(■^•S&fcV *\*i&.% S.-J&iS •y L tf «fev* i :> *o? : •T«' A o .* .1... % V "V *. ^, »/»^U * O a v .*:^% ^ ,o v c'U!^ 'p. OUTLINES OF ENGLISH HISTORY WITH MEMORY FORMULAS. Dates Pern\a nerytly Fixed ir| t^e Kir\d Without tfye Use of Figures. BY %EV. H. cJ. VUBOC. KAXSAS CITY, MO.: Tiernan-Havens Printing Company 1900. 22524 66165 Copyright 1900, By REV. H. A. DUBOC All rights reserved. Library of Congress Two Copies Received JUL 20 1900 Copyright entry Jk* '3/fot> **.q..mm:...... SECOND COPY. Delivered to ORDER DIVISION, JUL 21 1900 DC^i^ To the Members of my Shakespearean Circle, whose love of English History has strengthened my own, and to whose ready wits I am indebted for several of the formulas herein contained, I cordially dedicate this little book as a souvenir of our pleasant labors. PREFACE. The aim of this booklet is not to impart a full knowledge of English History, but io give the reader a firm grasp of the essentials — the first condition of thor- oughness in any branch of knowledge. Our brief narrative is confined to the principal events of the period, and a marked prominence is given to the distinguishing feature. This serves as a center of unity to connect apparently isolated events and bind them into one whole. The philosophy of history is thus emphasized, teaching the reader to discover those lurk- ing links of cause and effect which pervade all history. The thoughtful student of this method will find, too, that it calls into exercise in an unprecedented degree the power of association, which may be called the main muscle of the memory. A logical connection is estab- lished between the dates and the distinguishing feature of each reign by using, instead of figures, numerical con- 6 Outlines of English History. sonants that express a meaning in harmony with the subject. So that the statement of the distinguishing feature, so well worth learning for its own sake, becomes the formula that carries the date. To the superficial and unthinking, any departure from the way to which they have long been accustomed seems arbitrary and objectionable. It is only the power of habit, however, that blinds them to the fact that the way they have always used is decidedly arbitrary and mechanical; and that a method which dispenses with figures has something of the advantages of wireless tele- graphy, that transmits messages without the use of poles and wires. Ten minutes' wide-awake attention is sufficient to master the Figure x\lphabet. and the student's progress then becomes easy and rapid. His after-work is almost of the nature of a recreation or pastime. He is soon sur- prised, however, to find the amount of useful knowledge into which he has been playing his way. In an incredibly short time he can give the whole line of English Kings from Egbert to Victoria, and state Outlines of English History. 7 with perfect ease and accuracy the date of accession of each sovereign. Think of the definiteness and precision this gives to his knowledge, instead of the looseness of that class of scholars who try to believe that names and dates are of little consequence, and that, if students can grope at the century when kings reigned and events occurred, it is all that ought to be expected of them. 8 Outlines of English History. FIGURE ALPHABET. Learn carefully the numerical value of the letters in the following table : t, d, th 1. n 'i. m 3. r 4. 1 5. g (soft), ], ch, sh 0. (Six shy Jewesses? chose George.) c (hard), g (hard), k, q, ng 7. f, v 8. P,b , 9. c (soft), s, z 0. Reasons. The t equals one because its main stroke is like a 1 ; and d and th, being sounded by the same organs, have the same value. An n, having two strokes, equals 2. The m, having three strokes, equals 3. The r, being the letter that most resembles a 4, has the value of 4. The 1, being used in Roman Notation for fifty, which is a mul- tiple of five, stands for 5. No special reason in the nature of things being given why the aspirated set, g, j, Outlines of English History. l) ch and sh, should stand for 6, the key sentence, "Six shy Jewesses chose George/ 5 in which the first consonants of the words are the equivalents of 6, will act as a memento. Equally arbitrary is the selection of the pala- tals as equivalents of 7; viz.: c (hard), g (hard), k, q and ng. As f is in shape an elongated 8. it has the value of 8; and v, being sounded by the same organs, also stands for 8. As p and b both have the shape of a 9, only turned in a different position, they have the value of 9. C (soft), being the first letter of the word cipher, and z of zero, they have the value of 0; and so has s, which has the same sound as c (soft). Cautions. 1. Silent consonants do not count. 2. Double consonants, sounded only once, count on- ly once, like 11 in till. 3. A combination of consonants having the sound of another letter, has the value of that letter; as gh in tough, which has the value of f, that is 8. 4. The vowels have no numerical value, nor have the consonants not contained in the table. These letters may be used freely to help make up words. 10 Outlines of English History. Explanation of Formulas. The letters of the Figure Alphabet are combined in- to words or phrases that express as nearly as possible the meaning of the event to be remembered. At the same time the numerical consonants contained in them express the date of the event. So the date becomes as easy to remember as the event itself. For example, the formula for the obtaining of the Magna Charta by the Barons from King John is They won the /aw, 1215. The burning of Joan of Arc. Their maid, 1431. » This is what is called a formula of the first kind., in which every numerical consonant is counted. When, however, it is not easy to make satisfactory sense in this way, a formula of the second kind may be made, in which only the first numerical consonant of each word is counted. As, for example, the one used to express the date of the massacre of St. Bartholomew: The Zawless killing wight, 1572. This latter kind of formula can easily be distin- guished from the former by its containing a greater Outlines of English History. 11 number of consonants than the figures in the date to be expressed. The following are additional examples : The Battle of Marathon, touted Persian Host, 490 B. C. The accession of Charlemagne, King C7iarle- magne /Nourished, 768. The birth of Luther, The reforming i^riar Martin, 1483. The beheading of Sir Thomas Moore, The Zearned Moore lamented, 1535. The birth of Shakespeare, The WiWiam Shake- speare Yea/-, 1564. The defeat of the Spanish Armada, The long fleet /oiled, 1588. The settlement of Jamestown, The Jamestown settlement commenced, 1607. ENGLISH HISTORY. Britain Under the Romans. Caesar invades Britain B. C. 55. Lawless Zanding. Julius Agricola permanently establishes Roman dominion in the island, A. D. 85. First ?asting. The Romans assist the Britons for the last time against the Piets and Scots and withdraw from the island, 418. JBomans depart finally. The Saxons under Hengist and Horsa land at Thanet, 449. ifoving. romping people. Augustine sent by Gregory to Britain to introduce Christianity, converts Ethelbert, King of Kent, 597. Latin Apostle comes. Britain Under the Saxons. Egbert (827, First united England). The son of Alkmund, King of Kent. He aspired to the crown of Wessex, but Beortric 'was preferred. Egbert tried to secure the influence of OfT'a, King of Mercia, in kis favor, but that king gave his daughter in marriage i i 14 Outlines of English History. his rival. Feeling henceforth unsafe in Britain, he went to the Court of Charlemagne, and was for thirteen years a faithful student of that great man's military tactics and mode of administration. Tn the year 800, the same year in which Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the West, the throne of Wessex was made vacant by the mur- der of Beortric. Egbert repaired thither and was elected king. After a successful reign of twenty-seven years in his own kingdom, he conquered the other states of the Heptarchy, Kent, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia, Xorth- umbria and Mercia, and united them under one govern- ment in 827, thus becoming the first king of united England. Ethel wolf (836, Four male children). The son and successor of Egbert, a weak and unkingly sovereign, is to be distinguished from all other English kings as hav- ing been the only one who had four reigning sons. Ethelbald and Ethelbert (858, Fall off) . The reign of this king lasted only two years, so he may be remem- bered by the formula, "fall off," that is, dropped away. Ethelbert (860, Few shows). The uneventful reign of Ethelbert may be rememberd by the expression which indicates that there were few goings on. Outlines of English History. 