mRmm ^ -7*. ^ - o. -0- _ •W A •tf G x 00 ^. V V A*" % - W "p ■$ - '"bo X \0 c> j ^ *0 X '♦V V ■' .- 4> s ,v ,0' CONFEDERATE MONUMENT IN PARK EXTENSION, SAVANNAH. VIEW ON PRYOR STREET, ATLANTA, DURING A FLAG PRESENTATION. TAT -I TZHZIE I1F R r~\ RG IA: WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, PRODUCERS AND MANUFACTURERS, FRUIT AND VEGETABLE GROWERS, AND THOSE DESIRING TO BETTER THEIR CONDITION. FRANCIS FONTAINE, STATE COMMISSIONER OF LAND AND IMMIGRATION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS ATLANTA, GEORGIA : 1880. 1h <^7 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S80, By FRANCIS FONTAINE, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, Washington. D. C. All rights reserved . PREFACE. The following letters are offered the Public as a suitable preface to this pamphlet, in which testimony from Northern writers is copiously presented that truth without exaggeration may be given. Correspondence Augusta, (Ga.,) Chronicle. New York, May 5th, 1880. "The comparative growth of the thirteen original States, presents a record that is hard to realize. But, as evidence of the strange truthfulness of figures, compare New York and Georgia, the two that exhibit the highest rate per cent, of increase, and this is the result : In the 80 years from 1790 to 1870, New York increased in population 12 fold, or 11.88 per cent., while Georgia increased 14 fold, or 13.44 percent., the highest of any of the Atlantic States. That, too, with the greatest drawback as to distance from centres of population and trade, and in being out of the line of immigration. But, as a still high- er proof of the vitality of the State, take the returns for 1 870, including the five years of the war. During that time Maine aud New Hamp- shire both showed a decrease in population ; but, in spite of a bloody and desolating war, partly within her own borders, in spite of the loss of life and property, in spite of what has been called "the indirect loss by the war in the check given to the increase of the native popu- lation/' and the total cessation of immigration, Georgia showed an increase of 8 per cent, in her white population. The losses by death and disease in the Union army were put at 500,000, while those of the Confederacy amounted to 350,000, of which Georgia bore her share. These facts, taken in connection with the depressed condition of affairs immediately succeeding the war, make any increase of the whites most gratifying, and to rebuke the cry of persecution to the negro the record is that while there was only an increase of 9 per cent, throughout the entire Union, in Georgia there was a growth of 17 percent, of this colored ' bone and muscle ' of the country." General Wm. T. Sherman, of the United States Army, thus wrote to the Editor of the Atlanta, (Ga.,) Constitution, in 1879: " Now that slavery is removed, there is no longer any reason why Georgia, especially the Northern part, should not rapidly regain her prominence among the great States of our Union. I know that no section is more favored in climate, health, soil, minerals, water, and everything which man needs for his material wants, and to contribute to his physical and intellectual development. Your railroads, already finished, giving your people cheap supplies, and the means of sending in every section their surplus products of the soil or of manufactures. You have immense beds of iron and coal, besides inexhaustible quan- tities of timber, oak hickory, beech, poplar, pine, etc., so necessary in modern factories, and which are becoming scarce in other sections of our busy country. " North Georgia is peculiarly adapted to iruit orchards, to gardens and small farms, and all you need to make it teem with prosperity, is more people from that class of Northern farmers and manufacturers, and that other large class of European emigrants which has converted 4 PREFACE. the great Northwest from a wilderness into comfortable homes for its millions of contented people. " I have crossed this continent many times, by almost every possi- ble route, and feel certain that at this time no single region holds out as strong inducements for industrious emigrants, as that from Lynch- burg, Virginia, to Huntsville, Alabama, right and left, embracing the mountain ranges and intervening valleys, especially East Tennes see, North Georgia and Alabama. I hope I will not give offense in saying that the present population has not done full justice to this naturally beautiful and most favored region of our country, and that two or three millions of people could be diverted from the great West to this region with profit and advantage to all concerned. This whole region, though called 'Southern,' is, in fact, 'Northern,' viz.: it is a wheat-growing country ; has a climate in no sense tropical or Southern, but was designed by nature for small farms and not for large plantations. In the region I have named, North Georgia forms a most important part, and your city, Atlanta, is its natural center or capital. It is admirably situated, a thousand feet above the sea, healthy, with abundance of the purest water, and with granite, lime- stone, sandstone and clay convenient to build a second London. In 1864, my army, composed of near a hundred thousand men, all ac- customed to a Northern climate, were grouped about Atlanta from June to November without tents, and were as vigorous, healthy and strong, as though they were in Ohio or New York. Indeed, the whole country from the Tennessee to the Ocmulgee, is famous for health, pure water, abundant timber, and with a large proportion of good soil, especially in the valleys, and all you need is more people of the right sort. "lam satisfied from my recent visit, that Northern professional men, manufacturers, mechanics and farmers, may come to Atlanta, Rome and Chattanooga with a certainty of fair dealing and fair en- couragement. Though I was personally regarded the bete-noir of the late war in your region, the author of all your woes, yet I admit that I have just passed over the very ground desolated by the civil war, and have received everywhere nothing but kind and courteous treat- ment from the highest to the lowest, and I heard of no violence to others for opinions' sake. Some Union men spoke to me of social os- tracism, but I saw nothing of it, and even if it does exist, it must dis- appear with the present generation. '' Therefore, I shall believe and maintain that North Georgia is now in a condition to invite emigration from the Northern States of our Union and from Europe, and all parties concerned should advertise widely the great inducements your region holds out to the industrious and frugal of all lands." The following letter describes with equal truth the coast counties of Southeastern Georgia: CAMDEN COUNTY. "I am a native of New York State; did mercantile business for twenty years at Waverly, Ticga county, in that State ; came to Georgia for my health in 1869. Since my residence here, nearly ten years, myself and family have enjoyed uninterrupted health, winter and summer. From my experience and observation, I believe the PKEFACE. 5 •climate of the Southern coast of Georgia cannot be surpassed for health and comfort during the entire year. "The soil, with proper culture, will produce every variety of vege- tables, and is most grateful for kind treatment. Even with inferior cultivation, the soil yields a return that could not be realized in the most favored locality in the North, under the same treatment. For growing the orange, or any other semi-tropical fruit grown in Florida (north of the frost line,) the Southern coast of Georgia, for sixty miles, has advantages over the orange district ioo miles South. The orange tree is more hardy, less liable to injury from cold, and the fruit has a thinner skin and higher flavor. I have 1,500 trees. Not a single year old seedling killed by the cold last January, while the trees in central and middle Florida suffered serious injury. Farm crops suc- cessfully grown are cotton, corn, sugar cane, sorghum, peas and beans, Irish and sweet potatoes, oats, rye, etc. "This region is far more healthy than any section of the North or West with which I am acquainted, and we have at St. Mary's as peaceable and law-abiding class of people, white and black, as can be found in any section. So far as I have seen, there is less sectional feeling in the South than in the North, and I have never had any fear of personal violence to myself, family or to any Northern man who may desire to settle in Georgia. For nearly ten years that I have livtd South, I have, without exception, received the kindest treatment and evidences of good will. " The men who now represent the condition of society at the South to be such as should deter a Northern man from settling here, are enemies to the poor, white and black, North and South. Such men, who still appeal to the passions, were not clothed in blue or gray (during civil strife) for honest purposes ; if wearing either color they were the home guards, or men seeking some personal benefit or political position. I have no doubt the persistent misrepresentations of the Southern people, has deterred many good men from seeking homes in the South ; who, could they have known the truth, would now be in the possession and enjoyment of free and independent homes in the South, freed from the anxieties of their present condition North. "Taxes in Pennsylvania and New York, where I have real estate interests, are as four to one in Georgia. In Georgia, taxes are low on a very low valuation ; in the North, they are high on a high valua- tion. " If all Georgians would work for Georgia as the Floridians work for Florida, the population would be doubled in ten years. " In my opinion there is no State in the Union that has the unde- veloped wealth of Georgia. Every variety of fruit and grain grown in the United States can be successfully grown in Georgia; its min- eral wealth is very great, and its advantages for manufacturing every- thing useful are unsurpassed. Every variety of climate, from the balmy air on its Southern coast, to its mountains and snow of winter in the Northern portion. " I am proud of my native State, New York, but equally as much interested in the prosperity and full development of my adopted State South. * * * * "SILAS FORDHAM, "St. Mary's, Camden County, Ga." 6 PREFACE. Dr. George Little, the State Geologist, in his report for 1875, says: " Every fruit and cereal, and textile fibre useful to man, can be cultivated in one portion or another of the State. Every variety of climate is afforded, as illustrated in my own experience during the present month, when leaving one party on the Southern border sleeping in the open air on the islands of Okefinokee, with oranges and bananas hanging in the gardens on its borders. I joined in the same week another party on the Cohutta mountains covered with snow ; while in passing through Atlanta, balmy breezes were blowing, as if it were spring-time." The object of this publication is to give official and reliable infor- mation in concise form to those who contemplate seeking new homes upon cheap lands of virgin fertility. Georgia, though a Southern State, is not tropical, but the entire State lies in the temperate zone, and is, by common consent, recognized as the " Empire State of the South." I have purposely copied verbatim, whenever accuracy was not sacrificed to brevity, the reports made to the Georgia Department of Agriculture, in order that every statement made shall be official, and that facts rather than theories, shall especially characterize the work. For some of the illustrations and some important suggestions, I am indebted to the reliable "Guide to Georgia," by Prof. J. T, Deny,, of Georgia. My acknowledgements are also due Mr. J. T. Hender- son, Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia, the Savannah, Florida and Western, and the Macon and Brunswick Railroads, and Messrs. W. T. McArthur and Wm. E. Dodge of the Georgia Land and Lum- ber Company, for courtesies and information extended. FRANCIS FONTAINE, Commissioner of Land and Immigration. Atlanta, Ga., July 29, 1880. GEORGIA COMPARED WITH OTHER STATES. CLIMATE AND TEMPERATURE. Statistics show that the population of Georgia differed from that of "Michigan in 1870, only fifty souls, and the vital statistics show that their death rate is about the same. The yearly death rate in Georgia, i.i 1 to 88 i nhabitants " " Illinois, 1 " 73 (C (1 i< Connecticut, " 1 " 74 11 t< >( Maine, " 1 " 77 .( a a Missouri, " 1 " 51 " it si Sweden, 1 " 50 " (i it Denmark, ' 1 " 46 " (< 11 Great Britain, ' 1 " 46 " " The mean annual temperature of Atlanta, is the same as that of "Washington City, St. Louis, Missouri, and Louisville, Kentucky. The mean annual temperature in Southern Georgia, is 64 to 68° ; in upper Georgia it is between 52 and 56 ; while in the mountains it is 5 2°. The mean of Hall and Habersham counties corresponds with that of central Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, upper Missouri and lower Nebraska." The following is a synopsis of the weather at Atlanta, Georgia, for four winters, with rainfall : TABLE. MONTH AND TEAR. December, 1876 January, 1877 February, 1877 For the Winter. December, 1877 January, 1878 February, 1878. ... For the Winter . December, 1878. ... January, 1879 . February, 1879 ... For the Winter. December, 1879.... January, 1880 February, 1880 For the Winter. Temperature. 62 68 68 70 63 68 <~»4 75 fi!) 70 71 74 11 37.5 6 45.5 25 49.2 44.0 20 48.0 17 40.3 22 43.6 44.0 17 38.4 7 42.2 21 42.0 40.9 16 49.6 30 52.8 28 46.8 .. 49.7 4.10 5.93 3.10 13.13 4.11 6.11 3.30 13.52 4.87 3.84 2.72 11.43 7.20 4.46 5.11 16.77 9 15 5 29 9 23 11 9 7 27 11 12 7 30 8 STATE OF GEORGIA, At Columbus, Ga., the thermometer for the past seven years has^ averaged each cotton season of twelve months sixty-five to sixty-eight degrees, and the rain fall from over fifty-one to fifty-eight inches. Snow falls in Northeast Georgia where the average elevation is; 1,500 feet, and the mountains attain a height of 5,000 feet, usually from two to three times a year, to a depth varying from two inches to> six inches. In Middle Georgia snow falls about once in three years,, the depth varying from one-half to four inches. In Southern Georgia,, snow is rarely seen, and never sufficient to remain on the ground a day. The mercury seldom rises above 90 , or falls below 32 °. The following is taken from Derry's Guide to Georgia. "From the Meteorogical Register kept by the officers of the Med- ical Staff at the United States Arsenal in Summerville, near Augusta, made at Sunrise, at nine o'clock A. M., three o'clock P. M., and. nine o'clock P. M., for more than twenty years, we learn that the mean average temperature of the year at that point is 64 Fahr., and. the mean monthly temperature to be as follows : "For January, 46°, 7' Fahr. For February, 50°, 7' Fahr. " March, 58°, 8' " " April, 65°,. 1/ " " May, 72°, 2' " " June, 79°,. " July, 80°, 9' " " August, 79°, 7/ " " Sept. 72**, 8' " " October, 63°, 5' " " Nov. 53°, 8' " " December 46°, 3' " "The mean temperature for the four seasons is shown to be, for the Spring, 65°, 3'; for the Summer, 79 , 9'; Autumn, 63 , 4,'; Winter, 47^, 9'. The rain fall for the four seasons is, for the Spring, 10,16' inches; Summer, 14. 14 inches; Autumn, 6.95 inches; Winter, 5.92; inches. The mean number of fair days during the year is 238'; cloudy days, 127; rainy days, 70; snow, about two days, in three years." The altitude of Thomasville, (Southern Georgia)^ is 330 feet aboVe 1 the sea, and the mean animal temperature in Winter is about 53°^ and in Summer about &3 , with the barometer at about 20^°. The healing influence of the pine forests blesses Middle and Southern. Georgia where there are no extreme vicissitudes of temperature. Dr. T. S. Hopkins, writes: "I have before me the report of*the ther- mometer for Thomasville, Georgia, and Santa Barbara, California, for the month of January, 1875, as follows 1 At Thomasville the monthly mean temperature was 55°, 50'; highest temperature, 72 ; lowest temperature, 38 , Santa Barbara, monthly mean temperature, 53 , '50'; highest temperature, 70 ; lowest temperature 38*. In temperature, you will perceive, we have the advantage of Santa Bar- bara, while in the number of fair days we know of no region that cam report more favorably." Eastman, Dodge Co., Georgia, is quite equal to Thomasville,. Georgia, or Aiken, S. C, as a winter sanitarium for people suffering, from catarrh, bronchial and pulmonary diseases. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 9 St. Paul, Minnesota, has a mean annual temperature of 44 , 6'. The annual mean temperature of Winnepeg is 34 , 38', being over ten degrees colder on an average, taking the year round, than St. Paul, and eight degrees colder than Montreal. But beside this normal and necessary physical inferiority, resulting from a colder climate, a Mennonite farmer in Minnesota writes, December 5, 1879, as follows : " All wood required for building houses or fences is brought to my place of residence by railway, a distance of 135 to 200 miles. Hay is used as fuel. The Winter is long and severe, and cattle must be fed for at least six months of the year." The cheapest and best timber in the United States is in the State of Georgia, and no farm laborer has ever been charged for fuel. About 60 per cent, of the original forest growth is still standing, or 22,200,000 acres. The following comparisons are here offered to show the climatic advantages enjoyed by Georgia over the Northwestern States, which receive, it is alleged, over 80 per cent, of the immense immigration now coming to America. Mr. Henry G. Vennor, of Montreal, writes to the Albany Argus as follows : " We are again in Midwinter in Montreal, (8th March), with the thermometer three degrees below zero, a cutting wind and the best sleighing of the winter. The 5 th, 6th and 7th days' prediction has- been certified to the letter. The 5th gave a furious snow storm, and Quebec is yet blockaded." The Valdosta (Southern Georgia,) Times, of March 6th, thus de- scribes the situation there : "Strawberries in the middle of January; oats heading the first of March; sugar cane growing the entire winter and tasseling in March; pepper plant exposed, green through the entire winter, and green pods first of March; corn tasseling and in silk in February; Eng- lish peas and Irish potatoes from the garden in February ; thermome- ter 83 first week in March." We may add that the thermometer in the middle of Summer will show a more pleasant temperature than in regions further north, and that malarial diseases are not prevalent except on some of the water courses. TEMPERATURE TABLES. The following tables indicate the temperature at the places and for the times named : — o3 hi ^ &■ SO CO r0 -^ ^ +-> m © fl > ^ oi o c3 c3 J ^ 4D ! ~ & P5 X "S -* S r=! O O © J— I s.s - H «i ►h H -4 6 -l_j — © i- c3 ^ .5 © C+H j- 1 C .Of- h o g En ■«! fi © i- ►>. & 0)0° © ^.3 £.§£ o © ^r2^ CO ^ o TS o 0. 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CO o; CO CO 1Q o in co CO to in CO in in •ran t xBjv[ uB9j£ 1 ?- m CO 1 o --^ ■* CO X t- t- 1 o oo CO 1Q c CS m 00 c- O! OS IN J- CO OS CO X k CO OS 0! CO t- X in o in OS to •ranramxj^; i-O CO 2» 1 o CO o 5 •rantnixBj^ So to IN X to to CO CO •UB9JHI JB.19U9Q •ralljUJUf UB9J\[ ■ranjXBpi UB9K[ ■ranratmi\[ ■ranraixBj\[ tOTrcoooeNooo-i-iooomin Tjiiototoi:-fr-ooooL-toinn< ©aowfflTHcDiocoh^ co-flHintotot-fr-i-ioco to o o "H Eq 5j <} g hS "S 6 " S fl ^? m ■£, 3 > o a so £* ' o O tu i-s < m a ft. fi- WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 13 RECUPERATIVE POWER AND FINANCIAL CONDITION. THE NEGRO IN GEORGIA IN 1865 AND 1870. ENERGY OP THE PEOPLE. The recuperation from the losses caused by the late war between the States, has been as marked and rapid in the South as in France, since the Franco German war. Germany exacted from France a war tax of five milliards of francs, but the cost, in francs, of emancipation alone to the Southern States was ten milliards. To this must be added the * " the tax on cotton" levied in 1866-67 by the General Government amounting to $60,000,000. Yet the finances of Georgia to-day show as good condition as that of any State in the American Union, and Georgia is the only State which "floats" a four per cent, bond which commands in the markets more than par value. The population of the ten cotton-growing States is less than twenty percentum of the population of the United States, but the balance of trade last year in favor of the ten Southern States amounted so $100,000,000. For their cotton alone, the ten South- ern States are credited with $162,304,250 besides having supplied the United States, while the total value of the domestic exports of the United States for the year ending June 30th, 1879., was but $717,093,777- Mr. John Bright thus wrote to a citizen of Georgia recently : "As for the South, you will have few Englishmen settle there so long as the old temper of your people continues to exist. We hear of the ill-treatment of the negro, and of the hostile disposition of your white people toward families who come from the North." The fact is, as hundreds of Northern settlers in every part of Geor- gia attest, Northern immigrants are cordially welcomed ; and as to the negro, let the following statement demonstrate that the great Liberal leader is in error. The negro freedmen of Georgia, who started in life as penniless laborers fifteen years ago, without capital and without experience, now own enough land to give six and one- tenth acres to each voter in the State. In the United States Senate, the Committee on the depression of labor, reported as follows : "Particular examination into the condition of colored men in the South, as disclosed by the testimony of both whites and blacks, repub- licans and democrats, showed the average compensation to be quite equal if not better than the average in any Northern State." From the report of the Comptroller General, we copy the following exact figures: * This tax has been decided unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States. 14 STATE OF GEORGIA, No. of negro polls in the State 88,522 No. of acres of land owned by negroes 541, 199 City or town property, value. $1,094,435 Money and solvent debts 73,253 House and kitchen furniture 448, 713 Value of hogs, horses, cows, etc 1,704,230 Farming and mechanical tools. 143,258 Other property not including crops, provisions, etc 369,751 Value of whole property. 5,182,398 These returns were made on the oaths of the negroes themselves. "We may be sure that there is no exaggeration, for neither negroes nor others are likely to put too high a value on property which is to be taxed according to valuation. The increase in the number of acres returned in 1879, over the return of 1878, is thirty-nine thou- sand three hundred and nine. According to the census of 1870, there were in Georgia 88,522 negro polls, while the taxable value (which is less than the real value) of the property owned by them was $5,182,398. In 1865 they were penniless. According to the same census there are 888,081 producers in Georgia, and the value of the cotton crop produced by them last year is more than $30,000,000. ; If the 595, 192 ignorant colored people and former slaves of Georgia have accumulated property, with title v\fee simple, as stated above, surely the intelligent immigrant from Europe or the Northern States of the Union can do much better. Can they do as well in the West- ern States ? The above official statement proves that the penniless immigrant who lands in Georgia with a determination to work reso- lutely can soon acquire a competence. A glance at the condition of Georgia before the late war, will de- monstrate the advantages the State offers as a field for the investment of capital. The wealth of Georgia in i860, was, in the aggregate, $645,895,237, or nearly $1,100 to each citizen. In 1870, five years after the close of the war, the aggregate was reduced to $268, 169,207, "being $268 to each inhabitant. Hence, our loss is the emigrant's gain, and a million acres or more, located near railroads or navigable streams, are offered for settlement at a less price than public lands of the U. S. Government. (The public lands of the United States are divided into two classes : those held at the usual price of $1.25 per acre, and those which lie in sections alternate with railroad lands, and are consequently put at "$2.50.) I am authorized to offer land at from $1.00 to $5.00 per acre in quantities to suit purchasers. Land, with improvements, can now be bought for $5.00 per acre, which would have cost the pur- chaser $50.00 per acre in i860, and it is intrinsically as valuable now as it was then. Meanwhile the price of land in Georgia is steadily rising in value. There are 35,000 more white voters than colored voters in Georgia. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 15 TERRITORIAL EXTENT, GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND CAPACITY FOR POPULATION, WAGES IN GEORGIA AS COMPARED WITH WAGES IN THE NORTHERN STATES. By Land Measurement there are 37,120,000 acres in Georgia. The first census was taken in 1790, or 80 years before — Georgia then had only 82,000 inhabitants. In other words, there has been an increase of over a million people in 80 years. In 1790 the State had only 1 1 counties, of these Wilkes, with 31,000, Richmond, with 1 1,000, and Chatham, with 10,000, were the largest, and Camden, with 305, was the smallest; and there were only two Representatives in Con- gress. The State grew rapidly in the next ten years, showing an increase of nearly a hundred per cent, in population, which was the beginning of that growth which now shows 137 counties and nine Members of the United States House of Representatives. The population of Georgia in 1850, was 906,185 ; in i860, 1,136,- 692; increase, 230,507, or 25 43 per cent.; the population in 1870 was 1,184,109, increase 47,417, or 4 per cent. But for the war the increase from i860 to 1870 would probably have been 288,720, instead of 47,417, or 60,326 persons per annum actually lost by battle and prevention of increase in population. But the material loss in property has even greater significance when we consider Georgia's presmt condition. The wealth of the people of Georgia was, in 1850, $335,426,000; in i860, $645,895,000; increase, $310,469,000, or 90 per cent. In 1870, $268,169,000; decrease, $377,726,000, or 58.5 per cent. At the former rate the increase would have been 90 per cent., $581,305,000, making the wealth of 1870, $1,227,200,000. Actual wealth, 268,169,000; loss, 959,031,000. The loss was more than three times as great as the property left, and the estimate at that in greenbacks, not gold. The above facts are treated in extenso in the " Hand Book of Georgia." Thus we have had about seven years, increase in population and twenty-five years' loss of wealth Before the war between the States interest was low and material development was rapid. Georgia is a new State, so far as its attrac- tions to immigrants are concerned, in that the price of land has receded from $50 per acre to $5 per acre, while hundreds of thousands of acres may be bought for $1.50 per acre, sometimes less. In this connection, the following additional quotation is here inserted : {Special Cor. Boston Advertiser.) " Woodside, Richmond Co., Ga. \ "April 2, 1880. \ " I find, in one of our prominent Northern papers, the following positive assertion : ' Throughout (the italics are mine) the South the laws relating to the laboring class are unjust, and if justly framed are not eniorced with strict impartiality.' The object of this assertion is apparent ; it is charity to suppose it to be made in ignorance of the facts. 16 STATE OF GEORGIA, The Bill of Rights in Georgia. " In this letter I shall confine what I have to say to the State of Geor- gia. The present Constitution of this State was ratified in 1877 ; the Convention which framed it was, it must in justice be said, Demo- cratic. The bill of rights guarantees to every citizen natural, civil and religious liberty as large and unclouded as does that of my own State of Massachusetts. Paragraph xxiii. , of Section 1 , especially provides that ' the social status of the citizen shall never be the subject of legis- lation.' The laws also give equal protection to all ; in effect, however, tending to protect the laborer against the capitalist. They create a lien upon property for taxes, for judgments or decrees of Court, and in favor of laborers, mechanics, contractors and others. " The wages of laborers cannot be garnished. Article viii of the Constitution provides for a thorough system of common schools, free to all the children of the State, white and black. Without going further into details, which is unnecessary, as the Constitution and laws are accessible to all, it is apparent that the legal provisions for the enfranchisement and protection of labor are abundant. " I do not know what Southern State is to bear the burden of this charge of legalized injustice to her laboring classes; I do know that it is not to be borne by the State of Georgia. " The impolicy of unjust and proscriptive laws is better understood in Georgia and the South than it seems to be in California. The laborer is better paid, and is, as a class, more contented than his brother laborer in Massachusetts or New York or Pennsylvania. The Question of Wages. " Recently, in looking over the accounts of a large plantation, I found the average wage-rate for men and women to be $9. 10 per month for full hands. The low wage-rate, when compared to that of the North for the same class of labor, is more apparent than real. The full plantation hand who obtains $8 or $9 per month, has, in addition to his stipend, his rations, his house-rent free, his fuel, and usually a small plat of land, upon which he grows with the help of his family, a few necessary vegetables, or perhaps a small bale of the great staple of the South. " To present the comparison between the plantation hand here and the common laborer at the North more fully, I estimate the planta- tion hands' wages as follows : 12 months' labor, at $9 -$108 00 12 " rations, at 10c. per day 36 50 12 " rent of cabin. 