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A 
 
 COMPENDIOUS AND EASY 
 
 GRAMMAR 
 FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING 
 
 THE 
 
 FRENCH LANGUAGE, 
 
 WHICH MAY, ALSO, BE USED FOR ACQUIRING, WITH FACILITY, 
 
 WITHOUT £.N INSTRUCTOR, / 
 
 A Perfect Understanding of the French Writers, 
 
 IN THEIR NATIONAL IDIOMS. 
 
 DIVIDED INTO THIRTY LESSONS, 
 
 Preceded by a collection of phrases, to be committed to memory on commencing 
 the study of the French and its Sister Tongues, 
 
 SPANISH AND ITALIAN 
 
 CONVERSATIONS ON EDUCATION, &C. 
 
 
 / < 
 
 BY HENRIGUEGAN, 
 
 Late Professor of his Vernacular Tongue at the Gy 
 Institution of Washington. 
 
 ARTEM EXPEUIENTIA FECIT, EXEMPLO MONSTRANTE VIAM. 
 
 CITY OF WASHINGTON: 
 
 ;0L» BY THOMPSON & HOMANS, AND J. RIORDAN, Washington; JAMES THOMAS, AND 
 
 R. cr0ikshank, Georgetown; and by wm. m. Morrison, Alexandria. 
 
 PETER FORCE, PRINT. 
 1831. 
 
Ski* . 
 
 Entered according to the Act oj Congress, in the year one thousand 
 eight hundred and thirty one, by Peter Force, in the clerk's office 
 of the District Court of the District of Columbia, 
 
TO 
 
 MY PUPILS OF BOTH SEXES, 
 
 AN* 
 
 THE ENLIGHTENED INHABITANTS 
 
 OS 
 
 THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 
 
 The following Pages 
 
 Are respectfully inscribed 
 by 
 
 Their humble and obedient servant, 
 
 # 
 HENRI GUEGAN. 
 
 Capitol Hill, July, 1831. 
 
INTRODUCTION TO A FRENCH GRAMMAR 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A Collection of phrases to be committed to memory on commenc- 
 ing the Study of the French, and its sister tongues Spanish and 
 Italian, . . . . . ii--ix. 
 
 Accents peculiar to the French Language, . . viii. 
 
 Signs of punctuation common to every one, • „ ix. 
 
 CONVERSATIONS 
 
 I. On Education in general, . • . x. 
 
 II. On the study of the dead languages, « . xii. 
 
 III. On the study of the living languages, . . xiv. 
 
 IV. On the French language, . . xvii. 
 
 V. On the French pronunciation, . . . xviii. 
 
 VI. On the Variations in pronunciation, . . xix. 
 
I) 
 
 English . 
 I. 
 
 1 Good morning, Sir. 
 
 2 Good evening, Madam. 
 
 3 Good night, Miss. 
 
 4 Tell me if you please. 
 
 5 Have the goodness to tell me. 
 
 6 I beg your pardon. 
 
 7 How do you do ? 
 
 8 How does your father do ? 
 
 9 How are your sisters ? 
 
 10 Give them my respects. 
 
 11 Where are you going? 
 
 12 I thank you. 
 
 13 I am very sorry. 
 
 14 I am obliged to you. 
 
 15 I am very much obliged to him. 
 
 French. 
 I. 
 
 1 Bon jour, Monsieur. 
 
 2 Bon soir, Madame. 
 
 3 Bonne nuit, Mademoiselle. 
 
 4 Dites moi s'il vous plait. 
 
 5 Ayez la bonte de me dire. 
 6 1 Je vous demande pardon. 
 
 7 Comment vous portez vous ? 
 
 8 Comment se porte monsieur votre > 
 
 pere ? $ 
 
 9 Comment se porte mesdemoiselles ) 
 
 vos soeurs ? \ 
 
 10 Presentez leur mes respects. 
 
 11 Oii allez vous? 
 
 12 Je vous remercie. 
 
 13 J'en suis tres fache. 
 
 14 Je vous suis oblige. 
 
 15 Je Iui suis tres oblige. 
 
 II. 
 
 1 I am very glad of it. 
 
 2 I was very gl id of it. 
 It is fine weather. 
 It snows now. 
 It thundered last evening, 
 I did not hear it. 
 It freezes now. 
 
 8 I am glad of it. 
 
 9 We shall have rain to-day. 
 
 10 It will not rain. 
 
 11 I do not believe it. 
 
 12 How is your family ? 
 53 They are very well. 
 
 14 I am very well. 
 
 15 He was well yesterday. 
 
 
 III. 
 
 1 Do you think he will go ? 
 
 2 I do not know. 
 
 3 At your service. 
 
 4 What o'clock is it? 
 
 5 It is eight o'clock. 
 
 6 It was ten o'clock, 
 
 7 I am very glad to see you. 
 
 8 I was very glad to see him. 
 
 9 No matter. 
 
 10 I beg you will excuse me. 
 
 11 Do you know me ? 
 
 12 Did you know me ? 
 
 13 I do not know you. 
 
 14 Come to see me. 
 
 15 I cannot come to-day. 
 
 II. 
 
 1 J'en suis bien aise. 
 
 2 J'en fus enchants. 
 
 3 II fait beau terns. 
 
 4 11 neige maintenant. 
 
 5 fl tonna hier soir. 
 
 6 Je ne l'ai pas entendu. 
 
 7 II gele maintenant. 
 
 8 J'en suis charme. 
 
 9 Nous aurons de la pluie aujourfi'hui. 
 
 10 II ne pleuvra point. 
 
 1 1 Je ne le crois pas. 
 
 12 Comment va votre famille ? 
 
 13 On s'y porte a merveille, 
 
 14 Je suis tres bien. 
 
 15 II etait bien hier. 
 
 III. 
 
 1 PensPK vous qu'il ira ? 
 
 2 Je ne le s. is pas. 
 A votre service. 
 Quelle heure est il ? 
 il est huit heures. 
 1! etait dix heures. 
 Jf suis charme de vous voir. 
 Jf fus charme de le voir. 
 N'importe. 
 
 10 Je vous prie d'accepter mes excuses 
 
 1 1 Me connaissez vous ? 
 
 12 Me connaissiez vous ? 
 
 13 Je ne vousconnais pas. 
 
 14 Venez me voir. 
 
 15 Je ne puis venir aujourd'hui. 
 
HI 
 
 Spanish. 
 I. 
 
 1 Buenos dias Senor. 
 
 2 Buenos tardes Sefiora. 
 
 3 Buenos noches Seiiorita. 
 
 4 Digame Vmd si gusta. 
 
 5 Tenga Vmd la bondad de decirme, 
 
 6 Escuseme Vmd 6 perdoneme Vmd 
 
 7 Como esta Vmd? 
 
 8 Como esta el Senor su padre. 
 
 9 Como estan las Sefioritas su9 herm 
 
 anas ? 
 
 10 Saladelas Vmd de mi parte. 
 
 11 A donde va Vmd ? 
 
 12 Selo agradezco. 
 
 13 Lo siento mucho. 
 
 14 Estoy obligado a Vmd. 
 
 15 Le estoy muy obligado. 
 
 Italian. 
 I. 
 
 1 Buon gierno, Signore. 
 
 2 Buooa sera, Signora. 
 
 3 Buona notte, Signorina. 
 
 4 Ditemi di grazia. 
 
 5 Abbiate la bonta di dirmi. 
 
 6 Vi chiedo, or domaudo scusa. 
 
 7 Come state ? 
 
 8 Come sta il vostro, Signor padre? 
 
 9 Come stanno le vostre, Signore, so 
 
 relle ? 
 
 10 Salutatele da parte mia. 
 
 1 1 Dove andate ? 
 
 12 Vi ringrazio 
 
 13 Mi rincresce molto. 
 
 14 Vi sono tenuto. 
 
 15 Gli son molto obbligto. 
 
 II. 
 
 1 Me alegro mucho. 
 
 2 Me alegre mucho. 
 
 3 Hace buen tiempo. 
 
 4 Ahora nieva. 
 
 5 Trono anoche. 
 
 6 No lo oi. 
 
 7 Hiela ahora. 
 
 8 Tengo gusto de eso. 
 
 9 Llovera hoy. 
 
 10 No llovera. 
 
 11 No lo creo. 
 
 12 Como e9ta su familia ? 
 
 13 Estan muy buenos. 
 
 14 Estoy muy bueno. 
 
 15 Ayer estaba muy bueno, 
 
 II. 
 
 1 Mene rallegro molto. 
 
 2 Mene rallegrai molto. 
 
 3 Fa bel tempo. 
 
 4 NeVica aiitfsso. 
 
 5 Toono jeraera. 
 
 6 Non 1' udii. 
 
 7 Gela adesso. 
 
 8 Ne ho gran gusto. 
 
 9 Piovera oggi. 
 
 10 Non piovera. 
 
 11 Uon lo credo. 
 
 l£ Come sta la vostra famiglia 
 
 13 Stanno benissimo. 
 
 14 Sto benissimo. 
 
 15 Stava 3 b£ne jeri. 
 
 III. 
 
 1 Cree Vmd que ira ? 
 
 2 No lo se. 
 
 3 P;na servir a Vmd. 
 
 4 Que hora es ? 
 
 5 Son bis ocho. 
 
 6 Erao In* dies. 
 
 7 Tengo mucho gusto de ver a Vmd. 
 
 8 Me alegre mucho de verle. 
 
 9 No importa. 
 
 10 Ruego a Vmd me escuse. 
 
 11 Me conoce Vmd? 
 
 12 Me conocio Vmd? 
 
 13 No concxo a Vmd. 
 
 14 Venga Vmd a verme. 
 16 No puedo venir hoy. 
 
 III. 
 
 1 Credete che andra ? 
 
 2 Non saprei. 
 
 3 Per servirvi. 
 
 4 Cheorae? 
 
 5 Sono le otto. 
 G Erano le di^ci. 
 
 7 Ho gran gusto di vedervi. 
 
 8 Ebbi gran piace> di vede>lo 
 
 9 Non importa. 
 
 10 Vi pre'go di scusarmi. 
 
 11 Mi conoscete ? 
 
 12 Mi conoscevate ? 
 
 13 Non viconosco. 
 
 14 Venite a trovarmi. 
 
 15 Non posso venir eggi 
 
IV 
 
 English. 
 IV. 
 
 1 Have you learned your lesson \ 
 
 2 I had no time to study. 
 
 3 What have you done ? 
 
 4 I have done nothing. 
 
 5 Where is your brother ? 
 
 6 He is in the country. 
 
 7 Where are you going? 
 
 8 I am going to the play. 
 
 9 Shall I go with you ? 
 
 10 Will you go with me? 
 
 11 I cannot, 1 am not well. 
 
 12 What is the matter with you ? 
 
 13 I have the head-ache. 
 
 14 I have the tooth-ache. 
 
 15 I am unwell. 
 
 French. 
 IV. 
 
 1 Avez vous appris votre lecon. 
 
 2 Je n'ai pas eu le tems d'eludier. 
 
 3 Qu' avez vous fait ? 
 
 4 Je n'ai rien fait. 
 
 5 Ou est votre frere ? 
 
 6 fl est a la campagne. 
 
 7 Ou allez vous ? 
 
 8 Je vais a In comedie. 
 
 9 Irais-je avec vous ? 
 
 10 Voulez vous venir avec moi ? 
 
 11 Je ne le puis, Je ne suis pas bien. 
 
 12 On' avez vous ? 
 
 13 J'ai mal a la e:e. 
 
 14 J'ai md aux dents. 
 
 15 Je ne 6uis pas bien. 
 
 V. 
 
 1 Have you slept well 1 
 
 2 Have you dined well ? 
 
 3 I have no appetite. 
 
 4 Are you hungry now ? 
 
 5 Are you thirsty ? 
 
 6 1 am cold. 
 
 7 I am very warm. 
 
 8 Wash your face. 
 
 9 Give me some water. 
 
 10 Call your servant. 
 
 11 He went out just now. 
 
 12 Ring the bell. 
 
 13 There is no string. 
 
 14 It broke yesterday. 
 
 15 Ring; the bell in the next room. 
 
 1 Avez vous bien dormi? 
 
 2 Avez vous bien din£ 1 
 
 3 Je n'ai pas d'appetit. 
 
 4 Avez vous faim maintenant? 
 
 5 Avez vous soif ? 
 
 6 J'ai froid. 
 
 7 J'ai tres chaud. 
 
 8 Lavez votre figure. 
 
 9 Donnez moi de l'eau. 
 
 10 Appelez votre domestique. 
 
 11 II vient de sortir a 1'instanL 
 
 12 Sonnez la cloche. 
 
 13 II n'y a point de cordon. 
 
 14 II fut cas^e" hier. 
 
 15 Sonnez la cloche dans la chambre 
 
 voisine. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Have you breakfasted ? 
 
 No, Sir, have you ? 
 
 I came to breakfast with you. 
 
 Do you like coffee ? 
 
 Yes, I am very fond of it. 
 
 1 like chocolace. 
 
 I do not like tea. 
 
 8 I liko tea very much. 
 
 9 I like tea. 
 
 10 Do you eat butter? 
 
 1 1 Yes, when it is good. 
 
 12 Will you have some toast? 
 
 13 H*ve you fresh bread ? 
 
 14 The baker brought it just now. 
 
 15 Give noe a little of it. 
 
 VI. 
 
 1 Avez vous dejeune ? 
 
 2 Non monsieur, et vous ? 
 
 3 Je suis venu dejeuner avec vOus. 
 
 4 Aimez vous le cafe ? 
 
 5 Oui, Je Paime beaucoup. 
 ti J'aime le chocolat. 
 
 7 Je n'aime pas le the*. 
 
 8 J'aime beaucoup le the 
 
 9 J'aime le the. 
 
 10 Mangfz vous du beure I 
 
 1 1 Oui, quand il est bon. 
 
 12 Voulez vous du pain roti ? 
 
 13 Avez vous du pain frais ? 
 
 14 Le boulanger vient de 1'apporteT. 
 
 15 Donnez en moi un peu. 
 
Spanish. 
 IV. 
 
 1 Ha aprendido Vmd la lecion ? 
 
 2 No he tenido tiempo de estudiar. 
 
 3 Que ha hecho Vmd? 
 
 4 Nad a. 
 Donde esta su hermano? 
 Esta en el campo. 
 Adoade va Vmd? 
 Voy a la couaedia. 
 Quiere que ire con Vmd? 
 
 10 Quiere Vmd venir con migo ? 
 
 1 1 No puedo, no estoy bueno. 
 
 12 Que tiene Vmd? 
 
 13 Dolor de cabeza,6 me duele lacabeza. 
 
 14 Dolor de muelas. 
 
 15 No estoy bueno. 
 
 Italian. 
 IV. 
 
 1 Avete imparato la lezione ? 
 
 2 Non avevo tempo di studiare, 
 
 3 Che av&e fatto ? 
 
 4 Non ho fatto nulla. 
 
 5 Dov' e '1 vostro fratello ? 
 
 6 Sta in campagna. 
 
 7 Dove andate ? 
 
 8 Vado alia commedia. 
 
 9 Volete ch' io venga con voi 2 
 
 10 Volete venir meco ? 
 
 1 1 Non posso, non isto be"ne. 
 
 12 Che avete ? 
 
 1 3 H» mal alia testa, or mi duol la testa. 
 
 14 Mi dolgono i de'nti. 
 
 15 Non mi se'nto bene. 
 
 V. 
 
 1 Ha dormido Vmd bien ? 
 
 2 Ha comido Vmd bien ? 
 
 3 No tenia gana. 
 
 4 Tiene Vmd ahora hambre ? 
 
 5 Tiene Vmd sed ? 
 
 6 Tengo frio. 
 
 7 Tengo mucho calor. 
 
 8 Lavese Vmd la cara. 
 
 9 Dame la agua. 
 
 10 Llame Vmd a su criado. 
 
 1 1 Acaba de salir. 
 
 12 Toca la campana. 
 
 13 No hay ciuta. 
 
 14 Se rompio ayer. 
 
 5 Vea otro cuarto y toca la campana. 15 
 
 1 Avete ben dormito ? 
 
 2 Avete pranzato b£ne ? 
 
 3 Non avevo fame. 
 
 4 A.ve'te fame era ? 
 
 5 Avete sete ? 
 
 6 Ho freddo. 
 
 7 Ho gran caldo. 
 
 8 Lavatevil il viso. 
 
 9 Datemi dell' acqua. 
 
 10 Chiamate il vostro se*rvo: 
 
 11 E appunta uscito. 
 
 12 Suonate la campan^lla. 
 
 13 Non v' e corda. 
 
 14 Si rtippe jeri. 
 
 Andate nell' altra stanza e suonate ; 
 
 VI. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Ha almorzado Tmd ? 
 No Senor, ha Vmd ? 
 Vengo a almorzar con Vmd. 
 Legusta a Vmd el cafe ? 
 Si me agrada mucho. 
 Me gusta el chocolate. 
 El te no me gusta, 
 
 8 Muchisimo me gusta el te. 
 
 9 Me gusta el te. 
 
 10 Come Vmd mantequilla ? 
 
 11 Cuando es buena, si. 
 
 12 Quiere Vmd tostados ? 
 
 13 Quiere Vmd pan caliente ? 
 
 14 Acaba de traerlo el panadero. 
 
 15 Deme Vmd un poco. 
 
 2 
 
 1 Avete fatto colazione ? 
 
 2 Non, signore e voi ? 
 
 3 Son venuto a farla con voi 
 
 4 Vi piace il eaffe* ? 
 
 5 Si, mi piace molto. 
 
 G Mi piace la cioccolata. 
 
 7 Von mi piace il te. 
 
 8 Mi piace moltissimo il te. 
 
 9 Mi piace il te 
 
 10 Alangiate butirro ? 
 
 1 1 Si, se e buono. 
 
 12 Volete del pane arrnstito ? 
 
 13 Avete pan fre'scd ? 
 
 14 II fornajo I 1 ha portato adesso. 
 
 15 Datemene un poco. 
 
n 
 
 English. 
 
 French?. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VII. 
 
 1 Is the dinner ready ? 
 
 1 Le diner est il pret ? 
 
 2 It will be ready very soon. 
 
 2 11 sera bientot pret. 
 
 3 The dinner is brought up. 
 
 3 Le diner est sur la table. 
 
 4 What shall we have for dinner. 
 
 4 Qu'aurons nous pour diner-? 
 
 5 Some roast veal. 
 
 5 Du veau roti. 
 
 6 Roast beef and mutton. 
 
 6 Du bceuf et du moutoo roti. 
 
 7 A leg of mutton boiled. 
 
 7 Un gigotde mouton bouilli. 
 
 8 Some spinach and broccoli. 
 
 8 Des epinards et du brocoli. 
 
 9 A salad and radishes. 
 
 9 Une salade et des radis. 
 
 TO An apple tart. 
 
 10 Une tarte aux pommes. 
 
 1 1 A pigeon pie. 
 
 11 Un pate de pigeons. 
 
 12 We hadagood dinner. 
 
 12 Nous avons eu un bon diner. 
 
 33 I dined very well. 
 
 13 J'ai bien dine. 
 
 14 Let us go to bed now. 
 
 14 Allons nous coucher maintenan 
 
 15 I am tired. 
 
 15 Je suis lasse. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 1 Give me my new shoes. 
 
 2 What coat will you wear ? 
 
 3 The green one, with silk buttons. 
 
 4 Give me my silk waiscoat. 
 
 5 Has the shoemaker brought my boots ? 
 
 6 Yes, sir, he has. 
 
 7 Bring them here. 
 
 8 Give me a clean neckcloth. 
 
 9 I want a handkerchief too. 
 
 10 I want to shave. 
 
 11 Give me a good razor. 
 
 12 Bring up some warm water. 
 
 13 I have no towel 
 
 14 I will give you one directly, 
 
 15 Give me my silk stocking?. 
 
 1 Donnez moi mes souliers neufs. 
 
 2 Quel habii voulez vous mettre ( 
 
 3 Le vert avec des boutons de soie. 
 
 4 Donnez moi moo gilet. 
 
 5 Lecordonniera t-il apporte" mes bottes 
 
 6 Oui, monsieur, il les a apporte. 
 
 7 Apportez les ici. 
 
 8 Donnez moi une cravatte propre. 
 
 9 11 me taut aussi, un mouchoir de poche. 
 
 10 J'ai besoin de me faire la barbe. 
 
 1 1 Donnez moi un bon razoir. 
 
 12 Apportez de I'eau chaude. 
 
 13 Je n'ai point de serviette. 
 
 14 Je vous en donnerai une sur le champ ► 
 
 15 Donnee moi mes bas de soie . 
 
 IX. 
 
 IX. 
 
 1 Is your master come ? 
 
 2 He will come at ten o'clock. 
 
 3 Have you written an exercise <? 
 
 4 Yes, 1 have. 
 
 5 Where is it ? let me see it. 
 
 6 Here it is ; no, it is not. 
 
 7 1 have lost it. 
 
 8 You did not write any. 
 
 9 I assu'e you I have. 
 
 10 Have you learned the verbs by 
 
 heart? 
 
 11 1 lost my grammar. 
 
 12 I found it. ^ut this morning. 
 
 13 Read, and translate. 
 
 14 You do not read well. 
 
 15 Learn your lessom 
 
 1 Votre maitre est il venu I 
 
 2 I! viendra 5 dix heures. 
 
 3 Avez vous ecrit un theme ? 
 
 4 Oui, monsieur, je l'ai e'crit. 
 
 5 Ou est il ? montrez le moi. 
 
 6 Le voici ; non ce n'est pas lui 
 
 7 Je l'ai perdu. 
 
 8 Vous ne Favez pas e'crit. 
 
 9 Je von* assure que je l'ai e'crit. 
 
 10 Avez vous appris les verbes 
 
 cceur ? 
 
 11 J'ai perru ma grammaire. 
 
 12 Je ne l'ai tronv£ que ce matin. 
 
 13 Lisez et traduisez. 
 
 14 Vous ne lisez pas bien. 
 
 15 Apprenez votre lecon 
 
 P ar| 
 
VII 
 
 SfANISH. 
 
 VII. 
 
 1 Esta hecha la coraida ? 
 
 2 Estara pronta luego. 
 
 3 La comida esta en la mesa. 
 
 4 Que tendremos de comer ? 
 
 5 Ternero asado. 
 
 6 Vacay carnero asados. 
 
 7 Un cuarto de carnero cocido. 
 3 Espinacas y brocoles. 
 
 9 Ensaladasy rabanos. 
 16 Empanada de manzanas, 
 
 11 Pastel de pichones. 
 
 12 Tuvimos buena comida. 
 
 13 He comido muy bien. 
 
 14 Vatnos ahora a dormir. 
 14 Estoy cansado. 
 
 Italian. 
 VII. 
 
 E il pranzo pronto? 
 2 Sara pronto siibito. 
 o II pranzo e in tavola. 
 
 4 Che vi sara per pranzo '{ 
 
 5 Del vitello arrostito. 
 
 6 Arrosto di manzo, g di castrato. 
 
 7 Un coseiotto bollito, 
 
 S Degli spinaci, e dei broccoli. 
 
 9 Un' insalata, e deiravanelli. 
 
 1 Una crostata di pome. 
 
 1 1 Un pasticcio di piccioncini. 
 
 12 Abbiamo avuto un buon pranzo, 
 
 13 Ho pranzato benissimo. 
 
 14 Andiamo a letto dra. 
 
 15 Sono stance 
 
 VIII. 
 
 1 Dame Ios zapatos neuvos. 
 
 2 Que vestido quiere Vmd ponerse ? 
 
 3 El verde con butones de seda, 
 
 4 Dame el chalaco de seda. 
 
 5 Trajo et zapatero las botas ? 
 
 6 Si sefior las trajo. 
 
 7 Traelas aqui. 
 
 8 Dame una corbata limpia. 
 
 9 Tambien necesito un pafiuelo. 
 
 10 Quiero rasurarme. 
 
 11 Dame una buena navaja. 
 
 12 Sube una poca deagtia caliente. 
 
 13 No tengo toalla. 
 
 14 Voi a dar a Vmd una. 
 
 15 Dame las medias de seda. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 1 Datemi !e scarpe nuove. 
 
 2 Che vestito volete mdttervi ? 
 •5 II verde coi bottdni di seta. 
 
 4 Datemi la comiciuola dieeta. 
 
 5 Ha portato gli stivali il calzolajo i 1 
 
 6 Si, signore, gli ha portati. 
 
 7 Portateli qui. 
 
 8 Datemi una cravatta pulita. 
 
 9 Vorrei unche un tazzole'tto. 
 
 10 Vorrei farmi la barba 
 
 1 1 Datemi un buon rasdjo. 
 
 12 Portate su dell' acqua calda. 
 
 13 Non ho lo sciugatojo. 
 
 14 Vene daro subito uno. 
 
 15 Datemi le calzdtte di se'ta. 
 
 IX. 
 
 1 Ila venido el maestro ? 
 
 2 Vendra a las diez. 
 
 3 Ha escrito Vmd su egercicio ? 
 
 4 Si seiior lo tengo escrito. 
 
 5 Donde esta ! Dejeme Vmd verlo. 
 
 6 Este es, no, no es este. 
 
 7 Lo he perdido. 
 
 8 Ninguno ha escrito Vmd. 
 
 9 Aseguro a Vmd que lo escribi. 
 
 10 Ha aprendido Vmd Ios verbos de 
 
 memoria. 
 
 1 1 Se perdio mi gramatica. 
 
 12 No lo encontre hasta esta maiiana. 
 
 13 Lea Vmd y traduzca. 
 
 14 No lee Vmd bien. 
 
 16 Aprenda Vmd su leciorv 
 
 IX. 
 
 1 E venuto il vostro maestro ? 
 
 2 Verra alle didci. 
 
 3 Avete scritto un tema ? 
 
 4 Si, signore, 1' ho scritto. 
 
 5 Dov' e ? fatemelo vedere. 
 
 6 Eccolo ; no, non e questo. 
 
 7 L' ho perduto. 
 
 8 Voi non 1' avete scritto. 
 
 9 V assicuro chel'ho.scritto. 
 
 10 Avete imparato i verbi a mente. 
 
 1 1 Persi la mia grammatica. 
 
 12 Non 1' ho trovata che questa mattina. 
 
 13 Leggdte e traduce'le. 
 
 14 Voi non leggete bene. 
 
 15 Imparatc la vostra lezione. 
 
vm 
 
 English. 
 X. 
 
 5 Give me a sheet of paper. 
 
 2 Bring the inkstand here. 
 
 3 Give me some ink. 
 
 4 Can you make pens ? 
 
 5 Here is one well made. 
 
 6 It is too hard. 
 
 7 1 have no more at home. 
 
 8 Give me some sealing wax. 
 
 9 Have you got wafers ? 
 
 10 I have not one. 
 
 11 Have you written the letter ? 
 
 12 Seal this letter. 
 
 13 Send it to the post office. 
 
 14 Give it to my servant. 
 
 15 Carry this letter to the post office. 
 
 French. 
 
 1 Donnez moi une feuillede papier. 
 
 2 Apportez Penci ier ici. 
 
 3 Donnez moi de Pencre. 
 
 4 Savez vous tailler les plumes ? 
 
 5 En voici une bien taillee. 
 
 6 Elle est trop dure. 
 
 7 Je n'en ai plus a la maison. 
 
 8 Donnez moi de la cire a cacheter 
 
 9 Avez vous des pains a cacheter ? 
 
 10 Je n'en ai pas un. 
 
 11 Avez vous e"crit la lettre ? 
 
 12 Cachetez cette lettre. 
 
 13 Envoyez la a la poste. 
 
 14 Donnez la a mon domestique. 
 
 15 Portez cette lettre a la poste. 
 
 ►•£•*« 
 
 ACCENTUATION 
 
 Peculiar to the French language. 
 
 NAMES 
 
 of the Signs in 
 
 ACCENTUATION. 
 
 AIGU, 
 GRAVE, 
 
 CIRCONFLEXE, 
 
 CEDILLE, 
 
 APOSTROPHE, 
 
 Trema, 
 
 FORM 
 
 of the 
 
 SIGNS. 
 
 DE S IGN AT ION 
 
 of each of 
 
 THE SIGNS. 
 
 Accent Acute, is never placed but on an e, 
 ahd render its sound acute. 
 
 Accent Grave, is placed over a, c, w, and 
 renders the sound broader. 
 
 Accent Circumflex, is placed usually over any 
 vowel, when a letter has been suppressed, 
 and gives to all the syllables in which it is 
 found, a broader sound, generally, than that 
 eonveyed by the grave accent. 
 
 The Cedilla, is placed under c , giving it the 
 sound of s before the vowels a, o, «, generally 
 in order to preserve, in the derivative words, 
 the soft sound to the c that it has in the root. 
 
 The Apostrophe, marks the suppression, in 
 writing, of the final vowel of one word before 
 the initial vowel, or h mute, of the following 
 word ; in which cases, the vowel thus omitted 
 is supplied by the apostrophe 
 
 The Diaeresis, is placed over the vowels c, i, 
 «, to mark that contrary to analogy, they are to 
 pronounced distinctly from the vowels by 
 which they are accompagnied. 
 
 N. B. — In order to facilitate the pronunciation of the Italian, all the words have 
 been accented, but the grave accent is only used in writing. 
 
IX 
 
 Spanish. 
 X. 
 
 1 Deme Void un plie^o de papel. 
 
 2 Traigame Vmd aqui el tintero. 
 
 3 Deme Vmd una poca de tinta. 
 
 4 Sabe Vmd cortar plumas ? 
 
 5 Vea Vmd una bien cortada. 
 
 6 Esta, esta muy dura. 
 
 7 No ten^o mas en casa. 
 
 8 Deme Vmd un poco de lacre. 
 
 9 Tiene Vmd obleas ? 
 JO No tengo ni una. 
 
 1 1 Ha escrito Vmd la carta ? 
 
 12 Sella esta carta. 
 IS Maxidata al correo. 
 
 14 Dela Vmd a mi criado. 
 
 15 Lleva esta carta al correo. 
 
 Italian. 
 X. 
 
 1 Datemi un foglio di carta. 
 
 2 Portate qui il calamajo. 
 
 3 Datemi un poco d' inchiostro. 
 
 4 Sapete temperar le penne ? 
 
 5 Eccone una ben lemperata, 
 
 6 Que'sta e troppo dura. 
 
 7 Non ne ho piu in casa. 
 
 8 Datemi della cera. 
 
 9 Avete cialde ? 
 
 10 Non n' ho neppur una. 
 
 1 1 Avete scritta la lettera ? 
 
 12 Sigillate questa lettera. 
 
 13 Mandarela alia pasta. 
 
 14 Datela al moi servo. 
 
 15 Porta questa lettera alia p«sta 
 
 PONCTUATION 
 
 Commune a chacune des langues. 
 
 MjVIS 
 des Si^nes regus 
 
 dan« la 
 PONCTUATION. 
 
 Virgule, 
 
 Point et Virgule, 
 
 Deux Points, 
 
 Point Final, 
 
 Point d'interrogation 
 
 Point d'exclamation, 
 
 Points suspensifs, 
 
 Parenthese, 
 
 Trait d'union, 
 
 Trait sublineaire, 
 Guillernets, 
 
 1 UR.MES 
 
 des 
 S1GXES. 
 
 ( ) 
 
 DESTINATIONS 
 
 de chacun 
 DES SIGNES. 
 
 Marque la moindre des pauses une pause 
 presqu'insensible. 
 
 Marque une pause un peu plus lougue que 
 la virgule. 
 
 Marquent une pause encore plus conside 
 rable. 
 
 Marque la plenitude du sens, et la plus 
 Jongue des pauses. 
 
 Se place a la fin des phrases interroga- 
 tives. 
 
 Se place a la fin des phrases exclama 
 tives. 
 
 Marquent la suppression d'un sens par- 
 tiel. 
 
 Renferme les parties etrangeres a une 
 proposition. 
 
 Lie les mots que l'usage a reunis en un 
 seul. 
 
 Fixe Pattention du lecteur sur certains 
 mots. 
 
 Se place avant les citations. 
 
 Nota. — Le Trait sublineaire et les Guillernets ne sont pas rigoureusment parlant, 
 des signes de Ponctuation. Us ne soht compris dans ce tableau que pour /aire 
 connaitre leur usage. 
 
CONVERSATIONS 
 
 OF EDUCATION. 
 
 I should be glad to know your ideas on 
 education. 
 
 You question me there upon a subject of 
 the greatest importance, and upon 
 which a voluminous treatise might be 
 written. 
 
 I do not wish you to enter deeply into the 
 question, only to give me a few general 
 maxims. 
 
 I imagine the most essential point is care- 
 full v to study the character and dispo 
 sitions of the pupil. 
 
 That is likewise my opinion ; and the 
 plan which suits one pupil may not 
 succeed with others. 
 
 There are even children whose disposi 
 tions are so variable, that the same 
 method, cannot constantly be pursued 
 with them. 
 
 Those fickle characters must give a great 
 deal of trouble to the master. 
 