15 Ethelred (866, Fetch joy). The short and troubled reign of Ethelred was of greater importance as the pre- cursor of that of the greatest and best of English kings, Alfred, and thus brought joy to the nation. Alfred (871, First good education). Alfred being the first scholarly king may be remembered by this for- mula. He was much more than a, scholar, however. He possessed great military genius, a remarkable adminis- trative ability, and, above all, a love for his subjects that made him ever seek what was for their good. He was only twenty-two years of age when he became king. The country was overrun by the Panes, or Northmen. The last king, his brother Ethelred. had lost his life in con- flict with them. Though Alfred had more taste for let- ters than for arms, he showed in his numerous engage- ments with the enemy a military skill and courage worthy of a great soldier. When, overwhelmed by super- ior numbers, the kingdom seemed on the brink of ruin, he displayed remarkable fortitude. He finally overcame the Danes, converted their leader, Guthrum, and a large body of his followers and allowed them to form a Danish state within his kingdom, called the Danelag. Near the close of his reign, a formidable leader, Hastings, came 16 Outlines of English History. from France with a powerful fleet. A long war ensuec in which Alfred was victorious. Shortly after he died after a glorious reign of nearly thirty years. His bril liant achievements in letters, in war, and in civil admin i stratum, and the virtues he displayed in all the circum stances of life, won for him the title of Alfred the Great Edward the Elder (901, Britain is taken). This monarch possessed much of the energy and military talents of his father, but without his genius for scienc< and literature. He was the first king of the Wes Saxons whose sway extended over all Britain. Henc< the above formula. Athelstan (9,25,* By new law) was the son and sue cessor of Edward the Elder. He was a successful war rior and administrator, but perhaps the most distin guishing peculiarity of this king was the enactment o: a law that "any merchant who bad made three long se* voyages on his own account should be admitted to th< rank of thane, or gentleman." Edmund (940, By robber's sword) was a brother o Athelstan. He was stabbed by a notorious robber win had intruded at a feast in his palace. Edred (946, Perish), a brother of Edmund, is to b< Outlines of English History. 17 remembered as the one who finally destroyed the Dane- lag. After subduing the Danes in Northumbria, he ap- pointed an English governor over it and placed garrisons in its principal towns. Edwy (955, By Elgiva's love) was the son of Ed- mund. His was a short and troubled reign. His ardent love for Elgiva was the cause of his misfortunes and finally of his death, she being spitefully murdered by his enemies and he dying of grief in consequence. Edgar (959, By long peace) was the brother of Edw}^ and the first Anglo-Saxon king whose reign was wholly peaceful. Edward the Martyr (975, By call) was the son of Edgar, and only fifteen years of age when called to the throne. When calling on his stepmother, Elfrida, he was stabbed at her instigation while drinking a cup of wine that she offered him. Ethelred II (978, By cruel favor) was a half- brother of the preceding king, and though only a child, became king through the wicked partiality of his mother. This reign was a very unhappy one. The king was noted for weakness and incapacity and was well named Ethel- red the Unreadv. that is without rede or counsel. When 18 Outlines of English History. the Danes commenced their invasions he resorted to buy- ing them off with large sums of money. This money he secured by levying a tax on his subjects called the Dan- geld or Dane-money. To strengthen his influence he made an alliance with Kichard II, Duke of Normandy, and married his daughter, Emma. As the Danes, how- ever, continued iheir hostilities, Ethelred, feeling his inability to meet them in open warfare, ordered a general massacre of the Danes on the festival of St. Brice (Nov. 13, 1002, Does sin). Sweyn returned with a powerful army and Ethelred was about to be captured when he died. Edmund Ironside (1016, Does dash) was the son of the preceding king, but very unlike him in character. A bold and daring warrior as his surname implies, he may well be remembered by the accompanying formula. He reigned but a few months, being murdered through the contrivance of Edric, Duke of Mercia. Outlines of English History. 19 Danish Kings. (*) Canute (1016, Does display justice) was the first Danish King of England. He obtained the crown by violence and bloodshed, but when his sovereignty was fully established, a radical change seemed to come over him. He repented of his former wrongs. He ruled with mildness and justice. He showed personal humility, and exerted himself to check wrongdoing and injustice in others. Harold Harefoot (1035, Does aim low), an illegiti- mate son of Canute, was the only claimant in the coun- try at the time of his father's death. The great nobles were divided as to the choice of a successor to the Danish king. Some of them would have preferred the sons of their old Anglo-Saxon king, Ethelred. One of these, Alfred, was put to death by order of Harold. Ethel- worth, the Archbishop of Canterbury, refused to conse- crate Harold on account of his infamous life. The other claimants, however, being all out of the country, Harold was, after considerable opposition, recognized as king of (*) When a century word like "does" is used it may be treated as a separate formula; and, to express the years, a formula either of the first or the second kind may be used, as will best express the meaning intended. So "does" is a formula of the first kind, and "display justice," one of the second. 20 Outlines of English History. all England. He was very unkingly in his aims. His agility in running was the personal characteristic that impressed itself most forcibly on posterity. Hardicanute (1040, Does raise) was the son of Canute and Emma. He was surnamed Hardicanute on account of his robust constitution, which, however, broke down under his excesses two years after his accession. Enraged at Harold for the murder of his half-brother, Alfred, he caused the body to be exhumed and beheaded and cast into a fen. The formula refers to this act of revenge. ■» Edward the Confessor (1042, Does renew). On the death of Hardicanute, the English gladly seized the opportunity to throw off the Danish yoke and to restore the Saxon dynasty. So they elected as their king, Ed- ward, son of Ethel red II and of Emma and half-brother of Edmund Ironside. He married Edith, Earl Godwin's daughter. His reign was prosperous and peaceful, not on account of any great ability displayed by the mon- arch, but because of the circumstances of the times — the Danes having ceased their incursions and the Welch being subdued by the energy and talent of Godwin and of his son Harold. Edward was canonized by the Pope Outlines of English History. 