25 00 12 " fuel 10 00 12 " rent of house plot 5 00 Wages of full hand for one year $184 50 " Our common laborer at the North obtains for similar work : 313 days' labor at $1 10 per day. $344 30 Deducting rent $75 00 Fuel 25 00 Food for one person, able-bodied and working lOO 00 200 00 Net wages for the year $144 30 WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 17 " It will thus be seen that the plantation hand realizes in money, or its just equivalent, forty dollars per year more for his labor than his brother laborer in the North. Besides this pecuniary advantage, the negro has a climatic advantage in food and clothing, which the Northern laborer cannot overcome." As an evidence of the need of population in Georgia, and of the ■desirability of securing a population of intelligent small proprietors rather than an addition of laborers in the cotton field, the following statistics are offered : " France has an area of 201,900 English square miles, and a popu- lation of 36,102,921, or an average of about 178 to the square mile. This sub-division of the 90,000,000 acres that are cultivated is owned as follows : There are 5,550,000 properties. Of these, the properties averaging 600 acres, number 50,000; those averaging 60 acres, 500,000; while there are 5,000,000 holdings under 6 acres. The peasants are well off, conservative, and contented, though a hundred years ago," says a writer in the North American Review, "they were just the reverse." The population of Georgia is about 20 to the square mile, and a farm of ten acres in Georgia will yield as great annual profit as a similar farm in France will. There are 37,120,000 acres in Georgia. Ireland has an area of 20,819,829 statute acres, or3 1,874 square miles. She has a population of 5,41 1,416. Guernsey (including adjacent is- lands,) which is entirely divided up into small agricultural holdings, has an area of 19,605 statute acres, and a pupulation of 33,969. Ireland has thus, in rough numbers, a population of one person to every four acres, while Guernsey has a population of nearly two persons to every acre. Yet Guernsey is prosperous, and Ireland is miserable. Guern- sey's peasants are proprietors ; Ireland's peasants are tenants-at-will. Belgium has 451 persons to the square mile. Italy has 237 inhabi- tants to the square mile. The Netherlands 179 to the square mile. Switzerland has 175 people to the square mile, but the soil of Switzerland is very equally divided among the people, only about half a million of the total population of 2,669,147 owning no land. From the countries where small holdings or peasant proprietors pre- vail the emigration is slight. An exception is to be made concerning Germany, for it 'is not the land system but the landwker — a military conscription and a government of force — which impels the mass of German emigrants to free America. The report of the Congressional Committee on the depression of labor in the United States shows that there are 160,000 Chinamen West of the Sierra Nevadas, besides from 1,500 to 2,500 Chinese women of the vilest character, who are slaves. These people pay less taxes than the Chinese criminal expenses amountto, and send $100,000 a day, $3,000,000 a month, and $40,000,000 a year to China. The money paid them in thirty years, the committee find, has reached $600,000,000; and yet they buy no land, and spend no money, ex- cept for a little coarse food, because they get their rice from China. There are no Chinese in Georgia, and in whole counties the white im migrant will have little, if any competition with negro labor, the colored population being very sparse in many parts of the State. The utmost harmony prevails between the two races, however, and the colored people of Georgia are rapidly becoming taxpaying 18 STATE OF GEORGIA, landholders and thrifty farmers. We do not fear the "exodus," (so- called,) nor do we desire that our negro population should leave the State. Its broad area of 58,000 square miles, with an average length of 300 miles and an average width of 200 miles, offers better homes to them, and to the poor of other countries, than they can obtain elsewhere. The average wages paid to mechanics in Georgia is from. $1.50 to $3.00 per day. GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION OF GEORGIA. The State of Georgia lies in the Southeastern portion of the United States. {From the Manual of Georgia). The nominal divisions of the State are three-fold, to wit : Southern, Middle and Northern Georgia. These correspond, in the order stated, with the three great natural divisions, viz : the low country, the hill country and the mountain region. Southern Georgia lies below the line crossing the heads of naviga- tion of the rivers, a portion of which flow into the Atlantic Ocean, and a portion into the Gulf of. Mexico. It is the largest of the three divisions, comprising about 35,000 square miles. It lies, for the most part, below the level of 300 feet above the sea, the average elevation being about 250 feet. Middle Georgia lies between the heads of navigation and the eleva- tion of 1,000 or 1,100 feet, the average being 750 feet. It has an area of 15,000 square miles. Northern Georgia constitutes the Northern portion of the State, and embraces all the mountains of any note, and much hill country. It has an area of about 10,000 square miles. The Eastern half has an average elevation of about 1,500 feet, whilst there are mountain chains that rise to the height of 3,000 feet, and peaks to 4,800 feet. The Western half is much lower, the general elevation being only 750 feet, with mountains up to 2,000 feet. The average elevation of the surface of the State is 650 feet above the sea. These three divisions of the State differ in soil and climate, and, to some extent, in productions, as we shall have occasion to note more particularly hereafter, when we come to treat of those several topics. The mountains of Georgia constitute the Southern terminus of the great Appalachian chain, which, commencing at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, in the North, traverses that portion of America lying East of the Mississippi River, conforming in general direction to the line of coast, until it finally loses itself in Georgia and Alabama, in the South. Though mountainous, this Northern or Upper Georgia division is interspersed with rich valleys and hill country, susceptible of cultiva- tion. The following are the elevations (by U. S. Coast Survey measure- ments,) of prominent mountains in Georgia: WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 10 Enota in Towns County is 4,796 feet high. Rabun Bald in Rabun County " 4,718 " Blood in Union County '' 4,468 Troy in Habersham County " 4, 435 Cohutta in Fannin County "4,155 " Yonah in White County " 3,168 Grassy in Pickens County " 3,090 Walker's in Lumpkin County "2,614 " Pine Log in Bartow County " 2,847 " Sawnee in Forsyth County " 1,968 " Kennesaw in Cobb County " 1,809 " Besides these easily recognized mountain ranges, there are other elevated ridges which form the water sheds, separating the drainage areas of the different rivers. The Blue Ridge divides the waters flow- ing into the Tennessee from those of the Savannah flowing to the Atlantic on the one hand, and those flowing to the Chattahoochee and the Gulf of Mexico on the other. STONE MOUNTAIN. Middle Georgia is undulating throughout, without mountains, or level plains to any great extent, and is a very productive portion of the State. With the exception of a narrow belt on the coast, it has been the longest settled. Nearly every acre of it is susceptible of cul- tivation. The remaining division or Lower Georgia, is, for the most part, a level country, the soil generally light, and the natural forest growth is generally pine — the yellow, long-leaf pine so famous in com- merce. This is the finest timber region on the continent, and the rivers and railroads furnish cheap and convenient transportation facili- ties to Brunswick, Darien and Savannah, whence steamers convey the timber to Northern and foreign ports. Georgia has a sea-front of about 200 miles, indented with some of the finest harbors on the Atlantic coast. Savannah, Darien, Bruns- wick and St. Mary's are her principal sea-ports, all of which can com- municate by inland navigation through channels running inside of a chain of islands which line the coast throughout its entire length." 20 STATE OF GEORGIA, Stone Mountain is a remarkable natural curiosity. It is near the Georgia Railroad, sixteen miles from Atlanta. This peak of solid granite is nearly two thousand feet in height and six or seven miles in circumference. The Stone Mountain granite is highly esteemed for building purposes, and is extensively used in Atlanta, Augusta, Macon, and other cities in the State. BRUNSWICK HARBOR. According to a trigonometrical survey, made in 1856, under the direction of A. B. Bache, Superintendent of the Coast Survey of the United States, under command of Lieutenant Colonel S. D. Tren- chard, the depth of water and rise and fall of the tides at Brunswick, is as follows : FEET. Least depth at low water 18.0 " "high " 24.8' " " "springtides ..26.2 " " high " 26.9 .Rise of highest tides 8.9 Fall of lowest tides 2.3 Mean rise and fall of tides 6.8 " " " " " Springtides 8.2 It will be seen from the above official statement that the port of Brunswick can accomodate vessels of the heaviest draft. The 32d parallel of North latitude passes nearly through the centre of the State. Georgia, from her geographical relations, is also the natural high- way to the teeming products of the great agricultural heart of the country, the Mississippi Valley. TEMPERANCE STATISTICS. GEORGIA AND MASSACHUSETTS. "Wherever a people," says Mr. John Bright, of England, "are not industrious and are not employed, there is the greatest danger of crime and outrage." Believing that there is less crime and fewer idlers in the South than in any other part of the United States, we offer the following figures gleaned from the report for 1880, of Commissioner Raum, of the United States Internal Revenue Department. That document has the list of retail liquor dealers in the United States. There are 165,850 in the Union. According to Mr. Raum there are in the six New England States the following number of retail liquor dealers. Massachusetts 6,333 Connecticut 2,372 New Hampshire 826 Vermont. 440 Rhode Island.. 1,275 Maine... 694 Total 11,940 WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 2). Let us take six of the Southern States: Georgia - 2,617 Louisiana 3,559 Mississippi.. 1,392 North Carolina. 1,759 South Carolina.. 1,272 Texas 3,392 Total 13,981 The census of 1870 gives the New England States 3,487,724 souls. The same census says that the six Southern States above named con- tained 5.334,812. At this writing the increase in the population of Texas would bring the six Southern States up to about 7,000,000. So it will be seen the New Englanders have two bar-keepers to one in the South. According to proportion of the inhabitants, and were the example of Massachusetts to be followed, Georgia should increase her retailers from 2,372 to over 6,000. A Northern gentleman, of extensive experience as a traveler, who has passed several winters in Southern Georgia, thus describes it : " It is pre-eminently the country for men of moderate means to come to. For eight months in the year, the climate is the superb climate of the South of France and Northern Italy. Hundreds of days are like the best days of October and early June in the North, when with the balmy breezes and clear skies, it is simply a pleasure to live.' TRANSPORTATION. {From tJie Manual of Georgia.) There is a good and safe inland navigation along the Georgia coast, from Savannah to Florida, connecting with the river St. John's, of the latter State, a distance of about 200 miles. Georgia has 2.396 miles of railroad completed and in operation, or about one n ile of road to every 488 inhabitants. The river Savannah is navigable by steamers the year round from its mouth to Augusta, a distance of about 250 miles, and thence, by flat or "keel" boats, to its confluence with the Broad, about 100 miles further by water. The Altamaha and its tribuary, the Ocmulgee, are navigable by steamers to Hawkinsville, in Pulaski County, a distance of 340 miles, and will soon be open to Macon, some 60 miles higher up.- The Oconee, another tributary of the Altamaha, is open to steamers to the Central Railroad bridge, in Washington County, a distance of 340 miles from Darien. The Chattahoochee, including the Apalachicola, is navigable from the Gulf of Mexico to Columbus, a distance of 400 miles. The Flint is navigable 150 miles, to Albany, in Dougherty County, and can be readily opened to a much higher point. The Coosa runs 40 miles in Georgia, and is open to Greensport, Alabama. Its tribuary, the Oostanaula, is navigable 105 miles above Rome, and work is now progressing to open it 30 miles further. 22 STATE OF GEORGIA, In addition to these, may be mentioned the Satilla, St. Mary's, Ocholochnee, Ohoopee and Ogeechee Rivers, aggregating about 150 miles, making a total of about 2,000 miles of river navigation within the State. RAILROADS IN GEORGIA. The following is a list of the railroads in this State, together with the length of each within the State lines : Western & Atlantic, from Atlanta to Chattanooga, Tenn..i38 miles* Marietta & North Ga. , from Marietta to Canton 24 " Rome Branch, from Kingston to Rome 20 " Cherokee R. R, from Cartersville to Rockmart 23 " A. & R. Air-Line, from Atlanta to Charlotte — in Ga 100 " Northeastern, from Athens to Lula City 40 " Elberton Air-line, from Elberton to Toccoa City 51 " Georgia, from Augusta to Atlanta 171 " Washington Branch, from Barnett to Washington 18 " Athens Branch, from Union Point t.j Athens 39 " Savannah & Augusta, from Augusta to Millen 53 " Georgia Central, from Sivannah to Atlanta 295 " Sandersville Branch, from Tennille to Sandersville 3 '■' Eatonton Branch, from Gordon to Eatonton 39 " Thomaston Branch, from Barnesville to Thomaston 16 " Savannah, Griffin and N. Ala., from Griffin to Carrollton. . 60 " Savannah & Skidaway, from Savannah to Isle of Hope. 9 " Montgomery Branch, from Isle of Hope to Montgomery. . 4 " Savannah, Florida and Western, from Savannah to Bain- bridge 237 " Live Oak Branch, from Lawton to Live Oak, Fla 48 " Albany Branch, from Thomasville to Albany 60 " Macon & Augusta, from Macon to Camak, Ga. R. R 74 " Macon & Brunswick, from Macon to Brunswick 186 " Hawkinsville Branch, from Cochran to Hawkinsville 10 " Brunswick & Albany, from Brunswick to Albany 172 " Southwestern, from Macon to Eufaula, Ala 140 " Muscogee Branch, from Fort Valley to Columbus 71 " Perry Branch, from Fort Valley to Perry 11 " Albany Branch, from Smith ville to Albany 23 %. " Arlington Branch, from Albany to Arlington 35 % " Fort Gaines Branch, from Cuthbert to Fort Gaines 22 " North & South, from Columbus to Kingston 20 " Selma, Rome & Dalton, from Dalton to Selma, Ala. — in Ga. 6j " Atlanta & West Point, from Atlanta to West Point 86^ " East Tennessee, from Dalton to Bristol, Va. — in Ga 18 " Chattanooga & Alabama, from Chattanooga to Selma, Ala. — in Georgia 21; " Dodge's R. R. , from Eastman, Dodge Co., to Ocmulgee R. completed 18 '* A railroad will be constructed during the next two years between Macon and Atlanta, and it is probable that another will be built from Rome to Chattanooga. The North and South Railroad is being rapidly extended, and will probably be continued until it reaches Rome via La Grange. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 23 Senator Brown, of Georgia, thus described, in a speech delivered in United States Senate, June ist, 1880, the value of Savannah, Georgia, as a National port, and the transportation advantages of Georgia: " The port of Savannah is the third cotton port in the union. It has a large and growing commerce. During the business season more than one foreign steamer per day clears from the port. The railroad connections that have been recently made and the extensions of lines that have been completed within a short time past, are such that the line leading to Savannah is looked to in the future as one of the great competing lines for the business between the West and the Eastern cities. There is a railroad line now pretty well consolidated under the control of the Louisville and Nashville railroad company from the city of St. Louis, Missouri, to the city of Chattanooga, Tennessee. That corporation controls that line. In connection with that is the Western and Atlantic railroad of Georgia. That road is an open highway under its charter to continue its use for all the roads that approach it, having a web of five roads at the Chattanooga end and four at the Atlanta end. That, then, extends the line from Chatta- nooga to Atlanta. Then we have the Central railroad to Savannah. AVENUE IN BONAVENTUKE CEMETERY, SAVANNAH. "Then there is a line of steamers controlled mainly by the Central railroad that plies between the port of Savannah and New York. Thev have already five steamers on the line. They are building another splendid steamer for it. They intend to increase the number until they have a daily steamer between Savannah and New York. 24 STATE OF GEORGIA, "As I am informed, a careful estimate shows the line from St. Louis- to New York by way of Savannah, on principles recognized among railroad and steamship men in prorating, is seventy miles shorter than the line by way of the Pennsylvania railroad. The port of Savannah, then, is a national port. The West is as much interested as the South is in the port. The roads I have men- tioned extend from the State of Missouri through the States ot Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, a portion of Alabama and through Georgia to the coast. There are seven states that are directly inter- ested in a line that proposes to open a way for the productions of the great West to the markets of the world through the South, by the port of Savannah." A straight line from St. Louis, or the mouth of the Ohio, shows that the Atlantic coast of Georgia is much nearer and more accessi- ble to the commerce of the West than that any other State in the Union. PASSENGER DEPOT AND ENVIRONS, ATLANTA. No part of Georgia has, of late years, increased more rapidly in wealth and population than the Northern section of the State. To this part of Georgia belongs Atlanta, the capital, a city remarkable for its rapid growth, as well as for the enterprise and public spirit of its people. In i860 the population was 10,000. In 1864 Atlanta was almost totally destroyed by Gen. Sherman. The old citizens returned to the ashes of their former homes in 1865, and began to rebuild the city. The following table will show the growth of Atlanta and its neigh- bors for the past ten years. 1870. 1880. Increase. Atlanta 21,789 *40,000 18,211 Marietta 1,888 2,575 687 Gainesville 472 1,942 1,470 West End 621 776 155 *This is an approximation only. The Chicago Tribune estimating the- popuiation of Atlanta at 45,000, states that the ratio of increase is larger in. Atlanta than in any city in the United States, except Denver, Col., and. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, Ac. 2 PERSONAL. RIGHTS. No greater personal rights are granted to immigrants in any State of the Union than in Georgia. Every man is allowed to think, and speak, and vote as he pleases. If he is harmed in person, property or character, for exercising this inestimable privilege, the law will zealously enforce his rights and is a sure remedy. The law creates a lien upon property in favor of laborers, mechanics and landlords. There is no such thing as imprisonment for debt, and a reasonable amount of property is exempt from seizure or sale on account of debt. Religious freedom prevails, and there is no connection between Church and State. No religious qualification is necessary for office, or necessary to constitute a voter, the only condition being that the man shall be 21 years old, and shall have complied with the naturalization laws of the United States. The people choose their own officers and one man's ballot is as good and as powerful as another's. Any citizen of the State has a right to hold any office in the State, for he is no longer a "foreigner" after he becomes a citizen of Georgia. The home- stead exemption will prevent any creditor from taking away the home of your family. HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION. The Constitution of Georgia exempts from levy and sale, by virtue of any legal process whatever, (except in the cases named below,) of the property of every head of a family, or guardian, or trustee of a family of minor children, or every aged or infirm person, or person having the care and support of dependent females of any age, real or personal estate, or both, to the value, in the aggregate, of sixteen hundred dollars. Said property, however, is liable to levy and sale for taxes, for the purchase money of the same, for labor done thereon, for material furnished therefor, or for the removal of incumbrances thereon. The exemption includes not only the property itself, but all improvements made thereon after it is set aside. A mortgage of property by the father during his lifetime, cannot, after his death, de- prive his minor children of a homestead, or exemption right in the mortgaged premises. LEGAL PROVISIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, except by due process of law. Every person has the right to prosecute or defend his own cause in any of the courts, in person, by attorney, or both. Every person charged with an offense against the laws of this State, shall have the privilege and benefit of counsel ; shall be furnished, on demand, with a copy of the accusation, and a list of the witnesses on whose testimony the charge is founded ; shall have compulsory pro- Minneapolis, Minn. I quote as follows from the Tribune : "The cities show- ing the largest ratio or increase are Atlanta, Ga., 106 per cent.; Denver, Col., 614 per cent.: Minneapolis, Minn., 244 per cent.; Milwaukee, Wis., 92 per cent.; St. Paul, Minn., 100 per cent.; Waterbury, Conn., 103 per cent.; Meri- de&| Conn., 8J per cent ; and Camden, N. J.. 84 per cent. It will be noticed that there has been a very surprising growth in manufacturing cities. 26 STATE OF GEORGIA, cess to obtain the testimony of his own witnesses; shall be confronted by the witnesses testifying against him, and shall have a public and speedy trial by an impartial jury. The rate of taxation in Georgia, for State purposes, varies from year to year, according to the wants of the government from 70 cents to 100 cents on each $100 worth of property. The several counties are authorized, in addition, to levy a tax for county purposes, not to ex- ceed fifty per cent, on the amount of State tax levied for the same year. Perfect freedom to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, is guaranteed to every citizen. No inhabitant of this State shall be molested in person or property, or prohibited from hol^in? any public office or trust, on account of his religious belief. No law shall ever be passed to curtail, or restrain the liberty of speech or of the press. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, pa- pers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue except upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place or places to be searched, and the person or things to be seized. The social status of the citizen shall never be the subject of legisla- tion. There shall be no imprisonment for debt. The right of the people peaceably to assemble, and, by petition or remonstrance, apply to the government for a redress of their griev- ances, shall not be denied. All citizens of the United States, resident in this State are to be considered citizens of this State, and the Legislature shall make all necessary laws for their protection as such. No conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate. Private property shall not be taken, nor damaged for public pur • poses without just and adequate compensation to the owner. No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall be passed. No total divorce shall be granted, except on the concurrent verdicts of two juries, at different terms of the Court. Cases respecting titles to land shall be tried in the county where the land lies. All other civil cases shall be tried in the county where the defendant re: ides, and all criminal cases in the county where the crime was committed, except cases in the Superior Court, where the Judge is satisfied that an impartial jury cannot be obtained in the county. Grand jurors are drawn from the body of the people, and must be experienced, intelligent and upright men. Traverse jurors are drawn in the same way, and must be intelligent and upright men. Titles to land can be passed only by will or deed in writing duly executed. The entailment of estates is prohibited by law. Gifts or grants in tail convey an absolute title. In making his will, a testator may do what he chooses with his property, except that he cannot prejudice his creditors ; and the law considers his wife so far a creditor that he cannot deprive her of dower, except with her consent. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS. &c. 27 A wife, notwithstanding marriage, continues to be the legal owner of the property she possessed at the time of marriage, and of any that may accrue to her by gift, bequest, or her own acquisition, after mar- riage. Upon the death of an intestate, his widow may elect to take a dower or one-third interest for life, in the lands of her deceased husband, and share and share alike with the children in the personal property ; or, she may relinquish her right of dower, and take a child's part, share and share alike, in all the property, to be her own, absolutely. STATE CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. {From the Manual of Georgia.) The Georgia Academy for the Blind is located at Macon, Bibb County, and is supported almost entirely by the State. Pupils of both sexes, between the ages of 7 and 25 years, are admitted, though males over 25 aie received for instruction in the various trades. The pupils are taught all the elementary branches of an English education, together with the Holy Scriptures, history and music. They are also instructed in such mechanical trades as can be ORPHAN'S HOME, AUGUSTA. 28 STATE OF GEORGIA, imparted to the sightless. The blind are thus redeemed from ignor- ance through this public charity, and taught to be useful, and even self-supporting. The school is conducted by a Principal, two Profes- sors, three assistants, and a Master of Workshops. Deaf and Dumb Institute. — This school is located at Cave Spring, in Floyd County, one of the most romantic and delightful; sections of the State. It is also supported by the State, and annu- ally turns out quite a number of this truly unfortunate class, educated: sufficiently to enable them to enjoy free intercourse with others, and with occupations by which, with proper industry, they have no difficulty in earning a support. The most approved system of in- struction is adopted in this institution, as well as in the Academy for the Blind. Besides the Principal, there are four male teachers, one female teacher and a matron. Lunatic Asylum.— The State of Georgia, many years ago, erected, at a heavy cost, near Milledgeville, then the seat of govern- ment, an Asylum for the care of lunatics, and, by means of liberal appropriations, has enlarged the charity from year to year until the inmates have come to number 845, of whom there are whites, 710 — 376 male, and 334 female. The blacks are separately provided for andnumber 135, of whom 69 aremales, and 66 females. The Asylum is both a home and a hospital. Under skillful physicians and nurses, the patients receive the best of attention, and large numbers are an- nually restored to health of mind and body. About ten years ago, the Legislature passed an act setting aside the Okefinokee Swamp, containing about 500,000 acres of land — decided to be reclaimable at a small cost compared with its value for timber and agricultural pur- poses, as a permanent endowment for a State Orphans' Home. BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. The Free and Accepted Masons, the most ancient of orders and by far the most numerous in the State, has over 280 lodges and about 15,500 members. There are also eight chartered Command- eries, with 320 members. The Independent Order of Odd Fellows has 48 lodges, and about 2,000 members. The Knights of Pythias, Knights of Honor and Sons of Malta have each lodges in all of the cities and some of the smaller towns of the State, but we have failed to obtain definite information regarding them. The Independent Order of Good Templars, a benevolent order, with a pledge of total abstinence from intoxicating drinks, has 3C0 working lodges and a membership numbering 10,000. Besides these, nearly all the churches have relief societies, and benevolent associations exist in all the cities of the State. A meri- torious claim to charity, or temporary aid, is seldom disregarded in Georgia. Georgia has 2,396 miles of railway transportation, 2,000 miles of river transportation, public schools free to all the children of the. State, 213,000 spindles in operation, a climate unexcelled, and a. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 29 ' " Bill of Rights " that guarantees as much civil, religious, political, and social liberty as any American State can offer. Immigrants are cordially received, there is no class society, and integrity, industry and sobriety will admit the new comer inio any society which his education would enable him to enter at the North or West. WESLEYAN FEMALE COLLEGE. Macon, the fourth city of Georgia, is situated on both sides of the Ocmulgee River, at the head of steamboat navigation, and is also in the middle section of the State. It is surrounded by a productive country, and is connected by rail with the cities of Atlanta, Columbus, Augusta, Savannah, Albany, and Brunswick. The first lots were sold in 1823. It is now a thriving and beautiful city. It has an ex- tensive trade, large foundries, a cotton- factory, flouring mills, and planing-mills. Its yearly receipts of cotton are seventy-five thousand bales. Macon might appropriately be called " the city of colleges." The Wesleyan Female College, belonging to the Southern Methodist Church, ranks among the best institutions of the kind in the Union. It has the honor of being the first college in the United States to con- fer diplomas upon females. EDUCATION IN GEORGIA. Georgia lost by the war $377,726,000. The population of Georgia, as stated in the census of 1870, the last taken, numbers 1,184,109. Of these 638,926 are white, and 595,192 black and mulatto, who became free citizens in 1865. * The census of Macon in i860 was 7,247; in 1870, 10,810; an increase of fifty per cent. The present census is not yet complete, but a hasty glance shows that within the corporate limits the increase in the last ten years has been equally as great. The city is full ; there are not six houses in its corporate limits for rent. The postal business of Macon is greater than that of any city (Atlanta excepted) • in North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. The wholesale dry goods and shoe trade of this city is larger than that oi any city in the State. . 