 A master will acquire great ascendency 
 over his pupil, if he has previously 
 succeeded in gaining his affection, and 
 particularly his confidence. 
 
 It is certain, that when the scholar is at- 
 tached to his master, he will fear to 
 offend him. 
 
 And. if he has confidence in him, he will 
 not endeavour to deceive him, but will 
 always reply with candour and frank- 
 ness. 
 
 That supposes the master to possess a 
 great stock of mildness and patience. 
 
 Without, however, excluding a steady 
 firmness, to bring back the pupil to his 
 duty, whenever he swerves from it. 
 
 I. 
 
 de Education. 
 
 Je serais charme de savoir quelles sont vos 
 idees sur V education. 
 
 Vous m'interrogez la sur une matiere de la 
 plus grande importance, et sur laquelle 
 onpourrait ecrire un traite volumineux. 
 
 Mon intention n* est pas que vous approfon- 
 dissiez la question, mais seulement que 
 vous me donniez quelques principes ge- 
 neraux. 
 
 Je pense que le point le plus essentiel est 
 d'etudier avec soin le caractere tt les 
 dispositions de son Sieve, 
 
 Cent aussi mon sentiment; ct tel plan eon* 
 viendrait pour un enfant qui ne reussi- 
 rait pas avec d'autres. 
 
 II est meme des enfans dont les dispositions 
 sont si changeantes, qu'on ne peut suivre 
 constamment la meme marche avec 
 
 Ces sortes de caractcres inconstans doivent 
 donner bien du mal a un instituteur. 
 
 Un maitre aura toujours beaucoup des- 
 cendant sur son eleve, sSl a su d'abord 
 gagner son atnitie, et surtout sa confi- 
 ance. 
 
 II est sur que quand un enfant aime son 
 maitre t il craint de lui deplaire. 
 
 Et s'il a confance en lui, il ne cherchera 
 pas a le tromper, mais il lui repon- 
 dra toujours avec candeur et Jran- 
 chise. 
 
 Cela suppose que le maitre a un granil 
 fond de douceur et de patience. 
 
 Sans cependant exclure une grande fermete, 
 pour rappeler V eleve a son devoir , 
 toutes lesfois qu*il s'ert ecarte. 
 
XI 
 
 According to your notions, you are no ad 
 vocate for severe punishments. 
 
 It is sometimes necessary to use them, 
 but as a physician uses violent reme- 
 dies, when others fail. 
 
 Except with some untractable characters, 
 it is certain that mildness succeed? 
 much better than severity. 
 
 When it is necessary to have recourse to 
 seventy, it must always be done with 
 moderation. 
 
 It is better to make the child sensible 
 that he is punished only from painful 
 necessity. 
 
 There are a thousand little privations 
 which may be imposed upon a pupil, 
 and which he will feel more sensibly 
 than corrections. 
 
 But at the same time, we must never 
 neglect to remunerate him when he 
 gives satisfaction. 
 
 Too much attention cannot be bestowed 
 in forming the heart, as well as the 
 mind of the scholar. 
 
 In that respect, private education has a 
 advantage over a public 
 
 D'apres vos principes, vous ne seriez pas- 
 pour Vusage des chatimens ri^oureux. 
 
 On est quelquefois oblige oVen user, mais 
 comme un medecin use des remedes vio- 
 lens, quand les autres sont insvffisans. 
 
 Excepte avec quelques caracteres intraita- 
 bles, il est certain que la douceur rtussit 
 toujours rnieux que la severite. 
 
 Lors mtme qu'on est oblige abuser de seve- 
 rite, ilfaut toujours lefaire avec mode- 
 ration. 
 
 II vaut Men mieux que V enfant sente qu'on 
 ne le punit que par une penible ne- 
 cessity. 
 
 II est mille privations qu'on peut imposer 
 a son eleve, et qui souvent lui seronl plus 
 sensibles que les chdtimens. 
 
 Mais aussi il ne faut jamais manquer de 
 le recompenser, lorsqu'il nous donne de 
 Id satisfaction. 
 
 On ne saurait trop s'appliquer a former le 
 cosur, en mtme temps que Vesprit des 
 enfans. 
 
 considerable 
 one. 
 
 The master, being constantly with his 
 pupil, has every moment an opportuni- 
 ty of instructing him, without his per- 
 ceiving it. 
 
 Me can likewise form his judgment, and 
 correct his ideas, whenever he per- 
 ceives that they are erroneous. 
 
 For that purpose, it would be necessary 
 for the master and pupil to be almost 
 always together ; which would be a 
 great restraint on the latter. 
 
 He who undertakes the office of a tutor, 
 must know that he is no longer hi«< owo 
 master, but must devote himselfentire- 
 ly to his pupil. 
 
 It is certainly absolute slavery ; but what 
 a satisfaction, when you see the fruits 
 of tfae labour you have bestowed ! 
 
 Sous ce rapport, 
 
 un grand avantage sur 
 
 'education parti culiere 
 education 
 
 publique. 
 
 Le maitre etant sans cesse avec son eleve, 
 il a a chuque instant V occasion de lui 
 donner des lecons, sans memc qu'il s'en 
 apercoive. 
 
 II peut aussi former son jugement, et re- 
 former ses idees, toutes les Jois qu'il 
 s'apercoit qu'elles sont erronees. 
 
 Ilfaut pour cela que le maitre et I'elcve 
 soient presque toujours ensemble; ce qui 
 est, pour r.e dernier, un grand assuje- 
 tissement. 
 
 Celuiqui se charge des fonctions dHnstitu 
 teur, doit savoir qu'il nest plus a lui- 
 meme, mais qu'il se doit tout entier a 
 son elcve. 
 
 C'est un veritable esclavage, il est vrai ; 
 mais aussi quelle satisfaction ; quand on 
 voit le fruit despeines qu'on a rises! 
 
xu 
 
 Unhappily, we see children so unwilling 
 to attend to the lessons of their masters, 
 that these are necessarily disgusted 
 with taking so much pains in vain. 
 
 If we were closely to inquire into it, we 
 should sometimes see that it is the mas- 
 ter's fault when he does not succeed 
 better. 
 
 Every body is not so happy as to have the 
 patience necessary to discharge so la- 
 borious a duty. 
 
 And yet, without that patience, it is im- 
 possible rightly to conduct an educa- 
 tion. 
 
 No wonder then, if we find so small a 
 number of tutors capable of making the 
 most advantageous use of the abilities 
 of their pupils. 
 
 There are very few who have the talent 
 of removing the preceptor from before 
 the pupil, and presenting only the 
 friend. 
 
 It is certain that the character of infants 
 is so volatile, that the great art is to in- 
 spire them with a love of application 
 
 On voit malheureusement des enfans si 
 retifs aux he- ns de leurs maitres, que 
 ceux ci se degoutem necessairement de 
 prendre tant de peines en vain. 
 
 Si Von examinait bien, on verrait quelque- 
 fds que e'est lafaute du maitre quand it 
 ne reussit pas mieux. 
 
 II n'est pas donne a tout le monde d* avoir 
 la patience necessaire pour des fonctions 
 aussi penibles. 
 
 Et cependant, sans cette patience ; il est im- 
 possible de bien diriger une education. 
 
 II n'est done pas etonnant qu'on trouve si 
 pen dHnstituteurs qui parviennent a tirer 
 tout le parti possible des dispositions de 
 leurs eleves. 
 
 Cest quHl en est bien peu qui aient le 
 talent defaire oublier le maitre, pour ne 
 laisser voir que Cami. 
 
 II est certain que les enfans sont si legers, 
 que le grand art consiste a leur inspire^ 
 V amour de V etude* 
 
 II. 
 
 0N THE STUDY OF THE DEAD 
 LANGUAGES. 
 
 In our last conversation, we spoke of edu- 
 cation in general : in the following we\ 
 will review, if you please, the different^ 
 languages which constitute a good edu- 
 cation. 
 
 We will begin, if you think proper, by the 
 study of the dead languages. 
 
 The Greek and Latin are two languages 
 which have been always considered as a 
 key to the Afferent sciences. 
 
 And that with justice ; for the Greek and 
 Latin authors present ws with the fine si 
 models of eloquence and lasie. 
 
 Besides, all the sciences have borrower 
 from these two language, and principal 
 ly from the Green, thetr technical terms 
 
 II. 
 
 DE L'ETUDE DES LANGUES 
 MORTES. 
 
 Dans notre dernier entretien, nous avons 
 parle de Feducation en general ; dans 
 celui-ci, nous passerons en revue, si 
 vous voulez, les dirTerentes langues 
 qui entrent dans le plan d'une bonne 
 education. 
 
 Nous commencerons. si vous le jugez 
 convenable, par l'etude des langues 
 morles. 
 
 Le grec et le latin sont deux langues qu'on 
 a touj'>ai\s regnrdees coLome la clef des 
 differentes sciences. 
 
 Et e'est av?c justicp; car les auteurs grecs 
 et latins nous offrent le plus beaux mo- 
 deles d'eloqueoce et de goflt* 
 
 En outre, toutes les sciences ont emprun- 
 re* !f ces i'eux Ungues, et pnncipaie- 
 ment du grec, leurs lermes techniques. 
 
£111 
 
 II is then indispensable to be master of these 
 two languages, when we are called in 
 life tofill situations which require know 
 ledge. 
 
 Yes, certainly; but what method is to be 
 pursued in the study of these two langua- 
 ges? 
 
 I will first observe, that there is never any 
 occasion to speak or write in Greek, and 
 it is very seldom that we are obliged to 
 express ourselves in Latin. 
 
 It should appear then, that the custom of 
 making scholars compose in Latin is of 
 no great utility ? 
 
 II est done indispensable de posseder ceis 
 deux langues, quand on est appele a 
 remplir dans la societe" des fonctions 
 qui exigent del'instruction. 
 
 Oui, sans doute ; mais quelle marche 
 faut il suivre dans l'&ude de ces deux 
 langues ? 
 
 J'observerai d'abord, qu'on n'a jamais 
 occasion de parler ni d'ecrire en grec, 
 et qu'il est bien rare qu'on soit oblige 
 de s'exprimer en latin. 
 
 11 semblerait done que l'usage de faire 
 composer les eleves en latin soit assez 
 inutile ? 
 
 It would be wrong to neglect it altogether; Cependant on aurait tort de le rejeter 
 it serves, at least, to impress the rules of 
 the language more deeply on the mind. 
 
 I should have thought that the ancient cus- 
 tom of writing every treatise on the scien- 
 ces in Latin, being laid aside, it would be 
 sufficient to acquire a perfect knowledge 
 of the best authors. 
 
 Indeed, attention ought to be paid to this 
 particularly, but without, however, en 
 tirely dropping composition in the lan- 
 guage you teach, at least in the Latin. 
 
 tut will the scholar, who has phrases given 
 him to translate into a language he doe." 
 not understand, choose the mostpjoper 
 expressions ? 
 
 I confess he will not : and therefore there 
 could be no better invention, than to put 
 into his hands books of themes, in which 
 the expressions he is to make use of ait 
 supplied. 
 
 Why do they not do the same thing for the 
 Greek ? 
 
 Because that language is less extensively 
 used than the Latin, and it is sufficient to 
 be able to understand the Greek authors 
 -which have reached us. 
 
 iff it is necessary sometimes to write or ex 
 press ourselves in Latin, at least, we ari 
 never obliged t$ make Latin verses. 
 .3 
 
 il sert au moins a graver plus profonde- 
 ment dans l'esprit les regies de la lan- 
 gue. 
 
 J'aurais cru que l'ancien usage d'ecrire 
 en latin tous les traites sur les sciences, 
 ayant 4t6 abandonne, il suffisait de se 
 borner a acque>ir une parfaite intelli- 
 gence des meilleurs auteurs. 
 
 C'est aussi a quoi Ton doit particulierev- 
 ment s'appliquer, mais sans cependant' 
 ne'gliger de faire composer dans la lan- 
 gue qu'on enseigne, au moins pourle 
 latin. 
 
 Mais un eleve a qui Ton donne des phra* 
 ses a traduire dans une langue qu'il 
 n'entend pas, saura-t-il choisir les ex- 
 pressions les plus convenables ? 
 
 Je conviens que non : aussi rien n'est il 
 mreux imagine que de lui mettre entre 
 les mains des livrf s de themes, ou soient 
 indiquees les expressions dont il doit 
 faire usage. 
 
 Pourquoi ne pas faire la meme chose 
 pourle grec ? 
 
 Parce que cette langue est d'un usage 
 moins universel que le latin, et qu'il 
 suilit d'etre en etat de comprendre les 
 auteurs grecs qui sont parvenus jusqu' 
 a nous. 
 
 Si Ton est quelquefois oblige d'ecrire oti 
 de s'exprimer en latin, au moins on n'a 
 K jamais besoin de faire des vers latio^ 
 
XIV 
 
 / acknowledge if ; but it is an amusement 
 in which we sometimes like to indulge 
 ourselves ;_ and besides, he who cultivates 
 Latin poetry, is more able to feel the 
 beauties of Virgil and Horace. 
 
 I conceive, that in order rightly to enjoy the 
 poets, we must be something of a poet 
 ourselves. 
 
 We have a vast number of epitaphs, in- 
 scriptions, and distichs made by the 
 moderns^ which the ancients themselves 
 would not disown. 
 
 I willingly subscribe to your opinion, that 
 to be master of a dead language, it is 
 necessary to be able to write, at least 
 tolerably well, in that tongue. 
 
 J'en suis d'accord ; mais c'est un amuse- 
 ment auquel on aime quelquefois a se 
 livrer ; et d'ailleurs, celui qui cultive 
 les muses lafines est plus en e"tat de 
 sentir les beaut^s de Virgile et de 
 Horace. 
 
 Je concois que pour gouter parfaitement 
 les poete?, il faut Stre un peu poele soi- 
 
 raeme. 
 
 Nous avons une foule d'e'pitaphes, de- 
 scriptions, de distiques faits paries mo- 
 dernes, que les anciens eux-memes ne 
 desavoueraient pas. 
 
 J'adopte volontiers votre opinion, que, 
 pour bien poseeler une langue morte, 
 il faut etre en etat d'ecrire, au moins 
 passablement, dans cette langue. 
 
 III. 
 
 OP THE STUDY OF THE LIVING 
 LANGUAGES. 
 
 The study of the living languages having 
 become, within these few years, a very 
 essential part of education, I should like 
 to know the method you recommend to be 
 pursued ? 
 
 It must necessarily differ from the study of 
 the dead language* ; for it is not now 
 reckoned sufficient to understand authors 
 it is likewise necessary to be able to hold 
 a connected conversation. 
 
 It is also of importance to write correctly on 
 every subject we may have to handle. 
 
 Consequently, particular pains must bi 
 bestowed on composition. 
 
 What method would you adopt to enable 
 your pupil to express himself withfacili 
 ty in a foreign language. 
 
 The^e are several which may be successive- 
 ly employed. 
 
 You suppose no doubt that he is acquainted 
 mth the fir st principles of grammar ? 
 
 III. 
 
 DE L'ETUDE DES LANGUES 
 V1VANTES. 
 
 L'e'tude des langues vivantes etant deve- 
 nue, depuis quelques annees, une par- 
 tie essentielle de l'education, je desire 
 savoir la methode que vous voudriez 
 que 1'on suivit ? 
 
 Sile doit necessairement differer de celle 
 pour 1'etude des langue? rnortes ; caril 
 ne suMit plus seulement d'entendre les 
 auteurs, il taut encore se mettre en £tat 
 de tenir une conversation suivie. 
 
 il est important aussi de pouvoir ecrire 
 correct^.ment sur tou9 les sujets qui peu- 
 vent se presenter. 
 
 Par consequent, il faut donner un soin tout 
 particulier a la composition. 
 
 Quel est le moyen que vous emploieriez 
 pour rendre votre eleve capable de 
 s'exprimer avec facilite dans une langue 
 e'trangere ? 
 
 11 en est plusieurs qu'on peut employer 
 successivement. 
 
 Vous supposez sans doute qu'il connatt au 
 moins les premiers elemens de la gram- 
 maire ? 
 
XV 
 
 Certainly : and that he is well acquainted 
 with the rules of pronunciation. 
 
 Is it not necessary even that his memory 
 should be furnished with a considerable 
 number of ordinary words and phrases? 
 
 A good methodical vocabulary zvill serve 
 him for this. 
 
 If your vocabulary be too concise, it will bt 
 insufficient; if too long . your pupil will 
 have some difficulty in committing so 
 many words to memory. 
 
 But supposing the vocabulary to be of con- 
 siderable length, it is not necessary to 
 know all the words so as to be able to re- 
 peat them as a scholar does his lesson. 
 
 You must be satisfied then, in order to re- 
 lieve his memory, if on pronouncing each 
 word in his own language , he is able to 
 express it in the language he is learning? 
 
 That exercise is sufficient, and is attended 
 with very little trouble. 
 
 When once your pupil is well acquainted 
 with his vocabulary, what booh do you 
 next put into his hands ? 
 
 I would next give him more complicated 
 dialogues, each of which should represent 
 a regular conversation, and not detach- 
 ed sentences. 
 
 All this will not enable him to hold a con- 
 nected conversation; he will be able t<- 
 say all that is in his dialogues, and no- 
 thing more. 
 
 I will mention a last exercise which will 
 compleatly form his ear, and enable hiti 
 to understaud all he hears, and conse 
 quently express himself with facility. 
 
 I should be glad to know a method attended 
 with so many advantages. 
 
 It is to take a well-written book in the style of 
 conversation, and to read yourself suc- 
 cessively each clause of a sentence sujjk 
 cient tojorm some sense, 
 
 Certainement ; comrae aussi qu'il connait 
 bien les regies de ia prononciation. 
 
 N'est-il pas m£ne necessaire que sa 
 me'moire soit meublee d'un nombre 
 considerable de mots et de phrases 
 familieres ? 
 
 C'est a quoi lui servira un bon vocabulaire 
 methodique. 
 
 Si ce vocabulaire est trop concis, il sera 
 iusuffisant ; s'il est trop Joog, votre 
 eleve aura de la peine a retenir un si 
 grand nombre de mols. 
 
 Mais en supposant le vocabulaire d'une 
 certaine etendue, il n'est pas necessaire 
 de savoir tous ces mots de maniere a 
 pouvoir les reciter comme un ecolier 
 repete sa leeon, 
 
 Vous vous contenterez done, pour soola- 
 ger sa memoire, qu'en lui nommant 
 chaque mot dans sa propre langue, il 
 puisse le dire dans la langue qu'on lui 
 enseigne ? 
 
 Cette methode 9uflit, et pre'sente tres-pett 
 d'inconve"niens. 
 
 Quand une fois votre eleve est bien famil- 
 iarise avec son vocabulaire, quel livre 
 lui donnerez-vous ensuite ? 
 
 Je re ferais passer a des dialogues plus 
 compliques et dont chacum offrirait une 
 conversation reguliere, et non des 
 phrases detachers. 
 
 Tout cela ne le mettra encore gutre en 
 etat de tenir une conversation suivie ; 
 il saura dire tout ce qui est dans ses 
 dialogues, et rien de plus. 
 
 Voici un dernier moyen qui achevera de 
 lui former Poreille, et de lui faire com- 
 prendre tout ce qu'il entend, et par 
 consequent de s'expriuier lui-meme 
 avec facilite 
 
 Je desire beaucoup connailre une methode 
 qui presente de si grands av an Uiges. 
 
 C'est de prendre un bon ouvrnge, ecrir 
 dans un style familier, et de lire \ous- 
 meme successivement chaque membre 
 de phrase suffisant pour former uf 
 sens, 
 
XVI 
 
 I see what you are going to say : the pupil 
 will then be obliged to repeat the same 
 clause in his own language. 
 
 By that means, I come to acknowledge 
 whether he understands all he hears. 
 
 Have you no other method oj accelerating 
 a proficiency in that branch ? 
 
 7 have another, which is equally useful, and 
 of which we will speak, after having said 
 a few wrds on the easiest method of wri- 
 ting in a foreign language. 
 
 You no doubt recommend as the first step 
 an attentive study of the grammar ? 
 
 fhis should be the foundation of the whole 
 edifice: without a thorough knowledge of 
 the grammar, it is impossible to acquire 
 a language. 
 
 Wes; but there is in every language a vast 
 number of modes of expression of which 
 the grammar can make no mention. 
 
 On that account, it is absolutely necessary 
 to make use of the last method I am going 
 to mention. 
 
 I am anxious to know what method it is to 
 which you attach so much importance 't 
 
 It consists in taking successively several 
 well-written works in the learner's Ian 
 guage, and to make him translate them 
 into the language he is learning. 
 
 This practice must indeed give him great 
 facility of expression. 
 
 The master then has an opportunity of 
 teaching him rules which relate only to 
 the niceties or elegance of the language 
 
 What works do you give the preference to 
 for translating ? 
 
 Those which are written in the colloquial 
 style, or which treat of history. 
 
 Je vois ou vous voulez en venir ; l'eleve 
 sera alors .oblige* de vous r^peter le 
 meme mernbre de phrase dans sa propre 
 langue. 
 
 Par la, je m'assure s'il comprend bien 
 tout ce qu'il entend. 
 
 N'avez-vous pas encore quelqu'autre 
 methode de hater les progres dans 
 cette partie ? 
 
 'en ai une autre qui est tout ^galement 
 utile, et dont nous parlerons apre? 
 avoir dit un mot de la mefhode la plus 
 facile d'ecrire dans une langue etran- 
 gere. 
 
 II n'y a pas de doute que vous n'etablis- 
 siez pour premier moyen, Telude ap- 
 profondie de la grammaire ? 
 
 Oe doit etre le fondement de tout l'e*difice : 
 sans la connoissance de la grammaire, 
 onne peut bien posseder une langue. 
 
 Oui ; mais il est dans chaque langue une 
 foule de tournures dont les gram«aires 
 ne peuvent faire mention. 
 
 C'est pour cela qu'il est indispensable 
 d'avoir recours au dernier moyen dont 
 il me reste a vous parler. 
 
 Jesuis curieux de savoir quel estce moy- 
 en auquel vous attachez tant d'impor- 
 tance ? 
 
 II consiste a prendre successivement 
 plusieurs ouvrages bien ecrits dans la 
 langue de l'eleve, et a les lui faire tra- 
 duire dans la langue qu'on lui enseigne. 
 
 Cet usage doit effectivement lui donner 
 beaucoup de facilite a s'exprimer. 
 
 Le maitre a pour lors 1'occasion de lui en- 
 seigner certaines regies qui ne regar- 
 dent que les delicatesses ou 1'elegance 
 du langage. 
 
 Quels sont les ouvrages que vous feriez 
 traduire de preference. 
 
 Ceux qui sout ecrits en forme de dia- 
 logues, ou les livres d'histoire. 
 
 It is certain that the historical style ap 
 proaches nearest to that of conversation 
 
 11 est vrai que le style de l'histoire est 
 celui qui se rapproche le plus da styjfe 
 II de la conversation 
 
IV11 
 
 IV. 
 
 6F THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 The French language is now become so 
 general, that it is considered in both 
 hemispheres as an essential part of ed- 
 ucation. 
 
 You will no longer be astonished at it, 
 when you are acquainted with the 
 causes that have procured it this pre- 
 ference. 
 
 I know that France has produced writer? 
 of great ability ; but in that respect 
 other countries may dispute with her 
 the superiority. 
 
 We will not enter into any discussion on 
 that point, it would carry us too far. 
 
 What then are the other reasons that have 
 been able to make the French language 
 the common language, especially of Eu- 
 rope ? 
 
 In the first place, the central situation of 
 France, which by that means, finds her 
 self connected with all the other coun 
 tries in this part of the world. 
 
 It is true that of all the countries of Europe 
 it is that which lies contiguous to a 
 greater number of others. 
 
 Another reason that may be assigned, is 
 the great importance which France ha? 
 acquired among the powers of Europe 
 since the reign of Lewis the fourteenth. 
 
 I grant you that ; but in that case, French 
 would only be necessary to those in- 
 tended for ministers or ambassadors. 
 
 You are not ignorant that France has long 
 been the resort of those who travel for 
 pleasure or information. 
 
 Yes, I know that the friendly reception 
 foreigners meet with in that country, 
 has always attracted a great many 
 there. 
 
 Not to mention the mildness of the climate, 
 the advantages of living at a small ex- 
 pence, and particularly the love of 
 pleasure, so powerful in the French. 
 
 If all these causes have contributed to 
 make the study of the French language 
 so general, I should (hink that the diffi- 
 culties it presents must disgust. 
 
 These difficulties are perhaps not so great 
 as is imagined. 
 
 I have studied the French language for 
 several years, and am still much at a 
 loss to express myself. 
 
 You would soon be much less so, if you 
 had opportunities of speaking French 
 constantly. 
 
 That is no doubt the reason why, since 
 that reign, French is become the only 
 language made use of in diplomatic 
 transactions. 
 
 1 will attribute this preference to another 
 cause. 
 
 You mean, I suppose, the perspicuity 
 which is considered to form a leading 
 feature in that language. 
 
 It is that, in my opinion, which has pro 
 cured it a preference in political dis- 
 cussions, wherein it is s© important to 
 -avoid all ambiguity. 
 
 I endeavour to supply that defect as much 
 a3 I can, by reading the best authors. 
 
 That is an excellent method ; but yoa 
 cannot by that means acquire the style 
 of conversation. 
 
 I confess that when I am in company with 
 French people, many things are said 
 that 1 have a difficulty in understand- 
 ing. 
 
 Because the style of conversation abounds 
 in nice and delicate expressions, which 
 can only be acquired by frequent inter- 
 
 I course with genteel company. 
 
XV1U 
 
 V. 
 
 OF THE FRENCH PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 J like the study of the French language 
 much ; but I acknowledge that the pro 
 nunciation frequently perplexes me. 
 
 It does not, however, present so many 
 difficulties as the English pronunciation. 
 
 There are sounds in French that are are 
 not found in any other tongue. 
 
 There are only six ; the vowel u, the 
 double vowel eu long, and the four nasa! 
 vowels, an, in, on and un. 
 
 You take no notice of the gn and the /, 
 liquid ? 
 
 Because these two sounds are found in the 
 Italian and Spanish languages ; the li 
 quid/ is likewise found in English. 
 
 I had no idea of that. 
 
 We, however pronounce the liquid I as 
 you do in the English word valiant. 
 
 Do you think a foreigner can succeed in 
 pronouncing the French language cor 
 rectly ? 
 
 We continually meet with persons who 
 pronounce so as to be taken for French 
 
 It is, I suppose, in consequence of hav- 
 ing travelled and resided some time in 
 France. 
 
 I know some such who were never out 
 of their country. 
 
 Then they must have associated a great 
 deal with the French. 
 
 There are some who have had no habit- 
 ual intercourse but with their master. 
 
 The master must then be a man of distin- 
 guished abilities. 
 
 It is certain, that in order to give a good 
 pronunciation, the master must pro- 
 nounce well himself. 
 
 What method would you adopt to form 
 the pronunciation of a pupil ? 
 
 The very first thing should be to make 
 him feel the force of' each sound, and 
 not allow him to fall into any vicious 
 habit of pronouncing. 
 
 The master with whom I began, first pro- 
 nounced each word, and afterwards 
 made me repeat it. 
 
 This method is much better than leaving 
 the pupil to guess at sounds which 
 it is impossible he should yet know. 
 
 When I was somewhat more advanced, 
 he used first to read to me part of a 
 phrase, and sometime after, he took a 
 whole sentence. 
 
 I approve of that method much ; but the 
 scholar must be willing to adopt it. 
 
 It is true that one of the greatest incon- 
 veniences a master meets with, is when 
 pupils are of such a disposition that 
 they will pretend to direct themelves 
 what lessons they are to learn. 
 
 This is the reason why there are very 
 few that make any proficiency under 
 the instruction they receive. 
 
 I have seen persons that never could suc- 
 ceed in pronouncing the French w. 
 
 Nothing, however, is more simple : first, 
 pronounce e as it is pronounced in the 
 English alphabet ; and without any oth- 
 er change in the position of the organs, 
 than somewhat closing the lips, you 
 will pronounce the French u. 
 
 And how will you teach the pronuncia- 
 tion of the dipthong eu long, which 
 gives us so much trouble, especially 
 when in conjunction with the dipthong 
 ou, as in rigoureux, douloureux ? 
 
 By the same means as to pronunce the 
 french u; only close the lips somewhat 
 less. 
 
 So that these three sounds, e English, and 
 u and cm French, differ in the manner of 
 pronouncing them only by the approxi- 
 mation of the lips ? 
 
XlX 
 
 The articulation is precisely the samp ; 
 the lips are more open in pronouncing 
 the English e or French i; less so in 
 pronouncing eu ; and almost closed in 
 pronouncing u. 
 
 I shall be much obliged to you to explain 
 to me, in the same manner, how the 
 organs act in pronouncing the four nasal 
 vowels an, in, on, un ? 
 
 Let us, in the first place, take four Eng 
 lish words, in which these four sounds 
 are found, but without the nasal pro- 
 nunciation ; answer, ejdire, onset, undo. 
 
 I see in the sound of the first syllable 
 of these four words, nothing that ap- 
 proaches your nasal sounds. 
 
 The difference consists in your pronounc- 
 ing the consonant n, by a motion of the 
 tongue against the roof of the mouth ; 
 and in the French nasals the tongue 
 
 makes no motion, but the sound of the 
 vowels is impel!edtowards the nostils 
 as by a kind of aspiration. 
 
 That seems to me clear enough : have the 
 goodness now to explain to me the pro- 
 nunciation of the gn. 
 
 Let us take the English word dignity ; 
 and the organs being disposed to pro- 
 nounce the first syllable dig, instead of 
 entirely sounding the g, endeavour, 
 without changing the situation of the 
 tongue, to pronounce the second syla- 
 ble ni. 
 
 I perceive, that t neither pronounce dis- 
 tincly,gnor n, but that I blend the 
 sound of these two consonants. 
 
 You see, that with a little attention, it is 
 easy to succeed in familiarising one's- 
 self with all the sounds of the French 
 language. 
 
 VI. 
 
 OF THE VARIATIONS IN PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 The French have one dpfect, which make 
 it difficult for me to follow them in con- 
 versation ; they speak too fast. 
 
 And would you believe that I have for a 
 long time found that the English have 
 the same fault ? 
 
 You will never persuade me that we speak 
 as fast as the French, and particularly 
 as the Italians. 
 
 It is certain, that the inhabitants of the 
 south are of a more lively character 
 than those of the north ; and, conse- 
 quently, they speak with more rapidity. 
 
 That observation makes against your re- 
 mark, that we speak too fast. 
 
 Ifit has seemed so to me, it was because 
 my e*r not being accustomed to the 
 sounds of your language, 1 could only 
 seize them in proportion as they were 
 pronounced slowly and distinctly. 
 
 What perplexes foreigners a good deal is, 
 that there is a great difference in pro- 
 nouncing French in conversation, and 
 in reading. 
 
 It is true, that in familiar conversation, 
 certain contractions are admitted, which 
 are not allowed in correct reading. 
 
 You do not pronounce the final consonants 
 before vowels, at least commonly. 
 
 Conversation may be considered of two 
 sorts ; in familiar conversation, the fi- 
 nal consonants are not pronounced, ex- 
 cept when the two words are intimate- 
 ly connected. 
 
 For instance, when it is impossible to se- 
 parate them by inserting another word. 
 
 But in a serious conversation, between 
 persons discussing some important sub- 
 ject, the pronunciation approaches near- 
 er to that of reading. 
 
XX 
 
 I have heard it said, that it is a kind of 
 pedantry to pronounce in conversation 
 as in reading. 
 
 Undoubtedly ; but it is possible to connect 
 words in manner so little discernible, 
 that all appearance of affectation is 
 avoided. 
 
 There are masters who accustom their 
 pupils to pronounce in reading, as they 
 should in conversation. 
 
 That method has great inconveniences ; 
 for, in the first place, it is teaching their 
 pupils to read very badly. 
 
 But, in general, when we learn a living 
 language, it is not with a view to read 
 publicly, but to be able to converse in 
 that language. 
 
 1 acknowledge it ; but no person will be 
 censured for pronouncing correctly, 
 provided, as I said, it be done without 
 affectation. 
 
 I am perfectly sensible that a foreigner, 
 speaking with less volubility, has less 
 occasion to use contractions. 
 
 Another inconveniency attending the me- 
 thod of which we are speaking, is the 
 difficulty, not to say the impossibility, 
 of giving settled rules upon those cases 
 in which certain letters may be sup- 
 pressed. 
 
 I easily conceive that it is the only prac- 
 tice of conversing, that can teach us 
 what custom allows, and what it does 
 not allow. 
 
 Even custom itself differs much, accord- 
 ing as persons have received an educa- 
 tion more or less genteel 
 
THE 
 
 ELEMENTS 
 
 sxmif oar (KBiifflsa&R 
 
 FIRST PART. 
 
 X HE design of French Grammar is to teach both the rules, and thedevia 
 tions from those rules, which custom has imposed upon the language spoken 
 by the French Nation. 
 
