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FIRST EDITION, 10,000. 
 
 USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 -c*@s CAREFUllY COMPILERS^ 
 
 I Ent, according- tt Act of Congress, in the year 1874. by II'. T. Horner, in the Office of the 
 
 Librarian q/~ Congress, at Washif.-j 
 
The Largest and most Complete Stock of 
 
 C^L 
 
 lURNITURl 
 
 At the Lowest Cash Prices, 
 
 (Opp. the Tifft House.) No. 472 MAIN ST. 
 
 EVERY ARTICLE WARRANTED. 
 
 Sole Agents for Hendrick's Patent Nursery Chair. 
 
 GEO. W. SCOTT, 
 
 izmpm a nil 
 
 No. 17 East Seneca Street, BUFFALO, N. Y., 
 
 Offers for sale at popular prices a large stock of 
 
 f |&ie$i!s £mnr nl | j ralt jjgate, 
 
 STAPU& «& F\XC\ 01\OCl^^t¥lS, 
 
 Sugars, Syrups, Molasses, Spices, Coffees, 
 
 Oswego Pure Starch, Halford Table Sauce, E. R. Durkee & CVs Pure 
 Select Spices. A large invoice of 
 
 Green, Black and Japan Teas just received 
 
 By mail steamer Pacific, of the finest grades. Buyers will find it an 
 object to examine my stock before making their purchases. 
 Cash paid for all kinds of Country Produce. 
 
HORNER'S 
 
 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS 
 
 GUIDE 
 
 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 CAREFULLY COMPILED 
 
 : 
 
 W. T. HORNER, A. M., PUBLISHER, 
 
 Proprietor Buffalo Journal and Railway Guide. 
 1874. 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 * 
 
 It is with the most pleasing satisfaction that we present to the pub- 
 lic the first edition of 10,000 copies of The Buffalo and Niagara 
 Falls Guide and Encyclopedia of Useful Knowledge. The ad- 
 vertising pages have been filled by the liberal and enterprising busi- 
 ness firms of the city, although the effects of the late financial panic 
 are everywhere visible. We have spared neither labor nor expense in 
 making the Guide complete and reliable. The statistical data have 
 been compiled from authentic sources and from books of reference 
 possessed by the best libraries in the country ; and thousands at a 
 trifling expense can avail themselves of facts which otherwise would 
 be beyond their reach. The entire work has been copyrighted and 
 stereotyped, and regular editions of 10,000 copies will be published 
 annually, with additional attractions of engravings of churches, public 
 buildings and parks. 
 
 As the present edition seems inadequate from present appearances 
 to supply the demand, we shall soon issue an extra edition of 5,000 
 copies. We wish to express our thanks to all our advertisers for their 
 hearty co-operation in this enterprise, and we can assure our readers 
 that they are numbered among the most reliable, enterprising and 
 substantial business houses of Buffalo. Wishing all success and hap- 
 piness, 
 
 I remain, with much respect, &c, 
 
 THE PUBLISHER. 
 
 <6 
 
CITY OF BUFFALO. 
 
 Buffalo, "the Queen City of the Lakes," is a modern city in.the most 
 comprehensive sense. Her growth has kept pace with that liberal and 
 progressive spirit which is the first cause of our national prosperity, 
 and has done so much towards the advancement of that glorious civili- 
 zation which builds up the desolate places and makes great cities rise 
 where for ages "the tangled forest grew." And well does the Queen 
 City merit her proud distinction, for she is indeed queen, by virtue of 
 her position and influence, over the commerce of the five great lakes. 
 Located at the mouth of Lake Erie, her vast grain elevators and store- 
 houses are repositories for the products of the West, which ultimately 
 find their way to the Eastern markets by the great water route, in which 
 the Erie Canal is a connecting link between the Hudson River and the 
 inland seas. The Queen City is also one of the most important coal 
 marts in the country, having direct railroad connections with the coal- 
 regions of Pennsylvania. Her manufacturing interests are large and 
 steadily increasing, and her iron foundries, mill-*, and machine shops 
 furnish employment to large numbers of industrious and skillful work- 
 men. She has often been called " the Birmingham of America," aud 
 that she will justify the title, and be able to claim her undisputed right 
 to it, there is no good reason to doubt. 
 
 During the war of 1812, the little village of Buffalo was burned by the 
 British and their savage Indian allies. But it speedily rose from its 
 ashes, aud in a few years the foundations of the Queen City were laid. 
 Even in those early days, Buffalo displayed much of that sturdy vitality 
 and vigorous enterprise which has since been one of its prominent 
 characteristics. In 1828 Buffalo was a village of 7,000 inhabitants ; in 
 1832 its population was 15,000 ; 1835, 15;700 ; in 1840 it had reached 
 18,200; in 1845 to 30,200; in 1850 to 42,300 ; in 1855 to 74,200; in 1860 to 
 81,130; in 1865 to 94,000, and 1870 to 117,000. Buffalo must now con- 
 tain a population of 161.782. an increase of 10,867 over 1872. 
 
 In 1872 there was received by lake over 62,000,000 bushels of grain and 
 30,000,000 by rail. To this may be added the receipts of lumber, live 
 stock and other property, increasing greatly the amount of commerce 
 of the city. Buffalo is rapidly becoming a railroad center. We have 
 already the New York Central, the Erie, the Lake Shore & Michigan 
 Southern, the Buffalo. New York & Philadelphia, the Grand Trunk, the 
 Great Western, the Canada Southern, and the Buffalo & Jamestown. 
 Buffalo has a magnificent school system, embracing the State Normal, 
 in successful operation. We have magnificent County and City build- 
 ings in course of rapid erection, also a large edifice for a State Lunatic 
 Asylum, also a magnificent Park and Boulevard system, which is being 
 pushed to rapid completion. The suburbs of the citv are constantly 
 widening, and in the eastern part of the city especially, thousands of 
 
WORLD'S DISPENSARY, 
 
 at Nob. 80, 82, 84 and 66 West Seneca Street, corner of Terrace, Buffalo. N. Y., 
 established for the cure (fall Chronic, (or lingering) Diseases of either Sex, par. 
 ticularly those of a Delicate, Obscure, Complicated or Obstinate Character, 
 
 also for the skillful performance of all Surjrieal Operations, and as a headquarters 
 for Dr. Pierce's Family Medicines, is the largest establishment of its kind in the 
 world. It is organized with an eminent corps of Physicians and Surgeons, each de- 
 voting his whole time and attention to emxie particular branch of practice, by which 
 the greatest skill is attained, while R. V. Pikrck, M. D., is the Physician and Sur- 
 geon-in-Cbief, and is consulted in all important cases. Thousands of cases are annu- 
 ally treated, and each has the advantage of an educated and emiuent Council of 
 Physicians. 
 
 DR. PIERCE'S FAMILY MEDICINES. 
 
 If you would patronize Medicines, scientifically prepared by a skilled 
 Physician and Chemist, use Dr. Pierce's Family Medicines. Golden 
 Medical Discovery is nutritious, tonic, alterative, or blood cleansing, 
 and an unequaled cough remedy ; Pleasant Purgative Pellets, scarcely- 
 larger than mustard seed, constitute an agreeable and reliable physic ; 
 Favorite Prescription, a remedy for debilitated females; Extract of 
 Smart- Weed, a magical remedy for pain, bowel complaints, and an un- 
 equaled liniment for both human and horse flesh ; while his Dr. Sage's 
 Catarrh Remedy is known the world over as the greatest specific for 
 Catarrh and " Cold in the Head " ever given to the public. 
 
 R. V. PIERCE, M. D., 
 
 Proprietor, BUFFALO, N.Y. 
 4 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 5 
 
 new dwellings are going up, new street? are being laid out, and build- 
 ings intended for manufacturing and industrial purposes, have been 
 erected. In the other suburbs, and in fact throughout the entire city, 
 a healthy business progression is apparent, even to a casual observer. 
 Buffalo possesses a very salubrious climate, and in Summer, almost 
 always, has the advantage of a cool and pleasant breeze from the lake, 
 which sweeps through the broad streets, and exerts a grateful influence. 
 The sanitary condition of the city is good, it has an excellent system of 
 sewerage, and recent improvements bid fair to make up for any defi- 
 ciencies that may have existed heretofore in regard to the water supply. 
 The streets of the city are wide, well-paved, and many are beautified by 
 shade trees. The number of elegant, palatial residences is large, and 
 on Delaware avenue, Franklin, Niagara and other streets, may be seen 
 Borne of the finest private dwellings in the State, many of which display 
 remarkably fine taste and are triumphs of architectural skill. We write 
 of the Buffalo of to-day, and shall endeavor, in the following pages, to 
 point out briefly some of its most notable features. 
 
 THE PORT OF BUFFALO. 
 
 The marine interests of Buffalo are so extensive and so well under- 
 stood, that a mere reference to them is all that is necessary at present. 
 The port of Buffalo is a lar^e and commodious one, protected by a 
 strong breakwater, and admitting all kinds of lake craft, from the im- 
 mense propellers of the Union Steamboat Company and the Western 
 Transportation Company to the smallest schooners which ply between 
 the upper lake ports and that of Buffalo during; the season of naviga- 
 tion. Often during the summer, the entire harbor is crowded with all 
 descriptions of vessels, and the scene is a very animated one. The 
 amount of business done along the docks is immense, and large quanti- 
 ties of freight are transferred from vessels to the railroad cars. The 
 New York Central Railroad and the Erie both have their freight- 
 houses in close proximity to Buffalo River, and vessels are unloaded 
 and their contents placed in cars with comparatively little delay. A 
 large light-house stands on the extreme end of what is known as the 
 old breakwater, and doubtless its warning signals have averted many 
 accidents to vessels entering the port. The tug office is located at the 
 foot of Main street, and the Custom House is in the Post Office build- 
 ing on the corner of Washington and Seneca streets. 
 
 On Central Wharf are the offices of commercial men, canal for- 
 warders, elevator owners and commission merchants. The Board of 
 Trade Rooms are also on Central Wharf, and there the gentlemen 
 interested in maritime commerce "most do congregate.' 1 Avery few 
 fi<mres will suffice to show what a heavy business is done: 
 
 During the vear 1S73. the number of Vessels arriving at the port of 
 Buffalo was 4.929, with an average tonnage of about 5(X) tone some, 
 however, having a carrving capacitv of 1,500 and 2.000 tons. The 
 receipts of grain in bulk were equal to 104.032,135 bushels, aeainst 
 91,354.000 bushels the previous year. Of course the receipts of coal 
 and other products, both by lake and rail, were also very large. There 
 are in all twenty-nine elevators with a capacitv for holding 7.215.000 
 bushels of srain, and a transfer capacity of 2,715,000 bushels per day. 
 These immense structures have been greatly improved of late, and in 
 manv of them the machinery is so constructed that railway cars and 
 canal boats can be loaded at the same time vessels from Chicago, Mil- 
 waukee or Cleveland, as the case may be, are being unloaded. All are 
 managed by an Elevating Association, composed of the city's prin- 
 
GOWANS & (JO'S 
 
 STEAM SOAP WORKS, 
 
 flos. 269, 271, 273, 275, 277, 279 & 281 PERRY STREET, 
 
 Comer Chicago, 
 
 BUFFALO, N. . Y. 
 
 SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 MINERS' SOAP 
 
 Best in the World for general Family Use. 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 7 
 
 cipal merchants, and almost all the elevators are owned by Buffalo 
 capitalists. They are indispensable to the city's commercial prosperity, 
 and each one is a monument of individual enterprise. The grain 
 elevators are a peculiar feature of Buffalo, which no stranger who visits 
 the city should go away without seeing. 
 
 At different points along Buffalo river are extensive coal yards, lum- 
 ber yards, stave factories, &c, and in each a thriving business is done. 
 
 THE BUFFALO PARK. 
 
 Buffalo can boast of one of the finest public parks in the country, 
 both as regards extent, attractiveness and beautiful surroundings. It 
 is well located in the north-westerly portion of the city, adjoining 
 Forest Lawn Cemetery, and the principal drives can be reached either 
 by Delaware avenue or Niagara street. The establishment of the 
 Park was organized by an Act of the Legislature, passed April 14th, 
 1869, and since that time an immense amount of work has been done 
 in the way of beautifying the grounds, laying out drives, planting 
 trees, &c. The grounds, as selected by the Commissioners, cover, in 
 the aggregate, some four hundred and ninety-five acres, one hundred 
 and ten of which are located east of the extended line of Jefferson 
 street. The name of "The Front" has been given to the grounds at 
 the Fort Porter extremity, comprising about one hundred acres lying 
 between Sixth street and the canal, and Vermont and York streets. 
 In this area Fort Porter is located. It has long been a military station 
 of the United States, and is now garrisoned by two companies of the 
 First Unired States Infantry. The old stone fort was partially 
 destroyed by fire some years ago, and has never been rebuilt. In its 
 present state it resembles an ancient ruin. At this end of the Park 
 is a magnificent view of Niagara river and the village of Fort Erie, 
 on the Canadian side, with its dark background of woods. To the 
 left, Lake Erie stretches away broadly into the distance, and the 
 lake shore is visible for many miles. From " The Front," a park- 
 way one hundred feet wide extends, following the broadened line of 
 York street, and skirting the small Prospect Hill Parks, which are very 
 attractive places of resort. From York street the parkway strikes 
 across the junction of North and Rogers streets, where a circle of 
 about six acres has been laid out. From this circle the parkway fol- 
 lows the line of Rogers street. At Bouck avenue we arrive at the 
 westerly of two plazas, which have an area of about five acres each. 
 From each of these plazas converging parkways extend to the central 
 circle, mainly between Clinton and Bird- avenues. From this circle 
 the parkway extends, two hundred feet in width, to the Park proper, 
 which covers about three hundred and twenty-five acres. Through 
 this the Scajaquada Creek flows, and a beautiful artificial lake has been 
 constructed at a central point. We make our exit from the main Park 
 at its south-easterly extremity, by a parkway two hundred feet wide, 
 which runs across Main street at the junction of Steele, a short dis- 
 tance north of the toll-gate, and sweeps in a noble curve through 
 several pieces of wood till it skirts the easterly boundary of the 
 Driving Park. The Park was laid out by the celebrated landscape 
 architect, Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted, of New York. 
 
 The Buffalo Driving Park has long had the reputation of being one 
 of the most famous trotting-parks in the world, and the annual "meet- 
 ings of the Association attract the best horses in the country. It was 
 on this track that Dexter, Goldsmith Maid, American Girl and other 
 "flyers" made some of their best recorded time. 
 
Penrhyn Slate Company, 
 
 Manufacturers and Dealers in 
 
 ROOFING SLATE, 
 
 Marbleized Slate Mantels, Grates, 
 Floor Tile, Billiard Beds, 
 
 Blackboards, Wash Tubs, &e v 
 
 Plain and Ornamental Slate Roofing. 
 
 Office and Salesroom, ) r>TTT7T7A T n TVT V 
 
 304 Main Street. f £5 U ST r J^L-tKj, IN . I . 
 
 A. F. WATERS, Agent. 
 
 m. m® i§iiii f 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 Staple & Fancy Groceries, 
 
 (WHOLESALE AND BETAIL,) 
 
 TEAS MB C0PP1IS SFECIALT IES. 
 
 MANUFACTURER OF 
 
 Holman's Baking Powdor. 
 
 293 MAIN STREET, 
 
 Between Swan and South Division Streets, 
 BUFFALO, 1ST. -"ST. / 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 
 
 The city possesses thirty-six public schools, all of which are hand- 
 some, commodious buildings. There is also a Central or High School, 
 and a State Normal School. The Central School is on Court 6treet, 
 near Niagara Square; and scholars enter this institution who have 
 graduated from the District Schools. The course is a comprehensive 
 one, continuing through three years. A graduate of the Buffalo Central 
 School is the possessor of a most excellent education, and is well fitted 
 to be a teacher or to occupy any position which requires thorough 
 intellectual culture and practical knowledge. The State Normal School 
 is located at the junction of Porter avenue, Jersey, Thirteenth and 
 York streets. The land for its erection was given by the late Jesse 
 Ketchum, familiarly known as "Father Ketchum," a man who did 
 much for the public school system, and who, for many years, spent 
 much of his time in visiting the schools and distributing presents to 
 meritorious scholars. The corner-stone of the Normal School was laid 
 April 15th, I860, with imposing ceremonies. It is built of brick, in the 
 Italian style, with a Mansard roof, and its dimensions in the clear are 
 164 by 86 feet. It has a tower fronting on Jersey street, and the entire 
 structure is well proportioned and graceful in appearance. The first 
 class graduated in July, 1873. 
 
 The Public Schools are under the general charge of a Superintendent 
 of Education. The office is an elective one, and the term for which 
 incumbents are chosen is two years. The present Superintendent is 
 Win, S. Rice, Esq., an experienced teacher and a gentleman of ability. 
 
 There are, in addition to the Public Schools, several private institu- 
 tions of learning in the city, including the Buffalo Female Academy, the 
 Heathcote School (Episcopal), and St. Joseph's College (Roman Catholic). 
 
S. D. SXSES A BSO, 
 
 Manufacturers and Wholesale Dealers in CANE SEAT and WOOD 
 CHAIRS, No. 500 Clinton Street, BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 (Established 1S59.) edwin sikes. 
 
 8. D. SIKES. 
 
 JOSEPH CHURCHYARD, 
 
 Limber Dealer, Wk anil General Contractor, 
 
 PROPRIETOR OP 
 
 Buffalo Planing Mill and Bellows Factory, 
 
 CLINTON ST., BET. ADAMS & WATSON STS., BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 MANUFACTURER OP 
 
 Sash, Blinds, Doors, Cisterns, Tanks, Stairs, Hand- 
 Kails, Flooring, Siding, Ceiling, Mouldings, 
 Mantels, Book Cases, Built up Hard- 
 wood Work, Newels, Curtain 
 Cornices. 
 
 Scroll Sawing-, Turning- and Machine "Work done. 
 
 Lumber of all kinds on hand, both rough and planed. Bills of Lum- 
 ber sawed to order. 
 
 RAILROAD & FARM GATES, SNOW SHOVELS & SNOW FENCES. 
 
 BLACKSMITHS' & MOULDERS' BELLOWS. 
 
 10 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 11 
 
 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The principal charitable institutions of the city are located as 
 follows : 
 
 Buffalo General Hospital, High street. 
 
 Buffalo Orphan Asylum, Virginia street, below Delaware. 
 
 Church Home, Rhode Island street. 
 
 Home for the Friendless, corner of Maryland and Seventh streets. 
 
 Ingleside Home, No. 527 Seneca street. 
 
 Hospital of the Sisters of Charily, Main street, near Virginia. 
 
 Holly-Tree Soup House, Pearl street, near Seneca. 
 
 There are also a number of Catholic institutions which are exclu- 
 sively denominational, and several benevolent societies, each of which 
 does good work in its own peculiar field. Among those we have space 
 to mention are the St. George's Benevolent Society, the St. Andrew's 
 Society, the Buffalo German Benevolent Society, the Firemen's Bene- 
 volent Association, and the Hebrew Union Benevolent Association. 
 
 The Church Home is under the charge of an Episcopal society known 
 as " The Church Charity Foundation," which covers a wide range of 
 charities. A Home for aged and destitute women was opened in 1858, 
 and an Orphan Ward added in 1866, when the present building of the 
 Home on Rhode Island street was purchased. 
 
 The Buffalo Orphan Asylum was organized in 1835, and incorporated 
 in 1837. It is under the supervision of a board,, of lady managers, 
 chosen from the different churches. 
 
 The Ingleside Home was organized for the purpose of reclaiming 
 fallen women, and under its auspices much good has been accom- 
 plished. It was incorporated in 1869. 
 
 The Home for the Friendless is for the benefit of destitute women, 
 and such persons are admitted/until places can be found for them in 
 respectable families. 
 
 The Holly-Tree Soup House and Night Refuge is under the charge of 
 a Committee of the Young Men's Christian Association. Meals are 
 furnished the poor, and the night lodging-room is for the benefit of 
 unfortunate but worthy persons, who would otherwise have to seek 
 Bhelter at the station-houses. 
 
 ASSOCIATIONS, SOCIETIES, LIBRARIES, 
 READING ROOMS, &c. 
 
 The Younq Men's Association of Buffalo i s an institution of a literary 
 and scientific character, and occupies rooms in its own spacious build- 
 ing on the corner of Main and Eagle streets. It possesses an admirable 
 library of about 27,000 volumes, comprising many rare and valuable 
 works. The reading room is supplied with all the daily city news- 
 papers, many from other principal cities, together with the best 
 American and foreign quarterlies and monthly publications. It is open 
 from 9 A. M. to 9 P. M., and is free to members of the Association and 
 strangers introduced by members. 
 
 The Young Men's Christian, Association has for its objects "the 
 development of Christian character and activity in its members, the 
 promotion of evangelical religion, the cultivation of Christian sympa- 
 thy, and the improvement of the intellectual and spiritual condition of 
 young men.'" Its library and reading rooms are over No. 319 Main 
 street. 
 
 The Mechanics' Institute of the City of Buffalo was organized for 
 "the mental improvement and culture of its members, the general 
 
EAGX.E XB.02T WORKS, 
 
 BUFFALO, 3ST. "ST. 
 
 Architectural Iron Works, 
 
 IRON STORE FRONTS AND GIRDERS, 
 
 Steam fl&gliies and Sellers, 
 
 (Stationary and Portable) 
 
 Turbine Water Wheels, Mill Gearing and Shafting, 
 
 Muley and Circular Saw Mills, Hoisting 
 
 Machines, &c, &c. 
 
 Office and forte, corner Perry and Mississippi Streets. 
 
 -JR. IDTTTXTIBAIR, SUP'T. 
 
 Brass Foundry, 
 
 BRASS AND IRON FINISHING, 
 
 Copper, Tin and Sheet Iron Workers, 
 
 Agents for Huntoon's Patent Steam Goyernor, 
 Water and Steam Ganges, 
 
 Distillers' and Brewers' Work. 
 
 NOS. 16, 18 & 20 ELK ST., 
 
 A. H. BROWN, 
 
 bam'l m'cutcheon, 
 
 \ BUFFALO, N.Y, 
 
 Manufacturers of Pumps, Hose, Hydrants and Stop Valves, all kinds 
 of Brass Cocks, Globe Valves, Steam Whistles, &c. Jobbing promptly 
 attended to. 
 
 CASH PAID FOR OLD COPPER AND BRASS. 
 
 12 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 13 
 
 promotion and advancement of mechanical interests, and the establish- 
 ment of more intimate relations between employer and employee." 
 Its rooms are in the American Block, Main street, and it has an exten- 
 sive and valuable library. Since its organization in 1865, three '* Inter- 
 national Industrial Exhibitions" have been given under its auspices, 
 with great success. 
 
 The Grosvenor Library of Buffalo was established through the 
 liberality of one of its honored citizens, and is located over the Buffalo 
 Savings Bank, on the corner of Washington and Batavia streets. The 
 library is a very extensive and valuable one, and is free to all for pur- 
 poses of reference. No books are allowed to be taken from the rooms. 
 The leading magazines and periodicals are also to be found there, and 
 the library is well worth a visit. It is an institution of which Buffalo 
 may well be proud. 
 
 The Buffalo Historical Society occupies rooms in the Western 
 Savings Bank building, on the corner of Main and Court streets, and 
 its general design is to discover, procure and preserve whatever may 
 relate to the history of Western New York, and the city of Buffalo in 
 particular. It has a library of 4,477 volumes, and indexed pamphlets 
 to the number of 4,430. It has a membership of over seven hundred. 
 The Society possesses many rare and valuable curiosities, historic 
 relics, portraits, and autographs of celebrities, &c. 
 
 The Buffalo Fine Arts Academy occupies rooms in the upper story 
 of the Young Men's Association building, on the corner of Main and 
 Eagle streets, and in its gallery may be found many works of art, 
 including original paintings, copies from old masters, sculptures and 
 casts from the antique, &c, &c. The object of the Academy is to 
 "maintain a permanent gallery in Buffalo for the exhibition of Paint- 
 ing's and Sculptures, and to use such other means as may be desirable 
 and efficient for the promotion and advancement of the same." 
 
 The Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences also occupies a portion of 
 the Young Men's Association building, and possesses a very interesting 
 museum of curiosities, daily open to the public, Avithout charge. Some 
 of the specimens on exhibition are very rare. The collection includes 
 minerals, fossils, animals, fish, birds, &c. The Society also has a very 
 valuable scientific library. 
 
 The German Young Men's Association was organized for the purpose 
 of maintaining a library and reading room, and other means for pro- 
 moting morarand intellectual improvement. It has a library of 5,000 
 volumes. The rooms are on the corner of Main and Mohawk streets. 
 
 The Buffalo Law Library is located in the third story of the Young 
 Men's Association building, and the collection of legal works is a very 
 valuable one. 
 
 The following is a list of the Singing Societies of the city : 
 
 The Buffalo Choral Union ; meets at Goodell Hall, Johnson Place, 
 Monday evenings. 
 
 Buffalo Liedertafel ; meets at Liedertafel Hall, Kremlin Block. 
 
 Orpheus Singing Society ; meets at Gerber Hall, 797 Main street. 
 
 Scengerbund Society ; meets at Turner's Hall, Ellicott street. 
 
 Buffalo Ikenerchor. 
 
 The Buffalo Club occupies a large building on the comer of Delaware 
 and Chippewa streets. 
 
 The Forester Club has rooms on Main street, above Eagle. 
 
 The Audubon Club (sporting) occupies rooms in the Arcade build- 
 ing, 
 
 The Military Club has rooms on Main street, opposite the Tifft 
 House. 
 
Have your Cleaning and Dyeing done at 
 3PHBBAUB IlO'i 
 
 FRENCH STEAI CLEANING AND DYEING 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT, 
 Office 16 South Diuision St. (near Main St). 
 
 BUFFALO, 3ST. "2\ 
 
 We have the largest and most complete establishment in the West. 
 Gents' clothes cleaned in one to two days to give good satisfaction. 
 
 ALL ORDERS BY EXPRESS WILL RECEIVE 
 PROMPT ATTENTION. 
 
 Established in 1868, and a complete success. 
 
 Buffalo Up-Town Crockery Store. 
 
 The Best place to buy 
 
 GLASS, CHINA, 
 
 CLOCKS, 
 tMf IB WABS, 
 
 Fancy Goods, Etc. 
 
 GEO. E. NEWMAN, 
 
 444 Main St. 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 15 
 
 THE NEW CITY AND COUNTY HALL. 
 
 The new city and county buildings, now in process of erection, are 
 located ou Franklin Square, which is bounded by Franklin, Church, 
 Delaware and Eagle streets. The corner-stone was laid, with imposing 
 Masonic ceremonies, on the 24th of June, 1872. The stone used is the 
 celebrated granite from Clark's Island, Maine, and the building will 
 be lire-proof throughout. The style of architecture is that principally 
 used in Italy during the middle ages, and termed the Lombardic, 
 resembling the Norman. The structure is in the form of a double 
 Roman cross, with bases adjoining, and extending longitudinally north 
 and south. The body of the cross covers a space of 114 by 255 feet, 
 the arms and heads each having 20 feet projection and 52 feet front. 
 The tower will be 40 feet square at the base, and rise to a height of 245 
 feet. 
 
 The first story will be devoted to offices for city and county officials. 
 In the second floor will be Court rooms, the Mayor's office, &c, and 
 in the third, offices for the Park Commissioners, Superintendent of 
 Education, and other officials ; also the Common Council Chamber, and 
 two Court rooms, with jury rooms adjoining. The basement will be 
 used for storage purposes, and a section of it will be fitted up for the 
 detention of criminals awaiting trial. The building, when completed, 
 will present a very imposing appearance. 
 
 THE NEW STATE INSANE ASYLUM. 
 
 The corner-stone of the new Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane was 
 laid by the Masonic order, on the 18th of September, 1872, Gov. Hoff- 
 man delivering the address on the occasion. The work of erection is 
 now in favorable progress. The Asylum grounds are at North Buffalo, 
 
BARNES, BANCROFT & CO., 
 
 II it $|| HM IIL. 
 
 260, 262, 264, 266 & 268 Main Street, 
 BUFFALO, N.Y. 
 
 The House of Barnes & Bancroft succeeded the old and very popular 
 house of Sherman & Barnes in 1805. The Cash and One Price strictly 
 adhered to increased our business so that in 1871 we moved into our 
 spacious new store, where our sales now are over two millions annually. 
 We believe there is no better evidence of the growth and prosperity of 
 our city than the increase of our business, and we are gratified in 
 knowing that a business built up on the "One Price and Cash System" 
 has been a success. 
 
 BARNES, BANCROFT & CO., 
 
 J. C. BARNES, ) 
 
 W. 6. BANCROFT, [■ 
 W. IIENGERER. ) 
 
 260, 262, 264, 266 & 268 Main St., 
 BUFFALO, N. 
 
 10 
 
 Y. 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 17 
 
 and comprise 203 acres, bounded on the north by Scajaquada creek, on 
 the south by Forest avenue, on the east by the line of Sherwood avenue, 
 on the west by a line parallel to Grant street and 300 feet easterly 
 therefrom— forming almost a complete square. The grounds have a 
 frontage of 3.025)£ feet on Forest avenue. The building is located as 
 near the centre of the grounds as possible, and will consist of a large 
 central or administration building, with ten wards arranged as wings 
 on each side. The centre of the building is 1,600 feet east from the 
 west line of the grounds, 1,425^ feet west from the east line, and 416 
 feet north of Forest avenue. The line of the west wing recedes from 
 Forest, avenue, until it stands 700 feet north and 500 feet east from the 
 west line. The east wing recedes till the extent of the east building 
 stands 1,200 feet north of Forest avenue, and 640 west of the east line. 
 The structure is of brown free-stone, roughly dressed, with the 
 interior partitions of brick, and is designed to be fire-proof. Several 
 small buildings are also to be erected on the grounds for the occupancy 
 of those in charge. The location of the Asylum is an excellent one, 
 with quiet, suburban surroundings. When finished, it will present a 
 very fine architectural appearance. 
 
 THE BUFFALO WATER WORKS. 
 
 The Water Works of the city are located near the river, a short dis- 
 tance from the junction of Niagara and Seventh streets. The reservoir 
 is bounded by Niagara, Vermont, Ninth and Connecticut streets. 
 With the exception of the 25th and 26th days of December, 1872, aud 
 the 25th of January, 1873, when the water was below the inlet to the 
 tunnel, owing to the prevalence of an easterly wind, the supply has 
 always been equal to the demand, and with the present improvements 
 at the works there is no reason to apprehend the recurrence of a water 
 famine. A splendid engine, built at the Worth ington Works, Brook- 
 lyn, now supplies the reservoir, and the engines formerly used are 
 kept in readiness in case of an emergency. A new tunnel and inlet- 
 pier are in course of construction, and during the year 1873 the old 
 tunnel was thoroughly cleansed and its inlet lowered three feet, in 
 order to effectually prevent a recurrence of the "east wind famine." 
 When the improvements now under way are completed, the water will 
 be taken from the river, a distance of 700 from Bird Island pier, and 
 beyond the wash aud roily water from Buffalo river. In case the open- 
 ings in the new inlet-pier become closed by any cause, those of the old 
 one can be immediately opened, and thus there will be in the future 
 no lack of a supply of pure water. The Holly system is used in a 
 northern district of the city, and its works are adjacent to the principal 
 ones, as above located. The total number of fire hydrants now in use 
 in the city is 746. During 1873 the average daily supply of water was 
 9,316,598 gallons. A scheme for building a new reservoir is now under 
 consideration, but the plan has not been definitely settled. 
 
 The Water Works are under the management of a Commission, the 
 Board being composed of three members. The office of the Commis- 
 sioners and Superintendent of the Works is on West Swan street, near 
 Main. 
 
 THE ERIE COUNTY ALMSHOUSE. 
 
 The "County House" is on Main street, beyond Forest Lawn 
 Cemetery, and is a model institution of its kind. It has lately been 
 designated a State Aims-House, under the new law relating to State 
 paupers. 
 
 (2) 
 
18 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 SENECA STREET, BUFFALO. 
 
 This rapidly improving thoroughfare extend? from Erie street, east, 
 to what is known as the Hydraulics. The large number of fine busi- 
 ness blocks that have been erected in the past Two or three years, and 
 in course of erection, tend to confirm the belief that Seneca street will 
 be the future leading wholesale street of the city. Among the many 
 wholesale merchants may be found Smith, Lapliam & Sawyer, whole- 
 sale Grocers; J. M. Henderson <fe Co., Proprietors Niagara Mills, Teas, 
 Coffees and Spices; Joseph Guild & Sons, Proprietors Enterprise 
 Mills, Teas, Coffees and Spices; Fowler & Son, wholesale Hardware. 
 
 At No. 133 Seneca street we come to the "Buffalo Confection- 
 ery Works" where are manufactured the celebrated "Buffalo Candies" 
 so well and favorably known throughout the entire West. Messrs. 
 Sibley & Holmwood, proprietors of the above concern, have, within 
 the past twelve months, stepped to the very front rank of manufactur- 
 ing confectioners. In looking over their stock of fine confections, we 
 were very much surprised to see the lar<re varietv of candies (undoubt- 
 edly the largest assortment ever before offered in Buffalo). Their manu- 
 facturing department is in charge of one of the most careful workmen to 
 be found in the United States. Some idea may be formed of the vast 
 amount of candy manufactured bv this house, when we say with posi- 
 tive proof that their sales from May 1st, 1873, to May 1st, 1874, exceed 
 300,000 lbs., which is strontr evidence that dealers in the middle and 
 western States second the efforts of Sibiey & Holmwood to place none 
 but strictly pure and wholesome goods on the market. 
 
 MILLINERY. 
 
 There are but few business streets in any city surpassing Main street, 
 of Buffalo. The locality opposite the churches is both beautiful and 
 business-like. The churches furnish an old and time-honored land- 
 mark. Among the oldest and most reliable business houses situated 
 opposite the churches, the extensive wholesale and retail Millinery es- 
 tablishment of Wm. Wright stands pre-eminent. This house has had 
 a most honorable record for fair dealing for many years, consequently 
 Hs trade is increasing rapidly at home and abroad. In the wholesale 
 department we find a large and extensive stock of the choicest and 
 best goods. Looking at the history of this firm we find that the house 
 was established in 1850 by Thomas Wright, and from 1860 to 1874 the 
 business was carried on by James Wright ; at present Wm. Wright is 
 at the head of this house, and by his integrity and strict attention to 
 business is gaining an enviable reputation and adding daily to his large 
 list of customers. 
 
 Among other honorable firms located near this desirable centre of 
 trade, we would name Wm. Woltge, dealer in Stoves, Ranges and 
 House Furnishing Goods, and Harry Smith, Fashionable Hatter, both 
 gentlemen of honor, honesty and strict business integrity. 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 19 
 
 THE ERIE COUNTY PENITENTIARY. 
 
 This institution is located on the corner of Fifth and Pennsylvania 
 streets. Mr. Wm. Weston is Superintendent, and there is no better- 
 managed penal prison in the country. The convicts, male and female, 
 are employed in the manufacture of harness buckles, &c, lor Messrs. 
 Pratt & Letchworth, who pay the County of Erie for the work done. 
 The Penitentiary has a chapel in which religious instruction is given 
 every Sunday. The prison department of the place is well arranged, 
 though greatly overcrowded, the number of inmates being generally 
 between four and five hundred. The Penitentiary is built mainly of 
 brick, and is surrounded by a high stone wall. 
 
 THE ERIE COUNTY JAIL. 
 
 The County Jail is on Clinton street, between the old and new Court- 
 Houses, and is a dilapidated, old, stone building, entirely out of date 
 and almost unfit for use. The cells are smalf and badly ventilated. 
 The present jailer is Mr. Frank Nagle. 
 