30 STATE OF GEOEGUA, It will thus be seen that the conditions which rendered it advisable to establish free public schools for the whole population, without prejudice as to color, race or previous condition, were very different from those which existed in the North and West when free public schools were established there. In 1795 the lands in Ohio known as the " Western Reserve," belonged to Connecticut, and were sold in that year for $1,200,000. This sum was consecrated to the support of free schools in Connecticut. Massachusetts held wild lands in the colony of Maine, and thus provided a fund for the support of free schools. In the Western - States generally, the 16th section of every township was granted for school purposes by the national government. The lands thus granted amounted to 68,000,000 acres, and were sold for $60,000,000. Georgia has had none of these advantages. The com- mon school funds in the various States consist of grants of lands made by the general government supplemented by poll and property taxa- tion. In Georgia we have to depend on taxation alone. Knowing that the records of crime and pauperism prove that the proportion of criminals from the illiterate classes is ten-fold greater than from those having the benefits of education, and the proportion of paupers among the former is sixteen times greater than among those of the educated classes, the State of Georgia has done all that in its impoverished condition after the late war it could do, but will not stop in the good work until every child in Georgia is at liberty to receive education at the expense of the commonwealth. The following table will demonstrate the progress already made, as found in the annual report of the State School Commissioner pub- lished on November 6th, 1878. " There have been enrolled in the schools in the successive years since the beginning of the work as follows: In 1871, white pupils, 42,914; colored, 6,664; total, 49,578; in 1873, white, 63,922; colored, 19,755; total, 83,677 ; increase over the attendance of 187 1, 34,099; in 1874, white, 93,167 ; colored, 42,374; total, 135,541; in- crease over the attendance of 1873, 51,864; in 1875, white, 105,990; colored, 50,358; total, 156,394; increase over the attendance of 1874, 20,808; in 1876, white, 121,418; colored, 57,987 ; total, 179,405; increase over the attendance of 1875, 23,011 ; in 1877, white, 128,296; colored, 62,330; total, 190,626; increase over the attendance of 1876, 11,221. The Commissioner further says : " In 1874, the number of persons between ten and eighteen years old unable to read, was reported as follows : white, 26,552 ; colored, 79,692; total, 106,244. The same figures as repoated this year, are as follows: white, 22,223 ; colored, 63,307; total, 85,630. Notwith- standing the great increase in school population reported, the decrease in the number of illiterates is as follows: white, 4,229; colored, 16,385 ; total, 20,614. These figures show that our effort towards the extin- - guishment of illiteracy, notwithstanding the meagerness of the means WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 31 put at our disposal, have not been without results, and especially do they show that our colored citizens are not disposed ' to despise the day of small things,' as to educational privileges." Yet it will be seen that Georgia has not waited for Congressional aid, but, in all that goes to make the laboring classes comfortable and prosperous, challenges comparison with any Northern State of similar population. The colored people have developed a great desire to get an education, and remarkable aptitude in acquiring it. The testimony of the board of visitors annually appointed by the governor declares that the capacity displayed by the colored pupils is in every respect equal to that displayed by white pupils, within the same field and under the same limitations. This is peculiarly gratifying to the white citizens of Georgia, who have voluntarily don^ all in their power to advance the material, moral and educational interests of this hitherto dependent race. Last year a public school was established in every militia district in the State. Nearly five thousand were in operation, and two hundred and ten thousand children were given schooling. This year the fund will be supplemented by the tax on retail liquor establishments, and by this and other means the commissioner hopes to extend the school term in every portion of the State. Mr. Hoar, of Massachusetts, has introduced a bill in Congress, pro- viding that the receipts from the public lands and the patent office, and the income from the public lands shall be appropriated as a school fund, the most of which, during the first ten years, is to be spent in the Southern States. SOILS OF GEORGIA. The traveler in the great West must be impressed with the unifor- mity of the landscape. Almost as flat as Holland, the vast prairie seems endless as sea or sky, and the eye of the immigrant is delighted with the luxuriant crops which indicate a rich soil. He forgets that the poor farmer is in the grasp of the octopus-like railway corpora- tions that control transportation and discriminate in freight charges against the poor producer and in favor of the rich landlord. He forgets that hay is used for fuel, and that the cost of transportation to market is so great frequently, that the luxuriant crops of corn made cannot be sold at a profit. He forgets that the civilized world is the competitor of the wheat grower, and that it is estimated that the wheat crop of the present year will exceed the demand for export by 100,000,000 bushels. He forgets that the railroads have so far overcome compe- tition, that in future Western grain must be expected to pay much more for carriage to the seaboard than heretofore, while ocean freights are not likely to rule so low as during the last few years of commercial 32 STATE OF GEORGIA, depression. One of the best authori- ties in the United States, the New York Co m mercial Bulletin, thus warns him : "Our agri- culture is tak- ing its seat at such an im- m e n s e dis- tance from the seaboard, that either the rail- roads or the farmers must suffer serious deductions for tran sp orta- tion, in order to c o m p ete with Euro- pean farmers. And, what is of more im- mediate i m - portance, our grain crops have reached such a state of over-sup- ply, that when Europe re- gains average seasons, w e cannot hope to escape a depression in the prices of grain that will compel a com- parative contraction of that branch of industry." CAPACITY OF GEORGIA SOIL UNDER HIGH CULTURE. {From the Matiual of Georgia. ) We proceed to give the results of a number of experiments in the cul- tivation of those products, in each of those divisions, conducted with proper preparation and fertilization — such as are given in the more densely settled portions of the world. As but little is accomplished by inadequate means in any department of human industry, the actual WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 33 producing capacity of a country can only be tested by the results of judicious culture. The crops to which we shall refer, were reported to the various State and county fairs within the past few years, and both the culture and its results were verified by the affidavits of dis- interested parties. In 1873, Mr. R. H. Hardaway produced on upland, in Thomas County, (Lower Georgia), 119 bushels of Indian corn, or maize, on one acre, which yielded a net profit of $77.17. In the same county, the same year, Mr. E. T. Davis produced 96 >£ bushels of rust-proof oats per acre. After the oats were harvested, he planted the same land in cotton, and in the Fall gathered 800 pounds of seed cotton. Mr. John J. Parker, of the same county, produced, in 1874, on one acre, 694^ gallons of cane syrup, at a cost of $77.50. The syrup, at 75 cents per gallon, the market price, brought $520.87 — net profit from one acre, $443.37. In 1874, Mr. Wiley W. Groover, of Brooks County, (Lower Georgia) produced, with two horses, on a farm of 126^ acres, without the aid of commercial fertilizers, cotton, corn, oats, peas, sugar cane and potatoes, to the value of $3,258.25. The total cost of production was $1,045.00, leaving net proceeds of crop, $2,213.25. The stock raised on the farm was not counted. Joseph Hodges, of the same county, produced, on one acre, 2,700 pounds of seed cotton ; Wm. Borden, 600 gallons of syrup ; J. Bower, 500 bushels of sweet potatoes ; J. O. Morton, 75 bushels oats. Mr. T. W. Jones made 12 barrels, or 480 gallons of syrup on one acre, and saved enough cane for seed. In Bulloch County, (Lower Georgia) 3,500 pounds seed cotton were produced by Samuel Groover, and in the same county 21 barrels sugar at one time, and 700 gallons syrup at another, per acre. In Clay County, Mr. Hodge produced from one acre, a few years ago, 4,500 pounds of seed cotton. Mr. J. R. Respass, of Schley County, gathered the present year (1878) a little upwards of 500 bushels of oats from five acres. Mr. J. R. Respass, of Schley county, (Lower Georgia) in 1877, by the use of fertilizers, grew on five acres of naturally poor land, 15,000 pounds of seed cotton, which netted him when sold $66.02 per acre. Mr. H. T. Peeples, of Berrien County, reports to this Department a crop of 800 bushels of sweet potatoes grown on one acre of pine land. In 1876, Mr. G. J. Drake, of Spalding County, (Middle Georgia), produced 74 bushels of corn on one acre of land. Mr. John Bonner, of Carroll County, made three bales of cotton (500 pounds each) on one acre. Mr. R. H. Springer, of the same county, produced nine bales from five acres, without manures, and ninety-four bales from one hundred acres by the use of fertilizers. In 1873, Mr. S. W. Leak, of the same county, produced on one acre 40^ bushels of wheat, worth $80.50; cost, $14.50; net profit, $66. In Wilkes County 123 bushels corn was produced on one acre of bottom land; also 42 bushels Irish potatoes on one-tenth acre, the second crop same year on same land ; the first crop was very fine, but not so good. Mr. J. F. Madden, of the same county, producea in 1876, on one acre, 137 bushels of oats. 34 STATE OF GEORGIA, Mr. T. C. Warthen, of Washington County, (on the line of Middle and Lower Georgia,) produced in 1873, on 1.1125 acres, 6,917 pounds of seed cotton, equivalent to five bales of 461 pounds each, worth at 17% cents per pound, the average price of that year, $403.37. The cost of culture was $148.58;- net profit, $254.79 for a very small fraction over one acre. Dr. Wm. Jones, of Burke County, produced 480 gallons syrup on one acre. Wesley Jones, of the same county, produced three bales of cotton, 500 pounds each per acre. Jas. J. Davis, in same county, made in 1877, with two mules, thirty-four bales of cotton, 500 pounds each, 6oo bushels corn, and 300 bushels oats. Wm. C. Palmer, of same county, made in 1877, with one mule, twenty-five bales of cot- ton, 500 pounds each, and a fair crop of corn. Henry Miller of same county, produced in 1877, sixty- five bushels corn per acre, first year, on reclaimed swamp, without manures. Mr. R. M. Brooks, of Pike County, (Middle Georgia), produced in in 1873, on five acres of bottom land, 500 bushels of rice. The total cost was $75 ; net profit $300. Mr. R. B. Baxter, of Hancock County, (Middle Georgia), in 1872, harvested at the first cutting, first year's crop, 4,862 pounds of dry clover hay per acre. Mr. A. J. Preston, of Crawford County, gathered from one acre of Flint River bottom 4,000 pounds seed cotton, and from another on same place, 115 bushels corn. Dr. T. P. Janes, of Greene County, (Middle Georgia), produced in 1 87 1, five tons of clover hay per acre in one season, at two cuttings. Mr. Patrick Long, of Bibb County, (on the line of Middle and Lower Georgia) harvested- from one acre of land, from which he had gathered a crop of cabbages in June of the same year, 8,646 pounds of native crab-grass hay. Mr. S. W. Leak, in Spalding County, (Middle Georgia), gathered in the Fall of 1873, from one acre, from which he had harvested forty bushels of wheat in June, 10,726 pounds of pea-vine hay. Net profit from wheat, $66; from pea-vine hay, $233.08, making in one year from a single acre, a net profit of $299.08. Mr. William Smith, of Coweta county (Middle Georgia,) produced 2,200 pounds seed cotton per acre on ten acres. Mr. Edward Camp, of the same county, produced 1,000 bushels oats from ten acres. Mr. J. T. Manley, of Spalding county, (Middle Georgia,) produced 115 bushels of oats from one acre. Mr. S. W. Bloodworth, of the same county, gathered in 1870, 137 bushels of corn from one acre. Mr. L. B. Willis, in Greene county, (Middle Georgia) in June, 1873, from one acre and a third, harvested twenty bushels of whe.it, and the following October, 27,130 pounds of corn forage. From the forage alone he received a profit of $159.22 per acre. Dr. W. Moody, of the same county, harvested, at one cutting, from one acre of river bottom, in 1874, 13,953 pounds of Bermuda grass hay; cost, $12.87, value of hay, $209.29, net profit, $196.42. Mr. J. R. Winters, of Cobb county (Upper Georgia,) produced in 1873, from 1. 15 acres, 6,575 pounds of dry clover hay at the first cut- ting of the second year's crop. Mr. T. H. Moore, of same county, produced on one acre 105 bush- els of corn, while Mr. Jeremiah Daniel produced 125 bushels. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 35 Mr. R. Peters, Jr., of Gordon county, (Upper Geo.gia,) harvested in 1874, from three acres of lucerne, four years old, fourteen tons and 200 pounds of hay, or 9,400 pounds per acre. Capt. C. W. Howard produced, on Lookout Mountain, in Walker county (Upper Georgia,) in 1874, on one acre of unmanured land, which cost him twenty-five cents per acre, with one hoeing and plow- ing, 108 y z busnels of Irish potatoes, which he sold in Atlanta at a net profit of $97.25. On land manured and better prepared and worked, double that quantity could be produced. Mr. Thomas Smith, of Cherokee county, produced 104 bushels of corn from one acre. Mr. John Dyer, of Bibb county, produced in 1S73, from one acre, at a cost of $8.00, 398.7 bushels of sweet potatoes, which he sold at a net profit of 290.92. Mr. Haddon P. Redding, of Fulton county, in 1877, produced from one acre, 400 bushels of St. Domingo yam potatoes, which he readily sold in Atlanta &t an average price of $1.00 per bushel. These instances of production are exceptional, and far beyond the usual results of farming in our State ; but they serve to show the capacity ot our soil when properly fertilized, and cultivated with intel- ligence under the guidance of science. It will not be denied, however, that what the parties named have accomplished on a limited scale, may be done by others on still larger areas, and with corresponding results. THE AVERAGE YIELD AND PRODUCTIONS OF GEORGIA. NORTH-EAST GEORGIA. To the robust, no climate can be more bracing or delightful than the beautiful mountain region of North-east Georgia. Mount Yonah, the Cohutta range, the Currahee and others, with peaks attaining sometimes an altitude of 5,000 feet, form a landscape resembling that of the "Saxon, Switzerland." From the summit of Tray moun- tain hundreds of peaks are visible. In North-east Georgia, " The clay, or sub-soil, is usually found from four to six inches be- low the surface on uplands, from one to two feet in the valleys, and from two to six feet in river bottoms. The original forest growth is chiefly red, black, post and white oaks ; chestnut, black-jack, hickory, short-leaf and spruce-pine, cedar, dogwood, black-gum, walnut, with poplar, ash, elm, sycamore, birch, sweet gum and white oak on the lowlands. This is the great auriferous region of the State, the net yield of* gold being equal to that of any section of the Union, Califor- nia not excepted. Copper, lead, magnetic iron ore, mica, asbestus marble, ruby, serpentine, corundum, are also found in considerable quantities, and may be mined with profit. " The lands are generally rich and productive, the yield depending wholly on the skill used in their cultivation. "This division embraces nineteen counties, stretching from the Savannah and Tugalo rivers in the east, to the Cohutta range of mountains in the West. It is that part of the State which possesses the greatest elevation, the average being 1,500 feet above the level of th; sea, while there are peaks which rise to an elevation of nearly 5, 000 feet." i STATE OF GEORGIA. This region comprises the following counties : Banks, Dawson, Fannin, Forsyth, Franklin, Gilmer, Gwinnett, Habersham, Hall, Hart, Jackson. Lumpkin, Madison, Milton, - Pickens, Rabun. Towns, Union, White, "The staple field products are Indian corn, wheat, oats, rye, bar- ley, clover, the various grasses, and sorghum cane, while in the Southern portion of the division cotton is grown to a considerable ex- tent. The average yield per acre under fair cultivation, is : corn, 20 bushels ; wheat, 15 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; barley, 25 bushels; hay, from 2 to 3 tons; sorghum syrup, 75 gal- lons; cotton, 400 pounds in the seed. Under high culture, two, three and sometimes four times this production is realized. Tobacco, buckwheat and German millet can also be grown with great success. The planting and harvest times of the division are as follows : corn, 15th March to 15th May, gathered in fall months; wheat and other small grain sowed in October, harvested in June and July; cotton planted 15th April to 15th May, gathered in fall months; sorghum, planted in April, cut in August. A very large proportion of the laborers, both farm and mine, are white. " The fruits best adapted to the section are, the apple, cherry, pear, grape, plum, in all its varieties, peach, gooseberry, raspberry, straw berry — the last named producing equally well in all parts of the State with like cultivation. Almost every variety of vegetable attains to great perfection. " The climate is unsurpassed on the continent for comfort and salu- brity during nine months of the year. The mean temperature in Summer is 70°, Fahrenheit; in Winter, 35 ° ; highest temperature, 90 ; lowest, 8° — periods of greater heat and cold being exceptional. Snow falls usually from two to three times during the winter season, especially in the northernmost counties, to a depth, varying from two to six inches. In the Southern tier of counties, there are occasional winters without a fall of snow. " Springs and running streams abound in all parts of the district; water powers unsurpassed; spring and well water freestone, and not excelled in any country. Mineral springs — sulphur or chalybeate — abound in nearly all the counties of the district." Nonhwest Georgia, particularly the lime-stone soils, is peculiarly adapted to Red Clover and the English Grasses, and is more fertile generally than Northeast Georgia, and there the cheapest charcoal pig iron in the United States is made. There is much picturesque scenery in Northwest Georgia. The view from High Point and Point Lookout, on Lookout Mountain, is magnificent. Seven States can be seen from these points. The soils are calcareous and argillaceous ; clay, red and yellow. In all other respects our description of the natural conditions and capabilities of Northeast Georgia will apply to this division, with the single exception of temperature, the difference in elevation being ac- companied by the usual variations of heat and cold. The productions are, in all respects, the same. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &0. 37 In one or two respects this division enjoys peculiar advantages over its eastern neighbor. It has not only a larger area of tillable land, but a much greater proportion of valley and bottom. Its facili- ties for transportation are also greater, the Western and Atlantic Railroad traversing its centre from the northern to the southern boundary, while tributary roads supply a good portion of the country to the right and left of the main line. " Its average elevation above the sea is only 750 feet, or about 50 per cent, less than that of Northeast Georgia. The characteristic minerals are limestone, slate, iron ores, coal, manganese, sandstone, baryta, some gold, all of which, except the last, are found in great ■ quantities. Several valuable veins and gravelly deposits of gold have been developed and worked, with handsome returns. " Immense coal beds lie in the Northwestern Counties of this divi- sion, to wit: Dade, Walker and Chattooga. The supply seems to be inexhaustible; the mines are reached by railroads which connect with ■main trunks, and, in the immediate vicinity, are immense deposits of best iron ore. ' ' The following counties are included in Northwest Georgia : Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Cherokee, Cobb, Dade, Floyd, Gordon, Haralson, Murray. Pauldinej, Polk, Walker, Whitfield. '•'Northwest Georgia extends from the Cohutta Mountains and •Chattahoochee Ridge to the Eastern boundary of Alabama. " MIDDLE GEORGIA. The original forest growth consists of red, post, Spanish and white oaks, and black-jack, hickory, short-leaf pine, with some long-leaf on its Southern border; poplar, dog-wood, elm, chestnut, maple, beech, birch, ash, black locust, sweet and black gums, walnut and some cedar. This division has three varieties of soil — red or clay, gray and gravelly, and light and sandy, the last named being limited in extent and confined to the long-leaf pine localities on the Southern border. The two former possess great productiveness and durability. After the coast country they were the first settled, and Middle Georgia has continued to be the most populous divison of the State. While the lowlands are of the best quality, the uplands are unsurpassed in fertil- ity and luxuriance of forest growth. This division embraces thirty-nine counties, and has an area of about 15,000 square miles. It extends across the State from the Sa- vannah River in the East, to the Chattahoochee River in the West. Its Southern border may be described with tolerable accuracy by a line from Augusta through Macon to Columbus. It is marked by the head of navigation of the principal rivers. The Northern border may 38 STATE OF GEORGIA, be described by a line running through Athens and Atlanta It is. about one hundred miles in width. Its average elevation is 750 feet. The entire region is metamorphic; its rocks, granite, gneiss, mica,, quartzites, hydro-mica schist,- with some limestone and soapstone. These rocks all extend from the Northeast to the Southwest, and are crossed frequently at right angles by trap dykes. Its chief minerals are gold, copper, lead, asbestus, graphite, chromic iron, serpentine- and soapstone. Gold is found in districts wide apart, and has been worked with satisfactory profit in a few localities, more especially in, McDuffie, Lincoln, Wilkes and Carroll. Asbestus is also mined to some extent. " This section embraces thirty-nine counties, as follows: Baldwin, Bibb, Douglas, Elbert, Butts, Campbell, Carroll, Fayette, Fulton, Greene, Clarke, Hancock. Clayton, Columbia, Harris, Heard, Coweta, ' DeKalb, Henry, Jasper, Jones, Putnam, Lincoln, Kockdale, McDuffie, Meriwether, Spalding, Talbot, Monroe, Taliaferro, Morgan, Newton, Oconee, Troup, Upson, Walton, Oglethorpe, Pike, Warren, Wilkes, '•The staple field, products are cotton, corn, oats and wheat, while all the grains and grasses, and even tobacco, maybe grown success- fully. The average yields with ordinary -culture, are: Cotton, 550 pounds in seed per acre; corn, 12 bushels; wheat, 8 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; barky, 30 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels ; field peas with corn, 5 bushels. Ground peas, chufas, pump- kins, and, indeed, almost every field product, are successfully cultiva- ted. Very many farmers double the above averages year after year, whilst under high culture the product is multiplied four or five times, as will be seen in the chapter on that subject. " The planting and harvest periods of leading products are: Cotton, April, September to December ; corn, March, October ; wheat, Oc- tober and November, May and early June; other Fall grains harves- ted same time; those sowed in February and March harvested in June. ' The fruits to which the section is best adapted are the peach, fig, apple, pear, strawberry, raspberry, melons of all kinds. The peach attains here and in Southwest Georgia, its greatest perfection, and immense quantities are raised for export, both in their natural and dried sta.e ; the same may be said of the apple and blackberry, though the latter is a spontaneous growth, and yields abundantly in a wild, state: Almost every other variety of fruit known in the Southern States thrives well in this division: The table vegetables are all grown successfully, the hardier varieties the year round. The climate is a happy medium between those of Southern and Northern Georgia, and, in healthfulness, equal to that of any part of the world. There is much uniformity of temperature:, sudden rises and falls occurring but rarely. The mean annual temperature is 6o° to 64°. Snow falls about once in three years, the depth varying from \)/ 2 to 4 inches. Every portion of the division abounds in running streams, while the spring and well waters are excellent.. The difference in elevation be- WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 30 tween the Northern nnd the Southern portions of the division being irom 650 to 700 feet, the water powers are probably unequaled by those of any similar area on the continent. It would be difficult to fix a limit to its manufacturing facilities in this respect." EAST GEORGIA. This division of the State embraces the country lying between the beads of tide water in the East, and the Ocmulgee River in the West, and South to the corner of Liberty, Tattnall and Appling, while the Counties of Twiggs, Wilkinson, Washington, Glasccck, Jefferson and Richmond, indicate its limits in the North. It differs from Middle Georgia in several important respects ; its geological formations are tertiary instead of metamorphic : its average elevation is only about 250 feet above the sea; its surface is more level; its soils, for the most part, loamy or sandy ; subsoil clay, red and yellow, four to six inches below the surface in clay lands, 8 to 12 inches in sandy lands; its forest growth is princially pine; it contains calcar- eous marls in considerable deposits. It is also the commencement of the section in which the sugar cane can be profitably cultivated, while its rocks, which are few, are of a sedimentary character, with Iron ore and Buhr stone in several localities. Deposits of kaolin and pipe clay are found along its entire length from East to West. While pine is the leading forest growth, and the chief timber for building and export, there are also large tracts of oak and hickory. The soils in such lo- calities are rather clayey or gray, chiefiy the latter, and admirably adapted to the production of cotton and corn ; cypress abounds in the swamps and lowlands. The County of Burke was, for many years, and until the late revolution in our system of labor, the leading cotton producing County of the State. The comparatively fresh lands of Decatur have, of late years, enabled her to claim and hold the champ- ionship in this particular product. Cotton, with corn, wheat (the adaptation to which lessens as we proceed southward into the pine lands,) oats, rye, barley, sugar cane, potatoes, constitute the staple products of the section. The average yields per acre with fair culture, are: "Cotton, 350 lbs.; corn, 14 bushels ; wheat, 12 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; cane syrup, 300 gallons; potatoes, 150 bushels; barley, 30 bushels. There is much high culture in the district, and these results are often quadru- pled. The seasons for planting and harvesting are nearly the same as those of Middle Georgia, perhaps from 10 to 14 days earlier. The district is famous for its excellent fruit, especially peaches, strawber- ries and melons, large quantities of which are exported annually to Northern markets, Richmond, Burke and Washington being the principal counties engaged in the trade. The fig, grape — especially 40 STATE OF GEOKGIA, scuppernong — pear, plum, are all grown successfully. All the vege- tables thrive well. "The district is well watered, and water powers are ample for all purposes. The climate is perceptibly milder in Winter than that off Middle Georgia, and the average temperature in Summer higher ; snows light, and only fall once in every four or five years. The aver- age price of wood-lands in the oak and hickory section is $7 to $10 per acre, and improved lands $4 to $6 ; in the pine country uncleared lands can be bought from $1.25 to $2 per acre ; improved farms from $5 to $10. Both can be had on liberal credit. " The Bermuda and sedge grasses of the old fields in the upper tier of Counties, and the wire grass and cane of the Southern tier, afford the finest ranges for cattle and sheep the greater portion of the year. The Southern Counties abound in fish, deer and nearly every species, of wild game. " This section of the State embraces the country lying between the heads of tide water in the East, and the Ocmulgee River in the West, and South to the corner of Liberty, Tatnall and Appling, and em- braces the following Counties : Bulloch, Jefferson, Pulaski, Telfair, Burke, Johnson, Richmond, Twiggs, Dodge, Laurens, Screven, Washington, Emanual, Montgomery, Tatnall, Wilkinson. Glasscock, SOUTHEAST GEORGIA. This division embraces 15 counties, and comprises the coast and! tide-water section of the State. The entire region is tertiary and; mostly without rocks. It has three distinct soils : 1, light, sandy ; 2, dark sandy loam con- taining a large amount of vegetable matter ; 3, reddish and clayey. The second variety is covered with a natural growth of yellow pine, magnolia, red bay, live-oak, cedar and cabbage palmetto, and in pro- ductiveness is excelled by no land in the State ; it has a yellow clay subsoil, varying from 10 inches to 3 feet; Sea-island cotton, corn and sugar cane grow in the greatest luxuriance. The third variety is also very productive, pine, oak, hickory and gum being the prevailing forest growth ; subsoil clay, red and yellow ; average depth below the surface 8 to 12 inches. It is the great rice-producing section of the State — the broad bottoms of the Savannah, the two Ogeechees, the Altamaha and Satilla, being devoted almost exclusively to that cereal. It is also grown to a less extent on the St. Mary's, and con- siderable quantities on inland swamps, the irrigation in the latter being affected by means'of "backwater," collected from rains and secured by dams. Sea-island, or long staple cotton, was the only variety formerly grown, but of late years the short staple has been introduced and cultivated with fair success. Corn, oats, pumpkins, potatoes, ground peas all do well. The sea-islands are devoted almost WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. il exclusively to cotton, corn, cane, fruits and vegetables. Cypress and palmetto abound in ihe swamps and river bottoms. Average yield, per acre, of staple crops, with fair cultivation : Sea- island cotton, 600 lbs. in seed; corn, 15 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; rice, 40 bushels : cane syrup, 300 gallons ; potatoes, 200 bushels. On best lands — 1,500 lbs. seed cotton, 60 bushels rice, 600 gallons syrup, 50 bushels corn, 40 bushels oats, 400 bushels potatoes — are often pro- duced on one acre. Corn planted middle of February till 1st of June, gathered in August and September ; cotton planted March and April, gathered in autumn months; rice planted March to June, harvested last of August till 1st of October ; cane planted February and March, cut in October and early in November; potatoes planted March to June, gathered July to November; oats sowed in October, harvested in May. This section comprises the coast and tide-water section of the State, and embraces 15 counties, as follows: Appling, Chatham, Effingham, Pierce, Bryan, Clinch, Glynn, Ware, Camden, Coffee, Liberty, Wayne, Charlton, Echols, Mcintosh, SOUTHWEST GEORGIA. This division is composed of 33 counties, and embraces all that country lying between the Ocmulgee and Allapaha Rivers in the East and the Chattahoochee River in the West; the Northern boundary being a line from Macon to Columbus, and the State of Florida its boundary in the South. Like Southeast Georgia the entire region is tertiary. It is more broken or rolling than Southeast Georgia, and with the exception of marl, buhr and limestone, is in a great measure destitute of rocks. It has also a greater proportion of clay lands and oak and hickory forest growth, although much the larger part of it is a light sandy soil, and was originally covered with yellow, or long leaf pine. The clay lands are, generally, very rich, and their fertility lasting ; the pine lands produce freely, are easily worked, but are less durable. The district contains very Utile waste land, or lands too poor or too s wampy for cultivation, while the alluvial lands of the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, and of many of the creeks, have made the section famous as the best cotton regions of the State. Corn, oats, wheat, rye and sugar cane grow well. The depth of the subsoil beneath the surface, on clay lands, is 6 to 10 inches; on sandy lands, from )2 inches to 3 feet. The prepond- erating forest growth is long leaf, or yellow pine, furnishing the best of lumber, large quantities of which are prepared annually for export and domestic use. The supply would seem to be almost inexhaustible. 