21 and surnamed The Confessor. He was the last king of the royal line of the Saxons, though not the last Saxon king, since Harold, a Saxon nobleman, succeeded him. Harold II (1066, Does show jealousy). As the only surviving heir of the royal line, Edgar Atheling was considered too young to occupy the throne ; Harold, son of Earl Godwin, was elected king. William, Duke of Normandy, claimed that the crown had been promised to him by his cousin, Edward the Confessor, and that his promise had been ratified under oath by Harold himself. William was therefore very indignant when he heard of the election of Harold as king. He sailed for England with a large and splendidly equipped army. A great and decisive battle was fought at Senlac, near Hastings, commonly known as the battle of Hastings. Harold and his men were in a favorable position on a hill pro- tected by a stockade which enabled them to withstand the impetuous onsets of the Normans. For six hours the battle had raged, both armies displaying the utmost skill and bravery, yet neither seeming to 'gain any material advantage. At last William ordered his men to feign flight. The Saxons leaving their commanding position broke ranks and pursued. The Norman cavalry 22 Outlines of English History. quickly wheeled around and slaughtered them and then an arrow-flight decided the day. Harold fell pierced in the eye with an arrow. His two brothers were also among the slain. The Saxons fled leaving the Normans in possession of the field and of the kingdom. Connecting Links. In a number of instances the formula does more than give the distinguishing feature of the reign together with the date of accession. It also contains a lurking link by which it can be coupled with the name of the monarch, so as to prevent the possibility of its being associated with the wrong king. A little practice in ob- serving these latent relations will enable the thoughtful reader to develop other connecting links besides here pointed out. Take for example the formula "Fall off" used for Ethelbald. Its main use is to indicate the shortness of his reign and the date of accession. But the expression may be thought of in another sense which will associate it inseparably with the name of Ethelbald and his alone. Outlines of English History. 23 Playing upon the last syllable of the name, "bald," the formula may be thought of as referring to the falling off of the hair, which makes one bald. In the case of Ethelstan, observe that the last con- sonant of the name, "n." is also the first of the main word of the formula, "new." So with Edmund. The last consonant of the name, "d," is also the last of the formula. In the case of Edred, while the main use of the formula, "Perish," is to indicate the destruction of the Danelag, it can be connected with the king's name. Separating the last syllable, "dred," and playing upon it, it suggests the dread of perishing. As to the case of Edwy, remember that Edwin is another form of the same name. Separate and play upon the last syllable, and how easy it corelates with the name of his queen, "win Elgiva." Xotice in the case of Edmund Ironside, the promi- nence of "d" as the last consonant of the name and sur- name, and the first of each word of the formula. It may also be observed that in the case of Canute, the only name so far ending in "e" has also a formula ending in "e." And so has Hardicanute. 2-i Outlines of English History. Genealogical Table. Egbert. Ethelwolf. Ethelbald. Ethelbert. Ethelred. Alfred. Edward the Elder. Athelstan. Edmund. Edred. Edwy. Edgar. Edward the Martyr. Ethelred II. Edmund Ironside. Edward the Confessor. Observe that the first three sons of Ethel wolf reigned in alphabetical order, Ethelbald, 'Ethelbert, Ethelred, and that Alfred was the last and youngest. Observe, too, that the first king, Egbert, had only one reigning son, but his son had four. Also that Alfred had only one, but his son had three, and that after this every king had two reigning sons. Observe, further, that where there were three reign- ing sons, it was never the first, or oldest, who transmitted the succession. Fixing these facts in mind will greatly help to retain permanently the genealogical table. Outlines of English History. 25 KINGS OF ENGLAND. Saxons and Danes. Egbert 827. First united England. Ethelwolf 836. Four male children. Ethelbald 858. Fall off. Ethelbert 860. Few shows. Ethelred I 866. Fetch joy. Alfred 871. First good education. Edward the Elder 901. Britain is taken. Athelstan 925. By new law. Edmund 940. By robbers sword. Edred 946. Perish. Edwy 955. By Elgiva's love. Edgar 959. By long peace. Edward theMartyr 975. By call. Ethelred II 978. By cruel favor. Edmund Ironside 1016. Does dash. Danish Kings. Canute 1016. Does display justice. Harold Harefoot 1035. Does aim low. Hardicanute .... 1040. Does raise. Saxon Kings Restored. Edward the Confessor .... 1042. Does renew. Harold II 1066. Does show jealousy. 26 Outlines of English History. THE NORMAN KINGS. William the Conqueror (1066, Does show genius). If ever there was a man whose personality impressed itself on the history of a nation, that was the one who conquered Engand in 1066, and whose successor sits to- day upon its throne. The originality of his genius showed itself not only in the military tactics by which he won at Hastings and in his subsequent engagements with the Saxons and the Danes, but also in the measures he adopted for the government of the country, by which he managed to strengthen and perpetuate his power. In William the wild passions of the Northmen "mingled strangely with the cool temper of the modern states- man." He had "the instinct of government." Even those who suffered from his tyranny could not forget the peace he secured for the realm, so that a man might walk through the country unmolested "with his bosom full of gold." His greatness showed itself very largely in the system of government he adopted. The feudal system he established enabled him to raise an army promptly for any emergency that might arise. Outlines of English History. 