 All grammar is constrained, as it were, to consult custom, and to be regu- 
 lated thereby : for custom is the universal arbiter of languages. Custom is, 
 however, capricious ; we cannot therefore wonder at the many exceptions 
 which we find to general rules. 
 
 In no country has philosophy presided at the formation of languages ; and 
 this observation is very necessary to be made in reply to those people, who 
 are shocked at the irregularity which pervades grammatical rules, and do not 
 comprehend why masters, from not being able to confine their instructions 
 to one uniform track, refer their scholars so often to general custom and to 
 practice. 
 
 A complete grammar ought to comprise every rule and every exception; 
 but an elementary grammar needs only treat of those rules and deviations 
 which are positive and invariable. Use is so changeable and indefinite, that 
 the most extensive grammar can scarcely point out the numberless shades of 
 difference observable in it ; these can only be learned by practice. 
 
 In order, therefore, to have a perfect knowledge of a language, we must 
 not only be masters of all rules and established deviations of it, but we must 
 also compare the genius, the constructions, and the idioms of it. with those 
 of our own language. We must observe in what cases we make use of dif- 
 ferent articles, words, tenses, prepositions, &c, and likewise what is to be 
 omitted or added, where we ought to brgin and end a sentence; in a word, 
 we should as it were, transfer ourselves into the midst of the nation which 
 speaks the language we are then studying. 
 
 All this is not to be found in common grammars, but it forms a main object 
 in the plan of this method. 
 
 The rules which use and custom have imposed on the French language^ 
 extend, 1st, to the letters ; and, 2dly, to the words of which it is composed. 
 I* 
 
OF THE LETTERS. 
 
 Capital (1). Small. 
 A a 
 
 B 
 C 
 D 
 E 
 F 
 G 
 H 
 I 
 J 
 K 
 L 
 M 
 N 
 O 
 P 
 
 0. 
 
 K 
 S 
 T 
 U 
 V 
 X 
 Y 
 Z 
 
 b 
 c 
 d 
 e 
 f 
 
 g 
 
 h 
 
 i 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 n 
 o 
 
 P 
 
 q 
 
 r 
 
 s 
 t 
 u 
 
 V 
 X 
 
 y 
 
 z 
 
 */<e Sound. 
 
 pap-a 
 
 bla-b 
 
 (2) 
 
 did 
 
 5am -e 
 
 fcuff 
 
 (3) 
 «») 
 
 tf-id 
 
 plea-t-ure 
 Yor-k 
 
 whi-l-e (4) 
 some 
 
 s-o me 
 
 sw p (5) 
 
 For k (6) 
 
 a-rr-es£ y N B.) 
 
 g«e-ss (7) 
 
 bit 
 
 no proper sound 
 
 wa ve 
 
 wa x (8) 
 
 yes 
 vi-z 
 
 dipthokgs. 
 
 the Sound, 
 pap a 
 p-aw 
 fate 
 m ai-d 
 t i me 
 in ai-d 
 thr-o-ne 
 no p sound 
 
 sam-e 
 f-a-te 
 
 yes 
 
 m-ai-d 
 
 mad 
 fate 
 
 thr-o-ne 
 
 m ai d 
 
 g'i-rl 
 /-ie-ld 
 
 hit 
 
 thro-ne 
 fate 
 
 gi-rl 
 
 no p. sound 
 ou, ou m oo d 
 u, u, u no p. sound 
 
 a 
 
 a. 
 
 83 
 
 ai 
 
 ai 
 
 aie 
 
 au 
 
 aii 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 ea 
 
 eai 
 
 eau 
 
 ei 
 
 eu 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 03 
 03U 
 
 oi 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 The letters A, E, I, O, U, Y, are call- 
 ed vowels and the others consonants. 
 
 (0 
 
 The capital letters are used in French 
 nearly as in English. 
 (*) 
 
 C, before e, i. y. sounds as ss in guess. 
 
 C, with a cedilla under it, as ss in gwe-ss. 
 
 Elsewhere C sounds as k in Yor-k. 
 
 Ch, before a vowel is often, but not 
 always, pronounced as sh in sh-eaa. Ev- 
 ery where else, especially before a con 
 sonant, as ch in Ch-/ons. 
 
 . ( 3 ) 
 
 G, before e. i, 3/, sounds as s in pZea- 
 sure. Before a n, almost always as gn 
 in in pot-go-ant. Elsewhere, as g in /og 
 
 III. sounds as le in whr le, in the word* 
 codicille distilie, Gilles, idylle % Lille, nvlle. 
 vaciller, tranqirlle, u?7/e, and in then d 
 Tivatives. Elsewhere, as ill in m-di-ion. 
 
 Ph sounds as/. 
 
 (5) 
 
 NASAL TOXESv 
 
 aen 
 
 aim 
 
 ain 
 
 am 
 
 m 
 
 ion 
 
 ean 
 
 ein 
 
 em 
 
 en 
 
 eon 
 
 eun 
 
 ien 
 
 im 
 
 in 
 
 ein 
 
 oai 
 
 on 
 
 urn 
 
 un 
 
 yen 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 VI 
 
 £-. 
 
 <i> 
 CU 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 (6) 
 Qw as /o in Acta; For-k. 
 
 (?) 
 S, between two vowels, and when join- 
 ed with the vowel of a following word, 
 sounds as s in bos om. 
 
 (8) 
 X, before the vowel of a following word, 
 
 and in the words dixieme, dixiemement, 
 
 sounds as s in bos-om — In dix as ss in 
 
 gue ss. 
 
 (N. B.) 
 
 One of the greatest perfections of the 
 French pronunciation is to pronounce r 
 properly; if it were proiiounced softly, 
 »s in English, our language would loose ft 
 jreat deal of its energy. 
 
jn. 
 
 With respect to the letter H, all grammarians eommit two faults— The 
 arst is, they assert that this letter is sometimes aspirated in French; that is 
 to say, that it is pronounced with a gentle breath proceeding from the bot- 
 tom of the throat ; but it is never so pronounced-, for in those words where 
 it is said to be aspirated, it only serves to prevent the connection of the word 
 in which it is, with that which precedes it.— The other fault is, that they 
 give a list of those words in which they assert that the H is aspirated and 
 which are near 200 in number, instead of the li*t of those in which it may 
 be connected with the preceding words, and which are not more than 60—- 
 as follows :— (Their deviations are not reckoned here.) 
 
 The words in the preceding 
 list are all connected in the pro- 
 nunciation with the consonant 
 that precedes them, and, like 
 those words which begin with the 
 vowels a, e, i,o, u, y,they cause 
 the words which follow to lose 
 their final letter, and to be mark- 
 ed with an apostrophe (') 
 
 Before a Vowel. 
 d> 
 
 habile 
 
 clever 
 
 histoire 
 
 history 
 
 habit 
 
 dress 
 
 histricn 
 
 stroller 
 
 habit er 
 
 dwelt 
 
 hiver 
 
 winter 
 
 ha'issabh 
 
 hateful 
 
 hoire 
 
 inheritance 
 
 haleine 
 
 breath 
 
 hombre 
 
 ombre 
 
 halo 
 
 halo 
 
 homelie 
 
 homily 
 
 hamegon 
 
 fish-hook 
 
 homme 
 
 man 
 
 iiarmcnie 
 
 harmony 
 
 hommage 
 
 homage 
 
 heberger 
 
 to harbour 
 
 honnete 
 
 honest 
 
 hibeUr 
 
 to besot 
 
 honneur 
 
 honour 
 
 htbreu 
 
 hebrew 
 
 hupital 
 
 hospital 
 
 t \ eg ire 
 
 hegira 
 
 horloge 
 
 clock 
 
 Helvetie 
 
 Helvetia 
 
 horreur 
 
 horror 
 
 heraldique 
 
 armorial 
 
 hospice 
 
 hospital 
 
 herbe 
 
 herb 
 
 hostie 
 
 host 
 
 heritage 
 
 heritage 
 
 hostilitt 
 
 hostility 
 
 heroine 
 
 heroine 
 
 hote 
 
 host 
 
 hero'ique 
 
 heroical 
 
 huile 
 
 oil 
 
 heroiqw- 
 
 merit 
 
 I heroically 
 
 huissier 
 hull re 
 
 usher 
 oyster 
 
 heroisme 
 
 heroism 
 
 humain 
 
 human 
 
 herpes 
 
 (rails) 
 
 humble 
 
 humble 
 
 htsiter 
 
 to hesitate 
 
 humecter 
 
 to humect 
 
 heur 
 
 luck 
 
 huineur 
 
 humour 
 
 hewre 
 
 hour 
 
 humidc 
 
 humid 
 
 heureux 
 
 happy 
 
 hijdre } 
 
 hydra 
 
 hier 
 
 yesterday 
 
 hymen \ * 
 
 hymen 
 
 hilarite 
 
 mirth 
 
 hymne ) 
 
 hymn 
 
 hirondelle 
 
 swallow 
 
 
 
 * And almost all the words derived from the 
 Greek. 
 
 de 
 
 MO 
 
 jusque 
 
 la (1) 
 
 le (1) 
 
 lorsque 
 
 me 
 
 ne 
 
 presque 
 
 puisque 
 
 que 
 
 quoique 
 
 se 
 
 si il 
 
 si ils 
 
 ce est 
 
 ce e'tait 
 
 ce £taient, &c. 
 
 ce a 
 
 ce avail 
 
 ce aurait 
 
 ce eut,&:c. 
 
 J' 
 
 jusqu' 
 
 r 
 r 
 
 lorsqu' 
 m' 
 n' 
 
 presqu' 
 puisqu' 
 
 quoiqu 
 s» 
 
 s'il 
 
 s'ils 
 
 c'est 
 
 c'etait 
 
 c'^taient 
 
 5'* . 
 c'avait 
 
 9'aurait 
 
 c'eut,&c. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 (1) When they are pronouns, 
 and follow the verb, they are 
 written without an apostrophe, 
 as : je, le, la. 
 
 REMARKS — So more instances in pronunciation, because the hearing the sounds 
 from the mouth of a good master, and of one who is very strict on this subject, is 
 indispensable ; nor is it necessary to enter into any detail on the various sounds of 
 our letters, dipthongs, or monothongs, and nasal tones, because a perfect knowledge 
 of them cannot be learned but by degrees and long practice, with the assistance of 
 a master who is not only a native of France, but who has received a liberal edu- 
 cation in one of its colleges, or at least been a pupil of one. 
 
OF WORDS. 
 
 In order to understand grammatical rules.it is neeessary to patticularze 
 ten different sorts of words in the French language, and teacher- rnus* he 
 Very careful to point them out and explain them to their pupils ; other vi*e 
 they cannot comprehend what is meant by grammar. It is therefore o +; ic 
 greatest importance to ieti i^. as accurately as possible, the ten sorts of 
 words, which are called — Parts of Speech. 
 
 1st, THE ARTICLE, 
 
 Which helps to point out a thing — the 
 father my father, this father, a father, one 
 father, twenty fathers, some father, what 
 father, the tenth father, &c. — Here th 
 word father is the same in each case, 
 though the same father is not meant. 
 Therefore, the words the, my, this, a 
 one, twenty, some, what, the tenth, which 
 help to point out the father spoken of, 
 are articles. 
 
 2%, THE NOUtt, 
 
 Which signifies a thing — table, stone 
 chamber, street, sheep, birds, &c. called 
 common nouns, because there is notable^ 
 stone, chamber, street, sheep, birds. &c. to 
 Which these words are not applicable — 
 Peter, Joseph, Henry. France, America. 
 Potomac, Jupiter, &e. called proper nouns. 
 or proper names, because these words are 
 not applicable to every man, to every 
 country, to every river, to every deity, 
 &c. 
 
 3dly, THE ADJECTIVE, 
 
 Which denote? the quality of a thing — 
 \hf round table, the long table, the great 
 table, the narrow table, the black table 
 the red table, &c Here the word table 
 and ihe article the. are the same in each 
 ca*e, though th° same table is not meant ; 
 it is bv the qualities of the table, that we 
 distinguish the one we mean ; so that the 
 words round, long, great, narrow, black 
 red. which indicate the qualities of the 
 table are adjectives. 
 
 4thly, THE PRONOUN, 
 
 Which is put instead of the noun — my 
 father has bought some apples ; he has 
 i^iven them to me, J have eaten them ; I 
 have given two of them to my brother ; 
 he has bitten them ; he would have liked 
 those which I had not yet eaten ; 1 have 
 seen him on the point of being angry ; 
 he checked himself, and tj)c embraced each 
 other, &c. He is put instead of my father; 
 /and me instead oi my own person; them, 
 two of them, those, which, instead of ap- 
 ples ; he, himself instead of my brother; 
 we and each other, instead of me and my 
 brother; so that these words, I, he, them, 
 those, which, &c. are pronouns. 
 
 Stbly. THE VERB, 
 
 Which expresses the action of a thing— I 
 sing, I drink, I play, I say, I think, &C; 
 These are so many actions, and conse- 
 quently so many verbs. 
 
 There are two verbs, to be and to have, 
 one of which expresses existence and the 
 other possession ; and which are called 
 auxiliary verbs : as, I am loved, I was 
 admired. I shall be praised, &c. — I have 
 loved, 1 had admired, I shall have praised. 
 
 6thly. THE PARTICIPLE 
 
 Is that word, from the other verbs, which 
 i* often found joined with the auxiliaries 
 to be and to have — 1 am loved, I was 
 admired, I shall be praised, &c. When 
 alone, or joined to the verb to be, the 
 participle signifies the action of a thing to 
 ne in a certain state ; and, when joined 
 to the verb to have s it denotes thai the. 
 action is at an end. 
 
7thly. THE ADVERB, 
 
 Which denotes the manner and degree o 
 ftny action — Yes, I say ; no, I do nut say 
 I single//; 1 sing ill; I sing along time; 
 I run fast; I run slow; 1 give liberally 
 I «peak loud ; I speak low ; I love ten 
 derly; I displease him much; I seelitfi 
 of him. As the manner and degree ofaO 
 those actions are expressed by the worn 
 yes, not, well, ill, a long time, fast, slow 
 &c. these words are adverbs. 
 
 The adverb denotes, likewise, the 
 time and place of any action— 1 shall see 
 you to- day, to morrow, at the Capitol, ant 
 I will talk to you there about my friend 
 who is now out 
 
 The .idverb expresses, also, the degret 
 of quality in any thing. — That is a very 
 hand'Orne woman ; an excessively ugh 
 man, &c. 
 
 8thly, THE PREPOSITION, 
 
 View* the thing in different lights — in my 
 chamber; besides my chamber ; out of my 
 chamber; upon my chamber ; through tnv 
 chamber ; far from my chamber ; behind 
 my chamber, &c. Here the word chain 
 her is the same in each case ; but it is 
 considered in different points of view, by 
 mean^ of the words in, besidis, out of 
 i/pon, through, far from, behind ; these 
 then are prepositions 
 
 The preposition can, in like manner 
 be prefixed to the pronoun — in me, before 
 me, after me, far from me, behind me 
 
 A list of the prepositions is given §IV 
 
 9thly. THE INTERJECTION, 
 
 Which expresses the emotions of the 
 mind — Mas! lack a day! lo! pshaw! good 
 God! dear me! 'sdeath! zounds! &c. not 
 used in correct speaking. 
 
 iOthly. THE CONJUNCTION, 
 
 •Vhich connects words and sentences to- 
 gether. I have seen my brother; this sen- 
 tence is complete : but if I ^vere to say, 
 S>nce I have seen my brother, this phrase 
 would not be so. Therefore, since, which 
 is the only additional word, requires that 
 nother member of a phrase should be 
 joined to it, in order to complete the sen- 
 tence : for instance — Since I have seen my 
 [broth' r, I am no longer uneasy about his 
 ^health It follows from hence, that since 
 us a conjunction, as well as all words 
 which suspend the sense of a phrase, or 
 which connect several phrases together. 
 
 N B — The French grammar needs 
 only to distinguish two sorts of conjunc- 
 tions ; those which are affirmative, and 
 govern the indicative mood ; and those 
 which are contingent, and govern the sub- 
 junctive. A list of the first is given, § V, 
 and a list of the others is to be found 
 after the subjunctive mood of the tw» 
 auxiliary verbs, § XVI. 
 
 Such are then the Ten Parts of Speech and 
 their properties. 
 
 I The Article helps to point out a thing. 
 
 2. The Noun names a thing. 
 
 3. The Adjective denotes the quality of a 
 
 thing 
 
 4. The Pronoun is a substitute for athing. 
 
 5. The Verb expresses the action or state 
 
 of a thing. 
 
 6. The Participle denotes the end of the 
 
 action, or the state of a thing. 
 
 7. The Adverb indicates the manner and 
 
 degree, the time and place of the ac- 
 tion, state or quality of a thing 
 
 8. The Preposition varies the view of a 
 
 thing. 
 
 .9. The Interjection expresses the emo- 
 tions of the mind, 
 
 10. The Conjunction connects all these 
 parts of speech together. 
 
 Now, a teacher ought to make his pupils apply these definitions, because 
 experience always taught that they never thoroughly comprehend grammatical 
 rules, if they have cot a clear idea of what is meant by nouns, articles, pro- 
 nouns, adjectives, &c. 
 
10 
 
 J IV. 
 
 A LIST OF PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 About, environ 
 
 above, au dessus de 
 
 according to, suivant 
 
 after, apres 
 
 against, contre 
 
 agreeably to, selon 
 
 along, le long de 
 
 amid, amidst, au milieu de 
 
 among, amongst, parmi 
 
 around, autourde 
 
 as far as jusque (dative) 
 
 as for, pour ce qui est de 
 
 as to. quant (dative) 
 
 at, chez 
 
 at the risk of, au risque de 
 
 at the sight of a la vue de 
 
 at the time of, lors de 
 
 athwart, en travers de 
 
 Becmise of, a cause de 
 
 before ((he place), devant 
 
 before (the time), avant 
 
 behind, derriere 
 
 beneath, par dessous 
 
 besides, outre 
 
 between, betwixt, entre 
 
 by par 
 
 by means of, au moyen, de 
 
 (seldom, moyennant) 
 by strength of, a force de 
 by the side of. a cote de 
 by virtue of, en vertu de 
 Close by, tout proche de 
 close to, tout contre 
 concerning, concernant 
 conformably to, conformi- 
 
 ment a, 
 considering, vu 
 contrary to, contre 
 cross, a travers, au travers 
 
 de 
 During, pendant 
 
 Even from, des 
 except, excepts 
 excepting, hormis 
 Far from, loin de 
 favoured by\alafaveur de 
 for, pour 
 
 for less than, a moins de 
 for the sake of, pour 
 
 V amour de 
 for want of,faute de 
 forward, pardevant 
 for whatconcerns,a/'egard 
 
 de 
 from, de 
 from (to imitate, to cite, to 
 
 quote), cT apres 
 from above, de dessus 
 from (to remove), d'aupres 
 
 de 
 from (to discern), oVavec 
 from among, oV entre 
 from before, de devant 
 from behind, de derriere 
 from beyond, de dela 
 from under, de dessous 
 from upon, de dessus 
 from within, de dedans 
 Hard by, tout pres de 
 In, en 
 
 in lieu of, a la place de 
 in order to, pour 
 in point of, en fait de 
 in presence of, en presence 
 
 de 
 in spite of, en depit de 
 in spite of (notwithstand 
 
 ing), malgre 
 instead of, au lieu de 
 in the life of, du vivant de 
 in the time of, du temps de' 
 
 into, dans 
 Near, pres de 
 near by, aupres de 
 next, proche 
 
 ext after, apres 
 next to, proche de 
 notwithstanding, nonobstant 
 Of, de 
 on, sur 
 
 on account of, par rapport a 
 on the other side, au-deld de~ 
 on this side, en degd de 
 opposite, vis-a-vis de 
 out of, hors de 
 out of (the presence), de 
 
 devant 
 over, par ~dessus 
 over against, visa vis de 
 Round, autour de 
 Save, saving, sauf 
 sheltered from, a convert dt 
 seeing, vu 
 
 secure from, dVabri de 
 since, depuis 
 Through par 
 throughout, durant 
 till, jusque (dative) 
 to meet, au-devant de 
 touching, touchant 
 toward, vers 
 towards, envers 
 Under, sows 
 underneath, dessous 
 until, jusque (dative) 
 With, avec 
 
 with a view to, en vue de 
 within, dans 
 without, sans 
 
 with respect to, quanta ce 
 qui est de 
 
 N. B. — No nation use the same prepositions as another nation, because the one 
 considers a thing under a certain point of view, while the other considers it under 
 another. No rules can be given upou this matter, which must be learned, like the 
 cistoms of a nation, by time and observation. 
 
11 
 
 *▼• 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS which govern the indicative. 
 
 . j. ) selon que 
 
 Accord.ngas^.J^ 
 
 after (that), apres que {]) 
 
 as, comme 
 
 as (quick) as, aussi (vite) 
 
 que 
 as far as, autant que 
 as if comme si (2) 
 as long as, tant que 
 as much as, autant que 
 as often as toutes lesfois qut 
 as soon, des que 
 as though, comme si (2) 
 as well as, aussi bien que 
 at the instant when, au mo- 
 ment que 
 at the same time that, en 
 
 meme tempi que 
 at this time when, aujour- 
 
 cThui que 
 Because, parce que 
 be*ide (that), outre que • 
 Considered as (m*n), en tant 
 
 que (homme) 
 considering ^ttiat), vu que 
 
 ! a" autant plus 
 que 
 d'autant mieuoc 
 que 
 even as, de meme que 
 even as if, tout comme si (2) 
 
 ven though, quand meme 
 ^ven when, Ion meme que 
 For all (you are great),tout 
 
 (grand) que (vous etes) 
 In the same measure as, a 
 
 mesure que 
 f, si (2) 
 
 n as much as, d*autant que 
 iii proportion as a propor 
 
 don que 
 nstead of which, au lieu 
 
 que(\) 
 in such a manner that, de 
 
 maniere que (3) 
 it is long since, il y a long 
 
 temps que 
 Just as 
 just when 
 
 Now that $™ aintenant 9 ue 
 ) a present que 
 
 On account that, a cause 
 
 que 
 one day as, when, unjour 
 
 que 
 P erhap*(ihai) peut etre que 
 Scarcely.. .when, a peine. . 
 
 que 
 seeing (that), attendu que 
 •Mnce (the time thdii),depui 
 
 que 
 since (\\vat), puis que 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 comme 
 
 o (great) as, aussi (grand) 
 
 que 
 (not) so (great) as, (pas) si 
 
 (grand) que 
 
 o long as, tant que 
 
 o much as, iellement que (3) 
 
 i aussitot que 
 o soon as { .. * 
 £ sitol que 
 
 [he is) so (rich) that (il est) 
 
 si (riche) que 
 
 ,, , i en sorte que (S) 
 
 •o that { j /•? >o< 
 
 ( de sorte que (3) 
 
 so well that, si bien que (3) 
 
 than, que 
 
 hat, que (4) 
 the more so as, d'autant 
 
 plus que 
 there is no doubt that, sans 
 
 doute que 
 Well and good if,encore si(2) 
 when, quand, lorsque 
 whenever, toutes lesfois que 
 whereas, d'autaut que 
 whether, si 
 while, pendant que 
 whilst, tandis que 
 
 N. B. — Both small and 
 great tant grands que petils. 
 Good and bad, tant bon que 
 mauvais. 
 
 This conjunction must be put with the 
 infinitive of the verb, in order to avoid 
 the repetition of the same person — I will 
 go and see you, after I havp dined firai 
 vous voir apres avoir dine (instead affirai 
 vous voir apres quefaurai dine) — I have 
 caressed him, instead of scolding him : 
 Je'/W caresse au lieu de le grnnder (for 
 Je Vai caresse, et Je ne Vaipas gronde.) 
 
 (2) 
 
 The French never put the future or 
 conditional tense after this conjunction. 
 They never say, sifaurai, but si fai — 
 nor, si faurais. but sifavais. 
 
 Instead of repeating the conjunctions 
 5i, comme si, encore si, they make use of 
 the conjunction que, which, in that case, 
 governs the subjunctive mood — If I bad 
 money, and If I had friends, Sifavais de 
 Vargtnt 9 et qve /evsse des amis. 
 
 (3) 
 If we don't speak ot past but of eventual 
 ictions, this conjunction governs the sub- 
 junctive mood. — Do so that he comes, 
 Fais en sorte qu'il vienne. 
 
 M 
 
 If we speak of eventual actions, the 
 conjunction que governs the subjunctive 
 mood. — Permit him to come, Permettez 
 quit vienne. (Don't confound the future 
 or conditional with eventual actions.) This 
 is the fundamental reason why, in the 
 French language, there are conjunctions, 
 which (like the foregoing) govern the in- 
 dicative mood ; and why there are others 
 that (like those which will be found after 
 the suhjunctive of the two auxiliary verbs 
 govern the subjunctive mood. The first 
 cannot be put, like the last with eventual 
 actions. 
 
12 
 
 DECLENSIONS. 
 
 §vi. 
 
 PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 
 
 1. 
 
 When we speak of one thing only, the 
 word is said to be in the singular— the 
 father', the mother, the bird. 
 
 When we speak of several things, the 
 word it! s »id to be ia the plural — the/a 
 thers, the mothers, the birds. 
 
 Thus there are two Numbers, the Sin 
 gular and the Plural. 
 
 In French, a noun can be of the same 
 gender us father, or of the same gender a» 
 mother There are then, in this Ian 
 gunge, two Genders, the Masculine and 
 the Feminine. See § XIV. 
 
 2. 
 
 When we speak of a person or thing 
 that is doing an action, that person or 
 thing is s,\d to be in the Nominative — 
 My father calls me ; my mother scolds 
 me ; the fire burns the house j virtue 
 merits reward. 
 
 3. 
 
 When we speak of a person or thing 
 {hat possesses another thing or person, 
 the person or thing so possessing is said to 
 be in the Genitive — The father's son ; 
 the mother's daughter ; John's book ; the 
 birds of the cage ; the corn of the field ; 
 the flowers of the meadow; the leaves of 
 trees. 
 
 4. 
 
 When we speak of the person or thing 
 that any thing is intended for, that person 
 or thing is said to be in the Dative — My 
 father has given some books to my brother; 
 I send some strawberries to my sister ; 1 
 have given some blows to this horse ; 1 
 have told several truths to this liar ; 1 
 have fastened this handkerchief to the 
 window, to the balcony, to the door. 
 
 When we speak of the person or thing 
 acted upon, or taken to do an action, that 
 person or thing is said to be in the Accu 
 sative, or to be the case governed of the 
 verb. — I call my father ; I love my mother; 
 the fire burns the house; virtue merits re 
 wards. What is taken to call ? father— 
 to love? mother — to burn? house — t' 
 merit ? reward. These are also in the 
 accusative^ 
 
 6. 
 When either a person or thing is ad- 
 dressed by name, that person or thing is. 
 said to be in the Vocative — Father, give 
 me ; Mother, love me ; ray father. my 
 mother, come to my assistance ; John, call 
 your brother ; Mary, come hither. 
 
 7. 
 
 When we speak of the person or thing 
 from whom or whence a thing comes, is 
 derived, or received, that person or thing 
 is said to be in the Ablative — I receive 
 money from my father ; the water comes 
 from the spring. 
 
 There are then six Cases of words j, 
 the Nominative, the Genitive, the Da- 
 tive, the Accusative, or case governed, 
 the Vocative and Ablative. 
 
 9. 
 When an article, a noun, an adjective, 
 or a pronoun is put in all its numbers ami 
 cases, this is called the deciension of the 
 article, noun, adjective or pronoun. 
 
 JV. B It is not, also necessary that & 
 word should have inflexions, as in Latin^ 
 or German, in order that it may have 
 Cases. No Academy, University, Insti- 
 tute, or Grammarian, can hinder us from 
 considering the words under these points 
 of view ; this cannot be contrary to the 
 genius of any language- The friend who 
 -alls me, and the friend wham I call, are 
 not in the same case. If the word cases 
 vvere rejected, it would be necessary to 
 contrive another instead of it, and this 
 new expression would not throw more 
 ght upon the matter. 
 
 Teachers, who have experience, know 
 that the means of unfolding many difficul- 
 ties to their pupils, is to let them decline 
 the articles, nouns, and pronouns in all 
 their cases And who can deny that the 
 words je, me, moi, Ic, du, au, les,des, aw*, 
 qui, dont, que, &c have inflexions, and 
 consequently cases; as Latin and Ger^ 
 man. 
 
13 
 
 5 VII. 
 
 DECLENSION OF THE ARTICLES. 
 I. DEFINITE. 
 
 C Before a masculine noun, with 
 I a consonant at the beginn ng. 
 
 i Before a masc. or fern, noun, with 
 £ a vowel at the beginning .* 
 
 N. 
 
 T/ie President 
 
 Le President 
 
 N. 
 
 
 The Union 
 
 L'Union 
 
 G. 
 
 of the president 
 
 du presidenl 
 
 G. 
 
 
 of the. union 
 
 de /'union 
 
 D. 
 
 to the president 
 
 au presides 
 
 D. 
 
 
 to the union 
 
 a /'union 
 
 A. 
 
 the president 
 
 le president 
 
 A 
 
 
 the union 
 
 /'union 
 
 V. 
 
 (o) president 
 
 (6) president 
 
 V. 
 
 
 (o) union 
 
 (6) union 
 
 A, 
 
 from the president 
 
 du president 
 
 A. 
 
 from the union 
 
 de /'union 
 
 
 9 $ Before a femii 
 \ a consonant at 
 
 line noun, with 
 
 
 4. 
 
 ( Before a masculine or feminine 
 
 
 the beginning. 
 
 
 \ noun in the 
 
 plural number. 
 
 N. 
 
 The Liberty 
 
 La Liberte 
 
 rfi 
 
 
 The States 
 
 Les Etats 
 
 G. 
 
 of the liberty 
 
 de la liberte 
 
 G. 
 
 
 of the states 
 
 c/cs'etats 
 
 D. 
 
 to the liberty 
 
 a la liberte 
 
 D. 
 
 
 to the states 
 
 aux etats 
 
 A. 
 
 the liberty 
 
 la liberte 
 
 A. 
 
 
 the states 
 
 les etats 
 
 V. 
 
 (o) liberty 
 
 (6) liberte 
 
 V. 
 
 
 (o) states 
 
 (6) etats 
 
 A. 
 
 from the liberty 
 
 de la liberte 
 
 A. 
 
 from the states 
 
 des etats 
 
 II. INDEFINITE— PARTITIVE. 
 
 •I" 
 
 Before a masculine noun, with 
 consonant at the beginning. 
 N.-Ac. some bread du pain 
 
 G.-Ab. of or from some bread de pain 
 D. to some bread a du pain 
 
 Before a feminine noun, with 
 
 -\ B i 
 
 consonant at the beginning 
 
 N.-Ac. some meat rfe/aviande N. 
 
 G.-Ab. of or from some meat de viande G. 
 D. to some meat a/aviandeuD 
 
 Before a masc. or feminine noun, 
 with a vowel at the beginning.* 
 -Ac some water de Z'eau 
 
 •Ab. oforjrom some water c/'eau 
 to some water dcfc/'eau 
 
 : ( Before a masc. or feminine noun, 
 \ in plural number. 
 
 -Ac. any — any books des iivres 
 
 -Ab. of or from any books de ltvres 
 
 to any — to any books a des Iivres 
 
 N.-Ac. 
 G.-A'd. 
 D. 
 V. 
 
 III. OF THE NAMES. 
 
 I. Before a consonant. \ 
 
 Washington Washington 
 
 of Washington de Washington 
 
 to Washington a Washington 
 
 (o) Washington (6) Washington 
 
 1 1. Before a vowel. 
 
 N.-Ac. Alexandria Alexandrie 
 
 N.-Ab. of Alexandria e/' Ale'xandrie 
 
 D. to Alexandria a Ale'xandrie 
 
 V- (o) Alexandria (6) Alexandrie 
 
 * Or H, not aspirated, see § II. 
 
 The articles in French and English do not always correspond. The difference 
 between the two languages will be every where obvious to an attentive scholar, 
 not only on this point, but in many others. 
 C 
 
14 
 
 §VIII. 
 
 NUMERAL ARTICLES. 
 
 1 m un,f.une 
 
 2 deux 
 
 3 trois 
 
 4 quatre 
 
 5 cinq 
 
 6 six 
 
 7 sept 
 
 8 huit 
 
 9 w£w/ 
 
 10 DIX 
 
 11 onze 
 
 12 C?OMZ£ 
 
 13 treize 
 
 14 quatorze 
 
 15 quinze 
 
 16 ri0& 
 
 1 7 dw; sfp£ 
 
 18 rfi'a; Ami* 
 
 19 dix neuf 
 
 20 VINGT 
 
 2 1 vingt et un — une 
 
 22 vingt deux 
 
 30 TRENTE 
 40 Q.UARANTE 
 50 CINOJJANTE 
 60 SOIXANTE 
 
 70 SOIXANTE DIX 
 
 71 soixante et onze 
 
 72 soixante douze 
 
 73 soixante-treize 
 
 74 soixante quatorze 
 
 75 soixante quinze 
 
 76 soixante seize 
 
 77 soixante dix-sepi 
 
 78 soixante-dix huit 
 
 79 soixante- dix neuf 
 
 80 QUATRE-VINGTS (1) 
 
 81 quatre -vingt-un — wne 
 
 90 aUATRE-VINGT DIX 
 
 91 quatre-vingt onze 
 
 92 quatre vingt- douze 
 
 100 CENT 
 
 101 C£7l£ WW Wrttf 
 
 200 deux cents ( 1 ) 
 1000 mille (2) 
 2000 dfwa: mille 
 1,900,000 million de 
 1 ,000,000,000 milliard de 
 
 (1) Without s, when an- 
 other numeral follows. 
 