42 STATE OF GEOBGIA, Spirits of turpentine, rosin, pitch and t.ir — all the products of this tree — are made in considerable quantities, and the interest is on the increase. In the sw.imps and river bottoms there are cypress, cotton- wood, poplar, ash, maple, beach, birch, red-bay, magnolia, sweet- gum and water oak ; while the growth of the clay belts is red and post oaks, black jack, hickory, walnut, black-gum, dogwood and buck-eye. Cotton is the leading market crop of this division, and previous to the derangement of plantation labor by emancipation, its crop of the staple probably equalled the production of all the rest of the State. Corn and oats grow to great perfection. Sugar cane is a successful crop throughout the section ; tobacco in considerable quantities, is grown in the Southern counties. The average yield, on inferior land, per acre, with good cultivation, are: cotton, 500 lbs. in seed; corn, 10 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; syrup, 200 gallons; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; ground peas, 50 bushels. On best lands, without manure, 1,500 to 2,000 lbs. cotton in seed, 50 to 75 bushels corn, 50 to 65 bushels oats, 400 gallons of syrup, and 400 bushels sweet potatoes, are often produced. It is reliably reported that a Berrien county farmer produced 800 bushels of sweet potatoes under high cultivation. Over 900 gallons of syrup, per acre, has been made in Thomas county. This section embraces all that country lying between the Ocmulgee and Allapaha rivers in the East, and the Chattahoochee river in the West ; the Northern boundary being aline from Macon to Columbus, and the State of Florida its boundary in the South. It comprises the following counties: Baker, Decatur, Macon, Stewart, Berrien, Dooly, Marion, Sumter, Brooks, Dougherty, Miller, Taylor, Calhoun, Early, Mitchell, Terrell, Chattahoochee,- Houston, Muscogee, Thomas, Clay, Irwin, Quitman, Webster, Colquitt, Lee, Randolph, Wilcox, Crawford, Lowndes, Schley, Worth. Note. — A proportion of the lands have suffered temporary exhaustion by in- judicious culture which claimed everything from the soil and returned nothing. This ruinous practice is fast giving way to a more enlightened and economical system. It has been ascertained that no soils on the continent are more sus- ceptible of recuperation and respond so bountifully to generous treatment. The abandoned fields, grown up in stunted pines, and for twenty or forty years considered useful only as pasturage, have been restored to cultivation, and are now among the most productive lands of the State. Next to the manufacture of lumber, rice planting is the principal business of the coast counties of Georgia, giving employment to thou- sands of laborers who receive their wages weekly, and furnishing the merchants with a good local trade all the year. On the richest and •most improved soils, fifty bushels of rice per acre is not an uncommon yield. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 43 Cut a little green, it serves the place of hay and grain, for Worses, mules, or cattle, and requires neither threshing nor hulling. Properly grown, it will produce on our ordinary pine lands, twenty to fifty bushels to the acre, which is worth in the hull at least $ i per bushel. UPLAND RICE. It has been a popular idea that rice could be grown only on lands, where it could be flooded at will. This, however, is a mistake, and it is a fact that any of our ordinary lands — pine lands or hammocks, wet land or dry land, — will, if properly planted and cultivated, grow a paying crop of upland rice. We have seen fair results on new pine land, but we have seen better crops on older lands. The prices of all farm products are greater in Georgia than in the Western States. For prices of land, water-powers, etc., etc., in any part of Georgia, in large or small tracts, address, COMMISSIONER LAND & IMMIGRATION, Capitol, Atlanta, Georgia, or 60 East 10th St., New York, near Broadway. FARMING IN GEORGIA COMPARED TO FARMING IN OTHER STATES. The writer prefers to use the testimony of Northern and foreign- born witnesses to prove that Georgia offers greater advantages than the West or North to the immigrant, rather than to indulge in any rounded periods. From the Superintendent at Castle Garden I received several publications in English and German. From one of these, printed in German, the following extract is taken : "Mountain Lake, Minnesota, 5 December, 1879. "To my Mennonite Brethren in Russia: " I have been living for four years in the State of Minnesota, United States of North America. The country is chiefly prairie, and one finds very little timber land. All wood required for building houses or fences is brought to my place of residence by railway, a distance of 135 to 200 miles. Hay is used as fuel. The winter is long and severe. Cattle must be fed for at least six months of the year. The field work is done chiefly by machinery, and the outlay of large sums ot money is required in order to provide the necessary working materials, and work animals, which range at about following prices: breaking plough, $25 to $30; ordinary ploughs, $15 to $25 ; drill machines, $60 to $75 ; self-binding grain reaping machines, $285 ; mowing machine, $90; hay rake, $30; separators and threshing machines, $50 ) to $700; cleaning mill, $20 to $30; wagons, $65; oxen, $90 to $125 ; horses, $150 to $200 a pair. A great part of the summer is employed in providing winter food for the animals, and half of the winter is lost for field work by reason of unfavorable weather. "ABRAHAM PENNER." 44 STATE OF GEOKGIA, In Georgia, $12 will purchase the farm implements generally needed by one laborer to cultivate the usual crops for one year. COTTON PRESS IN THE COUNTRY. The farmer may haul his cotton to the neighboring "cotton gin," and by paying a slight "toll," have his cotton ginned and baled for market. A two-horse wagon will haul easily three bales of cotton, worth at present prices $165.00, at one load. As the cost of handling and hauling the grass and grain crops of the West is the greatest ex- pense incidental to farming there, the above statement will be appre • ciated by the Western farmer. The expense of transporting his "money crop," to market is of prime importance to the farmer in any latitude or country, and the cotton crop is certainly the most economical field crop grown when viewed in this light. COTTON PRESS. The following from the Atlantic Monthly, the leading magazine of Massachusetts, for January, 1880, is applicable to Minnesota, Dakota, and other States and Territories of the Northwest : " The imperative laws of the seasons have limited the time for the ef- fective industry of the farmer to about one-fourth part of the year, during which time the small farmer must make provision for all his force for the full year, and from the fruit of the labor of himself and his own family solely, during seed-time and harvest, must provide for all their WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 45 wants and comforts until the return of those seasons. * * * While the small farmer is compelled to feed, clothe shelter, and altogether provide for the same number of persons for the whole year, the capi- talist feeds, clothes and shelters only about one-fourth of the number in proportion to the amount of work done, and that for less than one- fourth of the year. Against the unlimited use of this combination of capital, machinery and cheap labor, the individual farmer, either singly or in communities, cannot successfully contend, and must go under. * * * I particularly noticed the conspicuous absence of women and children on the large farms. In no case was the permanent residence of a family to be found upon them, nor anything that could be called a home. * * * While the capitalistic farmers are mak- ing colossal fortunes at seventy cents per bushel for wheat, the smalL farmers, depending mainly on their own labor, with limited capital and less machinery, are not making a comfortable subsistence, but are running behindhand, and must go under, and a further reduction in the market price of fcod produi ts must hasten their end." As a contrast, the following statement, taken from the New York Sun, February ist, 1880, is offered : " A farmer wrote to the Minneapolis (Minnesota) Convention that it cost him $9. 10 to produce an acre of wheat, $41.55 for an acre of sorghum (amber cane), $8.95 for an acre of corn (maize). But he expected to sell an acre of wheat for $15.00, an acre of sorghum for $75.00, an acre of corn for $10.00." "Mr. John J. Parker, in Thomas County, (Southern Georgia,) pro- duced in 1874, on one acre, 694 X gallons of cane syrup, at a cost of $77.50. The syrup at 75 cents per gallon, the market price, brought $520.87; net profit from one acre of $443.37. Southern Georgia is the ' home ' of the sugar cane." The former is probably an average crop, while the latter is excep- tional. The important question is, can like results be produced in Minnesota if the highest culture and treatment is given to products of the soil? The best results yet attained there are probably found in the speech of Hon. Seth W. Kenney, who introduced the Early Amber cane in Minnesota, and who recently addressed a convention of farmers concerned in sugar production in that State. 1 make the following interesting extract from his speech : "The question is often asked me, if it will pay to raise sugar cane. I answer, yes. The average product on our Minnesota land, with good, clean cultivation, is 160 gallons dense syrup per acre; that is, with good machinery to work it up, so that there is no unnecessary less. With a good granulating house, if properly defecated, 6 lbs. per gallon of good syrup can be obtained, which would be 960 lbs. for one acre, worth at least 8c. per lb., which would amount to $76.80; there would then be left ninety-three gallons of syrup, which at the low price of 30c. per gallon, would be $27.90, added to the sugar product would be $104.70, as the product cf one acre." Most of the "crops" of Georgia are cultivated with a single plow, the cost of which need not exceed three dollars. As an additional evidence of what is done by Georgia farmers with one plow and two 46 STATE OP GEORGIA, laborers, we append the following statements, which are not deemed extraordinary. S. W. McClendon, of Talbot County, made in the year 1879, twelve bales of cotton and three hundred bushels of corn, with one plow and a little hired labor. Sterling Jenkins, of same county, made fourteen bales to the plow. A. J. Jenkins, of Muscogee County, made twelve bales of cotton, two hundred bushels of corn, three hundred bushels of oats, two hundred bushels of potatoes, and cane enough to make several barrels of syrup, with one plow. C. D. McClendon, of Harris County, made with two plows thirty bales of ■ cotton, one hundred and fif.y bushels of corn, five hundred bushels, of oats, one hundred bushels of potatoes. According to the Sparta Ishinaelite, "Mr. Jas. H. Mitchell, of "Hancock, made last year on a two mule farm, 28 bales of cotton, 500 bushels of corn, 300 bushels of potatoes, 174 gallons of syrup, and wheat, oats, peas, and other farm products in proportion. (WESTERN GEORGIA.) The Columhis Enquirer states that Z. H. Whittlesy made this year with one plow, ten bales of cotton weighing 500 pounds each, 600 bushels of corn, 200 bushels of potatoes, 300 bushels of oats, 3,000 pounds of fodder, 200 gallons of syrup, besides a good pea crop, and raising his meat. Cotton was worth on this farm 12 cents per pound; corn, 75 cents per bushel; oats, 60 cents per bushel ; fodder, $1.2.5 per cwt. ; syrup, 35 cents per gallon. (SOUTHERN GEORGIA.) {From the Hawkinsville Dispatch). "Mr. Henry B. Marr, of this county, made last year upon his plantation, with one plow (or one mule) twenty-four bales of cotton, besides the usual small side crops of peas and potatoes." A hundred such cases might easily be mentioned. Corn is priced in Georgia to-day at 75 cents per bushel, and is sold in some instances at $1.25 per bushel, "on time;" oats, at 65 cents; cotton, at 12 cents rer pound, (there are 500 pounds in a bale of cotton) ; potatoes at 40 to 50 cents per bushel. (NORTH GEORGIA.) {From the Marietta Journal, 1880.) "Five years ago, Mr. J. I. Chamberlain, of New York, came to Cobb County, and bought 500 acres of land from Mr. J. T. Burk- halter, on Powder Springs road, about five miles from Marietta. He came South in search of health. He first stopped at Knoxville, Tenn. , and then tried Bartow County, but is nowsatisfied that the climate here suits him better, the waterispurer, and the atmosphere more invigora- ting. He was embarrassed some when he took hold of the Burkhalter farm, but he went to work determined to succeed. The first year the WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 47 land yielded poorly, and he only made sixteen bales of cotton. He began to plow deep, save manure aiid apply it to the land, and kept up a constant improvement. This last year he had no acres in cultivation and upon it made seventy-seven bales of cotton, averaging 492 pounds each. This was an astonishingly large yield, and the re- sult was he cleared $3,000, He placed 16 ions of wheat bran on the land, at a cost of $14 per ton, and used iy> tons of guano. He is out of debt, has spent $2,000 in improving his farm, has fine stock, good pastures, believes in the stock law, and in coming South has found both health and wealth. He has demonstrated the fact that there is as much in the man as in the land. This year he will use ten tons of guano, and we shall watch to see if he doesn't make over 100 ba'es and a profit of $4,000 " PRICE OF COUNTRY AND FARM PRODUCE IN GEORGIA AND IN THE NORTHWEST. {From t lie Savannah, Ga., Morning News, March 12, 1880). Country Produce. Grown Fowls, ^ pair 80 50 @80 00 Half-grown, f) pair.. 30 @ 35 Three-quarters grown, ^ pair ....... 40 @ 45 Ducks, Muxovy, p pair ... 85 @ 1 00 Ducks, English, ^ pair __. 55 @ 65 Turkeys, $ pair... . . 1 50 @. 2 50 Chickens, dressed, $ lb 11 Q 13) Turkeys, dressed,

lb '.... ... 5 © 6* Florida Syrup, $ gallon 40 @ 45 Honey,

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H CO ON^O .Sao't; = Is s2S§.£« ££& g 6 O_ o o S." 3 rt t rt rt u U-C HH TVHA.T IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 55 X X 5 - 2 < •a . c V = rt c S S5 i^ o* o •- o t^ I •* o*© * 00 o < ■«•* *© * * 3 I U «i o c = = „ : o2'>'> ^ 1 rt (- c n .2 C 4) O — to 52 ,-j£ggrjj£ a,jQ <$■ J:^ moo \o c o be — c : o : tf - ti i t J -. X c 1 .E * = _ U I. T. >> JQ .- -2 a » a n « <« v£^ £p ££ Selma, Rome, an Georgia Railroad Atlantic and Gulf Georgia R.R. ; al Central Railroad. Atlantic and Gu wick, Albany a S c'm " " £ c on s s_ t? ° c Washington bra road. Central Railroad Albany and liriin v© cn o m m m r -«■ W •* m m u TNN " *' \0\C v\r, o* r* rnoo moo co n aTvo m" ■ „ rt CO u " o IS "rt -S * b O oj C O -^ m o 00 ; — M he £ n c bfl c -+ u ri — c 3 o E in rt o (J c c M o ed li o o u re O — c C rt •"" -^ c CJ C u I. cS a^ RJ in V -0 o M rt > U u "c3 .5 a o ^ r. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 57 A TYPICAL GEORGIA VILLAGE. (SOUTHERN GEORGIA.) A forest in 1870; a village of about 800 inhabitants in 1880. The climate of Southern Georgia has been fitly described by the following extract from : " 'Winter Homes for Invalids,' by Doctor Joseph W. Howe, pro- fessor of Clinic Surgery in the University of New York, in reference to the ' pine forests ' of Southern Georgia. "Pine grove localities have the reputation of being very healthy. There is usually complete freedom from malaria and pulmonary dis- eases. The atmosphere, impregnated as it is with the peculiar vola- tile principle of trees, has a soothing effect on inflamed throats and irritable lungs. The air agrees with everybody. Invalids with trouble- some cough and shortness of breath rapidly improve after a short residence, and some far advanced in tubercular diseases recover their health completely. The dryness and mildness of the atmosphere has, of course, something to do with the beneficial effects experienced, but there is no doubt whatever that much of the benefit arises from the air being impregnated with the piney odor from the Ocean and Gulf." Eastman, Dodge County, Georgia, followed the building of the Macon and Brunswick Railroad, through this attractive region, which has opened a market for the pine timber. Eastman is the county town, and for ten miles East and West, up and down the railroad, and for fifteen miles North to the Oconee River, and fifteen miles South to the Ocmulgee River, lies a region of beautifully undulating or rolling prairie land, well watered with springs and small clear streams, em- bracing several hundred thousand acres, all of which is commercially tributary to this rising town. In a sanitary point of view, Eastman equals Aiken, S. C, or the Sand Hills near Augusta, Georgia, and is probably unsurpassed for healthfulness by any town in the United States. If we may judge of the immunity of any given locality from certain diseases, by the absence of those diseases, the region in which Eastman, Georgia, is lo- cated, is far superior as a sanitarium for persons suffering from catarrh, bronchial, nasal and aural, and tubercular diseases, to the elevated land of Colorado, Minnesota, Nebraska, and New Mexico. While these diseases are almost unknown to the natives of the pine uplands of Southern Georgia, the reports of eminent physicians show that they are very prevalent in the regions above alluded to. 58 STATE OF GEORGIA, _JkW-2royWf-~- RESIDENCE OF WM. PITT EASTMAN, ESQ. The equability of temperature, and the inhalation of the pine odor at Eastman, Thomasville, and other winter resorts in Southern Geor- gia, and the absence of the sudden and great vicissitudes in temper- ature peculiar to great altitudes, makes the pine uplands of that region the most desirable in the Union for persons threatened with phthisis pulmonalis. The air of these pine uplands is strongly recommended by Dr. Willard Parker of New York, and other physicians of the highest standing. Eastman is situated about 500 feet above the level of the sea, on ground marked by inequalities of surface sufficient to provide ample drainage without being either hilly or level. The water is pure and good. The grounds about the hotel and court house form a fitting center to the town. Avenues to the number of eight are laid out at right angles from the railroad, while parallel with the railroad are other streets, named from the native forest trees. The Court House was presented by Hon. Wm. E. Dodge of New York, for whom the county is named. What has been accomplished at Eastman can be accomplished at many other points in Georgia. Population brings with it more or less capital, and capital cannot seek a more promising or safer investment than the selection and settlement of eligible sites in Georgia. Many desirable offers are made to this end. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 59 A MOUNTAIN SCENE. 60 STATE OF GEORGIA, TYPICAL VALLEYS, (NORTHWEST GEORGIA.) GRASS CULTURE. Cedar Valley, Vann's Valley,' and Texas Valley, in Northwestern Georgia, recall the most delightful rural landscapes in Pennsylvania, while the valley of the Etowah resembles the famed Mohawk Valley in New York. The mountain ranges of Northwestern Georgia gradu- ally recede into foot-hills from the summit of any one of which may be seen, any summer day, fields of waving grain, and meadows of clover and grasses that rival any in the North. Throughout this productive region, numerous clear, rapid streams course from mountain to river. No part of America is better watered or more admirably suited for mixed husbandry and stock raising. Mosquitoes and troublesome insects are almost unknown, and the nights are delightfully cool. For eight months in the year the days are as perfect as can be found anywhere. The three valleys described are selected because they are typical of Northwestern Georgia, each being distant but a few miles from the other. They are also alluded to in Derry's " Georgia." VANN'S VALLEY. Vann's Valley begins at Rome — the leading town of this part of Georgia — and, after extending eighteen miles, abruptly terminates in a group of hills. Like most of the hills in this region, these are mainly left as nature made them, and the colors of the sky, transparent atmos- phere, and the richly tinted verdure of these hard woods, combined with the ripening grain in the valley, form a beautiful landscape. This valley is from one to three miles in width, arid is well improved, having many substantial farmers whose large barns demonstrate the productiveness of the dark red limestone soil. The lovely village of Cave Spring is in this valley, and the cave and spring from which it takes its name are also typical of this region. The spring gushes from the cave at the base of one of the hills that surround the village, in a stream so bold that in England it would be called a river. Few villages possess more picturesque surroundings, and it is here that the State has erected large and comfortable buildings as an Asylum for the deaf and dumb. Deprived of the two most priceless senses, that of sight is trebly valued and valuable, and here nature has lavishly be- stowed its wealth, in brilliant flora, balmy sun-lit air, clear streams that flow over pebbly bottom, and a varied landscape of hill and dale, field and forest, sky and water that will leave indelible impressions upon each one who finds a pleasant refuge and congenial employment here. The grass lands in these valleys equal the famous blue-grass lands of Kentucky and Missouri. WHAT IT OFFEES TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 61 CEDAR VALLEY. Two miles distant, separated by hills whose timbered sides are full of iron ore, or marble, is Cedar Valley, long famous for its productive soil. Being much larger than Vann's Valley, the farms are larger, and extensive cotton fields, interspersed with meadows and grain fields, greet the eye. On the banks of Cedar Creek several extensive iron furnaces, for the manufacture of pig metal have been erected, while charcoal iron, owing to the proximity of lime-stone and abun- dant forest, is manufactured very profitably. The coal fields are not distant, and the supply of the necessary raw materials is thus practically unlimited. The Cherokee Railroad extends from Cartersville to Cedartown, a distance of forty miles. TEXAS VALLEY. Twelve miles from Rome, resembles the two named, with the differ- ence that the soil is a gray loam, with much more sand than that in Vann's or Cedar Valley. These valleys are peopled with good society, who appreciate and have churches and public schools and are very hospitable. The valleys of Armuchee and Chattooga are equally attractive, while in Bartow, Gordon, Catoosa, and other counties of this part of Georgia, there are valleys that equal or excel those men- tioned. The valleys of Northern Georgia and the temperature and rain-falls are eminently adapted to grass culture. While three tons of clover or Timothy hay per acre, is an average annual crop in Upper Georgia, the following exceptional crops are reported and can be verified : Mr. J. R. Winters, of Cobb county, (Upper Georgia) produced, in 1873, from 1. 15 acres, 6,575 pounds of dry clover hay at the first cut- ting of the second year's crop. Mr. T. H. Moore, of same county, produced on one acre 105, bushels of corn, while Mr. Jeremiah Daniel produced 125 bushels. Mr. R. Peters, Jr., of Gordon county, (Upper Georgia) harvested, in 1874, from three acres of lucerne, four years old, fourteen tons and 200 pounds of hay, or 9,400 pounds per acre. Mr. L. B. Willis, in Greene county, (Middle Georgia,) in June, 1873, from one acre and a third, harvested twenty bushels of wheat, and the following October, 27,130 pounds of corn forage. From the forage alone he received a profit of $159.22 per acre. Dr. W. Moody, of the same county, harvested, at one cutting, from one acre of river bottom, in 1874, 13,953 pounds of Bermuda grass hay; cost, $12.87, value of hay, $209.29, net profit, $196.42. Nine-tenths of the farmers in Georgia have been engaged in killing grass in order to raise cotton, but the hay crop is the most valuable one, time, money and labor considered, that can be raised in Geor- gia. That it pays there much better than in the North or West, the following market quotations will demonstrate : St. Paul and Minneapolis Pioneer Press, Thursday, March n, 1880. Hay— Was dull at $7 per ton for baled wild on track, and $12 for tame. '62 STATE OF GEOEGIA, (Courier Journal, (Louisville Ky.,) Wednesday Morning, March 17.) Hay — Steady at last prices. We quote prime to choice timothy at mixed at "" (The Morning News (Savannah, Ga.,) Friday, March 12, 1880.) Hay — Demand good. "We quote: Northern, $1.05@$1.10, wholesale; Eastern and Pennsylvania, $1.15@1.30. This difference of $9 per ton in favor of Georgia will be readily appreciated by the practical farmer The dairy farmer who settles in Georgia will find a wide field for profit, there being but little competition. The manufacture of cheese is an unknown industry in Georgia. A Scotch gentleman, representing a wealthy company in Scotland, who proposes to purchase land and colonize it with Scotch working people, writes as follows : " You recommend purchasing a tract of valley land amongst higher land of North Georgia, and state that good 'range' can be obtained without charge. I prefer Northern to Southern Georgia, but it must require some housing as well as feeding in sheds in Northern Georgia none of which I take it, is required in Southern Georgia. Does not the rainfall interfere with the hay harvest ? If only five weeks feeding of hay is required, and hay can be bought at $1.25 per ton on Ranch e, I prefer Northern Georgia, even though it is a few miles distant from railways." This letter is copied in order to illustrate the fact that hay is the most valuable agricultural product, perhaps, in Georgia. The writer has frequently sold large quantities of hay on his farm, not at $1.25 per ton, but at $1.25 per 100 lbs. or $25 per ton. The clean culture necessary in cotton culture is an admirable pre- paration for grass growing, having the same effect as the "fallow," which is so potent a factor in English farming. We believe the price, ($1.25 per ton,) alluded to above, is the price on the Western prairies, and we are at a loss when we attempt to reconcile this fact with the alleged "high wages " paid the laborer in the prairie States. We do not believe that a laborer in Georgia can be hired to cut, save and deliver a ton of hay at $1.25 per ton. The following from the New York Bulletin, will show that during harvest time rainfall is not peculiar to Georgia : (From our Crop Correspondent.) " Chicago, July 9, 1880. " Wet weather continues in Illinois; so much so that all through the corn belt, cultivation of this crop has been suspended for two weeks. The weather has been so bad that it has been almost impos- sible to secure the hay crop in good condition, and farmers are very much discouraged at the condition of things. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. Go SHEEP HUSBANDRY IN GEORGIA. FORD. The pres- e n t high price of wool indicates scarcity, and a recent is- sue of t h e Economist suggests re- flection. It is there stated that we con- sume 360, 000,000 lbs. of wool per annum while we grow only 225, 000, 000 lbs. The price of wool in Georgia is forty cents a pound. The prime requisites for sheep husbandry, as a specialty, are fresh water, shade, and an abundance of pasture-land, that the needed change be given. In no part of the United States can extensive sheep-walks, possessing these requisites in equal extent, be purchased so cheaply as in Georgia, and in no State are the climatic and transportation advantages excelled. The habits of sheep in feeding early in the morning and late in the afternoon, and resting during the heated hours in Summer, demonstrate the necessity for shade. There are in Georgia about 10,000,000 acres of unemployed land, having ample shade. These lands are admirably adapted to sheep husbandry, a large part of them being worth more for timber purposes than the land will cost. Forty thousand acres may be bougnt for two dollars per acre, all of which is situated at an average distance of not more than ten miles from any navigable stream or railroad, and is only about forty hours distant from New York. Millions of acres of virgin «4 STATE OF GEOKGIA, soil, covered with grass the year round, with yellow pine forests and no undergrowth, presenting a park-like appearance to the eye, await the advent of the shepherd and farmer. Streams abound there ; no : shelter is needed in winter, and sheep, as a rule, cost nothing, except the salt they eat, the care they receive, and the cost of shearing. Georgia unwashed wool is said to be as clean as Pennsylvania brook- washed. This is owing to the fact that it is free from hay seed — the wire grass being perennial — and that the heavy spring rains wash out the yolk and dirt just before shearing time. Southern Georgia offers perhaps the best field for investment to wool growers on the continent. The climate of Georgia corresponds with that of the best wool growing countries. The wire-grass and perpetual plant-growth in Southern Georgia, the Bermuda grass sod in Middle Georgia, and the sod of the English grasses, the clovers and blue grass in North Georgia, added to the Southern field pea, are alike well adapted to sheep hus- bandry. Land that is not considered profitable for cultivation will support five sheep to the acre. Very few farmers do more for their sheep than to mark, shear and salt them. PROFITS OF SHEEP HUSBANDRY. The average annual cost per head of keeping sheep in Georgia, is only 54 cents. The average cost of raising a pound of wool is only 6 cents, while the average price for which the unwashed wool is sold, is 33 Yi cents, or 27^ cents net. The average yield of unwashed wool to the sheep is 3-44 pounds, which at 27X cents net, gives an average clear income in wool from such sheep of 94 cents. The average price for lambs sold to the butcher in Georgia is $1.87. The average price of stock sheep is $2.68 per head. The average price of mutton is $2.75 per head. The average annual profit invested in sheep in Georgia is 63 per cent. The following reports have been sworn to in the presence of disinterested parties. Mr. David Ayres, of Camilla, Mitchell County, Southern Georgia — where snow never falls and the ground seldom freezes, and where the original pine forest is carpeted with grass that is indigenious to the soil, from January to December — says his sheep 3,500 in number, cost him annually 14 cents per head. The average clip is three pounds of unwashed wool, which sells at 30 cents per pound, giving a clear profit of 90 per cent, on the money invested in sheep. Mr. Ayres does not feed his sheep at any time, and relies entirely on native sheep. Mr. John McDowell, of Washington County, Pennsylvania, keeps 670 highly improved sheep, the keeping of which costs annually $1.54 a head. He aims to make his wool clip clear which averages four pounds of brook washed wool to the sheep. His wool crop sold in 1875 for WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 65 56 cents per pound, or $2.24 for each sheep sheared, but the crop cost, on account of the severe winter, 15c. a pound, which makes his net income per sheep $1.64. His sheep are worth $3.50 per head, and his net profits are 46 per cent, on the money invested. The land on which Mr. McDowell pastures his sheep is worth about $50 per acre, while I am authorized to sell land like that owned by Mr. Ayres for $1.50 per acre, and the 20,000 acres thus offered are situated in the same part of the State as that which sustains Mr. Ayres* sheep. In Middle Georgia Mr. Robert C. Humber, of Putnam County, re- ports that he keeps 138 sheep of the cross between the Merino and the common stock. They yield an average of three pounds of wool per head, which he sold in 1875 at 25 cents per pound. They cost him nothing except the shearing, and he claims they pay him 100 per cent, on the investment, in mutton, lambs and wool. His sheep range on Bermuda grass fields in Summer, and the " old fields " in Winter. The " cane bottoms" and the cane which fringes with luxuriant leafage the streams in Georgia, offer stock of all descriptions most healthy and nourishing green food, even in the depth of Winter. No shelter is required, and no diseases of consequence are reported among the flocks of Georgia. The arid wastes of Colorado, New Mexico and other parts of the " Great West," cannot be compared with the sunny skies and health- ful climate and cheap lands, permeated by railroads and navigable streams, of Georgia. No treeless wastes or waterless tracts embarass the husbandman there, and Northern farmers are wanted by thousands to aid in developing the wonderful resources that are now dormant for the want of sturdy hands and intelligent labor that will create the capital needed. They will find a law-abiding people and a country so healthy that the death rate is less than in Maine, Connecticut or Missouri, and the same as in Michigan, which is conceded to be one of the healthiest States in the Union. Indented with some of the finest harbors on the Atlantic Coast, its transportation facilities are unequaled in the South. The whole State lies in the Temperate Zone. The price of land is from $1 to $50 per acre. The cheapest and best timber in the United States is there ; no laborer was ever charged for fuel. The meadow in Southern Georgia is made by na- ture ; the laborer can work in the field every day in the year.