LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. ^^ITED STATESOfTmERICA. THE NORMAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, CONDENSED AND COMPKEHENSIVE ; ARRANGED, IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, FOR TOPICAL RECITATION BY ^/ W. n. F. HENRY, A Practical Teacher. REVISED AND IMPROVED EDITION, WITH IMPORTANT ADDITIONS. nosihuf INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA THE NORMAL PUBLISHING HOUSE, J. E. Sherrill, Proprietor. 1881. V Itik COPYRIGHT BY W. H. F. HENRY. 1878. COPYRIGHT BY W. H. R HENRY, 1880. COPYRIGHT BY W. H. F. HENRY, 1881. CARLON 4 HOLLENBECK, PEINTEES AND BINDERS, INDIANAPOLIS. ELKCTROTYPED BY KETCHUM & WANAMAKER, INDIANAPOLIS, IND. (2) TO THE TEACHERS ABROAD IN THE LAND, WHO HAVE ESPOUSED THE VERY HONORABLE AND RESPONSIBLE VOCATION OP TRAINING THE TOUNG FOR USEFULNESS AND FOR GREATNESS, THIS WORK IS §es^ectfuns gnscrihcd, BY THE AUTHOR. (3) PREFACE. Every child in the United States should learn something of the history of his own country before leaving school. He should have imprinted on his mind a vivid outline of the story of his native land. To facilitate the attainment of this knowledge by the young, is the design of this volume. The author flatters himself that he has herein condensed an authentic record of all the most important events concerning our Republic, so arranged as to attract and in- terest the student. By the Topical Headings, the various Tabula- tions and the Analytic Synopses, he has endeavored to make the •work Objective. The causes and effects of events are clearly and distinctively given. The Histories which are usually adopted in our schools are seldom thoroughly learned by the pupil. The reason is obvious ; they contain too many xvords and too little matter. They are verbose, chaffy, and ill-arranged ; they are neither topical, chronological, nor analytical ; in fact they are wanting in nearly every element •necessary to constitute them good school books. So true is this, that teachers are compelled to epitomize and rearrange their con- tents to secure any degree of success in teaching them. The book is divided into four Parts, namely : Part I, embrac- ing the Period of Discovery and Exploration ; Part II, including the Period of Settlement and Colonial History ; Part III, com- prising Revolutionary History ; and Part IV, giving the history of the National Period to the present time. At the close of each Part, and also at the end of lengthy Sections is given a Chrono- logical Recapitulation, which, with the Tables of Battles and the Analytic Synopses, will be found of especial value. No labor has been spared to verify the statements herein made. By carefully avoiding all sectional or partisan views, it claims to be a National history. (5) 6 PREFACE. Since one of the uses of history in schools is to accustom thi? pupils to read with sufficient care to secure ideas, the Author would here suggest that the student, after careful study of a Topic, be required to give independent expression of the information ob- tained from the text. Keciting by rote will not develop the power of expression. Mere verbatim recitation may be well enough to cultivate the memory, but it is insufficient to develop the under- standing. The pupils should not only recite by topics, but their attention should also be drawn to the facts singly by judicious questionuvj. Some " General Questions and Directions " are inserted in the book for review, but the ingenious teacher will also apply such others as he may deem appropriate to the text. This method, in connec- tion with topical recitation, can not fail to awaken an interest in the mind of the student, and lead him to a knowledge of the sub- ject that will prove satisfactory and permanent. The text is designed to inform the pupil ; the recitation should afford him an opportunity of expressing what he has learned, in his own style and words. " Develop the understanding, and the memory will take care of itself." For review exercises, the "Ana- lytic Synopses " may be written upon the blackboard, from which the pupils may recite without dictation by the teacher. The leading and most important events are made prominent in the text by hlack, or bold-faced type ; the minor events, though given, are not necessarily to be urrjed upon the pupil's memory for retention. In foot-notes are given explanations, illustrations, minor events, sketches, etc., which enhance the interest of the narrative without unduly swelling the body of the text. In manuscript, this work was fully tested in the sohbol-room, with marked success; and with a desire to contribute his mite toward the profession of teaching, the Author was induced to offer it to the public — to stand or to fall by its own merits. In this Edition, the Author has carefully revised the work — making improvements, and bringing it down to the present year (1881) — and though some slight modification of the text has been made, yet the plan and arrangement of the whole remain un- changed. It is proper to add that the textual differences are not such as to interfere with the simultaneous use of both the old and new editions in the class. PREFACE. 7 The mechanical execution of the present Edition is much su- perior to that of the others. Also, instead of being printed solid, the lines are leaded, or spaced, thus making the page clearer and more attractive. The very favorable reception of his work among teachers and friends of education, induces the Author to believe that his efforts to produce a practical School History have not been in vain. March, 1881. W. H. F. Henry. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAET I. Period of Discovery and Exploration. Introduction ^^ SECTION. I. Spanish Discoveries and Explorations I7 II. The French in America "' ' on III. English Discoveries ...."!!!!] 39 IV. Discoveries of the Dutch 07 V. Keview of Explorations and Extent of Possessions".— Re- view of Discoverers and Explorers— Chronolo'o-y of Events Recorded in Part I— General Questions and Directions— Diagrams for Analysis— Geographical Re- ^ie^^ 39 PART II. Period of Settlement and Colonial History. I. History of Virginia,— Jamestown Colony 51 II. History of New England, — Plymouth Colony — Mas- sachusetts Bay Colony — Maine and New Hampshire — Connecticut — Rhode Island — General Questions and Directions qq III. The Middle Colonies,— New York— New Jersey— Penn- sylvania and Delaware — Maryland 73 IV. The Southern Colonies,— The Carolinas— Georgia— Dia- gram for Analysis— Causes and Objects of Colonization.. 80 V. Inter-Colonial Wars,— King "William's War—Queen Anne's War— King George's War— The French and Indian War 85 VI. Progress of the Colonies and their Condition Previous to the Revolution — Recapitulation of Colonial Wars — Diagram for Analysis— Chronology of Events Recorded m Part II — General Questions and Directions 101 (8) TABLE OF CONTENTS. 9 PAET III. The Revolutionary Period. I. The Revolution — The Dawning — Events of 1775 — Events of 1776— Events of 1777— Events of 1778 — Events of 1779— Events of 1780— Events of 1781— After the War..ll2 II. Recapitulation, — Battles of the Revolution — Chronology of Events Recorded in Part III— The First Settlements — reviewed — General Questions and Directions — Dia- gram for Analysis 159 PART IV. National Period. I. Our Government Washington's Administration— Adams's Administration — .Jeflferson's Administration — Madi- son's Administration — "War oe 1812, — Events of 1812 —Events of 1813— Events of 1814-15— Other Events of Madison's Administration — Recapitulation, — Battles of the Second War with England — Chronology of ' Events Recorded in Section I — General Questions and Directions — Diagram for Analysis 173 II. Monroe's Administration — John Quincy Adams's Adminis- tration — Jackson's Administration — Van Buren's Ad- ministration — Harrison and Tyler's Administration — Polk's Administration, — The Mexican War — Other Events — Recapitulation, — Battles of the Mexican War — Chronology of Events Recorded in Section II — Map Studies — Geographical Review — Diagram for Analysis — General Questions and Directions 223 III. Taylor and Fillmore's Administration — Pierce's Adminis- tration — Buchanan's Administration 272 IV. Lincoln's Administration — The Great Civil War, — Events of 1861— Events of 1862— Events of 1863— The Closing Conflicts, 1864-65 — Recapitulation, — Battles