'^.^ •%■•=,"*" .jjs '^. 4" s- -^^^ >^ ^ ^ ^^ b 0^ ^> S, .v^-^ V 'S<. ^ 'i ^ << fi ^■r. ■ % ■■./ ■^oo^ v^^ -% \^^x ;^ %%'^' ' -^^.Z' .-^ \: -i^. V *, ''^.<;^ ,/'" '"oo^ , I 1 « ( ^' ^■^- ^5 •^^, ^' '^'s .4 -7*, v).> .<\^ > ^ ^ /> '<^ ft <^ -^ O ,, k "^ a'V O ^ , "^^ V * S 1 A ■> . V .^ x^^ -^^.^ ^^^. l-c ^ vo*" .^)'-' ^ % ■^ r- // 'P .^"^ :V^^ » V^^ ,** 'o^° x-^ .^^\ '^^<^ .^^ -^c^ xO^^, ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION PLATE I /l/?A/y flAffS /^M? S/GmLS 3 4 2' i^ /o // IB u 20 ^2/ ^22 ^23 24 ^ 25 ^26 ^27 u 2S ^^2S ^ JO ^ 3/ m^^ \ /S fQ 33 "^ 34 "^ 35 B 36 XL 11 United States Ar:my Flags and Signals 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Field Army Headquarters. Lantern Used at Night. Infantry Division Headquar- ters. Cavalry Division Headquar- ters. Infantry Brigade Headquar- ters. Division number above, Brigade number be- low. Cavalry Brigade Headquar- ters. Division number above, Brigade number be- low. Artillery Brigade Headquar- ters. Quartermaster Corps and Supply Train. Ammunition Trains and Dis- tribution Points. Field Hospital. Lantern Used at Night. Lieutenant-General's Flag. Major-General's Flag. Brigadier-General's Flag. Hospital Train. Field Am- bulance, Regimental Hospi- tal, Dressing Station. Cavalry Guidon. Regimental nunJjer above. Troop letter below. Artillery Guidon. Regimen- tal number above. Battery letter below. 18. Signal Corps Guidon. Corps designation above, Battal- ion number below. 19. Ambulance Company Guidon. Company Marking Flags. Used to locate the companies in Infantry Regiments. The First Battalion has a red field, the Second a white field, and the Third a blue field. Company A. Company B. Company C. Company D. Company E. Company F. Company G. Company H. Company I. Company K. Compan}^ L. Company M. Signal Flag. wag signals. Signal Flag. wag signals. Signal Flag". wag signals. Field Telegraph, or Tele- phone. Field Post Office. Signal Flag. Used for sema- phore signals. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Used for wig- Used for wig- Used for ivig- m PLATE II 4 8 /7 /S /9 ^^ 24 3/ 42 Details of Uniforms, United States Army Colors of Branches of the Service. 2. Cavalry. Shown on shoulder-straps, 3. Infantry. facings, etc. 4. Artillery. 1. General Officers. 5. Enoineers.- IV 6. Adjutant-GeneraPs Depart- ment. 7. Quartermaster Corps. 8. Inspector-General's Depart- ment. 9. Judge Advocate General's Department. 10. Signal Corps. 11. Ordnance Department. 12. Medical Department. 13. Service Schools Detach- ments. Trouser Stripes for Officers. 14. General's Full Dress. 15. Adjutant-General's Depart- ment, Inspector-Genei'al's Department, Judge-Advo- cate General's Department, Medical Department Full Dress. 16. All Other Officers. Stripe color of branch of service, except Infantry which uses white. Trouser Stripes of Enlisted Men. Stripes color of branch of service, except Infantry ivhich uses white. 17. Sergeant. 18. Corporal. 19. Musician. Collars for Officers. 20. General's Full Dress. 21. All Other Officers' Full Dress. Field color of branch of service. 22. All Officers' Dress. Device showing branch of service. 23. All Officers' Service. Device showing branch of service. 24. All Officers' White. Device shoiving branch of service. Saber Knots. 25. General's Full Dress and Dress. 26. All Other Officers' Full Dress and Dress. 27. All Officers' Service. 28. Enlisted Men. Shoulder Straps for All Officers. 29. Dress. Field color of branch of service. For insignia of rank see PLATE XII. 30. Service. For insignia of rank see PLATE XII. 31. White. For insignia of rank see PLATE XII. Collars for Enlisted Men. 32. Full Dress. Device and pip- ing of branch of service. 33. Service. Button shows branch of service. 34. White. Device shows branch of service. Buttons. 35. Overcoat All Officers. 36. Full Dress and Dress Gen- erals. Full Dress All Other Officers and Enlisted Men Except the Engineer Corps. 37. As Above, Small Size. 38. Service All Officers and En- listed Men. 39. Service Right Side of Collar Enlisted Men. 40. Service Left Side of Collar Enlisted Men. Device shows branch of service. 41. Full Dress Engineer Corps. 42. Overcoat Enlisted Men. PLATE III NAVAL FLAGS AND S/GNALS ^^^pF \p3 VI United States Naval Flags and Signals Secretary of War. President. Secretary of the Navy. Naval Jack. Flown at how of vessel. Admiral. Viee-Admiral. Rear- Admiral. Flag Carried by Naval Land- ing Parties. Naval Pennant. Naval Militia. Commanding Officer De- stroyer Flotilla. 12. Commanding Officer De- stroyer Division. 13. Commanding Officer Sub- marine Flotilla. 14. Commanding Officer Sub- marine Division. 15. Flag for Wig-wag Signals. 16. Quarantine Flag. 17. Revenue Service. 18. Guard and Dispatch Ship, 19. Flag for Wig-wag Signals, 20. Lighthouse Service. 21. Church Pennant. 22. Meal Pennant. 23. Flag for Semaphore Signals. vu PLATE V /o // IHHI 1 g /A /5 ■ !■ 1 L. m 20 i 2/ /2 /6 III 22 /7 23 /S I I 24 /3 W 25 ^26 ^27 ^28 feK 27 u 28 4/ 29 tea iBn 34 ''35 \36 ^^ @ 40 43 Bh^ ^^ J7 J 5,286 Men 137,214 Divided as follows : Officers Men Major Generals of the Line..,.. 6 Brigadier Generals of the Line . . 15 Major Generals of Departments or Corps . . . . . . . . . . .>. 1 Brigadier Generals of Depart- ments or Corps. 11 Departmental or Corps Officers 149 17 Regiments of Cavalry 867 17,255 '36 Regiments of Infantry 1,855 50,633 9 Regiments Field Artillery. . . 387 7,881 Coast Artillery Corps....... ... 715 21,423 Corps of Engineers 201 2,198 Signal Corps 22 1,978 Quartermaster Corps .......... 78 8,000 Ordnance Department . .. . . 28 1,241 , Medical Department 596 . 6,534 Chaplains .i. .i. 37 Porto Rico Regiment. .,...,..,... 32 591 Philippine Scouts 180 5,733 Detached and Unassigned Offi- cers 136 23 ' 24 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Miscellaneous Organizations as follows: Service School Departments. .,. ..... School of Bakers and Cooks. Discipline Barrack's Guards Recruiting Service . Orderlies to General Officers. ...,...,..}- 13,747 Indian Scouts Enlisted men detailed as instructors to the National Guard Unassigned Recruits ................ On May 14th, 1917, the President ordered the forma- tion of 27 new regiments of Infantry, 6 new regiments of Cavalry, 12 new regiments of Field Artillery and all organizations recruited to a war strength. This will bring up the strength of the army as follows : Officers Men Infantry: 64 regiments 3,379 127,985 Calvary : 23 regiments 1,325 37,145 Field Artillery: 21 regiments. . . 897 26,748 With the other units of the army recruited to a war strength the regular army will number 12,000 officers 293,000 men ARMY— STRENGTH 25 Organization at full war strength, officers and men will be as follows: Regiment of Cavalry . .,. . ., i. 1,579 Regiment of Infantry .,. .i. ... . . 2,058 Regiment of Light Artillery 1,337 Regiment of Horse Artillery ,..,... 1,176 Regiment of Mountain Artillery ... 1,081 Regiment of Heavy Artillery 1,222 Regiment of Engineers — . . . . . .,. . . . 1,098 PLATE XII. INSIGNIA— UNITED STATES ARMY 26 ARMY— INSIGNIA 27 Insignia of Rank and Devices, Army Epaulettes, General Officers Dis- mounted. Gold with in- signia of rank in silver. 1. Lieutenant-General. 2. Major-General. Pad and fringe the same as 1. 3. Brigadier General. Pad and fringe the same as 1. 4. Pad for General Officers in the National Guard. Let- ters of state in silver. Shoulder Knots, General Officers Mounted and All Other Of- ficers. Insignia of rank sil- ver, except major. 5. Colonel Full Dress Knot. Other Officer's Insignia for Knot. 6. Lieutenant-Colonel. 7. Major. Gold leaf. 8. Captain. 9. First Lieutenant. Second Lieutenant. Plain knot. 10. Pad for Officers in the Na- tional Guard. Worn on knot above insignia, letters of state in silver. 11. Officer's Cap Ornament. Gold on dress and white cap, bronze on garrison cap. Shoulder Straps. Worn on dress coat by all officers. Color of field depends on the branch of the service. See PLATE II. 12. General. 13. Lieutenant-General. 14. Major-General. 15. Brigadier-General. 16. Colonel. 17. Lieutenant-Colonel. 18. Major. Gold leaf. 19. Captain. 20. First Lieutenant. 21. Second Lieutenant. 22. Chaplain. Devices of Branches of the Serv- ice. Worn in gold by offi- cers on sleeves of full dress ■ coat and on collars of dress and white coats; by enlisted men on collar of dress and white coats. In bronze by officers on service coats and flannel shirts. 23. General Staff. 24. Chief of Staff and Assistant Chief of Staff. If these of- ficers are not detailed from General Staff. 25. Adjutant-General's Depart- ment. 26. Inspector-General's Depart- ment. 27. Judge-Advocate's Deipart- ment. 28. Medical Department. 29. Quartermaster De^^rtment. 30. Engineer Corps. 31. Ordnance Department. 32. Signal Corps. 33. Bureau of Insular Affairs. 34. U. S. Military Academy. PLATE XIII. INSIGNIA— UNITED STATES ARMY WM. mM. MY. 26 ^ Eo ai 27 28 17 18 S^ J /^ 22 23 24 25 29 30 ^BSXS3SZ ^■,,u„,:,„„,r 31 32 28 ARMY— INSIGNIA 29 Insignia of Rank Devices of the branches of the service continued from Plate XII, 1. Cavalry. 2. Infantry. 3. Field Artillery. 4. Coast Artillery Corps. 5. Porto Rico Regiment. 6. Philippine Scouts. 7. Bandsman. 8. Bugler. 9. Electrician. 10. Recruiting Service. 11. Chaplain. 12. Aide de Camps. Number of stars according to rank of general on whose staff the aide is serving: 3 Lieuten- ant-General, 2 Major-Gen- eral, 1 Brigadier-General. Aids to governors of states have state letters instead of stars. 13. Veterinaries. 14. Aviation Section. 15. Dental Corps. Letters. Worn on collar of dress AND Devices, Army coat in gold, service coat in bronze. 16. United States Officers. 17. Officers Reserved Corps. 18. Officers, National Guard, Letters of state. Sleeve Braiding on Full Dress Coat. Device shown in braiding denotes branch of service. 19. Lieutenant-General. 20. Major-General. 21. Brigadier-General. 22. Colonel. 23. Lieutenant-Colonel. 24. Major. 25. Captain. 26. First Lieutenant. 27. Second Lieutenant. 28. General Officer, Dress Coat. 29. All Officers, Service Coat. 30. All Officers, White Coat. 31. General Officer, Overcoat. 32. All Other Officers, Over- coat. Braiding corresponds in number of strands to that on full dress coat. SELECTIVE DRAFT For the temporary increase in the army and navy during the war with the Central Powers the President on May 18th, 1917, signed the Selective Draft Bill. Un- der the provision of this bill all citizens of the United States between the ages of 21 and 30 are registered, but the following are exempt from Military or Naval Ser- vice: Vice-President of the United States. Officers: Legislative, executive and judicial of the United States or the several States and Territories. Eegularly ordained ministers of religion. Students who are preparing for the ministry in recog- nized theological or divinity schools. All persons already in the Military or Naval Service of the United States. Under special conditions the following may be ex- empted from the full service Draft but may be drafted for partial service as the President may designate : Members of a well recognized religious sect or organi- zation at present organized and existing whose ex- isting creed or principals forbid its members from participating in war. If drafted to serve in a non- combatant position. 30 AEMY— SELECTIVE DRAFT 31 County and municipal officials. Custom House clerks. Persons employed in transmission of mails. Artificers and workmen employed in Armories, Ar- senals and Navy Yards. Such other persons em- ployed as the President may designate : Pilots. Mariners employed in sea service by any citizen of the United States. Persons engaged in industries, including agriculture, found to be necessary for the maintenance of the Military or Naval establishment or effective opera- tion of these forces, or maintenance of national in- terests, during emergency. Persons having others dependent on them for support that renders their exclusion advisable. No exemptions or exclusions shall continue when the cause therefor no longer exists. After those exempted have been excluded from the names remaining, a selected draft will be made, each draft in such numbers and at such periods as the Presi- dent may direct. Those men that are drawn will report at the fixed mobilization points for instruction and organ- ization. The number decided upon for the first draft was 500,000 and after such assignments are made to the already existing organization the President may author- ize the organization of such additional units as may be necessary to provide for the number of men in training. 32 AKMY AND NAVY INFORMATION It is estimated that the first draft should add the follow- ing organizations to the Army: 16 Infantry Divisions. 2 Cavalry Divisions. 16 Artillery Brigades. 8 Aero Squadrons. 6 Supply Trains. 6 Ammunition Trains. 6 Telephone Battalions. 22 Field Bakeries. 18 Divisional Hospitals. 70 Camp Hospitals. 10 Field Hospitals. 10 Ambulance Companies, and the necessary men for the Coast Artillery Corps. After the proper organization of the first draft, should the emergency require, such additional draft will be made as the President may designate and after assign- ments have been made to the existing organization to fill casualties, additional units may be organized. When ordered by the President a certain number of those men drafted may be assigned to duty in the Naval and Marine Corps' Service. SERVICE Officers. Officers must be graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point or appoiitted by the President. Cadets may enter the Academy be- tween 17 and 22 years and on graduating are commis- sioned 2d Lieutenants in the different branches of the service. Each Senator, Eepresentative and Delegate in Congress is entitled to have 2 cadets at the Academy at one time. The District of Columbia 4 cadets, and there are 80 appointments at large specially conferred by the President. The President also appoints to the number of 180 specially recommended men from the enlisted soldiers of the army and National Guard and 4 are ap- pointed on the recommendation by the Philippine Com- mission, but the last on graduation are eligible for com- missions in the Philippine Scouts only. All candidates are required to pass a physical and mental examination and for each vacancy three (3) can- didates are appointed : One Principal and 2 Alternates. All take the examinations at the same time and if the Principal fails to pass the appointment goes to the Al- ternate making the highest average of proficiency. Each year after the graduates from the Military Acad- emy have been assigned further vacancies are filled by 33 34 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION ^ appointments by the President from the enlisted men of the Army, the National Guard, or civilians who have graduated from a school or educational institution where military instruction is a part of the course of study. Ap- plications for appointments for conmiissions must be between 21 and 27 years of age and are required to take a severe physical and mental examination. On receiving their commissions they are generally ordered to one of the Service Schools for a course in special instructions before joining the organization to which they have been assigned. Exceptions are sometimes made by a direct appointment from civil life without any of the above qualifications but only for some special reason. In time of war or an enlargement of the Army or for other reasons temporary officers are detailed from the Officers' Reserve Corps. Officers are appointed to this who have served either in the Regular Army or National Guard, are graduates from schools or educational institu- tions where military instruction is a part of the course of study or have creditably attended the Citizens Train- ing Camps under Army control. An applicant for the Corps is required to pass a physical and mental examina- tion before he receives his appointment and on being commissioned is liable to be ordered on active duty at any time his services may be required. Officers of the National Guard in the State Service are conunissioned by the Governors of the respective States after passing the prescribed examination. On entering the Federal Service they do so with the rank they hold. After an organization is in the Federal Service enlisted men are ARMY— SERVICE 35 recommended for commissions and are appointed by the President in the same manner as prescribed for Reserve Officers. Retirement. Officers on reaching the age of 64 years are placed on the retired list at three-quarter pay of the rank in which they were retired. They may be called back to duty if they offer their services in certain emer- gencies but can only serve in administrative positions. An officer after completing thirty years of service may be placed on the retired list at his own request, but is liable to be returned to duty if his services are required and continued in service until he reaches the retiring age. An officer who from wounds or other causes becomes physically disabled and unable to perform his full duty may be placed on the retired list by the recommenda- tion of a Medical Board. On making a complete re- covery he may be returned to the active list by the same procedure. An officer wishing to leave the Army may resign and on his resignation having been accepted by the President he completely severs his connection with the service. Retirements and resignations of officers of the Officers' Reserve Corps and officers of the National Guard when in Federal Service follow the same course. National Guard Officers not in the Federal Service re- sign to the Governor of their respective States and are retired under the same regulation as prescribed for the Army. Enlisted Men. Enlisted men entering the Army, as volunteers, enlist for seven years. Recruits may be en- 36 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION listed from 18 to 35 years of age, and, if enlisted as musi- cians, at 16 years. They must be physically in fine con- dition. After three years of active duty with the colors in time of peace, a man may at his own request be trans- ferred to the Reserve for the balance of his enlistment. During that period he may be called back to the colors at any time in case of war, or great emergency, to serve out the unexpired time of his enhstment. If the country be at war no transfers to the Reserve are made. By special order of the President, in time of war special enlistments may be made for the duration of the war. Enlistments in the National Guard are covered by the same regulations except the period of active duty with the colors in time of peace is three years. Enlisted men are placed on the retired list under the same conditions as officers. INSTRUCTION The United States Military Academy is situated at West Point, New York, and is a school for the practical and theoretical training of cadets for military service. Officers and men for advanced or special instruction may be ordered to take a course at one of the following schools. Army War College at Washington, D. C. For instructions in the highest branches of military lore and special work in connection with the General Staff. Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. For instruction in the duties of the various Staff De- partments. For instruction in various branches as their names indicate : Coast Artillery School, Fort Monroe, Virginia. Engineer School, Washington Barracks, District of Co- lumbia. Cavalry and Field Artillery School, Fort Riley, Kan- sas. Army Medical School, Washington, District of Co- lumbia. 37 38 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Infantky School (School of the Line) Army Signal School Field Engineeeixg School Field Service School for Medical Officers School of Fire, Field Artillery] Fort Sill, School of Musketry j Oklahoma. fSan Diego, California. Signal Corps Aviation Schools J Chicago, Illinois. [ Mineola, New York. Ordnance School of Application, Sandy Hook, New Jersey. 'Washington, D. C. Monterey, California. Schools for Bakers and J Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Cooks Fort Shafter, Hawaii. Fort Riley, Kansas. ARMAMENT Artillery is divided into two classes : Field Artillery and Coast Defense Artillery. Field Artillery is subdivided as follows: Light Artillery: Armed with 3 point 2 (3.2 inch) guns drawn by 6 horses. Officers, Non-Commis- sioned Officers and certain privates are mounted. Cannoniers ride on the gun carriages or caissons. Horse Artillery: Armed as prescribed for Light Ar- tillery. All officers and men mounted for rapid move- ments generally in conjunction mth cavalry. Heavy Artillery: Armed with 4 point 7 (4.7) guns of howitzer or siege type, drawn by 8 horses. Offi- cers, Non-Commissioned Officers and certain pri- vates are mounted-. Cannoniers may ride on the gun carriages or caissons but generally march. Mountain Artillery: Armed with small field guns, field howitzers, or machine guns carried with the extra ammunition and full equipment on the backs of pack animals. Officers and certain Non-Commis- sioned Officers are mounted. All other Non-Com- missioned Officers and men march. Machine Guns: There are several varieties of these guns in use, the best known being the Lewis, Benet- 39 40 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Mecier, and Colt. In transporting them they are carried on pack animals and are in charge of ma- chine gun companies. Coast Defense Artillery: Varies so in its armament that it is impossible to describe it in detail without tak- ing up more space than can be allowed for this subject. The guns vary in size from a caliber of 16 inches to the smallest machine gun, and are so mounted in the vari- ous coast fortifications as may be necessary to obtain the best results in defending them. In addition to the handling of the guns, the Coast Artillery is also given the protection of harbors and channels by the planting and care of mines, submarine nets, and other means of harbor and channel defense. Rifle: The rifle used by all branches of the service so armed is known as the Springfield, from the name of the Arsenal where they are manufactured. Caliber, .30 inches Length, without bayonet, 3.6 feet Length with bayonet, 4.9 ** Weight, 8.6 lbs. Cartridges in magazine, 5 Pistol: All officers, Colt's Automatic Pistols, cali- ber .45. Cartridges in magazine, 10. Enlisted men are gradually being armed with auto- matics, but some branches of the service still carry Colt 's revolvers, caliber .38 and .45. Cartridges in chamber, 5. ARMY— AEMAMENT - 41 Enfield Rifle: The raising of such a large army suddenly completely overtaxed the facility of the Gov- ernment Arsenal to provide it with proper small arms. It was, therefore, decided to procure a certain number of the Enfield Rifles used by the British Army for the immediate equipping of extra troops ; the rifles being so constructed that American ammunition can be used. AVIATION All aviation is directly in charge of the Signal Corps, but officers and men may be detailed from any branch for service in this arm. The number of officers authorized for this work is: 1 Colonel 1 Lieutenant-Colonel 8 Majors 24 Captains 114 First Lieutenants and such a number of enlisted men as may be fixed by the President as their services are required. The organiza- tion in June, 1917, was 4 Aero Squadrons, but the num- ber was to be rapidly increased as soon as the necessary aeroplane and balloons were procured and the officers and men under instruction were ready to handle them. Officers and men while serving with the Aviation Sec- tion are required to participate regularly and frequently in aerial flights and receive an increase of pay of this grade based on their rating for efficiency and the work that they are required to do : Aviation Officers, 25% increase Junior Military Aviators, 50% increase Military Aviators, 75% increase Enlisted Men, 50% increase 42 ARMY— AVIATION 43 It seemed, in the summer of 1917, that Aviation was to be one of the principal factors in bringing the war to u successful termination for the Allies, and every effort was being made to throw into the field of operations as many aerial craft as possible. Some estimates placed the number of aeroplanes required at over 100,000, and on the best authority obtainable it seemed that 25,000 would be rushed into service as rapidly as possible. It was the training of the necessary aviators to make them effective that would take the time, as the machines could be manufactured much more rapidly than the men trained to handle them. The makes of aerial craft are of such a variety that a detailed description must be left to special works on this subject. The principal type of plane is what is known as the fighting plane, built to carry a ma- chine gun of the Lewis type and a man to operate it, in addition to the aviators. The airships in use and being constructed at this time were of the observation type only, and no attempt was made to copy the German Zep- pelins, as their accomplishments have not justified the use of material, labor and expense necessary for their construction. PAY Officers and men are paid monthly. General (as the President, with the ♦ approval of Congress, may decide) Lieutenant-General . .i. i. . . Major-General . . . ........ . . . .. . .,. . . . Brigadier-General Colonel .1. . .,. . . .u .1. . Lieutenant-Colonel ....... .,. . .,. . . . . .,, Major .,. . .1 ,. ... . .> . ... , Captain ., ... First Lieutenant — .. Second Lieutenant . .i $916.87 666.67 500.00 333.33 291.67 250.00 200.00 166.67 141.67 Master Signal Electrician ' Master Electrician . . . ... ., — . Band Leader — , — . . . . . ... .. Kegimental Sergeant-Major . .,. . Eegimental Supply Sergeant. ., Electrician Sergeant, first class. . . . . Signal Sergeant, first class. ., ,. . Post Ordnance Sergeant. Sergeant, Quartermaster Corps Battalion Sergeant-Major, Engineers First Sergeant 44 75.00 45.00 ARMY— PAY 45 Battalion and Squadron Sergeant- Major ,. . .1 , Master Gunner >. . .,. . „ Assistant Band Leader. . .,. . ., „ Electrician Sergeant, second class . . . Sergeant, Engineers, Ordnance, Sig- nal Corps, Band . ... . .>. . . . ..... Color Sergeant ..,..., ,. .,. . .,. . ., Drum Major . . . . . . ..,..., ,. .,. . . Sergeant, Infantry, Cavalry, Artil-' lery. Hospital Corps Supply Sergeant . Mess Sergeant . ... . .,. . .,. . .,. . ., ,. Radio Sergeant ,. . ., ... Sergeant Bugler . ... . .,. . . . .,. . . Stable Sergeant . ...,,. .,. . ... . . . Fireman . ., .1. . .,. . .,. ...... Corporal — ,. . ..... ., Cook s. . .,. . Horseshoer Corporals, Engineers, Ordnance, Sig- nal Corps, Hospital Corps Mechanics, Coast Artillery. ., Privates, Band Corporal, Infantry, Cavalry, Artil- lery Mechanic Farrier Saddler .i. . .1. 40.00 36.00 $30.00 24.00 21.00 46 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION First-class Private 18.00 Private, Hospital Corps 16.00 Privates, excepted were noted above' Company, Troop or Battery Musi- [ 15 . 00 cians ( Officers : There shall be allowed and paid each com- missioned officer below the rank of Brigadier-General, 10% additional to his current yearly pay for each term of five years' service, known as longevity pay. The total amount of this increase shall in no case exceed 40%. Of- ficers receive 10% additional pay per month when serving outside the Continental limits of the United States, ex- cept in the Canal Zone, Panama, Porto Rico and Hawaii. Officers when on aviation duty and when required to participate regularly in aerial flights receive an increase of pay per month, as follows : Aviation Officers, 25% Junior Military Aviators, 50% Military Aviators, 75% Enlisted Men: On reenlisting, a man receives addi- tional pay monthly for each enlistment, figured on base pay as follows: If Receiving 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th $15.00 or $16.00 3.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 $18.00 to $30.00 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 $36.00 to $75.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 ARMY— PAY 47 Additional allowances are made as follows : Holders of Certificates of Merit, $2.00 additional monthly. When detailed for aviation duty and required to par- ticipate regularly in aerial flights, 50 7o additional pay while so serving. When efficient in marksmanship, extra monthly allow- ance as follows : Marksmen and second-class gunners. ... $2.00 Sharpshooters and first-class gunners . . 3.00 Expert riflemen, expert first-class gunners 5.00 Gun Pointers, Gun Commanders, Second- class Observers, Chief Planters, Chief Loaders 7.00 Plotters, First-class Observers, Casement Electricians, Coxswains , 9.00 Additional monthly pay is also allowed the following when performing special duty: Mess Sergeants f^. , $6.00 Hospital Corps Men, when acting as Sur- gical Assistants . . . ..... 6.00 Hospital Corps Men, when acting as Dis- pensary Assistants . . . . . . . . 2.00 Commencing June 1, 1917, and continuing until the termination of the present emergency, the pay of the en- listed men in active service is increased as follows. (The amount figured on base pay.) 48 AEMY AND NAVY INFOEMATION Those men who do not receive over $21.00 a month, $15.00 a month additional. Those men who receive $24.00 to $30.00 a month, $12.00 a month additional. Those men who receive $30.00 to $40.00 a month, $8.00 a month additional. Those men who receive over $40.00 a month, $6.00 a month additional. UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT Ofpicers are required to purchase their own uniforms and equipments and to keep themselves supplied with the required articles at all times. Enlisted Men, on joining, have issued to them the fol- lowing articles of clothing and equipment. In time of peace: 1 Dress Cap 1 Dress Coat 1 pair of Dress Trousers or Breeches 1 Breast Cord White Gloves 1 Garrison Cap 1 Leather Body Belt. At all times: 1 Service Hat and Cord 1 Coat, O.D. Woolen 1 Coat, O.D. Cotton 2 Shirts, O.D. Flannel 1 Breeches, O.D. Woolen 1 Breeches, O.D. Cotton 1 Pair Leggings 2 Pair Shoes 3 Pair Drawers 2 Undershirts 49 50 AEMY AND NAVY INFOEMATION 4 Pair Socks 1 Overcoat 1 Sweater 2 Blankets 1 Half Shelter Tent 1 Cartridge Belt 1 Mess Outfit 1 Canteen Chevrons and Arm Devices, when required 1 First Aid Packet ismou nted Troops: 1 Pack Carrier 1 Poncho Mounted Troops: 1 Pair Saddle Bags 1 Saddle Blanket 1 Set Horse Equipments 1 Slicker. Each individual is furnished with the proper small arms for his respective position and branch of the ser- vice. Each of the articles issued has a rated value, and when a man enlists such articles as are necessary are issued to him and their value charged against what is known as his clothing allowance, amounting to $52.45 the first year, and $25.55 for each succeeding year of his enlistment. This is placed to his credit on the Company Books, and a man is entitled to draw and have charged against this account, not exceeding annually the specified amount, such arti- cles of uniform and equipment that are necessary for him to replace those worn out or lost. If in the judgment of ARMY— UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT 51 his commanding officer, or an inspector, any article is un- fit for use, its owner is ordered to replace it, which re- placement is charged against his account, unless the arti- cle has been damaged in some way for Avhich the owner is not responsible. In this case, on appealing to the proper authority, the article may be condemned and a new one issued to the man without its being charged against him. At the completion of an enlistment a discharged man receives in cash the unexpended balance of his uniform allowance that may be credited to him. Careful atten- tion to uniform and equipment at all times, and its pres- ervation in the best manner possible, sometimes enables a soldier to have quite a balance to his credit on taking his discharge. If a soldier is careless in the care of his out- fit, and expends his annual allowance before the termi- nation of the year, he is required to replace articles of uniform and equipment from his pay. Uniforms will be worn by officers and men at all times when on duty or within the confines of a military sta- tion. In times of peace officers are permitted to wear civilian's clothes when leaving the station limits, and enlisted men, by special permission, when leaving on an authorized furlough. In time of war uniforms are worn by all at all times. National Guard uniforms and equipment conform to that worn by the regular army, except where the letters *^U.S.'' are u^ed in marking, the initial letters designat- ing the State to which the troops belong are substituted. In time of peace uniforms are worn only for military PLATE XIV. INSIGNIA— UNITED STATES ARMY 52 ARMY— INSIGNIA 53 Chevrons and Arjvi Devices, Army Chevrons. Worn by non-commis- 25. stoned oncers. Arm 1. Regimental Sergeant Major. 2. Regimental Supply Ser- geant. 26. 3. Band Leader. 4. Battalion Sergeant Major. 27. 5. Color Sergeant. 6. Assistant Band Leader. 28. 7. First Sergeant. 8. Drum Major. 29. 9. Company Supply Sergeant. 10. Company Mess Sergeant. 30. 11. Master Electrician. 31. 12. Post Ordnance Sergeant. 32. 13. Sergeant First Class, Signal 33. Corps. 34. 14. Sergeant First Class, Med- 35. ical Dept. 36. 15. Signal Electrician, Signal 37. Corps. 38. 16. Sergeant, Quartei-master 39. Corps. 40. 17. Electrician Sergeant. 41. 18. Electrician Sergeant First 42. Class, Coast Artillery Corps. 43. 19. Sergeant, Ordnance Depart- ment. 44. 20. Sergeant, Signal Corps. 21. Sergeant, Medical Corps. 45. 22. Bugler Sergeant. 23. Stable Sergeant. 46. 24. Sergeant. Corporal. Devices. Worn by special men. Sometimes these are combined with chevrons. Master Electrician, Coast Artillery Corps. Engineer, Coast Artillery Corps. Master Gunner, Coast Ar- tillery Corps. Chief Mechanic, Coast Ar- tillery Corps. Fireman. Cook. Mechanic. Farrier or Horseshoer. Saddler. Casement Electrician. Observer First Class. Observer Second Class. Chief Planter. Chief Loader. Gun Commander. Gun Pointer. Plotter. First Class Gunner, Gun or Mortar. Second Class Gunner, Gun or Mortar. First Class Gunner, Mine Company. Second Class Gunner, Mine Company. 54 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION duty. If ordered into the Federal Service they conform to the Army Regulations. Uniforms, insignia of rank, devices, etc., as prescribed by the Uniform Regulation, are shown by the accompany- ing plates. There is, however, certain information which cannot be shown in illustrations, which is noted below\ Officers: The uniform worn by a General will be such as may be prescribed by the President at the time of the appointment. Cocked hats and epaulettes are worn by Generals with dismounted full dress only. Aigulettes (of gold-braided cords) are worn on the right shoulder by the aides to the President and aides to Governors of States, and on the left shoulder by the General Staff, Adjutant Gen- eral's Department, Inspector General's Department, Bu- reau of Insular Affairs, Regimental Adjutants, Aides to General Officers, and Military Attaches when on duty with an Ambassador or Minister. They will be worn at all times on the full dress and special evening dress coats and the dress and white coats when under arms. Officers, when detailed to a Corps or Department, or as aides, will wear the uniform of the branch of the service, substituting for the organization device the device of the Corps, Department, or designation of General's aide to which they may be allotted. When authorized by an immediate Commanding Offi- cer, white mess jackets, with white trousers and shoes, and blanket- or wool-lined overcoats may be worn ac- cording to the climatic conditions of the stations. ARMY— UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT 55 In field service, despatch cases are carried by all Staff OflScers, and map cases may be carried by officers when necessary. Ch^iplains: In conducting religious services, Chap- lains may wear the vestments required by the church to which they belong. Reserve Officers: Officers of the Reserve Corps are only required to be equipped with the complete field uni- form and equipment, substituting on the collar of the coat and shirt the letters '^U.S.R.'' for ^'U.S.^^ They do not wear uniforms except on special occasions, unless ordered into active service, when they conform to the Army Regulations. If a Reserve Officer so desires, he may equip himself with a complete uniform of his rank and branch of the service for use on such occasions as it may be proper to appear in such a uniform. Enlisted Men: Chevrons and devices are worn on both sleeves, midway between the elbow and top of sleeve. All men who have served faithfully for a full period of enlistment will wear on both sleeves of the dress coat, just above the cuff, a service stripe of the branch of the service in which the enlistment was per- formed. For each additional enlistment an additional stripe will be added. If war service is performed dur- ing the time of enlistment, the stripe will be of white, edged with the color of the branch of the service. Blanket-lined overcoats and white duck uniforms are issued to troops serving in stations where the climatic conditions may require them. PLATE XV. SMALL-ARMS AND SHOOTING DECORA- TIONS— U. S. ARMY, NAVY, AND MARINE CORPS ^^fc ^ ^^ <-?ll PISTOL EXPERT 1^ 8 Small-Arms and Decorations for Shooting, United States Army, Navy, and Marine Corps 1. Springfield Rifle and Bay- 2. Enfield Rifle and Bayonet, onet. 3. Automatic Pistol. 