 (2) In the dates we write 
 mil — Van (en) mil huit cent 
 trente et un. 
 
 Mille in plural is written 
 without s* 
 
 ORDINAL ARTICLES. 
 
 first m. premier, f. premiere 
 , ( m. second, f. scconde 
 I deuxicme 
 third, troisicme 
 fourth, quatrierae 
 &c, &c &c. &c. 
 last, m. dernier, f. dcfniere 
 
 { m. avant- dernier 
 ) f. avant-dcrniere 
 
 last but 
 
 half a ' 
 =i half 
 one half' 
 two and < 
 a half* 
 
 FRACTIONAL ARTICLES. 
 
 m. un demi- 
 f. awe demi- 
 
 m. deux... et demi 
 y f. deux... et demie 
 one third, tm f^rs 
 one fourth, im g-uart 
 one fifth, un cinquieme 
 one sixth, un sixihne 
 &c. &C; &c &c. &c. &c. 
 
 APPROXIMATIVE ARTICLES* 
 
 half a dozen, une demi-douzaine de 
 a dozen, «/i€ douzaine de 
 a score, wne vmgtaine de 
 
 score and ten, w/ie trentaine de 
 two score, txw£ quarantaine de 
 two score and ten. tm<? cinquantaine de 
 three score, wm£ soixantaine de 
 a hundred, wrcf centaine de 
 
 OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 1. Philip the first, Philippe premier ; Lewis the se- 
 cond, Louis second; George the third, Georges trois ; 
 Henry the fourth, Henri quatre ; &c. 4*c. — except the 
 emperor Charles the fifth, and the pope Sextus the 
 fifth, Pempereur Charles-quint, le pap e Sixte- quint. 
 
 2. In the quoting a book, a chapter, &c. We may 
 say : Book the second, chapter the third, verse the 
 fourth, &c livrc deux, chapitre trois, verset quatre, Lc. 
 
 3. In the date of the month, say: le premitr, le 
 second ou le deux, le trois, le quatre Mars, or de 
 Mars, &c. kc. 
 
 4. If the numeral aricles should be pronouns ; that is 
 to say, when they have not their nouns after them, 
 the French add always the pronoun en before the verb 
 
 I have six,,/ 'en ai six ; 1 see eight, fen vois huit. 
 
 5. The conjunction than, after a comparative and be- 
 fore a numeral article or pronoun, is not que but de — 
 I have seen more than three men, j ai vu plus de trois 
 homines ; I have seen less than twenty, fen ai vti. 
 moins de vingt. 
 
15 
 
 §X. 
 
 OTHER ARTICLES* 
 
 
 
 POSSESSIVE 
 
 
 
 
 my m 
 
 mon, f. ma bef. 
 
 a vow 
 
 . mon 
 
 pi 
 
 . mes 
 
 thy 
 
 ton 
 
 ta 
 
 
 ton, 
 
 
 tes 
 
 his } 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 her \ 
 
 son 
 
 sa 
 
 
 son 
 
 
 ses 
 
 its ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 our 
 
 noire 
 
 no* re 
 
 
 nntre 
 
 
 nous 
 
 your 
 
 voire 
 
 voire 
 
 
 v-otre 
 
 
 vous 
 
 their 
 
 leur 
 
 leur 
 
 
 leur 
 
 
 leurs 
 
 a (friend) of mine, un de mes amis, &c. 
 a (friend) of ours, un de ?ws amis, &c. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE, 
 f. 
 
 cette 
 cette 
 
 this. ..here 
 
 that. . .there 
 
 this / m. ce bei. a vow. cet. 
 
 that $ ce cet 
 
 these, those, ces 
 
 ce (garcon)-a' 
 cet (enfant)- ci 
 ceiie (femrne) ci 
 ce (garcon)-/;2 
 cet (enfant)- Id 
 cette (femme) la 
 
 these ..here, ces (hommes) ci 
 
 those. ..there, ces (hommes) la 
 
 this other ( m. cet autre 
 
 that other ( f cette autre 
 
 these other, ces autres 
 
 other, d'autre — pi. d'autres 
 
 another, m un autre — f une autre 
 
 the other, m. Vautre — pi. Its autres 
 m le merne, pi. les metrics 
 f. la rnerne, pi. les metrics 
 
 the same ( 
 the very ( 
 
 such a 
 (equal) 
 such a 
 (like) 
 such a 
 
 i m. un pareil, pi 
 { f. une pareille. pi 
 
 de parcih 
 . de pareille s 
 
 semblabhs 
 
 NEGATIVE, 
 ever, never, any. jamais de 
 no (not any), m. aucun, f. aucune 
 no (whatever), m. nul,Lnulle 
 none, m. nul, f. nulle 
 not some i pas de 
 not any 5 point de 
 not one, m. pas un, £ pas une 
 not many ) guere de 
 not much $ pas beaucoup de 
 but little, ne.. que peu de 
 
 <j „ ** 
 
 J i 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 wn scmblable ) , , 
 une semblable $ ' 
 
 i m. untel, pi. de £efs 
 (with contempt) \ f. ?me fefee, pi. de tcllcsl 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 Aa 
 
 © ct> 
 
 to - 
 
 O **«* 
 o ^ 
 
 different 
 
 certain 
 
 m. different, pi. differ ents 
 
 f. differente, pi. dfferentcs 
 
 m. certain, pi. certains 
 
 f. cerlaine, pi. certaines 
 
 , . $ m. /e sew/, pi. /es se«/s 
 
 the only ^ f /a sew/ ^ p , /c5 ?e ^ 
 
 the one and the other, m. Vun el Vautre 
 
 both (not together), Vun et Vautre 
 
 both (together), les deux 
 
 every { (one after another) chaque 
 
 (each) I chaque 
 
 every, (without ) pi. m. tons les 
 
 exception) ) pi. f.toutes les 
 
 t l 4 \ S m £ou* 
 every (wfcofcrer) j f ^ 
 
 what ( m. quel, pi. qri/e/s 
 what a jj f . owe^e, pi. quelles 
 
 INDEFINITE (of Quantity.) 
 
 .1 crowd of, unefoule de 6 
 
 a deal of, bien du, de la, des g 
 
 a great deal, beaucoup de ° 
 
 a kind of, une sorte de, une espece de g 
 r> great many, beaucoup de 
 a little, a few, un peu de 
 ;* little more, un peu plus de 
 ail, every kind ) tout espece de 
 all, every $ tout sorte de 
 
 ■ 5 m« tout, pi. tows 
 £ f. /owfe, pi. toules 
 any> (few) quelque, pi. quelques 
 any of that, m. dumeme,f, delameme'Z ^ 
 any of these, of those, des mimes 
 enough, enow, assez de 
 few, pe«, fewer, 77tom5 de 
 how many ! how much ! que de I 
 how many ? how much ? combien de £ g? 
 Romany ) m( au(ant de . 
 just so much 5 
 many, beaucoup 
 
 many a, m. p/ws d'wn, f. ]»/w$ de une 
 more, plus de 
 
 most of, la plupart du, de la, des 
 .much, beaucoup 
 
 over many, over much, par trop de 
 'several, plusieurs 
 some (few), quelque, pi. quelques 
 'so many, so much, tant de 
 iso many. ..as ) autant de a 
 
 jso much ..as 5 *.>que de q, 
 
 |so much the less, d'aulant moins de J 
 !<o much the more, d'autant plus de ** 
 the less, moins de 23 
 
 the more, /?/ms de I.. 
 
 too many, too much, trop de C& 
 
 what a deal, a plenty of! que de! &* 
 
 *Or parts of speech supplying the articles a-Bdi 
 in many instances preceded or followed by them.. 
 
 § I 
 
 © 
 
 8- 
 
 JD © 
 t-t. 
 
16 
 
 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 $XII. 
 
 ON THE ARTICLES OF PROPER NAMES. 
 1. 
 
 Proper names when preceded by an 
 adjective, take the definite article before 
 them : LHmmortel Washington — Villus 
 tre Lafayette. 
 
 2. 
 
 Names of countries take no article in 
 English, but they receive the definite ar- 
 ticle in French : La Colombia, le Mari- 
 land. 
 
 3. 
 
 If the sentences express the going to a 
 couutry, or the coming from it, the article 
 is commonly supplied by the prepositions 
 en and de. — But, if the country is disco- 
 vered since the time of Columbus, the pre- 
 ceding rule has generally its full force : 
 
 II va en Italie, il arrive de Sicile. 
 
 II ira anx Bermudes. 
 
 II est alle a la Louisianne, il est revenu. 
 de la Floride. 
 
 4. 
 Others reject the definite article alto 
 gether: such as christian and family 
 names, the names of cities, towns, villages, 
 names of countries, which are the same 
 with those of their capitals — Athenais, Du 
 loterff; Rome , Arlington ; Venise, Make 
 
 5. 
 
 Le, la, l\ les, are never used after the 
 preposition en : en Paradis, en Firginie; 
 and not en le, en la. 
 
 6. 
 
 The article and the prepositions are 
 not used in the directions of the letters : 
 Monsieur George Washington . . . 
 rue ; . fauxbourg a Paris. And r 
 dans la rue . . . dans le fauxbourg. 
 
 7. ■ 
 
 When we are speaking of or to a per 
 son in a high station, »r to whom we show 
 respect, civility requires, in French, that 
 we should make use of monsieur, madame 
 mademoiselle, before the nouns denoting 
 his or her title, office, or profession : 
 monsieur le major Cmtis — madame so/i 
 fpouse — mademoiselle sajille. 
 
 OF THE FORMATION OF THE 
 PLURAL. 
 
 Noun?, and their adjectives, have an s 
 idded to them in the plural. The good 
 father, le bon pere ; the good fathers, les 
 bons peres. 
 
 1. 
 
 Nouns which end in 5, x, z, are the 
 same in both numbers : the son, lejils ; 
 the sons, les fds ; the voice, la voix ; 
 the voices, les voir; the nose, le nez; 
 the noses, les nez. 
 
 2. 
 Nouns in al change al into aux in the 
 pi. : the horse, le cheval ; the horses, les 
 chevaux ; the animal, P animal ; the ani- 
 mals, les animaux ; except the bals, les 
 bals ; the corns, les cals ; the* carnivals, les 
 carnavals ; the localities, les locals ; the 
 banquets, les regals : and those proper 
 names which are used as common nouns, 
 as les Juvenals et les Annibals de ce temps 
 ci. 
 
 3. 
 
 Nouns ending in au, eu, ou, have x ad- 
 ded to them in the plural. The hats, les 
 chapeaux ; the hairs, les cheveux. the 
 vows, les vazux ; the jewels, les bijoux; 
 except the blue eyes, les yeux bleus; the 
 nails, les clous ; the necks, les cous ; the 
 sharpers, les Jilous ; the iceblemen, les 
 homines mous ; the he-cats, les matous ; 
 the pence, les sous ; the holes, les trous ; 
 the halters, les licous. 
 
 4. 
 
 Nouns, polysyllables, ending in ant, ent, 
 at the singular, now drops their t at the 
 plural — enfant, child, enfans ; compliment, 
 compliment, complimens : monosyllables 
 retain it. So with the adjectives. 
 
 The following are irregular in the pi. : 
 ail, garlic, aulx ; bail, lease, baux ; betail 
 cattle, bestiaux ; orail, coral, coraux ; 
 email, enamel, trnauv ; soupirail, air-hole, 
 \soupiruux ; travail, labour, travaux ; ma- 
 dame, rnesdames ; mademoiselle, mesdemoi- 
 sdles ; monsieur, messieurs ; mil, eye, 
 yeux; cie/, heaven, cieux : but in paint- 
 ing we say, the skies, les dels: we say 
 also, the bedtesters, les dels de lit ; and 
 in architecture, the ovals, les a:ils de 
 bozuf. 
 
17 
 
 § XIII. 
 
 OF THE FORMATION OF THE ADJECTIVE. 
 
 1. 
 
 The Adjective is masculine or feminine, 
 and of the singular or plural number, ac- 
 cording as the noun, of which it denotes 
 the quality; ts masculine or feminine, of 
 the singular or plural number. 
 
 a good boy tin bon gar con 
 good girls de bonnes Jilles 
 
 a 
 
 *. . 
 
 Adjectives ending in an, as, et, ten, on. 
 yen, eil, el. repeat their final consonant 
 and add the let'.er e in the feminine gender, 
 
 F. 
 
 bonne 
 moyenne 
 pareille 
 eternelle 
 
 paysan 
 
 bar 
 
 net 
 
 ch ret) en 
 
 pai/sanne 
 basse 
 nette 
 chretienne 
 
 bon 
 rnoyen 
 par eil 
 eternel 
 
 All Adjectives, unless they end in 8 or 
 haves added to them in the plural. 
 
 7. 
 These have no plural in the masculine 
 
 lender. 
 
 final 
 
 frugal 
 
 jovial 
 
 martial 
 
 natal 
 
 naval 
 
 austral 
 boreal 
 canonical 
 al 
 
 con jug 
 fatal 
 filial 
 
 pascal 
 pastoral 
 pectoral 
 triomphal 
 venal 
 and some others. 
 
 S. 
 
 Rut the six following, complet. concreu 
 discret inqwet. replei, secret, make, in thr 
 ioe, complete, concrete, discrete, in 
 quicte, replete, secrete. 
 
 3. 
 Those in c,/, r, x, are formed in the 
 following manner : 
 
 M. 
 
 F 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 public 
 
 publique 
 
 keureux 
 
 heureuse 
 
 k 
 
 vive 
 
 jaioux 
 
 jalouse 
 
 except 
 
 
 
 
 grec 
 
 grecque 
 
 doux 
 
 douce 
 
 (>l a nc 
 
 blanche 
 
 faux 
 
 fausse 
 
 franc 
 
 franche 
 
 prefix 
 
 prtfixe 
 
 sec 
 
 seche 
 
 roux 
 
 rousse 
 
 noun, it is put in the masculine 
 
 sont beaux. 
 
 Those which, in the masculine, end inj 
 
 mute, are alike in both genders, 
 
 le fir ere aimable la sozur aimable I 
 
 All the rest are made feminine, by 
 ing to them the e mute. 
 
 idd- 
 
 F. 
 
 in grate 
 bleue 
 
 bleu 
 
 except 
 benin 
 ('pais 
 expres 
 favori 
 frais 
 gros 
 
 and 
 beau 
 fou 
 mou 
 
 nouveau nouvelle 
 vieux vieille 
 
 gris 
 clair 
 
 benigne 
 
 long 
 
 epuisse 
 
 ma I in 
 
 ex pr esse 
 
 mat 
 
 favorite 
 
 profits 
 
 fralche 
 
 ant 
 
 grosse 
 
 tiers 
 
 grise 
 clair e 
 
 longue 
 
 malignc 
 
 matte 
 
 professe 
 
 solle 
 
 tierce 
 
 All the othen in al, change al into aux, 
 in the masculine of the plural : principal, 
 pi. principaux ; liberal, pi. liberavx, &c. 
 
 9. 
 
 In nouns signifying animate thing, if the 
 adjective relates to both a masculine and 
 
 feminine 
 gender 
 
 Jean et Marie sont grands 
 
 10. 
 In nouns signifying inanimate things, the 
 •Jjective, if it be not separated by a verb, 
 agree? with the latter noun 
 
 Une echarpe et un cordon bleu. 
 Des cordons et des echarpes bteues* 
 
 11. 
 
 But if the adjective be separated by a 
 erb from *he nouns to which it relates, 
 t is put in the masculine gender and plu- 
 ral number. 
 
 Vous trouverez que la chambre et le cab- 
 net sont biens grands — sont ouverts 
 
 Vous trouterez que le cabinet et la cham- 
 bre sont bien petits — sont fiermes. 
 
 DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Positive. 
 beau 
 belle 
 
 Comparative. 
 
 plus beau 
 plus belle 
 
 Superlative. 
 le plus beau 
 la plus belle 
 
 belle 
 folle 
 mollt 
 
 OF ADVERBS. 
 
 souvent plus souvent le plus souvent 
 rarement plus rarement le plus rarement 
 
 1 before a vowel in the meilleur ) better"! do uot admit either the 
 singular number and mieux ) | word plus or moint be- 
 
 [•mase'e gender, these; |moindre least \ fore them. They are 
 | five make beljol, mol,' Ypire worse I comparatives of them- 
 
 J nouvely vied. \\moins less J selves. 
 
18 
 
 \ XIV. 
 
 GENDER OF XOUMS. 
 
 I. ARE MASCULINE. 
 
 1. All the nouns of what is manly. 
 
 2. Of trees and shrubs, except aubSpine 
 epine* ronce, yeuse 
 
 3. Of months, days — metals and colours 
 
 4. Of verbs and words compound of a verb 
 
 5. Of words ending in ABE. except syllabe. 
 
 6. Of words ending in AIRE, except 
 aire dentelaire judiciaire 
 cataire glaire paire 
 chair e grammairc scrophulaire 
 circulaire haire vulneraire 
 dentaire 
 
 7. Of words ending in CIDE. 
 
 8. Of words ending in CLE, except 
 bcmacle debacle made 
 besides cscarboucle manicle 
 boucle 
 
 9. Of words ending in GE, except 
 allege gouge mallerage raze 
 ambages horloge nage sauge 
 auge hypallage neige tige 
 bauge image page {of a. toge 
 cage j&uge book) volage 
 enallage loge plage 
 
 10. Of words ending in ICE, except 
 avarice justice notice 
 cicatrice lice police 
 Spices malice prSmicts 
 immondices mat rice varices 
 injustice milice 
 
 11. Of words ending in ILE or YLE, ex 
 cept 
 
 argile jile lie vigile 
 
 bile huile tuile 
 
 12. Of words ending in ME. except 
 alarme entame paume 
 time Spigramme plume 
 amerlume cscrime pomme 
 anagrammc eslime prame 
 arme ferme prime 
 bergame Jlamme quadragSsime 
 berme forme quinquagSsim 
 Mr erne frime sexagSsune 
 brume gamme sepluagSsime 
 chiourme larme rame 
 
 cime legitime rSforme 
 
 coutume lime rime 
 
 creme maxime somme (sum) 
 
 dime orifiamme trame 
 
 dragme palmei of vie- trireme 
 Scume tory) victime 
 
 enclume pantomime (the action of a 
 enigme pantomime.) 
 
 13. Of words ending in METRE. 
 
 14 Of words ending in STE and XTE, 
 except 
 
 amSlhiste lisle poste 
 
 baliste peste (post office) 
 
 batiste piste riposte 
 
 caste veste 
 
 15. Of words ending in TERE, except, 
 arlerc 
 
 16 Of words ending in TOIRE, except 
 decrottoire Scritoire victoire 
 
 echappatoire histoire 
 
 17. Of words ending in TRE, except 
 bistre /entire (otter) piastre 
 chartre guetre mitre poutre 
 dartre huitre montre rencontre 
 dextre hltre outre tourtre 
 epitre loutre palestre vitre 
 
 18 All the words which do not end in E > 
 except 
 
 amitie faux mer poix 
 
 boisson fin merci prison 
 
 chair foi moisson rangon 
 
 chanson fois moitie soif 
 
 chaux foison mort souris 
 
 d e f f or ^ ne f toison 
 
 cloison fourmi noel tour 
 
 cour gamison noix (tower) 
 
 croix gens nuit toux 
 
 cuiller gent paix trahison 
 
 cuisson glu pamoison iribu 
 
 dent guerison parol vertu 
 
 dot inimitie part vis 
 
 eau lecon peau voix 
 
 fagon loi perdriv 
 
 faim main piiie 
 
 II. ARE FEMININE. 
 I. All the nouns of what is female. 
 2 Of the words ending in AISON. 
 
 3. Of words ending in EUR, except 
 bonheur deshonneur malheur 
 chozur honneur pleurs 
 cceur labeur &c. &c. 
 
 4. Of the words ending in ION, except 
 those in DION, PION, RION, and bas- 
 tion, billion camion, gabion, gallon, mil- 
 lion, scion, talion, trilon. 
 
 5. Of the words ending in TE, except 
 aparte, arrets, commits f comtv (but la 
 Franche Comte\) cotS, StS, p&tS, prScip- 
 itS, traite. 
 
 6 All the words which end in E, except 
 those of the following list. 
 
19 
 
 WORDS IN E WHICH ARE MASCULINE.* 
 
 Acre 
 
 aiglc 
 
 alveole 
 
 ambe 
 
 amble 
 
 ambre 
 
 amianle 
 
 amulette 
 
 angle (and his 
 
 compound) 
 animalcule 
 antidote 
 antimeine 
 antipode 
 apologue 
 arbre 
 ar ornate 
 aslcrique 
 automate 
 axe 
 Bagne 
 basalte 
 bejaune 
 beurre 
 bievre 
 biseigle 
 branle 
 buffle 
 Cable 
 cadavre 
 cadre 
 caducee 
 calibre 
 camec 
 camphre 
 cancre 
 candelabrc 
 cantique 
 capitole 
 capricorne 
 carrosse 
 casque 
 catafalque 
 catharre 
 caustiquc 
 chancre 
 change (and bit 
 
 compounds^) 
 chanvrc 
 chiffrc 
 ciboire 
 cidre 
 cimeterre 
 cimetiere 
 cinabre 
 cirque 
 
 *And others which are not much in use. 
 
 cloaque 
 
 empiric 
 
 jade 
 
 \ogre 
 
 rcverbere 
 
 cloporte 
 
 ensemble 
 
 jaspe 
 
 \ongle 
 
 ridicule 
 
 coche fbark) 
 
 epilogue 
 
 jeune 
 
 opprobre 
 
 risque 
 
 (coacbj 
 
 episode 
 
 Labyrinthe 
 
 opuscule 
 
 role 
 
 code 
 
 equilibre 
 
 laque (varnish 
 
 ordre 
 
 rouble 
 
 codicille 
 
 equinoxe 
 
 of ChinaJ 
 
 organe 
 
 Sable 
 
 coffre 
 
 erysipele 
 
 Uvitique 
 
 orge (perlej 
 
 sabre 
 
 colloque 
 
 espace 
 
 leurre 
 
 orge (monde) 
 
 sacerdoce 
 
 colosse 
 
 evangile 
 
 lexique 
 
 ovale 
 
 sacrc 
 
 comble 
 
 cxemple 
 
 hbelle 
 
 Facte 
 
 scandale 
 
 comestible 
 
 exergue 
 
 lierre 
 
 pampre 
 
 scrupule 
 
 commerce 
 
 exorde 
 
 lievre 
 
 panache 
 
 scigle 
 
 compte 
 
 Faible 
 
 limbe 
 
 panegyrique 
 
 sepulcre 
 
 concilidbule 
 
 fiacre 
 
 linge 
 
 paradoxe 
 
 sexe 
 
 conclave 
 
 filigranc 
 
 livre fbook^) 
 
 paragraphe 
 
 signc 
 
 concombre 
 
 fleuve 
 
 logogryphe 
 
 parallelc 
 
 silence 
 
 cone 
 
 foie 
 
 lucre 
 
 paraphe 
 
 simple 
 
 conge 
 
 foudre (thun 
 
 luxe 
 
 parapluie 
 
 simulacre 
 
 congre 
 
 derbolt^) 
 
 lycee 
 
 parjure 
 
 singe 
 
 conte 
 
 Genie 
 
 Malaise 
 
 parterre 
 
 site 
 
 conlrole 
 
 genievre 
 
 manche f of a 
 
 patrimoine 
 
 songe 
 
 y conventicule 
 
 genre 
 
 tool) 
 
 ptigne 
 
 scuffle 
 
 worpuscule 
 
 gingembre 
 
 manipule 
 
 pendule fpen- 
 
 soufre 
 
 Vothurne 
 
 girofie 
 
 manque 
 
 dulumj 
 
 sourire 
 
 coude 
 
 gile 
 
 marbre 
 
 peuple 
 
 squelette 
 
 couple (man 
 
 givre 
 
 masque 
 
 phare 
 
 subside 
 
 and wife) 
 
 glaive 
 
 massacre 
 
 phinomene 
 
 sucre 
 
 crabe 
 
 globe 
 
 mausoUe 
 
 phosphor e 
 
 symbole 
 
 crane 
 
 globule 
 
 membre 
 
 pique nique 
 
 synode 
 
 crepe 
 
 guide 
 
 memoir e (.bill) 
 
 planisphere 
 
 Telescope 
 
 crepuscule 
 
 Z°!f e 
 
 merile 
 
 poile fstovej 
 
 temple 
 
 crible 
 
 gouffre 
 
 merle 
 
 poivre 
 
 timbre 
 
 cube 
 
 grade 
 
 mesaise 
 
 pule 
 
 tintamarre 
 
 cutte 
 
 grcffe 
 
 meteore 
 
 polype 
 
 tonncre 
 
 cygne 
 
 grimoire 
 
 mcuble 
 
 pore 
 
 Irefle 
 
 cylindre 
 
 grouppe 
 
 microscope 
 
 porche 
 
 thomphe 
 
 Deboirc 
 
 guide 
 
 mode (mood, 
 
 porphire 
 
 hone 
 
 decalogue 
 
 gymnase 
 
 modalitvj 
 
 porlique 
 
 trophee 
 
 dicombres 
 
 gypsc 
 
 modelc 
 
 pouce 
 
 Iropique 
 
 dedale 
 
 HUle 
 
 module 
 
 pour pre (pur 
 
 trouble 
 
 delire 
 
 hdvre 
 
 mole 
 
 plej 
 
 lube 
 
 demerite 
 
 heliotrope 
 
 monde 
 
 preambule 
 
 Lumulle 
 
 desordre 
 
 hemisphere 
 
 monologue 
 
 preccpte 
 
 tuorbe 
 
 dialcctc 
 
 here 
 
 monopolc 
 
 preche 
 
 type 
 
 dialogue 
 
 hieroglyphe 
 
 monticule 
 
 prelude 
 
 Ulcere 
 
 diocese 
 
 hombrc 
 
 mmifle (vase 
 
 prologue 
 
 Vase (vase) 
 
 /Usque 
 
 horoscope 
 
 pulleyj 
 
 prone 
 
 verbe 
 
 distique 
 
 hymenec 
 
 moulc (mould) 
 
 protocole 
 
 vtrre 
 
 dividende 
 
 hypocondrc 
 
 murmur e 
 
 pygmee 
 
 vestibule 
 
 divorce 
 
 Immeubtc 
 
 musec 
 
 Rable 
 
 vide 
 
 dogue 
 
 incendie 
 
 Narcisse 
 
 regne 
 
 vignoblc 
 
 domaine 
 
 insecte 
 
 navirc 
 
 reldche (re- 
 
 vinaigrc 
 
 doute 
 
 inlerligne 
 
 negoce 
 
 leasej 
 
 violoncello 
 
 Ellebore 
 
 mtcrmedc 
 
 nombre 
 
 remide 
 
 viscere 
 
 emetique 
 
 intervalle 
 
 Obelisque 
 
 reprocke 
 
 Zeste 
 
 empire 
 
 Jable 
 
 ceuvrdlegrand) 
 
 rcve 
 
 zodiaque 
 
20 
 
 §xv. 
 
 MECAMSM OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH COMPARED. 
 
 As all modern languages draw in part their origin from the Greek and Latin, 
 there is a certain analogy in the termination or many wo.ds, which are derived 
 from the same source, and which may facilitate the lexicologic part of an idiom • 
 this, which is regarded as a mecanism, has been neglected by most grammarians, 
 though they may reduce them to rules which furnish to the scholars the knowledge 
 of many thousand words without much contention of mind, and with great assistance 
 to memory. 
 
 1. Nouns and adjectives which 
 termination. 
 
 could be learned by the means of the French 
 
 English words 
 ending in 
 
 make 
 in French 
 
 
 Examples. 
 
 -ary into 
 
 aire . 
 
 . 
 
 sanctuary, 
 
 . sanctuairc 
 
 -ancy 
 
 ance 
 
 
 constancy, 
 
 Constance 
 
 -dy . 
 
 die. . 
 
 . 
 
 prosody, . 
 
 . prosodie 
 
 -ency 
 
 . ence 
 
 
 clemency » 
 
 clemence 
 
 -or 
 
 eur . 
 
 • 
 
 error 
 
 . errewr 
 
 -our 
 
 . eur 
 
 
 humour, 
 
 humewr 
 
 -ous . 
 
 eux . 
 
 . 
 
 glorious, . 
 
 . glorieua; 
 
 -ine 
 
 . in . 
 
 
 feminine 
 
 femmm 
 
 -ive 
 
 if . 
 
 ■ 
 
 persuasive, 
 
 . persuasi/ 
 
 -omy 
 
 . omie 
 
 
 anatomy, . . 
 
 anatowue 
 
 -ony . 
 
 onie . 
 
 . 
 
 symphony, 
 
 . symphome 
 
 -ory 
 
 . oire 
 
 
 glory 
 
 gloire 
 
 -ty . 
 
 te 
 
 . 
 
 charity, . 
 
 . charge 
 
 -ular 
 
 . ulier 
 
 
 regular, 
 
 regulier 
 
 2. Nouns and adjectives which are written the same in 
 
 30th languages. 
 
 -able as 
 
 variable 
 
 -ble . 
 
 variable 
 
 -ible . . visible 
 
 -ace . . 
 
 place 
 
 -ence 
 
 . silence 
 
 -ice . . justice 
 
 -acle . . 
 
 miracle 
 
 -ege 
 
 college 
 
 -ile . . fragile 
 
 -ade . . 
 
 serenade 
 
 -ence 
 
 . diligence 
 
 -ine . . doctrine 
 
 -age . . 
 
 image 
 
 -ent 
 
 moment 
 
 -ion . • passion 
 
 -al . . 
 
 ardinal 
 
 -ent 
 
 . evident 
 
 -ion . . nation 
 
 -al . . . 
 
 natal 
 
 -ge . 
 
 charge 
 
 -ule . . formule 
 
 -ance 
 
 complainance 
 
 -gue 
 
 . dialogue 
 
 kc. kc. 
 
 -ant . . 
 
 constant 
 
 
 
 
 3. Some of the English adjectives may become adverbs by the addition of ly, 
 and most of them in French by the addition of ment or ement. 
 
 Exami 
 
 Agreeable, 
 Ingenue , 
 
 agreablewenf. 
 iosenuemenf. 
 
 Poli, . . polimenf, 
 
 Pur, . . . puremen^, &c. &c- 
 
 4. There are many English verbs ending in ify, which makes ijier in French. 
 
 Example. 
 Puri/y, • . purser. Sancti/i/, • • • sancti/ier. 
 
 Ralfy, . • • ral/ier. ver |/i/> . • verier, &c. &c. 
 
 .Use ofjthe dictionary and practice in reading will give constant opportunities of 
 comparing the two idioms. 
 
 After the vocal use of the syllabic dictionary, and of § I, and the attentive perusal 
 of this page, a pupil will not feel much embarrassed in attempting to put down, in 
 writing, the correct sounds and the approximative spelling ot the words heard from 
 the dictation of his instructor. 
 
» 
 
 iKSSfiyas ©Mini, 
 
 SECOND PART. 
 
 \ XIV. 
 
 AUXILIARY VERBS. 
 THE INFINITIVE. 
 
 Present (to' 
 
 Participle Present 
 Participle Past 
 
 HAVE, avoir 
 having, ayant 
 had, ew, f eue 
 
 Present, 
 
 Participle Present 
 Participle Past 
 
 (to) BE, tire 
 
 being, etanJ 
 been etc 
 
 THE INDICATIVE. 
 
 Present. 
 
 [ have 
 
 thou bast 
 
 he (she, man) has 
 
 we have 
 
 yon (ye) have 
 
 they have 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 I had favais 
 
 thou hadst tu avais 
 
 he had il avait 
 
 we had nous avions 
 
 you had vous aviez 
 
 they had Us avaient 
 
 Future. 
 
 I shall or will have 
 thou shalt — wilt have 
 he shall — will have 
 we shall — will have 
 you shall — will have 
 they shall — will have 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 fax 
 
 tu as 
 
 il, (elle, on) a 
 
 nous avons 
 
 vous avez 
 
 Us (dies') out 
 
 Perfect, 
 feus 
 tu eus 
 U eut 
 
 nous eumes 
 vous eutes 
 Us cur cut 
 
 j aurai 
 tu auras 
 U aura 
 nous aurons 
 vous aurez 
 Us auront 
 
 I should, could, 
 or would 
 
 thou should-it — 
 couldst — wouldst 
 
 he should — 
 could — would 
 
 we ghould — 
 could — would 
 
 you should — 
 could — would 
 
 they should — 
 could— would 
 
 have 
 
 j aurais 
 
 have tu aurais 
 
 > have 
 
 > have 
 
 have 
 
 have 
 
 u aurait 
 
 nous aurions 
 
 vous auriez 
 
 Us auraicnt 
 D 
 
 Present. 
 