won by the Confederates — Battles won by the Federals — Indecisive Battles of the War — Chronology of Events Recorded in Sections III and IV — General Questions and Directions — Diagram for Analysis 288 V. Johnson's Administration — Grant's Administration — Hayes's Administration — Garfield's Administration — Recapitulation, — Presidential — Facts Concerning the Presidents — Chronology of Events Recorded in Section V — Origin of the Names of the States — reviewed — Pop- ular Names of the States — Mottoes of the States — Ad- mission of the States — reviewed — Diagram for Analysis — Eminent American Inventors — Americans Eminent in Literature and Art— Conclusion — Appendix — Declara- tion of Independence — General Index 354 A SUGGESTION TO TEACHERS. Since the geography and the history of a country should go hand in hand, the author woukl suggest the following method of using this work, adopted by many successful instructors : "At the commencement of the study let each pupil be required to draw an outline map of North America on paper, about 9 by 12 inches in size. This should contain only physical features, viz : coast-lines, mountains, lakes and rivers. As the pupils advance in the history, let them mark on their maps, day by day, the places discovered, the settlements, battles, political divisions, etc., with their dates. They will thus see the country growing afresh under their hand and eye, and the geography and history will be indissolubly linked. At the close of the term, their maps will show what they have done, and each name, with the dates, will recall the history which clus- ters around it." (10) THE NORMAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. PART I. PERIOD OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 1001—1680. INTRODUCTION. [Note to the Teacher. — On the teacher's naming the subject of a paragraph, the pupil should be expected to tell all he knows about it — in his own language as much as possible. At each reci- tation thus by topics, the pupil's knowledge of the facts should also be tested by questions and directions framed by the teacher. Never lei a pupil, memorize and recite a topic, nor answer a question in the language of the book — except where the topic is a tabulation. The text is designed to inform the pupil ; the recitation should afford him an opportunity of expressing what he has learned, in his own style and words. " Develop the understanding, and the memory will take care of itself." The teacher should frequently assign as a lesson several topics for composition writing. This will be not only an excellent language exercise, but will also tend to fix facts permanently in the mind.] 1. Location of the United States.— America— lying between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, west of (11) 12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Europe and Africa, and east of Asia — consists of two large continents: North America and South America, with a group of islands between, called the West Indies. These two continents are con- nected by the Isthmus of Panama (Pah-nah-mah,) or Darien. The United States forms the middle division of North America, and extends east and west from ocean to ocean, and from the 25th 'to the 49th degree of north latitude. The territory of Alaska is also a part of the United States. An Ancient Mound. 2. Ancient Remains. — In various portions of America, numerous remains of an ancient and civ- ilized race of people have been found, indicating that thousands of years ago, America was inhab- ited by a highly civilized community, that dwelt in towns and cities, had a regular form of govern- ment, and were skilled in the .arts and sciences. These people left no written records of their his- tory; hence, our knowledge of them is vague, and DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 1-5 derived only from their relics. This unknown race flourished and passed away long before the Indians came to this continent ; therefore, the Indians could give no account of them. The evidences of the existence of this extinct race are still abundant in the ruins of temples and other buildings, and in the articles of copper and silver found buried beneath these ruins. Curious specimens of pottery of great antiquity have also been found ; and mounds of remarkable extent are seen in certain, localities, the origin of which was unknown to the- uncivilized Indians.* 3. Whence Came the Indians? — The history of the Indians is likewise involved in mystery — all we- know of them being from tradition. *Many of these mounds were burial places, and others doubtless served as foundations for watch-towers and signal stations ; some were used as places for worship and sacrifice. The shapes of these mounds were often to represent men and animals. Marietta, Ohio, was the site of one of the largest villages of the Mound Builders — the remains indicating that at least 5,000 people must have resided there. 14 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. They can tell us nothing of their origin or of their coming to this continent. We can only con- jecture that they must have emigrated from Asia by way of Behring's {beer-ings) Strait.* When found upon this continent, east of the Mississippi, by the first European settlers, they did not exceed 200,000 in number. In Mexico, Peru and the In- dies, however, there was an immense population. An Indian Village. *This opinion is rendered the more probable by the fact, that the figure, complexion, dress, manners, customs, etc., of the nations of both continents, are strikingly similar. That they might have emigrated from the eastern continent is evident, since in latitude DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 4. Character of the Indians.* — They had little or no inventive genius ; had no cities, no ships, no churches, no school-houses. They have been truly termed the " Red Men of the Forest." They had no regular forms of government, but were divided into hostile tribes, with a chief, or sachem, for ruler. They were constantly at war with one another, and their chief occupations were war and hunting — their weapons being simply the bow and arrow. The sole training of their boys was for war and the chase. The women performed all the labor and drudgery. The disposition of the Indian was morose, crafty, treacherous, and cruel ; and he accustomed himself to endure great fatigue and horrible tortures without sign of anguish. He believed in the existence of a Supreme Being and in a future state of happiness and immortality. The Indian of to-day, in all his characteristics, is the same as he was three hundred years ago. 5. Supposed Discovery of America. — Lief Erick- SON, a noted Icelandic captain, is supposed to have sailed westward from Greenland, in the year 1001, and, landing on the present coast of Labrador', explored the country as far south as Massachusetts. The Northmen, a hardy race of Norway and Sweden, also claimed to have visited America about this time. As there are no authentic records con- firming these discoveries, it is safe to suppose that 66° the two continents are not more than forty miles distant from each other, and between them are two islaads less than twenty miles distant from either shore. *This description applies to the Indians embraced within the limits of the United States. IG HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the continent was unknown to Europeans till the grand discovery of Columbus, in 1492. * 6. The Mariner's Compass. — This invaluable little instrument was invented about the year 1302, by an Italian. It is in appearance somewhat like a watch, having a magnetic needle, which always points toward the north, thus enabling seamen to trace their course on the broad ocean. Before this true friend of the mariner was known, the only guides the sailor had were the sun by day and the stars by night ; but when these were obscured by clouds, he could not, with certainty, find his way. Hence, the Compass gave a new impetus to navi- gation ; and by its friendly guidance, men ventured farther upon the unknown deep in quest of new lands. * About 1007 Thorfinn Carlsefne, a famous sea-king, recon- noitered the bays and harbors of the New England coast. He is supposed to have made settlements and to have carried on trade with the natives. The Welsh also have laid claim to the discovery. According to their accounts, a daring sailor, named Madoc, about the year 1170, made a voyage to the west, discovering a " large and fair country." These, however, are mere traditions, and the supposed discovery appears to have slept in forgetfulness until after Columbus had established the existence of a Western World. » DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 17 SECTION I. SPANISH DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 1492—1565. 