56 ARMY— UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT 57 Miscellaneous Information: The medal of honor is worn pendant below the necktie by officers in special evening dress. Medals are worn on full dress coats only. Ribbons only will be worn on all other uniforms. No medals or ribbons are permitted on the overcoat. Organizations, by special permission of the Secretary of War, may add such ornamentations to their band uniforms, as may be approved, provided the general character of the uniform is not changed. Service uniforms are made of both wool and cotton, which are worn according to climatic conditions. For camp and field work officers and enlisted men may lay aside the service coat and perform their duties wearing the authorized olive drab shirt. When this is done, de- vices, insignia of rank, and chevrons are worn on the shirt, as prescribed. If officers and men appear in shirts on ceremonial occasions, or off duty, out of the military limits, a black cravat, tied in a sailor's knot, is worn. Certain organizations of the National Guard are al- lowed, for historical and sentimental reasons, to have a distinctive full dress uniform. These uniforms must be procured entirely at the expense of the organization, and are permitted to be worn only on ceremonial occasions, and are not allowed for any State or Federal duty. Decorations Awarded for Shoot- 4. Expert Rifleman, ing- 5. Pistol Expert. The winning of one of these ^ Sharpshooter. decorations carries with it a monthly extra allowance of ^' ^^^tol Sharpshooter. 'pay, 8. Marksman. TRAINING CAMPS The Secretary of War is authorized to maintain on military reservations in different parts of the country, during certain periods of the year, militar^^ training- camps for the instruction and training of such citizens as may be selected. Aj)plications to attend -such camp is made at such a place and at such a time as may be designated in orders issued by the Department Com- manders in whose Department the camps are situated. Applicants must pass a certain physical and mental ex- amination and to enlist for the entire period of the camp. Officers and non-commissioned officers from the Army and Eeserve Corps are detailed as instructors. On completing a prescribed period of instructions and being discharged, a student, on the recommendation of his Commanding Officers while in camp, is eligible to take the examination for the Eeserve Officers' Corps. In an- ticipation of the large number of officers needed for the new conscripted army, the War Department, on May 1st, 1917, established 16 Training Camps throughout the country, with students numbering from 1,500 to 5,000 at each camp, according to the accommodations. The pre- scribed course of study is 3 months. At the completion of the first course the camps will be recruited again and a second set of students enlisted for another three months and this continued as long as additional officers are required. 58 NATIONAL GUARD The National Guard consists of the regularly commis- sioned and enlisted militia of the various States, organ- ized, armed, and equipped, as provided for the corre- sponding branches of the service in the Regular Army. The National Guard in time of peace is maintained by their respective States, which in addition to the State money expended, receives annually an appropriation and certain equipment from the Government, according to the numbers and efficiency of their organizations. When it is necessary to take the troops of a State into Federal Service, the President may authorize the raising of State Reserve Organizations to take their places for home defense, and also to enlist and instruct recruits, who may be forwarded to the organizations in the field. When this is done men of the National Guard Reserve are ordered back into service in the Reserve Organiza- tions, and may be transferred, if necessary, to the active organization should their services be required there. When in the State Service officers are commissioned by their respective Governors, and are transferred to the Reserve, retired, or resign, accordingly. When in the Federal Service they have the same standing as regular officers and are under the Army regulations. Enlisted Men. Enlisted men, either in the State or Federal Service, are enlisted, transferred to the Reserve, retired and discharged as prescribed for an enlisted man of the Regular Army. 59 PLATE XVI. FIELD EQUIPMENT— U. S. ARMY, NAVY AND MARINE CORPS tFiELD Equipment of Enlisted Men, United States Army, Navy, AND Marine Corps m ARMY—NATIONAL GUARD 61 Enlistment is for 6 years, 3 years with the colors, 3 years with the Reserve. Applicants must be between the ages of 18 and 45, a minor having to have the consent of a parent or guardian. On enlisting a man subscribes and signs an oath which renders him liable to be called into the service of the United States should it be so or- dered by the President in case of war or grave emer- gency. On being mustered into the Federal Service he becomes part of the Regular Army, and is governed by its regulations, rates of pay, etc. Enlisted Men Dismounted. 1. Full Equipment. A. Meat Can Pouch. B. Haversack. C. Bayonet. D. Entrenching Tool. E. Suspenders. F. Cartridge Pocket, open. G. Cartridge Belt. H. Roll. Contains blanket, shelter-tent half, extra clothing. I. Canteen. K. First-aid Packet. Entrenching Tools. Carried by some men in place of tool marked D. 2. Pick-Mattock. 3. Ax. Tools. Carried on belt by men who carry no intrenching tools. 4. Bolo. 5. Wire-cutter. Enlisted Men Mounted. They wear a cartridge belt with canteen and first-aid packet attached. 6. Saddle and Equipment. A. Slicker. B. Roll. Contains blanket, shelter-tent, half, extra clothing. C. Saddle-bag. Contains meat can pouch and ex- tra articles. 7. Holster. Carried by men equipped with automatic pistol. A. Leg-strap. To prevent swinging. Contents of Meat Can Pouch. 8. Bacon Box. 9. Condiment Box. 10. Bottom of Meat Can. 11. Top of Meat Can. 62 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION In times of peace the National Guard is required to carry out certain plans of drills, maneuvers, rifle prac- tise and camp as prescribed by the Division of Militia of Affairs of the War Department. To each State, ac- cording to the size of its National Guard, is detailed a number of regular officers and non-commissioned officers, known as Inspector-Instructors. Their duties are ex- plained by their title and on the reports of these Inspec- tor-Instructors is based the annual money appropriation and the issue of arms and equipment to the different States. Officers of the National Guard on being recommended by their respective Governors may be detailed to take a course of instruction at the Army Service Schools in the branch of the service to which they belong and when detailed for such duty receive the pay of their grade. Strength. The strength of the National Guard as reported on January 1st, 1917, was as under Column A. On May 5th, 1917, all States were ordered to recruit their organizations to full war strength which will make the numbers of each State as under Column B : Column A Colimtn B Officers S Men Officers & Men Alabama 2,557 9,600 Arizona , 920 2,400 Arkansas 915 7,200 California 3,462 9,100 Colorado 828 4,800 Connecticut /. 3,703 4,900 Delaware 461 2,400 AEMY— NATIONAL GUARD 63 Colv/mn A Column B Officers S Men Officers S Men District of Columbia 1,835 2,465 Florida ,..,..,. 1,266 4,100 Georgia 3,084 11,200 Hawaii , 2,641 Idaho 964 3,200 Illinois 6,599 20,300 Indiana ,. ., 2,561 12,000 Iowa 3,400 10,400 Kansas 2,052 8,000 Kentucky 2,422 10,400 Louisiana ,. . ., 1,182 7,350 Maine 1,539 4,200 Maryland 2,192 5,700 Massachusetts , 7,018 12,600 Michigan 3,650 11,000 Minnesota 3,099 8,400 Mississippi ,. 1,156 8,000 Missouri ,...,.., 3,953 14,100 Montana ., 784 3,200 Nebraska 1,617 6,400 Nevada: No National Guard-— Allotment 2,400 to be raised. New Hampshire 1,258 3,200 New Jersey 4,322 9,800 New Mexico 934 2,400 New York 16,323 31,'500 North Carolina 3,054 9,150 64 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Column A Column B Officers S Men Officers & Men North Dakota 790 4,000 Ohio ...... 6,408 16,800 Oklahoma 1,036 8,000 Oregon 1,691 3,500 Pennsylvania 10,151 29,400 Rhode Island ., 1,617 3,500 South Carolina 1,526 6,700 South Dakota .,. 922 4,000 Tennessee 1,747 9,600 Texas 2,905 15,500 Utah 578 3,200 Vermont . ., , 954 3,200 Virginia , 3,005 9,600 Washington 1,448 4,900 West Virginia 1,611 6,400 Wisconsin , ., 3,439 10,400 Wyoming 614 2,400 132,194 297,765 Though for all Federal and State duty the National Guard must be organized, uniformed and equipped strictly in accordance with the regulations, certain or- ganizations whose distinctive uniforms have a historical significance are allowed to wear them for ceremonial pur- poses, provided they are supplied at the expense of the organization and no money provided from the Army or State appropriation is used in their purchase or main- tenance. EXPLANATORY NOTES Airship A dirigible balloon, an aircraft floating in air owing to its being filled with gas, which is lighter than air. Propelled by motors driven by air propellers. Airplane An air craft with wings, which lift it by forcing air downward and supporting itself on the reaction thereof. Propelled by motor driven air propellers. Battalion Parade See Kegimental Parade. The same ceremony per- formed by a Battalion. Barracks Permanent buildings occupied by troops. Billets When troops are quartered in the buildings of a town they are said to be in billets. Bivouac An encampment without tents or covering. Bombs and Handgrenades Small explosive missiles that are thrown by specially constructed guns or by hand. Mostly used in trench warfare. 65 66 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Bugle Calls Reveille: First call in the morning at which the men must arise. Retreat: Sounded at sunset when post flag or regi- mental colors or standards are taken in for the night. Tattoo: Sounded at such hour as may be designated at night, as a notification that the work for the day is done and a warning that all men should return to their quarters. Call to Quarters: Sounded generally one half hour after Tattoo, when all men must be in quarters. Taps: Sounded generally fifteen minutes later when lights are extinguished and absolute quiet must pre- vail. In addition to the above calls there are sounded such calls for mess, drills, ceremonies, and other duties as may be necessary for the day's routine. Camps When troops are quartered in tents. Cantonments Temporary buildings erected for troops. CoLOES AND Standards The National and State or Regimental Flags carried by foot troops are called Colors. By mounted organi- zations Standards. When in regimental formations and a salute is rendered the State or Regimental flag is dropped to the front at an angle of 45 degrees. When not in use they are kept in the Quarters of the Com- ARMY^EXPLANATORY NOTES 67 manding Officer. When in camp colors and standards are placed unfurled in front of the Commanding Offi- cers' tents in fine weather, and are saluted by all indi- viduals or troops passing. Individuals also salute col- ors and standards when they are carried by troops. Should the weather be inclement they may be cased in w^aterproof coverings and when this is done they are not saluted. Commissioned Officek An officer who receives his commission from the Pres- ident, or the Governor of a State. Devices Markings that designate to what branch of the service or organization an officer or man belongs. Escort to the Colors A ceremony performed by a selected company from a regiment or battalion when the colors are brought from the Commanding Officer's Quarters to the organi- zation. Escort of Honor A detail of any body of troops to escort individuals of high military, naval or civil rank. Field Officers Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, Major. Field Bakery An organization supplied with the equipment of field ovens and skilled labor for the preparation of bread on the march. The output of an organized Field Bak- ery Company is about 3,600 loaves a day, per oven. 68 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION When on the march a bakery can deliver bread 6 hours after a halt is made and the equipment put in place. First Aid Packet A part of the Field Equipment of every officer and man — carried on the belt at all times : Content^ 2 gauze bandages, 2 gauze compresses, 2 safety pins. Printed directions for emergency dressings. Furloughs See Leaves. Funeral Escort Troops detailed for funeral duty. If of an officer or man of the Army, the prescribed escort is as follows : Lieut enant-General A regiment of Infantry, a squadron of Cavalry, a battery of Field Artillery. Major-General A regiment of Infantry, a troop of Cavalry, a bat- tery of Field Artillery. Brigadier-General A regiment of Infantry, a troop of Cavalry and a platoon of Artillery. Colonel Regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel or Major Battalion or Squadron. Captain Company, troop, or battery. AEMY— EXPLANATORY NOTES 69 Lieutenants Platoon. Sergeants 14 to 16 men according to his rank, commanded by a sergeant. Corporal 12 men commanded by a corporal. Private 8 men commanded by a Corporal. General Officer A term used in speaking of any officer of General's rank: Guard Mounting A ceremony of the inspection and review of a new guard before it relieves the old guard on duty. The old guard may be, however, relieved in an informal man- ner should the Commanding Officer of the garrison or camp so direct. Identification Tag A small disc of metal worn by every officer and man at all times and on which is stamped his name and or- ganization. Incinerator A specially constructed oven for the disposal of camp refuse. One is generally constructed, of such material as may be obtainable, at each camp kitchen. Inspection A formation under arms when the uniform and equip- ment of each individual is carefully examined by the 70 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION senior present or by a specially detailed o.fficer or non- commissioned officer. Inspection of Quaktees Is made as above when the quarters occupied by troops must be put in thorough o];der and all personal cloth- ing and equipment displayed. Insignia of Rank Markings that designate an officer or non-commissioned officer. Leaves and Furloughs Leaves of absence are granted to officers, Furloughs to enlisted men. Unless under special circumstances they are rarely granted for over 30 days at one period. Permission to be absent from post'!i)r camp for a short period generally not to exceed 24 hours is not consid- ered as a leave of absence or furlough. Line Officers Captain, 1st Lieutenant, 2d Lieutenant. Military Post A general term used to designate a place where troops are quartered. Military Police Their duty is to enforce the police regulations in or near a military post or with troops on the march ; pro- tect the inhabitants, military stores, telegraph, tele- phone, and railway lines from damage and to arrest all soldiers absent from the organizations without proper authority. Mines High explosives placed in harbors, channels, in front ARMY— EXPLANATORY NOTES 71 of trenches or by tunneling under an enemy ^s position. Contact — those that are placed so that they will be ex- ploded by being forcibly struck. Control — those that are placed so that they can be ex- ploded by electricity. Mine Layers Specially constructed vessels of the Coast Artillery Corps for the placing of mines, harbor nets and similar defenses. Muster A formation of an organization to determine the gen- eral condition of its officers and men or for the pur- pose of paying them. For such a formation carefully prepared muster rolls are made out giving the neces- sary details of information required for each indi- vidual. National Anthem Army Regulations y par. 264, prescribes the ''Star Spangled Banner" as the ''National Anthem/^ and it must be played on occasions of ceremony only. The playing of the ''National Anthem '* as part of a med- ley is strictly prohibited. When the ''National Anthem '^ is played, troops under arms render the pre- scribed salute. Officers and men in uniform, but out of ranks, come to attention, bringing the right hand to the position of salute at the first bar of the music and holding it there until the music ceases. Civilians uncover, holding the hat with the right hand on the left shoulder. If indoors and uncovered all stand at atten- tion. 72 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Non-Commissioned Officers An enlisted man who is appointed to office by an order which may be revoked at any time, and the man re- turned to the ranks. Officer of the Day An officer detailed daily who is charged with the execu- tion of all orders of the Commanding Officer relating to the safety and good order of a post. Pay Rolls Carefully prepared rolls of an organization giving such information as is necessary to properly pay off the offi- cers and men ; generally made up monthly. Police The term ^'Police'' in military parlance used (except when preceded by the word *' Military^') to describe those men detailed to do the general cleaning up of a post. Policing is generally done twice a day, and is divided into three details. Company troop or battery IDolice who have charge of the quarters and picket lines of their respective organizations. Kitchen Police who have charge of the kitchen and mess. General Police composed of a detail from each organization of a post, who have charge of all ground within the military limits not covered by the first two. Poncho A square waterproof sheet issued to foot troops so arranged that it can be used as a ground sheet, as a cover for an equipment roll or worn over the shoulders as a protection against