 I am 
 
 thou art 
 
 he (she, man) is 
 ••'e are 
 on (ye) are 
 they are 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 fetais 
 
 was 
 thou wast 
 
 e was 
 we were 
 you were 
 they were 
 
 tu etais 
 il etait 
 nous ctions 
 vous etiez 
 Us etaient 
 
 Future. 
 
 jt suis 
 
 tu cs 
 
 il [elle, on) est 
 
 nous sommes 
 
 vous etc* 
 
 Us (elles) sunt 
 
 Perfect, 
 je fus 
 lujus 
 
 il tut 
 
 I shall or will be 
 tbou shalt — wilt be 
 
 e shall — will be 
 we shall — will be 
 y-)u shall — will be 
 they shall — will be 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 nov -urnes 
 vous jutes 
 ilsfurent 
 
 je serai 
 tu seras 
 il sera 
 nous serons 
 vous serez 
 Us. seront 
 
 I should, could, 
 or would 
 
 thou shouldst — 
 couldst — wouldst 
 
 he should — 
 •ould — would 
 
 we should — 
 could — would — 
 
 you should — 
 could — would 
 
 they should — 
 could — would 
 
 be 
 
 be 
 
 be 
 
 be 
 
 I be 
 
 je serais 
 
 tu serais 
 
 il serait 
 
 nous serious 
 
 vous serikz 
 
 be Us seraicnt 
 
22 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 N» first person. 
 
 have (thou) 
 
 let him (her) have 
 
 let us have 
 
 have (ye) 
 
 let them have 
 
 aie 
 
 qu y il ( qu" elle ) ait 
 
 ayons 
 
 ayez 
 
 quails (qu'eUes aient 
 
 jJVo first person. 
 
 |be (thou) 
 
 let him £her) be 
 
 let us be 
 
 be (ye) 
 
 jlet them be 
 
 sots 
 
 quil(quclle) soil 
 
 soyons 
 
 soyez 
 
 quails (quelles) soient 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE.* 
 
 U ait 
 
 nous ayons 
 vous ayez 
 Us aient 
 
 il exit 
 
 nous eussions 
 vous eussiez 
 Us evssent 
 
 Present, 
 
 That I may have que f aie 
 
 thou mayest have tu aies 
 he may have 
 we may have 
 you may have 
 they may have 
 
 Imperfect. 
 That I might have quefeussc 
 
 thou mightest have tu eusses 
 he mi^ht have 
 we might have 
 you might have 
 they might have 
 
 *The following Conjunctions 
 Although, quoique 
 before (that.) avant que 
 but that, 51 ce n'est que 
 either ..or, soit que...ou que 
 ere, avant que 
 except (that), sinon que 
 excepting (that), excepte que 
 for all (that), malgre que 
 for fear (that) de crainte que 
 God forbid, a Dieu ne ploise que 
 God grant Dieu veuille que 
 heaven grant, fas le p\$ que 
 however (great), quelque •''grand) que 
 however little, quelque peu que 
 how... soever, quelque. ..que 
 if.. .but, pour peu que 
 if .in the least, pour peu que 
 in case (that), au cas que % en cas que 
 In order that, pour que 
 lest, depeur que 
 
 Present. 
 That I may be que je sois 
 
 thou mayest be tu sois 
 
 he may be 
 we may be 
 you may be 
 they may be 
 
 Imperfect. 
 That I might be quejefusse 
 
 thou mightest be tu fusses 
 he might be 
 we might be 
 you might be 
 they might be 
 
 il soit 
 
 nous soyons 
 vous soyez 
 Us soient 
 
 iljiit 
 
 nous fissions 
 
 vousfussiez 
 
 ilsfussent 
 
 rep/ire the Subjunctive after them. 
 not. ..but, non pas que 
 not that, ce n*est pas que 
 aotv ithstanding. nonobstant que 
 on condition that, a condition que 
 provided (that), pourvu que 
 save — saving — (that), hormis que 
 
 ;> far from that } 
 
 o far ...... that > taut s'enfaut que 
 
 o little... that ) 
 
 uppose (that), suppose que 
 though, bien que 
 
 till — untill— (that), jusqu'd ce que 
 nil such time as, en attendant que 
 to the end that, afin que 
 unless, a moins que 
 upon that condition, bien entendu que 
 with all, malgre que 
 would to God, plut a Dieu que 
 without (that), saiis que 
 whether... or, soit que. ..ou que 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 1 The compound tenses of these verbs are conjugated alike in the two languages, 
 i. e. by the union of the participle past to the different tenses of the verb to Have — 
 I have had, faieu— I have been, fai etc 
 
 2 The negative form is given by placing ne before the verb and pas after — I have 
 not, je ifai pas — J am not.Je ne .suis pas. 
 
 3. The interrogative form is given by placing the pronoun after the verb — 
 have I ? ai*je? — am I ? suisje? 
 
 Departing from the classical habit requiring that one part of speech must be ac- 
 quired.previous to another, these two auxiliaries may be committed to the memory, 
 even mim the very beginning of learning French, and advantageously conjugated 
 through their various tenses, in all their ucception'j. 
 
23 
 
 N. 
 
 iC. 
 
 D. 
 
 G. 
 
 Ab. 
 
 (!) 
 
 
 q XVIL 
 
 
 PROjVOUNS. 
 
 
 1. EXPLICATIVE. 
 
 who 
 
 {?-»•(') 
 
 which 
 
 cm. quel, pi. quels / ,^\ 
 ( f quelle, pi. qvelles $ 
 
 that 
 
 whom 
 which 
 
 )que{\) 
 
 that 
 
 J 9 M? ( 3 > 4 ) 
 
 to whom 
 
 4 a qui (4) 
 
 to which 
 
 \ ? we (») 
 
 
 ( ou (6) 
 
 of whom 
 
 f 
 
 whose 
 
 j r/e ^w?" (4) 
 
 of vvhich 
 
 <j dont (}, 7) 
 
 from whom 
 
 | 9«e (5) 
 
 from which 
 
 I ^ 
 
 from whence 
 
 d'oii (6) 
 
 in. s. lequel 
 m. p. lesquels 
 f. s laquelle 
 f. p. leaquelles 
 
 m . s. auqvel 
 m. p aux quels 
 f. s. a laquelle 
 
 (8,9) 
 
 K 8 ) 
 
 p. auxquelles J 
 1 
 
 m, s. duquel 
 m p desquels 
 f. s fife laquelle 
 f. p. desquelles 
 
 [(«) 
 
 It relates to persons and things 
 and is used when no ambiguity is to he fear 
 ed. 
 
 (2) Before the verb e/re when it re 
 lates to a following. noun : je sous G-Me/Ze 
 esf sa maison. 
 
 (3) Only after a preposition : sans qui. 
 pour qui. 
 
 (4) It cannot relate to things. 
 
 (5) It is used when the noun to which 
 it relates is already in the dative, genitive, 
 or ablative, and preceded by c'est, c'etait, 
 cefut, &c. Cest a Emile que je parle ; 
 c'est d'Emileque je parle. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 (6) When it expresses a place or situa- 
 tion. • 
 
 (7) Can be used neither before nor 
 after a preposition. 
 
 (8) It relates to persons and things, 
 but is only used when some ambiguity is to 
 be feared ; and in this case the noun can be 
 repeated with it : il porta dans ma cham- 
 bre'un livre ; laquelle (or laquelle chambre) 
 it trouva ouverte. 
 
 (9) Is u*ed when it relates to animals 
 orlhings, alter a preposition: voila Coiseau 
 aprh lequel fa-i couru ; voila U canif 
 avec lequel il s'est coupe. 
 
 ] 
 this 
 (one) 
 
 these 
 
 that 
 (one) 
 
 those 
 
 II DEMON 
 Which relates to a noun ( 1 ) 
 
 m. celui- ci 
 f. celle ci 
 ceux-ci 
 celles ci 
 m. celui la 
 f. cellejd 
 m ceux -Id { 
 f. cel(es-ld J 
 
 f? 
 
 H2) 
 
 celui 
 celle 
 ceux 
 
 celles 
 celui 
 celle 
 ceux 
 
 celles 
 
 (3) 
 
 OBSERV 
 
 (1) With de in the genitive and abla- 
 tive, and with a in the dative. 
 
 (2) Is used when neither de or d, nor 
 an explicative pronoun nor a preposition 
 follows it. 
 
 (3) Is used before a or de, before an 
 explicative pronoun ; before a preposition. 
 
 (4) Is used with all verbs, and is even 
 better than ce with etre. 
 
 STRAT1VE. 
 
 2 Which docs not relate ioanoun. 
 
 N this, ceci (4) ce (only with etre) 
 
 Ac this, ceci (S) ceci (5) le (6 
 
 G. Ab. of, from this, de ceci (5) en (6^ 
 
 D. to this, a ceci (5) y (7) (6j 
 
 N. that, ce/a (4) ce (only with etre) 
 
 Ac. that, cela (5) le (6) 
 
 G. Ab. of, from that, decela (b) en (G) 
 
 D to that, H cela (5) y (7) (6) 
 
 ATIONS. 
 
 (5) It must be put after the verb. 
 
 (6) It is to be preferred to the other, 
 and put before the verb, except in the se- 
 cond person singular, and t-lie first and 
 second person plural of the imperative. 
 
 (7) When it expresses place or 
 situation. 
 
24 
 
 III. DEMONST. AND EXPLICATIVE 
 He, h»m, she, her, them, these, those. 
 
 Who, whom to whom, whose which, tha: 
 
 qui (1, 2. 13,) qui de (1, 3.) 
 it qui de (1. 3, 4,) a qui (1 , 4,5,) 
 de qui ( 1 , 6) 
 
 </?"<' (7. 8. 9) est celui (TO)" 
 quel (7, 8, 9) esJ celui (>0) 
 </«.. (It) 
 ccW(9. 10, 12. 13) 
 ce/w/tf (9 10. 12, 14) 
 
 'que! (7 8,9) est celui (!U) 
 
 9wcZ (7.8,9) estcetni (TO) 
 de. (U) 
 
 celm{®, 10. 12, 13) 
 
 qm de (\ , 3) lequel. (9. 16 
 
 lequel^, 15, 16.) cte (3) 
 
 qui 
 que 
 dont 
 a qui 
 ■de qui 
 d ou 
 nuque 
 duquc 
 &c &c 
 16) 
 
 X 17 ) 
 
 }(15) 
 
 who ? 
 whom ? 
 
 IV. INTERROGATIVE. 
 
 C (without stress) qui ? 
 
 ) with stress) quiest-ce qui ? 
 
 qui? CIS) 
 
 ^wi est-ce qui 1 (19) 
 
 to whom 
 
 who«e 
 
 ( a ym' ? ' 1 8) 
 
 ^ dg-iu est-ce que ? (H 
 
 from whom? 
 whose ? 
 
 \de 
 
 qui? (18) 
 
 gt/» es£-ce ^we? (19) 
 
 with e^rc, signifying to be- 
 long to : a qui 
 
 fquel(l,^estcelui?ilo)\^^^^ 
 auef(7, 9,Wce^?(iO)J 9 / /e ' 7%(>' 
 
 ?(n)i <lB '" e i->iS 
 
 fttt de ? ( 1 , 3) 
 | /egue/? (9, 15) 
 
 lequelle ? (9, 15) c?e... 
 
 V. DEMONST. AND EXPLICATIVE. 
 
 Which do not relate to a noun. • 
 V. what ! quoi ! quoi de (20) 
 
 fee gw<> (22) gwe (23) 
 , , . I ouo» (2 >) ce a owoi (25) 
 
 * I ce que c' est que (27) 
 
 Lee ^we c'esZ que de (28) 
 ( a quoi (25) a ce ^m? (21) 
 a ce que (22) ace a quoi (25) 
 a ce dont (26) 
 de 9«o?. (29) de ce qw (21) 
 r^ ce qve^22)de ce a quoi(25) 
 decc doni (26) 
 
 D to what 
 
 G. of what 
 Ab. f. what 
 
 VII. EXPLICATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 With some prepositions. 
 
 whereabout, oil f34) — whereat sur quoi 
 
 whereby,, par quoi — wherefore, pour quoi 
 
 wberefroiri, de quoi, d v p$, "] 
 
 wherein, en quoi. ou j 
 
 whereinto, en quoi, oil j> (34) 
 
 whereof, de quoi. d'ou 
 
 WhereoD, sur guot, ou j 
 
 \v hereunto, a quoi 
 
 whereupon sur quoi, ou (34) 
 
 v herewith, avec quoi 
 
 wherewith to, wherewithal!, de quoi 
 
 [_auquel (15) 
 
 ( 3 ) 
 
 VII. INTERROGATIVE. 
 
 Which do not relate to a noun. 
 
 N. what ? 
 
 quoi? (30) 
 
 (without stress) qui ? (31) 
 (with stressful est-ce qui{3\) 
 qu'est ce que ? (32) 
 Cque? (IS) 2Wo>7 (24) 
 Ac. what? 1 qu'est ce que ? (19) 
 
 ( qu 1 est-ce que e'est que ? (33) 
 £ a yuui ? ( 1 8) 
 D. to what ? < « quoi est ce que ? (19) 
 
 ( u quoiest-ce que e'est que(33) 
 
 ^- °! W ^\l I d^ quoi estce que ?{\9) 
 Ab.f.what?^,/ u?(34) 
 
 VIII. DEMONST. PRONOUNS. 
 
 With some prepositions. 
 
 Hereabove, hereon, hereupon. 
 
 Id dessus, y f34, 35) 
 
 hereabout, ld-aiilour, en (3G) 
 
 hereafter, aprcs cela 
 
 hereat, a cela, y (34, 35) en (36) 
 
 here below, la-dcssous, ci dessous 
 
 hereby, par 4d, hereof, en. (36) 
 
 herein, hercinto, Id-dedans, y, (34,35) 
 
 hereto, a cela, y (34, 35) 
 
 herewith, avec cela, &c< <$-c, 
 
25 
 
 (1) 
 
 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 I 
 
 It relates only to persons. 
 
 ( 2 ) 
 It can be put between two verbs wbich 
 
 do not govern the genitive, ablative, or 
 
 dative : je sais qui viemlra ;je sais qui vous 
 
 cherchez. 
 
 (3) 
 It is put with the noun or pronoun 
 which it relate? to : je sais qui dc ces en- 
 fant 5 Id vous aimes le mieux ;f ignore le- 
 quel de vous y a Ue. 
 
 (") 
 
 After or before a verb which governs 
 the dative : je sais a qui vous le donnerez ; 
 je pense a qui vous pensez. 
 
 (?) 
 
 To signify emulation, after c" est, detail 
 cefut, &c. Cest d qui (it is who shall, 
 should) rira davantage. 
 (6) 
 
 After or before a verb which governs 
 the infinitive or ablative zj'ignwe de qm 
 vous parlez ; je ne sais de qui it tient cettt 
 nouvelle ;je me moque de qui vous savez. 
 
 C) 
 
 It follows the gender and number of the 
 explicative pronoun quel. 
 
 («) 
 It can be put only in the accusative : 
 
 j 'ignore quel est celui des troisqui estvenu. 
 
 (9) 
 
 It relates to persons and things. 
 
 (10) 
 
 It follows the gender and number of the 
 
 demonstrative pronoun celui. 
 
 CO 
 
 It is put with the noun or pronoun 
 which it relates to : je sais quel est celui 
 de Pierre ou dc Jean qt£il cherche. 
 (12) 
 It follows the same rules as the demon- 
 strative, celui. 
 
 (13) 
 To leave the first member of the sen- 
 tence in the first place : qui (celui qui) 
 sert bien sapalrie, mirile des honncurs 
 (14) 
 To put the second member of the sen- 
 tence in the first place : celui Id mirile des 
 honncurs, qui sert bien sapatrie. 
 
 (15) 
 It follows the same rules as the expli- 
 cative pronoun It quel. 
 (10) 
 It can be put in all cases except the 
 nominative. 
 
 (17) 
 
 It follows the same rules as the expli- 
 cative pronoun qui, que, dont, &c. 
 (18) 
 To put the nominative alter the verb : 
 qui cherchez-vous 1 que cherchez vous ? 
 (19) 
 To put the nominative before the 
 verb : qui est ce que vous cherchez? 
 (20) 
 Betore an adjective : quoi de plus beau ! 
 
 (21) 
 In the nominative of the following 
 verb :je sais ce qui arrivera. 
 (22) 
 In the accusative ot the following verb : 
 je sais ce qucje vcuxfaire. 
 (23) 
 In the accusative, before an infinitive : 
 je ne sais que faire. 
 
 (24) 
 After a preposition : sur quoi, apres 
 quoi. And after a verb, which is not fol- 
 lowed by another verb : il irfa ditje ne 
 sais quoi. 
 
 (25) 
 In the dative of a following verb : il 
 cherche ce a quoi vous ne ptnscz pas. 
 (26) 
 In the genitive or ablative of the follow- 
 ing verb : il sait cc dont vous vous occupez. 
 
 ,( 27 ) 
 
 Before an infinitive : il ne sait ce que 
 e'est que mcnlir (que le mensonge.) 
 
 Before an infinitive with de ..il ne sait 
 ce que e'est que (les effets) de mentir. 
 (29) 
 When the foregoing verb governs the 
 iccusative: il sait de quoi vous parlez. 
 (30) 
 Without a verb. 
 
 . ( 31 ) 
 
 In the nominative of a following verb. 
 
 (32) 
 Before a noun or an infinitive : yi/Vst- 
 ce que Dicu ? quesl-cc que mentir ? 
 
 (38) 
 With anger or contempt : qu est-Ct que 
 dest que vous dites ? 
 
 (34) 
 When we speak of a place or situation. 
 
 (35) 
 Before the verb. 
 
 (3G) 
 Before a verb which governs the geni- 
 tive. 
 
26 
 
 IX. PERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL. 
 
 1. 
 
 In the Nominative, 
 
 
 2. In the Nominative, 
 
 
 (before 
 
 the verb.) 
 
 
 (after an interrogative verb) 
 
 I 
 
 
 J e 
 
 1 ? 
 
 je- 
 
 thou 
 
 
 tu 
 
 »hou ? 
 
 ■tu 
 
 he 
 
 
 il(\) ce (2) 
 
 he? 
 
 -il (') -ce(?) -til *) 
 
 she 
 
 
 elle (1; ce (2) 
 
 she? 
 
 -elle (1) -ce (i) t elle ' 
 
 it 
 
 
 il (3) (4) 
 
 it? 
 
 •U('i) -ce(J) til 
 nan) ? -on -on -t-on j 
 
 one (man) 
 
 
 on 
 
 >>ne ( 
 
 we 
 
 
 nous 
 
 *ve ? 
 
 ■nous 
 
 you (ye) 
 
 
 vous 
 
 you ? 
 
 -vous 
 
 they, m. 
 
 
 ils (1). ce (2) 
 
 they ' 
 
 ' m. -ils (1) .ce > , Q . 
 f. -dies () ce $ ^ 
 
 they,f. 
 
 
 elles (1) ce (2) 
 
 they, 
 
 3 
 
 . In the Nominative, 
 
 
 4. Ira ^e Nominative, 
 
 
 (to ask.) 
 
 
 (to answer.) 
 
 is it I 
 
 
 estce moi? 
 
 it is I 
 
 c'estf moi 
 
 is it thou 
 
 
 est ce toi? 
 
 
 c'estf foi 
 
 is it he 
 
 
 est-ce lui? 
 
 
 c'est lui 
 
 is it she 
 
 
 est-ce elle ? 
 
 
 c'est elle 
 
 is it (for th 
 
 ngs) 
 
 Vest ce? 
 
 
 ce Vest 
 
 is it 
 
 
 est-ce que ? 
 
 
 
 is it (just) 
 
 
 est il (juste) ? 
 
 
 c'est (juste) ? 
 
 is it we 
 
 
 estce nous 
 
 
 c'est nous 
 
 is it you 
 
 
 est-ce vous? 
 
 
 c'est vous 
 
 is it they, m 
 
 . 
 
 est ce evx ? 
 
 
 c^est eux ) , >. 
 c'est elles $ ^ 
 
 is it they, f. 
 
 
 est ce elles ? 
 
 
 is it they, ( 
 
 for thin 
 
 gs) les sont-ce 
 
 
 c'e /e$ son* 
 
 >(«) 
 
 5. /w ?/ie Nominative, 
 (when there are more than one ) 
 
 thou and I are speaking 
 he and I are speaking 
 he and she are speaking 
 thou and she are speaking 
 you and he are speaking 
 they and we are speaking 
 
 toi et moi, nous (virions) 
 lui et moi, nous (parlon-) 
 lui el die, ils (parlei-;) 
 toi et elle, vous (parlez) 
 v ovs el lui, vous (parlez) 
 eux et nous, nous (parlous) 
 
 
 6. In the Nominative, 
 
 Reflected 
 
 Pronouns, 
 
 (without 
 
 a verb, or with a verb in tht 
 
 (with de in 
 
 the genitive and abl;> 
 
 
 Infinitive.) 
 
 with 
 
 a in the dative.) 
 
 
 
 Examples. 
 
 myself 
 
 me ' 
 
 moi meme 
 
 I 
 
 77101 
 
 I, go there ! 
 
 iyself 
 
 te 
 
 loi meme 
 
 thou 
 
 toi 
 
 moi ! y aller 
 
 i.;mself 
 
 se 
 
 lui- inane 
 
 he 
 
 tui 
 
 he, tell a lie ! 
 
 Herself 
 
 se 
 
 elle meme 
 
 she 
 
 elle 
 
 lui! mentir 
 
 iwelf 
 
 se 
 
 ,^.v sui meme 
 "^ ' sot meme 
 
 we 
 
 nous 
 
 they being gone 
 
 <»e's self 
 
 se 
 
 you 
 
 vous 
 
 eux etant partis 
 
 ourselves 
 
 nous 
 
 nous-memes 
 
 they, m. 
 
 eux 
 
 he being dead 
 
 * ourselves 
 
 vous 
 
 vous memes 
 
 they, f. 
 
 elles 
 
 lui etant mort 
 
 ■hemselves, m 
 
 . se 
 
 eux-memes 
 
 
 
 
 themselves, f. 
 
 se 
 
 elles-memes^ 
 
 (») 
 
 (6) The Academy prefers c' est eux to ce sont eux, but the latter is commonly used 
 where qui follows : ce so?it eucc qui me Vont dit. 
 
 (7) Before verbs, and with all reflected verbs which express an action which it 
 is natural that we should do ourselves. 
 
 (8) After the verb, and with all reflected verbs which express an action which it 
 is not natural that we should do ourselves. 
 
27 
 
 0) 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 Is used with alfitie verbs, except lh< 
 v erb etre ; and even with the verb .tire. 
 when thi-< pronoun relates to a foregom- 
 noun described in the following sen 
 tence by an adjective : 
 
 I had a pupil a; Kaiorama ; she was ve 
 ry amiable. J'nvais une eleve au Kalcra 
 ma ; elle ttail tres aimable. 
 
 (2) 
 
 Is used only with the verb ctre, wbe; 
 this pronoun relates to a foregoing n0 ur,. 
 which is described in the following sen- 
 tence by another noun, with an article 
 prefixed : 
 
 1 had a pupil at Knloriimn ; she was a 
 very amiable lady J'avais une eleve au 
 Kalorama ; c'etait une dame tres aimable. 
 
 Is used 1°. with all impersonal verbs, 
 or personal verbs which become imper- 
 sonal ; and when this pronoun relates to 
 a following noun, to which is added tin 
 pronoun, qui, que, a'ont. a qui. &.C. 
 
 It rains, it snows, II pleut, il n'eige, 
 it is cold, it is hot. il fait froid, il fail 
 chaud. 
 
 There came two Ilvint'dcnxfemmes, 
 women, who ashed qui demandcrent a 
 to speak with me. me parler. 
 
 There came in two // cntra deux 
 men, whom I did not uou.mcs, que je nt 
 know connaissais pas. 
 
 A". B. We use the impersonal pronoun 
 i7 in this sense, in order that the nomin i- 
 tive of the verb may be put after it. and 
 may not be separated from the following 
 pronoun, qui, que, dont. a qui. &c. 
 
 . The impersonal pronoun il is used 
 with the verb t-ire, when it relates only 
 to a following adjective, or to a following 
 verb, before* which a conjunction is oi 
 can be put (except the conjunctions ot 
 time, lorsque. quand, &> ) — or, lin;ll\ 
 when it relates to a noun which neithei 
 is or can be followed by the pronouns. 
 qui. que, dont, a qui, on. d'oii. fee, 
 
 It is certain that 11 est siir qu'il 
 he will come. viendra. 
 
 It is not certain II n" 1 est pas sur qu'il 
 that he is coming. vienne 
 
 It is right to love // est juste rV aimer 
 (that one should (qu'on aime) ses pa- 
 love )one's relations, rents. 
 
 (4) 
 
 The impersoual pronoun ce is only 
 • sed with etre (and in this expression, ce 
 mt scmble.) when it relates to a verb be- 
 fore which a conjunction of time is or can 
 e put : or when it relates to a noun, af- 
 er which the pronouns qui, que, dont, a 
 qui ou, dr^m, ccc are or can be put. 
 
 It is only when I Cestlorsque je la 
 -ball see her again reverrai, quej'aurai 
 that I shall have bien du plaisir. 
 ireat pleasure. 
 
 It was after he came Cest apres qitil 
 that we retired. Jut venu que nous 
 
 nous retirdmes. 
 It is when -one sees ■ Cesi quand on 
 so many acts ot'in-voU tant d' injustices, 
 justice that one is qu'on se sent revoke. 
 shocked. 
 
 It is a crime (when Cest un crime (lors- 
 one allows one's qu'on se permet) de 
 sc If) to tell a lie. de mentir. 
 
 It is an offence Cest ojfenser Dieu, 
 igainst God to lie que de mentir (lojs- 
 (when one lies.) qu'on ment ) 
 
 It is a great honour Cest un grand hon- 
 lorhim (an honour nenr .pour Ivi (un 
 which he receives ) honneurqu'il reooit) 
 It is upon our du- Cest de notre de- 
 ty that (whereon) voir que (dont) -ttous 
 we depend. dtpendons. 
 
 It is from my fath- Cest de mon pirc, 
 er that ( rom whom) que (dont) je iiens 
 I have this news. cette nouvelle. 
 
 It is to my friend Cest a mon ami, 
 that (to whom.) I que (a qui) je park. 
 Speak 
 
 Itis into this house Cest dans cette 
 that (into which) 1 maison que (ou) jr. 
 am going. It is from vais. Cest d< 
 that room that (from chombre que (d'ou) 
 whence) I come out. je sors. 
 
 (S) 
 
 Is used when the foregoing verb end.' 
 
 with a vowel Aime t-il? — Vicndra-telle.' 
 In the interrogative sentence which 
 begins with a noun, we add the person- 
 >1 pronouns after the verb. Voi freres 
 aiment ih? — Vos sazurs aiment-cllcs? 
 
 When the speech has already begun, 
 we transfer these pronouns after the verb. 
 Comment? dit-il — PourqtwiP dimes n»us. 
 
 They can be put after the verb, when 
 the sentence begins with the following 
 adverbs, au moins, du mains, a peine, en 
 vain, peut-ctre, tout au plus (and sorr.'-. 
 others.) 
 
28 
 
 8. In the Accusative 
 
 (before 
 
 the verb 
 
 me 
 
 me 
 
 thee 
 
 te 
 
 him 
 
 se 
 
 her 
 
 la 
 
 it 
 
 le 
 
 one's self 
 
 se 
 
 us 
 
 nous 
 
 you 
 
 vous 
 
 them 
 
 les 
 
 9. In the Accusative, 
 
 (before the verb ) 
 
 me 
 
 -moi 
 
 thee 
 
 -toi . 
 
 him 
 
 -le 
 
 her 
 
 -la 
 
 it 
 
 cela 
 
 one's self 
 
 .... 
 
 us 
 
 -nous 
 
 you 
 
 -vous 
 
 them 
 
 •les 
 
 10. In the Accusative, 
 (without a verb) 
 
 me ! moi ! 
 
 thee 1 toi! 
 
 him ? lui ! (2) 
 
 her I elk ! (2) 
 
 it ! cela ! 
 
 us ! 
 you ! 
 them ! 
 
 nous I 
 
 vous ! 
 
 m. eux 
 
 .J (2) 
 
 them ! f. elks;! (2) 
 
 1 1 . After a Preposition 
 
 me moi 
 
 thee toi 
 
 him lui (2) 
 
 her elle (i) 
 
 it cela 
 
 one's self soi 
 
 us nous 
 
 you vmts 
 
 them, ra. eux (2) 
 
 them, f. elks (2) 
 
 12. In the Dative , 
 (before a verb). 
 
 me, to me me 
 
 thee, to thee te 
 
 him, to him lui (2) 
 
 her, to her lui (2) 
 
 at it, to it y 
 
 one's self ...... se 
 
 us, to us nous 
 
 you, to you vous 
 
 them, to them leur (2) 
 
 13. In the Dative. 
 (after the verb.) (1) 
 
 me, to me -moi 
 
 thee,, to thee -toi 
 
 him, to him -lui 
 
 her, to her -lui 
 
 at it, to it -y 
 
 one's self 
 
 us, to us -nous 
 
 you, to you -vous 
 
 them, to them -leur 
 
 In the Dative, 
 (without a verb ) (3) 
 me, to me a moi 
 
 thee, to thee a toi 
 
 him, to him 
 her, to her 
 as il, to it 
 
 one's self a soi 
 
 us, to us a nous 
 
 you, to you a vous 
 
 them, to them, m. a eux (2) 
 them, to them, f. a eiles (2) 
 
 15. In the Genitive and Ablative. 
 of, from me de moi 
 
 of, from thee de toi 
 of, from him de lui (2) en (4^ 
 
 of, from her d'elle (2) en (4) 
 
 of. from it de cela en (4) 
 
 of, from one's selfc/e soi 
 of, from us de nous 
 
 of, from you de vous 
 
 of, from them, m. d'eux (2) en (4) 
 of, from them, f. d'elles (2) en (4) 
 
 a i oi 
 u lui } 
 a e//e \ 
 
 (8) 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 (1) 
 
 We use the pronoun o^ 
 the dative and accusative 
 after the verb, when the 
 verb is in the imperative 
 mood ; but only in the 
 second person singular, 
 and in the first and se- 
 ond person plural-a?me- 
 moi, punissez-les, donnez- 
 nous, envoyez-lui,corrigez 
 vous, 4<*c. 
 
 When the pronoun en 
 follows moi and toi in the 
 imperative, they make 
 m\ V — sers-t'en, donne. 
 irien. 
 
 Cannot relate to an in- 
 animate thing; and in this 
 Crise it is better to repeat 
 the nouns, unless the 
 nouns, are personified. 
 
 C3) 
 
 They are used, 1°» 
 when me. te, se, nous, vous, 
 of the accusative, are used 
 [before the verb Le chien 
 s'est donne a moi;je me 
 livre a lui. 
 
 2°, When we are ohli - 
 ^ed to use more than one 
 p'onoun in the dative. 
 Cest une nouvelle quHl 
 nous a dite, a vous, a moi, 
 a lui, a elle 
 
 3°, With the verbs 
 accourir. alter boire. cou- 
 rir, tire a, passer, penser, 
 rever, songer, viser, mar- 
 cher prendre garde, /aire 
 attention, revenir, voter 
 (fly,) venir ; and perhaps 
 isome others. 
 
 Is used before the verb, except in the second person singular, and in the first and 
 second person plural of the imperative. In the impersonal sense, it is preferred 
 te de cela.-~Je m i m informerai. 
 