1. Columbus. — Christopher Columbus was born at Genoa (Jen'-o-ah), Italy, in 1435. "When a boy he worked at his father's trade — that of wool-comber. .During his youth he met with many adventures on the Mediterranean Sea; and at one time, in battle with the Venetians, his vessel was burned, but he saved his life by swimming ashore. From the study of Astronomy he formed the opinion that the Earth is round like a ball, instead of flat, as almost all the people of his time believed. 2. Object of Commercial men. — The great desire of commercial men of Europe at this time was to find a nearer and less dangerous passage to the East Indies than was then known. From the East Indies many of the necessaries and luxuries of life were obtained. The route then followed was to sail on the Mediterranean Sea to the Isthmus of Suez, cross the isthmus on camels and horses, and, re-shipping their effects, traverse the Red Sea and the storrrfy Indian Ocean. To find a better and more commodious route was therefore of great im- portance to the whole of Europe.* * The route around the southern extremity of Africa was not then known. This route — by the way of the Cape of Good Hope — was discovered in 1498, by Vasco DeGama, an enterprising Portu- guese navigator. 2 18 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. The only man who proved himself competent to open up a new way to the Indies was Columbus. He believed that this goal could be reached by sailing directly westward across the Atlantic Ocean.* 3. Columbus Seeks Aid. — With this object in view Columbus applied first to the government of his native city, Genoa, for the means to make the ex- periment; but, believing him to be a mere dreamer, they refused to render him assistance. He next applied to the Court of Lisbon ; but after listening to his representations with seeming encourage- ment, the king secretly sent out an expedition in the hope of anticipating Columbus in his great undertaking. The commander of this enterprise was, however, incompetent for the attempt, and returned without accomplishing anything.f * To the inquisitive and enterprising mind of Columbus, this subject was invested with the deepest interest and importance; and the more he reflected upon the figure of the earth, the stronger was his belief, not merely that a western passage to India was practica- ble, but also that whoever should navigate the Atlantic, by sailing due west, must meet with a large body of land, which might be an extension of the continent of India, designed to balance the lands lying in the eastern hemisphere. " In this latter opinion he was strengthened by various discoveries in the Atlantic: such as pieces of carved wood, trunks of huge pine-trees, etc., which had been noticed, after long westerly winds; but especially by tha well-established fact that the bodies of two men had been casl upon one of the Azore islands, whose features diflferea from those of any known race of people." t Disgusted with this treachery, Columbus sent his brother Bar- tholomew to Henry VII., of England. Bartholomew was captured by pirates, and it was two years before he reached London. The DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 19 After many disappointments and much delay, Columbus finally obtained an outfit from Ferdinand and Isabella, of Spain. Urged by a desire to spread the Catholic faith throughout the world, and to see Spain the mistress of lands in Asia, the noble Queen overcame the objections of Ferdinand. Said she, "I undertake the enterprise for my crown of Castile, and will, if necessary, pledge my jewels to raise the funds." But this sacrifice was prevented by the extraordinary exertions of her ministers. 4. The Outfit. — The outfit thus provided con- sisted of ninety men, provisions for one year, and three small vessels— the Nina {ne'-nah), the Pinta {peen'-tah), and the Santa Maria (mah-re'-ah). 5. America Discovered. — Ills heart bounding with hope, Columbus set sail in his little fleet from Palos {pah-los'), Spain, on the 3d of August, 1492. He steered his course southward to the Canary Islands, ott' the coast of Africa ; and, after refitting his vessels and replenishing his supplies, struck out boldly to the west. Soon they were far out upon the (then) unknown deep— farther than any other navigators had dared to venture. For ages a ter- rible mystery had brooded over the mighty waters •of the Atlantic ; superstition lent additional horrors to the fears of adventurers. It was said that the Evil One hovered over the far-off billows of the ocean, enticing the venturesome to destruction, or English monarch approved his plans, and would probably have become the patron of Columbus, had Columbus not, in the mean- time, found one in the sovereign of Spain. 20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. else warding them off with an immense weird hand. No wonder, then, that the sailors of Columbus were inclined to mutiny, seeing that they were going nearer and nearer to this dreaded apparition and believing that they would never see land again. But Columbus by his iirmness and eloquence allayed their fears. On the 12th of October (1492), they discovered land, which proved to be one of the Bahama (ba-hay'-mah) islands, a group of the West Indies. {Sec map.) 6. The Landing. — When Columbus and his men had landed, they knelt upon the ground and gave thanks to God for his guidance. The devotional exercises of the Roman Catholic Church were per- formed, the royal banner of Spain was unfurled, and the new found land claimed for the monarchs of Castile and Leon. During these formal proceed- ings, the natives, who were different from any other people ever before seen, crowded around at a respectful distance, gazing with mingled astonish- ment and admiration upon all they saw. They believed the Spaniards to be Heavenly Beings that should be adored. 7. The Island. — The island thus discovered was called by the natives, Guanahani (gwa-nah-hah'-nee), but Columbus named it San Salvador {sal-va-dore'), by which it is still known. Believing it to be a part of the East Indies, he named the inhabitants Indians. Leaving San Salvador, Columbus sailed southward, discovering the large island of Cuba. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 21 8. Homeward. — After examining this island — enjoying its delightful climate, partaking of its luxurious vegetation, and making favorable impression upon the natives — Columbus started homeward (January, 1493.) On the passage, he encountered a terrible storm, in which his frail vessels were almost wrecked. During the preva- lence of the tempest, he wrote on parchment a short account of his discovery, sealed this securely in a cask, and threw it into the sea, trusting that should the ships go down, this might survive, and, perchance, notify the world of his success. His return home was hailed with great rejoicing, and the highest honors were heaped upon him. 9. Other Voyages of Columbus. — Columbus made three other voyages to America. On his second voyage (1493), he founded St. Domingo, on the island of Ilispaniola (Hayti), the first European settlement in the New World.* On his third voy- age (Aug. 10th, 1498), he discovered the continent, or main land, on the northeastern coast of South America. [See map.) At various times he was misrepresented by his enemies, who were envious of his justly earned fame.f He never knew, how- *When he next visited the island, however, he found that the men had all perished by the hands of the Indians, whose vengeance they had provoked by their folly and crimes. tOn Columbus's third voyage, his enemies, by false charges caused him to be sent home in chains ; but on investigation, he was honorably acquitted. The captain of the vessel in which he was, offered to release him from his chains; but Columbus replied, ■"I wear these fetters in obedience to the orders of their majesties, the rulers of Spain ; they shall find me as obedient to this as to 22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ever, that he had discovered a new world ; he thought that the new found land was a part of the East Indies. 