rain. ARMY— EXPLANATORY NOTES 73 Pontoon Beidge A temporary bridge supported across a river or stream on boats. These boats and other material necessary are carried on specially constructed wagons in what is known as the Pontoon Train. The boats are either of wood or canvas on collapsible frames. Post Exchange A store established at a post or camp for the sale of refreshments and small articles needed by the soldiers. It is under control of an officer detailed for that pur- pose and all profits derived from sales are divided be- tween different messes of the units of the organization, for the purchase of extras not issued with the Army ration. Provost Marshal An officer detailed to preserve order in the neighbor- hood of a military post or with troops on the march. Should it be necessary for him to have further assist- ance than can be given by the Military Police, he may call for special details which are known as a Provost Guard. Rations Garrison and Field Rations Such articles as prescribed in the Manual of Sub- stance as it is possible to secure and to issue. Travel Rations An issue used by troops under transportation: Canned meat, Hard bread. Soft bread, 74 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Beans, Canned Tomatoes, Jam, Coffee, Sugar, Salt, Condensed Milk. Reserve Rations Sometimes called Haversack Rations, Issued to troops to be carried on the march. Bacon or Canned Meat, Hard Bread, Coffee, Sugar, Salt. Emergency Rations Specially prepared Rations issued for emergencies. They will not be opened, except when ordered by an officer, or in an extremity, and will never be used when any other rations or food is available. The amount of rations to which a man is entitled has been raised to 42 cents a day, and a further increase is contemplated on account of the high cost of supplies. At the end of each month the amount of rations dra^vn by an organization is computed and the amount bal- anced with the ration allowance to which the organiza- tion is entitled according to its strength. An excess of the allowance must be made good from the company fund. If the allowance is underdra^vn organizations receive the amount of savings in cash. These rations' ARMY— EXPLANATOEY NOTES 75 savings become part of the company funds, but can only be expended in procuring for the mess additional ra- tions and luxuries not provided for in the prescribed issue of rations. Officers are not issued rations but are required to pay for their food. If messing with the men of their or- ganization they pay to the mess so much per day for the rations they consume. Relative Rank Army General Lieutenant-General Major-General Brigadier-General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain 1st Lieutenant 2d Lieutenant Cadet Navy Admiral Vice-Admiral Rear Admiral No corresponding rank since Commodore has been abolished on active list Captain Commanders Lieutenant-Commander Lieutenant Lieutenant (Junior Grade) Ensign Midshipman In firing salutes and rendering honors, the officers of the Navy receive the same as those of relative rank in the Army. The duties of non-commissioned officers of the Army and the Warrant and Petty Officers of the Navy differ so that it is almost impossible to grade 76 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION them exactly. Relative rank is generally determined by the relative amount of pay received. Regimental Parade A ceremony performed by a regiment generally at sunset. Review Formation in honor of some individual when the or- ganizations pass before him mth full ceremony. Salutes Salutes vary from those rendered by individuals to the honoring of the saluted party by the firing of can- non. If the salute is given by an individual unarmed, it is made with the right hand. If by an individual armed, or by a body of troops armed, according to the prescribed regulations for the weapons carried in ren- dering honors. This also applies for organizations in ceremonial formations. If the salute is by cannon the following is prescribed : National and President's Salute 21 guns Vice President Foreign Ambassadors \- 19 guns Members of the Cabinet Governors of States and Territories Chief Justice of the United States Speaker of the House of Representatives f 17 guns General Admiral Assistant Secretaries of War and Navy Foreign Envoy and Ministers [ 15 guns Lieutenant-General or Vice Admiral ARMY— EXPLANATORY NOTES 77 Ministers accredited to the United States 13 guns Major-General or Rear-Admiral Charge d 'Affaires Brigadier-General I H guns On July 4th, when saluting one gun is fired for each State in the Union. Salutes by Guard Special honor is rendered by a guard relief off duty at tlie guard house to all general officers, the Commanding Officer of the Post or Camp, and the Officer of the Day On the approach of any of these officers the sentinel on duty at the guard house calls out ^'Turn out the Guard" and gives the rank of the officer to be saluted. The guard turns out and renders the prescribed salute. If the officer to be honored does not wish to have the guard turned out he calls ^' Never mind the Guard '' which the sentinel repeats. ' Scout A man specially selected to obtain information that has the f ollowmg qualifications : excellent physical condi- tion, acute eyesight, a good memory, intelligence to ob- serve quickly, and knowledge of maps and topographv. Signals ^ o 1- . Semaphore Signals The transmission of messages by the use of small red and white flags, one held in each hand. Certain combinations of position and movements denote cer- tain letters of the alphabet and numbers. Wig Wag The name given to flag signals which are made by 78 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION the movement of signal flags to left, right or front of the individual waving it. The telegraphic code is generally used. The waving of the flag to the right of the holder denoting a dot ; to the left a dash, and to the front a space. At night lanterns are used in the same manner Heliograph Signals Are made by the use of mirrors which catch the sun's rays and make a brilliant flash. The telegraphic code is used. A short flash denoting a dot and a long flash a dash. At night a strong light is used which is flashed at short or long intervals as required to denote dots and dashes. Slicker A long oilskin coat issued to mounted troops which can be used for sleeping on damp ground as an equip- ment roll, or as a protection against rain. Staff Officer An officer w^hose duties are to serve as an assistant to an officer above the rank of Captain. Special Staff Of- ficers to a General are known as Aide de Camps. Summary Court Composed of one officer designated by the Commanding Officer of a post or organization before whom men who have had charges preferred against them are brought. The court has the power to inflict penalties for minor offenses, or to determine if a culprit should be sent be- fore a Court Martial. AEMY— EXPLANATOEY NOTES 79 Standaeds See CoLOKs Tents Hospital A large tent held in place by two end, and a cross ridge pole. Used as its name signifies, and also for quarters for Generals and sometimes Field Officers. Pyramidal A square tent held in place by a single pole in the center. Provides quarters, if using cots, for a squad of eight (8) men but can accommodate double that number if necessary. A very easy tent to erect, as it requires only four corner pegs to keep it in place. Conical A round tent supported by a single pole in the center. Will accommodate 16 men sleeping like the spokes of a wheel, heads to edge of the tent, feet to the pole. A very hard tent to erect properly as it requires a large number of pegs to keep it in place. Shelter, generally called Dog Tents Tents carried by troops on the march for temporary shelter. Each man carries a half tent, two of which are laced together to accommodate both men. The tents are held in place at the end by jointed poles carried by the men, or rifles may be used. Wall A tent generally supported by two ends and a ridge pole. Generally used for line officers and the higher non-commissioned officers. Two people are generally assigned to a tent. ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations are used to designate De- partments, Corps, branches of the service, etc., in official papers and as means of designating them in conversa- tion: Adj. Adjutant Aero Sq. Aero Squadron A. G. Adjutant General Am. Ammunition Amb. Co. Ambulance Company Bn. Battalion Brig. Brigade Brig. Gen. Brigadier-General Capt. Captain Cav. Cavalry C. A. C. Coast Artillery Corps C. G. Commanding General C. E. Corps of Engineers Col. Colonel Co. Company C. 0. Commanding Officer Corp. Corporal C. of S. Chief of Staff C. S. 0. Chief Signal Officer 80 ARMY— ABBREVIATIONS 81 D. a Div. D. R. Dental Corps Division Drill Regulation F. A. F. Hosp. F. 0. F. S. R. Field Artillery Field Hospital Field Order Field Service Regidations Gd. Gen. G. 0. G. S. Guard General General Orders General Staff H. A. Hv. A. Horse Artillery Heavy Artillery Inf. I. G. Insp. I. C. Infantry Inspector-General Inspector Inspected, Condemned J. A. Judge Advocate K. P. Kitchen Police Lt. Lt. Col. Lt. Gen. Lieutenant Lieutenant-Colonel Lieutenant-General 82 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION M. A. Mountain Artillery/ Maj. Major Maj. Gen. Major-General M. C. Medical Corps M. G. C. Machine Gun Company M. 0. S. Mounted Orderly Section M. P. Military Police M. E. C Medical Reserve Corps M. S. Mess Sergeant Mus. Musician N. C. 0. Non-commissioned Officer 0. D. Olive drab, used in designat- ing uniform or equipment. May he followed by the words ''Woolen'' or ''Cot- ton'' according to the ma- \ terial. Pon. Bn. Pontoon Battalion P. R. Porto Rico Regiment Priv. Private P. S. Philippine Scouts Q. M. Quartermaster Q. M. C. Quartermaster Corps Q. M. G. Quartermaster-General Regt. Regiment R. 0. Regimental Orders R. S. Recruiting Service ARMY— ABBREVIATIONS 83 S. A. Am. Small Arms Ammunition S. C. Signal Corps Sgt. Sergeant Segt. Maj. Sergeant-Major S. G. Sergeant-General s. s. Supply Sergeant Sig. 0. Signal Officer S. 0. Special Order Sq. Squadron Surg. Surgeon Tel. Bn. Telegraph Battalion U. R. Uniform Regulations U. S. R. Reserve Officers^ Corps ARMY SLANG Bobtail Dischaege. A dishonorable discharge. Bucking foe Okdeely. Preparing uniforms and equip- ment to make a good appearance when an orderly is selected. BuNKiE. A soldier who shares a shelter tent with a com- rade. Coffee Coolee. One looking for an easy job. Dog Tent. Small shelter tent used in the field. Dough Boy. Infantry soldier. Dolled Up. Soldier dressed in his best clothes. Fogy. Increase of pay for long service. GuNNEE. An artillery soldier. Haed Tack. Hard bread or crackers. Hike. A march. K. P. Kitchen Police. A mild form of punishment. K. 0. Commanding Officer. Mule Skinnee. Teamster. NoN Com. Non-commissioned Officer. On the Caepet. Being brought up before an officer to be disciplined. Punk. Soft bread. EooKY. A recruit. Sow Belly. Bacon. Steikee. Soldier who does special work for an officer. Top Seegeant. 1st Sergeant. WiNDjAMMEES. Bandsmeu. Yellow Leg. Cavalry Soldier. 84 NAVY % ORGANIZATION The Navy of the United States is commanded by the President, as Commander-in-Chief, by right of office, and he may nominate, approved by Congress, such officers with the rank of Admiral and Vice-Admiral as he may consider necessary to properly officer the higher com- mands. The administration is in charge of the Secretary of the Navy, who is a member of the President's Official Cabinet. For administrative purposes the following di- visions are made : BuKEAu OF Naval Operations Prepares all plans for National defense for the mobi- lization of the forces and has general supervision of questions affecting the efficiency of the Navy. In charge of the Chief of Naval Operations. BuEEAu OF Navigation Keeps all records, has charge of all correspondence, the issuing of orders, notices, bulletins and official lit- erature. In charge of a Chief of Bureau. Office of the Judge Advocate Is custodian of all legal records and conducts all courts- martial, courts of inquiry, and naval commissions. In charge of a Judge Advocate General. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery In charge of sick and wounded, and the physical and 87 88 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION sanitary condition of the Navy. In charge of a Surgeon General. Bureau of Yards and Docks In charge of all Navy Yards and stations. In charge of a Chief of Bureau. Bureau or Ordnance Supplies all armament, arms, equipment and other fighting material and maintains arsenals and depots for the manufacture and distribution and safe keeping of Naval stores. In charge of Chief of Ordnance. Bureau of Construction and Repairs In charge of the building of all naval vessels and their repairs. Naval Constructor, Chief of Bureau. Bureau of Supply and Accounts In charge of all matters of supply (other than ord- nance), transportation, distribution of funds, payment of officers and men. Paymaster General, Chief of Bureau. Bureau of Steam Engineering In charge of all the mechanical part of naval vessels, construction and repairs, of engines, etc. Engineer in Chief, Chief of Bureau. Hydrographic Office In charge of all charts and inf onuation relative to nav- igation. In charge of a Chief of Office. Bureau of Naval Militia Affairs In charge of all matters in connection with the Naval Militia. In charge of a Chief of Bureau. FIGHTING FORCE The organization of a ship's crew depends so much on the size of vessels that it is impossible to give them in detail in this limited space. The following detail giving the general organization of a battleship will show the duties of the different officers and men which in a general way applies down through the crews of smaller vessels. When assigned for shore service an organization is made as prescribed for Infantry of the Army according to the size of the force, Petty Officers acting in the various grades of non-commissioned officers. If small caliber guns are landed the organization of the artillery is according to special regulations pre- scribed by the Navy Department. When on shore duty, officers and men are armed and equipped as prescribed for infantry. ORGANIZATION OF A SHIP Captaik Commanding Officer. The Commanding Officer of a vessel is always called Captain, no matter what his rank may be. Executive Officer In full charge of the ship carrying out the Captain's instructions. 89 90 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION First Lieutenant In charge of the vessel, its cleanliness and good order. Under his direct command are the Master at Arms, Boatswains, Carpenters, Sailmakers, Shipwrights, Ship Fitters, Blacksmiths, Plumbers, Painters, Printers, and such Yeomen, Coxswains and Seamen as may be necessary. Navigator In charge of the navigation. Under his direct com- mand are the Quartermaster, Signalmen, and such Seamen as may be necessary. Ordnance Officer In charge of all the fighting force and armament. Un- der his direct command are Junior Officers in charge of the Divisions Gunners, Electricians, Turret Captains, and such Yeomen, NAVY— OKGANIZATION OF A SHIP 91 Coxswains and Seamen as may be necessary. Engineer Officer In charge of engines and mechanical power. Under his direct command are the Assistant Engineer Officers, Machinists, AVater Tenders, Coppersmiths, Firemen, Oilers, Coal Passers, Blacksmith and such Yeomen and Seamen as may be necessary. Pay Officer In charge of distributing of all supplies, handling of all money and pay of officers and men. Under his di- rect command are Pay Clerks, Commissary Stewards, Cooks, Bakers, Messmen, and such Yeomen and Seamen as may be necessary. Medical Officer In charge of the health of the men and the sanitary condition of the ship. Under his command are 92 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Junior Medical Officers, Hospital Stewards, Hospital Apprentices. Marine Officer In charge of the Marine Guard, and certain guns of small caliber. Under his command are Junior Marine Officers, Men of the Marine Guard. PLATE XVII. UNIFORMS— UNITED STATES NAVY 1 . Dress. 2. Evening Dress. OiTiCEES, United States Navy 3. Special Full Dress. 93 STRENGTH The strength of the Navy on January 1, 1917, was given as 58,309 officers and men. On May 8, 1917, the President was authorized to in- crease this to full war strength of 150,000 officers and men. The complement of ships and division into classes as noted also dates from January 1, 1917, but this num- ber has been largely augmented by T e acquiring of ad- ditional vessels from the mercantile marine. Full Commission, Januaky 1, 1917 Battleships 14 Armored Cruisers 3 Cruisers 11 Destroyers . ., 38 Destroyers (operating with re- duced complement) 18 Monitors 4 Submarines 38 Gunboats 18 Transports ..,...;.......... . . 3 Supply Ships 4 Converted Yachts 5 Tugs 47 Tenders, Torpedo Vessels 5 Special Service Vessels 13 94 NAVY— STKENGTH 95 In Commission in Reserve Battleships .i. . .i , 20 Armored Cruisers ...... .i 6 Cruisers . . . .i. .i. . .,, . ., ......... 12 Destroyers .......................... 13 Monitors i. .,. 4 Torpedo Boats ., 13 Submarines . ., ,. . . . 3 Special Service Vessels. ......... 6 These vessels are manned by a skeleton crew but are available for immediate service on the ordering into Federal Service of the Naval Militia or Reserve. Out of Commission Battleships . ... . . 3 Armored Cruisers ........... .i 1 Cruisers 3 Destroyers ......... .i ,. . .i. . . . 1 Torpedo Boats 4 Submarines ..,...,.. 1 Gunboats 7 Transports 1 Fuel Ships 1 Tenders, Torpedo Vessels 2 Converted Yachts 9 Special Service Vessels 9 These vessels are at the various Navy Yards and stations and can be placed in commission in a very short time if required. 96 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Under Construction and Authorized Battleships 13 Battle Cruisers 6 Scout Cruisers . ., 10 Destroyers 36 Submarines 100 Gunboats . .,. . . . . .,. ,. . .,. . . . 2 Fuel Ships ., 2 Supply Ships 1 Hospital Ships 1 Ammunition Ships 2 Tenders, Torpedo Vessels.. 3 Repair Ships . ... . .,. 1 Reserve Fleet and Coast Defense Reserve: In time of war or emergency the President may authorize the ac- quiring for the Navy by purchase or other means such vessels of the Merchant Marine as may be necessary to Naval purposes. In the above case the vessels are put in charge of officers of the Officers' Reserve Corps, and the Navy Department is authorized to enlist such men as are required to man them in a corps known as the Coast Defense Reserve. PLATE XYITI. UNIFORMS— UNITED STATES NAVY Officers, United States Navy 1. Service. 