 Several executions have taken place within the jail-yard, at different 
 times, and hanging for murder is not "played'out" in Buffalo. The 
 two executions of most recent date are those of Patrick Morrissey and 
 John Gaffney. The former was handed on the 7th of September, 1872, 
 for the murder of his own mother in the previous month of June ; the 
 latter on the 14th of February, 1873, for the murder of Patrick Fahey. 
 
 BUFFALO GENERAL HOSPITAL. 
 
 This hospital was erected and opened for the reception of patients 
 in 1858. It is pleasantly situated at No. 100 High street. The building 
 is 160 feet long, 50 feet wide and three stories high, with a capacity of 
 125 patients. Price per week, in wards, $5.00; in private rooms, from 
 $7.00 to $14.00, with meals served in rooms, which are elegantly fur- 
 nished. These prices include medical attendance, board, washing and 
 ordinary nursing. The hospital is managed by a Board of Trustees, 
 composed of the first men of the city. The present Superintendent is 
 S. G. Johnson. 
 
 FOREST LAWN CE3IETERY. 
 
 The " silent city " of Forest Lawn is beautifully located, adjacent 
 to the public Park, and comprises about two hundred and seventy-five 
 acres, well laid out, with broad carriaire-ways and foot-paths. A creek 
 runs through the grounds, and there is also an artificial lake. The 
 firemen's monument, the Letchworth mausoleum, and numberless pri- 
 vate monuments, are well worthy the attention of visitors. The 
 Cemetery may be reached by the Main street cars, though the principal 
 carriage entrance is on Delaware street. It is under the management 
 of an Association, and the Secretary's office is on the corner of Main 
 and Court streets, over the Erie County Savings Bank. 
 
 There is also a cemetery at Pine Hill, another at Limestone Hill 
 (Catholic), and a buryin, r -<rround (the Potter's Field) on High street. 
 All remains have recently been removed from old cemeteries on Dela- 
 ware and North strpets, in order to use the lauds for building purposes. 
 
 THE POLICE FORCE. 
 
 The Buffalo City Police force is one of the best organized and most 
 efficient in the country. Three Commissioners, one of whom ia the 
 
W. B* SIBHEIP & C@ e 
 
 Manufacturers and Wholesale Dealers in 
 
 FURS, HATS, CAPS, 
 
 Straw (Ms, Buffalo and Fancy Roles, k 
 
 JYo. 183 Washington St., 
 
 I'i'SS J. JWFFA TONY 
 
 ROBERT STAFFORD. ) -*-/ U JL J. jCXJ-j\S 9 JLV . JL . 
 
 ft3P~ Buyers and Shippers of Matv Furs, 
 
 BWBT, €OOK & C© e 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 ts, Shoes & Rubbers 
 
 185 WASHINGTON STREET, 
 
 I BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 W. C. SWEET, 
 J. I\ COOK, 
 GEO. W. SWEET 
 
 20 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 21 
 
 Mayor of the city, compose the Board of Police, and the force consists 
 of a Superintendent, Assistant, detective corps, eight captains, sixteen 
 sergeants and about one hundred and sixty patrolmen, besides door- 
 men and two special detectives in each precinct. The city is divided 
 into eiirht precincts, and the headquarters are in the old Western Hotel 
 building, on the corner of Pearl street and the Terrace. The offices 
 of the Commissioners, Police Court, etc., are also in this building. 
 
 THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The Fire Department of the city combines the paid and volunteer 
 systems, and is one of the most efficient in its workings that can be 
 found in any city of the Union. The paid men have charge of the 
 steamers, and the members of the hose and the hook and ladder com- 
 panies are all volunteers. The Department is under the charge of a 
 Superintendent, appointed by the Common Council. The system of 
 lire-alarm telegraph is used, and the fire-bel! is located on the tower 
 adjacent to the City Buildings, on Franklin street. There are also 
 gongs in the different hose and steamer houses and the Police Stations. 
 Most of the steamers now in use are from the works of the Silsby 
 Manufacturing Company, at Seneca Falls, N. Y. 
 
 MILITARY. 
 
 The Thirty-first Brigade N. G. S. N. Y., composed of the Seventy- 
 fourth and Sixty-fifth Regiments, belongs exclusively to Buffalo. 
 The headquarters of the former regiment are at the Armory, on North 
 William street. Those of the Sixty-fifth are at the State Arsenal, on 
 Batavia street. The city also possesses a splendid independent mili- 
 tary organization known as "D " Co. Buffalo City Guard. The head- 
 quarters of the company are at the corner of Franklin and Eagle 
 streets. 
 
 Two companies of the First U. S. Infantry garrison the government 
 military station at Fort Porter. The headquarters of the regiment 
 are in Detroit, Mich. 
 
 PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. 
 
 The Academy of Music (formerly the Metropolitan Theatre) is on 
 Main street above Seneca, and is one of the most comfortable and well- 
 arranged theatres in the country. The enterprising proprietors, 
 Messrs. J. H. & H. L. Meech, have long held the confidence of the 
 public by their able management, and understand just how to cater 
 to the lovers and patrons of the drama. The Academy has an unsur- 
 passed stock company, and the best actors and actresses of the day 
 annually appear on its" stage. It is worthy of note that the celebrated 
 English novelist, Wilkie Collins, while staying in Bufi'alo, visited the 
 Academy several times, and pronounced it one of the most charming 
 places of entertainment in America. 
 
 St. James Hall is on the corner of Eagle and Washington streets, 
 and is the property of the Young Men's Association ; Mr. Charles G. 
 Flint, lessee. It is adapted and used for all kinds of public entertain- 
 ment'*, from a church fair to a minstrel performance, and from a society 
 ball to a lyceum lecture. 
 
 The Opera House is in the Arcade building, on Main street, and the 
 Theatre Comique on the Terrace, near Main street, 
 
W orUPfl Prise Metols. 
 
 PEASE'S 
 
 IMPROVED OILS, 
 
 PRIZE MEDALS. 
 VIENNA, 1873. 
 
 PARIS, 
 
 1867. 
 
 American Institute, 1856-1867. Gold Medal, United States. 
 Gold Cross of Honor. Gold Medal of Progress. 
 
 LONDON, 
 
 Engine, Steal, Larfl, We, Coacl Oils, 
 
 "Premium Petroleum" and Head Light Oils, 
 
 Endorsed by experience and tests of years, and the highest authority 
 of the United States and Europe. 
 
 65 and 67 Main St., 82, 84 and 86 Washington St., 
 
 BUFFALO, 3ST. 3T. 
 2.' 
 
Ik 
 
JOHN D. SMITH & CO. 
 
 Manufacturers 
 
 OP 
 
 Steam Heating 
 
 APPARATUS ip 
 
 Wrought Iron 
 riFS 
 
 And Fittings 
 
 Generator i 
 
 STEAM. 
 
 GAS FIXTURES, PLUMBING AND GAS FITTING. 
 J, S. LYTLE & SO 1ST,, 
 
 J 
 
 MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN 
 
 GOOD ASSORTMENT ALWAYS ON HAND. 
 
 LADIES' AND GENT'S 
 
 Riding Saddles, Bridles, fains, Lap Dusters, k, k 
 
 FURNISHING GOODS, 
 
 JO EXCHANGE STREET, 
 
 (Opposite Mansion House.) 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 25 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL, BRIDGE. 
 
 The great International Railway Bridge, crossing the Niagara river 
 between Black Rock (North Buffalo) and Fort Erie, and connecting 
 the United States with the Dominion of Canada, was formally 
 opened on the 3d of November, 1873. It was built under the auspices 
 of a stock company composed of American and Canadian capi- 
 talists, and has been leased for twenty years to the different railroads 
 crossing it, which are the Grand Trunk, Great Western, New York 
 Central, Erie, Canada Southern, and New York, West Shore and 
 Chicago. The bridge is about three-quarters of a mile long, including 
 thirteen hundred feet of trestle-work over Squaw Island. In the main 
 river are eight piers and two abutments ; in Black Rock harbor, two 
 piers and two abutments. The length of the superstructure in the 
 main river is 1800 feet, in the harbor 450 feet. There are nine spans in 
 the main river and three in the harbor, four of 190 feet in the clear and 
 three of 240 feet in the clear. Over the main river are two draw open- 
 ings of 160 feet each. In Black Rock harbor are two draw openings of 
 90 feet each, and one fixed span 220 feet long. The iron superstructure 
 is that known as the "Pratt truss," and is very strong and durable. 
 The entire bridge presents a very graceful appearance. A railroad 
 track is laid over it, also a sidewalk for foot passengers. The bridge 
 was built by Messrs. C. S. Gzowski & Co., of Toronto/and its estimated 
 cost is $1,500,000. 
 
 THE RAILROAD DEPOTS. 
 
 The Railroad Depots of Buffalo are located as follows : 
 
 The Central Depot, on Exchange street, near Michigan. 
 
 The Erie Railway Depot, on the corner of Michigan and Exchange 
 streets. 
 
 The Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia Railway Depot, at the corner 
 of Exchange and Louisiana streets. 
 
 The Erie Street Depot, on Erie street, near the Canal bridge. 
 
 The Central and Erie freight depots are on Ohio street, and the freight 
 house of the L. S. & M. S. R. R. on Louisiana street, below Exchange. 
 
 Trains of the New York Central and Lake Shore & Michigan 
 Southern Railroads leave and arrive at the Central Depot. The latter 
 road runs on Buffalo time, which is twenty minutes slower than New 
 York time. 
 
 Trains of the B., N. Y. & P. and Buffalo & Jamestown Railways 
 leave the depot of the former road, on the corner of Exchange and 
 Louisiana streets, both running on Buffalo time. 
 
 The Erie Railway trains leave from the depot on the corner of 
 Exchange and Michigan streets, on New York time. 
 
 Trains of the Great Western, Canada Southern and Grand Trunk 
 Railroads leave from the Erie Street Depot, on New York time. Trains 
 on the Lockport and Niagara Falls division of the Central Railroad 
 also start from this depot. 
 
 THE STREET CARS. 
 
 Street cars run regularly on the following streets : 
 
 On Main street, between the dock and Cold Springs and Forest 
 Lawn Cemetery. 
 
 On Niagara street, between Main and Amherst streets (Lower Black 
 Rock). 
 
 On Genesee street, between Main and Jefferson streets. 
 
 On Exchange street, between Main and Louisiana streets (the Buffalo 
 East-Side Street Railway). 
 
26 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 THE AMERICAN BLOCK, BUFFALO. 
 
 By the kindness of Messrs. Adam & Meldrum, who own the engrav- 
 ing, we are enabled to present, on the opposite page, an accurate 
 view of the large building known as the "American Block." It 
 stands on the west side of Main street, between Eagle and Court 
 streets, nearly opposite the Old Court House Park, and occupies the 
 site of the old "American" Hotel, burnt down in 1865. On the first 
 floor are six large stores, two of which, undivided, 160 feet deep by 50 
 feet wide, together with a basement of same size, the second floor 160 
 feet deep by 75 feet wide, and two large rooms on the third floor, are 
 all occupied by the well-known firm of Adam & Meldrum. This firm 
 began business here in 1867, occupying at first only a part of the first 
 floor, 150 feet deep by 50 feet wide, and have been steadily growing out 
 ever since ; till it seems probable enough that one of these days they 
 may occupy the entire American Block. By the excellent quality of 
 their goods; by their very low .prices ; and by their strict adherence 
 to their one price system, they have built up an immense trade, not 
 only in Buffalo, but in the country all around. Visitors to Buffalo, and 
 people who go there to do their trading, and large numbers from neigh- 
 boring counties do so, should by all means go "Up-town" to the 
 American Block, if only to see the fine building, the beautiful display 
 of Dry Goods-, and the crowds of people thronging the stores. The en- 
 terprise of this firm is sufficiently established by the fact that for two 
 years they have been importing their foreign goods directly from the 
 manufacturers in Europe. The advantage of this to the trade of Buffalo 
 is apparent. The heavy expenses at New York Custom House are 
 avoided, the profit of the New York importer is saved, and the pur- 
 chaser in Buffalo reaps the benefit in cheaper goods. Of course it re- 
 quires a business of magnificent proportions to dispose of goods in 
 sufficient quantities to accomplish this. The direct importations of 
 Adam & Meldrum during the present season will include invoices of 
 Shawls, Dress Goods, Laces, Embroideries, Table Linens, ToweJs, 
 Napkins, Bed Quilts, Table Covers, Lace Window Curtains, White 
 Goods, Lace Shawls and Sacques, Woolen Ck>ths, and a large variety 
 of Buttons and Dress Trimmings. Besides these they show full lines 
 of all Domestic Manufactures, Cottons, Flannels, Cloths, &c, &c. 
 The Carpet Room is on the second floor fronting on Main street, and 
 contains a large stock of Carpetings of every grade and quality, from 
 Hemp and Ingrain to Axminster and Moquette. In the basement, and 
 on the second floor in the rear, are the Wholesale Rooms, where 
 prompt cash buyers will find that they can assort their 6tocks of 
 Domestics, general Dry Goods and Notions, at and at less than New 
 York quotations. 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 SINGER SEWING MACHINE 
 
 AND 
 
 E. BUTTERICK & CO.'S PATTERN DEPOT. 
 
 In examining the different branches of business contained in the 
 American Block, the extensive establishment of Mr. J. S. Dawley 
 should by no means be overlooked, as the opportunity to observe a 
 large and perfected business of this character should not be missed. 
 Mr. Dawley's great experience in the Sewing Machine business, to- 
 gether with the fact that he has started with the right machine, has 
 enabled him to completely control the business in this large city. By 
 adopting a liberal, and at the same time conservative, policy in all 
 dealings with his patrons, he has Avon the confidence of the public and 
 transacted a large and profitable business. The Machines are here un- 
 packed from their original cases, thoroughly tested by steam poiver, and 
 before going into the hands of the purchaser receive most careful ex- 
 amination by competent and skillful machinists. By the results of 
 long study and experience Mr. Dawley is enabled to sell this world-re- 
 nowned Machine on most favorable terms, and in all cases fully war- 
 ranted. Here also is to be found the best brands of Cotton and Linen 
 Threads, Silk Twist, Oil, Needles, etc., etc. The justly celebrated E. 
 Butterick & Co's Patterns for ladies' and children's garments are also 
 sold at wholesale and retail. This business, first started in this city by 
 Mr. Dawley, has grown into an extensive branch of trade, and people 
 generally are beginning to appreciate the convenience and almost ne- 
 cessity of these patterns. For a small sum the perfect fitting pattern 
 of any garment can be obtained, which contains full and explicit di- 
 rections for purchasing the material, cutting and trimming, so that mis- 
 takes are an impossibility. Ladies' fine garments are also made to 
 order, and with experienced operators are made in a superior and 
 stylish manner. We recommend this veteran establishment to the 
 examination and patronage of the public generally. 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 2 9 
 
 THE AMERICAN BLOCK. 
 
 The American Hotel was originally built in 1835-6 by Benjamin 
 Rathbun for Alanson Palmer. The ground was that formerly occupied 
 by stage yard and barns belonging to the Jate Bela D. Coe. The hotel 
 was first opened in 1836 by Hodges & White. On Sunday morning, 
 March 10, 1850, the hotel, together with va large amount of other prop- 
 erty, was destroyed by fire, the- flames having originated in what was 
 then known as the "Globe Hotel," adioining the American on the 
 north. After the destruction of the hotel, the ground on which it stood 
 —91 feet front— was purchased from Col. Bliss by John Michael. Mr. 
 M. also purchased 45 feet adjoining, and re-erected the American 
 Hotel. The new hotel was opened by Mr. Hodges on the 5th July, 1851, 
 and remained under his proprietorship until burned, Jan. 25th, 1865, at 
 4.30 A. M. The fire was discovered on the premises occupied by Peter 
 Diehl. The weather was intensely cold— a fearful storm was raging:, 
 its fury continually increasing. The hose was frozen to the ground 
 and the steamers were covered with ice. It was determined by Mayor 
 Fargo to take up a portion of the hose to the gas works and thaw it out 
 and dry it. 
 
 The efforts of the fire department were of little avail in staying the 
 progress of the fire, and it was determined to blow up the low brick 
 buildings— the old Eagle Tavern Block— between the American and the 
 four-story building owned by Mr. Bullymore. A keg of powder weigh- 
 ing 100 lbs. having been placed in position the explosion soon followed, 
 and the time-honored "Eagle" was soon in ruins. 
 
 Calamitous as were the results of the conflagration, terrible as were 
 the sufferings of those who, amid flame and storm, battled so manfully 
 —all this was as nothing compared with the death of the three heroes, 
 Sidwat, Gillet and Tifft, members of Taylor Hose No. 1. In the 
 discharge of their duty as firemen, regardless of their own safetv, James 
 H. Sidway, aged 25 years, Assistant" Foreman of the Company ; W. H. 
 Gillet, aged 21, and G. H. Tifft, aged 24, true and faithful members of 
 the same honored organization, lay buried beneath a fallen wall. In 
 the absence of Chief Engineer French, First Assistant Engineer Spauld- 
 ing assumed the command, and acquitted himself most creditably. 
 
 W. G. Fargo, then Mayor of the city, deserves mention for his extra- 
 ordinary efforts at this great fire. His praise was in everybody's mouth. 
 Early on the ground, he was the last to leave it. Quiet and energetic, 
 calm, yet active, he was everywhere present to encourage and direct. 
 The whole out-door force of the American and United States Express 
 Companies and the Merchant's Dispatch he summoned to the aid of the 
 sufferers. 
 
 The present American was built in 1865-6 on the same ground, and 
 finished in the present magnificent style for stores and offices; and at 
 present occupied by someof the most reliable and enterprising busi- 
 ness and professional men of the city, manv of whose names may be 
 found in the Directory Department of this Guide. 
 
BUFFALO AND in A GAR A FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 ££LT&HOSV. 
 
 BICKFORD, CURTISS & DEMING, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF BELT AND HOSE, 
 
 S3 and 55 Exchange Street, Buffalo. 
 
 Messrs. Bickford, Curtiss & Deming, with twenty-five years' experi- 
 ence in the manufacture of Belt and Hose, and established in this city 
 eight years, have built up an extensive business with all parts of the 
 country. Their Belting goes directly to the consumer, who demands a 
 Pure Oak and Short Lap Belt and the very best that can be made, 
 and their Hose to Fire Departments wishing the heaviest and best. 
 Their Trade-Mark found above is placed on all of their Belt and Hose. 
 
 HEIF** We would advise those using the ordinary belting with long lap 
 and of bogus oak, which is so apt to get out of shape and wear out in 
 half the proper time, to try a belt in the worst places. We can as- 
 sure our readers that the Belts of this old and well established firm 
 will always give complete satisfaction. 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 31 
 
 WORLD-RENOWNED MANUFACTURING ESTABLISH- 
 MENTS. 
 
 Strangers stopping in the city could not entertain themselves more 
 profitably than by visiting the following institutions, the pride of 
 Buffalo: 
 
 Kellogg Bridge Co.— Foot Hamburgh street. 
 
 Union Ikon Wobks- Foot Hamburgh street. 
 
 Buffalo Cak Co. — Clinton street. 
 
 Pratt & Co.— Manufacturers Iron, Nails, &c, 44-50 Terrace. 
 
 Pratt & Letchworth— Malleable Iron Works, 52-54 Terrace. 
 
 Sidney Shepard & Co.— Tinned and Wrought Iron French Hollow 
 Ware 68 Main street. 
 
 P. S. Pease— Manufacturer and dealer in Oils, 65 and 67 Main street. 
 The proprietor is "King of Oil," having been repeatedly crowned by 
 the autocrats of the Eastern hemisphere. 
 
 Prince & Co.— Melodeon factory, corner Maryland and Niagara st. 
 
 Note & Son— Mill Furnishing, 131 Washington street. 
 
 Jewett & Root— Stove Works, Perry street, corner Mississippi. 
 
 Matthews & Warren -Railroad Bulletin Printing, Washington st. 
 
 Steam Forges— Niagara Steam Forge, Delnny & Co., Perry street; 
 Sizer & Williams, steam Forge. Exchange street. 
 
 Coal Interest.— The trade in Coal for the Port is immense, and an 
 inspection of the yards would afford interest to the stranger. The 
 Directory department of the Guide will give their location. 
 
 Lumber and Planing Mills are first-class and should be inspected 
 by the stranger and curiosity seeker. A vast amount of capital has 
 beeu invested in this department, and Buffalo owes much of its pros- 
 perity to the enterprise of the men controlling these establishments. 
 
 All other business houses and manufacturers doing an honorable 
 business and reflecting good credit upon the city as a great commer- 
 cial centre, will be found in the Directory department of this Guide, 
 alphabetically arranged. It may be relied upon as authoritative. 
 
 ELEVATORS. 
 
 The following Elevators are located on Buffalo Harbor: Bennett, 
 City, Evans, Exchange, Hazard, Niagara, Tifft Fire-proof (formerly 
 Plimpton), Reed, Richmond, Sternberg, Sturgis, C.J. Wells, Wilkeeon, 
 National Mills, Union, Brown, Coatsworth. Empire, Excelsior. Erie 
 Basin, Fulton, Merchants, Marine, Swift Sure, Wads worth, Wells, 
 Williams, Watson. 
 
 BUFFALO CATTLE YARDS. 
 
 There are millions of money handled in the purchase of cattle yearly. 
 A bank is about being established there to do the business. An om- 
 nibus for the cattle yards starts from the City Hotel, corner Exchange 
 and Michigan streets, running, morning and "afternoon, 4 times daily. 
 estimated value of receipts. 
 
 1873. 1872. 1871. 
 
 Cattle . .$26, c 80.056 $28,531,450 $34,586 400 
 
 Sheep 4,003,700 2 882 053 2.342,307 
 
 Hogs, 16,625,000 14,501.090 10632.168 
 
 $47,517,753 $45,914,593 $47,500,933 
 
32 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 BUFFALO MALLEABLE IRON WORKS, 
 
 PRATT & LETCHWORTH, Proprietors. 
 
 Near the terminus of the International Bridge on the American side, 
 and directly opposite the Central Railroad Passenger Depot at Black 
 Rock, are located the important Malleable Iron and Saddlery Hardware 
 Works of Pratt & Letchworth. These are probably the most extensive 
 Malleable Iron Works in the world, and give employment to a very 
 large force of workmen. They are located on a tract of land some 
 forty acres in extent, through the centre of which flows the Scajaquada 
 Creek, affording ample and convenient facilities for receiving and ship- 
 ping both raw material and manufactured goods. A branch of the 
 New York & Erie Railroad also passes through the entire length of the 
 grounds. The buildings are of great extent, the moulding room alone 
 covering an area of 280 by 220 feet. Power is supplied by a 250 horse- 
 power engine from the Fishkill Works on the Hudson. The engine 
 room is a" model of neatness, the floor, walls, and ceiling are finished 
 in natural colored woods, and are in keeping with the elegant work- 
 manship of the engine itself. Throughout the works the most im- 
 proved appliauces in moulding, casting, mallifying and finishing are 
 Drought into use, and no expense is spared to sustain the high reputa- 
 tion of the goods there manufactured. While the business partakes 
 largely of the manufacture of Saddlery Hardware, Rings, Buckles, 
 Bits, Trees, Hames, &c, it is by no means confined to this branch of 
 industry alone, but embraces in its scope every conceivable variety 
 of castings, from a knife handle to a steam ensrine, or from piano fix- 
 tures to threshing machines. The process of mallifying is simple, 
 though it is one requiring great care and experience. The castings, if 
 small, are cast from "gates, 1 ' each mould or "gate " containing many 
 duplicates of the same article connected together by a small band 
 which easily breaks off with the touch of a hammer, the iron being 
 exceedingly brittle before it passes through the annealing process. 
 The castings are first carefully sorted, and all imperfect ones thrown 
 aside; they are then placed in revolving cylinders, to remove the sand 
 from the surface, after which they are tightly packed in iron vessels in 
 layers of oxyde of iron — the scale wmich flies from iron in the process 
 of rolling, and which has been allowed to oxydise or become rusted 
 by exposure— and are then subjected to the intense heat of the fur- 
 naces for an average period of eight or ten days, according to circum- 
 stances. The combined action of the heat and the oxyde of iron pro- 
 duces the desired effect, rendering the iron tough and ductile, and 
 after again passing through the revolving cylinders to brighten the 
 surface they are ready for use. Tinning. Japanning, Nickel, as well 
 as Silver, hand and Electro-plating are all carried on here. 
 
 The business Btore and offices of the firm are located on the Ter- 
 race. The former is an emporium of such a countless number of arti- 
 cles that it is impossible to enumerate them, suffice it to say that it em- 
 braces everything pertaining to the Saddlery Hardware business, and 
 everything sold is, even when cheap, made of the best material and 
 workmanship, no inferior goods whatever being allowed to pass from 
 the works if known. 
 
 The business of this firm extends through New England and the 
 entire West, from St. Paul to San Francisco and New Orleans, to 
 the Canadas, and even to England, Mexico, South America and 
 Australia. 
 
my^^- '-^ m ■ 
 
 (8) 
 
NATIONAL FLOUR MILLS. 
 
 CHOICE FAMILY FLOUR 
 FARINA, EYE FLOUR, GRAHAM FLOUR, 
 
 CRACKED "WHEAT. 
 
 Com Meal and Feed of all kinds 
 
 For Sale at Lowest Market Prices, and Delivered to 
 All Parts of the City. 
 
 OBDERS SOLICITED. 
 
 THORNTON & CHESTER, 
 
 Nos. 212, 214, 216, 218 and 220 Erie St., 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 35 
 
 EXTENSIVE MANUFACTURERS AND WHOLESALE 
 DEALERS. 
 
 In addition to the extensive business establishments mentioned on 
 a previous page, to be enumerated among the sound and substantial 
 manufacturing^institutions, addingmuch to the commercial importance 
 of the Port of Buffalo, are the following: 
 
 Dealers in Iron or Brass Manufactures. — James Brayley, cor. 
 Carolina and Fourth, proprietor Pitts' Agricultural Works. Eagle Iron 
 Works,— now furnishing castings for the New York City Post Office, 
 — manufacturers of girders, the largest variety of building and archi- 
 tectural patterns west of New York City. R. L. Howard <fc Son, agri- 
 cultural implements, Chicago street. Geo. L. Squires & Bro., Carroll St.; 
 sugar mills shipped to Cuba and South America and other parts of the 
 world. Niagara Bridge Works, connected with Pratt & Co., located at 
 Black Rock. E. & B. Holmes, barrel machinery. Geo. W. Tifft, Sons 
 & Co., engine builders. Also, Farrar & Trefts and David Bell, 
 engine builders. Clark & Co., builders' hardware. F. D. Cummer, 
 stationary engine builder. Francis Axe Co. and J. D. Shepard's Works, 
 Chicago street. Bingham & Morgan, stoves. J. & N. C. Scoville, car 
 wheels, Louisiana street. Jno. A. Seymour, chain factory, G63 Seneca 
 street. Plumb, Burdict & Barnard, bolts. E. L. Hedstrom, iron. G. 
 R. Wilson, iron. J. W. Ruger, cracker machinery, Perry & Chicago. 
 Buffalo Scale Works, Exchange street. Drullard & Hayes, iron pipe 
 works for gas and water. Frank & Co., pony planers, Terrace. Geo. 
 Jones, safe builder, Terrace. Hubbell Bros, stoves. Thos. W. Toye, 
 Hart, Ball & Hart and John D. Smith, plumbers. C. M. Horton, Pearl 
 street, and D. C. Weed & Son, Main street, dealers in iron and hardware. 
 
 The most extensive white lead works are the Cornell Lead Works, 
 cor. Delaware and Virginia streets. J. B Sweet & Son are extensive 
 manufacturers of children's carriages. Slate roofing is extensively 
 controlled by John Gait, yard located 126 Perry street, and the Penrhyn 
 Slate Co., Main street. Among the soap manufacturers, R. W. Bell & 
 Co., Gowaus & Co. and Lautz Brothers supply the country 
 for hundreds of miles both East and West. S. D. Sikes & Bro. control 
 the trade in chairs. A. Best & Co., furniture. R. Ovens & Son and 
 Geo. Mugridge & Son, bakers. Among the heavy dealers in lumber 
 we would name Clarke, Holland & Co., E. & B. Holmes, Boiler & 
 Recktenwalt, Joseph Churchyard, and Dart & Brother. Morocco— 
 Lymburner & Torrv. Furniture— Herse^ &Co., Isaac D. White, Schlund 
 & Doll. Weller, Brown & Mesmer. School Furniture— M. B. Chase. 
 Flour Mills— National Mills, Thornton & Chester. Joel G. Garretson, 
 manufacturer of light hardware. House Furnishing Goods— Heinz, 
 Pierce & Munschauer, patent refrigerators, bird cages. Pianos— Ch. 
 Kurtzman. Wholesale dealer in Medicine— Dr. Pierce. Frame Manu- 
 facturer—Mutter & Hoddick. Crockery— W. H. Gleuny, Sons & Co. 
 Coal— Longstreet & Co., Ellis Webster & Son, G. R. Wilson & Co., 
 Anthracite Coal Association. Drugs— Harries, Powell & Co., Wm. 
 Laverack & Co. Clothing— Altman & Co., Hofeller, Hochstetter & 
 Strauss. Boots, Shoes and Rubbers— Sweet, Cook & Co., O. P. Ramsdell 
 &Co. Hats, Caps and Furs— W. B. Sirret & Co., Bergtold Brothers. Dry 
 Goods— Adam & Meklrum, Barnes, Bancroft & Co., L. H. Chester & 
 Co, Hardware— Chas. E. Walbridge. Variety Store— Barnum & Son. 
 Paper Hangings— M. H. Birge. Sewer and Drain Pipe— Charles H. 
 Rathbun & Co. Dudley & Co. (oil, wholesale.) Gents' Furnishing 
 Goods— H. Extein & Co. Refrigerators and Bird Cages— J. C. Jewett 
 & Son. Confectionery— Henry Hearne. Cheese— Geo. W. Hayward. 
 
Booth, Riesteb as Oo. 
 
 No. 29 Pearl Street, BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 JOHN C- IPOST, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 
 
 PAIW WS f OIIi0, ^tASSg 
 
 Artists' and Wax Flower Materials, &c. Importer of 
 French and English Sheet and Plate Glass. 
 
 16 East Swan St, and 528 Seneca St., BUFFALO, ft. Y. 
 
 J^™ GLAZING done to order. 
 3H 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
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 MANUFACTURER OP 
 
 212 & 214 SEVENTH STREET, BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 Settees a Specialty. Send for Catalogue and Price List. 
 
 J. L. ALBERGER & CO., 
 
 PORK ZPAOKEIRS, 
 
 AND 
 
 Wholesale ml Joint Dealers in Mel Meats, 
 
 LARD, PORK, BEEF AND DRESSED HOGS, 
 
 OFFICE, 12 EXCHANGE STREET. 
 
 Hogs slaughtered on Commission. Packing House, corner Howard 
 and Babcock streets. 
 
 ISAAC X). WHITE, 
 
 Manufacturer and Dealer in all kinds of 
 
 Parlor, Dining Room, Bed Room and Office 
 
 FURNITURE, 
 
 The Largest, Cheapest and Best Assortment, 
 
 AT WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 
 
 257 MAIN ST., BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 39 
 
 THE CHURCHES. 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN. 
 
 First.— On the triangle bounded by Church, Niagara and Pearl sts. 
 
 Central. — Corner Genesee and Pear! streets. 
 
 Lafayette Street.— Lafayette street, between Main and Washington 
 streets. 
 
 North.— Main street, between Chippewa and Huron streets. 
 
 Calvary.— East side Delaware Ave., between Chippewa and Tupper 
 streets. 
 
 Westminster.— Delaware Ave,, above North street. 
 
 Breckenridge Street.— Breckenridgc street, near Niagara street, Black 
 Eock. 
 
 East.— Seneca street, near Heacock street. 
 
 United.— Washington street, near Eagle street. 
 
 Wells Street Chapel.— Wells street, corner Carroll street. 
 
 METHODIST. 
 
 Grace.— Michigan street, between North Division and South Division 
 streets. 
 Asbury.— Corner Pearl and Chippewa streets. 
 Delaware A venue.— Corner Delaware Avenue and Tupper street. 
 Jersey Street.— Jersey street, corner Twellth street. 
 Riverside.— Dearborn street, North Buffalo. 
 St. Mark's.— Elk street, near Alabama street. 
 Free Methodist.— Virginia street, corner Tenth street. 
 German. — Mortimer street, between Sycamore and Batavia streets. 
 Second German.— North Buffalo. 
 
 Bethel Mission.— On Perry street, near Washington street 
 Vine Street— (Colored). — Vine street. 
 
 BAPTIST. 
 
 Washington Street.— North-east corner Washington and Swan streets. 
 
 Cedar Street. — Corner Cedar and South Division streets. 
 
 Prospect Ave7iue.—Covndv Prospect Avenue and Georgia street. 
 
 Prospect Chapel.— Corner Prospect Avenue and Rhode Island street. 
 A branch of Prospect Avenue Church 
 
 Free Baptist.— 'Niagara Square. 
 
 First German.— Spruce street, north of Batavia street. 
 
 Second German. — Hickory street, near Genesee street. 
 
 Michigan Street— (Colored).— Michigan street, between Clinton and 
 Batavia'streets. 
 
 EPISCOPAL. 
 
 St. Paul's Cathedral.— On the triangle bounded by Erie, Church and 
 Pearl streets. 
 
 Trinity.— Corner Mohawk and Washington streets. 
 
 St. John's. — Corner Swan and Washington streets. 
 
 Christ Church.— Delaware Avenue, between Tupper and Edward sta. 
 
 Ascension. — North street, at the head of Franklin street. 
 
 St. Luke"*.— Niagara street, between Maryland and Hudson streets. 
 
 St. James'. — Corner Swan and Spring streets. 
 
 Grace.— Niagara street, corner Bidwell street. 
 
 St. Philip's— (Colored).— Elm street, between North and South Divi- 
 sion streets. 
 
 St. Mary's.— Church Home, Rhode Island street. 
 
 UNITARIAN. 
 
 First Unitarian.— Corner Eagle and Franklin street?. 
 
PORTER & WATKINS, 
 
 OFFICES : BUFFALO, N. Y., Townsend Block, corner of 
 Main and Swan streets. ERIE, Pa., Reed Block, corner 
 
 of State and Seventh streets. 
 
 PLANS, SPECIFICATIONS, &c, 
 
 Of Buildings of every description made to order. 
 
 ELEYATIOHS. PERSPECTIVES AOT DETAIL DRAVIM&S 
 
 Promptly furnished for Churches, Public Buildings, City and Suburban 
 Residences. Will Superintend the Erection of Work when desired. 
 
 SLATE ROOFER 
 
 AND WHOLESALE DEALER IN 
 
 ROOFING SLATE. 
 Agent for Smith's Tubular Fluted Copper 
 
 Lightning Rods 
 
 The best protection against Lightning ever offered to the public, con- 
 taining four times the surface and eight times the power of a % Gal- 
 vanized Iron Rod. 
 
 126 Perry Street, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 40 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 41 
 
 TJNIVERSALIST. 
 
 The Church of the Messiah,— Main street, near Huron street. 
 
 CATHOLIC. 
 
 St. Joseph's Cathedral.— Franklin street, near Swan street. 
 St. Michael's— (German).— Washington street, between Chippewa 
 and Tupper streets. 
 SI. Francis Xavier.— East street, near Amherst street. 
 St. Patrick's.— North Swan street, near Emslie street. 
 Holy Angels.— Prospect Hill, York street. 
 