10. Character of Columbus. — Columbus was re- markable for boldness, great firmness, and untir- ing perseverance. A student all his life, his mind was highly cultivated and stored with the learning of his time. His views regarding the earth were in advance of the day, and though he lived in an age of superstition, he seemed to have been free from absurdities. In person he was tall and commanding, and of pleasing address. lie died at Valladolid (val-ya-do-leed'), Spain, in 1506, at the age of 71. His remains now lie in the Cathedral of Havana, Cuba. * 11. Voyage of Vespucci. — The discovery of the New World created intense excitement throughout Europe. The wildest speculations were rife, and the popular mind was still more aroused, when, in 1499, Americo Vespucci {ah-mah-ree'-go vas-poot'- chee), a Florentine, in the employ of Spain, visited the continent, explored the eastern coast, and, re- turning to Europe, published a glowing account of liis explorations. In this account he ignored the claims of Columbus ; and, being wealthy and influ- their other injunctions; by their command I have been confined^ and their command alone shall set me at liberty." When released, he hung his fetters in his chamber, and gave orders that they should be buried with him. * He desired the following inscription to be engraved on his tomb: " To Castile and Leon, Columbus has given a new world.'" DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 23 ential, bis name was given to the land that should be called Columbia. * 12. Florida Discovered.— Florida was first visited in 1512 by Ponce De Leon (pone'-thay day lay-own'), whose object in going thither was to ^discover a fountain whose waters were said to have the power to restore to old age the vigor of youth. The story of this rejuvenating fountain was a myth, invented by the Indians to allure adventurers into the marshes and dense forests of an unknown wilder- ness. In his search for the fabled waters, he en- countered the hostile natives, and was slain in battle. Florida was so called, because De Leon saw it first on Easter Sunday— Pasgwa Florida (Jlo- ree'-dah)—i\\Q Feast of Flowers. 13. Pacific Ocean Discovered.— A Spaniard named Balboa (6«^6o'-rt/0 discovered the Pacific Ocean, September 26th, 1513, while ascending the mount- ains of the Isthmus of Panama, f * Vespucci's account of this voyage, published in 1504, was the first printed announcement of the discovery of a western continent. t The Indians had informed Balboa that a great ocean lay to the south and west. His curiosity was excited, and, with a band of adventurers, he made a perilous march for twenty-five days, through dense woods and over craggy mountains. Heat and dis- ease had almost overcome the weary and discouraged party, when the Indian guides announced that from the top of the next moun- tain the great ocean could be seen. When most of the ascent had been made, Balboa ordered his men to halt, and toiled on to the summit alone. At the top he beheld the mighty Pacific, and, falling on his knees, thanked God for the discovery. He went down to the shore, and advancing with sword and buckler, till the water reached his waist, took possession of the ocean, " in the name of the King, his master, and vowed to defend it with his arms." 24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Magellan, a Spanish sailor, was the first European to sail upon the Pacific (1519). On account of its calm and peaceful appearance when first traversed, he gave it the name Pacific. He was also the first that sailed around the world (1519-21).* Sir Francis Drake, an English navigator, made the voyage some years after. It was then regarded a great undertaking — requiring two or three years; but it is now accomplished in a few months. 14. Mexico aud Cortez {kor-tez'.) — Mexico was discovered by Grijalvah {(jre haul' -vah). in 1518. It was conquered by Hernando Cortez in 1521. Cortez was a bold, unscrupulous Spaniard, whose object in coming to America was gold and adventure. He was a religious bigot, and thought it was serving God to kill or enslave all Indians that would not embrace Christianity. His course was, however, an error of the age in which he lived. 15. Montezuma and his Fate. — Cortez landed on the coast of Mexico in 1519 ; and, with an army of 600 men, began his invasion of the country.f The people of this realm were partly civilized, lived in towns and cities, had a regular form of government, *He sailed through the strait which bears his name. At the Philippine Islands, (south-east of Asia), in a contest with the natives, he was killed ; but one of his vessels reached Spain by way of the Cape of Good Hope, thus making the first voyage around the world. tHe had a fleet of only eleven small vessels ; and as fire-arms were not in general use, only thirteen of the men had muskets. He had only ten pieces of artillery and sixteen horses. The rest of the men were armed with crossbows, swords, and spears, but they were all clothed in armor. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 25 and were apparently contented. They had made considerable advancement in the arts ; and though they had no written language, yet their picture- writing, or hieroglyphics, answered all their pur- poses. The king of Mexico at this time was Montezuma (mon-tay-zoo'-mah). His kingdom abounded in gold. Many utensils for domestic use, as well as ornaments of various kinds, were made of the precious metal. Montezuma ordered Cortez to leave the country, but the daring adventurer paid no heed to the command. Though resisted by many times his force, Cortez advanced to the capital, spreading dismay among the inhabitants, who regarded the Spaniards as a superior race of beings, clothed with immortality.* This belief was soon dispelled, however, when the first Spaniard was slain. Cortez fought many bloody battles with the people of this famous empire, in every one of which he was vic- torious, losing but few men. The Mexicans fought with furious desperation, but they could not with- stand the firearms and the horses of the Spaniards. The sound and the flash of muskets and cannon produced unbounded terror among them ; and the horses caused the utmost fright wherever they were ridden. It should be borne in mind that horses *A tradition existed among the Mexicans that a strange people from the east should conquer them. Montezuma appeared to resign himself to his fate and the force of circumstances ; and from the time of the invader's entry into Mexico, until the hour of his death, continued to treat Cortez with the utmost generosity, hospi- tality, and apparent confidence, and loaded him with gifts and honors. 26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. were unknown in America till the Spaniards brought them from Europe.* Thus, a single Span- iard, well armed and mounted, could rout a whole host of the superstitious Mexicans. Montezuma was captured, and, while a prisoner, he was induced by the crafty Cortez to mount the walls of the city and beseech his subjects to desist from hostility against the Spaniards. Justly indig- nant at their monarch's timidity, the Mexicans hurled stones and arrows upon him, and he fell mortally wounded. 16. (jtuatinioziu. — Montezuma's successor was Guatimozin {gwah-te-mo'-zin), a young nobleman, brave, but unfortunate. He was taken prisoner by Cortez ; and to cause him to reveal the place of the imperial treasures, he, with his principal officer of state, was prostrated on a bed of live coals. The chief officer in his agony looked toward his sove- reign, as if to ask permission to tell where the treasures were concealed. Guatimozin rebuked him by exclaiming, "Am /on a bed of roses f This act of cruelty, however, failed of its object; and Guatimozin was afterward executed, on a charge of plotting an insurrection against his bar- barous conquerors. The death of their king and the terrible success of their enemy completely disheartened the Mexi- cans; and the Spaniards took possession of the country (1521). *The horse, ox, sheep, goat, domestic cat, hen, etc., were not originally found in America, but were introduced by the Euro- peans. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 27 17. Last Days of Cortez. — Thus were an inno- cent and happy people despoiled of their natural rights and trampled upon by a remorseless adven- turer. Cortez did not, however, obtain the wealth and distinction his ambition craved; he died poor and in obscurity— despised and neglected by his king and country.* 18. De Ayllon. — In 1520 Vasquez de Ayllon (vas'- keih day ayle'-yon), a wealthy Spaniard, undertook an expedition to America; and, landing on the present coast of South Carolina, decoyed a number of the natives on board his fleet and steered for home, intending to sell them in Europe as slaves. Three of the vessels were wrecked, and most of the Indians were drowned. De Ayllon was honorably received by his government, and was sent on another kidnapping expedition ; but this was un- successful, resulting in De A3^11on's pecuniary ruin. Thus ended the first attempt to enslave the Indians,, who, thenceforth, lost all confidence iii Spanish honor. 19. Expedition of Narvaez. — In 1528 De Narvaez (day nar-vay'-eth), attempted to conquer Florida. He expected to find a rich empire, such as Cortez had found in Mexico ; but his men, wandering through the dense forests, deceived by Indian guides, and defeated by the hostile natives, suflered *0n one occasion, desiring an audience with the king, he was obliged to force his way through the crowd and place his foot on the step of the carriage before he could gain attention. " Who are you ?" said the king. " I am a man," answered Cortez, " who ha& gained you more provinces than your father left you towns." 28 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. terribly. In endeavoring to return to the West Indies, they were shipwrecked, and only four men escaped. These, after several years of wandering and incredible hardships, reached home. 20. The Mississippi Discovered. — De Soto {day so'-to)^ a Spanish nobleman, with six hundred se- lected soldiers, came to America in 1539 ; * and, landing on the western coast of Florida, traveled north-westward across the country, fighting hostile Indians on the way, until his magnificently equipped army — consisting mostly of young and adventurous noblemen — was reduced to about four hundred. In 1541 he discovered, near the present western boundary of Tennessee, a large river which the Indians called the '■''Great Father of Waters J' This was the Mississippi; and De Soto and his men were the first Europeans to behold it. While sailing down the river with the wreck of his army, De Soto died of a malignant fever, and was buried within its waters, "which have since been the tomb of thousands." 21. Enterprise of Melendez. — In 1565 the. king of Spain — the bigoted Philip II — sent Pedro Melen- dez (ma-len'-deth), " a soldier of ferocious disposition and criminal practices," to colonize Florida. The real object of this expedition was to break up and destroy a colony of French Protestants, called Hu- guenots, who the year before had made a settlement *He had also on board his fleet three hundred horses, many hogs, and a number of bloodhounds — the latter intended to run down the Indians. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 29' near the mouth of the St. John's river — territory claimed by Spain. 22. The Oldest Town. — Melendez, with his men, landed on the northeastern shore, near the mouth of a small river, ou St, Augustine's {au-gus-teen' s') day (2d of September). Here he laid the founda- tion of the town of St. Augustine (Sept. 1565) — the oldest settlement, by forty-two years, within the United States. 23. The Huguenots Murdered. — Melendez next turned his attention to the Huguenots, whom he found and attacked. The Huguenots put to sea in theirvessels, but a furious storm arose and dashed to pieces ever}^ ship in the fleet. Most of them, however, reached the shore. Here they were at- tacked by the forces of Melendez, and men, women and children were alike butchered — only a few escaping. It is here pertinent to say that a French soldier named De Gourges (goorg) revenged this^ massacre a short time after, by attacking the Span- ish colony at St. Augustine and hanging about thirty of the leaders to branches of trees.* *The inscription he placed over them was, " I do not this as unto Spaniards or mariners, but as unto traitors, robbers, and mur- derers." Melendez, in his massacre of the Huguenots, had de- clared that he killed them, " not as Frenchmen, but as Lutherans." 30 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. SECTION II. THE FRENCH IN AMERICA. 1524—1680. 1. Voyage of Verazzana. — The spirit of discovery and adventure was not confined to Spain alone. In 1524 a remarkable exploration of the North Ameri- can coast was made by Verazzana (var-at-zah' -nah), an Italian, in employ of the French government. He explored the whole Atlantic shore from Florida to New Foundland, claiming the region in the name of the king of France, and calling it New France. Returning home, he published a map and an ac- count of his explorations, which were of value to future navigators. 2. The St. Lawrence Discovered. — In 1534 James ■Cartier [kar-te-ah'), sent out by the king of France, discovered and explored the Gulf and the River St. Lawrence. He made another voyage to this region and attempted to found a colony, but with no per- manent success. Not finding any gold here, the Prench did not at this time attach much value to their St. Lawrence possessions. 3. First Permanent French Colony. — Various at- tempts were made by the French to establish colo- nies in their possessions, viz., by Roberval, in 1539 ; by John Ribault (?-e'-6o),* in 1562; and by Laudon- * Bibault's expedition was under the auspices of Coligny {ko-lenf -ye) , an admiral of France, and a leader of the Huguenots ^{hu' -ge-nots) , or French Protestants. He desired to found a colony DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 31 'NIERE (lodo/i'-ne- air), in 1564; but their efforts were unsuccessful till in 1605,DeMonts {day-mong') and Champlain {sham-plane') brought a colony from France and settled on the western coast of Kova Scotia (sko'-she-ah), naming the settlement Port Royal. This was two years before Jamestown, Virginia, was founded — an account of which is ^iven in the "English Settlements.'' 4. Cliamplaiu's Enterprise. — In 1608 Champlain founded Quebec (que-beck'), Canada; and in 1609 he explored the interior of that region, discovering lakes Huron and Champlain, giving his name to the latter. 5. Explorations of Marquette. — James Marquette (mar-kef), a Jesuit missionary, full of zeal for the Catholic Church, explored the region of lakes Hu- ron and Michigan, at the head of a small company ; and in 1673 he discovered the Missouri river. He also explored the region now forming the State of Illinois. His chief object was to convert the In- dians to Christianity. 6. Explorations of La Salle. — The energetic mis- sionary La Salle (lah-saV) was the next to ex- plore the Mississippi and the lake region. In 1673- 80 he visited many of the localities about the head waters of the Mississippi, giving the names which they now bear. To all of the region west of the in America as an asylum for his oppressed brethren, and also to advance the glory of France. He sent out another colony under Laudonniere, and it was this which Melendez broke up and mas- sacred. {See Spanish 'Explorations and Settlements, Topics 21, 22 end 23). 82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Mississippi he gave the name of Louisiana, in honor of his sovereign, Louis XIV. 7. The Jesuit Missionaries. — The " Society of Jesus," or Jesuits, was pledged to extend the Ro- man CathoHc faith over the world, at whatever cost of personal sacrifice or suffering. The exploits of the Jesuit missionaries among the Indians are of thrilling interest. In their intense zeal for the conversion of the savages, they endured terrible privations, losing many of their number by ex- posure, starvation, and the scalping knife. SECTION in. ENGLISH DISCOVERIES. 1497—1607. 1. The Cabots. — The English were not behind other nations in enterprise and discovery, John Cabot and Sebastian his son were commissioned by Henry VII, king of England, to undertake voyages of discovery. The design of the English, unlike that of the Spaniards, was acquisition of territory and colonization. In 1497 John Cabot made his first voyage in quest of new lands ; and on June 24th discovered the main land of North America on the coast of Labrador.