29 
 
 
 
 X POSSESSIVE* 
 
 
 
 
 ( They take 
 
 the definite article in all th 
 
 i\r cases. ) 
 
 
 
 
 masc. 
 
 plur. m. 
 
 fem. 
 
 plur. f. 
 
 mine 
 
 my own 
 
 le mien 
 
 les miens 
 
 la mienne. 
 
 les miennes 
 
 thine 
 
 thy own 
 
 le tien 
 
 Us tiens 
 
 la lienne 
 
 les tiennes 
 
 his 
 
 his own 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 hers 
 
 her own 
 
 ) le sien 
 
 les siens 
 
 la sienne 
 
 les siennes 
 
 its 
 
 its own 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 ours 
 
 ourown 
 
 le noire 
 
 les notres 
 
 la noire 
 
 les notres 
 
 yours 
 
 your own 
 
 le voire 
 
 les votres 
 
 la voire 
 
 les votres 
 
 theirs 
 
 their own 
 
 le leur 
 
 les leurs 
 
 la leur 
 
 les leurs 
 
 XI. OTHER PRONOUNS.** 
 
 all 
 
 All (the whole, every thing), tout 
 m. tout, pi tons 
 t. toute. pi. toulcs 
 { m quelqu'un, pi. quelquesuns 
 any one ^ ^ quelquune. pi ejuelque^unes 
 be thou who thou mayest, qui quetu sois 
 be you who you may, qui que vous soyez 
 be he who he may, qui qiCilsoit 
 be she who she may. quiqu'elle soit 
 be they who they may, qui qiVils soient 
 be he who he will, quel quHl soit 
 be she who she will, quelle quelle soil 
 be they who they will, quclles qu'ellcs 
 soient 
 
 les deux, m. tous deux 
 
 f. toutes deux 
 m. tous les deux 
 f. toutes les deux 
 m fun et I autre 
 pi. les unset les autrcs 
 f. Vune et V autre 
 pi. les unes et les autres 
 (in all the cases, with the definite 
 article. 
 each (everyone), m. chacun, f. chacune 
 
 C m. Vun Vaulrc 
 each other 1 pi. les uns les autres 
 one another \ f. rune I autre 
 
 (pi. les unes les autres 
 m. Vun ou V autre 
 pi. les uns ou les autres 
 f. Vune ou Vaulrc 
 pi. les unes ou les autres 
 every body, tout le monde 
 every one, m. chacun, f. chacune 
 let him be who he will, qui qu'ilsoil 
 Jet her be who she will, qui qiVelle soit 
 
 both < 
 
 either 
 
 neither 
 
 let them be who they will, qui qiCelles 
 soient 
 
 m. hi Vun ni V autre 
 
 pi ni les uns ni les autres 
 
 f ni Vune ni V autre 
 
 pi. ni les unes ni les autres 
 
 \o man } 
 
 ^bo&y\V ersonne ~' ne 
 
 >one, m aucun, f aucune 
 
 lolhing, rien ne 
 
 nothing at all, ne ... .rien du tout 
 
 not much, ne..... pas grand" 1 chose 
 
 not much of it, rCen. .. guere 
 
 ome one 
 
 { m. quelquhm, pi quelques-uns 
 ) f. quelqu'une, pi quelques lines 
 
 { m les uns etles autres 
 
 ( f les unes et les autres 
 
 some. ...and 
 others 
 
 otnehow 
 
 omething ^ quelque chose 
 -omewbat 
 whatever, 
 
 hatever 
 
 whatever 
 whatsoever 
 
 quelque que 
 
 quel que puisse etre 
 quel que soit 
 
 quoi que ce soit 
 
 v hatever it may be, quoi qu'il en soit 
 
 , , ( m. lequel des deux 
 
 I f. laquelle des deux 
 
 vhichsoever of, quelque soit celui de.. 
 
 whoever, quiconque 
 
 whomever, quiconque 
 
 •vho'oever > . .. 
 
 , > qui que ce soit 
 
 whomsoever ^ * ■ 
 
 1 hososoever, de qui que ce soit 
 
 to whomsoever, a qui que ce soil. 
 
 (And a few others.) 
 
 *To express, it is mine, it is thine, kc. they arc ours, they arc yours, kc. 
 we say : il est a moi, elle est a toi, kc. Us sont a nous, cllcs sunt a vous, kc. 
 
 **VVe have already observed, that the numeral and ordinal article!-, the articles of 
 quantity, kc. may become pronouns. It is useless to insert them here a second time. 
 
30 
 q XVIII 
 
 THE KINDS OF VERBS, 
 
 Grammarians., in general, distinguish 
 verbs into five kinds : the active, the pas 
 sive, the reflected, the reciprocal, and the 
 neuter. 
 
 The active verb expresses an action of 
 the nominative upon something not itself— 
 John strikes Peter ; the sun illumines the 
 world. John, the sun, do certain actions, 
 and are therefore the nominative cases . 
 Peter, the world, are taken to do these 
 actions, and are different from the nomina 
 tive ; therefore these actions, to strike, 
 to illumine, are active verbs. 
 
 The passive verb expresses the state 
 wherein the nominative is placed by some 
 thing different from itself. — John is struck 
 by Peter; the sum's hidden by the clouds. 
 John and the sun, are the nominative of 
 the verb is : they are placed in the state 
 of being struck, and hidden by something 
 different from themselves ; these words 
 then, is struck, is hidden, are passive verbs. 
 The reflective verb expresses either the 
 action of the nominative on itself, or the 
 state wherein it has placed itself — John 
 strikes himself; the sun hides itself. These 
 are the actions of John and the sun 
 upon themselves : these words, therefore, 
 strikes, hides, are in this case reflected 
 verbs. — John has struck himself; the sun 
 has hidden itself This expresses the state 
 wherein John -and the sun have placed 
 themselves : therefore, in this case, these 
 words, has struck himself &c. are also 
 reflected verbs. 
 
 The reciprocal verb expresses the 
 action which several nominatives do to 
 each other, or the state wherein they 
 place each other. — John and Peter strike 
 each other, kc. ; John and Peter have 
 struck each other, &c. These are so 
 many actions which these nominatives do 
 to each other, and so many states wherein 
 they place each other ; therefore these 
 words, strike each other, have struck each 
 other, kc are reciprocal verbs. 
 
 The neuter verb expresses an action of 
 the nominative, which applies to no thing, 
 or a state wherein it is placed by no one 
 John runs; John is mmnted. The action 
 of running is applied to no one, and the 
 state of having mounted is produced by no 
 one ; these words, therefore, runs and has 
 ounted, are neuter verbs. 
 
 THE dIOODS. 
 
 We may speak of an action without na- 
 ming the author of it : for instance, to die, 
 dying, dead : there the action of dying is 
 ilfributed to no one ; and the verb thus 
 ised without its nominative, is said to be 
 n the impersonal or infinitive mood- 
 
 We may speak of an action as certain 
 whether it be in the present, the past, the 
 future, or the conditional tense. For exam- 
 ple : I certainly do, I certainly did, I cer- 
 tainly will do, I certainly could do, that act 
 >f charity. When therefore the verb is 
 used to declare an action as certain, it is 
 aid to be in the affirmative or indicative 
 mood. 
 
 We may speak of an action in a manner 
 so as to mark a desire that it should be 
 done, whether ic be in the way of com- 
 mand, request, or exhortation. — Go to 
 church ; give him alms ; fight valiantly. 
 !n this case, we say that the action, that is 
 'he verb, is in the optative or imperative 
 mood. 
 
 Lastly, We may speak of an action as 
 contingent, without being able to assert 
 that it will be done or not, but as depen- 
 dant upon some conjuncture ofcircumstan- 
 ces. For instance : je permets quHl vien- 
 
 , I permit him to come ; je voudrais 
 qu'il vint, I would he came In these 
 sentences 1 do not affirm that the action of 
 his coming is doing, or that it will be done; 
 and not knowing whether the conjuncture 
 of circumstances will be sufficiently strong 
 to prevent his coming, I do not dare even 
 to affirm that the action of his coming is 
 possible I cannot therefore use the in- 
 dicative, and say, he comes, he came, he 
 will come, he would come ; for all this 
 would be so much untruth ; and one can- 
 not say : je veux qu'il vienne certainement ; 
 I wish him to come certainly; je voudras 
 qu y il vint certainement, I would that he 
 came certainly. Therefore, whenever 
 we speak thus of an action, which is con- 
 tingent or depending on a conjuncture of 
 circumstances, we say that the verb is in 
 the subjunctive mood. 
 
 All verbs therefore have four moods, 
 the infinitive, indicative, imperative, and 
 subjunctive. 
 
31 
 
 THE SIMPLE TENSES OF THE 
 VERB. 
 
 Every mood has a greater or less num- 
 ber of tenses. 
 
 The infinitive has three : the first ex 
 presses the impersonal action in itself: as 
 to love, to dance. This is the present of 
 the infinitive. The second implies th:it 
 the irr personal action is but half finished : 
 as loving, dancing. This is termed the 
 participle present. The third implies that 
 the impersonal action is finished or placed 
 in a certain state : as loved, danced. This 
 is the participle past. 
 
 The indicative has four tenses : 1. 1 
 love, I dance. 2. I loved, I danced. 3. / 
 shall love, J shall dance. 4. I covld love, 
 I could dance. The first implies that the 
 action is doing at the moment we are 
 speaking The second, that the action 
 was doing previously to the moment we 
 are speaking.* The third, that is subse- 
 quent to the moment we are speaking. 
 The fourth speaks of an action simply pos- 
 sible, without assigning to it any particular 
 time : / could dance may be said equally 
 of the present, past, or future time. 
 
 The imperative has but one tense in 
 French : aime, joue, danse, love, play, 
 dance (thou) 
 
 The subjunctive might have the same 
 tenses as the indicative ; but in French it 
 has but two. The first which is called 
 the present, serves to express the contin- 
 gent action of either the present or fu 
 ture : il veut queje Vaime, he wishes that 
 I should love him : il voudra queje danse, 
 he will wish that I should dance. The 
 second is called the imperfect, and serves 
 to express the contingent action, when 
 past or possihle. // voulait, il voulut, il 
 voudrait que je Vaimasse, he wished... he 
 would wish that I should love him. 
 
 * The French divide the second tense, 
 / loved, I danced, into two. They trans- 
 late / loved, I danced, sometimes by fai- 
 mais,je dansais This they call imperfect; 
 and sometimes by j'aimai, je dansai. Thi.» 
 they call the perfect. 
 
 THE COMPOUND TENSES OF THE 
 VERB. 
 
 The simple leases, viz. aimer, aimant, 
 aime, faimi, j'aimais, j^aimai, j'aimerai, 
 faimerais, que j' 'aime, que faimasse, aime, 
 imply simply the act ot itself, or as it 
 were, the body of the action. But there 
 are in the conjugations other tenses, 
 which are made use of to express the in- 
 tervals or the intermediate space of ac- 
 tions. These tenses are not inserted in 
 the conjugations, because they are only 
 composed of an auxiliary verb with their 
 own definite or participle. But not to be 
 accused of any omission, we will here give 
 a summary view of the manner in which 
 the compound tenses of every verb are 
 formed in French. 
 
 1 . Compound Tenses of the Verb Active. 
 
 Avoir aime, ayanl aime, eu aime. fai 
 aimt,j'avais aime % feus aime, faurai aime , 
 faurais aime ; que f axe aime; quefeusse 
 aime. Aie aime [not in use.) 
 
 2. Compound Tenses of the Verb Passive.* 
 
 Avoir ete aime. ayanl etc aime, j'ai etc 
 aime.favais ete aime, feus He aim*, fau- 
 rai He aime, faurais He aime ; que j 'aie 
 ete axmc ; que fcusse ttt aime. 
 
 3. Compound Tenses of the Reflected and of 
 
 the Reciprocal Verb. 
 
 S'etrc aime, s'etant aime ; je me suis 
 anne,je m'etais amie.je mefus aim'e,je me 
 serai aimeje me serais aime ; que je me 
 sois aime, que jc me fusse aime. 
 
 * The verb passive has in French no 
 mple tenses as in Latin : its simple tenses 
 are Composed of the verb ctre, and its 
 own participle as follows : ctre aime, ctant 
 arrne, etc aime ; je suis aime, j'ctais aime, 
 je fus aime, je serai aime, je serais aime ; 
 sois aime; que jr.. sois aunt, que je fusst 
 ainir. 
 
32 
 
 4. The verb neuter forms its com- 
 pound tenses like the verb active, with 
 the exception of the following ; which 
 form their compound as the passive verb 
 does its simple tensea. 
 
 etre account (2) 
 
 etre mort 
 
 allt 
 
 ni 
 
 apparu (2) 
 
 parti 
 
 arrir'e 
 
 parvenu 
 
 convenu ( 1 ) 
 
 passt (3) 
 
 dtcidt 
 
 restS 
 
 dichu 
 
 retourne 
 
 desccndu{\) 
 
 revenu 
 
 devenu 
 
 sorti (1, 4) 
 
 ichu 
 
 survenu 
 
 entre 
 
 tombS 
 
 tclos 
 
 venu 
 
 intervenu 
 
 and two or three 
 
 monU(\) 
 
 others. 
 
 OBSERV 
 
 ATIONS. 
 
 
 
 ) 
 
 Convenir, to please ; descendre une 
 chose, to lower a thing ; monterune chose, 
 to raise a thing ; sortirune chose, to bring 
 out a thing ; passer to be adopted as, mon 
 avis a passe, my opinion has been adopted; 
 are conjugated with the verb avoir, in 
 their compound tenses. 
 
 (2) _ 
 
 May be likewise conjugated with the 
 verb avoir; but etre is preferable. 
 
 (3) 
 Takes the verb avoir in its compound 
 tenses, when it signifies a motion not yet 
 ended ; the President has passed the Nm 
 tional Hotel on his way to the Capitol 
 le President a pause devout VHotel Na 
 tional pour aller au Capitole. 
 
 (4) 
 When, after going out, one is returned 
 home, surtir takes the verb avoir in its 
 comoound tenses. 
 
 THE NUMBERS OF THE VERBS. 
 
 In every tense of the indicative, imper- 
 ative, and subjunctive mood, we distin- 
 guish two numbers, the singular and plu- 
 ral. The singular is used when the 
 action is done by only one person orthing: 
 I love, faime; Peter loves, Pierre aime. 
 And the plural, when the action is done 
 by more than one : we love, nous aimons ; 
 John and Peter love, Jean et Pierre 
 airnent. 
 
 THE PERSONS OF THE VERB. 
 
 We distinguish three persons in each 
 number The first is the person that 
 speaks ; Hove, we love. The second is 
 the person to whom we speak ; thoulovest, 
 you, ye love. The third is the person of 
 whom" we speak ; he, she, one loves, they 
 love. Observe, that all nouns and things 
 which do an action are of the third person, 
 and require the singular, when they are 
 but one, and the plural, when they are 
 more than one. 
 
 §XIX. 
 
 THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGA- 
 TIONS. 
 
 When we go through all the moods and 
 tenses of a verb, in both numbers, this is 
 called conjugating a verb. 
 
 There are four conjugations of Frenck 
 verbs. 
 
 The first ending in ER, as aimer, tt 
 love. 
 
 The second in IR, as^/mir, to finish. 
 
 The third in EVOIR, as recevoir, to 
 receive. 
 I The fourth in RE, as rendre, to render. 
 
33 
 
 MODEL OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION 
 ENDING IN ER. 
 
 I. INFINITIVE. 
 
 1 Present, (to) LOVE: JUM-ER 
 
 2 Participle Present, loving aim-ant 
 
 3 Participle Past, loved aim-e } fern, aim-ie 
 
 II. INDICATIVE, 
 
 1. Present. 
 
 4. Future. 
 
 
 1 love, I do love, ) 
 or I am loving $ 
 
 J'aim-e 
 
 1 shall or will love 
 
 J'aim-er^i 
 
 hou shalt — will love 
 
 tu aim -eras 
 
 thou lovest 
 
 tu aim-es 
 
 he shall — will love 
 
 il aim-era 
 
 he loves 
 
 il aim e 
 
 we shall — will love 
 
 nous aimerons 
 
 we love 
 
 nous aim-ons 
 
 you shall — will love 
 
 vous aim-erez 
 
 you love 
 they love 
 
 vous aim ez 
 
 ihey shall — will love 
 
 Us aim erant 
 
 Us aim- ent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5. 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 2. Imperfect. 
 
 1 should, could, 
 
 > love 
 
 «7Wm-erais 
 
 I loved, I did love, ) 
 or I was loving $ 
 
 J'cum-ais 
 
 or would 
 
 
 
 
 
 thou lovedst 
 
 tu aim-ais 
 
 thou shoudst — 
 
 j 
 
 
 he loved 
 
 il aim-ait 
 
 couldst-wouldst 
 
 > love 
 
 tu aim- erais 
 
 we loved 
 
 nous azm-ions 
 
 
 
 
 you loved 
 they loved 
 
 vous aim iez 
 Us aim- aient 
 
 he should — 
 could — would 
 
 > love 
 
 il aimerait 
 
 3. Perfect. 
 
 we should — 
 
 > love 
 
 
 I loved, I did love, > 
 or I was loving, $ 
 
 J'aim-ai 
 
 '.ould — would 
 
 nous aim- erions 
 
 
 
 
 
 thou lovedst 
 he h.ved 
 
 tu aim as 
 il aim -a 
 
 you should — 
 could — would 
 
 > love 
 
 vous aim-eriez 
 
 we loved 
 
 nous aim-ame^ 
 
 
 
 
 you loved 
 ihey loved 
 
 vous aim -ate s 
 Us aim erent 
 
 III. IMPE 
 \.P\ 
 
 they should — 
 jcould — would 
 
 RATIVE. 
 
 'esent. 
 
 > love 
 
 Us aim- erai ent 
 
 No first person. 
 
 
 
 
 love 
 
 (thou) 
 
 aim-e 
 
 
 
 let h 
 
 im love 
 
 quit 
 
 airn-c 
 
 
 lei us love 
 
 aim -ons 
 
 
 love 
 
 (ye) 
 
 aimez 
 
 
 let them love 
 
 quails 
 
 am- ent 
 
 
 IV. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 1. Present 
 That I may love, > 
 
 or I love \ ? ue 
 thon mayest love tu aim-e* 
 he may love 
 we may love 
 you may love 
 they may love 
 
 T aim-e 
 
 il aim-e 
 nous oim-ion c 
 vous aim-iez 
 Us utro-ent 
 
 2. Imperfect. 
 
 That 1 might love, ) r , . 
 
 or Moved ^ 9« f ^mm-ssse 
 
 thou mightest love 
 he might love 
 we might love 
 you might love 
 they might love. 
 
 tu aim asses 
 il aim at 
 nous aim assion? 
 vous a?m-assie7 
 Us aim-assent 
 
34 
 
 MODEL OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 ENDING IN IR. 
 
 I. INFINITIVE. 
 
 1 Present, (to) FINISH FIN IR 
 
 2 Participle Present, finishing y?«-issant 
 
 3 Participle Past, finished fini, t'em.fin-ie 
 
 II. INDICATIVE. 
 
 1. Present. 
 
 I finish, I do finish. 
 
 or I am finishing, 
 thou fiuishest 
 he finishes 
 we finish 
 you finish 
 they finish 
 
 Je^n-is 
 
 tufin-is 
 il Jin-it 
 
 nousfin-issons 
 vousfin-issez 
 ilsfin-issent 
 
 2. Imperfect. 
 
 I finished, I did finish, 
 
 or I was finishing 
 thou finishedst 
 he finished 
 we finished 
 you finished 
 they finished 
 
 Jefin-issdLis 
 
 tufin-issais 
 i/jfoi-issait 
 nousjln issions 
 wowsj^w-issiez 
 iVs^tt-issaient 
 
 3. Perfect. 
 I finished, I did finish, ( 
 
 or I was finishing, 
 thou finished 
 he finish 
 we finish 
 you finish 
 they finish 
 
 Jefin-is 
 
 tufin-is 
 il fin-it 
 nous fin imes 
 vous fin ites 
 Us fin irent 
 
 4. Future. 
 
 I shall or will finish 
 thou shalt — wilt finish 
 he shall — will finish 
 we shall-— will finish 
 you shall — will finish 
 they shall— will finish 
 
 Jefin-irai 
 
 tufiniras 
 
 i/ySn-ira 
 
 n ous fin-irons- 
 
 vous fin-irez 
 
 Us fin iront 
 
 5. Conditional. 
 I should, could, ) r . , 7 - . . 
 
 or would I fimsh -M»-™« 
 
 thou shouldst — ? /• • i , * • 
 
 couldst-wouldst I finish **fl»™ 
 
 he should — ) ~ . , •,/*••. 
 
 could-would $ fin,jh ''>■«" 
 
 we should — } ~ . , j: - -^ . 
 
 could-would $ fin,sh ^us fin-mom 
 
 you should — ) * . , ,. . . 
 
 could-would ^ msh ™<">-" ez 
 
 co e uId-rui I"* M**- 
 
 III. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 1. Present. 
 
 No first person, 
 finish (thou) 
 let him finish 
 let us finish 
 finish (ye) 
 let them finish 
 
 fin is 
 
 gu'ilfin-isse 
 fin issons 
 ym-issez 
 qu'ils fin -issent 
 
 1. Present. 
 That I may finish, 1 T » . 
 
 or I finish J V»J*fin-™* 
 thou mayest finish ta^/m isses 
 he may finish 
 we may finish 
 you may finish 
 they may finish 
 
 IV. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 2. Imperfect; 
 
 thou mighieft finish fwym-isses 
 
 he might finish ilfin-U 
 
 we might finish nous fin-issiora 
 
 you might finish zwtts^/in-issiez 
 
 they might finish ilsfin-issent 
 
 ilfin isse 
 nous fin issions 
 vous fin issiez 
 ilsjin-isjswt 
 
35 
 
 MODEL OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 ENDING IN EVOIR. 
 
 I. INFINITIVE. 
 
 1 Present, (to) RECEIVE 
 
 2 Participle Present, receiving 
 
 3 Participle Past, received 
 
 REOEVOIR 
 
 rec evant 
 
 reg-u, fem. rec-ue 
 
 II. INDICATIVE. 
 
 1. Present. 
 
 I receive, I do receive, ) 
 or I am receiving $ 
 thou receivest 
 he receive 
 we receive 
 yon receive 
 they receive 
 
 Je ref-ois 
 
 je reg ois 
 il reg-oit 
 nous rec-evons 
 vous rec-evez 
 Us rep-oivent 
 
 2. Imperfect. 
 
 I received, I did receive, } T 
 
 , ' 'We rec-evais 
 
 or I was receiving ) 
 
 thou receivedst tu rec-evais 
 
 he received il rec-evait 
 
 we received nousrec-evion- 
 
 you received vous rec-eviez 
 
 they received Us rec-evoieut 
 
 3. Perfect. 
 I did receive, ) 
 
 I received 
 
 or 1 vvas receiving, 
 thou receivedst 
 he received 
 we received 
 you received 
 
 ey received 
 
 Je reg-us 
 
 tu reg-us 
 Ureg-ut 
 fious reg- times 
 vous re^-utea 
 Us rec urent 
 
 4. Future. 
 jl shall or will receive Je rec-evrai 
 thou shalt — wilt receive 
 he shall — will receive 
 we shall — will receive 
 you shall — will receive 
 they shall — will receive 
 
 tu rec~e vras 
 il rec evra 
 nous rec evrons 
 vous rec evrez 
 Us rec-evront 
 
 5. Conditional. 
 
 I should, could. 
 or would 
 
 receive Je rec-evrais 
 
 thou shouldst- 
 
 couldst-wouldst I recei7e iu « c -evrais 
 
 he should — 
 could — would 
 
 receive il rec-evrait 
 
 we should — ) 
 
 ould-would $ receive nousrecevnons 
 
 ou should — ) 
 
 ould-would f rece,ve ™us recevnez 
 
 hey should — } 
 ould — would 5 
 
 receive Us rec-e vraient 
 
 HI. 
 
 No first person, 
 receive (thou) 
 let him receive 
 let us receive 
 receive (ye) 
 let them receive 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 1. Present. 
 
 reg-0\s 
 
 qu'il ref-oive 
 
 rec evons 
 
 rec evez 
 
 qu'ils ref-oivent 
 
 IV. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 1. Present. 
 
 That I may receive, } T 
 
 . J . ' > que Je reg-oi\e 
 or I receive ) 7 r 
 
 thou mayest receive tu reg -oives 
 
 he may receive il reg oive 
 
 we may receive nous rec evions 
 
 you may receive vous rcc-eviez 
 
 ifrey may receive Us reo-oivent 
 
 2. Imperfect. 
 That I might »cme,> j, 
 or I received 3 
 thou mightest receive tu ref-usses 
 he might receive il rer-ut 
 we might receive nousreg-ussions 
 you might receive vous ref-ussiez 
 they might receive Us re$ -ussent 
 
36 
 
 MODEL OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 
 ENDING IN RE. 
 
 I. INFINITIVE. 
 
 1 Present, 
 
 1 Participle Present, 
 
 3 Participle Past, 
 
 (to) RENDER MJVD.RE 
 rendering rend ant 
 rendered rend-u, fern, rend-ue 
 
 II. INDICATIVE. 
 
 1. Present. 
 I render, I do render, 
 
 or I a i rendering 
 thou renderest 
 he renders 
 we render 
 you render 
 they render 
 
 Je rends 
 
 tu re?id-s 
 il rend 
 nous rend-ous 
 vous rend-ez 
 Us rend-ent 
 
 2. Imperfect. 
 
 I rendered, I did render, ) T , . 
 or I was rendering \ Je rend a,s 
 thou renderedst tu rend ais 
 
 he rendered il rend-ait 
 
 we rendered nous rend-ions 
 
 you rendered vous rend-iez 
 
 they rendered Us rend aient 
 
 3. Perfect. 
 
 1 rendered, I did render, > T 
 
 or I was rendering \ Je rend ,s 
 thou renderedst tu rend is 
 
 he rendered il rend-it 
 
 we rendered nms rend ime> 
 
 you rendered vous rend lies 
 
 they rendered j/s rcna irent 
 
 4. Future. 
 I shall or will render 
 thou shalt— wilt render 
 he shall— will render 
 we shall — will render 
 you shall— will render 
 they shall— will render 
 
 Je rend rai 
 tu rend ras 
 il rend ra 
 nous rend-rom 
 vous rend-rez 
 Us rend- ront 
 
 5. Conditional. 
 I should, could, ) , 
 or would < render /e raid-rais 
 
 'hou shouldst — > . 
 nouldst-wouldst $ render '" ^«c?-rais 
 
 he should — 
 'ould — would 
 
 we should — 
 <ould — would 
 
 render il rend-rait 
 
 £ render ?wus rend-rlons 
 
 hould— } 
 
 would r render vousrend-viez 
 
 > render Us rend- raient 
 
 you should — 
 -ould 
 
 they should — 
 could — would 
 
 III 
 
 No first person, 
 render (tnoti) 
 let him render 
 let us render 
 render (ye) 
 let them render 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 1 . Present. 
 
 rend s 
 qu'il rend e 
 ren^-ons 
 rend ez 
 qu'ils rend ent 
 
 IV. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 rend- 
 
 1. Piesent. 
 That I may render. ) T 
 
 or I render \ ? we Je 
 thou mayest render tu rend es 
 he may render il rend e 
 
 we may render nous rend ion< 
 
 you may render vous rend-iez 
 thej may render Us rend ent 
 
 2. Imperfect. 
 That I might render, ) r . , M 
 or 1 rendered \^^rend-i4e 
 thou mightest render tu rend isses 
 he raisiht render il re nd it 
 we might render nous rend issions 
 you might render vous rend issiez 
 they might render i/smicf-issent 
 
 REMARK— The French verbs which do not follow these four conjugations, as a 
 general standard, are classified and conjugated with proper observations under the 
 head of irregular. 
 
SNBSENNDt GHB&Sm&ft 
 
 THIRD PART. 
 
 §XX. 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. See Remark, p. 43. 
 
 Regular ending of the Imperfect and Con 
 
 ditional in the Indicative. 
 
 ais,ais. ait — ions, iez, aient 
 
 Regular ending of the Perfect in the Indica 
 the. 
 1°. in ai — ai, as, a — ames, ates, ereot 
 
 2°. in is — is, is, it — Imes, ites, ireot 
 
 3°. in ins — ins, ins, int — inmes, lutes, 
 
 inreot 
 4°. in us — us, us, ut — times, utes, urent 
 
 ABSOUDRE (to absolve)— p. p. absol 
 vant ; past, absous, or absout ; f. absoute 
 — pres. j'absous, absous, absout; absol 
 vons, absolvez, absolvent, imp. j'absol- 
 vais (no perfect.) FUT.j'absoudrai. cond 
 j'absoudruis. — imperat. absous, absolve 
 absolvons, absolvez, absolvent, subj. y- 
 absolve. absolves, absolve ; absolvions, 
 absolviez, absolvent (no imperfect. J 
 
 ACCROIRE {to make believe)— only 
 used in the infinitive with faire. 
 
 ACQUERIR (to acquire) — p. p. acque 
 rant; past, acquis — pres. j]acquiers, ac 
 quiers, acquiert ; acquerons, acquerez, 
 acquierent. imp. j'acquerais. perf. j 
 acquis, fut. j'acquerrai. cond. j'ac 
 querrais — imperat. acquiers, acquiere 
 acquerons, acquerez, acquierent. subj 
 j'acquiere, acquieres, acquiere ; acque 
 rions, acqueriez, acquierent. imp. j'ac 
 quisse. 
 
 . . . AITRE, f.i. connaitre (to know) 
 — p. p. connaissant ; past, connu — pres. 
 je connais, connais, connall ; connaissons, 
 connaissez, connaissent. imp. je connais- 
 sais. perf. je connus, fut. je connal- 
 trai. cond jeconnaitrais — imperat. con 
 nais, connaisse, connaifesons, connaissez, 
 connaissent. subj. je connaisse, connnis- 
 ses, connaisse ; connaissions. connaissiez, 
 connaissent, imp. je connusse. 
 F 
 
 Regular ending of the Future in the Indica- 
 tive. 
 
 ai, as, a — ons, ez, ont 
 
 Regidar ending of the Imperfect in the Sub' 
 junctive. 
 
 • \o in asse — asse, asses, at — assions, as- 
 
 siez, assent 
 2° in isse — isse, isses it — issions, issiez, 
 
 issent 
 3° in insse — insse, insses, int — inssions, 
 
 inssiez, in-sent 
 4» in usse — usse, usses, ut — ussions, us« 
 
 siee, ussent. 
 
 ALLER, (to go) — p p. allant ; past. 
 alle — pres je vais, or je vas, vas, va ; al- 
 lons, allez, vont imp j'allais. perf. 
 j'allai. fut j'irai coND.j'irais — imperat. 
 va, aille ; allons, allez, aillent. — N B va- 
 t'en, — vas-y — va y mettre ordre. subj. 
 j'aille, ailies, aille ; allions, alliez, aillent. 
 imp. j'allasse. 
 
 APPAROIR (to appear) only used in the 
 infinitive and third person ; il appert, it ap- 
 pears. 
 
 ASSAILLIR (to assail) — p. p. assail- 
 lant ; past, assailli — pres j'assaille, as- 
 sailles, assaille ; assaillons, assaillez, as- 
 saillent. imp. j'assaillais. perf. j'assail- 
 lis. fut. j'assaillirai. cond j'assaillirais 
 — imperat. assaille, assaille; assaillons, 
 assaillez, assaillent. subj j'assaille, as- 
 sailles, assaille ; assaillions, assailliez, as- 
 saillent. imp. j'assaillisse. 
 
 . . . ASSEOIR (to sit down)— ?. p. as- 
 seyant ; past, assis — pres. j'assieds, ag- 
 sietfo, assied ; asseyons, assevez, asseyent. 
 imp. j'asseyais. perf. j'assis. FUT.j'as- 
 sieiiii. cond i'assierais — impkrat. assieds, 
 asseye; asseyons, asseyez, asseyent. subj. 
 j'asseye, asseyes, asseye ; asseyions, as- 
 seyiez, asseyent. imp. j'assisse. 
 
 ASSERVIR (to subject,) like PUNIR. 
 
 ASSORTIR (to sort,) like PUNIR. 
 
38 
 
 AVENTR (to happen) — p. p. avenant ; 
 def. Hvenu — pres. il avient imp. il av 
 en*it. perf il avint fut. il aviendra. 
 cond il aviendrait — subj. il avienne. imp. 
 il avint. — (No other tense or person.) 
 
 . , . AYER, f. i payer {to pay) — p. p 
 payant ; past, paye* — pres. je paye, payes, 
 paye ; payons, payez, payent. imp. je 
 payais. perf. je payai. fut je payerai 
 cond. je payerais — imperat. paye, paye 
 payons, payez, payent, subj. je paye. 
 payes, paye; pnyions, payiez, payent. 
 
 . .. BATTRE (to heat)— p. p. baltant; 
 past, battu — PRES.je bats, bats, bat; bat 
 tons, battez, battent imp. je battais 
 perf. je battis. fut. je battrai. cond 
 je battrais — imperat bats, batte ; battons. 
 battez, battent subj je batte, battes, bat- 
 te ; battions, battiez, battent. imp je 
 battisse. 
 
 . . . B^NIR (to bless,) like PUNIR 
 But the past, makes bdnit,/ benile. when 
 it signifies consecrated. 
 
 . . . BOIRE (to drink)— p. p. buvant 
 past, bu — PRES.je bois. bois, boit ; bu- 
 vons, buvez, boivent. imp. je buvais 
 perf. je bus. fut. je boirai. cond. je 
 boirais — imperat. bois, boive ; buvons 
 buvez, boivent. subj. je boive, boives 
 boive; buvions,buviez, boivent. 
 
 . . . BOUILLIR (to boil)— p. p. bouil 
 lant ; past, bouilli — pres je bous, bous, 
 bout ; bouillons, bouillez, bouillent. imp. 
 je bouillais. perf. je bouillis. fut. je 
 bouillirai. cond je bouillirais. — imperat 
 bous, bouille ; bouillous, bouillez bouil- 
 lent. subj je bouille, bouilles, bouille ; 
 bouillions, bouilliez, bouillent. imp. je 
 bouillisse. 
 