 St. Joseph's Church— Main street, near Eleyville Road, Buffalo Plains. 
 Holy Cros».— Cemetery, Limestone Hill. 
 
 St. Peter'*— (French).— Corner Clinton and Washington streets. 
 Immaculate Conception.— Edward street, near Virginia street. 
 St. Mary's -(German).— Corner Batavia and Pine streets. 
 St. Louis— (German).— Main street, corner Edward street. 
 St. Bonifacius.— Mulberry street. 
 
 Mother of Sorrow.— Genesee street, near Herman street. 
 St. Bridget's.— Louisiana street, corner Fulton street. 
 St. Anne's.— Emslie street, near Lovejoy street. 
 St. Vincent De Paul's— Main street, near Cold Springs. 
 St. John the Baptist's— North Buffalo. 
 
 OTHER CHURCHES. 
 
 German Lutheran, Trinity— Corner Maple and Goodell streets. 
 
 First German Lutheran, Trinity.— -Michigan street, between Syca- 
 more and Genesee streets. 
 
 Evangelical Lutheran, St. John's— Hickory street, between Batavia 
 and William streets. 
 
 German United St Paul's Evangelical.— Washington street, between 
 Genesee and Chippewa streets. 
 
 Evangelical Association. -Corner Spruce and Sycamore streets. 
 
 German Evangelical, St. Peter's.— Genesee street, corner Hickory 
 
 United Evangelical, St. Stephen's.— -Corner of Peckham and Adams 
 
 Zion's Evangelical Reformed Church— (German).— Lemon street, near 
 Cherry street. 
 
 Evangelical Association.— William street, corner Emslie street. 
 
 First French Protestant.— North-east corner Ellicott and Tupper sts. 
 
 Church of Christ— Maryland street, near Cottage street. 
 
 High Street Mission and Benevolent Society.— Comer High and Mul- 
 berry streets. . 
 
 Genesee Street Mission.— Jefferson street, between Batavia and Gene- 
 see streets. 
 
 German Evangelical.— Amherst street, North Buffalo. 
 
 Friends' Meeting-house.— 173 Allen street. 
 
 Temple Beth-Zion.— Niagara street, near Franklin street. 
 
 Bethel Synagogue.— Pearl street, near Eagle street. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. 
 
 Buffalo Commercial Advertiser.— Daily, tri-weekly and weekly. Mat- 
 thews & Warren, Publishers and Proprietors. Office, Commercial 
 Advertiser Building, No. 253 Washington street, next the Post Office. 
 
 Buffalo Courier.— Daily and weekly. Warren, Johnson & Co., Pub- 
 lishers and Proprieters. Office No. 197 Main street. 
 
BUFFALO, NEW YORK & PHILADELPHIA R'Y. 
 
 The Shortest and Best Passeng-er Route to the South- 
 East and South. 
 
 In by-gone days travelers and tourists whose business or pleasure 
 necessitated a trip between Buffalo, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washing- 
 ton, or any of the Sonthern cities, dreaded the beginning of the jour- 
 ney, endured with forced resignation its manifold discomforts, and 
 welcomed with joy its close. 
 
 Hardly a year has elapsed since the opening of the Buffalo, New 
 York & Philadelphia Railway, but the changes wrought in that time 
 have been little less than marvellous. This morning the traveler takes 
 his seat in the luxurious Parlor Car almost within stone's throw of the 
 foaming rapids of Niagara; to-night he sleeps in the Quaker City, or 
 snugly ensconced in one of the comfortable hotels at Cape May is 
 lulled to sleep by the roar of the breakers. This afternoon should busi- 
 ness or pleasure call him southwards, the Pullman Sleeping Car rolls 
 him out of the Buffalo depot after banking hours, lands him in Balti- 
 more for breakfast, or at Washington before the day's business is fairly 
 begun. 
 
 Asa freight route the B., N. T. & P. R'y has no superior. It materi- 
 ally shortens the distance between Buffalo and the Eastern and South- 
 ern cities ; it has established a remarkably reasonable freight tariff, 
 and as all goods entrusted to its agents are forwarded and delivered 
 promptly, it is rapidly becoming the favorite line for all heavy shippers 
 — coal, live stock, lumber, merchandise, etc. 
 
 MICHIGAN CENTRAL & GREAT WESTERN 
 ROUTE. 
 
 The Michigan Central and Great Western are so regularly patronized 
 by the commercial and mercantile portion of the traveling public, that, 
 as far as these are concerned, it were needless for us to offer any re- 
 marks ; but for the benefit of strangers and others, purposing to travel 
 for pleasure or otherwise during the coming season, we will here re- 
 capitulate the improvements and additional facilities for travel now in 
 operation on the above roads. 
 
 Four Express trains run each way daily between East and West, 
 all of which run through or form close and direct connections 
 between Chicago and New York in about thirty-six hours, affording a 
 choice of two routes between Suspension Bridge or Buffalo and New 
 York, as the trains of the Michigan Central & Great Western Railroad 
 companies connect at those points with both the New York Central 
 and the Erie Railroads. The Sleeping and Parlor Cars on these trains, 
 also the first class coaches and baggage cars running through in con- 
 nection therewith, are spacious and well ventilated, well furnished 
 with every requisite for the comfort and convenience of travelers, and 
 were built specially for this route. On the Atlantic and Pacific Express 
 the celebrated Hotel Car accompanies the train between Chicago and 
 Rochester, thus rendering unnecessary hurried meals at station dining 
 rooms. 
 
 A large portion of the track has been doubled, and fast running, 
 which would be impracticable on some roads, is rendered perfectly 
 safe and pleasant to passengers on this route by the perfect state of 
 track and rolling stock and the unrivalled efficiency of the station and 
 telegraph service. 
 
 42 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 43 
 
 Buffalo Express.— Daily and weekly. Express Printing Company 
 Publishers. Office No. 14 East Swan street. 
 
 Evening Post.— Daily. George J. Bryan, Publisher. Office No. 208 
 Washington street. 
 
 Buffalo Telegraph.— Daily and weekly. (German.) Fred. Geib, Pub- 
 lisher. Office Nos. 46 and 48 Batavia street. 
 
 Buffalo Demokrat.—DaUy and weekly. (German.) Brunck and 
 Held, Publishers. Office No. 509 Main street. 
 
 Buffalo Volksfreund.—Da,i\y and weekly. (German.) Office No. 513 
 Main street. 
 
 Buffalo Freie Presse.— Daily and weekly. (German.) Reinecke, 
 Zesch & Baltz, Publishers. Office No. 500 Main street. 
 
 Buffalo Christian Advocate.— Weekly. Ripley, Morse & Co., Pub- 
 lishers. Office No. 13 Brown's Building. 
 
 Buffalo Sunday Neivs.— Weekly. Adams & Butler, Publishers. 
 Office No. 200 Main street. 
 
 Buffalo Catholic Union.— Weekly. Catholic Publication Co., Publish- 
 ers. Office No. 89 Main street. 
 
 The Globe.— Monthly. Globe Company, Publishers. Corner Main 
 and Huron streets. 
 
 Our Record. —Monthly. Published by the Managers of the Home for 
 the Friendless. 
 
 Our Young Men's Paper. Monthly. Published by the Young Men's 
 Christian Association. 
 
 Live Stock. Farm and Fireside Journal.— Monthly. Published by 
 the Buffalo Printing Co., No. 200 Main street. 
 
 The Journal.— Monthly. Devoted to Temperance and Literature. 
 W. T. Horner, Publisher. 
 
 The Sunday Transcript.— -Weekly. George Bro's & Co., Publishers. 
 Office Nos. 192 and 194 Main street. 
 
 Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal.— Monthly. J. F. Miner, M. 
 D., Editor and Publisher. Office No. 61 South Division street. 
 
 SECRET SOCIETIES. 
 
 MASONIC LODGES. 
 
 Hiram, No. 105.— Meets on the second and fourth Fridays in each 
 month, Main street, corner Swan street. 
 
 Concordia, No. 1U3.— Meets on the second and fourth Fridays in each 
 month, Main street, corner Swan street. 
 
 Erie, No. 161.— Meets on the first and third Thursdays in each 
 month, Main street, corner Swan 6treet. 
 
 Washington. No. 2UQ.— Meets on the second and fourth Thursdays in 
 each month, Main street, corner Swan street. 
 
 Modestia. No. 31*0.— Meets on the first and third Tuesdays in each 
 month, Main street, corner Swan street. 
 
 Queen City, No. 358. — Meets on the first and third Fridays in each 
 month, Main street, corner Swan street. 
 
 The Ancient Landmarks, No. UU1— Meets on the first and third 
 Thursdays in each month over Erie County Savings Bank, corner Main 
 and Court streets. 
 
 Parish. No. 292 (Black Rock.) — Meets on the first and third 
 Fridays in each month. 
 
 De Molay. No. U98.— Meets on the second and fourth Tuesdays in each 
 month, corner Main and Swan streets. 
 
 Harmonie, No. 699.— Meets on the first and third Wednesdays in each 
 month, over 416 and 418 Main street. 
 
BERGTOLD & BROTHER, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 
 
 *w A^ 
 
 HATTERS & FURRIERS, 
 
 3 
 
 IMS, CAPS & FUSS, 
 
 291 MAIN ST., BUFFALO, N. T. 
 
 44 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 45 
 
 Buffalo Cliapter, No. 71, Royal Arch.— Meets on the first and third 
 Wednesdays in each mouth, Main street, corner Swan street. 
 
 Keystone Chapter, No. 163, Royal Arch.— -Meets on the first and third 
 Tuesdays in each month, Main street, corner Swan street. 
 
 Adytum, No. 235, Royal Arch.— Meats on the second and fourth Wed- 
 nesdays in each month, over Erie County Savings Bank, Main street, 
 corner Court street, 
 
 Germania Chapter, No. 256, Royal Arch.— Meets on the first and 
 third Thursdays in each month, over 416 and 418 Main street. 
 
 Buffalo Council, No 17.— Meets on the first Saturday in each month, 
 Main street, corner Swan street. 
 
 Keystone Council, No. 20.— Meets on the third Saturday in each month, 
 Main street, corner Swan street. 
 
 Lake Erie Commandery of Knight Templars, No. 20.— Meets on the 
 first and third Mondays in each month, Main street, corner Swan street. 
 
 Hugh de Payen Commandery, No. 30.— Meets on the second and 
 fourth Mondays in each month, Main street, corner Swan street. 
 
 Palmoni Lodge of Perfection, lkth degree A. A. R.— Meets on the 
 second Saturday of each month, Main street, corner Swan street. 
 
 Palmoni Council of Princes of Jerusalem, 16th degree A. A. R. — 
 Meets on the fourth Saturday of each month, Main street, corner Swan 
 street. 
 
 Masonic Board of Relief— Meets on the second Saturday in each 
 month, Main street, corner Court street 
 
 Masonic Life Association of Western New York. 
 
 German Masonic Benevolent Association. 
 
 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS. 
 
 Niagara Lodge, No. 25. — Meets every Monday evening at Odd Fel- 
 lows Hall, Washington street, corner Seneca street. 
 
 Buffalo Lodge, No 37.— Meets every Tuesday evening, corner Seneca 
 and Washington streets. 
 
 Walhalla Lodge, No. 91.— Meets every Thursday evening at German 
 Odd Fellows Hall, corner Michigan and Cypress streets. 
 
 Odin Lodge, No. 178. — Meets every Monday evening, corner Michigan 
 and Cvpress streets. 
 
 Concordia Lodge, No. 187.— Meets every Friday evening, corner Mich- 
 igan and Cypress streets. 
 
 German Bundes Lodge, No. 190.— Meets every Friday evening, corner 
 Michigan and Cypress streets. 
 
 Oriental Lodge, No. 22k.— Meets every Wednesday evening, corner 
 Michigan and Cypress streets. 
 
 Red Jacket Lodge, No. 238.— Meets every Monday evening, over 416 
 Main street. 
 
 Erie Degree Lodge, No. 3.— Meets on the second and fourth Wednes- 
 days in each month, corner Seneca and Washington streets. 
 
 Edda Degree Lodge, No. 33.— Meets on the first and third Tuesdays 
 in each month, Cypress street, corner Michigan street. 
 
 Esther Degree 'Lodge, No. 3.— Meets on the first Thursday in each 
 month. 
 
 Mount Vernon Encampment, No. 8.— Meets on the first and third 
 Wednesdays in each month, corner Seneca and Washington streets. 
 
 Stuttgart Encampment, No. 70 (German) —Meets on the second and 
 fourth Tuesdays in each month. Cypress street, corner Michigan street. 
 
 Erie District Grand Committee.— Meets quarterly. 
 
 Odd Fellows Benevolent Association- 
 German Odd Fellows Benevolent Association. 
 
46 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 R. OVENS & SON, 
 
 Manufacturers of Aerated Bread, Crackers, &c, 
 159, 161, 163, 165 & 167 Ellicott Street, Buffalo. 
 
 It must be seen by every reader of the City Guide that Buffalo is pre- 
 eminently a manufacturing city. In this department it commands 
 every element of success. Business men appreciate its unrivaled 
 facilities for railroad and water transportation. Among the old and 
 well established manufacturing houses of this city we take great pleas- 
 ure in putting on record, the bakery establishment of R. Ovens & 
 Son, as one of the largest and best conducted institutions in the United 
 States; demonstrated by its baking capacity of 200 barrels of flour per 
 day. Mr. Ovens, Senior, commenced the business in 1848,* on Seneca 
 street, and by establishing at the outset a high standard of bread, ac- 
 quired a reputation for honesty, honor and integrity not only pleasing 
 to himself, but worth a fortune to the firm he still represents. One of 
 the maxims of the house is that good bread could not be made with- 
 out good stock, competent bakers and a large supply of the purest 
 water ; all of which can be found upon the premises of this manufac- 
 tory. In 1862 the business was carried on under the firm-name of R. 
 Ovens & Son, and in 1866 the business increasing upon their hands 
 compelled the firm to seek more commodious quarters on Ellicott 
 street, in their present locality. 
 
 This firm is the sole manufacturers of Aerated Bread. Many other 
 kinds of Bread, together with Crackers, Snapps, Jumbles, etc., are 
 manufactured, and their shipments extend from Maine to Nebraska. 
 To demonstrate the enterprise of R. Ovens & Son, we would state that 
 the machine for baking crackers and cakes cost $10,000 and was im- 
 ported from England ; there are but four in the United States. The 
 well for the supply of the water has been drilled into the rock and is 
 sixty feet deep ; making purer and better bread and crackers than can 
 be furnished from the slimy water from Niagara river. Citizens of 
 Buffalo do appreciate the enterprise of this firm, and it requires the 
 carrying capacity of many wagons to supply the city with bread and 
 crackers manufactured at this popular establishment. A large and 
 commodious brick building is now being erected on the lot adjacent 
 to the present site of the firm and will increase the capacity of the house 
 considerably. 
 
 There are many other manufacturing establishments on Ellicott 
 street, among which we would name the extensive furniture house of 
 Hersee & Co. This firm has a most honorable record and is one of the 
 oldest manufacturing institutions in the city. 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAG ARA FALLS GUIDE. 47 
 
 KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS. 
 
 Lot^foot%^rS 6 ~Sltre7t ry ***** "****> at " Red JaCket 
 
 K^^A^^tSet^™ 1110 -- 116618 CVery ° ther Tue8da ^ at 
 
 TEMPERANCE. 
 
 TEMPLE OP HONOR 
 
 Royal Templars of Temperance.— Meets every Wednesday evening at 
 Harmony Lodge Room, Main street, corner Eagle street eVemn ° at 
 
 Hiawatha Temple of Honor, No. 8. -Meets on the second and fourth 
 Tuesdays ol each month, over 416 Main street. 
 
 SONS AND DAUGHTERS OP TEMPERANCE. 
 
 streef 05 ^ DivUion ' N&t68 > -Meets every Tuesday evening at 412 Main 
 street" 1 *** mvisim > No - i-W.— Meets every Friday evening at 412 Main 
 
 GOOD TEMPLARS. 
 
 Harmony Lodge, No. 516, I. O. G. T. -Meets every Tuesday evening 
 Y. M. A. Building, corner Main and Easrle streets. 
 
 at 412 Main^strfe't^' 5?3 ' L ° °' T -~ Meets ever ^ Thursday evening 
 
 •VSPE^"* Lodge, No. 827, 1. O. G. T.-Meets every Monday evening 
 at 414 Main street. J a 
 
 p^Jp {P dge < r %°- ™ 4 ' ? °- G - ^--Meets every Monday evening at 
 Pratt Rolling Mills, Black Rock. 
 
 Olive Branch, No. 893, I. O. G. T.— Meets every Monday evening at 
 621 Vermont street. • 
 
 126?Seneca e str? t'^' *' °' °' r, ~ Meets ever y Wednesday evening at 
 The Guards of Honor meet on the first Monday in each month at the 
 JJunalo a emale Academy. 
 
 AMERICAN PROTESTANT ASSOCIATION. 
 Excelsior Lodge, No. 11.— Hall, 414 Main street. 
 Eureka Lodge, No. 27.— Meets every Thursday, 414 Main street. 
 
 GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 Post Chapin, No. 2.— Meets at 414 Main street. 
 Post Bidwell, No. 9.— Meets at 414 Main street. 
 Post Wilkeson, No. S7.— Meets at Wilkeson Hall, 412 Main street. 
 
A. Pardee, Pres. Guilford R. Wilson, Geo. Beals, Treas. 
 
 J as. Jenkins, Supt. Vice-Pres. T. Guilford Smith, Sec. 
 
 THE UNION IRON COMPANY, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS of 
 
 ]pfe Ew®m § Mm Ewmm § 
 
 ROLLED SHAFTING & AXLES, 
 
 Girder Beams for Buildings and Bridges, Deck 
 Beams for Boats, 
 
 Angle Iron, Channel and T Iron, 
 
 PLATE IRON, &c, &c. 
 Works, foot of Hamburg St. BUFFALO, N.Y. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 PARLOR FURNITURE FRAMES 
 
 EOH. THE TRADE. 
 
 BUFFALO, If. Y, 
 
 We have every facility for manufacturing first-class goods at the 
 lowest rates, and our central location enables us to ship to all points, 
 at very low rates of freight. 
 
 Price List and Catalogue furnished on application. 
 
 ■V 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 49 
 
 CITY AND COUNTY OFFICES. 
 
 The following gives the location of the principal City and County 
 offices: city 
 
 Mayor.— On the corner of Franklin and Church streets. 
 
 Superintendents of Fire and Education.— Corner Franklin and Church 
 streets. 
 
 City Cleric.— -In the City Buildings, on Franklin street. 
 
 Comptroller.— City Buildings. 
 
 City Treasurer, Auditor, Assessors, and Engineer.— City Buildings. 
 
 Street Commissioner.— City Buildings. 
 
 Superintendent of Public Buildings.— City Buildings. 
 
 Common Council Chamber.— City Buildings. 
 
 Poormaster.— Police Building, on the Terrace. 
 
 Superior Court Judges'' office. — Law Library, Y. M. A. Building. 
 
 Superior Court Clerk.— New Court House, Clinton street. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Sheriff.— Old Court House, corner Washington and Clinton streets. 
 
 District Attorney. — Old Court House. 
 
 County Treasurer.— Corner of Pearl and Seneca streets. 
 
 Surrogate.— Corner Washington and Clinton streets. 
 
 County Clerk.— New Court House, Clinton street. 
 
 Supervisors' 1 Boom.— New Court House. 
 
 County Judge.— Y. M. A. Building. 
 
 GOVERNMENT OFFICES. 
 Custom House.— Tost Office Building, corner Washington and Seneca 
 Btreets. 
 Internal Revenue.— Yost Office Building. 
 United States Court Room—Tost Office Building. 
 Cl»rk U. S. Court.— Post Office Building. 
 Deputy Marshals.— Post Office Building. 
 
 THE BANKS. 
 
 Wliite's Bank of Buffalo.— Capital $200,000. Corner Main and Seneca 
 streets. 
 
 Bank of Attica.— Capital $250,000. Corner Pearl and Seneca streets. 
 
 New York and Erie Bank.— Capital $300,000. Seneca street, between 
 Main and Pearl streets. 
 
 Marine.— Capital $200,000. 112 Main street. 
 
 First National Bank of Buffalo.— Capital $250,000. Seneca street, 
 between Main and Pearl streets. 
 
 Farmer's and Mechanic's National Bank.— Capital $200,000. Corner 
 Main and Terrace streets. 
 
 Third National Bank of Buffalo.— Capital $250,000. Corner Main 
 and Swan streets. 
 
 The Manufacturers and Trader's Bank. — Capital $900,000. Seneca 
 street, between Main and Pearl streets. 
 
 The German Bank of Buffalo.— Capital $100,000. Corner Main and 
 Court streets. 
 
 Bank of Buffalo.— Capital $300,000. West side Main street, near 
 Seneca street." 
 
 Buffalo Savings Bank. — Corner Washington and Lafayette streets. 
 
 Erie County Savings Bank.— Corner Mam and Court streets. 
 
 Western Savings Bank.— Northwest corner Main and Court streets. 
 
 National Savings Bank.— Mam street, near Erie street. 
 
 Bank of Commerce.— Main street, near the Terrace. 
 
 (4) 
 
TIFFT HOUSE, BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 E. D. & H. TXJTHILIi, Proprietors. 
 
 The only first class honee in the city. 
 
 HALL c& SOITS, 
 
 BUFFALO 
 
 Fire Brick Works, 
 
 AND 
 
 Tonawanfla Common and Pressed Brick forts, 
 
 FIRE BRICK FOR ROLLING MILLS, 
 
 Forges, Blast Furnaces, Lime Kilns, Tanners' Ovens, 
 Stoves, Ranges, dc., 
 All manufactured of the hest New Jersey clays, from our own mines. 
 
 Post Office Address, BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 50 
 
SPORTING MEMORANDA. 51 
 
 SPORTING MEMORANDA. 
 
 [Compiled from the New York Clipper, the standard sporting author- 
 ity in America.} 
 
 THE TURF— Running.— % mile in 1:16, and one mile in 1:42%, 
 Alarm, at Saratoga, N. Y. 2 miles in 3:34%, Lyttleton, full weight, at 
 Lexington, Ky. 3 miles in 5:27%, Norfolk, in California. 4 miles in 
 7:19%, Lexington, 1031bs, at New Orleans. 50 miles in In. 52m. 
 31% sec, actual riding time, by Chas. Reddiker, 10 horses, near Louis- 
 ville, Ky. 200 miles in 8 hours, and 300 miles in 14h. 9m., by N. H. 
 Mowry, at Bay View Park, San Francisco. 
 
 Trotting.— 1 mile in 2:16%, Goldsmith Maid, in harness, at Boston, 
 and Occident, at Sacramento, Cal. 1 mile in 2:18, Dexter, under saddle, 
 at Buffalo, N. Y. 1 mile in 2:17%, 2:19, 2:17% Goldsmith Maid, in 
 harness, at Brooklyn— fastest three consecutive heats. 1 mile in 2: 16%, 
 2:18%, Occident, at Sacramento, Cal.— fastest two consecutive heats. 
 1 mile in 2:15, 2:16, 2.19, Ethen Allen and running mate, against Dex- 
 ter, Fashion Course, L. I. 1 mile in 2:24, Dexter, to wagon, and Lady 
 Thome, to wagon. 2 miles in 4:50%, Flora Temple, in harness. 2 
 miles in 4:56%, Gen. Butler, 1st heat, to wagon, and Dexter, 2d heat, to 
 wagon. 10 miles in 28:02%, John Stewart, to wagon, at Boston. 20 
 miles in 53:25, Capt. McGowan, in harness, at Boston. 50 miles in 
 3h. 55m. 40%sec, Ariel, in harness, 601bs. driver. 100 miles in 8h. 
 55m. 53sec, Conqueror, in harness. 
 
 Pacing.— 1 mile in 2:14%, Billy Boyce, under saddle, 3d heat. 1 
 mile in 2:17%, Pocahontas, to wagon. 3 miles in 7:44, Oneida Chief, 
 under saddle. 
 
 PEDESTRIANISM— Rotating.— 70 yds. in 7% sec, by John W. 
 Cozad, Fashion Course, L .1. 75 yds. in 7 sec, Wm. Biugham, Toronto. 
 100 yds. in 9% sec, by Geo. Seward, England. 500 yds. in 1:13, by 
 James Nuttall, Manchester, Eng. 1 mile, level, in 4:17%, W. Lang 
 and W. Richards, dead heat, Manchester, Eng. 6 miles in 29:30, 
 American Deer, London, Eng. 10 miles in 51:26, W. Lang, England ; 
 in 51:29, Deerfoot, England; in 51:34, American Deer, England. 41 
 miles in 4h. 18m. actual running time, Harry Howard, on a public 
 road, England— including stoppages, 5hrs. 36min. 
 
 Walking.— 1 mile in 6:25, J. Stockwell, London. Eng. ; same, 2 
 miles in 14:33, and 3 miles in 22:13%. 10 miles in lh. 24ra. 51%sec, 
 Howes, London, Eng. ; in lh. 31ra. 19sec , Geo. Topley, Boston, Mass. 
 100 miles in 17% hrs., exclusive of 1% hours' rest, Capt. Barclay, 
 Scotland. 400 miles in 6 days, W. Hughes, Boston, Mass. 1,000 miles 
 in 1,000 consecutive hours, Capt. Barclay, Scotland, and J. Lambert, 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Ocean Steamers.— New York to Qucenstown, in 7 days, 20 hrs. 24 
 
WATCHMAKER AND JEWELER, 
 
 Agent for the Sale of Fine Watches, 
 
 No. 327 WASHINGTON ST. 
 
 BUFFALO, 1ST. TZ\ 
 
 Particular attention given to Repairing Watches, Clocks and 
 Jewelry of every description. 
 
 ALL WORK WARRANTED. 
 I make a Specialty of Fine Work. 
 
 GOOD NEWS! GOOD NEWS! 
 H TlllllliHlillllKP 185 * W 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 IR, A. IsT Gh IE 
 
 J. B. PIERCE, Agent, 88 Seneca St., Buffalo. 
 
 52 
 
SPORTING MEMORANDA. 53 
 
 min., City of Brussels ; in 7 days, 22 hrs., Russia. New York to Liver- 
 pool, in 8 days, 14 hrs. 10 min., City of Brussels ; in 8 days, 14 hrs. 45 
 min., Russia. Liverpool to New York, in 8 days, 21 hrs. 37 min., City 
 of Paris. Liverpool to Australia, in 47 days, Golden Age. 
 
 River Steamers.— 26 miles in 1 hour, South America, on Hudson 
 River. New York to Albany, 145 miles, in 6 hrs. 21 min., Alida ; in 
 
 6 hrs. 51 min., nine landings, Daniel Drew. New Orleans to St. Louis- 
 in 3 dys. 18 hrs. 14 min., R. E. Lee. 
 
 Sailing Vessels.— New York to Liverpool, in 13 days, 1 hr. 25 min., 
 Red Jacket. San Francisco to New York, in 80 days, Young America. 
 Liverpool to Sydney, Australia, in 67 days, Patriarch. 
 
 Railroads.— 10 miles in 8 min., Hamburgh to Buffalo, N. Y. 14 
 miles in 11 min., locomotive and six cars, N. Y. Central road. 18 miles 
 in 15 min., Paddington to Slough, England. 81 miles in 82 min., 
 special train, Rochester to Syracuse, N. Y. 91 miles in 90 min., actual 
 running time, special train, Janesville to Chicago, 111. 305 miles in 
 
 7 hrs. and 32 min., Albany to Niagara, N. Y. 
 
 JUMPING— Man.— Standing, 13ft. 5% in., Ed. Searles, Utica. Run- 
 ning, 29 ft. 7 in., John Howard, Chester, England. 
 
 Horse.— 39 ft., over water, Chandler, Warwick, Eng. 34 ft., over 
 hurdles, Calverthorpe, Eng. 33 ft., over wall, Lottery, Liverpool, Eng. 
 
 LIFTING— Harness.— 3,3001bs., W. B. Curtis, New York; 2,9001bs!, 
 Dr. Winship, Boston. Hand.— l,2301bs., W. B. Curtis, New York; 
 l,0001bs., Dr. Winship, Boston. 
 
 Skating.— 1 mile in 1 min. 56 sec, Wm. Clarke, Madison, Wis. 30 
 miles in 1 hour, George Seward, England. 30 hours' skated, with 30 
 minutes' rest, by Miss Annie C. Jagerisky, aged 17, at Detroit, Mich. 
 
 TYPE-SETTING. -George Arensberg set 2,064 ems, solid minion, 
 — one breakline to each stickful, — in one hour, New York. 
 
 BRICKLAYING.— W. D. Cozzens laid 702 bricks in 12 minutes, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 BILLIARDS —John McDevitt made a run of 1,483, four-ball game, in 
 a match with Goldthwaite ; he subsequently ran 1,458 in a match with 
 Joseph Dion, Chicago, 111. Maurice Daly ran 153, three-ball game, at 
 Chicago tournament, 1873. 
 
 PRIZE RING.— Longest battle on record— 6 hrs. 15 min., James 
 Kelly and James Smith, Australia. Longest in England — 6 hrs. 3 
 min., Mike Madden and Bill Hayes. Longest in America — 4 hrs. 20 
 min., Fitzpatrick and O'Neil, Maine. Shortest battles on record.— 
 2 minutes by Watson and Anderson in England, and by Kelly and 
 Parkinson in America. 
 
 RATTING.— 25 rats killed in 1:28, by Jacko, London, Eng; same, 
 100 in 5:28; 1,000 in less than 100 min. 
 
DIRECTORY 
 
 OF LEADING AND RESPONSIBLE 
 
 BUSINESS HOUSES AND PROFESSIONAL MEN 
 OF BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 Agencies. 
 
 Mercantile— R. G. Dun & Co., Washington Block. 
 
 Improved Mercantile— J. M. Bradstreet & Son, Washington Block. 
 
 Commercial— John McKillop & Co., Nos. 7 to 10 Brown's Buildings. 
 
 Ales. 
 
 Fox & Williams, see page 36. 
 
 Architects. 
 
 Oatman, F. W., American Block. 
 
 Porter & Watkins, Townsend Block, see page 40. 
 
 Attorneys. 
 Park, Charles H., No. 190 Main street. 
 
 Auction and Commission. 
 Irish, C. G., No. 303 Washington street. Sales Wednesday and Satur- 
 day mornings. 
 
 Booksellers, Publishers and Stationers. 
 
 M. Taylor, wholesale and retail dealer, No. 263 Main. 
 
 Awnings, Flags, Tents, Sails. 
 
 Provoost, D., & Sons, foot Lloyd street. 
 Bakeries. 
 
 Mugridge, George, & Sons, manufacturers of Soda Biscuit, Butter 
 Crackers, Patent Bread, Snaps, Nos. 10 to 14 Elk street. 
 
 Dies, Charles, No. 52 East Seneca street, dealer in Bread, Confectionery, 
 and Pastry. 
 
 R. Ovens & Son, Nos. 165 and 167 Ellicott street, see page 46. 
 Bird Cages. 
 
 Heinz, Pierce & Munschauer, Nos. 52 to 58 Mechanic street. * 
 Boots and Shoes. 
 
 Chamot, C. P. (Theatrical a specialty.) No. 269 Washington street. 
 
 Garner, G., & Son, No. 19 South Division street. Special attention to 
 construction of foot. 
 
 Wolter, H. G., Gentlemen's Custom Work, No. 15 W. Eagle. 
 
 Sweet, Cook & Co., No. 185 Washington street, see page 20. 
 
 Towers, T., No. 394 Main street, see page 70. 
 54 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 55 
 
 Book aud Job Printing. 
 
 Eby, P., No?. 409 and 411 Main street, comer Clinton. English and 
 German. 
 
 Book Binding and Blank Book Manufactories. 
 
 Chichester, J. L., Washington street, see third page of cover. 
 Bork, W. H. & Co., Nos. 255 to 259 Washington street. 
 
 Buffalo Fertilizing Company. 
 
 Alexander & Archer, Bone Super-phosphate Lawn Fertilizers. Plant 
 Food for Plants and Flowers. Office, Nos. 297 and 301 Michigan 
 street ; Works, Babcock street, East Buffalo. 
 
 Builders' Hardware. 
 
 Shepard, John D. Foundry, and manufacturer of Small Iron Castings. 
 
 No. 126 Chicago street. 
 
 Carriages. 
 Chamberlain & Joyce, manufacturers of. Repository, Pearl street; 
 
 Works, corner Mohawk and Pearl streets. 
 Harvey & Wallace, a larsre assortment of fine Carriages of our own 
 
 manufacture. Nos. 104 and 108 Terrace. 
 
 Children's Carriages. 
 
 Sweet, J. B. & Son, manufacturers of, Nos. 297, 299 and 301 Niagara 
 street. 
 
 Cloak and Dress Making. 
 
 Mr. & Mrs. Constantino, No. 321 Main street. Work executed at short 
 notice. 
 
 Clothing Houses. 
 
 Altman & Co. (wholesale), Nos. 226 and 228 Washington street. 
 
 Meyer, T., The One Price Clothier (retail), No. 404 American Block. 
 Confectionery. 
 
 Sibley & Holmwood. No. 133 Seneca street. The leading Confectioners 
 of Buffalo. Sell more goods than any other confectionery house in 
 the city. See page 18. 
 
 Hearne, Henry, No. 110 Seneca street. The largest and cheapest man- 
 ufacturing confectioner in Western New York. 
 
 Barker, C. B., successor to John Benson & Son, No. 157 Main st. The 
 oldest and largest confectionery establishment in State of New York. 
 
 Albert Ey, No. 301 Main street, wholesale dealer in American and 
 French Confectionery. 
 
 Bullock's Celebrated Chocolate Creams and Maple Sugar Caramels of 
 different flavors made fresh daily. Ice cream and refreshment res 
 taurant, Exchange street, corner Washington street. 
 
 Mayer's, No. 3 3 6 Main street. Parties and families supplied with all 
 kinds of Creams, Ices, Jellies, Chocolate, Russe, etc. 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Hedstrom, E. L. & Co., Miners and Shippers, No. 29 Seneca street. 
 Longstreet, S. P. & Co., No. 20 East Seneca street, see fourth page of 
 cover. 
 
5b BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 California Beer and. Mineral Water. 
 
 Adams & Co., No. 43 Carroll street, manufacturers and dealers in Cali- 
 fornia Beer and Mineral Water. Wholesale dealers in Champagne 
 Cider and Cider Vinegar. Physicians pronounce the Beer a healthy 
 tonic. 
 
 Chair Factory. 
 Sikes, S. D. & Bro., No. 500 Clinton street, see page 10. 
 Coal Mods and Coal Vases. 
 Heinz, Pierce & Munschauer, Nos. 54 to 58 Mechanic street. 
 
 Copper, Tin and Sheet Iron. 
 Kast & Co., Nos. 15, 17, 19 Scott street. Malt House Work. 
 
 Cracker Machinery. 
 
 Ruger, J. W. & Co., corner Perry and Chicago streets. 
 
 Crockery. 
 Newman, G. E., No. 444 Main street, see page 14. 
 
 Dentistry. 
 Phillips, T. S., No. 476 Main street, opposite Tifft House. Teeth ex- 
 tracted without pain. 
 
 Drain and Sewer Pipe. 
 Rathbun, Charles H. & Co., manufacturers of and dealers in Drain and 
 Sewer Pipe, No. 12 Henry street. 
 
 Dress Making. 
 Mme. Valentine, No. 440 Main street. A good fitting guaranteed. 
 