* GEORGIA AND MINNESOTA COMPARED. As an evidence that the true solution of the labor problem caused by the immense immigration to the Northwest is to go South, the follow- ing letter, recently received is here copied : * I am indebted to the Report of the Department of Agriculture of Georgia, for the year 1875, for many of the facts stated above. 66 STATE OF GEORGIA, "Pleasant Prairie, Martin Co., Minn., ? ' May 13, 1880. S "Dear Sir: — I and several others of this place are in the sheep and cattle business in a small way. Some of us got homesteads and some bought slightly improved land for from $200 to 600 per quarter section (160 acres). There is an abundance of grass here for hay and pasture, thousands of acres of State, railroad and speculators' land that we can pasture and mow free. It is ten miles to a railroad depot, and good schools and citizens, but no wood or timber — (italics are mine). / have fed my sheep and cattle the fast Winter just six months. It takes three to four months to fivt up hay and feed for the Winter here. The wolves and dogs take on an average about ten sheep a year from me. I keep about 500 sheep, medium quality, and from 30 to 50 head of cattle, and my neighbors farm in a similar manner. Now, what we would like is, to go to a place that is better than this in some respects. We do not want to cut and stack hay half of the Summer and fodder it out all Winter, which is nine months' work, cutting, stacking and feeding. "George F. P." I am prepared to sell immigrants as good land as that owned by Mr. David Ayres of Camilia, Georgia, (who owns the 3,500 sheep re- ferred to above), at from $1.50 to $3.00 per acre. I offer farms of 40 acres, with building for $225. I offer 1,000 acres to any one who will make sheep husbandry a business and settle on the land for $1,000 cash. The owner has 3, 000 acres and 1,000 sheep, which are not for sale. The following letter from the most successful and enterprising wool- grower and stock-raiser in Georgia is here appended : Atlanta, Ga., May 24th, 1880. Francis Fontaine, Esq., Commissioner Land and Immigration, My Dear Sir: I duly received yours of 19th inst., and herein very willingly answer your questions. At the South, merino sheep are seldom sheltered, and are fed but little hay during the Winter ; the gross weight of their fleeces, after the hard washing spring rains, and freedom from hay seed do not average with the fleeces of the Western merinos, stabled and high fed as they are, and the rams often covered and blanketed, but the net weights of the scoured fleeces of each section would show but little variation. As to the price of mountain land, no one can to this question make a satisfactory reply. It is customary to use the pasturage of the mountain ranges in common, and it would not pay to fence in large tracts of such land, as the pasturage is only of value about five months jn the year, say 1st of May to 1st of October. Respectfully yours, RICHARD PETERS. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 67 The above reference to pasturage and mountain land, refers only to Northern and Middle Georgia. The pasturage in Southern Georgia is perennial and good during the whole year. The following letter is from one of the mest respected and widely- known wool dealers in New York. Mr. Lynch is also one of the Commissioners of Emigration for New York, being President of the Irish Society : New York, May 24th, 1880. Francis Fontaine, Esq., 160 East 10th St., N. Y. Dear Sir : In reply to your favor of 19th, I beg to say that wool grown in Georgia is quite as valuable as ihe scoured wool of like quality grown in Indiana. In both States the quality is nearly the same ; say % to x /z blood merino or "low medium;" strictly fine merino's — "full blood " — have not done well in Georgia. The sheep best adapted to the State are those of the quality and kind they have had there since the days of Oglethorpe. The circular to which you refer was issued when Castle Garden was crowded with applicants for places and employers few ; now the case is reversed; there are more orders for labor than can be filled. Yours truly, JAMES LYNCH. The Antericus Republican, of the 19th of Alay, 1880, gave an ac- count of the sales of wool from a small flock of 13 sheep. The sheep had yielded $13 worth of wool and 13 sheep. The Thomasville Enterprise of July 15th, also states, that Mr. J. C. Lewis, of Thomas County, sold this year from 13 sheep 53 pounds of wool at 28 cents, making $14.85, and he reports 17 lambs. He also sold 9 wethers at $2 per head. From these sales it will be seen that the price of wool has declined, but that the profit at 28 cents a pound is quite satisfac- tory. 68 STATE OF GEOBGIA, NOTES ON SHEEP HUSBANDRY. The wool trade cf Albany, Georgia, is assuming great value. About 500,000 pounds of wool are sold at this town per annum. Last year this trade in wool amounted to over one million of dollars in Southwest Georgia. There is nothing that would pay better than sheep raising, yet, strange to say, there are not more than from 800,000 to 900,000 sheep in the whole State, when we should have for wool and food 8,000,000 or more. Mr. State Montgomery sold in Geneva, Talbot County, last year, $445 of wool from seventy sheep. A writer in the Atlanta, (Ga.,) Constitution states that: In 1871 he "bought 400 acres of reputed poor land in Glynn •County, Georgia, and put upon it 100 sheep. In 1873, by natural increase, he had 376 ewes, and had sent to market 73 wethers. His sheep were penned nightly, and every two nights manured a half acre well. Since that time he had brought into a high state of cultivation 100 acres of land that seven years ago were considered worthless. Since 1 87 1 he has bought 200 sheep, and now owns 1,800 head. He keeps a shepherd who is paid to attend to his business, and keeps an accurate book account of every dollar and dime spent on account of the sheep, and finds, by casting up a balance sheet, that it costs him exactly 57 cents a .head per annum to keep his flock. They average him about three and a half pounds of wool each. Last year he clipped in May, and again in September, and the clip amounted to five and a half pounds per head. Last year he sold in Savannah and Macon 8,000 pounds of wool, at an average of 30 cents per pound, including a few pounds of merino wool, which makes the gross receipts $2,970. The annual expense of the flock $1,026. So there was^an absolute profit in the wool of $1,664. Last year he sold in the above cities 92 wethers as mutton for $342, making a total of $2,289. Besides this, he has fertilized 84 acres of poor wire- grass land, so that last year he made from 10 acres in sugar cane 56 barrels of syrup, and 15 acres sown in oats yielded an average of 42 bushels to the acre. The Middle Georgia Times says : "We congratulate Georgia wool growers on their good fortunes in the advance price of that important commodity. It is said buyers are anxious to buy at forty cents per pound." The average shrinkage of unwashed merino fleeces is from 48 to 52 per cent — about 50 — and of unwashed (rams' fleeces), about 67 to 70 per cent. This would give as the shrinkage in ordinary wash- ing from 17 to 20 per cent. The well known firms of Messrs David Scull, Jr. & Bro., and Coates Bros, of Philadelphia, and Mr. W. M. Brown, of Beverly Woolen Mills, endorse this statement. The Waco (Texas), Examiner of May 25th, 1880, states, that at a meeting of the wool growers of Southwestern Texas, the following facts were elicited : "Medium wools were quoted in the North at from 35 to 40 cents, coarse, 31 to 35, and Mexican 21 to 25. For wool worth 37 cents in the East, not more than 27 or 27-^ could be obtained here. In Geor- gia, at the same date, wool brought from 35 to 40 cents a pound." WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 69 THE ANGORA GOAT IN GEORGIA. This industry is peculiarly suited to all the Appalachian range from Virginia to Georgia, but no American State has demonstrated its truth as satisfactorily as has Georgia. The wrong location of flocks is fatal to success. If our farmers in Northern Georgia knew that this fibre for the last fifteen years has sold at double the price of the best comb- ing wool, they would interest themselves more generally in providing an American growth of mohair. ANGORA UOAT WOOL. Statements have been going the rounds of the papers that there was no market for Angora wool. The following is the testimony of Mr. R. Peters, who has a flock of 160 Angoras, which we give for the benefit of those who breed or intend breeding this valuable animal: Q. What is the clip of the Angora goat ? A. From three to four pounds — the former for ewes and the latter for bucks. Q. Do you find any difficulty in finding a market for it. A. None m the world. Messrs. Turner & Son, at Acron, Ohio, ■will tak-i all that is produced at from seventy to eighty cents per pound for thoroughbred, fifty-five cents for full bloods, and forty cents for grades. Q. What do you mean by full bloods ? A. The fifth cross, or those having 31-32 pure blood are classed as full bloods. Q. What is the cost of keeping them ? A. Almost nothing. They cost very little more to keep than the common goat, less than sheep, while they sell much higher and yield about the same annual income in wool as good sheep which clip an average of six pounds of wool. Q. Have they been subject to disease of any kind ? A. None at all. They have been healthy and prolific. A late lamb is worthless, while if from any cause a kid is dropped late it makes as good an animal as those dropped early. Q. You are, then, still pleased with them as profitable stock ? A. So well, so that I have made arrangements to make new impor- tations with which to still further improve those I already have, and which I am constantly improving by selection. The following from the Boston Advertiser will show that Mr. Peters has carried out his intention : 70 STATE OF GEOKGIA, "There are now in this city some fine specimens of a breed of Angoras never before, save in one case, exported from Turkey. The animals now under consideration arrived here a day or two since, in the steamer Dorian, from Constantinople, and were imported by C. W. Jenks. They are to form a part of the famous flock of Mr. Peters, in Georgia. They were brought some hundreds of miles on mule back to the coast from the province Geredeh, in the interior of Asia Minor. The Angoras heretofore received in this county, have been from pro- vinces near the coast, and are smaller, with fleeces of four, five and six pounds. The Geredeh breed is larger, with fleeces eight, ten, twelve, and in some cases, fifteen pounds in weight, of very fine and silkv mohair, a lock of which lies before us, with photographs of ani- mals of this breed. Mr. Jenks has informed us that he has traversed hundreds of miles in the Blue Ridge mountains of North Carolina and Georgia, the altitude, climate and vegetation of which are a trans- cript of those of the region whence these goats were brought." The New York "South" in alluding to this importation, says: " Fifteen years ago the mohair clip of the Cape of Good Hope had a valu: of $1,650. This year its value is $650,000." Since the first importation, thirty years ago, the object of all the breeders in the United States seems to have been the raising of ani- mals for breeding and not in flocks for fleece. There have been one. or two exceptions ; notably that of Mr. Richard Peters, who, on his fine stock ranche, among the foot-hills of the Blue Ridge, at Cal- houn, in Northwestern Georgia, has, from the original stock, main- tained a flock of greater or less number in their original purity. No. 120. — Quantities of Wool produced, imported, exported, and retained for consumption in the United States, from 1870 to 1879, inclusive. Year ended Produc- June tion. a 30. 1870.. 1871.. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1S76. 1877. 1878. 1879. Pounds. 162,000, 100,000, 150,000, 158,000, 170,000. 181,000. 192,000, 200,000 207,000 ! 211,000 Imports. Pounds. 000 000 000 000 000 000 ,000 ,000 49, 68, 122. 85 42, 54 44 42 Total pro- duction and imports. Exports. 000 48 000 39 230,199 058,028' 256,499 496,049 939,541 901,760 642,836 171,192 ,449,079 ,005,155 Domest'c , Foreign. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 211,230,199 228,05S,028| 272,256,499 243, 496,049 j 212,939,541 235,901,760 236,642,836 242,171,192 255,449,079 250,005,155 152,882! 25, 195 j 140,515 75,129- 319,600 178,034 104,768 79,599 347,854 60,784 1,710,053 1,305,311 2,266,393 7,040,386 6,816,157 3,567,627 1,518,426 3,088,957 5,952,221 4,104,616 Total. Retained for home consump- tion. Pounds. Pounds. 1,862,945 209, 1,330,506226, 2,406,908269, 7,115,515236, 7,135,757 205, 3,745,661232: 1,623,194235 3,168,556 239 6,300,075 249 4,165,400 245 367,254 727,522 849,591 380,534 803,784 156,099 019,652 002,636 149,004 839,755- a In the column of "Production," the amount placed opposite the fiscal year is the production of the preceding calender year. WHAT IT OFFEBS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 71 FRUIT GROWING AND TRUCK GARDENING Though the business is yet in its infancy, the shipment of early fruits and vegetables from Georgia this year will probably exceed 100,000 boxes. The Southern counties of Georgia are much more favorable to strawberry and kindred industries than Norfolk, Va., not being subject to the cold winds that are so damaging to Virginia, beisdes being further South, and hence, much earlier, which is the most important consideration to "truckers," as it means high prices. In fertility, transportation facilities, and variety of soils and produc- tions, Georgia has advantages over any of the Atlantic Coast States, while taxation is lower than in any of them, being only 70 cents on $100 worth of property. Its railway communications give to its farmers speedy access to the Western and Northwestern markets, and refrigerator cars and first-class steamships convey the perishable pro- ducts rapidly and securely to the Eastern markets. Most of the early fruits and vegetables go to New York and are shipped by rail and water, at very low rates and on fast trains. The rate from J acksonville to New York, by water, is thirty cents a box, and by rail 50 cents, with a difference in time of twenty-four hours in favor of the rail route. The shipment of strawberries begin in December and continue all through the season. They are sent to New York in refrigerators. In March of this years strawberries which had formerly brought $1 or $1.25 per quart were selling as low as 25 cents. The Western mar- kets are now better than the Eastern. Georgia is exceptionally favored in its transportation facilities to Louisville and the Northwest. Toma- toes that bring $5.00 per bushel in Louisville, sell in New York for $2. " Georgia has a monopoly of the early peach market in the great Eastern cities, and brings her large summer varieties into competition with the small early varieties grown in New Jersey. Southern and Middle Georgia are best adapted to the peach and fig. In these sec- tions, lands along the lines of railways suitable for fruit-growing can be purchased according to quality and location, at from one to ten dollars per acre; but such lands are rapidly advancing in price. North Georgia is best adapted to the apple, and Middle Georgia to to the pear." Mr. John H. Parnell, of West Point, Geergia, has probably the largest peach orchard in the United States. There are many large orchards in Georgia, and the report of the State Commissioner of Agriculture, states that the increase in the area devoted to fruits and vegetables in the past twelve months, is twelve per cent. Mr. Parnell shipped his crates of peaches to New York in May, and the first shipment to Atlanta, Georgia, was sold in that city for $35 a bushel. Dr. S. Hape, of Atlanta, and Messrs. R. E. and H. A. Crittendon, of Randolph country, are now planting at Ward Station in that 72 STATE OF GEORGIA county probably the largest orchard and vineyard in the State. By another season they expect to have four hundred acres in trees and vines, The " Farmer and Fruit Grower " expresses itself thus : "If we were to make a prophecy about anything horticultural, it would be that, for years to come, the highest priced fruits to be seen in Western markets would be choice peaches. " Experienced fruit growers and gardeners can easily obtain lucrative employment in Georgia. By adding a little capital to their time and labor, they can affect most advantageous terms with the owners of the farms devoted to fruits and vegetables. A few instances will show how remunerative the business is, even when confined tolocalma.kets. " Mr. J. N. Walker of this county, shipped the past week to Atlanta, 377 cabbages, weighing about 3,500 pounds, which at four cents per pound, amounted to $140; nearly 40 cents apiece. One hundred and fifty of the above cabbage weighed 1,875 pounds, and brought $75, or 50 cents apiece." — Brunswick Advertiser. On the subject of "Truck farming — What five acres will do," the Thomasville Times, says : "Mr. Geo. P. McRae, of Lowndes County, planted two acres in cucumbers and three acres in tomatoes. He has or will ship six hun- dred crates of each, and for which two dollars per crate will be real- ized. This foots up the astonishing sum of two thousand four hun- dred dollars." The standard crate is 8 by 14 by 22 inches; capacity, one bushel. To insure ventilation they are generally made octagon shape, or corners of the headings cut off. " Gen. LeDuc has in his possession several samples of Georgia raised tea, said to be of excellent quality, and for which the grower was offered fifty cents per pound in bulk for all he could supply. (Gen. LeDuc is U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture)." Mr. Wm. Dean, a prominent woolen manufacturer and practical farmer of Wilmington, Delaware, has been traveling in Georgia and Florida : {From the Jacksonville Union). "Mr. Dean is enthusiastic in his description of what he has seen in the South. He thinks there is no comparison between the North and the South, so far as farming and cotton manufacturing is concerned, the advantages of the South being so much greater than those of the North. Very soon, he thinks, it will be impossible for the North to compete with the South in the manufacture of brown cotton goods. As for farming, Mr. Dean says, if he was thirty years younger, he could take two thousand dollars, go South, engage in farming, and in ten years have a hundred thousand dollars. He was glad to sell his po- tatoes at the North at a dollar and a half a barrel. It cost a half dollar to get them from where he lived to New York, and it cost no more to ship them from Georgia or Florida. Land in Delaware cost one hundred dollars an acre ; here it can be bought for five dollars per acre. The latter, with judicious cultivation, would yield just as much as the former." ',VHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &o. 73 The Albany News states that Mr. J. W. Barnes picked fifty bush- els of cucumbers from his truck garden just beyond the city limits. The most of them have been shipped to Philadelphia, where he ex- pects to get four dollars per bushel for them. Mr. Geo. T. Young, formerly of Plainfield, N. J., wrote from Way- cross, Ware County, August 5, 1879, the following statement, show- ing how many crops can be raised from the same ground in the same year: " We have gathered two crops of Irish potatoes, and have it plant- ed now with sweet potatoes looking well. The longer I live here, the more I think of the country for agricultural purposes." Hundreds of similar reports might be given, but the above state- ments are sufficient to prove that, whether early vegetables or fruit be cultivated, the area devoted to them need not be limited, as the de- mand in the Northeast and Northwest will always be in excess of the supply Meanwhile it is well to note the effect of competition. The berry season North does not begin until June, and lasts only two weeks. Early fruits ripen in Southern Georgia before the seeds are planted at the North. For early vegetables and fruits, and rapid transportation to Northern markets, Southern Georgia is unexcelled. Georgia Straw- berries are found in the New York market in mid-winter. But it is only in the past two or three years that the culture of strawberries has become a specialty in Georgia. The yield is said to be about 4,000 quarts to the acre, which, at 12 cents a quart, would give an income from 225 acres of over $108,000. A Charleston newspaper notes the price of strawberries in South Carolina since they were first cultivated for Northern markets. In 1872, they brought an average price of 57 cents a quart; in 1873, 33 cents; in 1874, 38 cents; in 1875, 29X cents; in 1876, 21 cents; in 1877, 20 cents; in 1878, ni cents; in 1879, 14 cents; and this year the average is estimated at about 12^ cents. The decline in price is owing partly to competition with the West Indies and partly to the nominally low price of all products due to the return of the currency to a specie basis. Good cultivators can make in Georgia an average of $150 an acre from strawberries above expenses. As much as $2500 net has been made from seven acres in strawberries in this latitude. Forty car- loads of strawberries have been consumed in Chicago and sent to neighboring towns in one day, and Southern strawberries have been sold there when there was a foot of snow in Canada but a few degrees distant. The growers in Georgia having all the advantages which the early market gives, can make much greater profits than the growers in New Jersey. 74 STATE OF GEOBGUA, Peas can be sown in Southern Georgia in January, and Irish pota- toes may be planted at the same time. Beans can be planted in February and March, and many other vegetables at same time. The same advantage possessed by the coast of Georgia over that of Virginia with regard to strawberries, pertain to the culture of early potatoes for the Eastern markets. New potatoes from Norfolk, the only Southern port quoted from ordinarily, begin to arrive in the latter part of May or the first of June. They can be shipped from Georgia several weeks earlier than from Norfolk, and the New York markets are dependent on the Bermuda Islands, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and Virginia for early potatoes from January to July. New York City and Brooklyn consume 10,000 barrels per day. The receipts from sales of watermelons at Augusta, Georgia, are worth $100,000 per annum. On the 20th April, a melon was marketed at Americus, (Southwestern Ga.,) twelve inches long and fourteen inches in circumference. In the Spring of 1877, there were shipped from one port of Georgia 23,284 packages of fruit, 20,405 packages of vegetables, and 26,345 melons. I have not been able to get the returns for the year 1879, but it is probable that there will be over 500,000 boxes shipped in the year 1880. The apples of Northern and Middle Georgia, keep well until Apri or May. The Shockley ripens in September, and hardly ever fails to yield a good crop. The Bachelor, Horn Apple or English Crab, do well ; the Nickajack or Fall Pippin are fine apples and ripen in October. It is estimated that an orchard will yield from 50 to 75 barrels to the acre if well attended to. One-half will sell for $1.50, and the other for $2 per barrel in New York, but there is a local demand for all raised in Georgia at present. The fruit farm should be near good shipping facilities, and there should be an ample supply of labor in the immediate neighborhood to furnish labor at any time needed. The coast counties of the State of Georgia, with the quick sandy soil and sunny skies, can furnish tons of ripe strawberries in mid-winter, and will eventually render the growing of this fruit under glass unprofitable. In spite of the diffi- culties that environ the Northern farmer, even the late crop of berries are very profitable, and it needs but good judgment and business foresight, to make much greater profits for the Georgia fruit grower. The State Commissioner of Agriculture, in a recent report, shows an increase in the area devoted to orchards and vineyards in the last tewlve months to be twelve per cent. The most rapid increase will be in peaches, grapes, pears and plums. Every part of Georgia has grape growing enterprises in successful operation. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 75 NOTES ON TRUCK. FARMING. Office of Savannah, Florida, and Western R. R., ) and Florida Dispatch Line, 315 Broadway. $ New York, May 11, 1880. The receipts via " Florida Dispatch Line " and Southern Express Company for the week ending the 8th inst., were: Vegetables, 5,800 packages. Condition: cucumbers, mostly fair to poor; potatoes good; tomatoes good ; beans poor; squash fair ; cabbage fair ; beets fair. Prices: Potatoes, Florida, $2.5o@5.oo per barrel; potatoes, Sa- vannah, $3.oo@4.oo per barrel; tomatoes, $2.50(8)4.50 per crate; cabbage, Savannah, $1. 50(^2.25 per barrel; cabbage, Norfolk, $1.00(832.25 per barrel; beans, flat, Florida, 5oc.@75c. per crate; beans, round, Florida, 5oc.@$i.oo per crate; beans, Savannah and Charleston, $2.00(832.50 per crate; squash, 50c. per crate; beets, $1.00(831.50 per crate ; cucumbers, $1.00(831.50 per crate. C. D. OWENS, Gen'/ Agent. Boston, May 7, 1880. Beans will not pay to ship any longer. Cucumbers plenty and poor ; have ruled dull and lower ; tomatoes, choice, sell fairly at quo- tations : Tomatoes, $3.00(834.00; cucumbers, 75c.@f1.59; beans, fiat, $1.25(831.50; beans, round, $1.50(831.75. Philadelphia, May 15, 1880. Potatoes, large to choice, $5.00(8*5.50; cabbage, $2.00(833.00 per barrel; tomatoes, ripe, $3.50(834.00; green, $i.oo@2.oo; cucum. bers to-day, $2.50(833.00; beans and squash are not paying freight. G. W. SHALLCROSS & CO. Farnum & Co., Gen'l Produce and Commission / Merchants, Nos. 108 & no Faneuil Hall Market. \ Boston, May 19th, 1SS0. Editor Jacksonville DispatcJi : "The steamer United States arrived with cucumbers in tine order; they sold for $2.50 to $2.75 per crate, and found quick sale. Also the cucumbers via Atlantic Coast Line were in fine order, and sold at $2.50 to $2.72. We received twenty-six crates of cucumbers from G. R. McKee, of Valdosta, Georgia, via the steamer United States, which were the finest ever received in this market, and sold for good prices. FARNUM & CO. 76 STATE OF GEORGIA, GRAPE GROWING AND WINE MAKING. Examine the isothermal lines and temperature tables of Georgia,, and they will be found to correspond with the best wine growing, countries in Europe. One thousand gallons of wine may be produced on all acre of land in Georgia, which can be bought for $5 per acre. Any one familiar with the forests of Georgia has enjoyed the- delicious flavor of the * " Scuppernong " and "Muscadine" grapes,, even when in the wild state. They festoon the trees, and form an arbor, or support, with the aid of nature only. White, in his description of this vine, says: "We consider this very peculiar grape one of the greatest boons to the South. It has very little resemblance to any of the grapes of the- other sorts. It is a rampant grower and requires little, if any, culti- vation. It blooms from the fifteenth to the last of June, and ripens its fruit the last of September or beginning of October. It has no disease in wood, leaf or fruit, and rarely, if ever, fails to produce a heavy crop. We have never known it to fail. Neither birds nor in- sects ever attack the fruit. " It will produce a greater weight of fruit than any other variety in the world. The clusters vary in size from ten to twenty berries, and the berries in size from three-fourths to one inch and a quarter in diameter. "Vines, six years transplanted, have this year given an average of three bushels to each vine ; we are credibly informed that a vine of this variety is growing near Mobile, which has produced two hundred and fifty bushels of grapes in a year, and we know that vines ten years old have given and will give thirty bushels per vine. A bushel of these grapes will give from three to three and a half gallons of: juice, according to ripeness. " It is the cheapest and most luscious of any grape we have ever seen or tasted, makes a fine, heavy, high- flavored, fruity wine, and is peculiarly adapted to making foaming wines." {From the Sozithem Enterprise, Agricultural Monthly, Atlanta, Ga.) " The grape, which promises to be, with the peach, the staple fruit product of the State, thrives well in every part of the State, but of course better in some localities than in others. Marked success has. been attained, however, in every section, showing the general adapta- bility of soil and climate to the growth of the vine. " The Labrusca and GEstivalis types bear immense crops in every section. The Rotundifolia do not bear well on calcareous soils." We give the names of some of the parties who have given especial attention to grape culture in different sections of the country : * The original scuppernong vine, reported to have been discovered by Sir Walter Raleigh in the sixteenth century, covers over one acre of ground, and isi assessed to produce over 2,000 gallons of wine in one season. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 77 "Mr. John Stark, Thomasville, Georgia, has, for some years, been successfully engaged in grape growing and wine making. We know from personal observation that he has succeeded in making wines of fine quality. "Messrs. Starowski and Schneider, Hawkinsville, Ga., have been remarkably successful, having produced from the vintage of 1878, twelve hundred gallons of wine on 2%. acres of Concord and Delaware grapes. We sampled some of their Delaware wine, which was very fine at the age of one year. "Mr. Jas. E. Antony, of Macon, Ga., exhibited at the last Horti- cultural Fair, grapes which challenged the admiration of all who saw them. "Mr. W. W. Woodruff, of Griffin, Ga., has a large vineyard, from which he makes excellent wine. " Mr. W. W. Clark, Covington, Ga., who has been somewhat a pioneer in this enterprise, had on exhibition at the Grape display of the Atlanta Pomological Society, last August, thirty-six varieties of grapes, all perfect developments of their varieties. He has gained quite a reputation for the excellence of his wines. " Mrs. J. W. Bryan, Dillon, Walker county, in the Northwest cor- ner of the State, on Lookout Mountain, has made a marked success of grape growing. So has Mr. J. Van Buren, a veteran fruit culturist near Clarksville, in Habersham county, in the Northeastern part of the State. "Mr. P. J. Berckmans, of Augusta, though not making a specialty of grapes, has demonstrated that that part of the State is well adapted to their growth, while Mr. D. C. Schultze, near West Point, on the Western border of the State, has illustrated successful grape growing there. " There are many fine vineyards around Atlanta and elsewhere, but we have mentioned enough to show how generally through the State the grape grows successfully. " A company has been organized at Cuthbert, in Southwest Georgia, for the purpose of manufacturing wine on a large scale, and another is being organized in Atlanta, for the same purpose." 