 BRAIRE (to bray)— pres. il brait, ils 
 braient fut il braira, ils brairont. 
 cond il brairait, ils brairaient. subj. il 
 braie, ils braient — (No other tense or per- 
 son.) 
 
 BRUIRE (to rustle)— imp. il bruyait— 
 
 (No other tense or person) 
 
 * . . CER, f i. percer (to bore) — p p. 
 percant ; past perce — pres. je perce, 
 perces, perce ; percons. percez, percent. 
 imp. je percws, per9ais, pe^ait; percions, 
 perciez, per9aient. perf je per9ai 
 put je percerai. cond je perceiai* — 
 imperat. flerce, perce ; perjoas, percez, 
 
 percent, subj. je perce, perces, perce ; 
 (percions, perciez, percent; imp je per- 
 casse. 
 
 CHOIR (to fall)— past chu— {No 
 other tense or person. ) 
 
 . . . CIRE, like . . . FIRE. 
 
 . . . CLORE (to close) — past, clos — 
 pres. je clos, clos, clot. fut. je clorai. 
 cloras, clora ; clorons, clorez, cloront. 
 cond. je clorais, clorais, clorait ; clorions, 
 cloriez, cloraient — {No other tense or per- 
 son.) 
 
 . . . CLURE, f. i. conclure (to conclude) 
 p. p. concluant ; past, conclu — pres je 
 conclus conclus, conclut ; concluons, con- 
 ciuez, concluent imp. je concluais. 
 perf. je conclus. fut. je conclurai. 
 cond. je conclurais — imperat conclus, 
 conclue ; concluons, concluez, concluent. 
 subj. je conclue, conclues, conclue ; 
 concluions, concluiez, concluent. imp. 
 je conclusse. 
 
 *INCLURE, like conclure ; but in the 
 past, inclus. 
 
 COMPARGIRfto appear in a court of 
 justice.) — (No other tense or person.) 
 
 CONQJJERIR, like ACQUERIR. 
 
 . . . COUDRE (to sew)— p. p. cousant; 
 past, cousu— pres. je couds, couds, couds, 
 coud ; cousons, cou*ez. imp. je cousais. 
 perf je cousis, fut je cotidrai. cond. 
 je coudrais — imperat. couds, couse; cou- 
 sons, cousez, cousent. subj. je couse, cau- 
 ses, couse ; cousioos, cousiez, cousent. 
 imp. je cousisse. 
 
 . . . COURIR (to run)— p. p. courant ; 
 past, couru — pres. je cours, cours, court; 
 courons, courez, courent. imp je cou- 
 rais. perf. je courus. fut. je courrai. 
 cond. je courrais— imperat. cours, coure; 
 courons, courez, courent. subj. je coure, 
 coures, coure; courions, couriez, courent. 
 imp je courusse. 
 
 * COURRE, like COURIR. 
 
 . . . CRIRE, f. i. e"crire (to write}-*- 
 p. emvant ; past, <*crit— pres j'ecris, 
 ecris, <*crit ; ecrivions, £crivez, ecrivent. 
 imp. j'e"crivais perf j'dcrivis. fut j'- 
 e'crirai. cond. j'ecrirais— imperat <*cns, 
 derive ; e'erivons, emvez, ecrivent. subj. 
 jNSciive, ecrives, ecrive; Ecrivions, &ri- 
 vie*, ecrivent. imp. j'ecrivisse. 
 
39 
 
 CROIRE (to believe)— p. p. croyant ; 
 past, cru — pres. je crois, crois, croit , 
 eroyons, croyez, croient. imp. je croyais. 
 perf. je cms. fut. je croirai. coND.je 
 croirais — imperat. crois, croie ; eroyons. 
 croyez, croient. subj. je croie, croies, 
 eroie; croyions, croyiez, croient. imp. 
 je crusse. 
 
 . . . CUEILLIR (to gather) p. p. cueil- t 
 lant; past, cueilli — pres. je cueille, cue 
 illes, cueille; cueillons. cueillez, cueillen;. 
 iMp.je cueillais perf. je cueillis. fut 
 je t ueillerai. cond. je cueillerais — im 
 perat cueille. cueille; cueillons, cueillez 
 cueillent subj. je cueille, eueilles, cue 
 ille; cueilhons, cueilliez, cueillent. imp 
 je cueillisse. 
 
 DECHOIR (to decay)— past, de'ehu 
 pres je de'ebois, de'ehois, de'ehoit ; de" 
 choyons. dechoyez, dechoient. (no imp. 
 perf. je dechus; fut. je decherrai. cond 
 je decberrais — imperat. de'ehois, dechoie; 
 dechoyons, dechoyez, dechoient. subj 
 je de'choie, dechoies, dechoie; dechoyions, 
 dechoyiez, dechoient. imp. je d^cbusse 
 
 DEFAILLIR (to grow faint) — past, de 
 failli — pres. nous defaillons imp. jedd 
 faillais, &c. perf je deTaillis, &c. (No 
 other tense. J 
 
 DEMOUVOIR (to make one desist.)— 
 {No other tense.) 
 
 DEVOIR (to be bound)— p. p. devant 
 fast du ; f. due — pres. je dois, dois, doit; 
 devons, devez, doivent. imp. je devnis ; 
 perf. je dus. Fc/T.je devrai cond je 
 devrais — subj. je doive, doives, doive ; de 
 vions,deviez, doivent. imp je dusse. (no 
 imperat.) 
 
 i. predire (to foretell) — 
 past predit — pres. je 
 
 . ..DIRE,f 
 p. p. prddisant. 
 
 predis, prddis, predit ; predisons, preMis<>z 
 (*,) predisent. imp. je predisais perf. 
 je predis. fut je pre"dirai. cond. je pre 
 dirais — imperat. precis, predise ; pre'di 
 sons, prddisez (*), pre'disent- subj je 
 precise, predises, precise ; precisions, 
 predisiez, pre"disent. imp. je prddisse. 
 
 (*) DIRE and REDIRE, make here: 
 dites, redites. 
 
 DISSOUDRE (to dissolve)— p. p. dissol- 
 yant. past, dissous ; /. dissoute— pres 
 je dissous, dissous, dissout ; dissolvons. 
 ^issolvez, dissolvent, imp. je dissolvais. 
 
 (no perf.) fut. dissoudrai. cond. je dis- 
 soudrais; — imperat. dissous, dissolve ; 
 dissolvons, dissolvez, dissolvent, subj. 
 je dissolve, dissolvez, dissolve; dissolvi- 
 ons, dissolviez, dissolvent, (no imp.) 
 
 . . . DOR MIR (to sleep}-?. P . dormant; 
 T'Ast, dormi — pres je dors, dors, dort ; 
 dormons, dormez, donnent. imp je dor- 
 mais ; perf* je dormis fut* je dormirai. 
 cond je dormirais — imperat. dors, dor- 
 me ; dormons, dormez* dorment subj. 
 je dorme, dormes, dorme ; dormions, dor- 
 miez, dorment. im p . je dormisse. 
 
 J'- 
 
 ECHOIR (to fall out)— v. P . dchdant ; 
 past, ecbu — pres. il echoit, [no other per 
 son) — (no imp.) perf j'e'ehus ; fut 
 dcherrai. cond j'echerrais. — (No im 
 perai') (No subj. p.) im p . j'echusse. 
 
 i 
 
 ECLORE (to blow, to break out,) prss. 
 il eclot. ils eclosent. fut. il eclora. 
 cond- il eclorait — subj. il eclose. (No- 
 other tense or person) 
 
 . . . ELER, f. i. appeler, (to call) — p.p. 
 appelant : past, appele" — pres. j'appelle, 
 appelles, appelle ; appelons. appelez, ap- 
 pellent. mP.j'appelais. PERF.j'appelai. 
 fut. j'appellerai. cond. j'appellerais — 
 imperat. appelle, appelle; a ppelons, ap- 
 pelez, appellent. subj j'appelle, appeliea, 
 appelle ; appelions, appeliez, appellent. 
 imp. j'&ppelasse. 
 
 * CELER, DECELER, DEGELER, 
 EPELER, GELER, and PELER, never 
 rep. at their L. 
 
 . . . ENER, f. i. mener, (to lead)— like 
 espe*rer ; but in the fut. and cond. je me- 
 nerai.je mene rais, without accent. 
 
 . . . ENIR, r. i. venw (to come) — p p. 
 venant; past, venu — pres. je viens. viens, 
 vient ; venons, venez, viennent. imp je 
 venais. PERF.jevins fut. je viendrai. 
 coND.je viendrais — imperat- viens, vien- 
 venons, venez, viennent. subj. je 
 
 vienne, viennes, vienne 
 viennent. imp je vinsse- 
 
 venions. veniez, 
 
 . . . ENTIR, f. 1 sentir (tofeel) — p. r. 
 sentant; past, senti — pres. je sens, sens, 
 sent ; sentons, sentez, sentent. imp je 
 sentais perf. je senlis. fut. je sentirai. 
 coND-je sentirais — imperat sens, sente ; 
 se.Dtons, sentez, sentent. subj je sente, 
 sentes, sente; sentions, sentiez, sentent. 
 iMp.je sentisfc. 
 
40 
 
 ENVOY ER (to send)— p. P . envoy ant ;] 
 part, envoye— pres j'envoie, enyoies, en- 
 voie ; envoyons, envoyez, envoient. imp | 
 j'envoyais- perf. j'envoyai. fut. j'en- 
 verrai. cond. j'enverrais — imperat en 
 voie, envoie ; envoyons, envoyez, envoi- 
 ent. subj j'envoie, envoies, envoie ; en- 
 voyion9, envoyiez, envoient. imp. j'en- 
 voyasse. 
 
 FAILLIR( to fail)— past, failli- perf 
 je faillis. (The other tenses are not used-) 
 
 . . . FAIRE (to make)— p. p. faisanl. 
 past, fait — pres. je fais, fais, fait ; faisons, 
 faiths, font, imp je faisais ; perf- je fis ; 
 fut je feral cond je ferais — imperat 
 fai;?, fasse ; faisons, faites, fassent. subj 
 je fasse, fasses, fasse ; fassions, fassiez, 
 fassent. imp. je fisse. 
 
 FALLOIR (to be necessary) — past, fal- 
 lu — pres. il faut. imp. il failait. perf. 
 il fallut. FUT.il fnudra. cond- il fa ud rait 
 subj. il faille; imp. il fallut. (No other 
 tense or person.) 
 
 FERIR is only used in these sentences : 
 sans coup ferir, without striking a blow ; 
 il est feru de cette femme, he is in love 
 with this woman- 
 
 . . . FIRE, f. i- suffire (to suffice) p. p. 
 suffisant; past, suffi — pRES.je suffis, suffis, 
 suffit ; suffisons, suffisez, suffisent. imp. 
 je suffisais. perf. je suffis. fut. je suf 
 firai. cond* je suffirais — imperat. suffis, 
 suffise ; suffisons, suffisez, suffisent. subj. 
 je suffise, suffises, suffise ; suffisions, suffi- 
 siez, suffisient imp. je suffisse CON- 
 FIRE (to preserve,) like SUFFIRE ; but 
 
 in the past, confit CIRCON IRE (to 
 
 circumcise,) like SUFFIRE ; but in the 
 past t circoncis. 
 
 FLEUR1R, like PUNIR, buifgurative 
 ly, we say in the p. p. florissant, and in the 
 imp. il florissait ; ils florissaient. 
 
 , . . FR1R, f. i. offrir (to offer)— 
 offrant ; past, offert— pres j'offre, offres; 
 offre, offrons, offrez, offrent. imp. j'of 
 frais. perf, j'offris. fut. j'offrirai. cond. 
 j'offrirais — imperat. offre, offre ; offrons. 
 offrez, offrent- subj- j'offre, offres. offre, 
 offnons, offriez, offrent. imp. j'offrisse. 
 
 FRIRE [to jry) — past- frit — pres. je 
 fris. Irit FUT.jefrirai cond je frirais 
 imperat. fris. (No other tense or person.) 
 
 . . FUIR (tofiy) — p. p. fuyant ; past, 
 iui — pres. je fuis, fuis, fuit ; fuyons, fuy- 
 ez,fuient. imp- je fuyais. perf. je fuis. 
 fut. je fuirai ; cond- je fuirais — imperat. 
 fuis, fuie ; fuyons, fuyez, fuient. subj. 
 je fuie, fuies, fuie ; fuyions, fuyiez, fuient. 
 iMP.je fuisse. 
 
 . . . GER, f. i. juger (to judge) — p- p. 
 jugeant ; PAST,juge— pres- je juge, juges, 
 juge ; jugeons, jugez, j agent, imp. je ju- 
 iceais, jugeais, jugeait; jugions, jugiez, ju- 
 ^eaient. pf.rf je juy;eai, jugeas, jugea ; 
 jugeames, jugeates, jugerent. fut. jeju- 
 gerai. cond. jejugeraU — imperat. juge, 
 juge ; jugeons, jugez, jugent. subj. je 
 juge; juges, juge ; jugions. jugiez, jugent. 
 imp. je jugeasse. 
 
 GESIR (obsolete)--^ lie)— p. pgisant 
 pres. il git, nonsgisons, ils gisent. imp. 
 il gisait. (No other tense or person.) 
 
 HAIR (to hate) — p. p. haissant ; past, 
 hai — pres. je hais,'hais, hait — imperat. 
 hais. (The other tenses and persons like 
 PUNIR.) 
 
 HONN1R (to shame) — PASt, honni. 
 (No other tense or person.) 
 
 . . . IER, f. i. prier ; imp. and subj. 
 nous priions, vous priiez ; {the rest is 
 regular.) 
 
 . . . INDRE, f. i. craindre (to fear)— 
 p. p. craignant ; past, craint — pres. je 
 crains, crains, craint ; craignons, craignez, 
 craignent. imp. je craignais. perf. je 
 craignis. fut. je craindrai. cond. je 
 craindrais— imperat. crains, craigne; cra- 
 ignons, craignez, craignent. subj. je cra- 
 igne, craignes, craigne ; craignions, crai- 
 gniez, craignent. imp. je craignisse. 
 
 . . . JETER (to throw)— p. p. jetant ; 
 past, jete — pres. jejette, jettes, jette ; 
 jetons, jetez, jettent. imp. jejetais; perf* 
 je jetai fut- je jetterai. coND.je jette- 
 rais. — imperat. jette, jette ; jetons, jetez, 
 jettent. subj. jejette, jettes, jette ; je- 
 tions, jetiez, jettent. im . je jetasse. 
 
 . . . LIRE (to read) — p. p. lisant ; PASt, 
 lu- pres. je lis, lis, lit; lisons, lisez, lisent. 
 iiMP.je lisais. perf jelus. fut.jc lirai. 
 [cond. je lirais — imperat. lis, lise ; lisons, 
 |lisez, lisent. subj. je lise, lises, lise : 
 lisions, lisiez, lisent. imp. je lusse. 
 
 MAUDIRE (to curse)— past- maudit. 
 (The other tenses and person like PUNIR. 
 
41 
 
 . . . METTRE (to put)— p. P . mettant. 
 past, mis — pres. je mets, mets, met ; 
 mettons,mettez, mettent. iMP.jemettais; 
 PERF.jemis. fut. je tnettrai. coND.je 
 mettrais — imperat. mels, mette ; mettons, 
 mettez, mettent. suBJ.je mette, mettes, 
 mette ; metlions, meltiez, mettent. imp. 
 je misse. 
 
 . . . MOUDRE (to grind) p. p. moulant 
 past, moulu — pres. je mouds, mouds, 
 moud ; moulons, moulez, moulent, imp 
 je moulais perf. je moulus. fut. je 
 moudrai. cond. je moudrais — imperat. 
 mouds, moule; moulons, moulez, moulent 
 suBJ.je moule- imp. je moulusse. 
 
 MOURIR (to die) — p. p mourant; past 
 mor T — pres je meurs, meurs, meurt 
 mouroi.s, mourez, meurent. imp. je mou- 
 rais. perf. je mourus. fut. je mour 
 rai. cond- je mourrais — imperat. meurs 
 meure; mouroDS, mourez, meurent. subj 
 je meure, meures, meure; mounons, mou 
 riez, meurent. imp. je mourusse. 
 
 . . . MOUVOIR (to move)— -p. p. mou- 
 vant; past, mu — pres. je meus, meus, 
 meut ; mouvons, mouvez, meuvent. imp. 
 je mouvais perf je mus. fut je mou- 
 vrai, cond je mouvrais — imperat- meu«, 
 raeuve ; mouvons, mouvez, meuvent. 
 subj je raeuve, meuves, meuve ; mou 
 vions, mouviez, meuvent imp je musse 
 
 . . . NAITRE (tobebom) — p. p. naisant; 
 past, ne — pres. je nats, nais, nait ; nai?.- 
 sons, n -issez. naissent. imp je naissais ; 
 perf. je naquis. fut. je naitrai. co.vd. 
 je uaitrais — imperat- nais, naisse; nais- 
 sons, nais9ez, naissent. subj. je' naisse, 
 naisses, naisse; naissons, naissiez, nais- 
 sent. imp je naquisse. 
 
 . . . OITRE, f. i.croftre (to grow)— p. p 
 croissant ; past, cru — pres- je crois,crois 
 croit; croi»sons croisstz, croissent. imp 
 je croissais. perf- je cru?. fut. je croi 
 trai. cond. je crolirais — imperat. crois 
 croisse ; croissons, croissez, croissent 
 subj. croisse, croisses. croisse; croissiori9. 
 croissiez, croissent. imp je crusse. 
 
 Iploirai. cond. je ploirais — imperat. ploie, 
 ploie ; ployons, ployez, ploient. subj. je 
 ploie, ploies, ploie; ployions, ployiez, 
 ploient. imp. je ployasse. 
 
 . PART I R (to set out)— --p. p. partant; 
 past, parti — pRES.je pars, pars, part; par- 
 tons, partez, partent- imp- je partais. 
 perf. je partis, fut- je partirai. cond. 
 je partirais — imperat. pars, parte, par- 
 tons, partez, partent. subj. je parte, par- 
 tes, parte; partions, partiez, partent. imp. 
 je partisse. 
 
 . . . PLAIRE (toplease) ; p. p. plaisant; 
 past, plu.— pres. je plais, plais, plait ; 
 plaisons, plaisez, plaisent. imp. jeplaisa- 
 is. perf. je plug. FUT.jeplairai. cond. 
 je plairais — imperat. plais, plaise ; plai- 
 sons, plaisez, plaisent. subj. je plaise, 
 plaises, plaise; plaisions, plaisiez, plaisent. 
 iMp. je plusse. 
 
 PLEUVOIR (to rain)— p. p. pleuvant; 
 past, plu — pres. il pleut. imp. il pleu- 
 vait. perf. il plut. fut. il pleuvra. 
 cond. il pleuvrait — subj.. il pleuve. imp. 
 1 plut. (no other person.) 
 
 * Figuratively. pres. ils pleuvent. 
 
 imp. ils pleuvaient. perf. ils plurent. 
 
 fut. ils pleuvront. cond. ils pleuvraient 
 — imperat. pleuvez, ils pleuvent. subj- 
 lc pleuvent. imp. ils plussent. (No other 
 
 person.) 
 
 P01NDRE (to sting) like CRAINDRE. 
 
 POINDRE (to peep, to dawn.) — fut. il 
 poindra. (No other tense or person.) 
 
 POURVOIR (to provide)— v. P . pour- 
 vovant; past, pourvu — pres. je pourvois, 
 ourvois* pourvoit; pourvoyons, pour- 
 voyez, pourvoient. imp. je pourvoyais. 
 perf. je pourvus* fut. je pourvoirai. 
 cond. jepourvoirais — imperat. pourvois, 
 pourvoie ; pourvoyons, pourvoyez, pour- 
 voient. subj. je pourvoie, pourvoies, 
 pourvoie ; pourvoyions, pourvoyiez. 
 pourvoient. imp. je pourvusse. 
 
 OUIR (to hear) — past, oui ; perf. j'- 
 ou'is — subj. iMP.j'ouisse. (No other tense ) 
 
 . . OYER, f. i. ployer (to bend, to bow) 
 p.p. ploy ant ; past, ploye" — PRES.je ploie 
 ploies, pl.Me; ployons, ployez, ploient] 
 imp. je ployais. perf. je ployai. fut. je 
 
 POUVQIR (to be able)— p. r. pouvant ; 
 past, pu (invariable.) — pres. je puis or 
 je peux, peux, pent ; pouvons, pouvez, 
 i>euvent. imp. je pouvais. perf. je pus. 
 fut. je pourrai. cord, je pourrais — 
 (TV) imperat.) scbj. je puis«e, puisses, 
 puisse ; puissions, puissiez, puissent. 
 imp. je pusse. 
 
42 
 
 «» . PRE, f. i. rompre (to break) — p. p 
 rompant ; past, rompu — pres je romps 
 romps, rompt ; rompons, rompez, rom- 
 pent. imp. je rompais. perf. je rompis. 
 fut. je romprai. cond. je romprais— 
 imperat. romps, rompe ; rompons, rom 
 pez, rompent. subj. je rompe, rompes 
 rompe ; rompions, rompiez, rompent 
 imp. je rompisse. 
 
 , . . PRENDRE (to take)— p. p. pre- 
 nant; past, pris — pres je prends, prends 
 prend ; prenons, prenez, prennent. imp. 
 je prenais. perf. je pris. fut«jp pren- 
 drai. cond je prendrais — imperat. 
 prends, prenne ; prenons, prenez, pren- 
 nent. subj. je prenne, prennes prenne; 
 prenions, preniez, prennent. imp je pris- 
 se. 
 
 PREVALOIR (to prevail)— -p. p. pre 
 valant; past, prevalu — pres. je pr^vaux, 
 prevaux, prevaut; prevalons. pre>alez, 
 prevalent. iMP.jepre'valais. perf. je pre'- 
 valus fut. je prevaudrai* cond. je pre 
 vaudrais — impkrat. prevaux, prdvale ; 
 prevalons, prevalez, prevalent. suBj.je 
 prevalent, prevales, prevale; prevalions, 
 prevaliez, prevalent, imp. je pr£valusse. 
 
 PRE VOIR (toforsee)—p. p. pre>oyant;j 
 past, prevu — pres. je pre'vois, prevois, 
 prevoit; prevoyons, prevoyez, prevoient 
 iMP.jeprdvoyais, perf je previs. FUT.je 
 pre'voira. cond. je prevoirais — imperat 
 prevois, pre>oie ; prevoyons, prevoyez, 
 prevoient. subj. je prevoie, prevoies, 
 prevoie ; prevoyions, prevoyiez, prevoi- 
 ent. imp. je previsse. 
 
 PROMOUVOIR (to promote)- 
 promu. (No other tense.) 
 
 -PAST, 
 
 QUERIR (to fetch) (No other tense.) 
 RAVOIR (to get again.) (No other tense) 
 
 REPARTIR (to reply, to go back again) 
 tike PARTIR (to share, to assess) like PU 
 NIR. 
 
 REQUERIR, tike ACQUERIR. 
 
 RESOUDRE (to dissolve) like DISSOU 
 DRE. 
 
 RESOUDRE (to determine)— v. p. re" 
 solvant ; past, re'solu- — pres. je re>ous 
 resous, redout; r^solvonsi lesolvez, resol- 
 vent, imp. je resolvais. perf. je r^solus. 
 
 fut .je resoudrai. cond. je resoudrais*-^ 
 imperat. resous, resolve ; r^solrons, re- 
 solvez, resolvent, subj. je resolve, re- 
 solves, resolve; re'solvions, rtfsolviez, re- 
 solvent, imp. je resolusse. 
 
 RESSORTIR (to belong to a jurisdic- 
 tion,) ZifcePUNIR. 
 
 RESSORTIR (to go out again,) like 
 SORTIR. V 
 
 SAILLIR (to gush out,) like PUmR. 
 
 SAILLIR (to project,) like CUEILLIR. 
 
 S AVOIR (to know) — p. p. sachant ; 
 pa*t, su — PREs.je sais.sais sai' j savons, 
 savez, savent. iMP.je savais. perf. je*us, 
 FUT.je saurai. cond. je saorais — impe- 
 rat. sache, sacbe ; sachons, sachez .-a- 
 chent. subj. je. sache, saches. sache , sa- 
 chions, sachiez, sachent. imp. je susse. 
 
 SEOIR (to sit) — p. p. s^ant ; pa?t. sis. 
 (No other tense)— SEOIR (to befit)— pres. 
 il sied, iis sieent. imp il seyait. fut. it 
 siera. cond, il sierait (No other tense or 
 person-) 
 
 SORTIR (to go out)— p. p. sortant ; 
 past, sorti — pres. je sors, sors, sort; sor- 
 tons, sortez, sortent. imp. je sortais. perf. 
 je sortis. fut. je sortirai. cond. jesor- 
 tirais — imperat. sors, sorte; sortons, sor- 
 tez, sortent. swBJ.je sorte. sortes, sorte; 
 sortions, sortiez, sortent. iMP.je sortisse. 
 
 SUIVRE (fo/b//oa;)— p.p.suivant; past,. 
 suivi — pres. je suis, suis, suit ; suivons, 
 suivez, suivent. imp. je suivais pf.rf. 
 je suivis. fut. je suivrai. coND.je sui- 
 vrais — imperat. suis, suive; suivons, sui- 
 vez. suivent. subj. je suive, suivez, sui- 
 ve; suivions, suiviez, suivent. imp. je 
 suvisse. 
 
 SURSEOIR(top«* off.)— pres. je sur- 
 sois,?ursois, sur«oit; sursoyoos. ^ursovez, 
 sursoient. imp. je sursoyais. pf.rf. je 
 sursis. fut. je sursoirai. cond. jesur- 
 soirais — subj. imp. je sursisse. (No other 
 tense.) 
 
 TAIRE (to keep secret.)— p. p. taisant ; 
 Past, tu — PRF.s.je tais, tais. tnit ; t.«i«ons, 
 taisez, taisent. imp. je taisais. pf.rf. je 
 tus, FUT.je tairai. cond. je tairais — 
 imperat. tais, taise ; taisons, taisez, taisent. 
 isobj. je taise. t;iises, laise ; taisions, taisi-. 
 |ez, taisent. imp. je cusse. 
 
43 
 
 TETER like JETER, 
 
 ... TR AIRE (fo milk)—v. P. tray ant ; 
 past, trait. — pres. je trais. trais, trait; 
 travons. trayez. traient. imp je trayais. 
 (no per/.) fut. je trairai. cond. je trai- 
 rr.is — imperat. trais, traie ; trayons, tray- 
 ez, traient. subj. je traie, traies, traie ; 
 trayions, trayiez, traient. (no imp.) 
 
 TRESS AILLIR (to stanlt,) like CU- 
 EILL1R. (but no imperat ) 
 
 . . . UIRE, f. i. produire (to produce) 
 — p.p. produisant; past, produit. (1) — 
 pRt-.je produis, produis, produit; pro! 
 daifoos, produisez, produisent. imp. jej 
 produisais. perf. je produisis. fut.jc 
 produirai. cond. je produtrais — imperat.! 
 produis, produise ; produisons, produisezj 
 produisent. suBj.je produi-e, produises,j 
 produise ; produisions, produisiez, pro- 
 duisent. imp. je produisisse* 
 
 (1) LUIRE a/idNUIRE makehere, \m, 
 
 BUI. 
 
 . . . UYER, f. i. appuyer (to lean)— p. 
 p. appuyant ; past, appuye— pres. j'ap- 
 puie appuies, appuie ; appuyons, appuy- 
 ez, appuient. imp j'appuyais. perf j' 
 appuyai- fut- j'appuyerai- cond j'ap 
 puyerais — imperat- appuie, appuie; ap 
 j)uyons, appuyez. appuient. suBJ.j'ap- 
 puie, appuies, appuie ; appuyions, ap 
 puyiez, appuient. imp. j'appuyasse. 
 
 ... V AINCRE (to conquer) — p. P. vain- 
 quant ; past, vaincu — pres. je vaincs 
 vaincs, vaioc (1) ; vamquons, vainqu*"' 
 vainquent. imp. je vainquais (1). per*. 
 je vainquis. fut. je vaincrai. cond. j 
 vaincrais— imperat. vaincs (1), vainque ; 
 vainquons, vainquez, vainquent. subj. je 
 
 vainque, vainques, vainque ; vainquions, 
 
 vainquiez vainquent. imp. je vainquisse. 
 
 (1) Seldom used. 
 
 . . . VALOIR (to be worth) p. p. valant; 
 past. valu. — pres. je vaux, vaux, vaut ; 
 valons, valez, valent. imp. je valais. perf. 
 je valus. fut. je vaudrai. coND.jevau- 
 drais — imperat. vaux, vaille; valons, va- 
 lez, vaillent. subj. je vaille, vailles, vail- 
 le, vailles, vaille; valions, valiez, vaillent^ 
 imp. je valusse. 
 
 . . . VIVRE (to live) — p. p. vivant; past, 
 ve*cu^PRE«. je vis, vis, vit; vivons. vivez, 
 vivent. imp. je vivais. perf. je ve>us. 
 fut. je vivrai. cond. je vivrais — imperat. 
 vis, vive ; vivions, vivez, vivent. subj. 
 je vive, vives, vive; vivions, viviez, vivent. 
 mr. je vecusse. 
 
 . . . VOIR (to see) — p.p. voyant ; past, 
 vu — pres. je vois, vois, voit ; voyons, 
 voyez, voient. imp. je voyais. perf. je 
 vis. fut. je verrai. cond. je verrais — ■ 
 imperat. vois, voie, voyons, voyez, voient. 
 subj. je voie. voies, voie; voyions, voyiez, 
 voient. imp. je visse. 
 
 VOULOIR (to want)— p. p. voulant ; 
 past, voulu — pres. je veux. veux, veut ; 
 voulons, voulez, veulent. imp. je voulais. 
 PERF.je voulus. fut. je voudrai. cond. 
 je voudrais — imperat. . . , veuillez . . . 
 s*bj. je veuille, veuilles, veuille ; vou- 
 lions, vouliez, veuillent. iMP.je voulusse* 
 
 . . . VRIR, f. i. ouvrir (to open) — p. p. 
 ouvrant; past, ouvert — pres. j'ouvre, ou- 
 v es, ouvre ; ouvrons, ouvrez, ouvrent. 
 »np. j'ouvrais. perf. j'ouvris. fut.j'ou- 
 vrirai. coND.j'ouvrirais — imperat. ouvre, 
 ouvre ; ouvrons, ouvrez, ouvrent. subj. 
 j'ouvre, ouvres, ouvre; ouvrions, ouvnez, 
 ouvrent. imp, j'ouvrisse. 
 
 REMARK. — Reference to the regular ending of the imperfect, perfect, fu- 
 ture, and conditional, of the Indicative, and the imperfect of the Subjunctive, 
 placed at the beginning of the alphabetical arrangement of these irregular verbs: 
 together with the proper application of the personal pronouns throughout, will 
 -wmplete their conjugations. 
 
44 
 
 §XXL 
 
 VERBS AND ADJECTIVES. 
 
 After which the Conjunction que requires the Jollowing Verb in the Sub- 
 
 junctive Mood. 
 
 admettre 
 
 valoir mieux (2) 
 
 JE SUI9. 
 
 ^ H fr? 
 
 admirer (1) 
 
 vouloir (2) 
 
 aise (2) 
 
 1 s - o -^ • O 
 
 agreer 
 
 ne s'apercevoir pas 
 
 charme 
 
 
 apprehender 
 
 h'apprendre pas 
 
 content 
 
 ^ 2 2? 1-5 
 strs^ g < < 
 
 n' apprehender pas(2) 
 
 ne compter pas 
 
 desole 
 
 apprrmver 
 
 ne se confirmer pas 
 
 fdche 
 
 ft 3 <t> => 2 &-> 
 
 (s'il) arriver{\) 
 
 ne convenir pas 
 
 ravi 
 
 ^ » S » r^B 2 
 
 attendre 
 
 ne croire pas 
 
 
 
 ?^ o » 2 "° o 
 
 ■s O. D n J» 5?> J-v 
 
 commander (1) 
 
 ne dire pas 
 
 IL EST. 
 