 Dry Goods and Carpets. 
 Adam & Meldrum, Nos. 396 to 402 Main street. See page 26. 
 Barnes, Bancroft & Co., Nos. 200 to 268 Main street. See page 16. 
 Chester, L. H. & Co., importers and dealers in Dry Goods, Carpets, 
 Upholstery and House Furnishing Goods. The best, the choicest and 
 completest assortment in each department. No. 259 Main street. 
 Flint & Kent, No. 261 Main street. Ladies' Underwear a specialty. 
 
 Druggists. 
 Champlin, O. H. P., No. 75 E. Seneca st. Sign of Big Mortar. Dealer in 
 purest drugs, and manufac'r of Talbot Health Bitters. Try a bottle. 
 Thompson's. The Druggist and Chemist, No. 17 Court street, between 
 Main and Pearl. 
 
 Drugs, Groceries, Paints, etc. 
 Laverack, W. & Co., No. 230 Washington street. 
 
 Dyeing. 
 Thebaud Bros., office No. 16 South Division street, see page 14. 
 
 Edge Tools. 
 White, L. & I. J., wholesale manufacturer of. 
 
 Engravers. 
 Juengling, H. F., No. 293 Washington street, manufacturing Jeweler. 
 Door Plates and Seals a specialty. 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 57 
 
 Engines and Boilers. 
 
 Tifft, G. W., Sons & Co., manufacturers of Steam Engines, Boilers and 
 
 Architectural Castings, Nos. 25 and 27 Washington street. 
 Cummers, F. D., Nos. 47, 49 and 51 Water street. 
 Farrar & Trefts, Nos. 54 to 66 Perry street. See page 64. 
 
 Fine Arts, Pictures and Frames. 
 
 Fay & Ilubbell, dealers in Paintings, Engravings and Chromos, No. 
 
 403 Main street. 
 Benson, D. D., No. 258 Main street. Fine exhibition of Paintings and 
 
 Works of Art. French Plate Mirrors a specialty. 
 
 Fire Brick. 
 
 Hall & Sons, office at Pratt & Co's, Terrace. See page 50. 
 
 File Works. 
 
 Eagle File Works, Nos. 274 to 278 Court street. See page 70. 
 
 Forging (De Laney Forge and Iron Co.) 
 Car Axles, Shafting, Wrought Iron Work, No. 306 Perry street. 
 
 Florists. 
 
 Long Bros., general wholesale and retail Flokists, Nurserymen, 
 Seedsmen. City Depot No. 440 Main street. Park Greenhouse and 
 Flower Gardens front on Park. Nursery at Williamsville, N. Y. 
 Shipping of all kinds of Floral Designs for Weddings, Funerals, etc. 
 Plants and seeds made a specialty. Catalogue free to any address. 
 
 Flour Mills. 
 
 National Flour Mills, Nos. 212 to 220 Erie street. See page 74. 
 
 Foundries. 
 Eagle Iron Works, corner Perry and Mississippi streets. See page 12. 
 Brown & McCutcheon (Brass), Nos. 16 to 20 Elk street. See page 12. 
 
 Frames and Mouldings. 
 
 Hinze, Bunting & Co., Picture Frames, Looking Glasses and Bulletin 
 
 Boards, No. 331 Main street. 
 Simonds, H. L., No. 15 South Division street. Frames made to order; 
 
 terms reasonable. 
 
 Frame and Moulding Factory* 
 
 Mutter & Hoddick, Nos. 25 to 31 Washington street. 
 
 Furniture. 
 
 Hersee & Co., Nos. 247 to 255 Ellicott street 
 
 Schlund & Doll, No. 472 Main street. 
 
 Persch & Gessert, Furniture and Upholstery Warerooms, Nos. 52 and 
 
 54 Genesee street. 
 White, Isaac D., No. 257 Main street. See page 38. 
 Best, Albert & Co., Perry street. See page 48. 
 
58 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 Groceries. 
 
 Beard & Thyng, Nos. 263 and 265 Washington street (Fancy Fruits). 
 Holnian, E. D., No. 293 Main street. See page 8. 
 Scott, Geo. W., No. 17 East Seneca street. See second page of cover. 
 Bartholomy, Peter, No. 289 Main street. See third page of cover. 
 
 Gun Powder. 
 
 Laflin & Rand Powder Co., No. 231 Washington street. 
 
 Oriental Powder Mills, A. B. Young, Ag't, 42 Exchange st. See p. 87. 
 
 Hair Goods. (Human.) 
 Mme. Thayer, No. 479 Main street. The only reliable Hair Emporium. 
 
 Harness. 
 
 Lytle, J. S. & Son, No. 20 Exchange street. See page 24. 
 
 Hardware and Iron. 
 
 Pratt & Co., Terrace Square. 
 Pratt & Letchworth, Terrace Square. 
 Horton, C. M., corner Pearl and Seneca streets. 
 Walbridge, C. E., Nos. 297, 299 and 301 Washington street. 
 Garretson, J. G., manufacturer of Window Locks; also, Ink wells for 
 School Furniture, No. 45 Henry street. 
 
 Hats, Caps and Furs. 
 
 Sirret, W. B. & Co., Washington street. See page 20. 
 Smith, Harry, Fashionable Hatter, No. 327 Main street. 
 Bergtold & Brother, No. 291 Main street. See page 44. 
 House Furnishing' Goods. 
 Heinz, Pierce & Munschauer, Nos. 52 to 58 Mechanic street. 
 
 Hotels. 
 
 Tifft House, Main street. See page 50. 
 
 Insurance. 
 
 Mutual Insurance Co. of Buffalo, capital $100,000. Insures Buildings, 
 Merchandise, Household Furniture and other property aaainst loss 
 or damage. Office, No. 459 Washington street. M. Leo Ritt, Secre- 
 tary ; John Langner, Vice-President ; John P. Einsfield, President. 
 
 Stevens, W. C, General Asrent North American Insurance Company, 
 of New York, No. 3S1 Main street. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Hedstrom, E. L. & Co., importers and dealers in, No. 29 Seneca street. 
 The Union Iron Company, foot of Hamburgh street. See page 48. 
 Drullard & Hayes, No. 344 Exchange street. See page 64. 
 Weed. D. W. C. & Co., No. 284 Main street. See page 72. 
 
 Leather Belting and Hose. 
 Bickford, Curtiss & Deming, Nos. 53 & 55 Exchange st. See page 30. 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. m 
 
 Kellogg Bridge Company. 
 
 Works, foot of Hamburgh street. See page 66. 
 
 Ijivery and Boarding Stables. 
 
 Bidwell's, Nos. 409, 411 and 413 Niagara street. See page 87. 
 
 Marbleized Slate and Mantel Manufacturing Co. 
 
 Williams Bros., No. 156 Virginia street ; store room, No. 20 W. Eagle. 
 
 Medicines. 
 Dr. R. V. Pierce, Nos. 80 to 86 West Seneca, cor. Terrace. See page 4. 
 
 Merchant Tailors* 
 Staart, W. H., No. 17 Court street. 
 Schneider, J., No. 323 Washington street. 
 Sippel, G., No. 35 East Seneca street. Finest of stock. 
 Haffa, J. G., No. 325 Washington street. 
 
 Millinery Goods. 
 Wright, William, No. 325 Main street, opposite churches. See page 18. 
 
 Milk Dealers. 
 Erie Co. Milk Association, No. 32 Ellicott street. The purest milk. 
 
 Mill Stones and Mill Machinery. 
 Noye, John T. & Son, Washington street. 
 
 Men's Furnishing Goods. 
 Exstein, Hiram, & Co., No. 187 Washington street. 
 
 Music Store. 
 Cottier & Denton, No. 269 Main street. Pianos and Organs for sale. 
 
 News Depots. Books and Stationery. 
 Hawks, T. S., No. 31 East Seneca street, opposite the Post Office. 
 Buckland, G. W., No. 16 East Seneca street. Hawks 1 old stand. 
 
 Nurseries. 
 Zimmerman, G. & Sons, No. 571 Main street. 
 
 Oil. 
 Pease, F. S., Nos. 65 and 67 Main street. See page 22. 
 
 Opticians. 
 Andrews, R. E., No. 294 Main street. Optical, Mathematical and 
 Physical Instruments. 
 
 Paints, Oils and Glass. 
 
 Post, John C, No. 16 East Swan st. and 528 Seneca st. See page 36. 
 
 Paper Hangings and Window Shades. 
 
 Burley, E., No. 46 Niagara street. Latest styleB and lowest prices. 
 Birge, M. H., No. 218 Main street, wholesale dealer in Paper Hangings, 
 Curtains and Oil Cloths, 
 
60 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 Pickles, Sauces, &c. 
 
 Bell Bros., manufacturing and wholesale dealers, Nos. 10 to 14 Pearl st. 
 
 Planing Mills. 
 
 Holmes, E. & B., corner Washington street and Erie Canal. 
 
 Churchyard, Joseph, Clinton street. See page 10. 
 
 Clarke, Holland & Co., corner Court and Wilkeson sts. See page 68. 
 
 Plumbing. 
 Smith, John D. & Co., No. 216 Main street. See page 24. 
 
 Physicians. 
 Colton, H. E., northeast corner Mohawk and Washington streets. 
 Lewis, Dr. G. W., (Homoeopathic), Pearl street, near Court street. 
 
 Provisions. 
 Bullymore, Richard, wholesale and retail, Michigan street. 
 
 Paper Collars. 
 Davis & Waldron, manufacturers of and wholesale dealers in Paper 
 Collars and Gent's Furnishing Goods, No. 7 W. Seneca street. 
 
 Photographers. 
 
 Knight's Gallery, Main street, cor. Erie. First class Photographs. 
 Farnsworth & Phelps, No. 3S1 Main st. Crayon Portraits a specialty. 
 
 Pork Packers. 
 Alberger, J. L., & Co., No. 12 Exchange street. See page 38. 
 
 Powder. 
 Oriental Powder Mills, A. B. Young, Ag't, 42 Exchange st. See p. 87. 
 
 Ileal Estate and Insurance. 
 Hume & Sanford, No. 16 W. Swan street. 
 
 Refrigerators, Filters, Coolers and Bird Cages. 
 Jewett, John C. & Son, manufacturers of, Washington street. 
 Heinz, Pierce & Munschauer, Nos. 52 to 58 Mechanic street. 
 Yogt, P. A., No. 31 Main street and No. 482 Washington street. 
 
 Rubber Goods. 
 Goodyear Rubber Emporium, E. A. Rockwood, proprietor, No. 242 
 Main st. Belting Hose, Packing, Boots, Shoes, and everything made 
 of rubber at manufacturers' prices. Satisfaction guaranteed. 
 
 Roofing. 
 
 Penrhyn Slate Co., office No. 304 Main street. See page 8. 
 Gait, J., No. 126 Perry street. See page 40. 
 Saw Mills. 
 Pierce, Jerome & Co. Bill Timber sawed to order. No. 414 Louisiana 
 street. 
 
 Scales. 
 Fairbanks Scales of every variety and for all uses fer sale, No, 93 Main. 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 61 
 
 Sewing Machines. 
 Singer, J. S. Dawley, No. 402 Main street. See page 28. 
 American Sewing Machine, No. 8 East Huron street. Try them.. 
 
 Shingle Mills. 
 Pierce, Jerome & Co., manufacturers of Cut and Sawed Pine Shingles, 
 No. 414 Louisiana street. 
 
 Soap. 
 Thompson, H., manufacturer of Staple Soap, Nos. 270 to 280 Perry 
 
 street, corner Exchange street. 
 Gowans & Co., Steam Soap Works, Nos. 269 to 281 Perry street, corner 
 
 Chicago. See page 6. 
 Bell, R. W. & Co., Washington street. See outside cover. 
 
 Stained Glass. 
 Booth, Riester & Co., No. 29 Pearl street. See page 36. 
 
 School Furniture. 
 
 Chase, M. W., Nos. 212 and 214 Seventh street. See page 38. 
 
 Stoves and. Ranges. 
 Woltge, W., No. 319 Main street. See page TO. 
 Pierce, J. B., No. 88 Seneca street. See page 52. 
 Stamping "Works. 
 Shepard, Sidney, & Co., No. 68 Main street. See page 79. 
 
 Stoves and House Furnishing Goods. 
 Perrine & Strawn, No. 133 Main st. Best Portable Range in market. 
 
 Street and Sewer Contractor. 
 McConnell, D. W., Nos. 89 and 91 Franklin street. 
 Seedsmen and Millers. 
 Harvey Bros., wholesale and retail, No. 262 Washington street. 
 
 Stove Polish. 
 National Stove Polish Co., No. 74 Pearl street. 
 
 Teas, Coffees and Spices. 
 Hay ward, Geo. W., Buffalo Steam Coffee and Spice Mills. Dealer and 
 shipper in New York Cheese, Butter and Dried Fruits, Nos. 305 and 
 307 Washington street. 
 Excelsior Mills, corner Main and Hanover streets, P. J. Ferris. 
 Joseph Guild & Sons, Enterprise Mills, No. 86 Seneca street. 
 
 Undertaking. 
 Sackett, J. B., No. 174 Pearl street, next to Skating Rink. 
 
 Wagons. 
 
 Chamberlain & Joyce, cor. Pearl and Mohawk ets. Examine our $140 
 wagon. 
 
 Washing Crystal. 
 
 Shirrell & Co., Nos. 72 and 74 Pearl street. 
 
62 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 Watches, Clocks and Jewelry. 
 Stevens Bros., Tifft House Block, Watches, Clocks, Jewelry, Bronzes, 
 
 Solid Sterling Silver Ware, Silver PJatud Ware, American and Swiss 
 
 Gold and Silver Watches. Ladies' and Gentlemen's Watch Chains, 
 
 Ladies' Necklaces and Lockets. 
 Castle, D. B., No. 161 Main street, dealer in Gold and Silver Watches. 
 Schaefer, C. A., No. 11 Court street, dealer in Gold and Silver Watches. 
 
 Jewelry repairing a specialty. 
 Pleuthner, A., No. 600 Main street, dealer in Gold and Silver Watches. 
 Church, Allen, No. 327 Washington street. See page 52. 
 
 Water Coolers. 
 
 Heinz, Pierce & Munschauer, Nos. 52 to 58 Mechanic street. ' 
 
 Wli ite Lead and Lead Pipe. 
 Cornell Lead Co., corner Virginia and Delaware streets. See page 83. 
 
 Wire Works. (Wholesale and ■ ■ L ail/ k 
 Scheeler & Baer, No. 7 Lloyd street. 
 
 Dow's Wire Works, No. 517 Washington street. Bank and Office 
 Work a specialty. 
 
 Wood Engraving. 
 
 Lowe, John C, Nos. 198 and 200 Main street. Mechanical Engraving 
 
 a specialty. 
 Wightman, C. D., Designer and Engraver on Wood. Makes a specialty 
 
 of all work entrusted to his care, and aims to do it in No. 1 style, in 
 
 the Arcade, Room No. 30. 
 
 EDITORIAL NOTICE, 
 
 In future editions the Directory Department will he increased until 
 every reliable and enterprising firm in Buffalo will he found correctly 
 classified. Many first class houses have been necessarily omitted in 
 this edition. 
 
 Hotels at Niagara Falls. 
 
 Clifton House, Canada side. 
 Cataract House, American side. 
 International House, American side. 
 Spencer House, American side. 
 
NIAGARA FALLS: 
 
 Among the wonders of the world may 
 justly be classed the Falls of Niagara. 
 They are the pride of America, and their 
 grandeur, magnitude, and magnificence are 
 well known to all the civilized world. Mil- 
 lions have flocked thither from all countries 
 to gaze with feelings of the deepest solemn- 
 ity on the tumultuous fall of waters, and to 
 revere the power and majesty of the Creator 
 as these are set forth and realized amid 
 the sublime scenery of this stupendous 
 waterfall. 
 In the following pages we shall attempt 
 to guide the traveler to the various points whence the finest views 
 of the Falls may be obtained, and, thereafter, conduct him to the spots 
 of peculiar interest in their neighborhood. 
 
 The great lakes of North America— Superior, Michigan, Huron, and 
 Erie— pour the flood of their accumulated waters into Lake Ontario 
 through a channel of about 36 miles in length. This channel is named 
 the Niagara River, and is part of the boundary between Canada and 
 the State of New York. Twentv-two miles below its commencement 
 at Lake Erie occur the famous Falls of Niagara. These Falls are divided 
 into two by Iris or Goat Island. The American Falls are 000 feet wide, 
 by 164 feet high. The Horse-Shoe or Canadian Fall is 2000 feet wide, 
 and 158 feet high. The origin of the name is uncertain, but it is sup- 
 posed to be of Iroquois extraction, and to signify the "Thunder of 
 Waters." The roar of the Falls is sometimes heard at a great distance, 
 but of course it is constantly modified by the direction and strength of 
 the wind. Over this magnificent precipice the irresistible tide rushes 
 at the rate of 100 million tons of water every hour litis computed that 
 the precipice is worn away by the friction of the water at the rate of 
 about one foot a year, and it is believed that the Falls have gradually 
 receded from Queenston, seven miles below, to their present position. 
 The river above the Falls is studded with islands of all sizes, amount- 
 ing to 37 in number. The width of the stream varies from several hun- 
 dred yards to three miles. At the Falls it is about three-quarters of a 
 mile wide. The total descent from Lake Erie to Ontario is 334 feet. 
 So much for statistics. 
 
 The Falls of Niagara were first seen by a white man nearly two hun- 
 dred years ago. Father Hennepin, a French Jesuit missionary, first 
 saw them when on an expedition of discovery in the year 1678. 
 
 The spots of interest to be visited, besides the great Fall itself, 
 are :— The ground where the memorable battle of Lundy's Lane was 
 fought; the Whirlpool below the Falls; the Suspension Bridges: the 
 Devil's Hole and the Bloody Bun ; the Queenston Heights, General 
 Brock's Monument, Burning Spring, &c. 
 63 
 
DRULLAED & HAYES, 
 
 FOUNDERS OF 
 
 Cast Iron Pipe, 
 
 FOR 
 
 F-T3> M 
 
 'f> 
 
 JVb. 344 JZ-srcTLCLnge Street, 
 
 \ BUFFALO, N. Y, 
 
 POLOMON DHTTIXABD, 
 GEO. B. HATES. 
 
 FJkMMJkM & TWEWTB 9 . 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 STEAM ENGINES, BOILERS 
 
 AND MACHINERY, 
 54 to 66 Perry Street, - BUFFALO, N. K. 
 
 Propeller Wheels a Specialty. 
 
 ALL KINDS OF REPAIR WORK SOLICITED. 
 64 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 65 
 
 The Village of the Falls, through which you pass on your way from 
 the cars, lies on the east side of the river, in the immediate vicinity of 
 the grand cataract, 22 miles by rail from the city of Buffalo on Lake 
 Erie, and 300 by rail from Albany. Being a fashionable place of resort 
 during Summer and Autumn, the Hotels at this village are excellent in 
 all respects, and most agreeable abodes for those who intend to sojourn 
 for a time within sound of the Falls. The chief of them are the Cata- 
 ract House, the International Hotel, Spencer House (opposite Dep6t); 
 three magnificent houses, in which every comfort is combined with ele- 
 gance. The Cataract House is situated at the head of Main street, 
 overlooking the American Rapids. From the parlors of this famous 
 hotel a fine view is had of the Rapids, Goat Island, the Bridge, and 
 the Canada shores, considered among the principal features of Niagara. 
 Conveyances may be had from any of the above hotels to all parts of 
 Niagara. Moving forward down the- street leading past the hotels 
 justmentioned, we come into full view of the river at the point where 
 it is spanned by the 
 
 Cast-iron Bridge Over the Rapids. 
 
 Here the first perceptions of power and grandeur begin to awaken in 
 'our minds. The noble river is seen hurrying on towards its final leap; 
 and, as we stand upon the bridge looking down upon the gushing flood of 
 water, that seems as if it would sweep away our frail standing-ground 
 and hurl us over the dread precipice whose rounded edge is but a few 
 yards further down, we begin, though feebly as yet, to realize the im- 
 mensity of this far-famed cataract. This is the finest point of view 
 from which to observe the Rapids above the Falls. The fall of the 
 river from the head of the rapids (a mile above the Falls) to the edge 
 of the precipice is nearly 60 feet. 
 
 At the other end of the bridge is Bath Island, connected with Iris 
 or Goat Island by another bridge ; and beyond Goat Island there are a 
 few scattered rocks, which are connected with it by means of a third 
 bridge. These rocks lie on the very brink of the precipice, between 
 the American Falls and the Horse-Shoe Fall, and on them stood a tower 
 named the Terrapin, Tower, which commanded a magnificent view of 
 Niagara. This tower has lately been removed, having been pronounced 
 unsafe. But there are finer points of view than this. Moreover, we 
 shall afterwards have to conduct our reader to various points of great 
 interest on and around these Islands, which, however, no one will feel 
 disposed to visit until he has given his undivided attention to the won- 
 derful Falls from the most striking points of view. We therefore rec- 
 ommend him not to cross over to Goat Island in the first instance, but, 
 after having stood upon the bridge over the rapids above described, 
 retrace his steps and hasten down the banks of the river a few hun- 
 dred yards, to a spot named Point View. 
 
 Before proceeding thither, however, we may gay a word or two in 
 reference to the bridge we are about to leave. The elegant and sub- 
 stantial structure that now spans the river at this point, was erected 
 by the Messrs. Porter, the proprietors of Goat Island. It is made of 
 iron, on the plan of Whipple's iron arched bridge, and is 3G0 feet long, 
 having 4 arches of 90 feet span each. The width is 27 feet, embracing 
 a double carriage-way of 16^ feet, and two foot-paths of 5^ feet each, 
 with iron railings. All of the materials used in its construction are of 
 the best quality, and the strength of all the parts is much beyond what 
 is considered necessary. 
 
 Visitors may cross and recross this bridge as often as they wish for 
 50 cents per day, or for one dollar for the whole season. 
 
 (5) 
 
OF BUFFALO, IsT. "ST. 
 
 3 
 
 Charles Kellogg, 
 
 President 
 George Beals, 
 
 Vice-President 
 S. D. Barlow, Jr., 
 
 /Sec. cfc Treas 
 Freeman Rkdner, 
 Superintendent 
 
 Engaged in the manu- 
 facturing and construc- 
 tion of all kinds of 
 
 Wrought Iron Rail- 
 way and Highway 
 Bridges, 
 Trestle Work, 
 Turn Tables. 
 Roofs, Etc. 
 
 Iron work for Combination & 
 How Truss Bridges. 
 
 Make Railway work a 
 specialty. 
 
 Bridge Builders and 
 Contractors furnished 
 with finished Bridge 
 Material. 
 
 We also manufacture 
 C. H. Kellogg 1 s Patent 
 CruciformWroughtlron 
 Columns, of various di- 
 ameters from 6 to 15 ins. 
 of required sections. 
 
 Illustrations of our 
 Bridges will be sent by 
 mail, free of cost, upon 
 application. 
 
 OFFICE & WORKS 
 
 Foot Hamtorg St. 
 
 66 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 07 
 
 The first bridge that was thrown over these turbulent waters was 
 constructed at the head of Goat Island in 1817. It was carried away by- 
 ice in the following Spring, and was succeeded by another, which was 
 built in 1818, on the site of the present structure. It was built by the 
 Messrs. Porter— extensive proprietors in this neighborhood— and was 
 repaired in 1839 and again in 1849. 
 
 In the former year one of the workmen, named Chapin. fell from the 
 bridge into the river ; fortunately the current carried him to The first 
 of the two small islets below. He was rescued from his perilous posi- 
 tion by Mr. J. R. Robinson, who has more than once bravely rescued 
 fellow-creatures from this dangerous river ; and the island was named 
 after him— Chapin Island. 
 
 Niagara Falls from Point View. 
 
 This is indeed 
 a sight worth 
 coming many 
 hundred miles to 
 see. Walking 
 through the 
 Grove, we em- 
 erge upon the 
 Point in front 
 ( of an establish- 
 ment at which 
 thousands of 
 visitors are pho- 
 tographed annu- 
 ally in connec- 
 tion with the 
 Falls. Here, at 
 one wide sweep, 
 we behold Nia- 
 gara stretching 
 From the Amer- 
 ican to the Can- 
 adian side in 
 magnificent per- 
 spective. Just 
 at our feet the 
 smooth deep 
 masses of the 
 American Falls 
 undulate convul- 
 sively as they 
 hurl over the 
 precipice, and 
 dash, in a never- 
 ending: succes- 
 sion of what we 
 may term p a s- 
 eionate bursts. 
 Upon the nursed 
 
 THE AMERICAN FALLS.- r £ k S belR . ath . 
 
 Beyond, and a little to the left, is Goat Island, richly clothed with 
 trees, its drooping end seeming as if it too were plunsring, like the 
 mighty river, into the seething abyss. Right in front of us is the great 
 
Planing Mill 
 
 Ilaving rebuilt and extensively enlarged the property formerly known 
 
 as "THE EATON PLANING MlLL," and having introduced 
 
 a variety of new and improved wood-working machines, 
 
 are prepared to offer unsurpassed facilities for 
 
 the prompt execution of .first-class work 
 
 in every department of their 
 
 business. 
 
 AT WHOLESALE OR RETAIL. 
 
 Particular attention paid to the manufacture of 
 
 FINE HARD-fOOD DOORS & INSIDE SHUTTERS. 
 
 Mouldings and every description of interior finish for building pur- 
 poses, manufactured to order in hard or soft wood. 
 
 Cornices, Brackets, Verandas, Bay Windows, Stairs, &c., furnished 
 to order. 
 
 Dressed Lumber, Flooring, Ceiling, Siding, &c, on hand or worked 
 to order. 
 
 Machine Work carefully and promptly executed by experienced 
 workmen. 
 
 To facilitate our business, we have now in process of erection, four 
 of the celebrated 
 
 CHICAGO DRY KILNS, 
 
 with capacity for drying 40 to 50 thousand feet of lumber per day. In 
 these, when completed, all our lumber, of every description will be 
 thoroughly kiln-dried before using. 
 
 ESTIMATES furnished on application, for building material of 
 every description. 
 
 Corner Court and Wilkeson Sts. 
 
 68 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 Horse-Shoe Fall, uttering its deep, deafening roar of endless melody, 
 as it plunges majestically into that curdling sea. from which the white 
 cloud of mist rises high in air and partially conceals the background 
 of Canada from view. This point was the last residence of Francis 
 Abhor, the young Hermit of Niagara. 
 The American Fall, on the brink of which we stand, is 164 feet in 
 
 ferpendicular height, and 660 feet wide from the mainland to Luna 
 sland. The smaller Fall, between Luna and Goat Island, is 100 feet 
 wide. Within a short distance of the spot where we stand is the 
 
 Ferry-House. 
 
 Here there is a curious inclined plane, down which we descend in 
 cars, which are worked by means of a water wheel and a rope ; there 
 is also a stair connected with this, at the foot of which the ferry-boat 
 waits to convey us over to the Canadian side, whither we intend to 
 proceed, because one of the finest views of Niagara is had from Table 
 Rock. Ten minutes will be sufficient to convey us over, and the pas- 
 sage is quite safe. The charge is 25 cents ; but before going let us 
 hasten to the foct of the American falls, and view them from below. 
 
 Seating ourselves in the ferry-boat, we are soon dancing on the agi- 
 tated waters, and gazing in profound silence and admiration at the Falls, 
 which from this point of view are seen to great advantage. A few 
 minutes, and we are standing on the soil of Canada. Here carriages 
 are readv to convey us to Table Rock, little more than a mile distant. 
 Clifton House, not far from the landing, and several other objects of 
 interest claim our attention; but we are two full of the Great Cataract 
 just now to turn aside, and as we shall pass this way again in descend- 
 ing the river, we will hasten on to behold the sublime view of Niagara 
 from Table Rock. 
 
 Table Rock. 
 
 Table Rock is no longer the extensive plat- 
 form that it once was, large portions of it nav- 
 ing fallen from time to time. It overhangs 
 the terrible caldron close to the Horse-Shoe 
 Fall, and the view from it, as already des- 
 cribed, is most sublime. In 1818, a mass of 
 160 feet long and 40 feet wide broke off and 
 fell into the boiling flood ; and in 1828 three 
 immense masses fell with a shock like an 
 earthquake. Again, in 1829, another fragment 
 fell, and in 1S50 a portion of about 200 feet in 
 length and 100 feet thick. On one of those 
 occasions, some forty or fifty persons had 
 been standing on the rock a few minutes be- 
 fore it fell! The work of demolition still 
 goes on, for another portion of Table Rock 
 fell in 1857. In 1867, a large crack or seam 
 having formed around it near the road, it was 
 deemed unsafe, and the Canadian Govern- 
 ment caused it to be blasted away, and now 
 all that remains of the once famous Table 
 Rock is a huge mass of rock at the edge of 
 
 river below the bank. 
 
 The Horse-Shoe Fall. 
 
 The view here is grand in an awful degree. An indescribable feel- 
 
JEWETT & ROOT NEW PORTABLE RANGE. 
 
 THE BEST IN 
 MARKET. 
 
 For Sale only by 
 
 W. WOLTGE, 
 
 Housekeepers' Em- 
 porium, 
 
 No, 319 Main St., 
 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 Also everything useful 
 about the Kitchen or Par- 
 lor and Dining-room. 
 
 EAGLE EI3LE "WOE-ICS- 
 CHARLES BAILEY, 
 
 FILE MANUFACTURER, 
 
 Nos. 274, 276 & 278 Court St., Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 Old Files and Rasps re-cut, and warranted equal to new for use. 
 Received the First Premium at the N. Y. State Fair in 1868, and at 
 the International Industrial Exhibition, at Buffalo, in 1869. 
 
 WHOLESALE AND KETAIL DEALER IN 
 
 BOOTS, SHOES AND RUBBERS, 
 
 ONE PRICE, LARGE SALES AND SMALL PROFITS, 
 
 No. 394 Main Street, Buffalo. 
 
 Branch Store: 138 ONTARIO STREET, CLEVELAND. 
 
 Established 1869. 
 
 70 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 71 
 
 ing of awe steals over us, a^d we are more than ever impressed with 
 the tremendous magnificence of Niagara, as we gaze upwards at the 
 frowning cliff that slums tottering to its fall, and pass under the thick 
 curtain of water— so near that it seems as if we could touch it — and 
 hear the hissing spray, and are stunned by the deafening roar that 
 issues from the misty vortex at our feet. The precipice of the Horse- 
 Shoe Falls rises perpendicularly to a height of 90 feet; at our feet the 
 cliff descends about 70 feet into a turmoil of bursting foam; in front 
 is the liquid curtain which though ever passing onward, never unveils 
 this wildest of Nature's caverns. 
 
 An enormous volume of water falls over the Horse-Shoe Fall. It is 
 estimated that the sheet is fully 20 feet thick iu the centre, an estimate 
 which was corroborated in a singular manner in 1829. A ship named 
 the Detroit, having been condemned, was bought and sent over the 
 Falls. On board were put a live bear, a deer,"a buffalo, and several 
 smaller animals. The vessel was almost knocked to pieces in the rap- 
 ids, but a large portion of her hull went over entire. She drew 18 feet 
 water, but did not strike the cliff as she took the awful plunge. 
 
 Prospect House 
 
 Btands in the rear of Table Rock. The view from the summit of this 
 building is magnificent. 
 
 A few hundred yards above Prospect House there is a point from 
 which we obtain a fine view of the rapids and the islands named 
 
 The Three Sisters. 
 
 These beautiful little isl- 
 ands lay close together at 
 the head of Goat Island, and 
 ire now connected by sub- 
 stantial foot bridges, from 
 which the grandest views 
 of the rapids is to be ob- 
 tained. 
 In the Summer of 1841, 
 before any communication was established with these islands, a 
 gentleman named Allen was rescued from one of them by the gallant 
 Mr. J. R. Robinson. Mr. Allen had started alone in his boat for the 
 village of Chippewa, and in the middle of the river broke one of his 
 oars. Being unable to gain the shore, he endeavored with the re- 
 maining: oar to steer for "the head of Goat Island, but the rapid cur- 
 rent swept him past this point. As he approached the outer island 
 of the Three Sisters, he steered with the cool energy of despair to- 
 ward it and leaped ashore, while his boat sprang like a lightning 
 flash down the rapids and over the Horse-Shoe Fall. For two days 
 Mr. Allen remained on the island, and then, fortunately, succeeded in 
 making a fire with some matches he happened to have in his pocket. 
 Crowds of people assembled to assist in and witness the rescue, which 
 was accomplished by Robinson, who, havine managed to pass a rope 
 from island to inland, reached him with a skiff. 
 
 In the year 1850 another narrow escape was made here by a father 
 and son. The son, a boy of ten years of age, was paddling his father— 
 who was drunk at the time— over to their home on Grand Island. The 
 father was unable to yuide the frail canoe, which was carried into the 
 rapids, and descended with fearful rapidity towards the Falls. The 
 wretched father could do nothing to save himself; but the gallant boy 
 struggled with the energy of a hero, and succeeded in forcing the canoe 
 
DeWITT c. WEED & CO. 
 
 284 Main St., cor. Swan, 
 
 BUFFALO, IT. T. 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 BUILDERS BiiRDWiiHEj 
 
 Cutlery,, Locks, Shovels, 
 
 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, &c. 
 
BUFFALO AND MAG ABA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 73 
 
 between Goat Island and the Three Sisters. Here they were in im- 
 minent danger of passing over the little cascade between these Islands, 
 but, providentially, as they neared it a wave upset the canoe and left 
 them struggling in the water. The place was shallow, the boy gained 
 a footing, and seizing his father by the collar, dragged him to the 
 shore, where hundreds of anxious spectators received them with shouts 
 of joy. 
 
 Gull Island is a small island just above the Horee-Shoe Fall. It has 
 never been trodden by man. 
 
 About two miles higher up the river is 
 
 The Burning Spring. 
 
 This curious spring is very interesting. The water, being charged 
 with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, takes fire when a light is applied to it, 
 and burns with a pale bluish flame. 
 
 The Battle of Chippewa was fought in this neighborhood on the 5th 
 July, 1814. . 
 
 Having seen Niagara from the most striking points of view, we will 
 now recross the river and visit Goat Island and its neighborhood. 
 
 Before crossing, let us call the attention of the reader to the cele- 
 brated 
 
 Clifton House, 
 which is unsurpassed for beauty of location, and healthfulness of sur- 
 roundings. Being nearer the Falls than any other hotel, and the only 
 hotel from the parlors and balconies of which a full and uninterrupted 
 view of the rapids and Falls may be obtained, the Clifton is the most 
 convenient and desirable resort for tourists at Niagara. Connected 
 with the Clifton are cottages built expressly to accommodate families 
 who prefer the quiet of a home. Terms, $3.50 per day, American cur- 
 rency. For families who desire to remain by the month or season, 
 special arrangements will be made and liberal inducements offered. 
 Messrs. Colburn & McOmber are the proprietors of this fine hotel. 
 
 Bath Island. 
 
 In a store here may be purchased any amount of Indian curiosities. 
 The largest paper-mill in the United States is on this island. A little 
 higher up are two smaller islets named Ship and Brig Islands. Look- 
 ing down the river, we see several small islets. 
 Crossing the bridge at the other end of Bath Island, we reach 
 Goat or Iris Island. 
 
 This island is 
 half a mile long, 
 by a quarter 
 broad, and con- 
 tains about 70 
 acres. It divides 
 the Falls, is 330 
 yards wide, and 
 is heavily wood- 
 ed. In 1770 a 
 old bridge oveb rapids. man of the name 
 
 of Stedman placed some goats here to pasture ; hence the name. Its other 
 name, Iris, is derived from the number of beautiful rainbows that are 
 so frequently seen near it, It is the property of the Porter family, and 
 to them the public are indebted for the facilities which are afforded 
 them in visiting the Falls. Goat Island was visited long before tho 
 
) 
 
 Connecting' with all trains from the EAST via 
 
 NEW YORK CENTRAL & HUDSON RIVER R. R. 
 AND EEIE RAILWAY. 
 