2. White Service Uniform Equipped for Shore Duty. 3. Overcoat. 97 SERVICE Officers: OflScers must be graduates of the Naval Academy at xinnapolis, or be appointed by the President. Midshipmen may enter between the ages of 16 and 20 years, and on graduation are commissioned in the lower grades of the Navy according to merit. Each Senator, Representative and Delegate in Congress is entitled to have 3 Midshipmen at the Academy at one. time. The District of Columbia has two Midshipmen, and there are 15 appointments-at-large specially conferred by the Pres- ident and 25 each year from the enlisted men of the Navy. These are recommended by the Secretary of the Navy after a competitive examination. All candidates for ap- pointments as Midshipmen must pass a physical and men- tal examination, and for each vacancy three candidates are appointed, one as Principal and tw^o Alternates. All take the examination at the same time, and if the Princi- pal fails to pass the appointment goes to the Alternate making the highest average of proficiency. On account of the technical knowledge required officers are rarely appointed directly into the regular service by the President, except under exceptional conditions. In time of war, or an enlargement of the Navy, or for other reason, temporary officers may be detailed from the Offi- 98 NAVY— SERVICE 99 cers' Eeserve Corps. Officers are appointed to tliis who have served in the Regular Navy, Naval Militia, who are graduates of naval training schools, or who hold certifi- cates that show they are qualified to hold some marine appointment. An applicant is required to pass a physi- cal and mental examination before receiving an appoint- ment and on being commissioned is liable to be ordered on active duty at any time his services are required. Officers of the Naval Militia, if in the State Service, are Commissioned by the Governors of their respective States after passing a prescribed examination. If in the Federal Service enlisted men are recommended for com- missions and are appointed by the President as pre- scribed for Reserve Officers. Officers reaching the age of 62 years are placed on the retired list at three-quarters of the pay of the grade in which they were retired. They may be ordered back to duty, if they offer their services in times of emergency, but can only serve in an adminis- trative position. An officer, after completing 30 years of active service, may be placed on the retired list at his own request, but is liable to be returned to duty in emergencies and be required to serve until he reaches the age limit. An officer, who from wounds or other causes becomes physically disabled and unable to perform his full duty, may be placed on the retired list by the recommenda- tion of a Medical Board. On making a complete recovery, he may be returned to the active list by. the same pro- cedure. An officer wishing to leave the Navy may re- sign and on his resignation being accepted by the Presi- 100 ARMY AND NA^HT INFORMATION dent he completely severs his connection with the serv- ice. Retirements and resignations of the Officers^ Re- serve Corps, and the Naval Militia when in the Federal Service, follow the same course. Officers in the Naval Militia, not in the Federal Service, are retired and re- sign to the Governor of their respective States. Enlisted Men: Enlisted men entering the Navy as volunteers enlist for four years, between the ages of 17 and 30 years. Boys under 17 may be enlisted for special reasons, but this cannot be done without special permission of the Navy Department. Minors under 18 must have the consent of their parents or guardians, and minors over 18 must furnish a birth certificate or a verified written statement from their parents or guar- dians as to their age. By special order of the Presi- dent, should a state of w^ar exist, enlistment may be made for the duration of the war. Enlistments in the Naval Militia are covered by the same regulations, ex- cept the period is for three years. Enlisted men are placed on the retired list under the same conditions as officers. PLATE XIX. UNIFORMS— UNITED STATES NAVY Enlisted Men, United States Navy 1. Petty Officer, Dress. for Shore Duty. 2. Service Uniform Equipped 3. Dress. 101 INSTRUCTION % The United States Naval Academy is situated at An- napolis, Maryland, and is a school for the practical and theoretical training for Midshipmen for Naval Service. Naval War College: Newport, Ehode Island. CREWS The number of officers and men composing the crews assigned to the various vessels varies so according to the size, armament and duty the vessels are called upon to perform that it is impossible to give the exact com- plement of the different types except in a most general way. The following figures give the numbers of an average crew of each type and are correct enough for the reader to get a general idea of their complement. On a differ- ent duty the assigned crews of the same vessel may vary in a small number, both in officers and men. The crews of the vessels not enumerated in the list can only be estimated according to the size and the duties to which they are assigned; 102 NAVY— CREWS 103 Battleships Super dreadnaught Type 110 Officers, 940 Men, 75 Marines. Dreadnaught Type 95 Officers, 790 Men, 64 Marines. Ordinary Type 75 Officers, 730 Men, 50 Marines. Armored Cruisers and Cruisers 80 Officers, Destroyers 810 Men, Marines according to duty assigned. 14 Officers, 90 Men. ARMAMENT The armament of naval vessels differs so according to the construction of the ship that it would be impossible to give it in detail without enumerating the equipment of each ship separately. These statistics, therefore, only cover the subject in its broadest sense, but are sufficient to give a general idea of the armament of the different class of vessels: Battleships Main Batteries: Four to twelve 6- to 14-inch Heavy Guns. Five to twenty-two large type Eapid Fire Guns. Secondary Batteries: Four to twenty-two Eapid Fire Guns. Two to four Anti-aircraft Guns. Two to four Torpedo Tubes. Armored Cruisers Main Batteries: Four 8- to 10-inch Heavy Guns. 104 NAVY— AEMAMENT 105 Secondary Batteries: Eighteen to twenty-six Rapid-Fire Guns. Two to four Torpedo Tubes. Some equipped with Anti-circraft Guns. Cruisers Main Batteries: Two to fourteen 5- to 8-inch Heavy Guns. Secondary Batteries: Four to twenty-two Rapid-Fire Guns. Destroyers Batteries: Two to seven Rapid-Fire Guns. Two to four Torpedo Tubes. Monitors Main Batteries: Two to four 10- to 12-inch Heavy Guns. Secondary Batteries: Five to seven Rapid-Fire Guns. Gunboats Main Batteries: Four to six large type Rapid-Fire Guns. Secondary Batteries: Four to fifteen Rapid-Fire Guns. Torpedo Boats Batteries: Three to four Rapid-Fire Guns. Two to three Torpedo Tubes. 106 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Submarines The armament differs almost with each one con- structed. In addition to the torpedo tubes, a few small guns are carried for use when operating above the surface of the w^ater. Special Service Vessels These are armed with small guns for protection only, but are not considered as fighting ships. Special Armament In addition to the regular armament, many ves^ sels carry small field pieces and machine guns for the equipment of boats and use of landing parties. Small Arms The small arms, both rifles and pistols, are the same as used by the Army and Marine Corps. PAY Officers and men are paid monthly. Base Pay Admiral . > .$1,125.00 Viee-Admiral ..., 750.00 Eear-Admiral , 666,66 Captain ., 333.33 Commander 283.33 Lieutenant-Commander 250.00 Lieutenant 200.00 Ensig-n ., 141.66 Midshipman 50.00 Boatswains, Gunners, Sailmakers, Pharmacists, Machinists, Pay Clerks $125.00 to $187.50 Mates 93.00 to 125.00 Chief Machinist Mate, Chief Commis- sary Sergeant .,. $70.00 Chief Master-at-Arms, Boilermaker. . . 65.00 Chief Electrician, Chief Yoeman, Hos- pital Stewards , 60.00 Ship Cooks, first class. Machinists, Mates, first class. Coppersmiths.... 55.00 Band Master 52.00 1Q7 108 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Chief Boatswain's Mate, Chief Turret Captain, Chief Gunner's Mate, Chief Carpenter's Mate, Chief Water Ten- der, Turret Captains, first-class Elec- tricians, 1st class Blacksmiths 50.00 Plumbers and Fitters, Bakers, 1st class 45.00 Master-at-Arms, 1st class. Boatswain's Mates, 1st class. Gunner's Mates, 1st class. Quartermasters, 1st class. Sail- maker's Mates, Carpenter's Mate, 1st class. Painters, 1st class. Yeoman, 1st class. Machinist's Mates, 2d class. Electricians, 2d class, Shipfitters, Ship Cooks, 2d class 40.00 Oilers , 37.00 First Musicians . . ., , , 36.00 Master-at-Arms, 2d class. Boatswain's Mates, 2d class, Gunner's Mates, 2d class. Quartermasters, 2d class, Fire- men, 1st class, Bakers, 2d class, Car- penter's Mates, 2d class. Painters, 2d class. Yeoman, 2d class, Bakers, 2d class 35.00 Musicians, 1st class 32.00 Master-at-Arms, 3d class. Coxswains, Gunner's Mates, 3d class, Quarter- masters, 3d class. Electricians, 3d class. Carpenters, 3d class. Painters, 3d class. Yeoman, 3d class. Hospital apprentices, 1st class. Firemen, 2d NAVY—PAY 109 class, Musicians, 2d class. Buglers, Ship Cooks, 3d class. 30.00 Seaman Gunners , 26.00 Ship Cooks, 4th class 25.00 Seaman 24.00 Coal Passers 22.00 Hospital Apprentices 20.00 Ordinary Seamen 19.00 Apprentice Seamen, Landsmen ...... 16.00 Messmen's Branch Cabin and Ward Room Stewards 50.00 Cabin and Ward Room Cooks 45.00 Steerage Stewards . .,. 35.00 Warrant Officers^ Stewards, Steerage Cooks, Warrant Officers' Cooks, Mess Attendants, 1st class .... 30.00 Mess Attendant, 2d class. .,. 25.00 Mess Attendant, 3d class , 20.00 If Not Citizens of the United States Mess Attendant, 1st class . 24.00 Mess Attendant, 2d class ... 20.00 Mess Attendants, 3d class. ., 16.00 Officers : There shall be allowed and paid each com- er-:. missioned officer below the rank of Rear- Admiral, 10 70 increase of his yearly pay for each term of 5 years' serv- ice, known as longevity pay. The total amount of such pay shall in no case exceed 40% of the base pay. All officers on sea duty and on duty beyond the conti- nental limits of the United States shall receive 10% in- crease of pay while so serving. PLATE XX. INSIGNIA— UNITED STATES NAVY 4 >6 17 18 22 ^. 19 23 24 26 27 20 21 ^^ 28 110 NAVY— INSIGNIA 111 Insignia of Rank and Devices, Navy Epaulettes. Worn by all commis- sioned officers. 1. Admiral of the Navy. 2. Admiral. 3. Vice-Admiral. 4. Rear Admiral. 5. Captain. Insignia of Rank. Worn on pad of epaulette and collar of service coat. See PLATE IV. 6. Commander. 7. Lieutenant-Commander. Gold leaf. 8. Lieutenant. 9. Lieutenant Junior Grade. Ensign. Plain pad and col- lar. Department Devices. Worn on arm of epaulette and collar of service coat instead of anchor. See PLATE IV, 10. Medical Officer. 11. Pay Officer. 12. Professor of Mathematics. 13. Naval Constructor. 14. Civil Engineer. 15. Dental Officer. Devices. Worn on collar of serv- ice coat. 16. Chaplain. 17. Chief Boatswain. 18. Chief Gunner. 19. Chief Machinist. 20. Chief Carpenter. 21. Chief Sailmaker, and Sail- makers. 22. Chief Pharmacist, and Pharmacists. 23. Paymaster's Clerk. 24. Mate. Chevrons for Petty Officers. De- vice under the eagle denotes branch to which officer be- longs. 25. Chief Petty Officer. 26. Petty Officer Second Class. 27. Petty Officer Third Class. 28. Petty Officer First Class. PLATE XXI. INSIGNIA— UNITED STATES NAVY AND MARINE CORPS 15 9 16 10 17 W2? 7 11 18 12 19 13 \2U 14 21 O 41 42 ^ 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Devices, NA\Tr and Insignia of Rank and Devices, Marine Corps Specialty Marks. Worn by a 1. Master at Arms. Petty Officer under the eagle on the chevron, by others on the sleeve. 2. Boatswain's Mate, Cox- swain. 3. Quartermaster. 112 NAVY— INSIGNIA 113 4. Blacksmith, Shipfitter. 5. Sailmaker's Mate. 6. Printer. 7. Carpenter's Mate, Phimber, Fitter, Painter. 8. Turret Captain. 9. Gunner's Mate. 10. Chief Yeoman. 11. Yeoman, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Class. 12. Electrician. 13. Machinist's Mate, Boiler- maker, Water Tender, Cop- persmith, Oiler. 14. Hospital Steward, Hospital Apprentice. 15. Bandmaster, Musician. MARINE Epaulettes. Gold with rank in- signia in silver. Worn by all officers, except staff' de- partments, in special full dress. 27. Major-General. Insignia of Rank. On arm of epaulette, shoulder knot and strap. 28. Brigadier-General. 29. Colonel. 30. Lieutenant-Colonel. 31. Major. Gold Leaf. 32. Captain. 33. First Lieutenant. Second Lieutenant. Plain epaulette, knot and strap. 34. Shoulder Knots. Worn hy all officers except staff de- partments, in full dress. Gold with rank insignia in silver. 16. Commissary Steward. 17. Ship Cook, Baker, Officer's Cook, Officer's Steward. 18. Bugler. 19. Seaman Gunner. 20. Gun Pointer. 21. Radio Operator. 22. Navy E. Worn by such men as have been rated "Excellent" in some ship competition. 23. Torpedo Man. 24. Gun Captain. 25. Ex Apprentice. 26. First Class Gun Pointer. When worn above regular mark. CORPS. 35. Shoulder Kjiots. Worn by staff departments. Device of department below rank in- signia. 36. Adjutant and Inspector's Department. 37. Quartermaster Department. 38. Paymaster Department. 39. Aide de Camp. Chevrons. Worn by non-commis- sioned officers. 40. Gun Pointer. 41. Sergeant Major. 42. Band Leader. 43. Quartermaster Sergeant. 44. Sergeant, Paymaster De- partment. 45. Drum Major. 46. Gunnery Sergeant. 47. Fii-st Sergeant. 48. Sergeant. 49. Corporal. 114 ARMY AND NAVY INFOEMATION Enlisted Men: On reenlisting, an enlisted man re- ceives $5.00 a month additional pay on his first reenlist- ment and $3.00 additional to his pay on all subsequent reenlistments. Extra allowances are also made as follows: Holders of good conduct medals, 75c a month and an additional 75c a month for each bar. Special allowances are also to be made for Marksman- ship, Gunnery, Special Service in Submarine and in Avi- ation Service, the amounts of which were, in July, 1917, under consideration by the Secretary of the Navy. Commencing June 1, 1917, and continuing until the ter- mination of the present emergency, the pay of enlisted men in active service is increased as follows — the amount figured on base pay: Those men who do not receive over $21.00 a month, $15.00 additional per month. Those who receive $24.00 to $30.00, $12.00 a month additional. Those who receive over $40.00, $6.00 a month addi-- tional. UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENTS Officeks are required to purchase their own uniforms and equipments and to keep themselves supplied with the required articles at all times. Enlisted Men receive on joining a clothing and equip- ment issue and a uniform allowance in the same manner as prescribed for the Army. This issue varies so accord- ing to the particular service to which a man is detailed that it is impossible to enumerate it here. Uniforms will be worn by officers and men at all times when on shipboard or within the confines of a naval sta- tion. In times of peace officers are permitted to wear civilian 's clothes when going ashore or leaving the station limits, and enlisted men only by special permission when leaving on an authorized furlough. In time of war uni- forms are worn at all times. The Naval Militia uniforms and equipment conform to those worn by the Kegular Navy, except where the star is used as a rank designation on sleeve or shoulder-strap it is surrounded by a circle. Uniforms, insignia of rank, devices, etc., as prescribed by the uniform regulations, are shown in the accompanying plates. There is, how- 115 116 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION ever, certain information which cannot be shown in illus- tration, which is noted below. Officers: Aiguillettes (of gold and black cord) are worn on the left shoulder by aides to the President and aides to the Governors of States ; and on the right shoul- der by the personal staff of Flag Officers, Aides to Com- mandants and Naval Attaches when on duty with an Am- bassador or Minister. They will be worn at all times on the full dress and social full dress coats and on the serv- ice white coats, and overcoat when on duty. Reserve Officers: Officers of the Reserve Corps and Coast Defense Reserve are required to have the service and white uniforms only, but may equip themselves with a complete uniform, if they so desire, for use on such occasions as it may be proper to appear in such uni- forms. Uniforms are not worn by Reserve Officers, ex- cept on duty, unless ordered into the Federal Service, when they conform to the Naval Regulations. Enlisted Men: Chevrons and arm devices are worn on the arm just above the elbow. All men who have served a full period of enlistment will wear on his dress shirt, just above the cutf, a service stripe of red cloth. For each additional term of enlistment an additional stripe is added. Miscellaneous Information: Medals are worn by offi- cers on full dress coats at all times and by men on the dress shirt on occasions of ceremony. The Medal of Honor is worn pendant below the necktie by officers in social full dress. Ribbons only will be worn on all other uniforms. No medals or ribbons are permitted on the NAVY— UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENTS 117 overcoat. Officers and men on land duty when organ- ized as prescribed for infantry of the Army wear the regular equipment as prescribed for troops. No khaki or olive-drab colored uniforms are prescribed for the Navy, but one is contemplated. On certain land service recently that the Navy was required to perform, the white uniforms worn made a conspicuous target for the enemy. The experiment was tried with success of soak- ing the uniforms in coffee before using, which gave them the required inconspicuous color. NAVAL MILITIA The Naval Militia consists of the regular commissioned and enlisted militia of the various States, organized, armed and equipped for the corresponding branches of the service in the Eegular Navy. The Naval Militia in time of peace is maintained by the respective States, which in addition to State money expended receives an- nually an appropriation and certain equipment from the Government according to the numbers and efficiency of their organization. When in State service officers are commissioned by their respective Governors, and are transferred to the retired list or resign accordingly. When in the Federal Service they have the same stand- ing as regular Naval Officers and are under the Naval Regulation. Enlisted Men : Enlistment is for 3 years, for men of from 18 to 35 years of age. Enlisted men either in State or Federal Service are enlisted, retired and discharged as prescribed for enlisted men of the Regular Navy. The Navy Department supplies to the different State organizations war vessels that are out of Government commission but are kept in commission by the Militia 118 NAVY— NAVAL MILITIA 119 and used for headquarters and training purposes. In time of peace the Militia are required to carry out cer- tain plans of drills, maneuvers, rifle practise and cruises, either in their own vessels or as part of the crews of regular vessels in Government Conmiission, as may be prescribed by the Bureau of Naval Militia Affairs. Offi- cers from the Regular Navy are detailed to the various States having a Naval Militia and on their reports as to efficiency depends the annual appropriation and issue of equipment. The uniform of the Naval Militia is the same as pre- scribed for the Regular Navy, except that the officers wear with their designation of rank a gold star in a cir- cle of narrow gold cord. Strength : Twenty-four States and Territories main- tain a Naval Militia, the strength of which on January 1, 1917, was given as in Column A. In April all States were ordered to recruit their organization to full war strength, which will bring the numbers in each State as in column B: Column A Column B California 887 1,300 Connecticut , 388 700 District of Columbia 201 400 Florida 281 700 Hawaii 1 Illinois 561 2,900 Louisiana ,. . 