rowth of manufactures ; but the attention of capitalists has been more especially diverted into this channel, within the last 20 years, from the uncertain returns of investments in com- merce and navigation. Many associations within this period have been formed, duties have been laid by congress on im- ported goods, and acts of incorporation granted l)y the general court for the extensive manufacture of fine and coarse wool- len cloths, calico goods, coarse and fine cottons, hosiery, cor- dage, flint and other kinds of glass, leather of various kinds, wrought and cast iron, nails, fire-arms, copper, brass, bell-metal and lead, paper, white lead and chymical colours. Many of the raw materials for these purposes have been cultivated or found in Massachusetts, and cotton imported from her sister states. The breed of sheep has been improved, and Saxon and merino fine wool raised in the state. Iron mines have been found in Plymouth and Bristol counties, and seve- ral in Berkshire ; lead mines have also been found in the town of South Hadley and other places, and ochres and other fossils in various towns; quarries of marble and limestone in large quantities in Berkshire, slate in Worcester, and soap-stone in Hampshire county ; and granite for building in many places, particularly at Chelmsford, Tyngsborough, and Quincy. LIST OF INCORPORATED MANUFACTORIES IN MASSACHUSETTS. Name. Location. Incorporated Capital Amesbury Nail Factory, at Amesbury. 1805. ^400,000 Appleton Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Lowell. 1828. ;g:i,000,000 Amesbury Woollen and Cot- ton Manufactory, at Amesbury. 1813. ^100,000 Capital^ s. money vested in the stock of a trading or manufac- turing company. Capitalists, s. monied men, rich men. 168 APPENDIX. Name. Location. Incorporated Capital Amherst Cotton Factory. at Amherst. 1814. ^50,000 Adams Cotton and Woollen cimiM^n Manufactory at Adams. 1809. ^60,000 Adams Factory, south village at Adams. 1814. flOO.OOO Adams Factory, north do. do. 1814. ^ 100,000 Acawam Manufacturing ^,^^^^^ Company, at West-Springfield. 1810. ^100,000 Alherton Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Attleborough. 1816. ;?70,000 Athol Woollen and Cotton Factory at Athol. 1814. ^50,000 ^tan/F^try'^ "^^ Attleborough. 1818. ^000 Ashburnham Leather Fac-^^^^^^^^^^ 1820. ^0,000 Annawan Cotton and Wool- ff'^ at Uxbridge. 15 1826. 5100,000 1827. 5100,000 1830. 5125,000 1826. 1828. 5300,000 5150,000 1829. J810. 5500,000 5100,000 1829. 5300,000 1829. 1828. 1828. 550,000 5180,000 550,000 1827. 5100,000 1827. 5300,000 1814. 1812. 5150,000 5200,000 1813. 5300,000 1823. .1816. 181G. 5600,000 570,000 ^70,C00 1822. 5200,000 1825. 5150,000 1827. 5300,000 1829. 5500,000 1830. 5300,000 170 APPENDIX. Name. I.ocation. Incorforated Capital. Cheshire Glass Company, at Cheshire. 1809. ^200,000 Chelmsford Glass Manu- ^^ ^^^ factory, at Chelmsford. 1828. ^80,000 Diamond Cotton and Wool- ^^^ ^^^ len Factory, at Walpole. 1829. ^30,000 Danvers Cotton Factory, at Danvers. ISlO. ^JOO,UOO Danvers Cotton Factory, at Danvers. 1824. ;glftO,000 Dudley Woollen Factory, at Dudley. 18-24. ^150.000 Dudley Cotton Factory, at Dudley. 1816. .550.000 Douglas do. do. at Douglas. 1816. ^100,000 Douglas Cotton and Wool- _^^ ,,,^r. ^^,-. len Factory, at Douglas. 1828. ^120,000 Dalton Cotton and Paper <»„nnnn Manufactory, at Dalton. 1814. |50.000 Dean Cotton Factory, at Taunton. 1815. ;5()0,0UU Dedham Cotton and Wool Factory, at Dedham. 1814. ^400.000 Duxhury Cotton Factory, at Duxbury. 1813. ^100,000 Duxbury South-river Cot- ^,,^^^/^r. ton Factory, do. 1815. ;gl00,000 Dorchester Cotton and Iron ^,^«\x«rw Manu. Company, at Dorchester. 18 1. .5 00,000 Dover Iron and Nail Factory, at Dover. 1819. ^^100,000 Digh,o„ C„uo„ Facory, ac JVelNi.KJon ^^^^ ^^^^ Ea^.^o„couo„ and Wool ^^ ^^^,^_^ ,3,^ ^^^.^ Easton Lead and Silver Mi- ^oa nnn nin- Factory, at Easton. 1825. g80,000 Elliot^Cotlon Factory, at Newton. 