 THE ONLY RAILWAY Connecting with EAST- 
 ERN LINES which runs all classes of Cars 
 THROUGH TO CHICAGO. 
 
 Affording EQUAL ADVANTAGES to all Passengers. 
 Avoiding Changes and Transfers. 
 
 THROUGH TICKETS 
 
 For all Principal Points West and South-West 
 
 Can be procured at all Principal Railway Ticket Offices through- 
 out the East, and of the Agents of this Line. 
 
 J. A. BURCH, CHAS. PAINE, 
 
 Gen*l Eastern PasB'r Ag't, Buffalo. Gen'l Sup't, Cleveland. 
 
 Toledo, Wabash & Western 1' 
 
 In connection with Eastern Lines forms the 
 
 Lealing Thorouglifare Yia Toleflo ; Ft. Wayne or Damrilleto 
 
 St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Atchison, 
 
 Denver, Sacramento, and San 
 
 Francisco. 
 
 Connecting- closely at 
 
 St LOUIS. HANNIBAL, QUINCY g KEOKUK, 
 
 For all points in 
 
 Missouri, Kansas, Texas, Colorado and California. 
 
 Pullman's Palace Sleeping" Cars from Cleveland or 
 Toledo to St. Louis or Quincy without change. 
 
 W. X.. MALCOLM, 
 
 Oen'l Pass'r Agent. 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 75 
 
 bridges were constructed, but the visitors were not numerous, the risk 
 being very great. The dates 1771, 1772, 1779, under the names of sev- 
 eral strangers, were found cut in a beech tree near the Horse-Shoe 
 Fall. 
 
 Three paths diverge from the house on your left, in which Indian curi- 
 osities are sold ; the one to the left leads to the head of the island ; the 
 centre road cuts right across it; and that on the right conducts to 
 the Falls. Let us follow the last mentioned through the trees that line 
 the margin of the rapids. In a few minutes we reach a spot named 
 Hog's Back, from which we have a good view of the Central and Ameri- 
 can Falls and the river below, rushing on as if in exultation after its 
 terrific leap. Dr. Hungerford, of West Troy, was killed just under this 
 point, in 1839, by the falling of a portion of the cliff. 
 
 That small island to our right, on the verge of the Falls, is 
 
 Luna Island. 
 
 so called because it is the best point from which to view the beautiful 
 lunar boio. A narrow bridge connects this island with Goat Island. 
 
 The lunar boiu is only seen for a short time in the month, when the 
 moon is full and sufficiently high in the heavens. 
 
 The solar bow is always visible when the sun shines on the Falls. 
 
 A very melancholy accident occurred at the northern extremity of 
 this island in the year 1849. The family of Mr. Deforest of Buffalo 
 visited the Falls on the 21st June of that year, along with a young man 
 named Charles Addington. They were about to leave this island when 
 Mr. Addington playfully seized Annette, the little daughter of Mr. De- 
 forest, in his arms, and held her over the edge of the bank, exclaim- 
 ing, " I am going to throw you in." A sudden impulse of fear caused 
 the child to bound from his grasp and fall into the rushing stream. 
 With a loud cry of horror the young man sprang in to save her, and 
 ere the stricken parents could utter a cry, they both went over the 
 Falls ! The next day the mangled remains of the child were discovered 
 in the Cave of the Winds, but Addington' s body was not found for seve- 
 ral days afterwards. 
 
 The Centre Fall, 
 
 over which we pass in our return to Goat 
 Island, although a mere ribbon of white water 
 when seen from a short distance in contrast 
 with the Great Falls, is by no means unworthy 
 of notice. It is 100 feet wide, and is a very grace- 
 ful sheet of water. Proceeding along the road 
 a short distance, we come to 
 
 Biddle's Stairs. 
 
 These were erected in 1829 by Mr. Biddle, 
 president of the United States Bank, for the 
 purpose of enabling visitors to descend the 
 perpendicular precipice. The stairs are firmly 
 secured to the cliff, and are said to be quite 
 safe. They are 80 feet high. The total de- 
 scent from the top of the bank to the bottom 
 is 185 feet. 
 
 Between this point and the Centre Fall is 
 the spot where the celebrated Sam Patch made 
 his famous leaps. Sam made two leaps in 
 1829. A long ladder was placed at the foot of 
 
76 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 the rock and fastened with ropes in such a manner that the top pro- 
 iected over the water. A platform was then laid from the top of the 
 ladder to the edge of the bank above. Hundreds of thousands of spec- 
 tators crowded every point within sight of the place on both snores, 
 easrer to behold the extraordinary spectacle of a man "jumping over the 
 Falls." Sam walked along the giddy platform, made his bow, and 
 went down, feet first, 97 feet into the river. 
 
 Not content with this achievement, Sam Patch afterwards made a 
 higher leap at the Genesee Falls. Again, at the same place, he mado 
 another jump, from the height of 125 feet 1 That was his last. The 
 poor fellow never rose again, and his body has never been found. 
 
 It is frequently asked by visitors where the intrepid Blondin cross- 
 ed the river on his rope. In 1859 his rope was stretched from bank to 
 bank about one mile below the Falls. The length of rope at this 
 place was about 1200 feet. In 1860 he removed his rope to a point 
 about 200 feet below the Old Suspension Bridge. The width here was 
 900 feet. Since then other persons, Favini, Harry Leslie and Bellini, 
 have performed similar feats. 
 
 Before descendin? Biddle's Stairs, let us pass on until we reach the 
 extremity of the island, and cross the bridge to the rocks upon which 
 Terrapin Tower stood. 
 
 The bridge leading to these rocks is usually wet with spray, so that 
 we must be careful in crossing. In 1852 a gentleman fell from this 
 bridge, and was carried to the edge of the Fall ; fortunately he stuck 
 between two rocks, and was rescued by two Americans, who threw 
 Jines towards him, which he fastened round his body, and was thus 
 drawn ashore. 
 
 Let us now descend Biddle's Stairs, and taking the road to the left, 
 go view the 
 
 Horse-Shoe Fall from below Goat Island. 
 
 This is a terrific sight. The frowning cliff seems about to fall on us, 
 and we are stunned by the roar of the water as it falls headlong on the 
 broken rocks, bursts into white foam, and re-ascends in clouds of spray. 
 Portions of the rock fall here occasionally, so that the passage is not 
 unattended with danger. 
 
 Returning to the foot of the stairs, we follow the road to the right 
 until we reach the famous 
 
 Cave of the Winds. 
 
 It is situated at the foot of the rock between Goat and Luna Islands, 
 and is considered by some to be one of the finest and most wonderful 
 sights on the American side. Here it is necessary to put on water- 
 proof dresses and obtain a guide— both of which are at all times at our 
 command. The cave has been formed by the action of the water on 
 the soft substratum of the precipice, which^has been washed away and 
 the limestone rock left arching overhead 30 feet beyond the base. 
 In front the transparent Falls form a beautiful curtain. In conse- 
 quence of the tremendous pressure on the atmosphere, this cave is 
 filled with perpetual storms, and the war of conflicting elements is 
 quite chaotic. A beautiful rainbow, quite circular in form, quivers 
 amid the driving spray when the sun shines. The cave is 100 feet 
 wide, 130 feet hicrh, and upwards of 30 feet deep. Along the floor of 
 this remarkable cavern the spray is hurled with considerable violence, 
 so that it strikes the walls and curls upwards along the roof, thus 
 .causinsr the rough turmoil which has procured for this place its title 
 of the Cave of the Winds. It is much visited by ladies as well as gen- 
 
BUFFALO AXD NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 77 
 
 tlemen, and a neat building has been erected on the top of the high 
 bank at the approach to the Biddle Stairs, which is divided into dree- 
 ing rooms for persons visiting the cave. 
 
 Bead of Goat Island. 
 
 The road runs quite round it. Turning to the right, in the direction 
 of Terrapin Bridge, we observe that the rock is wearing away fast here. 
 In 1&43 an enormous mass fell from the precipice with a tremendous 
 crash, and the rock lies near the foot of the stairs. 
 
 Passing on along the edge of the rapids, we come to the Three Sis- 
 ters (already described) ; and here, between Moss Island and the shore, 
 is a small but beautiful Fall, named the Hermit's Cascade. 
 
 From the head of Goat Island the view is very fine, the wild river 
 and its environs being seen for a considerable distance. Navy Island, 
 celebrated in the history of Border warfare ; the sight of old Fort 
 Schlosser on the American side ; the town of Chippewa on the Can- 
 ada shore ; Grand Island, &c, are all visible from this point. 
 Niagara in Winter. 
 
 At this season Ice is the ruling genius of the spot. The spray which 
 bursts from the thundering cataract encrusts every object with a coat 
 of purest dazzling white. " The trees bend gracefully under its weight, 
 as if in silent homage to the Spirit of the Falls. Every twig is cover- 
 ed, every bough is laden; and those parts of the rocks and trees on 
 which the delicate frost-work will not lie, stand out in bold contrast. 
 At the foot of the Falls block rises on block in wild confusion, and 
 the cold, dismal-looking water, hurries its green floods over the brink, 
 and roars hoarsely as it rushes into the vortex of dazzling white below. 
 The trees ou Goat Island seem partially buried ; the bushes around 
 have almost disappeared ; the houses seem to sink under their pon- 
 derous coverings of white : every rail is edged with it, every point 
 and pinnacle is capped with it. 
 
 When the sun shines, all becomes radiant with glittering gems ; and 
 the mind is almost overwhelmed with the combined efl'ects of exces- 
 sive brilliancy and excessive grandeur. But such a 6ceue cannot be 
 described. 
 
 During the Winter immense masses of ice descend the river from 
 Lake Erie, and form an Ice Bridge between the Falls and New Sus- 
 pension Bridge. Hundreds of foot passengers cross this bridge dur- 
 ing the months of February and March. 
 
 Niagara by Moonlight. 
 
 It were vain to attempt a description of this magical scene. Every 
 one knows the peculiar softness and the sweet influence of moonlight 
 shed over a lovely scene. Let not the traveler fail to visit Goat Island 
 when the moon shines high and clear, and view Niagara by her pale, 
 mysterious light. 
 
 Objects of Interest in the neighborhood of the Falls. 
 
 In enumerating these we will begin at the Cataract and descend to 
 Lake Ontario, and will then describe the river scenery above the 
 Falls. 
 
 New Suspension Bridge. 
 
 The New Suspension Bridge over the Niagara "River is located in 
 full view of the Great Cataract, and takes rank with any similar struc- 
 ture in the world for the engineering skill and commercial enterprise 
 exhibited in its construction. It is designed more especially for foot 
 
78 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 passengers and light carriages, and will be found eminently service- 
 able in facilitating the sight-seeing which attracts such throngs of visi- 
 tors to the Falls at all seasons— but chiefly during the Summer and the 
 two first months of Autumn. Heretofore the means of access to the 
 Canada side from the village of Niagara Palls, in the State of New York, 
 has been by conveyance in hacks across the Railroad Bridge two miles 
 below, involving a long and somewhat expensive ride. The New 
 Bridge offers a passage from the American to the opposite shore in a 
 walk of ten minutes from the principal hotels, with an opportunity for 
 views of the Falls and the surrounding scenery of the most wonderful 
 and charming description. 
 
 The elements of this new and splendid work may be gathered from 
 the following details: 
 
 The bridge is supported upon timber towers, having a quadrilateral 
 base of 28 feet, and converging to a square of 4 feet at the top, firmly 
 bolted and braced, and standing upon the solid rock. The American 
 tower is 100 feet in height; the Canadian, 105. The space from centre 
 to centre of the towers measures 1268 feet 4 inches. It is 1190 feet 
 from one wall of the river to the other. The suspended roadway is 
 1240 feet in length. The distance between the anchorages is 1S28 feet ; 
 and from one anchor to the other 1888 feet. This shows it to be the 
 lonsest suspension bridge in the world. The elevation of the bridge 
 at the centre above the surface of the Niagara is from 175 to 190 feet, 
 according to the general level of the lakes ; the depth of water in the 
 channel being 250 feet. 
 
 The two cables from which the bridge is supended have an extreme 
 length, as already stated, of nearly 1900 feet. They are composed of 
 wire ropes, in number seven, each rope consisting of seven strands, 
 and embracing 133 No. 9 wires. The cables thus consist of 931 wires. 
 The ropes weigh 54 pounds per furlong of 6 feet. The cables are se- 
 curely embedded at the extremities — on the American side 18 feet be- 
 low the surface in heavy masonry, and on the other side in an excava- 
 tion quarried out of the solid rock. Each of the ropes is capable of 
 sustaining a weight of 120 tons, and their united strength is equal to 
 1680 tons. The over-floor stays, 48 in number, also passing over the 
 towers and fastened in the common anchorages, will sustain an addi- 
 tional weight of 1320 tons. The combined strength of the cables -and 
 stays is thus found to be equal to the support of a load of 3000 tons, or 
 6,000,000 pounds. The weight of the bridge and its appurtenances is 
 estimated at 250 tons -less than one-twelfth of the sustaining power 
 depending from the towers ; 3000 people may be at once distributed 
 over the ^bridge, without in the slightest degree affecting its support- 
 ing capability. 
 
 The roadway of this bridge is composed of two stringers or chords, 
 10 feet apart, upon which are laid the cross ties, or needle-beams, 5 
 feet apart. The chords are further strengthened by channel bars of 
 iron running the whole length on the under side, and so attached as to 
 form a continuous plate. In addition, a stiff railing, 5 feet high, is 
 erected at the sides, and so bolted to the chords and floor-beams as to 
 serve as a protection against casualties, as well as to resist any strain 
 from the wind, or to the transit of vehicles. The flooring consists of a 
 double course of Norway pine, each an inch and a half thick. The 
 roadway is 10 feet in width, sufficient to admit of the transit of foot 
 passengers without obstruction from the passage of carriages in one 
 direction— the latter alternating from each side of the river at periods 
 of fifteen minutes. 
 
 A very fine view of the bridge— its cables, stays, nine hundred bus- 
 
Sidney Shcpard & Co., 
 
 68 MAIN STREET, BUFFALO, N. Y., 
 
 PROPRIETORS OP THE 
 
 Buffalo Stamping Works, 
 
 TBADBd^teJ^HlSSftrlik MARK. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 FRENCH WARE, STAMPED AND JAPANNED TIN-WARE, 
 
 ICE-CREAM FREEZERS, STOVE BOARDS, COAL 
 
 VASES, COAL HODS, TOILET WARE, TIN TOYS, 
 
 GROCERS' TINWARE. Also, a large line 
 
 of miscellaneous articles. 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 HARB'WAEH «&; MlSTMTkS, 
 
 TINMEN'S TOOLS AND MACHINES, 
 
 And Supplies of all hinds. 
 
 Illustrated Catalogue sent on application. 
 
 70 
 
80 
 
 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 penders and suspender rods, and lofty towers— will be afforded from' 
 points of observation below, on tbe American side; and above, on the' 
 Canadian. Its great length, symmetrical form, graceful curve, and ob- 
 vious strength, cannot fail to strike every beholder with equal surprise 
 and pleasure. Whilst this structure increases the laciliti.es for 
 the inspection and study of the great natural wonders displayed here 
 in such grandeur and magnificence, it is of itself an object of curi- 
 ous interest, and adds still another to the attractions which fill the 
 minds of all observers with admiration. 
 
 Tolls. — 50 cents for two-horse carriages, including the driver ; 35 
 cents for one-horse carriage; 25 cents for each passenger in carriage or 
 on foot. 
 
 The Railroad Suspension Bridge 
 
 spans the river about two miles below the Falls. We may men- 
 tion, in passing, that there are two caves— Catlin's Cave and the Giant's 
 Cave, between this Bridge and the Falls, on the American side ; and 
 Bender's Cave on the Canada side. They are, however, hardly worthy 
 of notice. 
 
 This Suspension Bridge is a noble and stupendous structure. It is 
 the work of Mr. John A. Koebling of Trenton, New Jersey, and was 
 begun in 1852. Formerly the bridge here was of much smaller dimen- 
 sions. It was begun in 1849 by Mr. Charles Elliott, who first crossed 
 it in an iron basket, slung under a single cable of iron wire. After- 
 wards many people crossed in this way, being let down the incline and 
 drawn up on the opposite side by a windlass. 
 
 The present bridge is of enormous strength, and forms a communi- 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 81 
 
 cation between Canada and the States, over which the carriages of the 
 Great Western, New York Central and Erie Railroads, and cars of every 
 description, run without causing the slightest vibration. The cost of 
 its construction was $500,000 (more than £100,000 sterling) : and steam 
 carriages first crossed it on the 8th March, 1855. The road for carriages 
 is suspended 28 feet below the railway line. 
 
 The following statistics of this enormous bridge will be interesting: 
 The height of the towers on the American side is 88 feet ; those on the 
 Canada side are 78 feet h'igh. Length of bridge is 800 feet; width, 24 
 feet ; heighth above the river, 250 feet. There are four enormous wire 
 cables of about 10 inches diameter, which contains about 4000 miles of 
 wire ; and the ultimate capacity of the four cables is about 12,400 tons. 
 The total weight of the bridge is 800 tons ; and it combines, in an emi- 
 nent degree, strength with elegance of structure. 
 
 Lundy's Lane Battle-Ground 
 
 is about a mile and a half from the Falls, near to Clifton House. This 
 
 freat battle between the Americans and the British was fought on the 25th 
 uly, 1814. The number of killed and wounded on both sides was 
 about equal, and both parties, as a matter of course, claim the victory ! 
 
 Drummondville, in the immediate vicinity, is named after General 
 Drummond, then commander of the British forces. 
 
 Niagara City stands on either side of the Suspension Bridge, but it 
 is not as yet much of a city. 
 
 The Whirlpool. 
 
 About three miles below the Falls the river takes an abrupt turn, 
 and shoots with great violence against the cliff on the Canada side, 
 forming what is called the Whirlpool. The scenery around this caldron 
 is exceedingly wild. 
 
 A short distance further on are the Mineral Springs, sometimes call- 
 ed the Belle Vue Fountain. 
 
 The Rapids just below the Whirlpool are very fine. 
 
 Less than half a mile further down the river, on the American side, is 
 
 The Devil's Hole, 
 
 a terribly gloomy and savage chasm in the bank of the river, between 
 one and two hundred feet deep. Over hanging this dark cavern is a 
 perpendicular precipice, from the top of which falls a small stream 
 named The Bloody Run. The stream obtained its name from the fol- 
 lowing tragical incident : 
 
 During the French war in 1763, a detachment of British soldiers (con- 
 sisting of, some say one hundred, some fifty men), was forwarded with 
 a lar^e supply of provisions from Fort Niagara to Fort Schlosser. 
 The Seneca Indians, then in the pay of the French, resolved to lay an 
 ambuscade for them, and chose this dark spot for their enterprise. 
 The savages, who were numerous, scattered themselves along the hill- 
 sides, and lay concealed among the bushes until the British came up 
 and had passed the precipice ; then, uttering a terrific veil, they de- 
 scended like a whirlwind, and, before the soldiers had time to form, 
 f)Oured into their confused ranks a withering volley of bullets. The 
 ittle stream ran red with blood, and the whole party— soldiers, wag- 
 ons, horses, and drivers— were hurled over the cliff into the yawning 
 gulf below, and dashed to pieces on the rocks. Only two escaped to 
 tell the tale ; the one a soldier, who returned during the night to Fort 
 Niagara; the other a Mr. Stedman, who dashed his horse through the 
 ranks of his enemies, and escaped amid a shower of bullets. 
 (6) 
 
CORNELL LEAD COMPANY, 
 
 BUFFALO, N.Y. 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 WHITE LEAD and LEAD PIPE, 
 
 Sleet ud Ear Lead* 
 
 TRADE MARK. 
 
 It has been estimated by our best painters tbat 
 
 PURE WHITE LEAD 
 
 Will cover one-tbird more surface, at one-fourth less 
 labor, than any adulterated article used as a paint. 
 
 The CORNELL LEAD COMPANY guarantees the 
 above Lead to be 
 
 PERFECTLY PURE, 
 
 And claim it to be equal, if not superior, to any for sale in 
 this market. 
 
 FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS, 
 
 83 
 
84 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 Brock's Monument 
 
 stands on the Queenston Heights, Canada side, just above the village 
 of that name. This monument was raised in commemoration of the 
 British general, Sir Isaac Brock, who fell in the sanguinary action 
 fought on this spot on the 13th October, 1812. His remains, and those 
 of his aide-de-camp, Colonel John M'Donald, who died of wounds 
 received in the same battle, are buried here. 
 
 The first monument was completed in 1826, and was blown up in 1840 
 by a person named Lett, who was afterwards imprisoned lor this dast- 
 ardly act. The present handsome shaft was erected in 1853. Its height 
 is 185 feet ; the base is 40 feet square by 30 feet high ; the shaft is of 
 freestone, fluted, 75 feet high and 30 feet in circumference, surmounted 
 by a Corinthian capital, on which stands a statue of the gallant gene- 
 ral. 
 
 The view from this monument is most gorgeous. The eye wanders 
 with untiring delight over the richest imaginable scene of woodland 
 and water. Just below is the village of Queenston, and on the oppo- 
 site shore is Lewiston. In the midst flows the now tranquil River 
 Niagara— calm and majestic in its recovered serenity. In the far dis- 
 tance, on either side, stretches the richly-wooded laudscape, speckled 
 with villas and cottages. At the mouth of the river are the towns of 
 Niagara on the Canadian side, and Youngston on the American. Its 
 entrance is guarded on the latter side by Fort Niagara, and on the 
 former by Fort Massasauga. The whole view is terminated by the 
 magnificent sheet of Lake Ontario, which stretches away like a flood 
 of light to the horizon. 
 
 Queenston 
 
 is a small picturesque town, and worthy of notice chiefly on account, 
 of the memorable battle that took place on the neighboring heights. 
 
 Lewiston, 
 
 just opposite Queenston, is a beautifully situated town, about seven 
 miles from the Falls. It is a place of some importance, and stands at 
 the head of the navigation on the river : it contains several excellent 
 hotels and public buildings. There is a village of Tuscarora Indians 
 three miles from here. Lewiston was destroyed by the British in 1813, 
 and rebuilt at the termination of the war. 
 
 Niagara Town 
 
 stands on the Canada shore, opposite Youngston, on the site of New- 
 ark, which was burnt in 1813 by General M'Clure. Its prosperity has 
 been injured somewhat by the Welland Canal. A short distance above 
 the town are the remains of Fort s George, which was taken by the 
 Americans in 1813, afterward destroyed by the British, and left in ruins. t 
 
 Fort Niagara, on the American "side, has many historical associa- 
 tions, which we have not space to touch upon. The English General 
 Prideaux fell here in the battle of 24th July, 1759, and the French gar- 
 rison afterwards surrendered to Sir William Johnson. 
 
 Foi't Massasauga, at the mouth of the river, opposite Fort Niagara, 
 is a little below the town of Niagara, and is garrisoned by British 
 soldiers. 
 
 Niagara River above the Falls. 
 
 Grand Island, on which is a little hamlet named Wfiite Haven, di-q 
 vides the river into two branches. On the site of White Haven was 
 intended to be built a " city of refuge for the Jews " ; but the aspiring 
 and sanguine projector failed in carrying out his intention. 
 
165 Main Street, Buffalo, 
 
 Would respectfully call the attention 
 of the public to our complete stock 
 of 
 
 Gold and Silver 
 
 Key and stem winding, together with 
 a fine lot of 
 
 Clocks, Plated Ware, Pocket 
 Cutlery, <fec, 
 
 Double and Single Breech Loading Guns, Powder, 
 Shot, Caps, Fishing Tackle, &c, 
 
 All of which we offer at the lowest market prices, 
 j. o. ROBSON. 
 
 Ii. L. PIERCE. 
 
 LOST! 
 
 Forty Thousand Dollars lost in the City of Buffalo within six years. 
 Sunk! Lost to the owners of fine buildings, manufactories, ware- 
 houses, etc., and all because of carelessness, or to save themselves 
 twenty minutes time. Talk is cheap, but facts, " Facts are stubborn 
 things," and it is a fact that after twenty-three years 1 trial it has been 
 
 FOTJ1TD 
 
 that the " Warren Roof" is without doubt the best roof in Buffalo. 
 Talk may say, "Oh, they don't put on such a roof as they did twenty 
 years ago," but if the fact of our having the same men to distil the 
 material, the same men to put it on, the roofs from five to twenty-three 
 years old to point to, will not convince you we will refer you to one 
 hundred of the best business men of Buffalo and vicinity for informa- 
 tion, which we think will convince the most skeptical that the genuine 
 Warren Roof has great advantages over all other roofing. Space will 
 not admit of detailing all its advantages over other roofing, but we 
 would be glad to answer all questions and show hundreds of testimo- 
 nials at the oftice of Guiteau & Hodge (successors to Warren & Co.), 
 manufacturers of and wholesale dealers in Roofing Materials, Paving 
 Pitch, Lamp Black, Sheathing Felt, Black Varnish, Elastic Paint, Naph- 
 tha, Dead Oil, etc., etc., 283 Main street, corner Swan, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 8J 
 
BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS GUIDE. 
 
 Fort Schlosser, is 9 miles further down the river, on the American 
 side. It was at the old landing here that the burning of the Caroline 
 took place, during the Canadian rebellion of 1837. The insurgents had 
 taken up a position on Navy Island, and the Caroline steamer was 
 charged by the British with carrying provisions to the rebels. The 
 vessel was therefore seized by Colonel M'Nabb, cut loose from her 
 moorings, set on fire, and sent, like a flaming meteor, down the wild 
 rapids and over the Falls of Niagara. There was no one on board 
 when this vessel took her awful leap into the roaring gulf. Opposite 
 Schlosser is the village of Chippewa {2% miles above the Falls), from 
 which a railway runs to Queenston and the mouth of the river. 
 Steamers ply between Buffalo and this village, below which vessels 
 dare not venture. 
 
 The Islands. 
 above the rapids are very numerous. Indeed the river is studded with 
 them, from Lake Erie all the way down to the Falls. There are 37 of 
 them, if we may be permitted to count those that are little more than 
 large rocks. Grand Island is the largest, being 12 miles long and 7 
 broad. It divides the stream into two branches. Navy Island is just 
 below it. Here the French built their ships of war in 1759. This 
 island was the resort of the rebel leaders in 1837. It has an area of 
 304 acres. Our space forbids further notice of these islands, which 
 are exquisitely beautiful. Some are large, and others are small ; some 
 lie in quiet water, clearly reflected in the surrounding mirror; while 
 others stand in the midst of the raging current, looking black in tho 
 white turmoil of surrounding foam," and seeming as if they would fain 
 check the angry waters in their headlong rush towards the Falls. 
 
ID. B- O^STI/E, 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Dealer in 
 
 Gold and Silver Watches, 
 
 SILVER WARE, FANCY GOODS, &c, 
 No. 161 Main Street, 
 
 Opposite the Liberty Pole, BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 Watch Repairing done in the best manner and warranted. 
 
 ®WmWE l AM* POWPIB MMJMji&} 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 giustpo^aTder, 
 
 For Sporting, Government, Shipping and Blasting. 
 
 Refined Nitre and Meal Powder for Fireworks. 
 
 A. B. YOUNG, Agent, 
 
 42 Exchange Street, BUFFALO, K. Y. 
 
 BIDWELL'S 
 
 Urn j| Boarding Stabli 
 
 409, 411 aid 413 Niagara St, near Maryland. 
 
 • 
 
 Elegant Coacheff or Parties, Funerals, &c., 
 
 Any required number furnished on the Shortest notice, 
 
 Passengers taken to and from Cars at any Honr 
 Night or Day. 
 
 Through Time Tables of Railroads and their Connections 
 to be seen at our Office. 
 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 
 
 THE CANADA SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 
 
 This road is first-class in every respect, being provided with splendid 
 equipments in the li ne of Palace Parlor Cars, luxurious Sleeping Coaches, 
 etc. It furnishes a new and desirable route to Niagara Falls by the 
 Canada side. Trains leave the Erie Street depot several times daily, 
 and pass over the new International Bridge, leaving passengers near 
 the Clifton House and continuing on to Niagara, on the shore of Lake 
 Ontario, where steamers leave twice daily for Toronto. This road 
 makes connections at the Junction for Detroit and Toledo. 
 
 This i"s destined to become a very popular route, as the Niagara River 
 can be seen in all its glory, and the views of the Palls from the Canada 
 side are unsurpassed for grandeur and magnificence. 
 
 THE FINEST YET. 
 
 One of the finest trips on this continent, if not in the world, is that 
 planned by the Erie Railway, taking you from New York to Niagara 
 Falls, and thence via Lake Ontario and the river St. Lawrence, (passing 
 the Thousand Islands and Rapids by daylight), to Montreal and Quebec. 
 Returning from either of these cities to New York, your route is via 
 Lake Memphremagog, the White Mountains, Portland, Boston, New- 
 port, and steamers on Long Island Sound, or via Lake Champlain, 
 Lake George, Saratoga, and day or night line steamers on Hudson 
 river, as may be preferred. The cost of a through ticket varies from 
 thirty to sixty dollars, depending upon the route selected. 
 
 A BEAUTIFUL, ROUTE. 
 
 There seems to be a dearth of information as to the best routes of 
 travel in this or that direction, to this or that resort. For Niagara 
 Falls, the Erie Railway is the route ; also for Cooperstown and adjacent 
 watering places, including Sharon Springs. The road penetrates one 
 of the finest and most picturesque tracts in America— -the scenery 
 varying from quiet landscape with agricultural tone, to the wildest and 
 most Switzerland-like in the State. What with drawing-room cars, 
 elegant sleeping cars, and other first-class appointments, the Erie, in 
 many respects, is surpassed by no other road in the country, and under 
 its present management promises to be successful as it has never been 
 before. 
 
 83 
 
POSTAGE RATES. 
 
 DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POSTAGE RATES. 
 
 Letters to any part of the United States, 3 cents per half ounce. 
 Post cards, 1 cent. 
 
 Drop or Local Letters at Post Office having letter carriers, 2 cents 
 per half ounce or fraction thereof; at offices not having letter carriers 
 the rate is 1 cent per half ounce or fraction. 
 
 Newspapers to any part of the United States, to regular subscribers, 
 payable quarterly in advance, weekly, not over 4 oz., 5 cents a quarter, 
 and 5 cents for each additional 4 oz., and an additional 5 cents for each 
 additional issue ; dailies six times a week being 30 cents a quarter. 
 All other regular periodicals sent to subscribers, 1 cent for less than 4 
 ounces. Weekly newspapers free in the county where issued. Tran- 
 sient Papers, for each 2 ounces, prepaid, 1 cent each. 
 
 Books, not exceeding 4 pounds in weight, 2 cents for each 2 ounces, 
 prepaid. 
 
 Circulars, unsealed, 1 cent for each two ounces prepaid, for local 
 delivery, by carrier in city where mailed, 1 cent each. 
 
 Samples of Merchandise, Metals, Ores, Minerals, &c, not exceeding 
 12 ounces in weight, 2 cents for each 2 ounces, prepaid. 
 
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 tings, roots, and all similar articles allowed in the mails. 
 
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 Foreign Postage.— Letters to England, Ireland and Scotland, 6 
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 burgh, and to any part of Germany or Austria, by the North German 
 Union Mails, 6 cents per half ounce. 
 
 RATES OF TRAVEL, PER HOUR. 
 
 A man walks 4 miles. 
 
 A horse trots 12 ' 
 
 A horse runs 20 " 
 
 A steamboat runs 18 " 
 
 A sailing vessel runs 8 " 
 
 Slow rivers flow 4 " 
 
 Rapid rivers flow 7 " 
 
 A moderate wind blows . 7 miles. 
 
 A storm moves 36 " 
 
 A hurricane moves 80 " 
 
 A rifle ball moves 1,000 " 
 
 Sound moves 743 " 
 
 Lightmoves 102,000 " 
 
 Electricity moves . . .288,000 " 
 
 LANGUAGES SPOKEN. 
 
 On the whole globe at least 90,000,000 people speak the English lan- 
 guage ; about 75,000,000 the German ; 55,000,000 the Spanish, and only 
 45,000,000 the French language. 
 
90 MONEY ORDER RATES. 
 
 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC MONEY ORDER RATES. 
 
 DOMESTIC RATES. 
 
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 Over $10 and not exceeding $20 10 
 
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 paid on all Money Orders. No fraction of cents can be introduced in 
 
 an Order. 
 
 LOFTY STRUCTURES. 
 
 The following are the heights of the principal monuments, domes, 
 etc., in the world : St. Antoine Column at Rome, 135 feet ; Principal 
 Tower of the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, 145; Tragan's 
 Column at Rome, 145 ; Napoleon's Column at Paris, 150 ; Washington 
 Monument at Baltimore, 180 ; the Great Obelisk at Thebes, 200 ; Bun- 
 ker Hill Monument at Boston, 225 ; Column of Delhi, 262 ; Trinity 
 Church Steeple at New York, 264; the new Dome of the United States 
 Capitol, 307; Dome of St. Paul's Cathedral at London, 320; Tower of 
 Manlius, 350 ; Tower of the Cathedral of Strasburg, 460 ; Dome of St. 
 Peter's Cathedral at Rome, 465; Great Pyramid of Egypt, 481 ; National 
 Washington Monument, 517,J£. 
 
BAIL WA Y CONSTR TJCTION. 91 
 
 PROGRESS AND IMPORTANCE OF RAILWAYS. 
 
 The subject of railway construction in this country is one of great 
 interest and importance. Commencing no longer ago than 1830 with 
 23 miles, the number of miles constructed up to January, 1872, was 
 00,852. During 1869, the mileage constructed was 4,999 ; in 1870, 6,145 ; 
 and in 1871, 7,453; making in the three years a total of 18,597 miles. 
 The largest mileage in any previous year was in 1856, when it reached 
 3,643. During the four years of our civil war but 3,273 miles were built. 
 The State of Massachusetts has one mile of railway to 4.86 square miles 
 of territory. A similar ratio would give to the States of New York and 
 Pennsylvania 10,000 miles of line respectively, and to Illinois 11,000 
 miles, or more than twice its present mileage. The cost of railroads in 
 this country will average $50,000 per mile— the total for the 60,852 miles 
 being, in round numbers, $3,000,000,000. The cost of mileage con- 
 structed in 1871, at $30,000 per mile, was about $225,000,000, while at 
 least $50,000,000 were expended in new works and equipments on old 
 roads, making a total expenditure for the year of $275,000,000. The 
 rapidity of the increase of business of the railroads of the United 
 States, and the quantity and value of their gross tonnage traffic is still 
 more remarkable than the rapid progress of these works. In 1851 the 
 total earnings from passengers were, for 8,838 miles, $19,274,254, and 
 from freights $20,192,100— an aggregate of $39,466,358. In 1861, the 
 total earnings were $130,000,000 ; and in 1871, $454,969,000. The tonnage 
 of all the railroads in 1861 is estimated at 39,000,000 net tons for 31,256 
 miles ; while, in 1871, the net tonnage was 100,000,000 tons on 60,852 
 miles. The net tonnage reduced to pounds of all the railroads of the 
 country, in 1851, equaled 464 lbs. to the head of population; in 1861, 
 1,912 lbs. ; and in 1871, 5,000 lbs. per head. The value of this tonnage 
 per head, in 1851, equaled $35.34; in 1861, $116.92 ; and in 1871, $375 per 
 head. The increase of mileage of railways constructed from 1851 to 1861 
 was at the rate of about 20 per cent, per annum. From 1861 to 1871 the 
 rate of annual increase was about 10 per cent. The increase of tonnage 
 from '51 to '61 was 50 per cent, per annum ; from '61 to '71, at the rate of 
 23 per cent, per annum. The increase of population from '51 to '61 was 
 at the rate of 3.5 per cent, per annum. From '61 to '71, at the rate of 
 2.3—10 per cent, per annum. 
 