27 But that system was dangerous to the crown as well as to the conquered people. So he scattered the large estates over the country in such a way as to prevent a combination of the great land owners, or the personal attachment of large areas of population to a single lord. Then he took care that every under-tenant should be bound to the crown as well as to his lord by the kind of oath of allegiance he imposed. He retained, too, in his hands the whole judicial power of the realm. The financial power was also his. The Dooms Day Book fur- nished him with a record of all taxable property. This gave him a basis for levying a tax upon his people. Another check upon the power of his barons he found in the organization of the church. He was practi- cally the supreme head of the church. Homage was required from bishop as well as from baron. He re- moved Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and ap- pointed Lanfranc in his place. And the new archbish- op helped him largely to restore discipline in the church. So the support of the church was one of the agencies by which this remarkable man was enabled to retain the power which he had won by the sword. His death was quite sudden and unexpected. As 28 Outlines of English History. he was riding over the embers of the city of Mants, which he had given to the flames, his horse stumbled; he fell, and receiving mortal injuries, was carried to Rouen to die. William Eufus (1087, Does fleece Canterbury), the second son of the Conqueror, in accordance with wishes of his father, was crowned King of England, while his elder brother, Robert, inherited the Dukedom of Normandy. The new king had the brutality of the Northman without his father's genius for war or govern- ment. Shortly after his succession a rebellion of his nobles in favor of Robert gave him a reason to invade Normandy, his brother's dominions. An accommoda- tion was entered into between the brothers. Soon after, Robert, desirous of engaging in the first crusade, mort- gaged to William his Dutchy for five years, receiving therefor a large sum. Shortly before sailing for Nor- mandy to take possession, William was found dead, hav- ing been accidently shot with an arrow in the New Forest. His character was marked by despotism, rapa- city and debauchery. The formula refers to his outrage- ous plunder of the church. He purposely left bishop- rics vacant to appropriate their revenues; and when Outlines of English History. 29 Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, died, he failed to appoint a successor, and seized upon the revenues of Canterbury. Henry I (1100, Did seize). When he heard of his brother's death, Henry hastened to Winchester, obtained possession of the royal treasures and secured the crown, notwithstanding the just claims of his elder brother, Robert. He published a charter of liberties, promised to restore the laws of Edward the Confessor, and still further, to gain the good-will of his Anglo-Saxon sub- jects, married Matilda, the niece of Edgar Etheling. This caused great rejoicing among the people, to see an English sovereign, for the "first time since the Norman Conquest, sit on the throne of England. The misgovern- ment of Robert furnished Henry with a pretext to in- vade Normandy. Robert was taken prisoner and spent the last twenty-eight years of his life in a prison in Wales. Henry's only son, William, having perished by shipwreck, the king was without an heir. He made the barons swear allegiance to his daughter, Matilda. Stephen (1135, Did maintain lawlessness). Not- withstanding the better title to the throne of Matilda, the king's daughter, and of the oath of the barons in 30 Outlines of English History. her favor, Stephen found little difficulty in obtaining the crown. He was a grandson of the Conqueror and nephew to the late king and son of the Count of Blois. He was personally popular among the lower classes, and having secured possession of the royal treasures, he was able to hire foreign soldiers who helped him to obtain the crown. Feeling his imperfect title to the throne, he was obliged to make concessions to his subjects which proved a source of great disasters, so that his reign was a calamity to the nation. He allowed the nobles to build and fortify castles. The land became dotted with them. They proved robber-holds, in which a petty ty- rant ruled like a king. All persons who were supposed to have property were flung into dungeons and tortured till 'they gave up their wealth. Historians agree that the reign of Stephen was the most wretched in the his- tory of the nation, being marked by more lawlessness, cruelties and bloodshed than any before or since; not on account of any particularly cruel character in the sovereign, but simply because, with his imperfect title to the crown, he never felt strong enough to hold his barons in check. Matilda asserted her claim to the throne and warred against him. At last Stephen, weary Outlines of English History. 31 of the struggle, and having lost his son, consented to recognize Henry, the son of Matilda, as heir to the crown. Shortly after this he died and Henry succeeded him. Genealogical Table. William the Conqueror-. Robert. Richard. William Rufus, Henry I*. Adelia. Stephen. Matilda. Henry II (Plantagenet). The Normans. William the Conqueror ....1066. Does show genius. William Rufus ..1087. Does fleece Canterbury. Henry I .1100. Did seize. Stephen 1135. Did maintain lawlessness. 32 Outlines of English History. THE PLANTAGENETS. Henry II (1154, Did long repent) was the first Plantagenet king of England. His French possessions were greater than those of the French king. Only in his twenty-first year when he ascended the throne, he applied himself with great vigor and resolution to the work of government. He banished the foreign merce- naries which had long infested the country, and com- pelled the nobles to dismantle their fortresses which had enabled them to inflict so many cruelties upon the peo- ple. He then sought to bring the ecclesiastical power in subjection to that of the crown. To carry this into effect he chose as his instrument Thomas a Becket, whom he had previously made Chancellor, and ap- pointed him Archbishop of Canterbury. The king was, however, greatly disappointed in Becket's course, as he threw all the energy of his imperious temper in assert- ing the ecclesiastical power and prerogatives against the crown. After a severe contest with Becket, the king, in a moment of impatience, expressed a wish that some of his friends might rid him of his persistent antagonist. Outlines of English History. 33 Thereupon four knights went to his cathedral and stabbed him at the altar. This deed, however, defeated the end it was designed to accomplish, so great was the general sympathy expressed for the murdered prelate. Henry deeply repented of his unguarded expression, and humbled himself for several years to atone for it, going barefoot on a pilgrimage to the tomb of the canonized martyr. An important event of this reign was the conquest of Ireland in 1172. (What, taken !) The later 3'ears of Henry's reign were clouded by the rebellion of his sons. When the king learned that his favorite son, John, was in league with his disloyal sons he sank broken-hearted into the grave. Richard I, The Lion-hearted, (1189, Did visit Pales- tine), third son of Henry and Eleabor of Aquitaine, was much more prominent as a knight and a crusader than as king of England. He did not speak Saxon and never spent but very little time in England. He spent a few months in arranging the affairs of the kingdom and then set out with the king of France, Philip Augustus, on the third crusade, of which he proved an able cham- pion. After many battles with the renowned Saladin, -3 3-L Outlines of English History. he succeeded in taking Asealon. He Avas, however, un- able to capture Jerusalem, obtaining only a sight of the city, when he was forced to return by famine and hard- ships. On his return through Germany he was arrested by the Duke of Austria, to whom he had given offense in Palestine, and was delivered to the Emperor, who kept him in confinement until ransomed by his loyal subjects. Richard, however, cared little for his English subjects, and considered England merely a source of supplies for his expensive and fruitless wars. The death of Richard was caused by an arrow shot from the castle of a rebellious vassal which he was besieging. His char- acter was very romantic and his people, though op- pressed by his taxes, were proud of his fame. He was fond of music and poetry, and won a reputation among the Troubadours, or poets of the time. John (Lackland, 1199, Did bow prerogative), the fourth son of Henry II, succeeded his brother Richard, although Arthur, son of an older brother, Geoffrey, was the rightful heir. John was one of the worst and mean- est kings that ever reigned, his character being a combi- nation of falsehood, cowardice, tyranny and licentious- ness. Scarcelv can the historian find in him one Outlines of English History. 