296 650 Maine 172 600 120 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Column A Column B Maryland 194 700 Massacliusetts 748 1,800 Michigan 496 1,000 Minnesota 439 1,200 Missouri 228 300 New Jersey 442 1,400 New York 1,498 4,500 North Carolina 210 450 Ohio 294 2,400 Oregon 192 500 Pennsylvania 163 10,000 Rhode Island 204 500 South Carolhia 210 500 Texas 54 500 Washington 324 700 Wisconsin 82 8,517 24,700 EXPLANATORY NOTES Battleship Heavily armored carrying heavy guns. A fighting ves- sel. Sometimes designated Dreadnaughts or Super- dreadnaughts to classify their armor and armament. Ckuisees Less heavily armored, carrying lighter guns and ca- pable of high speed. Destkoyeks Are not armored, carry guns of small caliber, are very fast and the scout vessels of the Navy. Divisions Fleet or Flotilla Divisions If the size of a fleet or flotilla is very large it may be divided into divisions, in which case each division is under its own division commander, who transmits to the vessels the instructions of the fleet or flotilla commander. Ship Divisions The fighting force of a ship is divided in divisions in size and the armament. A Division corresponds in a general way to a Company in the Army, is com- manded by commissioned officers with the proper complement of Junior and Petty Officers for its or- ganization. 121 122 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Flag Lieutenant An officer serving on the staff of a Flag Officer as his personal aide. Flag Officer An officer who is entitled by his rank to have his pres- ence designated by a flag. Fleet A number of vessels sailing and maneuvering under one commander. Generally applied to vessels of the larger classes. Flotilla The name generally given to a fleet of vessels of the smaller classes — destroyers, torpedo boats and sub- marines. Hydeo Aekoplane An aeroplane designed to use and alight on the water. Sometimes called a Seaplane. Hydroplane A fast motor boat with a specially designed bottom, which skims along the surface of the water. Mother Ship A name given to a vessel that may accompany destroy- ers, torpedo boats and submarines for the purpose of carrying such surplus supplies and stores which they may need for long cruises and which their limited size prevents them from carrying on board. Officer of the Deck The officer who is on duty and is for the time being NAVY— EXPLANATORY NOTES 123 in charge of the ship. This duty is continuous and is divided among those officers whose positions rank them as watch officers. QuABTER Deck Part of the deck that may be defined by the Command- ing Officer of the vessel. Its limits embrace so much of the main or other appropriate deck as is necessary for the proper conduct of official and ceremonial func- tions. Relathte Rank : See under Explanatory Notes, Army. Salutes: See under Explanatory Notes, Army. Special honors are rendered by the dipping of the ship's colors. On coming on board a ship those en- titled to a salute by cannon are received at the gang- way by a guard of honor known as Side Boys. Their numbers are as follows: For those entitled to a salute of 15 guns or more, 8 boys. For those saluted with 13 or 11 guns, 6 boys. All officers and men whenever reaching the quarter- deck from the shore or from another part of the ship salute the National Ensign. When making the salute they stop and face the colors. Signals SemapJiore: The transmission of messages by the use of small red and yellow flags or a specially constructed machine on which lights are placed at night. Certain combinations of the positions of the flags and arms of 124 AEMY AND NAVY INFOEMATION the machine denote certain letters of the alphabet and numbers. Wig Wag: The name given to flag signals which are made by movement of a signal flag to the right and left or front of the individual waving it. The telegraphic code is generally used. The waving of the flag to the right of the holder denoting a dot — to the left a dash and to the front a space. Flag Signals : Made by colored flags which denote let- ters and numbers, hoisted one above the other on a mast so they can be readily read. Night Signals: At night letters and numbers are made by certain combinations of colored lights, as well as the colored semaphore lights. These flashing lights (Ardois Lights) are generally known in the Navy as ^^ Winking Johnnies." Searchlight: Signaling is also done at long range by the rays of searchlights. Certain movements of the ray and flashing or shutting off of the light, denoting- certain letters and numbers. Submarines A vessel that can travel under as well as on the surface of the water. "When submerged the boat is maneuvered by use of a periscope, a vertical, prismatic telescope of very small diameter, which projects but a few feet above the surface and can only be distinguished at a short distance. NAVY— EXPLANATORY NOTES 125 In order to submerge water is permitted to run into large tanks in the bottom of the boat and the water is forced out by powerful pumps when it is desired to come to the surface. Diving rudders are used to hasten the process. Each submarine is provided with steel cylinders of compressed air which is gradually liber- ated for the use of the crew when submerged. Special Customs The starboard gangway is used by commissioned offi- cers and their visitors only. The port gangway is used by all other persons. In entering a boat the junior goes first and other officers follow in order of reverse rank. In leaving a boat the senior goes first. The commanding officer of a vessel always takes his meals in private unless some officers are invited to be his guests. He does not take a meal at any of the vari- ous ship's messes unless specially invited to do so. When boats or launches are going in the same di- rection an inferior does not pass a superior unless he has the latter 's permission to do so. When approaching a landing or vessel the inferior gives way to the su- perior. When boats or launches are approaching from opposite directions the rule is to pass to the right. When the President, the Ruler of a foreign power or those members of the Cabinet entitled to a distinc- tive flag are visiting a vessel, the proper flag is dis- played at the main during the period they are on board. If saluting a foreign power, the flag of the country sa- luted is displayed in a like manner. 126 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Torpedo Boats Small, swift boats armed with torpedoes. Tbain The name given to those auxiliary vessels, Repair, Fuel, Hospital, etc., that may accompany a fleet or flo- tilla. Watches The guard duty on board of ship is known as watches, which are generally divided into terms of four hours' duration. MARINE CORPS ORGANIZATION The United States Marine Corps is an independent branch of the military service, and though under the di- rection of the Navy Department, may be detailed by or- der of the President for service with the Army. The duties assigned to the Marine Corps are to garrison the Navy Yards and Naval Stations and the defenses erected for their protection. To furnish to all battleships and cruisers and other vessels, when necessary, a detachment for guard duty and also to assist in the handling of the ships ' guns. A mobile force is also always held in readi- ness at the Marine Barracks as the first line for foreign service when the occasion may arise. The Corps is or- ganized as prescribed for Infantry and Artillery (serv- ing dismounted) in the Army Regulations. Officers and men wear the same designating rank as the army with some slight exceptions, and are armed with the service pistol and rifle. The corps is commanded by a Major-General and the Administrative Departments are as follows: Adjutant and Inspectok^s Department Keeps all records and has charge of correspondence, the issuing of orders, notices and bulletins and official literature. Exercises general supervision over all mat- 129 130 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION ters of efficiency, conduct and discipline, condition of uniforms, equipment, supplies and expenditure of pub- lic money. In charge of an Adjutant and Inspector General. QUABTEKMASTER^S DEPARTMENT In charge of all matters of supply and transportation. In charge of a Quartermaster-General. Pay Department In charge of the distribution of funds and payment of troops. In charge of a Paymaster General. PLATE XXII. UNIFORMS— UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS Officers, United States Marine Corps 1. Special Full Dress. 3. Field Service. 2. Undress. 131 STRENGTH The strength of the Marine Corps on January 1, 1917, was 15,627 officers and men. On May 8, 1917, the President was authorized to in- crease this number to full war strength of 30,000 officers and men. SERVICE Officers : Officers are appointed from midshipmen of the Naval Academy who may select this branch of the service on graduation, or by the President from wor- thy non-commissioned officers or directly from civil life. Appointees must be between the ages of 21 and 25 years and are required to pass a physical and mental exami- nation before they can be commissioned. Officers are retired and resign as prescribed for officers of the Navy. Enlisted Men: The term of enlistment is 4 years. Applicants can be between the ages of 18 and 35 years and must pass a certain physical and mental examina- tion. A minor must have the consent of a parent or guardian. Enlisted men are discharged and retired as prescribed for the enlisted men of the Navy. 132 PAY Officers and men are paid monthly Major-General $666.60 Brigadier-General 500.00 Colonel 333.33 Lieutenant-Colonel 291.67 Major 250.00 Captain 200.00 1st Lieutenant 166.67 2d Lieutenant 141.67 Band Leader 75.00 Musician, 1st class 60.00 Musician, 2d class 50.00 Sergeants, 1st Sergeants . . . . \ Sergeant's Major Quartermaster 45.00 Drum Majors, Gunnery Sergeants Sergeant 30.00 Corporal 21.00 Private, Drummer, Trumpeter 16.00 There shall be allowed and paid each officer below the rank of Brigadier General 10% additional of his current yearly pay for each term of five years' service. The total amount of such increase shall in no case exceed 40%, This is known as Longevity Pay. 133 134 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION While on service outside the Continental limits of the United States, officers receive 10% additional pay while so serving. Enlisted Men : On reenlisting, an enlisted man re- ceives $4.00 a month additional for each reenlistment up to and including his 7th. Extra allowances are also made as follows : Holders of good conduct medals 75c, a month and an additional 75c. a month for each additional bar. For efficiency in marksmanship, monthly Marksman $2.00 Sharpshooters 3.00 Expert Riflemen 5.00 The same increase in pay for the war as applicable to the Army and Navy also applies to the Marine Corps. PLATE XXIII. UNIFORMS— UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS Enlisted Men, United States Marixe Coups 1. Overcoat. 3. Dress. 2. Field Service. 135 UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT Officees are required to purchase their own uniforms and equipments and keep themselves supplied with the required articles at all times. Enlisted Men receive on joining a clothing and equip- ment issue and a uniform allowance in the same manner as prescribed for the dismounted troops of the Army, omitting the breast cord and adding an additional white body belt. White uniforms, also, are a part of the regu- lar issue and not issued only to troops going to tropical climates. Uniforms will be worn by officers and men at all times on board ship or within the confines of a naval station. In times of peace officers are permitted to wear civilian's clothes when going ashore, or leaving station limits, and enlisted men, by special permission, when leaving on an authorized furlough. In time of war uni- forms are worn at all times. The organization of the Naval Militia in some States includes marines. They wear the prescribed uniforms of the Eegular Corps. The wearing of insignia of rank — chevrons, devices, medals, ribbons, aiguilettes, are as prescribed for the army. Officers of the Marine Reserve Corps are required to have the undress service and white uniforms and equip- ments only. They do not wear uniforms, except on spe- cial occasions, unless ordered into the Federal Service, when they conform to the Marine Eegulations. 136 NURSES CORPS (FEMALE) ARMY AND NAVY Consists of Superintendents for two branches of the Service appointed respectively by the Secretaries of War and Navy. They must be graduates of a hospital train- ing school and must pass a required examination. Such enlisted nurses as may be required are appointed by the Surgeons General of the Army and Navy. Appointees must be graduates of a hospital training school, and be- fore receiving an appointment must pass a mental and physical examination. Monthly Pay Superintendent , $150.00 Nurses 50.00 with $5.00 a month increase for each three years of service. When a nurse is in charge of a hospital she is known as a Matron and receives $10.00 a month extra pay while so acting. 137 FOREIGN ARMIES AND NAVIES INTRODUCTION With the various changes the present war has brought about and the uncertainty as to the truth of the general information obtainable, it is impossible to give any sta- tistics in regard to the armies and navies of the belliger- ent powers that would be positively authentic. In com- piling the following the author has taken the informa- tion given from several sources (all of which differ), and has done the best to strike an average that he trusts, if not exactly accurate, will be near enough to give the reader a general idea of the relative strength of the dif- ferent land and sea forces. The estimates were made as for January 1, 1917. Naval vessels, except submarines, conform in a gen- eral way to the same types in the American Navy and have approximately similar armament and crews. As to submarines, their development has been such that even the most expert naval authorities find it difficult to keep in close touch with the subject. 141 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY Aemy: Estimated number of men under arms, 3,000,000. Rifle : Manlicher. Field Uniform: A bluish gray, known as cadet gray, and almost identical with the color worn by the cadets at the Military Academy at West Point and various mili- tary schools in this country. It is extremely serviceable and blends well with the rocky backgrounds of the moun- tainous frontiers along which the army is generally called to operate. The coats are held in place with hooks or buttons concealed by a fly and the fastenings are not visible. Branches of the service and organizations are desig- nated by color or combinations of color shown in patches on the collar. Almost every organization has its dis- tinctive patch, and these patches are so varied, and of such a number that it is almost impossible, even for those actually in the service, to familiarize themselves with more than those of the organizations with w^hich they come into immediate contact. Medals and decorations are freely awarded and may be worn on the uniform on certain occasions; at other times the ribbons are substituted. 142 PLATE XXIV. UNIFORMS— AUSTRIAN, TURKISH AND BULGARIAN ARMIES Field Service Uniform, Austrian, Turkish, and Bulgarian Armies 1. Austrian Infantry. 3. Bulgarian Infantry. 2. Turkish Infantry. 143 144 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Navy Battleships, 15 Cruisers, 12 Destroyers, 18 Torpedo Boats, 63 Submarines, no record. Naval Bases: Cattero, Pola, Trieste — all on the Adri- atic. PLATE XXV. UNIFORMS— BELGIAN AND ITALIAN ARMIES Field Service Uniform, Belgian and Italian Armies 1. Belgian Infantiy. 3. Italian Infantry. 2. Belgian Officer. 145 PLATE XXVI. INSIGNIA— BELGIAN ARMY ['A',",',v..j.v.'.'q /,V/,-',7V,''V,'r h'^r.'TTrjrrrri ^ 'r::uiJi'22;:jA \'i::;m777r7ri V/77777Tr77mA 10 11 12 15 n 15 17 21 25 26 Insignia of Rank and Devices, Belgian Army Insignia. Worn on collars. 3. Colonel. 1. General of Division. 4. Lieutenant-Colonel. 2. General of Brigade. 5. Major. 146 BELGIUM Army: Estimated number of men under arms, 350,- 000. Rifle: Mauser. Field Uniform: At the beginning of the present war the army had no field service uniform and had made only minor changes in many years in the style and colors of the uniforms worn. In 1914, when mobilized for the war, they went into the field in heavy leather, brass-mounted shakos, high bearskin busbys, braided and gaudily trimmed coats of conspicuous colors, the officers easily distinguished by their shining gold epaulettes and equip- ment. Well as the Belgian army did at the time of the 6. Commandant. Three stars 13. Quartermaster Sergeant. gold. 14. Sergeant. 