1823. ^^SOO.OOO Enfield Cotton and Woollen ^,^« a^a Yarn Factory, at Enfield. 1826. ;5100,000 Eagle Cotton Factory, at Wrentham. 1818. ^100,000 East-Bridgevvater Cotton «1,-/^nr^n Factory! at East-Bridgewater. 1828. ;^150,000 East Medway Factory, at Medway. 1827. PO.OOO Fitchburg Cotton Factory, at Fitchburg. 1807. 5>i00,UUU Farmers Woollen Factory, at Lenox. 1815. V^^WU Foxborough Cotton Factory, at Foxboro'. 1815. ,S{JU,UUU Framingham Wool and Cot- :»^r^ n^^n ton Factory, at Framingham. 1813. |50,000 Frankl-n Cotton Factory, at Franklin. 1813. ^-iU.UUl^ Franklin Glass Manufac- «,«n nnn tory, in Franklin County. 18112. P0,000 APPENDIX, 171 Nanif^. Location. incorporated Capital. Falls Cotton Factory, at Atlleborough. 1813. ^100,000 Fall River Cotton Factory, at Troy. 1820. ^50,000 Fall River Iron Works, at Troy. 18^5, ^00,000 Grafton Cotton and Woollen Manufacturing- Company, at Grafton. 1830. ^300,000 Gay Cotton Factory, at Stougliton. 1814. ^100,000 Globe t.'otton and Wool- len Factory, at Sturbridge. 1814. ^30,000 Groentield Cotton and Wool Factory, at Greenfield. 1829. ^125,000 Green-River Cotton and Wool Factory, at Green River. 1825. ^200,000 Hamilton Cotton and W^ool- len Factory. at Lowell. 1825. ,§:600,000 Hampshire Leather Man- ufactory, in Hampshire county. 1809. ^'''0,000 Hampshire Lead Manu- factory, in Hampshire county. 1812. ^200,000 Hampshire Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Ware. 18-29. ^500,000 Hopkinton Cotton Factory, at Hopkinton. 1811. ^100,000 Hopkinton and FVaming- ham Cotton Factory, at Hopkinton. 1811. ^100,000 Hampden Cotton Factory, at Monson. 1814. ,^300,000 Haverhill Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Haverhill. 1814. ^80,000 Hingham Woollen Factory, at Hing-ham. 1812. ^100,000 Hingham Umbrella Manufaclory,H"ingham.l825. 575,000 Hadley Falls Cotton, Wool- len, *&c. Factory, at West- Springfield. 1827. p6,000 Holliston Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Holliston. 1813. ,g!l00,000 Holliston Cloth Manufactory, do. 1814. ^100,000 Hosack Cotton, W^oollen, and Linen Rlanufactory, at Adams. 18C9. $15,000 Housatonick Factory, at Pittsfield. 1812. ^50,000 Holden Cotton and Woollen Manufactory, at Holden. 1811. ^30,000 Ipswich Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Ipswich. 1828. ,^150,000 James-river Cotton and Wool Factory, at Kingston. 1812. ^100,000 Kingston Cotton and Wool- len Manufactory, at Kingston. 1811. ,gf50,000 172 APPENDIX. f^.^^g Location. Incorporated Capital. Kingston Cotton Factory, at Kingston. 1828. ^80,000 Lenox Cotton, Woollen, and «?inonnO Linen Manufactory, at Lenox. 1B09. ^100.000 Lancaster Cotton Factory, at Lancaster. 1821. P0,000 Linen and Duck Manufactory, at Lynn. 1814. ^loO,OUO Lynn Printing, Dyeing, and «r9.«^e of the Merrimack and Concord nvers he former of which separates it from Drarut on the "O'/thj the lalJJr from Tewksburv on the east. From its location and C elmXd, and from^observation they were ^oj satis fie^dtha the privilege was e xactly what was wa:Ued. I he Pawtuckel Confluence, s. the junction or union of several streams. APPENDIX. 173 Name. I,ocation. Ineorporated Cajiital. Mount Pleasant Cotton and Woollen Factory, at Leicester. 1825. ^300,000 Middletjoroiig-h Cotton Fac- tory, et Mid'Ueborough. 1815. ^100,000 other circumstances, it is reasonable to infer that it will claim a station among' the first manufacturing towns in the United Slates. The first efforts in this place to promote man- ufactures, were made in 1813. In consequence of the restric- tions that were laid upon commerce, and of the war with Great Britain, the attention of many enterprising men was directed to domestic manufactures, Capt, Phineas Whiting, and Capt. Josiah Fletcher, having selected an eligible site on Concord river, at the Wamesit Falls, about 100 rods from the Merrimack, erected, at the expense of about ^3,000, a large wooden building for a cotton manufactory. In the autumn of 1818, they sold