78 STATE OF GEORGIA, WATER POWERS AND MEDICINAL WATERS. The difference of elevation between the sources among the moun- tains and the mouths of our rivers that empty into ocean or gulf, ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 feet, demonstrates the abundance and value of the water-powers of Georgia. We do not believe that Geor- gia is excelled in this respect by any State in the Union. In the appendix to this work will be found a partial list of the water-powers, of Georgia, but in order to illustrate briefly their extent and value we copy the following list from the official measurements of the State geologist : " The estimates given below are for the theoretical horse-power of the stream, without the accumulation of its waters in a reservoir. The horse-power is equivalent to 33,000 foot-pounds. Horse-power- Chattahoochee river, Columbus 35,558 Chattahoochee river, Fulton co . 2,448 Ocmulgee river, Lloyd's Shoal. 3,970 Ocmulgee river, Seven Islands. 2,050 Ocmulgee river, Ciapp's Shoals 508 Ocmulgee river, Glover's mill. 1,368 Etowah river, Bartow county. . 2,250 Etowah river, Franklin mines . 1,029 Etowah river, Lumpkin county . 272 Holt's Shoals, Bibb county... 1,050 South river, Butts county 350 South river, Clarke's Factory. . 247 Snake creek, Carroll county .... 405 Pataula creek, Clay county 601 Armuchee creek, Floyd county . 151 Horse-power. Coosawattee, Carter's mill.... 3,085 Oconee river, Long Shoals F'y. 1,024 Oconee river, Riley's Shoals.... 2,054 Oconee river, Oconee county... 5,642 Oconee river, Jackson county.. 271 Tallulah river, Habersham co. .20,508 Mulberry creek, Harris county. 1,020 Towaliga, High Falls 1,530 Yellow river, Cedar Shoals 1,302 Yellow river, Cedar and Henley Shoals 2,000 Little river, Eatonton Factory. 155 Nacoochee Gold Mining Co., White county 575 Savannah river, Augusta canal. .14, 000 "These are only a few of the many which might be mentioned. "The immense water-power of Anthony's Shoals, Broad river, in Wilkes and Elbert counties, has not been accurately estimated." MINERAL WATERS. Northern and Middle Georgia abound in Iron, Sulphur and Mag- nesia waters. Many of these have been for a long time attractive to invalids, and pleasure-seekers. The following springs have been popular resorts for many years- Catoosa Springs, Catoosa County. Rowland Springs, Bartow County. New Holland Spring, Hall County, Sulphur Spring, Hall County. Porter's Springs, Lumpkin County. Helicon Springs, Clarke County. Indian Springs, Butts County. Newnan Springs, Coweta County. Sulphur Springs, Meriwether County. Warm Springs, Meriwether County. Chalybeate Springs, Meriwether Co. Gower's Spring, Hall County. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 79 WARM SPRINGS, MERIWETHER COUNTY The situation, North side of Pine Mountain 1,800 feet above the sea, and natural advantages of these Springs are unsurpassed. Except the Hot Springs of Arkansas, we do not know of any resort in America better suited to cure persons suffering from cutaneous dis- eases, rheumatism, dyspepsia, or diseases of the Urinary organs. The spring or fountain gushing forth from the mountain, 1,400 gal- lons of water per minute, temperature 90 Fahr., is one of nature's wonders. The Baths, six in number, ten feet square, with a constant flow of water in and through them, from two to four and a half feet deep, are equal to any in America. The analysis of the water is as follows : Quantity - -1,400 gallons per minute. Temperature 90° Fahr. Specific Gravity 998- IN THE WINE PINT ARE FOUND Carbonic Acid Gas 1.11 cubic inches. Carbonate of iron 3.29 grains. Oxide of Calcium 4.64 " Oxide of -Magnesia 11.68 " Hydro Sulphuric Acid, a large quantity. It is desired to form a stock company, and make of this estate an attractive Winter resort for Northern people who desire to escape the rigors of the Northern Winter. There are 1,200 acres in this estate, all of which are admirably adapted to sheep husbandry and fruit cul- ture. There is a cold Chalbybeate Spring near the hotel, and the Chalybeate and White Sulphur Springs, both popular Summer resorts, are each distant seven miles. The North and South Railroad is a few miles distant. For particulars, address •'Commissioner Land and Immigration, Atlanta, Georgia." The best improved watering place in the State is the Catoosa Springs, Catoosa County. There are twenty four different varieties of mineral water at Catoosa Springs; the depot of the W. & A. R. R., is two miles distant. The coldest freestone water is about a half mile from Dahlonega; it registers a temperature of 55 Fahr. Porter's Springs in Lumpkin County, 28 miles north of Gainesville, and 10 from Dahlonega, is a very popular resort, surrounded by the finest scenery in the State. The water is cool, and the temperature delightful during the entire season. Their altitude above the sea is 3100 feet, affording the purest cold free stone as well as best mineral waters. NORTHERN GEORGIA, TALLULAH FALLS, HABERSHAM COUNTY. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, Ac. 81 TYPICAL FALLS, NORTH EASTERN GEORGIA. If the mountains of North-eastern Georgia recall the groups in the ■•"' Saxon Switzerland," of Saxony, the Nacoochee Valley and the neighboring falls of Tallulah and Toccoa rival the most picturesque falls and cascades of Switzerland. The falls of the Sallenche, in the Canton Valais, sometimes called the Pissevache, is seen again in Toccoa, while the Tallulah Falls recall the Giesbach, or "Dust Fall. " But, though resembling the mountains and cascades of the Middle Alps, the altitude of which is from 2,000 to 5,500 feet. Tallulah pos- sesses characteristics that are distinctly American. But for the seeth- ing, rushing torrent, making its impetuous way through the narrow ledge walled by precipitous cliffs, Tallulah would be like the canons of the far West. The Genevese, however, will see here a resemblance to the cliffs of the " Grand Gorge," on Mont Saleve, near Geneva. The perpendicular heights of solid rock are thus named : Point Inspection 1,200 feet. Throne of Aeolus 600 " Devil's Pulpit 450 " Student's Rostrum 500 " Grand Chasm 800 feet. Vulcan's Forge 500 ' ' Lover's Leap 500 " Diana's Rest 200 " The altitude of the hotel is 2,382 feet above the sea. The princi- pal falls are "Lodore," 46 feet high; " Tempesta," 81 feet high; "Hurricane," 92 feet high, and "Oceana," 49 feet high. The " Bridal Veil " fall, 26 feet in height, is the beginning of the mighty rapids of the Tallulah river, which, in a distance of three-fourths of a mile has a total fall of 450 feet. The height of the perpendicular cliffs, tufted with trees and shrubs here and there, on either side, is from two hundred to one thousand feet. Hawthorne's Pool, between Lodore and Tempesta Falls, is a lovely basin. Here a minister by the name of Hawthorne lost his life by venturing to take a bath in the seductive but dangerous waters. It is a thrilling scene to look down from the Grand Chasm at the foaming torrent, rushing with tempest haste in its narrow channel, eight hundred and sixty feet below. Distant fifteen miles away is the loveliest valley in Georah — "Nacoochee" — named after the indian maiden who, the legend says, took the fatal leap. In this- beautiful valley is the mansion of Mr. James Nicholls, surrounded by beautiful grounds, orna- mented with flowers, rare plants, artificial lakes, fish pools, and parks for deer. Upon one of the pre-historic mounds that extend from Kentucky to Mexico — relics of the unknown race that first peopled this continent — is a fountain which is watered from the upper ■waters of the Chattahoochee river. Toccoa, on the Air Line Railroad, is the nearest station to this region. It is probable that thousands of visitors would visit Tallulah 82 STATE OF GEORGIA, Fails each summer, if sufficient hotel accommodations were provided. For information concerning these properties, or for water-powers and manufacturing sites in any part of Georgia, address "Commissioner Land and Immigration, Atlanta, Georgia." TOCCOA FALLS, NORTH-EASTERN GEORGIA. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &0. 83 THS CULTURE OF COTTON. As cotton is the leading or "' money crop " of Georgia, many may wish to know how to cultivate the crop of 600,000 bales, worth last year over $35,000,000. THE COTTON PLANT. The producers of Georgia numbered at the last census, 88&, 08 r people. The following brief description is offered: In the rapid, loose, soil-denuding way cf the ante be Hum period, and on large plantations to-day, one mule and two "hands " (a hand means an adult laborer,) cultivated 30 acres in corn (maize) and cot- ton, and 20 acres in oats and wheat, additional help being necessary to harvest the crops and prepare them for market. The Northern farmer, accustomed to careful tillage and manuring, will find the intensive system of farming as profitable in Georgia as in New England, and will reduce the area to be cultivated one-half or 84 STATE OF GEORGUA., three-fourths with profit. The extra cost for manures and extra care in tillage required to make a bale per acre, instead of a bale on three acres, is more than compensated by the saving in labor, owing to the smaller area cultivated. The U. S. Agricultural Department, in its report for 1879, thus compares 1878 and 1879: 1878. 1879. Cotton, bales 5,216,603 5,020,387 Cotton, price $193,854,611 §231,060,000 Thus a few cents difference in the price of the raw material makes an astonishing difference in the figures. It is worthy of note that cotton sold at twelve cents per pound (the price realized this year,) will not buy any more meat or guano than the cotton which sold at eight and a half cents (8^c.) per pound last year. A ton of guano bought a bale of cotton in the spring of 1879, and it did the same thing last spring, although the price of cotton is very much more in 1880. There are four stages: First, planting; second, thinning to three plants to aplace, and then the second "chopping out," at an interval of two weeks, when the plants are reduced to one, each plant being a little more than the width of a hoe distant from the other ; third, the Summer growth; and fourth, the maturing and picking season. In cultivating cotton, the farmer, for the first two years, will need only a hoe, a bull tongue or "scooter" plow, and a "turn shovel plow;" the whole cost for cotton culture implements not exceeding $12.00. In Southern Georgia cotton planting begins with April, is continu- ed until June if necessary, and begins to mature in August, continu- ing to ripen until frost, according to the time when the seed was planted. The cotton seed has a tap-root which strikes downward in a week from the time of planting. In a month the first " chopping " begins, the "turn plow" having previously cleaned the land of grass and leaving the cotton bed elevated in a narrow row, so that it is easy work for the hoe to reduce the plants to a "stand," ie., two plants to the hill. The seed is dropped in drills in the rows, which run at distances varying from three to five feet, according to the fertility of the land — the richer the soil, the wider the rows — for cotton is essentially a sun- plant, and, on rich soil, the weed is too luxuriant to admit the sun's rays, unless the " rows " are made wide. In two or three weeks the ground is again plowed ; the hoes follow, eradicating all grass and cutting away all the plants but one in u place. At twelve inches the plant begins to throw forth limbs on which appear leaves and buds, the pure white blossom opening at sun rise or after, and closing early in the afternoon, turning as it closes to a reddish color. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c 85 Little children and women can easily aid in cultivating and harvest- ing the cotton crop. Few ciops present a more beautiful appearance to the eye than the cotton crop when in full bloom, resembling rather a flower garden than a field crop. Finally the flowers drop, leaving a litttle "boll," which, in about six weeks, matures its fruit of fleecy cotton — truly a "golden fleece." There are three crops, known as " bottom," " middle " and " top " ■ crops. The first is from blooms that come before the middle of July; the second is from blooms that come between July and September, and the last is from blooms coming after September ist. Just here we will note a fact that, while generally recognized, has not yet been accounted for, viz : Northern Georgia was not considered a • cotton country until after emancipation; now'Atlanta receives, with two exceptions, more cotton than any city in the State, and cotton is cultiva- ted with profit among the mountains, even to the Tennessee line. This is probably-due to two facts : First, Northern Georgia has always been a "white man's country," few negroes comparatively and few large ^plantations having existed there before the late war ; second, the white laboring man in Georgia is generally an industrious laborer, and has too much intelligence to work large areas of poor land or to raise crops that do not pay. The best paying crop for the poor man who works his own land is cotton, because the product of twelve acres at one bale to three acres or of four acres at one bale per acre, worth in either case about $600, may be carried to market in a two-horse wagon at one journey. Any farmer can estimate the cost of transporting any other farm " money crop " of same value to market, and realize the advan- tage of the farmer in Georgia. Again, a handful of cotton seed to the "hill" of corn — applied before planting the seed — will generally double the crop of corn (maize,) and four bales of cotton, after being mar- keted, leave as manure, in addition to the stalk and limbs, 4,400 pounds of cotton seed. The chemical and manurial value of cotton seed could easily be given by comparative tables as proved by analy- ses, but we desire to make such illustrations as will be understood and appreciated by the plain farmer. The cotton plant was originally a tree, or at least an herbaceous perennial, and still retains the tap-root, on the skilful management of which the crop very much depends. The problem, suggests a recent wri'er, is so to increase fine and lengthen the lint, that the seed cot- ton of the future will have 40 or 50 per cent, of seed, and not 65 or 70 as is the case now. There is no single crop more worthy of inves- tigation, both from the scientific and practical standpoints, than that of cotton. 86 . STATE OF GEORGIA, NOTES ON COTTON CULTURE. The following tabular statements taken from the diary of a noted cotton planter, will give additional light to this subject : 1859-60— First bloom, May 81; killing frost, Nov. 7; total crop,, 4,675,770; total value, $271,783,807. 1860-61— First bloom, May 25; killing frost, Oct. 30; total crop, 3,700,000; total value, $185,000,000. 1861-62— First bloom, May 31 ; killing frost, Oct. 13. 1862-65— [No data.] 1865-66— First bloom, June 23; killing frost, Oct. 20; total crop,, 2,151,043; total value, 450,084,227. 1866-67— First bloom, June 11; killing frost, Oct. 25; total crop, 1,951,983; total value $282,272,498. 1867-68 — First bloom. June 1; killing frost, Nov. 6; total crop, 2,430,893; total value, $232,320,444. 1868-69— First bloom, June 11; killing frost, Oct. 28; total crop, 3,154,592; total value, 8329,586,115. 1870-71 — First bloom, June 9; killing frost, Nov. 18; total crop, 4,347,006; total value, 8306,376,982. 1871-72— First bloom, June 4; killing frost, Nov. 15; total crop,. 2,974,351; total value, $327,178,610. From the above statements it will be seen that a small crop of cot- ton is worth as much to the producers as a large one, and, therefore, it is questionable whether low wages and large cotton crops represent a wise policy. The more numerous the small farmers, the greater the aggregate profit, seems the rational conclusion. THE COTTON ACREAGE OF l88o. The New York Financial and Commercial Chronicle has made up- its figures of cotton acreage, stand and condition for 1880, and arrives, at the following result as to acreage : Actual Estimated for 1880. States. Acreage, 1879. Increase. Acres 1880. North Carolina 624,089 8 $ ct. 674,016 South Carolina 985,370 11 $ ct. 1,093,760 Georgia 1,744,048 10 $ ct. 1,918,452 Florida. 222,705 3 $ ct. 229,386 Alabama. 2,122,422 8 $ ct. 2,292,245 Mississippi. 2,117,101 8 $ ct. 2,180,614' Louisiana 1 , 285, 250 4 $ ct. 1 , 336, 660 Texas .1,684,631 17 $ ct. 2,971,018 Arkansas 1,132,876 16 $ ct. 1,314,147 Tennessee 761,400 15 $ ct. 875,679 Total 12,679,962 9.51 $ ct. 13,885,947' WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. *7 The average yield of lint cotton, per acre, is given as follows : 1870-1 pounds per acre, 191 1871-2 " " 147 1872-3 " " 177 1873-4 " " 169 1874-5 " " 154 1875-6... -.-- " *' 177 1876-7 " " 171 1877-8.... " " 169 1878-9 " " 182 PROFITS OF COTTON CULTURE. A correspondent of the New York Bulletin, a planter himself, thus describes the profits of cotton culture : " The average estimated cost of raising, ginning, baling and deliv- ering the crop at the railroad is about $u per acre, and the average yield of the South is 191 pounds per acre; that is to say, the cost of raising cotton is 5^4 cents per pound. The planters have received an average of about 1 1 % cents for it delivered at the railroads, thus making a profit of about $yi cents per pound on at least five million bales of 450 pounds each — 2,250,000,000 pounds — or $124,000,000 clear profit." NOTES ON COTTON CULTURE. Prices of Cotton from 1825 to 1878. Cents. C«nts. 1825 27 1843 8 1861 1826 ..14 1844 9 1862 1827 12 1845 1846 9 9 1863 1828 13 1864 1839. 11 1847 9 1865 1830 13 1848 8 1866 1831 11 1849 11 1867 1832 ..12 1850 14 1868 1833 17 1851.... 14 1869 1834 16 1852 10 1870 1835 .20 1853 .11 1871 1836 20 1854 10 1872 1837 17 1 55 _11 1873 1838. 12 1856 12 1874 1839 .16 1857 15 1875 1840 - -10 1858 13 1876 1841 ..11 1859 12 1877 1842 9 1860 ..11 1N78 Cents. . 28 . 68 . 69 .1.90 .1.22 . 52 . 36 . 33 . 35 . 25| . 25£ - 25f . 211 . 18| - 17* . 13f - 13 T \ - 13 A The highest price for middling upland for the cotton year 1877-8 was reached August 31st, at i2 T \c, and the lowest, iOy^c. The lowest price reached in the period of years given above was 4c, in ■1845. In 1843, '44 and '48 the lowest figure reached was 5c. The next lowest was 6c, in 1846 and 1849, and 7c. in 1855, since when the lowest was attained December 13th, 1878, at 8xfc. The highest ;price of middling upland in the cotton year 1878-9, has been 13 5 + c ; this has also the distinction of being the highest quotation since J 875. STATE OF GEORGIA, COTTON SEED OIL. A letter from Boston says ori this subject : " Cotton seed oil is now- used but little in the paint trade, its use being confined mainly to the manufacture of putty. Where it was formerly used, linseed oil is now substituted to a great extent. It is, however, used quite largely in the preparation of woolen cloth and morocco leather, and for oiling machinery. "It consists of three grades — the clarified, the refined and the- winter bleached. The great use to which the refined and bleached" oils are now put, is as a substitute for almond oil or genuine Italian olive oil. Great quantities are sent to Europe annually, where it is- transformed into a sweet oil which it would puzzle any but a connois- seur to detect from the genuine article. "This use to which cotton seed oil is now put, although of compara- tively recent origin, is constantly growing in importance, and it will^ ere long, become one of the most important items in the list of our exports to the old world. " Thus the great staple, cotton, not only clothes our nakedness, nourishes our cattle in the form of cotton seed meal, but is now usedi to render our own food palatable. Who can venture to tell to what further uses it may yet be put ? " The market value of cotton seed oil depends to a great extent upon that of lard oil, as both articles are used for a great many similar purposes." In Southern Europe, olive oil is now largely adulterated with oil of cotton seed. Forty-one mills for extracting oil from cotton seed are being worked in the cotton belt, and there is much money in this in- dustry. NOTES ON COTTON SEED MEAL.. The following table exhibits the relative feeding value of cotton, seed and cotton seed meal : D ^!^ le Albumin. Carbo ; _„ Ser oids - ***** FatS - CottonSeed 56. 17.1 11.6 27.3 Cotton Seed Meal 57.5 30. 17.5 10. One hundred pounds of cotton seed are worth about as much for producing milk as the same quantity of cotton seed meal, and, there- fore, cotton seed at io cents per bushel, is a much cheaper cow food than cotton seed meal at $20 per ton. A ton of cotton seed, (66- bushels to the ton) will cost $6.66, against $20 for the ton of meal. For manurial purposes the meal is much more valuable than cotton seed, for the reason that the oil which has been expressed, being twenty per cent, of the whole weight, is worth nothing as a manure. For L-eding purposes, however, either for milk cows or fattening animals, the oils, rich in animal fat5, is very valuable. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 8t> 90 STATE OF GEORGIA, IRON MANUFACTURE. Mr. Robert P. Porter, of Chicago, one of the ablest and most widely known statisticians in the United States, in a letter to the New York Sun, thus writes : "I made the statement that pig iron can be manufactured in the South more cheaply than in any other part of the United States cheerfully enough, and that Georgia was never in a better condition than to-day. I will now supplement it with the fact that at Knoxville, Chattanooga, Atlanta, Rome, and many other points in Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama, they have engaged successfully in the manufacture of iron in all its forms, drawing their raw materials from Southern mines of ore and coal and limestone, deposits of which are abundant and of the best quality. I believe that Northern capital as it gains confidence in the South, will, ere long, help it to open new mines of ore and coal, to build new furnaces, and to extend its railroad facilities. " I fully agree with Mr. Fontaine when he says the South is a fine field for emigration. The abolition of slavery will make it less diffi- cult for white emigrants to compete in agricultural pursuits." Blast furnaces are numerous in North-western Georgia, some of them producing 40 tons pig iron per day, and many immense estab- lishments, for the manufacture of pig metal, demonstrate that this in- dustry will rapidly assume first-class importance in Georgia. " Char- coal iron" cannot be manufactured to better advantage anywhere in the world. The Rolling Mills at Atlanta have shipped immense quantities of rails to Texas and other States. In the region of coun- try alluded to in Mr. Porter's letter, may be found coal, iron, lime- stone, and forest, placed by nature in near proximity to each other. River and rail transportation is convenient and accessible. The fol- lowing extract from a letter received by the Commissioner of Immi- gration, explains the situation from the laborer's standpoint : " Mr. W. wrote you a few days ago our proposition with regard to the fifty men needed at once, which was to advance funds for trans- portation to this place, (Cedartown, Cedar Valley, Georgia), give them permane.it work at eighty cents per day, and furnish them houses, fuel, and space for garden, free of cost. We would prefer the number to be composed of as many single men as could be obtained, and would expect them to contract to work for the Company for a term not less than twelve months. We believe that a good class of emigrants would make a satisfactory substitute for the negro. We enclose pass for Thomas Graeme, Scotch emigrant, over our road to this place, and check for his transportation from New York to Cartersville. The cost of transportation will be deducted from the wages of all those to whom we advance money." Yours, truly, C. Iron & R. R. CO., J R. B., Sec'y. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 9] LIST OF IRON FURNACES IN GEORGIA. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bartow Furnace, Charcoal " Rogers " Pool's Brown and Thomas Furnace, Cherokee Furnace, ^Etna Ridge Valley Furnace Rising Fawn, Ward's Diamond Furnace, Stamp Creek Furnace, Etowah Furnace, Alia toon a " Phoenix " Cherokee Bartow* Station, Bartow Co. Rogers ' ' Stamp Creek Polk 4 i Floyd Dade Bartow Dade Capacity Tons per Day. 20 7 4 40 10 12 50 4 4 4 4 40 40 250 Manganese with Oxygen forms Pyrolusite, from which Ferro-Man- ganese is made in Bartow County, containing 6o per cent, of Manga- nese, worth $180 per ton. For smelting copper, says the Hand Book of Georgia, there were, before the war, extensive works erected at the ' ' Mobile Mine " in Fannin County, but they were burned and have not been rebuilt. The " Hiwassee Mine," in Towns County, will probably be worked again soon. At the " Waldrop Mine," in Haralson County, the Tallapoosa Mining Company have cut a vein of chalcopyrite, etc., yielding, on an average, 8 per cent, for 125 feet longitudinally, in a drift that has been opened, and the bed of the ore found to average five feet in thickness for this distance. It is from 80 to 100 feet from the surface. No. 128. — Quantity of Pig-Iron produced, exported and retained for consumption in the United States, from 1872 to 1879, inclusive. [Expressed in tons of 2,340 pounds.] Year Ended June 30. Produc- tion. Tons. Imports. Tons. Total Exports Retained production (fore ; gn j for home and and consump. j imports, i domestic.) ' tion. 1872 1,706,793 247,529 1873 2,548,713 215,496 2,560,963 92,042 2,401,262 53,437 2,023.723 79.455 1877 1,868,961 67. 922 1878 2,066.594 55,000 1879 2,301,215 87,576 1874. 1875. 1876. Tons. 1,954,322 2,764,209 2,653,005 2,454,699 2,103,188 1,936.883 2,121,594 2,388.791 Tons. 2,818 10.152 16,193 7.241 3.560 6,198 3.221 Tons. 2,712 1.952,150 761,391 642,853 438,506 095,947 933.323 .115.396 ,385.570 92 STATE OP GEORGIA, THE MANUFACTURE OF COTTON TARNS. Georgia and the Carolinas furnish the Philadelphia weavers with a considerable portion of the cotton yarns that they use. The following estimate is believed to be correct. It is based upon, present prices of cotton and yarn, which are very favorable to spinners. One system consists of — 576 spindles, at $15 per spindle $8,640 Engine and boilers. 2,500 Buildings and grounds 2,500 Shafting and belting 1,360 Total co=t , ...$15,000 Producing — 120 bunches of yarn, per day, 5 lbs. @23c, $1.50. .$138.00 Cost of the cotton, 6 lbs. @ 12£c. , 75c 90. 00 Put in the market and sold — Freights, commissions, etc., 10£c. per bunch 12.60 Cost to make per bunch, 11-J-c ... 13.80 Total cost of 120 bunches $116. 40 Deduct this from the value of the 1 20 bunches and we have — Net product per day. 21.60 " month 561.60 " year $6,739.80 This calculation gives a profit of more than 40 per cent, on the capital invested. CLEMENT ATTACHMENT MILLS. From the report of C. T. Harden, Manager, Windsor, N. C, who has one of the mills in operation : "We started last June, and have been running smoothly ever since. We are pleased with our mill and have already enlarged it, and are going to enlarge it to double the size it is in the Fall. We are now running two attachments, 512 spindles. Our mill cost $1 1,000 as it now stands. We are averaging 300 pounds of first-class yarn per day. Our mill is paying 35 per cent, on the investment, and we expect to make it pay 45 per cent, as soon as our hands become expert. We have not got a hand that ever saw a mill before. We have met with no reverse, and had no mishap to stop the mill a day sine* starting. There is an unlimited demand for our yarns. We Set the highest market price for our goods. " Respectfully, "C. T. HARDEN." WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 93 It is stated that under the old system it cost $5 a bale for ginning, baling, &c, or about one cent per pound. We now quote: "Mr. Webber in his work (Manual of Power, page 97,) gives the expense of taking baled cotton through the opener, picker and card ing machines at the Boot Cotton Mill, at 66.100 per pound. Oi that plan, accordingly, it would cost $r,i66 to make 100 pounds of sliver from seed cotton. On the Clement plan the top flat card will card as much as four on the old plan (for reasons see our illustrated articles on the Clement Attachment.) Three Clement machines connected by railway will make 600 pounds of sliver per day, and when the self-opera- ting feed rigging (the Bramwell Wool Feeder) is applied to the Clement machine for a feeder, one man can attend three machines, which, to include all expenses, will not amount to more than $2 per day, or 33 cents per 100 pounds of sliver made. This will amount to a saving of about $1.33 on each 100 pounds of cotton. " This estimate on the expense of ginning is based upon the usual practice (where gins are owned by other than the planters or cotton manufacturers,) where parties own gins and gin cotton on shares or for money. Even it $1 is saved on the hundred pounds of cotton it would amount to a very lirge saving. Take a mill with the capacity of the Boot Cotton Mills of Lowell, that manufacture 172,000 pounds of cotton per week, this would give them an additional profit of $1,720 per week, or $89,440 per year, or 7.45 per cent, on their capital stock of $1,200,000. This is as cotton is handled at present." In answer to enquiries as to the cost of the Clement Attachment, Mr. E. E. Whitefield, Sr., writes to the Planter's Journal, stating that it is difficult to give the exact cost of each piece of machinery. " He says, however, that the cleanser of seed cotton costs $75, and will cleanse enough cotton for ten cards and attachments. The attach- ment, with feed table, chute traverse and stop motion, costs at the Memphis shop, $300, and the small drawing and cam motion costs $75. The royalty on each attachment is at present $150. "A one-card mill can be driven by a seven-horse power engine, and requires seven operatives, all women and girls, to convert 650 to 675. pounds of seed cotton per day into 190 to 195 pounds of yarn. "It is estimated that every attachment will require $5,000 invested in permanent machinery, houses, etc., and $5 000 for working capi- tal. To convert 120 bales into yarn would therefore require an outlay of $10,000." Several Clement Attachment mills will be built in Georgia this year. Where there is water power not needed for other purposes the investment is 1 educed. The Westminster (S. C.) Clement Attachment Company, composed of farmers, cleared last year 40 per cent, on the investment, though, they run in great part with second-hand machinery. 