* This was one year be- *The land first seen, he named Prima Vista — first view — sup- posed to have been a part of Newfoundland. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 33 fore Columbus discovered South America, and two years before Vespucci visited the continent. Sebastian Cabot inherited his father's plans and reputation, "and to his father's genius added a greater genius of his own." In 1498 he com- manded an expedition in search of a north-west passage to India — a folly of the times. After various unsuccessful attempts to penetrate the ice of the frozen zone, he returned to England.* 2. Frobisher's Voyage. — In 1576 Martin Fro- BISHER, in three small vessels, sailed from England in search of the coveted north-west passage to Asia. One of his vessels was lost on the voyage, another, terrified at the prospect, returned home, but in the third the daring sailor pursued his course, attaining a higher latitude than any that had ever gone before him. He discovered the group of islands that lies in the mouth of Hudson's Strait ; also a large island farther north, which he supposed to be the mainland of Asia. He next discovered and entered the strait which still bears his name, then sailed for England, carrying home with him one of the Esquimaux [es'-kee-mo) and a stone which was declared by the English refiners to contain gold. *The king of England — Henry VII, — though quick to appre- ciate the value of Sebastian Cabot's discoveries, was slow to reward the discoverer. The Catholic king of Spain, after Henry's death, induced Cabot to take charge of the maritime affairs of that coun- try. While holding this high office, Cabot sent out many success- ful voyages. In the meantime the spirit of discovery had revived in England, and in 1548 Edward VI. induced the now aged Sebas- 3 34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 3. Voyage of Sir Humphrey Gilbert. — After these explorations the English sent out several expedi- tions in search of a fabled land of gold, in the vicinity of Labrador, but this Eldorado proved to have been a story invented by the Esquimaux. The first attempt of the English to colonize America was made by the brave Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who, under authority of Queen Elizabeth, endeavored to establish a new settlement at New Foundland (1583). The enterprise was unsuccess- ful. On the passage back to England, Gilbert's vessel was lost in a storm and all on board perished. The other vessel of the expedition reached home in safety. 4. Enterprise of Sir Walter Raleigh {raw' -lee). — This English nobleman, under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth, made several voyages to America; and, in 1587, established a temporary settlement on the island of Roanoke (ro-an-oke'), off the present coast of North Carolina.* Here the first white child of English parents in America was born. Her name was Virginia Dare. Raleigh called the lands he explored Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, who was called the Virgin Queen. tian to return from Spain and become grand-pilot of England. He lived to be very old, but " the circumstances of his death have not been ascertained, and his place of burial is unknown." *In 1585 Raleigh fitted out a squadron and placed it in com- mand of Sir Eichard Grenville, who left a colony at Roanoke. The following year the colonists were reduced to the utmost dis- tress for want of provisions, and on Sir Francis Drake's stopping DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 35 He was the first European to discover the use of tobacco, which was, until then, unknown in Europe.* He also introduced into the old country, the potato, which, like tobacco, is a native product of Amer- ica.f 5. Fate of Raleigh. — Sir Walter Raleigh was pe- culiarly unfortunate. When James I. succeeded there, on his return from a successful expedition against the Span- iards in the West Indies, they all embarked with him for England. Another colony of fifteen, well provided with provisions, were left there ; but they were never heard of after, having been most proba- bly murdered by the Indians. In 1587 a third colony of one hun- dred and fifty adventurers were sent by Sir Walter Raleigh, under Captain White. In consequence of the threatened invasion of England by the famous Spanish Armada, it was three years before Haleigh could send relief to the colony by Captain White, who when he arrived there, found not one to tell their fate ; and fearing ior himself, returned at once to England, leaving not a single Eng- lish settler on the shores of America. *For some time he preserved great secrecy in his habit of smoking, till the practice was discovered by a ridiculous accident. He was one day enjoying his pipe in solitude, forgetful that he had ordered his servant to attend him with a goblet of ale. The ser- vant suddenly entering the study and finding, as he thought, his master's brains on fire, and evaporating in smoke through his mouth, frantically dashed the ale in his face, then rushing out of the room he alarmed the family with an account of the frightful scene he had witnessed. tPotatoes, tobacco and some other plants were unknown to Europeans till found on this continent; but wheat, rye, oats, bar- ley, apples, pears, peaches, and many other grains and fruits, were brought here by the first settlers. The potato was introduced into Ireland from Virginia in 1565, by a trader named Hawkins. Sir Francis Drake carried it to England in 1585, though it at- tracted little notice till it was a third time imported from America by Sir Walter Raleigh ; yet it was fully a century before its merits as food really began to be understood, as at first it was held to be £t only for feeding swine and cattle. 36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Elizabeth to the throne of England, Raleigh was arrested for alleged conspiracy against the king and confined in prison for thirteen years, during which time he wrote a history of the world. He was finally released; but afterward tried on the old charge and beheaded.* He was a gallant and cul- tivated man. 6. Bartholomew Gosnold. — In 1602 Bartholomew GosNOLD, by authority of the English government^ was the next to explore the shores of North Amer- ica. He pursued a direct course across the Atlan- tic, instead of the circuitous route followed by his predecessors. Hitherto, ships from the ports of England, France and Spain sailed first southward to the Canary Islands, thence to the "West Indies, and from there northward to the coast-line of the ♦Raleigh was cheered in his confinement by the friendship of Henry, Prince of Wales, who admired the splendid talents of Sir "Walter, and used to say that "no king but his father would keep such a bird in a cage." Though released from prison, yet no formal par- don had been granted by the king, but Raleigh's friends thought it was not necessary to purchase one, since the king had appointed him. to the command of an expedition to Guiana, with the power of life and death over those under him. This expedition was fitted out at the instigation of Raleigh, to go in search of a rich gold mine, of which he said he had obtained information in a former voyage; but nothing was effected except the destroying of a Spanish town. The Spanish government complained of this act, and the king, who was desirous to keep on good terms with that government, resolved to sacrifice Raleigh to appease their resentment. He was first tried for misconduct in the late expedition, but was acquitted. The king then ordered the old sentence to be enforced. On the scaffold Raleigh behaved with great manliness and dignity. He desired to see the ax, and feeling the edge of it, said to the sheriff, "This is a sharp medicine, but a sure remedy for all evils." DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 37 continent. By departing from this long and cir- cuitous way and sailing directly across, Gosnold reached the coast of Maine in seven weeks. He discovered and explored Cape Cod, Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard {vin'-yard), and the Elizabeth Islands, on the coast of Massachusetts. His main object was to found a colony, but none was suc- cessfull^' established. 