 § § an n 2-^ 
 ST* ~ o a,-a) 
 
 comprendre 
 
 ne s'ensuivre pas (if) 
 
 douteux 
 
 
 concevoir 
 
 n 1 entendre pas dire 
 
 improbable 
 
 2? # 1^ mm *\ Q 1 ^^ 
 
 conseiller (1) 
 
 n'esperer pas 
 
 incimcevable 
 
 -9-5 O" N ft ^ 
 
 consentir 
 
 ne sefigurer pas 
 
 incroyable 
 
 g © < -. S5«, «■* -•- 
 S x a CD *^ a rs _ 
 
 craindre...ne{2) 
 
 ne sejlatter pas 
 
 affligeant (2) 
 
 2.1-S s^s.* 
 
 ne craindre pas (2) 
 
 ne s'imaginer pas 
 
 agreable '■ 
 
 S * O" *• «.» 
 
 defendre (1) 
 
 ne paraitre pas 
 
 a prop os 
 
 
 dSfier (1 ) 
 
 ne penserpas 
 
 bon 
 
 ^8 lb 
 
 demander (1) 
 
 ne presumer pas 
 
 convenable 
 
 desesper er (2) 
 
 ne prevoir pas 
 
 cruel 
 
 desirer (2) 
 
 neprouverpas 
 
 desagreable 
 
 
 efo're ( 1 ) 
 
 ne promettre pas 
 
 egal 
 
 ••!* « » D * - 
 S ^ » S ^ C 
 
 discowvem'r 
 
 ne se rappeler pas 
 
 effroyable 
 
 § cj cr ?, «* ^ « 
 
 we cfo'sconuemr pas 
 
 tie repondre pas 
 
 etonnant 
 
 H^it-- 
 
 ciWer 
 
 ne se souvenir pas 
 
 expedient 
 
 r^» s l^ B 
 
 we douter pas 
 
 ne trouver pas 
 
 fdcheux 
 
 
 s 1 cmbarrasscr peu 
 
 ne voir pas 
 
 heureux 
 
 2 as.n - 06 * 3 
 
 empecher ( 1 ) * 
 
 
 honteux 
 
 n' empecher pas (1) 
 
 
 impossible 
 
 S. » r- 5 g 
 
 s'etfonner 
 
 OT 
 
 indifferent 
 
 ft o 1 o- 
 
 eiuter 
 
 acquiescer a ce que § 
 
 inuule 
 
 ci i ^ 2 ° 
 
 exiger 
 
 autoriser a ce que £ 
 
 malheureux 
 
 fS'S" « S 
 
 faire 
 
 consentir a ce que ' „• 
 
 mieux 
 
 1 g S " s- 
 
 falloir (il) (2) 
 
 vti'ller a ce que '-g 
 
 naturel 
 
 2 o? 2 a^» 
 
 prendre garde 
 
 tenir a ce que 8 
 
 necessaire 
 
 g ? * 3 2 
 
 s'e« manquer, peu (il) 
 
 tenir la main a ce S 
 
 opportun 
 
 c^C. — • a «a 
 
 (<s - CD — ^ 
 
 meriter (2) 
 
 que £ 
 
 rare 
 
 2. q a. a> 
 
 mer 
 
 • 
 
 urgent 
 
 §"^5 ^r 
 
 ne nier pas 
 
 
 utile 
 
 
 ordonner (1) 
 
 avoir besoin (2) 
 
 c'est un bonheur 
 
 "> a -i **» u * 
 
 permettre (1) 
 
 avoir envie 
 
 c'est un malheur 
 
 
 aiwr pewr (2) 
 
 avoir regret 
 
 c'est dommage 
 
 s 5*s. II 
 
 ne pas avoir peur (2) 
 
 
 c'est une honte 
 
 2 o a c S- 
 
 se plaindre (2) 
 
 
 il est de Vinieret 
 
 * q- §: * » 
 
 preferer (2) 
 
 
 
 fid «* 5 S "> 
 
 pretendre (2) 
 
 il n'est pas certain 
 
 
 ^ *^« r* O 
 
 redouter 
 
 il n'est pas evident 
 
 N, B. And 
 
 ««•. Si/ »^ Si 
 
 § -» a ^ 
 
 ne redouter pas 
 regretter (2) 
 
 il n'est pas manifeste 
 
 all others which 
 
 
 il n'est pas probable 
 
 have the same 
 
 
 se rejouir (2) 
 
 il n'est pas swr 
 
 sense. 
 
 iis e r 
 
45 
 
 § XXII. 
 
 THE AUXILIARY, REGULAR, AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 To be learned in the following order: 
 
 AUX. VERBS. 
 
 avoir 
 etre 
 
 REG. VERBS. 
 
 Aimer ") 
 prier 
 ovblier ! 
 percer 
 manger \ 
 juger J 
 finir ■> 
 punir* 3 
 rendre ~) 
 repandre 
 fondre 
 repondre 
 battre 
 
 abattre \ 
 rompre 
 corrompre 
 mordre 
 tordre 
 perdre 
 recevoir ~) 
 concevoir f 
 devoir J 
 
 IRREG. VERBS. 
 
 absoudre > 
 dissoudre y 
 resoudre 
 acquirir ") 
 rcqucrir J. 
 conquerir J 
 paraitre ^ 
 connaUre [ 
 croitre 
 paUre J 
 aller ~} 
 
 s'en aller $ 
 assaillir 
 eueillir ^ 
 tressaillir * 
 saillir \ 
 {io project) J 
 asseoir } 
 rasseoir \ 
 
 payer "] 
 effrai/er \ 
 grasscyer J 
 boire 
 bouillir 
 conclure 
 coudre 
 courir ~) 
 secourir \ 
 ecrire J 
 prescrire $ 
 croire 
 dire ~) 
 redire $ 
 predire 
 conlredire 
 maudire 
 dormir ~\ 
 sentir 
 mcntir 
 se repentir 
 servir 
 partir 
 sortir 
 venir ~) 
 tenir $ 
 envoyer 
 fairc 
 dtfaire 
 conlrcfaire 
 circoncire 
 suffire 
 con fire 
 offrir 
 souffrir 
 ouvrir 
 couvrir 
 fuir I 
 s'cnfuir $ 
 hair 
 craindre 
 pcindre 
 joindrc 
 lire ) 
 Hire $ 
 mettrc 
 promeilrc 
 moudrc 
 mouvoir 
 | naUre 
 
 vivre ^ 
 
 survirre ^ 
 mourir 
 ployer 
 noyer 
 neUoyer 
 pi aire 
 I aire 
 pleuvoir 
 pouvoir 
 veuloir 
 falloir 
 voir 
 vrevoir 
 pour voir 
 valoir 
 prevaloir 
 savoir 
 
 suivre ) 
 poursuivre $ 
 surseoir 
 traire ) 
 distraire > 
 soustraire ) 
 produire ) 
 conduire $ 
 luire 
 nuire 
 appuyer 
 cnmiyer 
 vaincre 
 convaincre 
 vctir 
 revetir 
 asservir ~] 
 assortir 
 repartir 
 to share, 
 to reply. 
 res sortir 
 to be on 
 der the 
 jurisdic- 
 tion of. 
 saillir to 
 gush out. j 
 appder \ -5 ^ 
 jetcr f £ ° 
 metier ( bir 
 ctder ) ^ ? 
 
 * 
 
 r-S 
 
 I X 
 
 *\Vhen referred to in § XX, use fair, p. 34. 
 
 OBSERVATION. 
 
 The use of the French Subjunctive 
 Mood being very difficult, scholars 
 ought to he exercised in it for some 
 time, and connect them with the 
 verbs of the foregoing page, the sub- 
 junctive of all verbs of this page, as 
 follows : 
 
 J'admets que tu aies — tu admires 
 qu'il soit — il agree que nous aim- 
 ions — nous apprehendons que vous ne 
 \finissiez — vous n' apprehended pas 
 \qu'ils punissent ^—ils approuvent queje 
 \rende. 
 
 SHI arrivait queje repandisses — 
 fatlendais que tufondisses — tu com- 
 mandais qu'il repondit — il comprenait 
 que nous bdtissions — nous concevions 
 \que vous abattissiez — vous conseilliez 
 qu'ils rompissent — Us consentaient que 
 je corrompisse. 
 
 Je craignis que tu ne mordisses — tu 
 ne craignis pas qu'il tordtt — il defendit 
 que nous pcrdissions — nous defidmes 
 que vous recussicz — vous descsperdtes 
 qu'ils concussent — Us ne desespererent 
 pas queje ne dusse. 
 
 Je desircrdi que tu absolves — tu di- 
 \ras quHl dissolve — il disconviendra que 
 \nous 7ious resolvions — nous ne discon- 
 viendrons pas que vous riacquiriez — 
 vous doutcrcz qu'ils requiemit, Us ne 
 \doulerontpas queje ne conquiere. 
 
 Je m'embarrasserais peu que tupa- 
 russes — tu empecherais qu'il neconnut 
 — il n'emptchcrait pas que nous crus- 
 sions — nous entendrions que vous alias- 
 siez — vous vous Uonneriez qiCils s'en 
 allassent — Us cviteraicnt que f assail- 
 lisse, &c &c. &c. 
 
 ft follows, from the foregoing 
 method, that after the present and 
 future tense of the indicative, we use 
 ihe present of the subjunctive mood ; 
 and that, after the other tenses of the 
 indicative, we employ the imperfect 
 of the subjunctive. After the imper- 
 itive mood we also use the present 
 of the subjunctive. — After the com- 
 pound tenses of the verb, we use 
 generally the second tense of the sub- 
 junctive. 
 
46 
 
 I XXIII. 
 
 When an infinitive follows the subjoined verbs, the French put neither a nor de, 
 before that infinitive. 
 
 Affirmer, aimer autant, aimer mieux. aller (to go and,) aller pour (to go" 
 in order to,) — appeler, assurer, avouer, etre cense, compter, confesser, croire, 
 courir , daigner \ declarer, desirer*, devoir, ecouter, entendre, envoyer, espe- 
 rer* , faillir,f aire, fall oir 9 sHmaginer, mener, nier, oser, paraitre, penser (to 
 belike) — penser a (to think of) — pouvoir, pretendre, prevoir, protester, 
 publier, reconnaitre, regarder, retourner, revenir, savoir, sembler, sentir — 
 se sentir de (to have still something of) — souhaiter*, soutenir, temoigner, 
 rualoir autant, valoir mieux, venir (to come and) — venir pour (to come in 
 order to) — if it 'happens, sHlvient a — 1 have just, jeviensde — voir,vouloir 
 (and perhaps some others.) 
 
 (*) The infinitive of desirer, esperer,souhaiter, requires de before the following 
 verb : and we now say, Je desire, de... 
 
 \ XXIV. 
 
 pa 
 
 3 
 
 When an infinitive follows the subjoined verb, the French put a or de before 
 that infinitive. 
 
 S'abaisser a (jusqu^a) aboutir, accoutumer, etre accoutume — s'acharner,^ 
 acquiescer, admettre, aider, s'amuser, appliquer, apprendre, appreter, 
 i'arreter, aspirer, assigner y assujetir, »streindre, s'attacher, s'attendre, 
 autoriser, avoir, balancer, borner, chercher, commencer* — commencer par 
 (to begin with)— se complaire, concourir, condamner, condescendre, consen- 
 tir* — consister, continuer* — contraindre* — contribuer, convier* — deman- 
 ded — demeurer, depenser, destiner, determiner, dijferer* — disposer, di- 
 vertir, donner, dresser, s^efforcer* — employer, s'emporter, s' 'empresser* 
 sfengager* — enhardir, ens eigner,s 'entendre, entrainer, s'epuiser, s'essayer . 
 — essayer de — s'etudier, exceller, exercer, exhorter* — exposer, sefatiguer, ' 
 forcer* — etre force* — habituer, se hasarder* — hesiter, incliner, induire, 
 instruire, inviter* — jouer, se laisser aller, se mettre, obliger* — s'obstiner, 
 s'occuper* — S'offirir* — s'opini&trer. parvenir, passer — perdre, perseverer, 
 persister, se plaire — prendre plaisir, porter, pousser, preparer, prier (to 
 invite) — reduire, renoncer, repugner, resister, se rhoudre* — resoudre quel- 
 qu'un, rester, rSussir, se risquer, servir—solliciter* — songer, se soumettre, 
 suffire — tacher a better de — tarder — tendre, tenir, travailler, trouver, se 
 iuer* — user, verser d.boire, viser. 
 
 * a preferable, de to avoid its repetition. 
 
 §xxv. 
 
 With the demonstrative ce, cela, before etre, the subjoined adjectives require « 
 before the infinitive ; and with the impersonal pronoun il, they require de before 
 the infinitive. • 
 
 Admirable, affreux, agreable, desagreable, atse, malaise, beau, bon, charmant, doux, 
 etrange, difficile, facile , hideux, honnete, malhonnete, civil, incivil, terrible, horrible. 
 
 The following require, a. 
 Accoutume, adroit, agile, apre, diligent, dispose, em pre s<e, enclin, exact, habile, 
 hardi, inter esse , lent, negligent, obstme. opinidtre. paresseux, ponctuel, porti,pret, 
 prompt, propre, sujet, le premier, le second, &c. le dernier, le seul. 
 
 In the other cases, the French make use of de before the infinitive. 
 
47 
 
 § XXVI. 
 
 OF THE EXACT USE OF THE IMPERFECT AND PERFECT. 
 
 hlPERFECT. 
 
 (') 
 
 Every action past, which is not considered 
 at an end must be put in the imperfect tense. 
 
 He wished to see my friend (but he did 
 not.) his wife did not wish it — // voulait 
 voir mon ami, (mais il ne le vit pas,) sa 
 femme ne le voidutpas. Here the wish of 
 the husband is in the imperfect, becau-e 
 it was not realised ; and that of the wife 
 in the perfect, because it was. 
 
 (2) 
 
 Every action past, but interrupted before 
 it arrives at its end, must be put in the im- 
 perfect. 
 
 General Jesup was on duty as soon as 
 war was renewed — Le General Jesup etait 
 a son poste aussitot que la guerre recom- 
 menca. Here the peace was interrupt- 
 ed. 
 
 (3) 
 
 Every action past, though perhaps not re- 
 peated, but which may have been so, and to 
 which no epoch is assigned, must be put in 
 the imperfect. 
 
 St. Augustin has said : Love God and 
 do what you please — St. Augustin disait : 
 Aimez Dieu et faites tout ce qu'il vous 
 plaira. No epoch is assigned to that ac 
 tion. 
 
 (") 
 
 In short, every action past considered 
 during its continuance, and not at its 
 beginning or end, must be put in the im- 
 perfect. 
 
 I was yesterday at the play when my 
 friend came in — Telais hier au Stnat 
 quand tnon ami y entra. Here the action 
 of being at the Senate, was not yet at an 
 end. 
 
 Perf 
 
 ect. 
 
 (i) 
 
 Every action past, which is considered 
 at an end, must be put in the perfect tense. 
 He wished particularly to see my friend, 
 (and he saw him,) his wife did not wish it— 
 // voulut absolument voir mon ami (et il 
 le vit) sa femme ne le voulait pas. Here 
 the wish ot the husband is in the perfect, 
 because it was realised ; and that of the 
 wife in the imperfect, because it was not 
 realised. 
 
 (2) 
 
 Every action past and arrived at its end, 
 however Long it may be, must be put in the 
 perfect. 
 
 When peace was signed, from a skilful 
 General he became an eminent adminis- 
 trator — Quand la paix tut signee, a" 'habile 
 General il devint un administrateur distin- 
 gue. Here we arrive at the end of the 
 war. 
 
 (3) 
 
 Every action past, though it be repeated ', 
 provided it be within a fixed epoch, and that 
 we speak of all the times it happened, must 
 be put in the perfect. 
 
 She told me a hundred times that she 
 would go to Paris — Elle me dit cent fois 
 qu'elle trait a Paris. Epoch fixed though 
 repeated. 
 
 (*) 
 
 In short, every action past which is con- 
 sidercd not during Us continuance, but 
 cither at its beginning or end, must be put 
 in the perfect. 
 
 I was at the play yesterday, and came 
 out to speak to my friend — Jefus hier au 
 Senat etj'en sortis pour parler a mon ami. 
 Here the action of being at the Senate is 
 at an end 
 
 (5) 
 You may say : Napoleon etait un grand homme ; NapoUon fut un grand hommt , 
 or even, Napoleon a tie un grand homme : but the first sentence, considers Napo- 
 leon as still living ; the second, considers him after his death ; and the third, con- 
 siders him from the time of his death till the present period, 
 
48 
 
 § XXVII. 
 
 USE OF THE PARTICIPLE PRESENT. 
 
 The Participle Present of the Infinitive mood, which is always invariable, is used 
 in French to express the motives or circumstances of an action not yet ended, or 
 to describe the state not yet at an end of persons or things. 
 
 It is used either alone or with the preposition en. — When it relates more to the 
 person who is doing another action, than to this other action itself, we do not make 
 iise of en ; but when it relates more to the action, than to the person or thing that is 
 doing this other action, we employ the participle present with en — Peter, learn- 
 ing his lesson well, will be rewarded by his father. Learning relates more to 
 Peter, than to will be rewarded : Pierre, apprenant bien sa lecon, sera recompense 
 par son pere, — When Peter sees his brother, he tells him the truth, rallying him. — 
 Here rallying expresses more the way of telling the truth, than it describes the per- 
 son of Peter : Quand Pierre voit sontfrere, il lux dit la verite en badinant. — Poter 
 came dancing and jumping into my room — Dancing and jumping may describe either 
 the way of coming in or the state of the person of Peter ; therefore we may say, 
 Pierre dansant et sautant entra dans ma chambre — or Pierre entra dans ma chambre 
 en dansant et sautant. 
 
 More instances. 
 
 You will find him taking his afternoon nap. 
 The Principal perceiving me, called to me 
 We hurt ourselves in calumniating others. 
 Having dressed myself, I went to his house 
 He is a man that goes on dying by inches. 
 
 Vous le trouverez faisant sa mtridienne. 
 Le Principal m'apercevant, m'appela. 
 On se nuit en calomniant autrui. 
 M'etant habille, faltai chez lui. 
 Cest un homme qui s'en va mourant. 
 
 I XXVIII. 
 
 OF THE CONCORDANCE OF THE PARTICIPLE PAST. 
 
 1. 
 
 The Participle Past without an Auxiliary Verb, or joined with the Verb Etre, agrees 
 
 with the Noun to which it relates. 
 
 Aware of my design, my sisters frus- 
 trated it. 
 
 Convinced that I should go to see her, 
 my mother did not \rrite to me. 
 
 Instruites de mon dessein, mes scours le 
 Jirent echouer. 
 
 Convaincue que firaisla voir, ma mere 
 ne m'ecrivit point. 
 
 Reflected and Reciprocal Participles agree with the Accusatives which go before them. 
 
 The robes which your mother had 
 bought for herself. 
 
 The promises which they made to each 
 other. 
 
 Les robes que noire mere s'est achetees, 
 Les promesses qu'i7s sejontfaites. 
 
 Reflected and Reciprocal Participles, which govern the Dative, or have their Accusa- 
 tive after them, are invariable. 
 
 These two princes succeeded each oth 
 
 er. 
 
 They have told each other many truths. 
 
 Your mother has bought herself a new 
 gown. 
 
 They made each other a thousand pro- 
 mises. 
 
 Ces deux princes se sont succedS. 
 
 lis se sont dit bien des verites. 
 
 Votre mere s'est achete une robe neuve. 
 
 Elles se sont fait mille prowesses. 
 
49 
 
 The Participle joined with Avoir, and followed by its Accusative, or without an Accu- 
 sative, is invariable. 
 
 My sister has eaten some apples. 
 She ran very fast into her room. 
 We have crossed the river. 
 We have told them to be gone. 
 We have affirmed that they will not 
 come. 
 
 Ma sozur a mange des pommes. 
 
 Elle a couru bien vite dans sa chambre. 
 
 Nous avms passe la riviere. 
 
 Nous leur avons dit de s'en alter. 
 
 Nous avons assure qu'ils ne viendraient 
 
 pai 
 
 5. 
 
 The Participle Past joined with Avoir, agrees with its Accusative or governed Case, 
 
 when preceded by it. 
 
 The apples which my sister ate. 
 The river which we have crossed. 
 Your mother, 1 have seen her at church 
 Your brothers, I met them this morning 
 My lover has married me. 
 Thy husband has scolded thee. 
 How many women I saw in the park. 
 Which of your gowns had you put on r i 
 What a noble action he has done ! 
 
 Les pommes que ma sozur a mangees. 
 La riviere que nous avons passee. 
 Voire mere je lSaivue a Veglise. 
 Vosfreres.je les ai rencontres ce matin 
 Mon amant ju'a epousee. 
 Ton mari t'a grondee. 
 Que de femmes j'ai vues au pare ! 
 Laquelle de vos robes aviez-vous mise? 
 Quelle belle action it a faite! 
 
 G. 
 
 Between two Accusatives the Participle is variable, as follows: 
 
 Your sister, I have seen her mistress 
 at your house 
 
 They made themselves master of the 
 town. 
 
 Voire sozur, je l'cu" vue maitresse chez 
 vous. 
 
 lis se sont rendus maitres de la ville. 
 
 7. 
 
 The Participle Past is invariable, when followed by an Infinitive Tense which we can- 
 not change into a Participle Present. 
 
 I have seen her painted by a good paint 
 er. 
 
 The efforts which 1 have been able to 
 make. 
 
 The promises which I wished to makf 
 them. 
 
 I suffered them to go a walking. 
 
 I sent word to them not to come. 
 
 Je i?ai vu peindre par un bon peintre. 
 
 Les efforts quej'ai pu faire. 
 
 Les promesses quej'ai voulu leur faire. 
 
 Je les ai laisse alter se promener. 
 Je les aifait avertir de ne pas venir. 
 
 8. 
 
 But it is variable, when this Infinitive can be changed into a Participle Present. 
 
 Je Vai vue naitre (naissant ) 
 
 I saw her brought into the world. 
 
 1 saw her painting. 
 
 I left her to die. 
 
 1 left them (f.) going out walking. 
 
 Je Vai vue peindre (peignant.) 
 Je Vai laissee mouiir (mourant.) 
 Je les ai laisstes alter (allant) se pro- 
 mener. 
 
50 
 
 $ XXIX. 
 
 GALLICISMS USEFUL TO BE ACQUAINTED WITH. 
 1. — On the Infinitive without a Preposition, 
 
 That is called speaking ; that is speak- 
 ing as one ought. 
 
 Talking and doing are different things. 
 
 I do not want to go thither. 
 
 I do nothing but eat and drink. 
 
 I do not want it. 
 
 It is in vain for me to talk ; he never 
 listens. 
 
 I go, but will return instantly. 
 
 I ! excuse a perfidious friend ! 
 
 He ! approve of this oath! 
 
 Why come to interrupt me ? 
 
 What can I say to him ? How can I act ? 
 
 Whither can I fly ? Where hide myself? 
 
 He is not a bit the wiser for having so 
 many books. 
 
 Voild ce qui s'appelle parler, or voild 
 parler comme ilfaut. 
 Dire etfaire sont deux. 
 Je n'ai que f aire d'y alter. 
 Je nefais que boireet manger. 
 Je rCai que fair e de cela. 
 Tai beau parler, il ne m'ecouie pas. 
 
 Je ne fais qu'aller et revenir. 
 Moi I excuser un ami perficle ! 
 Lui ! apprbuver ce serment ! 
 A quel propos venir mHnterrompre ? 
 Q«e lui dire ? Comment f aire ? 
 Ou fuir ? Ou me cacher ? 
 Pour avoir tant de livres, il n'en est pas 
 plus savant. 
 
 II. — On the Infinitive with de. 
 
 You will destroy your health by work- 
 ing too much. 
 
 What was my astonishment at finding; 
 him there. 
 
 The good soul ! to give his money to 
 the poor I 
 
 The rogue! to impose upon tae thus ! 
 
 The company arrived ; then began 
 singing, laughing and drinking. 
 
 As to telling you how it happened, I 
 know nothing of the matter. 
 
 You are mad to squander your fortune. 
 
 The seeing him is enough, without 
 speaking to him. 
 
 Take care you do not fall 
 
 I will take care how I tell it him. 
 
 Vous ruinerez votre sante, de travailler 
 trop. 
 
 Quelfut mon etonnement de le trouver 
 la! 
 
 O le bon cceur ! de donner sa bourse avx 
 pauvres .' 
 
 Le coquin I de me surf aire ainsi ! 
 
 On arriva ; alors de chanter, de rire et 
 de boire. 
 
 De vous dire comment cela est arrive, 
 je n'en sais rien. 
 
 Vous etesfou, de depenser votre fortune, 
 
 Cest assez de le voir sans encore lui 
 parler,, 
 
 Prenez garde de tomber. 
 
 Je me garderai bien de le lui dire. 
 
 III. 
 
 He paints delightfully. 
 
 She dances miserably. 
 
 Do not be iong before you return. 
 
 To judge of it by appearances. 
 
 It is a story to set one fast asleep. 
 
 Upon condition ot beginning again. 
 
 I have cause to complain of her. 
 
 It is a pleasure to see them manoeuvre 
 
 I have company to dinner, to supper. 
 
 That is a law-suit that will never end. 
 
 It is a business that will ruin you. 
 
 It is a stable to put twenty horses in. 
 
 My servant is equal to any thing. 
 
 He is a rogue that deserves to be hanged 
 
 Have you any thing to eat? 
 
 There is merit in pardoning. 
 
 On the Infinitive with a. 
 
 // peint dravir, 
 
 Elk danse a fair e pilie. 
 
 Ne soyez pas long-temps a revenir. 
 
 A enjuger par les apparences. 
 
 Cest un conte a dormir debout. 
 
 Sauf a recommencer. 
 
 J'ai a me plaindre d'elle. 
 
 II y a du plaisir a les voir manceuvrer. 
 
 J'ai du monde a diner, a souper. 
 
 Voild un proch a n'en jamais Jinir. 
 
 Cest une affaire d vous ruiner. 
 
 Cest une ecurie a mettre vingt chevaux, 
 
 Cest un valet d tout faire que le mien. 
 
 Cest un coquin .a pendre. 
 
 Avez vous quelqae chose d manger ? 
 
 U y adu merit t, d pardonner. 
 
51 
 
 §xxx. 
 
 GALLICISMS. 
 
 These are some particular French expressions, very difficult to be unflerstood by 
 learners, as they cannot be rendered into English verbatim. These difficulties are 
 not peculiar to the French language, but common to all others ; and in these and 
 other such phrases the delicacy of a language does so much consist, that it is impossi- 
 ble to exhibit one's thoughts with propriety and perspicuity without being conver- 
 sant with them. The following Gallicisms may serve as examples. 
 
 These two, d'aujourdui en huit, and 
 d'aujourdui en quinze, are to be rendered 
 into English by this day sennight, and thn 
 day fortnight. 
 
 This French expression, avoir la bonte 
 de, is Englished by these words, to be so 
 kind as, with respect to the proper tense. 
 
 This French expression, alter au-devant 
 de, is to be rendered into English by to 
 go and meet, used in its proper tense. 
 person and number, as the sense directs 
 
 These two expressions, faime mieux 
 and f aimer oismieux, are both expressed 
 in English by / had rather, or by the 
 verb to choose rather ; the latter is- to be 
 used in its proper tense. 
 
 Speaking of some distemper or ailment 
 we make use of avoir mat, with the ar 
 tide au, a la, or aux before a substantive, 
 which is Englished by to have a pain in 
 if the disorder is inwardly; but by tohavt 
 a sore, if it is outwardly. 
 
 This expression, e'en est fait de mot, is 
 to be rendered into English by I am un 
 done, used in its proper tense, person 
 and number, though it is always imper- 
 sonal in French. 
 
 This expression, demeurer en repos, i* 
 to be rendered by to be quitt, or still 
 with respect to its proper tense, &c. 
 
 This phrase, il nefaut pas s'etonner, is 
 rendered into English by it in no wonder, 
 used impersonally through all tenses. 
 
 This expression,^ souhaiterois pouvoir, 
 in the beginning of a period ought to be 
 xpressed in English by I wish I could. 
 
 This French expression, il ne tient qu\l 
 
 vous, is to be rendered into English by 
 
 /* is in your power; the verb is imper- 
 
 onal, and is used through all the tenses of 
 
 each mood. 
 
 These words il me tarde de, are to be 
 rendered into English by / long to ; the 
 French verb is only used in the present 
 ;tnd imperfect tenses of the indicicative 
 mood. 
 
 The manner of rendering thi9 expres- 
 ion, trouver a redire a, is by these words, 
 
 \ofind fault with, attention being given to 
 he tense, person and number the verb 
 
 is in. 
 
 This expression, rendre des actions de 
 graces is to be rendered into English by 
 to return thanks, used in such tense, per- 
 son, and number as the sense directs. 
 
 These words, s'en prendre a, or aw, a la, 
 kc. are Englished by either to lay the fault 
 upon, or to impute it to, used in the pro- 
 per tense, person and number. 
 
 The word tout joined to an adjective, 
 19 sometimes to be rendered by as or al- 
 though : Example, Tout malade quHl est, 
 il ptut, &.c. Though he is sick, he can, 
 &.c or else, as sick as he is, he can, &c. 
 and sometimes may he omitted : Example, 
 >ick as he is, &c. which last construction 
 is in some cases the most elegant. 
 
 There are many other Idioms and Gallicisms which I shall omit inserting, lest 
 I should swell this book too much ; the foregoing terms and expressions being suffi- 
 cient to shew the genius of the French Language ; others may be easily learnt 
 either by conversing with learned men, or by reading good books. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Pag 
 8 
 17 
 
 4G 
 
 Adjective. Its definition 
 Its formation 
 
 After which the Infinitive re- 
 quires a or DE 
 After which the Conjunction 
 que requires the following 
 Verb in the Subjunctive Mood 
 Adverb. Its definition. 
 Apostrophe (') A list of the words 
 which are marked with an 
 apostrophe before a vowel 
 A list of the words beginning 
 with h, before which the fore- 
 going words are marked with 
 an apostrophe. 
 Approximative (Articles) 
 Article. Its definition 
 Its declension 
 Of the definite 
 Of the indefinite— partitive 
 Of the names 
 Numeral articles 
 Ordinal articles 
 Fractional 
 Approximative 
 Possessive 
 Demonstrative 
 Negative 
 
 Indefinite (of Quantity) 
 Observations on the article of 
 proper names 
 Auxiliary Verbs 
 Cases 
 
 CoNJUGATioNS.-Of Auxiliary Verbs 21,22 
 Of Regular Verbs 32—36 
 
 Of Irregular Verbs 37—43 
 
 Conjunction. Its definition 9 
 
 Which govern the Indicative 
 Which govern the Subjunctive 
 Subjunctive Mood. Its definition 
 Conjunctions after which it is 
 
 required 
 Verbs and Adjectives after 
 
 which it is required 
 How the French make use of 
 its tenses 45 
 
 Declensions 12 — 13 
 
 Degrees of Comparison 17 
 
 Demonstrative (Articles) 15 
 
 Demonstrative Pronouns 23 — 25 
 Explicative (Pronouns) 23 — 25 
 
 Fractional Articles 14 
 
 Gallicisms 50 — 51 
 
 Gender of Nouns 18 — 19 
 
 Grammar. Its definition 5 
 
 First part 5, et seq- 
 
 Second part 21, et seq . 
 
 Third part 37, et seq-Jf 
 
 7 
 14 
 
 8 
 13 
 13 
 
 is! 
 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 lo 
 15 
 15 
 
 16 
 21 
 \1 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 30 
 
 i 
 22 
 
 44 
 
 Imperfect and Perfect 
 : mpersonal (Pronouns) 
 
 20 
 
 Indefinite (Articles) 
 
 (Pronouns) 
 Irregular Verbs 
 Interjection. Its definition 
 Interrogative (Pronouns) 
 Letters 
 Mechanism of the English and French 
 
 compared 
 VIoods (of the Verb) 
 Negative (Article-!) 
 Noun. Its definition 
 
 Its genders 18 
 
 Numbers. Singular-Plural 
 
 Of the Verb 
 Numeral (Articles) 
 Ordinal (Articles) 
 ^articiple. Its definition 
 
 Its agreement with the Noun 
 Perfect and Imperfect 
 Personal (Pronouns) 26- 
 
 Persons of the Verb 
 Plural. Its formation 
 Possessive (Articles) 
 
 (Pronouns) 
 Preposition. Its definition 
 
 A list of the Prepositions 
 Pronoun. Its definition 
 
 Explicative 23- 
 
 Demonstrative 23- 
 
 Interrogative 26- 
 
 Personal and Impersonal 
 Possessive 
 Other Pronouns 
 Regular Verbs 
 Tenses, Simple 
 Compound 
 
 Compound Tenses of the Verb 
 Active 
 
 of the Verb Passive 
 
 of the Reflected and Recip- 
 rocal Verb 
 
 of the Verb Neuter 
 
 Simple Tenses of the Verb 
 Passive 
 Verb Its definition 
 Kinds of Verbs 
 Those, after which the Con- 
 junction que requires the fol- 
 lowing Verb in the Subjunc- 
 tive Mood 
 Those, after which the French 
 put neither a or de before 
 an Infinitive 
 Those, after which the French 
 put a before an Infinitive 
 
 Page 
 
 47 
 
 —23 
 
 15 
 
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 37 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 30 
 15 
 8 
 —19 
 12 
 32 
 14 
 14 
 8 
 48 
 47 
 -28 
 32 
 16 
 15 
 29 
 9 
 10 
 8 
 -25 
 -25 
 -28 
 26 
 29 
 29 
 32 
 31 
 31 
 
 31 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 31 
 8 
 
 30 
 
 44 
 
 4& 
 
 4* 
 

 
 
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