7. Captain. Two stars gold, 15. Corporal. one silver. Devices. Worn on collar or arm. 8. First Lieutenant. 16. Grenadier. 9. Second Lieutenant. Star in 17. Engineer. gold. 18. Balloonist. Adjutant. One star in sil- 19. Railway Regiment. ver. 20. Pontoonier. Chevrons. Worn hy non-commis- 21. Cyclist. sioned officers. 22. Bandsman. 10. First Sergeant Major. 23. IMotor Corps. 11. Sergeant Major. 24. Aviator. 12. First Sergeant. 25. Interpreter. 26. Medical Service. 147 148 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION German invasion, there is no doubt that they would have accomplished much more, and their casualties would have been much smaller had they been less conspicuous in the field. This great fault was remedied as soon as possible and the army uniformed and equipped in khaki- colorcv^ clothing, almost the same as the British, but fol- lowing more the French lines in cut. The grades of the officers and non-commissioned offi- cers correspond in a general way to the French service, except that there is the commissioned officer, known as the Commandant, who ranks between a Major and Cap- tain. The position and duties of a company adjutant are as explained for the French army. Navy: Belgium has no navy. BULGARIA Akmy: Estimated number of men under arms, 400,- 000. Rifle : Mannlicher. Field Uniform: The Bulgarian field service uniform follows the Kussian in material, cut and equipment so closely that previous to the present war, unless one was familiar with minor details, it was almost impossible to distinguish them apart. If any changes have been made recently, no information in regard to them is obtainable. Navy : Bulgaria has no navy. 149 FRANCE Army : Estimated number of men under arms, 4,000,- 000. Rifle : Lebel. Field Uniform: Though the French army had been experimenting with field service uniforms for many years, no definite decision had been reached in 1914, and the troops entered the war with the blue coats, red trou- sers and conspicuous head-gear that differed little from the Franco-German war period of 41 years before. There is no doubt that this was the cause of much unnecessary loss of life, and as rapidly as possible the troops were equipped with a field service uniform. For the home troops a grayish blue cloth was selected, which was con- sidered the most effective for the country in which the armies were operating. For the colonial troops, whose service might be in other surroundings, the khaki color, as worn by the British, was adopted. The general cut of the uniforms conformed to those worn when the war began, but all unnecessary braiding, insignia of rank, devices, etc., were abolished, and the marks necessary to designate rank and organizations were the simplest possible. As a part of the new field 150 PLATE XXVII. UNIFORMS— FRENCH ARMY Field Service Uniform, French Army 1. Cavalry. 3. Infantry. 2. Officer. Off-duty Uniform. 151 PLATE XXVIII. INSIGNIA— FRENCH ARMY 1^ T^^iir ^ 10 c;^*^ 11 IIIIHHIII ^ 12 13 14 15 ^ 16 S 17 18 19 1 4) ._ 20 0O> 21 22 S ■Cs & 25 24 25 26 27 28 Insignia of Rank and Devices, French Army Insignia. Worn on arm just 2. General of Division. above cuff. 3. General of Brigade. 1. General. 4. Colonel. 152 ARMIES AND NAVIES— FRANCE 153 (Service equipment the troops of the fighting force were i issued steel helmets as a protection against shrapnel bul- lets. This innovation proved so effective that similar i helmets have been adopted by Belgians, British, Germans ;and Italians. The grades of the officers and non-commissioned offi- icers correspond nearer to those of our own army than any other nation, except in grade of Adjutant. In addi- tion to the regimental commissioned officer of that rank, there is one to each war strength company. He occu- pies a position between a commissioned and a non-com- 5. Lieutenant-Colonel. Chevrons of colored cloth. 6. Major. 16. First Class Private. Chev- 7. Captain. ron of colored cloth. 8. Lieutenant. Collar Patches of Branches of 9. Sous Lieutenant. Service. 10. Trench Chevrons. Worn hy both officers and men on Braid and numb mental color. er of regi- the arm above the elbow. 17. Cuirassiers and Dragoons. One chevron denotes a 18. Hussars and Horse Chas- year's service at the front, seurs. each additional chevron six 19. Infantry. months' additional service. 20. Foot Chasseurs. 11. Collar Device of General 21. Artillery. Staff. 22. Aviation Corps. Chevrons. Worn by non-commis- 23. Zouaves. Wear khaki in- sioned officers. stead of blue. 12. Adjutant. Band of black and gold braid. 24. Spahis. Wear stead of blue. khaki in- 13. Sergeant Major. Chevron Arm Devices. of gold braid. 25. Aviation Corps. 14. Sergeant, Chevron of gold 26. Pioneer. braid. 27. Bandsman. 15. Corpora] or Brigadier. 28. Trumpeter. 154 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION missioned officer, and performs certain duties and has certain privileges that have no exact counterpart in our service. The French are very proud of their medals and though regulations prescribe the wearing of ribbons on the field service uniforms, it is not strictly enforced and both offi- cers and men are inclined to wear their decorations and medals on every occasion and particularly so when away on leave. Navy Naval Bases: Toulon. Battleships, 30 Cruisers, 27 Gunboats, 7 Destroyers, 87 Torpedo Boats, 159 Submarines, 76 Brest, Cherbourg, Lorient, RochefofF, # GERMANY Army : Estimated number of men under arms, 7,000,- 000. Rifle : Mauser. Field Uniform: For many years previous to the pres- ent war Germany has been experimenting in field uni- forms, the present one of field gray being finally adopted about 1906. The entire army was then equipped, but was not allowed to use them except by special orders. The troops continued to appear for work and ceremonies in the distinctive brightly colored and elaborately trimmed uniforms so long associated with the German service. Field uniforms were kept in storage ready for immediate issuance, and in July, 1914, the entire army appeared fully equipped for the field within a few weeks. The insignia of rank and other designations, as worn on the old uniforms, were retained, as well as the various types of head-gear, these being rendered less conspic- uous by a cover of field gray material. By the end of 155 PLATE XXIX. INSIGNIA— GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN ARMIES Insignia of Rank, Army 156 ARMIES AND NAVIES— GERMANY 157 1916 these had disappeared and were replaced by field gray caps, and for trench work by steel shrapnel helmets. The grades of the officers and non-commissioned offi- cers compare in a general way to our own service, ex- cept the position of Feld Webel. This is a grade be- tween an officer and a non-commissioned officer, and he has certain duties in an organization which has no coun- terpart in our service. Except decorations of the highest order, medals and decorations are not permitted on the service uniform, the German Insignia of Rank. Aust] dan Insignia of Rank. Shoulder Knots for all Offi- All worn on the collar. cers. Stars of silver or gold em- 1. Colonel General. broidery. 2. General of Infantry, Cav- 15. Corps Commander. airy, or Artillery. 16. Division General. 3. Lieutenant-General. 17. Brigade General. 4. Major-General. 18. Colonel. 5. Colonel. 19. Lieutenant-Colonel. 6. Lieutenant-Colonel. 20. Major. 7. Major. 21. Captain. 8. Captain. 22. First Lieutenant. 9. First Lieutenant. 23. Second Lieutenant. 10. Second Lieutenant. Stan ) of cotton embroidery. Collar Devices. Worn by non- 24. Staff Sergeant. commissioned oncers. 25. Sergeant. 11. Staff Sergeant (Feldwebel). 26. Corporal. 12. Other Non-commissioned or Some ' special staff departments Under-officers. wear markings in the form 13. Sleeve Braiding Non- ■com- of an embroidered rose in- missioned or Under-officers. stead of the star. The mim- 14. Shoulder Piece Bandsman ber and the arrangement to or Trumpeter. show rank are the same. 158 ARMY AND NA^^^ INFORMATION ribbons being substituted. The ribbon of the Iron Cross is worn through the button hole on the front of the coat ; other ribbons on the left breast. Navy Battleships, 53 Cruisers, 49 Destroyers, 164 Torpedo Boats, 47 Submarines, no record. Naval Bases: Cuxhaven, Keil, Memel, Osternoor, Wil- helmshaven. PLATE XXX. UNIFORMS— GERMAN ARMY Field Service Uniform, German Army 1. Infantiy. 3. Officer. 2. Uhlan. 159 GREAT BRITAIN Army : Estimated number of men under arms, includ- ing colonial troops serving in France, 4,000,000. Rife: Lee-Enfield. The British Army was the first to adopt a special uni- form for service in the field, i}iQ troops in India being so equipped as far back as 1880. The color adopted was that of Khaki Grass, which covered much of the country in which the military operations were then being carried on, and this name has spread until it has now become the general designation of all materials used in the manu- facture of field service uniforms, when of a brown, yellow or greenish color. The Boer War in 1900 brought the field uniform universally into the British service, both at home and abroad for all work, but the distinctive dress uniforms (including the historical red coats) were re- tained for all ceremonies and formal occasions. In general appearance the field uniforms for all branches of the service are of the same pattern, except the Highland regiments. These have retained their his- toric kilts and bonnets, but regimental tartans have been discontinued and both are now made of khaki colored material. 160 PLATE XXXL UNIFORMS— BRITISH ARMY Field Service Uniform, British Army 1. Mounted Officer. 3. Infantry. 2. Highland Regiments. 161 PLATE XXXIL INSIGNIA— BRITISPI ARMY J i ^3 1 =^5 13 H 15 16 17 18 19 ^^^ ^ f^ 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Insignia of Rank and Devices, British Army Insignia. Worn on shoulder 2. Lieutenant-General. straps. 3. Major-General. 1. General. 4. Brigadier-General. 162 ARMIES AND NAVIES— GREAT BRITAIN 163 Though the British troops at first sight all have a great similarity in appearance, there is no army in the world that has so many minor distinctive marks to desig- nate branches of the service and organizations. Each organization has its own special device, or organization crest, generally worn on the cap, and collar or shoulder- strap, and any description in detail of these would be impossible in this limited space. Insignia. Worn by all other on- cers on sleeve, except as noted under 11 and 12. 5. Colonel. 6. Lieutenant-Colonel. 7. Major. 8. Captain. 9. First Lieutenant. 10. Second Lieutenant. 11. Shoulder Strap as Worn by Officers of the Guards, and on All Officers^ Overcoats. Rank is shown by the same insignia as is worn on cuff. 12. Cuff as Worn by Officers in Scotch Regiments. Rank is shou'n by same insignia as is worn on other cuffs. Chevrons. Worn by non-commis- sioned officers. 13. Staff Sergeant Major. 14. Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant. 15. Quartermaster Sergeant. 16. Company, Battery, or Troop Sergeant Major. 17. Color Sergeant. 18. Sergeant. 19. Corporal. 20. Lance Corporal. 21. Good Conduct Badge. 22. Signalman. Devices of Branches of the Serv- ice. 23. EnHneer. 24. Artillery. 25. Machine-gun Corps. 26. Scout. 27. Bandsman. 2S. Bugler. 29. Flying Corps. 30. Qualified Pilot, Flying Corps. 31. Army Medical Corps. 32. Stretcher Bearer. 164 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Troops from Canada combine the device of a Maple Leaf with that of their organization. Australian, New Zealand and South African troops wear the soft felt hat, instead of the regulation cap, and the native East Indian troops can readily be distinguished by their turbans or other Oriental headgear. The grades of officers and non-commissioned officers and their duties correspond in a general way to our Army, except the Color Sergeant. In the British service the colors of an organization are always carried by a junior commissioned officer, and the title Color Sergeant is held by a company non-commissioned officer, whose duties correspond to those of First Sergeant in our serv- ice. No medals or decorations are ever permitted to be worn on the service uniforms, but each has its distinctive ribbon. The British Army has done so much service in the past, for which campaign medals and special decora- tions have been issued, that an observer will find a great number and variety of these ribbons. The principal one issued for service in the present war will be found on Plate V. Navy Battleships, 76 Cruisers, 134 Gunboats, 41 Destroyers, 262 Torpedo Boats, 100 Submarines, no record. ARMIES AND NAVIES— GREAT BRITAIN 165 'Naval Bases: In Great Britain: Portsmouth, Dev- onsport, Chatham, Sheerness, Rosyth, Queenstown. Over Seas: Aden, Bermuda, Calcutta, Ceylon, Gi- braltar, Hong Kong, Malta, Singapore, Simonstown (Capetown), Sydney (Australia), ITALY Army : Estimated number of men under arms, 2,000,- 000. Rifle : Mannlicher. The field service uniform of Italy first came into gen- eral use during the war with Tripoli in 1911. Previous to that time several patterns and colors were in use and only certain organizations were so uniformed. The pres- ent cloth is of a greenish gray in color, and very service- able and indistinct in itself, but much of the trimming used on the old uniforms has been retained, which does not add to its invisibility in the field. The uniforms are very loose in cut, without much regard to fit, and hooks are almost universally used for fastenings, there being no buttons to show. The army is equipped with service caps and shrapnel helmets, except the Alpine troops and Bersagleri (rifle- men), who wear a distinctive headgear which, though it promotes great esprit de corps in the organizations, ren- ders them more conspicuous in the field. Navy Battleships, 14 Cruisers, 22 Gunboats, 10 Destroyers, 35 Torpedo Boats, 86 Submarines, 25 Naval Bases: Genoa, Naples, Venice. 166 JAPAN Army: Estimated under arms, 300,000 men. Peace strength only, as the army has not been raised to its war numbers. Rifle: Ariska Mauser. The field service uniform is khaki in color, extremely plain in cut and without ornamentation of any kind. In- sigTiia of rank, devices of organizations, etc., are of the simplest character. Navy Battleships, 20 Cruisers, 23 Gunboats, 4 Destroyers, 52 Torpedo Boats, 30 Submarines, 15 167 MONTENEGRO Army: Estimated number of men under arms, 50,000. Rifle: Eussian Three Line. Since the conquering of Montenegro by Austria little information is obtainable as to the number and condition of the army, which is believed to be somewhere in the mountainous regions to the eastward of the capital city of Cetinje. Previous to the first Balkan war, in 1912, the Monte- negrans had no service uniforms; in fact, many of the troops were without uniforms at all, performing their military service in their native costumes. In preparation for service against the Turks, a large part of the army was equipped in a field service uniform following the Italian in cut, but the Eussian in color, trimmings and equipment. The native little round cap w^as retained, but of a corresponding color to the rest of the uniform. Navy : Montenegro has no navy. 16S PLATE XXXIII. UNIFORMS— PORTUGUESE, MONTE- NEGRIN AND JAPANESE ARMIES Field Service Uniform, Portuguese, Montenegrin, and Japanese Armies 1. Portuguese Infantry. 3. Japanese Infantry. 2. Montenegrin Infantry 169 PORTUGAL Army: Estimated number of men under arms, 150,- 000. Rifle: Mauser Verguerro. The field uniform of the Portuguese army is light gray in color, following in the clothing of the French pattern, while the cap is of a distinctly British type. Navy Naval Bases. Battleships, 1 Cruisers, 5 Torpedo Boats, 8 Destroyers, 3 Submarines, 3 Lisbon, Oporto. 170 BOUMANIA Aemy: Estimated number of men under arms, 500,- 000. Rifle : Mannlicher. The field service uniform is khaki in color, but of a light shade, almost the same as that of Eussia. All the colors of the trimmings, insignia of rank, wearing of medals and decorations are retained from the old dis- tinctive uniforms. Navy River Monitors, 4 Destroyers, 4 Torpedo Boats, 12 171 RUSSIA Akmy : Estimated number of men under arms, 7,000,- 000. Bifle: Known as the Three Line. The Eussian- Japanese War (1903) brought the field service uniform into universal use in the Russian army. The color for the uniform is greenish yellow, of a much lighter shade than that worn by most armies using the so-called khaki. Field overcoats are made of a grayish brown material, very rough in texture and extremely thick and heavy. Coats and trousers are tight fitting and high black boots are universally worn by officers and men of all branches of the service. Insignia of rank and in some cases trimmings of color have been retained from the old distinctive uniforms. All medals and decorations are worn on the service uniforms on all occasions. 172 PLATE XXXIV. UNIFORMS— SERBIAN, ROUMANIAN, AND RUSSIAN ARMIES Field Service Uniform, Serbian, Roumanian, and Russian Armies 1. Serbian Infantry. 3. Russian Infantry. 2. Ronmanian Infantry. 173 PLATE XXXV. INSIGNIA— ITALIAN AND RUSSIAN ARMIES "W <^ Insignia of Rank and Devices, Army 174 ARMIES AND NAVIES— RUSSIA 175 Navy {Including the Black Sea Fleet) Battleships, 17 Cruisers, 29 Destroyers (about), 100 Submarines, no record. Naval Bases: Kronstadt, Libau, Reval, Oshakov (Odessa), Sebastopol (Crimea), Vladivostok (Siberia). Italian Officer's Shoulder Sti •aps. 17. 1. General. 18. 2. Lieutenant-General. 19. 3. Major-General. 4. Colonel. 5. Lieutenant-Colonel 20. 6. Major. 21. 7. Captain. 22. 8. Lieutenant. 23. 9. Under Lieutenant. 24. Enlisted Men, Sleeve Devices Enli 10. Staff Sergeant. 25. 11. Sergeant. Braiding in 26. white. 27. 12. Corporal. Braiding in red. 28. Italian Arm Devices. 29. 13. Pioneer. 14. Trumpeter. 15. Sharpshooter. Russ Russian Officer's Shoulder Straps. 30. 16. General. 