94 . STATE OF GEOKGUA, JUTE BAGGING MANUFACTURE. Jute bagging, being used chiefly for covering cotton, should cer- tainly be manufactured in the cotton States; there are but two in existence in the South, one of which is at Columbus, Georgia, and their manufactured products command immediate sale at good prices. The following report of the Committee appointed by the New Orleans Cotton Exchange to enquire into the manufacture of jute, will be read with general interest : {.Report on the Manufacture of Jute Bagging.) A Committee appointed by a meeting held recently at the New Orleans Cotton Exchange, to inquire into the manufacture of jute, have reported as follows : " Your Committee have ascertained that fifty-five thousand ($55,000) dollars will cover the entire outfit of a jute bagging mill of twenty-seven looms, all cf most approved machinery, and erected in mill building in this city. "The party whose estimates we have adopted, Mr. S. D. Randall, is a lifelong bagging manufacturer, and himself announces a desire to have his name put down for five thousand ($5,000) dollars of the capital stock, and also tenders his valuable service for superintending the mill, and at a very moderate salary. "He guarantees the product of the mill, when well under way, to exceed thirteen thousand (13,000) yards per day, of twelve (12) hours. " With an annual production of, say, only 3,900,000 yards, the saving of transportation charges from New York— %c. per yard — would of itself yield anet profit to the mill of $24,375, as raw material, fuel, labor and supplies are as low, or lower, here than there. "If we take the present cost of two pound jute bagging in New York, of io^c. (lie. per yard,) we find that 100 yards would cost, brought here from New York, $11.37. We could buy jute rolls in New York, pay freight on them and deliver at 3>£c. per pound, mak- ing the entire cost of 100 yards manufactured by the mill here, not to • exceed $9.12, showing a profit on 100 yards to the mill, of $2.25. "H. DUDLEY COLEMAN, " Chairman of the Committee." WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 95 Columbus is the fifth town in population in Georgia. Four rail- roads terminate there, and it is situated at the head of navigation of the Chattahoochee river, which is navigable to the Gulf of Mexico, a distance of four hundred miles. The society is refiner 1 , hospitable and intelligent; the public and private schools being equal in effi- ciency to those of any town in the United States. The Columbus Female College is in a prosperous condition. Columbus and its sub- urbs was formerly the home of many of the wealthiest planters in the State. Its commercial impor- tance is great, being the chief market of Eastern Alabama and the surrounding counties in Geor- gia. Columbus receives about 80,000 bales of cotton annually. Selling directly to merchants, the Eagle and Phoenix Mills, of Columbus, have now a trade extending from Eagle Pass to Richmond, Va., and from Fremont, Nebraska, to Mil- waukee, Wisconsin. The water-power of the Chatta- hoochee river alone, at Columbus, Ga. — the Lowell of the South — is unequalled as an investment for manufacturing cotton, all things considered, in the United States. Commencing with none in 1866, Columbus now operates 60,000 spindles and 2,000 looms, besides many other industries. The vari- ous manufactories here give steady employment to 1,201 men, 1,160 women, and 280 children : total, 2,801. We do not count the colored laborers. The cotton mills have taken from September 1st, to May 7th, 15,618 bales; 3,000 more than last season. This cotton at present rate of low middling, would bring $819,945. The planters and merchants would get this, and a few others a little more, were we without the factories. This cotton, however, went through the mills 96 STATE OF GEOEGIA. b^^^^feMSl^ 1 ^'LLS- 713 Looms, 20,300 Cotton Spindles, and 2,300 Woolen Spindles. 1877. and its value incieased three-fold, brings $2,459,845, making the State richer $1,600,000. On some classes of finer goods manufac- tured here values are greatly enhanced. The last fiscal year the factories reported sales from their offices in the city at $1,417,722. This does not include a large mill outside the city, and the sales by agents abroad. Gen. Lee surrendered at Appomattox, April 9th, 1865. Gen. Wilson, of the United States' Army, burned at Columbus, ten days after the surrender of Gen. Lee's Army, in addition to all the facto- ries, foundries and industrial establishments, 60,000 bales of cotton, worth $1.22 per pound, the average weight being 500 pounds to the bale. The aggregate loss was over $20,000,000, and the inhabitants were reduced from affluence to want. The finest water power in the Southern States, and one of the finest on the continent, was at their doors. The Chattahooche River at Columbus, has xi^ feet fall in a distance of 2\ miles. This water-power at the head of the Chatta- hooche, was then, and is still, owned by citizens of Columbus, who offer it to manufacturers at exceedingly low prices. Besides the larg- est Iron works South of Richmond, Virginia, there are many enter- prising establishments, among them a mill for manufacturing Jute Bagging. There is but one other jute factory in the Southern States. Extensive plow and iron works, wood establishments, flouring mills, machines for the manufacture cf ice,* and many other industries, all erected on the ashes created by war, and put in operation since 1867 with home capital. These are the forcible arguments which Colum- bus presents in favor of Southern manufactures. For water powers and manufacturing sites address " Commissioner Land and Immigration," 60 East 10th Street, New York, or Atlanta, Ga. *Ice is sold in Georgia at the rate of 8 pounds for five cents, while in New York City it is priced at 70 cents per 100 lbs., and it has cost in New Jersey this year ■ $■2 per 100 lbs. Lake ice is sold in Columbus, Georgia, at 75 cents per 100 lbs. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, etc. '■'7 O "-j u % 9 — c g s o o - £ O 2 °* O B S CO - *c oo , - E - |2 - o ~ <; ox bo ■d '- ■gs B rt Z c "go 'a "3 B J '5.73 "1 B B 5 rt O - ■£ 5 a ic5 C.S O x Is ■a c 98 STATE OF GEORGIA, COTTON MANUFACTURE IN GEORGIA. The number of spindles in the Southern States are reported as follows : States. Spindles. Arkansas '. 1 , 700 Alabama 63,000 Georgia. . ...213.00O Kentucky 11,264 Louisiana . _ 6,200 Mississippi. 79,000- Maryland 113,000 Missouri 26,000 North Carolina 93,300 South Carolina 92.000 Texas 9,300 Tennessee 49,500 Virginia 52,000 Total 713,200 It will be noted that Georgia is far ahead of any of her sister South- ern States and of the 213,000 spindles in operation, Columbus has 60,000, and all put in since 1866. Of the population in Georgia in 1870, only 6 per cent, were en- gaged in manufacturing. The census of 1880 will show material pro- gress in this respect, for cotton manufacturing is the most profitable industry in the State. Of the whole population of Georgia in 1870,. only 11,127 were foreign born, and the operatives in the factories, except the foremen, are natives. No negro is employed in any cotton factory, and "strikes" are as yet an unknown factor in the labor system of Georgia. The white natives learn rapidly and readily. Labor, being better paid in factories than in agriculture, is easily ob- tained, though the wages paid are less than in New England. The laborers, who live generally in villages with ample ground for gardens, and houses furnished rent free, seem healthy, contented, and cheerful. The Winter is shorter and warmer, the Summer longer and cooler than at the North. The climate is admirable, allowing eleven hours of labor, daily, throughout the year, without injury. Its mildness re- lieves those employed of much expense for clothing, fuel and dwell- ings, unavoidable in more rigorous climates, while the excellence of the yarns and cloths produced, shows that the climate is favorable to the manufactuie itself. The fact that the increased consumption of the South in the past five years has been only 7,000, while the increased consumption of the North has been 35,400 bales, as stated by the eminent statistician Mr. Robert P. Porter, only proves that capital and experience are still at the North, not that the ultimate interests of cotton weaving will not be distributed mainly through the cotton belt. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 09 It is believed by many that, if the protection to machinery intended for the manufacture of cotton was removed, and such machinery ad- mitted free of dufy, the lack of capital at the South would no longer be a barrier, and the ultimate effect would be to move much of the capital now devoted to cotton manufacturing at the East to the South. Let the mills come to the cotton. No cotton mills in the East, or in Europe, can show such dividends as those declared by the mills in Georgia in the past decade. In almost any locality in the State cotton can be gathered from the field, ginned at the mill, and before night of the second day, be manufac- tured into yarns, or, at least, into cloths; the cost of baling, bag- ging and ties being saved. In addition, the cotton is presented to the preparatory machines in a loose flocculent state, far better suited to the manufacture than that which has endured for months the violent compression necessary for economical shipment. A bale of cotton weighing 500 pounds, will average in the mills of Europe about 400 pounds of goods, and the consumer will be charged with all commissions, storages, 'freights and insurance on 20 per cent, of the original weights, which is useless waste; while a bale of yarn shipped from a Southern mill would yield the same weight to the consumer without any waste whatever. Our factories can be supplied with cotton at one cent per pound less than the New England factories. The two items of purchase of cot- ton and sale of fibres at home will give a profit of two cents per pound on the cotton thus consumed. Transportation facilities are ample. The cost of water-power, steam-power, building materials, fuel and subsistence is less in the South than in any other part of the United States where cotton can be manufactured. While New England has ceased to compete with the South in the manufacture of the coarser yarns (No. 14 and under,) Southern mills sell heavy sheetings at 6}{c. per yard; shirtings at 5 ; 4 c. ; 8-oz osnaburgs of fine finish at q%c and make money. Can any Northern mill do this ? Building materials can be purchased here at half their cost in New England. Lumber here is ten dollars per thousand ; there from $30 to $35 per thousand. Bricks can be laid in the wall here for $10 per thousand; there they cost from $16 to $20. Machinery combining all the modern improvements can be selected. Recent improvements in picking, spinning, sizing and weaving machinery, will enable us to manufacture goods twelve and a half per cent, cheaper than old mills now running. The material to be used, can be bought here as low as in any part of the world ; and at a cost of ten dollars per bale less than to the Northern and English manufacturers. 100 STATE OF GSOBGUA, From the published estimates of the Augusta mills for the six months ending June, 1875, running 717 looms, they made over 20 per cent, on $838,567 39, the cost of their factories, an average of $1,169.55 perloom. This is a large mill. Mr. Steadman, of Georgia, an experienced co-ton manufacturer, estimates that a small mill with a capital of $100,000 can make, as net earnings per annum, 21^ per cent, on the capital invested. The following h. story of the largest cotton mill in the State, the Eagle and Phcenix, of Columbus, Georgia, is a striking exemplification of the statements made above. It disproves completely the common inference that this latitude is un- favorable to the production of finer fabrics, "the truth being that, in all pioneer industries, the ruder products are made first, while the finer are forthcoming as the business becomes more fully developed." Table showing the gradual advance of the; consumption of cotton at Columbus : 1865-86. ...R3building the mills. 1 1873-74 8,952 bales. 1866-67 80 bales. 1867-88 566 ^1863-69 2,207 1839-70 1.937 1870-71 4,953 1871-72... 8,830 1872-73 7,428 1874-75 9.628 1875-76. _*12,118 1876-77..... 10,748 1877-78 12,792 1878-79 14,365 1879-80 19,000 Mr. Wm. H. Young, the oldest and most successful manufacturer in the State, who is still at the head of the Eagle and Phcenix Co. estimates that the mills at Columbus have an advantage of one and nihe-tenths cents per pound in the cost of raw material over their North- eastern competitors, and that, for a large mill of 1600 looms, this ad- vantage amounts to over nine per cent, on the entire capital, or $120,099 per annum. This is $9.31^ per bale, estimating the annual consumption of this mill at 12,900 bales of 400 pounds each. These mills, like most of those in the South, were built when building cost most, and the capital of $1,250,000 represents the actual capital in- vested. Its earnings in 1877, a very unfavorable year, were T 2 per cent, or $150,198.28 upon its entire capital, notwithstanding low prices for goods and the general business depression. This was done with 713 looms, 20,300 cotton spindles and 2,300 woolen spindles. Its past operations, especially during the five " panic years," guaran- tee great success in the future, when, with the same capital, its pro- duction is doubled. In regard to the class of goods manufactured by the Eagle and Phcenix Mills, running 45,000 spindles and 1,800 looms, and employ- ing 1,800 operatives, and wlh an annual salary account of $400,000, they produce the better cla>s of woolen and cotton fabrics which will Tallahassee (Ala.) Mills bought in this market. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 101 .00 Kiver Flooring 12,00 @ 15.00 Southern Siding and Edge Boards. 14.00 © 16.00 White Pine. Michigan and Wisconsin — 1st, 2d and 3d clear, 4-4 $45.00 @ 47.00 1st, 2d and 3d -5-4, 6-4 and 8-4 46.00 © 48.00 Edge Culling 17.00 © 18.00 Stock Culling 18.50 @ 19.00 White Pine, Susquehanna . . Selects and better 42.00 © 47.00 Selects and Picks - 35.00 © 40.00 4-4 Boards, good run of log 22.50 © 25. 00 4-4 Stock Barn, 12 inches 21.00 © 4-4 Edge Samples. 16.50 © 17.00 4-4 Stock do. 12 inch. 17.00 © 18.00 5-4, 6-4 and 8-4 run of log 22.00@ 24.00 4-4 Edge Cullings. I 18.00 © 19.00 4-4 Stock do. 12 inch 19.00 © 21,00 Hemlock Fencing, 16 feet, 1x6 13.00 © 2x3, 2x4, 16feet 13.00 © Walnut. Walnut, Indiana, | wide, 7 or 14 feet, 1st and good 2d, Coffin Stuff. $65.00 © 70.00 do. do. 1 wide, 1st and good 2d Cabinet Stuff 50.00 © 62.50 4-4 wide, strictly 1st and 2ds, thoroughly dry 70.00 © 75.00 5-4 and upwards 70.00 © 80.00 Scantling, 4-4 and 4-5 70.00 @ 75.00 Newel Stuff, all prime, 8 to 16 feet long, 6 6, 7-7, 8-8, 9-0 and 10-10, dry 1st and good 2ds 75.00® 85.00 Culls, half-price WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &0. 113 Cypress Lumber. Boards, 1x6-16 feet, clear.. $18.00 @ 20.00 1x6-16 feet, fencing 12.00 @ 12.50 1x12 to 18 inches, 16 feet clear .... 18.00 @ 22.00 Boards, rough, wide.. 10.00 @ 12.00 Poplar. Poplar, $ West Virginia . . $ 16.00 @ 19 .00 " 4-4 22.00@25.00 " Thick 25.00@30.00 " £ Indiana 22.00 @ 25.00 " 4-4 " _.27.00@30.00 and upwards 30.00 @ 32.50 Cherry. 1 to 5 inches thick, as wide as possible $40.00 @ 50.00 Ash. Ohio and Indiana, tough white, 1 to 5 in. thick, wide, and, if possible, 15 feet long, (culls half price) $32.50 @ 40.00 Pennsylvania and West Virginia 30.00 @ 35.00 North Carolina, 1 to 5 inch Plank 18.00 @ 22.00 Balusters, N C. , 2 and 2$ inches 20.00 @ 25.00 Hickory. Good White and Tough Hickory, 1 to 3 inches thick 40.00 @ 50.00 Cypress Shingles. Hearts, strictly No. 1 $6.50 @ 7.00 " seconds good... 4.75 @ 6.00 " Saps as in quality 3.50 @ 5.00 Barrel Staves. White Oak, heavy, 34 in. long, 4| to 6 in. wide, 11 in. to 2 in. on heart. 20 @ 22 do. light, f in. long, 4* to 6 in wide, 1 to 11 in. on heart - 16.00 @ 18.00 Red Oak, heavy, 35 in. long, 4£ to 6 in. wide, litoU in. on heart 12.00 @ 15.00 do. light, 33 in. long, 4* to 6 in. wide, f to 1 in. on heart 9.00 @ 12.00 Western White Oak Staves. Barrel, heavy, 34 in. long, 4 to 6 in. wide, li in. on heart 24.00 @ do. light, 34 in. long, 4 to 6 in. wide, 1 in. thick, on heart 20.00 @ 22.00 Heading, 22 in long, 8 to 12 in. wide. U in. on heart... 20.00 @ 25.00 Pipe, light, 54 in. long, 4i to 6 in wide, 1£ to Urn. on heart ... 60.00 @ 75.00 do. heavy, 56 in. long, 4i to 6 in. wide, 1 in. on heart. ..." 85. 00 @100. 00 do. extra heavy, 60 in. long, 4* to 6 in. wide, 2 in. heart 125.00 @150. 00 do. extra heavy, 66 to 72 in. lone, 5 to 8 in. wide, 2 in. on heart 175.00 @225. 00 114 STATE OF GEORGIA, Bucked Staves. White Oak, 34 to 35 in. long, f in $15.00 @ 16.00 " " 4 in 18.00® 21.00 Machine Flour Barrel 7.50® 8.50 Heading, soft and hard i 4.50® 6.00 Laths. White Pine 4 ft. Laths, dry $ 2.20® 2.25 Spruce " 1.90® 2.00 Wood Hoops. Hogsheads, shaved, 14 ft. long, 1J to l£ in. at small end |18.00 @ 20.00 Tight Barrel, 8 to 8£ ft. long, 1 in. at small end 8.00® 9.00 Flour Barrel, hickory, 6| to 7 ft. long, f in. at small end 3.50® 4.50 Poles, Hogsheads, 14 ft. long, l£ to 2 in. at small end 30.00@40.00 Poles, Tight Barrels, 7i to 8 ft. long, 1 to l£ in. at small end 12.00 @ 15.00 FREIGHTS. {From the Savannah {Ga.) News, March 12, 1880.) Lumber — By Sail. — To Baltimore and Chesapeake ports, $5.50@6 00; to Philadelphia, $6.00@6.50; New York and Sound ports, $6.50@7.00; to Boston and eastward, $6.50 ®7.60; to St. John, N. B., $8.00; [Timber from $1.00 to 1.50 higher than lumber rates]; to the West Indies and windward, $7.00@8.00; to South America, $17.00; to Spanish ports, $14.00@15 to United Kingdom, for orders, timber 33@34s., lumber £5 5s@£5 10s. From 50c. to $1.00 additional is paid here for change of loading port. Naval Stores — Sail. — Rosin and spirits, 3s. 3d.@5s. to United Kingdom or Continent; to New York. 35@40c. on rosin, 60c. on spirits. Steam. —To New York, rosin, 30c, spirits 80c. ; to Philadelphia, rosin, 40c, spirits. 80c ; to Boston, rosin 40c, spirits, 90c TIMBER AND NAVAL STORES. SOUTHERN GEORGIA. It is stated that within 6o to 70 years past the forests of the Easterrt States have disappeared, and that they have been consumed by a population less dense than that which is draining the present supply. The census report of 1870 stated the annual production of lumber to be 12,000,000,000 feet. A standard statistical work then estimated the country's total supply of standing pine, spruce and hemlock tim- ber, suitable for lumber, at 100,000,000,000 feet. It is probable, if the present rate of consumption continues, that all of the territory of Canada, and of the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, will be practically denuded of merchantable timber, except that in the Southern, Atlantic and Gulf States. Georgia, from its geographical WHAT IT OFFEES TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 115 •situation and transportation facilities, offers better inducements to in- vestors than any of the Atlantic or Gulf States. The price of lumber in Wisconsin, April 17, 1880, was $4.25 more per thousand feet than at same date in 1879, which indicates a rapidly increasing demand. Michigan saws more than 3,000,000,000 feet per annum. The pine- ries of the Northwest are already beginning to show signs of exhaustion ; the annual consumption now being estimated at 13,000,000,000 feet. Inferior white pine lands, bought seven years ago in Pennsylvania, at $2.50 per acre, have been sold this year for $18 to $19 per acre. Michigan lands have also advanced several hundred per cent. Penn- sylvania is almost denuded of exportable timber. "Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota, Eastern Montana, Illinois, Iowa, the west half of Missouri, Minnesota west of the Missis- sippi, and Southern Wisconsin, are cliiefly prairie lands and are almost treeless territory. This vast Western country, with Ohio and Indiana, is largely dependent on the small amount of pine in Michi- gan, Northern Wisconsin, and Northeastern Minnesota. Ten years will probably exhaust all that Michigan can supply." The shipment and sales from the lumber districts of the United States, this year, are greatly in excess of any previous year since 1872. There are more than 20,000 square miles of forest land, con- taining exportable timber, in Southern Georgia. Lands which would sell, if they were located in Canada, Michigan, or Pennsylvania, at Sio to $15 per acre, I am authorized to offer at from $1.50 to $3.00 per acre. They are distant only 150 miles from the coast, and rafta- ble streams abound. The South is the only part of the Union of which it can be said pine lands are as cheap as they were fifty years ago. Immigration and the foreign demand will soon change the present low prices, and bring thrift and wealth to present landholders. These facts are given in order to call the immediate attention of turpentine men, capitalists, and lumber-men to the great section through which the Macon and Brunswick, and Savannah, Florida and Western Railroads run. Thousands upon thousands of acres, within easy distance of these great avenues, can now be bought at prices which will yield many hundred per cent, in the near future. From information derived from reliable sources, we estimate the amount of timber and lumber marketed in Georgia in the year 18S0, to be 300,000,000 feet, worth probably $5,000,000 or more. The following figures are from nine representative lumber merchants in Georgia, and are taken collectively, in order to suggest the present status of this important industry: Total number of feet cut .per day, 338,000 ; total number of feet cut per year, 65,000,000; total number of acres exhausted per year, 60,000 ; total number of hands employed 1,135. 116 STATE OF GEORGIA, It is estimated that the annual product of Georgia in the rosin and turpentine trade is 200,000 barrels of turpentine and 300,000 barrels of rosin, which would give to the State of Georgia alone for this one industry $3,000,000 — nearly half as much as was produced by the whole country in 1876. The Albany (Ga.) News makes the follow- ing interesting statement : Below we give a few figures obtained from twelve representative turpentine men in Georgia — the total amount of capacity, yield, acres under cultivation, the number of distilleries and stills, with the number of hands employed, this recapitulation being, only submitted in order to give an insight into this great industry in our midst: Total number of crops, 325; number of acres, 76,000; number of boxes, 3,340,000; yield per year, $459,000; hands em- ployed, 820; distilleries, 20; stills, 17. TIMBER AND LUMBER EXPORTS, 1877. Savannah ..51,281,972 Darien... 74,106,152 St. Mary's. 18,116,000 Brunswick 19,092,410 Total. 162,596,534 During the year 1877 there were 75,000,000 feet of timber down; in 1878 there were 54,000,000 ; in 1879 there were 50,500,000. Since the 1st of January of this year there have been 40,000,000 feet in market, divided up as follows: January, 5,066,000; February, 13,644,473; March, 7,356,713; April, 11,214,000; May, up to date, 2,700,000. The total value of the timber received so far this year,, amounts to about $580,000 ; total value of timber arrived since Janu- ary 1st, 1877, about $2,634,000. The following are the quotations of the timber market, published in the Darien Gazette: Square, 600 average, $7.5o@8.oo; 700 aver- age, $8. 00(^9.50; 800 average, $9.50(^10.50; 900 average, $10.50® 11.50; 1,000 average, $n.oo@i2.oo; 1,100 average, $i2.oo@i3.5o; 1,200 average, $i2.oo@i4.oo. Scab, 300 average, $7.oo@8.oo; 400 average, $8.oo@9.oo; 500 average, I9.00l@10.50; 600 average, $IO.OO@II.OO. Lumber men are rapidly buying up all the available land lying next to the railroad, and land is appreciating in value. They consume only- the large trees and then offer the land on very favorable terms to set- tlers. Especial inducements will be offered to colonies, for it is best that immigrants shall have congenial' society of their own selection from the time that they settle in a strange land. They will be cor- dially welcomed, and will soon cease to feel as strangers. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 1 17 The Georgia Land and Lumber Company has invested $80,000 in the finest saw-mill on the coast, at St. Simon's Island, the timber supply for which must come from these lands. Settlers, while pre- paring homes and farms, probably can obtain work. The rivers continue in fine rafting condition except for a time dur- ing the Summer. At Darien, during the months of Jun^, July, August, and sometimes in September, the river is quite low, and but little timber is floated down. At no time in the Summer is the river so low that a few rafts cannot come down. The following letters are here inserted, in order to give a descrip- tion of the lands in this part of Georgia. The Georgia Land and Lumber Co. own 300,000 acres, and, hence, a description of their property is applicable to the whole section of country comprised in the "Wire Grass" counties of Georgia, except that lying near swamps. Mr. Hebard, an expert of fifteen years' experience, now managing the largest saw-mill in the United States (1870,) after visiting the property, says : " I never saw land better adapted for lumbering, or more tempting for settlement. It rolls as prettily as the prairies of Illinois without their unhealthiness, and the whole of it is accessible at all times of the year for the log-wagons and mules used in getting out the timber. For many years you can contract for the delivery on the cars of ship- ping and mill timber at from $2.50 to $4.00 per 1,000 feet, and with your anticipated freight contract with the railroad company, can de- liver at Brunswick, alongside vessel, for $5 additional, say $8 to $10 on board. Timber can from thence be delivered in New York and Philadelphia for $8." This is confirmed by Air. Leighton, a veteran explorer, who has explored more land in Maine, Michigan, Georgia and Canada, than any other man in the United States, whose report is herewith an- nexed. "Saginaw, Mich., October, 1869. "A. G. P. Dodge, Esq., " Pres't Georgia Land and Lumber Co. "Dear Sir: "These lands, situated in the counties of Laurens, Pulaski, Telfair and Montgomery, in the State of Georgia, are centrally distant about 125 miles from the port of Darien, on the sea-coast, are from 250 to to 500 feet above tide water, and lie between the Oconee and Ocmul- gee rivers, both of which are navigable for steamboats above the whole property. The method of examination adopted by me was to visit each of the lots owned by the Company, to select an average acre from the lot, to measure all the trees upon it large enough to cut, and thus determine, with as much accuracy as possible, the quantity of lumber that could be manufactured from each lot. I also carefully noted the direction and volume of the streams, and the distance that loss would have to be hauled to them. The extreme distance to nav- 118 STATE OF GEORGIA, igable or driving points does not exceed i% to 3 miles, while the average haul is less than \% miles. The expense of opening the streams not cleared I estimate to be from $50 to $100 per mile. "This timber may be classed as follows: say 6,000 feet shipping and sawing timber, and the balance, 4,000 feet, as suitable for rail- road ties, small spars, etc. The quality of the timber is unusually good, being sound, straight, and tine grained, as trees cut upon the land indicated, while some are unusually large; I have frequently found trees of 3, 4, and even 5 feet in diameter, and from 70 to 80 feet high to the first branches. The timber is of the valuable kind known as the long-leaf yellow pine. There being no other growth than the pine, the forest is open, and the ground being dry, no expense is necessarv to open roads for hauling purposes. These lands are intersected by seven creeks, all of which, with some of their tributaries, are large enough to be available for all purposes of run- ning or driving logs and long timber into the Altamaha and to tide water. The Macon & Brunswick Railroad luns through and near the center of these lands, for a distance of 40 miles, thus giving addi- tional facilities for getting their products to market. The ground is covered with a natural grass, upon which cattle thrive throughout the year without other food. The water is good and the climate very desirable. " In conclusion, permit me to say that — the timber standing being unusually large in quantity and fine in quality, the streams large enough for driving purposes, the haul shorter than common, and no expense necessary for opening roads — the facilities for getting out the timber upon these lands are unusual, and much superior to those of any other tract of land that has ever come under my observation. "Very respectfully, your obedient servant, "John Leighton." "New York, March 23, 1870. "Mr. John Leighton has, during the past twenty years, been fre- quently engaged by us in the examination and estimating of pine tim- ber lands, and is now, at this writing, examining a large tract for us. "We have always placed great confidence in his reports and esti- mates, and have made extensive purchases predicted on them, and have never had occasion to regret acting on his reports. In most cases the result has been that he has rather under than over estimated. He has been for over thirty years engaged in selecting, locating, sur- veying and estimating timber lands, and few men in the United States have had more experience or commanded more entire confi- dence from his employer than Mr. Leighton. " Very respectfully "Phelps, Dodge & Co." It is safe to say that it will not cost more to put this land in a con- dition ready for crops than the prairie land of the West, while there may be left standing a sufficient amount of timber to supply all the needs of the farm for a life time. In this connection we will explain the mode of " clearing land" in vogue in Georgia, as many may not understand how land can be cultivated unless all the trees are cut down and taken away. In Southern Georgia where no " undergrowth " exist, the large pines are killed with the axe by cutting around the trunk until a complete circle is made through the sap. The time re- WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 119 quired for this is, perhaps, five minutes to each tree, and the tree dies gradually; so that, after one season, the growth of the plants cul- tivated is not affected by the dead tree. The "tap root" of the pine is very deep, the lateral roots being small in comparison to trees that, like the oak, are sustained chiefly by the lateral roots. The larger roots near the surface are cut, and, with the undergrowth, (where undergrowth exists, as is the case in every other part of the State,) are burned. The ashes fertilize the soil. This wasteful destruction of humus — for the grass is also burned before the land is cultivated — should not be permitted except in cases of necessity. Lumber and the material for building, are cheaper here than in any part of the United States, as the following prices will show. First class "dressed " lumber, about $10.00 per thousand feet. Second class " " " 5.00 " " Brick for Chimneys, etc., etc $6.00 to $8.00 per thousand. Cost of "framing " a house $8.00 per thousand feet. " " "flooring" " 1.00 " square. •' " " weatherboarding " a house.. 1.00 " " " " " shingling " a house 1.50 " " A cottage of three or four rooms of good size, will cost from $ioo to $200. It is advised that each colony of immigrants include a car- penter and build their own houses. The houses will be built for them if they will send plans and specifications, when estimates of cost will be furnished them. The immigrant will be required to pay cash for such buildings, but they can easily build their own dwellings. They are offered a title in fee simple to land at a less price than tenants in Europe are required to pay annually for land that is no better. The Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad, and the Macon and Brunswick Railroad, have developed this timber region, and the ac- companying diagram will show the most available territory for this business : GIrar?*^ColumbuS A A vSj'" S^ ^'-''/^ '¥ OWERY J\ jttnericus f^NgST®®^^ ) **^ W^iv&f^ \ Tcbcauvl!lc>&?'^ A'Y*^ r,acont(5n , aC l I „) Gli;nmoreigK- ' Cr/illa^ „ A Sio,fe 1 '%?&,? * ^JL Vouiokne^°^4^PT^ P ^ T ^ XL J^2^^^^]L^l.VI-2- i-^ 2L& **vsr *&]L» 120 STATE OF GEOKGIA, The Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad is the shortest and most direct route to Southern and Southwestern Georgia. Its main line extends from Savannah, Ga. to Bainbridge, Ga., on the Flint river, two hundred and thirty-seven miles. The Albany division ex- tends from Thomasville, Ga., to Albary, Ga., fifty-eight miles. The Florida division extends from DuPont, Ga., to Live Oak, Florida, forty-eight miles; making a total of three hundred and forty-three miles under its management. CONNECTIONS. Through cars from Savannah to Bainbridge, connecting with steamers for all points on the Flint, Chattahoochee and Apalachicola rivers. Through cars from Savannah to Albany, connecting with through trains on Southwestern division Central Railroad of Georgia to Macon, Atlanta, Eufaula, and via Montgomery and Eufaula Railroad to Mont- gomery, Ala., New Orleans and Louisville. Through trains via Main Line and Florida Division via Live Oak, connecting with trains on Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Rail- road and Florida Central Railroad for Jacksonville, Fla., without change; connecting at Jacksonville with steamers for St. Augustine, Palatka, Sanford, Mellonville, Enterprise, and all points on the St. Johns and Oclawaha rivers ; at Baldwin with trains on the Atlan- tic, Gulf and West India Company's Railway for Fernandina, Gainesville, Cedar Keys, Tampa, Manatee, Key West, etc. ; at Live Oak with Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad for Madison, Monticello, Tallahassee and all points in Middle Florida. Elegant Pullman Sleeping Cars daily between Savannah and Thomasville, Albany, etc. Elegant Steamships ply regularly between Savannah and New York, Savannah and Boston, Savannah and Philadelphia, and Savan- nah and Baltimore, making quick and prompt connection with the railroads that terminate at Savannah. In Through Freights their facilities are unsurpassed. Local freight and passenger rates in Georgia are governed by the State Railroad Commission. Shipments of Naval Stores for the past eight years from line of Savannah, Florida and Western Railway, have been : 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. ' 1878. 