their buildings, and their right to the water power, to Mr. Thomas Hurd. Mr. Hard soon after fitted up the wooden factory, and erected also a large brick building, and several dwelling houses, and improved the same for fabri- cating woollen goods. He also commenced an extension of his business, by the erection of a factory at the foot of the Pawiucket falls, on the Dracut side of the Merrimack. But owing to pecuniary embarrassments, these establishments have since passed into other hands. " About the year 1820, or 21, Messrs. Patrick T. Jackson, Nathan Appleton, and Kirk Boott, of Boston, entered into a design to fi:)rm a company for the purpose of manufacturing cotton goods, particularly calicoes. They accordingly com- menced an enquir}' for a suitable water privilege. A large number of privileges were examined, and for various reasons rejected. At length Mr. Paul Moody, then connected with the manufacturing establishments in VValtham, while on a visit to his friends in Amesbury, met with Mr. Worthen, a man of taste, views and feelings congenial to his own, to whom he mentioned that an extensive water privilege was wanted by the above named gentlemen. Mr. Worthen replied, ' why do they not purchase the canal around the Pawtucket falls, in Chelmsford ? They can put up as many works as they please there, and never want for water.' This conversation resulted in a visit of those gentlemen to canal was immediately purchased by Messrs. Jackson, Apple- ton, and Boott. This canal was projected about the year 1790, and the proprietors were incorporated in the summer 174 APPENDIX. j;^n,g. Location. I.iconioratod Capital. Middlesex Cotton and Woollen crinnoOO Manufacturing Company, at Lowell. I8o0. ^500,OUO Middlesex Iron Foundery, Bo^ston^.and ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ session of 1792, by the name of tlie Proprietors of Locks and CW. on Merrimack river. It was opened or the l-rpose of facilitating the transportation of wood and '"•^''^';,/'^«"^^^'* ^ interior to Newburvport, It is about one nnd a half miles in len Ah, had four sets of locks, and was built at an expenditure of ^50,000. Its direction is nearly easi, and it enters the Con- cord r ver just above its junction with the Merrimack, where the water is 32 feet lower than at the head of the Pawtucket falls. The company made the first purchase ot real estate Nov 2 1821. They began their work about the 1 ot April, 1822. On the 10 of July they began to dig the canal broader and deeper, and let the water into it about the 1 of September, 1823 Five hundred men were constantly employed in aig- ging 'and blasting. The gun-powder used in blasting, amount- Id t^o 56,000 at one shilling per pound. The whole expen.^ of digging out the the canal was about ^l^^O.OOO. It is now 60 fee" wide, has three sets of locks, and the water .n it is 8 feet deep, and is calculated to supply 50 mills, contam.ng 3,600 spind'J^s each, (making, in all, 180.000.) The compaiiy was first incorporated by the name of the Merrwiack Mannfac- turins: Company In 1825, a new company was formed, cal- led the Proprietors of Locks and Canals on Mernmock rne, , to whom the Merrimack Manufacturing Company sold all he water privilege, and all their real estate, together w-Kh the Machine Shop and its appurtenances, reserving to tl'^^elves water power sufficient for five factories and the pnnl works The proprietors of Locks and Canals are incorpora-ed w.tU a capital of 5600,000. The Merrimack Mf;'"^-;;'-^ ^?Z pany is now acting upon a capital of $1,200,000. Ihe Hamilton Manufacturing Company was incorporated in Janu ary 1825, with a capital of §600,000. Notwithstanding the abundance of water power at other places that in use here possesses advantages which will prohabbbn^^^^^ together a great amount and variety of manufacturing ^us ness^ " The most obvious of these are its proximity to market,--l>e n 24 miles from Boston ^-the facility of communication by le Middlesex canal, by means of which the materials uswi m e factories can be put into a boat m Boston, and landed at the door of the factory, and their goods returned ,n the same way , —which, compared with transportation by land, isagieat APPENDIX. 