35 redeeming trait. He murdered his nephew, Arthur, probably with his own hand, and kept Arthur's sister, Eleanor, in prison till she died. He was involved in a controversy with the Roman Pontiff, Innocent III, con- cerning the appointment to the vacant seat of Canter- bury. The Pope excommunicated and deposed John, laid an interdict on England, and let loose the armies of France upon the king. John, finding but little support from his own people, was compelled to yield and became a vassal of the Pope, greatly to the disgust of the Eng- lish. The indignation excited by this humiliating step caused a rising of his barons against him, and he was compelled to sign the Magna Charta, the great charter of English liberties. John, however, afterward repudiated this charter and made war against the barons. In .the midst of the struggle he died, after a reign of seventeen years, detested by all his people. Henry III (1216, The new dodge). Eldest son of John. His minority at his accession and the great power acquired by the barons during the reign of King John, helped to cripple his authority. His irresolute and vacillating character and his efforts to evade the charter were the distinguishing features of this reign. 36 Outlines of English History. Hence the above formula. Under the leadership of Simon de Mont forte of Leicester (Lester), the barons sought to take the government into their own hands. Henry was compelled to yield, he and his son, Edward, being taken prisoners. The whole power of the realm was thrown into the hands of Leicester, who, to strength- en his influence, summoned Parliament, giving seats in it not only to the barons and knights but also to the representatives of the boroughs, or towns. This is con- sidered as the origin of the House of Commons, which in after times, became so important a branch of govern- ment and the chief bulwark of the liberties of the Eng- lish people. After a while, however, the people began to tire of the illegitimate authority of Leicester and of his growing haughtiness. With the help of Prince Ed- ward, who had escaped from confinement, his forces were defeated at the battle of Evesham, and Leicester and his son were among the slain, and Henry's authority was re-established. He died after a long but weak reign of fifty-six years. Edward I (1272, The new king national). Al- though Edward had not returned from Palestine when his father died, he was immediately proclaimed king Outlines of English History. 37 by the English people. The distinguishing feature of this king and of his reign was his oneness with the character of his people. His temper was thoroughly English. So he was in the truest sense a national king. He ratified the Magna Charta, created his son first Prince of Wales, and in honor of the useful laws he en- acted, won the name of the English Justinian. He called a Parliament to which he directed that the repre- sentatives of the boroughs should be summoned. He also was the king under whom the principle so important in the English constitution was recognized, that "no taxes can be lawfully imposed without the consent of Parliament." During this reign great advances were made in literature, social science and general civilization. Edward II (1307, They may assassinate king). The weakness of this king formed a sad contrast with his father's self-reliance, force of character and applica- tion to business. He surrendered himself wholly to the influence of foreign favorites, who made him lose the confidence and respect of his people. His first official act was to disobey his father's solemn injunction not to withdraw his forces from Scotland. This enabled Rob- ert Bruce to recover from the English the fortresses they 38 Outlines of English History. had taken and to re-establish the freedom of his coun- try. Edward meanwhile was giving himself up to the influence of his frivolous favorite, Piers Gaveston, the son of a Gascon knight, who was very unpopular with the English. Twice compelled to banish him, he as often recalled him. Finally the nobles rose against the favorite, and summarily beheaded him without the form of a trial. "But it was not long before the king was under the influence of another unworthy and unpopular favorite, DeSpenser. The Scots, not content with de- fending their own country, began to overrun English territory. Edward marched against them with an im- mense army of 100,000 men, but was disgracefully de- feated at Bannockburn by a force of 30,000 under Rob- ert Bruce, the king narrowly escaping capture. Edward \vas deserted by his wife, Isabella, who went to France where her brother, Charles IV, helped her with men and means to take the government into her own hands. A Parliament was called that deposed Edward. He was kept a prisoner and soon after, by order of the queen's favorite, Roger Mortimer, was assassinated in the prison. Edward III (1327, They may now conquer), eldest son of Edward II, was only fourteen years of age at the Outlines of English History. 39 time of his father's death. During his minority the royal power was exercised by the queen's mother and Roger Mortimer. The next year Edward married Phil- lippa of Hainault. In 1330 Mortimer was arrested by order of the young king, tried by Parliament and exe- cuted. Thereupon Edward assumed the royal power. lie possessed much energy and military genius. He re- newed the war with Scotland and won the great battle of Halidown by which Scotland was again made subject to England. The next object of Edward's military ambition was to obtain the crown of France. As the French king, Charles IV, had died without heirs, the nation had placed his cousin, Philip, on the throne. Edward through his mother was a more direct descend- ant, and would have had a superior title had it not been for the Salic law, that is, the law of the Salian Franks, by which females can neither inherit nor transmit the crown. In spite of this Edward allowed himself to be persuaded to assert his claims, and thus entered upon a long war, commonly called THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR which proved very disastrous to France, and did England very little good besides gratifying the military ambition of some of her kings and draining the blood and treasure of her people. 40 Outlines of English History. Richard II (1377, They may kill king), son of the Black Prince and grandson of Edward III. At the be- ginning of his reign he showed some ability and vigor, but soon lost his energy and surrendered himself to the influence of favorites. He quarreled' with several of the prominent nobles, specially with Henry of Lancaster, and seized upon his estate. Henry made war against the king, taking him prisoner and receiving his abdica- tion. He was himself crowned as King Henry IV, the first of the Lancastrian line. Later, a movement having been made to restore the dethroned monarch, Richard was killed in the prison. Genealogical Table. Henry II. William. Henry. Richard. Geoffrey. John. Prince Arthur. Henry III. Edward I. Edward II. Edward III. Edward. William. Lionel. John of Gaunt. The Black Prince) (Duke of Lancaster.) died 1335. Phillippa. Richard II. Henry IV. Roger Mortimer. Edmund Mortimer. Outlines of English History. 