 The cost of transporting Indian corn and wheat over ordinary high- 
 ways is about 20 cents per ton per mile. At such rate the former will 
 bear transportation only 125 miles to market, while its value is equal to 
 75 cents per bushel ; the latter only 250 miles, while its value is $1.50 
 per bushel. With such highways only, our most valuable cereals will 
 have no commercial value outside of circles having radii of 125 miles and 
 250 miles respectively. Upon a railroad the transportation equals IX 
 
MILE A GE OF RAILWA YS. 
 
 cents per ton per mile, thus increasing the circle within which corn and 
 wheat, at the prices named, will have a marketable value to radii of 
 1,600 and 3,200 miles respectively. The area of a circle having a radius 
 of 125 miles is 49,087 square miles, while that of a circle drawn upon a 
 radius of 1,600 miles is about 160 times greater, or 8,042,406 square 
 miles. Such a difference, enormous as it is, only measures the value of 
 the agencies at present employed in transportation, and the results 
 achieved compared with the old. 
 
 MILEAGE OF RAILROADS, FROM 1842 TO 1872. 
 
 The following table shows the mileage of railroads in the several 
 States at the various periods noted, from January 1, 1842, to January 1, 
 1872: 
 
 181,3. ISIS. 1851. 185U. I860. 1863. 1866. 1869. 1872. 
 
 Alabama 46 46 183 304 628 805 805 953 1671 
 
 Arkansas — — — — — 38 38 86 258 
 
 California — — — — 23 23 214 468 1013 
 
 Connecticut 102 202 402 496 601 630 637 637 820 
 
 Delaware 39 39 39 39 127 127 134 165 227 
 
 Florida — 38 21 21 290 402 416 437 466 
 
 Georgia 271 609 643 962 1371 1420 1420 1575 2108 
 
 Illinois 22 22 111 759 2781 2998 3157 3440 5904 
 
 Indiana — 42 228 1209 2014 2175 2217 2600 3529 
 
 Iowa — — — — 533 731 891 1523 3160 
 
 Kansas — — — — — — 40 648 1760 
 
 Kentucky 28 28 78 167 534 567 567 813 1123 
 
 Louisiana 40 40 80 89 295 335 335 335 539 
 
 Maine 11 62 245 334 472 505 521 560 871 
 
 Maryland &D. C... 259 259 259 327 277 408 446 535 820 
 
 Massachusetts 373 718 1035 1105 1264 1285 1297 1425 1606 
 
 Michigan 138 270 342 431 737 853 941 1199 2235 
 
 Minnesota — — — — — — 213 572 1612 
 
 Mississippi 14 60 75 96 698 862 898 898 990 
 
 Missouri — — — 38 724 838 925 1354 2580 
 
 Nebraska — — — — — — 122 920 2143 
 
 Nevada — — — — — — — 402 593 
 
 New Hampshire... 53 175 467 644 661 661 667 667 790 
 
 New Jersey 186 185 206 347 536 633 864 973 1265 
 
 New York 538 764 1361 2387 2679 2728 3002 3329 4470 
 
 North Carolina 87 87 283 420 937 937 984 1097 1190 
 
 Ohio 36 274 575 1200 2812 3101 3331 3398 3740 
 
 Oregon _____ 4 19 19 159 
 
 Pennsylvania 754 1006 1240 1404 2442 3006 3728 4398 5113 
 
 Rhode Island 50 68 63 68 108 108 125 125 136 
 
 South Carolina 204 204 289 652 973 973 1007 1076 1201 
 
 Tennessee — — — 291 963 1253 1296 1436 1520 
 
 Texas — — — — 284 451 465 513 865 
 
 Vermont — — 290 506 546 562 587 605 675 
 
 Virginia 223 303 384 752 1301 1379 1401 "1464 1490 
 
 West Virginia 61 97 97 241 352 361 365 365 485 
 
 Wisconsin — — 20 71 826 961 1010 1235 1725 
 
 Total miles 3535 5598 9021 15360 28789 32120 35085 42245 60852 
 
DISTANCES FROM WASHINGTON, ETC. 
 
 98 
 
 NUMBER OF MILES FROM WASHINGTON TO VA- 
 RIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Auckland, N. Zealand 8160 
 
 Belize, Central America 1410 
 
 Berlin, Germany 3840 
 
 Berne, Switzerland 3720 
 
 Bremen, Germany 3500 
 
 Buenos Ayres, A. R 4870 
 
 Calcutta, India 8580 
 
 Cape of Good Hope, Africa . .7380 
 
 Cape Horn, S. A 6450 
 
 Caraccas, Venezuela 1830 
 
 Charlottetown, P. E. 1 835 
 
 Chiquisaca, Bolivia ..3670 
 
 Constantinople, Turkey 4870 
 
 Dublin, Ireland 3030 
 
 Edinburgh, Scotland 3120 
 
 Frankfort, Germany 3700 
 
 Frederickton, N. B 665 
 
 Georgetown, B.Guiana 2230 
 
 Halifax, N. S 750 
 
 Hamburg, Germany 3570 
 
 Havana, Cuba 1790 
 
 Honolulu, S. Islands 4650 
 
 Jerusalem, Palestine 5490 
 
 Kingston, C. W 365 
 
 Lima, Peru 3180 
 
 Lisbon, Portugal 3180 
 
 London, England 3300 
 
 Mexico, Mexico 1680 
 
 Montreal, C. E 465 
 
 Nicaragua, C. America 1740 
 
 Panama, N. Grenada 1840 
 
 Paris, France 3480 
 
 Pekin, China 7680 
 
 Quebec, C. E 590 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4300 
 
 Rome, Italy 4080 
 
 Santiago, Chili 4700 
 
 St. Domingo, St. Domingo.. .4300 
 St. John, Newfoundlana •».... 1230 
 
 St. Juan, Porto Rico 4380 
 
 St. Salvador, C. America . .Ti .1650 
 St. Petersburg, Russia 4290 
 
 NUMBER OF DAYS FROM ANY IN ONE MONTH TO 
 THE SAME IN ANY OTHER. 
 
 Month. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 Apr. 
 
 May 
 
 J'ne 
 
 July 
 
 Aug 
 
 Sept 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec 
 
 
 365 
 334 
 306 
 275 
 245 
 214 
 184 
 153 
 122 
 92 
 61 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 365 
 337 
 306 
 276 
 245 
 215 
 1S4 
 153 
 123 
 92 
 62 
 
 59 
 28 
 365 
 334 
 304 
 273 
 243 
 212 
 181 
 151 
 120 
 90 
 
 90 
 59 
 31 
 365 
 335 
 304 
 274 
 243 
 212 
 182 
 151 
 121 
 
 120 
 
 89 
 
 61 
 
 30 
 
 365 
 
 334 
 
 304 
 
 273 
 
 242 
 
 212 
 
 181 
 
 151 
 
 151 
 
 120 
 
 92 
 
 61 
 
 31 
 
 365 
 
 335 
 
 304 
 
 273 
 
 243 
 
 212 
 
 162 
 
 181 
 
 150 
 
 122 
 
 91 
 
 61 
 
 30 
 
 365 
 
 334 
 
 303 
 
 273 
 
 242 
 
 212 
 
 212 
 
 181 
 
 153 
 
 122 
 
 92 
 
 61 
 
 31 
 
 365 
 
 334 
 
 304 
 
 273 
 
 243 
 
 243 
 
 212 
 
 184 
 
 153 
 
 123 
 
 92 
 
 62 
 
 31 
 
 365 
 
 2J35 
 
 304 
 
 274 
 
 273 
 
 242 
 
 214 
 
 183 
 
 153 
 
 122 
 
 92 
 
 61 
 
 30 
 
 365 
 
 334 
 
 304 
 
 304 
 
 273 
 
 245 
 
 214 
 
 184 
 
 153 
 
 123 
 
 92 
 
 61 
 
 31 
 
 365 
 
 335 
 
 334 
 
 
 303 
 
 
 "75 
 
 
 244 
 
 May 
 
 914 
 
 
 1&3 
 
 July 
 
 153 
 
 August 
 
 122 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 91 
 61 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 30 
 365 
 
 Example.— To find the number of days from the 10th May to the 10th 
 October following. Find May in the first column, and then in a line 
 with that under October, is 153 days. If from the 10th May to the 25th 
 October it would be 15 dayg more, or 168 days ; but if from the 10th May 
 to the 1st October, it would be 10 days less, or 143 days. In leap-year, 
 when the last day of February is included, there will be one day more. 
 
94 
 
 PRESIDENTIAL VOTES, 17S8-1872. 
 
 ELECTORAL, AND POPULAR VOTES FOR PRESIDENTS 
 OF THE UNITED STATES, 1788—1873. 
 
 [ Votes as given in The Neto York Tribune Almanac.'] 
 
 W. 
 
 3 Kj 
 
 1788 
 1792 
 1796 
 1800 
 1804 
 1808 
 
 1812 
 1816 
 1820 
 1820 
 
 1828 
 1632 
 
 1840 
 1844 
 
 1848 
 
 CANDIDATES. 
 
 George Washington, 
 
 John Adams, 
 
 George Washington, Federal, 
 
 John Adams, 
 
 John Adams, Fed., 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, Republican, 
 
 Thomas Jefferson,* Rep.. 
 
 Aaron Burr, Fed., 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, Rep., 
 
 Charles C. Pinckney, Fed., 
 
 James Madison, Rep., 
 
 Charles C. Pinckney, Fed ., 
 
 George Clinton Democrat, 
 
 James Madison, Dem., 
 
 De Witt Clinton, Dem., 
 
 James Monroe, Dem., 
 
 Rufus King, Fed., , 
 
 James Monroe, Dem., 
 
 John Quincy Adams, Dem., 
 
 John Quincy Adams.* Coalition,.. . 
 
 Andrew Jackson, Dem., 
 
 William H. Crawford, Dem., 
 
 Henry Clay, Dem., 
 
 Andrew Jackson, Dem., 
 
 John Quincy Adams, National Rep. 
 
 Andrew Jackson, Dem., 
 
 Henry Clay, National Rep., , 
 
 John Floyd 
 
 William Wirt, Anti-Masonic, 
 
 Martin Van Biiren, Dem., 
 
 William H. Harrison, Whig,\ 
 Hugh L. White, f 
 
 Daniel Webster, Whig, C 
 
 W. P. Mangnm, Whig, ) 
 
 William H. Harrison, Whig, 
 
 Martin Van Buren, Dem. , 
 
 James G. Birney, Abolitionist, 
 
 James K. Polk, Dem., 
 
 Henry Clay, Whig, 
 
 James G. Birney, Abolit., 
 
 Zachary Taylor, Whig, 
 
 Lewis Cass, Dem., 
 
 Martin Van Buren, Free Soil, 
 
 0*2 
 
 105,321 
 
 155,8^2 
 44,282 
 46,587 
 647,231 
 509,097 
 687,502 
 530,189 
 
 761,549 
 
 736,656 
 
 1,275,011 
 
 1,128,702 
 
 7,059 
 
 1,337,243 
 
 1,299,062 
 
 62,300 
 
 1,360,099 
 
 1,220,544 
 
 291,263 
 
 CB © 
 
 3 
 
 69 
 84 
 
 132 
 77 
 71 
 68 
 
 73 
 
 r.i 
 
 162 
 
 11 
 
 122 
 
 47 
 
 6 
 
 128 
 89 
 
 183 
 34 
 
 231 
 1 
 84 
 99 
 41 
 37 
 
 178 
 83 
 
 219 
 4!) 
 11 
 7 
 
 170 
 73 
 26 
 14 
 11 
 
 234 
 60 
 
 17lY 
 105 
 
 103 
 127 
 
 23 
 
 232 
 
 291 
 
 290 
 
 o o 
 
 * The President was elected by the House of Representatives. 
 
PRESIDENTIAL VOTES, 178S-1872. 
 
 95 
 
 ©'a 
 
 B 2, 
 
 CANDIDATES. 
 
 -«! 
 
 o s 
 
 PS 
 
 as 
 
 It 
 
 o o 
 
 I* 
 
 ? p 
 
 p 
 
 o ~» 
 CM 
 
 SB 
 
 1852 
 
 Franklin Pierce, Bern., 
 
 Winfleld Scott, Whig, 
 
 John P. Hale, Free Soil, 
 
 1,601,474 
 1,386,578 
 
 155,825 
 1,838,169 
 1,341,264 
 
 874,534 
 1,866,352 
 
 845,763 
 1,375,157 
 
 589,581 
 2.216,067 
 1,808,725 
 3,015,071 
 2,709,613 
 3,597,070 
 2,834,079 
 
 254 
 42 
 
 Hi 
 
 114 
 8 
 
 180 
 72 
 12 
 39 
 
 213 
 21 
 
 214 
 80 
 
 300 
 
 "42 
 
 18 
 2 
 1 
 
 *296 
 '291 
 
 '303 
 234 
 *294 
 
 '366 
 
 si 
 
 1S56 
 
 James Buchanan, Bern., 
 
 
 1860 
 
 John C. Fremont, Republican, 
 
 Millard Fillmore, American, 
 
 *3i' 
 
 1S64 
 
 John C. Breckinridge, Bern., 
 
 Stephen A. Douglas, Ind. Bern., 
 
 John Bell, Constitutional Union, 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, Rep., 
 
 '33' 
 
 S6t 
 
 1868 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant, Rep., 
 
 m 
 
 ...?> 
 
 1872 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant, Rep., 
 
 Horace Greeley, Bern, and Lib. Rep., 
 
 Charles O'Conor, Straight Bern., 
 
 James R. Black, Temperance, 
 
 Thomas A. Hendricks, 
 
 
 B. Gratz Brown, Bern., 
 
 Charles J. Jenkins, Bern., 
 
 David Davis, Bern 
 
 '35' 
 
 t Ten States did not vote. % Three States did not vote. 
 
 The electoral votes of Louisiana 7, of Arkansas 5, and 3 of Georgia, 
 cast for Horace Greeley, who was dead before the meeting of the Elect- 
 oral College, were rejected. 
 
 Previous to the election of 1804, each elector voted for two candi- 
 dates for President, and the person receiving the highest number of 
 votes, if a majority of the whole number of electors, was declared to 
 be President; and the person having the next highest number was 
 Vice-President. At the first election there were 69 electors, all of 
 whom voted for Washington, and 34 for John Adams, 35 votes being 
 scattered upon John Jay, R. H. Harrison, J. Rutledge, Geo. Clinton, 
 and others. At this election three States did not vote, viz : New York 
 (8) had not passed an Electoral law ; Rhode Island (3) ; and North Car- 
 olina (7) had not adopted the Constitution. In 1800, there was a tie 
 vote between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, and the House of 
 Representatives elected Jefferson on the 36th ballot, by 10 States, viz : 
 New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Car- 
 olina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Vermont. Mr. Burr was, of 
 course, elected Vice-President. In 1816, there was no regular Federal 
 opposition to D. D. Tompkins for Vice-President. 
 
STATE MOTTOES. 
 
 MOTTOES OF THE SEVERAL, STATES. 
 
 Maine.— " Dingo." I direct, or guide. 
 
 Neio Hampshire.— No motto. 
 
 Vermont. — " Freedom and Unity.'" 
 
 Massachusetts. — " Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem." With 
 the sword she seeks quiet peace under liberty. 
 
 Rhode Island.— " Hope." 
 
 Connecticut.— " Qui transtulit sustinet." He who transplanted, still 
 sustains. 
 
 New York.— 11 Excelsior." Higher. 
 
 New Jersey.— No motto. 
 
 Pennsylvania.—" Virtue, Liberty, and Independence." 
 
 Delaware. — " Liberty and Independence." 
 
 Maryland.— " Crescite et multiplicamini." Grow (or increase) and 
 multiply. 
 
 Virginia. — " Sic semper tyrannis." Ever so to tyrants. 
 
 West Virginia.—" Montani semper liberi." Mountaineers are always 
 freemen. 
 
 North Carolina.— No motto. 
 
 South Carolina.— " Animis opibusque parati." Prepared in mind 
 and resources ; ready to give life and property. 
 
 Georgia.—" Wisdom, Justice, and moderation." 
 
 Florida. — " In God is our trust." 
 
 Alabama. — No motto. 
 
 Mississipjji.— No motto. 
 
 Louisiana.—" Justice, union, and confidence." 
 
 Texas.— No motto. 
 
 Arkansas. — " Regnant populi." The people rule. 
 
 Tennessee. — " Agriculture and commerce." 
 
 Kentucky.—" United we stand, divided we fall." 
 
 Ohio.— No motto. 
 
 Michigan.—" Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice." If thou 
 seekest a beautiful peninsula, behold it here. 
 
 Indiana.— No motto. 
 
 Illinois.—" State Sovereignty, National Union." 
 
 Missouri. — " Salus populi suprema est lex." The welfare of the peo- 
 ple is the supreme law. 
 
 Iowa.—" Our liberties we prize, and our rights we will maintain." 
 
 Wisconsin.—" Forward." 
 
 Minnesota.—" L'etoile du nord." The star of the north. 
 
 Kansas.— " Ad astra per aspera." To the stars through difficulties. 
 
 California.— "Eureka." I have found it. 
 
 Oregon.— "The Union." 
 
POPULAR NAMES OF STATES, ETC. 
 
 w 
 
 Nebraska. — " Popular sovereignty, progress." 
 
 Washington.— "Al-ki." By and by. 
 
 Nevada.—" Volens et potens." Willing and able. 
 
 Utah.—" September 9th, MDCCCL." 
 
 Colorado.—" Nil sine numine." Nothing without God. 
 
 Dacota.—" Liberty and Union, one and inseparable, now and forever." 
 
 New Mexico. -"MDCCCL." 
 
 POPULAR NAMES OF STATES AND CITIES. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Virginia— Old Dominion. 
 Massachusetts— Bay State. 
 Maine— Border State. 
 Rhode Island— Little Rhody. 
 New York— Empire State. 
 New Hampshire— Granite State. 
 Vermont — Green Mountain State. 
 Connecticut — Land of Steady 
 
 Habits. 
 Pennsylvania— Keystone State. 
 North Carolina— Old North State. 
 Ohio— Buckeye State. 
 South Carolina— Palmetto State. 
 Michigan — Wolverine State. 
 Kentucky— Corn Cracker. 
 Indiana— Hoosier State. 
 Illinois— Sucker State. 
 California— Golden State. 
 Iowa— Hawkeye State. 
 Wisconsin— Badger State. 
 Florida— Peninsula State. 
 Texas— Lone Star State. 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 New York— Gotham. 
 Boston— Modern Athens, The Hub. 
 Philadelphia— Quaker City. 
 Baltimore— Monumental City 
 Cincinnati— Queen City. 
 New Orleans— Crescent City. 
 Brooklyn— City of Churches. 
 Washington— City of Magnificent 
 
 Distances. 
 Chicago— Garden City. 
 Detroit— City of the Straits 
 Cleveland— Forest City. 
 Pittsburgh— Smoky City. 
 New Haven— City of Elms. 
 Indianapolis— Railroad City. 
 St. Louis— Mound City. 
 Keokuk— Gate City. 
 Louisville— Fall City. 
 Nashville— City of Rocks. 
 Hannibal— Bluff City. 
 Milwaukee— Cream City. 
 Buffalo— Queen City of the Lakes. 
 
 RATES OF MORTALITY. 
 
 It is generally supposed that the rate of mortality is lower in the Old 
 World than in the New. Statistics, however, show that in Europe the 
 annual number of deaths is 1 in every 42 inhabitants, but in this coun- 
 try it is 1 in every 81. In the Gulf States the average yearly proportion 
 of deaths is 1 to every 63; in New England, 1 to 68; in the Southern 
 States, 1 to 70; in the Atlantic and Mississippi Valley States, 1 to 80; 
 in the Western States, 1 to 81 ; in the Middle States, 1 to 88; iu the 
 Paciiic States, 1 to 115; in the North-western States, 1 to 120. 
 (0 
 
98 
 
 POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL CITIES. 
 
 POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE 
 UNITED STATES.— 1870. 
 
 Allegheny, Pa 53,180 
 
 Atlanta, Ga 21,789 
 
 Auburn, N. Y 17,225 
 
 Augusta, Ga 15,389 
 
 Baltimore, Md 267,354 
 
 Bangor, Me 18,289 
 
 Binghamton, N. Y 12,692 
 
 Bridgeport, Ct 18,969 
 
 Brooklyn, N.Y 396,099 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y 117,714 
 
 Burlington, Iowa 14,930 
 
 Cambridge, Mass 39,634 
 
 Chicago, 111 298,977 
 
 Charleston, S. C 48,956 
 
 Charlestovvn, Mass 28,323 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 216,239 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio 92,829 
 
 Covington Ky 24,505 
 
 Davenport, Iowa 20,038 
 
 Dayton, Ohio 30,473 
 
 Detroit, Mich 79,577 
 
 Dubuque, Iowa 18,434 
 
 East Saginaw, Mich 11,350 
 
 Elizabeth, N. J 20,832 
 
 Elmira, N. Y 15863 
 
 Evansville, Ind 21,830 
 
 Fall Kiver, Mass 26,766 
 
 Fond du Lac, Wis 12,764 
 
 Galveston, Tex 13,818 
 
 Georgetown, D. C 11,384 
 
 Grand Rapids, Mich 16,507 
 
 Hamilton, Ohio 11,081 
 
 Hoboken, N. J 20,297 
 
 Jersey City, N. J 82,546 
 
 Kansas City, Mo 32.260 
 
 Lancaster, Pa 20,233 
 
 Leavenworth, Kan 17,873 
 
 Of the 35 cities of the world havin 
 
 Lewiston, Me 13,600 
 
 Lexington, Ky 14,801 
 
 Louisville, Ky 100,753 
 
 Lowell, Mass 40,928 
 
 Lynn, Mass 28,233 
 
 Manchester, N. H 23,536 
 
 Memphis, Tenn 40,226 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn 13,066 
 
 Mobile, Ala 32,034 
 
 New Albany, Ind 15,396 
 
 Newark, N. J 105,059 
 
 Newburgh, N. Y 17,014 
 
 New Orleans, La 191,418 
 
 New York, N. Y 942,292 
 
 Norfolk, Va 19,229 
 
 Omaha, Neb 16,083 
 
 Oswego, N.Y 20,910 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 674,022 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa 86,076 
 
 Portland, Me 31,413 
 
 Portsmouth, N. II 9,211 
 
 Poughkeepsie, N.Y 20,080 
 
 Quincy, El 24,052 
 
 Reading, Pa 33,930 
 
 Rochester, N. Y 62,386 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 310,864 
 
 Salem, Mass 24,117 
 
 San Francisco, Cal 149,473 
 
 Savannah, Ga 28,235 ' 
 
 Springfield, Mass 26,703 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y 43 051 
 
 Toledo, Ohio. 31,584 
 
 Troy, N. Y 46,465 
 
 Utica, N. Y 28,804 
 
 Wilmington, Del 30,811 
 
 Worcester, Mass 41,105 
 
 over 300,000 inhabitants, 6 are in 
 
 China, 5 in the United States, 5 in Great Britain, 4 in India, 3 in France, 
 3 in Japan, and 1 each in Turkey, Prussia, Austria, Russia, Siam, Bra- 
 zil, Spain and Egypt. 
 
POPULATION TABLES. 
 
 POPULATION OF THE CAPITALS OF STATES.— 1ST 0. 
 
 Washington, D. C 109,408 
 
 Augusta, Me 7,815 
 
 Concord, N. H 12,241 
 
 Montpelier, Vt 3,023 
 
 Boston, Mass 250,526 
 
 Providence, R. 1 68,906 
 
 Newport, R.I 12,521 
 
 Hartford, Conn 37,180 
 
 New Haven, Conn 50,840 
 
 Albany, N. Y 69,422 
 
 Trenton, N. J 22,874 
 
 Harrisburgh, Penn 23,109 
 
 Dover, Del 1,906 
 
 Annapolis, Md 5,744 
 
 Richmond, Va 51,038 
 
 Wheeling, West Va 19,282 
 
 Raleigh, N. C 7,790 
 
 Columbia, S. C 9,289 
 
 Milledgeville, Ga 2,705 
 
 Tallahassee, Fla 2,023 
 
 Montgomery, Ala 10.588 
 
 Jackson, Miss 4,234 
 
 Baton Rouge, La 6 498 
 
 Austin, Texas 
 
 Nashville, Tenn 
 
 Frankfort, Ky 
 
 Columbus, Ohio 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind 
 
 Springfield, 111 
 
 Lansing, Mich 
 
 Madison, Wis 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 
 
 Des Moines, Iowa 
 
 Jefferson City, Mo 
 
 Little Rock, Ark 
 
 Topeka, Kan 
 
 Lincoln, Neb , 
 
 Denver, Colorado 
 
 Cheyenne City, Wyoming . 
 
 Boise City, Idaho 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Carson City, Nevada 
 
 Virginia City, Montana 
 
 Salem, Oregon 
 
 Sacramento, Cal 
 
 4,428 
 
 28,872 
 
 5,396 
 
 33,754 
 
 36,565 
 
 17,365 
 
 5,241 
 
 9,173 
 
 20,031 
 
 12,035 
 
 4,420 
 
 12,380 
 
 5,790 
 
 2441 
 
 7,000 
 
 1,450 
 
 965 
 
 12,854 
 
 3,041 
 
 867 
 
 1,139 
 
 16,484 
 
 POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL. FOREIGN CITIES. 
 
 Amsterdam, Holland .... 275,000 
 
 Athens, Greece 48,107 
 
 Berlin, Prussia 800,000 
 
 Berne, Switzerland 36,000 
 
 Birmingham, England . . . 342,696 
 
 Brussels, Belgium 169,249 
 
 Buenos Ayres, B. A 180,000 
 
 Cairo, Egypt 350 000 
 
 Copenhagen, Denmark. . . 155,143 
 Constantinople, Turkey .1,075,600 
 
 Dublin, Ireland 270,000 
 
 Edinburgh, Scotland .... 273,869 
 
 Florence, Italy 120,000 
 
 Glasgow, Scotland 440,900 
 
 Hambnrg, Germany 307,000 
 
 Havana, Cuba 200,000 
 
 Leeds, England 2-0,201 
 
 Lisbon, Spain 284,000 
 
 Liverpool, England 493,346 
 
 London, England 3,251,804 
 
 Madrid, Spain 298,426 
 
 Manchester, England .... 355,665 
 
 Munich, Bavaria 170,688 
 
 Paris, France (in 1870). . .1,899,462 
 
 Pekin, China 1,650,000 
 
 Quito, Ecuador 76,000 
 
 Rome, Italy 204,676 
 
 Stockholm, Norway 136.016 
 
 St. Petersburg, Russia. . . 539,122 
 
 Sydney, Australia 120.000 
 
 Teheran, Persia 85,000 
 
 Vienna, Austria 825,165 
 
100 CENSUS RETURNS AND NA VAL ST A TISTICS. 
 
 AGGREGATE OF CENSUS RETURNS. 
 
 The following are the aggregate returns for the year ending June 1, 
 1870, applied to the United States : 
 
 Acres, improved , 188,806,761 
 
 Acres, woodland 158,908,121 
 
 Acres, unimproved 59,366,033 
 
 Cash value of farms $9,261,775,121 
 
 Cash value of agricultural implements $336,800,871 
 
 Wages paid $310,068,473 
 
 Farm products $2,445,602,379 
 
 Value of live stock $1,524,271,714 
 
 Wheat, bushels 267,730,931 
 
 Indian Corn, bushels 760,963,204 
 
 Eye, bushels 17,000,000 
 
 Oats, bushels 29,761,265 
 
 Buckwheat, bushels 9,821,662 
 
 Rice, pounds 73,635,021 
 
 Tobacco, pounds 262,729,540 
 
 Cotton, bales ' 2,999,721 
 
 Wool, pounds 102,053,264 
 
 Potatoes, bushels 143,230,000 
 
 Sweet Potatoes, bushels 21,634,000 
 
 Wine, gallons 3,096,000 
 
 Cheese, pounds 53,492,000 
 
 Butter, pounds 514,002,460 
 
 Milk, gallons 236,500,000 
 
 Hay, tons 27,416,000 
 
 Hops, pounds 28,443,000 
 
 Sugar (cane), pounds 87,043,000 
 
 Sugar (maple), pounds 28,443,000 
 
 Molasses (cane), gallons 6,600,000 
 
 Molasses (sorghum), gallons 16,041,000 
 
 NAVAL STATISTICS. 
 
 The whole tonnage of the world consists of 56,727 sail vessels, 
 measuring 14,563,839 tons, and 4,333 steamers, measuring 3,680 670 
 tons. Great Britain stands first with 19,182 sail-vessels, of 5,366,327 
 tons, and 2,538 steamers, of 2,3S2,145 tons. The United States comes 
 next, following a long way off with 7,092 ships, of 2,272,120 tons, and 
 420 steamers, of 401,043 tons. Norway, strange to say, comes next in 
 the list of sail-vessels and Italy follows in the fourth place. Germany 
 comes next, and France still next ; but in the list of steamers, Frauce 
 is third and Germany fourth. 
 
RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 
 
 101 
 
 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS OF THE UNITED 
 STATES. 
 
 The census shows the following returns of the denominational 
 preferences of our people in 1850, 1S60 and 1870. 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1S60 
 
 1870. 
 
 
 3,247.069 
 
 60.142 
 
 807.335 
 
 643 598 
 
 286,323 
 
 303,780 
 
 18.371 
 
 539.701 
 
 4,345.519 
 
 • 114,988 
 
 10,880 
 
 5,600 
 
 2,079,765 
 
 10,189 
 
 182,686 
 
 160,932 
 
 667,863 
 
 138,067 
 
 215,115 
 
 3,749.551 
 
 294,667 
 
 956,351 
 
 847,296 
 
 269,084 
 
 681,016 
 
 34,412 
 
 757,637 
 
 6,259,799 
 
 20.316 
 
 13,500 
 
 15 395 
 
 2,088,838 
 
 477,111 
 
 211.068 
 
 273 697 
 
 1,404,437 
 
 138,213 
 
 235,219 
 
 3,9^7,119 
 
 Other Baptists 
 
 363,019 
 
 
 1,177.212 
 
 
 991,051 
 
 Friends 
 
 224,664 
 865,602 
 
 
 73.265 
 
 
 977,332 
 
 Methodists 
 
 6,528.209 
 
 
 25,700 
 
 
 87,838 
 
 Swedenbor^ians 
 
 18,755 
 
 
 2,198,900 
 
 
 4«9,344 
 
 
 227,228 
 
 German Reformed 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 431.700 
 1,990.514 
 
 
 155,471 
 
 Universalists 
 
 210,884 
 
 Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church— 1S74. 
 
 Edmund S. Janes, New York; elected 1844. Levi Scott, Odessa, 
 Del.; elected 1852. Matthew Simpson, Philadelphia, Penn. ; elected 
 1852. Edward R. Ames, Baltimore, Md. ; elected 1852. Thomas Bow- 
 man, St. Louis, Mo.; elected 1872. William L. Harris, Chicago, 111.; 
 elected 1872. Isaac W. Wiley, Boston, Mass. ; elected 1872. Randolph 
 S. Foster, Cincinnati, O. ; elected 1872. Stephen M. Merrill, St. Paul, 
 Minn. ; elected 1872. Edward G. Andrews, Omaha, Neb. ; elected 1872. 
 Gilbert Ilaven, Atlanta, Ga. ; elected 1872. Jesse T. Peck, San Francisco, 
 Cal.; elected 1872. Thomas A. Morris, Springfield, O.; elected ia36; 
 (retired). John Wright Roberts, Monrovia, Liberia. 
 
 METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SOUTH. 
 
 Robert Payne, Aberdeen, Miss. ; elected 1846. George F. Pierce, Ga. ; 
 elected 1854. Hubbard II. Kavanaugh, Lexington, Ky. ; elected 1854. 
 William M. Wightman, Charleston, S. C; elected 1866. David S. Dog- 
 gett, Richmond, Va. ; elected 1866. Holland N. McTyeire, Nashville, 
 Train.; elected 1866. Enoch M. Marvin, St. Louis, Mo.; elected 1866. 
 John C. Keener, New Orleans, La. ; elected 1870. 
 
102 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 
 
 Bishops of the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church in 
 America. 
 
 William Henry Miles, Tennessee. L. H. Halsey. J. B. Beebe, North 
 Carolina. Isaac Lane, Tennessee. 
 
 Bishops of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 Daniel A. Payne, Ohio. James A. Shorter, Ohio. Alexander W. 
 Wayman, Baltimore. Jabez P. Campbell, Philadelphia. Thomas M. 
 D. Ward, California. John M. Brown, District of Columbia. 
 
 Bishops of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. 
 
 Joseph C. Clinton. Sampson Tolbert. John J. Moore. James W. 
 Hood. S. E. Jones. — - — Brooke. 
 
 Bishops of the Moravian Church. 
 
 Samuel Reinke, Bethlehem, Pa. ; consecrated 1858. Henry A. Shultz, 
 Nazareth, Pa.; cons. 1864. David Bigler, Lancaster, Pa.; cons. 1864. 
 Edmund de Schweinitz, Bethlehem, Pa.; cons. 1870. A. A. Reinke, 
 New York; cons. 1870. 
 
 Bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United 
 States— 1874. 
 
 Alabama— Richard Hooker Wilmer; consecrated 1862. Arkansas- 
 Henry Niles Pierce (missionary); cons. 1870. California— Wm. Ingra- 
 ham Kip; cons. 1853. Colorado— John Franklin Spaulding ; cons. 1873. 
 Connecticut— John Williams; cons. 1851. Delaware— Alfred Lee; cons. 
 1841. Florida— John Freeman Young ; cons. 1867. Georgia— John 
 Watrus Beckwith; cons. 1868. Illinois— Henry John Whitehouse; 
 corrs, 1851. Indiana— Joseph Cruickshank Talbot; cons. 1860. Iowa — 
 Henry Washington Lee; cons. 1854. Kansas— Thomas Hubbard Vail; 
 cons. 1864. Kentucky— Benjamin Bosworth Smith; cons. 1832. Louisi- 
 ana—Joseph Pere Bell Wilmer; cons. 1866. Maine— Henry Adams 
 Neely ; cons. 1867. Maryland— William Rollinson Whittingham ; cons. 
 1840: William Pinckney, assistant; cons. 1870. Easton, Maryland- 
 Henry Champlin Lay; cons. 1859. Massachusetts— Benjamin H. Pad- 
 dock; cons. 1873. Michigan— Samuel Allen McCoskry; cons. 1836. 
 Minnesota— Henry Benjamin Whipple; cons. 1859. Mississippi— Wil- 
 liam Mercer Green; cons. 1850. Missouri— Charles Franklin Robert- 
 son; cons. 1868. Montana— Daniel Sylvester Tuttle (missionary)'; 
 cons. 1867. Nebraska and Dakota— Robert Harper Clarkson; cons. 
 1865. Nevada and Arizona— Ozi Wm. Whittaker; cons. 1869. New 
 Hampshire— Wm. Woodruff Niles ; cons. 1870. New Jersey— William 
 Henry Odenheimer; cons. 1859. New York— Horatio Potter.; cons. 
 1854. Central New York — Frederick D. Huntington; cons. 1869. 
 