175 Name. Location. Incor. Capital. Middlesex Union Cotton and Woollen Factory, atHopkinlon. 1828, ^65,000 Massic Falls Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Lowell. 1829. ^200,000 convenience, and a considerable reduction of expense; also ihe neig"l)l>ourliood of other establishments for different pur- poses, which afford various facilities to each other. But the principal advantage is in the permanency of the water power, compared with that on smaller streams, where, almost every season, a drought of some weeks, causes a serious interruption if not a total suspension of business; thus throwing a larg'e number of hands out of employ. But here, in the driest sea- son, there can be but little doubt that the Merrimack will sup- ply as much water as the present canal will carry, being- cal- culated for 50 factories, of the size of those already erected. Compared with the extent of the water power, what has as yet been done, may be considered only as the beginning. When we take into view the natural advantages of the place, and the facilities that the establishment of one manufactory affords for the establishmeiit of others, either for similar or different purposes, it is not unreasonable to suppose, that the place will continue to increase, if not with' the same rapid strides with which it has commenced, yet keeping pace with the prosperity of the country, and the increase of manufac- ture, till the wlioie water power shall t>e brought into use. When this shall bo the case, the population cannot be less than 2o,000, as each factory will give employment, directly and indirectly, to 500 people. Fiftj' factories upon the plan now pursued, would put in operation 7,000 looms — The number in use in Manchester, says the Q,. Review, 1826, was estimated in 1825 at 30,000. In 1812 there was not a power loom used in Manchester. We state this fact, to show that our cal- culations as to the future growth of this place, are not alto- gether visionr.ry ; especially when it is considered, that the manufactures this side of the Atlantic have the advantage over those on the other, not only for the supply of our own market, but for commanding the trade with South America, Mexico, and the West Indies. There are many considera- tions in favour of the town of Lowell, compared with the great manufacturing towns of Europe. Most of those have grown up from small tieginnings, and without anyspecial provisions to secure to them a moral and intellectual character; the consequence of which is that vice and ignorance have kept pace with the growth of the establishments. Here 176 APPENDTX. Name. Location. Incor. Capital. New-England Lace Manufactory, Boston. 1827. ^80,000 New-England Crown Glass Mauufaclory, Boston and Cambridge. 1824. $300,000 great attention is given to education and moral improvement. On this point, the lihcral and correct proceedings of gentle- men who have established manufactures here, deserve espe- cial notice. One of the first buildings erected was a school house, where they have since regularly supported a school, and several other seminaries for elementary and more mature education have been added with the increase of inhabitants. These things afford very little countenance to the common- place remarks on the vice and ignorance of a manufacturing population; which certainly cannot be applied with any cor- rectness in this country." In the year 1828, the Appkton Cotton and Woollen Man- ufacturing C&mpamj was incorporated at Lowell, with a capi- tal of $1,000,000. In the same year, the Loicell Cotton Factory was incorporated, with a capital of $600,000 ; and the Lowell Brewery , \\\\\\ ?i capital of $50,000; making a sum total during the