7. Other Attempts to Colonize. — In 1603 Martin Pring sailed for America; and, exploring the re- gion of Gosnold's discoveries, loadedhis vessel with sassafras, and returned home. The last voyage made by the English, prepara- tory'' to the actual establishment of a colony in America, was made by George Weymouth {way'- muth) in 1605. SECTION IV. DISCOVERIES OF THE DUTCH. 1609—1610. 1. Voyages of Henry Hudson. — In 1607 Sir Henry Hudson, an illustrious English nobleman, was em- ployed by a company of London merchants to at- tempt a discovery of a north-west passage to the Indies. He attained a higher point of latitude than was ever before reached, but the icebergs on the coast of Greenland and Spitzbergen {spiz-ber' jen), prevented his farther progress, and he was obliged to return to En el and. 38 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 2. Hudson in Employ of the Dutch. — At this time Holland was the foremost maritime nation of the world. His own government refusing him further aid, Hudson went to Amsterdam, Holland, and was at once furnished with the means by the Dutch East India Company to prosecute his proposed dis- covery of a north-west passage. He proceeded on his voyage in 1609 ; and in his unsuccessful efforts to open up the coveted passage, he discovered and ex- plored Manhattan island and the beautiful river which bears his name. After trading with the na- tives of the vicinity and enjoying the picturesque scenery, he steered for Holland. 3. Hudson A^aiu in English Employ. — The English merchants were now willing to grant assistance to Hudson. They were somewhat chagrined that he had been compelled to seek aid of Holland, and also envious of his discoveries in behalf of the Dutch. Strange to say, they claimed these discov- eries on the ground that Hudson was an English subject; also, on the strength of Cabot's discovery of the continent. These counter claims caused much trouble afterward. These merchants fur- nished him with an outfit, and in 1610 Hudson again attempted to find a north-west passage. 4. Fate of Hudson. — He discovered the large bay- that bears his name ; and, while exploring it to find a north-west outlet, his ship was blocked up among the ice. His sailors became disheartened, and though spring, with its genial warmth had now come, they mutinied and cast him with his son and seven others adrift in a small boat. Noth- DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 39 ing more was ever heard of the unfortunate Hud- son and his companions. 5. New Netherland. — The Dutch possessions in America were called " l>[ew i^etherland," and were valued by them chiefly on account of the fur trade. SECTION V. EXPLORATIONS AND POSSESSIONS— REVIEWED. 1. Extent of Spanish Explorations. — The Spaniards confined their explorations and settlements to the West Indies and the adjacent mainland; and, in the present limits of the United States, made settle- ments only in Florida and Xew Mexico.* The Spaniards claimed possession of the "West Indies, Yucatan {u-kay-tan'), Mexico, Florida, a large portion of the present Southern States, and the Pacific coast. They based their claim on the rights of discovery and exploration. The islands of Cuba and Porto Rico {re'-ko), with the Isle of Pines, alone remain of all their former vast posses- sions in America. 2. Extent of French Explorations. — The French had explored the Great Lakes, the Mississippi and its shores from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf; a large portion of the States now bordering *New Mexico was explored by Espejo {es-pai/ -ho) , who, in 1582 founded Santa Fe [fa]/), which is the second oldest town in the United States. 40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. on those waters ; and the Canadas and Acadia — the latter now called Nova Scotia and Kew Bruns- wick. All of this region they styled " New France," and claimed possession of the same by right of ex- ploration. The English also laid claim to it by virtue of previous discovery — by the Cabots. Hence the cause of future contention and war. 3. Extent of English Explorations. — The English had explored the Atlantic coast at various times, and claimed this vast territory, naming it Virginia. This was also claimed by the French, as " New France." {See Map.) 4. Extent of Dutch Explorations. — The Dutch laid claim to New Netherland, by virtue of Hudson's explorations. REVIEW OF DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS. [Note to the Teacher. — Let each pupil memorize and recite the following tabulation; also have him write it in his blank book,] SPANISH. Columbns discovered America, October .12, 1492. Columbus discovered Cuba, November, 1492, Columbus discovered the Continent, August 10, 1498. Vespucci explored the Atlantic coast, 1499. De Leon discovered Florida, April 6, 1512. Balboa discovered the Pacific, September 26, 1513. (irijalvah discovered Mexico, 1518. De Ayllon explored coast of America, 1520. Magellan explored Western and Southern coast, 1519-21. DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS. 41 De Narvaez explored Florida and Gulf region, 1528. De Soto discovered the Mississippi, 1541. Melendez explored coast of Florida, 1565. ENGLISH. The Cabots discovered and explored the Continent, 1497. Martin Frobislier explored North-eastern coast, 1576. Sir Francis Drake* explored Western coast, 1578-80. Sir Humphrey Gilbert explored North-eastern coast, 1583. Sir Walter Raleigh explored Middle coast, 1587-89. Bartholomew Gosuold explored coast of New Eng- land, 1602. Pring and Weymouth explored coast of New Eng- land, 1603-5. Sir Henry Hudson discovered Hudson Bay, 1610. FRENCH. Verazzana explored Atlantic coast, 1524. James Cartier discovered Gulf and River of St. Law- rence, 1534. Ribault and Laudonniere explored Florida coast, 1562-64. Champlain and De Monts explored region of Great Lakes, 1605-8. Marquette and La Salle explored Mississippi Valley, 1673-80. DUTCH. Henry Hudson discovered Manhattan Island and Hudson River, 1609. *The English gained nothing by Drake's expedition ; his ob- ject was to enrich himself by preying upon Spanish merchant vessels. 42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 43 RECAPITULATION CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN FART J. (period of discovery and exploration.) 1001, Lief Erickson's supposed discovery of America. 1170, Madoc's supposed discovery of America. 1302, The Mariner's Compass invented. 1435, Christopher Columbus born in Genoa, Italy. 1492, Columbus started on his voyage of discovery, August 3d. 1492, Columbus discovered America, October 12th. 1493, Columbus started homeward, January. 1497, John Cabot discovered the Continent, June 24th. 1498, Columbus discovered the Continent, August 10th. 1499, Vespucci discovered the Continent. 1506, Columbus died at ValladoHd, Spain, aged 71. 1512, Ponce De Leon discovered Florida, April 6th. 1513, Balboa discovered the Pacific, September 26th. 1518, Grijalvah discovered Mexico. 1519-21, Magellan sailed around the World. 1519, Cortez went to Mexico. 1520, De Ayllon explored the Middle coast of I^ortb America. 1521, Cortez completed the conquest of Mexico. 1524, Verazzana explored Atlantic shores of North America. 1528, De Narvaez explored Florida and the Gulf region. 1534, James Cartier discovered the Gulf of St. Law- rence. 44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1535, Cartier explored St. Lawrence River. 1539, De Soto made an expedition to America. 1541, De Soto discovered tlie Mississippi. 1562-64, Laudonniere colonized B'lorida, but is driven away. 1565, Meleudez founded St. Augustine, the oldest town in the United States. 1576, Martin Frobisher explored North-eastern coast. 1578-80, Sir Francis Drake explored Western coast. 1582, Santa Fe, second oldest town in the United States, founded. 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted to colonize Newfoundland. 1587, Sir Walter Kaleigh attempted to colonize Koanoke. 1587, Kaleigh introduced tobacco and potatoes into Europe. 1587, Virginia Dare, the first white child of Eng- lish parents born in America. 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold attempted to colonize Kew England. 1603, Martin Pring attempted to colonize New England. 1605, George Weymouth attempted to colonize New England. 1605, Champlain founded the first French colony, at Port Royal, 1608, Champlain founded Quebec. 1609, Henry Hudson sought a North-west passage to India. 