RELIQIO US DENOMINA Tl ONS. 103 
 
 Western New York— Arthur Cleveland Cose; cons. 1865. Albany, 
 New York-William Croswell Doane; cons. 1869. Long Island, New 
 York— Abram Newkirk Littlejohn ; cons. 1869. Niobrara and Indian 
 Territory— William H. Hare (missionary); cons. 1873. North Carolina 
 —Thomas Atkinson; cons. 1853: Theodore Lyman, assistant; cons. 
 1872. Ohio- Gregory Thurston Bedell; cons. 1858. Oregon— Benjamin 
 Wistar Morris (missionary) : cons. 1868. Pennsylvania— William Bacon 
 Stevens; cons. 1862. Pittsburg, Pennsylvania— John Barrett Kerfoot; 
 cons. 1866. Central Pennsylvania— Mark Antony de Wolfe Howe; 
 cons. 1871. Rhode Island— Thomas March Clark; cons. 1854. South 
 Carolina-William Bell White Howe; cons. 1871. Tennessee-Charles 
 Todd Quintard; cons. 1865. Texas-Alexander Gregg; cons. 1859. 
 Vermont— William Henry Augustus Bissell; cons. 1868. Virginia- 
 John Johns; cons. T842: Francis McNeece Whittle, assistant; cons. 
 1868. Wisconsin— William Edmond Armitage; cons. 1866. Channing 
 Moore Williams, China and Japan (missionary); cons. 1866. John 
 Gotlieb Auer, Cavalla, Africa, (missionary); cons. 1873. John Payne, 
 late of Cape Palmas, Africa, (retired); cons. 1851. Horatio Southgate, 
 late of Constantinople, Turkey, (retired) ; cons. 1844. 
 
 Hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church in the United 
 States— 1S73. 
 
 ARCHBISHOPS.— James Rooseveldt Bayley, D. D., Baltimore. John 
 Baptist Purcell, D. D., Cincinnati. Napoleon I. Perche, D. D., New 
 Orleans. John McCloskey, D. D., New York. Francis Norbert Blan- 
 chet, D. D., Oregon. Peter Richard Renrick, D. L\, St. Louis. Joseph 
 S. Alemany' D. D., O.S.D., San Francisco. 
 
 BISHOPS— Province op Baltimore.— Baltimore, Md.— Archbishop 
 Bayley Erie, Pa.-Tobias Mullen. Philadelphia, Pa.-James F. Wood. 
 Pittsbur- Pa.-M. Domenec. Scranton, Pa.-William O'Hara. Harris- 
 bui- Pa.-Jeremiah W. Shanahan. Wilmington, Del.-Thomas A. 
 Becker. Richmond, Va.-James Gibbons. Savannah, Ga.-Wilham 
 H Gross Wheeling, West Va.-Richard V. Whelan. North Carolina 
 -Right Rev. James Gibbons, administrator. Charleston, S. C.-P. N. 
 Lyncli. St. Augustine, Fla.-Augustin Verot. 
 
 Province of Cincinnati. -Cincinnati, O. - Archbishop Purcel . 
 Columbus O -Sylvester H. Rosecrans. Cleveland, O.-Richard Gil- 
 mour. Covington, Ky.-A. M. Toebbe. Detroit, Mich. -C^Borgess. 
 Fort Wayne, Ind.-Joseph Dwenger. Louisville, Ky.-Wilham Mc- 
 Closkey. Marquette, Wis.-Ignatius Mrack. Vincennes, Ind.-Maunce 
 
 Province^ New Orleans.-Ncw Orleans, La.-Archbishop Perche. 
 Galveston, Texas-M. Dubuis. Little Rock, Ark.-Edward Fitzgerald. 
 
104 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 
 
 Mobile, Ala.— John Quinlan. Natchez, Miss.— William Henry Elder. 
 Natchitoches, La.— Augustus Martin. 
 
 Province of New York.— New York, N. Y.— Archbishop McCloskey. 
 Albany, N. Y.— -John J. Conroy. Albany, N. Y.— F. McNeimey, coadju- 
 tor. Rochester, N. Y.— Bernard J. McQuaid. Boston, Mass.— P. J. 
 O'Reilly. Brooklyn, N. Y.— John Loughlin. Buffalo, N. Y.— Stephen 
 Vincent Ryan, CM. Burlington, Vt.— Louis de Groesbriand. Hartford, 
 Conn.— Francis P. McFarland. Newark, N. J.— M. A. Corrigan. Port- 
 land, Me.— David W. Bacon. Providence, R. L— Thos. F. Hendricken. 
 Ogdensburg, N. Y.— Edgar P. Wadhams. 
 
 Province op Oregon. — Oregon City— Archbishop Blanchet. Nes- 
 qualey— M. A. Blanchet. 
 
 Province op St. Louis— St. Louis, Mo.— Archbishop Kenrick. St. 
 Louis, Mo.— P. J. Ryan, coadjutor. St. Joseph, Mo.— John Hbgan. 
 Alton, 111.— P. J. Baltes. Chicago, 111.— Thomas J. Foley. Dubuque, 
 Iowa— John Hennessy. Milwaukee, Wis.— John Martin Henni. Green 
 Bay, Wis.— Joseph Melcher. La Crosse, Wis.— Michael Heiss. Nash- 
 ville, Tenn.— P. A. Feehan. Santa Fe, New Mexico— John Lamy. St. 
 Paul, Minn.— Thomas L. Grace, O.S.D. Kansas and the Indian Terri- 
 tory east of the Rocky Mountains— John B. Miege, Louis Fink, Leaven- 
 worth City, Kansas. Vicariate Apostolic of Nebraska— James O'Gor- 
 man. Vicariate Apostolic of Idaho — Louis Lootens. Vicariate 
 Apostolic of Colorado and Utah — J. Projectus Macheboeuf. 
 
 Province op San Francisco.— San Francisco— Archbishop Joseph 
 S. Alemany, D. D., O.S.D. Monterey— Thaddeus Amat, CM. Monte- 
 rey— F. Mora, coadjutor. Grass Valley, Cal. — Eugene O'Connell. 
 
 THE NAME OF GOD IN FORTY-EIGHT LANGUAGES. 
 
 Hebrew — Elohim, or Eloah. Chaldaic— Elah. Assyrian — Ellah. 
 Syriac, Turkish— Alah. Malay— Alia. Arabic— Allah. Language of 
 the Magi— Orsi. Old Egyptian— Zent. Armorian— Tenti. Modern 
 Egyptian— Tenn. Greek— Theos. ^Eolian, Doric— Dos : Latin, Deus : 
 Low Latin, Diex. Celtic, Old Gallic— Dieu. French— Dieu. Spanish 
 — Dios. Portuguese— Deos. Old German— Diet. Provencal— Dion. 
 Low Breton— Done. Italian— Dio. Irish— Die. Olala Tongue— Deu. 
 German and Swiss— Gott. Flemish— Goed. Dutch— Godt. English 
 and Old Saxon— God. Teutonic— Goth. Danish and Swedish— Gut. 
 Norwegian — Gud. Slavic — Buch. Polish — Bog. Polacca— Bung. 
 Lapp — Jubinal. Finnish — Jumala. Runic — As. Pannonian — Istu. 
 Tembloan— Fetiyo. Hindostanee— Rain. Caromdel— Brama. Tartar 
 — Magatal. Persian — Sire. Chinese— Pussa. Japanese — Goergun. 
 Madagascar— Tanuan. Peruvian— Puchocamae. 
 
WORLD'S PRODUCTS— WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 105 
 
 COMMERCE OF THE WORLD. 
 
 France exports wines, brandies, silks, furniture, jewelry, clocks, 
 watches, paper, perfumery, and fancy goods generally. 
 
 Prussia exports linens, woolens, zinc, iron, copper and brass, in- 
 digo, wax, hams, musical instruments, tobacco, wine, and porcelain. 
 
 Germany exports wool, woolen goods, linens, rags, corn, timber, 
 iron, lead, tin, flax, hemp, wine, wax, tallow, and cattle. 
 
 Austria exports minerals, silk, thread, glass, wax, tar, nut gall, 
 wine, honey, and mathematical instruments. 
 
 England exports cottons, woolens, glass, hardware, earthenware, 
 cutlery, iron, metallic wares, salt, coal, watches, tin, silks, and linens. 
 
 Spain exports wines, brandies, iron, fresh and dried fruits, quick- 
 silver, sulphur, salt, cork, saffron, anchovies, silks and woolens. 
 
 China exports tea, rhubarb, musk, ginger, borax, zinc, silks, cassia, 
 filigree work, ivory ware, lacquered ware, and porcelain. 
 
 Brazil exports coffee, indigo, sugar, rice, hides, dried meats, tallow, 
 gold, diamonds, and other stones, gums, mahogany, and india rubber. 
 
 West Indies export sugar, molasses, rum, tobacco, cigars, mahog- 
 any, dye-wood, coffee, pimento, fresh fruit and preserves, wax, ginger, 
 and other spice. 
 
 East Indies export cloves, nutmegs, mace, pepper, rice, indigo, gold 
 dust, camphor, benzine, sulphur, ivory, rattans, zinc, and nuts. 
 
 United States export principally agricultural produce, tobacco, 
 cotton, flour, provisions of all kinds, lumber, and turpentine. 
 
 WEIGHTS AND .MEASURES. 
 
 BUSHEIa. pounds. 
 
 Wheat........... 60 
 
 Shelled Corn , 56 
 
 Corn in the Ear.. ..........70 
 
 Peas 60 
 
 Rye 56 
 
 Oats , 32 
 
 Barley, , 47 
 
 Irish Potatoes ....60 
 
 Sweet Potatoes 55 
 
 White Beans , ... 62 
 
 Castor Beans , 46 
 
 Clover Seed 60 
 
 Timothy Seed 45 
 
 Flaxseed 56 
 
 Hempseed 44 
 
 BUSHEL. POINDS. 
 
 Blue Grass Seed 14 
 
 Buckwheat 52 
 
 Dried Peaches 38 
 
 Dried Apples 24 
 
 Onions..., 57 
 
 Salt 50 
 
 Stone Coal SO 
 
 Malt 38 
 
 Bran. 20 
 
 Turnips , 55 
 
 Plastering Hair 9 
 
 Unslacked Lime 50 
 
 Corn Meal 50 
 
 Fine Salt 55 
 
 Ground Peas 22 and 28 
 
106 WAR RECORD OF THE REBELLION. 
 
 WAR RECORD OF THE REBELLION. 
 
 1861. 
 
 Fort Sumter.— Captured, April 14. 
 
 Big Bethel, Fa.— National repulse, June 10. 
 
 Boonville, Mo.— Confederate defeat, June 17. 
 
 Carthage, Mo. — Indecisive. July 6. 
 
 Rich Mountain, W. Ya.— National victory, July 10. 
 
 Bull Run, Fa.— National defeat, July 21. 
 
 Wilson's Creek, Mo. — Confederate defeat, August 10. 
 
 JIatteras Expedition.— -Forts Hatteras and Clark captured, Aug. 26-30. 
 
 Carnifex Ferry, Va.— Floyd defeated by Rosecrans, September 10. 
 
 Lexington, Mo.— Taken by Confederates, September 20. 
 
 Santa Rosa Island. — Confederate defeat, October 9. 
 
 Bair» Bluff, Va.— Baker defeated and killed, October 21. 
 
 Fort Royal Expedition.— Capture of Hilton Head, S. C, Oct. 29-Nov. 7. 
 
 Belmont, Mo.— Indecisive. November 7. 
 1862. 
 
 Middle Creek, Ky.— Garfield defeats Marshall, January 10. 
 
 Mill Spring, Ky. — Zollicoffer defeated and killed, January 19. 
 
 Fort Henry, Tenn.— Captured by Com. Foote, February 6. 
 
 Roanoke Island.— National victory, February 7-8. 
 
 Fort Donelson.— Surrendered to Grant, February 16. 
 
 Valverde, N. M.— Canby defeats Sibley, February 21. 
 
 Pea Ridge, Ark. — Confederate defeat, March 7-8. 
 
 Hampton Roads, Va.— Monitor and Virginia, March 9. 
 
 Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. — Indecisive. April 6-7. 
 
 Island No. 10.— Surrendered to Pope, with 6,000 prisoners, April 7. 
 
 New Orleans.— Captured by the Nationals, April. 
 
 Williamsburg, Va. — Confederate defeat, August 5 
 
 Winchester, Va.— Banks driven, May 25. 
 
 Hanover Court House, Va.— Confederate repulse, May 27. 
 
 Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, Va. — Confederate repulse, May 31-June 1. 
 
 Memphis, Tenn. — Captured by Nationals, June 6. 
 
 Cross Keys and Port Republic, Va.— National repulse, June 8-9. 
 
 Mechanicsville, Cold Harbor, Savage's Station, Frazier's Farm, and 
 Malvern Hill, Va. — The seven days battles, June 26-July 1. 
 
 Baton Rouge, La. — Breckenridge defeated, August 5. 
 Cedar Mountain, Va.— Banks defeated, August 9. 
 
 Bull Run.— Second battle, Pope's defeat, August 30. 
 
 South Mountain, Md.— National success, September 14. 
 
 Harper's Ferry.— Surrendered, with 10,000 National prisoners, Sept. 15. 
 " Antielam, Md.— National success, September 17. 
 
 Iuka, Miss.— Confederate defeat, September 19-20. 
 
WAR RECORD OF THE REBELLION. 107 
 
 Corinth, Miss.— Confederate defeat, October 3. 
 
 Perryville, Ey.— Indecisive. October 8. 
 
 Prairie G?'0ve, Ark.— Confederate defeat, December 7. 
 
 Fredericksburg, Va.— Burnside defeated by Lee, December 13. 
 
 Holly Springs, Miss.— Captured by Van Dorn, December 20. 
 
 Chickasaw Bayou, Miss. — Sherman repulsed, December 27-29. 
 
 Stone River (Murfreesborough), Tenn.— Confedevate defeat, December 
 31, 1862-Jan. 3, 1863 
 
 1863. 
 
 Arkansas Post, Ark.— Captured by J. A. McClernand, January 11. 
 
 Raids by Grierson, in Mississippi; Stoneman, in Virginia, and 
 Streight, in Northern Georgia, April 11-May 5. 
 
 Port Gibson, Miss.— Confederate defeat, May 1. 
 
 ChancelkrrsvMe, Fa.— Indecisive. May 1-4. 
 
 Raymond, Miss.— Confederate defeat, May 12. 
 
 Jackson, Miss.— Confederate defeat,May 14. 
 
 Champion Hill, Miss.— Confederate defeat, May 16. 
 
 Big Black, Miss.— Confederate defeat, May 17. 
 
 Vicksburg.— Two unsuccessful assaults, May 19-22. 
 
 Port Hudson.— Assault repulsed, May 27. 
 
 Hanover Junction, Fa.— National success, June 30. 
 
 Gettysburg, Pa.— Lee defeated by Meade, July 1^4. 
 
 Vicksburg, Miss.— Surrendered to Grant, July 4. 
 
 Helena, Ark.— Confederate defeat,July 4. 
 
 Port Hudson, La. — Surrendered to Banks, July 9. 
 
 Jackson, Miss. — Johnson driven by Sherman, July 16. 
 
 Fort Wagner, S. C. — Captured, September 6. 
 
 Morgan's Raid, Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio. — June 24-July 2G. 
 
 Chickamauga, Ga.— Rosecrans defeated, but retains Chattanooga, 
 September 19-20. 
 
 Campbell's Station, Tenn. — Longstreet checked by Burnside, Nov. 16. 
 
 Lookout Mountain, Tenn. — Stormed by Hooker's troops, Nov. 24. 
 
 Mission Ridge. — Bragg's defeat, November 25. 
 1864. 
 
 Olustee, Fla.— National defeat, February 20. 
 
 Sabine Cross-Roads, La. — National defeat, April 8. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, La.— Confederate repulse, April 9. 
 
 Fort Pillow, Tenn. — Capture and massacre, April 12. 
 
 Wilderness, Ya.— Indecisive. May 5-6. 
 
 Resaca, Ga.— National victory, May 14-15. 
 
 Spotsylvania Court-House, Va.— Indecisive. May 7-12. 
 
 Petersburg, Va —Butler's attack, May 10. 
 
 New Hope Church, Ga.— Indecisive. May 25. 
 
108 WAR RECORD- CENSUS STA T1STICS. 
 
 Cold Harbor, Fa.— Grant repulsed, June 1-3. 
 
 Petersburg.— Smith's attack, June 16. 
 
 Weldon Railroad.— National repulse, June 21-22. 
 
 Kenesaw Mountain.— Sherman repulsed, June 27. 
 
 Peach-Tree Creek.— Indecisive. July 20. 
 
 Decatur, Ga.— Indecisive. July 22. 
 
 Atlanta, Ga.— Hood repulsed, July 28. 
 
 Petersburg, Va.— Mine explosion, National repulse, July 30. 
 
 Jonesborough, Ga.— National victory, August 31-Septeniber 1. 
 
 Atlanta, Ga.— Captured by Sherman, September 2. 
 
 Winchester, Fa.— Sheridan defeats Early, September 19. 
 
 Fisher's Hill— Sheridan defeats Early, September 22. 
 
 Alltoona Pass, Ga.—Rood repulsed, October 6. 
 
 Hatcher's Run, Fa.— Grant repulsed, October 27. 
 
 Fort M'Allister, Ga.— Captured, December 14. 
 
 Nashville, Tenn — Hood's defeat, December 15-16. 
 
 1865. 
 Five Forks, Fa.— Lee defeated, March 31-April 1. 
 Axierysborough, N. C— Confederate repulse, March 16. 
 Bentonville, N. C— Confederate repulse, March 18. 
 Fort Fisher— Captured by Terry, January 15. 
 Hatcher's Run, Va.— Second National repulse, February 5. 
 Petersburg, Fa.— Carried by assault, April 2. 
 i Mobile.— National victory, April 8-12. 
 
 TOTAL STATISTICS OF THE LAST UNITED STATES 
 
 CENSUS. 
 The total population of the country is about thirty-eight and a 
 quarter millions. Total number of deaths in the current census year, 
 492,263, or about 1,349 per diem. March seems to be the most fatal 
 month, leading all others by about 1,000. The births number 
 1,110,475, or about 3,000 per diem. The blind number about 20,000 ; the 
 deaf and dumb about 16,000; the idiotic about 24,000; the insane about 
 37,000— nearly one-third of whom are of foreign birth. Persons over 80 
 years of age number about 150,000 ; over 90 years of age number 7,000 ; 
 over 100 number 3,500. Of tho6e over 80, females out-number 
 males by about 12,000; of those over 90, the females are in excess by 
 about 1,200; of those over 100, the females exceed the males by about 
 1,000. 
 
 On March 6th, 1786, the enormous sum of £471,000 was paid by Eng- 
 land to the Landgrave of Hesse, for Hessian "auxiliaries" (mercena- 
 ries) lost in the American War. 
 
USEFUL MEMORANDA. 109 
 
 USEFUL. AND CURIOUS MEMORANDA. 
 
 {Compiled by W. T. Horner from Haydn's Dictionary of Dates.] 
 
 Ark of the Covenant— Constructed 1492 B. C. 
 
 Babel, Tmver of— Built 2247 B. C. 
 
 Babylon.— Founded by Belus, 2245 B. C. 
 
 Ball's Bluff, Battle of— On Potomac, October 21, 1861. 
 
 Bank of North America.— The first in the United States chartered 
 by Congress, 1781, and by the State of Pennsylvania, 1782. 
 
 Battles.— Joshua subdues the five kings of Canaan, 1451 B. C. ; Troy 
 taken and destroyed, 1184 B. C. ; Punic wars began, 264 B. C. : Fort 
 Sumter captured by the Confederates, April 14th, 1861. 
 
 Ccesars.— The era of the Caesars is reckoned from the 1st of January, 
 38 B. C. 
 
 Calendar. — The Roman calendar, which has in great part been 
 adopted by almost all nations, was introduced by Romulus, 738 B. C, 
 who divided the year into 10 months, comprising 304 days. This year 
 was of 50 days less duration than the lunar year and of 61 less than the 
 solar year, and its commencement did not correspond with any fixed 
 season. Numa Pompilius, 713 B. C, corrected this calendar by adding 
 2 months; and Julius Caesar, 45 B. C, desirous to make it more correct, 
 fixed the solar year at 365 days and six hours, every fourth year being 
 bissextile or leap-year. This almost perfect arrangement was called 
 the Julian style and prevailed generally throughout the Christian 
 world till the time of Pope Gregory XIII. The calendar of Julius 
 Ciesar was defective in this particular, that the solar year consisted of 
 365 days, 5 hours and 49 minutes, and not of 365 days and six hours. 
 This difference amounted to 10 entire days, the vernal equinox falling 
 on the 11th instead of on the 21st of March. To obviate this error, 
 Gregory ordained, in 1582, that that year should consist of 356 only 
 (October 5th became October 15th) : and to prevent farther irregularity, 
 it was determined that a year beginning a century should not be bis- 
 sextile, with the exception of that beginning each fourth century: 
 thus 1700 and 1800 have not been bissextile, nor will 1900 be so; but 
 2000 will be a leap-year. In this manner 3 days are retrenched in 400 
 years, because the lapse of 11 minutes makes 3 days in about that 
 period. The year of the calendar is thus made as nearly as possible to 
 correspond with the true solar year, and future errors of chronolog} r are 
 avoided. 
 
 Chemistry— Introduced into Europe by the Spanish Moors about 
 1150 A. D. 
 
 Coliseum at Borne.— Supposed to have been able to contain 80,900 
 spectators of the fights of wild beasts. It was erected between 75 and 
 80 A. D., by Emperors Vespasian and Titus. 
 
110 USEFUL MEMORANDA. 
 
 Damascus.— A city in the time of Abraham, 1913 B. C. 
 
 Evangelical Alliance.— Founded by Sir Culling Eardley Smith and 
 others, at Liverpool, in 1845. 
 
 February.— (From Februus, an Italian divinity.) This month, with 
 January, was added to the year by Numa, 713 B. C. 
 
 Fire Engines are said to have been invented by Ctesibius, 250 B. C. 
 They are mentioned by Pliny, A. D. 70. 
 
 Guillotine.— Invented about 1785 by Joseph Ignatius Guillotin, an 
 eminent physician and senator, designed to render capital punishment 
 less painful. 
 
 High and Low Church.— These sections in the Church of England 
 began in the reign of Anne, 1709. 
 
 Honey-moon.— Among the ancients, a beverage prepared with honey, 
 such as that known as mead. It was a custom to drink of diluted 
 honey for thirty days, or a moon's age, after a wedding feast, and hence 
 arose the term Honey-moon, of Teutonic origin. 
 
 Hymns.— The Song of Moses (Exod. xv.) is the most ancient— 1491 
 B. C. The Psalms date from about 1060 B. C. to about 444 B. C. (from 
 David to Ezra). Hilary, the Bishop of Aries, in France, is said to have 
 been the first who composed hymns to be sung in Christian churches, 
 about A. D. 431. 
 
 Ides.— In the Koman calendar the thirteenth day of each month, ex- 
 cept in March, May, July and October, in which it was the fifteenth 
 day. 
 
 January derives its name from Janus, an early Roman divinity. 
 Numa made it the first month because Janus was supposed to preside 
 over the beginning of all business. In 1751 the legal year was ordered 
 to begin in England on January 1, instead of March 25. 
 
 Juries.— The trial by jury was introduced into England during the 
 Saxon Heptarchy, according to Lambards, but by most authorities 
 their institution is ascribed to Alfred, about 886 A. D. 
 
 Kissing the hands of great men was a Grecian custom. Kissing was 
 a mode of salutation among the Jews. The kiss of charity, or " holy 
 kiss," commanded in the Scriptures, was observed by the early Chris- 
 tians, and is still recognized by the Greek Church and some others. 
 Kissing the Pope's foot began with Adrian I. or Leo III., at the close 
 of the 8th century. 
 
 Koran, the sacred book of the Mohammedans, was written about 610 
 A. D. by Mohammed. 
 
 Lady.— The masters and mistresses of manor-houses in former times 
 served out bread to the poor, weekly, and were, therefore, called La- 
 fords and Lefdays, signifying bread-givers (from Jilaf, a loaf), hence 
 Lords and Ladies. 
 
USEFUL MEMORANDA. Ill 
 
 Labyrinth.— Four are mentioned: the first is said to have been built 
 by Daedalus, in the Island of Crete, about 1210 B. C. The second in 
 Egypt, in the Isle Moeris, by Psarnmetichus, king of that place, about 
 683 B. C. The third at Lemnos. The fourth at Clusium, in Italy, 
 erected by Porsenna, King of Etruia, about 520 B. C. Labyrinths were 
 buildings constructed with a multitude of winding passages, so that 
 a person could hardly avoid being lost. 
 
 Leap-Year, or Bissextile, originated with astronomers of Julius 
 Ciesar, 45 B. C. They fixed the solar year at 365 days, 6 hours, from one 
 vernal equinox to another ; the six hours were set aside, and at the end 
 of four years forming a day, the fourth year consisted of 365 days. The 
 day thus added was called intercalary, and was placed a day before the 
 24th of February, the sixth of the calends, which was reckoned twice, 
 hence called bissextile or twice sixth. This added day with us is Feb- 
 ruary 29th. 
 
 Libraries.— The first public library of which we have any account in 
 history was founded at Athens by Pisistratus, about 544 B. C. The 
 second of note was founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus, 284 B. C. It was 
 partially destroyed when Julius Ciesar set fire to Alexandria, 47 B. C. 
 400,000 valuable books in MS. are said to have been lost by this catas- 
 trophe. According to Plutarch, the library of Pergamos contained 
 200,000 books. It came into the possession of the Romans at the death 
 of Attalus III. (133 B. C.) The first private library was the property of 
 Aristotle, 334 B. G.—Strabo. The first library at Rome was instituted 
 16? B. C; it was brought from Macedonia. 
 
 Magna Charta.— The fundamental parts of the great charter of Eng- 
 lish liberty were derived from Saxon charters continued by Henry I. 
 and his successors. It was signed by John at Runnymede, near Wind- 
 sor, June 15, 1215. 
 
 Mausoleum.— Artemesia married her own brother, Mausolus, King of 
 Caria, Asia Minor, 377 B. C. At his death she drank in liquor his ashes 
 after his body had been burned, and erected to his memory at Halicar- 
 nassus a monument, one of the seven wonders of the world (350 B. C), 
 termed Mausoleum. 
 
 Mendicant Friars.— Several religious bodies commenced alms-beg- 
 ging in the 13th century, in the pontificate of Innocent III. They 
 spread over Europe and embraced many communities, till at length by 
 general council, held by Gregory X., at Lyons in 1272, were confined to 
 four orders — Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites and Augustines. 
 The Capuchins and others branched off. 
 
 Miid of the United States was established by act of Congress in 
 April, 1792, but it was not put into full force until January, 1795. The 
 act specified that the gold coin should be of the fineness of 22 carats. 
 
US USEFUL MEMORANDA. 
 
 Mensuration.— The various properties of conic sections were dis- 
 covered by Archimedes, to whom the chief advancement in mensura- 
 tion may he attributed. He also determined the ratio of spheres, 
 spheroids, etc. (218 B. C). 
 
 Monroe Doctrine.— A. term applied to a determination expressed by 
 James Monroe, President of the United States, 1817-24, not to permit 
 any European power to interfere in restraining the progress of liberty 
 in North or South America, by exercising sovereignty on this continent. 
 
 Needles were first made in England, in Cheapside, London, in the 
 time of Mary I., by a negro from Spain, but was lost at his death, and 
 not recovered till 1566, in the reign of Elizabeth.— Stow. 
 
 Oxygen.— A gas, and is the most abundant of all substances, consti- 
 tuting about one-third of the solid earth, and forming by weight nine- 
 tenths of water and one-fourth of the atmosphere. 
 
 Paper is said to have been invented in China, 170 B. C. It was first 
 made of cotton about A. D. 1000, and of rags about 1300. 
 
 Pins (+) and Minus (— ).— Prof. De Morgan attributes these signs to 
 either Christopher Rudolf, about 1522, or Michael Stifelius, about 1544. 
 
 Potatoes.— Natives of Chili and Peru. ' 
 
 Printing— With blocks, by John Koster of Haarlem, 1438. John 
 Fust established a printing office at Mentz, 1442. John Guttcmberg 
 invented cut metal types and used them in printing the earliest edition 
 of the Bible, which was commenced 1444 and finished in 1460. Peter 
 Schoeffer cast the first metal types in matrices, and therefore was the 
 inventor of complete printing, 1452. Book of Psalms printed by Fust 
 and Shoeffer, August 14, 1457. Printing for the blind (by raised charac- 
 ters) begun in 1827. 
 
 Punctuation.— -The ancients do not appear to have had any system, 
 and doubtless employed arbitrary signs to distinguish the parts of a 
 discourse. Of our points the period (.) is the most ancient. The colon 
 (:) was introduced about 1485 ; the comma (,) was first seen about 1521 ; 
 and the semi-colon (;) about 1570. In Sir Philip Sidney's "Arcadia" 
 (1587) they all appear, as well as the note of interrogation (?), asterisk 
 (*) and parenthesis (). 
 
 Rome.— The foundation of the city by Romulus was laid on the 20th 
 of April, according to Varro, in the year 3961 of the Julian period (3251 
 years after the creation of the world, 753 years before the birth of 
 Christ, 431 years after the Trojan war, and in the fourth year of the 
 sixth Olympiad). Other dates given: Cato, 751 B. C. ; Polybus, 750; 
 Fabius Pictor, 747; Cincius, 728. In the time of Julius Cassar the 
 empire was bounded by the Euphrates, Taurus and Armenia on the 
 east ; by ^Ethiopia on the south ; by the Danube on the north, and by 
 the Atlantic on the west. 
 
USEFUL MEMORANDA. 113 
 
 Quarantine.— The custom was first observed at Venice, 1127, whereby 
 all merchants and others coming from the Levant were obliged to re- 
 main in the house of St. Lazarus forty days before they were admitted 
 into the city. 
 
 Sabbath Schools.— The first Sabbath School was founded by Ludwig 
 Hacker, between the years 1740 and 1747, at Ephrata, Pa. The school 
 room was used as a hospital after the battle of Brandywine, fought in 
 1777. This event occasioned the breaking up of the school, about five 
 years before the first Sabbath School was instituted in England by 
 Robert Raikes, about 1782. 
 
 September. — The seventh Roman month reckoned from March. It 
 became the ninth month when January and February were added to the 
 year by Numa, 713 B. C. 
 
 Septuagent version of the Bible was made from the Hebrew into the 
 Greek, 277 B. C. Seventy-two translators were shut up in thirty-six 
 cells ; each pair translated the whole, and on subsequent comparison, 
 the thirty-six copies did not vary but a word or letter. — Justin Martyr. 
 
 Tabernacle —The Holy Place of the Israelites, till the erection of 
 Solomon's Temple, 1491 B. C. 
 
 Tin.— The Phoenicians traded with England for this article for more 
 than 1100 years before the Christian era. 
 
 Urim and Thummim. — Light and perfection. The urim and thum- 
 mim were worn as ornaments or decorations in the breastplate of the 
 high priest when he attended the altar ; but what they were has never 
 been satisfactorily ascertained. 
 
 Vulgate (from vulgatus, published).— A term applied to the Latin ver- 
 sion of the Scriptures which is authorized by the Council of Trent 
 (1546), and which is attributed to St. Jerome, about 384. 
 
 Wiiling. — Pictures were undoubtedly the first essay toward writing. 
 The most ancient remains of writing which have been transmitted to 
 us are upon hard substances, such as stones and metals used by the an- 
 cients for edicts. Athotes, or Hermes, is said to have written a history 
 of the Egyptians, and to have been the author of the hieroglyphics, 
 2112 B. C. 
 
 Xerxes crossed the Hellespont by a bridge of boats, and entered 
 Greece in the Spring of 480 B. C. with an army and retinue amounting 
 to 5,283,220 souls. 
 
 Yard.— The precise origin of our yard is uncertain. It is, however, 
 likely that the word is derived from the Saxon qyrd, a rod or shoot, or 
 gyrdan, to enclose— being anciently the circumference of the body, 
 until Henry I. decreed that it should be the length of his arm. 
 
 7Anc— This ore was known to the Greeks, who used it in the man- 
 ufacture of brass. 
 (8) 
 
114 UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 
 
 {Compiled by W. T. Horner, A. M., from Putnam" 1 s Dictionary of 
 Dates.'] 
 
 I. ANCIENT HTSTOKY. 
 Period /.—The Ante-diluvian ; 1656 years. 
 
 Period II. — Dispersion of mankind ; 427 years. The deluge to Abra- 
 ham. 
 
 Period III. — The Abrahamic or Patriarchal ; 430 years. Abraham to 
 Moses. 
 
 Period IV.— The Mosaic or Theocratic ; 398 years. Moses to Saul. 
 
 Period V.— The Monarchical ; 489 years. Saul to Cyrus. 
 
 Period VI.— The Persian ; 322 years. Cyrus to Alexander. 
 
 Period VII— The Grecian; 184 years. Alexander to the fall of 
 Greece. 
 
 Period VIII— The Roman ; 146 years. Fall of Greece to the Chris- 
 tian era. 
 
 II. MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 Period I. — 306 years. From the Christian era to the reign of Con- 
 stantine. 
 
 Period II— 170 years. Constantine to Odoacer. 
 
 Period III. — 146 years. Odoacer to Mahomet. 
 
 Period IV.— 178 years. Mahomet to Charlemagne. 
 
 Period F.— 268 years. Charlemagne to William the Conqueror. 
 
 Period VI— 233 years. William the Conqueror to Othman 1st. 
 
 Period VII— 154 years. Othman to the fall of the Eastern Empire. 
 
 Period VIII— 145 years. Fall of the Eastern Empire to the Edict of 
 Nantes. 
 
 Period IX.— 120 years. Edict of Nantes to the death of Charles XII. 
 of Sweden. 
 
 Period X— 97 years. Charles XII. of Sweden to fall of Napoleon. 
 
 Period XI. — 40 years. Napoleon to the year 1850. 
 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 2347 B. C. Wine made by Noah from the grape. 
 
 2247. Bricks made and cement used to unite them. Confusion of 
 languages at Babel. 
 
 2234. Astronomical observations begun at Babylon. 
 
 2100. Sculpture and painting employed to commemorate exploits of 
 Osymandyas. 
 
 2095. Pyramids and canals in Egypt. The science of Geometry 
 began to be cultivated. 
 
 1920. Gold and silver first mentioned as money. 
 
 1891. Letters first used in Egypt by Syphoas. 
 
 1822. Memnon invents the Egyptian alphabet. 
 
UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 115 
 
 B. C. 
 
 1588. Atlas, the astronomer, flourished. 
 
 1534. Dancing to music introduced by Curetes. Book of Job written 
 about this time. 
 1506. The flute invented by Hyagnis, a Phrygian. 
 1921. Abraham called: goes into Egypt, 1920; delivers Lot from 
 captivity and receives the blessing of Melchizedec, 1912; Ishmael born, 
 1909; Sodom and Gomorrah destroyed, 1897, also God renews his cove- 
 nant with Abraham ; Isaac born, 1896; Abraham commanded to offer 
 Isaac in sacrifice, 1871. 
 1824. Abraham dies, 172 years old 
 1729. Joseph sold into Egypt. 
 1571. Moses born. 
 
 1491. The exodus of Israelites from Egypt. 
 1556. Athens founded by Cecrops. 
 1490. Crockery made by the Egyptians and Greeks. 
 1453. Olympic games first celebrated in Greece. 
 1284. Orpheus and Linus skilled in music. 
 1263. The Temple of Apollo at Delphi built. 
 
 1240. The axe, wedge, nimble and lever, also masts and sails for 
 ships, invented by Dajdalus of Athens. 
 1224. The game of backgammon invented by Palamedes of Greece. 
 1194. Trojan War begins. 
 