41 The Plantagenets. Henry II 1154. Did long repent. Richard I 1189. Did visit Palestine John 1199. Did bow prerogative. Henry III 1216. The new dodge. Edward I 1272. The new king national. Edward II 1307. They may assassinate king Edward III 1327. They may now conquer. Richard II 1377. They may kill king 42 Outlines of English History. HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. Henry IV (1399, They may pay penalty), the first Lancastrian king, son of John of Gaunt, the fourth son of Edward III. The rightful heir was Edmund Morti- mer, Earl of March, the great grandson of Lionel, the third son of Edward III. Some time after the accession of Henry a conspiracy was made to restore Eichard to the throne. It ended in failure and those concerned in it were executed. This was doubtless what led to the murder of the deposed king. Henry feeling his imper- fect title to the throne was anxious to secure the influ- ence of the church in his favor. So to protect the church against heresy he entered upon a course of per- secution of the Lollards, or followers of Wickliffe. It was under him that the first Englishman was put to death on account of his religious opinions. This reign was also noted for frequent conspiracies followed by the execution of their leaders. A conspiracy was started by Harry Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, sur- named Hotspur, to put Edmund Mortimer on the throne. But the rebels were defeated at the battle of Outline^ of English History. 43 Shewsbury, 1403. Two years later another such attempt was made, and the Archbishop of York, Richard Scrope, who had taken part in it. was executed. So that the severe retributions suffered by heretics and rebels formed perhaps the most distinguishing feature of this reign as expressed in the formula for the accession of this king. Henry Y (1413, The royal disturber marches), inheriting his father's weak title to the throne, contin- ued his policy of ingratiating himself with the church by persecuting the Lollards and caused their leader, Lord Cobham, with many others to be condemned and executed. Another way in which he strove to strengthen his hold upon the throne was by winning military renown. So he renewed the HUNDRED YEARS WAR with France which had been begun by Edward III, prosecuting it with great vigor and ability and winning the memorable battles of Harfleur and Agincourf. He wrested from the imbecile king, Charles YI, a recog- nition of his absurd claim to the crown of France. But before he could carry his plans into execution lie was seized with a violent illness of which he died in his thirty-fifth year, leaving the throne to his infant son Henrv. 44 Outlines of English History. Henry VI (1422, Their ninny). This formula re- fers partly to the infancy of the king at his accession, and still more to his weakness when grown to manhood. The Duke of Bedford, eldest brother of the late king, was made regent and carried on the war against France. The imbecile French king, Charles VI, having died, his son, Charles VII, asserted his claim to the crown. It was under him that a new leader was found in the Maid of Orleans, Joan of Arc. the peasant girl who led the French armies to victory, raising the siege of Orleans and causing Charles VII to be crowned at Eheims. Fall- ing at last into the hands of the enemy she was burned to death in the market place of Rouen as a sorceress (1431, Their maid). Henry, when he reached his ma- jority, showed but little capacity for government, and the troubles caused by his incompetence induced many people to the claims of Richard, Duke of York, a descendant of Lionel, the third son of Edward III. Richard and his adherents raised an army, and in the battle of St. Albans, the first of the War of the Roses, defeated the Royalists and took the king prisoner (1455, The Roses last long). The year after, the king was re- stored to his authority. The contest, however, soon Outlines of English History. 45 broke out again and the king was again taken prisoner. Margaret, his queen, however, a woman of great ability and energy, succeeded in raising an army and defeated the Duke of York, causing him to be executed. By her order his head was cut off and placed on the gates of York with a paper crown upon it in mockery of his claims to royalty. Edward, son of the Duke of York, joining his forces to those of Warwick, compelled Mar- garet to retreat, entered London in triumph and was crowned as king under the title of Edward IV. Edward IV (1461, The ruler chooses widow), the first king of the House of York, succeeded Henry VI, the last Lancastrian king. The War of the Koses continued for ten years after the accession of Edward. This war was so named from the red rose used as a badge by the Lancastrians and the white rose by the Yorkists. Ed- ward was noted for his handsome person, courage and other popular qualities which rendered him a favorite with the people of London. But he was a capricious and tyrannical sovereign. Although the victory he had won at Mortimer's Cross had given Edward the crown, Mar- garet of Anjou, the able and ambitious queen of Henry VI, was not yet conquered. She was soon in the field 46 Outlines of English History. with an army of 60.000 men, but was totally defeated by the forces of Edward and Warwick at Towton. Three years after Margaret made another effort to recover the crown with a small army she had obtained from the king of France, Louis XI, but she was defeated and barely es- caped capture. By his marriage with Elizabeth Grey, the widow of a Lancastrian knight, which was an- nounced while the Earl of Warwick was negotiating an alliance for his sovereign, Edward greatly offended that high spirited nobleman. Although reeking with Lan- castrian blood, he opened negotiations with Margaret offering to support the Lancastrian cause. He was at first successful, driving Edward from the country and again raising Henry from the prison to the throne. But Edward, returning to England, encountered his forces at Barnet. The Earl's forces were defeated and he was slain as he was making his escape. Queen Margaret, who had been too late to join her forces with those of Warwick, again encountered the forces of Edward at Tewkesbury and met with a complete overthrow (1471, The red goes down). The queen herself became a cap- tive, her son was slain, and Henry taken back to the tower, where he died with suspicious promptness. This Outlines of English History. 47 battle which crushed the last hopes of the House of Lan- caster ended the War of the Roses. The reign of Edward IV was noted for the intro- duction of the printing press into England by William Caxton, and for a terrible plague, during which more persons are said to have perished than during the previ- ous fifteen years of the War of the Eoses. As Edward was about to engage in a war with France he was seized with a disease of which he died, leaving his infant sons, Edward and Richard, to the guardianship of his designing and ambitious brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. Edward V (1483, They are foully murdered), the eldest son of the preceding king, was only thirteen years of age when he was proclaimed king. His uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, however, soon secured possession of his person and of that of his younger brother, Richard. Shortly after their confinement, the children disappeared and are generally believed to have been smothered in their beds by order of Richard, who felt that they were the only obstacles in the way of his ambition to obtain the crown. Richard III (1483, The ruler a foul murderer), 48 Outlines of English History. youngest brother of Edward IV, on whose death he