year of $1,650,000. In 1829, the Boston and Lowell Woolkn and Cotton Manufacturing Company, with a capital of £500,000, and tht Massic Falls Cotton and Woollen Factory at Lowell, with a capital of £200.000, were incor- porated. The whole populalicm of the town is now 6,500; Lowell is a very considerable market for the neighbouring- towns, and is becoming more so daily; and from its location will probably have an extensive trade with the ailjacent country. It ought, perhaps, to be mentioned that upon the op- posite side of Concord river, in Tewksbury, the Belvidere village containing 3 or 400 inhabitants, has grown up within a few years, in consequence of the establishments in Lowell. 'I'he Lowell Journal (Feb. 1831), in noticing the first meet- ing of the Suffolk Company, lately incorporated, gives the names of the several companies in that town, incorporated for mannfacluriiig purposes, with their capitals, as follows : Merrimack CoiDpany, $1,500,000 Lo(;lis and Canals do 600,000 Hamilton do 1,200,000 Appleton do 600,000 Lowell do 500,000 . Middlesex tU. 500,000 SuiTolli do 500,000 Total, $5,300,000 il APPENDIX. 177 Name. Location. Inc'd. Capital. New-England Glass Boule Manut'actorv, at East Cambrldg-e. 1826. ^400,000 New-Englauii'Soap Sione do. at Boston. 1828. ^25,000 New-England Painted Floor Cloth iManufaclor>', at Roxbury. 1829. ^150,000 New-England Cotton, Wool- len, and Linen Factory, at Grafton. 1825. ^500.000 New Market Iron, and Cotton Cloth Manufactory, at Middleborough. 1813. ,^100,000 Newburyport Hosiery Manu- factory, at Newburyport. 1825. ^100,000 Newburyport Woollen Man- ufactory, at Amesbury. 1794. ^266,000 Newburyport Hosiery Manu- facufaciuring Company ,at Newburyport. 1829. ^^OjOOO Northborough Woollen and Cotton Factory, at Northborough. 1814. 5200,000 Northhridge Cotton Factory,at Northbridge.1814. ^lOO.OOO Norlhbridge CloUi Factory, at do. 1814. ^lOO.OOO Norfolk Cotton Factory, at Dedham. 1808. J 100,000 Norfolk Cotton Factory, at Dedham. 182t. ^150,000 North-Brookfield Woollen Factory, at North-Brookfield. 1816. ^50,000 Newton Wire Factory, at Newton. 1812. fco,000 Northampton Cotton and Woollen Manufactory, at Northampton. 1810. ^75,000 Northampton Iron and Wool Factory. at Northampton. 1823. ^100,000 Norih Adams Cotton and Ma- chine Manufacturing Company, Adams. 1829. ,§^100,000 Neponset Cotton Factory, at"" Walpole. 1828. 5100.000 Oxford Central Cotton Factory, at Oxibrd. 1814. |lOO,(iOO Oxford Cotton Factory, at Oxford. 1815. 550,000 Oxford Woollen and Cotton Factory, at Oxford. 1828. 5150,000 Orr Cotton Factory, at East- Bridge water. 1818. 5150,000 Oakham village Cotton and VV^oollen Factory, at Oakham. 1815. 520,000 Orange Cotton Factory, at Orange. 1810. 550,000 Pontosack Woollen Factory, at Pitlsfield. 1826. 5240,000 Pawtucket Calico Faclory,at Pawtucket. 1826. 5400,000 Filtsfield Woollen and Cot- ton Factory, at Pittsfield. 1809. 5130,000 178 APPENDIX. Xame. Location. Inc'd. Capital. Pittsfield Wooilen and Collon Factory, at PiUsfieid. 1814. ^lOO.OOO Plymouth do. do. at Plymouth. 1814. ^150,000 Plymouth Cordage Factory, at Plymouth, 1824. ^80,000 Plymomii Coiioii Factory, at Plymouth. 1808. ^iOO.OOO Plympton Iron Factory, at Pfympton. 1825. ^1^20,000 Plympton Woollen Factory, at Plympton. 1814. ^100,000 Palmer's river Collon and Woollen Factory, at Rehobolh. 1813. ^loO.OOO Patent Pin Manufactory, at Oxford. 1815. 5.50,000 Pawtucket Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Seekonk. 1813. ^300,000 Pembroke Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Pembroke. 1814. ^100,000 Pembroke Second do. at do. 1814. ^100,000 ; Phillipsion Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Phillipsion. 1815. ^20,000 Quinabaug Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Sturbridge. 1826. ^250,000 Roxbury Colour and Chym- ical Works, at Roxbury. 1826. ^70,000 Rock-bottom Cotton and Wool Factory, at Stow. 1815. ^30.000 Rivulet Woollen Factory, at Uxbridge. 