1879. Rosin, bbls Sp'ts Turp'ntino 1,416 ' 15,464 354 | 3.649 23,500 5,200 c9,819 9,130 65,854 ] 95,592 126,961 13,974 | 20,452 26,517 129.970 24,751 Total 1,770 19,113 28,700 48.949 79,828 116,044 153,478154,721 ! "WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 121 The Macon & Brunswick Railroad was completed in 1879, and forms the shortest main line from the West and Southwest to the coast of Georgia. It is predicted that it will be one of the most im- portant and prosperous railroads in the South. The Macon & Brunswick Railroad possesses unsurpassed facilities as a Through Passenger Route from Chicago, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Louisville and other Western cities to this section of the South and Florida. Through tickets are on sale at all principal ticket offices, and Through Pullman Palace Cars are run both from Chicago and •Cincinnati, via Nashville, Chattanooga, Atlanta, Macon and Jessup, to Jacksonville, Florida. In Through Freights, they have the low rates of the " Green Line," a well known association, and a first-class steamship line from Bruns- wick to New York. There are also good facilities for shipping by regular sailing packets from Brunswick. These roads are also parties in rates, to what is known as the " Florida Dispatch Line." This is a very fast freight line, mostly used for vegetables and fruits, which are carried in ventilated cars built specially for the purpose, and the cars of which go by passenger trains, or on passenger train schedules. The rates of freight by same are exceedingly low; in many instances merely nominal. It reaches to Chicago, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Indi- anapolis, Louisville, Nashville and other Western cities ; and by At- lanta, Dalton and Charlotte to other large cities. The Southern Express also has its line over this route. The road, further, has good and full shipping facilities with Savannah, via Jessup. METALS AND MINERALS OF GEORGIA. {From the Report of Dr. Geo. Little, State Geologist.) Copper. — This metal exists in large quantities in the counties of Fannin, Towns, Cherokee, Paulding, Haralson, Carroll, Greene and Fulton. Fannin county mines are an extension of the celebrated Duck Town veins in the State of Tennessee, and are considered equally rich in that metal. Iron. — Iron ores, either hematite, limonite, or fossiliferous, are abundant throughout the northern part of the State, and are found to a considerable extent in the counties of Harris and Talbot, in Middle Georgia, and in Burke of the Southern division. In the counties of Dade, Walker, and Chattooga, it lies side by side with large deposits of coal, thus affording ample facilities for smelting. In Bartow county we find the best brown hematite, which, in combination with manga- nese, also abundant in that section, forms that beautiful, mirror-like iron, called by the Germans Spiegeleisen. The brown hematite is also abundant in Polk county. At the date of the last report, there were in the State 20 iron foundries, with a producing capacity of 300 tons per day, or 100,000 tons of pig iron per annum, worth at the market price of $20 per ton, $2,000,000. Coal. — The discoveries of this mineral have been confined to the three counties of the extreme northwest, to wit : Dade, Walker and Chattooga. The supply, though, is so abundant and accessible that it bids fair to be permanent, both for fuel and for mechanical uses. •One of these mines yields 300 tons per day. Railroads, with connec- 122 STATE OF GEORGIA, tions leading to all points, have been constructed to the mouths of these mines. A superior article of coke is also prepared on the spot, and shipped to the smelting furnaces of this State and Tennessee. Slate, admirably adapted to roofing, exists in large quantities and at points accessible. At Rockmart, Polk county, immense shipments are made annually to the various cities and towns of Georgia and the adjoining States. A railroad connection with the main trunk runs directly to the quarries. Limestone. — Immense beds exist throughout all the northwestern counties, and there is a fair distribution of it in nearly every section of the State. At Kingston, Bartow county, Mr. G. H. Waring is- largely engaged in the manufacture of Hydraulic Cement, an article that has come into extensive use, and has won a deserved popularity. Marble. — This mineral exists in exhaustless quantities and of many varieties. It varies in quality from the fine statuary to the coarse-grained used for building. The black marble is found at Tun- nel Hill, on the Western and Atlantic Railroad ; the red at Dalton ; the pink at Varnell's Station, on the East Tennessee and Georgia Rail- road, and in Whitfield county. The white, of best quality and in. immense supply, near Jasper, Pickens county, on the line of the Mari- etta and North Georgia Railroad, now in course of construction ; also at Buchanan, in Haralson county, and at Van Wert, Polk county. Serpentine, of fine quality and very beautiful, has been recently- found in Rabun county. Granite and Gneiss, or the best quality for building, abound in the Northern and Middle divisions of the State, and are convenient to transportation. Buhr rock, from which the best mill-stones are cut, exists, in large quantities, in Burke county ; also in Stewart, Decatur and other parts of the Tertiary formation. Asbestus abounds in most ot the Northern counties, and is being mined in the vicinity of Atlanta, Fulton county. Large quantities are regularly shipped to the Northern States, and there worked up in the manufacture of iron safes, fire-proof paints and roofing, lamp wicks, and, to some extent, into cloth. It is being mined with much success, the shipments readily commanding $50 00 per ton. Calcareous Marls, or marls composed of shells and other secre- tions of marine animals, are found, in immense beds, in many sec- tions of the State, and in localities where they can be readily utilized or fertilizing purposes. All these deposits exist in the Southern half of the State, or below an elevation of 300 feet above the ocean. It exists in greatest quantities in the Cnattahoochee river. Clay. — Kaoline, of the finest quality, for the manufacture of por- celain ware, and in the preparation of wall paper, and for other pur- poses, exists in large and convenient strata in Baldwin and Washing- ton counties, near the centre of the State, and in Cherokee, Pickens and Union, in the North. Another variety of white clay, suitable for the manufacture of fire-brick, furnace-lining and water-pipes, is also found in Washington and Baldwin counties, and a large deposit of the same in Richmond. The gray clay used in making pottery, etc.,. abounds in many counties in the Southeastern portion of the State. Red and yellow clays, suitable for building brick, are found in nearly every county in the State, and in most of them without limit as to- quantity. MAP-OF THE DAHLONEGA DISTRICT, GA g Miles! WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 123 GOLD MINING IN GEORGIA. When, in 1799, large lumps of gold were found in Georgia, one weighing 28 pounds, exploration was begun, and early in this century the rush to the mines resembled that to California in 1849. In 1830 the State adopted the Indians'* territory and all, and formed Cherokee County, from which many counties have since been made. Hundreds of thousands of dollars have been lost there, and millions made since that date. Hydraulic mining, as conducted in Georgia, is familiar to the reader, probably, but the ease with which the ore is mined, the facility with which it can be sent to market, the cheapness of labor, nearness of timber and water courses, healthfulness and the ease with which provisions may be procured in Georgia, are not appreciated. Dr. George Little, the State geologist, describes the situation in Georgia as follows : " It is penetrated by first-class railways and by short, reliable hack lines. Every part of it is convenient and accessible to cities. Invalids resort there for health. Labor is cheap and plentiful. In California and Arizona it is necessary to transport ore from fifty to three hun- dred miles ; here, transportation is close at hand. " The greatest advantage, however, is that most of the ore in North Georgia is partially decomposed, and is worked with great facility ; where you would have to blast the quartz in California, you can work it with a pick and shovel, consequently ore that is much poorer than California ore can be mined here at a profit, while there it would in- volve a loss. Besides the above advantages it is very rich, as rich as any ore to be found anywhere." The following map has been compiled from the latest official sur- veys and the most authentic sources. It is published by Messrs Trask & Francis, bankers, 70 Broadway, New York, whose Pocket Mining Atlas has given general, satisfaction. Even those who know the value of the Dahlonega region, in White, Lumpkin and Habersham Counties are ignorant of the fact that some of the most valuable mines are not in this particular belt. The gold region is much more extensive in Georgia than is popularly supposed. Among the most valuable is probably that known as the "King's Mount Gold Mine," in Hart County, Georgia. This mine is within four miles of the Air Line R. R., is nine miles from Hartsville, the County seat, and thirty- two miles from Athens, Georgia. The mining property embraces about 502 acres, of which 150 are under cultivation, the res': being heavily timbered. The estate controls a portion of the water course of the Maria Creek. There are two distinct, continuous veins, according to the report of Mr. F. C. Kropff, of Philadelphia, geologist and mining engineer, that are well defined, productive and of an advantageous working size. The quartz upon the west vein, at the depth of forty feet, re- turned, by an assay made by Mr. Kropff, $4.85 per one hundred pounds, while from the average run of the ore taken from this vein out of sump (sixty feet) an analysis made by Dr. Genth, of Philadel- phia, gave $3.60 per one hundred pounds, or $71.91 per ton. Several bushels from the ore-heap out of the fifty-six foot level were reduced by the machinery at the mine and yielded about two penny- weights to the bushel ($1.92). Mr. Kropff estimated that the total •There are no Indians in Georgia now. 124 STATE OP GEOEGIA, expenditure for one bushel of one hundred pounds from the miners' hands to tailrace of mill house, amounts to nine and one-half cents, or $1.90 per ton. After expending about $45,000 for machinery, etc., this mine was abandoned in i860 by the owners, who reside at the North. The machinery was destroyed during the war ; some of the owners have died, and the estate is now in the market. ACCORDING TO GEOLOGIST The gold belt of Georgia is about 100 miles in breadth with bar- ren intervals here and there. It lies Northeast and Southwest across the entire Northern and part of the Eastern section of the State. It extends through a large number of counties. But few mines have been developed in Columbia and Lincoln Counties, but they are claimed to be among the richest in the State. A vein near Goshen, in the latter county, is said to be yielding at the present time, $1,000 per month at a cost of but $115. While many very rich and profita- ble mines have been opened in the lower portion of the belt, the greater proportion of the mining has been done in the Northern or mountainous section, especially in the counties of Lumpkin, White, Union, Dawson and Cherokee. "The gold occurs under three distinct conditions: First, as sand (dust), or pebble (nuggets), forming integral portions of the deposits of sand and gravel along the streams, which sometimes extend as high as 100 feet or more, above the stream levels. Second, as grains, string or masses, forming integral portions of extensive beds of schists, which are sometimes accompanied by layers of quartz of greater or less thickness, and are sometimes destitute of the least particle of quartz. Third, as a part of the whole, of the mineral contents of quartz veins. •< " The quartz veins vary in thickness from a few inches to ten feet or more, and have seldom been worked below the water level, from want of capital to purchase the necessary machinery. The ore, when ob- tained from the veins, is pounded in mills run by water-power, and generally varies from $5.00 to $50.00 per ton, the cost of hand- ling being about 50 cents per ton. There are, however, many in- stances where the yield has been as high as $60, and even as high as $100 per ton. The business is making steady progress in all the mining districts, and we have returns to date of 34 mills with 537 stamps now in operation, though there are doubtless others not yet brought to our knowledge. The stamps are of hardened iron, and, in weight, range from 350 to 750 pounds. They reduce, each, from one to two tons per day of twelve hours, the quantity depending upon the weight of the stamp and the hardness of the ore. These mills are located chiefly in Lumpkin and White Counties." Since the above description was penned by Dr. Little, many and valuable improvements have been made, and the most skeptical ob- server can see abundant evidence of the permanency and value of the mines in this great gold belt. Messrs. Barlow & Co. have put an additional twenty stamps in the mill attached to the Pigeon Roost Mine, making forty in all in opera- tion on this justly celebrated and well known mine. The yield has been very satisfactory to the present owners. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 125 {From the report of the State Geologist. ) The Hand Canal is about 26 miles in length. The water is taken from Yahoola Creek, at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains. It is six feet in width at the water line, and four feet in depth ; has a fall of five inches to the 100 feet, and velocity of 30 cubic feet to the second at low water. At Dahlonega it has an elevation of 220 feet above the Yahoola at the point, and at Findley's Mine, a few miles below, it is 300 feet above the level of the Yahoola, which at this point has so en- larged as to be a river. The reader will form some idea of the power when he contemplates this large body of water foaming along the mountain sides, and ready to be tapped and sent, in a resistless torrent, into the vast depths below. Owing to the rugged nature of the 126 STATE OF GEORGIA, country over which the canal passes, it frequently becomes necessary to conduct this volume of water across immense chasms in order to- keep it in its course. This is done by means of large pipes, which are laid down one mountain side, across the valley, and up the opposite elevation, until it reaches the desired height, and is discharged into a new section of the canal. There is a pipe near Dahlonega 2,000 feet in length and three feet in diameter. It is made of boiler iron, strong enough to bear the immense pressure. There are also on the line of the canal 7,500 feet of wooden tubing, of a like dfameter, and secured by strong iron bands. Between Dahlonega and the Pigeon Roost mines — the present terminus of the canal — there is another iron tube 2,400 feet in length, and 22 inches in diameter. The modes of utilizing this water in the operations for gold are various. It is the motive power of the mills where the stamping and washing are done. It serves to carry the ores and gold-bearing earth. from the mines to the mills, thus saving the greater part of the cost of transportation, It is also largely used in an operation called " sluicing," where it is turned loose upon the hill-sides, and of its owrt gravity bears away several feet of the surface earth. For the same purpose a hose and nine inch pipe is sometimes used and its power in uprooting trees, bearing down mountains and filling up valleys, is truly wonderful. Often the full force of the canal is turned into a vein containing a day's work of the ore and its rich surroundings, and the whole mass sent roaring down the mountain side into the mill some thousands of feet below. Immense boulders of quartz are sent whirl- ing like so many chips or leaves. This operation not only tears away the earth to the depth of several feet, but at the same time exposes every vein of ore and prepares it for the pick. Every mill is prepared with a receptacle for these washings, from which the water having been drained off, the ores, gravel and sand are shoveled into the troughs and pounded into powder by the immense iron stamps. The* pounded contents are then carried by a stream of water over a copper surface upon which there is a coating of quicksilver, with which the fine particles of gold form a mechanical union, and from which they are subsequently liberated by the application of heat, the amalgam having been first scraped from the copper sheets and deposited in a. crucible. This is the usual process ; there are others, but as they differ only in details, it is unnecessary to mention them. The Hand Canal is not only used by the mining company who con- structed it, but by all the miners on the line, at a moderate rental 1 paid to the proprietors. It is said that in this and other improve- ments, the Hand Company has invested upwards of a quarter million- dollars. The hills on both sides of the Yahoola river are gold bearing, and? the ore is very rich. The river furnishes ample water power to work. the mines. Some fifty or sixty additional stamps are to be placed on- the Singleton mining property, all of which will have work day and night for many years on ore that cannot fail to pay a big profit on. the investment. A correspondent of the Mining Record thus described a few mining; properties : "The Findley mine, since the new machinery has been put in place, is running smoothly along on full time. A hydraulic pipe has. WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 127 been attached to the reservoir on the hill and helps materially to break down the masses of ore and slate in the hill, and most signally lessens the labor of getting ore into the mill. " The Griscomb mill is now preparing to add a pump to throw water on the hill into a reservoir, and from this a hydraulic pipe will be used to break down the ore and slate, and flood it into an ore yard near the mill." It is manifest to every miner that all the streams cutting this gold belt are rich in many places, and if properly worked, will pay a hand- some profit to those engaged in the enterprise. 128 STATE OF GEORGIA, NOTES ON GOLD MINING IN GEORGIA. {From the Atlanta Constitution.) The Gold Field. "Atlanta, Ga., April 15 th. "Additional advices from the gold field in Nacoochee Valley show- richer results than before reported. A solid nugget was found on Monday, weighing 440 pennyweights, without flaw or gravel. Two hands picked up 900 pennyweights in one day. With their ordinary washing-pans and a little stream of water, the total cost of all being $5°-75> they took out in nuggets, in four and a half days, 730 penny- weights in gold, worth over $700. In one day they took out $389 worth. In about fifteen days work they have taken out $1,259, ano ^ the yield grows richer the further they go They have worked up so far, a space of only sixteen feet square. The vein is about 100 feet wide, and has been tested for two miles." The following gold items we take from the Gainesville Eagle : " Mr. Will Logan, of White County, was in the city Wednesday, and had with him a nugget of gold taken from the Richardson mine on Saturday, weighing sixty-five pennyweights. We learn that there is no falling off in the yield of this mine." In summing up the mineral sources of Georgia, we assert that they are not surpassed by any State in the Union. We have gold rivalling that of California, iron far surpassing that of Pennsylvania, and coal underneath 175 miles of our territory, equal to all our wants. We have copper equal to that of Tennessee, and more easily mined than that used in Michigan. We have manganese five times richer than that used in the Terre Noire Works, France, worth $400 per ton ; and finally, our slate is superior to that in the Lehigh Valley. The min- eral wealth imbedded in the mountains and soils of Georgia is of inestimable value. VALUABLE MINERALS IN GEORGIA. Gold is found in 56 counties; Copper, in 13 counties; Asbestus, in 12 counties; Manganese, in 4 counties; Slate, in 3 counties; Iron,, in 43 counties ; Mica, in 6 counties ; Diamonds, precious stones, gems, etc., in 26 counties. Diamonds are found in Hall and White Counties; Opal in Bullocch and Washington Counties; Galena, in 7 counties; Silver, in 3 counties; Graphite, in 9 counties ; Kaolin, in 5 counties ; Fire Clay, in 3 counties; Limestone, in 31 counties ; Buhr- stone, in 27 counties; Marl, in 29 counties; Green Sand, in 4 coun- ties; Marble, in 9 counties; Gilmer has it white and variegated; Walker, black marble. Coal, in 3 counties ; Baryta, in 2 counties ; WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, M H > 3 5 s •^Bp qOB9 JO tunoq tg SuiJ[JOjSi. pB3l[ siqj q'ljM uiua.ijs jo jaAU)d 9{qv|i'BA.y « ii O* n O n CO Tf n M 4> A 4) 8 - 1 g ■ * a 9 i c i X > c JS O o" 2 b « £ * •S 8 S? 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I ► J c c X '■ 4) E : S 1 ° I « Ph P*t u C c g pq c cS c "a O 1-4 u p a ■» CG Eh fcH APPENDIX. 155 LIST OF WOODY PLANTS OF GEORGIA. NO. Ei£. — ' BOTANICAL NAME. GENUS. SPECIES. COMMON NAME. COUNTY. 1 2 Magnoliaceae. Illicium Floridanum. Anise Tree. 2 2 " Maguolia grandiflora. Magnolia. 3 2 " " glauca. Sweet Bay. 4 '• " umbrella. 5 " " acuminata. 6 " " cor data. 7 " " Fraseri. 8 " " Macrophylla. 9 " Liriodendron tulipefera. White Poplar. Murray. 10 3 Anonacese. Asinima triloba. Papaw. Murray. 11 3 " " grandiflora. 12 24 Tiliaceae. Tilia Americana. American Lime. 18 " " pubescens. 14 25 Cainilliacese. Gordonia lasianthus. Loblolly Bay. 15 " " pubescens. 10 " Stuartia Virginica. 17 " " pentagyna. [Toothache Tree. 18 34 Rutaceae. Xanthoxylum Carolinianum , Prickly Ash or 19 " Ptilea trifoliata. Hop Tree. 20 37 Anacardiaceae. Rhus typhina. 21 37 " " glabra. 22 37 " " copallina. Sumach. Murray. 23 37 " " pumilla. 24 37 " " < venenata i " j toxicodendron, j Poison Elder. 25 37 " Poison Oak. 2t; 37 " " Aromatica. 27 3-f Vilaceae. Vitis labrusca. Fox Grape. 28 38 " " aastivatis. Summer Grape. 29 38 " " cordifolia. Frost Grape. Murray. 3(1 38 " " vulpina. Muscadine or Bullace. 31 38 " Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Virginia Creeper. 32 39 Rhamnacese. Birchimia volubilis. Supple Jack. S3 39 " Rhamnus lanceolatus. Buckthorn. 34 " Trangula Caroliniana. Carolina Buckthorn. 86 40 Celastraceae. Euonymus Americanus. Strawberry Bush. 86 40 " " atropurpuria. 37 41 Staphylaceae. Staphyla trifolia. Bladder-nut. as 42 Supiudacea?. Sapindus marginatus. Soapberry. 39 42 " ^Esculus glabra. Horse-chestnut. 40 42 " " pavia. Buckeye. Whitefleld 41 42 Sapindacese. Sapindus flora. 42 42 " Asculus pariflora. 43 43 Aceraceae. Acer Pennsylvanicum. Striped Maple. 44 " " spicatum. Mountain Maple. 45 " " saccharinum. Sugar Maple. 4G " " dasycarpum. Silver Maple. Murray- 47 " " aubrum. Red or Swamp Maple. 48 " Negund accroides. Ash-leaved Maple. 49 47 Legnminocese. Amorpha herbacia. BO 47 " " canescens. 51 47 " Robinia pseudacaia. LOCUBt. 52 47 " " viscosa. 63 47 H •' hispida. 156 APPDNDIX. list of "woody flants of Georgia. — (Continued.) KO. ES&. BOTANICAL NAME. GENUS. SPECIES. COMMON NAME COUNTY 54 47 Leguminocese. Whistaria frutescens. 55 47 " Erythrina herbaria. 56 47 " Cladrustis tinctoria. Yellow Wood. 57 47 " Circis Canadensis. Red Bud. Murray. 58 47 " Gleditschia triacanthos. 59 47 " " 'monosperma. 60 48 Rosacea?. Chrysobalanus oblorigifolius. 61 48 " Prunus Americana. 62 48 " " umbellata. 63 48 " " serotina. Wild Cherry. Murray. 64 48 (C '■ Virginiana. 65 48 " " Carolinacana. Mock Orange. 66 48 " Crataegus spathulata. Hawthorn. 6*7 48 " " aestivalis. Summer or Red Haw. 68 48 " 69 48 " 7 other species. 70 48 " Pyrus coronaria. 71 48 " " angustifolia. 72 48 " " anarbulifolia. '73 u " Americana. 74 " Amelanchier Canadensis. 75 49 Calycanthaceae. Calycanthus Floridus. 76 49 11 " laevigatas. 77 49 " " g"Iaucus. 78 52 Lythraceae. Neseae verticillata. 79 57 Grossulaceae. Ribes. 80 64 Saxifragaceae. Hydrangea arborescens. 81 64 " " radiata. 82 64 " " quercifolia. 83 64 " Decumaria Barbara. 84 Philadelphus grandiflorus. Syringa. 85 65 Hamamalaceae Hamamelis Virginica. Witch Hazel. Murray. 86 65 " Fothergilla alnifolia. 87 65 " Liquidambar styraciflua. Sweet Gum. Murray. 88 68 Cornaceae. Cornus alterniflora. 89 68 " " stricta. •90 68 " " paniculata. 91 88 " " sericea. '92 68 " " asperifolia. 93 68 " " Florida. Dogwood. Whitelieid 94 68 " Nyssa multiflora. Sour Gum. Murray. 95 68 " " agnatica. 96 68 " " uniflora. 97 68 " " capitata. Ogeechee Lime. 98 69 Capsifoliaceae. Symphoricarpus vulgar. Snowberry. 99 69 " Sambucus Canadensis. Flder. 100 69 " Vibernum prunifolium. 101 " " lentago. 103 " " obovatum. 103 " " acerifolium. 104 69 " nudum. 105 69 " dentatum. 106 69 " scabrellum. 187 70 Rubiacase. Cephalanthus occidentals. Button-bush. APPENDIX. 157 list of woody plants of Georgia. — (Continued.) 108 10 Rubiaceaj. 109 70 J 10 76 Ericaceae. 111 76 " 112 76 113 76 114 76 115 76 116 76 117 76 118 76 119 70 120 76 " 121 70 " 128 76 123 76 124 76 " 125 76 126 76 " 127 76 128 76 " 129 76 130 76 131 76 132 78 Aquifoliaceae. 133 78 134 78 " 135 78 136 79 Styrataceae. 137 79 138 79 139 79 140 79 141 79 142 80 Cyrillaceae. 143 80 144 SO 145 81 Ebenaceae. 146 82 Sapotacem. 147 89 Bignoniaceae. J48 89 149 89 150 93 Yerbenaceee. 151 93 152 104 Oleaceae. 153 104 154 104 155 104 " 156 104 157 104 158 104 159 111 Lauracea?.. 160 111 361 in BOTANICAL NAME. GENUS. SPECIES. Pinckneya pubens. Gelsemium sempervirens. Gaylussaciae frondosa. " dumosa. " resinosa. Vac.ciniuni crassifoliuni. " stamineum. " arboreum. " nitidum. " inyrsinites. " tenellum. " Elliottii. " corymbosam. Leucothoe axillaris. " catesbaei. " acuminata. " racemosa. Andromeda ferruginea. Oxydendrum arboreum. Clethra. Kalmta latifolia. " angustlfolia. Rhododendron arborescens. " maximum. Ilex opaca. " dahoon. " caseine. " ambigua. Styrax pulverulentum. " grandifolium. " Americanum. Halesia diptera. " tetraptera. Symplocos tinctoria. Cyrilla racemiflora. Cliftonia ligustrina. Elliottia racemosa. Dyospyros Virginiana. Bumelia canuginosa. Bignonia capreolata. Tecomia. radicans. Catalpa bignonioides. Lantana camara. Calicarpa Americana. Olea Americana. Chionanthus Virginica. Fraxinus Americana. " pubescens. " viridis. " platycarpa. Forestiera lignstrina. Persea Carolinensis. Sassafras officinale. Benzoin odoriferum. COMMON NAME. Georgia Bark. Yellow Jessamine. Huckleberry. Huckleb'ry, Blue- [berry. SourWood or Sor- [rel Tree.Murray. Calico Bush. Sheep Laurel. Murray. Roseboy Houey- [suckle. Holly. Murray. Storax. Snowdrop Tree. Titi. Persimmon. Murray. Crossvine. Murray. Trumpet Flower. French Mulberry Murray. Olive. Fringe Tree. White Ash. Murray Red Ash. Green Aeh. Water Ash. Red Bay. Sassafras. Spice Bush 158 APPENDIX. list op woody plants of Georgia. — (Continued.) 162 111 Lauracese. 163 112 Thymeleacese. 164 124 Moracese. 165 125 Ulmacete. 166 125 167 125 168 125 169 125 170 126 Platanacese. 171 127 Juglandacese. 172 173 174 175 176 177 128 Cupuliferae. 178 128 179 128 " 180 128 181 128 " 182 128 183 128 184 128 " 185 186 128 187 128 " 188 128 189 128 190 128 191 128 192 128 " 193 128 " 194 128 195 196 " 197 198 199 200 S01 202 129 Myricaceae. 203 129 " 204 130 Eetulacese, 205 130 " 206 130 " 207 131 Salicacese. 808 131 " J09 131 " 310 211 " 212 " 213 132 Coniferse. 214 138 " 215 133 ** BOTANICAL, NAME. GENUS. SPECIES. Tetranthera geniculata. Dirca palustris. Morus rubra. Ulmus fulva. " Americana. " alata. Planera aquatica. Celtis occidentalis. Platanus occidentalis. Carya alba. " tomentosa. " glabra. " amara. Juglans nigra. " cinerea. Quercus phellos. " cinerea. " virens. " aquatica. " nigra. " catesbsei. " tinctoria. " coccinea. " rubra. " Georgiana. " falcata. " ilicifolia. " obtusiloba. " alba. " lyrata. " prinus. " prinus. " prinoides. " Castanea Americana Castanea pumila. Fagus ferruginea. Coryllus Americana. " rostrata. Carpinas Americana. Ostrya Virginica. Myrica cerifera. " inodora. Betula nigra. " lenta. Alnus serrulata. Salix tristis. " humilis. " nigra. Populus angulata. •' grandidentata. " heterophylla. Pinus pungens. " inops. " glabra. COMMON NAME. Leatherwood. Mulberry. Slippery Elm. Elm. Waboo. Planer Tree. Nettle Tree. Sycamore. Shell-bark Hick- Hickory. [ory, Pig-nut. Butternut. Black Walnut. Butternut. Willow Oak. High-ground Oak, Live Oak. Water Oak. Black Jack. Turkey Oak. Black Oak. Scarlet Oak. Red Oak. Stone Mt. Oak. Spanish Oak. Bear Oak. Post Oak. White Oak. Overcup Oak. Swamp Chestnut. Chestnut Oak. Chinquapin Oak. Chestnut. Chinquapin. Beech. Hazel-nut. BeakedHazel-nut. Hornbeam. Hop Hornbeam. Wax Myrtle. Black Birch. Cherry Birch. Alder. Sage Willow. Murray. Murray. Murray. Whitefield- Whitefield. Whitefiel'd.. Whitefield- Whitefield. Murray. Whiteneld.. WMtefieUL. Cotton-wood. Scrub Pine. Spruce Pine. ICotxaj,. APPENDIX. 159 LIST OF WOODY PLANTS OF GEORGIA.— (Continued.) i NO. OP _.„„„ BOTANICAL NAME. JJO. fam'y. FAMILY - GENUS. SPECIES. COMMON NAME . COUNTY. 216 132 Conif erae . Pinus mitus, Short-leaved Pine, Murray. 217 132 " rigida, Pitch Pine, 218 132 " " serotina, Pond Pine, 219 132 " " tseda, Loblolly Pine, Whitefleld' 220 132 " " austral is. Long-leaved Pine, 221 132 " " strobus, White Pine, Murray. 222 132 '• Abies Canadensis, Hemlock Spruce, 223 132 " Juniperus Virginiana, Red Cedar, 224 132 " Cupressus thyoides, White Cedar, 225 132 " Taxodium distichum, Cypress, 226 " Torreya taxifolia, 227 134 Palmaccse. Sabal palmetto, 228 134 " " serrulata, 229 134 " Chamaerops hystrix, 230 134 " Prunus spinosa. 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CN_CO O "C^CO OO CO O^i* CO_© OS O_i-^00 T-J_»C5 OO CO -^1 '«_© © 't>f©'co'«f i-TcJ't^'io'co (tTccTh* snToo'cd'-* icT>o aTi-r©"s«>CCOO5 00«3t-©00©00i*©CNOJ>OlO©i-l00-*©T-l-*©©3S ssT aT co" ©"©■©" th ih"th"cn"-*~co"cn c4"cs"co" Ml I rH •* "©CO* 3 w i OCN PhCN 00 t- CO i-l t- OS CO 00 © © en co © TrTcTvO © t- ■* © CO >o OS t— CO 00 CN OS li-HHM bo S u' i«©-*CN t- W5 (-- ^INititTllTllN wco iO : -2ifS co"( >_CN O5_00 00_ J CO CO HH CO i-H"©"Hrco lOOt- < OS © X) roTcooo © © as ©~co~t^ HH©t^CNOCNCOCO-*00«500C75Xl I tH Hh © JO CO T-H*i— Tr-TcC0-*tirHia©003500CN©CO OS o" CO00OO»00CO00CJO000000O0CO0O0OO0CO9000O0O000CO00 •o ORGIA, (LOGICAL OUTLINES. tORGE LITTLE, Ph.D., State Gcologisi, W. S. SCHLEY, M.E., Del. EXPLANATION. County Seats Railroads <\smumm. " ^ Projected Gold $ Lead -~^C-z— iron Ores * * * * GEORGIA, GEOLOGICAL OUTLINES. GEORGE LITTLE, Ph.D., Stale <;«-«»l<>ti-lst. W. S. SCHLEY, M.E., Del. explana rxoy. County Seats o Railroads -MMmwwwK- " projected iiinimninm Gold $ Lead ------- Iron Ores £ ** x * y- Copper © v£> Manganese '.'.:::: «s» ^Geological Outlines *.' . WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, PRODUCERS AND MANUFACTURERS, FRUIT AND VEGETABLE GROWERS, AND THOSE DESIRING TO BETTER THEIR CONDITION. FRANCIS FONTAINE, STATE COMMISSIONER OF LAND AND IMMIGRATION. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. ATLANTA, GEORGIA 1880. sfS>K " O A ,V ^ \V 'A ■x v co 1 ^ - ■^ ■ I tf "bo ; ^ "^ y . f SEPT 68 IS^H^ N. MANCHESTER, ^*^^ INDIANA RSSsffii Hrr mi l IfffffTHfMTHTilTllMHnF [mfflWHBMiiH HHHHF