as- sumed the title of Protector, and developed plans for securing the crown. Having declared the children of the late king illegitimate, he confined them in the Tower, where it is believed they were murdered by his orders. Upon a pretence of a plot against his life, he seized and beheaded Hastings, Grey and others who were known to be loyal to the children of Edward IV. A conspiracy was entered into led by the Duke of Bucking- ham to place Henry Tudor, Earl of Kichmond, on the throne. It was, however, detected and foiled, and its leader, Buckingham, was immediately beheaded. Richard then summoned a Parliament and obtained a recognition of his title. In order still further to strengthen himself he desired to marry Elizabeth, the daughter and heiress of Edward IV. With a view to this he caused his wife, Anne, the daughter of Warwick, to be poisoned. These crimes at length alienated the people from Richard, who in the beginning of his reign had acquired a certain popularity by the adoption of reform measures that seemed to show a sympathy with interests of his subjects. The pretence of a constitu- tional rule, however, was soon thrown off and a general Outlines of English History. 49 irritation was caused by the levy of benevolences in defi- ance of a statute which had just been passed. So, when shortly after, Henry Tudor landed at Milford Haven, a wide conspiracy revealed itself. The opposing forces met on the field of Bosworih. In the crisis of the fight Sir William Stanley, who had been a staunch supporter of Richard, passed over to Henry's side. Richard fought with desperate valor. He dashed the Lancastrian stand- ard to the ground and was hewing his way to the pres- ence of his rival when he fell overwhelmed by numbers and the crown which dropped from his head was placed on that of Henrv Tudor. The Houses of Lancaster and York. lancaster. Henry IV ...... 1399. They may pay penalty. Henry Y 1413. The royal disturber marches. Henry YI 1422. Their ninny. YORK. Edward IY ... .1461. The ruler chooses widow. Edward Y 1483. They are foully murdered Richard III . . . .1483. The ruler a foul murderer 50 Outlines op English History. Genealogical Table op the Lancastrian and York Families. Edward III. Lionel, John of Gaunt, (Duke of Clarence.) (Duke of Lancaster). Philippa, John Beaufort, Married to Edmund Mortimer, (Earl of Somerset). Earl of March. Roger Mortimer. John Beaufort, (Duke of Somerset). Edward Mortimer, Anne. Margaret Beaufort, died 1424. Richard, Duke of York. Henry Tudor, Edward IV. George. Richard III. (Afterward Henry VII.) (Duke of Clarence). Edward V. Richard. Elizabeth. Margaret Beaufort, (Great Granddaughter of John of Gaunt), married to Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, son of Owen Tudor by Catherine, widow of Henr)' V. Outlines of English History. 51 THE TUDORS. Henry VII (1485, The royal funds ill-gotten). The victory of Bosworth gave Henry the crown though he had but a weak title to it. He married Elizabeth of York, however, daughter of Edward IV, thus uniting the Lancastrian and the Yorkist titles to the crown. Two insurrections took place under this reign, one under Lambert Simnel, who claimed to be the young Earl of Warwick, grandson of the King-Maker, whom Henry was jealously keeping in prison and filially caused to be executed. The other insurrection was under Perkin Warbec, who pretended to be Richard, Duke of York, the younger son of Edward IV, one of the two young princes murdered by Richard III. Henry VII had four children, Arthur, Henry VIII, Margaret and Mary. Arthur married Catherine of Aragon. As Arthur died in his youth, and his father was very reluctant to give up the generous dowry of Catherine, he had her affianced to his second son Henry. His daughter Margaret he gave in marriage to the Scottish king, James IV, from whom were descended Mary Stuart and her son James VI of 52 Outlines of English History. Scotland, James I of England. His daughter Mary was married to Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, from whom was descended the unfortunate Lad}' Jane Grey. The favorable features of this reign were the peace secured by the union of rival claims to the crown, the impulse given to commerce and manufactures, the be- ginning of the voyages of discovery and the laving of the foundation of the English navy by the building of the "Great Harry/' and also the preparing of the way for the future annexation of Scotland. A most unfavorable feature was the intense avarice of the king which made him extort money from his sub- jects by illegitimate and unjust methods. Two lawyers, Empson and Dudley, gained an infamous notoriety by acting as the instruments of his rapacity. The worst acts of this king were the execution of the young Earl of Warwick on account of his superior title to the throne, and that of Sir William Stanley, who had saved Henry's life on the battlefield and crowned him king, because he was charged by one of the king's spies with having said that if he knew that the Pretender was really Richard, the son of Edward IV, he never could bear arms against him. The pleasure, however, Outlines of English History. 53 with which the king appropriated this nobleman's for- tune and estate as soon as lie had heard that his head had fallen on the sawdust of the scaffold on Tower Hill, quite obliterated the memory of the fact that he owed to Stanley his life and his crown. ,0 Henry VITI (15IT9, The lofty sovereign's absolu- tism), the second Tudor king was the most absolute sovereign that ever reigned in England. This was part- ly on account of his indisputable title to the throne, partly on account of the overflowing treasury his father had left him and partly on account of the great abilities of his two principal ministers. Wolsey and Cromwell. who made it their great aim to concentrate all the powers of the state in the monarchy. Henry had six wives, the first; Catherine of Aragon, from whom he was divorced after living with her about twenty years. Second, Anne Boleyn, maid of honor to his first queen, whom he caused to be executed for alleged infidelity. Third. Jan.- Sey- mour, maid of honor to Anne Boleyn. whom he married the third day after Anne's execution. Fourth, Anne of Cloves, with, whose portrait he had been quite pleased, but being disappointed in the original, divorced. Fifth, Catherine Howard, who was found guilty of adultery 54 Outlines of English History. and beheaded less than two years after. And sixth, Catherine Par. who outlived him. In 1534 Parliament declared the king supreme head on earth of the Church of England in opposition to the claims of the Pope. Henry, while renouncing the supremacy of the Pope, tried to retain the doctrines of the Eoman Catho- lic Church and persecuted and put to death those who differed from him whether reformers or romanists. His tyranny in the latter years of his reign became very ruthless and unbearable. Edward VI (1547, The lad's reign clipped), the son of Henry VIII, was only ten years of age when his father died. His maternal uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, was made protector of the kingdom. Finding his authority endangered by the ambitious schemes of his brother, he caused him to be arrested and executed. After having ruled England with kingly power, he now became very unpopular. Through the management of Warwick he was deposed. A few years later he was accused of high treason and executed. Warwick was now supreme. He assumed the title of the Duke of Northumberland and began to rule like a king. Outlines of English History. 