31. Lieutenant-General. Major-General. Colonel. The number desig- nates the regiment to which the wearer belongs. Lieutenant-Colonel. Captain. Captain on the Staff. Over Lieutenant. Lieutenant. Enlisted Men, Shoulder Straps Staff Sergeant (Feldwebel). Sergeant Major. Sergeant. Corporal. Sleeve Braiding. Worn by all non-commissioned offi- cers. Russian Arm Devices. Signalman. Pioneer. SERBIA Army: Estimated number of men under arms, 300,- 000. Rifle: Mauser. The Serbian field service uniform at the beginning of the war was on the same lines as that of Austria Hun- gary, both in cut and color. In the reorganization of the Serbian army, under French and Italian direction, a grayish brown colored cloth was adopted and the cut more on that of the French, including as a part of the equipment the shrapnel helmets. Navy : Serbia has no navy. 176 TURKEY Army : Estimated number of men under arms, 1,000,- 000. This number seems small, considering the armies Turkey has in the field, but was derived from the only figures obtainable. Bifie : Mauser. The Turkish army, being completely under control of Germany, has practically followed the German field serv- ice uniform exactly, in cut, color, trimmings, etc. The only difference was the retaining of the red or black fez as a headgear, but this is protected in the field by a cov- ering of material the same color as the uniform. Medals and decorations of little value are freely given in the Turkish service and worn by the recipients at all times. Navy Battleships, 2 Cruisers, 2 Gunboats, 2 Destroyers, 8 Torpedo Boats, 9 Submarines, no record. Naval Base: Constantinople. 177 « EXPLANATORY NOTES Adjutant See French Aemy. Admiralty Corresponds in England to our Navy Department. Alpini Italian troops drilled and equipped for Mountain Serv- ice. Army Service Corps The British Army's corresponding organization to our Quartermaster Corps. Blighty A newly coined word (said to be from the Urdu) used affectionately by the British soldiers in France to des- ignate England. Blue Devils Popular name given to the French Chasseur d 'Alpine on account of the dark blue uniforms worn at the begin- ning of the war. 178 EXPLANATORY NOTES 179 Brass Hat Slang expression used in the British Service to denote a general or staff officer. Derived from the gold braid- ing on his cap's visor. BOSCHE An expression used to designate a German. Color Sergeant See English Army. Chasseur d 'Alpine French Troops equipped for mountain service. Escadrille Section of the French Flying Corps. Feld Webel See German Army. Foreign Legion An organization of the French Army in which recruits are taken without question of nationality. Previous to the present war they were for service in French North Africa. Their record has been a brilliant one. FUSILEERS A name given to some regiments in the English Serv- ice for historic reasons only as they conform in organi- zation and equipment to the regular infantry. Kilometer The international measure of length used in Europe. It is 936 yards. About 3/5 of a mile. 1,000 meters make a kilometer. Last Post British Bugle call corresponding to our Taps. 180 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION Light Infantey A historic name retained by some regiments that has no significance under the present organization, as they conform in every way to other infantry. Na Pooh A British soldier's pronunciation of the French II n'y a plus (It is finished). Used as a slang expression as we would say *' Nothing Doing.'' Also to express the end of anything as *^ Dinner is Na Pooh," or *^ Ser- geant A. got Na Poohed by a shell. ' ' Out There An expression used in Great Britain in speaking in a general way of the theater of war on the continent. Oversea Contingents Name applied to Colonial troops serving in the British Army. Rifles A name born by certain regiments for historic reasons only. It has no significance in the present organiza- tion, as they are imiformed and equipped the same as other infantry. Spahis French Algerian Cavalry. POILU ** Hairy," popular name given to a French soldier. Tank An armed and armored motor car of great power driven by caterpillar wheels. EXPLANATORY NOTES 181 Teain The French and Belgian organization corresponding to the Transportation Department of our Quarter- master Corps. Tommy Popular name given to a British soldier. An abbre- viation of Thomas Atkins, which has been applied to men in the service for years. Wae Office Corresponding in England to our War Department. FOREIGN MEDALS AND DECORATIONS FOR DISTIN- GUISHED SERVICE IN THE PRESENT WAR See Plate V Victoria Cross The highest British Decoration given for signal acts of valor performed in the presence of the enemy out- side of the regular line of duty. War Cross British Decoration for specially meritorious work dur- ing the present war. Distinguished Service Order British Decoration for distinguished services per- formed by officers. Distinguished Service Medal. British Decoration for distinguished services per- formed by enlisted men. Legion of Honor French Decoration awarded for distinguished services in military and civil life. Croix de Guerre (War Cross) French Decoration for special meritori- ous services in war. Should the recipient receive fur- ther honors they are designated by a branch of a palm Ijlaced on the ribbon for each additional award. 182 FOEEIGN MEDALS— PRESENT WAR 183 Medalle Militaire (Military Medal) Highest French Decoration for dis- tinguished military service. Medaille Militaire (Military Medal.) Italian Decoration for distinguished military service. Order of Leopold Belgian Decoration for distinguished military service. Order of Saint George Russian Decoration for distinguished military service. Iron Cross German Decoration awarded for distinguished military or civil service. Military Cross Austrian Decoration for distinguished military service. PLATE XXXYI. CONVENTIONAL MAP SIGNS— U. S. AND FOREIGN T X T T T 2 3 4 •^:::^=i:^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 ¥ & I I IH I llI HLn| } |[ [ 10 13 14 SH 15 19 Ml/ \12/ VU/ \:i/ \u/ M^ 20 JI—JLJL innr 21 Wv"^ + + + 9V9 9 + + 22 23 00 o O CD O 24 2s: BUSH. CORN, CRASS. 26 ^. 27 28 29 30 31 fel 32 33 34 35 36 37 33 000 O O 000 39 40 llllilllillll • ?^ > OOCDO 42 44 4-6 ^ ^t^««- AAA 000 41 43 45 47 Conventional Signs Used on Military Maps, United States, and Foreign 1. Telegraph Lines. 4. Boundary Lines, German, 2. Boundary Lines, American. 5. Good Road. 3. Boundary Lines, French. 6. Unimproved Road. 184 CONVENTIONAL MAP SIGNS Though this is hardly the place to take up the subject of map reading, a few of the conventional signs used on military maps may be of use to the reader in giving him a better understanding of the maps published of the bat- tles and countries in which the various armies are oper- ating. 7. Trail or Path. 8. Railroad Tunnel. 9. Single Track Railroad. 10. Double Track Railroad. 11. V2. Switch or Siding. Railroad Cut. 13. Windmill. 14. Lighthouse. 15. Schoolhouse. 16. Church with Tower. 17. Church. 18. Building. Size indicated hy 19. size of sign. Thick Woods. 20. Marsh. 21. Town or City. Size indi- 22. cated hy size of sign. Detached Trees, 23. 24. Cemetery. Orchard. 25. River or Stream. A. Ferry. B. Ford for Foot Travelers. C. Bridge. D. Ford for Vehicles. E. Pontoon Bridge. 26. Indicating Growth on Ground. 27. Canal. A. Lock. .... Towpath. 28. Aqueduct. 29. Bridge Over Railroad. 30. Tunnel Under Railroad. 31. Railroad Grade Crossing. 32. Infantry. 33. Cavalry. 34. Infantry Sentinel or Outpost. 35. Headquarters. 36. Cavalry Vidette. 37. Batteiy of Artillery. 38. Gun in Fortified Position. 39. Military Pits. 40. Obstacles. 41. Demolitions. 42. Trenches. 43. Barbed Wire. 44. Plain Wire. 45. Fence, Wood. 46. Stone Wall. 47. Hedge. 185 TABLE OF FOREIGN MONEY Giving Approximate Values in American Money Austria Heller, 1/5 of a cent. Krone (100 Heller), 20 cents. Belgium Centime, 1/5 of a cent. Franc (100 centimes), 20 cents. England Penny, 2 cents. Shilling (12 pence), 24 cents. Pound (20 shillings), $4.80. France Centime, 1/5 of a cent. Franc (100 centimes), 20 cents. Germany Pfennig, Vi of ^ cent. Mark (100 pfennig), 25 cents. Italy Centisimi, 1/5 of a cent. Lira, 100 centisimi, 20 cents. Russia Kopeck, 1/^ a cent. Ruble (100 kopeck), 50 cents. 180 APPENDIX A On July 5, 1917, the President accepted the co-operation and assistance of the American National Red Cross with the land and naval forces of the United States. To facilitate the discharge of their authorized functions, duly qualified members are recognized by titles with assimilated rank. These commissions confer no military authority or obligation attached to the rank, nor the right to any pay or allowances in the Army or Navy. When actually serving with troops in the field the insignia of rank may be worn on the prescribed uniform. The following is the relative rank: Chairman, Central Committee & War Council Major-General Vice-Chairman, Central Committee I-r'/i' r Member of War Council / ^ Director General Colonel Assistant Director General Lieutenant* Colonel Director Major f Captain Assistant Director \ or I First Lieutenant Secretary Sergeant Major Hospital Sergeants, Corporals & Privates take the same grade as prescribed in army. APPENDIX B In accordance with an order issued by the War Department on July 18, 1917, the army was divided into three parts, known as the Regular Army, National Guard, and National Army. The Regiments, Brigades, and Divisions of these three groups were num- bered in separate series and the first numbers in each series were as indicated in the following list: 187 188 APPENDICES Regiments Regular Army, begin with No. 1 National Guard, begin with No. 101 National Army, begin with No. 301 Brigades Regular Army, begin with No. 1 National Guard, begin with No. 51 National Army, begin with No. 151 Divisions Regular Army, begin with No. 1 National Guard, begin with No. 26 National Army, begin with No. 76 It is therefore possible on seeing the number to place at once in what group the organization belongs. There will be no State designations on the uniform of the National Guard or National Army, all markings on uniform and equipment being as pre- scribed for the Regular Army. Special or State designations will not be used in orders, despatches, or correspondence. For the purpose of local identification and to preserve tradition and local pride, when the number of a State organization is used in other papers than those mentioned above its number may be followed by its special designation in parentheses. Thus after the mention of a National Guard organization its number in the state service may appear, as for example: 131st Infantry (1st N. Y.) or 206th Artillery (2nd Pa.). The National Army may show in the same manner the State from which each organization, or the bulk of it, comes, as: 321st Infantry (S. C.) or 360th Cavalry (111.). APPENDIX C On August 8, 1917, the War Department announced the changes noted below in the formation of an Infantry Division. These supercede the for- mation given on Page 16. Division Headquarters — Unchanged. 1 Division Machine Gun Battalion — New. 2 Brigades of Infantry — Each composed of 3 Regiments and 1 Machine Gun Battalion. This instead of 3 Brigades of 3 Regiments only. 4 Field Hospitals — Instead of two. There is no Cavalry, and in the Signal Battalion there is no Aero Com- pany, nor is there a Pontoon Company with the Engineers. INDEX Abbreviations 80 Adjutant 4 Adjutant General 1 Adjutant General Department Army 1 Adjutant General Department Marine Corps 130 Airplane 65 Airship 65 Ambulance Company 10 Ammunition Train 11 Annapolis 102 Aero Squadron 14 Armament Army 39 Armament Navy 104 Armored Cruisers 105 Army 22 Army Slang 84 Austria Hungary 142 Aviation 42 Aviation Schools ". 38 Band Section 6 Barracks 65 Battalion Coast Artillery 12 Battalion of Engineers 14 Battalion Field Artillery 12 Battalion Infantry 12 Battalion Parade 65 Battalion Signal Corps 14 Battery Field Artillery 7 Battleships 104-121 Belgium 147 Billets 65 Bivouacs 65 Bombs 66 Brigade 16 Baker's School 38 Bugle Calls 66 Bulgaria 149 Camps 66 Cantonments 66 Cavalry Division 18 Cavalry School 37 Cavalry Troop . 7 Cavalry Regiment 15 Cavalry Squadron 12 Chevrons and Devices Army. . . 52 Coast Artillery Company 7 Coast Artillery Corps 2 Coast Artillery School 37 Coast Defense Artillery 40 Coast Defense Reserve 96 Colors 66 Commissioned Officers 67 Construction and Repairs Bu- reau of Navy 88 Cooks School 38 Crews 102 Cruisers 105-121 Dental Corps 3 Destroyers ". 105-121 Devices 67 Division Ammunition Train. ... 20 Division Army 16 Division Navy 121 Division Supply Train 19 Enfield Rifle 41-56 Engineer Battalion 14 Engineer Company Pontoon .... 8 Engineer Company Pioneer. ... 7 Engineer Corps 2 Engineering Field Service School 38 Engineer Officer Navy 91 Engineer Regiment 15 Engineering School 37 Enlistment Army 36 Enlistment Marine Corps 132 ISO 190 INDEX Enlistment National Guard .... 59 Enlistment Navy 100 Enlistment Naval Militia 119 Escort to the Colors 67 Executive Ofl&cer Navy 90 Explanatory Notes Army 65 Explanatory Notes Foreign. . . . 178 Explanatory Notes Navy 121 Field Artillery 39 Field Artillery Battalion 12 Field Artillery Battery 7 Field Artillery Eegiment 15 Field Artillery School 37 Field Artillery School of Fire. . 38 Field Army 20 Field Bakery 12-67 Field Equipment 60 Field Hospital 18 Field Officer 67 First Aid Packet 68 First Lieutenant Navy 90 Flags Army ii Flag Lieutenant Navy 122 i'lags Navy vi Flag Officer 122 Fleet 122 Flotilla 122 Foreign Armies and Navies. . . . 141 Foreign Medals and Decorations 182 Foreign Money 186 France 150 Funeral Escort 68 Furloughs 68 General Officer 69 General Staff Corps 1 Germany 155 Guard Mounting 69 Great Britain 160 Gun Boats 105 Hand Grenades 66 Headquarters Company 4 Heavy Artillery 39 Horse Artillery 39 Hydro-aeroplanes 122 Hydroplane 122 Hydrographic Office Navy 88 Incinerator 69 Identification Tag 69 Infantry Battalion 12 Infantry Company 4 Infantry Eegiment 14 Infantry School 38 Insignia Devices and Medals, Foreign x Insignia of Rank, Army iv, 26-28, 52-70 Insignia of Rank, Austria Hun- gary 156 Insignia of Rank, Belgium. . . . 146 Insignia of Rank, France 152 Insignia of Rank, Germany. . . . 156 Insignia of Rank, Great Britain 162 Insignia of Rank, Italy 174 Insignia of Rank, Marine Corps yiii, 112 Insignia of Rank, Navy viii, 110-112 Insignia of Rank, Russia 174 Inspection 70 Inspector General's Department Army 2 Inspector General's Department Marine Corps 130 Inspection of Quarters 70 Instruction Army 37 Instruction Navy 102 Insular Affairs, Bureau of 3 Italy 166 Japan 167 Judge Advocate Department Army 2 Leaves and Furloughs 70 Light Artillery 39 Line Officers 70 Machine Guns 40 Machine Gun Company 6 Map Signs 184 Marine Corps 127 Marine Officer 92 Marksmen 's Decorations 56 Medals and Ribbons xii Medical Corps 3 Medical Department 3 Medical Field Service School. . . 38 Medical School 37 INDEX 191 Medical Officers Navy 92 Medicine and Surgery, Bureau of 88 Military Police 10-70 Military Post 70 Militia Affairs Bureau of Army 3 Militia Affairs Bureau of Navy 88 Mines 71 Mine Layers 71 Monitors 105 Montenegro 168 Mother Ship 122 Mountain Artillery 39 Musketry School 38 Muster 71 National Anthem 71 National Guard 59 Naval Militia 118 Naval Service 98 Naval Operations, Bureau of.. 87 Navigator 90 Navigation, Bureau of 87 Non-commissioned Officers .... 72 Nurses' Corps 137 Officer of the Day 72 Officer of the Deck 122 Office of the Judge Advocate Navy 87 Officers' Reserve Corps, Army. . 34 Officers ' Reserve Corps, Navy . . 99 Ordnance, Bureau of Navy. ... 88 Ordnance Department, Army. . 2 Ordnance School 38 Ordnance Officer, Navy 90 Organization Army 1 Organization Marine Corps.... 129 Organization Navy 87 Organization of a Ship 89 Pay Army 44 Pay Aviation Corps 43 Pay Department Marine Corps. 130 Pay Marine Corps 133 Pay National Guard 59 Pay Naval Militia 118 Pay Navy 107 Pay Officer Navy 91 Pioneer Company 7 Pistols 41-56 Platoon 4 Police 72 Poncho 72 Pontoon Bridge 73 Pontoon Company 8 Post Exchange 73 Portugal 170 Provost Marshal 73 Quartermaster Corps Army .... 2 Quarterdeck 123 Quartermaster's Department Marine Corps . . . .- 130 Rations 73 Regiment Cavalry 15 Regiment Coast Artillery 15 Regimental Detachment Medical Corps 15 Regiment Engineers 15 Regiment Field Artillery 15 Regiment of Infantry 14 Regimental Parade 76 Relative Rank Army 75 Relative Rank Navy 123 Reserve Fleet 96 Retirement Enlisted Men Army 36 Retirement of Enlisted Men Ma- rine Corps 132 Retirement of Enlisted Men Navy 100 Retirement of Officers Army.. 35 Retirement of Officers Navy 99 Retirement of Officers Marine Corps 132 Review 76 Rifle 40-56 Roumania 171 Russia 172 Salutes Army 76 Salutes by Guard 77 Salutes Navy 123 Scout 77 Selective Draft 30 Serbia .^ 176 Service Army 33 Service Marine Corps 132 Service National Guard 61 Service Naval Militia 119 Service Navy 98 192 INDEX Ships Authorized 96 Ships in Commission 94 Ships in Commission in Eeserve 95 Ships out of Commission 95 Ships under Construction.... 96 Signals Army 77 Signal Corps 3 Signal Corps Aero Company... 10 Signal Corps Aviation School . . 38 Signal Corps Field Company. . . 8 Signal Corps Kadio Company. . 8 Signal Corps Telegraph and Telephone Company 10 Signal Corps Wire Company. . . 8 Signa,ls Navy 123 Signal School 38 Slicker 78 Special Customs Navy 125 Special Service Vessels 106 Springfield Eifle 40-56 Squad 3 Squadron Cavalry 12 Staff College 37 Staff Officer 78 Standards 79 Steam Engineering, Bureau of Navy 88 Strength Army 23 Strength Marine Corps 132 Strength National Guard 62 Strength Naval Militia 119 Strength Navy 94 Submarines 106-124 Summary Court 78 Supply and Accounts, Bureau of Navy 88 Supply Company 6 Tents 79 Torpedo Boats 105-126 Train Navy 126 Training Camps 58 Turkey 177 Uniforms Army 5, 9-13, 17, 21 Uniform Austria Hungary .... 143 Uniforms Belgium 145 Uniform Bulgaria 1 43 Uniforms France 151 Uniforms Great Britain 161 Uniforms Germany 159 Uniform Italy 145 Uniform Japan 169 Uniforms Marine Corps. .. .131-135 Uniform Montenegro 169 Uniforms Navy 93, 97-101 Uniform Portugal 169 Uniform Koumania 173 Uniform Eussia 173 Uniform Serbia 173 Uniform Turkey 143 Uniforms and Equipment Army 49 Uniforms and Equipment, Ma- rine Corps 136 Uniforms and Equipment, Navy 115 War College Army 37 War College Navy 102 Watches 126 West Point 37 Yards and Docks, Bureau of.. 88 ^0■ C' ■^ • » rO ^-^ ^^^*oTo^'^ ^^^"' ^^ J> ''^^. -. 1 A -->. S ^^"""^ " ^ . . s "^ '.\ % 4 . .,^- t .-^^ nO^. ,0^ ,^^ ,-7. "^ ., V '%4 .-i"^ '"•■%J A .V' o •' J? X "^ xO^- - \ 'c- ^ V^ r^.r ^ V^ .^ \.^ » " • " ^ > >^, ^ x^^^. ^J^ ^ •^^> -c-v A r- ^. . , ./ * ^ o ' ^^^ ■y * -6 ^-V^ '^ v^ <^'V' vs"' -,s >^/>. J .c.'^^^. xV'/>. ^ ^ <, s ^ a\ % * ^. ^ \\^^ ).V ': x^^. <-''■_ ,-^ ..'1 ^ cV^ ■= ^%^ - -^ 0^ '%f?^^- x^ '^. .^ ^ -^^ ^^ =^/' '^<^^ ^^ '^^ "^.^ :^- '^ '%c;