1316. ^100,000 Royalston Cotton and Wool Factory, at Royalston. 1813. ^50.000 1 Revere Copper Factory, at Canton. 1828. 5250,000 Salisbury Woollen Factory, at Salisbury. 1823. ,5100,000 Saxon Wool Factory, at Framingham. 1824. ^300,000 Saxon Wool and Cotton Fac- tory, at Framingham. 1829. 5300,000 Saxon and Leicester Wool and Cotton Factory ,al Leicester &Framingh. 1825. 5600.000 Salem Iron Factory. at Danvers. IGOO. 5300.000 Salem Lead Manufactory, at Salem. 1824. 5200,000. Salem Prewery, at Salem. 1829. 550,000^, South- Boston Crown Glass Manufactory, at South Boston. 1824. 5250,000 South Boston Flint Glass Works, at South Boston. 1825. 5300,000 South Boston Iron Fiiclory, at Boston. 1821. 5250,000 Swift River Cotton and Wool Factory, at Enfield. 1825. 580,000 APPENDIX. 1T9 Name. Location. Inc'd. Capital. S'pringfield Cotton and Wool Factory, at Springfield. 1814. ^400,000 Springfield Ames Paper Man- ufactory, at Springfield. 1827. ^300,000 Springfield Card INlanufac- tory, at Springfield. 1826. ^80,000 Sharon Cotton Factory, at Sharon. J811. ^100,000 Steep Brook Cotton and Woollen Factory, at Canton. 1815. 530,000 ^augus River Bleaching Factory, Saugus. IS^?. ^180,000 5tockbridge Cotton Factory,at Stockbridge.1815. ^60,000 Slookbridge Cotton and Woollen Factory, at do. 1813. ^80,000 3tony Bronk Cotton and Wool- len Factory. at Wrenlham. 1814. ^70,000 ougliloii Woollen and i Colton Factory, at Stoughton. 1815. ^73,000 ;t() v Cotton Factory, at Stow. 1813. 550,000 jtralion Cotton Factory, at Foxborough. 1815. 560,000 5tLu!)ridge Woollen and Cuiton Factory, at Sturbridge. 1812. ^100,000 >\\anze3' Union Factory, at Swanzey. 1814. 5^0,000 iwanzey Paper Manufactory, atSwanzey. 18!28. ^50,000 iouthbridge Woollen Fac- tory, at Southbridge. 1816. ^50,000 juffoik Cotton, Silk, and .inen Factory, at Boston. 1819. ^200,000 !alt Manufactory, at Billingsgate island. 1821. 550,000 (Utton and Charlton Cotton, Woollen, and Linen Fac- tory, in Hampshire county. 1811. 5120,000 ""ufts Woollen and Cotton Yarn and Cloth Factory. at Dudley. 1827. 5200,000 ''hree River Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Palmer. 1826. 51,000,000 'ype and Stereotype Foundry, at Boston. 18-j6. 5100^000 "roy Cotton and Wool- Jen Factory, at Troy. 1814. 5100,000 aunton Iron and Wool- len Factory, at Taunton. 1823. 5400,000 llnion Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Walpole. 1812. 550,000 Jxbridge Woollen Factory, at Uxbridge. 1827. 5150,000 180 APPENDIX. Name. Location. Inc'd. Capital. Village Cotton and Wool- len Factory. at Dudley. 18.2. 5100,000 Walomopogge do. do. .it Wrentham. 1814. ^100,000 Walpole Cotton and Wool- len Factory, at Walpole. 1814. 5IOO.OOO Waterlown Woollen Factory,atWatertown. 1814. ^100,000 Welfleet Woollen and Cot- ton Factory, at Welfleet. 1815. ;^^10,000 Waltham do. do. at Waltham. 1814. ^300,000 Wellington Cotton Factory.at Wellington. 1814. ^60,000 Westport do. do ' at Westport. 1815. ,^00,000 Western do. do. at Western. 1815. ^100,000 Westport Cotton Yarn and Cloth Factory, at Westport. 1823. ^50,000 West-Boylston'Cotton Fac- tory, at West-Bovlston. 1C23. ^100,0^ Wolcott Woollen Factory, at Soutlibridge. 18:20. ^50.0(1^ Worcester and Brookfield Iron Foundry, at Worcester &Brookfield. 1826. ^GO.OOC' Woollen Factory, at Winchendon 1826. ^200,000 Wolf Hill Lead Mine Com- ^ pany, at Southampton. 1827. 5200,060 Wareham Iron Company, at Wareham. 1828. ^350,000 Wareham Cotton Factory, at Wareham. 1826. ^70,000 Williamstown Cotton and Wool Factory, at Williamstown. 1828. ^60,000 Wcodbridge Yarn and Cloth Manufactory, at South Hadley. 1829. ^150,000 Willimansett Edge Tool Man- ufacturing Company, at Springfield. 1829. 560,00fi Wales Woollen Factory, at VVales, 1829. 5100,vXX' Williamsburg Woollen, Cot- ton, and Linen Factory, at Williamsburg. 1825. ^250,000 Wrentham Cotton and Wool- len Factory. at Wrentham. 1812. ^lOO^OCO FINIS. 1 \ \ ^o >°-n^. 4° •^^.^ ^o V