1609, Hudson discovered Manhattan Island and Hudson River. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 45 1610, Hudson discovered Hudson Bay. 1673, Marquette explored the Mississippi aud lake region. 1673-80, La Salle explored the Mississippi aud lake region. GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 1. Under authority of what nations and sovereigns were discov- eries and explorations made? 2. Name the Spanish di>coveries and explorations; the English; the French ; the Dutch. 3. How many years passed hetween the discovery of Guanahani and tliat of the Mississippi? 4. What claim was based upon the discovery of the Cabots? Wliat claim upon the discovery of Columbus ? What coun- ter claims upon the discoveries of Hudson? Upon what did the French base their claims to America? 5. Xame those portions of America claimed by the Spanish, the English, the French, and the Dutch, respectively. 6. Why was America called the New World f 7. What is the modern name of Hispaniola? 8. What discovery was made in 1541? In 1534? In 1518? In' 1513? In 1512? In 1499? In 1497? In 1 009? 9. What permanent settlements had been made in the New World to the year 1600? By what nation, and under what, king? 10. Under what French sovereign were attempts made at coloniza- tion ? Under what English sovereign? 11. By what route were goods from the East Indies obtained ? By what route are goods now usually obtained from there? What was the great object of Columbus's time? 12. AMiat region did Columbus think he had reached? 13. After whom ought this continent to have been named, and why ?' 14. What navigator shortened the voyage across the Atlantic? 15. Wio said, " Am i on a bed of roses f" 16. Are horses native to America? 17. What domestic animals were not originally found in America? 46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 18. "What plant and esculent vegetable were indigenous to Amer- ica ? 19. What grains and fruits were brought to America by the first settlers? 20. What claims to the discovery of America prior to that of Co- lumbus ? 21. What did Vasco de Gama discover, and when ? 22. What, chiefly, led Columbus to believe that he could find land to the West ? 23. Mention an incident showing the zeal which Queen Isabella manifested in the plans of Columbus. 24. When, by whom, and under what circumstances was the first Huguenot colony massacred ? 25. Tell what you have learned of Montezuma. Of Guatimozin. 26. Whence came the Indians? What relics or remains of an an- cient race are still to be seen? 27. To what sovereigns did Columbus apply for aid to make his first voyage? 28. What did De Leon expect to find in Florida? 29. Describe the expedition of De Soto. 30. Name the first colony in the New World. The first permanent one. The first permanent French colony. The first perma- nent English colony. ■31. Who was the first white child born in America ? 32. What did Columbus do when he first landed upon American soil? 33. What explorer was set adrift with his son and seven compan- ions in Hudson Bay? 34. What was the lost colony of America? 35. What did iVezo (Spam comprise? New France? New Netherland? 36. What reply did Columbus make when the captain of the ves- sel in which he was taken home in chains, ofiered to remove his fetters ? 37. What inscription did Columbus desire to have engraved on his tomb? 38. What tradition existed among the Mexicans concerning the invasion of Cortez? 39. How were the soldiers of Cortez armed? How many had muskets? In what were they all clothed? 40. Kecite the chronological table of events recorded in Part I. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 47 ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. GENERAL REVIEW OF PART I. [Note to the Teacher. — Every "Analytic Synopsis" should be written upon the blackboard, from which the pujHls may recite — in review — without question or dictation by theteajher, — telling all they have learned regarding each topic] HAYTI, PORTO RICO. I. Discoveries and Dxplorations f GUANAHANI, r WEST INDIES j ^UBA. I CONTINENT, FLORIDA cOAStI^^^^^"^^' I HUGUENOTS. ATLANTIC COAST fl. SPANISH^ PACIFIC COAST, GULF COAST, PACIFIC OCEAN, (CONQUEST, MONTEZUMA, (iUATIMOZIN. L MISSISSIPPI RIVER. r ATLANTIC COAST, GULF & R. ST. LAWRENCE, o FRPXrH J REGION OF GREAT LAKES, -. rivjiiii.n -j (.Q^g-p Qp FLORIDA, I ACADIA, [ MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. fTHE CONTINENT, I PACIFIC COAST, NORTH-ATLANTIC COAST, 3. ENGLISH] ROANOKE ISLAND, I COAST OF NEW ENGLAND, I MIDDLE-ATLANTIC COaST, L HUDSON BAY. [4. DUTCH /MANHATTAN, I HUDSON EIVEE. 48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. II, AKALTTIC SYNOPSIS— (Continued) r 1 «JP A XT«H / ON THE CONTINENT, 1. arAi^isn^Qp ^^^j, WEST INDIES Extent of Possessions III, Discorerers and Explorers INDIES. r IN PRESENT UNITED STATES, 2. FRENCH \ IN CANADA, ( COUNTEK CLAIMS. q pTVPT T«i|T f VIRGINIA,— EXTENT, 3. ENbLIhH I COUNTER CLAIMS. A T^TTTrw / NEW NETHERLAND, 4. Utltn \ COUNTER CLAIMS. 'COLUMBUS, — PLACES AND DATES. VESPUCCI,— " " " DE LEON,— " " BALBOA,— " " " fl. SPANISH-! GRIJ A LV AH,— " DE AYLLON,- " " « DE NARVAEZ,— " « " MAGELLAN,— " « " ■ DE SOTO,— " « « MELENDEZ,— « « " fVERAZZANA,— " C ARTIER,— CHAMPLAIN,— " DE MONTS,— " RIBAULT,— " LAUDONNIERE," I MARQUETTE, " [la SALLE,— " 2. FRENCH fTHE CABOTS,— " FROBISHER,— " DRAKE,— " GILBERT,— " 3. ENGLISH -{ RALEIGH,— GOSNOLD,— « PRING,— " WEYMOUTH,— " L HUDSON,— " L 4. DUTCH [HUDSON,— « DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 49 GEOGRAPHICAL BEVIEW. [Note to the Teacher. — Eequire the pupil to make a copy of the Map, and to write in its proper place the name of each discov- erer or explorer; with the date.] 1. Locate and date Cabot's discovery. 2. Locate and date Hudson's discoveries. 3. Locate and date Cartier's discoveries. 4. Locate and date Gosnold's discoveries. 5. Locate and date Columbus's several discoveries. 6. Locate and date De Leon's discovery. ♦ 7. Locate and date De Soto's route and discovery, 8. Locate and date Grijalvah's discovery. 9. Locate and date Balboa's discovery. 10. Locate and date Vespucci's discovery. 11. Locate and date the settlement of St. Augustine. 12. Locate and date the settlement on Eoanoke Island. 13. Locate and date Cortez's invasion of Mexico. 14. Locate and date Champlain's explorations. 15. Locate and date Marquette's and La Salle's explorations. 16. Locate Port Koyal, Plymouth, Quebec, Jamestown, St. Augus- tine, San Salvador, and Cuba. 17. At what point and when did Vespucci discover the Continent? 18. Where did Ribault, De Monts, and Laudonniere attempt set- tlements ? 19. Where are Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket Island, New Found- land, and Nova Scotia ? 20. When and where did Narvaez land ? 21. When and where did Verazzana explore? 22. When and where did Columbus discover the Continent ? 23. When and where did Raleigh make settlement ? 24. Locate Isthmus of Darien (Panama), Albemarle Sound. 25. Locate Chesapeake Bay, Hudson Bay. 26. Name the four largest of the West Indies. 27. Locate the Bahama Islands. 28. Locate the Bermuda Islands. DISCOVERIES EXPLORATIONS NORTH AIVIERICA Scale of Miles Gosnnld t6( iiieyai teoa ' A ■^Alhemnrel Sd.- ^ , OC5 ■ Augustine Tampa Bay Be Soto Fleet 1539 Tortugas If MEXICO Cnrtn Vessel; 151S ^ ^ % Ouanahani J. ^ Columbus H92 , SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 51 PART II. PERIOD OF SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. FKOM THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH SI ITLEMENT TO THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 1607—1775. 1. The Thirteen English Colonies.— We now come to the history of those Colonies which have devel- oped into the United States of America. They were as follows: The Eastern Co/o7?iV5.— Massachusetts (compris- ing also Maine), Connecticut, New Hampshire (comprising also the territory afterward called Ver- mont), and Rhode Island. The Middle Colo7nes.—New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. The Southern Colonies.— Y\rg\ ma, North Carolina South Carolina, and Georgia. ' SECTION I. HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. JAMESTOWN COLONY. 1. Settlement at Jamestown.— The first perma- nent English settlement in America was James- town, Virginia, situated on the James River.* In _ *The settlement was called Jamestown and the river, James in m honor of the km