 1115. Mariner's Compass said to be known in China. 
 1124. Thebes founded. 
 1085. David born. 
 1004. Dedication of Solomon's Temple, 
 
 937. Breastplates invented by Jason. 
 
 886. Homer's poems brought into Greece. 
 
 800. Carpets in use for tents. 
 
 772. Scripture first mentioned in profane history. 
 
 6S0. Chess invented. 
 
 640. The spherical form of the Earth and the true course of lunar 
 eclipses taught by Thalcs. 
 
 606. Sappho, Chilo, ^Esop and Cadmus flourish. 
 
 599. Birth of Cyrus. 
 
 578. Money coined at Rome by Servius Tailing. 
 
 562. First comedy in Athens. 
 
 522. Confucius, the Chinese philosopher flourished. 
 
 559. Handwriting on the wall. 
 
 538. Babylon taken by Cyrus. 
 
 507. Heraclitus, Theano, Protagoras, Anaxagoras, philosopher, and 
 Corinna, poetess, flourish. 
 
116 UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 
 
 B. C. 
 
 500. The Phoenician letters carried to Ireland from Spain. The 
 Temple of Minerva built. 
 479. iEschylus nourished. 
 147. Thucydides born. 
 
 468. Sophocles, the tragic poet, and Plato, the comic, born. 
 490. Darius sends 500 men into Greece. 
 478. Death of Confucius. 
 
 450. The Britons inflict punishment of death by drowning in a quag- 
 mire. 
 
 441. The battering-ram invented by Artemones. 
 432. Socrates, the greatest of heathen moralists ; Thucydides aud 
 Ctesias, historians, flourished. 
 
 410. Thucydides' history ends, and Xenophon's begins. 
 335. Alexander enters Jerusalem. 
 
 320. The first work on Mechanics. Diving-bell first mentioned. 
 312. The Appian Way constructed. The gnomon invented to meas- 
 ure altitudes. .. 
 
 300. Euclid of Alexander, the celebrated mathematician ; Zeno, 
 founder of the Stoics, and Epicurus, flourished. The great Chinese 
 Wall built. 
 
 283. The Pharaohs build, at Alexandria, the first light-house. 
 2(31. The first Punic War. 
 
 224. Archimedes demonstrates the properties of the lever and other 
 mechanical powers ; constructs a planetarium. 
 219. The art of surgery introduced. 
 218. The second Punic War. 
 
 200. Jesus, the son of Sirach, writes Ecclesiasticus. 
 170. Paper invented in China. Jerusalem and the Temple plundered 
 by Antiochus Epiphanes, who attempts to abolish the Jewish religion. 
 149. Third Punic War. 
 146. Alexandria the center of commerce. 
 113. First great migration of the German nations. 
 70. First water mill described. 
 63. Judea a Eoman province. 
 
 60. Cicero, Sallust, Lucretius and Catullus, Aristomedes of Crete, 
 the grammarian, flourished. 
 
 30. Egypt becomes a Roman province. Golden age of Roman 
 literature. 
 
 29. Temple of Janus, at Rome, closed, there being a general peace. 
 19. The Temple rebuilt by Herod. 
 A. T>. 
 
 4. Birth of Christ, four years before the Vulgar era. 
 26. John the Baptist begins his ministry. 
 
UNIVERSAL HISTORY. m 
 
 A. D. 
 
 30. Crucifixion of our Saviour, Friday, April 3, 3 P. M. Resurrec- 
 tion, Sunday, April 5. Ascension, Thursday, May 4. 
 
 33. St. Peter baptizes Cornelius. 
 
 40. Disciples first called Christians. 
 
 64. Nero's golden palace built. First persecution of Christians, 
 by Nero. 
 
 66. Pliny, the elder, author of the first natural history. 
 
 67. Josephus, the Jewish historian, flourished. 
 70. Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. 
 
 79. Herculaneum and Pompeii destroyed by an irruption of Ve- 
 suvius. 
 
 95. Second persecution of the Christians, by Domitian. St. John 
 writes his gospel. 
 
 96. Tacitus, historian, Juvenal, Plutarch and the younger Pliny 
 flourished. 
 
 107. The first credible historian among the Chinese. Third perse- 
 cution of Christians, by Trajan. 
 
 118. Fourth persecution of Christians, by Adrian. 
 
 183. The Jewish talmud and targum composed. 
 
 202. Fifth persecution of Christians, under Severus. 
 
 235. Sixth persecution of Christians, under Maximums. 
 
 250. Seventh persecution of Christians. 
 
 272. Ninth persecution of Christians, under Aurelian. 
 
 803. Tenth persecution of Christians. 
 
 323. The foundation of Constantinople, by Constantine. 
 
 325. The Council of Nice, from June 19 to August 25, consisting of 
 318 bishops who condemn Arianism. 
 
 306. Constantine the Great, the first Christian Emperor. 
 
 373. The Bible translated into the Gothic language. 
 
 381. The second grand Council of Constantinople. 
 
 410. Rome sacked and burned by the Goths. 
 
 468. Oligarchy of the bishops of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, 
 Antioch and Jerusalem, all striving for the supremacy. The Church 
 now begins to assume a political aspect. 
 
 476. Rome taken by Odoacer, king of the Herulii. End of the 
 Western Empire, 1228 years after the building of Rome. 
 
 486. Rise of the Feudal system in France, under Clovis. 
 
 494. The Roman Pontiff asserts his supremacy. 
 
 519. The orthodox bishops restored, by Justin. 
 
 526. Pope Felix r\ T . 
 
 558. Procopius, a Roman historian, the last of the classic writers. 
 
 569. The Turks first mentioned in history ; they send embassies to 
 Justin and form an alliance. 
 
118 UNIVERSAL HISTOIiT. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 568. The old Roman municipal system of Italy overthrown by the 
 invasion of the Lombards, and the feudal system established. Written 
 laws compiled among the nations of German origin, first by the Visi- 
 goths, in Spain. Semi-circular arches introduced in the architecture 
 of churches. 
 
 580. The Latin language ceases to be-spoken in Italy, while it 
 supercedes the Gothic in Spain. 
 
 588. Gregory of Tours, the father of French history, flourished. 
 
 598. St. Augustine introduces Christianity into Britain. 
 
 607. Supremacy of the Pope acknowledged in Britain. 
 
 617. Ethelbert publishes the first code of laws in England. 
 
 610. Mahomet publishes a Koran. 
 
 625. Africa and Asia, with the Churches of Jerusalem, Alexandria 
 and Antioch, lost to the Christian world by the progress of Moham- 
 medanism. 
 
 636. Christianity introduced into China. 
 
 644. Celibacy of the clergy enjoined. 
 
 622. The Hegira or Mahomet's flight from Mecca to Medina. 
 
 632. Death of Mahomet. 
 
 674. Stone buildings, and glass, come into use in England. 
 
 676. The Popes become independent of the Greek Emperor. 
 
 711. The custom of kissing the Pope's foot introduced. 
 
 716. The art of making paper brought from Samarcand by the 
 Arabs. 
 
 704. The first province given to the Pope. 
 
 720. Dark period of European literature. 
 
 727. Peter's pence first collected in England. 
 
 779. Imposition of tithes, enforced by Charlemagne, for the sup- 
 port of the clergy, churches, schools and the poor. 
 
 783. The first palm-tree planted in Spain. 
 
 785. Golden period of learning in Arabia. 
 
 787. The seventh general Council at Nice. 
 
 788. Pleadings in courts of justice first practiced. 
 787. Britain, first recorded invasion by the Danes. 
 
 800. The Pope separates from the Eastern Empire and becomes 
 supreme Bishop of the Western. 
 
 800. New Empire of the West, founded by Charlemagne, who is 
 crowned at Rome, by the Pope, King of Italy, Germany and France. 
 
 806. Charlemagne divides the Empire between his three sons. 
 
 817. The College of Cardinals founded. 
 
 844. The aristocratic feudal system in all its power ; hereditary 
 nobility, which, with the clergy, was the dominant order of the State. 
 
 849. Alfred the Great born. 
 
UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 119 
 
 A. D. 
 
 862. Russia— Ruric, first grand Prince, builds the city of Lagoda. 
 890. Oxford University founded. Alfred the Great establishes 
 militia and navy, and the mode of trial by jury; institutes fairs and 
 markets. 
 
 941. The figures of arithmetic brought into Europe by the Saracens. 
 982. Greenland discovered by the Norwegians. 
 993. First canonization of saints. 
 
 1002. Paper made of cotton rags. Churches first built in Gothic 
 style. The French language first began to be written. 
 
 1024. Musical scale, consisting of six notes, invented by Guido 
 Aretino. 
 
 1066. Feudal system introduced into England by the Norman6. 
 
 1076. Booksellers first heard of. 
 
 1096. The first Crusade ; Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penny- 
 less set out with a vast rabble ; 300,000 perish before the warriors are 
 ready to start. 
 
 1147. The second Crusade. 
 
 1150. The magnetic needle known in Italy. 
 
 1178. The Waldenses spread over the valley of Piedmont. 
 
 1190. Third Crusade, led by Philip Augustus, of France. The Jews 
 become the principal bankers of the world. 
 
 1200. The power of the Pope supreme, and kings obedient to his 
 authority; the Pope excommunicates Philip of France. 
 
 1204. The Inquisition of Fiance. 
 
 1209. The order of Franciscan Friars instituted. 
 
 1217. The fifth Crusade, by Andrew II., King of Hungary. 
 
 1229. The Scriptures forbidden to ah laymen. 
 
 1233. First discovery of coal, at Newcastle. 
 
 1265. First regular Parliament in England. 
 
 1270. Prince Edward joins the eighth Crusade. 
 
 1274. Fourteenth general Council at Lyons; first re-union of the 
 Eastern and Western Churches. 
 
 1296. The influence of the Crusades was great, expanding the mind 
 of Europe, refining the general manners, exciting the spirit of geo- 
 graphical research and adventure, and promoting improvement in the 
 arts and sciences. 
 
 1299. Foundation of the Ottoman or Turkish Empire in Bythinia, 
 under Othman I. 
 
 1300. University of Lyons founded. Rapid advances in civilization. 
 Improvements in arts and sciences. 
 
 1302. The mariner's compass invented at Naples, by Giora. 
 1323. John De Muris introduces notes of different length into music, 
 and the method of distinguishing them. 
 
ISO UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1340. Gunpowder in use at the battle of Cressy. 
 
 1492. Discovery of America. 
 
 1517. Luther, Erasmus, Melancthon and other reformers flourished. 
 Copernicus discovers the true system of the universe. Commencement 
 of the Reformation. America — First patent for importing negroes. 
 
 1522. First complete circuin-navigation of the globe, by Magellan. 
 
 1521. Diet of Worms. 
 
 1539. Calvin founds the University of Geneva. 
 
 1538. Diving-bell invented. John Knox, Scottish reformer, flourished. 
 
 1545. Council of Trent. 
 
 1580. Tobacco first brought to Europe. 
 
 1588. First newspaper in England. 
 
 1590. Telescopes invented, by Jausen, a German. 
 
 1606. Dr. Gilbert discovers the power of electricity, and of conduc- 
 tors and non-conductors. 
 
 1618. Harvey discovers the circulation of the blood. 
 
 1603. James I. Union of the English and Scotch crowns. 
 
 1630. Lotteries for money first mentioned. 
 
 1639. First printing office in America, at Cambridge. 
 
 1654. Air pump invented. 
 
 1662. Logwood first cut in the bay of Honduras. 
 
 1666. Chain shot invented by De Witt. 
 
 1670. Bayonets invented by Bayonne. 
 
 1690. White paper first made in England. 
 
 1683. John Bunyan's "Pilgrims' Progress." . 
 
 1692. Telescopes— First reflecting one on the principles of Sir Isaac 
 Newton. Witchcraft superstition in New England. John Locke and 
 Sir Isaac Newton flourished in England. 
 
 1693. Bank of England. 
 1699. Phosphorus discovered. 
 1701. Yale College founded. 
 
 1709. Prussic acid discovered by Diesbach. 
 
 1710. A Post-office in America at New York. 
 
 1716. The first standing army in England. 
 
 1717. New Orleans settled by the French. 
 1719. First Philadelphia newspaper. 
 1729. Balloons invented by Gusmac. 
 
 1733. First lodge of Free Masons at Boston. 
 
 1750. Dr. Franklin's discoveries in electricity. 
 
 1761. Potatoes first planted in France. Wesley and Whitfield preach. 
 
 1765. American Stamp Act resisted in Massachusetts. First Colo 
 nial Congress at New York. 
 
 17G7. First spinning machine in England. 
 
UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 12J 
 
 [ A. D. ~ ' 
 
 1768. Cook's first voyage of discovery. Bruce discovers the source 
 of the Nile. 
 
 1773. Tea destroyed at Boston. 
 
 1774. The spinning-jenny invented by Kobert Arkwright ; the im- 
 proved steam engine by Watts and Bolton. Goldsmith, Warburton, 
 Johnson, Littleton, Lowth, Garrick, Hume, Bobertson, Blackstone, 
 Adam Smith, Home Tooke, Priestley, Horsley, Burke, Pitt, Fox, 
 Cooper, Sheridan, McPherson, Burns, Kaimes and Reid flourished in 
 England. Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Condillac, Jessien, Lavoisier, 
 La Harpe, Bartholemy and Buffoe flourished in France. Mosheim, 
 Zimmerman, Kant, Klopstock, Lessing, Wieland, Herder, Goethe, 
 Schiller, flourished in Germany. Linnaeus flourished in Sweden. 
 Metastasio flourished in Italy. Kheraskov, Kostrov, Deerhavin, Bog- 
 danovitch, Khemitzee, flourished in Russia. 
 
 1775. American Revolution. Skirmish at Lexington, April 19 
 Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. 
 
 1776. British troops evacuate Boston. July 4th, Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 1777. Arrival of LaFayette. 
 
 1783. Independence of the United States acknowledged by Great 
 Britain. 
 
 1784. First American vessel in China. 
 
 1787. General Convention at Philadelphia. Federal Constitution of 
 the United States adopted. 
 
 1788. Cotton planted in Georgia. 
 
 1789. George Washington first President. 
 
 1791. First United States Bank. 
 
 1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union. United States Mint es- 
 tablished. 
 
 1793. Washington re-elected. 
 
 1794. Commercial treaty with England. Commencement of the 
 Navy ; six frigates built. 
 
 1795. Napoleon Bonaparte commander of the French army. 
 
 1796. Washington resigns. 
 
 1797. JohnAdams second President. Bonaparte's Austrian campaign. 
 
 1798. Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt. Defeated by Nelson. 
 
 1800. Union of England and Ireland. 
 
 1801. Thomas Jefferson third President. Iron railways first laid in 
 England. 
 
 1802. Ohio joins the Union ; 76,000 inhabitants. 
 
 1803. Purchase of Louisiana for $15,000,000. 
 1805. Jefferson re-elected President. 
 
 1804. First locomotive steam engines on the Merthyr Tydvil road 
 
122 UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 in Wales. Napoleon Bonaparte crowned as Napoleon I., Emperor of 
 France. 
 
 1806. Planet Juno discovered. 
 
 1807. Fulton's first successful trial of steamboats. Bill for the 
 abolition of the slave trade passed. 
 
 1808. Lithography invented. 
 
 1809. James Madison fourth President. 
 
 1810. First steamboat built in Europe. 
 
 1812. "War with Great Britain. Invasion of Canada under Gen. Hull. 
 Louisiana admitted into the Union. Russian Campaign. Moscow 
 entered by Napoleon and burned. 
 
 1813. Perry's victory. Tecumseh killed. 
 
 1814. City of Washington burnt by the British. Steam carriages in 
 England. Gas used for lighting the streers of London. Battle of 
 Leipsic. Napoleon abdicates. House of Bourbon restored. Louis 
 XVIII. 
 
 1815. Napoleon returns from Elba. The hundred days. Napoleon 
 victorious at Ligny. Battle of Waterloo. The Allies enter Paris. 
 Bonaparte banished to St. Helena. 
 
 1816. Indiana admitted. 
 
 1S17. James Monroe elected fifth President. Public Schools estab- 
 lished throughout Russia. 
 
 1819. First passage of the Atlantic by steam, by the Savannah, New 
 York to Liverpool. The Republic of Colombia declared; Bolivar 
 President. 
 
 1820. Maine admitted. George IV. king. 
 
 1821. Monroe re-elected. Missouri admitted. Slavery compromise. 
 Death of Napoleon at St. Helena. 
 
 1822. Hieroglyphics deciphered by Champollion. Sir William Her- 
 6chel died. 
 
 1824. Erie Canal opened. Protective tariff. 
 
 1825. J. Q. Adams sixth President. Steam navigation on the 
 Rhine. Russia — Nicholas I. King. 
 
 1829. General Jackson seventh President. Captain Ross' voyage 
 to discover the Northwest Passage. Pius VIII. Pope. Venezuela in- 
 dependent. 
 
 1831. The first newspaper in Constantinople. 
 
 1832. Cholera in New York. Trade Unions in France, Germany, 
 Switzerland, &c. Nullification in South Carolina. Gen. Jackson's 
 celebrated proclamation. 
 
 1833. Gen. Jackson re-elected to the Presidency. Girard College 
 commenced. Spain— Isabella Queen. Removal of the deposits from 
 the United States Bank. 
 
UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 123 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1834. Inquisition abolished in Spain. 
 
 1S35. Great fire in New York. Slavery abolished in the British' 
 colonies. 
 
 1836. The National debt of the United States being paid, the sur- 
 plus revenue is divided among the States. 
 
 1837. Victoria Queen. Martin Van Buren eighth President. The 
 independence of Texas acknowledged. S. F. B. Morse takes out a pa- 
 tent for his electro-magnetic telegraph (invented, 1832.) Suspension of 
 specie payments by the banks of the United States, in May. 
 
 1838. Talleyrand dies in France. 
 
 1839. The daguerreotype invented in Paris. Antarctic continent 
 discovered by the United States exploring expedition. Peace between 
 France and Mexico. China — The opium trade forbidden. 
 
 1840. Penny postage system in England. 
 
 1841. W. H. Harrison ninth President. He dies April 4th, one 
 month after inauguration. John Tyler succeeded him as tenth Presi- 
 dent. Sub-Treasury Act repealed, August 9th. 
 
 1842. Treaty between United States and England, settling the north- 
 eastern boundary. The Croton Aqueduct in New York completed. 
 
 1843. Great Repeal agitation in Ireland. 
 
 1844. Texas annexed to the United States. Anti-Rent broached in 
 State of New York. 
 
 1845. Treaty with China. James K. Polk eleventh President. 
 Sir John Franklin sails in search of the North-west Passage. Gutta 
 percha iu use. Lord Rosse's telescope. 
 
 1846. War with Mexico. Hostilities commence on the Rio Grande, 
 April 24. Battle Palo Alto, May 8 ; Resaca de la Palma, May 9. The 
 Oregon Treaty with Great Britain, settling the north-western bound- 
 ary, signed at London, June 18. Commodore Sloat takes possession of 
 California, July 6. New Tariff bill passed, establishing ad valorem 
 duties. Battle of Monterey, September 23. Tampico occupied, No- 
 vember 14. 
 
 1847. Battles Buena Vista, February 22 ; Sacramento, February 
 26. Vera Cruz surrenders, March 29. Battles Cerro Gordo, April 18 ; 
 Contreras, August 20. Armistice, August 24. Hostilities renewed, 
 September 7. Battles Molino del Rey, September 8; Chepultepec, 
 September 12. Mexico surrenders, September 14. 
 
 1848. Treaty of peace with Mexico signed at Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 
 February 22. 
 
 1848. Civil war in Ireland. 
 
 1849. Zachary Taylor twelfth President. Magnetic telegraph in the 
 United States, 10,000 miles ; railroads, 6,000 miles. Magnetic clock 
 invented by Dr. Locke in Cincinnati, 
 
12 4 UNIVEBSAL HISTORY. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1850. Great agitation of the slavery question in United States. 
 J. C. Calhoun died in Washington. Death of Gen. Taylor, July 9. 
 Millard Fillmore thirteenth President. California admitted, 31st 
 State. Texas boundary settled by the payment of $10,000,000 to Texas. 
 New Mexico and Utah admitted as territories. Bill for the arrest of 
 fugitive slaves passed by Congress. Slave trade in the District of 
 Columbia abolished. Sir Robert Peel dies. Louis Phillippc dies in 
 England. Disunion meetings held at Natchez (many present opposed 
 to disunion). Union meetings in different cities. 
 
 1851. Erie railroad opened from New York city to Dunkirk, 469 
 miles. Nicaragua route between New York and San Francisco 
 opened, August 12. Kossuth arrives in New York, December. Revo- 
 lution of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte. He secures the reins of govern- 
 ment. The election results in the confirmation of Bonaparte for 
 President for ten years. 
 
 1852. Southern Rights Convention at Montgomery, Alabama. Henry 
 Clay dies, June 29. Daniel Webster dies, October 24. 
 
 1853. Franklin Pierce declared elected President. Great heat 
 throughout the country. A mob demolishes the railroad track near 
 Erie, Pa., December 9. 
 
 1854. Commercial Treaty concluded between the United States and 
 Japan. 
 
 1855. Panama Railroad completed. Suspension Bridge at Niagara 
 Falls first crossed, March 14. 
 
 1856. N. P. Banks, of Massachusetts, elected Speaker of House of 
 Representatives of United States, after a contest of nine weeks, by a 
 plurality of three votes, February 2. Mr. Fillmore nominated for 
 President by American Convention at Philadelphia, February 22. 
 Personal assault on Senator Sumner, of Massachusetts, by Brooks, of 
 South Carolina, May 22. John W. Geary confirmed as Governor of 
 Kansas, July 31. James Buchanan elected President, November 4. 
 
 1857. The Dred Scott decision delivered by Chief Justice Taney, 
 March 6. The Atlantic Cable first joined at sea by the Niagara and 
 Agamemnon, August 5 ; breaks, August 11. 
 
 1857. " Lecomptou Constitution " adopted by Convention, Nov. 9. 
 
 1858. New Prohibitory Liquor Law voted in Maine. News of the 
 completion of the Atlantic telegraph, with joyful demonstrations, 
 August 5. First overland mail for California leaves St. Louis, Sep- 
 tember 16. First railroad in Egypt. 
 
 1859. New Hall of the United States Senate first occupied, January 
 4. John Brown's raid for the liberation of slaves, at Harper's Ferry, 
 Va., October 17; 12 of his men and one marine killed, two of his men 
 hung, December 16, and two more, March 16, 1860. 
 
UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 125 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1860. National Democratic Convention (adjourned) at Baltimore, 
 June 18, nominates Douglas and H. V. Johnson ; a seceding Conven- 
 tion nominates Breckenridge and Lane. Dr. Hayes' Arctic expedition 
 from Boston sails July 7. Visit of the Prince of Wales to British 
 North America and the United States. Lincoln and Hamlin elected 
 by the vote of all the Northern States, except New Jersey, which chose 
 4 electors for Douglas and 3 for Lincoln. This election is made the 
 pretext for "rebellion and secession " of the Cotton States ; South Caro- 
 lina leading and adopting in Convention an ordinance of Secession 
 from the United States, Dec. 20. 
 
 1861. This example followed by Mississippi, January 9 : Alabama, 
 January 11; Florida, January 12; Georgia, January 19; Louisiana, 
 January 26. Attempt to carry Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North 
 Carolina, Missouri, and Arkansas for Secession defeated, January- 
 March, 1861. Texas carried for Secession, but a strong re-action for 
 Union follows. Gen. Twiggs surrenders the United States forces in 
 Texas, and the military stores, to the State, Feb. Inauguration of 
 Lincoln President, March 4. The Italian Parliament declares Victor 
 Emanuel King of Italy, Feb. 
 
 1862. Monitor on trial trip commanded by Lieut. John L. Worden, 
 March 9. Merrimac disabled. February 22, Jeff. Davis elected per- 
 inanet President of the Confederacy, for a term of 6 years. 
 
 1863. Burnside superseded by Gen. Joseph Hooker, Jan 26. Gen. 
 Meade assumed command when the army was lying at Frederick, 
 Maryland, June 28. 
 
 1864. National forces in the field, 800,000; Confederates about half 
 that number. Senate confirmed the nomination of U. S. Grant, 
 Lieutenant-General, March 2: commissioned, March 8. Union National 
 Convention, held at Baltimore, June 7. Mr. Lincoln nominated for 
 President, and Andrew Johnson Vice-President. Democratic National 
 Convention at Chicago nominated Geo. B. McClellan as President, and 
 Geo. H. Pendleton as Vice-President, Aug. 28. 
 
 1865. April 14— President Lincoln, while seated in a private box of 
 a theatre in Washington city, John w Wilkes Booth crept behind him and 
 shot him through the head with a pistol ball. Then leaping upon the 
 stage with the cry of " Sic semper tyrannis" — the legend of Virginia's 
 State seal— Booth turned to the audience, and brandishing a dagger, 
 exclaimed, " 77<,e South is avenged.' 1 '' Mr. Lincoln expired, April 15. 
 
 1866. President by proclamation declared the Civil War at an end, 
 April 2. 
 
 1867. Nevada becomes the thirty-seventh State, over the President's 
 veto. 
 
 1868. Feb. 22— The House of Representatives, by 126 to 47, " Resolved 
 
126 UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 
 
 A. T>. 
 
 that Andrew Johnson, Presideut of the United States, he impeached 
 of high crimes and misdeamors." The Senate was organized as a jury 
 for the trial of the President, Chief Justice Chase, presiding, March 5. 
 On the 13th the President appeared at thenar, hyhis counsel, who asked 
 for a space of 40 days to prepare an answer to the indictment. Ten 
 days were granted, and on the 23d the President's counsel presented an 
 answer. The Senate allowed seven days more, and on the 30th day of 
 March the trial began. Examination of witnesses closed 22d of 
 April. The arguments of counsel closed Gth of May. Its decision 
 was given 25th of the same month. Every member of the Senate was 
 present and voted. Thirty-five pronounced the President guilty, and 
 nineteen not guilty ; he escaped conviction by one vote. Public debt, 
 $2,500,000,000. 
 
 1869. Gov. Hoffman inaugurated Governor. Com. Vanderbilt mar- 
 ried, August 21. Death of Gen. Wool, Nov. 10. Unveiling of the 
 Vanderbilt bronze, •• Black Friday," Sept. 24. Opening of Ecumeni- 
 cal Council, Dec. 8. Death of Edward M. Stanton, Dec. 24. 
 
 1870. Completion of Brigham Young's railway, the Utah Central, 
 Jan. 10. Death of Anson Burlingame at St. Petersburg, Feb. 23. 
 President Grant proclaims the 15th amendment part of the Constitu- 
 tion, March 30. Ecumenical Council adopt a constitution of faith, 
 April 21, Completion of Denver Pacific E. E., June 24. Isabella of 
 Spain abdicates in favor of her son, June 26. Napoleon assumes com- 
 mand of the army. War between France and Prussia, July 30. Gen. 
 Eobert E. Lee died, Oct. 12. Eev. Albert Barnes died, Oct. 24. 
 
 1871. Theirs declared head of French Government, Feb. 17. Avery 
 D. Putnam murdered by Foster, April 27. Goldsmith Maid trots 2:17 
 on Cold Spring track, Milwaukee, Sept. 7. W. M. Tweed arrested, 
 Oct. 27. Eichard B. Connolly arrested, Nov. 25. Grand Duke Alexis 
 arrives in Buffalo, Dec. 23. 
 
 1872. Jas.Fisk, Jr., assassinated at Grand Central Hotel, Jan. 6. Lord 
 Mayo, Governor Generalof India, assassinatedFeb. 8. Greeley and Brown 
 nominated at Cincinnati, May 3. Funeral of W. H. Seward at Auburn, 
 New York, Oct. 10. Unusual prevalence of horse disease, Oct. Grant 
 elected President ; John A. Dix elected Governor of New York, Nov. 
 4. Horace Greeley died, Nov. 29; his body lies in state in New York, 
 and is visited by 20,000 people, Dec. 2. James Gordon Bennett died 
 aged 76, June 1. 
 
 1873. Ex-Emperor Napoleon dies at Chiselhurst, England, Jan. 9. 
 Trial of W. M. Tweed, Jan. 14. Eoscoe Conkling re-elected to United 
 States Senate, Jan. 22. King Amadeus abdicates the Spanish throne, 
 Feb. 10. Gen. Grant inaugurated President, March 4. Steamer Atlan- 
 tic wrecked, April 1. Capt. Jack and the Modocs convicted of murder, 
 
UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 127 
 
 July 30. Kenyon, Cox & Co. failed. Graphic balloon bursts, Sept. 12 
 J. Cooke & Co., great bankers, fail, and creates a general panic, Sept. 18. 
 Great panic in New York city, Sept. 19. The financial panic reaches 
 its height in Chicago, Sept. 22. Meeting of Evangelical Alliance opens 
 in New York, Oct. 3. Trial of Marshal Bazaine, Oct. 6. Firm of 
 A. & W. Sprague, of Providence, R. I., fails, Oct. 30. W. M. Tweed 
 found guilty; sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment and a fine of 
 $12,700, Nov. 19. French steamer Ville dn Havre sunk at sea by 
 Lochearn ; 226 lives lost, Nov. 22. Prof. Agassiz dies, Dec. 12. 
 
 1874. The late panic of 1873 seriously affects the business prosperity 
 for 1874. Congress— Discussion of the currency question; inflation 
 and contraction about equal. Temperance crusades ; organizing of 
 ladies' praying circles, visiting saloons and praying for proprietors. 
 Gladstone defeated; Disraeli forms a new ministry, Feb. Judge 
 N. K. Hall of Buffalo died, March 2. Ex-President Millard Fillmore 
 died at Buffalo, March 8; buried, March 12, with imposing ceremonies. 
 Hon. Charles Sumner died, March 11. 
 
 PUBLISHING AND ADVERTISING HOUSE, 
 
 Established. I860, in Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 W. T. HORNER, A. M., Proprietor, 
 
 EDITOR OF THE TEMPERANCE JOURNAL, THE RAILWAY 
 GUIDE, THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE, 
 AND GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS, FOR THE PRINCI- 
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 Our system of general advertising reaches every State and Territory 
 of this country. A general agent established in each State. 
 
 LOCAL ADVERTISING MEDIUMS, 
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 The Printing Department embraces 
 
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INDEX 
 
 Buffalo. Page. 
 
 Almshouse 17 
 
 Amusement, Places of 21 
 
 American Block 20 
 
 Banks 49 
 
 Cattle Yards 31 
 
 Charitable Institutions 11 
 
 Churches 39,41 
 
 City and County Hall , . 15 
 
 Elevators 31 
 
 Fire Department 21 
 
 Forest Lawn Cemetery., 19 
 
 Hospital, Buffalo General 19 
 
 Insane Asylum 15 
 
 International Bridge 25 
 
 Jail 19 
 
 Manufacturing Establishes 31, 35 
 
 Military 21 
 
 Newspapers, etc 41, 43 
 
 Parks 7 
 
 Penitentiary 19 
 
 Police Force 19 
 
 Port of Buffalo 5 
 
 Public Offices 49 
 
 Public Schools 9 
 
 Railroad Depots 25 
 
 Secret Societies 43, 45, 47 
 
 Societies, Libraries, etc 11, 13 
 
 Sporting Memoranda 51, 53 
 
 Streetcars 25 
 
 Water Works 17 
 
 Buff.,N.Y. &Phila. R. R 42 
 
 Mich. Cen. & Great Western. . 42 
 Directory 54 to (53 
 
 Niagara Falls. 
 
 General Description 63 86 
 
 Encyclopedia. 
 
 Battles of the Rebellion. 106 to 108 
 
 Census Returns 100, 108 
 
 Distances from Washington. . . 93 
 
 Lofty Structures 90 
 
 Money Order Kates 90 
 
 Mottoes of States.... 96 
 
 Popular Names of States and 
 
 Cities 97 
 
 Population of United States 
 
 and Foreign Cities 98, 99 
 
 Presidential Votes 94, 95 
 
 Railway Construction 91, 92 
 
 Religious Denominations 101 to 104 
 
 Universal History 114 to 127 
 
 Useful Memoranda 109 to 113 
 
 Weights and Measures 105 
 
 World's Products 105 
 
 Advertisements. Page. 
 
 Pierce's Family Medicines 4 
 
 Gowans & Co 6 
 
 Penrhyn Slate Co.... 8 
 
 E. D. Holman..... 8. 
 
 S. D. Sikes & Bro 10 
 
 Joseph Churchyard 10 
 
 Eagle Iron Works 12 
 
 Brown & McCutcheon 12 
 
 Thebaud Bros 14 
 
 George E. Newman 14 
 
 Barnes, Bancroft & Co. 16 
 
 Sibley & Holmwood 18 
 
 Wm. Wright 18 
 
 W. B. Sirret & Co 20 
 
 Sweet, Cook&Co 20 
 
 F. S. Pease 22 
 
 John D. Smith & Co 24 
 
 J. S Lytic & Son 24 
 
 Adam & Meldrum 26 
 
 Singer Sewing Machine 28 
 
 Bickford, Curtiss & Deming. . 30 
 
 Pratt & Letchworth 32 
 
 National Flour Mills 34 
 
 Fox &' Williams 36 
 
 Booth, Riester & Co 36 
 
 John C. Post. 36 
 
 M.W.Chase 38 
 
 J. L. Alberger & Co 38 
 
 Isaac D. White...., 38 
 
 Porter & Watkins 40 
 
 John Gait 40 
 
 Bergtold & Bro. 44 
 
 R.Ovens&Son.. 46 
 
 Union Iron Co 4S 
 
 Albert Best & Co 48 
 
 Tifft House 50 
 
 Hall & Sons 50 
 
 Allen Church 52 
 
 J.B.Pierce 34,52 
 
 Dnillard & Hayes 64 
 
 Farrar & Trel'ts 64 
 
 Kellogg Bridge Co 66 
 
 Clarke. Holland & Co ... 68 
 
 Wm. Woltge...... ™ 
 
 Eagle File Works 70 
 
 T. Towers 70 
 
 DeWittC.Weed 72 
 
 Lake Shore & Mich. So. R. R. 74 
 
 Toledo, Wabash & West'n R'y 74 
 
 Sidney Shepard & Co 79 
 
 Cornell Lead Co 83 
 
 J. O. Robson & Co 85 
 
 Guiteau & Hodge 85 
 
 D.B.Castle. 87 
 
 Oriental Powder Mills 87 
 
 Bidwell's Livery Stable.. , 87 
 
Blank Book M&flUtf &et©f?y ( 
 J. L. CHICHESTER. 
 
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 BI1TDIITG 
 
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 Tlie test Place in tie City to l)iiy fine Groceries. 
 
 P t MRTHOL01I 
 
 DEALER IX 
 
 Fi&est Family Qrocnie 
 
 FRUITS* ETC* 
 
 289 Main Street, BUFFALO, N.T. 
 
 Table Luxuries in great variety. 
 
THE FUSEE MATCH. 
 
 The Cheapest, the Best, 
 the Safest. 
 
 COAL 
 
 S. F. LONGSTREET & CO., 
 
 MINERS, SHIPPERS AND DEALERS IX 
 
 Lehigh, Wilkesbarre, 
 
 AND OTHER GRADES OF 
 
 MfllA€IfI OOJUU 
 Lehigh Coal a Specialty. 
 
 Unequaledfor domestic and manufacturing purpose*. 
 Particular attention paid to preparation for city delivery. 
 BLOSSBURC AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 
 
 Office, 20 East Seneca St BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 R. W. BELL * CO., 
 
 (trade mark) 
 
 79, 81, 83, 87 and 89 WASHINGTON STREET, and 10, 12, 
 
 14, 16, 18 and 20 BEA VER STREET, 
 
 BUFFALO, N.Y. 
 

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