55 Foreseeing that the ill-health of the young king- would soon make the throne vacant he aimed to secure the succession in his own family. To this end he mar- ried his son Dudley to Lady Jane Grey, a great grand- daughter of Henry VII through that monarch's young- est daughter Mary. Shortly after this settlement the young king grew rapidly worse and died. Mary (1553, They all loathe Mary). Through the influence of Northumberland, Lady Jane was informed of the death of her royal cousin and of her own elevation io the throne. She received the news with great misgiv- ings. The people received the announcement of her ac- cession with sullen silence and expressions of scorn. Mary at once took measures to assert her rights. She was proclaimed queen by the authorities of London, and hailed with shouts of applause by the populace as she entered the city. Northumberland and his colleagues were compelled to submit. Northumberland and two of hi- accomplices were convicted of treason and executed. Lady Jane Grey and Lord Gilford Dudley were also sentenced to death, but the queen was reluctant to carry the sentence into execution. A rebellion, however, hav- ing taken place later and some of the friends of Lady 56 Outlines of English History. Jane Grey having taken part in it, the queen signed the death-warrant of that unfortunate princess and her hus- band and they were both beheaded. The queen married Philip of Spain. She was a zealous Romanist, and pre- vailed upon Parliament to restore the kingdom to obedi- ence to the Pope. She then initiated a system of rigor- ous persecution against protestants. She caused among others, Ridley, Bishop of London, Latimer of Worcester and Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, to be burned at the stake. Several hundred persons are known to have fallen victims of her bloody persecutions. She died detested by the great majority of her subjects. Elizabeth (1558, Dual life). If ever there was an English sovereign that had two different and opposite selves, it was Queen Elizabeth. She was a strange com- pound of greatness and frivolity. Hence the above formula. Elizabeth was a daughter of Henry YITT and Anne Boleyn, and the last sovereign of the House of Tudor. Her childhood was passed in comparative retire- ment and she was educated by persons who favored the reformed religion. She learned the Latin, Greek, French and Italian of the celebrated Roger Aseham. In 1554 she was confined in the Tower bv order of Queen Outlines of English History. 57 Mary who believed her implicated in Wyatt's Rebellion and regarded her with jealousy because she was the favorite of the protestant party. On the death of Queen Mary, Elizabeth ascended the throne, and the majority of the people rejoiced at her accession. She appointed William Cecil secretary of stare, and the success of her reign was in a great measure due to the wisdom and abilities of that statesman. The great aim of Elizabeth's policy from one 'Mid of her reign to the other to which she made everything else subservient, was to avoid foreign wars and a parti- san strife at home, and to have a united and prosperous people. But to retain our respect for her we must not look too closely at the variety of expedients she used to accomplish her purpose. The great mistake of Elizabeth's reign was the long continued confinement of Mary Stuart and her final exe- cution. Historians are of opinion that the life and throne of Elizabeth would have been safer had Mary been generously set a' liberty when she landed on Eng- lish soil. The most important political event was the at- tempted invasion of England by Philip II and the 58 Outlines of English History. destruction of his "Invincible Armada" partly by the violence of the storm and partly by the skill and bold- ness of English seamen in 1588 (The long fleet foiled). The reign of Elizabeth was one of the most prosper- ous and glorious in English history. The Elizabethan Age was almost unequaled in literature, and was adorned by the genius of Shakespeare, Spencer, Bacon, Sidney and Raleigh. The Tudoks. Henry VII 1.485. The royal funds illgotten. Henry VIII . . . .1509. The lofty sovereign's absolutism. Edward VI 1547. The lad's reign clipped. Mary 1553. They all loathe Mary. Elizabeth 1558. Dual life. Genealogical Table. Henry VII. Arthur. Henry VIII. Margaret. Mary. Mary. Elizabeth. Edward VI. Outlines of English History. 59 THE STUARTS. James I (1603. The joyous Stuart mounts) , only son of Mary Queen of Scots and Henry, Lord Darnley, on the death of Elizabeth succeeded to the throne of England. As king of Scotland he had been little more than a puppet in the hands of his powerful nobles. His ac- cession as king of England changed all of this. Never was "an heir to the English throne more glad to secure it. He soon, however, became unpopular with his new sub- jects. The anger of the Roman Catholics at the stern measures used against them led to the famous Gunpow- der Plot, which was discovered on the fifth of November, 1605. Weak and good natured, he enriched his favor- ites at the expense of the royal treasury. He degraded the prerogative of the crown by the sale of titles of dignity. Though absurdly lacking in kingly qualities, he thoroughly believed in his divine right to rule. His reign is of interest to the student of English Constitu- tional History as it was during it that Parliament may be said to have taken its first decided stand in its long 60 Outlines of English History. contest with the crown. This reign was distinguished by many memorable events. It witnessed the literary and political careers of Bacon and Raleigh, the disgrace of both and the execution of the latter; the dramatic activity of Shakespeare and Ben Jonson; the transla- tion of the English Bible; the colonization of Virginia and ¥ew England; the formation of two well defined schools of English Protestantism, and the beginning of the struggle between king and commons which brought the head of his son and successor to the block. James was despicable in his personal qualities; was weak, cowardly, passionate, vindictive, superstitious, fanatical and prone to fall under the influence of worthless favor- ites. He was termed by Sully "the wisest fool in Chris- tendom." "He was indeed/"' says Macaulay, "made up of two men — a witty, well-read scholar, who wrote, dis- puted and harangued, and a nervous, drivelling idiot who acted." Charles I (1G25, They show no leniency). Henry, the oldest son of James I, having died, Charles, his sec- ond son, inherited the crown. He married Henrietta Maria, a daughter of Henry IV of France, who was a "Roman Catholic. He chose as his prime minister the Outlines of English History. 61 unpopular Duke of Buckingham. Parliament, ani- mated by a growing spirit of liberty, was sparing in its grant of supplies, and was soon involved in a contest with the court. Charles dissolved several Parliaments in the first five years of his reign, and had recourse to arbitrary methods of raising money. He governed eleven years without a Parliament. Scotland assumed an attitude of determined resistance to the imposition of a Liturgy and of Episcopal Church-government. They rose in arms to assert their liberty and subscribed the National Covenant. They invaded England and defeated the royal army at Newbern-on-Tyne. This disaster and the want of money induced the king to call a new Parliament, which met in November, 1640, and was the famous Long Parliament. They passed a reso- lution to which they wrested the consent of the king that they were not to be dissolved without their own - .* ^ d? ^ * ^ . V'^V %^>° V^^'i/ g|., u^ Sd&fc. \<^ ;2n& \*& :k WERT 11 BOOKBINDING U Crantville Pa " JUL* AUG 1989